Received the only Award and Medal on Veterinary Surgical Instru- ments at tlie World's Expositions, 5t. Louis, 1904, Chicago, 1893. STEVENSON'S MOLAR CHISEL A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE TREPHINE. Write for Special Circular describing it. Price - $7.50 Our Instruments are unequalled In Quality, Material and Design, and our prices are right. Send us your list of wants to figure on. HAUSSMANN & DUNN CO., Makera. Exporters and Dealers in VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, 392 SOUTH CLARK ST., CHICAGO, ILL., U. $. A. Illustrated Catalogue mailed on application. ERNHT BISCHOFF & CO., 15 CEDAR STREET - - NEW YORK, Are now sole distributors of IRISOL The well known powerful antiseptic and disinfectant.. IRISOL covers the field of veterinary surgery most efficiently ; its clear solu- tion in water does not injure the instruments ; it is stable, non-toxic, readily soluble in hot or cold water. Is a prompt destroyer of streptococciy very penetrating and non-irritant, especially recommended for chronic cases of psoroplic, sarcoptic or symbiotic mange, or for any skin disease of parasitic origin. City veterinarians are using IRISOL principally for surgical operations with excellent results, for dressings in cases of pododermatitis, for footbaths, as it readily softens the horn capsule of the foot, etc. In veterinary obstetrical work IRISOL has no equal. See American Veterinary Review, November, 1907— "Experiences WIth Irisol" and January, 1908— "The use off IHsol etc. in practice/' IRISOL is being sold only under the name of IRISOL. BEWARE OF SUBSTITUTES! 1 Results secured in both hospital and private practice have demonstrated to veterinarians that THE CURE OF Coughs, Bronchitis. Pneumonia, Larynqtis. Etc. in horses and dogs can be effected with greater certainty and promptness by the use of ^Igr0-l!|^r0m (#mttlf) than by the employment of any other remedy extant. COUGHS. — Glyco-Heroin (Smith) checks cough instantly, relieves obstruction of the breathing passages, liquefies the mucus, allays the pain, subdues nervousness, abates the fever and induces restful sleep. Relief is immediate and recoveiy is rapid. PNEUMONIA. — Glyco-Herom (Smith) relieves the congestion, disperses en- gorgement, reduces the fever, sustains heart action, calms nervous excitement, renders respiration free and regular and shortens the duration of the disease. It conserves strength and forestalls the development of fatal complications. BRONCHITIS.— Glyco-Heroin (Smith) allays inflammation of the bronchial lubes, arrests the cough, begets free breathing, dispels fever, liquefies the bronchial secretions, restores the appetite, and pievents the disease from assuming the chronic form. LARYNGITIS. — Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves inflammation of the larynx and tenderness of the throat, abates the fever, allays the pain, checks the cough, promotes the appetite and induces quiet sleep. DOSE. — The dose for horses and cattle is one ounce every two or three hours. For dogs, ten drops to half-teaspoonful. SUBSTITUTION.— To insure entirely satisfactory results, it is vitally important that veterinarians emphasize name "Smith" when purchasing or prescribing Glyco- Heroin (Smith), for many worthless substitutes for the remedy are offered by unscrupulous dealers. LITERATURE. — Exhaustive clinical reports from the foremost hospitals and members of the veterinary profession will be sent, post paid, on request MARTIN H. SMITH COMPANY, NEW YORK Disinfect with CreolinPearson Owing to its germicidal qualities, Creolin lias been variously imitated ; but Mr. Pearson's process of manufacture- insures tbe highest percentage of Cresols and consequently great- est effectiveness. As a veterinary dressing Creolin-Pearson helps the growth of new tissue. As a veterinary wash it kills parasites and keeps flies and mosquitoes away. Merck OOOOOCX}OOi Anti-Itis (anti-inflamtnation) A Hydro-Absorbent, Antiseptic and Anodyne for Veterinary Use ANTI-ITIS Is an external aid to internal medication in the following : Pneumonia Rheumatism Pleurisy Bursitis Bronchitis Tendinitis Laryngitis Arthritis Synovitis Coronitis Adenitis Peritonitis Mastitis Parotitis Ostitis Enteritis Myositis Lymphangitis Scratches Coxitis Bruise from in- Bites of insects terfering and saddle galls Capped Elbow or Hock SEND FOR SAMPLE AND PRICE LIST ANTI-ITIS, IISIC. DAIMVERS, IVIASS. )OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO(XiOQGQOQQCOQQQOQQOOQOQGOc\ 6 Red * Ball * Brand * Stock * Tool Purely UcdctaDk. not a Secret Preparation. Tormula to Ueteriitarians. Sold to Veterinary Surgeons in Bulk, they can make it into appropriate powders of i oz. to a dose. The most Uniformly Successful Digestive Regulator Known. Veterinarians throughout the country are using it and testifying to their successful treatment of digestive disorders. Write for Circulars, Formula of Ingredients used in the manufacture, and Sample Package to ATKINS & DURBROl^, I60 PEARL STREET, NEW YORK. iSTURMUINIDORCOup PRICtS ^1 PfR OZ. r^ 6 0Z5 ^"^ ■FARTS AB50[lPTION-AND-SPEEOT-MLIEF-IO-5UtH-/^LEn[Nl^ AS-SPAVIN7SPLINr5;AN!l-AU-BflNE-DI5EAS[S — ON[-PRlNCIP/lL-F[ArURE OP-IHI5-REra;ASII)[-Fmi5-rm[lOU5-H[f\UNfrAEIL!lY;IS-THE-rACT-ri1Al ALL-5W-AWfl-BLEril5Hf5-AilEABS0LUTLY-inPBSSIBlEif-PR0P[aiY«NlS^ UNITED-STAT[S-PHAR11ACilL-CQ. NLWHAVEN-CQNN SOlE«IMllS;Cll!m-.&flE)(flIl J. C. M. BALLING QUN. For the easy, safe and positive administra- tion of veterinary balls, and remedies in cap- sules. Made of the best materials and ele- gantly finished in Oxydized Copper. . - . Price, $2.00. Also a full line of filled capsules of guaranteed strength and quality. Formulas furnished. Sfend for list. Manufactured by Dr. J..C. MILNES VETERINARY CAPSULURY, 3546 FOREST AVENUE, CMICAOO, ILL. GARLANI> Continiious Flour Cortibination Injection and Stiction Pump Made of heavy Brass throughout, heavily nickel-plated, packed with hemp twine soaked in oil, very simple in construction, no parts to get out of order or rust. The upper portion of the piston rod is packed so that when manipulating the instrument there is no leakage. A decided improvement over the old-fashioned, single-flow pump. You can repack it yourself in a few minutes with ordinary wrapping twine soaked in oil. All parts are interchangeable. Length over all, 16 inches. Price of pump as illustrated and described above, $5.00. FIG. B. S*TA«I* &> SMITH'S FIG. C. Simplex Maroon Rubber Stomach Tube (Fig. B) 10 Feet Long Is made of a superior grade of flexible Maroon Rubber tubing of the proper consistency to allow of its easy introduction into the stomach either through the nose or mouth. Being tapered at one end it can be inserted into the rectum, vagina, nose or throat without the slightest danger of injuring the mucous membrane lining of these parts. It can also be used as a probang when the stilet is inserted in mild cases of cnoke. Dimensions: Outside diameter ^ inch, diameter of bore % inch, length 10 feet. Price, including German reed stilet (Figure C) $5.00. Stilet alone, 50 cts. Price of Garland Continuous Flow Combmation Injection and Suction Pump (Fig. A) and Maroon Rubber Stomach Tube (Fig. B) with Stilet (Fig. C) when purchased together $9.00. MANUFACTURED BV SHARP & SMITH .MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF High Grade Surgical and Veterinary iDstruments and Hospital Sapplies 92 WABAHII A\ KNUK Two Doors North of Washington Street CHIC AOO IT^L. Prof, von BEHRINQ'S BOVOVACCINE immunizes cattle against tuberculosis. 100,000 head of cattle bovo- vaccinated and records prove complete success. It is worth in- vestigating ; write us for literature on this most important subject. ANTITETANIC SERUM a cure for tetanus, as well as a most reliable preventive. TUBERClJLiN=Behringwerk. made under the personal supervision of Prof, von Behring and standardized under state control by Prof. Ehrlich, of the " Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy" at Frankfort-on-Main. Supplied in vials of icc. and 5cc. concentrated, and in vials of locc. diluted tuberculin, ready for use. VALIDOL, an excellent analeptic and sedative ; indicated in the nervous form of canine distemper, in collapse, and in vomiting spells during gastric catarrhs. QALLOQEN VET. The ideal intestinal astringent, a distinct (CmH.Ob) chemical compound, is an insoluble prepara- tion of the tannic acid group (100 per cent.) ; of great value in diarrhoea and infectious intestinal catarrh of cattle and horses. DYMAL VET. The most efficient remedy in wounds of every D.(C6H*OH.coo)3 character, p u ru le n t inflammation, mallenders, horse-pox, etc., a siccative antiseptic dusting powder. SAPODERMIN, a soap containing Albuminate of Mercury ; solu- ble, with great penetrating power; neither toxic, corrosive, nor irritant. In all parasitic skin diseases. NENNDORF SULPHUR SOAP: "containing sulphur as de- posited at the famous springs near Hanover." HIRUDIN, (active principle of Leech-Extract), "a faultless anti- coagulant." C. BISCHOFF & CO., 451-453 Washington Street, NEW YORK. The Seal of Professional Endorsement. CREOGEN- M^ARTIN. (The Veterinarians' Antiseptic.) W. J. Martin Chemical Co., Gentlemen— Please ship me 10 gallons of Creogen- Martin. I find it to be one of the best internal antiseptics I have ever used. It is an elegant remedy in indigestion and enteritis combined with hot water. V. S., Ohio. \V. J. Martix Chemical Co., Gentlemen— Please ship us 25 gallons of Creogen-Martin, as soon as convenient. V. S. & Sons, Ohio. W. J. Martin Chemical Co., Gentlemen — I am very much pleased with the sample of Creogen you sent me, please find enclosed $6.50 for 5 gallons. V. S., La. W. J. Martin Chemical Co., Gentlemen- Enclosed find check for <6.50 for which you will please send me 5 gallons of Creogen. I cannot do without it. Wishing you every success, I am yours frater- nally, V. .S., Tenn. W. J. Martin Chemical Co., Please ship me 50 gallons of Creogen-Martin, draft for same enclosed. Truly yours, V. S., 111. W. J. Martin Chemical Co., Please ship me 10 gallons of Creogen-Martin, check to pay for same enclosed. D. V. M., Iowa. W. J. Martin Chemical Co., CJentlemen— Enclosed find draft for $6.50 for which send me 5 gallons of Creogen- Martin. I just can't get along without it. I used it exclusively in castrating 165 head of colts and old stallions without a single loss or trouble of any kind. Sincerely yours, V. S., 111. ' The original of the above endorsements together with several thousands of others from members of the profession in every state in the union are on file in our offices. Why accept something " just as good " or " just the same" w^hen you can so easily procure the genuine from us. There is nothing secret about Creogen. The formula is on every package, it is advertised and sold exclusively to veterin- arians. Sample free. 1 gallon, $1.50, 5 gallons, $6.50, 10 gal- lons, $12.00, freight prepaid. W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS, KANKAKEE. ILLINOIS. l<» SANMETTO A POSITIVE REMEDY DISEASES OF THE GENirb-URINARY ORGANS OF THE HORSE J^NID T>OGr. Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE —Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis — OR FROM ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT — Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine — ORDER SANMETTO Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA — many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito* Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys and Bladder — hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire VrJKZTy Tract. To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus : R SANMETTO— one bottle— original package. Dose :— For Hor-e, one half to one ounce three times a day For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day. Price One Bottle, |i.oo. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Pamphlet on application. OD CHEM Sold by all Reliable Drugglst& CO., New York. 11- \ Just Published THE PRODUCTION ANO HANDLING OF CLEAN MILK By KENELM WINSLOW, M.D.; M.D.V.; B.A.S. (Harv.) Formerly Instructor in Bussey Agricultural Institute and Assistant Professor in the Veterinary School of Harvard University. Author of a text book on Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics; ' Chairman of the Committee on Milk of the Washington State Medical Association, etc. A complete, plain, practical and authoritative guide to the pro- duction and distribution of clean milk for farmers, health officers, inilk inspectors, students of agriculture and dairying, country gentle- men, physicians and others interested in matters pertaining to dairy- ing and hygiene. No movement is attracting more attention at present, nor is any more important as regards the health of the country. Health authorities all over the civilized world are enforcing higher requirements for market milk. This is a new subject, and it behooves all connected with the dairy industry to keep informed of the latest knowledge about the matter. This book gives all practical details about clean milk from the time it leaves the cow until it reaches the consumer. There are illustrations of all the necessary utensils and apparatus, and of barns and milk-houses. The relation of germs to the production of clean milk is clearly described. There is a section on milk inspection, including all necessary laboratory tests, chemical and bacteriological, with description of the latest technique. The book also contains a general outline of a scheme for the control, supervision and inspection of a city milk suppl}'. Size 6f X 93, xii 4- 207 pages, many illus., including 1 colored and 15 full-page plates. PRICE SS.50 This Book will be sent post paid for the price by the publishers WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO. 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, New York. 12 9^ AMERICAN Veterinary Review EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Honorary Fellow Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (England). Foreign Corresponding Metnber Academy qf Medicine Bruxelles (Belglque). AND Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. WM. HERBERT LOWE, D.V.S., Associate Editor. WITH THE COH-ABpRATION OF Prof. \V. T. CoATES, M.D., D.V.S., New- York-American Veterinary College: '^ ' Prof. O. ScHWARZKOi'i', D.V.M., U. S. Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Prof. W. L. WiLLiAM.s, V.S., New York State Veterinary College^ Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. S. Stewart, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. M. H. McKiLLU'i M.D., V.S., of McKillip Veterin F. C. G York City Prof. M. H. Reynolds, University of Minne- sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wm. H. Dalrymple, M.R.C.V.S., Presi- dent A. V. M. A., Baton Rouge, La. McKillip. M.U., V.S., ot McKiUip terinary College, Chicago, 111. ;renside, V.3., Pres't V.M.A., New D, ^Arthur Hughes, Ph.D., D.V.M., In- spector Commissary Dept., U. S. Army, Chicago, 111. Prof. Leonard Pearson, Dean Vet. Dept., University of Penn., etc., Philadelphia, Pa. L. A. Merillat, V.S., Chicago Veterinary College, Chicago, 111. D. E. Salmon, D.V.M., University of Mon- tevideo, Uruguay. Prof. Veranus A. Moore, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca. N. Y. Richard P. Lyman (Harvard), Sec'y A. V. M. A., Kansas City, Mo. C. J. Marshall, V.M.D., Sec. Pa. S. V. M. A., Philadelphia,' Pa. John P. O'Leary, V.M.D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. And several others. VOLUME XXXIII. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 WEST 152d STREET. SP to 1 As V. ^3 '^ojp. 2. S37748 •». IA.»'4 d American Veterinary Review, APRIL, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris^ February 15, 1908. Hyperemia Stasis as a Therapeutic Agent. — The nu- merous extracts that I find in the contemporaries that I receive will serve me in reviewing Bier's method, of which I have al- ready spoken and that I have promised to present to our readers. It has for object the use of hyperaemia stasis as therapeutic agent. Hyperaemia is one of the means that organism possesses to defend itself against morbid conditions. Indeed, every time one of our organs is threatened by a pathogenous agent, for instance, a rush of blood, a true congestion, takes place in that region, and Bier claims that this natural process must be' assisted, in- stead of trying to prevent it. Truly speaking, a long time before Bier, hypersemia had already been used in therapeutics. Ambrose Pare, and more recently towards the end of the last century, Dumreich, Bruns, Thomas, Helferich and others, promoted the passive hyperaemia of extremities in the treatment of fractures and to accelerate the union and formation of callus. In our days, massage, blister- ing, frictions, actual cauterization most probably owe their effi- cacy to the congestion that follows their application; but it is nevertheless certain that it is, thanks to the methodical re- searches, made since a long time, and specially to the results 1 EDITOBIAL. that he has obtained in tlie treatment of many various diseases that Bier has the right to give his name to this method; which, it appears, is bound to become a great success. Since 1892, when Bier pubhshed the first results he had ob- tained the method has assumed a very great and wide impor- tance. In Switzerland, in Germany especially, it is now finding its application in France, and in all appearance in no long time it will receive the practical sanction announced by Prof. Kuster at the 35th Congress of the Surgical German Society, namely, that " Bier's method was the greatest progress made by surgical therapeutics since tJie discovery of Lister." As I have already indicated in my previous notices, Bier recognizes two kinds of hyperaemia, the active and the passive. (a) The former, due to the acceleration of the arterial circula- tion, may be promoted by frictions, massages, electric currents, chemical irritants, warm compresses, etc., but especially with air heated to high temperature. While moist heat cannot go beyond 50° at most, without attacking the vitality of tissues, by his ex- periments made on himself and on animals. Bier has found that some parts of the body (the extremities, for instance) can, with- out danger, and with a length of time sufficient to obtain good results, support temperature superior to 100°. Active conges- tion is at its height between 80° and 100°, with higher tempera- tures it diminishes. (b) Passive hyperaemia is obtained in two ways, with an elastic band or with cupping glasses. The bands are made of very supple rubber of various lengths and widths (ordinarily 5 to 10 centimeters), according to the region they are to be ap- plied. The technic is very simple, and yet it demands attention to avoid the possibility of local gangrene. They are simply rolled round the region, and after several turns sufficiently to cover it entirely, they are secured with safety pins. The only difficulty consists in the regulation of the degree of compression to be applied and which must be sufficient to promote hyperaemia. without cutting entirely the circulation. According to cases, a slight congestion must be obtained ; in others, one greater, and EDITORIAL,. again in others quite a strong one. Practice will teach the sur- geon. Of course, if the band is too tight it must be taken off. At any rate, a marked cedema must be obtained. The band must never be applied directly over diseased regions, but always at some distance from the inflamed tissues. The duration of the application varies. In general, between 20 and 22 hours are sufficient. Although this length of time can be divided, the band being taken off for one or two hours and apglied again. How long must the treatment last? This is answered by the condition of the parts and whether the trouble is acute or chronic. In this last case the application will have to be resorted to for a long time. When the region does not allow the use of the band, cupping can be resorted to with great advantage, and similar results ob- tained. The principal effects resulting from hypersemia are the fol- lowing : 1. Analgesia. Whether hypersemia is active or passive, the first consequence of its application is an undoubtful diminution of the pains. If this result is not obtained rapidly it is a proof that the method is badly applied. Bier admits that pain is due to the actions of nocive elements upon the extremities of the nerves, which in active hypennemia, are rapidly carried away in the general circulation and in passive hyper?emia are diluted in the oedema which gathers in the portion submitted. to the stasis. 2. Bactericidal action. This is most certain and has been demonstrated by the experiments of Notzel, who inoculated 67 rabbits with mortal cultures of bacterias of anthrax or of strep- tococci and then afterwards applied a stasic hyperaemia on the inoculated regions and had 51 recoveries. Even in vitro the blood from a compressed leg is seen to be more bactericidal than the serum obtained from normal blood. This bactericidal action is explained in various ways. For Hamburger, it is due to the great abundance of carbonic acid in the blood. For Leyden, Lazarus, Buchner, Vicherra, the bactericidal power of the blood is due specially to the greater number of leucocytes gathered in EDITOBIAL. the hyperaemic zone. For Bier, the question is more complicated and the protecting- action is due partly to the above-mentioned facts, but also, no doubt, to other factors that are still unknown. 3. Resorption. Passive congestion cannot be resorted to so as to activate the resorption of exudates, but arterial hypersemia by hot air do it powerfully. Every one knows of the old practice of the application of a ligature followed by suction of the wound, in cases of snake biting. Under the influence of the stasis of the blood, toxic elements can be destroyed, even at the point of inoculation, as Czylhoz and Donath have proved it. 4. Nutrition. Hypersemia promotes nutrition and repair of tissues as is observed for bony growth. Hence its application to assist the formation of callus in fractures. It has also a re- sorbing action on blood clots, and if it modifies the general nutri- tion it is by giving rise to leucocytosis. The application of this method, although finding its indica- tions in all inflammatory diseases is, however, so far restricted to only a limited number of cases. For instances, in human medicine it has given advantageous results; in chronic articular rheumatisms, traumatic articular stiffness; in the treatment of scoliosis when combined with gymnastic exercises ; in recent frac- tures, sprains, serious or bloody articular swellings ; in neuralgia, elephantiasis, and in the treatment of varicose ulcerations. In these various affections active hyperaemia by hot air was re- sorted to. Passive hyperaemia answer better specially in microbian diseases, in tubercular arthritis, in acute suppurations of the ex- tremities, in traumas by accidents or from operations when the cicatrization is interfered with by infection, in tendonitis, or ex- tensive traumatisms, in fractures, acute arthritis, mastoiditis, acute otitis, orchitis and mammitis. In veterinary medicine, the attempts are few. In Germany, Walther has used cupping successfully in three cases of paren- chymatous mammitis in cows. Sturham has treated two cases of diffused inflammation of the extremities following bruises. Kunnemann has used the elastic band in the treatment of some EDITOBIAX. affections of the extremities in dogs. Schmidt has published several cases of recoveries of phlegmonous inflammation of ten- dinous sheaths, abscess of the fetlock, punctured wound of the foot, quittor, etc., etc. Parent has used it in France in a case of deep and anfractuous wound of the knee and in one of sup- purating wound of the hock. Recently Lemire and Ducrotoy have recorded the results they have obtained in traumatic ar- thritis, in traumatic synovitis, and in one of phlebitis. These are reported in the Review. In thus passing rapidly a general review of this method, I cannot be expected to go as extensively into it as its importance deserves, and I must refer those who desire more minute infor- mation to the original German work, " Hyperaemia als Heil- mittel," by Prof. Bier, to the translations that have been made of it, or to the medical journals which have spoken of it. I may, however, resume and conclude in saying: While there may be some great difficulties in applying the hyperaemic method in our medicine, there is no doubt that it is actually a therapeutic proc- ess of great importance and efficacy. It deserves to be tried in articular infections, suppurative lesions of the digital region, ten- dinous quittor and other similar conditions. And the excellent results obtained in many cases in human medicine will justify the hopes of great expectations in veterinary practice. Spurious or Pseudo Gestation. — Classical authors on veterinary obstetrics speak, under the name of spurious, false or pseudo gestation, for a series of manifestations presented by some females, which simulate more or less normal pregnancy; manifestations, however, which are but those of special patho- logical productions, and among the principal of which are de- scribed the moles, the uterine cysts and hydrometra or hydrops uteri. These peculiar conditions are also sometimes observed in the human, and in their etiology are mentioned causes which we do not find in our animals, namely, the change of life, dyspepsia and hysteria. And then again ovarian diseases, uterine tumors, physometra, abdominal plethora, obesity, etc., etc. But there is EDITOBIAL. also a peculiar form that occurs in woman, which is designated and described as pseudocyesis, and that by the authority of most writers on the subject, has not been observed in animals. In the human, the diagnosis is in the generality, a matter of much difficulty, at least in the first months of the trouble, al- though even then there is something unusual in the symptoms, some essentials being wanting or also because of their appearing at one period of pregnancy when they belong to another. Every obstetrician of some experience has no doubt met with those cases of so-called nervous gestation, and in some instances may have met with the annoyances that they gave him, until the time of the return to general health of his patient, had shown her, how great an error it was for her to insist on her being pregnant. A case has just been published in the Revue Ghikrale de Medecine Veterinaire which is very interesting, and comes, I be- lieve, to add an important fact in the history of veterinary ob- stetrics. A case of Pseudo Gestation, of pseudocyesis in a slut, reported by the owner. A veterinarian and an interested observer relates this valuable information. False gestation of similar nature might be detected in large animals. In them the exami- nation would certainly reveal the correct state of affairs. But in small animals it might not be so easy a matter, and the event might bring to a careless observer lots of ridicule. Here is the case : Mr. Augustin, an army veterinarian, has a thoroughbred fox- terrier, seven years old, quick and active, traveling 20 or 25 kilometers, following his carriage or his horse when he goes riding; she makes jumps one meter high. This is her general condition. In February, 1906, she had a litter of five healthy and well-formed pups. In July of the same year she was covered, but did not come to term and aborted. In December, 1906, she again had four handsome pups, and in the following May she became in heat, but was not served. " Now," writes the author, " one week after being in heat, she appears dull and tired. This appearance increases gradually. EDITORIAL. When promenading, instead of running to and fro quickly, as usual, she remains behind. Several times she refuses to go with her master when he goes riding. Her health, however, remains good, and, taking in consideration her lazy aspect and constant sleepy appearance, the owner demands to himself if, after all, and notwithstanding his careful watching of her when she was in heat, the slut may not have been covered without his knowing it ? These fears are soon increased, when he sees the slut getting stout, putting on flesh and losing her fine shape, which, notwith- standing many gestations, she has kept. The owner was much perplexed and joked by his friends for not being able to say whether the dog was in pups or not. And with all the external indications, only negative results had been obtained in exploring repeatedly the abdomen, making rectal examination and auscul- tating. At the end of six weeks the slut had a marked pendu- lant abdomen; she has lost a little flesh, but seems more tired and lazy. She has the heavy and one-sided walk of pregnant females. At seven weeks the mammae began to swell; in their tissue are felt little hard masses; the teats are developed and from them big drops of milk are squeezed by pressure. Evidently parturi- tion was threatening. The poor dog herself expected something of that nature, no doubt, as she remained home two days, lying down, refusing to go out, restless, scratching her bedding, lay- ing down carefully, licking her vulva — which had remained normal — and licking also her mammae, which are red, warm and very painful. Great surprise! Nothing occurred! No delivery, no expul- sion of dead foetus! Absolutely nothing. She had no swelling of the vulva, no vaginal discharge. Forty-eight hours after the slut had resumed all her vivacity, she is gay and alert as before. A purge, an astringent coating over the mammae, and after a few days nothing remained of the false alarm she had given to her owner. EDITORIAL. The case is very instructive, but certainly while the appear- ances of the slut were positive, the sure and physiological signs were missing, and they are the ones to be depended upon. Was it a case of " Nervous Gestation." EcHiNORHYNCUs GiGAS (Gigantorhyuchus Gigas). — The part played by Helminthes in the etiology of infectious diseases has in recent, date called the attention of investigators in many laboratories. MM. Weinberg and Romanowitch among them, have already made known some of the facts which they have observed in man and in animals, showing that helminthes may act as important factors in the etiology, either in inoculating pathogeneous agents or in promoting their entrance through the intestinal walls of their hosts. They have made known lately in the Annales de I'lnstitut Pasteur interesting facts which relate to some lesions that they have found in swine, lesions which were due to the Echinorhyncus Gigas ( Gigantorhynchus Gigas), of which they give a description with illustrations that I reproduce here from the journal where they have been published. There is no doubt that this intestinal parasite, with the large number of hooks that he has on his buccal rostrum, may occa- sion extensive lesions of the intestine, to which they adhere very firmly. They have been mentioned as having perforated the in- testinal walls and having passed in the abdominal cavity. In the present cases, they were found in the small portion of the small intestine, sometimes so closed together and in such a num- ber that they would obstruct the intestinal canal considerably. At the point of their attachment the mucous membrane forms a little projecting elevation, sometimes red and congested. On the peritoneal surface of the small intestine they leave small nodosities, which correspond to the points where they were at- tached. These are generally found on the border of the intes- tines and sometimes on the edges of the fat of the mesentery. The writers have not found any perforation of the intestinal canal. The histological study of the lesions is very interesting and shows a loss of substance due to the mechanical action of the EDITORIAL. parasite, which, pushing its rostrum in the walls of the small in- testine, destroys, first, the mucous membrane, penetrates then in a...J FIG. I. FIG. 2. FIG. 3. Fig. I— Echinorhynchus Gigas, attached on the wall of the small intestine of pigs. Their number, in this case, was such that the diameter of the organ was considerably reduced. a, a' Deep ulcerations made by the parasite. These are surrounded by a projecting ridge. Fig. 2— a. Female, e. — 6, b' Males. Fig. 3 —Peritoneal surface of a position of the small intestine upon which are attached Echinorhynchus Gigas. At a, a', nodosities corresponding at the points of attachment of the parasite. 6, a nodule projecting through the fat of the mesentery. the submucus, which is generally destroyed also all through its thickness, and finally it sometimes attacks the internal muscular 10 EDITOEIAL, coat. But this last condition may be found and have taken place without the presence of the slightest inflammatory infiltration. At any rate, it is certain that the Echinorhynchus Gigas can im- plant itself on the intestinal mucous membrane of swine without giving rise to any other lesions than those resulting from a simple aseptic trauma. But this is not always the case, as when the contents of the nodules, formed at the point of attachment of the parasite, have been examined bacteriologically and sowed in glycosed media for aerobic and anaerobic germs, in many cases cultures of one or of several species of microbes have been obtained. The writers have also found, in several instances, lesions of an infectious necrotic enteritis, which existed on a level with the inflammatory nodule projecting on the peritoneal surface. The conclusions presented in this very interesting article are : " I. In attaching itself on the intestinal wall of swine, the " Echinorhynchus Gigas can, by essentially mechanical means, " destroy the mucous, sub-mucous, and even the internal muscu- " lar layers, without producing round him the slightest inflam- " matory lesion. " 2. In some cases this parasite inoculates, with its rostrum, *' in the intestinal wall pathogeneous agents, which give rise " either to an ordinary infectious enteritis or to an acute necros- " ing enteritis, which may bring on intestinal perforation. " 3. The study of the lesions due to the Echinorhynchus Gigas " brings a new and valuable argument in favor of the action of " helminthes in the etiology of some infectious lesions." The interest that this note of MM. Weinberg and Romano- witch carries with itself certainly will not escape the attention of our readers and of pathologists, adding as it does a very valu- able information concerning the action of helminthes in the pathogeny of infectious diseases. Bibliographic Notices. — Among the material for my bib- liographic notices of this month stands, first of all, the first vol- ume of the second edition of Cadeac Encyclopedia, " Pathologie Interne," which has just been issued by J. B. Bailliere & Sons. EDITORIAL. 11 It is but ten years since the first edition made its appearance, and, as it is exhausted, the second is presented with many changes or rather improvements, which increase its value as a work and will continue the successful career of the first. The plan of the work is somewhat modified, and now two distinct pathologies will be issued, namely, internal and surgical pathology. In the preface, Prof. Cadeac says that as a consequence of this subdivision, every part which truly belongs to the second will be separated from the place it occupied with the first in the former edition, and by this plan all the various chapters shall be methodically exposed and be better developed according to their importance. This new arrangement has besides allowed the introduction <^f new ar- ticles, which had been heretofore left aside or treated in other parts of the encyclopedia, such as the chronic indigestion of bovines, cancer of the stomach in our domestic animals, etc., etc. However, adds the able author, without denouncing any of the general views of the first edition of my internal pathology, which have been much strengthened as time went by, I have felt the necessity of presenting some details in a different manner, in touching over and rebuilding over all the chapters and giving to this new work a more didactic and no less documentary form." The preface is closed by a call which is applicable to veterinarians all over the world : " Clinicians and practitioners, publish all that experience has taught you," as by these publications only can the truth concerning diseases of animals be arrived at. The new first volume treats successively, in the different species, of the diseases of the mouth and its annexes, then those of the pharnyx, oesophagus and of the stomach; therefore, con- sidering the varieties of stomatitis, parotiditis, maxillitis, the acute and chronic pharyngitis, the paralysies and parasites of the pharynx, oesophagitis, oesophagism, troubles of the stomach, of the rumen, the reticulum, of the omasum and finally of all the various forms of gastritis, dilatation and torsion, cancer parasites and tumors. 12 EDITOEIAL. The volume forms a book of over 500 pages and is illustrated with 136 plates, more than double the number presented in the original work, . Among the sundries communication that I have received are : The preliminary announcement of the International Congress of Tuberculosis, to which I will have opportunity to allude again; a number of official documents relating to sanitary organization in Pennsylvania, in which very interesting facts are presented, and for which I have to thank my friend. Dr. L. Pearson; and then the McKillip Veterinary College Alumni Association Jour- nal for January ; the Chicago Veterinary College Quarterly Bul- letin; and the program of the last meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, sent by Dr. W. H. Gribble, and in which I see announced a number of papers which, judging by their title, must be quite interesting and which I hope will find their way in our journal. A. L. VETERINARY CO-OPERATION APPRECIATED. We do not believe that the veterinarian has done his whole duty to the farmer when he limits his services to the giving to his sick animals the very best possible professional treatment that he is capable of rendering. This, of course, should be appreciated at its full value, and we would not be understood as discounting in the least the necessity anid importance of this class of work, but at the same time we cannot help thinking how much more the veterinarian owes to his client than the treatment of sick animals when called upon for his professional services. The intelligent and capable veterinarian, by reason of his special training and knowledge, should be of incalculable assist- ance to the stockman and dairyman in advising him as to sani- tary requirements in the construction of buildings and in aiding him to apply the principles of veterinary science to the breeding, development and maintenance of live stock under conditions as EDITORIAL. 13 would prevent, so far as possible, the occurrence of infectious and dangerous diseases to which domesticated animals are subject. Veterinary science has to do largely with agricultural problems, and the veterinarian as well as veterinary organiza- tions should get into closer and more helpful relations with live stock interests, particularly in the matter of the control of in- fectious and preventable diseases, and in the work for the im- provement of live stock. Veterinarians should take part and co- operate with the farmer in his efforts to build up the live stock and dairy interests. Where veterinarians and veterinary organizations have been careless and neglected the farmer's welfare in the respect al- luded to, we see veterinary progress come to a standstill ; but, on the other hand, where there is a friendly co-operation the business of the farmer has benefited and the veterinary profession has been recognized and advanced as a consequence. The veterina- rian must not lose sight of the fact that there are mutual rela- tions which he cannot afford to be careless about or neglect. For years the Review has advocated a closer and stronger bond of sympathy and confidence between the farmer and the veterinarian. Where this has existed and the veterinarian has attended and taken part in the meetings of the farmer, stockman, breeder and dairyman, the result has been most beneficial and gratifying to all concerned; but where each has worked inde- pendently the results have not been so successful or satisfactory to either. A good illustration of what an intelligent application of vet- erinary science to agricultural interests will accomplish, and how much it is appreciated by stockmen and others, is found in the state of Minnesota, where the veterinarian and the farmer work hand in hand. In the March Review we recorded the fact that the Minnesota State Veterinary Association had been recognized and admitted to membership in the State Agricultural Society, being given the same representation as the State Breed- ers' Association and other similar state organizations.' 14 . EDITORIAL. It is our pleasure this month to give space under " Society Meetings " to a number of resolutions recently adopted by the State Breeders' Association of Minnesota because they demon- strate the truth of our conviction. This association not only endorses the work of the veterinary profession of that state, but gives a full expression of a grateful appreciation of the benefits that have already been wrought in the interest of agriculture and animal husbandry in the great Northwest. Another Reason. — The busy man stopped before an office building and leaped from his carriage. At the same moment an ambitious urchin ran forward and piped : " Hey, mister, kin I hold yer horse?" " No, you can't ! " snapped the busy man. " Won't charge y' much," insisted the urchin. " I don't care about the charge," impatiently responded the man, throwing a blanket over his bony steed. " My horse will not run away." " Gee, mister, I didn't think he'd run away ! " "No?" " No, I thought he might fall down," — {Harper's Monthly.) Odd Animals in Harness. — The horse must look to his laurels, as a number of odd competitors for his place as the friend of man are springing up. At Anaheim, a German set- tlement in Southern California, ostriches have been trained to draw light four-wheeled traps. One of these birds so harnessetl has travelled a mile in three minutes, or at the rate of twenty miles an hour. The African zebra was formerly regarded as being too wild and vicious to be of use in harness. But time has changed this, and now in British East Africa any number of zebras can be purchased ready trained to bit and bridle. The zebra will be found most useful in Africa and India, as it is exceedingly strong, a fast trotter and immune from many dis- eases which attack horses. Perhaps the oddest animal in har- ness is the wild boar, which is driven by a French peasant at Montlucon. It is now three years old and is able to draw a small two-wheeled cart. As a bit is of no use, the reins are attached to' the animal's eye teeth. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. VETERINARY MISSIONARY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. By Mark White, V. M. D. (U. of Pa.), Denver. Cou»rado. Read before the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, Jan. 2, 1908. Of all subjects that are usually discussed before veterinary associations on occasions such as this, I do not recall an article read or published on the text selected for this paper. We hear of people going to China and other heathen countries to save souls, but we never hear of veterinarians going to the West and South to save people and animals from ill-health and death. This is largely due to the fact that the people have not been educated to the knowledge that our science is in fact a science and one of good worth. It is time, then, that the public should be taught that in order to be qualified for this work the veterinarian must first of all be well educated in one of our recognized veterinary schools; that it requires fully as much training and study to qualify in veterinary medicine as in the study of the human system; that the " old boss doctor " no longer is a representative of the pro- fession, and must not be taken as an example of the class, or as a type of a qualified veterinarian; that the veterinary pro- fession has produced the greatest scientist the world has ever known; that an educated veterinarian is entitled to equal social standing with other professional men, none excepted; that it is quite as noble — and perhaps more noble — to be able to relieve the suffering dumb animal that cannot help itself than to min- ister to human beings; that the world needs scientific veter- inarians as well as physicians to protect the lives and health of both animals and humans. Also to inform the public that the 15 16 MARK WHITE, " boss doctor " type is non-educated, non-recognized, non-quali- fied, non-licensed, and well earns the title, " Quack," " Faker" and "Impostor" — or, in other words, are "undesirable citizens." Also that the non-graduate not only does not raise the standard of the veterinary profession, but that he retards greatly the ad- vancement of our profession. That the graduated veterinarian should be legally protected so that the non-graduate is prohibited from assuming a title or degree to which he has not a just claim. That no country or municipality is well protected or safe against disease without the aid of the veterinarian. That every State should have a State Veterinarian and a corps of able assistants. That every city should have scientific veterinarians to protect the citizens from the eating of unwholesome food. Most of you are doubtless familiar with the good and well- meaning citizen who approaches you about like this : " Are you Doc. (or Doctor) Blank? " You answer in the affirmative, and he continues: " Do you doctor horses or cows? Do you doctor dogs? Do you know anything about cats? What will you charge to cure this spavin on my horse? Do you have a remedy for this dis- ease? " — naming some ailment with a view to buying a bottle or box, provided he can get it for fifty cents or one dollar, never thinking that you have a charge for services. The majority of callers to my office are not in pursuit of veterinary services, but want to purchase some specific remedy for disease. This method of dealing with skilled veterinarians is due to the fact that the public has been in the habit of deal- ing with the old time " hoss doctor " and so does not know how to approach the educated veterinarian, and does not view him as a professional man who is to be paid for skilled knowledge and not for medicine as if he was a dealer in patent medicines. May the time not be far distant when the public will come to know and appreciate fully all the veterinary profession has to give to humanity, through its thousand of representatives. That day is rapidly comings and it is our duty to unite and hasten its arrival. VETEKINAEY MISSIONAEY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH 17 Frequently you are introduced to a horseman as Doctor Blank, the veterinarian (sometimes your friend will make the mistake and call you Doctor Blank, the " Hoss Doctor "). The new acquaintance will then say, probably smiling in a self-satis- fied way, What! a "horse doctor?" Well, well, do you know that I used to be a pretty good " hoss doctor " myself, so was my father, before me. Did you ever try gxmpowder for black- leg in cattle ? " and so on, and so on, ending up by asking me if I had met so and so and so and so, naming every quack in town and calling them all doctors and at the same time say- ing that they are very good " hoss doctors," too. Those of you who take a real pride in our profession can guess about what my feelings are about this time, for I am out of patience and wish all the " hoss doctors " were singing with the angels, or that I had not cast my lot with the veterinary profession. It is a state of affairs, don't you think? It ap- pears as though the public cannot appreciate a veterinarian as a man who has been educated for his work, they can only see him as one practicing what he has gathered from individual ex- perience. The public cannot seem to appreciate the fact that the educated veterinarian has acquired his veterinary knowledge from the greatest students in the world. How unreasonable it is for one to believe that a " hoss doctor," with his individual (experience, can be as well qualified for his work as the veter- inarian who has taken a lengthy university course and received the veterinary experience or knowledge of the entire veterinary medical world. Ridiculous, don't you think? Shall I come to the rescue of the profession and inform my new acquaintance that I do not care to know his other " hoss doctor " friends. And that I do not class myself with them professionally. That I am an educated veterinarian, having served due time at one of our universities, where I graduated, and that I hold a diploma to certify, that I am qualified to care for the diseased animal in- telligently? And am I to inform him that his never- failing remedies for diseases are not of interest to me? That I do not 18 MARK WHITE. believe that gunpowder will cure black-leg in cattle, or that sweet oil in a horse's ear will cure fistula of the withers ? Whatever your view may be, I believe that under such cir- cumstances it is my solemn duty to my profession to do some missionary work and endeavor to convert my new acquaintance to the fact that this is the day of the educated veterinarian. It therefore happens that I explain our profession to him, and when I bid my new acquaintance God-speed, I comfort my- self with the belief that I had converted him to a full apprecia- tion of a veterinarian's worth to the community as a scientific man. Such is the daily life of the Western and Southern veteri- narian, but unless we all unite in such work by the time we get our clients to appreciate our profession, as we do ourselves, we will be dead or in the insane asylum. About one year ago I made the statement through the American Veterinary Review that it was my opinion and observation that infectious diseases are more virulent in Colo- rado than in any other section of America ; that wounds are more readily infected and it is more difficult to ward off suppuration or pus formation here than elsewhere. Most bacteria grow- more rapidly under good conditions if they are of native growth. That our rarified air is not necessarily an antiseptic, as believed by many. That ptomains are very prevalent in this altitude. All this is, in my opinion, true, with the exception of the open range country where the sun has full play, or else on newly occupied premises. I cannot recall to mind a single infectious disease that runs a mild course in this part of the country. As an illustration, take tetanus, a disease that is almost invariably fatal in Colorado but not so much so in the East or South. Take infectious pneu- monia, and the same is true with it. Also distemper of the dog ; it too runs a more variable course here, developing many com- plications that do not arise in the East. Then, too, as a rule, distemper is more fatal in Colorado. Ptomain poisoning in the horse, dog and cat is not only more prevalent but fatal. VETEEINABY MISSIONAEY WOEK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH, 19 Some would say that the above statement could not be true because one can take a quarter of mutton or beef and hang it up in the Colorado sun and it will keep indefinitely. This is true of meats simply because the Colorado sun is so intensely penetrating that it readily forms a hard crust covering, which cannot be bored by either flies or bacteria. This same piece of meat would not keep if butchered in Denver and hung up in a building where sunlight could not strike it. The Colorado sun will no doubt kill or retard bacteria growth if it can get a direct show at them. In the city or country buildings the sun cannot shine upon the bacteria, therefore can- not retard their multiplication. One would then ask that if this be true why then is tuber- culosis retarded in Colorado or high altitudes? My answer is that one coming to high altitudes infected with the Eastern or Southern grown bacilli will almost invariably improve if not entirely recover from the ravages of the infection, provided they come to our state within a reasonable time after he develops the disease. It is a common belief and is possibly a fact that when a per- son develops tuberculosis in Colorado that it is more virulent than when contracted in lower altitudes. Why is this the case? Simply because the tubercle bacilli, as grown in Colorado, mature under better conditions and are stronger. Persons coming to Colorado infected with the low altitude grown bacilli, which must be weaker, almost invariably improve. If they do not get well in the altitudes, because the low altitude grown ba- cilli is weaker and has not adapted itself to this altitude, there- fore must multiply under retarding conditions. Again, the per- son coming to the high altitudes experiences a great amount of rarified air stimulation. The Colorado climate certainly is a tonic for the invalid person, giving him a greater power of bodily neutralization of infectious toxins, and through the in- creased health of the individual he gains the power to throw off the invading disease. 20 MABK WHITE. One does not need to receive an electric, stimulating treat- ment in Colorado, because the rarified air keeps the body charged thoroughly with electricity all the time. Incidentally let me suggest that all lazy people settle in Colorado, for our air will put such inspiration and life into the blood that they simply cannot loaf around. It is my desire to help raise the standard of veterinary medi- cine in Colorado and the West. I wish to see that the people appreciate the true value of our usefulness to the commonwealth. We must secure the respect and confidence of the medical pro- fession, for we need their co-operation (and they need ours). We must both work hand in hand for the advancement of the medical sciences. The medical profession is ready to receive us and to give us all that for which we justly deserve credit. I am very anxious to have our office of State Veterinarian- ship increase in magnitude and importance. A vast amount of work should be done through this office. This association should give its entire support and assistance to our State Veteri- narian. He needs -and deserves the assistance and co-operation of the entire veterinary association of this state. This office must look after and branch out for new work and not trail in the old rut of the past. In order for the people to appreciate the office they must be made to understand the importance of the office. Bring this before the public in a proper way and the public will immediately give us due recognition. The salary of the State Veterinarian will be increased to a proper figure and he will be given the necessary corps of assistants. We should see that the same is true respecting the cities of the state and that new offices are created for the veterinarians. It is our duty as veterinarians to see that Denver improves its present meat and milk supply, and that the offices are filled by veterinarians that are indorsed by this association, and not by the laity. This association should not rest until the four appointments of meat inspectors for the city of Denver, now held by the laity, are held by qualified veterinarians. Our good mayor, as per- VETEBINAKY MISSIONAEY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 21 haps you all know, recently appointed for Denver four meat in- spectors, none of whom were veterinarians. This was a mistake and short-sighted. I am sorry to say that our mayor does not appear to appre- ciate the scientific veterinarian as a necessary factor in caring for the health of the municipality. He does not seem to appreciate that a meat inspector should be a skilled veterinarian, neither does he feel that veterinary in- spection of our city's food supply should, necessarily, be looked after by the skilled veterinarian. Why is this, you ask? It is because our good mayor is skeptical when it comes to waging war against infection. He is therefore in need of veterinary missionary work, and we should not rest until he is a safe and sound convert. We must not always construe a criticism as a "knock," for it is so oftentimes a boost. Some of you may be coming to the conclusion that I am a pretty good knocker. If so, I wish to assure you that you are misjudging me. I have found it my duty to speak against the non-educated men practicing veterinary surgery in our state, but it was distasteful to me. I have found it my duty to my profession to speak in criticising tones of some of my colleagues, which grieved me. I have also found it my lot to speak in criticism of our city and state government, and the importance of appointing a veterinarian to serve both of these. All of these criticisms made by me were not a pleasure, but it has been my solemn duty to our profession, regardless of what hard feelings they may bring about, if any. Some say that every knock means a boost for the other fellow, but this is not always true. We must plead our rights and our cause in order that we may receive proper recognition from the people at large, and to do that we must call their atten- tion to our usefulness. It has been my desire and aim during the past three years to create a sentiment in Colorado whereby the present state and municipalities might improve their respective veterinary inspection laws as regards our meat and our dairy supplies, and 22 MARK WHITE. at the same time create more work for the veterinarians. My idea of bringing about this necessary reform or improve- ment or present conditions was to read two papers on this line of work before the medical associations, with the view of first having them appreciate the importance of the improvement, so that they might help convert the public to enact laws and make necessary appropriations to bring about the desired changes. While we have changed the sentiments greatly during the past three years, at the same time there is much work yet to be done by the professions of medicine before our ideas will ma- terialize greatly. When I first came to Colorado, if I happened to remark, as I often did, that Colorado cows were subject to tuberculosis, that many of them are infected, I would get an answer at once to the effect that the cows in Colorado never have tuberculosis and therefore it is not necessary to test and free our dairy herds of tubercular cattle. But the feeling on this question is quite different to-day. Good missionary work in the West brought about a change of views, so it does count for something, don't you think? We must keep up this mission- ary work in the West and South. By so doing we will, in time, have equal veterinary laws governing our part of the country with that of Eastern States. Veterinarians should get into politics, provided we ever ex- pect to get all that is justly due us. We must get into politics and get laws that will benefit our profession. Take a look at Colorado and its ozone climate, and our great city of the plains — "Queen City of the Plains," or "City Beau- tiful," as it is so often called. This ozone climate of Colorado, which we all crave and long for when we leave the state, is daily restoring thousands of poor, suffering people to health and to a life of comfort, pleasure and usefulness, especially those who have lost their health in other states or parts of the country and come to our state to recover. Colorado should be called the "National Health Resort." After I have made the above observation regarding our state of Colorado and city of Denver (which is the capital of the VETEBINABr MISSIONARY WOBK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. State) you would naturally suppose that one would, on visiting our state or city, find in preparation an ideal veterinary meat, dairy and milk system of inspection. Since the population of the state is largely made up of people that have come here for the improA^ement of their health, it stands our state and city government in hand to spare no ex- pense to put our milk and meat supplies on a high plane of wholesomeness. It also stands our state in hand to spare no pains to increase the dairy output many times what it is at the present time. Since milk is one of the chief diets of people in ill health, the consumption of milk should be great in our state. But the consumption of milk will not be what it should until we first give to the public milk that is free from disease and sealed with the city or state seal as a guarantee of wholesomeness. The state and municipalities owe this protection to the public, and the public should demand that they get full protection by having veterinary sanitary experts in the field. It is not generally known by the public that the meat in- spectors of Denver are not veterinarians and have not been edu- cated to pursue such work intelligently. The public should know that only the scientifically educated veterinarians are competent to inspect meat for food. The same is true with our milk supply in Denver. It doesn't pass veterinary inspection, either. The city did not call upon the veterinary profession when it wanted a milk or dairy in- spector. Our dairy barns and herds are not inspected for sanitation and disease. These are all left to the conscience and intelligence of the dairyman; he is merely supposed not to milk a cow that is unhealthy, and is not compelled to keep his milking utensils sterilized. Some dairymen are very considerate of the public wellfare and take a pride in turning out as wholesome milk as they can with the equipments at hand, but the majority are not so considerate. Our present plan of city milk inspection is 24 MABK WHITE. based more on the examination of the milk from a standpoint of adulteration. Denver milk is not examined from a bac- teriological standpoint, which is the more important of the two. We know that water, when clean, will not kill people; we also know that infection will injure our bodies and may take life. We must fight for the regaining of the lost confidence of the public in the use of milk. To do this the state must first furnish to the public, through its dairies, certified pure milk. The con- sumption of milk would increase 50 per cent, or more thereafter. And this being true, we would have twice as many dairy cows, twice as much milk to increase our state revenue. So you can see, from both a financial and health point of view, it is very important to our state that the people are furnished whole- some milk and meat. What Denver and every other municipality needs and must have is a scientifically educated veterinarian as a member of its board of health, his duties being to look after the city's food supply. Such an office should be created at once, and an appointment made, regardless of politics. We should not tol- erate longer the city health officials trying to do the work that we should do. At the present time the city health commissioner (Dr. Sharpley) is acting both in the capacity of veterinarian and physician, but only has the M. D. degree. An inadequate milk and meat inspection system for a city does more harm than good, by putting the public off its guard. The public naturally supposes that the city would not tolerate anything but an up-to-date inspection system. It therefore be- comes a moral obligation of the state and city governments to protect the public from buying anything but good, wholesome food, since they depend upon the law for protection. It should be in Colorado, as it is in the state of Pennsylvania, and many other Eastern states where not a single cow is allowed to furnish milk that has not been tested for tuberculosis once a year. VETERINARY MISSIONARY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 25 It is also of extreme importance to our people who are already victims of tuberculosis not to drink milk from tubercular cows, for, in so doing they are doubtless heaping fuel upon the already raging disease. While speaking on the subject of tuberculosis I want to say that I am surprised to think that there has not been a law en- forced in Colorado and Denver requiring sanitary soda foun- tains. One can stand off and observe the type of patrons of our Denver soda fountains. Take one of the largest fountains, like Scholts' or Trunk's, and note the class of people that are drinking at them ; you will probably see 50 per cent, or more of them are victims of tuberculosis, for they are feeling "poorly," and go to the fountains to get a milk or egg drink, or something of that sort. The glasses and spoons used by the hundreds of patrons with tuberculosis dail}'- are not boiled or sterilized after they are used, but are rinsed or wiped in tepid water, and oftentimes in cold water, without rinsing. So you can see at a glance that within a few hours, or days at the most, one of the soda foun- tains will have every utensil thoroughly infected with the tu- bercle bacilli. So that when you buy a glass of soda you will get served with each glass the tubercle bacilli free of charge. We should have a law requiring that the soda fountains in Colorado be equipped for sterilizing the utensils, and an inspector to see that they are sterilized. The cup system of public drinking fountains for water should be replaced by the system that is now used at the public schools, for they are ideal in construction, it being practically impossible to contract disease from them. . I would like to go more into detail with the above subjects but I must draw my remarks to a close and take up other sub- jects of equal interest or importance to our profession at least. So, in conclusion, I want to speak to you regarding veterinary ethics in Colorado. I certainly hope that it is in my power to say something to improve present bad conditions. If I do not I truly hope that some of you may. 26 MARK WHITE. Before saying anything on this subject let me say to you, my brother colleagues, in all seriousness, that I am not desirous of making any personal attacks against any of you. What I wish to say is for the good of the profession at large, and for you in- dividually, so I would ask that you take no individual offense. I can and could exist and get along with the prevailing bad condi- tions here, and so could you also. I assure you that I have the interest of every ethical and well- meaning veterinarian of this association at heart, and they will always find me ready to help them in any way possible. I am also very anxious to see this association composed of high-class, progressive men, and, above all, that it be of material aid to in- dividual members so that they will feel that to succeed in the practice of veterinary medicine they must be members of this association in good standing. This association must watch the interests of its individual members with a jealous eye. I wish good-fellowship to prevail among our body. I would like to see the overflowing spirit of jealousy that now prevails among our Denver veterinarians buried so deep that it will never be dug up so long as this world lasts. It is wise and proper that we get together, work and think together as a united body. We must co-operate in everything. We must, each and every one, abide by the actions of the ma- jority of members of this association. We should have a well- formed code of ethics to work by and one that is thoroughly understood by each member. When a member has signed the code and violatesi it he should answer to the board of directors ; and if his actions are not excusable his name should be dropped from the roll of membership. If this association cannot have and enforce a codei of ethics upon its members it had better riot try to exist. The one object above all others of organizing this 1x)dy was to work and protect one another, individually and col- lectively. • Without this fraternal spirit a veterinarian would have no inducement (only for the advancement of the profession) for becoming a member of our association. , VETERINARY MISSIONARY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 27 It must be our desire to educate the public to our knowledge and usefulness so that our profession will be appreciated. Our main mission must be directed toward relegating the "quack" veterinarians to the rear, that we may take the field for our- selves. We must each, in our daily work, put on our "fighting clothes" and do our utmost to free the land of the non-educated veterinary surgeons, for they greatly retard our advancement. This country does not owe these young "quacks" the living that it once thought that it owed the old fellows. We should meet together once or twice a year and devise further plans against the enemy. In order for us to gain the field of victory we must work hard to improve our state vet- erinary laws or else lose the state to the imperics. I regret to say to this association that I am unable to see any ethics at all practiced by our Denver veterinarians, socially or professionally. It appears to me that the motto is "every veteri- narian is for himself." Professional consultation is unknown among us. Such a selfish spirit must not exist if we know what is best for our own interests. On coming to Denver to practice I made it my business to make a professional call of respect upon all the graduated and non-graduated veterinarians practicing in Denver. Out of the number only one or two received and gave me a professional wel- come. They made me feel that I was treading upon their hunt- ing ground, showing a decided spirit of professional jealousy. We, as professional gentlemen, should receive and treat with professional courtesy every representative of the profession in recognized standing, both professionally and socially. I have been practicing in Denver over three years, and during that time only one veterinarian and his wife have paid their respects to my family by calling. There is practically no social con- geniality among our Denver men. There is no general understanding as to what should be a proper charge for this or that service. We should confine our- selves to a uniform charge, as best we can ; otherwise the public 28 MABK WHITE. will think that we are holding it up. Some of our members are undoubtely charging too much while others are not charging enough. Some of the members of this association who have calls that they cannot look after are sending calls to the "quacks" in prefer- ence to the graduates or members of this association. Such actions should not be tolerated by this body. When a member receives a call that he cannot care for it is his duty to the other members to see that calls do not fall into the hands of imperics, but that a member of this association is called. The proper way for us to handle such calls would be to tell the client, when he asks for our services, that we will send him a veterinarian to look after the case. We should then step to the telephone and call members of this association, until we get one that will go and look after the case. In this way we would keep from the imperics many thousands of dollars worth of work annually. In fact, for a member not to adopt this method, or not to make it his duty to see that the call falls into the hands of a member of this associa- tion, should be sufficient grounds for said member to forfeit his membership. I am pleased to see so many of you at this banquet and I sincerely hope that the addition of the same to our annual pro- gramme will add greatly to the enthusiasm of our members. It is my wish to see a membership of quality as well as quantity ; a membership of congenialty, not strife; a membership of men that are not desirous of retarding, but advancing the association. If we have only a baker's dozen of members in this associa- tion they had better be those who are of the right type. One ob- noxious member will keep from this association many good men that would take an active interest and do something worth while for us all. We must be careful what statements are made upon the floor of this association. Oftentimes newspaper reporters are present who will not appreciate a joke and may misconstrue our state- VETERINARY MISSIONARY WORK IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 29 ments as having been a part of the official proceedings of this association. You no doubt recall the matter that went into the press a few years ago which pictured us as a body of ignorant "hoss doctors." Therefore I would ask that we be careful what is said before this association at all times. Heartfelt expressions of regret, upon the death of Editor Bell, are contained in nearly every letter received at the Review office. A Truthful Dealer. — " But," asked the absolutely bald old party, " can I be assured that this horse is quite gentle ?" " My dear sir," replied the foxy horse dealer, " he wouldn't harm a hair of your head." — {Philadelphia Press.) The Unravelled Bargain. — At one of the sale-yards a gentleman observed a disqualified jockey and a horse dealer haggling over the sale of a horse. Full of curiosity when the two separated, and anxious to know how two such shrewd char- acters had bargained, the gentleman called the jockey to him and inquired how much he had got for his animal. The jockey opened his hand and showed a sovereign and a florin. " But isn't that very cheap? " " No," said the jockey; " he's dead lame," The gentleman then sought the dealer, and said: " So you've given 22 shillings for a lame horse ? " The dealer laid his finger on his nose and said: " Lame ! He's as sound as you are. I saw he was badly shod, and only limped in consequence." The inquirer returned to the jockey, and reported what the dealer said. The former gave a tremendous and significant wink, and whispered : " He's as lame as a two-legged stool. I had him badly shod on purpose to make them believe that that was the cause of his limping." When this was communicated to the dealer he seemed for the moment taken aback, and hung his head ; then, with a little sigh and a shrug of his shoulders, he said, quietly : "Ah, well, it's all right — it was a bad sovereign." — {Tit- Bits.) ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. By Wm. H. GRIBBI.E, D.V.S., Washington C H., Ohio. A Paper Presented to the Twenty-fifth Annual Session of the Ohio State Veterinai-y Medical Association. There may be gentlemen in this room who have had more experience, and who know more about artificial impregnation than your humble servant; but if this be true, we most em- phatically say that they have been very derelict in their duty to their colleagues, in the fact of never having mentioned the sub- ject, while so many veterinarians, even to-day, have not the re- motest idea of the operative methods, its general use, or its prac- tical results. The many years and the hundreds of times we have performed this operation is scarcely an excuse for us being so careless as to what others know of the subject; but when you know that part of the year we see its everyday use, performed not only by ourselves but by stablemen, stallioneers and grooms, it is very natural for one thus thrown daily among it, to presume that the subject is well understood, at least by the veterinary profession. An article by Dr. E. A. Grange in the American Veteri- nary Review^ for May, 1907, and then again an editorial from the pen of Prof. A. Liautard, in the November, 1907, issue of same journal, but more particularly recent conversations and communications with our veterinary friends, now leads us to know, that the subject is not nearly so well understood as we had supposed, especially among the veterinary practitioners of our cities. Twenty years ago we personally knew absolutely nothing about real artificial impregnation; had never heard it spoken of or even hinted at, at either of the veterinary colleges of which we had the honor of being graduated; and the only thing we had ever seen in print bearing even indirectly on the subject, was a sort of theoretical article, claiming success in the impregnation 30 ARTIFICIAL IMPBEGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 31 of the human female by using a sort of tube called a dilator, placed directly in the os uteri and left for a time. In the next succeeding- years, however, so-called impreg- nators, which were simply dilators, of every conceivable shape, could be found advertised in our stock journals. At about this time, practically all cases of failure to breed was attributed to a contracted and rigid condition of the cervix, thus closing its opening, and preventing the passage of sper- matozoa. For this difficulty, a treatment very successful in our hands, but at that time almost universally condemned by the veterinary profession as worse than useless, was to dilate the mouth of the uterus, mechanically. This dilating of the os uteri, or " opening up," as it is com- monly called, consists simply of, just previous to service by the male of passing the hand into the vagina, fingers held cone- shape, and by gentle pressure and rotary movements, dilate the mouth of the womb sufficient to allow the hand to pass through. Just here let us say, that this hand dilation is not practical with cows. An intensely rigid condition of the cervix seems to be perfectly normal with them; at least in the large number we have examined we have never found one in any other way, even in heifers, or regular breeders if some little time had elapsed since calving; and this rigid condition in non-breeders is such, that dilation to the size of the hand is well nigh impossible with- out causing an injury, or the use of a knife. With cows we use a smooth, nickel-plated probe, round and tapering quite rapidly to a diameter of half or three-quarters of an inch. This sized opening seems to be sufficient for the purpose. We have proven the usefulness of these operations many times, by barren females becoming pregnant from the first service of the male following after this simple treatment, while repeated service previous had been failures. July 12, 1887, we were consulted by C. A. Foster, M. D., in reference to a valuable mare that failed to get in foal after 32 WM. H. GBIBBLE. repeated trials, and which on examination showed indurated cervix. He asked us : Do veterinarians operate as in human practice, by dilating the os? and on being answered in the af- firmative, he requested us to take the mare twenty-six miles, " open her up," have her bred, and bring her back. We took her next day and attempted to operate as usual, using belladonna extract, etc., but it was slow work; parts were more rigid than any we had before met; and becoming impa- tient, we probably used too much force, for suddenly something gave w^ay, my hand passed into the uterus, and we were covered with blood. We surely had an excessive haemorrhage for such a simple injury, and I was somewhat nervous, but treated the matter lightly by saying: " Oh, this us nothing unusual." Pack- ing the vagina with tow and glycerine, stayed all night, and in the morning on removal of this tampon we found a badly torn, wide-open os uteri. After removing the clotted blood and carefully cleansing the parts with warm carbolized water, the mare was served twice in close succession. She exhibited some pain when we, with no other object in view, passed our hand into the vagina to see if the actions of the stallion had produced any further injury. Finding an abun- dance of semen, and fearing its loss on our long drive home, we placed our fingers close together, scoop shape, and carried this semen (not a difficult job) into the wide open uterus. The mare was not served again and raised a fine colt. For some reason, this case did not impress us as much out of the ordinary, and we almost forgot the impregnation, giving the " opening up " the credit. In May, 1890, Squires Bros, consulted us as to treatment of a barren mare that they were very anxious to get in foal. This mare had raised two colts, but although repeatedly served by difi^erent horses, and as often " opened up," she could not be gotten in foal again. Without making any examination at all, and presuming the trouble due to a rigid os, that con- ABTIFICIAL IMPKEGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 33 tracted very rapidly after being dilated, we called the owners' attention to the article we had read on human dilators, when he with the owner of the stallion offered to make it financially interesting to me to get this mare in foal if possible. Fashioning our instrument as best we know, we had made a rough shaped, sort of spring stool dilator, to place in the os uteri to keep it open during and after service of horse, thus pre- venting contraction, besides giving the spermatozoa time to pass through. When all was ready and we prepared to insert our dilator, imagine our feelings (quite a number of bystanders) to find the OS dilated so large that our hand passed through without re- sistance; we also found that at the previous birth, the mucous membrane of the vagina had been torn at about the cervix, and this injury, in healing, had left the membrane like a curtain, directly across the opening, adhered to the sides and bottom, and had to be pressed down to allow the hand to enter the os. Our plans had come to naught; what should we do? Failure to conceive not due to rigid os, but undoubtedly to the inability of the semen to pass this mucus partition. Should we, at arm's length, take scissors and remove this obstruction? No, Mare is in season and in readiness, haemor- rhage will result, and put the case off three weeks longer. A thought strikes us: Case No. i, assist nature. The mare is served in the usual manner, while we, taking a good-sized common spoon, bend up its sides sort of bowl shape, then inserting our hand armed with the spoon, dip semen from vagina into uterus. No other service was required, and in due time we were paid the largest fee for the time occupied in earning, it has ever been our pleasure to receive. On July 22, 1 89 1, a joint session of the Ohio and Michigan State Veterinary Medical Associations convened in the city of Detroit, Mich. 34 WM. H. OBIBBLE. Your humble servant, after reading a paper on in-breeding, spoke enthusiastically of seeming successful treatment of barren mares, and suggested certain uses and shape of impregnators. In the discussion that followed, we found ourselves like the lone mariner; not one single veterinarian. present but who op- posed our views, and opposed them so strenuously that, in the published report of that meeting, we were actually ashamed to mention our remarks on the subject, as my enthusiasm of these, to me, successes, had been ruthlessly thrown down, trampled upon, and relegated to the category of chance. Time and experiments, however, have proven that we were in the right. Let us give you a few of the expressions of the recorded enthusiasm dampeners that were given to me at that meeting. A prominent veterinarian of Michigan asked: "I would like to know what an impregnator was used for, anyway; there is no sense in it." An Indiana man declared : " This opening of mares is a great humbug." An Ohio practitioner said that he " Had tried impregnators, but found them of no use whatever." An Ohio veterinarian " Could not see how an impregnator could be of any use whatever, unless it be in case of loose, flabby OS. Another Ohio veterinarian " Had used different kinds of im- pregnators, and known of others to use them, but they are the most consummate humbug ever perpetrated on horse-owners of to-day." A Michigan man, who was chairman of the meeting, re- marked that " All seem to agree that the so-called impregnators are nothing more nor less than humbugs." From the report of the meeting, to the article by Dr. Grange in May of this year, we have no remembrance of having seen one word on the subject, either in discussions of veterinary asso- ciations, or in that ever-ready to record journal, the American Veterinary Review. ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. By the term artificial impregnation, the two cases we have just reported show you that it means no theory of an artificial semen, or an artificial place for impregnation ; but practical facts and results in producing impregnation by any artificial means of conveying the semen of the male to the uterus of the female, no matter whether the particular female impregnated is embraced by the male, or is not even in the immediate locality of the male. The operation is not necessarily performed because of barren- ness of the female, but far more often, in fact the major part, is to increase the utility of the male, and it is this latter reason that has given us the greater part of our experience, due, we admit, to the result of an accident to the penis of a well-known stallion. Besides this latter, our home locality is one of the great breeding districts, the home of some very fine trotting and draft- bred stallions, having more service than they could possibly at- tend to were it not for artificial impregnation; so with all, the subject is one of considerable importance to us,- being an ever increasing operation, more and more each year, until for the last twelve or fifteen years it has been a regular part of our pro- fessional labors; while now, during the breeding season, it is of daily 9ccurrence and oftimes two, three, and four times a day. At first we kept records, more especially of females not cov- ered by the male; but when the operation became of such fre- quent occurrence, the novelty wore off, records were forgotten, and we hardly gave the matter a thought. In our experiments, we have proven beyond doubt that ofttimes the glans penis of the male enters the os uteri, is en- circled by the cervix of the female, and ejaculations are directly into the uterus; but more frequently the ejaculated semen is thrown directly through the open os, and is the reason of success for the so-called dilators and the operation of " opening up," as well as the reason why females embraced by the male shortly after giving birth conceive so much easier than at any other time. Only a small quantity of semen is necessary to produce con- ception, as one living spermatozoa of sufficient vitality is all that is needed. 36 WM. H. GBIBBLE. To impregnate intelligently, as well as successfully, one must know his horse, must know, the quality of the semen — in other words, know the relative number of living cells a given quantity of semen contains. The amount of semen ejaculated varies greatly in different horses, as well as the number of spermatozoa it contains; some horses ejaculate large quantities having a small percentage of spermatozoa, while others ejaculating a much smaller quantity would contain in the aggregate fully as many or more living cells. The number of spermatozoa found in the semen of a well- kept, properly cared for stallion will, as we before stated, vary greatly, but will be in rough numbers about four thousand to the drop. This will be greatly reduced, both in number and in vitality, in the horse improperly cared for, or, more particularly, used too frequently; in fact the number and vitality depend al- most entirely on the proper use or abuse of the animal. There will be more spermatozoa, and of greater vitality, from a horse used once in a day, than in three times, if the animal be used that number of times in one day. In young stallions used too frequently, we have often found that the semen contained pi;^ctically no spermatozoa, of any vitality, at all. The exposure or non-exposure of spermatozoa to the air does not seem to produce any different effect, but exposure to heat causes rapid death. They die far more rapidly at a temperature above ioo° F. than they do at a temperature below ioo° R, even as low as 95° F. ; in fact they live much the longer at the lower temperature. We have found spermatozoa kept at a temperature of 105° F. to be all dead in two hours or less, while that kept at a tempera- ture of 95° F,, some were alive even after three hours. That kept at 110° F. were all dead when examined in thirty minutes, while some few were alive in that kept at 90° F, The reason for this we have as yet been unable to determine ; it is strange, especially when you remember that the temperature of vagina is 100° F, ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 37 Much of the newspaper and stable talk in reference to this subject is worse than nonsense; one stallioneer writes of having bred forty from one cover, while Dr. Lewis speaks of one man in central Iowa who claimed to have bred ninety mares in one day from one stallion. Don't believe such stuff; unless they caught the urine and used that. Again, we hear, and read, of semen being shipped in capsules long distances and used with success. I have not, as yet, found one authenticated proof of such a fact, and will have to be shown, as our experience shows the limit of life of spermato- zoa outside the animal body, under the most favorable circum- stances we know of at present, to be not much, if any, over three hours. How long they will live carried in the vagina, and on transfer to another mare be capable of conception, we have not been able to decide as yet. We have experimented some and know that the length of life is greatly extended. One experiment nearly resulted in a law- suit. Mare was brought to town, bred in the usual manner, then taken home quite a distance to the farm of the owner. After standing in the stable some time, it was noticed she was wasting some. Another mare in the stable being in season, gave a good chance for an experiment. Owner was willing. With a common one-ounce rubber syringe, nozzle removed, part of the semen was transferred to the uterus of the other mare. Both had colts, both colts are bays, both are mares, while one dam is sorrel, the other grey, and the sire grey. Time elapsing from breeding to transfer was several hours. Sometimes, as in the case just mentioned, we draw the semen up into the syringe directly from the floor of the vagina; but this is very unsatisfactory, as the folds of the mucous membrane, in spite of the best of care, will suck up into the opening of syringe and plug it, and the action of air on the semen in a pan seems to have no deleterious effect. 38 WSI. H. GKIBBLE. We have caught semen in an enameled pan on a warm day in June, walked a full mile or more, carrying the pan in our hands, no artificial heat, simply the heat of the sun then im- pregnated with success. , We have carried the semen in screw-top bottle in the pocket of our shirt, coat and vest buttoned, drove seven miles, trans- ferred it to the mare, and she got with foal. This was done twice, as she came in season again after the first attempt. This mare was hanging in slings, suffering from an incomplete frac- ture of the tibia, and knowing her uselessness for several months, was personally interested in its being a success. The most peculiar case we ever met in this line was a large, gray Norman mare weighing over sixteen hundred pounds. She had had one or two colts and no trouble, then it seemed impos- sible to get her in foal any more. Examination showed parts to be normal, but repeated im- pregnations were useless, and when we say repeated we mean it, for the attempts covered a series of two years, as we hated to give it up. We had about decided that she was surely barren, when one day in breeding another mare, we used the surplus in the big grey, and was surprised by her getting in foal. For four years this mare was experimented with; direct service, or impregnation from direct service, was absolutely a waste of time, but impregnate her from service given another mare, and she was gotten in foal without trouble; in fact it was so easily done, that in only one year of the four was it necessary to do this twice. This was some years ago and the mare is gone, but were she here now, we should certainly test the vaginal discharge, a thing we then did not think of, yet often thought, that- for some peculiar reason, the sperm deposited in her vagina was immediately destroyed. We have abandoned the use of the speculum, as it is incon- venient and unnecessary. An article extensively advertised, and sometimes used to catch the semen, is the so-called Breeders' bag. This bag is made AETIFICIAL IMPREGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 39 of very thin rubber, is slipped over the horse's penis just previ- ous to service, then kibricated with a warm jelly of pulverized slippery elm bark. After service the bag is removed, placed in warm water, and the semen transferred from it to the mares. Our experience condemns it, as the horse soon revolts at its use, and refuses to cover. As to instruments necessary : we have used all sorts of tubes, springs, sizes and shapes of syringes, capsules, spoons, tumblers, cups, cans, buckets, and even the hand alone; and it makes no material difference to the success of the operation; the only dif- ference is one of convenience. Failures are due, largely, to improper care of utensils and instrument or disregard to temperature ; too cold, but more often too hot, as one not familiar with the feel of water at ioo° F. easily gets it much above. The best, most convenient, and easiest cared for impregnator, is simply a white metal, nickel-plated syringe, about twenty-two or twenty-four inches long, and not to exceed one-half inch in diameter, and curved about three inches from a straight line; piston full length and no glass. The more complicated the instrument the more trouble to keep clean, and cleanliness is absolutely necessary. We boil every utensil used in soda solution, besides using disinfectants, and keep syringe in the best of order. There is nothing in the anatomy Of the mare or the modus operandi of the operation to make it at all difficult. It may be best to examine the mare in advance, but this is not necessary, especially if a small-sized syringe be used. Don't be in a hurry, there is no need for it; work carefully and as rapidly as con- venient, so long as the water and instruments are at the proper temperature. Stripped of unnecessary descriptions, our mode is as follows : Heating a quantity of water, say two or three quarts, to a temperature of about 103° F., and kept there, or nearly so. In this water is floating an absolutely clean enameled basin. 40 WM. H. GBIBBLE. The impregnating syringe, also filled with this hot water, is kept at about the same temperature. The mare is hobbled and the service performed in the usual manner. Just previous to the withdrawal of the penis, the enameled basin is taken from the water, and held directly under the vulva, thus catching all wasted semen, and immediately placed back in the water again. If this waste is sufficient, well and good ; but if not, after wait- ing a few minutes for the semen to collect, the hand is inserted into vagina, and by bending the fingers, that deposited there is drawn out into our basin. Syringe is emptied of water, semen drawn into it, and again inserting our hand, the syringe is carried directly to the os, passed into the uterus as far as can conveniently be done, then emptied. The number of mares that can be impregnated from one service simply depends on the quantity and quality, which varies greatly; we have impregnated two and three several times, and once four, all of the latter gotten in foal. Several years ago a now widely known stallion met with an accident that produced extreme left curvature of the penis when in erection; so much curved that the glans penis can be seen to the outside of the animal's flank. This deformity not only interferes with copulation, but with the proper ejaculation of semen. It is very difficult for the penis to enter the vulva, ^requiring both hands of an attendant ; and then, when having entered, being so curved against the side of the vagina that the semen is not thrown forward, but left so close to the outside, that, on withdrawal of the penis or even before, nearly, if not all of semen deposited wastes out. Some- thing had to be done. Artificial impregnation was adopted, for practically every mare brought to this horse until to-day, it is not looked ujx)n as a trouble, but as a great saver of time and horse; for the results of last year show that while he is twenty years old, and in spite of his half-circle penis, more than eighty colts stood up and sucked and were paid for. ABTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 41 Whether in the show class, or by their speed performances, these hand-made colts speak for themselves; they have taken the blue at Madison Square Garden, they have made their sire, the champion sire of new performers for 1906, the champion sire of 2.20 performers for 1907; they have made him first, second, or third, as the sire of new performers for five or six years ; a truly wonderful record. Don't mistake us, and think in our enthusiasm that we wish you to believe that artificial impregnation makes handsome horses, or accelerates their speed (by no means) ; but we do say, and offer you the proof, that it in no way retards these desirable aims. When again you see a colt from this sire, as many of you have, speeding round the ring at 2.06 or 7, think of this paper, and do not forget that its writer (most likely) started that colt on its journey of life through the media of a pan of warm water and a nickel-plated syringe. Constipating Effect of Morphine. — Magnus, investigat- ing the constipating action of morphine, says that it is the stom- ach tiiat is most affected by it. The constipating effect is not produced on the sympathetic nervous fiber. The chief action is persistent contraction of the stomach wall, in the neighborhood of the pyloric orifice. The passage of food into the duodenum is belated ; the small intestine is greatly affected, colon least of all. These observations were made on cats and dogs. — (Medical Record. ) The Wily Owl. — A party of horsemen were traveling along Bridge Creek, a tributary of Bad Water River, Wyoming, when their horses suddenly shied off the track at the sound of a " rattle." Search was made for the snake, but it was finally found that the sound proceeded from the burrowing owl, which lives in the buroows of the prairie dog, often, it is said, in company with the rattlesnake. Seated on a post the party heard the owl give a third rattle. And whenever they passed the spot it gave warning by its rattle, and the horses always shied off the track in alarm. — (American Naturalist.) ONE PROBLEM IN MEAT HYGIENE. By Louis A. Klein, Deputy State Vetetinarian of Pennsylvania. A Paper Read at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, March 6-7, 1908. Cleanliness in a slaughter-house is necessary to insure whole- some products. There are many things which facilitate the main- tenance of cleanliness. Tight, smooth, well-drained floors, smooth walls, sufficient light and ventilation, an abundant supply of water, and proper storage of hides and bones, are all of great assistance, but none of these is as important as a simple, eco- nomical method of disposing of the blood, offal, stomach con- tents and other refuse. If these substances are not properly cared for and are permitted to collect about the premises, even to a small degree, conditions are established favorable to the growth of putrefactive organisms and flies and the generation of foul odors. Not only the meats and meat products prepared in such places are likely to be injuriously affected, but the tooils and instruments and the butchers' clothing and hands may also be contaminated. When the organs are aft'ected with certain parasitic and bacterial diseases it is also important from the standpoint of public hygiene that they be properly disposed of. Dogs may become infested with tapeworms from organs infested with Echinococci, Coenuri and Cysticerci, and may in turn infest man with Echinococci and animals with Echinococci, Coenuri and Cysticerci. Organs from animals affected with tuberculosis, hog cholera and swine plague, may produce these diseases in hogs when fed to them in the raw condition. Hogs may become in- fested with trichina in the same way, rendering their flesh in- jurious to man, and dogs and rats may also become infested with this parasite in a similar manner and assist in spreading the in- fection. Fluke disease in man, cattle and sheep, and grub in 42 ONE PBOBLEM IN MEAT HYGIENE. 43 sheep, may be propagated by carelessness in disposing of in- fested organs, and until the life history of the tapeworms of cattle and sheep and nodule worm of sheep is better known, organs infested with these parasites must be .regarded as dan- gerous. On account of the methods used in disposing of offal and refuse matter, country slaughter-houses and those on the out- skirts of small towns have come under the suspicion of being centres of infection, especially when they are located along streams, as many of them are. In the larger slaughter-houses the quantity of blood, offal and refuse matter is sufficiently large to make it profitable to install sanitary rendering tanks, dryers, etc., to render the dis- carded materials into saleable products, and where such a plant is in operation the commercial value of the end products is suffi- cient to cause everything to be carefully collected. In the cities and larger towns there is usually a rendering plant which sends wagons around to the small slaughter-houses and to the meat markets to collect this material. But in the small slaughter- houses in the country, and in small towns, the disposal of the blood, offal, etc., is one of the greatest problems connected with meat hygiene. There is not enough of the material produced to make it profitable to install one of the ordinary rendering plants to work it up into commercial products, and there is not sufficient steam or power to operate such a plant. In these establishments, therefore, it is not a question of how to make the most profit out of these substances, but how to get rid of them most eco- nomically. A solution of the problem has been attempted in several ways. At some places everything but the edible parts and the hides has been thrown into a convenient creek. It has been the general custom to discharge the waste water and the blood also, where it was not fed to hogs, into a stream, or into a cesspool when a stream was not accessible. A few butchers have buried the solid parts in a manure heap on their premises, but the stench which permeated the air when the manure was removed was very pronounced, and when there were any near neighbors 44 ^^ LOUIS A. KLEIN. this plan had to be abandoned. In many cases the material is buried, or it is hauled to a nearby farm where it scattered on the land and plowed under or buried in the manure pile. Some butchers who follow this plan in summer haul the offal out into a nearby woods in winter and it is devoured by dogs and crows, at one place a hole is dug in the ground and the material is thrown into this and covered with lime, and when the hole is nearly filled dirt is piled up over it and another excavation is made. There is no unpleasant odor associated with this method. Perhaps the greatest number of butchers have been feeding the offal together with the blood and stomach contents, to hogs, the blood being allowed to flow through a hole in the floor or wall, or through a trough, into a tub, and the offal, with the stomachs unopened, being thrown out the door onto the ground. There are usually several dogs to assist the hogs in devouring the material. Such places have usually been found in a filthy con- dition. In some cases the offal is hauled to farms and thrown on the manure pile for hogs to eat. Under the law forbidding the contamination of water- courses, the throwing of oft'al into streams, as well as the dis- charging of waste water and blood into them, has been stopped wherever it has been discovered, and under the rules and regu- lations adopted by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board for the government of the Meat Hygiene Service, hogs fed on offal have been placed in quarantine to be slaughtered under the ex- amination of an agent of the Board. The reports of the con- ditions found at the post-mortem examinations made on these animals up to this time furnish strong evidence of the danger attending this practice. At one place, where forty-eight hog- were being fed on offal and were quarantined, thirty-nine were slaughtered under examination and thirty-eight were affected with tuberculosis. In sixteen of the latter the disease was gen- eralized. The other nine died and were not examined, but it would appear likely that they were also affected with the same disease. Of another lot of fourteen hogs placed in quarantine, three were tubercular and six had echinococcus cysts in the liver. ONE PBOBLEM IN MEAT HYGIENE. 45 In another lot of eight, the Hvers of six showed echinococciis cysts. One hog which was quarantined at another place was found on post-mortem examination to be affected with gen- eralized tuberculosis. In one lot of six hogs, one had echino- coccus cysts in the liver. Another lot of six hogs was found to be free from disease when slaughtered. This is the only lot quarantined on account of being fed on ofifal and examined post- mortem up to this time, which has not been more or less diseased. Hog cholera and swine plague developed in a herd of twenty- three hogs which was being fed on ofifal. Ten died, and of the thirteen slaughtered four were condemned on account of hog cholera. From these facts it would appear that feeding hogs on slaughter-house offal not only spreads disease, but is also un- profitable. The other methods adopted in small country houses to dispose of this material are also objectionable, either on hygienic or economic grounds. Another plan is therefore neces- sary to meet the situation. What is needed is some method that will enable the butcher to derive a small profit from the offal, or at least to dispose of it without expense. Such a plan, if it could be introduced at small expense, would no doubt be readily accepted, and if one could be found that would yield a small profit on the discarded material it would place the small butcher on a better basis to compete with the large packer, who derives much of his profits from the by-products of his establishment. There is no method in use now which will meet the situation, because until the Meat Hygiene Service of the .State Live Stock Sanitary Board was established there was no system of meat inspection in existence that included these small country slaughter-houses. It will, there- fore, be necessary to do some pioneer work along these lines. In the sanitary rendering systems used in the larger estab- lishments the offal is cooked in an air-tight tank or digester by steam under pressure, which melts the fat, breaks down the fat cells in the tissues, disintegrates the bones and other substances, and destroys parasites, disease germs and putrefactive organisms. The fat and the water containing gelatin rise to the top in sepa- 46 LOUIS A. KLEIN. rate layers and are drawn off. The residue is then shut up again in the same tank, or removed to another vessel, and dried by steam. In the first operation the steam enters the interior of the tank; in the second, it goes into a jacket surrounding the tank. The vapors are drawn off by means of a vacuum. Some are condensed to liquid form and discharged into a sewer, while the non-condensible gases are carried over the furnace and burned. The principal difference between this apparatus and the common open kettle sometimes used by butchers is that the foul-smelling gases are drawn over the fire and burned. If a cover could be arranged for the kettle, with a connecting pipe to carry off the vapors in such a manner that they would be con- densed to a liquid or burned, the principal objection to the use of the kettle would be removed. The material would not be subjected to as high a temperature in the kettle as in the tank, but if the boiling was continued for two and one-half hours, and if the pieces were not more than one to one and a half inches thick, the temperature would reach 185° F. within the individual pieces, and this would be sufficient to destroy the putrefactive germs, parasites and the vegetative forms of the pathogenic bac- teria. The spores of anthrax, tetanus, blackleg, and malignant oedema can withstand this temperature, but animals affected with these diseases seldom or never reach slaughter-houses. After the material has been boiled sufficiently, the fat could be skimmed off and the residue dried on racks and, if necessary, subsequently ground in a mill and put in sacks. Fats of the grade secured in this way are worth about four cents a pound, and the residue, when dry and nearly odorless, is worth about one cent a pound. This material is used as a feed for hogs and poultry, and as a fertilizer. Another plan which suggests itself is to treat the offal with some substance that would render it non-offensive while it re- mained about the slaughter-house and which would not destroy its value as a fertilizer, as lime does. Sulphuric acid seems to be adapted to this purpose. Being antiseptic, it would prevent putrefaction, and, while it decomposes and chars animal tissues, ONE peobij:m in meat hygiene. 47 it combines readily with albumen and would, therefore, bind up the nitrogen containing compound of the tissues, which is the most valuable for fertilizing purposes. The offal could be placed in barrels and treated with the acid, and later sold for fertilizer or given to any farmer who would haul it away. It is not known, however, in what dilution the acid would be effective, nor how much would be required for a given weight of offal, and until these points are determined, its availability must remain in doubt. One objection which may be made to sulphuric acid is the danger attendant upon handling it, Ploennies formulated a method for utilizing the blood and the stomach and intestinal contents. The blood is peptonized by mixing it with the stomach contents of slaughtered hogs. It is then mixed with the contents of the stomachs of cattle and sheep, which has been previously dried, and the material obtained is a valuable feeding stuff. Investigation along these lines is well worth our attention, Ostertag, at the conclusion of his book on meat inspection, says : " Veterinarians will deserve the great gratitude of stock- raisers if they earnestly strive to introduce devices everywhere, but chiefly in abattoirs, whereby not only a certain destruction of whole animals and parts excluded from consumption, but also an advantageous technical utilization of this material may be accomplished. By this means a considerable portion of the national wealth will be saved instead of wasted, and the great loss which agriculture suffers through the condemnation of whole animals or parts of animals will be diminished." Rats Grind off Their Teeth. — A curiously marked stone has been found at Colebrooke, Devonshire, in the middle of a wheat rick, and geologists who have seen it express the opin- ion that the markings on the stone were caused by rats using it to grind their teeth, which otherwise grew to an inordinate length. Some rats have been even known to starve owing to their teeth getting too long. — (London Globe.) , REPORTS OF CASES. '^Care/ui observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up th* solid edifice of pathological science y PARTURIENT PARESIS IN A MARE— RECOVERY. By L. G. Marshall, V, M. D., Rome, Bradford Co., Penna. In jNIay, 1907, I was called by Charles Easterbrook, a farmer of Rome, Bradford County, Pa., to see a brown mare, 12 years old, 16 hands high, weight 1,250 lbs., in good condition, and the mother of a colt one day old ; the colt was strong and active. I saw the mare at 7 in the morning; she was down, unable to get up; the owner said she was all right the night before. Her temperature was loi, respiration quiet, owner said she was a regular breeder and was always a big milker until this time, and this time the milk dropped until three days before she had her colt, and now there was hardly any milk in the udder. After the examination of the mare, and with the history that she was a regular breeder and in the prime of life, I concluded she had " milk fever," or parturient paresis, and gave her oxygen treat- ment and one grain of strychnine. That is, she was treated as a cow with " milk fever." This was 8 in the morning, and the treatment was repeated at 11 and at 11.30. She then got on her feet with very little assistance, but seemed very weak at first, but after standing three minutes or so and after she was rubbed, she gained strength and acted very well, ate, a quart of oats and took some water and seemed bright; so we went to dinner and left her alone. When we came out we found her down, but as we came into the box she got up as handy as any horse and walked over to the hay and started to eat, and we concluded she was out of danger. The owner has had cows with milk fever, so he knew the disease pretty well and we felt sure of the diagnosis. I went home, and telephoned him in the evening and he said the mare was all right, but in the morning he called me at 5 and said the mare was down the same as before. I saw her at 6 and started in and treated her the same as the day before, filling the udder with oxygen and giving a grain of strychnine, and obtained the same results, so I felt 48 REPORTS OF CASES. 49 confident that the treatment was right and conckided that it hadn't been carried out as long as it should have been, for the udder of a mare is small and there is not sufficient space to hold a good amount of oxygen. So on the second day I was more thorough, but it took a little longer to get her up thail it did the first day. I think we had her up at one o'clock, but she gained strength very fast, and at three she looked so well I thought she was safe to leave. I telephoned in the evening, and they said she was doing fine, but wouldn't own the colt, and said they had the colt in with her, but had to keep a man there to keep her from killing the colt, and she hadn't any milk. I had already instructed them how to feed the colt on cow's milk and told them to continue feeding the colt in that way for a few days. They stayed up until midnight and turned the colt in a separate stall. The mare was in good condition when they left the stable. In the morning at 4.30 they found the mare dowri and unable to get up. This was the third time, and I was called at 5 and went to see her and found her much worse than at any time before. The first and second time I saw her, she could roll up on her sternum and turn her head to her side most of the time, but this time she was down on her side and unable to raise her head; temperature 100.8. It looked very doubtful as to whether we could revive her, but we gave the same treat- ment again and worked faithfully, although without much faith or success, from six in the morning until noon ; then I sent the owner after my slings, and while he was gone I saw she was gaining a little. Her sense of feeling improved, and at three o'clock she got up by a little of my assistance and from that time improved very fast, and when the man returned with the slings she was better than she had been in three days. I stayed over night and inflated the udder with oxygen several times during the night. The mare came out all right and raised a nice colt. I think if we had carried the treatment out longer and more thoroughly the first day she might have escaped the second at- tack. FATAL IMPACTION OF THE PLACENTA IN THE RETICULUM OF A COW. By W. L. Clark, D. V. M., Seneca Falls, N. Y. A six-year-old dairy cow had calved and, as is usual, had swallowed the after-birth. Three days later there were symp- 50 BEPOBTS OF CASES. toms of gastro-intestinal obstruction, on which account the owner administered two pounds of Epsom salts, from which he secured no resuUs. On the following day two more pounds of the salts were given without any material result, though a slight evacuation of the bowels was observed. The animal was found dead the next morning and a post-mortem examination revealed the after-birth firmly impacted in the reticulum wholly preventing the passage of aliment to the omasum or abomasum. The rumen was filled with food; the remainder of the digestive tract was empty. TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS. By W. L. Clark, D. V. M., Seneca Falls, N. Y. On February 20 I was called to see a large Holstein cow, seven years old. Upon my arrival, the animal was found lying w w 1 ^/I^^^^B on the left side. There was hurried breathing and each expira- tion was accompanied by a moan. The brisket was swollen for EEPOBTS OF CASES. 51 about two feet. A diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis was made. We raised the animal to its feet and she fell over dead. On post-mortem examination, there was found a wire two and a half inches long- and a horseshoe nail which had worked their way from the reticulum into the pericardium. The horse- shoe nail was found betw^een the heart and pericardium and the wire was working its way toward the heart and had nearly penetrated it. Over the whole surface of the heart was found a fibrinous, connective tissue growth one-half an inch in thick- ness. The thoracic cavity was filled with a yellow fluid with a very offensive odor. On examination there was found an opening in the pericardium one and one-half by one-half inches in width, through which the fluid had escaped into the pleural cavity. The pericardium surrounding the heart was three- eighths of an inch in thickness and also of a fibrinous character. 52 REPORTS OF CASES. ANOTHER CASE OF PERSISTENT LACTATION IN A MULE. By J. F. DeVine, D. V. S., Goshen, N. Y. In the October number of the Review, 1907, Dr. L. Fried- hiem, of Fair Hill, S. C, tells us of a mule giving a continu- ous flow of milk. Since then I have had under observation a large, valuable mule that has been milking for the past year, giving from four to six quarts morning and evening; it was at first interesting, but now has become an annoyance, as the owner has appealed to me to suppress the flow. The ordinary remedies, camphorated oil, etc., have been of no avail, and if any member of the profession wishes to incur my everlasting gratitude, he may do so by suggesting an efficient remedy. I hope my request will be taken seriously and that I shall hear from some good-spirited brother. Chemical symbol for dog — K9. Lost Material. — Assistant — Doctor, a sponge is missing; possibly you sewed it up inside the horse. Veterinary Surgeon — Thank you ; remind me to add ten dol- lars to the bill for material. Iowa State College Veterinary Medical Society Holds Annual Banquet. — On the evening of February 28, 1908, the Veterinary Medical Society of the Iowa State Col- lege Division of Veterinary Medicine held its 4th Annual Senior Alumni Banquet at the Chamberlain Hotel, Des Moines, Iowa. Plates were laid for one hundred and ten guests, including guests of honor, alumni, faculty and students. A six course dinner was served, after which toasts were responded to as follows: " The Future of the Veterinary Division," Hon. J. B. Hunger- ford, President, Board of Trustees ; " The Veterinarian and the Farmer," Prof. Chas. F. Curtiss, Dean, Division of Agricul- ture, Iowa State College ; " Some Unique Experiences of a Vet- erinary Inspector," Dr. Chester Miller. Veterinary Inspector, Des Moines ; " The Opportunity of To-day," Prof. H. E. Sum- mers, Iowa State College ; " Unitv," Mr. H. E. Bemis, Class '08 ; '[ Our Chief Aim," Hon. E. E. Faville, Editor, Successful Farming, Des Moines; "Veterinary Opportunities," Dr. R. R. Dykstra, Iowa State College. RECENT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. (Continued from March Review,) By Drs. Louis A. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, III. Operation for the Removal of Cystic Calculi in Geldings. — This operation is much more talked about than performed. Every book on veterinary surgery, and every teacher of veter- inary surgery, has a more or less vivid story to tell about this picturesque procedure. The writer himself confesses the fault of having often explained the minutest details of the operation to students long before their correctness was verified by a prac- tical experience. Searching over surgical literature, old and new, we find that the descriptions given of the method of re- lieving the male bladder of large concretions are very much alike. The reader is told to make an incision into the urethra at the ischial arch, pass a forceps through the opening into the bladder, grasp the stone, turn the forceps a few times to make sure that the mucous membrane is not engaged and then to draw it out without ceremony. If the stone is large, we are told to first break it into several pieces with a lithotrite. The urethral incision is left to heal up without sutures. As a rule, the opera- tion is spoken of as difficult, unsatisfactory, dangerous, and in some cases impossible of performance, and a doubtful prognosis is generally predicted. What are the real facts about this operation? To what ex- tent may we transgress upon the urinary bladder of horses and what are the highest possibilities in this connection ? How often has the operation really been performed? And lastly, are not many of the descriptions of the operation drawn more from the imagination than from actual experience? In the first place urinary calculi are not very common among solipeds; their occurrence is exceptionally rare. They are much more frequent amongst dogs and cattle, in which animals they often develop in large numbers. They develop either in the pelvis of the kidney or in the bladder and only attract notice when one of them accidentally flows into the urethra and ob- structs the passage of urine from the bladder. In the dog they usually lodge just behind the penal bone and in the ox at the first 53 54 BECENT DATA IN VETEBINABY SCIENCE. part of the S-shaped curve, from which locations they can easily be removed; but in view of the fact that the bladder still har- bors many more the patient is not protected against subsequent obstructions. More of them may flow into the urethra at any time and necessitate a repetition of the operation. This is espe- cially the case with dogs. In horses urinary calculi are much more apt to be single bodies which attract no attention until they have grown large enough to produce svmptoms of a urinary derangement. Small ones may escape with the urine during micturition and attract no attention, and those of nominal size sometimes block up the urethra in the region of the ischium. The only urinary calculi of surgical, interest in horses are therefore the large cystic cal- culus that interferes with the urinary function and the urethral calculus that obstructs the urethra. Renal calculi are seldom diagnosed and never operated against in horses. The dearth of actual experience with operations against cystic calculi in geldings is not so remarkable when one takes into account, first, the rarity of urinary calculi in solipeds; sec- ondly, the rarity with which they attract attention by producing urinary derangement, and, thirdly, the disinclination of practi- tioners to interfere when they are discovered. The facts that they are usually compatible with health, that they only occasion- ally interrupt the flow of urine, and that they seldom demand urgent intervention are additional reasons for our meager ex- perience in the technique of the operation for their removal. The following described case is one of exceptional import- ance because of the large size of the calculus as compared with the size of the horse; because the removal was effected with exceptional facility by a method not previously described; and because the operation was a perfect success in every particular. The subject is a small bay gelding, eight years old, weigh- ing 950 pounds, raised in Northern Illinois. For some months an. unusual embarrassment of micturition was observed. The act was sometimes frequent, sometimes difficult, and sometimes the urine was tinged with blood. The general health was fair, condition of flesh good, appetitie normal and general spirits perfect. The only abnormality disclosed by the preoperative examination was a marked redness of the mucous membranes and a slight elevation of the temperature, 101° Fahr. Palpa- tion of the bladder per rectum showed that it contained a hard, movable, elongated, rounded object, about four inches long and BECENT DATA IN VETEKINABY SCIENCE. 55 two inches thick, and of symmetrical profile. Squeezing it in the hand provoked tenesmus and the ejection of spurts of bloody urine. The walls of the bladder were perceptibly thickened evi- dently at the expense of its capacity. After three days of careful dieting the subject was secured on the operating table and placed under profound anaesthesia with chloroform. The perineum and its environs were sys- tematically disinfected with soap and water, mercuric chloride solution 1-500 and then dried with alcohol. A urinary catheter was passed into the blader to facilitate the search for the urethra. The incision through the skin and the two layers of perineal fascia was made from the anus to the level of the ischial sym- physis so as to expose the urethra from above instead of from behind as would be the case if the incision were made lower down. The advantage of this high incision which exposes the urethra in its horizontal position as it passes toward the bladder was proven by the comparative facility with which the calculus was subsequently removed. The urethrotomy was made in the raphe of the accelerator urinae muscle, beginning, as far forward as the urethra could be exposed and extending horizontally back- ward as far as the distal commissure of the external wound. The reader will note that while the incision in the outer integuments is perpendicular that in the urethra is mostly horizontal, and that its anterior end is not far from the bladder. (In case of a still larger calculus than the one in this case removed, it would be advisable to extend the incision anteriorly as far as the pros- tate which can be done without difficulty). When the incision was completed and the catheter removed a common obstetrical forceps, such as is used on large bitches or sows, was introduced in the bladder with the left hand as the right one in the rectum placed the calculus between its jaws. This part of the procedure was not difficult, in fact, the jaws seemed to pass around the calculus without assistance. The forceps were given one com- plete revolution to assure against a possible pinching up of the mucous membrane and then by gentle traction the calculus was promptly pulled backw'ard where it could both be seen and felt. But this easy backward movement of the calculus to the level of the incision, by nothing more than very gentle traction, brought the bladder with it and wrinkled up that part of the urethra through which it must eventually pass to release it from its con- fined position. It was found here that the bladder can easily be pulled back far enough to bring a calculus within reach with- 56 RECENT DATA IN VETEBINAEY SCIENCE. out inflicting any injury whatever, and that while a horse is under profound anaesthesia the urethra is so relaxed as to admit of the passage of exceedingly large objects. Still, it was very evident after the calculus was drawn back to the incision, that considerable traction would be necessary to entirely release it, and as the surface was known to be exceedingly rough and cutting in character it was decided to pull it through by carefully peeling the urethra back as the traction was continued gentle. This peeling process was done by running the forefinger be- tween the urethra and the calculus and thus gradually lifting the latter backward, here and there, as the former was drawn out farther and farther. When the calculus became wedged tight as its largest diameter sought passage through the in- cision the handle of a scalpel was used to peel the urethra back- ward as now the urethra was too tightly stretched to admit tiie finger beneath it. By pulling the calculus backward and peel- ing the urethra forward simultaneously the release was effected ni a very few minutes. The calculus which is shown in the accom- panying illustration measured exactly nine centimeters in length and four and four-tenth centimeters in thickness. Its surface was exceedingly rough throughout with sharp prbjections that were capable of inflicting considerable injury to the mucous membrane, but on examination with the fingers after the re- moval it was found that very little injury had been done to its smooth surface. There was only a small abrasion superiorly which, however, bled copiously. The urethra was closed through and through with a continu- ous suture of chromatized gut along the entire extent of the incision. The skin and the two layers of fascia were brought BECENT DATA IN VETERINABY SCIENCE. 57 into neat apposition with silkworm gut, arranged in the form of ordinary interrupted sutures, from the upper commissure to within two centimeters of the lower, so as to provide for the drainage of the space intervening between the urethra and outer integuments. This space was packed with sterilized gauze, a part of which was left protruding through the drainage aperture. Upon reviving from the anaesthetic the patient seemed none the worse from the ordeal and ate heartily as if nothing un- usual had occurred. There were some feeble attempts to strain during the succeeding three days after each act of micturation, but the expected and persistent harmful straining did not occur. The gauze packing was replaced daily for ten days, at which time the wound, which at no time showed any reaction, was almost healed. On the third day a part of the urethral sutures must have loosened as a small quantity of urine was voided through the drainage aperture, but as this was not repeated sub- sequently the full continuity of the urethra must have been promptly re-established. The patient was ready for work in less than four weeks. The experiences of this case have shown ( i ) that very large cystic calculi can be removed through the urethra; (2) that the incision in the urethra should be made as near to the bladder as the anatomical constitution of the region permits; (3) that the removal should be effected not by forcible traction but by " peeling " the urethra forward over the calculus as fas as it can be drawn backward; and (4) that the incision should be sutured and not left to close spontaneously. The patient in question had been sent to the Chicago Vet- erinary College by Dr. Rowan, Belvidere, 111., and the opera- tion was performed by Drs. Hughes, White and Merillat, Octo- ber 21, 1907. A Grim Pasturage. — So careless are the Chinese of hygiene and sanitary law that cattle are allowed to graze at will in the cemetery at Hankow, a temporary burying-place where the field is strewn with coffins of the victims of the recent cholera epidemic. The Chinese do not bury their dead at once, but they leave the coffin exposed to the open air. The Illustrated London Nezvs of February 29 contains a large picture of this grim pas- ture field in the outskirts of Hankow, with the cows grazing among the coffins of persons who have died of the cholera epidemic. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. GEsoPHAGOTOMY IN A DoG [James Ford]. — Old English sheep dog is choking with a bone since several days. He pre- sents all the usual symptoms and besides a probang caused great pain in being introduced, and arrives to a foreign body at the entrance of the chest. Anyhow it is felt outside by external manipulations. Immediate operation is decided. The animal is put to sleep, the parts disinfected, and an incision made through the skin right over the obstacle. The oesophagus is open and a lumbar vertebra is extracted with a great deal of difficulty and much strength. The wound was closed with cat gut, antiseptic cleanings prescribed and milk diet. For two or three days all went well, but on the third the dog broke loose and took his share of a heavy meal without showing any bad effects from it. No more care was paid to him and he made a perfect recovery. — (Veterinary Record.) A Case of Malformation [Alex. Taylor, M.A., M.R.C. V.S.']. — The subject was a two-year-old colt and the owner thought he was suffering with staggers, as he was running in a field where much ergot was on the grass (staggers there is one of the diseases that are supposed to be due to ergot). The history of the case was that the animal had a peculiar gait, had looked dull since two or three weeks, but that previous to that he had been apparently well. The symptoms were not those of staggers. When standing the only abnormality was a backward bending of the knee more marked on the left than on the riglit leg. When moving the colt showed partial paralysis of the left side, with abduction on the left fore leg and adduction in tlie left hind. The action gave to the hindquarters a marked sway- ing movement. The want of power on the hind leg was not as marked as in the fore. The colt fed well and was in good condition. No positive diagnosis was made. The animal got 58 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 59 two purgative balls, and tonics with alterative were prescribed. No change took place. But after some time the symptoms grew worse and finally the horse was destroyed. Autopsy: Internal organs, both abdominal and thoracic, were found normal. Brain also. After removing the fore limbs it was noticed that the first rib, or the greater part of it, on the left side was wanting, being represented by a small piece of bone at each end, joined together by a fibrous band to which the intercostal and scalenus muscles were attached. The upper piece articulated only with the first thoracic vertebra and showed a considerable range of movement. There was a considerable amount of inflammatory exudate inside the vertebral canal at the roots of the brachial plexus. No microscopic examination was made for degenera- tions of the nerve tracts. — {The Veterinary Record.) Diseases of the Eye in Animals \^Henry Gray, M.R.C. VS.]. — This is the title of a long article presented by the author to the meeting of the Midland Co. V. M. Association, which he passed in a concise way a general review of the pathology of the eye of animals. Taking, first, the subject of the eyelids, wounds, parasites, various affections of the glandular structure, growths, and malformations are considered and followed by the diseases and many conditions of the menbrana nictitans. The different forms of conjunctivitis, diseases of the cornea, of the ocular globe and its various membranes, irido-cyclitis, choroid- itis, retinitis, cataract, etc., etc., are also examined by the au- thor. Glaucoma, panophthalmitis, hydrophthalmos, mycroph- thalmos, strabismus, shying, etc.. all forming together the sub- ject of a very long paper which is treated in a masterly way, is of great interest and is almost by itself a little vade mecum of ophthalmology. — (Veterinary Record.) The Vicissitudes in the Treatment of Tetanus [Henry Thompson, M.R.C.V.']. — The subject of an article in which the author, after recalling the various forms of treatment that have come under his notice since he first entered the profession, some fifty years ago, and mentioning from the treatment by bleeding, doses of physic, newly-flayed sheepskin on the back of the pa- tient, down to our days of hypodermic injections of antiserum, antitoxines, and tetanine, and having also resorted to chloro- form, chloral, bromides, etc., etc., finally arrives to the relation of three cases where the results were always satisfactory. The first case, a cart horse that had a sub-acute attack of lockjaw due to a wound in the forehead. Antiseptic dressing 60 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. of the wound with phenil water and tincture ferri (a favorite antiseptic with the author) and a coating of extract of bella- donna. Then a good dose of physic, a wide, loose box, water at the disposal of the animal, hay tea, strained oatmeal, etc. The only medicine, one ounce of chloride of sodium in the water. Recovery in six weeks. The second case was similar in nature, the result of a punc- tured wound of the foot. Same general treatment. This case also recovered and carried a foal the full period of gestation and foaled all right. In the third case, also a sub-acute attack with cause un- known. Nothing was done for it except to keep the horse quiet, in the dark, with water at discretion. No medicine. Final re- covery in seven weeks. Numerous similar cases have already been recorded with similar results. — (Ed.) — (Veterinary News.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. Treatment of Rectal Prolapsus in Dog by Colopexia [Mr. Douville]. — In the presence of the many failures that ac- company almost every form of treatment with that disease, the writer feels that the operation of Colopexia is the only good way to relieve an animal, especially a small one. This opera- tion consists in securing the terminal end of the colon to the abdominal wall. The abdomen is open, the colon is gently drawn forward, the prolapsus is thus reduced, and, with a few stitches passed through the middle and the external coats of the intestine and the peritoneal layer of the abdominal walls, the organ is immobolized. A case out of many is then recorded. Six-year-old dog, quite big, has a double perineal hernia of long standing and suf- fers also with prolapsus of the rectum. He is constipated, of course; constantly makes violent efforts to relieve himself, and, as a consequence, all kinds of treatment has failed. At the last ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 61 attempt a foreign body had been detected in its abdomen, of which he had been reHeved by injection of pilocarpine. It was a stone as big- as a nut with a large stercoral mass. Finally colo- pexia was decided and performed. During the operation numer- ous tubercles were detected in the omentum and on the mesen- tery. The dog was kept a number of months after, having en- tirely recovered of his operation and having remained free of his prolapsus. When post-mortem was made a solid and per- fect union was found existing at the point, where the stitches had been made. — (Recueil de Med. Vet.) Injections of Alkaloids in the Treatment of Indi- gestion IN Bovines [Mr. Guichard]. — Three centigrams of muriate of pilocarpine, three of sulphate of eserine, four of bromhydrate of arecoline, all dissolved in five cubic centimeters of distilled water, is the prescription used by the author with great success for colics in horses, and now he recommends it also for cattle suffering with indigestion by overloaded alimen- tation, slight gastric disturbance, constipation, etc. The imme- diate effects are, however, different. While in horses the sub- cutaneous injection better be given before the administration of any drench, on the contrary with bovines a stimulating drink seems to aid the effects of the alkaloids. Any how the effects differ. The reaction is much more vio- lent and some times is such as to give some anxiety. The ani- mal soon is covered with perspiration, breathes hard, falls down as a mass, rises suddenly, kicks his abdomen, and lays down as exhausted. These manifestations last for twenty or thirty minutes and then gases began to escape per rectum, followed by the expulsion of foecal matters. Constipation that has re- sisted other means of treatment has never failed to give the writer good results. Five cubic centimeters are the dose for large animals. Four for those of middle size. — (Repert. de Pol. Sanit. Veter.) Typhlitis in the Dog [Mr. A. Vidal]. — A Saint Germain hunting dog, aged 8 months, dies without previous morbid mani- festations after having presented the following symptoms: Serous diarrhea, vomiting, pain on palpation of the abdomen, at a point situated below the cord of the flank, 3 or 4 centi- meters back of the hypochondriac region. There is soon ar- rest of defecation, vomiting becomes muco-bilious, very rapid emaciation of the whole body. Autopsy : Digestive canal empty and normal in its characters. Only the coecum has a lead color 62 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. and is easily torn. It contains a small quantity of soft foecal matter, but no foreign bodies or parasites. The mucous mem- brane is purplish and now and then ulcerated. The liver is en- larged and the abdominal and pericardial secretions rather in greater quantity. The author asks if the symptoms and the lesions with the sudden appearance of the disease, its march and severity, do not altogether suggest the idea of a comparison with the typh- litis of man. — (Revue Veterinaire.) Foreign Body te the Biliary Bladder [/. Kozvalesky'\. — In the biliary bladder of an aged steer prepared at the slaughter- house of Taschkent, Russia, the author has found an iron nail. It was ten centimeters and a half long with five millimeters in thickness. One of its extremities was larger, probably the head. Quadrangular in shape, it was crooked in its middle and rested in the biliary vesicle in a vertical position with its point on the wall. There was no lesion on the mucous membrane and the bile appeared perfectly normal. The mucous of the duodenal portion of the abomasum and the origin of the duodenum were normal and free from any lesion. The nail could have easily passed through the opening of the cystic canal and also run through the entire length of the canal. — {Hygiene de la eiande et du lait.) Tuberculous Pericarditis [Mr. E. Barrat]. — Since a few- weeks this cow has lost flesh and now she refuses her food. She has two swellings of oedematous nature, one in the sub-glossal region and the other on the dew lap. The jugular veins are swollen and prominent and there is venous pulse. In auscultat- ing, the bruits of the heart are plainly heard and their number much increased after only a few steps of walking. There is nothing wrong towards the lungs. No effusion can be detected. Breathing is relatively normal. A diagnosis of traumatic peri- carditis was made, and instruction to have the animal killed, given. At the post-mortem, on opening the thoracic cavity, a tuberculous mass was found adhering to the external surface of the pericardium and also on the left pleura only. This mass is 20 centim. thick in its front part, 15 on the left side and 10 on the right. The heart is pushed backwards and is oblique from forwards backwards and from upwards downwards. The internal face of the pericardium is perfectly smooth. There is endocarditis. Three or four centers of tuberculosis exist in the lungs. One bronchial gland is also tuberculous. The tuber- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 63 culous mass weighed 14 kilogs. The diagnosis was rendered specially difficult. As there was considerable fever, the use of tuberculin was unnecessary. — {Rev. Gener. de Med. Veter.) Sudden Death by Asphyxia due to the Entrance of Sand Into the Lungs {Mr. Inguineau'\.^-T)\xv'mg military manoeuvres, the crossing of a ford gave an opportunity to have the horses quench their thirst. One of them, irritated because of being kept back for a while, drank when his turn arrived with such avidity that the man who was riding him was unable to make him stop or raise his head from the water for one moment. A few seconds after he fell down and died. At the post-mortem, the lungs were found three times their normal size and exces- sively congested. Sections made through them showed that the bronchia and their subdivisions were filled with sand and gravel. At three places in the right lung there were hemorrhagic spots made by the sharp edges of some little stones. All the organs were found healthy. It was supposed that resisting the efforts of the rider to draw him out of the water, the horse plunged his head to the bottom of the ford and absorbed per nostrils water, sand and gravel. — {Rec. Hygie. Mede. Veterin. Militaire, R. G. M. V.) Paracenthesis of Synovial Cavities and Local Injec- tions OF Salicylate of Soda in the Treatment of Rheu- matoid Synovitis [Mr. Chenot]. — After careful aseptic prepa- rations, the author introduced a small trocar through the most prominent point of a tendinous or articular synovitis. After re- moval of the contents, the cavity was washed with warm water (40°), distilled twice, filtrated and then injected with the same trocar left in place. . The wound was closed with saloled col- lodion. In two cases this washing, with more or less com- pressive wadding dressing and kept from 3 to 5 weeks, has been sufficient to obtain a radical recovery. These synovitis were existing between 10 and 13 months. Encouraged by this result, the author tried local injections of salicylate of soda, at I'/s and then i/io, to treat various synovitis of rheumatoid nature. The first was an infectious synovitis of the fetlock of 18 months' standing, giving rise to severe lameness even in walking. 50 centigramms of salicylate dissolved in 7^/^ gramms of warm water, redistilled and filtrated, were injected. Thick wadding dressing applied. Great pain at first. Lameness entirely gone the third day. Fifteen days later lameness has returned. New injection of i gramm of 64 ABSTEACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. salicylate in lo of water. This was again followed with great pain at first, but after thirty-six hours it passed oflE and radical and permanent recovery was the result. The author has re- sorted to this same treatment in three other cases. — {Rec. Hygie. Medec. Veterin. Militaire, R. G. M. V.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. LlAUTARD, M. D., V. M. Tubular Epithelioma of the Stomach and of the In- testines IN A Hen [F. Zannini]. — This condition was ob- served in a hen that had died from starvation. Since some tin^e the owner had noticed that the fowl, although she showed good appetite, was gradually losing flesh. She was less active, weak, and one day appeared suffering with severe dyspnea and having the throat much swollen and hard. Death took place very rapid- ly. At the autopsy the glandular stomach and the gizzard were found the seat of large neoplasms, which extended into the in- testines. The gastric ventricle being changed into a large mass, as big as a mandarine orange, very hard, with bosselated sur- face and surrounded with many others of various sizes. These neoplasms invaded the cavities of the organs and prevented the passage of the food from the throat down the oesophagus. The growth that existed in the free portion of the intestine was as big as a hen's egg and was firmly adherent to the terminal por- tion of the organ. The microscopic examination of various sec- tions of these growths revealed their nature of cylindrical tubu- lar epithelioma. It appears that veterinary literature on this dis- ease shows that it is not frequently observed among fowls. — (La Clinica Veterin.) Intoxication of Cattle due to Eating Sinapis Nigra [Dr. Borella Alete]. — This is the relation of several observa- tions made at a time when on account of general long, dry sea- son the recolt of hay had been poor and cattle received a poorer quality of forage. There are three observations relating to what took place in connection with such feeding, and in which ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 65 deaths occurred in comparatively large number, all cattle that had partaken of the plant were more or less sick. In one of the three observations where six steers eat mustard two died. In another, three animals succumbed out of seventy having been sick, and in a third three also died out of a herd of forty cows. During the time that the animals were sick they had colics, refusing food and drink, showing also first signs of indigestion and later on indications of gastro-enteritis. At the post-mortems that were made the liver was found indurated and pale in color. The spleen and kidneys seemed rather normal, the various com- partments of the stomach contained greenish mass, pultaceous in aspect and mixed with mucosities. In one of them between 30 and 35 litres of liquid were found in the abdominal cavity. The animals that were sick were treated principally with milk diet only and recovered. — {La Clin. Veterin.) Upon the Treatment of Spavin [Dr. Gino Giovanelli] . — For the writer of all the forms of treatment that are recommend- ed against the tarso-metatarsal osteo-arthritis, none has proved really efficacious, whether it be by blistering, firing, section of the tendon of the flexor metatarsi muscle or the operation of Dickerhoff. This last indeed has given in his hands the most disastrous results in one case where he resorted to it. On this account Dr. G. G. uses now only a method which has proved most satisfactory. Out of 36 cases, recovery, that is, the re- moval of the lameness, took place in 20; in 6 the results were negative, and 4 cases were lost sight off after treatment being applied. This consists in the division of the internal saphena nerve in the interior third of its course and more specially where the two roots of the internal saphena vein are united in one branch on the internal face of the tibia and before it reaches the thigh. At this point the internal saphena nerve, after being divided into two branches, running one in front and the other behind the vein, accompany it as far as the anterior face of the hock. Those nerves are readily exposed by a simple incision four or five centimeters long made through the skin only. When exposed, thev are easily separated from the vein and divided. Simple suture is followed by first intention cicatrization. A few points of deep, penetrating firing complete the treatment. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.) Ascitis in a Dog [Dr. Giuseppe Sivieri']. — A six-year-old watch dog had slight tympanitis, due to simple gastro-enteritis, which was improved by proper treatment. After a short time GG ABSTEACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. the dog was again sick with severe constipation. Podophilline was prescribed and given in milk. Some improvement was manifested, but after a few days the writer was called again because the dog was getting a large belly. Indeed, he was sick. His respiration was difficult and frequent, he was unable to lay down, his abdomen was enlarged and pendulous and fluid was readily detected by manipulation and by percussion. Ascitis was evidently present. An exploring needle was plunged into the abdomen and lo litres of perfect, clear fluid were removed. The treatment by omentopexia was suggested, but objected Lo by the owner, and, instead, one prescribed which was thought might prove only palliative. This consisted in the administra- tion of Iodide of Sodium in gradually increasing doses with paracenthesis, whenever it seemed necessary. This operation was performed eight times; at first about every eleventh day; then further apart, and finally after five months of attendance, the last puncture leaving no more fluid to escape, the treatment was stopped. Since that day the dog, which had supported the treatment very bravely, had become reconciled with the punc- tures to the point of laying down of himself when the doctor came to operate, soon began to resume his general aspect and grew fat. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.) Obstruction of the Intestines in a Steer [Dr. Giuseppe Sivieri]. — A very handsome steer, prepared for an exhibition of fat animals, presented symptoms of indigestion for which purgative and oily rectal injections were prescribed. Three days later the writer was called in a hurry and found the animal much depressed, with a temperature of 36° only. Rectal examination revealed nothing abnormal, the last portion of the intestine being found empty. Recalling previous similar cases, the author made a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction and advised immediate slaughter which was carried out at once. At the dressing of the carcass extensive peritonitis was exposed. The small in- testine was the seat of a longitudinal laceration measuring four centimeters, through which a fermenting small potato had made its way into the abdominal cavity and given rise to the periton- itis. It seems that in the diet given to animals which are fat- tened for market purpose it is not uncommon to see them re- ceive in their ration, potatoes mixed with other farinaceous food. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.) Endometritis and Pylonephritis in a Milch Cow {Dr. Giuseppe Sivieri']. — A cow of great value was recently bought. ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 67 and refused her food. A few days later she aborted a three months' foetus. Treated with disinfecting irrigations, she soon returned to her normal health, but with a capricious appetite. Coming in season, she was taken to the bull and covered. Her general condition remained about the same, but two months later she again aborted. Her symptoms, however, this time were more serious. She had violent colics and high fever. After a few days she had vaginal discharge, muco-purulent and very offensive. Diagnosis of endometritis was made. Placed under treatment, tonics and antiseptics. The cow improved and soon again she became in heat, but, fearing another abortion, advice was given to have her slaughtered, to which, on account of her great value, the owner objected. A consultation was held. Same diagnosis made and same treatment was prescribed with some little changes in the use of the antiseptic already employed, but, notwithstanding great care and attention, the animal had to be sold to the butcher. Besides lesions of endometritis that were found, the right kidney proved to be considerably enlarged. In cutting through it a large collection of pus was discovered in the pelvis of the organ with exfensive alteration in the parenchy- matous structure. Although this last condition had escaped the attention at the time the cow was examined first, it is most likely probable that the pylonephritis was a secondary infectious pro- cess due to the endometritis. — (7/ Nuovo Ercolani.) GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O'Learj;, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Indigestion with Colicky Symptoms [A^. C. Ctiny'\. — Although indigestion of the stomach and intestines has been described and classified to some extent, Cuny maintains that it is impossible in the present status of science to designate any particular cause for these dis- eases. The stomach and intestines are intimately connected with one another, supplied by the same system of nerves and ana- tomically and physiologically so closely associated that both may be influenced by the same cause. This intimate relationship led 68 ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Cuny to believe that in all cases of indigestion be it directly or reflex the stomach and intestines are affected during the course of the disease. The clinical distinction depends entirely upon the time at which the malady set in, furthermore upon the vari- ous stages of tympany and the quality of the feed at hand. Thus the disease exhibits peculiar characteristics which alone justify its clinical distinction as we have already mentioned. In fact, the etiology remains a unity even when we have to deal with certain organic and hypothetical influences, such as the partial obstruction of any part of the intestinal tract. We cannot un- derstand how the stomach can perform its functions with pre- cision when any part of the intestines is disordered, partly or wholly paralyzed. This functional independence surely does not exist during the whole course of the disease, it can only be transitory, and we conclude from this, apart from the presence of certain symptoms, that indigestion is uniform in its causes as well as in its effects. What are these causes? This question cannot be answered briefly; their number is legion. We will attempt to enumerate the principal ones, and for the pufpose of facilitating their study we arrange them in the following synoptical order : Digestion is the result of a series of mechanical, physical and chemical processes which take place in the interior of the organism. These phenomena whose course is dependent on exterior influ- ences have for their purpose the conversion of food, that is to say, as a rule, insoluble substances into absorbable nutritive sub- stances. There are, therefore, two groups of causes : one is of exterior origin, the other interior. Under the first, we con- sider those which result from weather, feed and work. Under the second, the individual, organic, toxic, and microbic. Temperature, great heat influences the distribution of the blood, makes the stomach anaemic, decreases the secretions, pro- duces atony of the digestive tract and is a frequent cause of in- digestion (Cadeac). Numerous observations support this view. Chauveau is of the opinion that among the numerous causes of colic one deserves especial mention, namely, the influence of temperature. In the large stables we often note numerous cases of colics which are associated with oppressive sultriness and excessive humid temperatures. He also believes that atmo- spheric conditions are a prime factor in the origin of colics. Alex holds the same opinion and further maintains that the temperature of the drinking water is one of the chief sources ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 69 of colic. As a result of these combined opinions with the ex- terior temperature, the water in the winter being too cold and in the summer too warm, all suitable conditions to exert a harm- ful influence on the peristaltic action of the intestinal canal through its nerve supply. Also intense heat accompanied by high electric tension. During the summer the number of colic cases increase. Lavalard lays particular stress upon the influ- ence of the season. He says that the mortality increases from January to May, remains very high during the summer and sometimes during September and October. There is a uni- versal agreement on these points. From this we may infer that indigestion is more frequent and severe in the summer and dur- ing sultry weather. Still, we cannot deny that in very cold weather colics are not infrequent. They may become a cause in a reflex manner by interrupting the physiological functions of the stomach and intestinal canal. Feeding. — We have to distinguish between solid foodstuffs and liquids. Drinking water too hot or too cold produces the same deleterious effect as the atmosphere. The danger from fluids at extreme temperatures is much greater when horses are less frequently watered (Alex). Particularly in the case of army horses this is a very frequent cause (the writer). Jacoulet refers to the irregularities practiced in the French army regarding the watering of horses. The animals are frequently watered on empty stomachs and in many cases rarely watered. We should insist on having a continuous supply of water in stables so arranged that horses could drink ad libitum. The writer desires to add, that recently in the larger private stables the introduction of automatic watering contrivances have been installed and are becoming more common. Formerly great diffi- culty was experienced in the construction of an automatic water- ing apparatus in order to be durable and work satisfactorily at all times. At present this is no longer the case. The watering apparatus which was invented by J. Richter, of Leissnig, in Sa., worked admirably. The device was installed temporarily for a test in a few military stables and pronounced most satisfactory. Nevertheless, its adoption in such stables met with stern oppo- sition from military sources as will be seen from the contents of two letters received by the above firm. They read as fol- lows: Dresden-n-den 3. Mai, 1906. Your automatic watering device which was installed in the stables of the 2d Bat., 4th Field Artillery, Reg. No. 48, in Dresden, proved practical and 70 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. satisfactory. Though fully recognizing its many advantages, the military authorities are opposed to its use in army stables on the ground that while it has a benign influence on the general health of the horse, it produces bad habits, in fact, pampers the cavalry horse, those habits being readily perceptible in the field. The minister of war desires to convey to you his recognition of the merits of the automatic watering device invented by you. The same is probably more adaptable to private rather than military stables. — War Department. Berlin, W. 66 den 21. Feb., 1906. In reply to your inquiry of the i8th Jan., 1906. The test automatic watering device installed in the stables of the 3d Squad, ist Dragoon Guards Reg., Great Britain, operated ad- mirably. The minor disorders attending its use at first were rapidly and easily remedied. While it is admitted that the ap- paratus in question fulfilled its purpose by naturally and agree- ably allaying the thirst, consequently exerting a salutary influ- ence on the general health of the horse. For private stables this device might be of the greatest service. But its introduction in army stables cannot be considered, as stringent military rules prohibit its use. — War Dept. Morizot takes up this question more minutely. He states that during the monoeuvres he had treated horses affected with colics which seemed to recover immediately when given fresh water to drink. In Germany they adhere to the opposite opin- ion, that horses suffering from colics as a rule refuse to drink, and that when they show an inclination for water it is an un- mistakable sign of recovery (Goldbeck). Morizot also states that the number of colic cases are more frequent on Sunday and from Sunday night to Monday, because the animals are not sufficiently watered, or perhaps not at all. Rousseau likewise criticizes this method of watering; he maintains that in order to avoid colics the horse must be watered frequently and especially avoided when the stomach is empty. Still another source of colic is the bad quality of the water. Aside from these waters which contain pathogenic organisms and direct poisons, many waters through their chemical composition act injuriously on the stom- ach. Calcareous waters frequently interrupt digestion by neu- tralizing the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach. Food is an important factor in these questions. Many horses show symptoms of colic after eating indigestible substances as earth arid sand. Others again get nutritious foods, but as a conse- quence of overeating are exposed to the same danger. In the ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 71 case of millers' horses, which, as a rule, are given too much bran, sometimes this feed produces calculi which causes indigestion. ^ Likewise food of poor quality plays a role, although this is not apparent in all cases. No one will question the injurious effect of dusty hay, and hay which has been badly cured, also that which contains much woody fibre and hay whose botanical composition leaves much to be desired. Caulton Reek's article, " Tympanites of the Stomach of the Horse: Diagnosis and Treatment," Tlu: Vet. Record, 1903, page 555, accuses certain foodstuffs of hav ing a similar action as is frequent in oxen. According to Reek, indigestion of the stomach with tympanites arises very frequent- ly in the horse after eating young and juicy plants such as clover, corn in the stalk. Lucerne, vetches, also cooked and mashed foods which had undergone fermentation when moistened pos- sess the same peculiarities. The manner of feeding is the most frequent cause of indigestion. Another cause, Alex says, must be sought for in the absolute quantity and in the sudden change to an excessive quantity rather than in the nature and kind 01 feed. In fact, we see frequently in the country where young horses which are overfed show severe stomach and intestinal diseases, and although it is difficult and we might say impossible to bring about artificial indigestion in those horses which on pur- pose are given dry feed in excess, it is nevertheless a fact that exceeding the feed ration produces serious results. Lavelard blames particularly the increased rations in the case of tired and convalescing horses, Jacoulet is of the same opinion. Fur- ther, he condemns the economy practiced in feeding during the greater part of the year, and at the time of manoeuvering feed is distributed in a disproportionate manner to the animals (very appropriate, Goldbeck), The cribber and windsucker frequent- ly present intestinal disturbances as a result of the great disten- tion of the intestinal canal; it can neither contract nor secrete its digestive juices with its accustomed energy (Cadeac). Influence of Work. — Here the greatest antithesis leads to the same result. Apart from the injurious role which work ac- complishes directly after feeding (Alex), we can say that idle- ness and overexertion affect the functions of the digestive tract in the same manner. Videlier has recently called attention to this point. According to him a large number of intestinal dis- turbances are caused by lack of work and unsanitary conditions during Sunday, He is also of opinion that work exercises a benign influence on the digestive tract and that rest alone in 72 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. the case of troop horses explains the large number of colic cases which are noticed during- the time between the discharge of the old troopers and the arrival of the recruits. In order to avoid this cause, the horse should never be allowed to remain at rest in the stall one whole day. At least 2 hours' exercise should be given daily. That severe exertion plays an important part is well known. According to Lavelard, it is one of the chief causes of colic ; it creates nervous exhaustion, the result of which is paresis, or total paralysis of a part or the whole of the in- testinal canal. Individual influences. — These are the most important, but unfortunately we do not wholly understand their mechan- ism. There are individuals, some of which even under the same environments are predisposed to indigestion, while others are insusceptible. There are even animals which under the most suitable hygienic conditions are prone to indigestion (Benjamin). In order to explain this fact, we must use the vague expression, " Predisposition." We must not forget that with age its influence increases. Functional and organic influences. — Greediness hinders many animals from digesting their food properly. These animals fre- quently show symptoms of indigestion. The same condition is observed in horses with irregular teeth. Beutel frequently ex- pressed his opinion on this point by means of numerous statistics at hand. He proved that bad and irregular teeth are a prom- inent factor in the etiology of colics. Wq can also refer to the success which was attained in the prophylaxis of colics by the systematic treatment of the teeth. Old horses are more sub- jest to indigestion because the stomach and intestines are de- bilitated and consequently do not contract sufficiently to accom- plish the mixing of the food. In addition to this, in age the salivary secretions are diminished and under those combined circumstances the food accumulates in the torpid alimentary canal (Cadeac). Obstructions, which have their seat in the intestinal tract, such as constrictions, tumors and so on, produce a disturbance of the functions, primarily resulting in indigestion. In connec- tion with this, we musii cite the case of aneurisms (verminous) which, when frequent, produce circulatory disturbances. Thrombi obstruct the flow of nutritive blood to certain parts of the intestinal tract, hence these parts become paralyzed and are ABSTEA.CTS FROM EXCHANGES. 73 the seat of stasis (Cadeac). As a result of this, Megnin ex- plains the frequency of intestinal disorders in the cavalry horse. Toxic mid Microbic influences. — Of all the new theories ad- vanced these alone are of particular interest, while all the others have been known for some time. Darras has established the fol- lowing theories : That colics arise from the absorption of those poisons which the liver cannot destroy. He implies that at most of the autopsies held on horses which died from colics the lesions found were mostly of a secondary nature. He found that in all cases the liver was friable and degenerated. The excessive muscular exertions act directly upon the liver, through its glyco- genic function, its antitoxic power is lowered, the toxines pene- trate the gland, reach the central nervous system and produce a digestive atony, and, as a- consequence, indigestion. He thought it probable that the colics of the horse are a more or less severe infection of the organism by the poisons of the in- testinal canal and that this infection is favored by the diseased condition of the liver which lowers its functional activity and particularly its antitoxic action. Benjamin maintains that this theory is well worthy of consideration. He recommends that from this date onward a careful examination be made of the liver at autopsies on horses which have died from colics. In practice, owing to the difficulty in making a careful autopsy, as a general rule, we are satisfied to look for those causes which have produced death. Yet we trouble ourselves very little con- cerning the various pathological changes which are still to be found and which may lead to the suspicion of the existence of a toxic or infectious disease. There remains for us to investi- gate one final theory which bears a similarity to the preceding and to accept a microbic element as the genesis of indigestion. Dupas had observed colics in horses living in the open which had assumed an infectious aspect. He maintains that this sup- ports the hypothesis that bacteria are the cause of intestinal dis- turbances. Still, before this publication, Dassonville investi- gated the cause of death in certain cases in ruptures of the stom- ach and intestines. According to his opinion, the cause of this was due to two different effects, one an internal centrifugal force, the other an external centropetal force of the organism itself. The former is produced in most cases by a collection of gas in the intestinal tube. The gas arises from the fermentation of the food, that is to say, from the influences of living elements acting upon a fermentable mess. We then from necessity infer 74 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. that microbes are the chief causes of intestinal disorders. Das- sonville had not been satisfied with thoretic deductions. He aimed to experiment in vitrio with the flora of the digestive canal and to determine which species were at fault. He found a vibrion which liquefied gelatine, developed a great deal of hydrogen and methane. The point in question was, whether or not he had discovered the microbe of indigestion. We doubt it very much, as the author could not produce the disease with the aid of his cultures, which should have been necessary to support his theory. Besides the presence of bacteria in the intestinal canal, either those which liquefy gelatine, or those that do not is not at all surprising. These microbes are always present because they form gas during the presence of digestion. Their absence would be much more surprising and certainly should claim our immediate attention, yet we know that digestion is aided by the presence of micro-organisms, in which one directly antagonizes the other and effects incessant transformations of the digestive contents. The absence of these bacteria may be rather a source of danger and even completely interrupt the normal evolution of this physiological metomorphosis. Pathogenesis. — This question is easily presented, but diffi- cult and perhaps not at all solvable. The microbic influence would necessitate a special pathogenesis. We agree concerning the effect of a disturbance in the phenomena of secretion and motive power. Its retardation or suppression in each case effects a change in) the mechanism of the stomach and intestines. The functions are impaired, the normal regularity suppressed. There must exist between both a certain connection. This connection takes place through the nervous system. All influences which produces these transitory disturbances may become a cause of the interruption of the functions of the stomach and intestines. As yet we lack the necessary experimental proofs for those ideas, — [Deutsche Tierart^ IVochenschrift, No. 40.] The Kansas City Veterinary College. — This excellent school has just completed the most successful year of its his- tory. The commencement exercises were held in the New Casino on Thursday evening, March 26th, where the last sessions of the A, V, M. A. were held. The degree of D. V. S, was con- ferred upon one hundred and eleven gentlemen, two of whom were post-graduates. OBITUARY. ROSCOE R. BELL, D. V. S. Resolutions adopted by the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association. Whereas, It has seemed best to the All-Wise Creator to permit one of the best beloved veterinarians of this country to be removed from our midst, by the silent hand of death ; and Whereas, We recognized in our brother the sterling worth of a man who was energetic and untiring in his efforts to do his duty, and especially to advance the cause of Veterinary Science not only in America but for all countries ; and, Whereas, His efforts, as the editor of the leading veterinary journal of the Western Hemisphere, he had been largely in- strumental, if not responsible, for making it at least the equal of any other such publication, and through its monthly visits we have learned of the scope of his unbiased intellect. Even those brother practitioners of Illinois, having little or no ac- quaintance personally with him, have both consciously and un- consciously benefited incalculably by his editorial and journalistic ability; and, Whereas, We of the Middle West feel keenly the loss of this brother veterinarian, educator, writer and friend. Dr. Roscoe R, Bell, therefore, be it Resolved, That we express our appreciation of tliis most ex- excellent man and fellow-practitioner in this journel though in a faint way. The profession has lost more than a friend. It has suffered an irreparable loss in the death of this conscien- tious educator and untiring, genial and brilliant collaborator in veterinary medical research, and be it further Resolved, That we extend our heartfelt sympathy to the family of the deceased. Realizing keenly the loss of his friend- ship and his help at this distant point, from his daily activities, we can faintly compute the actual deprivation to those not only in his own family, but to that large circle of friends and co- workers who have during many years of intimate relationship, professionally and otherwise, learned to love, respect and de- pend upon him the more for his untiring devotion to the work 76 76 OBITUABY. for which he was most admirably fitted. Our sympathy ex- tends, therefore, to the Editorial Stafif of the American Vet- erinary Review, whom we know feels most of all the loss to the profession. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the family of the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell and also to the Ameri- can Veterinary Review. Signed for the IlHnois State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion by C. C. Mills,, President, C. G. Glendinning^ Vice-President, N. I. Stringer, Secretary. March 14, 1908. SYMPATHY FROM OHIO. Canton, Ohio, March 17, 1908. Editors American Veterinary Review : Dear Sirs — We, as a state association, deeply feel the loss of our grand and good brother. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell. To you, and the bereaved family, we extend our deepest and sincere sympathy. Ohio State Veterinary Medicae Association, C. B. Frederick, President. RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF ROSCOE R. BELL, LATE PRESIDENT, ADOPTED BY THE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION OF NEW YORK CITY. At a meeting of the above association, held March 4th, 1908, the President appointed a committee of three to draw up suitable resolutions on the death of our late President, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell. "Whereas, It is with profound sadness that we learn of the death of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, a member of this society, with OBITXJABY. 77 whom for many years we have been associated. To know him was a pleasure, and to be his friend a privilege — active in the dis- charge of duty, cordial in manner, capable in speech, he was a man held in the highest respect and esteem by the general public as well as by his professional brethren. To realize that his voice is silent in death crushes us by the weight of our misfortune. Therefore be it Resolved, That a page be set apart in the minute book of this association to his memory and that these resolutions be inscribed thereon, and that a copy be sent to the American Veterinary Review for publication, and, be it further Resolved, That we extend to Dr. Bell's family our heartfelt sympathy in their bereavement. (Signed) J. L. Robertson^ E. B. Ackerman, W. Reid Blair. " No veterinarian, veterinary student or intending veterinary student should be without the American Veterinary Review. Last month an article was written that was as good as ten lectures." — (San Francisco Veterinary College Bulletin.) Institute of Experimental Medicine in Brazil. — The Brazilian Government has voted funds for the establishment of an experimental pathological institute at Manguinhos, intended for the study of the parasitic and infectious diseases of man, animals and plants, and for the preparation of serums. — (Science.) A Test Case. — " I'm a ' beauty doctor,' " announced the stranger with the hand satchel full of cosmetics and massage machines. " Do you think I could get any practice around here?" " Yeou make ugly things pretty, don't yeou ? " drawled the old farmer in the speckled shirt. " That's my business, sir." " Wall, if yeou'll go down back of my barn yeou'll find an old slate colored cow with one eye and one horn, and wrinkles like canals all over her face. She's the ugliest cow in seven states, and if yeou can make her pretty I'll agree that yeou be a 'beauty doctor' an' give yeou a dollar." — (Chicago Nezvs.) SOCIETY MEETINGS. IOWA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The twentieth annual meeting of this association was held at the Commercial Club Rooms, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Janu- ary 28-29, 1908, with President Griffith in the chair. His ad- dress dealt with timely topics and was as follows : " Members of the Iowa State Veterinary Association and Visitors : "As we have a good program before us, I will not torture you with a long address ; I am glad to see such a large number of veterinarians present. It certainly looks encouraging for the profession. I think I can truthfully say that there never was a time in the history of veterinary science, that the vet- erinarian should be more alive to the sense of their duty; the public in general are reaping the benefits of the progress made by the profession more now than ever before, the veterinary practitioner has proven his ability to treat the diseases of our domestic animals, and recommend the most approved methods of stamping out contagious diseases. The veterinary surgeon has his place, on the board of health in many localities, and has proven himself worthy of the confidence entrusted to him, and the efficient manner of meat inspection carried out by the Government has accomplished much towards promoting the health of our people, and added greatly to our foreign exporta- tion of meats; however no particular interest or means have been employed by our state for the protection of our own people or the live stock interests, meats from diseased animals that have been slaughtered can be, and are sold on our markets. Why are we not as good as the foreigner and have healthy meat to eat? The Secretary of Agriculture, the Honorable James Wilson, with Dr. Melvin and all his stafif of veterin- arians and meat inspectors are doing a work that should re- ceive the commendation and co-operation of all good citizens. In Iowa, we have a veterinary law, and I sometimes wonder if it is very much benefit to the profession, and the public in general. It certainly is a snap for the empiric as they nearly all of them have a license to practice, issued by the state au- 78 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 79 thorities, and which the pubHc is led to beheve is a diploma, and the better to convey my idea on this subject, I will relate one of the many cases that have come under my own observa- tion. In an adjoining county to this, a farmer bought a western horse, and later discovered that he was discharging at the nose and decided that something was wrong. He went to town to employ the services of a veterinary surgeon. He was directed to one and when he saw who it was he was sur- prised, and said "Are you a veterinary surgeon?" as he had seen this so-called " doctor " shearing sheep, trading horses, and supposed him to be an all-around " jack of all trades." The " doctor " pointed to his state certificate which was hanging in a conspicuous place, with the remark, " I passed the best examination of any veterinary in the state." The farmer then concluded that the man must certainly be qualified with those credentials. He employed him, the " doctor " looked wise, and after carefully examining the horse informed the owner " that his horse had a new kind of distemper," and that he was just the man that could cure it ; as a result other horses contracted the disease, and three mules died. The State Vet- erinarian was notified, and I was sent to investigate; after a careful examination and testing with mallein, the animals were pronounced glandered and ten head were killed. All this loss was caused by the ignorance of this so-called veterinary surgeon holding a state certificate, and who had treated these horses and mules for two years with considerable profit to himself, and many of you can recall cases of similar nature that have come under your own observation. I only want to illustrate to you the misplaced confidence that arises from these fellows holding a state certificate, which they claim is a diploma. I think it should be put on their license in large letters why they are allowed to practice, and their qualifica- tions. There are some non-graduates practicing that are gen- tlemen and have a fair knowledge of disease and treatment; but I refer to the rank and file of them who brag about their forty years' practice and their success in treating water bound, hollow horn, wolf in the tail, who give chicken intestines for bots, taken from a black feathered chicken, and the whole list of obscure diseases are treated along similar lines. I used to wonder where these diseases originated from, but received some light on the subject a few years ago. Our county cor- oner was called to a case of an old fellow committing suicide 80 SOCIETY MEETINGS. by cuttting his throat, a book was found on his person telling about those aforesaid diseases and their prognosis and treat- ment. This book was pubHshed about 150 years ago and which had been passed down from one generation to another. It is to be supposed that this self-made " doctor " when he sat on the brow of the hill overlooking our beautiful city on a nice June morning and viewed God's handiwork there came to him a realization of his misspent life, how he had deceived the people all these years, and had charged them when he had done them no good, torturing the poor dumb animals in his ignorance, with doses of medicine which he did not know the action of, and realizing that his days of deception were over, he took his old dirty jack knive, and cut his throat, saying, " If you take nothing, nothing remains." A state law is a good thing and has done much to encourage veterinary edu- cation; it has been the topic of conversation for the past decade. I think every veterinary surgeon should encourage a higher education and if every veterinary surgeon would for- get about the school from which he graduated long enough to consider the other veterinary colleges, and if in his opinion there was a more thorough school or college than his own, and would advise the prospective students to the best of his behef and use his influence for a higher preliminary education; at least he should be a graduate from a reputable high school before entering a veterinary college. I think a college should be very careful in admitting students, if they are going into the profession simply to make easy money they should never start. Select only those that would be an honor to the profes- sion, another practice that should be discontinued in my judg- ment is this : if a student starts at a certain college he should be compelled to finish at the same college; at present if a student fails to pass his examinations at one college, he will find agents from another college ready to welcome him. If he wants to put in another year after he graduates at some other college it should be commended; it is somewhat amus- ing to hear some graduates brag about the merits of their re- spective colleges, and those fellows who graduated ten or twenty years ago are has beens. The better way, in my judg- ment, to judge, is by the success of the practitioner; it is quite often the case when a student graduates he considers he knows it all, need read no more and puts his books away, when in reality he has just commenced his career; if he does SOCIETY MKETINGS. 81 not read and study and keep abreast of the times he will cer- tainly be a failure. I wish to report a little state work that T have been doing the past year. The local packing house has been tagging hogs brought in by the farmers in this locality and when they have found tuberculosis in the hogs have notified the State Veterinarian, who has ordered me to test the cattle on the farms where the tuberculous hogs came from. I have tested about fifteen herds under those conditions and have found tuberculosis in the cattle in every instance, and this has proved to me a good method to locate tuberculous cattle. To eradicate tuberculosis under the existing laws is impossible, as many of our fine stock breeders refuse to test their cattle and continue to sell them for breeding purposes and spread the disease throughout the state. I know one man who bought a thoroughbred cow less than two years ago, and put her in with his herd; the cow became emaciated and died; I have since tested his cattle and out of fifty head found twenty-three diseased, most of them in the first stages of the disease. This same herd was tested two years ago and found free from disease. The buying of this one cow, in my opinion, has caused a loss of over two thousand dollars to this pro- gressive young farmer. It would seem to me that a law com- pelling all cattle that are offered for sale for breeding purposes should be accompanied by a certificate certifying that they had been tested for tuberculosis and found free from disease would be a partial solution of the problem. I would advise all breeders to buy and sell by the tuberculin test ; tuberculosis is spreading fast and Iowa appears to have more than her share, and the quicker some means are adopted for stamping out this disease the better it will be for man and beast. The Legislature passes all kinds of laws for the protection of game, and the eradication of noxious weeds which is all right and proper, but the principal source of revenue in an agricultural state like this is the beef, pork and dairy products which have been sadly neglected. " In conclusion, I think the veterinarians throughout the state have had a prosperous year; there is a good demand for qualified veterinarians, both as practitioners and in the Gov- ernment service, and we should feel proud that we are veter- inary surgeons when our work is caring for poor dumb ani- mals and the inspection of meats and milk for the millions of people who depend on our skill and honor. I am sure we are 82 SOCIETY MEETINGS. serving our Creator in making this world better in which we live." Address of welcome was made by Mr. Roland Schaver, Secretary of Cedar Rapids Commercial Club, and was full of good thoughts, of fellowship and of the future of the profes- sion as reviewed by a layman. He extended a hearty welcome to the association. Response of thanks on behalf of the association was ten- dered by Dr. S. H. Bauman, member of the last Legislature from Van Buren County. Dr. Bauman is a Democrat, but was elected by a large majority from a county that usually gives a handsome majority the other way, which shows in what esteem the veterinarian is held. Dr. Bauman's address follows : " I wish to thank you in behalf of the I. V. A. for your very kind and gracious words of welcome. I assure you we appreciate your kind treatment. We, as an association, have not forgotten the kind treatment received when we were here five years ago, and when the invitation came to agam visit Cedar Rapids we were all glad to accept the same. It is just like going to Grandma's, and we get the cookies too. We greatly admire your city with her fine parks, broad, clean streets and avenues, fine buildings and extra fine hotels. When here before every- one tried to make it pleasant for us, and the press treated us in the nicest manner possible, and the hotels — why it is the general remark among the boys. ' The best ever.' We thank you for the fine quarters provided by the Commercial Club in which we meet, and I assure you every one of the visitors will go to their homes having a warm place in their hearts for your city. Our first impressions are sometimes sadly shat- tered on a second visit, but we find our second visit even more satisfactory than our first. Again I thank you in behalf of the association." Minutes of the nineteenth annual meeting as published in April, 1907, American Veterinary Review, were read and adopted as published. Treasurer's report read and auditing committee appointed, composed of George Scott, D. H. Miller and G. L. Blanche, which committee reported favorably. Report adopted, and committee discharged. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 83 REPORT. Receipts, To cash on hand January 26, 1907 $38 05 To cash for dues, January 2y, 1907, to January 27, 1908, inclusive 131 00 To membership fees, January 2y, 1907, to Janu- ary 27, 1908, inclusive 50 00 $219 05 Disbursements. By cash, F. W. Meyers, P. M., stamps . . $22 00 By cash, G. L. Caswell, printing i? 75 By cash, F. W. Meyers, printing 625 By cash, W. C. RolHns, printing 5 25 By cash, Hal C. Simpson, salary 50 00 By cash, Miller & Gibson, clinics 10 00 By cash, H. Pester, minutes 1500 By cash, St. Louis Button Co., badges. . 10 00 Cash in Treasurer's hands 82 70 $219 05 Resignation of W. A. Stuhr tendered; was accepted and Dr. Stuhr was elected to associate membership. D. O. Knisely, of Topeka, Kansas, was elected to associate membership. C. J. Heckard was detained at home on account of sickness and the Secretary read his case report on Purpura Hsemor- rhagica. This subject brought out considerable discussion. G. M. Walrod gives Potassium Chlorate, Spts. Turpentine and Raw Oil in small doses. When swelling is extensive uses hot salt fomentations. W. W. Talbot reported two cases of possibly Purpura with swollen heads. Upon opening, pus was obtained. He used hot fomentations and Potassium Iodide. E. A. Richardson obtained good results from Adrenalin Chloride, S. H. Bau- man gives Ft. Ext. Ergot up to ,^i three times daily in severe cases. C. M. Walrod read his case report of " Traumatic Paro- titis of Dog." Afterwards it was freely discussed. Discussion of canker in foot was freely indulged in. Nearly all reported good results from cauterization, either by med- icinal or mechanical means. 84 SOCIETY MEETINQS. A. F. Baldwin reported case of Actinomycosis of Tongue in a horse. Treatment of Potassium Iodide until lodesim was produced twice. Showed decided improvement. There was some odor due to decomposing of food retained in mouth. J. W. Griffith reported cases of swollen tongue being treated successfully with Belladonna Ft. Ext. and Boric Acid solution. J. H. McLeod reports peculiar case. Horse working regu- lar taken sick. Inside of one hour stiff all over. Very trouble- some to move, when down, had to be helped up, neck inclined to right side, walked in a circle, tongue swollen. Treatment of Potassium Bromide, Turpentine and Raw Oil resulted in recovery. P. Malcolm reported case of Echo Jr. P., 2.07^, when being driven wrong way of track, stumbled and fell. Some diffi- culty in getting on feet. Great difficulty in getting to stable. Soon afterwards an immense swelling developed behind elbow, which extended between front legs. Was sore and swollen, unable to eat and was given oatmeal solution in water. Was a rupture of pectoral and external thoracic muscles caused by falling on foot. Skin was not broken. Swelling was opened and a great deal of blood and serum escaped. Temp. 103. Treatment of Quinine Strychnine and alcohol in water. Hot fomentations of a weak Bichloride solution resulted in perfect cure. P. O. Koto reported case of immense swelling on hip. Opened and a great deal of blood and serum escaped. Found to be a rupture of popliteal artery. Made recovery. W. A. Heck reported cryptogramic poisoning. Physic and Potassium. Iodide §iv three times daily. Recovery in most cases. Hal C. Simpson reported sore lips and gums caused by barley beards. H. E. Talbot reported good results from weak chromic acid solution on ulcers of this kind. J. W. Griffith reported on Epulus as seen in yearlings. Re- peated operations and acetic acid usually cured. P. Malcolm reported large growth on front of metatarsal region removed with comparatively good results. J. H. McLeod reported good results from tenotomy in young colts for knuckling. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 85 I Hal C. Simpson reported case of Plantar Neurectomy on a horse that came to hospital on three legs from ringbone. Field of operation shaved and thoroughly cleaned with soap and Bichloride solution. Operation successful and animal walked off sound. Had good care in hospital for nearly one month without healing, no neuroma or excessive granulation, but no tendency to heal together. This horse was about ten years old and had previously been cut by barb wire at different times upon all four feet and legs, and in addition had had Fistulous Withers, which had been cured over two years. H. McConnell told of having been called to see cattle suffering with what he called " Mad Itch," in which they would get up against barb-wire fences and rub until skin was cut into threads, licked parts, tried to bite skin even after they were down, would wriggle around trying to relieve the intense itching, and would keep it up until death • ended all. Was more than likely caused by provender, as a change stopped the spread of the disease. C. M. Walrod reported similar condition caused by eating millet and millet seed in excessive quantities. Post mortem showed impaction of Omasum. Changed feed and gave physic and no more were affected. M. H. Reynolds, of St. Anthony's Park, Minn., spoke of the Minnesota Stallion Law, mentioning the mistakes of same and offered suggestions for betterment. Stallions having spavins, ringbones, roaring cataract, chorea and curb or curby hock or any contagious or infectious disease were barred from registration. He also advised the veterinarian to become a member of the different Live Stock Associations, read papers at their sessions, get in touch with them, help them and in turn get them to help us in securing legislation that is for mutual ad- vancement. January 29, 1908, meeting called to order at 9 a. m. R. R. Hammond read report of committee on sanitation, which caused quite a good deal of discussion. Report was accepted and committee discharged. Dr. W. A. Heck reported case in which several hundred dollars worth of cattle died that were being watered from a well into which a number of rabbits had fallen, putrification followed and the odor from the well could be detected over 86 SOCIETY MEETINGS. icx) yards from the well it was so foul. All afifected cattle died of a peculiar " mad itch " in which condition were pitiful. P. Malcolm reported somewhat similar condition caused by city sewerage. A lack of interest was shown through fear of harming some one. He insisted with the result that the city installed septic tank. H. G. Killips reported loss of nine head of horses that were running in a pasture below septic tank of a state insti- tution at Mt. Pleasant. Water contained 4 grs. to gallon of caustic potash. Owner sold horses which died. He was sued and judgment secured. Owner presented claim to State Legis- lature, which appropriated him $1,050. J. W. Grififith reported loss of hogs near Cedar Rapids that were fed dish water and slops from hotels where caustic potash was used as an aid in cleaning dishes. This slop was hauled in old filthy tank wagons. L. U. Shipley reported infectious Mammitis in local dairy herd where the cows were fed ensilage in which there was a large amount around the edges spoiled. Stopped feeding this ensilage and conditions improved, those afifected recovering and no new cases resulted. W. A. Heck reported Cesarean operation in sows. This was one of the most freely discussed papers presented at the meeting. All seemed to think it an important subject, al- though only a few had been doing that line of work. H. B. Treman reported on impaction of the caecum. This was freely discussed by a great many. D. H. Miller re- ported on similar case with post mortem showing gangrene of parts. Also one that acted very similar in which post mortem showed that one of the ovaries had adhered to rectum. P. A. Aageson report was read by Secretary and was dis- cussed. The use of chloroform in these cases particularly caused a number to express themselves pro and con, those favoring seemingly having the majority. H. Hell reported actinomycosis of the scrotum in a steer. This was freely discussed. R. R. Hammond reported on infection in foals. This sub- ject gets nearer to the country veterinarian than most any other, and was thoroughly discussed. W. A. Heck reported of infected bladder, ureters and kidneys shown on post mortem. E, A. Richardson used Lloyds Echinocea. P. Malcolm gives SOCIETY MEETINGS. 87 internal antiseptics either to foal or mare. Does not ligate but washes outside and opens up umbiHcus freely. G. M. Walrod cleanses thoroughly H2 O2 Hgates after injecting Tinct. Iodine. S. H. Bauman forces Squibbs alum powder throughout with a probe. Has excellent results. G. Scott ligates when urthea is patent. J. W. Scott ligates, but if necessary to have drainage, opens skin to one side. Dries up wound as quickly as possible. F. F. McEvers reports of leakage around suture. F. F. Parker uses ecrasuer to crush off urachus. W. D. Gilchrist read an article on meat inspection that was listened to with interest. P. O. Koto read report of Committee on Legislation. P. O. Koto, State Veterinarian, told of an outbreak of glanders in Clinton, and showed pictures of a teamster who con- tracted the disease and died. F. H. P. Edwards and A. L. Wood were appointed on Committee of Resolutions on account of regular members being absent. H. E. Talbot reported on mycotic lymphangitis, which might be mistaken for farcy, as at least fifty cuteaneous abscesses every test failed to show glanders. Mule is still living and experiments will be made. So-called Jack sores came in for some discussion. F. H. P. Edwards read report of Committee on Resolu- tions. Report was accepted and committee discharged. Report. Your Committee on Resolutions beg to report: Whereas this meeting at Cedar Rapids has been so successful in point of attendance and number of new applications, and all of the papers have been so interesting and provoked such an animated discussion by the members present, and that we have been so royally entertained by the Committee on Arrangements, the Commercial Club and the Y. M. C. A., and Whereas, It has come to our knowledge that Dr. Griffith has paid out of his pocket the sum of seven dollars for the use of the Y. M. C. A. Building, and Whereas It is the custom for the sum of ten dollars to be set aside for the clinic, and Whereas. Dr. Reynolds has given us such an interesting and instructive paper on milk hygiene, and that Dr. Carroll. SOCIETY MEETINGS. M. D., of Cedar Rapids, for his paper on comparative tubercu- losis; be it Resolved, That all present members, both old and new, strive to attain for the next meeting a higher standard ; -and be it Resolved, It is the sense of the meeting that a vote of thanks be tendered the Commercial Club and Y. M. C. A. and Comittee on Arrangements; and be it 'Resolved, It is the sense of this Committee that Dr. Griflftth be reimbursed in the sum of seven dollars; and be it Resolved, By this committee, that we follow the usual cus- tom and that ten dollars be set aside for that purpose ; and be it Resolved, That Dr. Reynolds and Dr. Carroll be tendered a hearty vote of thanks. F. H. E. EDWARDS, GEORGE C. SCOTT. A. L. WOOD. Wm. Drinkwater read report of cases of diseased testicle of Cryptorchids. C. E. Stewart found three hogs in one herd with only one testicle. Were fatted and killed on place, care- ful post mortem was made but no other found. W. A. Ful- lerton reported two cases of yearling colts. Each had three testicles. T. A. Shipley reported finding on killing beds hogs in which the cord had doubled on itself and had completely severed testicle, which would be found loose in abdominal cavity. J. W. Griffith reported case of horse where female organs predominated. Was unable to operate successfully, animal very mean. L. U. Shipley reported case of colt that ran until three years old. Looked like mare yet was unable to find testicles on either side. Never showed any disposition to be mean. A. L. Brodie's paper was read and discussed. F. J. Nieman reported case of melanosis in a stallion. T. A. Shipley reported a country slaughter house con- ditions as found on examination. This was discussed quite freely. The picture was so vividly painted that a great many inquired if the author had used the one in their town for the example. Secretary read a paper on pyemic arthules, by Dr. Spencer of Blacksburg, Va. As the subject had been quite freely dis- cussed earlier in the day it was passed over without discussion. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 89 As an injustice was done A. T. Peters when he was ex- pelled from Honorary Membership a few years ago, he was re-elected to Honorary Membership. OFFICERS ELECTED. President, D. E. Baughman, Fort Dodge. First Vice-President, S. K. Hazelet, Oelwein. Second Vice-President, A. L,. Wood, Hampton. Secretary-Treasurer, Hal C. Simpson, Denison. H. E. Talbot, member Executive Committee. Secretary made announcement that term of W. A. Heck expired, and H. E. Talbot was elected to his place. Attention was called to the mistake. Motion was made that original motion be repealed, and that Talbot be elected to succedd Koto instead of Heck. Carried. J. W. Griffith as retiring president thanked the members for past favors. D, E. Baughman, incoming president, thanked all and hoped for the same hearty co-operation as had been extended in the past. CLINIC Was held at Dr. J. W. Griffith's Hospital, January 30, 1908. Trephining Frontal Sirius, J. W. Scott ; Peroneal Ten- otomy, D. H. Miller; Peroneal Tenotomy, F. F. Parker; Straightening Tail, George Scott; Straightening Tail, C. E. Stewart; Tenotomy, J. H. McNeil; Median Neurectomy, J. H. McNeil ; Arytenordectomy, J. H. McNeil ; Trephining for Nasal Tumor, N. A. Kippen; Firing Ringbone, T. F. McEvers; Firing Spavin, L. U. Shipley ; Amputation of Penis, W. A. Heck ; Spay- ing Bitch, L. U. Shipley; Pole Evil, D. H. Miller— C. E. Stewart. C. H. Stange, Superintendent of Judging, a number of very fine driving, saddle and draft horses were exhibited. Rib- bons were awarded. Those present who registered were: G. A. Scott. Waterloo; G. Kerr, Washington; C. J. Graf, Manning; A. Kaderabek, Fort Dodge ; L. N. McMay, Garden Grove ; G. Lames, Dysart ; T. C. Roach, Toledo; P. Malcolm, New Hampton; P. O. Koto, Forest City ; W. C. Stewart, West Union ; J. H. Spence, Clinton; W. A. Heck, West Liberty; E. A. Richardson. Gold- field; J. N. Edwards, Stewart ; S. H. Bauman, Birmingham; T. A. Shipley, Cedar Rapids; C. J. Hacket, Muscatine; L. W. Russell, Anamosa; T. F. McEvers, Grinnell ; A. L. Wood, 90 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Hampton ; J. W. Griffith, Cedar Rapids ; C. E. Stewart, Chari- ton; W. E. Miller, Cherokee; L. L. Diller, Marshalltown ; L. U. Shipley, Sheldon ; Henry Hell, New Liberty ; G. A.- Dodge, Northwood; John Thomsen, Armstrong; G. M. Walrod, Storm Lake; R. R. Hammond, Cherokee; W. R. Fullarton, Dubuque; R. R. Dykstra, Ames; A. F. Riechman, Farley; S. K. Hazelet, Olewein; H. Killips, Mt. Pleasant; C. \V. Ander- son, Jewell Junction; J. H. McLeod, Charles City; B. Har- mon, Decorah ; J. C. Glenn, Wyoming ; D. E. Baughman, Fort Dodge; T. J. Neiman, Marshalltown; C. H. Stange, Ames; Wm. Drinkwater, Monticello; H. E. Talbot, Des Moines; E. E. Howe, Des Moines ; S. H. Miller, Rock Island, 111. ; J. W. Scott, Manchester; O. A. Diller, Ottumwa; G. L. Buffington, Brooklyn; B. F. Barber, Fonda; F. C. Bowman, Williams- burg; H. C Rodgers, Oskaloosa; D. H. Miller, Des Moines; N. A. Kippen, Independence; James Dixon, Tipton; G. W. Blanche, Belle Plaine; W. D. Gilchrist, Cedar Rapids; Hal C. Simpson, Denison; A. F. Baldwin, Creston; W. E. Sharp, Newton; F. L. Roach, Preston; F. F. Parker, Oskaloosa; S. B. Moon, Rock Rapids; F. A. Daudel, Hawkeye; O. G. Ruff- corn, Defiance; G. C. Rasmussen, Audubon; J. P. Jorgensen, Elkhorn ; H. M. McConnell, Kansas City, Mo. ; S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo. ; C. L. Wilhite, Manilla ; W. F. Lazear, Derby; W. W. Talbot, Pella; H. L. Stewart, Lacona; Jerry Wolte, Grand Mound; A. J. Treman, Lake City; J. A. Anst- ney, Massena; J. S. Potter, Iowa City; H. B. Treman, Rock- well City ; Wm. E. Madson, Ames ; J. H. McNeil, Ames ; Tom Downing, Washington; F. H. P. Edwards, Iowa City; A. S. Brodie, Cedar Falls ; Victor E, Kovar, Chicago. MICHIGAN STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. The twenty-sixth meeting of this association convened at Lansing, Mich., February 4, 1908, at 3 o'clock p. m.^ with Presi- dent McDonald, of Flint, in the chair. Secretary Black, being absent. Dr. William Jopling, of Owosso, was appointed Sec- retary pro tern. President McDonald in his annual address welcomed the members and visitors, and asked their indulgence for the short address he had prepared. His little boy was just convalescing from an attack of pneumonia, and the time and care the child required prevented the preparation of a lengthy address. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 91 Dr. Hawkins was called upon at this time for his paper on "The Ancient History of Veterinary Science." The Doctor's paper was well received and was favorably commented on. Under the Head of Reports of Committees, the Committee on Diseases made its report; Chairman Veldhuis, B. A. I. In- spector, Detroit, spoke of tuberculosis and glanders. Dr. Hawkins, discussing- Dr. Veldhuis' talk, reported five cases of glanders in Detroit. Prof. C. E. Marshall, member of committee, gave a talk on " Contagious Abortion," saying that it was quite prevalent in this state; the germ a peculiar one and causing more mischief than tuberculosis; mentioning disinfect- ants most useful. He also spoke of diseases in sheep and swine, and stated that no remedy had been found as yet for " hog cholera." Dr. G. W. Dumphy, of P. D. & Co., discussing Prof. Mar- shall's report, said he would like to impress the importance of contagious abortion upon the members. It is becoming alarm- ing in extent. We cannot exercise too much care. Veterinarians should give this disease their personal attention and not leave the treatment in the hands of others. Bichloride should be used with caution. The Doctor also spoke of hog cholera, and said that no remedy had yet been discovered. Dr. Armour asked Prof. Marshall what disinfectant he would advise on contagious abortion? The reply was i% Lysol Sol. Dr. Dumphy recom- mended the same, but said any coal tar product was good ; he also advised Lysol, strength ^ of i%. Dr. Deadman, of Sault Ste. Marie, spoke of an unusual disease occurring in his vicinity which was very fatal. High temperature, germ in soil of pas- ture. Dr. F. C. Wells, of Saline, ex-State Veterinarian, spoke of this disease also, did not know the cause, but was found in the copper country. Dr. Harrison's paper, " Cases Met With in Practice," was an account of those cases of difficult parturition, which although the outlook is favorable, the results were fatal. Dr. Harrison's contributions are always practical and this paper was no excep- tion. Dr. Dumphy, as a member of Committee on Intelligence and Education, spoke of the meeting of the Nebraska Veterinary Association, in Lincoln. He said the Westerners are hustlers and beat us a block in energy and enthusiasm. He suggests further that we invite Prof. Shaw to give a talk upon " Animal Husbandry," at our next meeting. Dr. Hawkins advised the 92 SOCIETY MEETINGS. younger members to get into the harness and inject vim and energy into our association. Dr. Brenton also discussed Dr. Dumphy's suggestions. Dr. A. McKercher, Chairman Committee on Clinic, said that owing to the amount of matter on the program clinics were out of the question. President McDonald asked that the question of a summer meeting be taken up. Dr. Deadman presented a personal let- ter from the Mayor, and an official letter from the City Coun- cil, and a letter from the Commercial Club of Sault Ste. Marie, all extending cordial and pressing invitations to hold our next summer meeting in their city. Dr. D. B. Allen, by letter, and Dr. Deadman personally added pressing requests that we accept the invitation of their city, and that they would see that we had a good time. Drs. Dumphy, Armour, Harrison, States, Stevens, Gibson and Wells all spoke favoring going to the Soo for our summer meeting. Action postponed until later in the session. Upon motion the meeting adjourned until 7 o'clock. 7.30 p. M. — Meeting re-convened. President called for roll- call, Secretary Black having arrived with the books. The fol- lowing members were present : — Drs. H. M. Armour, A. E. Alexander, S. Brenton, Judson Black, Hal. L. Bellinger, W. F. Carr, Chas. H. Clark, J. F. Deadman, E. Austin, J. D. Bell, F. M. Blatchford, L. F. Baldock, H. H. Clement, D. Cummings, F. G. Duff, Jas. S. McDonald, James Drury, D. S. DeWolfe, R. F. Erwin, Geo. D. Gibson, J. Hawkins (Hon.), James Har- rison, Wm. Joplin, J. J. Joy, R. W. McDonald, Geo. C. Moody, Robert Muir, Prof. Marshall (Hon.), John Russell, U. S. Springer, H. E. States, A. B. Sexsmith, W. H. Wilkinson, F. C. Wells, J. C. Whitney, Z. Veldhuis, Geo. W. Dumphy, W. H. Erwin, Thomas Farmer, H. M. Gohn, W. A. Haynes, W. S. Hamilton, C. L. Jones, D. R. Krull, A. McKercher, A. H. Moody, W. W. Munger, C. C. Petty, J. B. Stevens, G. R. Switzer, H. S. Smith, Geo. Waddel, P. W. Wooley, C. A. Wal- dron, J. E. Ward — 55. Visitors — Pres. J. L. Snyder, M.A.C. ; Prof. R. S. Shaw, M.A.C; W. J. Johnson, Paw Paw; F. G. Gilbank, Detroit; W. A. Ewalt, New Haven; H. T. Creagan, Decatur; W. L. Drinkwater, Utica; Dr. L. M. Hurt, Veterina- rian M.A.C. ; Drs. A. L. Tiffiny, Monroe, and V. M. Curry, Mid- land ; E. B. Cavell, Northville ; T. L. McConnell, Reading ; Rep. Simpson, of the Legislature. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 93 Moved and supported that the regular order of business be postponed until to-morrow morning, and the program as ar- ranged for this evening be proceeded with. Carried. Pres. Snyder was called upon for his address. He extended on behalf of the M. A. C. an invitation to our association to hold any of our meetings at the college; also to come at any time collectively or as individuals and make a visit and inspect the live stock, etc. Advised feeding all hay and keeping all straw on the farms. As live stock is in the line of all veterina- rians, they should encourage the better breeds and pure strains. In reply to a question by Dr. Dumphy, Prof. Snyder said : " The Board of Agriculture is anxious to institute a Depart- ment of Veterinary Science at the college at once, but would have to wait, as no appropriation was made for the purpose when the bill passed the Legislature authorizing the Veterinary Department. It would be necessary to curtail in some of the other departments, but he was sure that would come in a few years, if not sooner. " When we do have a school, we want the best, so that when men graduate from it they will take equal rank with the graduates from the best schools;" The report of Committee on Legislature, which was pre- sented by Dr. Gohn, gave a very full and comprehensive history of the struggles and disappointments that were encountered be- fore we procured the passage of our present law. Considering the forces that are always present opposing our efforts, we have accomplished more the past session of the Legislature than ever before. Rep. Simpson (who introduced an opposition measure and used ever effort to defeat our bill, and who finally accepted our amendments and secured the passage of our present law) was present and gave a talk on the legislative matters. He denied all knowledge of the substituting the word " or " for " and " in the law which was supposed to have been surrepti- tiously done by some person, thus making Section 4 read " Medi- cine or Surgery." Dr. Gohn submitted a letter from Rep. Nor- ton, which said that the change was made at the suggestion of Rep. Baker and agreed to by Mr. Norton and Simpson. Drs. Stevens, Smith, Dumphy, Duff, McDonald, Waldron, Whitney, Switzer, Wells and Farmer, all spoke discussing the Legisla- tive Committee's report. The question was pretty thoroughly considered of how to proceed against violators of the practice law, many taking the position that a committee of the associa- tion should act as prosecutors, others that the local officers of 94 SOCIETY MEETINGS. the law are the only ones having jurisdiction. It was suggested that the sheriff or deputy be informed of the violations and that he or they should secure the evidence. No action was taken on this question. It was moved and supported that the report of Committee on Legislature be received and filed. Carried. Upon the suggestion of Dr. Gohn, it was decided upon mo- tion to extend a vote of thanks to the Legislative Committee of another veterinary association in Michigan for their loyalty to our committee and bill, and strenuous opposition to the oppos- ing bill and the parties pushing it. Mr. Ed. G. Folsom, of Mt. Clemens, a student of the O. V. C, furnished a paper upon "Strongylus Gigas in the Dog " which was read by the Secretary. This was a history of an interesting post-mortem in a bitch which had died a day after ovariotomy from causes apparently remote from the opera- tion. Ante-mortem symptoms observed were excitability, so much so that the owner thought she was rabid. Immediately before death she had spasms of the diaphragm. Post-mortem revealed in the region of the liver (which organ had almost dis- appeared) two gigantic worms, one 37 and one 22 inches long, one of which had pierced the diaphragm and had started into the thoracic cavity. After considerable research, Mr. Folsom concluded he had run on to specimens of the Strongylus Gigas, which conclusion was substantiated by Dr. Duncan, lecturer on Entozoa in the O. V. C. The following gentlemen made application for membership : Dr. Theo Lane, Ann Arbor, graduate of Western Vet. Col- lege, 1901. Vouchers, W. H. Erwin and H. S. Smith. Dr. F. G. Gilbank, Detroit, O. V. C, 1888. Vouchers, J. J. Joy and James Hawkins. Dr. V. M. Curry, O. V. C, 1906. Vouchers, W. F. Carr and W. A. Haynes. Dr. E. B. Cavell, Northville, O. V. C, 1906. Vouchers, W. H. Erwin and F. M. Blatchford. Dr. W. D. Seibert, Petosky, Det. V. C, 1896. Vouchers, Judson Black and Z. Veldhuis. Dr. T. L. McConnall, Reading, O. V. C, 1905. Vouchers, H. M. Armour and J. C. Whitney. Dr. H. T. Creagan, Decatur, O. V. C, 1892. Vouchers, Judson Black and Wm. Jopling. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 95 I Dr. W. Austin Ewalt, New Haven, O. V. C, 1907. Vouch- ers, Judson Black and E. Austin. A. L. Tiffinay, Monroe, O. V. C, 1905. Vouchers, D. S. Crull and W. F. Carr. Dr. W. J. Johnson, Paw Paw, O. V. C, 185. Vouchers, Judson Black and Wm. Jopling, Dr. W. L. Drinkwater, Utica, O. V. C, 1886. Vouchers, Judson Black and E. Austin. The applications were referred to the Executive Commit- tee, who were requested to report next morning. The admission of graduates of questionable colleges was discussed by Drs. Hawkins, Armour, Harrison, States, H. S. Smith and others. The opinion prevailed that while it would strengthen our organization as a political factor, the step was deemed inadvisable. Other than this, no action was taken. Adjourned until 9 a. m., February 5th. The regular order of business that should have been disposed of at the beginning of the session was taken up. at this time. The Executive Committee recommended the admission of the applicants to membership in the association, which was done in regular form. The report of the Secretary-Treasurer showed the receipts of the past year, including balance on hand February i, 1907, were $360.54, from which was disbursed $186.53, leaving a balance on hand February i, 1908, of $174.01. The report was referred to the Committee on Finance. Moved and supported that a committee be appointed to draft resolutions sympathizing with Dr. R. R. Bell, of New York, who was reported to be seriously ill. Carried. Drs. Jopling, Dum- phy and States were named as such committee. Communications from the Governor, Dr. R. R. Bell, Dr. D. G. Sutherland and others were read, and on motion were re- ceived and placed on file. Continuing the report of the Commit- tee on Intelligence and Education, partially made yesterday, Dr. Dumphy advised that every legitimate effort be made with the next Legislature to get an appropriation allowed for the Vet- erinary Department of the M. A. C. Dr. Jopling also spoke along these lines. It was suggested that our Committee on Legislation be also a committee to con- fer with and to assist the Board of Agriculture and the Faculty 96 SOCIETY MEETINGS. of the M. A. C. in instituting a Veterinary Department at the college. Upon motion this suggestion was adopted. Drs. Harrison and States advised getting to work early in the next session of the Legislature and work in harmony with the M. A. C. authorities in the effort to procure the necessary appropriation. Communication from State Veterinary Board con- taining correspondence reflecting on one of our members, which was referred to Executive Committee, who after making an in- vestigation, found no cause for action by the association, as the charges were not substantiated. Dr. C. A. Waldron's paper, " New One on Me," brought up a very interesting case of poisoning by locust bark in a team which the Doctor treated, and which showed very unusual symp- toms, the cause of which was very obscure. (The cause was discovered after the team was convalescing.) The symptoms as found were : " Extreme lassitude, including almost impercepti- ble pulse, which when found was weak and prolonged; respira- tion less than normal by one-third and sonorous ; temperature normal; no pain, no appetite; mucous membrane of the mouth somewhat swollen, caused by congestion of the capillaries ; slight ptyalism. Above all the dilation of the pupil. In fact, I should judge the same symptoms as belladonna poisoning." Dr. Armour reported a case almost identical to Dr. Waldron's which he knew to have been caused by locust bark. Drs. Brenton and Whit- ney said they had seen cases similar. Dr. Jas. Drury gave an excellent and timely paper on " Con- tagious Abortion." This paper was particularly interesting' at this time when this disease is unusually prevalent in Michigan. A good discussion followed on this subject. Pres. McDonald announced that election of officers would be taken up immediately upon re-convening after dinner. Moved and supported that we adjourn until i o'clock sharp. Carried. 1.30 p. M, — Election of officers now being in order, nomina- tions for president were called for. Dr. T. G. Duff's name was placed in nomination. No further names being placed in nomi- nation, it was moved and supported that the rules be suspended and that the Secretary cast the ballot of the association for Dr. Duff. This was done and the President declared Dr. T. G. Duff elected President for the ensuing year. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 97 There being only one nominee for each of the offices, the same procedure was followed in case of each, and President Mc- Donald declared the following elected in the order named: First Vice-President — Dr. J. F..Deadman, Sault Ste. Marie. Second Vice-President — Dr. George D. Gibson, Adrian. Third Vice-President — Dr. W. H. Erwin, Howell. Secretary and Treasurer — Dr. Judson Black, Richmond. First Director — Hal L. Bellinger, Plainwell. Second Director — D. S. Krull, Union City. Third Director — W. A. Haynes, Jackson. Fourth Director — A. McKercher, Lansing. Fifth Director — R, F. Erwin, Alma. Sixth Director — F. G. Gilbank, Detroit. The question of a summer meeting was brought up again at this time. It was moved and supported that we have a sum- mer meeting at the Soo next summer. After considerable dis- cussion, which brought out the fact that as business of vital im- port to the veterinary profession in Michigan demanded a full attendance of the members of the A. V. M. A. at the meeting at Philadelphia, that it would be better to postpone our sum- mer meeting until another year. Question put and defeated. Moved and supported that it is the sense of this meeting that the summer meeting be held at the Soo in the summer of 1909. Carried. Prof. R. S. Shaw, experimenter with live stock at the M. A. C, gave an address upon the subject, " The Relation of the Veterinarian to the Live Stock .Industry." He spoke of live stock in the West and that it was largely inspected by veterina- rians. The interests of the veterinarian and the live stock in- dustry are identical. He spoke of the necessity of improving breeds of live stock and that veterinarians could do a great deal of missionary work along this line. The quality of live stock in Michigan is below the average, which is due to the indis- criminate crossing of breeds, which is demoralizing. The Professor made another startling assertion when he said that the 28,500 bulls in Michigan were worth $5.80 less per head than year-old steers. There are but very few poor- bred herds in the state. Capital is lacking among the average farmers. Better methods of breeding is what is wanted. Breed along uniform lines. He advised veterinarians to co-operate with the live stock breeders in the state in the organization of a Horse 98 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Breeders' Association, there being- no organization of that kind in Michigan. Dr. Dumphy also spoke along these lines and thought that our association should meet at the same time as the State Live Stock Breeders' Association so that one day or one-half day could be made a joint meeting. In this way questions of mutual interest could be discussed. Dr. Cummings suggested that we change the date of our annual meeting so as to have it come earlier in the season and to conform with the date of the Stock Breeders' Association. Dr. Hurt, Veterinarian at the M. A. C, spoke compliment- ing the association on its veterinary law. The committee that was requested to write resolutions sym- pathizing with Dr. Bell offered the following, which was unani- mously adopted. " Whereas, It has been made known to the members of this association that Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, of Brooklyn, N. Y., Editor of the American Veterinary Review, and one of the most prominent and highly respected veterinarians in this coun- try, is seriously ill. " Therefore he it resolved, That this association express its sincere regret for his affliction and our earnest wishes for his speedy recovery; " And he it further resolved. That a copy of these resolu- tions be forwarded to our beloved fellow-worker and the same be spread upon the minutes of our association. " Geo. W. Dumphy,! " William Jopling, ^Committee." " Harry E. States, J The Finance Committee reported that they had looked over the report and books of the Secretary-Treasurer and found everything correct and balance on hand as stated in report, Drs. Campbell, Jackson, D. W. Curtiss, Cadillac and G. A. Waterman, Ann Arbor, presented their resignations as mem- bers of the association. As the gentlemen were clear on the books, on motion their resignations were accepted. The following promised papers for our next meeting: Drs. Armour, Smith (H. S.), and Cummings. Dr. W. A. Haynes' paper, " My Personal Experience with Hydrophobia," was a good history of a number of cases of this SOCIETY MEETINGS. 99 I disease coming under the Doctor's own observation, and was well received. Moved and supported that the Secretary be allowed ten dol- lars in addition to his regular salary for services the past year. Carried. Notice was given of the following amendments to the by- laws for final action at our next meeting: 1. That Article IV., Chapter II., be changed to read $35.00 instead of $25.00. 2. That Article II., Chapter VI., be changed to read " shall be designated by the Executive Committee," instead of " on Tuesday after the first Monday in February." Moved and supported that we extend a vote of thanks to Pres. Snyder, Prof. Shaw and Hurt for their contributions to our program. Carried. Moved and supported that a vote of thanks be given our re- tiring officers for their earnest work for the welfare of the vet- erinary profession for the past year. Carried. Retiring Pres. McDonald called Pres.-Elect Duff to the Chair and handed him the gavel. Dr. Duff, in a few appropriate re- marks, thanked the association for the honor they conferred upon him in electing him to the office of President, and then announced the standing committees as follows : Intelligence and Education — Dr. William Jopling, Owosso; Dr. George W. Dumphy, Detroit; F. C. Wells, Saline. Disease — Dr. Z. Veldhuis, Detroit; Dr. H. E. States, De- troit; Prof. C. E. Marshall, M. A. C. Legislation and Colleges — Dr. C. A. Waldron, Tecumseh; Dr. H. M. Gohn, St. Johns; Dr. Jas. Harrison, Maple Rapids; Dr. G. W. Dumphy, Detroit; Dr. A. McKercher, Lansing. Finance — Dr. D. Gumming, Port Huron; Dr. R. F. Erwin, Alma; Dr. John Russell, Elsie. Clinic — Dr. A. McKercher, Lansing; Dr. George C. Moody, Mason; Dr. George Waddle, Kalamazoo. Press — Dr. W. L. Brenton, Detroit; Dr. J. J. Joy, Detroit; Dr. J. E. Ward, Perry. Notwithstanding the fact that many of our members were unable to get to the meeting on account of the blizzard and snow blockade this was one of the best meetings in the history of the M. S. V. M. A. in attendance and enthusiasm. Adjournment. JuDSON Black^ Secretary. 100 SOCIETY MKETINGS. INDIANA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. This association met at Indianapolis, Ind., January 2, 1908, with President Archer in the chair and one hundred and two members in attendance. Minutes of previous meeting were read and approved. Reports of Secretary and Treasurer were also read and approved. Dr. Davis reported for the Entertainment Committee, ex- plaining that no banquet would be held, but that we were to sleep after night session and get up bright in the morning ready for plenty of clinic. New members were admitted as follows: Active List — Dr. J, C. Carson, Cicero, Ind. ; Dr. C. I. Flem- ing, Terre Haute, Ind. ; Dr. B. S. Hess, Kentland, Ind. ; Dr. A. V. Johnson, New Albany, Ind. ; Dr. F. C. McCoy, Orleans, Ind. ; Dr. F. P. Scott, Oxford, Ind. Honorary List — Dr. W. A. Axby, Harrison, O. ; Dr. E. E. Guinn, Oakland, 111. Report of State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners was read. It was exhaustive in information and statistics. Officers for ensuing year: President — Dr. G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind. Vice-President — Dr. Walter Langtry, Ft. Wayne, Ind. Secretary — Dr. E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis, Ind. Treasurer — Dr. J. W. Klotz, Noblesville, Ind. Board of Censors — Dr. J. G. Heighway. Ladoga, Ind. ; Dr. W. A. Dryden, Columbus, Ind.; Dr. A. V. Carter, Covington, Ind., were appointed by the newly-elected Vice-President in the absence of the President. Literary Program. Dr. O. C. Newgent, of Russiaville, read a paper on " Ma- lignant Oedema," the patient being four months in recovering; also a paper on " Locomotor Ataxia," covering about 25 cases, upon which he had exausted the materia medica with but little or no success. Dr. Boor, under discussion of the above, re- ported the affection in a foal by McKinney that has apparently at the age of two years recovered under the use of Nux Vomica and Liquor Potassium Arsenitis, Dr. J. E. Gibson, of Jamestown, read a paper on tuberculosis, with reference to a state inspection law. The subject was handled in an energetic and able manner. Discussion : SOCIETY MEETINGS. 101 Dr. Boor — No cattle should enter the state without the tuber- culin test. .Dr. Langtry — Is tuberculin the only test? Dr. Gibson — So the Government claims. Dr. Langtry — Inject tuberculin and it will Wake up the en- cysted bacilli and produce the disease when you would not have it otherwise. It also renders stock barren — (and cited cases to support statement). To check tuberculosis or any other heredi- tary disease, see that mated male and female are free from dis- ease. Dr. Fleming — I believe in tuberculin as a sure test. A dairy of 50 Jersey cows and 2 bulls were injected, and 48 reacted; post-mortem verified 47 of them. Dr. R. A. Craig — A prize steer at Chicago Fat Stock Show was injected; he reacted and was killed under inspection and the carcass was tanked. As we use it on the college herd it is decidedly successful. Dr. C. I. Fleming's paper on glanders was largely statistical, but developed or proved the fact that mallein when in competent hands was a reliable test. Dr. J. L. Hiday's paper was a complex " colic " and azoturia, one of those unexpected things that are not " in the book." The azoturia being peculiar in that it followed, seemingly, an attack of acute indigestion. Treated with 3iij of Adrenalin Chloride in ovi water for three doses; animal got up and well. In reply to query as to virtue of Albumone, Adrenalin, W. B. Craig says: " I have tried them and they are N. G." Dr. A. V. Carter used Upjohns Couch Grass combination 5j doses, t. i. d. Bronson suggested bleeding and inject normal salt solution. " Infectious Pneumonia," a paper by Dr. W. B. Craig, brought out good discussion in the way of treatment, especially with Tallianine and Nuclein. Adjourned 5.30. Reassembled at 8 p. m. to listen to Dr. Walter Sharpe on some diseases of the eye, considered from the veterinarian's standpoint. It was so rare a subject and so well treated that the Doctor was given a vote of thanks. He discussed Iritis, Glaucoma and Recurrent Ophthalmia. The latter was caused principally by heredity ; also by low damp pasture and poor hygiene. Astig- matism, as related to the short and far-sighted horse or " shyer," 102 SOCIETY MEETINGS. was considered. He urged us to familiarize ourselves with the use of the Ophthalmoscope. Dr. J. L. Axby's paper on " Serum Therapy " was well re- ceived and fully discussed. His remarks drew out the fact that there are several antitoxins that are new but valuable, as : Nu- clein in purpura and respiratory trouble; antitetanic serum in large doses as a curative for tetanus, etc. Dr. R. A. Craig, with his slides of " Infectious Organisms," was decidedly educative. Dr. G. H. Roberts gave quite a number of slides of " Gland- ers," also some recovered injuries, that were of more than pass- ing interest, thanks to the Doctor's hobby for the camera. The literary program finished, the President announced the following committees : Programme — Dr. F. H. Davis, Rushville, Ind. ; Dr. Don. McMahon, Noblesville, Ind. ; Dr. Walter Langtry, Ft. Wayne, Ind. Arrangement — Dr. W. B. Craig, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Dr. J. L. Axbv, Lawrenceberg, Ind. ; Dr. O. C. Newgent, Russia ville, Ind. Legislative — Dr. J. B. Archer, Spencer, Ind. ; Dr. T. A. Balser, Newcastle, Ind. ; Dr. O. L. Boor, Muncie, Ind. ; Dr. G. G. Ferling, Richmond, Ind. ; Dr. J. L. Mitchell, Evansville, Ind.; Dr. F. H. Davis, Rushville. Ind.; Dr. C. P. Wilson, Greenfield, Ind. ; Dr. R. A. Craig, La Fayette, Ind. ; Dr. J. W. Klotz. Noblesville, Ind. Adjourned 11.45 P- m. to meet at Indiana Veterinary Col- lege at 8.30 A. M. Friday a. m. — Most of the members in attendance the day before remained over for the clinic which was held at the In- diana Veterinary College. The first on the program was a ridg- ling operation by Dr. J. W. Klotz, of Noblesville. The second was a removal of the lateral cartilage by Dr. Klotz. While the preparation of this was going on. Dr. Davis exhibited a case of the same kind, operated upon by Dr. Roberts sixty days previous, the animal being shod and ready for work, thus show- ing the members the operation and the result. There was also exhibited a case of atrophy of the gluteal muscles without any defined or known cause. The case elicited considerable discus- sion which was finally concluded to be due to a paralysis of the SOCIETY MEETINGS. 103 sciaticus. Dr. Davis trephined g'ray mare and removed two dis- eased molars. The sinuses of that side being full of inspissated pus. Several other minor oi^erations were performed, and in all it was the most interesting clinic in recent years. E. M. Bronson, Secretary. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This association held its semi-annual meeting in the Board of Trade Rooms, Reading, Pa., on Wednesday, December 19, 1907, with Dr. D. R. Kohler occupying the chair, while Dr. W. G. Huyett recorded the minutes. The following members responded to roll call : Drs. Kohler, Schneider, Wehr, McCarthy, Huyett, Noack, Posteiger, Bieber and W. S. Longacre. Visitors, Drs. C. J. Marshall, W. H. Hoskins, Secretary State Examining Board, and F. LI. Schneider, Philadelphia ; W. H. Ridge, Moose; F. LI. Ferusler, Lebanon; J. \V. Sallade, Mem- bers of Examining Board, Auburn; Frank Mackie and G. Allen Jarman, State Veterinarians, Baltimore, Md.; S. G. Burkholder, physician, Reading; Mr. J. J. Kenney, New York, and others. The minutes of the previous session were read and approved. (President's address enclosed; kindlv insert here if you consider The secretary read numerous communications, among which was one from Dr. J. A. St. Clair, of Indiana, Pa., offering his practice for sale, owing to ill health. a. Delivered to Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Associa- tion. Dr. Huyett made a report of its semi-annual session held at Harrisburg. He referred to the (piestion of raising the registra- tion fee from $1 to $5, which brought forth a good discussion; the money to be used by the State Veterinary Board for the prosecuting of illegal practitioners; this subject to l^e finally con- sidered at the March session. The proposition of holding a three-day session of the society, instead of a two-day, for the annual meeting, was debated, and a postal card vote taken, this resulting in the two-day session, as customary. Dr. Huyett also announced that the Pennsylvania Association deserves much credit for having done much to bring the convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1908 to Philadel- phia. It will take place in September. 104 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The local meeting argued the advisability of raising the regis- tration fee. Some members opposed it because it would de- crease the number registering, others concluding it would have a good effect, because it would rid the profession of persons who are a discredit to it. Dr. Kohler, a member of this committee, also favored us with a good report. b. Delivered Keystone Veterinary Medical Association. Dr. Noack reported good meetings. Drs. Marshall and Ridge, members of that organization, also praised the work of that small body. c. Delivered American Veterinary Medical Association. Dr. Noack says the meeting at Kansas City was by far the best ever held, with a gathering of upwards of 700 people, and taking jn about 300 new members. Dr. Marshall also referred to the excellent programme gone over. A new operating table, w^iich seems very convenient, was shown and used at this meeting. He furthermore said that the veterinarians of Pennsylvania should all stand together to make the session of the American Veterinary Medical Association a success, if one desires to have the book of minutes or proceed- ings of the last national convention, he would furnish them for $1.50 apiece. Every veterinarian that is eligible should become a member of this body next fall, as there are only about 15 members of this State, while we have about 300 eligible men. Dr. McCarthy brought up the new Stallion law, a copy of which was read before the society, inquiring whether the owner of a stallion could breed from his own horse without having same registered. Dr. Ridge says he can, because a man can do with his own stock as he pleases for his own use, but if he sells, it is different. Dr. Marshall explained that the intention of this Stallion law was more a matter of education, trying to improve or en- courage good breeding, rather than to prove burdensome or a source of prosecution upon the stock owner. COMMITTEE ON MEAT AND MILK INSPECTION. Dr. Newhard, the chairman, being absent. Dr. Noack, one of the State Meat Inspectors, was called upon. He gave an interesting recital of the work thus far accom- plished. Their work, he said, was strongly backed by public sentiment, and that the new meat inspection law has been re- ceived with more favor by the people of Pennsylvania than any SOCIETY MEETINGS, 105 ^m an} ^K in I other law. Now and then a defiant butcher was met, but is soon persuaded to bow to the law, while the general public is in favor of the measure. Conditions were very bad in some instances,, but upon a second visit we find great improvement. Every veterinarian should endeavor to gain the sentiment of the public in the necessity of local inspection. We find that many hogs are infested with parasitic diseases and tuberculosis, though hogs suffer more from parasites than cattle. This work is very extensive, and at this time is only about one-half completed — while we maintain good inspection at one place one week, then go to some other section, some of the slaughter houses fall back to their former methods. The inspectors are encouraging the councils of municipali- ties to install local meat inspection offices with their own in- spectors. Dr. Ridge says farmers of his section of the State are re- quired to procure an annual license at City Hall to sell their own produce, but are not allowed to sell poultry or any meat, as they are obliged to lift another license for that privilege. Dr. Ridge read a copy of said license before the society. Dr. McCarthy says in Pottsville all farmers come to town and sell their goods, without any license. Dr. Ridge thinks, if this question would come to a suit, the farmer would win out. Dr. Noack says farmers cannot be prevented from killing their own cattle and hogs, and an inspector cannot take diseased carcasses if the owner insists he wants it for his own use, but if he sells or offers for sale such meat, then he comes under the law. To another question it was stated that an inspector could not enter any hotel and seize diseased meat, but in first class cities there are local inspectors who are clothed with such powers. It was also brought to light that all butchers in Berks county have to take out an annual mercantile license, besides butchers in first class cities have to pay $i regular butcher license. Dr. Schneider inquired from Dr. Marshall their system of milk inspection in Philadelphia milk dairies. Dr. Marshall, taking the floor, said that all dairies within the city limits supplying milk must have their herds tuberculin tested, but outside the city limits conditions were as bad as at any other place; again, all milk coming in the city is tested once in a while for formaldehyde, etc. 10(5 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Marshall, furthermore, said milk in Philadelphia is fast improving- in quality. He thinks Pennsylvania can boast of a new milk inspection law within a year or two. Dr. Ridge proclaimed that every veterinarian could be of valuable assistance in the passage of beneficial veterinary laws by speaking or writing to your representative at legislature; again, have a small, concise report of the measure at stake pub- lished in your local paper or see and interest some influential man who probably can do more with the legislator or politician. The question of sanitary conditions of dairies was also dis- cussed; as dirty, filthy and dark stables are just as bad as tuber- culosis itself. Dr. Kohler urged a campaign of eduction among the farmers regarding the terrible results of tuberculosis and suggesting that literature pertaining to it should be distributed. It was the consensus of opinion of the members that it was a mighty big job to rid our State of this dreaded disease. Dr. Noack differed from the opinion of Dr. Ridge that in testing cattle that the rising temperature is often produced by other conditions. It was, however, explained that a rising tem- perature from other conditions could be differentiated as follows : The temperature of a tuberculous cow, if diseased, rises (then sinks) and rises again, while an animal probably affected by some other condition, the temperature rises, then suddenly sinks, and stays down. Animals ought not to be tested at once when cattle are shipped and just taken from car; again, an animal should not be tested when you have a high temperature prior to your injec- tion. Temperatures will drop in generalized cases — such in- stances having been reported by Drs. Ridge, Huyett and Mc- Carthy. If you have a temperature in testing of 104° F. after tuber- culin is injected, you can depend upon that cow being tuber- culous. Dr. Marshall says he only takes the temperature once before the injection; for instance, takes it at 5 p. m., injects at 7 p. m., then takes temperature at 9 p. m., which will give you these two preliminary temperatures. This question brought a good many members to their feet, but Dr. Marshall says it is a reliable procedure, as it is the rou- tine followed by the secretary of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. SOCIETY MEKTINGS. lO'l Dr. Ridge says in testing a large herd time can be saved in using three thermometers at the same time. Use thermometers with an eye at one end, insert in vagina, have a string one foot long, fasten one end to eye of same, at other e;nd have a rubber band with a button and button round the tail ; then the next one, etc. Some of the members considered this method not practical, having tried it. Dr. Noack says don't test a cow if temjDerature goes up to 103.5° F- prior to injection, but hold her over for a day or two. Drs. Leonard Pearson and S. J. J. Harger, of Philadelphia, were expected to be present but were detained by pressing en- gagements. Dr. A. R. Potteiger read a brief but valuable paper upon " Csesarean Operation in the Sow." He said in part, that he has operated on about 700 cases, with a mortality of only 5 to 7 per cent. Many hogs are raised in Snyder county, while but few cases of tuberculosis are met with. This paper was well discussed, many inf|uiring for the technique of the operation. The rest of the essayists having failed to put in an appear- ance, neither forwarded their paper to the secretary, various other diseases were discussed. Dr. Ridge referred to rumenotomy in cattle, having per- formed the operation with good success, though he complains of the difficulty of retaining the sutures longer than a couple of days, a fistula being the result, prolonging complete healing of the wound to 2 or 3 months. Dr. Ridge has had experience with sulphate of magnesia as a local anaesthetic, and speaks favorably for its established use. Shaking of the head in horses was next brought up and discussed. Dr. Kohler reported a case of a puller; if you would drive said horse for an hour or two after meal time he would fag and stagger; not noticeable any other time. Dr. McCarthy reported a horse that would break every check- rein, and if too strong, would switch and sit right down upon the shafts in driving; these conditions were attributed to ner- vousness. Dr. Marshall says leave the proprietary remedies alone, l)e- cause we don't know what they contain, while Dr. Hoskins added that we should also encourage people not to use them. Medicine, he says, is too uncertain at best. Also try to discourage the 108 SOCIETY MEETINGS. advertisement of patent remedies and instruments; they tend to lower and degrade the status of the profession. As secretary of the State Examining Board, Dr. Hoskins was called upon to give an account of State Registration. He said that in 1889 there were 2,023 registered veterin- arians in Pennsylvania, but that under the law of 1905, there were only 856; of the former number 300 had died, 100 had retired, and 500 were illegal practitioners. He was of the opinion that next year there would be less than 800; of those now registered, less than 80 were under 30 years of age. Unless there is a larger number of young men taking up the study of veterinary medicine, the number will fall to 700 before very long, and this is not enough. We have counties in the State where there is not a single qualified veterinarian. A serious thing that confronts registration is the enormous number of diplomas that are being issued by Correspondence Schools. I have plenty of evidence of parties who have pur- chased these diplomas at from $60 down to $12.50; one of these schools was reported to be in Iowa and two in Canada. The young men in the country are led into buying them with- out receiving anything in return ; they cannot register, and are simply that much money out of pocket, besides wasting a lot of time in studying the books sent them and answering the ques- tions submitted. There are Correspondence Schools that are doing a good work in some other lines, but these legitimate institutions are not issuing veterinary diplomas. Dr. Sallade told of the advancement of the profession. It was at one time despised, he said, but is now recognized among the professions. A motion was made to adjourn by Dr. Bieber, seconded by Dr. Huyett, when the members and visitors resumed in a body to the banquet hall of the Bessinger Cafe, where a well-prepared repast was tendered them by Dr. Noack. The table was prettily decorated, and Mr. Krick, the proprietor, served a well-selected menu in excellent style. Dr. Hoskins, of Philadelphia, who officiated as toastmaster, called upon a number of persons for speeches. Judge H. Willis Bland, an honorary guest, made a few appro- priate remarks on the honesty of the profession, and paid a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109 splendid tribute to the host, Dr. Noack, whom he regarded as a meat inspector of sound judgment. Dr. J. W. Sallade spoke tersely of the importance of veterin- arians standing together and making cleanliness a rule in meat markets. Dr. S. G. Burkholder, a charter member of our association, now a prominent physician of Reading, was next called upon by the toastmaster to explain why he considered it wise in his estimation of leaving our honored profession to select the prac- tice of medicine. Dr. Burkholder nobly responded, saying in part that although he now ministers to the wants of the human family, he still has the veterinary profession at heart, and always cherishes the day of session of this organization, and endeavors to be present if possible, seldom missing a meeting, feeling that the medical man is a close brother to the veterinary practitioner. He compared the diseases of animals with those of men, and urged that the doctor and veterinarian should co-operate in the study especially of infectious diseases, transmissible from animals to men and vice versa. Other parties called upon were John W. Rouch. superinten- dent of the Reading Eafilc; Dr. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; Drs. Kohler, Huyett, Ferusler and others. To the regret of all present, Drs. Marshall, G. Allen Jarman and Frank Mackie, the two latter of Baltimore, Md., made a hasty retreat immediately after lunch to catch the train for Philadelphia to make proper train connections for Baltimore. A vote of thanks was tendered our visiting brethren in flee- ing from other yokes of duty to assist so ably in making our meeting a grand success. The next meeting of this organization will be held at Read- ing. June 17, 1908. W. G. Huyett, Recording Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY. The March meeting of this association was held in the lecture room of the New York-American Veterinary College, 141 West Fifty-fourth street, New York City, on the evening of March 4, \yith the President, Dr. Grenside, in the chair. 110 SOCIETY MEETINGS. There were 38 members and visitors present. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Dr. H. D. Gill, of New York City, addressed the associa- tion on the subject of the " Disposal of Glandered Horses." He explained the reason for bringing this subject before the meeting was that recently veterinarians and others had been subjected to arrest and fined for leading glandered subjects thrugh the streets, while they were actually conveying such animals to the dead-dock to be destroyed. He believed that the Board of Health ordinance which provides for the destruc- tion of glandered animals on the premises or in the streets, where they are generally allowed to remain for hours or even a day or more, surrounded by a morbid crowd, was a prolific means of desemination of the disease not only to other suscep- tible animals but to man. Dr. Gill contended that the danger from leading glandered horses to the dead-dock was far less than the killing of the animals in different parts of the cities as is now done. The subject was freely discussed by many of the members, all of whom indorsed Dr. Gill's stand in the matter. Dr. Acker- man suggested a slaughter house for glandered horses, the same to be under the supervision of the Board of Health. The glandered subjects to be conveyed to this place in closed am- bulances. This suggestion was indorsed by many present. It was regularly moved and seconded that the President appoint a committee to draw up suitable resolutions on the disposal of glandered horses, which this association could present to the Board of Health as a recommendation. Carried. The President appointed Doctors Gill, Ackerman and Man- gan to act on this Committee. Dr. D. J. Mangan, of New York City, read a very interest- ing case report on " Rabies in a Horse." He detailed very carefully all the symptoms presented during his observation of the case, which extended over a period of about eight days. Doctors Patrick Burns and W. Reid Blair were called in con- sultation, both of whom agreed that Dr. Mangan's diagnosis was a correct one. Upon the death of the animal, the head was taken to the laboratory of the Board of Health where a microscopic examination demonstrated the presence of the Negri bodies in great abundance. The sub-dural innoculation of guiena pigs also gave positive results. This report will be published in the American Veterinary Review. SOCIETY MEETINGS. Ill Dr. C. N. Darke presented a case report of a peculiar case of Azotoria, which was of special interest on account of the lapse of time before the characteristic symptoms were pre- sented. The Secretary read a letter from Secretary Lyman of the American Veterinary Medical Association, inviting this associ- ation to appoint a delegate to the annual meeting of the A. V. M. A., to be held at Philadelphia next September. Communi- cation laid on the table until the June meeting. Dr. Hazle, of Pleasantville, N. Y., addressed the meeting, and asked co-operation of this society in the prosecution of illegal practitioners. He explained his personal work along this line and stated that the District Attorney had already agreed to assign one of his assistants to prosecute the cases if the evidence gathered was suf^cient to reasonably expect a conviction. After a discussion of this matter by a number of the members, it seemed to be the consensus of opinion that this association should give moral and financial support to Dr. Hazle in his efforts to prosecute the illegal veterinarians in New York City. It was regularly moved and seconded that this matter be referred to the Prosecuting Committee, with power to act. Carried. It was regularly moved and seconded that this society commend Dr. Hazle for his work and that he be assured of the support of this association in every way. Carried. On motion duly carried, the President was instructed to ap- point a committee to draw suitable resolutions on the death of our late President, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell. Drs. Robertson, Ackerman and Blair were asked to act on this committee. The meeting adjourned at ii p. m. W. REID BLAIR, Secretary. MINNESOTA LIVE STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Minnesota breeders appreciate veterinary co-operation, as is evidenced by the subjoined resolution recently adopted by the Live Stock Breeders' Association of that state : Veterinary Co-Operatiox. — Whereas, The best vet- erinary colleges are now giving considerable live stock instruc- 112 SOCIETY MEETINGS. tion in animal husbandry, live stock judging, feeding, breeding, etc., in their veterinary courses, and even erecting live stock pavilions for instruction work of this kind, and Whereas, Veterinary organizations are urging their mem- bers to get in closer and more helpful relations with the live stock interests, particularly in the matter of control work with infec- tious and preventable disease, and in work for the improvement of live stock, therefore be it Resolved, That we express our appreciation of this move- ment in the veterinary profession and gladly welcome this assist- ance in our efforts to build up live stock interests. Endorsement of the Work of the Live Stock Sani- tary Board. — Whereas, The protection of the health of our live stock is a matter of the greatest importance on account of the intimate relation existing between animal and human wealth and because of the great financial losses which may be prevented by wise sanitary measures, and. Whereas, We believe that the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board has been doing very efficient, economically man- aged and valuable work to this end, therefore be it Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation of the work of this board in protecting the health of our families and the values of our live stock. Be it further Resolved, That we especially commend the policy of educa- tion and helpful co-operation which has been carried out by this board in connection with prevailing infectious diseases of do- mestic animals. Be it further Resolved, That we, as members of the Live Stock Breeders' Association, hereby promise our personal support and co-opera- tion in this work and all reasonable assistance to the board when it comes before the next Legislature asking for needed financial support. Be it further Resolved, That, as an association, we call upon our Legisla- ture, at its next meeting, to support this work as liberally as avail- able funds will permit. Appreciation of Federal Control Work. — Wheireas, Our federal Congress has appropriated liberally for work under the Bureau of Animal Industry for the eradication of Texas Fever from the cattle, and for control work with sheep scab and mange among the flocks and herds of the West and Northwest, and has appropriated also for investigation and control work with other infectious diseases of live stock, therefore be it SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113 Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation of this generous and wise appropriation for protecting the health of our Hve stock and the prosperity of Hve stock interests. Approval of the Work of the Stallion Board. — Whereas, The Minnesota Stallion Registration Board has nearly completed its first year of service, and Whereas, We believe this work has been wisely and well done and a creditable beginning made in this important work, therefore be it Resolved, That we express our confidence in this board and appreciation of its great usefulness, and be it further Resolved, That we promise our individual support and co- operation with this board in its endeavors to secure better horse breeding stock for our State. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The regular monthly meeting of this association was held on the evening of February 26, 1908, at Oppenheimer's Hall, 514 Ninth street, N. W., Washington, D. C., with the Presi- dent, Dr. John Lockwood, in the Chair. There was the usual good attendance. Drs. B. T. Woodward, C. C. Walker, and R. Humphries attended as visitors. The subject of the treatment of center crack was brought up by Dr. Hulbert Young, who related the characteristics of a case occurring in his practice, and his method of treatment. The matter was discussed at length by Drs. J. P. Turner, C. E. Dorn- heim, and John Lockwood, and many interesting points were brought out. F. M. Ashbaugh, Secretary. MARYLAND STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SO- CIETY. The regular monthly meeting of the above society took place at Baltimore, Md., February 20, 1908. Unfinished business was transacted. 114 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Drs. Dougherty and Jarman suggested that young material be placed at the helm. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows : President — Dr. H. A. Meisner. Vice-President — Dr. F. M. Keller. Secretary and Treasurer — Dr. H. H. Counselman. Board of Censers — Drs. Wm. T. Dougherty, G. Gill, G. A. Jarman, F. H. Mackie, H. Bye. Several interesting papers were read by Dr. H. A. Meisner, the newly-elected president, on the psychology and brain devel- opment of the horse, concerning the making of good trotters, pacers and runners. The above papers were discussed by Dr. Dougherty and others. The Veterinary Medical Society heretofore has been one of negligent character as to meetings and attendance until a recent banquet held in Baltimore, at which a sumptuous repast was served. This association had not held a meeting for two years. The society was on the verge of disbandment until our vet- eran promoters and organizer made a suggestion and took the helm, and to him undoubtedly our present success is largely due. The society is now at work on legislative business and trying hard to have the Legislature pass a law regulating tuberculosis in cattle, and frame up a new law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine. We are in hope that the society will keep up the good work and that the new material will work hand in hand to prove the society one of the best ever. H. H. Counselman, Secretary. 'T cannot speak too highly of your interesting and instructive publication." — {H. S. IVende, V. S., Tonaivanda, N. Y.) " I find each journal containing reports of a great many interesting as well as instructive cases." — {R. G. Flozvers, Vet- erinarian, Fort IVortli, Texas.) What Did He Give? — The druggist had just filled a vet- erinarian's prescription. "I'd like a copy of that prescription," said the customer. "Guess you'll have to get it from the doctor," replied the druggist; "I could never read his writing." NEWS AND ITEMS. The annual banquet of the Veterinary Alumni, N. Y. U., took place on the evening of March 31st. The next civil service examination for Veterinary Inspec- tors, B. A. I., will occur April 15, 1908. Forty-three thousand cans of milk, each can containing forty gallons, comes into New York every day. Careful estimates of the number of horses in New York place the total at something like 100,000 head. Veterinarian C. A. Loxton has been appointed Assistant Government \^eterinary Surgeon under Chief Veterinarian Des- mond in South Australia. R. T. Whittlesey, D. V. S., one of the oldest ])ractitioners of Los Angeles, who has been in ill health for some time, is now convalescing rapidly. Dr. Geo. H. Lee (McGill LTniversity, '92), of Boston, Mass., died February 3, 1908. Dr. Lee was veterinarian to the City of Boston and well known among horsemen the country over. New regulations governing the federal meat inspection ser- vice, going into force April i, 1908, have been promulgated by the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The San Francisco Veterinary College announces that the next session of that school will be extended from six months to a seven-month course, and that the succeeding sessions will be lengthened until the course is nine months each year. President W. H. Dalrymple, A. V. M. A., was one of the speakers at a meeting of the East Baton Rouge Parish Medical Society, held at the Louisiana State University on the evening of March 28, His Excellency, Governor Blanchard, presiding. Veterinarian Robert A. Archibald, Vice-President of the A. V. M. A., and President of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of California, has been appointed to the Chair of Bacteriology in the Oakland Medical College, Oakland, Cal. 115 116 ■^4 NEWS AND ITEMS. A TOILET club for dogs has been opened in one of London's most fashionable streets, where they may be bathed and have their coats trimmed in the most approved style. There, too, they may be manicured, and any grumbling" molar will be ex- tracted. Secretary Lyman, A. V. M. A., Returns to Hartford. — Dr. R. P. Lyman, a member of the teaching force of the Kansas City Veterinary College during the session just closed, has re- turned to Hartford, Conn., where all communications for him should now be addressed. Cow vs. Milkman. — A Philadelphia lawyer maintains an admirable stock farm on the outskirts of the Quaker City. One day last summer some poor children were permitted to go over this farm, and when their inspection was done each of them was given a glass of milk. The milk came from a $2,500 cow. " How do you like it, boys ? " asked an attendant, when the little fellows had drained their glasses. " Fine ! Fine ! " said one youngster, with a grin of approval. Then, after a pause, he added : *' I wisht our milkman kept a cow." — {Harper's Monthly.) Chicago to Have a $250,000 Veterinary College. — Plans are now completed for the erection in Chicago of the largest and best-equipped veterinary college and hospital in America to be under the control of the state of Illinois, on a site which has been given by the Union Stockyards and Transit Company under a ninety-nine year lease at a nominal rental. The probable cost of the buildings is $250,000, which amount has already been obtained by private subscriptions, thus securing the full realization of the scheme. The Legislature of Illinois has appropriate'd $35,000 towards the maintenance of the hos- pital. The college is to be affiliated with the University of Illinois. Millions of animals are received at the stock yards every year, and it is claimed that the new college will be unequalled in its ability to secure material for clinical work. The promotors of the project say that nothing will be left undone to make this the greatest seat of veterinary learning in the entire world. Credit for the fruition of the idea is given to Dr. O. E. Dyson, consulting veterinarian and former inspector in charge of gov- ernment inspection at the stock yards, and Arthur G. Leonard, vice-president and general manager of the stock yards company. O^ A23 3 I 13 16 8. I 30 28 I I 7 Norfolk 6 Potsdam 3 Brasher Total 3 170 8. H SALTPETRE POISONING IN SHEEP. By a. W. Whitehouse, V. S., Laramie, Wyo. The policy of the Federal Government, wherelw it sits on the vast grazing lands of the Western States, lands which ought to have been sold and in private hands many years ago, results in a constant struggle for grazing between the owners of sheep and cattle. The sheepmen peacefully and legally absorb the grass in a manner ruinous to the owners. of cattle; the cattlemen re- sist in a manner spectacular and criminal. For the past fifteen or twenty years I have heard talk among stockmen of saltpetring a range, and of its deadly results, but have been inclined to scout the idea as a popular fallacy. However, as will be shown later, this is one of the many popular notions that prove to be correct. In August, L907, as an incident in one of the grazing dis- putes outlined above, a herder, quite near to Laramie, in moving his bunch out to graze, happened to be at one side of the band and noticed a series of heaps of a white powder following the trail of wagon wheels, from which it had evidently been dis- tributed. He at once moved his sheep before they had had ac- cess to the powder, and reported the case to the authorities. About 100 lbs. had been distributed in heaps of about i lb; an- alysis and examination showed the substance to be commercial powdered saltpetre, mostly compacted into lumps, as it usually comes. Upon County Prosecuting Attorney putting to me the follow- ing question : " Will powdered saltpetre scattered on a range kill sheep?" I looked up the authorities with the following result: Finlay Dun, Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh. 189, pp. 542 and 543 : " Dose for the sheep 5i to 5ii. An ounce has proved fatal in human Patients. Alorton, in 1837, gave a healthy horse 2 lbs. dissolved in 6 lbs. water, and found that it acted lioth on 150 SALTPETBE POISONING IN SHEEP. 151 kidneys and bowels, but that its effects ceased in 24 hours. Moiroud reports that 5^ lb. given to horses and 2 or 3 drachms to dogs inflame the alimentary canal and urinary organs, caus- ing depression and death, usually within 24 hours." Kenelm Winslow, Vet., Mat., Med. and Therapeutics, N. Y., 1905, pp. 127 and 128: '' Dose for the sheep, oss to 5i. Nitre causes, in lethal doses, violent gastro-enteritis, collapse and de- pression of the circulation. . . . Potassium nitrate is one of the most irritating salts of this group, but its toxic effect de- pends upon its state of concentration, and horses are not so sus- ceptible to the local irritating action as man. The salt is ren- dered harmless by dilution." J. H. Steel, Diseases of the Sheep, London, 1890, pp. 344 to 349: "Dose for the sheep, oi. Lambs are recorded to have died from licking walls covered with nitre, but why the walls were thus covered is not very evident, and the practical value of the observation simply lies in the fact that it shows nitre cannot be abused by too free use in sheep practice, especially in admin- istration to young animals." W. A. Rushworth, *' Sheep and Their Diseases," Chicago, 1903, B. A. L Inspector in Colorado, has nothing to say about poisoning, animal, vegetable or mineral. On p. 365, in a table of medicinal agents, appears " Nitre, see Saltpetre." Saltpetre, however, is not listed. J. A. Nunn, Veterinary Toxicology, N. Y., 1907, recapitu- lates most of the information given above and adds : "The poi- sonous effects of nitrate of potash take place both from the metal and acid base, and when taken in a very concentrated form, from the resulting gastro-enteritis. . . . Accidents are usually caused by its being given for medicinal purposes. Kaufmann gives the toxic dose as Ox 200 gm.=about 6 oz. 3^ drm. Sheep 25 gm.=about 63^ drm. Dog 5 gm.=about 1% drm. or about 0.02 gm. per kg. (I suppose this latter should be 0.2 152 A. \V. WHITEHOL'SE. gm., as dogs of 250 kg. are rare.) Huzard states that 3 doses of 16 oz. each at intervals of 8 days killed a horse, and 5 to 6 oz. cattle." Nunn believes that under certain conditions Kaufmann's doses are too high. He treats at more length and with more definite knowledge of accidental poisoning by Chili Saltpetre (sodium nitrate) both from grazing on top-dressed land and from chew- ing sacks. James Law, Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, 1905, Vol. II., pp. 272 and 273, adds little to the extracts given above except to recommend large quantities of water as an antidote. Post-mortem, all authorities agree on kidney lesions, gastro- enteritis and poor coagulation of blood, observations borne out by my experiments; but they also agree that the blood is of a light or cherry red, whereas, in all my cases it was very dark indeed. So much for my study of the authorities. I reported to the county attorney that I was very little wiser than before, and he instructed me to settle the questions by experiment. Laramie is a great point for feeding Western sheep in transit, and the management of the stockyards very kindly placed some left-over sheep at my disposal. Experiment No. i. Object — To ascertain the toxic dose, and incidentally to make all observations possible. Subject — Sheep No. i, a six months' western range wether lamb ; condition and general health good ; lame in right foreleg. Dose — -4 oz. av. commercial powdered saltpetre dissolved in 20 fl. oz. water and administered as a drench, y^ oz. possibly lost in administration. 1907. A. M. Sept. 2, 10.00 — Administered the dose. 10.10 — Sick and dizzy; lies down; R. about 60. 10.15 — Soft fieces; R. 94 and irregular; head quivers; ears droop; discharge from nose. SALTPETBE POISONING IN SHEEP. 153 I0.20 — Copious urine. 10.35 — Copious pale urine ; scouring, 10.45 — Passing liquid faeces ; slight abdominal pain. 10.50 — Foul-smelling liquid faeces with mucus; strains; grits teeth. 10.55— Inco-ordination of gait when made to walk; had a convulsion when knocked over by a goat. 11.00 — More urine. 1 1 . 1 o — Moves stronger. 1 1. 1 5 — Urine; has not once got up of his own accord; scours again but more solid, with no blood. 11.30 — Moves much better when scared of a dog; a goat upset him without a convulsion follow- ing. P. M. 1. 1 5 — Urine; has not scoured since last report. 1.25 — Drinks a few swallows of water aimlessly; semi-conscious. 1.37 — Has been drinking in sips since last report ; lies down ; quivers in flank, breathing with a spasmodic jerk. 2.25 — Spasms ; bleats as if in pain ; staggers and falls ; muscles of neck draw head to side. 2.30 — Breathes very hard with occasional groans; R. 90. 2.40 — Eyes show only the white ; body rigid ; un- conscious. 2.45 — Conscious ; bleats ; tries to stand ; strains hard. 2.47 — 3 convulsions; fluid pours from nose; bleats; dies. Post-mortem at 4 p. m. Right kidney somewhat, left kidney highly inflamed, not enlarged ; bladder empty, inflamed on peri- toneal coat ; first, second and third stomachs somewhat inflamed ; abomasum most acutelv- inflamed ; the mucous coat in shreds. This 154 A. W. WHITEHOUSE. is the cause of death. Intestines empty, slightly inflamed, the caecum being the worst; other organs apparently normal; blood dark, coagulation poor. Death occurred 4 hours and 47 min- utes after administration of the poison. Experiment No. 2. Object — To ascertain the toxic dose and incidentally to make all observations possible. Subject — Sheep No. 2, a western range ewe lamb, 4 months old, in good health and fair condition. Dose — i^ oz. av. commercial powdered saltpetre in 12 fl. oz. of water; administered as a drench, all being swallowed. 1907. A. M. Sept. 2, 10.15 — Dose administered, p. M. 1.30 — Up to this time normal; no urine or faeces observed. 2.20 — Violent convulsions lasting 3 minutes, run- ning head against fence ; lies down in pain ; urinates copiously, 4.00 — Dull since last report. 4.40 — Mucous membranes dusky; dull; has not scoured. 5.00 — T. 105.5; R- spasmodic; has scoured a little. 6.15 — Very sick and depressed. 8.00 — Seen by an attendant; lying down but alive. A. M. Sept. 3, 7.00 — Dead and cold, probably before midnight; has not apparently scoured. 9.00 — Post-mortem : When carried away green fluid pours from nostrils; right kidney 3 times normal size; capsule free; cortex blotchy; shows intense inflammation; left kidney 3 or 4 times enlarged, soft; acute extensive inflammation; bladder empty; general en- SALTPETRE POISONIXG IX SHEEP. 155 teritis; whole intestinal tract congested; stomachs all show slight patchy inflamma- tion; first part of small intestine intensely inflamed and broken down ; this is the cause of death; blood coagulation slow and poor; color darker than normal; lung showed small patches of acute red hepatization; other organs apparently normal; death oc- curred between ii and 21 hours after ad- ministration of the poison. Experiment No. 3. Object — To ascertain if a sheep will voluntarily eat a fatal dose of saltpetre. Subject — Sheep No. 3, a 4-year-old western range ewe, small, in fair condition; good general health, but lame on right side from rheumatism or accident. History — This sheep has been kept for from 10 to 14 days in a pen with some goats and has had constant access to rock salt; she is consequently not in the least salt hungry. Dose — I lb. av. powdered commercial saltpetre offered for voluntary consumption. 1907. A. M. Sept. 10, 10.00 — Turned alone into pen, N. Laramie stock- yards; this pen contains enough grass to feed her for a day or two. 10.20 — A pail of water and i lb. saltpetre in a pie pan put in the pen; sheep rather nervous being alone. 10.45 — Put 2 lumps of the original saltpetre on a board near her water, and the pan contain- ing the rest at the gate in the opposite cor- ner; she had then licked a little. 11.45 — No symptoms; left her. 156 A. W. WHITEHOUSE. P. M. 1.45 — Lying down; has been at the saltpetre, licking some off the dish; there is also dirt on the lumps; very dull and droopy; urinates twice. 2.00 — Tail wags; slack gait apart from the lame- ness ; passes mucous-coated faeces, soft, fair- ly formed. 2.15 — Drinks in sips; picks at grass; respiration slow. 2.30 — Caught and examinled; stood as if under a shock; P. 132, T. 103.5°; conjunctiva gray and injected. 2.35 — Brighter and better; eats grass. 2.40 — Chews; licks lips; throws up nose. 3.05 — Hiccoughs and sneezes; scared of a stranger; lively; canters. 3.25 — Head up; active; believe she is recovering. 3.30 — Drinks; has not lain down since 1.45 p. m. 3.35 — Hind legs shaky; turns round like a dog want- ing to lie down, while picking grass; seems to have some effort to keep her balance. 3.40 — Drowsing off on her feet. 3.50 — Drinks freely; hindquarters quiver. 4.15 — Uneasy; roams aimlessly; picks grass. 4.20 — Lies down; kicks with left hind leg continu- ously and looks at flank. 4.30 — After twitching gets up. 4.40 to 5 p. M. — Seems easier all the time; remark- able absence so far of urine or fasces. A. M. Sept. II, 8.00 — Weak; has nosed some saltpetre; -kicks at flanks; froths at mouth; semiconscious; has not scoured, but has passed fair-looking faeces during the night; has drunk about 2 gallons of water since yesterday morning; offered her new water and alfalfa ha v. SALTPETRE POISONING IN SHEEP. 157 8.45 — Caught her; has dried saltpetre on mouth; gray color of tongue; saliva frothy; con- junctiva gray and injected. 9.00 — Has not been seen to ruminate at all, nor to urinate since 1.45 p. m. yesterday. 9.30 and 9.45 — No change. lo.cx) — Drinks about one quart of water; then has convulsions for 17 minutes, bleating con- stantly; dies; pain preceding death very severe; death occurred 24 hours after first exposure. 1 1. 1 5 — Post-mortem: In skinning, the blood is dark with poor coagulation ; peritoneum normal ; external aspect of intestines shows general enteritis. Left kidney, the fat very adher- ent, constricted in the middle (old) size nor- mal; intense dark nephritis; tough. Right kidney very large, indurated, redder intense nephritis, capsule normal. Liver pale with gall bladder enormous, full of dark bile, in- flamed and soft. Lungs show small con- gested patches. Pericardial sac enormous, containing fluid slightly bloodstained. Both auricular appendages very thin, containing firm, black clots. Rumen contains yester- day's grass unchanged ; walls normal. Retic- ulum shows slight irritation. Omasum has normal coats, but almost empty. Abomasum shows very considerable inflammation. Duo- denum and ideum broken down; inflamma- tion most intense. Here is the cause of death: Pharynx and oesophagus normal; bladder empty, normal. The weighed resi- due of saltpetre was 14 1/16 oz. av., leav- 158 A. W. WHITEHOUSE. ing to be accounted for i 15/16 oz. av. The day was windy and some was spilt. She probably got about i^ oz. av. Experiment No. 4. Object — To ascertain whether, in a poisoned sheep, the kid- ney or other small convenient organ will contain enough salt- petre for analysis, thus avoiding the necessity of shipping sus- pected stomachs, etc., to a chemist. Incidentally, to ascertain the minimum dose. The object was not attained, but some rather valuable observations were made. Subject — A yearling scrub Wyoming buck, in fair condition and very vigorous. History — Has been grazed out in a band, and has had no salt for 3 weeks. 1907. p. M. Dec. 23, 2.45 — Placed in a small room at the Wyoming Agri- cultural Experiment Station; given an arm- ful of hay and a bucket of water; offered for voluntary consumption i oz. av. powdered commercial saltpetre in a little trough. A. M. Dec. 24, 9.00 — Has taken no saltpetre and no hay; drenched with I oz. av. saltpetre in 8 oz. warm water. Dec. 25, 10.00 — Has apparently eaten no saltpetre; urine has been very copious; faeces copious and soft, but not scouring; has thrown out about a handful of stomach contents; seems bright and active. Dec. 26, 9.30 — Bright and lively; gave i oz. powdered salt- petre in 8 oz. warm water; has nosed the offered saltpetre, but taken little if any; faeces are firmer ; urinated immediately after the dose. 9.45 — Has a coughing fit; licks lips. SALTPETRE POISONING IN SHEEP. 159 Dec. 28, Seems perfectly well; fseces normal to hard; ap- petite good; thirst considerable; urination free. 10.15 — Gave iy2 oz. av. saltpetre in 8 oz. warm water. Dec. 29, Yesterday's dose does not seem to have had any effect whatever. Dec. 30, It was clear that so resistant a sheep would need an unusual dose to kill him, and that conclusions drawn from analysis of his or- gans might therefore be unreliable; so he was turned back to his owner and is well to-day. These data are too few for certainty, but point to the fol- lowing conclusions : 1. The toxic dose of saltpetre for sheep is somewhere not far from i^^ oz. avoirdupois. 2. Some sheep will readily poison themselves with saltpetre, even when the conditions incline to fear and nervousness. 3. Some sheep will not touch saltpetre. 4. Previous access to salt is not a preventive : indeed, from the limited number of experiments, it would appear to be the reverse. 5. Resistance to the poison is variable. 6. Doses nearly toxic have apparently no cumulative effect where elimination is free. 7. A poisoned animal shows marked dullness and depression for hours, and dies in convulsions. Discharges are not constant. No probable voluntary dose will result in sudden death, 8. Kidneys are always inflamed, and in 50% of cases en- larged. 9. Death is from inflammation of the abomasum or small in- testine. Work Still to be Done. The experiments should be repeated ; the toxic dose ascer- tained more closely; the saltpetre must be traced by analysis to 160 A. W. WHlTEHOrSE. its resting places in the body, and practicable antidotes must be looked for. In this last connection I have hopes that water in large quantities will be efficient. It is very possible that more of this nefarious work has been done on the western ranges than has been suspected; trail sheep especially might travel several miles from a saltpetred area be- fore the herder would notice symptoms, and many deaths may have been ascribed to alkali, poisonous weeds and the like that were really due to potassium nitrate. The work is quite im- portant, and I hope to do some further investigation this com- ing autumn when material will again be plentiful and inexpensive. " I HAVE derived great benefit and pleasure from the Review and am convinced that if a practitioner wishes to keep in touch with up-to-date methods and discoveries, he must take this pe- riodical."— (C. G. Saunders, Veterinarian, Toronto, Canada.) The New York Law to be Enforced. — In a bill now pending before the New York Legislature, additional provisions are made for the enforcement of the law governing the practice of veterinary medicine and for the punishment of persons prac- ticing in the Empire State without being duly licensed in con- formity thereto. Hungary's Animal Food Supply. — For many years Hun- garian farmers have demonstrated peculiar care and enterprise in the breeding and raising of animals intended for human con- sumption and the result of attaining a very high degree of merit. It is estimated that over 100,000 bulls are used in Hungary for breeding purposes, and that as a result about 4,000,000 animals are available for the food of man. Furthermore, dairy companies have largely increased in Hungary, there being over 50,000 farmers engaged in this profitable source of revenue. Every encouragement is given by the Hungarian National Agri- cultural Association who carefully watch an outbreak of dis- ease, and it is worthy of mention that Hungarian cattle, as a consequence of eternal vigilance, enjoy a reputation second to none. Throughout Europe, Hungarian beef is highly thought of and eagerly purchased. — (Eniil Zerkowita, American Cor- respondent of the Royal Hungarian Museum of Commerce.) DISEASED TESTICLES IN CRYPTORCHID HORSES. By Wm. Drinkwater, V. S., Monticello, Iowa. Presented to the Iowa State Veterinary Association, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Jan. 28-29, igo8. During the past year the writer had some experience in cryptorchid castration which he thought might be of interest to the members of this association. I castrated two two-years-old and one yearHng cryptorchid colt unassisted, which prospered well enough to please any man. In the cases of some older and more valuable horses, I called in the assistance of a friend who has had considerable experience in this line of surgeary. In the month of June we went to a farm to operate on a horse that would always show his amorous qualities in the warm weather of spring and early summer and was then six years old. When we got there the owner was just commencing corn plowing and he said he was glad to see us as the horse was as he thought too much of a stud horse to plow corn for the hr.'-t time. We had the horse taken out on a pasture and we cast and secured him and my friend proceeded to operate. He soon found the cord and traced it to the testicle but it could not be drawn out and the operator tried till his hand got tired. Then I prepared my hand and tried it without success. Then the operator went at it again. and said he worked his finger all around the testicle and broke the adhesions and drew it out- side. It was a large mass and round with the cord enlarged and flabby for some distance toward its origin and atrophied epidy- mus. Tt was removed with the emasculator and the wound dressed and the horse allowed to rise. He was stiff and sore for a few days and then was put to plowing corn again, which 161 1C2 WSI. DBINKWATER. he did to the owner's satisfaction, and at last accounts was doing well. In October a farmer called on me and said he had a colt two and a half years old that had a testicle left in him and wanted him castrated as soon as possible in fear that he might cause damage to some other horses. We cast him and my friend opened into the usual place and soon found the cord and found the testicle to be a large round mass that could not be drawn out, and he worked at it until his hand got tired and had no grip left in it. 1 prepared my hand and examined, and found as he said, a large round mass, and I asked the doctor if there could be any mistake about that being the testicle. He examined it again and said there was no doubt about it and said he had not grip enough in his hand to remove it. I prepared my hand again and found the tumor and com- menced a rolling motion on it and brought it out of its location and down to the opening and outside. It was large and like a mah's fist, and the cord was congested and filled with amber- colored fluid, and part of the contents were albuminous, and the testicle had some pus in its interior. The mass was removed as high up as possible with the emas- culator and the opening packed with a piece of clean muslin soaked in an antiseptic solution, and the horse allowed to rise. He showed symptoms of colic for a few minutes, which sub- sided without treatment, and then went to eating some oats. We left him for an hour and when we returned he was lying down and quiet. We had him get up and we removed the packing, and he was turned out with the other horses. We left the farm and I heard no more of the horse for al- most a month, when I was in that section of the country. I called the owner to the telephone and asked about the horse. The reply was that he was doing real well and getting along all right. I was in that section again the next week and the owner called me up and said to come over as that horse was sick. He had a diarrhoea about a day and would not eat. DISEASED TESTICLES IN CEYPTOBCHID HORSES. 163 I gave him a pint and a half of Ol. Lini and left some aro- matic sulphuric acid to be given in half-ounce doses in water every four hours if the diarrhoea did not subside. The wound in the scrotum was doing well and no symptom of anything going wrong in that part. I was called there again in a week, and the owner said he was bound up and he had not used the medicine I left. The horse was in pain and we got a bucket of warm water and some soap and gave him an injection. It b'-ought away a lot of faeces and I cleared the rectum thor- oughly and found a large abcess about ready to burst. I broke it through and a lot of fluid came into the rectum. I let it escape outside, but it was not ordinary pus, but the amber-col- ored and albuminous fluid we found in the cord when we cas- trated him. The owner said he used the antiseptics I left to be used in injections and the horse seemed to do better for a few days, then he got very sick and died in a short time. He said he opened the carcass and found abcesses all through that part of the abdominal cavity. My opinion is that the diseased condition of the testicle and cord followed the artery into the iliac region and if the horse had been o'perated on at two years old the results would have been better. What seems to the writer to be peculiar is that both of these cases were as aggressive as could be expected of sound stal- lions. The third case is that of an old horse that was brought to me to have his teeth attended to. I informed the owner that owing to his age that the teeth were worn out and that he could not live much longer, and noticed that he had a large tumor in the usual location of the testicle. The owner said he knew no rea- son for it and that it did not interfere with his usefulness as a reliable buggy horse. Some time afterwards I learned that this horse was known in his younger days to be a Ridgling. The man who owned him gave him to a renter on one of his farms, who disposed 104 VVM. UKINKWATEB. of him to a neighbor, and I made an arrangement with this last party that when the horse died that I could make an ex- amination and learn what that tumor amounted to. In the month of December last this party called me up and informed me that the old horse had died and if I wanted to make an examination to come right over. I went out and opened the abdominal cavity and found the cord and opened down to the tumor, and it was the crytorchid testicle and partly in the abdominal cavity and partly through to the scrotum, and it was as large as a three-quart pail and slipped out of its vaginal tunic easily. The horse was about twenty-six years old when it died and for the last half of his life had not shown any tendency to be aggressive. Cattle Tick Appropriation, — The agricultural appropria- tion bill passed by Congress places ^^250,000 at the disposal of the Secretary of Agriculture for the extermination of the cattle tick. Comparative Surgery. — Now that surgery has advanced to a point where diseased or defective parts of the human body may be removed and replaced with those from an animal, it is presumed that the following will no longer be regarded as mere nature fakes : The man with the eagle eye, the man with the lion heart, the man with the chicken liver, the man with the bull neck, the man with the pig head and the man with the dog face. Exhibition of Specimens of Tuberculosis in Animals. — Among the many attractions for veterinarians to the great International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, D. C, September 21 -Oct. 12, may be mentioned an exhibition of speci- mens of tuberculous tissues, growing cultures of tubercle bacilli, diagrams and maps of infection, now being collected from the meat inspection service of the United States by the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and prepared by said Bureau for exhibition on that occasion. REPORTS OF CASES. '^ Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with hint. By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science" PARTURITION CASE IN A MARE WITH UNUSUAL COMPLICATIONS. By E. A. Weston, G.M.V.C., Launccston, Tasmania. The subject was an aged draft mare, which previously had trouble during parturition. Her owner had been watching her, but on the night in question overslept himself, and on getting up found a dead foal and the mare showing signs of having had rather a bad time. An hour or two after, she grew restless, laid on her side, groaned, and appeared to be suffering from colicky pains. I was immediately sent for, and on arrival found the mare stretched out and very uneasy. To quiet her, I gave morphinse sulph. gr. iv. hyix)dermically, and then proceeded to examine the womb. This organ appeared normal, but there had evidently been some bruising of an hemorrhage from the vaginal mucosa, just at the constriction marking the termination of the vulva. I syringed these organs out with wram lysol solution and awaited results. The morphinse sulph. appeared quite powerless to restrain the pain, which increased in intensity ; the mare being up and down like an animal with a bad attack of colic. This an- noyed me the more, as I could see nothing to account for it, but I explained to the owner that it might arise from peritonitis, or internal hemorrhage. It seemed rather early in the case for the appearance of the former, while the paleness of the visible mu- cosa made me rather suspect the latter. As the pains grew worse I drove home and sent over chloral hydrate and Tr. Chlor. et morph., oi of each to be given every three hours till the pain was relieved. This occurred after the second dose, and on the fol- lowing day I again saw the mare. She was very dozey, with soft, rapid heart and normal temperature, but otherwise ap- peared well, considering the doing she had had the previous day. I was away after this for several days on Government work, and on my return heard that the mare was getting on well. How- 165 lOU KEPOBTS OF CASES. ever, a fortnight after my first visit the owner came to see me and said the mare was bad again, passing bloody urine and show- ing dull pain. I prescribed Ext. belladonna, glycerine and lin- seed tea, which seemed to relieve her. The following week I was out to see the mare and found her looking well, but examina- tion showed the same soft, rapid heart, with paleness of the visible mucosa. Strange to say, the temperature and respirations were normal. The owner reported that the mare had had one or two bad turns during the week. On examining the vagina, I found a tense swelling outside the right wall and extending for- ward as far as I could reach. It rendered passage of the arm difficult, and in order to determine its extent I passed the other arm into the rectum. By this means, I could feel the swelling going downwards and forwards, increasing in size as it went ; but I could not reach to the end of it. I informed the owner of its extent, stating that it probably contained clotted blood from the internal hemorrhage previously suspected, and that renewed bleeding would probably lead to the death of the mare, though considering the length of time since foaling (three weeks) a con- tinuance of the hemorrhage was not probable. This was on Sunday, and on Monday night I received a wire saying mare was dead. The following morning I journeyed close on 30 miles by rail and coach to hold a post-mortem. On opening the abdomen gallons of bloody fluid escaped, re- vealing to view a well marked peritonitis with fibrous deposits and staining of the abdominal lining. Apart from this the in- ternal organs were healthy. In order to study the swelling felt in vitrio, I carefully split the pelvis and removed the left half, exposing to view the generative organs. On section the vagina and womb proved perfectly healthy, but on cutting through the right wall of the vagina the hand could be passed into a sac con- taining clotted blood. As it passed downwards and forwards it followed the uterus to the wall of which it was attached, and, gradually enlarging, ended in a cul de sac large enough to con- tain a man's head. The blood in this sac, together with its walls, had become infected, and this infected blood escaping through the perforated wall had set up septic peritonitis of a chronic na- ture. This case presents several interesting features. In the first place the mare drank very little, whereas, according to theory, the hemorrhage should have caused great thirst and much water should have been drunk to assist in making fresh blood. In the second place, while affected with chronic peritonitis, she showed REPORTS OF CASES. 167 no symptoms (with the exception of intermittent pain) by which its presence could be detected. There was no rise in temperature, no marked disturbance of respiration, and no rapid, bounding, metaUic heart such as is found in acute traumatic peritonitis. I am also at a loss to know why the mare should have suffered such acute pain at the first. Hemorrhage, internal or otherwise, is not usually a painful process, so far as my observations go. Un- fortunately, I was unable to ascertain the particular vessel from which the bleeding originated. The observations in regard to the paucity of symptoms in chronic peritonitis in this case serve to confirm those recorded in several cases of punctured bowel recently reported by me, and prove conclusively that subacute peritonitis may exist for some days prior to death without the animal manifesting any marked symptoms by which its pres- ence can be detected. This is the more astonishing when one considers the amount of toxic material which must be absorbed into the general circulation from so large and vascular a cavity as the abdominal. PHLEBITIS OF THE ANTERIOR VENA CAVA, BRACHIAL AND JUGULAR VEINS. By A. T. Kinsley, M. Sc, D.V.S., Pathologist, Kansas City Veterinary College. A Kentucky thoroughbred mare, eight years of age, was treated for about ten days in April, 1907, for metritis induced by difficult parturition. She apparently made a good recovery and was turned to pasture to recuperate. On September 20, 1907, the farm foreman noticed a swelling in the submaxillary region. The swelling was soft and doughy and the foreman, thinking it was an abscess forming, applied a blistering agent to hasten the process. The swelling extended rapidly and within a week had involved the pectoral region and the fore legs. Because of the swelling the animal moved about with difficulty and was unable to graze. She was placed in a lot and fed timoth'y, hay and chop. November 3, 1907, the following symptoms were observed : She stood with her head down constantly. It was almost impos- sible to make her move about. Appetite medium. There was an ex- tensive cedematous swelling extending from the symphisis of the inferior maxilla to the ensiform cartilage. The forelegs were extremely tense and swollen. The veins of the forelegs, spur 168 REPOBTS OF CASES. and jugular veins were gorged and " stood out " as though they were cords on the outside of the skin. The engorgement was more noticeable on the left side. There was an increased area of dullness over the anterior inferior surface of the right lung. From a photograph of the left jugular vein showing : 1. A complete obstructive thrombus. 2. The vessel wall very much increased in thickness. The precordial area was increased on the left side. Temperature 102° F., respiration 30, pulse 56, and of a fairly good char- acter. A blood count was made with the following results: 5,- 080,000 red blood cells and 5,200 white blood cells per c.mm. Small lymphocytes predominated. Haemaglobin 75%. REPORTS OF CASES. 169 An unfavorable prognosis was given. The mare rapidly emaciated and l^ecame weaker. The circulatory disturbance be- came more aggravated and the mare died November 30, 1907. Autopsy — QEdematous condition was not as marked as it was 1 1-3-07. The jugular veins were swollen, firm. and resistant. A massive dense growth of fibrous tissue was found surround Jig the anterior vena cava and its principal radicles. The mass of tissue was about six inches in diameter and about eight inches in length. Continuous with the principal fibrous growths were secondary growths that extended outward encircling the principal afferent veins of the anterior vena cava. In dissecting these fibrous growths veins were found, usually centrally located, the fibrous tissue having apparently formed around the vessels. A dense partial parietal thrombus occupied almost the entire lumen of the anterior vena cava and the branchial veins, and continued through the jugular confluent into the jugular veins where it was found to be complete in the left and almost complete in the right. The accompanying cut is from a photograph of the left jugular vein and its contained thrombus. The vessel wall was three-fourths of an inch in thickness and was found on micro- scopic examination to be almost entirely fibrous in structure. The new formed tissue is confined to the tunica adventitia. The thrombus was quite dense, containing many fibroblastic cells that were beginning to form fibrous connective tissue. The humeral veins contained partial parietal thrombi, both spur veins com- plete thrombi. The spleen had been recently ruptured. There was a slight catarrhal metritis. This was clinically a ])er])lexing case and the exact pathology of it is still a query. The length of time from the parturition to the first symptoms of the phlebitic condition practically ex- cludes any connection between the two. By inquiry it was found that the mare had fallen in a single stall, and had struggled con- siderable, about the 20th of November, and this probably ex- plains the rupture of the spleen. INFECTION IN FOALS.* By Dr. R. R. Hammond, Cherokee, Iowa. I will report a few cases I have had in 1907 in foals, probably from infection through the umbilical opening, but in very differ- ent forms from anything that has ever come to my notice, that •Report presenled to the Iowa State Veterinary Association, Cedar Rapids, la., Jan. 28-29, 1908. 170 RKPORTS OF CASES. is, the pyaemic arthritis, which we have all been familiar with for a number of years : Case No. i. — May loth I was called twelve miles, owner stating by 'phone that he had a sick colt and to come quick. When 1 arrived I found a colt about five weeks old, in fine condition up to the time of his sickness. Left hip, gluteal muscles swollen hard with a bulging up of probably four inches, swelling con- tinuing more or less to the hock joint; temperature 104, respira- ations about 20, and pulse 100, and in excessive pain from peri- tonitis. I gave an anodyne to stop the pain with morphine in- jection, and it eased up in about thirty or forty minutes, and then gave 10 c.c. of antistreptococcic serum, used an iodine lini- ment on hip, left 10 c.c. more with a syringe, but he died before night. No opportunity for post-mortem. Perhaps he had been ailing for twenty to thirty hours before I was called. Case No. 2. — May 15th I was called after colt had been sick for twenty-four hours or longer. Right hip swollen just about same as Case No. i. Swelling extending to hock. No particular swelling in the joint. Pulse about 70, temperature 103; colt un- able to stand alone without assistance ; had been up to suck the day before with assistance ; quite a little abdominal pain. Gave a little cannabis indica, bathing the hip with warm water ; used the liniment and also the antistreptococcic serum of 10 c.c. Left some to be given next morning. Owner reported next morning that colt seemed a little better, but died before night. Case No. 3. — May 25th, colt in fine condition and a fine in- dividual of the draft type; pulse about 60, temperature 103; left hip swollen up as in other cases ; going around on three legs and sucking some. Treated him as the others, bathing and the in- jection of the antistreptococcic serum. Went out the next morn- ing to see the fellow and he seemed to be improving. Got up alone. . Gave another injection of 10 c.c. of serum and went home. Next morning received word the colt was worse, could not stand up and in acute pain, and died in a couple of hours. Case No. 4 — May 30th, 8.00 a. m., 'phone rang, and on answering it, farmer said that a nice colt of his was sick and one hip all swollen up; cannot stand on it, and asked me to come and see what I could do for him. When I arrived found colt just about in same condition as No. 2. In the meantime I had sent and got some of Park Davis' nucilum solution and had my mind made up before to try it if another case presented itself. So I put on a bold face and went at it. Used the hot water as BEPORTS OF CASES. 171 with the others and made an intravenous injection of four ounces of normal salt solution and four drams of the nucilum solution. Made five trips and ^ave the same dose each day. On the third day a nice improvement was noticed and the fourth still im- provement. On the fifth I decided not to go back anyway for three days, as the swelling- was mostly gone. Colt could stand on leg and run and play some, but leg still a little stiflf. Would suck often; bowels regular, kidneys acting nicely. But all in vain. The owner turned the mare and colt into a pasture that after- noon, and in the corner of the pasture ran a slough with quite a ditch, in the bottom mud and water. Colt went down in the ditch and got caught in the mud and water, probably was there a large portion of the afternoon. When found at night was just about dead. Colt did not live long after they pulled him out. ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE SCROTUM OF A STEER. By Henry Hei.l, V. M. D., New Liberty, la. Reported to the Towa State Veterinary Association, Cedar Rapids, January 38-^9, i9o3. On March 7, 1906, I was called to see a 2)/ -year-old blue black fat steer with a large swelling within the scrotum. History — General condition would not indicate that any con- stitutional disturbances existed, the animal being one of the best in the feed lot. Owner had noticed the swelling coming on for three or four weeks and seemed to grow (juite rapidly. The animal had been castrated when quite young and owner could not remember that any ill effects had followed this procedure. Owner was then advised that the animal would have to be cast for a more definite examination and that all indications were that surgical interference would have to be resorted to. Animal was cast and secured in lateral recumbency, affected side uppermost. Clinical Diagnosis — Palpation revealed a well-rounded growth quite hard, somewhat oblong in shape, about the size of a large cocoanut, with apparently few adhesions to the adjoining tissue. All morbid conditions of the end of the cord were re- garded as being highly improbable, as two years had elapsed since castration and the growth seemed to be a rapidly grow-ing one. The probability of a true tumor was taken into considera- tion, but here the rapid growth and the firmness of the tumor did not seem to harmonize. As a rule, tumors containing a large amount of fibrous tissue grow slowly. Being unable to make a 172 KEPOKTS OF CASES. positive diagnosis, decided to remove the growth in its entirety, thereby guarding against any recurrence regardless of its nature. Operation — The usual antiseptic precautions were observed. Then an incision was made through the skin and sub-cutis from top to bottom on side of scrotum ; the tumor then dissected free from the adjoining tissue, ligating all vessels as they appeared and keeping a sharp lookout for large vessels toward the proximal end of the tumor should any relation exist between the tumor and the end of the cord. This, however, did not prove to be the case. The tumor was almost entirely imbedded in fat. This made its removal quite easy. Wound was cleansed (but not sutured); animal was allowed to rise; made a good recovery without any further attention. Pathological Diagnosis — " Macroscopy." On section found that the growth consisted of a wall or capsule about 1 3/2 in. thick and a cavity within filled with a small quantity of colorless liquid and cheesy flakes. The wall or capsule aside from looking a little more red in color would correspond to the ordinary inflamma- tory hyperplasia. The contents of the cavity were pale yellow flakes the size from that of a grain of rice to that of a navy bean and the consistency and general appearance of tubercular caseation. The small amount of liquid present may be likened to ordinary lymph as to consistency and appearance. From general appearance, it was thought that the growth was of tubercular origin, possibly the infection and subsequent displacement by gravity of the superficial inguinal lymph gland. The liquid pres- ent possibly being due to the liquifaction necrosis. Microscopy — The specimen was sent to the Pathological Laboratory of S. U. I., and after examination there was in- formed that this specimen was so much unlike anything observed in human pathology that they were unable to make a diagnosis. Although the gross appearing being much like tubercular infec- tion, the presence of tubercle bacilli could not be demonstrated. I then requested that a few slides be made and sent me so that I might examine them at the first opportunity. So in order that good slides might be had a few pieces of the growth were re- moved, and on examination of these slides the ray fungus ac- •tinomyces bovis were discovered and on further examination with the naked eye found the characteristic sulphur granules present in the cheesy flakes and the adjoining tissue, this constituting final positive diagnosis. BEPORTS OF CASES. 173 URETHRAL CALCULUS. By W. G. Clark, M. D. C, Marinette, Wis. On the afternoon of June 27, 1907, I received a call to a farm about 8 miles from the city. The owner stated that he had a two-year-old colt that was sick and he thought there was something wrong with his " water." Suspecting that it was a case of indigestion, I drove out to the farm and found the patient in a small field. He was eating a little grass occasion- ally, and at short intervals would attempt to urinate, strain vio- lently and pass a few drops of bloody urine. The penis was extended, relaxed, and quite cold to the touch. On rectal ex- amination, I found the bladder enormously distended. I then attempted to pass a catheter and met with an unyielding ob- struction about three inches below the ischeal arch, and by manual examination could detect a hard, unyielding body of con- siderable size. The owner was informed that the colt had an urethral calculus and that the only chance of saving the animal was an immediate operation, to which he consented. The colt strained violently during and after the examination, and I was fearful that he would rupture the bladder before I could relieve him. Having no apparatus at hand to restrain the animal while operating and the critical condition of the patient not allowing time to secure any, a twist was placed on the nose and the owner instructed to hold the head up as high as possible. Then I made a free incision through the tissues down to the calculus. As soon as the urethra was opened the animal passed a large amount of urine and with little difficulty the calculus was removed which was ovoid in form and measured 1% inches long, largest diameter i^ inches and smallest i inch. The irregularities ap- pearing on the surface were caused by the forceps in removal. 174 REPORTS OF CASES. The operation wound was left open and the owner instruct- ed to irrigate freely once daily with bichloride of mercury solu- tion I-2000 and dust the part with an antiseptic powder, and if any complications arose to bring- the colt to the hospital im- mediately, and I may state here that I fully expected to see him down in two or three days. The owner called at the ofifice on June 30th and reported that the colt was doing nicely. At this time he was passing about three-fourths of the urine through the operation wound. On July 17th the owner called again and at this time the wound was nearly healed and only a small amount of urine escaped through the incision. The colt made an uninterrupted recovery, and I never saw the case until about two months after operating when, passing the farm, I stopped and examined the colt. The wound was then completely healed and only a small scar remained to show the seat of operation. The owner stated that for some time he had noticed that the colt passed a small quantity of urine at frequent intervals, but at no time had given any indication of pain or indisposition until the evening before I was called. I have never observed a case of this kind in a colt of that age and but very few in older horses, and consider the size of the calculus in this case quite remarkable as well as the unin- terrupted recovery without any complications. CHRONIC HYDROCEPHALUS. By J. F. Miller, D. V. M., Oneonta, N. Y. I was called December 26, 1907, to see a six-year-old geld- ing, weight 1,100 lbs., and used as a general purpose horse. The first symptoms were noticed on 13ecember 24, 1907, when he began to travel awkwardly and in driving would lean against the pole. In the stable, he would lean against the side of the stall. When he was led from the stable he collided with the door frame. He seemed to be unconscious of his surroundings, eyes dull, ears drooped, and there was inco-ordination of the lore- KEPOBTS OF CASES. 175 legs. The forelegs were dragged when walking and braced while standing. His head \vas kept turned toward the left side, and w^hile being led he would turn toward the left. He was unable to back and would remain in one position a long time. He responded slowly to the owner's voice. My diagnosis was chronic hydrocephalus. I gave an uncertain prognosis. I gave a physic ball (aloes 8 oz. and calomel i oz.) and a tonic treat- ment consisting of pulv. nux vomica, iron sulphate, gentian and pat. nitrate. The patient's condition was worse on December 28, 1907. He api>eared more stupid and gait more uncertain. The owner stated that a good action of the bowels was obtained from the physic ball. There was frequent defecation on this date. Since that time he has been steadily improving. The only notice- able symptom now is that he handles the forelegs awkwardly going down hill. The nux vomica, iron sulphate and gentian are being continued. TRAUMATIC PAROTITIS. By Dr. Geo. M. Walrod, Storm Lake, Ibwa. Reported to the Iowa State Veterinary Association, Cedar Rapids, Ta., Jan. 28-29, ^9°^- On December 28, 1907. a lady brought a pug dog to my infirmary for treatment. She said he had not eaten anything for four days, and was all the time trying to swallow and acted as if it hurt him. After carefully examining the case I diag- nosed it as perhaps having a sharp bone in the throat. In the struggle, he spat out a little bloody mucus and then I got him to eat a little food, which was better than he had done for four days. This trouble came on suddenly. One day when the lady was down town with him, he came home in that condition. I could find nothing on the inside of the throat, but it seemed to cause pain when I pressed it on the outside. My prognosis was favorable after I saw him eat a little. I let her go back with him. and told her to let him have plenty of fresh air and return with him in a few days, which she did; but I was away, so she came again on January 7th. There was an enlargement at the inferior part of the parotid gland. I cut into it and thought I felt a sharp bone, but on closer examination I found a common sewing needle with about six inches of thread at- tached thereto which the dog had attempted to swallow. I re- moved the offending agent, disinfected the wound, and the dog made a good recovery. 176 REPORTS OF CASES. CARCINOMA MULTIPLE. By Dr. E. H. Scott, Johnson, Vt. A gelding about twelve years old was turned to pasture as he did not show his usual spirit and did not carry usual flesh. About two months after turning out, he was noticed standing apart from other horses in pasture and not feeding. Writer was called third day from when trouble was first noted; found ani- mal apparently bloated; had not passed fjeces for some time. Temperature 103, pulse a triflle subnormal; diagnosis stoppage of bowels; gave morph. 4 gr., eserine ^4 g^- ; animal died within short time without a struggle. Post-mortem revealed internal hemorrhage, intestines empty, abdominal cavity filled with blood, and numerous growths of small tumors about the size of marbles attached to mesentery also to outer wall ; sent several to state laboratory for examination. Diagnosis : Carcinoma multiple. OPEN TENDON SHEATH FROM NAIL WOUND. By J. F. Miller, D. V. M., Oneonta, N. Y. On September 22, 1907, I attended a five-year-old gelding which, during the night previous, had become cast in the stall. When found in the morning a board with a nail in it was fast to the side of the foot. On examination, I found an open tendon sheath on the left hind foot at the fetlock joint, no doubt due to the nail. The wound was dressed daily with hydrogen peroxide and every second day with injections of tincture of iodine. The patient improved steadily and on October 12, 1907, a blister was applied to the part, which was repeated on October 24. The re- covery was complete. There remained for a time an enlarge- ment of the fetlock, but it has now entirely disappeared. President Dalrym-ple Chosen. — The name of the presi- dent of the American Veterinary Medical Association is among the list of distinguished sanitarians who the Governor of Louisi- ana has chosen to represent that commonwealth at the forth- coming International Congress on Tulierculosis at Washington. D. C, September 21 -October 12, 1908. \\'e congratulate the state of Louisiana and we congratulate Dr. Dalrymple. RECENT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. (Continued from April Review.) By Drs. Louis A. and Edward Merillat, Chicago, III. Chemical Caustics as Modern Surgical Expediments. — The modern veterinary surgeon with his modern knowledge of surgi- cal pathology is very prone to overlook the great benefits that can sometimes be derived from the use of caustic substances in the treatment of both old and recent lesions. Amongst the many diseased conditions of animals where the knife is now destined to play the most important role by dispatching harmful elements at a single stroke there are many where the intelligent use of caustics will accomplish quite as much with a minimum amount of danger. These diseases are fistulae, such as quittors. poll evils, etc., wounds that can not be perfectly sterilized with the weaker antiseptics, and various growths of a non-operable char- acter. \A'hile there is no intention here to cast any reflection upon purely surgical treatment of such conditions the experi- enced practitioner soon learns that the discreet use of caustics is sometimes very beneficial where extensive cutting might have been unsuccessful. The practitioner who insists upon the total ablation of the lateral cartilage for quittor, for example, is sometimes reminded when things turn out bad that another prac- titioner cured a similar case without any operative intervention whatever, and how often are we reminded by clients that a cer- tain powerful liniment (a veritable caustic) seems to heal up barbed-wire cuts much better than our own careful, painstaking, antiseptic routine of wound treatment. The faults with surgical treatment of certain chronic fis- tulous conditions are that the surgical wound necessary to reach an underlying causative slough must sometimes be a large one, that it often can not be advantageously made, that it some- times exposes new anatomical structures to -infection, that in its depth the dead or dying tissues are not always recognized nor entirely accessible, and finally that extensive surgical in- tervention may accidentally transgress upon neighboring organs with disastrous results. 177 178 RECENT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. The advantages of caustic over purely surgical treatment al- though often limited are sometimes excellent. The caustic in- troduced carefully into every part of a fistulous tract destroys the infected granulations and brings them out some days later when they have separated from the surrounding li^-ing tissues, in the form of a burned tube — the proverbial " pipe " of the em- pyric. It widens the channel, leaves a much healthier condition to cicatrize and not infrequently brings out the necrotic centre upon which the chronicity of the fistula depended, quite as ef- fectually as if it had been lifted out by dissection. The practitioner does not need to make any apology for using caustics if he uses them w'ith the full knowledge of the elemental principle that fistulous tracts direct their courses down to some underlying cause whose removal the caustic is intended to effect. The removal of this underlying cause as the initial or ultimate object of the treatment, places potential cauteriza- tion of fistulous tracts among the strictly scientific expediments, but if used to simply " burn out " tracts the intervention is quackery. The veterinarian without surgical skill and the char- latan were the chief adherents of the caustic treatment in the past, but to-day the foremost surgeons often adopt it as a con- venient and effectual recourse. In the treatment of lacerated wounds about the body or the legs the classical sterilization, drainage and suturing gen- erally fails. The wound becomes infected, the stitches burst and the whole affair is much worse at the end of a week than when the operation was performed. With the caustic treat- ment the raw tissues are burned and thus thoroughly disinfect- ed the burned tissues act as a perfect barrier against additional infection and w'hen at the end of six days the dead coating falls off a clean, red, rosy, healthy granulation ready to cicatrize promptly has already formed, and the wound heals with;)Ut fur- ther trouble. In deciding between surgical and cauterant treatment excel- lent judgment should be displayed. In a wound located where there is little motion to disturb the sutures, where there is ample opportunity to submit it to certain disinfection, where a good drainage can be provided, and when scientific after care is as- sured, the classical treatment is of course preferable: but given a wound that must be operated upon in a dirty stable with in- sufficient help, where clean receptacles and water can not be easily procured and where the after care must be intrusted to RECEXT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. 179 the stableman, then by all means apply the caustic, open wound method. Among the drugs and combinations especially useful in this connection are phenol, kerosene, gasoline, creolin, sat- urated solution of mercuric chloride in alcohol, equal parts of phenol, glycerine and tincture of iron, butter of antimony, etc., etc. These are applied with a brush or feather, sparingly, so as not to injure the environs and yet thoroughly enough to reach every part exposed. The application is repeated daily until a perfect coating is formed and then discontinued until the coat- ing is cast off. Thereafter, mild astringents will answer until the cicatrization is complete. In the treatment of fistukie solid substances are preferal)le to liquids as their application can be better controlled ; there is less danger of burning the surrounding skin. Copper sulphate, mer- curic chloride, arsenic, and zinc chloride answer well for this purpose. These are used in the form of little tampons made by rolling the drug in cotton, gauze or tissue paper, and then forc- ing them as gently as possible into every part of the tract. They are of course contraindicated when the tract, runs dangerously near to a synovial membrane or other structure whose cauteriza- tion would be a serious matter. In the treatment of non-operable growths the caustic is the veterinarian's only resort. Carcinomatous, sarcomatous, acti- nomycotic and lx)tryomycotic growths are sometimes controlled indefinitely by cauterants. Sometimes the growth is partially ablated and then the remaining portion submitted to this form of destruction. The vascular field in which these tumors are often located, the inaccessible position they occasionally occupy or the indispensible organs they sometimes implicate often pre- cludes total ablation and thus justify the use of caustics. Caustics may also be used to great advantage in the treat- ment of indolent superficial ulcers. By burning the layer of in- active, unhealthy cells a new, vigorous reaction may be stimu- lated underneath with the effect that normal cicatrization super- venes. As a whole, the subject of potential caustics is of capital im- portance to the veterinary practitioner. It should be thoroughly understood in every detail and regarded as one of the significant chapters of our materia niedica, and instead of being judged as an opponent of surgery it should be honored as one of its valu- able adjuncts. 180 RECENT DATA IX VETERINARY SCIENCE. A Few Hints on flic Castration of Ridgelings. — It is only during the last few years that cryptorchidectomy has been prac- ticed extensively by veterinary practitioners. Previously, vet- erinarians rather avoided the operation and willingly consigned the ridglings they encountered to the traveling castrators who annually made their rounds through the country in search of patients. To-day many veterinarians perform their own crypt- orchidectomies and approach the task much the same as they would any other major operation, and yet among those who only have occasion to operate upon one or two annually there is often some timidity displayed in each attempt. Despite the fact that the operation is generally lauded as a mighty trivial mat- ter there are indeed few who will honestly claim that their first few operations were much to boast about. On the contrary, it is quite generally admitted by those who now have experience that a considerable number of patients were operated upon be- fore absolute confidence was attained. The fact remains unre- futed — in spite of the simplicity claimed — that those who op- erate upon many ridgling are generally skillful, whilst those who only operate upon one or two in a season generally bungle over the operation more or less awkwardly and sometimes either fail to find the testicle or else almost kill the patient every time they make the attempt. The difficulty of the operation is not so great, but as the finding of the testicle depends upon the abil- ity to recognize it by the sense of feeling, some practice is abso- lutely necessary to its successful and especially its rapid and skillful execution. The novice, often after having failed to tie the patient advantageously, becomes confused by the uncertainty of his work, the tiring of the hands, and sometimes by the anxiety of the owner to whom minutes seem like hours, very frequently abandons the undertaking without having found the hidden testicle. The castration of ridglings is so highly appreciated 1)y the owners of country horses and is -so profitalDle an operation that no veterinarian can afford to leave the cases go by default or to consign them to others. It is the duty of all to boldly under- take the operation at every opportunity after having given its technique a careful study, and as the season castration is now- open, the writer has thought the time especially opportune to draw the attention to a few hints which may tend to make the operation as popular with the novice as possible. Hints are of no use to the old operators, the bridge that has carried them I RECENT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. 181 safely over will not be abandoned ; but to the inexperienced, the practitioner who only operates upon the ridglings met in his daily routine, there are certain features of the operation that might be protfiably elucidated : I. The antisepsis. Ridgling castration must be an aseptic operation at all hazards. By the execution of intelligent measures in this connection the novice will reclaim the ground he may lose by lack of skill. It is indeed remarkable how one can mu- tilate a ridgling with impunity in the frantic search for a well- hidden testicle, if the parts are not infected in the effort. One so often hears reports of ridgling castrators who are exception- ally successful in spite of their absolute ignorance of asepsis, and of veterinarians who are exceptionally unsuccessful in spite of their best efforts in the direction of surgical cleanliness. While such reports might at first seem to reverse the teachings of asepsis, a close investigation clearly shows that the former succeeds because of his dexterity and the latter fails because in addition to a lack of skill his conception of what constitutes adequate asepsis is often erroneous. In the matter of antisepsis, the practitioner who lacks skill from experience should make up the ground he loses thereby through the intermediary of absolute asepsis. Where he loses by bungling he should gain by cleanliness. The following routine, while not constituting perfect asepsis, is the most practical course to adopt : ( I ) Provide a clean re- ceptacle for a strong antiseptic solution to sterilize the knife and emasculator or ecraseur. A 1-300 solution of mercuric chloride solution is the most appropriate, despite the discoloration of the polish. The instrument should in addition to the immer- sion in such an antiseptic solution be frequently boiled and should be carried about in a clean wrap. The supposed harmful effect of mercuric chloride upon metallic instruments is easily compensated for by the reliability of the disinfection, by the harmlessness of such a strong disinfectant to the hands, and by the applicability of the same solution to disinfect the surgical field. By serving all of these purposes no other disinfectant to complicate the technique is necessary. One clean pail, contain- ing as a solvent for the sublimate, a clean bit of water, prefer- ably boiled water, is a simple outfit to serve so many purposes. Before any part of the operation begins the emasculator and the knife are placed in this strong solution together with a few plegets of cotton to serve as sponges. (2) The hands are now 182 KECKNT DATA IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. submitted to a thorough washing with soap and water, rinsed out moderately in the same strong soUition, and then immedi- ately covered with gloves, which being specially provided for the purpose of protecting the hands against contamination while throwing the patient, are previously cleaned by disinfection in formaldehyde gas. These gloves are worn until the operation proper begins. (3) Cast the patient in a well-selected plot where dust and flying particles are not likely to fall into the surgical region. When the patient is secured and rolled into position sprinkle the body with water, especially posteriorly, and then spread the water out with the gloved hands. This precaution is to prevent flying hairs, which, in the spring months, are al- ways legion. (4) Remove the gloves and wash off the surgical field with the strong solution, using the pledgets of cotton which are cast aside when used and not carried back and forth from pail to patient. (5) Just before making the incision and again before putting the hand into the inguinal canal rinse the hands in the antiseptic solution. (6) Thereafter do not touch an}^ objects with the hands except the surgical field. (7) If oil is used as a lubricant for the hands, it, too. must be safely disin- fected. Recently boiled linseed oil w^ill answer the purpose. 2. The technique. The incision should be no less than five inches long so as not to handicap the hand in a pinched-up open- ing. The incision is one inch from the raphe opposing the scro- tum of the other side. To avoid annoying bleeding the in- cision should be shallow, including only the skin and the dartos. Just beneath the latter are large vessels whose cutting or tearing would at once complicate matters. The incision being made, the inguinal canal is torn open with the fingers which are di- rected downward and well forward just beneath the skin until the hand is buried six to nine inches according to the size of the patient. When the hand is thus buried the tips of the fingers should be easily felt under the skin. This is one of the points emphasized by Farmar Miles, who said in this regard : '' When the hand is thus placed the fingers should be only a half-inch from the black skin." The most common error made is that of plunging the hand directly into the abdomen, in a downward ers of the class, whose names are hereto ap- pended, after which the distribution of diplomas took place. Dr. L. A. Merillat distributed the gold medals and prizes to the following: Gold medal for the highest general average in all subjects in final examinations — Dr. C. H. Rosenstiel. Gold medal for the best final examination in cattle practice — Dr. J. M. Vernon. Gold medal for the best final examination in Theory and Practice — Dr. Frank Collins. Gold medal for the best final examination in anatomy — Dr. Ernest vSchneider. Gold medal for the best final examination in surgery — Dr. C. H. Rosenstiel. The following prizes were also distributed : Pathology and bacteriology. Dr. Chas. T. Bertrand; materia medica. Dr. T, C. Paulsen; physiology, Dr. John J. Lintner; canine practice, Dr. Jas. R. Fesler; meat and milk inspection, Dr. W. R. Rich- ards ; parasitology, Dr. A. T. Fletcher. The following is a list of those who passed with honors : Leslie Howard Bleecker, Frank Collins, Walter Leon Curtis, Arthur Augustus Crosland, Herbert Thomas Cook, Edward Jackson Cole, Arthur Taylor Fletcher, Edward Bonfoy Giller, John J. Lintner, Harold Matson Lewis, Archie R. Lundell, Daniel Edward Murphy, Norman Jay Miller, John Franklin 205 206 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. Myers, Florenz Christian Meckstroth, William Worth Meader, Thomas Christian Paulsen, Charles Hewitt Rosenstiel, Ernest Schneider, Louis Jacob Storz, John Marion Vernon. The following is the list of graduates : Claude L. Ashbrook, James Martin Beamer, Grover Jacob Behrens, Charles T. Ber- trand, Leslie Howard Bleecker, John George Blum, Chester Arthur Boesewetter, Herbert Austen Brown, Edwin H. Buie, Roy Charles Calkins, George William Chapman, Edward Jack- son Cole, Francis Cole, Frank Collins, Herbert Thomas Cook, Albert Roscoe Cowser, James Chester Cowser, Chester Cox, Arthur Augustus Crosland, Walter Leon Curtis, LeRoy Mosher Davis, Robert John Digman, James Peter Doherty, James Abra- ham Dragoo, Arthur Alfred Eastman, Glenn Ley da Ebright, William Henry Emig, Arthur Edward Henry Fabian, Albert Gurney Peers, James Raymond Fesler, Francis Joseph Flan- agan, Arthur Taylor Fletcher, George Luckey Frese, Claude Eugene Fuller, Edward Bonfoy Giller, Alonzo Goode, Clyde Marshal Gourley, Harlan Milton Griffin, Marion Jay Ham- mond, Everts Fenelon Jarrel, Alfred H. Joehnk, Lewis Purdy Keyes, John Kilgore, Theodore Frederick Kimball, Timothy James King, Edward David Leach, David B. Levan, Harold Matson Lewis, John J. Lintner, John William Lockwood, Archie R. Lundell, Chelsie Spurgeon McCleish, Leo Edwin McDonell, Harry L. McEwan, Carlyle Chattan Mclntyre, Fay Irving Maxon, Nelson J, Mayer, William Worth Meader, Florenz Christian Meckstroth, John Merriman, Frederick August Miller, Norman Jay Miller, Francis James Moreton, Daniel Edward Murphy, John Franklin Myers, Carl Oscar Nelson, Lynn Daniel Northrop, Frank Milton Norton, George Lester O'Donnell, Fred. Charles Patzer, Thomas Christian Paulsen, Charles Fred- erick Picking, Burdette David Radcliff, Frederick Bryan Remer, Bernard William F. Repmann, William Roger Richards, Charles Hewitt Rosenstiel, Fred Rowland, Albert Sanders, Jr., Charles Walton Sauer, Ernest Schneider, James Tainter Seely, Orval Cogswell Selby, Oscar Nelson Smith, Clifford Jerry Sparks, Willis Abner Spenny, Joseph E. Stiles, Jr., Louis Jacob Storz, William R. Swan, Frank Carson Swaney, Henry Ericson Tor- gersen, Godfrey Francis Tottman, Johnce David Townsend, Feodorovitch Assanaski Tsalekoff, John Marion Vernon. Rob- ert Glass Walker, Jr., Harry Jay Waller, Frederick Daniel Weber, John Henry Weber, Harry Sylvanus Weeks, William COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 207 Arthur Weldon, Georg-e William White, Edwin Tompkins Whitlow, Ralph Wilkinson, John Harrison Wolaver, Paul Orrin Woods. The presentation of the class picture was made by Dr. H. S. Weeks, and the response on behalf of the Faculty by Dr. E. L. Quitman. Dr. N. J. Miller ably filled the role of Class Historian, whilst that of Class Prophet was creditably upheld bv Dr. Geo. W. White. The doctorate address was delivered by the Rev. Z. B. Phil- lips. The proceedings throughout were interspersed with musical and vocal selections, in which the following participated : Mrs. E. F. Jarrell, Miss Selma Frosberg-, Miss Jewel Taylor and Mrs. Josephine Jane. KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE. The commencement exercises of the Kansas City Veterinary College were held at the New Casino, 1035 Broadway, Kansas City, Mo., on Thursday evening, March 26, 1908, The college has completed the most successful year in its history as was announced in the last issue of the Review. The degree of D. V. S. was conferred upon one hundred and eleven gentlemen, two of whom were post-graduates, as follows: Robert H. Apitz, Robert Neal Ashley, William R. Atkins, Marion T. Bailey, Bennie J. Baker, John S. Barbee, Ph. G. ; J. Alex. Barger, Jerry L. Becker, Anson W. Biggs, John C. Boyd, Marvin L. Boyd, Thomas H. Brady, I. Huston Britt, A. Arthur Brown, C. Ellsworth Burkholder, Paul H. Burnett, Joe H. Bux, Benjamin F. Carper, Clifton Carter, A.B. ; Joseph E. Carter, William A. Clemens, Alva G. Collins, Leonard Collins, Michael F. Cunningham, Charles A. Curtis, Hugh E. Curry, Walter A. Davidson, D.V.S. ; C. Henrv Dechert, Bennie G. Dill, Robert B. Doty, Whig F. Dunaway, Will C. Dye, Guy Edgecomb, Charles M. Elliott, Joseph Emonts, Christian C. Ettling, Ernest T. Faulder, Robert C. Foulk, Carl E. Freeman, Harry D. Freeman, Charles Gomel, John L. Gross, Milton A. Harris, Elmer F. Haven, A. B. ; Joseph L. Hearn, Arthur Hil- gardner, Justin B. Holbrook, Chester A. Hough, David C. Houser, Pink H. Howard, T. Barnett Huff, E. Ernest Hufft, 208 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. Ray B. Hurd, Orion B. Huston, John Hutchison, Eugene H. Hyland, Thomas D. Jackson, Lawrence J. Jennings, Otto E. Jung, George F. Jungermann, Warren C. Kailer, Eilert H. Kartrude, Martin J. Kelley, Walter A. Korb, W. Frank Kra- mer, Walker M. Lee, Albro A. Lemery, Claude L. Lester, Emilio L. Luaces, Michael W. McGuire, Benjamin Meinershagen, Earl J. Meixel, George W. Mellenbruch, Seibert H. Moore, John F. Myers, Charles A. Nelson, Robert R. Newman, E. Guy Newton, W. Emil Norden, Henry V. Nothomb, Orrin E. G. Olmsted, John W. Ornduff, William F. Osborn, Jr., Cowles C. Parker, Elmer B. Parker, William Pendergrass, Pete Phillipson, James F. Pickett, Henry E. Pine, Leslie G. Pottle, Walter L Ran- dall, Francis E. Rathbun, Newton V. Reichnecker, John W. Riley, Philip Ritter, Samuel E. Rose, B. Harry Sayre, John R. Seipel, Liee C. Smflth, Davkl S. >Smithh?sler, Henry J. Trcemper, Charles L Walch, Clyde R. Walter, Robert E. War- ren, Elmer T. Watkins, Sidney A. Watters, William B. Welch, D.V.M.; Howard C. Wilson, Charles H. Wright, Samuel J. Yancey, Herman E. Zimmerman. GRAND RAPIDS VETERINARY COLLEGE. The eleventh annual commencement exercises of the Grand Rapids Veterinary College, Grand Rapids, Mich., were held the evening of March 26, 1908, in the college auditorium, which was very tastefully decorated with many beautiful plants and flowers. A large audience enjoyed the program. The invocation and opening address was given by the Rev. George Rowe. Prof. L. H. Chamberlain, a member of the faculty, gave the charge. His address was a heart-to-heart talk to the boys, who are great admirers of the doctor. G. F. Gschwend read the class prophecy. The valedictory address was given by L. L. Crawford. Dr. L. L. Conkey, president of the college, conferred the degree, doctor of veterinary medicine and surgery, upon the graduates. The class, consisting of fifteen members, is as fol- lows: A. Beery, Decatur, Ind. ; C. C. Brockmeyer, Campbellsford, Wis. ; A. Buckmaster, Monroe, Ind. ; E. Bussis, Zeeland, Mich. ; H. Cornehl. Detroit, Mich. ; L. L. Crawford, Hopkins, Mich. ; E. H. W^ Gale, Quebec, Can. ; H. F. Gschwend, Waterville, O. ; COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 209 W. T. Huffman, Bryan, O. ; M. P. Hunt, Seattle, Wash.; L. Meyers, Decatur, Ind. ; H. Neinhuis, Holland, Mich.; F. M. Stipe, Elbing, Kansas ; B. N. Thomas, Warsaw, Ind. ; G. H. Young, Nashville, Mich. Medals of honor were awarded for the highest standing as shown by the final examinations. A. Buckmaster received a gold medal for the highest standing in all subjects. M. P. Hunt and H. F. Gschwend were tied for second place, each receiving a silver medal. The Armstrong gold medal for high- est standing in materia medica was awarded to W. T. Huff- man. A silver medal went to R. D. Heller for highest stand- ig for the junior year. J. C. Buckley, editor of the Horseshoers' Journal of De- troit, was present at the exercises and responded to a request from Dr. Conkey for an address which was listened to with great interest by the audience and graduates. The closing address was made by Colon C. Lillie, of Coo- persville, president of the State Dairy Association. A banquet was given by Dr. Conkley at the Eagle Hotel to the graduating class and alumni and several of their friends. More than fifty persons enjoyed the excellent supper. INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE. The sixteenth annual commencement exercises of the Indi- ana Veterinary College were held April i, 1908, at the college building, corner Market and Davidson streets, Indianapolis, Ind. Members of the Faculty, Board of Trustees and speakers occupied seats upon the platform, while the large auditorium of the assembly hall was filled with the many friends of the institution, friends of the members of the graduating class, to- gether with a large representation of the alumni of the college. Dr. George H. Roberts, president, opened the exercises with an address of welcome. Dr. Fred. A. Mueller gave an address viewing the social and scientific standing of the veterinarian. Dr. W. B. Craig gave the class valuable suggestions in antitoxin serum therapy. Dr. Roberts presented to the thirty graduates their diplomas. The valedictory address was delivered by Dr. G. N. Wick- wire, of Angola, Ind. The class members are: 110 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. H. W. Jones, Putnamville, Ind. ; B. F. Yount, Indianapolis; B. L. Strohl, Oblong, 111. ; B. C. Ornbaum, Crawfordsville, Ind. ; F. S. Streng-, Fountaintown, Ind. ; G. N. Wickwire, Angola, Ind.; M. . Crawford, Fairfield, Ind.; E. J. Tansey, Monrovia, Ind. ; C. G. Swindler, Crawfordsville, Ind. ; E. Heiny, Nobles- ville.Ind. ;F.C. Shake, Carlisle, Ind. ; G. Bard, Crothersville, Ind. ; O. A. Barber, Fairmount, Ind.; C. Lombard, Spencer, Ind.; H. G. White, Russiaville, Ind.; John E. Wilkins, Greenville, Tex.; C. O. Byerley, Marshall, Ind.; L. A. Greiner, Jr., In- dianapolis; G. C. Sallust, Bainbridge, Ind.; A. Clark, Morris- town, Ind. ; L. H. Allen, Stockwell, Ind. ; M. T. Plummer, Friendswood, Ind. ; P. A. Bonebrake, Cutler, Ind. ; B. O. Sher- rill, Indianapolis ; H. C. Harthill, Louisville, Ky. ; W. F. Lat- shaw, Scottsburg, Ind. ; P. F. Begeman, Sandborn, Ind. ; W. M. Cruse, Wheeling, W. Va. ; W. S. Fowler, Waynetown, Ind. ; W. U. Gordon, Arcadia, Ind. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE. The 47th annual commencement exercises of the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada, took place April 4, 1908, under the presidency of the Principal, Dr. Andrew Smith, F. R. C. V. S. Associated with him on the platform were President Falconer, Mayor Oliver, E. B. Osier, M.P., Professor Baker, Lieut.-Col. Robertson, Lieut.-Col. Lloyd of Newmarket, and Drs. Cowan, King, Smith, Sweetapple, Duncan and Lambie. The class was the largest the college has ever known, num- bering close upon two hundred. President Falconer, in his address, referred to the propo- sition to increase the graduating course from two to three years, and said this was made necessary by the constant development in science. Addresses were given by Mr. E. B. Osier, M.P., Mayor Oliver, Drs. Cowan, Lambie and Sweetapple, Lieutenant- Colones Robertson and Lloyd, of Newmarket. Mr. A. E. Cameron, senior prize-winner and gold medalist, presented the usual large group picture of the graduating class to the principal. Dr. Andrew Smith, in acknowledging the presentation, spoke of certain proposed changes in the conducting of the college. COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 211 He trusted that the Provincial Department of Agriculture would take it over and carry it on as a component part of Toronto University. Then the colleg-e would be on a basis that would insure its existence for all time. McKILLIP VETERINARY COLLEGE. The twelfth annual commencement of the McKillip Vet- erinary College was held at Handel Hall, Randolph street and Wabash avenue, Chicago, 111., on Thursday evening, March 26, 1908. The program consisted of the usual salutatory, class his- tory, class poem, class prophesy and valedictory, interspersed with vocal and instrumental music. The principal address of the evening was delivered by Dr. Wm. A. Evans, Commissioner of Health of Chicago. President M. H. McKillip conferred the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine upon ,122 gentlemen. This is the largest class that has ever graduted from the college. The gold medal, given for the highest general average for the full three years' work, was awarded to Dr. R. \\'. Culbert, Chicago, 111. The silver medal, given for the highest general average for the senior year, was awarded to Dr. J. P. Foster, Huron, S. D. Dr. Foster also received the special prizes in bac- teriology and meat inspection. ST. JOSEPH VETERINARY COLLEGE. The commencement exercises of the St. Joseph Veterinary College were held in the Y. M. C. A. Building Auditorium, St. Joseph, Mo., March 13, 1908. The exercises were of an interesting and entertaining char- acter, consisting of music and speeches, after which diplomas were awarded to the following gentlemen : Samuel P. Ojers, Otto Augsperger, Frank W. Miller, Albert Bierent, Frank M. Cahill, Lester G. Reeves, James A. Zimmerman, James E. Shel- ton, George E. Maxwell, Roy D. Morgan, Clarence S. Foster, Frederick C. Sicrist. SOCIETY MEETINGS. OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This association convened for its twenty-fifth annual ses- sion in the Laboratory Building of the Veterinary Department of the Ohio State University, on Tuesday, January 14, 1908. The meeting was called to order at 1.45 p. m. by the Presi- dent, Dr. C. B. Frederick, with a greater number of veterina- rians present than ever met together at any of our previous annual gatherings. Dr. Frederick introduced Dr. W. O. Thompson, President of the Ohio State University, who gave us a most hearty wel- come. In the course of his remarks, he called our attention to much-needed improvements required by the Veterinary College of the University, and asked the association's support with the members of the legislature in trying to obtain an appropriation for the purpose. They need badly a new hospital building and clinic department. The address of welcome was responded to, in behalf of the association, by Dr. W. A. Axby, who, in a few well-chosen im- promptu remarks, cordially thanked Dr. Thompson, and said as far as he was personally concerned he should be only too glad to be of what assistance he could to the university, and thought others felt as he did. Just here it was stated that some one had objected to the senior veterinary students being present at the sessions. The secretary explained that at a previous annual meeting, held at this same place, some thoughtless students made fun of the re- marks of some of our older members; and it hurt these mem- bers' feelings; and last year the meeting was held down town. He thought it unjust to keep the students out on account of the short-comings of some one probably not now in college. Still, on calling Dr. White's attention to the matter, the stu- dents are not present and it is up to the association. Moved, duly seconded, voted upon, and declared carried, that the students be allowed the privilege of our meetings, except when in executive session. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. President Frederick rendered the customary annual address. 212 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 213 I The Committee on Veterinary Progress rendered their an- nual report through its chairman, Dr. S. D. Myers. The Committee on Veterinary Diseases rendered no report as the chairman was not present, and the other members had forwarded their parts to the chairman. The Committee on CHnics and Arrangements reported a large amount of clinical material on hand ; that the clinics would be held in the new judging pavilion, commencing at 8.30 in the morning; that the building was heated; and that there would be a banquet at the Flotel Northern at 7.30 to-night; a good,^ practical banquet, entirely informal, and at a price that no single member ought to be kept away, $1.50 per plate. The Secretary read a report giving account of work done, and calling attention to several matters of interest to the asso- ciation. The Treasurer reported a balance on hand at the commence- ment of this twenty-fifth association year of $345.80, $140.80 in general fund and $205.00 in special fund for prosecuting purposes. Next followed the nomination and election of officers, which resulted as follows : President, Harry Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio ; Vice-President, Wm. H. Gribble, Washington C. H., Ohio; Sec- retary, S. D. Myers, Wilmington, Ohio; Treasurer, T. B. Hillock, Columbus, Ohio; Censor, O. V. Brumley, Columbus, Ohio. The censors are now Drs. Fair, Cliffe, Brumley. The Secretary read the names and addresses of twenty-eight applicants for membership and one for re-instatement ; same was referred to the Board of Censors. Dr. J. V. Newton related his experience with rabies, and Dr. J. F. Planz read a short paper on the Pasteur treatment of dogs having rabies. Both were discussed as one. Discussion brought out the facts that the Pasteur treatment is a success with Dr. Planz, as they recover; that the material furnished by the Pasteur Institute costs $15 per dog. The discussion ran into rabies of hogs, sheep, etc., and it is very evident from the varied remarks and symptoms noticed that the disease, rabies, produces a multiplicity of peculiar and different symptoms ; or else several different diseases are mistaken and classed as this one disease. Dr. J. F. Planz read a short paper on " Eczema of the Dog." This short paper needs no comment, as the treatment explained is so satisfactory. 214 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Fulstow described the operations and his success in ovariotomies of the large domestic animals; also stating that the clinic committee had provided one or two patients for him to operate on to-morrow. . Dr. H. E. Myers reported a case of malignant cedema; glanders suspected. Dr. J. H. Blattenburg gave a very interesting description of a case of paralysis of larynx which came under his observa- tion and which he had operated upon. He was able to watch this animal for a long time after its recovery and restoration to racing work. The animal afterwards died of acute indiges- tion. The doctor removed the larynx and brought it with him to this meeting so as to show the actual conditions as they exist in the larynx, after recovery, when the operation had been a success. (If we remember aright the animal did not die until three years after the operation.) Dr. S. S. Snyder reported his success in the treatment of tetanus with the use of nicotine. Meeting now adjourned to meet at 8 p. m. at the Hotel Northern. 9.00 p. M. — Met at the banquet table, but some later than time set, as an unavoidable delay occurred. After the eating was over samples of several different medicines were distributed, then the regular business of the association was continued. After the transaction of routine business the reading of papers was resumed. A paper by Dr. M. J. Jones entitled " What Was the Mat- ter? " was read by Dr. S. D. Myers. On account of the sickness of his wife. Dr. Jones was unable to be present. Dr. W. A. Axby read a paper, " Modern Therapeutics," in which he called attention to the uses of* serums, antitoxins, nuctein, tallialine, etc. Moved by Dr. Cliffe, seconded by Dr. Clemons, that the Chair appoint a committee of three to draft appropriate de- signs for a membership certificate and present such designs to the association for its consideration at thei next annual meeting. Being put to vote, Chair declared it carried. Later, Drs. W. E. Clemons, W. A. Axby and J. H. Blattenburg were named as committee. Dr. Gribble called attention to the fact that at our last an- nual meeting a special assessment of $5 per member had been levied for prosecuting purposes, and he thought it unjust that SOCIETY MEETINGS. 215 members, non-residents of the state, should be expected to pay this assessment. He therefore offered a motion that non-resi- dent members be exempt from its payment. Seconded by Dr. J. V. Newton. On being put to vote, Chair declared it carried. Moved by Dr. Gribble, seconded by Dr. Newton : Whereas, It is claimed and with good reason that the special assessment levied January 22, 1907, for prosecuting purposes is illegal and cannot be collected; therefore. Resolved, That all members who have paid this $5 assess- ment be credited upon the books as having paid so much dues. As a substitute motion. Dr. Sisson moved, seconded by Dr. Howe, that the officers-elect be and are hereby constituted a committee, with power to act, to disburse this so-called prosecut- ing fund as in their judgment may seem best. As an amendment, Dr. S. D. Myers moved and Dr. Carl seconded, that the three veterinarians, members of the State Veterinary Examining Board, be substituted for the officers- elect of this association. Each in turn being put to vote, the Chair declared the amend- ment of Dr. Myers lost; the substitute motion of Dr. Sisson carried, and the original motion of Dr. Gribble carried. We now adjourned to meet at 8.30 a, m. at the Ohio State University. Clinics began at 8.30 a. m. with an abundance of material and a large number of veterinarians present ; in fact, it is doubt- ful if any association clinic ever held in the United States ex- celled it. The Board of Censors reported examining the following ap- plications and recommended that they be elected to member- ship: S. R. Howard, Hillsboro (Ont.); M. W. Tritschler, Cin- cinnati (Amer.) ; E. J. Jenkins, Ravenna (Chicago) ; A. E. Metz- ger, Clyde (Chicago) ; H. Worcester, Middletown (Cincinnati) ; H. J. Korfhagen, Cincinnati (Cincinnati); W. M. Burson, Cin- cinnati (Cincinnati); O. J. Huth, Cincinnati (Cincinnati); W. W. Renter, Cincinnati (Cincinnati); R. J. Carver, Columbus (Vet. Dept., O. S. U.); W. A. Brown, Columbus (Vet. Dept., O. S. U.); Frank Griffin, Columbus (Vet. Dept., O. S. U.) ; E. C. Limbaugh, Mt. Vernon (Vet. Dept, O. S. U.); W. D. Worthington, Harrisburg (Vet. Dept., O. S. U.) ; S. W. Brown, Hamilton (Vet. Dept., O. S. U.) ; Reuben Hilty, Bluff ton (Vet. Dept, O. S. U.); W. H. Everest, Defiance (Ont); W. H. Bucke, Eaton (Ont.); C. C. Yule, Belief ontaine (Ont.); J. W. 216 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Price, Lancaster (Ont. ); W. H. Smith, West Jefferson (Ont.); A. J. Kline, Wauseon (Ont.) ; G. L. Schneider, Canton (Ont.) ; W. H. Foust, Bryan (Ont.); G. U. Marchand, Uhrichsville (Ont.); Jos. H. Jefferson, Chicago Junction (Ont.); H. B. Turney, Marysville (Ont.); E. W. Miller, Rockford (Ont.); D. S. Snow, Athens (Ont.). Moved by Dr. Sheets, seconded by Dr. Hess, that as no ob- jection is offered to any candidate the rules be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the ballot for their election. Chair declared it carried and secretary polled 60 votes. Columbus, Ohio, January 15, 1908. We, your committee appointed to audit the books of the sec- retary and treasurer, beg leave to report as follows : Balance on hand last report, $225; receipts of the twenty-fourth associa- tion year, $313; expenditure of the twenty-fourth association year, $192.20; leaving a balance on hand January 24, 1907, of $345.80, of which $140.80 is in the general fund and $205 in the special prosecuting fund. Respectfully submitted, F. E. Anderson, Norton Dock, Committee. Dr. T. B. Cotton made a short address, describing an opera- tion on geldings of cutting loose the adhered spermatic cord. Offered by Dr. Sheets, seconded by Dr. Hess : Resolved, That the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Associa- .tion approve of the request of the Trustees of the Ohio State University that the present legislature make adequate provision so as to provide necessary facilities for instruction in the prac- tical branches of veterinary medicine and surgery at the Veter- inary Department of the Ohio State University. Chair declared the resolution adopted, and requested each member to write or see his member of the legislature on the subject. Dr. Cliffe read the report of the Committee on Legislation, which consisted in the main of a proposed amendment to our present veterinary law. Moved by Dr. Newton, seconded by Dr. Hillock, that the re- port be accepted and referred to the Committee on Legislation, with power to act. Chair declared the motion adopted. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 217 Moved by Dr. Clemons, seconded by Dr. Turner, that the Committee on CHnics be requested to keep records of the cases operated upon and report at the next annual meeting. Carried. Committee is Drs. Udall, Carl and Brumley. Moved by Dr. Cliffe, seconded by Dr. Clemons, that the Clinic Committee send a bill of their expenses to the Secretary and that the Secretary be authorized to draw an order on the Treasurer for its payment. Carried. Moved by Dr. Cliffe, seconded by Dr. Planz, that Dr. D. S. White be selected as a delegate from this association to the Tuberculosis Congress to be held in Washington. Carried. Moved by Dr. Kinsey, seconded by Dr. Fulstow, that an appropriation of $ioo be made as a fund for Dr. White to draw upon to assist in defraying his expenses in attending the above Congress. Carried. There being no further business, President-elect Fulstow took the chair and named the following committees, after which the association adjourned : Committee on Veterinary Progress — F. F. Sheets, J. F. Planz, R. J. Michener. Committee on Veterinary Diseases — E. O. Hess, W. A. Axby, J. E. Foster. Committee on Clinics and Arrangements — D. H. Udall, L. W. Carl, O. V. Brumley, N. W. Hillock, H. W. Brown. Committee on Legislation — D. S. White, W. Shaw, H. W. Brown, F. F. Sheets, G. W. Cliffe. Auditing Committee — W. E. Clemons, T. E. Jones, H. M. Manley. Receipts for the year — Dues, $io8; membership fees, $145; prosecuting fund, $160; total receipts. $413; total expenses, $88.05 ; balance on hand at close of meeting,- general fund, $30575; prosecuting fund, $365. The Secretary took a count of members a few times with the following result : At no one time was there more than 62 members present; 69 members were present some time during the meeting; 73 persons sat down to the banquet, 24 of whom were not members; so of the 69 members at the sessions only 49 sat at the banquet; the other 20, or nearly one-third, took no part in all the business that was transacted after the eating, the business that is the most vital part in the success or failure of any organization. 218 SOCIETY MEETINGS. It is too bad that another day or part of a day could not have been given to the meeting, as on the second day business and clinics were being conducted in the same room at the same time, and you can imagine that by far too small a number of the members were interested in the business part. More than that, those of us who could not help ourselves lost all the bene- fit of the clinic, the officers and Board of Censors practically seeing none at all, and the Secretary has no notes or knowledge of one single operation that was performed. Besides, in the rush for clinics, the literary programme was neglected, some of the papers entirely forgotten and not even read by title. This is to be regretted, because one of our greatest troubles in the past has been to get a sufficient number of the members to take part in the literary programme; and now when having been coaxed or cajoled into going to the trouble of preparing something and being on hand to read and defend his views, and then, the time taken up with other matters so that they were not even called upon, we fear will react against future meetings. From what we saw and heard, the clinic was certainly a grand success from start to finish, from the committee that ar- ranged for the subjects, to Dr. Myers who directed the work of providing an operator always ready for the operation. The concensus of opinion on adjournment was : " It will take work if, in the future, you excel or even equal the meeting of 1908." Wm. H. Gribble, Secretary. Report of the Ohio State Veterinary Association's Clinic. The clinic was held in the new stock judging pavilion at the Ohio State University on Wednesday, January 15, 1908, beginning at 8.30 a. m. and continuing without intermission until after 3 p. m. The clinic was the best ever held in Ohio, and was pro- nounced by a number of veterinarians, who were in a position to know, to be one of the best clinics ever conducted in this country. The success of the clinic was due, largely, to the fact that there was harmony and every man connected with the clinic worked. The only defect to mar the success of the occasion was the lack of heat in the building, the permanent heating apparatus not being in position. An attempt at heating had been made by means of gas stoves, but these were not sufficient. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 219 Arrangements had been made to have the spectators occupy the raised seats on one side of the tanbark-covered arena, but, after a trial, this was discarded on account of the temperature of the building and the spectators were allowed to move about at will, and enough operations were kept in progress at one time to allow all to see without crowding. All the operations were carried out under strict antiseptic precautions. In most instances the patients had been previous- ly prepared for operation, the field having been shaved and dis- infected by the local committee. An ample supply of instruments, dressings, anaesthetics, ap- paratus for sterilizing instruments and for heating water, clean white suits, throwing harness of all sorts, etc., had been sup- plied. The subjects with possibly two exceptions (the cows) were all true patients, no anatomy subjects being used. As far as possible a record of the cases will be kept and a further report will be made at a later date. The following brief account of the demonstrations is offered without any effort at detailed description : 1. Cartilaginous quittor, Bayer method. Animal cast on bed of straw. General anaesthesia. Surgeon, W. A. Axby, Harri- son; assistant, J. F. Planz, Akron. 2. Melanoma, anterior pectoral region in contact with right jugular. Animal cast on bed of straw. General anaesthesia. Surgeon, W. A. Axby; assistant, J. F. Planz. 3. Granuloma, outside of hock. Animal cast. Local anaes- thesia. Granuloma removed with scissors and cauterized deeply with actual cautery. Surgeon, J. F. Planz, Akron; assistant, W. A. Axby, Harrison. 4. Spaying cat. Median line. Surgeon, F. E. Anderson, Findlay; assistant, W. B. Washburn, Tiffin. 5. Spaying bitch. Median line. Surgeon, F. E. Anderson ; assistant, W. B. Washburn. 6. Tumor. Mammary gland. Bitch. Surgeon, W. B. Washburn, Tiffin; assistant, F, E. Anderson, Findlay. 7. Fistula, withers, carious spines, pus posterior to scapula. Animal cast. Parts well opened up. Spines curetted. Drain- age beneath the rhomboideus muscle. Surgeon, J. L. Axby, Lawrenceburg, Ind. ; assistant, F. E. Anderson, Findlay. 220 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 8. Splint. Firing. Animal standing. Local anaesthesia. Surgeon, W. E. demons, Granville. 9. Ring-bone. Mule, left hind. Animal cast. Puncture fired with thermo cautery. Surgeon, W. E. Clemens, Granville. 10. Roarer. Williams operation. Animal cast. General anaesthesia. Surgeon, J. H. Blattenburg, Lima; assistants, H. Fulstow, Norwalk, and W. B. Washburn, Tiffin. 11. Knuckling. Tenotomy. Animal cast. Local anaesthesia. Surgeon, J. H. Blattenburg, Lima; assistant, H. Fulstow, Nor- walk. 12. Navicular arthritis. Double neurectomy. Animal stand- ing. Local anaesthetic. Surgeon, W. E. Clemons, Granville. 13. Stringhalt. Tenotom}'-. Animal standing. Local anaes- thesia. Surgeon, W. E. Clemons, Granville. 14. Fistulous withers, carious spines. Animal cast. Sur- geon, J. H. Blattenburg, Lima; assistant, F. E. Anderson, Find- lay. 15. Spaying cow. Flank. Animal standing. Surgeon, H. Fulstow, Norwalk; assistants, J. E. Thomas, Columbus; W. C. Holden, Delphos; F. E. Anderson, Findlay. 16. Spaying cow. Vagina. Animal standing. Surgeon, H. Fulstow, Norwalk; assistants, J. E. Thomas, Columbus; W. C. Holden, Delphos; F. E. Anderson, Findlay. 17. Tumor. Horse. External metatarsal region. Animal cast. Surgeon, E. H. Callender, Zanesville. 18. Long molars. Horse. Projecting teeth cut off. Sur- geon, E. H. Callender, Zanesville. 19. Empyema. Trephining superior maxillary sinus. Ani- mal standing. Surgeon, J. H. Blattenburg, Lima; assistant, F. E. Anderson, Findlay. 20. Stringhalt. Tenotomy. Animal cast. Surgeon, J. E. Thomas, Columbus. 21. Tumor. Horse. Sheath. Animal cast. Surgeon, W. C. Holden, Delphos. 22. Eye examination. Horse. Keratitis, bilateral. Cataract, unilateral. Surgeon, W. R. Howe, Dayton. 23. Lameness examination. Horse. Diagnosis, Sesamoid- itis. Surgeons, J. D. Fair, Berlin; J. V. Newton, Toledo. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 221 24. Eye examination. Horse. Diagnosis, acute bilateral phlegmonous conjunctivitis. Surgeon, D. H. Udall, Columbus. 25. Nymphomania. Mare. (For exhibition only.) D. H. Udall^ Columbus; H. W. Brown, N. W. Hillock, C. E. Leist, " L. W. Carl, S. D. Myers, Wilmington, Clinic Committee. THE MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSO- CIATION. The semi-annual meeting of this association was called to order by President Jensen, at 9 a. m., in the new Casino, at Kansas City, Missouri. The following members registered at the door: Drs. J. S. Anderson, F. S. Beattie, R. F. Bourne, E. Biart, F. F. Brown, G. Butin, L. D. Brown, L. R. Baker, H. Bradley, C. B. Clem- ens, L. G. Clark, J. W. Connaway, J. C. Carter, R, Ebbitt, W. L. Elliott, H. E. Foster, C. H. Gaines, J. F. Hemphill, W. F, Holbrook, E. F. Jameson, H. Jenson, B. F. Kaupp, A. T. Kinsley, D. O. Knisley, R. C. Moore, G. A. Meixel, E. F. McGraw, J. H. McLevey, W. B. Mcx\lester, A. J. Munn, H. M. McConnell, C. B. McClelland, E. J. Netherton, R. Lov- ell, J. V. Lacroix, G. F. Puntney, S. A. Peck, C. E. Simpson, C. Saunders, V, Schaefer, J. H. Slater, F. M. Starr. S. Sheldon, L. H. Thurston, A. Trickett, E. A. VanAntwerp, W. B. Welch, W. Warren, R. E. Warren. The following visiting veterinarians registered at the door: Drs. L. J. Allen, J. H. Barney, F. E. Bishop, E. M. Bates, E. C. Baker, A. Dean, F. E. Freeman, J. H. Gwynn, J. S. Grove, W. J. Guilford, D. A. Haley, H. C. Hanson, W. J. Houser, W. J. Hart, J. I. Jacobson, C: A. Krueger, L. M. Klutz, H. M. Kirk. R. P. Lyman, W. H. McKinney, A. B. Magill, H. Pew, A. N. Reber, E. P. Niles, X. I. Richmond, S. K. Shenk, W. A. Smith, F. L. Wheeler, W. D. Wright, J. D. Thrower. The following names duly vouched for and favorably passed upon by the board of censors, were added to the mem- bership roll. 222 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Kansas. — E. M, Bates, F. S. Beattie, J. H. Hanna, W. J. Guilfoil, E. F. McGraw, C. E. Simpson, S. L. Stewart. Dakota. — C. A. Leslie. Iowa. — G. W. Giess. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap- proved. It was moved by Dr. J. W. Connaway, that the resignation of Dr. A. D. Knowles, of Livingston, Mont., be accepted and that he be elected an honorary member. Seconded and carried. Moved, by Dr. S. Stewart, that the president be em- powered to revive the bulletin and that the publisher be author- ized to accept subscriptions from practitioners and students from reputable schools. Seconded by Dr. W. Warren and carried. The following resolution presented at a previous meeting- was presented for final action : Resolved, That the constitution and by-laws be changed as follows : The third line of article 2, chapter 4, page 8, reading, " and shall annually thereafter pay one dollar in advance," to read " and shall annually thereafter pay two dollars, in ad- vance," one dollar to go to the publication committee, said member to be entitled to one year's subscription to the Miss- ouri Valley Veterinary Association. Seconded and carried. Moved by Dr. V. Schaefer, seconded by Dr. J. W. Conna- way, that Dr. R. P. Lyman be elected to honorary membership. Carried, The following resolution was introduced and unanimously carried : Whereas, Death has removed from our midst Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, and this in the prime of life, and. Whereas, Dr. Bell labored earnestly, both in season and out of season, and by voice and by pen materially aided in upbuilding and edifying the veterinary profession of our country, therefore be it Resolved, That the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association record its recognition and appreciation of the ^reat service rendered to veterinary science by our professional brother ; and be it further Resolved, That we firmly believe that the labors of his life will be a continuous stimulus to us as citizens and veterinar- ians; and be it further. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 223 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the family of the deceased, and a copy to the American Vet- erinary Review. The first paper on the program to be presented was " In- ternal Secretions of Glands," by Dr. R. F. Bourne. The Doc- tor recited the results of recent investigations in regard to the internal secretion of the thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic and other glands. " Human Tuberculosis " was ably discussed in a paper by R. W. Holbrook. Dr. W. F. Holbrook presented the subject of " Bovine Tu- berculosis." Dr. H. McConnell gave a short talk on what is being done to eradicate tuberculosis. Dr. J. C. Carter presented a paper on " Shoeing and Bal- ancing." Dr. W. B. Welch presented a paper on " Trismus," which was discussed to considerable extent. At 12 o'clock the meeting adjourned for luncheon. Meet- ing resumed at 1.30 p. m., with President Jensen in the chair. The first paper presented was one by Dr. F. F. Brown on " The Pathological Study of the Teeth of Herbivora." The Doctor went fully into the subject, bringing out many new points as to the pathology of diseased teeth, illustrating by means of drawings made from specimens. This paper was discussed by Drs. Warren, Slater, Nether- ton, Pew, Welch and others. Dr. R. Ebbitt then gave a talk on the subject of " Hog Cholera." Dr. W. Warren presented a paper on "The Use of Barium Chloride." Dr. J. S. Koen presented a paper on "Actinomycosis," which was discussed by Drs. Bourne, Ebbitt and others. A paper on " Federal Food Product Inspection," was read by Dr. L. R. Baker. Dr. H. Tensen gave a talk on " The Treatment of Fistulous Withers." ' At 6 p. m. the meeting was adjourned. At 7.30 p. m. about fifty veterinarians present attended a banquet served at the Coats House. Dr. L. R. Baker acting as toast master. Wednesday, February 19, 1908. The members in attendance met at the Armour Packing Company plant, to examine a display of fresh pathological 224 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Specimens and to examine meat products and the method of determining whether or not it is spoiled or wholesome. The following is a catalogue of the exhibit. Pathological Specimens. 1. Ale volar Sarcoma, from the ox. 2. Lipoma from the region of the shoulder of the ox. 3. A series of Actinomycotic tongue lesions. 4. A series of Actinomycotic head lesions. 5. Tuberculosis post pharyngeal lymph glands. 6. Abscess formation — various tissues. 7. Actinomycosis involving both inferior and superior maxilla. A series of lesions in the oesophagus of the ox. 8. Papilloma with dilitation of the pharyngeal portion. 9. Larva Hypoderma lineata imbedded in the mucous membrane. 10. Spiroptera scutate imbedded. 11. Large abscess sublumbar region of ox. 12. Carcass of hog showing generalized tuberculosis. Le- sions in the lungs, lineal lymph gland, spleen, bones, etc. 13. Carcass showing extensive lesions of hog cholera. Lesions in skin, bone, lymph gland, kidneys, etc. Bovine lung lesions. 14. Tuberculosis. Lesions in lymph glands and lungs. 15. Purulent Pneumonia. 16. Melanosis. 17. Traumatic Pericarditis 18. Normal lung. 19. Bovine pleura, showing extensive lesions of tubercu- losis. 20. Bovine peritoneum, showing extensive lesions of tu- berculosis. 21. Bovine uterus, showing lesions of tuberculosis. 22. Bovine Mammary glands, showing lesions of tubercu- losis. 23. Bovine diaphragm, showing melanosis. A series of liver lesions. 24. Tuberculosis. 25. Coccidiosis. 26. Large encapsuled abscess. SOCIETY MEETINGS. * 225 27. Cavernous angioma. 28. Hypertrophy. 29. Melanosis. 30. Cirrhosis. 31. Icteric pigmentation. A series of lesions in lungs of hogs. 32. Tuberculosis. 33. Acute red hepatization. 34. Catarrhal pneumonia. 35. Congestion. 36. Normal. A series of lesions in the liver of the hog. 2iy. Tuberculosis. 38. Cirrhosis. 39. Icteric. 40. Atrophy. 41. Abscess. 42. Normal. A series of lesions in the kidney of hog. 43. Tuberculosis. 44. Cystic. 45. Fatty degeneration. 46. Atrophy. 47. Cirrhosis. 48. Icteric. 49. Melanosis. 50. Congestion. 51. ^Petechia from hog cholera. A series of lesions in spleen of hog. 52. Tuberculosis. 53. Round celled sarcoma. 54. Splenitis due to cholera. A series of pleural lesions of the hog. 55. Tuberculosis. 56. Chronic pleurisy. 57. Adhesions. 226 SOCIETY MEETINGS. A series of skin lesions of hog. 58. Diamond disease (urticaria). 59. Melanosis. 60. Diffuse erythema due to swine plague. 61. Diffuse erythema due to extreme cold. 62. Dark colored or spotted pigmentation (recovered hog cholera). 63. Circumscribed hemorrhagic spots, due to hog cholera. A series of lesions in the small intestines of the hog. 64. Tuberculosis mesenteric lymph glands. 65. Mesenteric emphysema. 66. Small intestines showing small nodules resembling tubercles, caused by the echinorhynchus gigas, worms attached. 6y. Small intestines showing mesenteric lymph glands hemorragic due to hog cholera. 68. Section of small intestine filled with ascaris suolla. A series of lesions in stomach of hog. 69. Acute gastritis. 70. Normal stomach. 71. Penis affected with tuberculosis. A series of head lesions of the hog. ^2. Tuberculosis of post maxillary and sub-maxillary lymph glands. 73. Abscess. 74. Hemorrhage in glands due to hog cholera. The foods product exhibit included Smoked meats. 75. Shank of sour ham. 76. Puffed ham. yy. Sour bacon plate. Sweet pickled meat. 78. Shank of sour ham. Dry salt meats. 79. Shank sour shoulder. 80. Rancid back. Canned meats. 81. Good can. 82. Slow leaker. 83. Sweller. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 227 Lard. 84. Sweet. 85. Sour. 86. Rancid. Oleo. 87. Stearine sweet. 88. Oil, sour No. 3. Sausages. 89. Summer sweet. 90. Summer sour. 91. Pork sweet. 92. Pork sour, 93. Blood sweet. 94. Blood sour. 95. Vienna sweet. 96. Vienna sour. At 1.30 p. m. a clinic was held in the clinical amphitheater of the Kansas City Veterinary College. Subject No. I. — A demonstration of immunizing calves against tick fever, by Dr. A. T. Kinsley. Subject No. 2. — Removal of a hematoma from side of the thoracic cavity of a mule. The blood syst weighed 17 pounds. Operator, Dr. V. Schaefer, Dr. R. P. Lyman demonstrated the effects of intraperitoneal injections of chloral hydrate, two ounces was given in tenx)unces of water, a trocar, glass funnell and short rubber tube were used. The mule laid down in seven minutes. The effects of the chloral lasted a little over an hour. No ill results followed. Subject No. 3. — Arytenoidectomy in a bay stallion. Incis- ion through anterior crico-thyrodean ligament. Removal of vocal cord and a portion of the artenoidean cartilage. Oper- ator Dr. J. S. Anderson, assistants Drs. Starr and Holbrook. Subject No. 4. — Ovariectomy in mare. Dr. R. P. Lyman. Operating in a standing position. Subject No. 5. — Arytenoidectomy in a gray gelding, mode of operation same as No. 3, operator. Dr. R. C. Moore. Subject No. 6. — Removal of cataract in a bay mare, oper- ator, Dr. G. F. Puntney. Adjourned. B. F. KAUPP, Secretary. 228' SOCIETY MEETINGS. THE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA. The annual meeting of this association was held in the of- fices of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, Portage ave- nue, Winnipeg, Man., on Tuesday, February i8, 1908, at 2 p. m. The president, Dr. W. E. Martin, occupied the chair. There were present as visitors Dr. Miller, of St. Joseph, Mo., U. S. A., and Drs. Ross and Walsh, of the Federal Meat Inspection Di- vision. The secretary read the minutes of the last annual meeting, which on the motion of Dr. C. D. McGilvray, seconded by Dr. S. A. Coxe, were adopted as read. A communication was read from the secretary of the Board of Trade of the Municipality of Belmont, requesting the asso- ciation to assist them in locating a practicing veterinarian in the town of Belmont, where the services of one was now much needed, and, on the suggestion of the chairman, it was decided that any of the members hearing of a veterinary surgeon likely to take up the proposition, should communicate with the secre- tary. The secretary also read a communication from the Board of University Commissioners, inviting the association to submit their views to the Commission in reference to veterinary educa- tion. In bringing this matter before the meeting, the secretary said that this raised a very important point in that it involved the future of veterinary education in Manitoba, and he there- fore hoped that the matter would be fully discussed. He was often in receipt of communications from different parts of the West, addressed to the Veterinary College, Winnipeg, and from students inquiring as to where it was best for them to go from the West to acquire veterinary education, and in his opinion there was certainly a demand for veterinary education in the West. At present the students have to go to Ontario and other parts to get this education, and it might be well for us to con- sider the advisability of asking this University Commission to refer to this question in their report to the government. We have to reply to this communication from the University Com- missions, and I think it will be well to give them some evi- dence as to the value of veterinary education, and the opening that exists here for establishing a veterinary college. After some further discussion, on the proposition of Dr. Dunbar, seconded by Dr. Little, the following were elected a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 229 committee to go into the matter and reply to the commissioners : The president, the secretary-treasurer, Dr. Torrance, and Drs. C. D. McGilvray, W. J. Hinman, and A. E. Williamson. The following resolution was also passed on the motion of Dr. Tor- rance, seconded by Dr. Chas. I.ittle: " That in the opinion of this association the time has ar- rived when veterinary education should be undertaken in this province, and the Board of University Commissioners should be respectfully requested to recommend to the government the estab- lishment of a Veterinary College in Winnipeg in the near future." Auditors^ Report. " This is to certify that we have this day examined and found the books of the Manitoba Veterinary Association correct in every detail." A. E. Williamson, V. S., Chas. Little, V. S. On motion of Messrs. Little and Dunbar, the report was adopted. Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar's Report. The first subject usually dealt with in this report is the pay- ment of fees, and I have to thank the majority of the members for the prompt remittance of their dues soon after the annual meeting. There are some, however, who neglect this matter and have to be written to several times before they respond, and .some who do not respond at all. It would greatly facilitate the work of the secretary if all would pay up promptly. Several of those in arrears paid up their fees during the year, but others allowed themselves to get behind, so that we still have several delinquents upon the list. These will be dealt with by the Council. Several prosecutions were undertaken during the past year for infraction of the Veterinary Act, and in every case where an information was laid, the association was successful in ob- taining a conviction. The following were convicted and fined : F. Watkinson, Crystal City, second offence. .$50 and costs. J. B. Desmarteau, Morris 20 and costs. Norman West, Swan River 30 and costs. C. B. Gofton, Dauphin 25 and costs. 230 SOCIETY MEETINGS, As registrar, I beg to report the following members have removed from the province: D. A. Mcx\rthur, J. W. Rutledge, W. Swenerton and H. F. Whaley. The following new members have registered after passing the necessarv examination: S. W. Armitage, Crystal City, Mc- Killip, '07; J. W. Broadfoot, Binscarth, McKillip, '07; B. A. Brown, Swan Lake, Ont., Vet. Coll., '96; A. G. Husband, Dep. of Agl., Winnipeg, McKillip, '07; Manchester W. Wawanesa, McGill, '92; McKenzie W. H. Emerson, McKillip, '07; J. H. Part, Swan River, McKillip, '07; J. A. Swanson, Manitou, Mc- Killip, '07; Sirett W. F. Minnedosa, McKillip, '07; A. F. Wil- son, Portage la Prairie, McKillip, '07. The total membership is now 1 01. As treasurer, I beg to present the following financial state- ment: Receipts $504 . 05 Balance, 1907 471-76 Total $975-8i Expenditure $523 .03 , Balance, 1908 452 . 78 Total $975.81 F. Torrance^ Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar. On motion of Drs. Dunbar and Hilton, the report was adopted. Election of Officers. The election of officers resulted in the following: President, ,C. D. McGilvray, Winnipeg; vice-president, W. R. Taylor, Portage la Prairie; secretary-treasurer and registrar, F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Examiners, C. D. McGilvray, W. E, Martin and F. Torrance. Council, S. Robinson, Brandon; J. P. Molloy, Morris; A. E. Williamson, Winnipeg; and the offi- cers mentioned above. The president expressed the pleasure of the meeting at the presence of the visitors. Dr. Millar, of St. Joseph, Mo., and Federal Meat Inspectors Ross and Walsh, and extended an in- vitation to them to be present at the dinner in the evening. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 231 Evening Session. The members began the evening session by dining together in Manitoba Hall. Some twenty-five sat down and this de- parture from the usual program was found so pleasant a change that the members present hoped it would become an annual feature. When the eatables were disposed of, the president, Dr. C. D. McGilvray, proposed the health of the King, which was duly honored, and the meeting settled down to business. Dr. S. Robinson, of Brandon, reported a case of dislocation of the patella in a mare of 1,400 lbs., weight. He got the leg into the usual position for reduction and tried for half an hour to replace the bone without success. He then applied a block of wood to the part and hit it a smash with an axe and the patella went ,back into place all right, and the mare walked ofif as if nothing was the matter. Dr. McLoughry exhibited specimens of thrombosis of the posterior aorta, and related a case of a horse that had received an injury to the hind legs while unloading grain at an elevator. This horse afterwards , was sold and died in the hands of the new owner, who was suing for damages on the ground that the horse was unsound from the injuries received and that his death was directly traceable to those injuries. This proved an interesting subject for debate and an inter- esting discussion followed. Dr. Ross, of the Federal Meat Inspection staff, read a paper on "Tuberculosis Affecting Meat." This led to an animated discussion of the conditions of meat and milk inspection in Mani- toba, and resulted in the appointment of a committee consisting of Drs. Martin, Shoults and Torrance, to draw up a resolution dealing with this matter. Dr. McGilvray then read a paper on the " Health of Animals' Branch of the Department of AgricuUure," showing the im- portant work that was being done in Canada in controlling dis- eases of animals and inspecting animal food products. It was decided by vote to hold the semi-annual meeting in Winnipeg. The meeting then adjourned. F. Torrance, Secretary-Treasurer. 232 SOCIETY MEETINGS. CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. This association held its regular quarterly meeting at Han- ford, California, on March ii, 1908. In the morning a clinic was held at the Hanford Veterinary Hospital. Some of its fea- tures were : '' Spaying of Heifers," Dr. P. H. Browning, of San Jose, and Dr. Otis Longley, of Fresno. "Castrations" (standing operation and cast), Dr. Frank Griffiths, of Hanford. " Operation on Cryptorchid," Dr. D. F. Fox, of Sacramento, and Dr. H. A. Spencer, of San Jose. " Plantar Neurectomy," Dr. J. J. Hogarty, of Oakland. " Demonstration of Dipping Sheep," Dr. J. H. Hammond, Veterinary Inspector U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. After lunch, the veterinarians were taken in automobiles for a ride over the country and at 3 o'clock the meeting was called in Dewey Hall. Roll call showed sixteen members present be- sides five visiting veterinarians. The minutes of the last meet- ing were read and approved. Dr. Otis Longley, chairman of the Judiciary Committee, reported that there was $300 in the prosecution fund. He stated that no prosecutions had yet been begun by the committee, but suits had been started privately by members of the association against certain illegal practition- ers. A motion was made by Dr. Archibald and seconded by Dr. Creely that every member of the Judiciary Committee who has not attended at least two meetings of the committee be dropped from the committee. After considerable discussion the motion was carried. The literary features of the programme were : President's address, D. D. Fox, of Sacramento; "Treatment of Impaction of the Horse," Dr. Otis Longley, Fresno ; " Opsonic Therapy," Dr. R. A. Archibald, Oakland. By motion, the expense bill for stenographic work of the secretary was ordered paid. By motion, the president was in- structed to appoint a committee of three to draft resolutions regarding the death of Drs. Oliver and Bell. Following are the resolutions : (I) " Whereas, Since the last meeting of this association our pro- fession has suffered a most incalculable affliction, and this asso- SOCIETY MEETINGS. 233 ciation has been particularly afflicted through the death of one of our most promising members. " Be it resolved, That in the demise of Dr. W. J. Oliver we feel a loss in our midst that we can least afford. , ** Be it further resolved, That while we bow to the will of Him who directeth all things wisely, we mourn the loss of a most estimable member, a progressive veterinarian and a kindly friend. " Be it resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the bereaved family and that they be spread upon the minutes of this meeting." (2) " Whereas, Relentless Death has again invaded the ranks of our profession, selecting as its victim one of our most valued and beloved members, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and " Whereas, Through the keen intelligence, admirable fore- sight and persistent industry of Dr. Bell veterinary journalism has attained its high standard of excellence in America, and " Whereas, Dr. Bell, in addition to his editorial attributes, was a teacher of the highest order, being capable of absorbing the most intricate details and imparting the same in such a lucid manner as to indelibly impress them upon the hearer's mind, be it " Resolved by the California State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, That while we bow in humble submission to the will of the Divine Ruler, we can but grieve at the demise of so valued a veterinarian, such a gifted teacher and so loyal a friend, and be it, " Resolved, That the most heartfelt sympathy of the mem- bers of this association are tendered to the bereaved family in this hour of their affliction, and be it *' Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to the family of the deceased, and that these proceedings be spread upon the minutes of this association." R. A. Archibald, D. F. Fox, H. A. Spencer, Committee. A recess was declared to give time for the drafting of the resolutions and signing of the constitution. After the meeting 234 SOCIETY MEETINGS. was again called to order, a discussion took place with regard to the professional ethics of advertising and with regard to the fact that a certain eastern veterinarian had been making a prac- tice of coming to the state every spring and doing work without applying to the State Board of Veterinary Examiners for a license. An invitation to hold the next meeting in San Jose was re- ceived from Drs. Spencer, Healey and Browning. President Fox appointed as essayists for the next meeting Drs. Betzold, Healey and Keane. A motion was carried ex- pressing the appreciation and praise of the association to Dr. Frank Griffith, of Hanford, for his magnificent entertainment and hard work in carrying out successfully the plans of the meeting. In the evening a banquet was held at the Esrey restaurant. Dr. H. A. vSpencer, San Jose, acted as toastmaster. C. M. Haring, Secretary. NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This association convened in the city of Lincoln at the State Farm, on Monday and Tuesday, January 20 and 21, 1908. Promptly at 9 a. m. Prof. Wayne Dinsmore, of the Iowa State College, opened the meeting with a stock-judging demonstration, a class of poland china hogs were brought in and Professor Dinsmore gave the veterinarians present a thorough drilling in judging hogs from a market and breeding standpoint. At 10 o'clock a class of fat steers were judged and at 11 o'clock four splendid specimens of percheron draft stallions was brought into the new judging pavilion and over one hour was spent most profitably in considering the points of the horse. Animal hus- bandry has been neglected in the past by veterinarians in gen- eral, but Nebraska veterinarians are determined to all become expert stock judges. At noon lunch was served at the Farm and promptly at 1.30 the meeting was called to order by Dr. Sprague; the president, Dr. Young, not being present. Minutes of previous meeting were read and approved. A most excellent paper on " Biers' Congestive Hypersemia Treatment in Veterinary Practice " was presented by Dr. A. T. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 235 Peters; Dr. Burton Rogers, of Manhattan, Kansas, presented a paper on " Eradication of Tuberculosis " ; Dr. Young, of Omaha, presented a paper on " Veterinary Ethics." Dr. Jensen was elected to represent the Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association at the International Congress on Tubercu- losis in Washington, D. C. At 8 o'clock in the evening an elegant banquet was served at the Windsor Hotel. The following ladies and guests were present : Mesdames Gain, McKim, Jensen, Anderson, Lovell, Paine, Ewell and Becknian. Drs. Dunphy, Stewart and Prof. Dinsmore. Dr. A. T. Peters acted as toastmaster and the follow- ing toasts were responded to : "Our Annual Pilgrimage," Dr. V. Schaefer; "Veterinary Progress," Dr. J. S. Anderson; " The Ladies," Dr. G. R. Young; " Prophecy," Dr. Simonson ; " A Message from Iowa," Prof. Wayne Dinsmore, Ames, Iowa; "Early Nebraska Veterinary History," Dr. Richard, Ebbitt; "A Message from Missouri," Dr. S. Stewart, Kansas City; " Our New Members," Dr. I. W. McEachran; " Our Guests," Dr. W. H. Tuck; " A Message from Michigan," Dr. G. W. Dunphy, Detroit. Music was furnished by Thornburg's Orchestra. On Tuesday morning the members assembled in room 105, Agricultural Hall, with Dr. Young in the chair, and listened to a paper presented by Dr. Lovell on the subject of " Pernicious Anaemia." This disease is giving us a great deal of trouble in the state and the doctor had evidently given his subject a great deal of thought and study. A lively discussion followed by Drs. Thomson, Ebbitt, Jensen, Dunphy, Schaefer, Peters, Bernard, Drasky, and our always welcome visitor. Dr. S. Stewart, of Kansas City, gave us his experience with this malady, which was greatly appreciated by us all. Next a paper was presented by Dr. G. W. Dunphy, of De- troit, entitled " New Veterinary Remedies," a great many to us unknown remedies was brought to our attention. All the mem- bers present enjoyed this paper, as a great many valuable sug- gestions were made. A rising vote of thanks was given Dr. Dunphy for his ex- cellent paper. In the afternoon a clinic was held in the animal house and the following cases were presented. A neoplasm of the fetlock removed by Dr. Anderson. A tumor of the nasal septum removed by Dr. Schaefer. Tibioperoneal neurectomy performed by Drs. Lovell and Anderson. Demonstration of 23G SOCIETY MEETINGS. producing general anaesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate solution by Dr. Jensen. Chronic gonitis treated by Dr. Schaefer with phenic acid injections. Judge Carey, of Seward, addressed the meeting during the afternoon and in- formed the members of what was being done towards prose- cuting violators of the law. The following members were present : Drs. Gain, McKim, Anderson, Odell, Carmichael, Bowers, Hall, Lovell, Royce, Thomson, Berg, Smith, Collins, Stewart, Schaefer, Huntley, Drasky, Paine, Wilett, DeCow, Ebbitt, Meixel, Bernard, Strayer, Trabert, Von Nordheim, Simonson, Scott, Carstensen. It was decided to hold the fall meeting in Grand Island dur- ing the month of October. H. Jensen, Secretary. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE NEW YORK-AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE. The annual meeting of the New York University Alumni Association of the New York-American Veterinary College was held in the college building, 141 West Fifty-fourth street, New York City, on April 2, 1908, at 3.30 p. m. The meeting was called to order by the president. Dr. W. C. Miller. There were many alumni in attendance, including the entire graduating class of 1908. The society passed a unanimous resolution lamenting the death of our beloved brother alumnus, Dr. R. R. Bell, setting aside a page in the minutes in memoriam and directing the secre- tary to send a copy of the resolutions to the bereaved family. The officers elected for the ensuing year are as follows : Dr. T. Earl Budd, president; Dr. J. G. Slee, ist vice-presi- dent; Dr. W. C. Miller, 2d vice-president; Dr. H. F. Harms, treasurer; Dr. T. F. Krey, secretary. Executive Committee, Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, chairman; Dr. W. J. Coates, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Dr. T. E. Smith. The meeting adjourned at 5.30 p. m. in order to permit ample time to prepare for the annual banquet, which was held at the Circle Hotel at 7.30 p. m. The annual banquet was a delightful event, surpassing in many ways previous banquets of the society. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 237 When the inner man had been plentifully supplied from a splendid and well-served menu, our popular toastmaster Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe introduced the speakers of the evening. Dr. John P. Munn, of the Council of New York University, re- sponded to the toast, " The University," in well-chosen words, and before he had concluded proved to us again the tender spot he has always maintained for the veterinary department. Dr. W. J. Coates, in response to the toast, " The Faculty," brought forth most interesting and humorous rhymes including every member of the faculty. The farther he proceeded with the narration the more humorous it grew and each verse was hailed with much laughter and a good round of applause. It would be difficult to beat Dr. Coates at verse and it is certain his toast will remain " The Faculty " for many years to come. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins responded to the toast '■ Future Veterinary Education in America " as only Dr. Hoskins can ; his remarks received the greatest attention. Those who did not hear his remarks missed a treat. Dr. Van Mater kept us in constant merriment with his " Rhymes Mostly Stolen." It is a mystery where Dr. Van Mater gets all his good stories. He is certain of being booked for next year. Dr. Ellis did full justice to his subject, " Professional Ethics," which was very instructive and entertaining, and was followed by Dr. H. D. Hanson, who responded to the toast, " College Life as a Teacher," which was much appreciated by members of the faculty and enjoyed by all. Dr. J. L. Thompson, of the Law Department, was up to his usual standard and as usual convinced many of us that the study of law must be robbed of its dryness when Dr. Thompson is the lecturer. Dr. W. Reid Blair told us many interesting things about the " Zoo " as only Dr. Blair can tell them. We are always glad to listen to him. Dr. Robertson thought he had escaped making a few remarks by requesting the dinner committee to omit his name from the programme, but no banquet is a complete success without a few remarks from one of our oldest members and he gracefully ac- commodated us. Dr. W. C. Miller again proved his claim to the toast " The Ladies." We have him listed for 1909. 238 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. T. E. Smith, although taken unawares, responded to the toast " Societies " in a masterful manner and we are glad we assigned that subject to Dr. Smith; we all benefited by his re- marks. Dr. T. Earle Budd, the president-elect, addressed the grad- uating class in a way that took many of us back to the days when we needed just such encouragement as only Dr. Budd can give. His remarks should ever be a safeguard and his words of encouragement a source of much pleasure throughout the pro- fessional life of the graduates. Dr. Albert Towners responded in behalf of the graduating class, thanking Dr. Budd for his address and the faculty for the interest manifested to the students throughout the college course. Theodore F. Krey, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY. The April meeting of this association was held in the lecture room of the New York- American Veterinary College, 141 West Fifty-fourth street, New York City, on the evening of April i, with President Grenside in the chair. There were 40 members and visitors present. After the usual routine business was transacted, Dr. E. B. Ackerman, of Brooklyn, read some very interesting case reports on tetanus, which had been successfully treated with injections of carbolic acid and tr. iodine. After the discussion of this paper had closed. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia, was introduced and he presented a very able and practical paper on the subject, " How Are We to Educate the Public as to Needed Legislation for Veterinary Sanitary Control Work ? " As there is no one better qualified to speak upon such a subject than Dr. Hoskins, those who were able to be present were fortunate indeed. Dr. Hoskins told of the legislative results achieved in the state of Pennsylvania by the efforts of a united profession standing behind and supporting their leaders. The doctor thought that while the Legislature at Harrisburg had supported their demands in a good measure, still he felt that more should be done, and that he was confident more would be accomplished in the near future, but that it took SOCIETY MEETINGS. 239 persistent and conscientious work in order to convince the law- makers that their demands were just and beneficial and in the interests of the general public. In reply to a question, Dr. Hos- kins explained the necessity for the recently established State Meat Inspection Service. He explained that while the Federal inspection controls such meats as may pass into interstate trade, still where there is no strict municipal inspection there can come into the city any amount of questionable meats, in the shape of diseased, spoiled or unclean meat. The unprotected are the people of the smaller cities and towns where meats and meat food supplies are constantly consumed without Federal or any other inspection. It is to just such matters that Dr. Hoskins believed the veterinarian's attention must be directed in order to educate the public to needed legislation. What has already been accomplished in Pennsylvania the doctor believed could be brought about in New York. He be- lieved that every veterinarian should take a lively interest in everything pertaining to the food supplies and the public health, and each could certainly render valuable assistance in the pas- sage of laws beneficial to the general public as well as the vet- erinary profession by speaking or writing to their representa- tives in the legislature in support of such measures. In the discussion which followed Dr. Hoskins' paper many of the members lamented the fact that the great State of New York should be so for behind her sister states in matters of this kind. Ex-Judge Amon, who came to the meeting as a guest of one of our members, was invited to address the meeting on the subject of the prosecution of illegal veterinary practition- ers. The Judge responded and gave us some valuable informa- tion as to the manner of procedure in such cases. He advised the association to retain a lawyer, as one was really necessary for properly presenting the cases. Dr. Hazle reported progress relative to the cases which are now ready for prosecution. Judge Amon was given a vote of thanks for his remarks and advice. A vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Hazle for his efforts in gathering evidence against illegal practitioners. A hearty vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Hoskins for coming to New York to address us. 240 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. John J. Hays, graduate of the American Veterinary College, 1894, and Dr. F. D. Boiilanger, graduate of the New York- American Veterinary College, 1907, were unanimously elected to membership in this association. The meeting adjourned at 11.20 p. m. W. Reid Blair, Secretary. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The regular quarterly meeting of this association was held on the evening of April 8, 1908, at Waterville. Me. John M. Deering, of Saco, and F. S. Adams, of Bowdoin, members of the state board of cattle commissioners, were present. Mem- bers of the association present were : W. S. Lord, Portland ; F. L. Russell, Orono ; F. L. Stevens, Farmington ; F. E. Free- man, Rockland; R. E. Freeman, Dexter; C. L. Newton, Dover; C. W. Watson, Brunswick ; C. L. Blakeley, Augusta ; I. L. Salley, Skowhegan, and A'. Joly, of Waterville. The general subject for discussion was tuberculosis, and the cattle commissioners were present to talk over the situation in Maine, methods used to control the disease and to confer with the members of the association on the work being done. Vice- President Lord presided in the absence of President Murch. A "paper on " Bovo- Vaccine " was read by Dr. C. L. Blakeley, of Augusta, and one on " The Sanitary Condition of the Coun- try Slaughter Houses," by Dr. F. L. Stevens, of Bangor, one of the government inspectors. Dr. Stevens also discussed the necessity of having a state law governing the inspection of meat. Messrs. Deering and Adams spoke on the general condi- tions regarding tuberculosis in the state at present and of the work that is being done by the commission. Mr. Adams told of his recent trip to New York to attend the meeting at which nine states were represented and at which an association to be known as the Eastern Live Stock Sanitary Association was formed, explaining the purposes of this organization. At that meeting the best methods of controlling tuberculosis were discussed and the value of the tuberculosis test highly commended. Dr. A. Joly, secretary of the association, spoke of the tuber- culin test as the best method for diagnosing the disease in ani- mals. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 241 The committee reported a resolution recommending that the health authorities of the state take action to improve the condi- tion of dairy products when marketed. The committee also re- ported resolutions of sympathy on the death of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, of New York, Editor of the American Veterinary Review. It was voted to hold the next meeting in Portland in July. After the meeting adjourned, those present were entertained at an informal luncheon at the Elks' Club by Dr. Joly. April 9th A. M. — A clinic was held at Dr. Joly's Veterinary Hospital. Post-mortem examinations were also made on a num- ber of cows that had re-acted under the tuberculin test. Com- missioners Deering and Adams, as well as the members of the association, stayed over and attended the clinic and post-mortem examinations. A. JoLY, Secretary. CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The annual meeting of this association was held at Hotel Hartford, Hartford, Conn., Tuesday, February 4, 1908. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. Kelley, at 12 o'clock, noon. The following members responded to the roll call : Drs. H. E. Bates, F. F. Bushnell, E. M. Beckley. G. T. Crowley, Chas. L. Colton, G. E. Corwin. B. K. Dow, P. F. Fin- nigan, L. B. Judson, P. T. Keelev, J. H. Kelley, G. W. Love- land, J. S. Schofield, J. E. Underbill, H. Whitney, C. R. Witte and Harry Lukes, of Springfield, Mass. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap- proved. The Secretary's and Treasurer's reports were accepted. At I o'clock adjourned for dinner; reconvened at 3 p. m. Application or membership was made by Dr. E. F. Scho- field, of Greenwich, Conn., vouched for by Drs. Bates and Cor- win. The application was referred to the Board of Censors. The election of officers resulted as follows: President, Dr. R. D. Martin, Bridgeport; First Vice-President, Dr. F. F. Bush- nell, Middletown; Second Vice-President, Dr. E. M. Beckley, Meriden; Secretary, Dr. B. K. Dow, Willimantic ; Treasurer, Dr. H. Whitney, New Haven. 242 SOCIETY MEETIN'GS. Board of Censors — Dr. Thos. Bland, Chairman, Waterbury; Dr. G. W. Loveland, Torrington; Dr. G. T. Crowley, New Britain; Dr. P. T. Keeley, Waterbury; Dr. L. B. Judson, Win- sted. After the election of officers several important matters per- taining to the affairs of the association were discussed and acted upon. The new glanders and dog laws were freely discussed, and several members related their experiences with the working of the law. Dr. H. E. Bates presented a cystic calculus, which he re- moved from a mare. Dr. L, B. Judson presented a "concretion," composed of hair, dirt, pieces of string, etc, which he removed from a dog's stom- ach (post-mortem). Drs. Kelley and Whitney invited the association to hold its semi-annual meeting in New Haven, at Dr. Kelley's hospital. They promised the members a good clinic and a pleasant time. The invitation was gratefully accepted by vote of the members. At 5 p. M. voted to adjourn. B. K. Dow^ Secretary. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The following address was delivered before the semi-annual meeting at Reading, Pa., by President D. R. Kohler. (Crowded out of the report of proceedings published in April number.) : Fellow Members — I must express my sincere thanks that you have chosen me the presiding officer of this association. I appreciate the honor. This marks the first meeting for the be- ginning of another year of this association. I hope the coming year may be as prosperous as the year just passed ; the veterinary profession has been very prosperous, although perhaps not so financially to all those who are in active practice. I would refer to the advances, scientific researches and the opportunities offered to the veterinary practitioner. If we take a look at what the veterin- ary business was 25 years ago, and what it is to-day the contrast is great ; they had no thermometers to take the animal temperature, no tuberculin to diagnose tuberculosis, no mallein to determine whether a horse had glanders or not, no antitoxines to alleviate SOCIKTT MEETINGS. 243 and control some of the most dreadful and fatal diseases. Twenty-five to forty years ago there were only a few so-called " Horse Doctors," and they were kept scratching to pay for their living and the liquor most oi them used in those days. Now, to-day, you find a veterinarian in nearly every town of two thou- sand to three thousand inhabitants, where there is an agricultural district, and most of them are getting along fairly well, and also good opportunities are offered by the federal government for veterinary inspectors, and even our own state offers some fair positions. Of course, we cannot all have these positions, but nevertheless, those who get these positions make more room for those who stay in regular practice; also, the progress, advance- ment and researches that are going on in our own state gives em- ployment to a number of practitioners and for that part we must give credit to our competent leader. Dr. Pearson. I will leave the rest of the time for the discussion of papers. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The regular monthly meeting of the above association was held on the evening of March 25, 1908, at 514 Ninth street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In the absence of the president and secretary. Dr. H. W. Acheson acted as president, and Dr. M. P. Smith as secretary. The Committee on Diseases, represented by Drs. J. P. Turner and Dornheim, reported an unusuall}'- large number of cases of rabies in the District. The subject was discussed at length, and the consensus of opinion was that all dogs should be muzzled for a time at least, and that the practice of muzzling was both humane and practicable. The question of the successful treat- ment of Azoturia and the use of Adrenalin was also discussed; no member could give a treatment that he considered invariably successful, and there was no information given as to the value of Adrenalin in such cases. The treatment of Tetanus was also discussed, and there seemed to be an unanimous conclusion that Tetanus Antitoxin was valuable as a preventive. F. M. AsHBAUGH_, Secretary. 244 LAWS GOVERNING VETERINARY PRACTICE. H Q rt u j^, M w Vi > o o < C3 el^ H w c« cfi u m >H i^ Q O •^ p^ <; W a n -< H CQ 1— H W H r- > H ID C3 u c a o O. w H W o > fa O X V '5) C3 O o <*< o ^ H K o ^ > o Pi S O CAl p^ Ui W Pi 7J (U lU > Oi a: rfi ,a o C5 o H M Q D ^ CO h4 w w H I— 1 Q W IS < o c s o a, r1 > o f', Di -d 1— 1 < V < g 8 3 C) C4 cr 1— I Q ii ;^ M i-i > U u "5' I-) PQ l!i <^ u H Ui S 0 h < rt 11 ■s.y rt ■U 4) rt D rt State Board of Veterinary Regis- tration and Exam- ination. n i< ^ S : : : : m :2§H >t3 o CLcS bo ^ 4) 1-1 ri 1 D C/3 Hulbert Young, Secretary, Wash- ington, D. C. ' "a." "r."' RowaV, Sec, Honolulu. "So <£ c o . x« §^ 3 C '3.2 Professional Training. 6*0 ll 3 6^ o o o ■« 3 N In Anatomy, Physiology, O b - stetrics, Pathol- ogy, Therapeutics and Theory and Practice. 11 it rt.S-s 3 2 1 .5 <-> e D S '3 o c 0) s v "3 £ o Z C s 1 d Z 2iyearsof of age. Good moral char- acter. Common school education. H < h rt U rt T3 O "o 3 u u .s -3 o 13 >. 1n-d ■Si 1* •O 4J c >'3 •ss •2" b o II 3 ffi^ i^o ^?5 > <-' •^ a) °6 ■a rt rtW S3 u "^ O D. on ■w V oQ . ^ £ i-H "-a K 0)0 V ^ n ^oo •-* o 5 2i III O 4) •^ O^ tfi ■tJ '- O'e . o « ;r >3 C e o ^ 5 o (« a > rt o C in V 4) rt-O c s "■"■ ^a&s g " « <1 S'S'n ^£ bOTJ <* O p H u kH u ra '<-' 0) o - •-« 5 « jj . ■" oc/j 5 e y =5§ X P rt . .2 c S- o o i o e u O m ■-S-O (4 V 3.2 OS ll S J* "o ■-J3 S_: o o ^ o OS 4) u — in O 4) Ort C (4 •* S - O 9> OS 11 o 0) O s« 2 2 c'3 0) o U5J . Sf 73 3 B c4 •s 13 •a X J3W 0 ^ -SE _ '" ■ rt .4) ° Ers «rts .eI 0^ rt C ^|rt ;1^ 8 ■ ll w P^ " 0 P" 0 rt hJCL, -^ X i2-»^ a}W*>5 rt fe^ S>^ c^ • £.2 -25 SSulSZrt^, ^rt.2WS en *^ £? 'rtia H rt u • pa's rt -a rt 0 P3 :§>• tJrt ^^ rtp3 c . ■5; =" (D 1) C .2 c E X W 0~T3 E 1) g. 0 3 a 0 §"£g:g i73rt II 11 rt a Qi s 2 '3 0 11 rt^O rt bfbi rt.a c 4> E 2 ■3 0" 2 0 11 S <-> 1 1 0 c E 3 0 ^-rtES ►, 0 1) 0 IJ rt i« s s ^ <* C (U 0 4) 0 "" g e ■•SrtO^li ™ ^^^ ^ u 3 aj t, rt rt tn s-a c £ '3 2 0 Z, c E '3 £ 0 c 4> u ■§. 2 0 Z H H •< H 75 c4 1 C 0 c4 rt > 2 0, E 2 •— > rt_j .22 ^ c o g"^ < 0)3 >2 Si's SI S ca >>-5 Board composed of dean of Medi- cal Society, two vet. surgs. and two M. D's. State Board of Veterinary Medi- cal Examiners. 'o • gw > No State Board of Veterinary Med- ical Examiners. u 6 >; gs W. Horace Hoskins, Secre- tary, Philadelphia. Geo. R. White, President, Nash- ville. :'rt : • 72 ; •Sir : :-5 "u •• . 0^ . •'->rt • : hj : l« a rt 0 eg : og . Chas. Schmitt, President Society Veterinary Grad- uates, Dodgeville. 'So ■W (J c •-H a Present certified foreign diploma and receive corre- sp'ing degree from Univ. of Havana. r J'S 3> rt 720 72 Name of Regis- trant, of institution grant'g Dip. or soc. grant'g certif. must be registered with Register Deeds in county of practice. Licensing Tests. Exam. Dip. school good standing in lieu of exam. c o rt c g rt X Ui '• u 0 .i§ 3 e« 11 1.11 wis ; C 0 a B rt X M • • Professional Training. c g o Graduation from a legally incorpo- rated school. Graduation from school of good standing, or exam- ination by Board. ■ ' ■ "S '3 0 Z d c > 2 c 'c ti .J3 .g > »! tn c' ■3 s 0 u 1 bi c B 0 NEWS AND ITEMS. It is a miserable thing to live in suspense. It is the Hfe of a spider. — (Szvift.) Dr. D. C. Burnett succeeds Dr. A. E. Luks as Inspector in charge, B. A. I., at Pottsville, Pa. Vermont has appointed a barber to test dairy cattle for tuberculosis at Island Pond in that state. Asked in an examination paper to explain what a buttress is, one boy replied, '' A woman who makes butter." Asbestos Blankets. — The suggestion is made that fire de- partment horses be provided with asbestos blankets. Although a fact yet it is hard to realize that the weight of the harness carried from morning until night on the backs of some draught horses in our big cities is as much as seventy pounds on a single horse. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty TO Animals has added Dr. W. Reid Blair, veterinarian and pathologist of the New York Zoological Park, and Dr. Frank Miller, veterinarian to the Westminster Kennel Club, to its staff of official veterinarians. Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of Cuba, has been recently in the southern states purchasing live stock for the Cuban* Government. While there Dr. Mayo made his headquarters at Houston, Texas, where he was a guest of his college friend. Dr. W. A. Knight. The Board of Regents of the West Virginia University has decided to establish a regular three-year course in veterinary science. The school will open its doors in September with a faculty of several veterinarians, two M. D.'s, and instructors connected with the agricultural college. His Happiness Explained. — He — Scraggs seems very happy for a man just returned from the burial of one of his wife's dearest friends. She — Indeed? Who was it? He — Her pug dog. — {Brooklyn- Life.) 248 Gaa \ H. iugfetu>, OTTAWA. CANADA. No. American Vetbrinary Review. JUNE, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, April 15, 1908. Prof. Law Retires. — With this month of June an event of some importance will take place in the veterinary world of America. Prof. J. Law, F.R.C.V.S., retires from thie directorship of the New York State Veterinary College, and his place is to be filled by Prof. Veranus A. Moore, B.S., M.D., appointed by the Board of Trustees of Cornell University. Both of these gentlemen are well known to all of us and their scientific attainments have shown how well deserved the po- sition was for either. No doubt the prgfession will remember the work that Prof. Law has done and will watch that of Prof. Moore, calculating on what she can expect from him in judg- ing by the good work he has already done. Prof. Moore, B.S., M.D., becomes director of one of the first and one of the best veterinary colleges in America. He probably will keep the chair of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection. For years he has worked in that direction. He has made his reputation by it. He is known all over the world for his researches in Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology. But what about the chair left vacant by the retirement of Prof. Law, that of the Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sanitary Science and Parasitism? Prof. 255 256 EDITORIAL. Law, F.R.C.V.S., is a veterinarian, and, evidently, a gradu- ate of veterinary medicine must be his successor. Who will he be? An American or some one from the continent? We certainly hope that an American veterinarian will be selected. There is no doubt that Director Moore could be the right man for the place, as he has had much veterinary practice; he is well acquainted with the various requirements of the depart- ment left vacant by Law's retirement. Then — Of course! But even if as a B. S., M. D., the veterinary world will gladly ac- cept him as a director of a veterinary school, will it be so if he takes the other chair? Plow much more satisfactory a title of Veterinarian, added to those that he has already, would be ; that is, if he becomes Professor of Theory and Practice. In this case could not one of our schools grant him the degree and per- mit him to become for every one a true son of the great family of American veterinarians, as he is one of its brightest workers ? * Pasteurellosis. — The subject of Pasteurellosis is one which presents considerable interest and deserves the attention that bacteriologists have given to it. Among those, one of the principal, is Prof. Lignieres, the learned Director of the Na- tional Institute of Bacteriology at Buenos Ayres, to whom the scientific world owes so much on that question. In a recent number of the Revista Veterinaria de Espana, he has pub- lished an article resuming the opinion which he has taught since 1898, and from this, Mr. Panisset, in the Semaine Vcterinaire, has made the following extracts, which resume the actual con- dition of the subject. The author, recalling the excessive ubiquity of Pasteurellas, remarks that these microbes are found in the water, in the ground and on the mucous membranes of healthy animals. Under the influence of some favorable condition these microbes, then saprophite, become pathogeneous. The action of Pasteurellas may not be recognized. The or- ganism is slowly invaded, the latent infection acts as a favorizing EDITOBIAL. 257 cause and promotes at a given date the realization of a second- ary infection. Tliis action of the Pasteurellas had not been brought in evidence before the important researches of Lignieres. Pasteurellas may give rise to sudden severe and septicaemic infection as the old hcemorrhagic scpticcemia or again may exist as true, pure cultures in the parenchymatous structures where they proliferate. Acting as occasional parasites, they become the agents of secondary infections which complicate some ver- minous diseases or other infections. Pasteurellas and Pasteurellosis are met within every region of the world and in all animal species, arranged by Lignieres as follows: 1° Aviary P. (Cholera of fowls), 2° Bovine P., Hsemorrhagic septicaemia, Rinderseuche, Pneumo-enteritis, Bar- hone of buffaloes, septic pleuro-pneumonia. Diarrhoea of calves, White scour Entcque. 3^ Ovine P., Enzootic pneumonia, Lom- hriz, infectious pneumonia of goats. 4° Pasteurellosis of wild animals or Wildseuchc. 5° Pasteurellosis of swine or con- tagious pneumonia, pneumo-enteritis, Szvine plague, Szvine fever, Schivcineseuche, Schwcisseptikcuniia. 6° Pasteurellosis of Equines, Typhoid fever. Influenza, Pneumo-enteritis, infectious pneumonia or Brustseuchc. 7° Pasteurellosis of Carnivora, Dog distemper. Typhus of dogs or disease of Stuttgart; infectious pneumonia of lions and tigers. 8° Pasteurellosis of small ro- dentia, Septicaemia of hares and rabbits, Pneumonia of Beck. On account of the number and of the varieties of complica- tions that may accompany them, Pasteurellosis can be considered as the most dangerous disease of animals. And as many va- rieties of Pasteurellas can be made as there are species of ani- mals. However exceptionally the same pasteurella may infect animals of a different species, as, for instance, the Aviary pas- teurella may infect pig and rabbit or again that of bovines in- fect sheep. Lignieres insists very particularly on this point and on their importance for the obtention of serums and vaccines. 258 EDITOBIAL. Already in 1899 Lignieres obtained from horses a poly- valent serum which was curative and preventive for the Pas- teurellas, which had been used for immunization. On account of the difficulties that existed in the obtention of these serums and also because of the expense which render them of difficult use in veterinary practice, another method of vaccination was looked for, and in 1902 Lignieres made known the principle of his new method. The vaccines against Pasteurellas are cultures at- tenuated by age or by heat, in such a way that they give rise to a mild form of the disease, which is sufficient, however, to confer immunity against a natural infection. These vaccines are polyvalent, but only for each variety of Pasteurella. The production of polyvalent vaccines for all the Pasteurellas is possible, but has no economical advantages. For this reason, Lignieres recommends the use of serum which have a special polyvalency. Vaccines are exclusively preventive and must not be given to sick animals. For a very long time it has not been possible to obtain anti- pasteurellic vaccines truly efficacious, but at present their pre- ventive power has all the real value of the vaccines of Pasteur against bacteridian anthrax. The best results are obtained for the prevention of Pasteurellosis in acute forms; with chronic forms it is more difficult to immunize. Low-bred animals do not suffer by the vaccination, but improved breeds are much more sensitive to them. For them the sero-vaccination is bet- ter. This method consists in a simultaneous injection of anti- pasteurellic serum and vaccine, followed ten days later by an- other injection of vaccine. The vaccinations have to be re- newed every year or at the very least every two or three years. * Pharyngeal Paralysis. — It is well understood that in horses any interference to deglutition will necessarily involve the expulsion through the nose of that which cannot pass down the oesophagus. But, if exception is made for the acute affec- tions of the pharyngeal region, in which such manifestation is EDITOBIAL. 259 observed, there are numerous cases where, says Prof. E; Zschokke, of Zurich, in the Schweizer Archiv fiir Thierheil- kunde, it is very difficult during life to name precisely the nature of the obstacle preventing deglutition to take place, and to prove his assertions, he relates two cases which I have found in the Revue Generale. In the first case — it was a mare of seven years — which since three weeks has great difficulty in swallowing. She had some discharge from the nose, has had no fever, and the throat is free from swelling. She has lost flesh, her temperature is nor- mal. The discharge from the nose is thready, whitish and made up of saliva. All the other functions seem normal. The par- otido-pharyngeal region is free from pain, nor is it swollen. Deglutition is absolutely impossible, and food, solid or liquid, as soon as taken in the mouth is rejected by the nostrils. The animal died with starvation eight days later. At the post-mortem all the principal organs are found nor- mal. The laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial mucous membrane is injected but not inflamed. Likewise is the pharyngeal in its lower part. The right guttural pouch is the seat of an abundant croupal exudate, more or less yellowish in color, and the sur- rounding tissues are infiltrated. The microscopic examination of the pseudo-membrane shows the presence of colonies of my- celium, of a kind of aspergillus which had probably entered by the nostrils, traveled to the guttural pouch, found there excellent conditions for its growth and proliferation and secreted a toxine which acted on the nervous threads of that region and thus pro- moted a pharyngeal paralysis. * The second case is also peculiar, A six-year-old mare can- not eat since two days. The throat and the oesophagus are free from pain and sewlliilg. The salivation is very abundant, but there is no cough nor any discharge from the nose. She takes water with avidity, swallows it and does not reject it. When oats or bran mashes are given to her, she masticates them with 260 EDITORIAL. relish, but cannot swallow them, and she rejects them immedi- ately. If by force she is made to swallow, the muscles of the neck enter into violent contractions and the animal manifests great acute pain. Otherwise the mare is quite gay, her tem- perature is normal and all the great functions are regular. On account of absence of pain in the throat and of the pos- sible deglutition of liquids, the supposition of an obstacle to the function is left aside and alimentary drenches only are pre- scribed. For three days the condition remains the same, but then there appeared at the lower part of the left jugular region a soft, painless swelling which on pressure gave a peculiar crepi- tating sensation and which on percussion gave a tympanitic sound. Suspecting stenosis of oesophagus in the thoracic por- tion of the organ, oesophagotomy was going to be performed, when suddenly the temperature went up, intense dyspnaea was exhibited and extreme weakness. Fearing a rupture of the oesophagus the animal was immediately destroyed. At the autopsy all the organs were found normal with the exception of the left thoracic cavity which was the seat of putrid pleurisy of recent origin. The oesophagus was normal in its cervical portion, but in the thoracic it was much dilated and contained a putrefying mass. The mucous membrane was entirely loose from the muscular, and between them was a green- ish material, fetid in odor and made up of food in putrefac- tion. The muscular layer was infiltrated and on a level with the cross of the aorta it had a perforation large enough to in- troduce the finger. Without knowing the origin of these lacera- tions it is easy to understand how the complications of the thorax can have taken place. And yet, if the second post-mortem does not explain the true cause of the difficulty in the deglutition, the first one illus- trates very well that other causes than those of acute diseases of the throat may give rise to this serious complication and ought to be borne in mind. * * * EDITORIAL. 261 COCAINIZATION OF THE PlANTAR NeRVES FOR THE GEN- ERAL Diagnosis of the Seat of Lameness in Bovines. — Our readers have probably taken good notice of the remarks that I have written in relation to the use of cocaine in- the differential diagnosis of lameness. I claimed the priority of the applica- tion for an American veterinarian, although I had to express my regrets for not being able to produce more scientific evi- dences of the results obtained in Ohio. At any rate I think the fact is now well established, notwithstanding what may be writ- ten, or unless stronger evidences are produced against the Ameri- can claim. In Italy, a veterinarian, Doctor Emilio Pesadori, has recently, in the Clinica Veterinaria, published a long article on the similar application which he has entitled, " Cocainization of the Plantar Nerves for the General Diagnosis of the Seat of Lame- ness in Bovines." Whether the method can find as many and delicate applications in bovines as when resorted to for solipeds, is a question which may not be considered in the same light by every one, and yet it cannot be ignored that in many instances, when in presence of a bovine, whose movements are so slow and heavy, presenting to him enormous muscular masses, principally around the upper articulations of their legs, the veterinarian shall be in great difficulty to make a precise diagnosis, no matter how careful his examination may be, or even how well marked ob- jective symptoms may exist. Then, undoubtedly, the indica- tion for resorting to the use of cocaine will present itself. The correct anatomy of the distribution of the plantar nerves is therefore essential to know, and not being satisfied with that which he had found in the classical works, Doctor Emilio Pesa- dori has made many dissections, has located the exact position of the nerves in the anterior and posterior extremities, and has illustrated his article by plates of the plantar metacarpal and metatarsal nerves, and with them, has also shown the points I here the injections are to be made, to be beneficial. 262 KDITORIAL. As may be seen in glancing at the rough figures that I send you, the author does not accept two injections to obtain satis- factory results. This is due to the peculiar distribution of the nervous branches. The Doctor recommends for either, the meta- carpal or the metatarsal, three injections. On the metacarpus, injections shall be made at No. i, plates i, 2 and 3. On the Fig I. — Metacarpus and Metatarsus. Anterior Face. I.— Injection on Meta- carpus. 2. — Injection on Meta- tarsus. Fig 2.— Metacarpus and Metatarsus. External Face. I.— Injection on Meta- carpus. 2. — Injection on Meta- tarsus. FiG 3. — Metacarpus and Metatarsus. Internal Face. I.— Injection on Meta- carpus. 2.— Injection on Meta- tarsus. metatarsal at No. 2 of plates i, 2 and 3. The solution used is the same as that for equines, 15 centigrammes of muriate of cocaine in 5 grammes of distilled water for each injection. The syringe which he uses is somewhat stronger than the or- dinary one, at least as far as the needle goes. EDITOBIAL. In conclusion, the author records three cases where the ad- vantages of the use of cocaine are brought out by the correct- ness of the diagnosis obtained in each case. It is certain that the method deserves attention and may- find its appHcation in bovine practice. Perhaps we may hear from some of our friends in that direction. * * Bibliography. — The house, W. R. Jenkins Co., has brought out lately a catalogue of some recent novelties it publishes and among them two works from one who is already well-known to the American veterinary readers, Doctor Kenelm Winslow,' B.A.S., M.V., M.D. (Harvard). Of those two works I have received copies for reviewing. The first is the fifth edition, revised and enlarged, of " Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics." It seems but a very short time since the first edition of this book was presented to the American public and ever since the demand has been such that every edition has been disposed of before the publishers knew it. The fourth edition was issued but two years ago. Under such a condition it seems impossible at first to review a work which is represented so often and spe- cially when its qualities have been so well considered in the successive issues, and it then would appear that what had been said could be repeated. But with Doctor Winslow there is one thing which always makes room for special attention. For instance, let us take a copy of each edition, the 4th and 5th. For the greater part of both books a perfect similarity will be observed until one reaches the end, when he will arrive at the part which makes the most important feature of the new book. It is the substitution of a section on " Condensed Treatment of the Diseases of the Domestic Animals " to take the place of the " Index of Diseases and Remedial Measures," found in the 4th edition. The preparation of this new section has demanded much work on the part of the author and has permitted him to add 54 pages of good reading matter to his book, as every article 264 EDITOBIAL, is brought up to most modern and progressive standard of vet- erinary therapeutics. This epitome covering the last yj pages of " Materia Medica " gives general indications for all the forms of treatment of the most important diseases of our domestic animals and embraces medical as well as surgical therapeuty of all the various organisms. This is, I believe, an entirely new departure in works relating to veterinary materia medica and therapeutics. There is an excellent work in " Human Medi- cine," by Prof. S. O. L. Potter, where somewhat similar ar- rangements exist, but the subject covers a wider scope. The addition of the epitome of Doctor Winslow is, no doubt, of great importance. It certainly adds to its value, and all the approval and marked appreciation that have already been shown for the previous editions of the book will have an opportunity to be repeated by all those who will read it. That is by all students of American veterinary colleges and also by every prac- titioner. * ■¥ * The second work due to the pen of Doctor Winslow is en- titled " The Production and Handling of Clean Milk." If one takes into consideration the importance that milk questions have of late assumed in scientific and sanitary circles, if he has taken notice of the many journals created that treat of milk, of the writings that find their way in all scientific pub- lications, of the legislative measures that every country is tak- ing, certainly the issue of a work like the one of Doctor Winslow will be found appropriate to the times and to the circumstances. Probably the first of its kind in America, the book is written by one who seems to be well prepared for it. Graduate in Agri- cultural Science, in Veterinary and Human Medicine, as the Doctor says in his preface, he has had, besides, the advantages of a large practical experience in the production and distribu- tion of clean milk. Clean milk a grand qualification, which not only means clean as far as its elements and composition go, but means also clean in its true sense, free of all external impurities! EDITOBIAL. 265 To reach these quaHfications some essential conditions are necessary to fulfill, and the education of those who handle this product is an important subject. Doctor Winslow's book is to provide " a working guide for those pursuing or wishing to pursue one of the most wholesome, worthy and laudable under- takings." In a work of 200 pages, with 47 illustrations and 15 plates, the subject is presented in nine chapters : " Germs in Their General Relation to Milk," " Composition of Milk and Cream and Their Products," " Milk Products," " Feeding for Milk," " Housing and Care of Cows," " Handling of Milk and Creani," " Cost of Producing and Distributing Clean Milk," '' Some Hints Concerning Milk Distribution," " Milk Inspec- tion." There is also an appendix with plans of barns, milk houses, etc., etc., and, finally, a general outline for the control, supervision and inspection of a city milk supply. This handy treatise will prove of great and useful interest to the milk producer, to the veterinarian, to all those, in fact, who will realize the important necessity of securing the benefits of the application of sound hygienic and sanitary measures. The Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the fiscal year ending June, 1907, reached me a few days ago. It is concise and, of course, differs from the large volume we have been used to receive. But the reason is that it is only the general report and does not contain the other publications delivered during the year and which were quite numerous and issued separately. In this last report are to be found the results of meat in- spection under the new law, which " has overcome several de- fects of the old and has enabled the Bureau not only to extend the inspection but improve its efficiency. The important matters of sanitation, of slaughtering and packing establish- ments, preparation of meats and products, use of chemicals, preservatives, etc., and prevention of fraudulent labeling are now controlled and regulated." 266 EDITOEIAL. If now foreign sanitarians are not satisfied, what else can be done? And again, see that commission of experts, the cream of our sanitarians, appointed to consider and advise relative to those portions of the department's meat inspection regulations relating to the disposition of carcasses affected with various dis- eases and abnormal conditions. The members are: Dr. W. H. Welch, Professor of Pathology at Johns Hopkins University; Dr. L, Hektoen, Director of the Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service; Dr. J. Hughes, of the Chicago Veterinary College; Dr. V. A. Moore, of Cornell University; Dr. Leonard Pearson, of the University of Penn- sylvania, and Dr. C. W. Stiles, of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. After this part, reports are made relating to the improve- ment of milk supply, on the tick eradication, the eradication of scabies which is retarded by the removal of fences, the need for another experimental farm. Following this come the reports of the work of the eight principal divisions of the Bureau, In- spection, Quarantine, Pathological, Biochemic, Zoology, of the Experimental Station, of the Office of Animal Husbandry and of the Dairy Division. All of which have their special interest and among them the Inspection and the Pathological divisions where contagious diseases occupy pre-eminent places. The report is short, covers only 69 pages, but in it Dr. A. D. Melvin has succeeded well in gathering the results of the great amount of work supervised by him with the assistance of his excellent staff. A. L. THE STATUS OF VETERINARY EDUCATION. Two events of much significance in the educational world and of far-reaching importance to the veterinary profession, as well as to the public, have recently occurred on this side of the Atlantic — one in the Dominion of Canada and the other in the United States of America. EDITOBIAL, 267 k We refer, in the first instance, to the change of government and the extension of the curriculum of the Ontario Veterinary College in Canada from two short terms to a graded three- year course. In the second instance, we have reference to the appointment by the United States Government of a Commission on Veterinary Education for the purpose of obtaining definite information regarding matriculation requirements and course of instruction which is now being given in the various veterinary schools on the American continent. The commission is also to report as to what, in its judgment, should constitute the minimum requirements for matriculation and course of profes- sional study to qualify veterinary graduates to participate in the Civil Service examinations for positions in the government ser- vice. Recent reports of the Committee on Intelligence and Edu- cation of the American Veterinary Medical Association have shown wonderful development and a constant elevation of the standard of education in most of our schools. There is a great deal that the profession is justly proud of notwithstanding the fact that the investigation and inquiry by our international as- sociation has revealed unsatisfactory as well as commendable conditions even in the best schools. This is not to be wondered at when we consider how young the veterinary profession is on the American continent and the difficulties its pioneers had to meet and surmount for many years, in most instances, without recognition, support or encouragement from either state or the federal government. This is now all gradually but surely un- dergoing a radical change. We witness state after state recog- nizing the value of veterinary science to the commonwealth by appropriating krge sums of money for veterinary education which causes every true veterinarian to rejoice. The advance guard of the profession is beginning to look forward to the time when a proper matriculation examination will be required to enter any American school and in anticipation of the establish- ment of an adequate four-year course of nine months each in the better schools. The American Veterinary Medical Associa- 268 EDITOBIAL, tion and the affiliated Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America will continue to harmon- ize the standard of veterinary education in America until their high ideals are fully attained. The academic and professional standards established by state boards, civil service commissions and qualifications required of persons to fill important positions in educational institutions, experiment stations, agricultural and public health boards are likewise potent influences at work demanding not only a higher but a broader education for the veterinarian. The adoption of a three-year curriculum by the Ontario Veterinary College brings the last school on the American con- tinent, worthy of the name, up to the minimum educational standard adopted a number of years ago by the American Vet- erinary Medical Association for eligibility to its ranks. This is a great stride in advance. The school and the profession are alike to be congratulated. Dr. E. A. A. Grange has been appointed Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, which has been taken over by the Ontario Government, to be conducted as a provincial institution by the Ontario Department of Agriculture on lines similar to the Ontario Agricultural College. The Department has also leased the buildings of the old college. Dr. Grange is a son of the late Sheriff Grange, of Guelph, an importer and breeder of thoroughbred horses as far back as 1852. He was graduated as a veterinarian from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1873. For a time he was a lecturer at the college. From 1873 to 1882 he was professor of veterinary science at the Ontario Agricultural College. In 1882 he was appointed professor of veterinary science at the Michigan Agri- cultural College, and for some years was State Veterinarian of Michigan. During the past six years Dr. Grange has been en- gaged in private practice in the City of New York and vicinity. His first work in his new position is to provide for a three-year course in keeping with the advancement of the science. EDITORIAL. The United States Commission on Veterinary Education was appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture, and its organiza- tion consists of Dr. Richard P. Lyman, Secretary of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association, chairman; Dr. A. M. Far- rington, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, sec- retary; Dr. Joseph Hughes, President of the Association of Vet- erinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America; Dr. Tait Butler, Secretary of said association, and Dr. Paul Fischer, State Veterinarian of Ohio. It would be impossible to select a more representative body of veterinarians than these gentlemen who are all active and in- fluential members of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion and who have been closely identified with the work of the organization in the advancement and upbuilding of the veter- inary profession in the western hemisphere. The profession will await with much interest the appear- ance of the official report of their labors. The Review feels confident that the schools will gladly comply with such recom- mendations as the Commission may make for the betterment of conditions for the benefit of veterinary education and the ad- vancement of the science. We anticipate that the defective features in the teaching facilities of each school will be pointed out and that a minimum standard will be recommended which schools will have to main- tain in order for their graduates to be eligible to take the civil service examination for government employment. This can- not help but be productive of much good in crushing out un- worthy schools and in strengthening weak schools of the right kind by bringing them up to a higher state of proficiency which will redound to the benefit of veterinary education in general. NO CHANGE OF DATE. Notwithstanding the fact that out of a vote totaling ap- proximately five hundred there were registered only six votes in the negative, yet President Dalrymple has found it wise, after I 270 EDITOBIAL. proper deliberation, to make a strict interpretation of the by- laws and has decided that the 45th annual meeting of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association shall be held on the 8th, 9th, loth and nth days of September, as originally announced from the Secretary's office. The six members voting in the negative expressed them- selves most emphatically against a change of date for the forth- coming meeting at Philadelphia, claiming that the proposed change as recommended by many members to the Executive Committee would materially interfere with the vested rights of members which is prohibited by article XII., section 2 of the by-laws. A legal opinion was obtained and it was found that the vote was negative as there is no provision legalizing a postal card vote, it being merely an expression of opinion of the mem- bership. If the vote had been unanimous the proposed change of date could readily have been made, but as it stood there did not seem any alternative for President Dalrymple but to render his decision in conformity with a strict interpretation of our by-laws. There is, however, a practical way out of such a legal diffi- culty which could have been accomplished, if thought advisable, by calling the meeting on the regular date but for the great body of members not to attend until the latter date, leaving the mem- bers of the local committee to adjourn the meeting from day to day in the same manner as is sometimes done by legislatures and other representative bodies. The propriety of this method may be somewhat doubtful for our purpose and we believe it might be otherwise unsatisfactory. Furthermore the President has rendered his decision and the only thing for us to do is to make our plans accordingly. Veterinarians must not look too seriously upon the decision, for after all it simply means that their vacation is to be extended one week longer than originally contemplated, and goodness knows there is no one who needs a vacation and rest more than the veterinarian and his family. EDITOBIAI^ 271 EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS. Epizootic lymphangitis of horses was discovered some time since in the state of Pennsylvania, as recorded last November in the Review. The disease has since been reported from other states of the union. In some instances the disease has been mistaken for chronic farcy, and has been diagnosed as such, and the affected animals have been destroyed. It appears, however, that some of these cases of so-called chronic farcy are in reality cases of epizootic lymphangitis. Where there is the slightest doubt as to the nature of the disease no veterinary practitioner should content himself with- out a laboratory diagnosis. Cultures made from affected ani- mals will disclose the specific organism, the Saccharomyces farciminosus. Economic as well as scientific considerations de- mand a definite and accurate diagnosis. Academy of Science Selects Veterinarian for its President. — The Review believes that veterinarians should never lose an opportunity to engage in related scientific research work and investigation, and it sees results of inestimable value and far-reaching import to be attained from associated efforts. We note with pleasure that our talented colleague, Dr. Tait Butler, of Raleigh, N. C, who has labored long and well to bring the veterinarian and those having allied interests into a closer touch, has not only been highly successful in his accom- plishments in that direction, but that the relative value and use- fulness of his work has been recognised by members of other learned professions in his recent election to the presidency of the Academy of Science of his state. Guitar Fails to Stop Bull. — ^At the Almanzar bull ring in Madrid a performance was recently given by Arrogante, a famous matador, who tried in vain to imitate Orpheus in the bull ring. The bull-fighter stood alone in the arena playing a guitar when the bull was loosed from the toril, but the charms of his music were powerless to stop the rush of the animal, which put an end to his Orpheus act by goring him badly. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. BIER'S CONGESTIVE HYPEREMIA IN VETERIN- ARY PRACTICE.* By Dr. Theodor Schmidt, Adjunct to the Surgical Clinic of the Royal Veterinary Academy in Vienna. Translated by Dr. A. T. Peters, Professor of Animal Pathology in the University of Nebraska. Early in the year 1905 Prof. Bier reported to the Surgical Congress in BerUn a hundred and ten cases, which had been treated according to his method by means of congestive hyperasmia and pubhshed in the Milnchener Medicinische Wochenschrift, Jahrg., 1905, Nr. 5-7. His article on the treat- ment of acute suppuration by means of congestive hyperaemia (Behandlung akuter Eiterungen mit Staungshyperamie) is a monograph from his pen. " Hyperamie als Heilmittel " (pub- lished by Vogel in Leipzig) had already appeared in 1903. Immediately after the publication of this .work, with the sanction of the director of the clinic, Prof. Dr. Bayer, I first attempted to prove the usefulness of this method of treatment which had yielded such good resuls in the human subject. Dr. Bayer also laid emphasis on experiments to determine its effect in bacterial inflammations of tendons, of tendon sheaths, in periostitis fibrosa, etc. Results of these were to be recorded whenever reported. Before I give my observations I should like to review the comprehensive work of Bier and the other literature, already considerable in amount, pertaining to this subject. I will here occasionally quote the authors verbatim. This may be desired by many of my colleagues, who are not located where they may read these publications, since they may then form an opinion concerning the view of Bier and thus ultimately discover another ♦Read before the Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Association. 272 m I bibb's congestive hyperemia in veterinary practice. 273 and perhaps more practical method of applying- this treatment from a veterinary standpoint, as we determined in the clinic. For the veterinary surgeon it may be of special interest to at- tempt a scientific explanation along the line of Bier's theory of the action of detracting or derivative remedies, such playing now as always a great role in all kinds of lameness, which is the most important and most difficult part of veterinary surgery. In the introduction to his great monograph Bier points out the importance of biology on which the practice of medicine is necessarily based if it claims to be a science. He lays stress, however, on the fact that the etiological standpoint must not only be sound, but that it must also agree with conditions ob- served in nature. Hence he emphasizes the fact that all important manifesta- tions of life are accompanied by hyperaemia. Every organ, Vv'hich functions, is hyperaemic. In all growth and regeneration hyperaemia is present. All procreation or propagation is char- acterized by the greatest hyperaemia. There is no centre of disease which the body seeks to remove or render inert that is not permeated or surrounded by hyperaemia. If the reactions of the body are to be regarded as useful attempts at repair or cure, then we must admit that the most universally present means of Nature's healing is hyperaemia. The organism thus exhibits local hyperaemia in all important changes in the various parts of the body. This hyperaemia is brought about by retardation as well as by acceleration of the blood stream. Thus, if we wish to support the healing power of the body, and would imi- tate nature, we must accelerate the blood stream, producing arterial or active hyperaemia, or retard it, bringing about passive or venous hyperaemia. (a) Production of Active Hypcrcumia. — There are many methods at our command. Very useful in practice and in use for the last thousand years is heat which may be applied in the reatest variety of ways. Dry heat may be used in the form of radiant heat, hot sand, hot air, etc. Moist heat may be em- 274 DB. A. T. PETEBS. ployed as hot poultices, cataplasms, fomentations, baths, douches, mud, and hydro-thermo regulator of Ullmann as reconstructed for the purposes of veterinary surgery by Bayer. Increased muscular activity, various kinds of massage and electricity produce strong active hyperaemia. A great number of chemicals (tincture of iodine, mustard, turpentine, canthar- ides, etc.) may induce hypersemia. At first sight there appears no doubt but that we are here dealing with an arterial hyperaemia, in accord with the old medical rule, " Ubi stimulus ibi affluxus." This, however, is not proven, since all of these chemicals excite inflammation, in which a retardation of the blood stream fol- lows the initial acceleration. It is likewise uncertain whether cupping produces arterial or venous hyperaemia, since the one gradually merges into the other. In the same group belong the now discountenanced rowel and pus-bandage, fontanellen and the ferrum caudents so highly valued in veterinary medicine. From very early times methods of producing hyperaemia have been used against acute inflammations and suppurations in ac- cord with various theories. Especially from the appearance, people supposed that the inflammatory oedema was something terrible and sought to draw away the stagnant blood or other bad fluid from the centre of inflammation into the skin. A false theory here led in part to a correct practice. In reality they increased the hyperaemia which they wished to remove. Bier believed that the action of the irritating agents depended in the first place on hyperaemia and concluded that they act many times exactly like methods producing this alone. Although many experiments on the physiological action of agents producing irritation of the skin (revulsiva and derivantia) have been made, we must say that as yet the ultimate action of irritants has in no way been scientifically investigated and this phase of the subject is merely referred to. Schede (Archiv f. klin. Chirurgie, Bd. XV., 1873) tried a number of cutaneous irritants, which he used on the tissues, especially the tincture of iodine in its local action. He was able to prove that the tincture bieb's congestive hypeilemia in veterinaby pbactice. 275 of iodine, merely painted on the skin, brought about oedema not only in this, the subcutaneous tissues, the muscles and the intermuscular spaces along with an infiltration of leucocytes, but he found the latter even in the periosteum. He demonstrated inflammatory stimulation also in the bone marrow and processes of growth in the cells of the epiphyseal cartilage. Mustard oil acted still stronger in this regard, and croton oil was the strong- est of all. He says that in a large number of cases the inflammatory stimulation produced hypersemia for a great distance. 'I'hus, Bier could always find that in deeply lying inflammatory centres the section through the skin above them already con- tained much more blood than normal skin. Where the incision of the abdominal wall has bled excessively in experimental lap- arotomies, he has often expressed the opinion that there would be found an inflammatory centre deeply seated in the abdomen and was usually correct in this. In this case it depends on the blood vessels which are connected at best by insignificantly de- veloped tissues. In confirmation of this, Bier has several times found the cutaneous temperature itself raised one or more de- grees in cases of chronic deep-seated inflammations. Bier says, " Would a deep-seated inflammation extending outward to the surface act otherwise when turned about? " Bier has determined how far an inflammation due merely to some chemical can extend from the place where it is first induced. He applied oil of turpentine and thus quickly healed a pseudo-arthrosis of the thigh which had resisted all kinds of treatment, even suture of the bone and injection of tincture of iodine. It caused, however, an excessive reaction ; the leg swelled with great oedema from the toe up to the groin; it felt hot to the touch and remained in this condition several days. We were able to make similar observations in the clinic, following the widely recommended subcutaneous injections of oil of turpen- tine in cases of shoulder lameness in the horse. To the devulsives may be added the use of the cautery on the skin. Even to-day this is not forgotten in human medicine 276 DR. A. T. PETERS. and is employed especially in very stubborn and painful spinal inflammations for producing a broad ulcer on either side of the back. Without further argument it is clear that this method brings about a very high degree of hypersemia of the skin. That the hyperaemia extends deeply is very apparent since a long continued inflammatory hypersemia would naturally follow in case the ulcer resulting from the cautery did not remain entirely aseptic and heal under a scab as a consequence. In order not to be misunderstood, Bier further observes that he does not intend to deny the reflex action of devulsives on distant parts of the body and admits the possibility that healing processes may thus be induced. The principal action of devulsives, however, is to call forth a hyperaemia of the diseased or injured portion of the body. In this way they perform a function quite the op- posite of their name. Bier also explains the action of salicylic acid on diseases of the joints by hyperaemia. Similarly he explains the action of Fin- sen's light in lupus. He regards the action of erysipelas in the same way when this spreads over a patch of lupus. A never disputed action of devulsives is the very apparent relief of pain. The opponents of the method must recognize this fact. They cling to the explanation that it is due to suggestion. This is an easy way out of the difficulty. In animals, however, suggestion is of no value. We could produce clinical experience to show that after the application of an irritating salve, e. g., in an acute serous tenosynovitis of the tendon of the os sufifra- ginis, as soon as the first pain caused by the substance applied was over, the animal was at once much less annoyed by the limb concerned in many cases. Aside from this, however, these methods produce results which may be explained by hyperaemia in that they act by absorbing and dissolving. Of course, the use of any of the cutaneous irritants causes a certain amount of destruction of the tissues since they produce an inflammatory irritation, which always signifies an injury to the tissues. The congestive hypenemia, on the other hand, induces the hyperaemia and its results entirely without injury. bier's congestive HYPERiEMIA IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. 277 (b) Excitation of Passive Hypercemia. — Pare appears to have been the first man to recognize the value of artificial con- gestive hypersemia in deficient callus formation. Then Nicol- adoni con Dumreicher is said to have recommended passive hypersemia in threatened pseudo-arthrosis. Aside from fractures and experiments in nutrition no one before Bier has employed congestive hyperjemia. Since 1892 Bier has tried this also in tuberculosis of bones and joints, and to him belongs the credit of having recognized the value of this method in a very great variety of inflammatory processes. For more than a decade Bier labored in spite of slight recognition and much opposition to further improvement of this method or extension of its use in an intelligent manner until the treatment finally found its way into human surgery. The obstructive hyperaemia treatment is carried out in the manner following: Above the lesion there is applied around the limb concerned a rubber bandage in several layers so firmly that a great obstructive hypersemia arises. In acute inflammations this is attained by relatively slight constriction. The bandage should produce if possible a red fiery oedema. It should not be applied too near the seat of the trouble; in inflammatory dis- eases of the hand and of the foot it should be placed as a rule on the arm and thigh respectively. In this way, especially on the arm, one may frequently observe that the appearances of in- flammation which were before limited, for example, to the hand, very soon extend up to the bandage on the arm but mt above it. The parts of the body peripherally or distally to the inflammation focus are not involved but are merely subject to the hypersemia, so that the entire treatment consists in applying a rubber bandage above the diseased part. The bandage must never cause pain in the diseased area, since here also, as in other diseases where the obstructive anaemia treatment is indicated, the almost immediate quieting and lessening of the pain is the most apparent result of the treatment. In acute inflammations a blue color of the limb must be avoided even more certainly. This can be accom- 278 DR. A. T. PETERS. plished by applying the bandage more loosely than before. One must not be too timid, however, in applying the bandage closely, if he expects results. The acutely inflamed limb must become greatly swollen and oedematous, must feel warm to the patient and be fiery red where possible. If this is no longer to be attained, then the height of the disease is already past, as a rule, and it is on the way to im- provement and near recovery. Occasionally vesicles appear on the parts treated. This is usually because the bandage is too firmly applied or there is an abscess present, which demands an incision and drainage. In acute suppurations the bandage is worn daily for at least ten hours. In severe cases this is not long enough. The time must then be increased to twenty or twenty-two hours to get results. With regard to the time limits we must individualize. After an interval of freedom from the treatment, during which the appliance can be changed, the bandage is placed either higher or lower than before. If it is placed lower it must be tightened as soon as the obstructive oedema produced by the previous treat- ment is removed. In proportion as the pain is lessened, the ob- structive or congestive period can be shortened. The greatest attention is necessary during the first day, since Bier believes that the fate of inflammation and suppuration treated by an ob- structive bandage is decided most of all in the first days. If the bandage produces signs of pressure, a soft cotton bandage can be interposed, or several pauses may be made during the day. Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis are usually improved even above the bandage, because they drain the original diseased focus favor- ably and in adition the absorption of the bacterial toxin from this is lessened. From this Bier knew that in the longer appli- cation only the hot congestion is efficacious; the cold, on the other hand (from too long use of a bandage applied too tightly), may bring injurious consequences, because it leads to significant disturbances in the circulation. Instead of the elastic bandage, aspirators and cupping-glasses are used for many parts of the body. bier's congestive hyperemia in vetekinaey practice. 279 (c) General Actions of the Hypercemia — 1. Relief of Pain. — There is scarcely an action of hypersemia which is more apparent than the lessening of pain. We must abandon the old view that hypersemia, for example inflammatory hyperaemia as such, causes pain. On the contrary, this arises from the injury of the cells and nerve endings, which happens in any inflammation and which is repaired by the subsequent hyperaemia. The long known thermal relief of pain is accord- ing to Bier entirely produced by the action of hypersemia. The analgesic action of hypersemia is not merely useful, but it is agreeable to the patient. This is the principal action which re- stores mobility of stiff joints soon after its use. Since the stiff- ness of the joints in all kinds of inflammations is only in part dependent on grave anatomical causes, another part is brought about and maintained by muscular contraction, the first cause of which was the painful irritation of the nerves in the joint. The contraction as a sequel of the pain vanishes when this is relieved. Only thus can we explain that stiff joints become mov- able immediately after the use of an agent producing hyperaemia. Indeed pain and stiffening again appear very soon after the re- moval of this agent. If the hypersemia does nothing more than relieve the pain during or even for a long time after its appli- cation, we are merely getting a sham result. Fortunately, this method has numerous other actions which favorably influence the causes of disease and the anatomical conditions resulting from them, so that the pain of the injured or diseased parts is soon diminished or vanishes altogether not only directly because of the hypersemia but mostly indirectly through improvement of the disease. 2. Bactericidal and Attenuating Action of the Hypersemia. — Notzel succeeded in saving the lives of 51 out of 67 rabbits by means of obstructive hypersemia applied to parts of the body into which he had injected otherwise fatal doses of anthrax bacilli and very virulent streptococci. That the obstructive hyperaemia alone prevented the death of the animals is proven by the fact 280 DR. A. T. PETERS. that all of them were inoculated with the same bacteria a few weeks later but without treatment by obstructive hypersemia, and the infection ran its course as it did also in the control ani- mals. Of course, an artificial, fresh infection is quite different from one acquired in a natural way, where the bacteria are al- ready adapted to the conditions found in the body and in part apparently to the resistance found here. Nevertheless the ex- periments have a high value. The bactericidal action has been investigated by several for the purpose of harmonizing the vari- ous views held as to the protective value of the different constitu- ents of the blood. Buchner explains them by the increased number of leucocytes at the place of infection. These kill the bacteria by giving off alexins to the serum. In later works he attributes the digestion and dissolution of the bacteria to enzymes which the blood con- tains, especially from the disintegrated white corpuscles. Heller thinks that the obstructive hyperaemia retains or holds back the products of metabolism of the bacteria. These products in turn kill the bacteria. Thus, in tuberculosis we would have a tuberculin-like action. Hamburger says : " Through the congestion the blood be- comes richer in CO2 and this increases the bactericidal power of the serum, because the CO2 itself is bactericidal, because under its influence the red blood corpuscles swell by taking up water from the serum, thus raising the concentration, and lastly be- cause the serum takes up diffusible alkaline salts. This last hap- pens partly because with the greater concentration of the serum the percentage of alkali is increased; partly because under the influence of COo alkali passes out of the blood corpuscles into the serum and, through destruction of albuminates of the serum, diffusible alkali is set free. Numerous experiments show the in- fluence of the alkali on the antibacterial action of the blood plasma." For example, the immunity of rats against an- thrax depends on the alkalinity of the blood, according to von Behring. Von Fodor was able to increase the resistance against BIEB'S COXGESTIVE HYPER.EMIA IN VETERINAEY PRACTICE. 281 anthrax by injecting alkali into the circulation, and, vice versa, could lessen it by the introduction of lactic acid. Moreover, in immunized animals there is present an increase of blood alkalin- ity. Furthermore, Hamburger could prove that the bactericidal power of the blood plasma is increased in venous congestion and that the lymph arising from this oedema is more strongly bac- tericidal than the blood serum of the same animal, which serum, otherwise, exceeds the normal lymph in this regard. The influence of the CO2 on the phagocytes (chemotaxis) In venous congestion is but slight and a large amount of CO2 is necessary to retard the activity of the leucocytes. In moderate congestion the phagocytosis is greater; hence one might ex- plain the action of obstructive hypergemia according to Metchni- koff's views. Obstructive hyperjemia thus accords with all of these theories. Prof, von Baumgarten, of Fiibingen, recently published some experiments on the action of Bier's obstructive hypersemia ("Ueber experimentelle Untersuchungen liber die Wirkung der Bierschen Stauung," in Miinchencr mcd. IVochcnschrift, Nr. 48, Nov. 27, 1906). Since he secured some results which do not harmonize with the theories mentioned above, I should like to present the most important of them here. According to von Baumgarten various causes apparently take part in the action: " Doubtless the bactericidal power of the congestive transudate plays a role, even though it may not be correct that the con- gestive transudate possesses a stronger bactericidal power than the blood serum of the same animal, as stated by Notzel. The bactericidal power of the congestive transudate, as Heyde re- ported from certain experiments, is decidedly much weaker than that of the corresponding blood serum, which is very apparent as we have long known, on account of the smaller albumen con- tents of the former as compared with the latter. Notzel is probably right, however, when he regards the increased accu- mulation of a bactericidal fluid in the tissue incident to venous congestion as a factor in the healing action. The bactericidal fluid in the tissue incident to venous congestion is a factor in 282 DR. A. T. PETEBS. the healing action. The bactericidal action of the fluid in the oedematous tissue, as Lexer has already suggested, is a two- edged sword, since it destroys more or less bacteria through- out a considerable area, but in so doing liberates the deadly endo- toxins of these organisms. Many injurious secondary effects of the venous stasis in the congested parts may probably be ex- plained, as I believe with Lexer, by the local action and dissemi- nation of these liberated endotoxins. The acute exacerbations of the clinical course in severe cases may be similarly explained, as Lexer has observed in man and I in experimental animals, by the rapid absorption of these poisons after removal of the bandage. In beginning infections and in those of a less serious nature, the advantage of the increased bactericidal action brought about by the congestive transudate will overbalance by far the disadvantage of the endotoxins. In such causes the obstructive treatment paves the way for the healing processes. With what difficulty, even under such favorable conditions, the increased bactericidal power of the body fluids, due to obstructive hy- persemia, can completely destroy the bacteria is shown repeat- edly by reports, experimentally proven, of the existence of viru- lent pus-forming cocci in focci of infection apparently healed bv obstructive hypersemia. The medical power of nature on which Bier's treatment depends cannot be overvalued. Important as may be the increase of the natural healing forces in estimating the efficiency of Bier's treatment, we cannot be ascribed the favorable results of the method to this alone. Next to this fac- tor in importance there is a certain role played by the hindrance of absorption produced by the bandage. The significance of this factor was shown especially in our anthrax experiments in which the animals were saved from death by anthrax through retain- ing the bandage in place 36 to 48 hours, while they quickly died if the bandage was removed after 24 to 30 hours. Evi- dently this purely mechanical hindrance cannot have the signifi- cance of a true healing process. As another factor in the effi- ciency of this method may be noted the slowing of the circula- bier's congestive hyper.^mia in veterinary practice. 283 tion and the lessening of the blood supply whereby the amount of oxygen available for the bacteria is decreased. This oxygen is especially netessary for aerobic micro-organisms such as the anthrax bacillus. Not without favorable influence also may be the dilution of the toxins due to the obstructive oedema. These toxins are produced by the living bacteria and not by the de- struction of these as is the case with the endotoxins. Lastly, as I believe, the venous congestion, although it injures the tissue, is useful in so far as it injures to a much greater degree the bac- teria also by means of the pathological change of the tissue metabolism. In this way it helps to free the tissue cells from the grasp of the bacteria. This view, which was scarcely regarded in former explanations, of the efficiency of Bier's treatment, is based on the observation that the specific parasitic organisms find the best conditions for existence and growth in the healthy tissues, which carry on normal metabolism in the body of the host. In connection with this it should be observed that every change of the normal metabolism in the tissues mentioned, can make of these a less favorable or even an unfavor- able culture medium for the attacking micro-organism. To give to this good theoretical possibilitv a practical significance in the results of Bier's treatment and not to attribute these to the bactericidal action alone of the obsructive oedema, necessi- tates in my opinion the recognition of the very slow destruction of a part only of the organisms and merely the attenuation of others in the congested area, a pathological picture, which gives one the impression of a starvation rather than a death by poison from bactericidal substances. If we considered the increase of the action of the bactericidal serum and the decrease of the nourishing qualities in the culture medium of the bacteria con- cerned, as the chief factors of the happy results of Bier's ob- structive treatment in infectious processes, then it is conceivable that this treatment is contraindicated in tuberculous processes, since the tubercle bacilli are practically indifferent to the bacteri- cidal substances of normal serum and extremely resistant to star- vation also." 284 DB. A. T. PETERS. According to Riedls' observations the walls of the veins and capillaries especially are affected by noxse or poisons, perhaps toxins or endotoxins generated by the bacteria, so that the blood coagulates in the vessels. This coagulation, however, extends further than the causal injury of the vessel wall ; we may thus infer that a greater portion of the tissue always suffers damage from malnutrition due to a failing supply of nourishment thus injuring the bacteria, than that included in this area made di- rectly incapable of life. Thus an extension of the inflammation may be regarded as a continuous advance of the smallest and smaller venous inflammations. The dilatation of the veins in inflammation is mostly for the purpose of carrying away the increased blood supply, improving the nourishment, providing for the quickest possible establishment of the collateral circula- tion in case of thrombosis, and giving the most unfavorable con- ditions for coagulation process as well as promoting the forma- tion of granulations. For this purpose of hindering coagula- tion and favoring nourishment, the reflex dilatation of merely the efferent vessels and especially of the veins in their capillary portions appears to suffice. The artificial congestions of Bier's treatment produces a prophylactic dilatation of the veins, so to speak, since the natural congestion does not appear until the time of greatest danger when it is often too late. By these measures the animal succeeds in walling off the focus of inflammation from the healthy area first by a round-celled infiltration and then by granulation tissue, both of which processes are favorably in- fluenced by the increased amount of blood. It is then no longer possible for the bacteria to destroy healthy tissue since this is now protected by the granulation tissue. At the same time the cul- ture medium is withdrawn from the bacteria and they must then starve. 3. Absorbing Action of Hypersemia. — Bier first showed that the active hyperaemia (e. g., hot air), when not employed too long, improved absorption very much. If used for 8 to 10 hours, however, it had the opposite effect, i. e., oedema. The biek's congestive hyperemia in veterinary practice. 285 promotion of absorbing power by active hyperaemia agrees with our present knowledge concerning the method of absorption when at its best. We know that ahnost all absorption of fluids and of substances soluble in water takes place through the blood capillaries and not as we have often supposed through the lymphatics. Klapp experimented with milk sugar, which, according to Voit, after being injected subcutaneously, is completely excreted in the urine and can be demonstrated quantitatively in this by means of the polariscope. He ligated the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct in a dog and thus closed all lymph channels which could carry to the venous system any of the sugar which he injected into the abdominal cavity. In spite of this all of the sugar again appeared in the urine as quickly as it had done in the control experiments a few days before witl\ the same animal while the lymph channels were still normal. The lymphatics thus hold a very subordinate position in the absorption of water, salts and substances soluble in water. Von Recklinghausen has proved just as conclusively that small-formed or insoluble con- stituents (milk, emulsion, blood, cobalt, Indian ink) are taken up through the lymphatics of the abdomen. Wolfer experi- mented with potassium ferricyanide in order to show the influ- ence of hypercTmia upon absorption. The solution was dropped on wounds of a limb previously deprived of blood, which was then allowed to flow. In this way the reagent could be demon- strated in the urine in one-third of the time required where the limb was not deprived of blood beforehand. As is known, a great arterial (so-called relative) hyperremia appears after the artificial anjemia. This would go to show that arterial hy- persemia hastens very markedly the absorption of substances soluble in water. Klapp performed experiments with milk sugar and found that its absorption was hastened by hot air apparatus. 4. Dissolving Action of Hyperaemia. — In those diseases, where we have employed hyperaemic methods successfully, we seldom have to deal with fluids or with soluble compounds, but 286 DR. A. T. PETERS. generally with solid substances, which must finally fail to be absorbed. There is no doubt but that the solution of pathological solid material may be brought about by hyperaemic methods. In one patient, thick nodes, easily seen and palpated on the ex- tensor tendons of the fingers, remained as a sequel of gonorrhoea. These quickly disappeared under obstructive hypersemia and treatment by hot air. Bier recalls in this connection the fact that from ancient times the so-called counter-irritants and de- vulsives, or, as he interprets them, hypersemic methods, have been used for the purpose of dissolving. This action has some- times been well referred to as a softening or breaking up of the infiltrated area. It is undeniable, that inflammations, especially purulent inflammations, have a tissue-dissolving action. This has been attributed especially to the pus corpuscles. The above- described similar actions of pure hypersemic methods, however, would apparently indicate that the mere inflammatory hyperaemia likewise plays a role here. Bier recalls that the cicatrices of the vagina, which are so bad that they would hinder delivery if they remained unchanged, are so softened during pregnancy that they become extensible and birth of the child is then pos- sible without difficulty. In this process, however, there is no supuration and the laxity has been brought about only by the im- mense hyperaemia which arises in all portions of the uterus and vagina during pregnancy. Connective tissue growths and cica- trices apparently become softer, more flexible and more extensible in consequence of serous infiltration. Buchner has recently at- tributed constructive (assimilating) and destructive (disassimi- lating) substances to all the cells of the body. The destructive substances are said to be given off from the cells as dissolving and digesting juices (enzymes) to the blood serum which thus acquires this action. The constructive substances are said to remain attached to the cells. According to Buchner the destruc- tive substances (digestive compounds or enzymes) dissolve all foreign materials. 5. Nourishing Action of Hyperaemia. — That hyperaemia as such has a nourishing action, is a very old assertion. First of bieb's congestive hyperemia in veterinary practice. 287 all this has been claimed for the so-called functional hyper- trophy. Two questions will thus arise: (a) Can we, by hy- persemia, bring our distant body tissues into a condition of over- nourishment and can we thus influence the physiological growth ? (b) Can we hasten or stimulate the regeneration of tissue by hyperaemia ? (a) Influence of hyperaemia on the nourishment of distant parts of the body and on physiological growth. Hyperaemia, either active or passive, doubtless leads to a lively growth of the covering epithelial structures. For example, it is known that in summer, when the skin contains more blood than in the winter, the hair and nails grow faster. One sees also hyper- trophis epithelial thickenings and an increased growth of hair near chronic ulcers, which continue to be hyperaemic. Experi- mentally the spur of a cock was grafted in the richly vascular tissue of its comb and thus grew to an enormous size. On the other hand, the dissecting or penetrating glandular epithelium does not hypertrophy during hyperaemia, for example, in con- gestion of the liver or kidneys. Chronic congestion of the blood vessels or still more frequently lymphatic congestion and chronic or often repeated inflammations lead to thickenings of the skin, the so-called elephantiasis. Von I.angenbeck summarized his con- clusions concerning the influence of hyperaemia on the growth of the bones in length and thickness under the following three statements : 1. Pathological causes, which produce irritation and hyper- aemia of the osseous tissue, as long as osseous growth continues, bring about an increase in the length as well as in the thickness of the bone. 2. The increased growth in length occurs chiefly in the dis- eased bone,, but may also be observed in a healthy bone of the same extremity. 3. The bone lengthened by premature growth retains its di- mensions throughout life. A subsequent decrease in length due to absorption does not take place. 288 DB. A. T. PETEBS. Roux is correct when he states that only the organs with passive functions (connective tissue and covering epitheHum) hy- pertrophy through an increase of the supply of nourishment without further irritation. On the other hand, organs with ac- tive functions (muscles, nerves, secreting epithelium) never do this. (b) Influence of hyperaemia on regeneration. Since the ex- periments of Ambroise Pari, of Von Dumreicher, of Nicoladoni, of Helferich, and of Thomas, we know that delayed callus for- mation is hastened and strengthened very greatly by introduc- ing an artificial venous hypersemia. Liek found that punctured wounds of the rabbit's ear healed very much more quickly when at the same time the sympathicus was cut through or when the highest cervical ganglion was removed. Pinzo devised an in- genious apparatus in which he could keep the temperature of one leg of a rabbit, almost constantly at about -1-38°, and the tem- perature of another leg at +10"^. In another test he demon- strated the influence of "this apparatus on the healing of the bone fractures of the ulna. Here the difference was unusually marked. While scarcely the beginning of a regeneration process could be noticed on the cool side after seven or eight days, the fracture on the warmed side was already firmly united by callus, which, as the microscope showed, was almost completely formed. Bier now asks which kind of hyperaemia best supports the upbuilding and regeneration of the tissue, and concludes that functional, active rypenemia would probably be better for this purpose than the passive. Hyperaemic methods have been long used to favor regenera- tion. Warmth in the form of warm, moist applications, poul- tices, etc., have been used to stimulate weak granulations. Under the influence of vaporization the demarkation and correction pro- ceed very rapidly even in deep ulcers caused by fire or cautery. In this direction Nature can sometimes overshoot the mark as we may see rather frequently in veterinary medicine, for ex- ample, in changing the bandage after operations for fistula of BIEB'S congestive HYPEK.EMIA IN VETEEINAEY PRACTICE. 289 the withers or of the Hgamentum nuchae, contused wounds of the fetlock joint and carpus, etc. The moist warm appHcation here gives off the profuse secretion of the wound to the bandage. One must often be surprised at the large growing granulations appearing in a short time and paving the way for the normal growth of granulation tissue. In a special part of his treatise Bier remarks that we would expect obstructive hypersemia like all other therapeutic measures to call forth reactions of various strengths in different individu- als and that the same irritation which would be weaker for some would be much stronger in other cases. This must be constantly borne in mind when we employ treatment against disease. The degree of hypersemia and the length of time it is to be con- tinued must be established by experience in the different patho- logical conditions. The indications for the employment of obstructive hyperaemia are rather numerous and are constantly increasing. Tuberculosis of the joints was the first disease in which Bier used this treat- ment. It first occurred to him to employ hyperaemia against tuber- culosis after noting the following observations of the older phy- sicians: Farre and Travers in 1815 and Louis in 1826 remarked on the frequency of pulmonary stenosis and tuberculosis of the lungs in the same subject and explained this by the great anaemia of the lungs brought about by the heart lesion. Frerichs in 1853 made the statement that tuberculosis of the lungs is the usual termination of diseases of the pulmonary artery. Conversely, Rokitansky in 1838 established the fact that in congestion of the lungs, in case of a heart lesion as well as in curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, tuberculosis of the lungs is very rare. Obstructive hyperaemia has also been used successfully in tu- berculosis of the testicle and in acute and subacute arthritis of a gonorrhoeal nature, as well as in acute articular rheumatism, in severe puerperal inflammations of the knee joint and in traumatic 290 DB. A. T. PETERS. arthritic with considerable discharge and suppuration of large joints. It has also been employed with good results in facial erysipelas, in phlegmon of the tendon sheaths, in chronic stiffen- ing of the joints, in neuralgia, and in acute osteomyelitis, paronychia, phlegmon of the hand, furuncle, carbuncle and in- fected wounds may also be treated with success by obstructive hypersemia. In abscesses of the oral cavity, in inflmammatory diseases of the tonsils and in chronic angina, the cupping ap- paratus is very valuable. Satisfactory results have been reported also with senile gangrene, wherein the sudden disappearance of the terrible pain, the rapid cleaning up of the wounds and the appearance of healthy granulation tissue are all very evident. Es- pecially good results are obtained in suppurative inflammations of the mammary glands. The especially praiseworthy advantages of the treatment by obstructive hypersemia are the following: i. Large painful in- cisions are done away with. 2. The painful tampon is no longer necessary. 3. Severe disturbances of motion in affections of the joints and tendon sheaths are avoided. 4. The time of treatment is usually shortened. 5. No unsightly scars are left, since large incisions are unnecessary: We first tried obstructive hypersemia in six cases of punc- ture of the coronet : I. A six-year-old brown mare .(Case No. 454-H) was brought to the clinic on February 15, 1905, with the history that she had injured the upper side of the coronet on the left hind foot in getting up on the day before and since then had been lame. The lameness was very pronounced. On examina- tion there was found a laceration of the tissue, 2 cm. long and I cm. wide, somewhat inwardly from the middle line beginning on the coronet and extending up to the articular line of the pastern joint, from which synovial fluid was running out. so that the diagnosis of contusion with opening of the pastern joint was made. After removing the hair from the edges the wound was disinfected, eroform was applied, and the pastern was bieb's congestive hypee-«mia in vetebinaby pbactice. 291 bandaged. Temperature, 38.i°C. On the second day of treat- ment the appetite failed, the temperature rose in the forenoon to 38.3°C., with pulse of 54 and respiration 14, and in the after- noon the temperature went to 38.5°C., the pulse to 60 and the respiration to 18. The foot rested on the point of the toe only. The patient performed slight flexion and extension in the con- tracted limb as one usually observes in suppurative inflamma- tions of the larger joints and tendon sheaths. From the second to the tenth day of the treatment the temperature varied from 38.4 up to 39.0, the pulse remained 60 and the respiration at 18. She ate the smallest possible amount of food. During this period the bandage was changed twice, at which times only a small amount of wound secretion mixed with synovial fluid was seen. Balsam of Peru was applied with the new bandages. On the tenth day for the first time the obstructive hyperaemia bandage was applied directly below the hock joint for ten hours. Like- wise on the eleventh and twelfth days the bandage was worn for ten hours, on the thirteenth day for five hours only. During this time the temperature never went above 38.0, the pulse re- mained at 60, the respiration at 16. The appetite was slight. The animal could put more weight on the limb at times. On the sixteenth and seventeenth days the obstructive bandage was applied for eight hours, and on the eighteenth for nine hours. Following this it was left off, after having been applied for a total of sixty hours. A rather severe, hot oedema was thus at- tained. A really favorable influence on the local lesion was not manifest. From the twenty-first day on the weight was borne on the leg better and the general symptoms were improved. On the thirty-first day of treatment the wound was healed. The horse was walked about. Thirty-six days after her admission she left the hospital. At this time she had a moderate swelling above the coronet but was not lame, 2. On February 21, 1905, an eight-year-old gelding (Case No. 517H) was brought to the clinic with the history that he had been lame for several days. At rest, the horse held the right hind leg flexed upward or touched merely the toe of the I 292 DR. A. T. PETERS. horeshoe to the floor. The leg was moderately swollen up to the fetlock joint. Upon local examination there was found in the middle of the coronet a laceration of the tissue i cm. long with bruised edges. From the opening came a yellow, tenacious fluid full of flakes. The temperature of the animal was 39.o°C., the pulse 54, respiration 24. The horse would lie down fre- quently. Diagnosis, puncture of the coronet (penetrating wound of the cofiin joint). Treatment: A semi-lunar excision of the horn corresponding to the injury together with antiseptic bandag- ing. After removal of the bandage on the fourth day there- after there was present a slough 2 cm. in diameter in conse- quence of necrosis of the edges of the wound. The slight tem- perature persisted as well as the disinclination to rest weight on the injured limb. The obstructive bandage was applied for ten hours. On the fifth day of treatment if was applied for six hours; on the sixth day, seven hours; on the seventh day, four hours; on the eighth day, nine and half; and on the ninth day, eight hours; altogether forty-four and a half hours. During the first days of the obstructive hypersemia a greater secretion of the wound was noticeable, as is the case rather frequently with this method of treatment. A favorable influence on the body temperature could not be proven. After the application of the badage the horse would usually raise his leg and then lie down. Hot oedema, such as is desired, could not be attained. For this reason on the ninth day of treatment the obstructive hypersemia was abandoned. When the bandage was changed on the tenth day a loose piece of the pyramidal process of the cofiin bone was lost. Decubitus sores appeared in several places. The body temperature varied between 37.8 and 38.5. The owner took the animal away on the twelfth day, since a complete cure of the condition could not be promised. 3. An eight-year-old heavy draught gelding, of a fox-red color (Case No. 695-H), was admitted to the hospital on March 10, 1905, with the history that several days previously the left forefoot had been injured on the coronet where the toe becomes continuous with the lateral wall. At this place there was a bier's congestive hyperemia in veterinary practice. 293 granulating wound 2^/^ cm. in diameter and a corresponding loosening of the coronary band 5 cm. long. While standing at rest the animal placed no weight on the injured limb. While walking he showed a high degree of lameness. • After taking off the horseshoe, we bathed the foot in creolin and then removed a corresponding semi-lunar piece of the horny wall. An anti- septic bandage was next applied. I wished to study the effect of obstructive hypersemia on the very great lameness. After the application of the obstructive bandage on the forearm above the chestnut the horse began to sweat and become restless. Tem- perature 39.0, pulse J2, respiration 24. The bandage was seem- ingly not tighter than was usual in other cases. After four hours the bandage was removed, whereupon the horse became quiet. No other cause for the restlessness of the horse could be made out. Further applications of the obstructive bandage were not carried out so that the case could not be used to demonstrate the value of this treatment in the horse. The case is of interest only because of the fact that weight was well borne on the limb as early as the third day of treatment. On the twenty-sixth day the patient was discharged without any lameness and with a small granulating wound. 4. A dark, fox-colored mare, six years old (Case No. 201 6-H) was admitted to the clinic with merely the history of going lame in the left forefoot fourteen days previously. On the coronet of the toe of the left forefoot there was granulating slough covered with pus about the size of a twenty-five-cent piece adjoining a subcoronary phlegmon. The adjacent swell- ing extended as high as up as the carpal joint. The animal was very lame. Temperature 39.2, pulse 60, respiration 24. The wound was given antiseptic treatment. On the day of admit- tance the elastic bandage was applied above the chestnut for seven hours. On the second day the bandage remained in place nine hours. The temperature at this time was 38.7° C. The weight was borne better on the affected limb. On the third day there was no fever, the leg was swollen up to the elastic bandage, but bore weight better and the appetite was good. The bandage 294 DB. A, T. PETEES. remained in place nine hours. From the fourth to the sixth days obstructive hypersemia was maintained for ten hours daily. This made a total of fifty-five hours. Whenever the bandage was changed it was necessary to douche or irrigate the growing granulations. The patient was discharged on the sixteenth day with good function of the limb. The wound was already in the process of scar formation. 5. A seven-year-old chestnut brown gelding (Case No. 2596-H) was brought to the clinic on July 28, 1905, because of his great lameness in the right hindfoot. Somewhat medially or inwardly from the middle of the coronet of the toe was a fresh, triangular wound caused by a calk. A stream of clear synovial fluid was seen when the foot was raised and placed on the shoeing stool. Penetrating wound of the coffin joint in con- sequence of puncture of the coronet was diagnosed. After disin- fecting with creolin, an antiseptic bandage was applied. Aside from a slight acceleration of the pulse up to 48 per minute and the lameness there were no symptoms. On the second day of treatment the temperature was 38.6, the pulse was 48 and respira- tion 18. The appetite was fair. The weight was badly borne on the affected limb. The elastic bandage was worn for ten hours directly below the hock joint. On the third day as well as on the fourth the bandage remained in place for ten hours. The temperature remained a few tenths above 38.0, the appetite was good and the weight was borne better on the affected limb. On account of bearing weight better on the limb and the absence of fever the hy-persemia was now discontinued, having been in use for thirty hours altogether. In this instance the obstructive bandage was always applied at the same place and not changed at each time as is usually done (i. c, one day on the metacarpus, and the next on the forearm or leg as the case may be). The bandage was worn in the same place on three consecutive days for ten hours each. Besides this it is possible that it was too tight. Whatever the cause the effect was very evident. There was present a circular, superficial necrosis of the skin as wide as the bandage. It had the same appearance as does skin on bier's congestive hypeb^mia in veterinary practice. 295 which one has used too strong a blister. The further course of the lesion was so favorable that the horse was ready for ser- vice and was returned to the owner on the twenty-fifth day of treatment. This was certainly an unusual result in a penetrating wound of the coffin joint inflicted under uncleanly conditions. It is questionable, however, whether this can be attributed to the obstructive hyperaemia. If we bear in mind that tl:e wound could not have been primarily infected and that it was imme- diately treated, we may explain the result merely by primary healing of the capsular ligament of the joint. 6. Light brown mare, eight years old, was listed on Decem- ber 15, 1905, as Case No. 4262-H. Four days previously the horse had injured the coronet of the right hind foot with the left hind foot. The temperature was 40.5, pulse 56, and respiration 24. While standing still the horse rested only the toe on the floor. She was very lame when walked about. There was a laceration of the tissue 3.2 cm. in diameter where the coronet of the toe becomes continuous with that of the inner wall. From this came a suppurative exudate mixed with synovial fluid. The edges of the wound were badlly bruised. The diagnosis was puncture of the coronet with opening of the capsule of the coffin joint. A semi-lunar piece of horn was removed corresponding to the contused wound which was disinfected and dressed with Balsam of Peru. On the second day of treatment the obstructive bandage was applied for ten hours above the hock joint. On the third day of treatment for eleven hours, on the fourth for nine hours, and and on the fifth for ten hours (forty hours alto- gether). The leg swelled up to the hock joint. The swelling was perhaps to be partly accounted for by the oedema caused by the obstructive bandage. The weight continued to be badly borne on that leg. The horse was lying down a good deal of the time. The appetite was poor. The body temperature varied between 39.4 and 40.2. Upon changing the bandage necrotic portions of tissue were repeatedly discovered. On the fifth day of treat- ment a fluctuating swelling was found round about the coronet. 296 DR. A. T, PETERS. On the sixth day of treatment spontaneous rupture of this swell- ing occurred in several places (suppurative periarthritis). The horse was pronounced incurable and was taken away by her owner. Obstructive hypersemia was also tried in seven cases of phlegmon of tendon sheaths. I. A thirteen-year-old black mare entered the hospital on May 23, 1905 (Case No. 1636-H), with the history that she had ac- quired an injury in the right carpus caused by a violent fall. In the distal half of the dorsal surface of the right carpal joint there was a slough in the skin 3 cm. in diameter, covered with yellow- ish, granular masses, after the removal of which the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was exposed. The tendon sheath was opened. The edges of the lesion were jagged and bruised. The neighboring border, i^ cm. broad, was excori- ated. Lameness was very pronounced. The temperature was 38.5, pulse 54, respiration 20. Disinfection was by three per cent, creolin solution. An antiseptic bandage was then applied. During the next few days a slight fever was present and weight was borne better on the affected leg. On the fifth day of treat- ment a few necrosed pieces of tissue were met with when the bandage was changed. Synovial fluid was mixed with the se- cretion of the wound. From the twelfth to the seventeeath day open wound treatment was used. Tannoform was duste.l on the granulations, which were growing somewhat. Weight was well borne on the limb. On the eighteenth day of treatment it was noted that weight was badly borne on the leg, temperature 39, pulse 60, respiration 18; synovial fluid was again seen and the surrounding swelling extended from the coronet half way up the forearm. The leg was packed from the hoof to above the carpal joint with compresses saturated with acetic acid clay. Improve- ment followed. On the twenty-third day of treatment, however, a new inflammation of the plegmonous process appeared. Mod- erate fever was present and weight was badly borne on the leg. On the following day the obstructive bandage was applied below the elbow joint for nine hours and for ten hours each on the BIEB'S congestive HYPEBiEMIA IN VETEEINABY PBACTICE. 297 three next days (in all, 39 hours). The other part of the treat- ment was continued. No improvement was noted. On the con- trary, an encroachment of the suppurative process on to the dis- tended joint of the carpus was seen. On the thirtieth day after the admittance of the patient the owner had her destroyed. No effect of the obstructive hyperaemia could be noticed in this case. Of course this was not employed until the twenty-fourth day of treat- ment; the process was at this time far advanced and the bandage had to be applied to a place already greatly swollen with oedema. 2. A four-year-old black stallion, entered June 9, 1905 (Case No. 1880-H), has been lame for five weeks. Several days before this pus had appeared from a swelling at the fetlock. Upon ex- amination great lameness was found in the right hind leg. An extensive moderate swelling, greatest at the fetlock, reached as far upward as the hock joint. On the medial and lateral surfaces somewhat above and toward the plantar side of the sesamoid l)ones there were small openings from which pus and synovial fluid were coming. Temperature 39.3, pulse 60, respiration 16. Diagnosed as a suppurative inflammation of the tendon sheath. The local treatment was intentionally confined merely to super- ficial disinfection and the application of a tenoform bandage. On the third day of treatment the temperature was 40.4 ; in the afternoon 39.6. The elastic bandage was applied above the hock joint for four hours. On the fourth day the horse bore weight on the leg very badly. The bandage remained in place nine hcurs. On the fifth day weight was borne somewhat better on the leg and the bandage remained in place for ten hours. On the sixth day of treatment a larger amount of thin pus mixed with synovial fluid broke through in a new place on the lateral surface. From this time on the elastic bandage was applied ten hours daily for a week. Weight was borne better on the leg. On the eleventh day all of the places where pus had broken through were healed. From the fifteenth day on the horse was walked about and warm moist bandages were applied. On the seventeenth day the patient was discharged with a slight thickening in the region of the tendon 298 DR. A. T. PETERS. sheath but without lameness. The case took such a favorable and rapid course as is seldom seen. 3. A twelve-year-old gray gelding entered on June 24, 1905, as Case No. 2086-H. This horse had injured himself in the right carpal joint by a violent fall on the day previous. Exam- ination revealed an extensive swelling of the limb above the carpal joint. On the anterior surface of the carpus there was a circular wound 3 cm. in diameter with a loss of the tissue, so that the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was laid bare. Sur- rounding this wound there was a zone of abrasion about i cm. broad. The wound was contaminated with dirt from the street. The animal walked with moderate lameness. No general symp- toms. A moist bandage of Burrow's solution was applied. Upon changing the bandage on the third day synovial fluid was visible. The elastic bandage was placed above the chestnut for seven hours. On the fourth day it was applied for eleven hours, and from the fifth to the eighth ten hours daily. In changing the bandage on the sixth day a fine granulating surface was to be seen, while synovial fluid was present only in very small amount. On the ninth day the bandage remained in place seven hours, after which day it was no longer used. The elastic bandage seemed to increase the oedema already present. Fine granula- tions, weight well borne on leg, and antiseptic dry bandage. From the eleventh day the open treatment was employed. No fever from this time on. On the 17th day a perceptible lessen- ing of the defect was observed and granulations on the level of the skin. On the 29th day the subject left the clinic entirely well. 4. Ten-year-old gelding. Admitted August 10, 1905. Case No. 2797-H. The one in charge of the horse said he had been injured at work by a piece of iron and had been very lame since. On the fetlock joint of the right hind foot was a contused wound 3 cm. long running crosswise extending as far as the border of the tendons and clear to the bone. Considerable synovial fluid was coming from the wound, lameness marked, temperature 38.4, pulse 48, respiration 14. The wound was protected by an anti- BIEB'S congestive HyPER.«MIA IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. 299 septic bandage, and on the first day the elastic bandage was ap- phed below the hock joint for 1 1 hours. Second day, bandaged for lo hours. Weight borne badly on leg. On the third day the bandage was left on for lo hours, during which period better symptoms w^ere observed. Temperature 38.6. On the fourth day the condition w^as the same. On the fifth day bandage was on 10 hours. Temperature 39. Weight borne worse. From the 6th to the 14th day inclusive the elastic bandage was ap- plied daily for 10 hours, changing the position from below to above the hock joint and back again. During this time there was some fever rising at times to 39.7. Appetite variable; the leg bore weight badly throughout. During the repeated bandag- ing of the leg synovial fluid was always visible and the extremity was swollen extensively as high as the hock. In all the bandage was retained 141 hours. Although on the third and fourth days a better bearing of weight was present. No improvement could be perceived later so the obstructive treatment was discontinued. From the i6th day on the condition continued afebrile and weight was gradually borne better on the leg. The presence of synovial fluid was no longer observed. The treatment consisted in the daily application for half an hour of a warm foot-bath con- taining I % creolin followed by an antiseptic bandage. On the 20th day the healing of the wound was well begun. At this time the tiorse began to move about. Before this it had been difficult to make him move. On the 27th day a circular, superficial, dried layer of skin was removed from below the hock joint correspond- ing in width to the elastic bandage. After several days this place showed considerable reproduction of epidermis. On the 33d day the horse was taken from treatment, still moderately lame, but with the wound healed. 5. Ten-year-old mare, admitted August 12, 1905 (Case No. 2816-H). It was reported that the horse had become entangled by its hind foot in a chain some four weeks before. Three days previous to admittance the condition had become worse. The lameness was very marked, the horse barely touching the ground with the tip of its shoe, and for the most part holding its foot 300 DR. A. T, PETERS. entirely off the ground. Extensive swelling present from the coronet to the centre of the metatarsus. The skin over the fet- lock flexo.r was greatly reddened, the horse had a white fetlock, and from the outer surface of the fetlock and running into the flexor of the fetlock was seen a granulating wound 8 cm. long and I cm. wide. Corresponding to the lateral border of the flexor tendons was a fistulous opening the size of a pea, from which was coming a small amount of opaque synovia. On pres- sure over the tensely filled tendon sheath of the fetlock a greater amount of synovial was evacuated filled with flakes. At the same time the horse gave the liveliest evidence of intense pain. The iemperature could not be taken in rectum. Pulse 48, respiration 24. The treatment consisted in merely the application of anti- septic bandages. On the first day the elastic bandage was ap- plied 10 hours. The same on the second. A decided, warm oedema of the leg could not be brought about. The appetite was less; the weight-bearing power of the leg was the same as the day before. On the third day the bandage was retained 10 hours. The impression at this time was that the animal felt better in that attempts were made to use the foot at times. This case, which was especially adapted for experiment was lost to the clinic since the owner had the animal removed on the 4th day. 6. Black fourteen-year-old gelding, admitted August 14, 1905 (Case No. 2839-H). The horse was very lame in the right hind foot from a wound in the fetlock joint caused by a broken-off piece of shaft running into this. In the flexor of the fetlock more to the medial side was a fresh wound 5 cm. long, spread- ing open 3 cm., running diagonally, laying bare the flexor tendons and giving rise to considerable synovial fluid. In consideration of the contused edges two things had to be accomplished, aside from suturing the edges, i. e., disinfection of the wound and anti- septic dressing. On the first day obstructive treatment was given 10 hours. On the second day the temperature rose to 38.7 which was the only instance during treatment. The elastic bandage was applied daily for 10 hours till the 12th day, the day of dismissal, bieb's congestive hypeb^mia in vetekinaby pbactice. 301 in all, 1 20 hours. Weight borne fairly well on the leg and course of wound favorable at time of discharge. A moderate degree of lameness was still present upon walking, but weight was borne well while standing at rest. 7. Nine-year-old gelding, admitted October 5, 1905 (Case No. 3490-H). There had been an extreme lameness in the left hind leg for a long time. Just above the outer lateral wall of the coronet was a swelling the size of a man's fist pierced by two fistulous canals which extended to the sheaths of the fetlock tendons. There was considerable swelling up to the hock joint. Temperature 39.2 to 40.7, pulse yd, respiration 24. In connec- tion with the usual treatment the obstructive process was em- ployed 10 hours a day from the 3d to the 6th day inclusive. On the 6th day was noticed in the place of application of the bandage a dry, parchment-like quality of the skin. A spreading gan- grenous condition came on, followed by suppuration of the ten- don sheath and the tissues adjacent, so that the horse had to be killed as incurable. There was no effect from the treatment, this being an exceedingly severe case. Aside from these cases the treatment was used in the fol- lowing : 1. Case of cellulitis of the fetlock from a grazing wound. The horse was sent from the clinic cured at the end of 14 days. A positive, constantly favorable, effect from the obstructive treat- ment could not be ascertained. 2. A very lame case resulting from stepping on a nail with the left fore foot four days previously. Temperature 39.4 to 40.6. No fall of temperature followed the obstructive treatment. No improvement of the lameness from reduction of the pain was observed. On the ninth day the horse died. On the section the following was seen : Pyogenic infection of the coffin-joint, necrosis of the flexor tendons of the coffin bone with rupture of them at the level of the navicular bone, necrosis of the flexor tendons of the os coronse and rupture of these above the os coroucC. Septic cellulitis up to the carpal joints, pus organisms appearing. 302 DR. A. T. PETERS. 3. Case of purulent, gangrenous inflammation of the sensi- tive foot (stone-gall) which led to partial necrosis of the sen- stive wall and the cartilage of the hoof. The obstructive treat- ment was employed for a total of 158 hours. At first about 8 hours daily and then later several times a day for about 2 hours at a time. In spite of the treatment the inflammatory process went on to the sensitive frog. No improvement in bearing weight on the leg. The horse was finally killed as soon as sloughing of the hoof began. Under direction of the chief of the clinic the treatment was employed in several inflammatory cases not of infectious nature : 1. In two cases of acute serous tendo-vaginitis of the fet- lock tendon sheaths. (a) This case showed swelling of the tendon sheaths of the fetlock, tender to pressure and with elevated temperature. A moderate degree of lameness was present upon walking. On the first day the obstructive treatment was employed 9 hours, and for the next 6 days 7 hours daily. Considerable oedema and temperature was observed as a result of this. During the treat- ment weight bearing was good, the horse using the fetlock bet- ter at that time than in the intervals between treatments. On the 8th day the case was dismissed. No lameness appeared on walking, a slight limp appearing on trotting. In this case the treatment seemed to have a good effect. (b) In a similar case treated with the obstructive bandage for 12 days only. A moderate decrease in the lameness could be noticed. The effect was not certain. 2. Three cases of inflammatory thickening of the flexor ten- dons and their sheaths. (a) Inflammatory relapse in a case of thickened tendon of the flexor sublimus digitorum muscle of right fore foot. Animal was under treatment 19 days. For 9 days the elastic bandage was applied for about 8 hours each. Decrease of lameness. Value uncertain. (b) Similar to (a). Inflammatory thickening of the flexor tendon and its sheath of the left fore foot. For 12 davs the bieb's congestive hypeb^mia in vetebinaby pbactice. 303 elastic bandage was applied 8 hours daily. A considerable cylin- drical swelling appeared, especially of the inner common digital vein. Hot oedema occurred up to the carpal joint. Effect doubt- ful. (f) Inflammatory thickening of the flexor tendons and their sheaths of both fore legs and peri-arthritis of the right carpus. On the first day the bandage was maintained 7 hours. On the second day the bandage w^as applied on both fore legs with the accustomed amount of pressure. After a time the horse became restless, pawing with the forelegs frequently, and soon broke into a sweat so that the bandage had to be removed after foui hours' application. The horse then became quiet. The animal was kept for a while longer in the hospital with no result. 3. Case of Exostosis and Periostic on the lateral surface of the left metacarpus. Moderate degree of lameness. This case is of no value, but is interesting from the fact that the animal tried in every way to rid himself of the bandage. The attendant ob- served that the horse absolutely would not wear it. By paw- ing, stamping and nibbling, the horse tried to rid himself of the bandage. Being tied short, he broke loose and tore it off with his teeth. Treatment was therefore discontinued. 4. Newfoundland dog with Gonitis destruens (inflammation of the knee. The superficial veins were considerable swollen. The bandage frequently became loose on the thigh. With the bandage in place the dog did not attempt to rest weight on the foot. No results. In looking over our observations with regard to the signifi- cance and merit of the Bier's treatment in the cure of animals, I came to the following conclusions : I. The suction devices can be used best in cases of small ani- mals suffering from affections of the paws. In case of inflamma- tion of the claw-matrix, or a cellulitis in the lower portions of the extremity after penetrating wounds, etc., a cylinder-shaped suction apparatus could be employed. During the treatment the animal has to be securely tied on a table adapted to this purpose. On this point I have no cases of my own to report. In the larger 304 DE. A. T. PETEBS. animals this apparatus can hardly be used either on the extremi- ties or trunk. In that case one can have made from unbreakable material a kind of boot (Junod's boot) which can be fitted to the leg by an India rubber rim. In any event there is a great deal of research to be done in the case of inflammatory processes of the hoof, peripheral joints and tendon sheaths. II. The rubber tube or band can be used in any case to cause passive hyperaemia (according to Riedl, a layer of gauze should be interposed in the treatment of man), but the following diffi- culties arise : ( 1 ) Many animals bear the bandage poorly even when not unusually tight. They paw and stamp and try to tear the bandage. Thus the bandage may become too loose or too tight. The ani- mal may be kept from biting at the bandage by being tied short, but nothing can be done to prevent the stamping and pawing. Bier says that the bandage must not cause pain. Now the ques- tion arises as to whether the actions referred to above, when occurring, should be regarded as signs of pain or not. To many animals the bandage is merely vexatious without causing real pain. It is an unusual feeling (probably paraesthesia in some cases) which one can observe in otherwise applying a bandage to a horse. The majority bear it well. (2) In two cases unfavorable signs occurred. The animals became restless, broke into a sweat and showed acceleration of the pulse and respiration. In these cases the bandage was ap- parently not tighter than usual. After removal of the bandage the horses again became quiet. It being necessary for the at- tending physician to keep close watch on the human subject dur- ing treatment, it is doubly necessary in veterinary practice. For, on the one hand, the bandage may by the movements of the ani- mal become pushed to one side or too loose, or may again be- come too tight so as to cause not only gangrene of the skin but even serious injury to the parts below the bandage. (3) The amount of pressure to be used cannot be absolutely designated. The degree of pressure must be made to suit the in- dividual. That is very difficult in horses. I have used the plan bier's congestive HYPEB.«MIA in VETERINAKl' PRACTICE. 305 of inserting my left index finger under the bandage when it was buckled on and thus satisfy myself as to the tension. It is thus a matter of practice and experience as to how tight the bandage should be given case. For that reason I always apply the bandage myself. The pressure must vary in different cases according to the thickness of the hair, the skin itself and the development of tissues beneath the skin, or in whatever way individuals differ from each other. In spite of all precautions there occurred several times an annular superficial necrosis of the skin in the place where the bandage was applied. According to Danielson there may be used as regulators of the tension the pulse in the limb distally to the bandag-e, the red color and the warmth of the limb outside the inflamed area, which must be increased by the congestion. These may be made out by comparing the treated limb with the opposite one. If it is not possible to obtain the right tension at once remove the bandage and try it a second or third time. Bier desires a posi- tively warm oedema since a cold oedema may be dangerous. It is possible in most cases to feel the pulse distally to the bandage. Nevertheless in case there is a considerable amount of oedema during the course of the disease or if there is a congestive oedema due directly to the bandage, it is difficult to find any pulsation of the artery digitalis communis so that one may be in doubt as to whether or not the bandage is too tight. In establishing the desired " fiery red," we meet with an- other difficulty in animals. The change of color cannot be seen on account of the pigmentation of the skin so there must neces- sarily be some area on the limb under treatment which is free from pigment if we are to use this sign. Better success is ob- tained by observing the greater fullness of the superficial veins. The increase of temperature in the part can be relied on and is at the same time the only safe guide in the treatment of horses. It is not always possible even by repeated bandagings to obtain a warm oedema. In single cases there was no oedema at all ; in 306 DR. A. T. PETERS. Others no appreciable increase in temperature. However, Bier held that these cases were not suitable for his treatment since the inflammation had already passed the highest stage, 4. The choice of cases thus makes a great difference since quite frequently the severe cases, after being treated for a long tim by other methods, had been sent to the hospital on account of the severity of the condition and at time when the inflamma- tion had passed the highest stage and a subsequent general de- struction of tissue had occurred. Naturally our clinic treated a great variety of casesj but in many instances it seemed that the treatment had been tried too late. V. Bier's stipulation, that the bandage must be as far from the seat of trouble and as near as possible to the shoulder or pelvic girdle, is confronted by extreme difficulty in the case of the larger animals on account of their anatomical conformation. The humerus lies completely on the thorax, and the femur is closely joined to the pelvis and covered with great muscles so that application of a bandage or compress here is out of the question. On the foreleg the bandage cannot be applied higher than the elbow joint, and on the hind leg not higher than the upper third of the tibia. Riedl has applieod the bandage in case of human sub- jects, in the immediate vicinity of the seat of trouble and ob- tained favorable results, so it would appear that Bier's postu- late need not be adhered to absolutely. In treating animals it is impossible, as said before, to carry it out, although in dogs it can be very nearly accomplished since in them the bandage can be applied to the thigh and so include the knee in the treatment. In one case (stonegall. Case 3) it appeared that the increased oedema hastened the loosening of the hoof from the matrix so that the way was prepared for sloughing of the hoof. Should further experiments show that this occurred more often in cases of suppuration in the navicular cushion, in subcoronary phlegmon, and especially in those cases affecting the hoof, then these af- bieb's congestive hyperemia in vetebinaby practice. 307 factions must be regarded as contra-indications for the obstruc- tive treatment. But it is these very cases in which a safe method is desired. I accompHshed the treatment by means of an elastic bandage a metre and a half in length provided at both ends with a pair of tongs. After the bandage had been applied it was firmly secured by tying the thongs of one end to those of the other. Clamps may also be used. There is a great deal of wear on the bandage, and if one of the edges becomes torn it is impossible to prevent a complete break. The rubber bandage can be protected by one of cloth laid over it. Riedl says merely cloth bandages tightly drawn give very good service, so one need not use the expensive rubber bandage. The location of the bandage must be changed. We placed it one day on the metacarpus, the next on the forearm above the chestnut, which latter holds the bandage upon the conical fore- arm. On the hind leg we applied it one day below the hock- joint, the next day at the middle of the tibia. In summing up my experiences I would say : The purulent inflammations of joints and tendon sheaths, and phlegmonous processes of the hoof, promise a very good field for this method. The number of diseases which can be thus treated is less in veterinary practice than in human medicine. It happens that the greatest class (that of acute osteomyelitis of the bones of the extremities) falls almost completely without its sphere just as does gonorrheal arthritis, affections of the tonsils, abscesses in the oral cavity, carbuncles, etc. Although so limited in veter- inary practice there is still great hope and expectation to be placed in this method. The difficulties at present in veterinary practice are great, owing to the lack of technique. In any case we must not be re- strained by these from proceeding in the right way. Even if results have appeared in several of our cases, still the expectation has not been completely fulfilled. 308 DE. A. T. PETEES. It is acknowledged that we have not mastered the technique, and the choice of cases was not discriminating enough. There- fore it is to be expected that with the perfection and extension of our technique, more favorable results will be seen and that further experiments will be in order. For the above reasons this method is limited to cases in which constant control is possible, and even then is attended by numer- ous difficulties. For country practice, ambulatory cases, and polyclinics, it is at present impossible. It can never attain the efficiency and extent which it already has shown in human medicine. The saneness-and merit of the method cannot be doubted, as is made clear in the exhaustive literature on the subject and as has been shown by the experiments here reported. Those cases of experimental infection of laboratory animals and the effect of the obstructive treatment on them cannot be convincing evidence of success without cases of natural infection occurring in practice or under treatment at the clinic, because they are entirely different in nature. If this method according to Bier is to elevate the plane of veterinary knowledge by first build- ing up its technique, then his monograph has an especial value for us, because he has given us well-founded explanations of the method of action of the derivatives, as we have seen in the first part of this treatise. Bier believed that the action of the derivative depended in the first place on hyperaemia (congestion). To it also be ascribed the following properties : 1. A pain-relieving effect. 2. The power of destroying or weakening the bacterial action. 3» An absorbing effect. 4. A dissolvent action. 5. A nourishing action, especially favoring regeneration. Since the derivative method plays so great a part in veterinary practice, we must be thankful for these well-founded explana- tions of this old, respected treatment. bieb's congestive hyperemia in vetebinaby pbactice. 309 Zschokke, in his splendid work on the action of the deriva- tives, maintained that the stimulus which the derivative set up was a nutritive and formative one in Virchow's sense, when he said : '* The after-effects of the derivative consist,, as I believe, in a stimulation of the cells in some way ; by arousing nutrition, and stimulating formation." And again, " Where the healing process is a long one, and thus a considerable differentiation of fibro- blasts is necessary (in tendons, ligaments, and bones), the re- tarded result is explained as follows : That the cells are stimulated and aroused, but that the regeneration of cells to the point of complete differentiation still requires an unusually long time." I agree with him, but do not like to completely deny the value and aid which the hyperaemia appears, according to Virchow, to give to the action of the derivatives. I believe the two views can be harmonized so that they both may stand. Bayer and Eberlein both point repeatedly in their work in hydrothermo regulators to the significance which hyperaemia has as a favorable factor in different processes. Riding Clubs in Kansas City. — Riding clubs are the " new thing " in Kansas City. Two quite large clubs have re- cently been organized, and there are a number under forma- tion. It is a daily occurrence to see a cavalcade of 50 or 60 ladies and gentlemen coursing over the boulevards of the city. This renewal of an old-time means of pleasure and healthful exercise has stimulated an active demand for a high quality saddle horse, and the horse-dealers in that city are realizing a brisk business in all the better class of horses. Increased Facilities at McKillip. — The contract has been let for the building of a new pathological laboratory for the McKillip Veterinary College. The laboratory will be 35x50 feet in size, well lighted and commodious in every respect. The equipment will be so arranged that both the pathological and the bacteriological laboratory work will be done in it. Orders have been placed for new equipment for these laboratory courses. Thirty new microscopes with one-twelfth objectives will be added to the supply of instruments now possessed by the col- lege.— (Journal McKillip V. C. Alumni Association.) AUTOMATIC METHOD OF ERADICATING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. Burton Rogers, D.V.M., Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas. Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, shows in his last annual re- port issued in January of this year that about 430,000 tuber- culous hogs were discovered by the federal inspectors during the fiscal year of 1907. Of this number about 64,000 were so badly affected with the disease that no part of them complied with the Pure Food Laws, and were therefore of necessity re- moved from our meat supply. The remainder were considered bad enough to condemn " parts " alone, and the " part " usually consists of the head and neck of the animal, averaging a loss of at least fifty cents each, besides making the rest of the meat of the animal come from one that could not be said to have come from an absolutely healthy animal. This 430,000 is an immense and sudden increase over the number of tuberculous hogs dis- covered in the fiscal report of 1906, and to one who was not conversant first hand with the history of U. S. inspection would at once conclude the disease had increased that much during the year. The real facts are that better methods are now in vogue in all the packing houses than were a few years ago, and fur- thermore it is uniformly so. The federal inspectors in Maine and St. Paul are now conducting their inspection by precisely the same methods and under practically the same favorable fa- cilities as are the inspectors in San Francisco and New Orleans. Besides this a very large number of additional establishments now have inspection. As a result it is practically impossible for a tuberculous animal to pass by a federal inspector to-day. Formerly more or less numbers did, making comparisons of different years therefore of no value. While, of course, all au- thorities agree the disease is on the increase, the apparent in- crease in the government statistics are misleading and represent 810 AUTOMATIC METHOD OF ERADICATING ANIMAL TUBEECULOSIS. 311 sporadic gradual improvements of inspection methods and facili- ties, until the Act of June 30, 1906, which created like condi- tions everywhere. For instance, if a hog has any tuberculosis at all the filtering lymph glands of the head will show in more than 95% of the hogs, and about half of the tuberculous hogs have absolutely no other diseased parts except these glands. The writer had been inspecting heads in one city for about two years, when he was transferred to another city which had had federal inspection for several years, but no head inspection of hogs had ever been conducted. Was transferred after six months to another city where head inspection had been inau- gurated only three months prior, and a transfer one year later to another city showed head inspection had been inaugurated still later. Some packers' natural arrangements offered poor light to observe lesions, and others better. At that time two packers might buy exactly the same hogs, and in one house every tuberculous hog be detected, and in the other less than half be observed even. So, not until June 30, 1908, will this country have reliable figures upon which to accurately base the increas- ing or decreasing percentage of the disease. But be that as it may, the important question confronting us in this progressively economical age is : Could tuberculous germs have been prevented from entering these 430,000 hogs setting up the disease in the varying degrees that caused the depreciation of all and the com- plete exclusion of 64,000 hogs? Recent federal and state experiments show that tuberculous cattle, especially cows with pulmonary consumption, cough up germs into their mouths where they are subsequently swallowed (for who ever saw a cow spit or vomit) just like the cud. Some of these germs pass through the walls of the intestines into the blood vessels and from there to a new place in the cow's lungs. She harvests a crop of germs, but plants them again the same day. But the most of the germs pass out of the intestines with the manure or faeces. Experiments show that as many as 37,- 000,000 tuberculous germs can thus be passed out of one cow in one day. Any small particle may then contain an immense 312 DB. BLBTON ROGERS. number, and when dried may become a part of the dust that may later fall in the milk pail and reach the consumer. Tuberculosis is an unpleasant subject and so are some of its important facts. Hogs find much nutrition in the faeces of cattle and consequently devour them greedily, and farmers take advantage of this fact and encourage it by turning hungry hogs into such environments. Because hogs have been removed from their natural, free, roaming conditions and been placed in small pens with lots to eat, they have deteriorated physically, and, taking on large quantites of fat, are to-day considered the most susceptible of all animals to tuberculous germs. Therefore, hogs associating with tuberculous cattle that are scattering tubercu- lous germs as above indicated can hardly help becoming more or less affected according to the number of germs given off, and therefore proportionate to the degree of dangerousness of the cow. Stopping right here for a moment, every intelligent reader could do some reasoning on the facts just given, and possibly evolve an automatic plan for locating the dangerous tuberculous animals. On nearly every farm hogs and cattle associate in the same pens and pastures to a greater or less extent. Most hogs are ready for market within one year after birth. The bulk of hogs are slaughtered in packing houses having federal inspection, where every single hog is given two thorough examinations for tuberculosis. During the fiscal year 1907, 430,000 hogs were under contaminating conditions on the farms from which they came, and the milk and milk pails are exposed to the same dan- gerous conditions on these same farms. Assuming that these same farmers are raising an equal number of hogs this year, then 430,000 living hogs are at present exposed to the same con- taminating conditions on these same farms and when marketed make up the bulk of another 430,000 tuberculous hogs. Under present conditions the federal inspector discovers a tuberculous hog, but has absolutely no idea where the hog originally came from, for all hogs look alike after the hair is removed and the head cut across. AUTOMATIC METHOD OF ERADICATING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 313 REMEDY. The enaction of a law, by which the U. S. Department of Agriculture shall purchase and in co-operation with the State Experiment Stations distribute metal tags to the farmers. The tags to bear either the name and address of the farmer or a systematic letter and number system in the numerator and de- nominator of a fraction, showing state, county, township and farm, ^^^ If one wants to find anything in a book con- taining miscellaneous information, they know the pages are num- bered and. the information indexed. Tagged tuberculous hogs are an index to the dangerous tuberculous premises. These premises could then be controlled and the dangerous tuberculous animals eradicated. Within one year 430,000 less tuberculous hogs would come to market. Any cow which will scatter tuberculous germs in sufficient numbers to affect associating hogs is a dangerous animal be- cause she is scattering germs. General compulsory tuberculin testing is the method necessary to completely eradicate animal tuberculosis. On the other hand, compulsory tagging of hogs is the method of eradicating every dangerous tuberculous ani- mal with which hogs associate. At any rate preliminary data would be secured concerning the extent and distribution and, therefore, approximate appropriation necessary to eradicate it. Blanks sent quarterly to the farmers as applications for tags to apply to animals born during the past quarter would give us a I>erpetual live stock census, besides the ownership tag. There is just as much justice in selling live animals on their real merits as in making it compulsory that their products shall be so, and so only, sold. The government can carry out a law affecting the interstate centripetal channels of trade as well as the interstate centrifugal channels. If the nation and the states appropriate sums that are inadequate to compensate the owners for destruction of these tuberculous germ manufacturing ani- mals, then it must seem a profitable investment for the packers of this country to co-operatively invest the remainder necessary 314 DK. BUBTON ROGERS. to completely eradicate every living tuberculous food animal, and therefore cease buying 430,000 tuberculous animals every year. But the greatest good will come to the people, for if every tuberculous animal would be eradicated it would solve the mu- nicipal and country meat and milk supply problem as far as tuberculosis, the greatest danger, is concerned. There is posi- tively only one side to this question, for it is for the best inter- ests of every one and is not antagonistic to a single soul on earth. The Senate has passed the bill to establish a " permanent bison range " on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. This range is to be enclosed and become the home of the largest herd of the buffalo now in existence. The range contains 12,- 800 acres and the buffaloes numbered around 400 head at last accounts. Cruelty Would Defeat Purposes of Vivisection. — In the course of an address on vivisection delivered before the newly-organized Woman's League of the State of New York held at the Waldorf-Astoria, May i6th. Dr. Simon Flexner, President of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, is reported as saying: " I am myself an experimenter on animals. As a professor in two universities I experimented on many animals, and as President of the Rockefeller Institute I have had the super- vision of experiments on many more. In twenty years' experi- ence I have never seen one animal subjected to cruelty. If cruelty were necessary I should regret it, but I should admit it. Cruelty would defeat our purposes by destroying the precision which is so essential to success. Some of the most important advances in science have grown out of experiments of an aca- demic character whose ultimate end could not be foreseen. In meningitis cases the lives of ten persons have been saved for every monkey sacrificed in experiment. No legislative body can frame measures that will not hamper the progress. The tuberculosis problem has been practically solved. Tumors and cancers will come next. Rats and mice have these diseases in a degree hardly different from that found in human beings and can be experimented upon with advantage." OLD WASH AND THE NERVOUS GOATS.* " I never had much use for goats," said Old Wash the other night, " an' I got less use for 'em now than ever. They may be as good to eat as sheep to some people, but when I hears a man say dat, ef he's white, I looks for his head to be all cymling and his foots all giblets, an' ef he's black I looks for blue gums an' wropped hair. Ever' now an' den, dey gits up a goat craze in de South an' dese city men whut edits farm papers in cities tells whut a pow'ful lot uv money dey is in goats. After tellin' how dey eats up ever'thing nuthin' else will tetch — not even barrin' a carryon cro' — an' can live an' prosper on a dry spot so nigh de wicked place dat nuthin' else cu'd live dere wid col' feet unless dey walked on stilts, dey den proceeds to tell how fast dey can prop-a-gait, which is a big word dey uses to tell how soon an' nachully a little sissy kid goat gits to be a nanny. " It ain't often I drops into poetry, but heah is de way I fig- ures it out : Two little goatses, out in de sno' Dey gits married an' den dar is fo'. Fo' little goatses longin' to mate, Bare is de larder, but soon dar is eight. Eight little goatses, weeds, an' no mo' — Weeds is for true love an' now twenty-fo'. Twenty-fo' goatses climbin' de gate, Ever'whar dey oughtn't be — now eighty-eight. Eighty-eight goatses, all in de corn, Still studyin' 'rithmetic — two hundred's born. Two hundred goatses on house top an' tree — Dey drops six hundred by de rule uv three ! Six hundred goatses, locustin' de land. Living on lizards, love-knots and sand, But sand is deir manna — dey marry ag'in. Now sixteen million, nine hundred an' ten I ♦Many of the Review readers were present and no doubt still remember the "Nervous," "Stiff-legged," or "Fainting Goat" which was presented by Drs. White and Plaskett, of Nashville. Tenn., at the clinic of the American Veterinary Medical Association — St. Louis meeting. Thev will also recall an article which appeared in September, 1904, issue of the Review, giving the history and a description of this goat. Since the accompanying^ story, which appeared in The Tavlor-Trotwood Magazine, is amusing, especially to those who are familiar with the "Fainting Goat" as well as the "old time negro," we believe it will interest many Review readers. Although this is only a story, Drs. White and Plaskett vouch for its correctness in describing two freaks of the Soitth — Fainting Goat and Negro. 315 316 OLD WASH AND THE NEBVOUS GOATS. " Did you urver notice, Marse John, de turrible hard slam de Bible gives de goatses An' when de Good Book tags a thing it's dar for all eternity an' warranted not to fade. Of all de animules in de ark, snakes an' goatses is de only things dat is under de ban. You know whut de snake done — tempted Eve, an' de rest of us been stayin' in after skule ever sense an' takin' our spankin'. But de way it throwed off on de goatses wuz wusser still, fur it laid every low-down white-livered thing that happened on de goatses. Whenever a ole Jew had done sumpin' specially low down' an' wanted to lie out uv it hisse'f, he'd rub asserfeterty an' gypsy juice on some goat an' start him th'oo de wilderness. Dey call him a scapegoat because dey thought he orter be thankful to 'scape wid his life, seein' he kerried so many other fo'kses sins on his back. An' de smalles' white man in all history, in my 'pinion, is dat ole 'sateful, oily Abraham dat had thousands uv goatses an' yet made a scapegoat uv his own son an' turned him out in de wilderness to die. I preaches 'gin him ever' chance I gits an' when I die I don't wanter go to no Abra- ham's bosom. No, suh, I'd ruther take my chances whar dars sum wool an' a warm spot ! Hit looks lak ole 'sateful Abraham cu'dn't keep away from goatses — always doin' sum devilment an' layin' it on goatses. But a man buys back ever' rascally trick he sells to others at las', in his own coin, an' so ole Abraham got his back in a goat. It wuz when dat boy Ikey uv his'n fooled de ole man an' got Esau's birthright 'cause Esau wuz nachully a hairy one — (no wonder, his daddy had goat on the brain all his life!) — an' Ikey, who wuz smooth, he jes' put on a goat skin an' made de ole man think it wuz Esau. When he found it out I'll bet he thort uv Hagar an' Ishmael dat he played it so low down on, " Oh, you kin jes' bet a man gits whut he sows in dis worl'. " When ole Abraham tried to turn his little innocent but on- registered boy into a scapegoat, he nurver thort his big boy Ikey, so godly an' so circumsized, would bob up an' be de real thing at last. OLD WASH AND THE NEBVOUS GOATS. 317 " Ole Abraham started de thing an' all de others kep' it up an' all th'oo de Good Book de sins uv de world is laid on goatses. Dey even studied it out fur de Jedgment day when dar'U be a big separashun uv de sheep an' de goatses, an' all sinners will be turned into goatses. This allers struck me as correct, for dere is jes' about dat much difference 'twixt a game, ole, naughty, bad-smellin' sinner an' a weak, no-'count, sissy, bah-bah, goody- goody ! " An' it's all in favor uv de goat ! " Es fur me, give me a goat over a sheep ever' time. A goat smells bad to some fo'ks, but he'll hustle for his own, is dead game, don't complain, 'tends to his own business, ain't stuck up an' is a pow'ful ladies' man. You nurver heah of a goat-killin* dog — no, sah, but I've seed a many a dog-killin' goat. An' he best way to save a flock uv cowardly sheeps is to put a few billies in amongst 'em. But a sheep — de thing we Christyuns is picked out es emblem of all dat's good an' holy, Marse John, it's a shame! He's a meek- faced, flop-eared fool, so silly he'll jump into a bottomless pit ef his nigh neighbor happen to fall in, an' so cowardly any yaller cur can chase an' kill de whole flock. Whilst his big horns an' stiff neck is puttin' up a bold game of bluff, his slinkin' limber tail, floppin' betwixt his legs, is doin' all it can to lie out of it! Dey ain't got sense enuff to keep a crow offen deir babes when born, dey hunts fur all de soft spots in de pasture an' dey quits to anything dat gits a good holt on dey wool. Don't put up no lamb on my tomb when I'm gone, Marse John. If I've got to be pictured an' disgraced as a animule an' a nachur faker after I'm dead an* it's a ch'ice 'twixt de goat an' de sheep, carve for ole Wash a game ole goat, wise unto sal- vashun, keepin' his own council, speakin' no evil, stickin' to de middle uv de road — a good ole prop-a-gaitin' popuHte, whiskers an' all ! "Yassah! " But I started out to tell about dem nervus goatses. I lives down nigh Marse George, an* he's got a flock uv dem goats, dat run in de pasture wid de fine mares. You know brood mares 318 OLD WASH AND THE NEBVOUS GOATS. nurver gits sick if a goat stays among 'em, fur de smell uv de goat is so servigrus, dat whenever a microbe uv eny breed gits a good whiff uv it, he des' gasps an' smiles an' dies, as de poet sez uv de hero soljer. An' so Marse George he keeps dem goats wid his mares, an' do' he 'low us to go thoo any other part uv de farm, he don't 'low nobody to make a common passway thoo de paddock. But de other Sunday es I went to preachin' I wuz late, an' thinkin' Marse George wouldn't keer dis time I tuck a short cut thoo de paddock. I seed de flock uv goats an' de mares an' colts but I wuz so busy wuckin' out my sermon, de tex' of which was, 'And he separated de sheep frum de goats,' dat I run ober a kid asleep in de grass befo' I seed it. ' Bah-hah,' sez de kid, jumpin' up so sudden 'twixt my legs dat I jumped two feet offen de groun'. Den I gin him a kick when I hit de yearth, clap my hands to make him run an' sed, 'Bah-hah, yo'se'f! " Wid dat ever' goat dar started to run, but jes' hollered hah- bah an' drapped dead ! " An' when I seed whut I'd done I mighty nigh done it my- se'f. " I started on a run fur de fence, but looked back an' de groun' wuz jes' kivered wid goats kickin' an' stiffenin' out an' dyin'. I 'spected to see de mares an' colts tumble nex' so I makes a break over de fence an' over de hills back home, " No mo' sermon fur me dat day. I'd seed all I wanted to see about goatses, unless it wuz how to raise 'em frum de dead. " I kep' hid out all day, wonderin' ef anybody seed me. All night I dreamed uv goats — dreamed it wuz de last great day, dat Marse George wuz de great Jedge, an' when my time come I wuz cast over among de goatses. Dey had all des' riz to be jedged, but at sight uv me dey all drapt dead ag'in, jes' like dey did in de paddock, hollerin' ' No, bah-bah, no. He too mean to live wid us.' " Sho' nuff, at breakfus' heah cum de sheriflF, an' reads me a writ an' takes me to de jestice cou't. OLD WASH AND THE NERVOUS GOATS. 319 " I nurver had been 'rested befo'. I wuz scand'lized an' ruined, all by a lot of goatses. I axed 'em to let me see you, dat you'd go on my bond, but dey dragged me befo' de squire. " You nurver seed sich a trial ; ever'body wuz dar, an' de trouble I wuz in seem to give gener'l satisfacshun. De Majah he spoke ag'in' me, tellin' de jestice dat I went into de paddock an' kilt de whole flock uv goatses. ' He wuz so tarnal ugly dey all drapt dead at sight uv him' he say. He kep' dat an' some mo' up fur a hour, an' he had de whole cou'thouse, jedge an' all, a-laffin' at me. I nurver seed fo'ks hab so much fun an' I nurver felt so mean an' lown down. De Majah 'splains it wuz a flock uv ve'y unusual goatses, called Nervous Goats, an' dat dey wuz wuth a hundred dollars apiece, an' he figured out dat I owed Marse George des' five thousand, six hundred dollars an' de state pen two years hard labor fur trespass ! " Wid dat I jes' gib up. I'd figured dat ef it cum to de wuss dey wuz wuth 'bout two dollars each an' I knowed I cu'd sell de filly an' pay dat. But dis jes' ruinf me. I wanted to die. I wuz willin' fur to sell all I had an' pay up, but de Jedge sed I'd hafter make a speech an' 'splain how it wuz or he'd hafter gin jedgment fur de amount an' hang me afterwards. Hit looked lak dey wuz gwine to make it es miser'bul fur me as dey cu'd so I done de bes' I c'u'd wid a heavy h'art. " ' Marse Jedge an' Gen'lm'n,' sez I. ' I'm a ole nigger, dat hab libed a godly life gwine in an' comin' out befo' you, an' nurver got into no trouble befo' till I got tangled up wid dat ar lot uv goatses in de paddock an' I think dis wuz de same breed dat will be on de Lord's lef han' at de jedgment morn. Dey am na'chully de chillun uv darkness an' dis heah wuz a put-up job on me fur to make me furgit my sermon an' do de debble a good turn. Gen'lm'n, when dem goatses all drapped dead on me, don't you kno' I wuz des' as skeered as dey wuz, an' de only reason I didn't drap too wuz because I didn't stop runnin' long enuff? I wuz in de same fix dat Marse Jack Reeves, uv Hardeman County, wuz when he got drunk, missed his train an' wuz put in de same bed by de landlord wid a dead man dat had been laid out 320 OLD WASH AND THE NEBVOTJS GOATS. in de hotel. 'Bout two o'clock he got sober enuff an' thirsty enuff to take notice an' he heerd two young fo'ks talkin' sweet in de room an' de young man wuz tryin' to kiss de gal. But she said, ' George, you mus'n't try to kiss me whilst we're sittin' up wid a corpse/ an' den Marse Jack puts out his han' an' feels to see who he is sleepin' wid an' de face he teches wuz marble ! He wuz in his night clothes an' it was a race 'twixt him an' de young fo'ks as to which 'ud git to de open air fust. But he 'lowed in de piece he writ about it, dat he wuz des' es bad skeered as dey wuz. Now dat's de way it wuz wid me an' de goatses, gen'lm'n, an' I think I got skeer enuff widout bein' fined an' saunt up.' " Dis seem to tickle 'em mighty, an' de jedge said dat befo' he would decide he thort it jes' an' right fur all hands to go down to Marse George's farm an* see jes' how many goatses I did kill. " Dis kerried, an' de sheriff handcuffed me an' dey all tuck me down to Ewell Farm, an' I felt 'bout de sheep-killines' dog dat ever wuz. I seed 'em all winkin' an' laughin' es dey went along, an' me a-beggin' em to let me go off an' die. We went to de paddock an' dar wuz anurr flock of goatses, 'zac'ly lak de ones I'd kilt. I looked at 'em 'stounded lak, fur I seed I'd lef some seed goatses an' knowin' how dey prop-a-gaits, I jes' na'- chully thort dey'd done all dat in two days. " ' Dar is a new flock,' sez de sheriff. * Now, ole man, des' sho' us des' how you did manage to kill all dem other ones.' " ' Gen'lm'n,' sez I, ' I wuz comin' 'long right heah, a-wuckin' out my sermon, an' right heah,' sez I, ' I steps on a little goat entirely unbeknownst to me, an' he skeers me so I jumped twenty foot in de air, comin' right back down on dat fool goat, dat didn't do nufiin' but dance up an' down, hollerin' hah-hah, an' tangled me up so ever' time I step he'd be dar whar I step at. " Bah- hah," sez he, still a-dancin' 'twixt my legs. " Bah-hah, yo'se'f" sez I ; " if you cayn't run, fur Gord's sake git outen de way an' lent me show you how," an' den, gen'l'm'n, so he'p he heab'n, I didn't do nuffin' but jes* gin a big whoop an* clap my hands like dis .' OLD WASH AND THE NEBVOUS GOATS. 321 " I heard 'em all shout wid fun, an' I looks an' 'fore Gawd, I'd done it ag'in — ever' goat dar had drapped dead " I broke an' tried to run, dis time to de creek to drown my- se'f. " ' Ketch him,' sed de Majah ; ' don't you see he is de ole debbil hisse'f? Ketch him; he's a witch.' " I stood par'lyzed, beggin' 'em to kill me an' den I seed one goat after anurr kick awhile an' den git up es solemn es deacons an' go to eatin' grass es natchul es a grass widder ! " I broke in a big laugh an' shouted an' de squire sed : " ' Resurrection morn. Wash — fust man up fur a mint julip ! ' " It wuz all fur fun an' dey had put it up on de ole man scan'- lous, but de aftermath wuz fine — a shady grove, a good barbycue uv dat very kid dat had skeered me so, watermillions an' mint julip! " But I nurver 'spects to heah dem white fo'ks tell de las' uv it an' na'chully I keeps shy uv nervous goatses an' nervous fo'ks uv all kind ! " Mules the World Over. — South America has 7,000,000 mules, Europe 1,488,000, Africa 280,000, the United States 3,- 600,000, Mexico 335,000 and Australia only 1,000. The average value of a mule on an American farm is $125, and in war time considerably more. Examination for License in New Jersey. — The State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of New Jersey will be in session at the State House, Trenton, N. J., June 26 and 2^, 1908, for the examination of applicants for license to practice veterinary medicine in that state. Those concerned are referred to table on " Laws Governing Veterinary Practice," May Review, page 244. Mortality of Bull Fighting. — During the past year deaths and injuries among the Spanish bull fighters have been unusually numerous, and in all eighty-two of the profession, including nearly all of the best-known espadas, have received more or less severe injuries. The mortality among the animals has also been exceptional, 2,980 bulls and 2,720 horses having been sacrificed in this way. — (Medical Record.) REPORTS OF CASES. '^Careful obiervation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies -with him. By recorditig his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the toltd edifice of pathological science ^ CESAREAN OPERATION IN SOWS * By Dr. W. a. Heck, West Liberty, Iowa. C?e,sarean section in sows for the removal of foetuses when nornjpl birth is impossible has always been to me a very inter- esting subject. My first experience began in 1894, but my first subject died, and I was so intimidated that I did not re- attempt the operation for several years. My next effort was more satisfactory, and in the last ten years I have been op- erating on a great many cases every year. I only wish I had kept an accurate record of all my cases, as now it would be most interesting to look back over my experience for years to see if there has been any marked improvement in my work. The past year ( 1907) is the only year I have kept any record at all of my surgical cases of this character, and I now regret that my data is too meagre to admit of its full benefit in this paper. I will give it to you in a general way, mentioning a few individual cases which were of more than ordinary importance, after which I will give you briefly my technique in operating. In 1907 I operated on 52 cases, two of which were not re- ported upon, leaving an even 50 to report in this paper. The practical listener is already asking, " What percentage of these did you save? " and I will answer at once to relieve his anxiety that 60% of these were successful and 40%- (or 20) unsuc- cessful. Of course we are mpre interested in the ones that died than the ones that recovered, hence my comments will be mostly on those failures. Nos. 2, 3, 9, 15, 18, 33, 43 and 49 were sub- jects that were rapidly approaching death and should never have been touched with a knife, hence their deaths should not be charged to the operation. Nos. I, 7, 8, 14, 16, 28, 30, 34, 35, 41 and 45 were rea- sonably good cases, but died from various causes, the majority of them from chloroform anaesthesia. No. 23 was a case of •Report presented to the Iowa State Veterinary Association. 822 KEPORTS OF CASES. 323 jieculiar interest. She was a Poland China of medium size not long in labor. Was called in early evening, but was compelled to work by lantern light, which is always a disadvantage. The patient was badly bloated, and on incision there was such a protrusion of small intestines that I was very m.uch handicapped in my work. Drew off gas by means of hypodermic needle, but notwithstanding the collapse of the bowels I could not progress with any speed, and the result was a bungling operation which terminated in death in two days. It is rare that we meet with such extreme flatulence in the early stages of labor. No. 28 is an interesting case which clearly illustrates the injudicious use of chloroform. This sow, Poland China of aver- age size, was in labor one night and I was called next morning. Arrived at farm about nine o'clock and proceeded to operate at once. The sow was anaesthetized with chloroform when I began my operation, trusting to the owner to handle the anaesthetic. All progressed well until I discovered, as my work was nearly completed, that the uterus was undergoing a transformation from beautiful pink to a violent blue. I realized at once what was happening, but it was too late. In spite of stimulants injected hypodermically and other means of restoration, the sow prompt- ly died, but I assure you it was an easy death. No. 24, which is one of the brilliant recoveries, is of very great interest and it is the only case of recovery which I will mention to any extent. This was a Poland China sow, weigh- ing 275 or 300 lbs., that had been in labor over night but with- out result. The sow was cast and chloroformed and incision made as I usually do, but on entering the abdominal cavity with my hand I found to my great surprise that there was not a pig in the uterus or, on further investigation I found there was a rent in the uterus near its bifurcation, and the dead foetuses, four in number, had escaped into the abdominal cavity and were floating among the intestines, each nicely attached by means of his navel cord to the placenta, which was still intact in the uterus. The pigs were extracted, the uterus closed by silk sutures, and the ownex apprised of the inevitable results; death in a short time. Much to my surprise in a few days the owner reported the sow as all well and doing as well as any of the herd. The uterine contents in this case could not have been septic or septic peritonitis would have been inevitable. The interesting question arises. When did the rent in the uterus occur? Did it occur from the strong contraction of that 324 BEPORTS OF CASES. org"an i>efore my arrival, or did the exertion incidental to the casting and chloroforming cause it? Of course we will never know; notwithstanding all our theorizing, it will ever remain a mystery. My opinion is the rent occurred previous to my ar- rival, as on one occasion, when a federal meat inspector, I found in a killing house a mummified pig floating in the abdomen of a sow which had been ehipped to market. The evidence indi- cated that it had been in this strange location several months and doubtless had been deposited there in the same manner as the fcEtuses just mentioned. I have experimented a good deal in operating, varying my technique, trying to determine the most practical method. I have operated on both the right and left side, also on the me- dian line, but my experience last year was confined mostly to one method which seems to be most successful with me. I usu- ally begin by having ready a large tin pail of clean, warm water, pretty warm at first, as it will grow colder as you prog- ress. A couple of tin basins and plenty of silk sutures, needles and a sharp scalpel, together with a clean towel. For the anaesthetic I have ready an old tin quart tomato can with a sponge or a bit of cotton in the bottom. The sow is cast on the left side, and if help is scarce the sow is tied, leaving the right hind leg free to be held by an assistant. The hair over the right flank is clipped with a pair of horse clippers, carried for the purpose, and all loose hair is brushed away. I find the clip- pers and brush is so much more satisfactory to the scissors both in speed and quality of clipping. The chloroform is then ad- ministered and usually it takes a few inhalations to get them under, when I give the can to some assistant to use as I direct. I begin then rapidly to scrub the surface to be incised with hot water and synol soap and a scrub brush. I usually clip a large surface so as to allow of drawing much of the uterus out and not contaminate it by touching unwashed parts. After the parts are thoroughly scrubbed, I wash my hands thoroughly in an antiseptic, and with the sharp scalpel make a bold incision in the skin and muscular tissue down to the peritoneum which will be recognized by its bluish tint. I aim to make the in- cision quickly without haggling the interlying muscles and of six to eight inches in length, almost vertical, but slanting slight- ly from the point of the ilium toward the sternum. When the peritoneum is laid bare puncture a small hole with scalpel and then v/ith two fingers dilate to as long as is necessary to admit BEPOBTS OF CASES. 325 the hand easily. Insert hand and at once locate the contents cf the uterus, ascertain how many foetuses are there and how they are distributed, which is a guide as to the procedure of their removal. I usually lift out the top or nearest horn of uterus with its contents and lay them out on the washed skin of the mother and drawing- down the horn to its bifurcation make a longitudinal incision in the' horn large enough to extract a pig. I usually have an assistant to grasp the pig and extract it, leav- ing myself with clean hands to manipulate the fcetuses to one opening where the assistant will continue to draw them out. When the pigs are all removed from the upper horn proceed in the same manner with the lower horn, and when all are re- moved the placenta then is carefully removed, but if it is too tight leave it alone and close the opening in the uterus with silk sutures. I believe the Lembert suture is best, using a round needle. After the suturing wash the uterus that is contaminated thoroughly with an antiseptic. I have used nearly all of them and like the coal tar products best. When all is disinfected, replace the uterus and close the abdominal wall with strong silk, using the interrupted suture. I would use about four sutures in the outer wound. If the operation is a neat one it will be hard to see the wound in the skin as the parts come together so nicely, and a great many will heal by primary union. Many times the pigs are delivered alive. I have taken ten live pigs from one sow, and it is interesting to see them scrabbling for a dinner long before you have the operation completed. Some- times one pig alone will be alive, the balance dead, and some- times there is only one pig remaining to be removed, and in this case the operation is very simple, and I can not remember a failure where I have removed but one foetus. Where the foetuses have been dead for some time and they become em- physematous, removal is sometimes very difficult, and in this class of cases I usually remove the uterus by severing the ovaries and ligaments with my castrating emasculator and pulling all the uterus with its contents to the outside and severing the uterus at its posterior part with the same instrument. By this method you get but little haemorrhage, but I would advise li- gating the large vessels to prevent subsequent bleeding. I have had several fatalities from haemorrhage. My method is to li- gate the blood vessels before amputation of the uterus, as the throbbing arteries can be plainly felt and can be easily tied. The 32G BEPOBTS OP CASES. after treatment is to allow them nothing to eat for three days, but allow all the cold water they will drink. Sometimes wetting the external wound with a bichloride solution once or twice a day is advised when it is practicable. Saving 60% does not look well on paper, but you must con- sider that too often a farmer will wait two or three days to see if the sow will not get along without assistance save only as he can give her aid, and you may rest assured that no one is ever called till the farmer has exhausted all his resources. Often the sow is so mutilated and torn by the owner death will ensue from these wounds alone, and, of course, our heroic operation is to blame. I have contended for a good many years that if taken in time 80% can be saved, and I am still of that opinion. The delayed and neglected cases are the ones from which we have our greatest losses. I try to impress upon my clients that it is useless to call me after a sow is exhausted from long-con- tinued labor and putrefaction is well established. Still, some of my most brilliant recoveries have been cases where putrid foetuses were removed and sow had been in labor two or three days. I have heard it said by some veterinarians that it does not pay to bother with the hog practice, and to satisfy those of you who are in doubt I will add the additional information that the total receipts from these 50 cases were $163, or an average per case of $3.27. I always charge $2.50 to $3 if the cases are handy, and mileage if I go in the country, the same as to see a sick case. It will occupy about twenty or thirty minutes' time to do the operation and we usually spend about' as much time in making an ordinary call. There is an added feature besides the fee we get for the work, and that is the prestige it gives one with our clients. If we can do this work successfully there is no operation we do that commands more profound respect on the part of our farmer friends than this one of Caesarean section. RUPTURED BURSA. By Dr. Holton. Reported to the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. November 8, 1907, a gentleman called at my office and said that he had a lame mare outside ; liked to have her examined for lameness. I examined the animal and found what seemed to be a slight nail puncture at the superior point of the os calcis where the flexor tendons pass over. The animal did not appear REPORTS OF CASES, 327 to be very lame. I prescribed mild astringent lotion to be ap- plied externally twice a day ; also a creolin solution to wash off w^ound, and told owner to rest animal for at least two weeks and if leg commenced to swell to apply poultice of flaxseed. iiut to all appearances the animal got along nicely until No- vember 20th, when he took th^ mare out and drove her about fourteen miles. When she was taken care of in the evening she was apparently all right. On the morning of November 21st they found her standing on three legs. I was called to attend her and found her to be in very great pain and unable to bear any weip^ht on the leg. At the point of injury I could see oozing forth a small stream of synovial fluid mixed with pus. I im- mediately diagnosed the case as ruptured bursa. I adminis- tered five grains of morphine sulphate and proceeded to ex- amine the wound closely for any foreign body which might be the cause of the trouble. I inserted, very carefully, a blunt- pointed probe. It took a downward course of about one inch, but I could not detect any foreign body. I irrigated w^ound with a mild creolin solution and applied equal parts of tannic acid and collodion and applied a pad of absorbent cotton and bandaged leg. I left this on for two days. When I returned again the synovia and pus was flowing from wound as freely as ever. I irrigated wound again and applied equal parts of iodo- form and tannic acid in the form of a dusting powder, bandaged leg again as before; returned again in' two days, but no better results obtained from this treatment. I found an enormous quantity of synovia and pus. I now made up my mind that this treatment was not rational and decided to try a more strenuous method of closing the wound. I made a round firing iron, heated and applied it to the wound, pressing it in as far as it would go. This seemed to have a better effect than any treatment I had as yet administered, but I still had a slight dis- charge from the wound. I did not call again for four days. I tried firing again — line firing the tendons on each side, and again pressed iron into wound and applied a good strong blister. I bandaged wound with cotton and gauze and allowed bandage to remain on for one week. This seemed to have the desired effect, as the mare commenced to improve. The next time I called the bandages were perfectly dry and I allowed them to remain for a few more days before removing them. The mare now began to stand on the leg, standing on this one more than the one that was not injured. There is a slight swelling yet at tlie point of injury and on the lateral side of tendons. I re- 328 KEPOBTS OF CASES. moved her from the sHngs, and, to all appearances, she is as well as ever, showing -carcely any lameness. I might add that this is two of these cases I have had this summer — the other case being opened in the fetlock joint; but both have made a good recovery. I find them very difficult to treat, as the animal becomes ver}/ irritable. I do not place animals in slings until tiicy become very tired. At no time did I get a very high ele- vation of temperature or loss of appetite. PASTEUR VACCINATION AGAINST RABIES— DOG. By J. F. Planz, D.V.M,, Akron, O. Reported to the 25th Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association. Saturday, March 9, 1907, we were called to look after a dog which had bitten two boys and several dogs. Upon ar- riving at the scene the dog was not to be found. After scour- ing the neighborhood for half an hour we finally caught sight of him coming toward his home. A bulldog stood guard nearby and ran out directly in front of the slowly-trotting cur. Quick as a flash the bulldog was bitten, when the offending canine continued on his way as though nothing had happened. My partner, Dr. Case, finally caught the dog in the owner's kitchen and we placed him in a cage at our hospital 10.30 Saturday morning. The dog died the following Monday at noon, having shown symptoms characteristic of rabies. A microscopic exam- ination of the brain presented lesions considered pathogno- monic of rabies. The owner of the bulldog referred to above upon being informed he would have to dispose of his dog came to us for advice. We suggested giving the dog the Pasteur treatment to which he readily consented. In an interview with Dr. Eddy, of Cleveland, we were in- formed that the Health Department treated people bitten in Cleveland, obtaining the virus from the Experimental Labora- tory in connection with the New York Health Board. We concluded to treat the dog at our place, and immediately wrote to the Experimental Laboratory, stating the condition of dog, age, weight and nature of wounds. The first dose arrived promptly by special delivery, followed each day by the dose for that day. The dog had been bitten twice, once upon the lateral side of his neck, and once in the lower lip. We cauterized the wounds with fuming nitric acid, but ample time had elapsed for the absorption of the toxic, so we laid little stress upon this BEPORTS OF CASES. 329 procedure. The injections were made under as strict aseptic conditions as possible, the lateral and ventral surfaces of ab- domen being used, no abscess or swelling ever developing. The following is a record of each day : Date. Temp. Pulse. - Condition, etc. March i6 102.6 90 Homesick, good appetite. 17 101.4 80 Nothing abnormal apparent. " 18 101.3 72 " " " expect bowels loose " 19 101.4 72 Condition unchanged. " 20 101.2 72 1 " " " 21 102 90 be (( (1 " 22 100.8 76 J Faeces quite mushy. " 23 lOI 76 Cl < years ago, there re- acted 6, or 10%. II. — Of 173 animals, bovovaccinated 4 years ago, there re- acted 24, or 13.8%. III. — Of 305 animals, bovovaccinated 3 years ago, there re- acted 22, or 7.2%. IV. — Of 149 animals, bovovaccinated 2 years ago, there re- acted 14, or g.4%. From these dates it is evident that our oldest animals, bovo- vaccinated sV^ years ago — in spite of ample infection oppor- tunities— proved their acquired immunity in an excellent man- 444 WILFBED LELLMANN. ner, which fact appears to us all the more important, since we know from experience that prior to the introduction of bovovac- cinatioUj already the two-year old animals, raised artificially, showed 50% reactions, and these infection conditions increase proportionally with the age of the animals. In estimating the above result the very important fact must be taken into account that bovovaccinated animals may be trans- ferred from one estate to the other, irrespective of the infection conditions and without the slightest sanitary precautions, which is of the greatest importance for agricultural practice. In connection with the above results of our tuberculin tests, I shall in the following report several other valuable observa- tions which we were enabled to make, thanks to the extraordinary generosity of the estate owner. To avoid reiteration, I must here refer to the report pub- lished by me at the time of the International Veterinary Con- gress, which convened in Budapest in 1905, and shall repeat only the most important points. I. A lot of bovovaccinated animals was slaughtered and dis- sected. Five animals, in which bovoaccination had not been performed at the same time, were perfectly, healthy and free from tuberculosis. The sixth (107-516), which was from a strongly reacting dam, showed a strong reaction already at the first boovaccination. Six months after bovovaccination there occurred general swelling of the glands, and on slaughtering general subacute tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands was found. The greatly changed peribronchial glands proved to be the source and oldest tubercular lesions, and these changes in all probability can be traced back to the time prior to bovovaccination. It seems probable that in this case an already existing, latent tu- berculosis has entered an acute stage through bovovaccination. This observation causes me to again call attention to the fact, that, according to the directions, if possible only very young and healthy animals should be subjected to bovovaccination. II. — For purposes of control, two animal groups were placed into one of our most severely infected stables and kept there to- PKOTECTIVE VACCINATION AGAINST BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS. 445 gether with the old stock for nine months. After this time all bovovaccinated animals proved to be healthy, while of the non- vaccinated but also artificially raised calves there reacted 50% to tuberculin. As to the further fate of these two animal groups, I wish to state that at the recent tuberculin test all non-bovo- vaccinated animals, with the exception of one, reacted, while of the bovovaccinated animals one (375) showed reaction. This reacting animal was bovovaccinated September 15, 1902, and, as one of the first of our bovovaccinated animals, received only one bovovaccination. III. — In connection with these observations, I shall -report a recently made, similar experience. Because of their physical con- dition, five animals were not vaccinated, but 15 other animals from the same herd were subjected to the treatment. At the last tuberculin test it was found that every one of the five non- vaccinated animals reacted, while the fifteen bovovaccinated calves did not respond to the test. IV. — For the sake of experiment, another animal group was infected intravenously, by means of a highly virulent pearl dis- ease culture. Two of these animals were highly immunized ; three had received the typical bovovaccination. The first two have now — five years after infection — proved absolutely healthy and non-responsive to tuberculin; two of the animals bovovac- cinated in the usual manner, which were slaughtered one year after infection, proved to be highly tuberculous, and the third animal of this group was further observed. During the first and second year after infection it reacted positively to the tuber- culin test. During the last three years it did not respond any longer. A clinical examination proved it to be sound and it has had several healthy calves. V. — Twenty-one young cows were placed with one of our oldest and most severely infected herds, partly for reasons of convenience, partly in order to observe, how the bovovaccinated animals would be influenced by conditions strongly conducive to infection. In our recent tuberculin test two of these animals 446 WILFRED LELLMANN. showed a slight reaction, but a cHnical examination proved them to be healthy. VI. — On the estate R. Somjen the calves were raised under natural conditions, remaining in the infected stables with the reacting dams, which also nursed the calves. The only protec- tion which we accorded these calves was that they were bovo- vaccinated at as early an age as possible. The result of the tu- berculin test in these animals was just as favorable as on the other estates where the animals had been raised artificially. Considering these facts which prove the favorable influence of bovovaccination against the danger of tuberculosis infection and which manifest that the method of protective vaccination can be easily and successfully employed under the most ordinary agricultural conditions, it seems highly opportune to again and again direct the attention of our interested parties to Behring's protective vaccination. Our experiences teach that bovovaccination imparts to cat- tle, for 5^ years, a decided resistance to infection since, as pointed out above, by means of bovovaccination the percentage of the 5^ -year-old animals reacting to tuberculin has been re- duced to about io%, while prior to the adoption of the pro- tective vaccination 50% of the artificially raised 2-year-old ani- mals reacted to tuberculin. If it is further taken into account that we obtained so favor- able a result also in herds where the bovovaccinated animals re- mained together with highly tuberculous cows, it is evident that the protective vaccination may be employed under ordinarv agri- cultural conditions with favorable results; and we are further warranted in the assumption that the resistance to tuberculosis infection imparted to the calves, since it has endured for over five years, will continue for a longer time. Therefore, I consider the recently advocated yearly repe- tition of the protective vaccination absolutely superfluous. Ac- cording to my opinion, even one repetition of the vaccination should not be made by any means, in order to exclude every pos- sibility of an infection through the milk. I PBOTECTIVE VACCINATION AGAINST BOVINE TUBERCl'LOSIS. 447 Instead of a repetition of the vaccination, I would recom- mend hygienic measures as far as agricultural conditions permit, and I shall in the following briefly mention the methods for sup- pressing tuberculosis, based on hygienic principles, viz., the methods of Bang and Ostertag. By the Bang method, so-called clean cattle herds have indeed 1)een obtained, but these remain free from tuberculosis only (luring the time the animals are kept from contact with tuber- culous cattle. If breed animals from such clean herds are placed with other stock, they will soon succumb to tuberculosis. The great agricultural difficulty and the financial sacrifices connected with the Bang method may be the reason that the genial idea of Bang is taken hold of but slowly in practice, and that agri- culturists manifest an increasing interest for the Ostertag method, because the latter is simpler and its requirements are more easily carried out. Without entering into details, I would like. to point out the most important principles of Ostertag's method, viz., by sys- tematic clinical examinations, the actually tuberculous animals are to be eliminated, and the calves raised artificially. The above mentioned disadvantage of Bang's method, viz., the infection danger which threatens animals from clean herds after their re- moval to other herds, naturally is present also with Ostertag's method, and it will be of the greatest importance is cattle can be not only protected from tuberculosis infection, but if there can be imparted to them an active resistance. The latter is obtained by bovovaccination, and it is therefore desirable to use a com- bination of the Ostertag method and Behring's bovovaccination. I shall endeavor to enumerate the most important points of such a combination method : I. — As main condition, I consider the careful bovovaccination performed exactly according to Behrings directions. II. — The usual tuberculin test of the adult animals vaccinated according to von Behring may be dispensed with and need be re- sorted to only in special cases ; but exact clinical examinations of the entire herd should be made in certain intervals. 448 WILFRED LELLMANN. III. — The tuberculin tests of the calves, according to Oster- tag, can be omitted in the combination method, since the bovo- vaccine injections act as tuberculin tests. (I wish to state that we have frequently made the observation that calves showing the typical reaction upon bovovaccination later proved to be in- fected. ) IV. — With a combination of both methods the artificial rais- ing of calves demanded by Ostertag can be dispensed with as well, since our experiences have proven that under ordinary con- ditions calves develop just as favorably as calves raised arti- ficially if they have been bovovaccinated at an early age. It seems to me that this is an advantage of the combination method which should not be underestimated since in many cases an arti- ficial raising of the calves is attended with difficulty. In the above I have given the main requirements for the combined employment of both methods, and it merely remains now to point out as a further important task for the attainment of our end, to obtain cattle herds free from tuberculosis, to pro- vide for stables answering all hygienic demands, and tli,at the animals as far as agricultural and weather conditions will per- mit, are kept outdoors. Breaking His Attachment. — City Man — That's a fine bulldog. Does he ever become attached to strangers? Farmer Brown — Occasionally he becomes attached to tramps, but we break the attachment with a chisel and a monkey-wrench. — {Tit-Bits.) Exhibitors Represented by Veterinarian. — The Review notes with pleasure the fact that G. Howard Davison, D. V. S., Millbrook, N. Y., Secretary of the National Association of Ex- hibitors of Live Stock, has scored an important point in the in- terest of live stock exhibitors in obtaining a favorable decision from the managers of the New York State Fair to drop the ten per cent, entry fee on live stock which has been imposed for a number of years. This is a concession which will be much appreciated by exhibitors and will undoubtedly materially in- crease the number of exhibits at Syracuse in September. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. By Dr. Geo. H. Glover, Fort Collins, Colorado. Delivered Before the Colorado State Veterinary Medical Association. Once more we are privileged to assemble in these spacious parlors, through the courtesy of the Gentlemen's Riding and Driving Club. This meeting marks the fourth mile post in the life history of this the first and only state association of qualified veterina- rians of Colorado. May its journey, which was inspired in good will and confidence, be not interrupted by apathy or dis- cord. On the contrary, let us now resolve to be magnanimous in spirit and gracious enough to at all times put down, and keep down, petty differences, and, with the glad hand all around, work for the honor and betterment of our chosen profession. Man will never attain to his highest and best in this or any other field of human activity until he learns to appreciate and appropriate and ingraft into his very life the esssence of this fundamental principle of social ethics : " He serves his own in- terest best who works for the common good of all." We have in this association a code of ethics, implied, not written. We are morally bound as qualified veterinarians and honorable men to be steadfast and loyal to each other. I believe in the law of evolution and that it is universal, except in case of the one who cherishes a grudge or tenaciously holds a grievance. In such a one there is moral stagnation. His better nature is sure to become atrophied from innuendo and his soul tainted by the gangrene of conflicting emotions. We cannot help but admire the man who in life's relentless struggle, having been staggered by a blow (even though it were below the belt), does not lie down because the game is not fair; but, on the contrary, comes up smiling and fights on to a more signal victory, because of contending with greater odds. 449 450 GEO. H. GLOVER. He who runs may read, in the stratified rocks of the ages, the story of man and his evolution on this earth for a million and a half years. The last decade marks a very small period indeed of this time, but nevertheless an epoch fraught with greater progress than any similar period in the history of the world. I feel sure that I shall not be accused of exaggeration when I say that our profession has taken greater strides for- ward during this time than any other, for the reason, I pre- sume, that it has had farther to go. From the superstitious vender of quack nostrums to the ardent student of therapeutics ; from the devotee of omens, charms, and the caprice of jealous gods, to faith in self and the inexorable laws of nature; from the uncouth tippler whose office was in the rear of Murphy's saloon, to the cultured, scholarly gentleman, an honored citizen of the community. Such has been the evolution of the veter- inarian. While we are inclined to look with complacent pride upon the " modern veterinarian " and are pleased to draw favorable comparison between him and the " boss doctor " of old, still, we should be charitable, and many of us are in position where we must be, having graduated from the old two-year schools. But the end is not yet, for the possibilities in the realm of compara- tive medicine are beyond conjecture. We have as yet scarcely taken a look into the great problems awaiting investigation which so vitally concern the animal wealth and the public health. If we wish to enjoy a more liberal patronage, to extend our sphere of influence individually and collectively, we can do it; but there is a price, and the price is not only efficiency and ab- solute integrity, but it means that we must stand shoulder to shoulder and insist that every man lives up to a well under- stood standard of honesty, sobriety and professional efficiency. Our profession will never be honored and respected, neither will we as individuals, until we can get together, cut out petty jealousy and fearlessly ostracize anyone found guilty of unpro- fessional conduct. Certainly, we should not by our silence seem- ingly sanction such conduct. president's addbess. 451 I believe that Emerson's essay on compensation is the great- est thing ever written, and I beHeve that in the long run we each and all get just about what we deserve. Society will honor the profession and promote the individual that serves it best. I am scolding a little, but I also have words of praise, and I believe just grounds for expressions of gratitude. In so doing, I am reminded of an erratic lady who lived neighbor to us one time. As certain as the sun would rise in the East, and in- variably before it would have set in the West, this woman would lose her temper and lambaste her boy unmercifully, and as soon as he would begin to cry, she would become sorry, and the clos- ing scene was always the same, viz., a sickening mixture of osculations, tears, and expressions of regret all round. Yes, society promotes those who serve it best, but destiny awaits around the corner with a stuffed club for the man who is a " quitter." Let us not neglect our duties to this association. Let us make a special effort to be present at every meeting, do our part and meet our financial obligations. I shall favor drop- ping those from the roll of membership who are in arrears for more than two years. It takes a little money to keeep this or- ganization alive. I appeal to you from the standpoint of business integrity, as long as you are members of this association, meet your ob- ligations cheerfully. If you are dissatisfied with the manage- ment you have this day the opportunity to elect new officers. If you do not care to continue as members, you are neverthe- less honor bound to square yourself on the books. The educated veterinarian of character and ability is at last receiving the patronage and recognition which he so justly de- serves. It is with a feeling of wholesome pride and real sat- isfaction that I remind you of the fact that several of our mem- bers have been invited to read scientific papers before medical associations. Others have been elected honorary members of such societies. One at least is a member of a City Council and all are making good. 452 GEO. H. GLOVEB. It is time we were laying plans for future legislation. It is evident to all of us that our present law is inadequate. It is so grossly deficient that the State Board of Veterinary Exam- iners, after taking legal council, have not dared to risk a prosecu- tion under it. There are those of our members who favor a law granting certificates to practice as non-graduates, those who have been practicing within the state for ten years and who have here- tofore been denied any recognition. The effect of this law would be, in substance, to stamp such men as non-graduates, but not interfere with them; to make the law, in other respects, so stringent as to absolutely prohibit the influx of pretenders from other states, and prevent us from being in the future as we now are, the dumping ground for " quacks " from all over Christendom. Such a law could be passed without serious opposition, and while it would afford us no protection at present, conditions would be no worse than now, and it would provide a secure and safe adjustment of the perplexing problem in the future. Here is another problem to which I wish to call your atten- tion, and I most earnestly solicit your careful consideration. If deemed appropriate, I would like to see the adoption of suit- able resolutions. It has been said that opportunity knocks once at every man's door in a lifetime. The time is propitious. Public sentiment is ripe. I refer to the mattter of an appropri- ate state law regulating the inspection and control of tuber- culosis animals. Already we have succeeded in getting pure food laws enacted in several of our larger cities. This work is praiseworthy. It is in the interest of humanity, for it is rightly looked at from the viewpoint of protecting the animal wealth as well as the public health. I feel justified in sounding one word of warning; let us be careful not to injure the cause by charging exorbitant fees, by doing anything that savors of graft, or that will in any way president's address. 453 I subject us to suspicion, of anything but the most honorable and honest motives. The State Board of Agriculture has created a Veterinary College, as a Department in the State Agricultural College. As the head of that department, I am naturally solicitous as to its welfare. I assure you that I shall appreciate and at all times solicit your council and advice, and I trust that we may at all times merit your confidence and good will. I deplore the 'fact that most of you are so far away that your services are not available. This school under the new regime was started auspiciously, and, generally speaking, is progressing satisfactorily. It is the only school of its kind between San Francisco and Manhattan, Kansas. Notwithstanding the fact that the matriculation requirement of high school graduation is a step in advance of other veter- inary schools in America (with two exceptions), yet we have enrolled thirty-four students, and could not without much incon- venience have accommodated more. In one particular, this course of study is to be looked upon as entirely different from others. In the ordinary vocations of life a question is seldom asked as to a man's preparation for his work, whether within college walls or without; it simply re- mains for him to make good — ^he must deliver the message to Garcia. In the profession of medicine it is quite different, for here he is uncompromisingly judged by his co-workers, accord- ing to the reputation of the schoool from which he receives his degree. The limited source of veterinary science in vogue at the Ag- ricultural College three years ago was dropped none too soon. Several young men have completed the two-year course there, and, graduating in reputable veterinary colleges with honors one year later, found themselves in an awkward predicament in not being eligible to the civil service examinations or to the American Veterinary Medical Association. 454 GEO. H. GLOVER. The requirements for good standing in this connection, among other things, is a two-year bona fide attendance in a recognized veterinary college. We made no pretentions at that time of maintaining a regular veterinary school (not granting a degree), and while our graduates did us, as well as them- selves, much credit by winning special honors, yet they were caught by a technicality and were without standing, having only spent one year in a recognized veterinary college. This department has ^ow launched out as a full-fledged vet- erinary college, and we shall need to look to our educational standing that we may compare favorably with older schools. 1 assure you that I fully appreciate the moral responsibility de- volving upon us to see that such a standard is maintained, as will insure our graduates recognition everywhere. To rank among the list of accredited schools, we must have at least three qualified veterinarians on the faculty and a term of three years of six months each year. The curriculum must be satisfactory and the subjects therein named must be actually taught and with a degree of efiiciency that will be beyond question. And lastly the equipment must be ample and a large clinic is indis- pensable. We have now twenty on the faculty, six of whom are veter- inarians, two physicians, and among the balance are such men as Carlyle, Gilette, Headden and Paddock, men of national repu- tation in their specialties. Our hospital is full most of the time. The equipment is fair and will be made first class m every detail. Our college term is nine months, making twenty-seven in all instead of eighteen as required. The number of students enrolled matters little to us, but it does concern us much that our graduates have had every ad- vantage and, by their gentlemanly bearing and efficient service, will be a credit to their alma mater. To raise the standard of veterinary medicine in this country it must be evident to all that the laying of a secure foundation by high school graduation is the first requisite ; the next is a president's address. 455 cultural training along with a thorough knowledge of the art and science of veterinary medicine and surgery. In this way only can our professsion ever expect to aspire to the dignity and the respect of station in life to which its nobility and im- portance justly entitles it. This college is yours as much as it is mine. You pay taxes for its support. I feel great need of your sympathy, your sup- port and the benefit of your experience and wise council. There are many things I should like to say to you, but I feel that I have already taken too much of your valuable time. Let the motto of this meeting be good fellowship, with a firm resolve to be big enough to eliminate every unkind thought, and with our faces ever toward the rising sun, hopeful of a bet- ter day and a greater ability to improve our opportunities. I thank you for the confidence bestowed in electing me your presi- dent, and I bid you all Godspeed. For the first time in the history of the Veterinary Depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania the alumni baseball team beat the graduating class on Commencement Day, June 17, 1908. McNeil, Jones, Ridge, Felton, Formad, Harger, Mackie and Marshall were foremost among the professional rooters. The government is extending its efforts at tick eradication on an extensive scale in the State of Oklahoma. This service is under the direct supervision of Dr. Leslie J. Allen, who has now in the field a large corps of veterinary and lay workers. The work is done on the co-operative plan between the state and the B. A. L, and the veterinarians on the force are made state as well as government officers for this purpose. Unusual Cases. — Veterinarians Rogers and son, of Wood- bury, N. J., report that during the past month they have had two cases of parturient apoplexy under conditions rather un- common. Case No. i was in a cow having complete eversion of the uterus with parturient paresis. The other was a case where typical " milk fever " occurred before calving. Both patients died despite a strenuous oxygen and general treatment. REPORTS OF CASES. "■Lare/ui observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with hint. By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological scie ce." POISONING FROM LOCUST BARK. By C. A. Waldron, V. S, Tecumseh Mich. Reported to the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association. Did you ever have a case or a number of them all similar and you did not know what was the cause until the animal was better or until he had gone where he could not feel the effects of your ignorant torture? Then, when you have come to a rational understanding with yourself, found out what the real trouble was, and it seemed to you that you ought to have known that in the first place, if you are at all honest with yourself, if not, with the world at large, don't you feel like saying, " That it is one on me? " Well, that was the way I felt when I got through with the cases that I am about to relate. Perhaps it would have been better had I waited and reported this under the head of diseases, but wishing to make a more lengthy report and desiring to help the secretary with his program, I take this opportunity to present this case to you : Along about the middle of October I came home one even- ing about eight o'clock and found an order to call my brother by 'phone. I did so, and this was what he told me: It seemed that he had driven his fine work team, full sisters, four and five years old, weighing about 1,300 lbs. each, to the planing mill that day. They were blanketed and tied near the mill and al- lowed to stand for perhaps an hour and a half, after which they were driven to the mill and kept standing for an hour and a half longer until their load was ready. They were then driven directly home, where, as the weather was mild and they were not warm, they were put in the stable without blankets. This was about 3 p. m. Nothing wrong was noticed until about 7 o'clock, when it was noticed that they were not eating, that they were standing with heads down, extremities cold, respira- tion normal and pulse weak but normal in number. As he was unable to get me then, he blanketed them, bandaged their 456 BEPOBTS OF CASES. 457 legs and gave them ten drops of aconite per hour, as he was afraid of lung trouble. When I called he had just given the second dose of aconite. He said the extremities were warm and they were easy, but did not care to eat. I thought he was more scared than hurt, as he would be scared if they looked crossways, so I told him so and told him to call in the morning as I thought that they would look better to him in the morn- ing and they certainly would to me. In the morning he said that they appeared better but still did not care to eat, and asked what I thought of giving a pill for he believed they were bilious, the mucous membrane being of such a yellowish brown color. He did so, but did not give them anything else. I 'phoned him again that evening, and he said that they appeared to be about the same, would take a little hay and a few swallows of water once in a while, and that they stood as if resting with head downward, ears drooping, lying down some but not more than natural. Their breathing was normal and pulse almost imper- ceptible. So we left them that night, thinking that as soon as the pill operated they would feel bettep. About one o'clock that night my brother's wife came for me as they had not been able to get us by 'phone, and as she said that the heart of one of the horses was beating so hard that it shook the horse at every beat and could be heard out- side of the barn, I thought that I had better get there as soon as I could. I did so, after first calling him and telling him to give it one-half pint of whiskey. These were the symptoms as I found them : The horse was in a state of extreme lassitude — if you will permit me to use the term — for the whole body seemed to be relaxed. This was not, however, as might seem to be the case, from the effects of the whiskey, for the other horse, which had received none, acted in exactly the same man- ner, excepting the spasmodic action of the diaphragm which they had thought was the beating of the heart. The pulse when found was very flabby and lay drawn out, so to speak. I don't remember ever feeling such a one before. It felt as if the heart were full to overflowing and could only force the blood out very slowly, the beat being twenty-five per minute. The temperature was normal, respiration lo and was rather sonorous, which was caused, I think, by the relaxed condition of the nostrils. As soon as possible I gave her one-half dram each of fluid extract of digitalis and nux vomica, intervenous, and then went on with my examination. The bowels and kidneys had acted as 458 BEPOBTS OF CASES. normal, the mucous membrane wherever examined was con- gested and presented a bluish, rustly, yellow appearance, if you can conceive of such a color. The lips inside of mouth were somewhat swollen as from the congestion of the capillaries. A slight clear ptyalism was noticeable at all times. The most marked symptoms was in the dilation of the pupil of the eye, which was as large as was possible for it to be. I thought my brother had given an excessive dose of belladonna, but he said he had given only what I had told him. By auscultation, I found the heart in a very weak condition, and it almost seemed that I could hear the blood run back through the valves, but in this I, of course, was mistaken. We had a very perceptible so-called veinous pulse in the neck. The sound was caused by the action of the diaphragm. It was greatest when the ribs were at their fullest expansion and could be heard most distinctly at a distance of ten feet. I tried to locate or rather find out what produced the sound, but in that I am as ignorant now as I was then. The convulsions were about twenty per minute. The other mare's symptoms were almost identical except she was not so weak, and there was no irregularity of the diaphragm. It was nearly thi"ee weeks before they were themselves again. From the appear- ance of the eye and the membrane of the mouth, we were led to believe they had gotten some poison. In questioning about where the team was hitched at the mill it was found he had tied them to a young locust tree which had come up by the stump where a locust tree had been cut down a few years before. This was a sapling of about four inches in diameter and had probably made a very rapid growth and the bark, from that reason, was tender and easily peeled. They had done a very good job of peeling, but as they had their bits in they were not able to swallow much. The poison obtained from this bark is, in my opinion, the cause of the trouble. The second, or, rather, third case, which appeared about ten days after, was a seventeen-year-old brood mare whose colt was weaned from her two months previous. One morning she was found in the stables suffering to all appearance from a case of lymphangitis. The man that owned her telephoned me if he should give her a pill and apply the same wash that I had left for another case that I had treated for him a few weeks pre- vious. He did so, and I heard nothing from her until the next day, about noon, I got a message to come as soon as I could, which I did. I found the mare down but able to rise, but not REPORTS OF CASES. 459 willing to stand very long; she was very lame in the leg that was swollen the day before, but the swelling was all gone and no soreness in any part of the leg from manipulation; the other symptoms were almost identical with those of my brother's horses, bowels moving freely but not watery, nor were they at any time. I gave this mare digitalis and nux vomica in connection with muriate of ammonia. The next morning 1 did not see her, but as she was no better I had them give her six ounces of whiskey and thirty grains of quinine every three hours alternately with the other medicine. She died about 6 p. m., and they said that her heart pounded so that it shook her all over and they could hear it outside of the barn with the door shut. I was not at the post- mortem, but the mucous membrane throughout all the whole alimentary canal had the same appearance as that of the mucous membrane of the mouth, and no inflammation was discovered except a small patch of the blind gut. as the man that opened her, expressed it. This mare had trimmed up a young growth of locust trees that were set the spring before. It is needless to say that this man has no more locust groves, and neither has a great many more in that section. Now, I am willing to say that I did not know that locust bark was poison and that I did not know what the trouble was with these horses, nor what to do, so I consider it as one on me, and since that time I have searched high and low for some- thing on this subject and all that I find is what is in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, which, says Z. T. Emery, in the N.Y.N.J., Janu- ary 22, 1887, he reports the poisoning of thirty-three boys from chewing the bark of the locust. In the mild cases he reports flushed faces, dryness of the throat and mouth, and dilation of the pupils. In severe cases was added epigastric pain, extreme- ly feeble intermittent heart beats and stupor. For my future uses I have deducted the following symp- toms: Extreme lassitude, which includes almost imperceptible pulse and which, when found, is weak and prolonged; respira- tion less than normal by one-third and sonorous; temperature normal, no pain, no appetite, mucous membrane congested, of a blue, rusty, yellow color. Mucous membrane of the mouth, some swollen, caused by the congestion of the capillaries; slight ptyalism, and above all, the dilation of the pupil of the eye; in fact, I should judge, we have nearly the same symptoms we get in belladonna poison. 460 REPORTS OF CASES. INTESTINAL DIVERTICULA. A. T. Kinsley, M. Sc, D. V. S., Pathologist, Kansas City Veterinary College. The accompanying cut illustrates a diverticulum of the ileum of a two-year-old heifer. The specimen was obtained and pre- sented to the museum of the Kansas City Veterinary College by Dr..C. I. Walch, Inspector, B. A. I., Kansas City, Missouri. The specimen contained two diverticula about three meters apart. The one shown in the cut was about two meters anterior From photograph showing intestinal diverticulum. to the ileocecal valve and the second diverticulum anterior to it. They occurred on the side of the intestine opposite to the mesen- teric insertion; one was 8 cm. and the other lo cm. in length, and the capacity of either of them was about 400 cc. Their microscopic appearance and microscopic structure was the same as normal intestine of the same location, with the exception that the walls of the sacculations were not quite as thick as the normal intestinal wall and the muscular layers were partially substituted by fibrous tissue. BEPWITS OF CASES. 461 Tliese diverticula are not the so-called " Meckels Diverticu- la," which are the remains of the emphalo-mesenteric duct. Meckels diverticulum is usually single and occurs within a meter of the ileocecal valve, and the attenuated walls and fibrous sub- stitution in these are indicative of post natal formation. Post natal diverticula result from constipation, calculi, weak- ening of the intestinal wall by disease, parasitic invasion, etc. Intestinal diverticula are of considerable moment, whether they are of ante-natal or post-natal origin. Those occurring in the small intestine do not cause as much disturbance as those oc- curring in the large intestine because the content of the small intestine is of a liquid consistency and that of the large intestine is solid or semi-solid. Diverticula are of more consequence if the sacculation is on the inferior portion of the intestine, i. e., on the side opposite to the mesentery, for this favors deposition and accumulation of the solid contents of the intestine in them. Diverticula have a small opening through which they communi- cate with the intestine and are more likely to result in a fatal termination than dilitations in which the entire intestine is di- lated. Intestinal diverticula may become harmful in various ways. Thus foreign bodies, nails, pieces of glass, etc., accumulate in them and may produce perforation and fatal peritonitis. Gravel and sand may collect in sufficient quantities in them to result in more extensive sacculation or establish inflammation. They may be a factor in the production of volvuli. Accumulated ingesta may undergo putrefaction and autointoxication result from ab- sorption of the putrefactive products. Intestinal parasites find in them a favorable field for their activity. NOTES ON THE BIER HYPER^MIC TREATMENT. By A. W. Whitehouse, V. S. Laramie, Wyoming. Case I. — Nail Prick. Black mare drove a 30-penny nail backwards and upwards from near point of frog for about three inches. She had to pull a load for about 10 miles after the acci- dent. When seen there was considerable swelling up to middle of metacarpus. In conjunction with the regular treatment, I tried a three-inch nine-foot rubber bandage just below knee 462 REPORTS OF CASES, drawn moderately tight, to be kept on from one-half to one hour three or four times daily. This caused such severe pain that the attempt had to be abandoned. The mare made a slow but good recovery by the ordinary treatment. Case 2. — Infected Hock. This is an unsatisfactory case, and by no means a fair test of the treatment. A brown mare had been mixed up with a plough and sustained extensive contusions and abrasions on the metatarsus, but no wound penetrating the skin. She had been given a purgative and no other treatment, the whole hind leg swelling enormously. When I was called in the swelling was confined to the hock, which was very hot and tender. The owner was by no means enthusiastic about her, and though I know the bandage was applied several times I doubt if any part of the treatment was faithfully attended to. The mare went from bad to worse and was finally destroyed, post-mortem revealing a typical open joint, though the capsular ligament had not ruptured till the day before she was destroyed. However, such treatment as she got did not appear of any benefit whatever. Case 3. — Navicular Disease. A dun roadster gelding, seven years old, was purchased in Denver last September and began to dot a little as soon as brought home, being worse on hard ground. I saw this horse in December, took him and used him myself for a week, and quite satisfied myself of the correctness of the diagnosis. He nearly always pointed when standing; the lameness almost disappeared when put to his speed, which was considerable. The heel was really half an inch narrower than its mate ; there were no corns, and the leg was very clean. I did not consider a cocaine diagnosis necessary. About January i, I put him on the Bier treatment. Night and morning the 3-inch 9-foot rubber bandage was applied from below the knee to above the fetlock and drawn fairly tight, reduced to about two-thirds of its breadth, being left on for three-quarters of an hour. On very cold days the treatment was not used for fear of freezing. By February i he had ceased to point the foot. In March the bandage was only applied once a day. He is now perfectly sound for ordinary town roadwork, but has not had, and by my advice will not have a really hard trip for another month. The heel is somewhat expanded, and I believe that this is a recovery. I have just begun on another case and will report later. I may add that in two cases of infection of fingers in myself I have used the rubber band and had very nice and rapid recoveries. BEPOBTS OF CASES. 463 ANEURISM AND THROMBUS WITH RUPTURE OF THE LEFT INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY IN A ZEBRA. By W. Reid Blair, D. V. S., Veterinarian and Pathologist, New York Zoological Park. During the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Med- ical Society, held in the New York Zoological Park on September 25, 1907, many of the members present will doubtless recall seeing a zebra mare which had been suffering from an obscure affection of several months' standing. For the previous four years this zebra mare delivered each year, without assistance, a fully matured foal. On March 27 she delivered a dead foal, which apparently had been carried the full gestation period. Soon afterward she began gradually to fail in health without presenting any acute or marked symp- toms of disease. Notwithstanding a remarkably good appetite, she gradually declined, exhibiting emaciation and weakness. Atrophy was most prominent in the hind limbs. During the summer she was transferred to and allowed to range in a pasture of several acres where, besides grazing, she was fed daily with grain and hay. No improvement was noted in her condition, but it was noticed that, especially after slight exertion, there was a trembling of the hind limbs. This, however, would disappear after resting a little while. After showing intermittent attacks of lameness in the hind limbs for several weeks, she was found dead in the pasture on October 10. On post mortem examination the pelvic and abdominal cavi- ties were found to contain a great amount of blood. The muscular and connective of the left leg was deeply infiltrated with blood, and the hemorrhage was traced to the internal iliac artery, which was found to contain a very large attached thrombus near its aortic bifurcation. The artery at this point was greatly dilated, exhibiting a large saculated aneurism. The blood vessel was markedly degenerated, and the thrombus filled the entire lumen of the vessel. The thrombus was stratified, and pale in color; the rupture of the artery I 464 m:pobts of cases. irregular and ragged in appearance. Besides the condition al- ready noted, the uterus showed a chronic inflammation apparently of some months' standing. The aneurism was not of parasitic origin. Sections of the various arteries showed extensive fibroid changes. " Review up to date and scientific." — [Frank Hockman, D. V. S., M. D., Louisville, III] The Live Stock Journal, Chicago, in its issue of June i8th, gives space in its pages to the Review editorial on " The Status of Veterinary Education," which appeared in our June number. Quite Hopeless. — Mistress — Jane, I saw the milkman kiss you this morning. In the future I will take the milk in. Jane — 'Twouldn't be no use, mum. He's promised never to kiss anybody but me. — {Illustrated Bits.) Finding a Horseshoe. — There is a man who has a very poor idea of the horseshoe as a bringer of good luck. " I found one in the road some time ago," he remarked. " As a matter of fact, another old gentleman found it also about the same time. We both wanted it, and there was a tussle for it. " I got the shoe, a black eye, a torn finger from a rusty nail in the shoe and a summons for assault and battery. " It wasn't a very good start, but I thought I'd give it a fair trial. Of course in nailing the shoe up above the front door I managed to smash my thumb and fall from the stepladder. " Then I sat down and waited for the luck to begin. That shoe seemed to be endowed with the power to attract trouble in every form. " Duns, bailiffs, the landlord, measles and poverty were rare- ly out of the house, and my faith was shaken. " Then one day, when the rate collector was standing on the top step, that shoe came down with a crash " " Ah ! " interrupted the sympathizer. " Luck at last ! " " Not a bit of it," sighed the unlucky one. " It missed him by a foot." — (London Answers.) ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. STATUS OF THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL. The bill " To increase the efficiency of the veterinary service of the army " is one of the numerous military measures which have not been finally acted upon by the first session of the pres- ent Congress and which will come before the second session which meets on December 7, 1908. It will be well to remark at this time that this bill is get- ting old. It was on December 15, 1904, when the army veter- inarians, having agreed on a draft for a bill, forwarded the same together with explanatory remarks through military chan- nels, praying for legislation. After some delay the general staff of the army took up our document for consideration, and drafted an entirely new bill which materially changed our recommenda- tions, eliminated the "grade" (rank) for which we had asked, and added some rather ironclad requirements for promotion to a " better-paid " position after ten years of service. This official bill was then transmitted by the Secretary of War to both houses of Congress on January 20, 1906, and introduced by Senator Warren and Representative Hull early in February, 1906. The bill has twice been favorably acted upon by the Senate but never by the House. According to the Army and Navy Register of June 6, 1908. its status is now as follows : Senate 654. To increase the efficiency of the Veterinary Service of the Army. Senate, February 22-29. Present status : House Military Committee. House: 11790. To increase, etc. Text, January 11-21. House Military Committee. There are forty military bills ahead of ours according to the published list, among them two or three that are commonly regarded as important bills, a category to which unfortunately our little bill does not belong. The question before us is this : Shall we let the official bill, as passed by the Senate, go through the House at the second session, or shall we use the occasion of its consideration before the House Military Committee to introduce the changes that are clamored for by a majority of the army veterinarians. As pre- viously mentioned in these pages, there has been a growing dis- 465 466 ABMY VETEEINAEY DEPARTMENT. content with some of the features of the official bill, made strong- er by its delay and repeated failures to pass, and there are a few extremists among us who would now outright kill it. Whether such steps would be wise, I for one seriously doubt, and while there is nobody enthusiastic over this bill, the conservatives among us want to let it go on. I personally have repeatedly spoken in its favor in order to offset and discourage any at- tempt to suppress it. The ground I take is this : We must not forget that a great deal of labor and effort has been applied to get this bill where it is; that it was the first veterinary bill ever officially considered and directly worked out by the War De- partment, showing appreciation of its necessity and good will in more than one respect; that it was and still is fostered by the representatives of the army in Congress, and finally that it is half passed. All this would be more or less lost should we propose to the War Department an entirely new measure made up to suit ourselves in the way of rank and veterinary organization, fash- ioned after this or that foreign army. We all of us hope to see the day when such can be accomplished, but this day is not yet dawning. We constantly read and hear from our army col- leagues reports to the effect that certain officers from a major- general down to the youngest lieutenant is in favor of giving us rank and a respectable veterinary corps. This is all very nice and true; there always have been and are now a limitd number of officers who think that way, but the majority do not, and the fact remains that when these officers assume responsible places and are closeted together they vote against such propositions. No, aside from polite admission of our worth and frank ac- knowledgment of our usefulness in the army, we are not yet wanted in a position of authority from reasons that it would be impolite to explain. As we stand, then, we could gain nothing by reaching out for something that is not attainable at this stage of our progress. Progress, however, we are making constantly, and we might try and should try to have corrected the clause in the official bill that would throw out of service those of us that were phys- ically disabled in line of duty; we should try to get a first lieu- tenant's pay and allowances after five years of service as origin- ally requested by us, and a captain's pay and allowances after ten years of service; or, what is still more desirable and perhaps more readily attainable, a first lieutenant's pay on entrance into ABMY VETEBINABY DEPABTMENT. 467 the army service, and a captain's pay and allowances after ten years of service. There is a precedent for this request in the pay of entering surgeons and chaplains, whose expenses of pro- fessional education are seldom greater than ours have been, if in many cases they have been as high. It is this point more than any other that I would wish our younger army colleagues to consider with a view to their future in the army career. It is a just and wise claim, and would confer on us more prestige than a limited rank. Yet we may also try to have the " grade " in- serted as petitioned in our original bill, which will simplify the entire bill. Finally, the army veterinary bill is not only getting old in years, but it is in danger of becoming post date in the light of recent progressive army legislation enacted or sure to come. Some provision for the establishment of a Remount Department has been enacted and more in this direction is to follow. The veterinary service of an army should be closely united with the remount division, yet no provision has been made in this direc- tion, either in our veterinary bill or in the pending remount bill. The proposed employment of civilian veterinarians for the re- mount service must be discouraged, for it takes years of observa- tion, natural aptitude and special study and hard, practical ex- perience in garrison duty, manoeuvres and actual war to know what requirements in health, conformation and disposition we must exact of remount horses for the cavalry and artillery. Pur- chasing officers, while enthusiastic horsemen, are often deficient in this knowledge and experience and they sorely need the advice of an experienced army veterinarian, thoroughly competent in this special branch of our professional work, yet they are often given civilian veterinarians as " assistants " who are strictly con- fined to a more formal examination for soundness. Here is an opportunity to wipe out one of our worst army practices from which we seem unable to get away, and which results in the great number of unfit and unserviceable horses that always have been and still are being forced upon us in the mounted service. It is our plain duty to enlighten our military authorities on this ill-understood army veterinary branch, certainly not from pre- tence or professional usurpation as some others want to see it, but from a clear understanding of our duty toward an ill- advised government that is entitled to our best services along a line long since practiced in the older armies more schooled in dire experience of war. 468 ABMY VETEBINABY DEPARTMENT. We earnestly ask our army veterinarians and all in civil life who take an interest in our development in the army, to think this over and then get to work. Our Fort Riley veterinarians will undoubtedly be willing to hear from all by letter, so that we may be prepared in time to properly put forth our just and right claims at the second session of this Congress. Olof Schwarzkopf. WHAT WEIGHT SHOULD A HORSE CARRY? We are often inclined to pity a small pony carrying a heavy man on his back, apparently quite disproportioned to the powers of the animal. But it is not always the biggest horse that has the most carrying and staying power. During the Egyptian War, Colonel Drury Lowe, in his march to seize Cairo, was obliged to discard the big British troop horses and mount his big men on the small Arab ponies, which proved quite equal to the work. Amongst human beings a great, tall, gaunt man will often succumb under a load which a little nuggety-built man will make light of. So it is with horses. A thick-set pony, with a bit of breeding, will carry weight and wear down a brute twice his weight that lacks quality; and a high-bred weed will, even when poor, often work to death a horse of substance. Neverthe- less, other things being equal, size, of course, indicates strength, and, having this in view, an English Army Veterinary Surgeon, Major-General Smith, some time ago made exhaustive inquiries into the question, " What weight should a horse be asked to carry?" The method adopted was to ask an independent observer to estimate the horse's carrying capacity, test that in practice, and then weigh the horse; in this way the proportion which the estimated weight-carrying capacity bore to the body-weight was ascertained. Veterinary Surgeon Major-General Smith's system was applied to two groups of horses belonging to light and heavy cavalry, and the result was, as we might expect, broadly speaking, the heavier the horse the more it could carry. The bridge on which the horses were weighed was not sensitive within 28 lbs. It was found that 13 horses whose carrying capacity had been estimated at an average of 170 lbs. weighed each 952 lbs.; that 10 whose carrying capacity had been put at an average of 175 lbs. weighed each 980 lbs. ; that 10 whose carrying power had been put at 178 lbs. (average) weighed each 1,036 lbs. Fur- ther calculations and allowances were made to determine the relationship of a body-weight to carrying power, in a military ABMY VETEBINABY DEPABTMENT. 4H9 sense — i. e., performing hard and continuous work — and it was found that, roughly speaking, 5% lbs. of body- weight were re- quired to carry i lb. on the back during severe exertion. — (Queensland Agricultural Journal.) IS MALLEIN AS RELIABLE A TEST FOR GLANDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS IT IS IN THE STATES? Camp Stotsenburg, Pamp, P. I., May 25, 1908. Having had ten years' experience with mallein as a diag- nostic agent for glanders, in various parts of the United States, with few, if any, unsatisfactory results, naturally, mallein stood very high in my estimation. I arrived at Camp Stotsenburg, P. I., with the ist Cavalry Jan. 3, 1908, and soon had occasion to test, with mallein, all the horses of the ist Cavalry and about 90 animals of the quar- termaster's department, making in all about 900 horses and mules. Following I am giving the record of 15 troop horses tested during the last of January, 1908: No. of Average temperature before injection Temperatures the Day After Injection Animals 6 A.M. 8 A. M. 12 M. 4 P.M. 30 99 104.2 104.2 105.2 104.2 19 99-1 103 103 102. 1 102 10 99 104. 1 104 104.2 104.3 32 98.3 102.3 102.4 102 102 49 99 100.4 102. 1 102.4 to3 54 98.4 99-4 10a. 3 104 103.4 48 99-4 102. 1 103 103 102 33 100 104 104 103. 1 102 60 99-3 104 104. 1 103. 1 102 51 99-2 103.2 103.2 103 102 31 100 103.2 104 104 103.2 26 99 105 105.2 IC4.4 103-3 21 100.2 104 104 104.3 105.2 16 99 4 103 2 104 104.2 104.2 24 100 105 104.2 103.3 103.3 I 470 ABMY VETEEINABY DEPABTMENT. In getting the normal temperature before injecting, one tem- perature was taken from 3 to 5 o'clock p. m., the day before, and two on the day of injection at 7 to 11 o'clock a. m. Injections were made at 6 p. m. A few of these animals had local swellings, varying from 10 to 15 centimeters across and 2 in depth. The mallein used was furnished by the Bureau of Science, Manila, prepared at different times and kept in a refrigerator until used ; I cc. was injected in each case. In no case was the mallein over six days old. The above animals were retested thirty-five days after first injection with 2 cc. of mallein, with no reactions, except No. 10, which reacted about the same as at first. These animals were in the best of condition during quarantine and no suspicious symptoms occurred, excepting the tempera- tures recorded and a few local swellings, which, out of about 900 animals tested, none resulted in an abscess, all subsiding in forty-eight hours. These animals have all been doing duty for two months since last injection and are in the best of condition, even No. 10. Not one of these animals have any inclination or enlargement of the submaxillary lymph glands. Would the most zealous advocate of mallein as a curative agent claim that these horses were infected with glanders, and cured by the mallein? I think not. Or, will some claim that they are glanderous? Walter R. Pick,, Veterinarian ist Cavalry. PERSONAL ARMY NOTES. By order of the Secretary of War, obtained through the Commissary General of the Army, Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, In- spector, Subsistence Department, U. S. Army, is to be sent to Washington in September, at the expense of the War Depart- ment, as official representative of the Subsistence Department at the International Congress on Tuberculosis more especially in Section VII., devoted to tuberculosis in animals and its relations to man. Dr. Gerald Griffin, veterinarian 3rd Field Artillery, at present supervising veterinarian of the Quartermaster's Department in Havana, Cuba, has been detailed by the War Department to ABMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 471 represent the army at the coming annual meeting of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association at Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Griffin is an old and tried army veterinarian and has inherited the gift of his Celtic race to say the right thing at the right time in language humorous or caustic, as the occasion may require. He will be an interesting visitor at the meeting. Dr. Lusk, 2nd Cavalry, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, will enjoy a two months vacation, beginning with July 15, 1908. Not Entirely. — Moe Rose — Do you think the automobile is replacing the horse? Joe Cose — Well, not entirely, anyway. I haven't found automobile in my bologna as yet. — (Browning's Magazine. ) Enclosed please find draft for $3.00 for the Review for coming year. Would not be without monthly visitor for I find it is a great help to me in my work. — (Arthur L. Wood, D. V. M., Assistant State Veterinarian, Hampton, la.) Veterinary Education in Europe. — There appears to be a decided awakening in Great Britain and European countries as to the importance of veterinary science. There is, Professor Berry says, an important movement everywhere visible for rais- ing the standard of veterinary education. In illustration of this he mentions that the Imperial Government has granted to the Dublin College £30,000, which is to be supplemented by an ad- ditional grant of £15,000. The Dick College at Edinburgh has been taken over by the Edinburgh Council and is being heavily financed from the public rates, and has received private bequests amounting to £15,000; the University of Liverpool has taken over an institute previously in Edinburgh, and is being largely assisted by municipal rates ; and in London not less than £6,000 per annum is being spent on the veterinary college. That the standard of veterinary education is being considerably raised is shown, he says, by the significant fact that two such differ- ently constituted universities as Edinburgh and Liverpool are about to establish university degrees in veterinary science. Pro- fessor Berry says our aim in the colonies should be not the re- production of veterinary science of twenty years ago, but we should rather aim at what veterinary science was about to be- come in Great Britain. — (The North-West Farmer-Transvaal Journal.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. Mesenteric Abscess Due to Streptococcic Infection [C H. H. JoUiife, Veterinary Captain']. — Record of a case similar to the one alluded to in our English Review of May last, which occurred in a black gelding, which was ill since Feb- ruary 3, 1908, until March 12, when he died, after having pre- sented a series of symptoms indicating abdominal troubles, the true nature of which could not positively be established. A range of temperature varying from 99.8° to 104.4° F, while the entire duration of the disease; rising invariably with two ex- ceptions only in the evening; a condition which is recognized in connection with any pyogenous process, was observed during the whole sickness. The pulse and respiration giving no indications. The abdominal pains were of no special characters, except until immediately at the time of death, no evidence of severe pain, either continuous or in paroxysms were observed. The mucous membranes remaining normal all throughout the disaese. There were no rigors, nor sitting position resorted to by the animal. Toward the end of the disease rectal examination revealed a mass of some kind, which was supposed to be impacted ingesta or a calculus. But the whole was not sufficiently distinct to make the abscess, that it was, clearly discernible. Of course all the various treatments resorted to were of no avail. At the autopsy general acute peritonitis was found to be the immediate cause of death. The abdominal cavity contained large purulent effusion. There were spots of adhesion on the intestines. The mesenteric glands and the mesenteries bore evidences of wide- spread suppuration. There was an amorphous mass weighing approximately thirty pounds formed by a series of abscesses with thick walls and containing pus and necrotic tissues. There was an inguinal abscess. The microscopic examination of the pus proved the trouble to have been the result of streptococcic infec- tion.— ( Veterinary Journal. ) 472 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 473 Traumatic Abscess of the Parotid Gland [G. M. IValrod^. — Pug has eaten nothing for four days and is all the time trying to swallow something. Nothing is found in his throat and yet this is sore on pressure. Perhaps he had swallowed a sharp bone some days before. He is placed on observation and a few days later has a swelling at the inferior part of the parotid region. It is an abscess, which is lanced and from which is ex- tracted a common sewing needle with thread attached to it. Re- covery was prompt. — (Veterinary Journal.) AzoTURiA IN AN Old Horse [C W. J. Hazvortli]. — Bay gelding, twenty-seven years of age, takes azoturia. The attack is mild, and after three days the horse is apparently as well as ever with a treatment of Bicarbonate of Soda, Salol, Cannabis Indica and Nitrous Ether. After working one month longer he was found lying down, paralyzed, unable to rise, and being con- sidered incurable, was killed. — {Veterinary Journal.) Pseudo-luxation of the Patella in the Horse and True Luxation in a Dog [C. H. Casel^. — These are the records of : One case of pseudo dislocation occurring in a horse a num- ber of times, relieved and finally cured with the treatment pre- conized by Prof. Williams, the whip. And also that of a true luxation in a dog in which the same result was obtained by reduction of the patella and repeated applications of tincture of iodine. The author makes the following comparison between the two cases : 1. The dislocation in the dog always occurred during violent exercise, while in the horse the so-called dislocation always oc- curred while the animal was standing, 2. The true dislocation in the dog caused unmistakable evi- dence of pain as soon as the accident occurred, whereas in the horse, so long as the patient was allowed to stand still no evidence of pain was apparent. 3. The dislocation in the dog was evident to vision and to palpation ; in the horse no displacement was recognizable. 4. In the true dislocation of dog the limb is carried forward beneath the body, in the horse it is extended backward when the animal as forced to move. 5. Sudden forced movements of the horse overcame the diffi- culty; sudden forced movements of the dog induced it. — {Veter- inary Journal.) 474 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES Effects of Lightning Stroke [A. P. Burgon, M. R. C. V. S.']. — A fold of fifty sheep was struck by lightning and all but one killed instantaneously. The one that escaped managed to walk about seventy yards, then fell down and succumbed. When seen the next day, the carcases were markedly tympanitic, and most of them were discharging from the nose a frothy mucus, sometimes tinged with blood. The wool was torn off the skin in various places and then there were black spots. Post mortem made on one, which seemed to be the most affected; no lesions could be found under the parts of the skin which were badly singed, the blood was not coagulated and the muscles not rigid. — {Veterinary Record. ) Intracheal Injections of Iodine for Joint-ill in Foals [W. Lotham, M. R. C. V. SJ]. — The author has obtained many good results with this treatment applied in foals, even when the condition of the animal was very bad. He used a solution of 2^^ grains of Iodine with 5 of Pot. Iodide to the ounce of water, and injected 3 drachms of that solution in the trachea; repeat- ing the operation every day for two or three days and following every other day. After the injection the animal is kept with the head slightly elevated for ten minutes, to prevent any of the solution being coughed up into the larynx. Usually five or six doses are required. — {Veterinary Record.) Ruptured Stomach Due to Tumors Formed by Spir- optera Megastoma [W. Lotham, M. R. C. V. S.']. — The sub- ject was a bay mare, which first showed colicky pains, pawing, looking at her flanks, constantly lying down, getting into a sitting posture followed by a period of ease. This condition lasted for a week about, and then she was taken only after every meal. She received a dose of linseed oil and for ten days seemed to be without pain. They then return more violent, and although they are somewhat relieved by morphine, they did not entirely go away. She became tympanitic and passed no dung. Tapped and passage of the probang gave no relief. The symptoms then became very alarming, hurried pulse, quick breathing, cold sweat, haggard expression, throwing of frothy, yellow custard-colored material from the nostrils, all those indicated of an early fatal termination. It happened in a few minutes. At the post mortem, the peritoneal cavity was found containing dirty fluid and injesta, there was a rupture of the stomach with a six-inch rent. Two tumors were found in the stomach. One near the pyloric orifice ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 475 as big as an orange and the other in the cardiac region as large as a hen's egg. Each had five or six small perforations in the summit, around which numbers of Spiroptera megastoma were seen moving. On incising the tumors yellow pus escaped, and this was found swarming with worms. The history of the case clearly points to the fact that the repeated attacks of colic after each meal were due to the obstruc- tion to the passage of food in the pyloric region. — (Veterinary Record. ) The Occurrence of the Spiroptera Megastoma and S. Microstoma in the Stomach of Horses [E. E. Martin, Major, A. V. C]. — After a few remarks on the life-history of these parasites, the author relates the results he has obtained with four animals, abandoned because of unfitness for work, and which he submitted to different treatment. He destroyed one to satisfy himself that he was suffering with worms, and at the post mortem he found the S. Microstoma in very large quantities. To the second pony he gave an ounce and half of Oil of turpen- tine in a pint of Linseed oil. Although three doses of this mix- ture was given, at the post mortem the Microstomas were found in quantities apparently unaffected by the treatment given. To the third horse a powder made of 4 drachms of Areca nut, 2 of Sulphate of iron, 20 grains of Arsenic and 40 grains of Santonin was given twice a day for three days. The autopsy showed the S. Microstoma in quantities and very lively. Finally, to the fourth horse six doses of Sulphate of copper of 4 drachms each were given, the morning dose being dissolved in water and the evening dose as powder in the food. The morning after he had the last dose the probang was introduced and one ounce of Lysol in a pint of water introduced into the stomach. An hour after he was destroyed. Post mortem showed that the stomach had been irritated by the dose of Lysol. Careful examination only disclosed two or three Microstomas dead in the stomach. In the caecum, however, the worms were innumerable. The con- clusions are : 1. Sulphate of copper in large doses has no effect on the parasite. 2. Lysol in very strong solution, stronger than the medicinal, has the power of expelling the worms from the stomach, though not necessarily killing them. — {Veterinary Record.) 476 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V, M. Enormous Abdominal Tumor in a Slut; Removal; Death [Mr. Schrader']. — A slut aged between six and seven years has been in heat, but not covered. It was noticed, however, that her abdomen was getting larger quite rapidly. She was brought to the author, who found her with an abdomen evenly distended, not painful, without fluctuation or tympanitis, but pre- senting a zone of dullness on percussion all over. The diagnosis was doubtful and reserved. A short time later, after another examination and when the condition had become more serious, an operation was suggested, and after preparation of the patient, asepsy and mixed anesthesia of Chloride of ethil and Chloroform, the abdomen was opened from the xyphoid cartilage to the um- bilicus. The hand introduced detected a regularly ovoid tumor, free except toward the pelvic cavity, where it was held by peduncle. To bring it out of the abdominal cavity the incision had to be extended as far as the pubis. Ligatures were applied on the broad ligaments, and the growth being loose, was re- moved. It was a large fibroma, as big as ostrich's tgg, weighed fourteen pounds. The dog died the second day from nervous shock. — {Rev. de Pathol. Comparee.) Tuberculosis of the Spinal Cord in a Heifer [Mr. E. Barrof]. — One year old heifer is found one morning unable to get up. Since a week she has had a peculiar gait. Efforts to make her get up are useless, the hind quarters will not move. The animal has had spells of coughing. She is in fair condition, but her skin is dry and adherent to the tissues underneath. She is sent to the slaughter house. Lesions : The lungs have a few tubercles. The pleurae are covered with them. Only a few on the liver. The vertebral column is open in its whole length and microscopically seems normal. No vertebra shows signs of tu- berculosis. The spinal cord, opposite one of the last dorsal vertebra, shows a grey yellowish oval mass of tuberculous nature. Nearby there are several spots of acute tuberculosis. Section of the cord reveals that the organ is involved in its entire thick- ness.— {Rev. Veter.) ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 477 Prethoracic Lymphadenoma in a Mare [Mr. Adrian]. — Seven years old mare in fair condition has several spells of coughing, which are supposed to be due to a simple laryngo- bronchic irritation. After a few days there appears between the forelegs an oedematous tumor. This increases, spreads toward the base of the neck, pushes the legs apart. There is also a zone of dullness in the lower parts of the chest and the prepec- toral lympathic glands are swollen and painful. Invading neoplasm is suspected in the chest and in a short time the animal dies with asphyxia. At the autopsy the subcutaneous tissue of the chest is found the seat of a large oedema. The superior brachial, prepectoral, bronchial and mediastinal glands are largely hypertrophied and altogether form a large tumor surrounding all the vascular and nervous organs of the entrance of the chest, as well as the trachea and the cesophagus. There were some 5 or 6 litres of fluid in the pleural cavities. The histological examina- tion showed that it was a lymphadenoma containing numerous microbes (streptococci and staphylococci). — {Soc. dcs Scicn. Veter. de Lyon. ) Fracture of the Cranium in a Horse [Mr. G. Parant']. — While being exercised, a thoroughbred gelding nine years of age gets frightened by a piece of paper on the road. The rider whips him, the horse rears, falls backwards and remains dead on the ground. He lays on the right side and bleeds at the nose and from the right ear. About one litre of blood has escaped. Post mortem. Right lung congested with passive congestion. Both lungs are the seat of numerous parasitic tubercles. Nothing in the abdomen. Toward the head, the subcutaneous tissues are the seat of numerous hemorrhagic spots. The tuberous portion of the right temporal is fractured horizontally on a level with the auditory canal. The posterior sphenoid is also fractured right across. The meninges and the brain are congested. The circle of Willis is covered with a clot of blood from one of the cerebral arteries. Nothing on the cerebellum or in the ventricles. — (Repertoire of Laquer.) Intoxication with Cocaine in a Cat [Mr. G. Parant'].— - Two months' kitten has hypertrophy of the caruncula lachrymalis. Removal is indicated. Anesthesia with cocaine is resorted to. Five or six drops of a fresh 4 per cent, solution are pushed under the eyelid. The growth is removed. At the same time the cat is taken with violent convulsions, falls on the floor, his head I 478 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. thrown backwards, his legs stiff and jerking with convulsions. Sight is entirely gone and the pupils are enormously dilated. This condition lasted fifteen minutes. Then gradually the animal could rise, stood trembling. Sight did not return for three hours. It was only after a few days that the animal was himself again. The author, sure of the quality of the preparation he used, asks if cats have a special sensitiveness to cocaine which could explain such manifestations. — {Repertoire of Laquer.) Silicate of Potash Occludent Dressing [L. Magnin']. — Used by the author for several years, this dressing is perfectly adapted for regions where the skin is rather adherent, such as the forehead, withers, back, etc., and also some regions of the extremities, where it is difficult to have rolls of bandages hold in place. If the wound is not aseptic, clean it thoroughly with an anti- septic solution, then spray it with pure oxygenated water (lo or 12). Close the wound with silk or pins. Spray again with oxygenated water and a few minutes after, when the skin is well dried, with iodoformed ether. Then take a thin layer of hydro- phile wadding, with thin irregular thready edges, lay it over the wound, leaving the edges extend quite freely beyond the surface of the wound, then let drop on its surface, in small quantity, Silicate of potash, which is spread with a spatula from the centre of the wound to its periphery. If the animal had been cast, it is necessary to wait until the dressing is dry before the animal is allowed to rise. If the wound has been soiled much, and a per- forated drain is indicated, the application of the dressing is the same, having one end of the drain resting in the depth of the wound and the other hanging in the most dependent part of the solution of continuity. When properly applied, this dressing is very solid. — (Rev. Gener. de Med. Veter.) Small Slut Swallows a Bone and Dies from it [Mr. Barrat']. — The little thing presented very serious symptoms; dyspneic respiration, tongue cyanotic and hanging from the mouth, abundant salivation, inspiration followed with marked whistling sound. Any movement is penible and almost impos- sible. Has she rabies? The owner thinks she has swallowed a bone or been stung by a bee. While trying to raise her for better examination, she suddenly expires. At the post mortem a large clot of blood was found in the pharyngeal cavity, and on its walls an opening made by a sharp stylet-shape bone which is ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 479 perforating the carotid and jugular. Death was due to pressure made upon the trachea by the clot of blood and was hastened by the hemorrhage from the two blood vessels injured. — (Rev. Veterin. ) Recto-colic Adhesion — Laceration Followed by Death [Mr. G. Savary^. — The general way of acting of this thorough- bred is lacking, and he is unwilling to do his regular work. He has been so some time, and is supposed to be weak in his loins or suffering from his hocks. He is placed in observation. He has all the appearances of health, normal temperature, good appetite. However, in exploring the right hypochondriac region, he seems to show pains. Rectal examination is made after he has received an enema to clean it out. The arm is scarcely in- troduced, than at the entrance of the pelvis, on the floor of that cavity, a depression is felt, with soft bands running in different directions and giving the sensation of an ulceration. The hand is withdrawn and found covered with blood. From this day the animal had abdominal pains, and abdominal complications set in which, notwithstanding opiate treatment, was followed with peritonitis, which killed the horse on the seventh day. At the autopsy lesions of generalized peritonitis were found. The diges- tive organs were almost empty. The rectum is by its entire lower surface adherent to the superior and convex face of the pelvic curvature of the large colon. The rectal mucous mem- brane is destroyed by a large cicatricial ulceration, brownish, thick and lardaceous, having irregular edges easily torn. This is adherent more or less with the corresponding surface of the colon by fibrinous yellowish bands. This adhesion, which goes back to some time, was possibly lacerated at the time of the last rectal exploration. — {Rev. Gener. de Medec. Veter.) GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O'Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. Perhydrased Milk. — At the meeting of the Medical So- ciety, held at Marburg, Drs. Romer and Musch reported that they had succeeded in producing a milk essentially unchanged in its raw natural properties and which was free of tubercle ba- cilli. The method was simply this, that by the addition of a i80 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHA?rGES. small quantity of hydrogen peroxide the milk is freed of living organisms. But this agent lends to the milk a slightly irritating taste, consequently it must be removed, and this is accomplished by the addition of from 2 to 4 drops per litre of the ferment ex- pressed from a bloodless beef liver. This food, known as per- hydrased milk, exhibits no essential difference from raw milk. Its superiority consists therein that it can be stored away for some time (seven weeks) without deteriorating. Further in- vestigations have proven that when tubercle bacilli are mixed with the milk, they perish. As a result of this perhydrased pro- cedure, albuminous and coagulating ferments produce no changes in it. In about half an hour after the addition of the ferment the hydrogen peroxide disappears completely from the milk. It is neither perceptible by taste nor by chemical reagents. The price is increased i cent per litre. One disadvantage that the milk possesses, it acquires a bitter taste when exposed to sunlight. It must, therefore, be stored in darkness. — (Deutsche Land- wirtschafle. Presse, 33 Vol., No. 275.) Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Anthra- cosis pulmonum [Dr. Luttsschzvager]. — In the present dis- sertation the author arrives at the following conclusions : That the circulation of the blood plays an important part in the dis- tribution of pigments in the body. In several cases pigment was found in the wall of a blood vessel without macroscopical or microscopical pathological changes being discernible. The transition of pigment into the blood vessels must, therefore, be comparatively easy. The lymph channels cannot be considered as an exclusive medium, because in several cases pigmentation of the liver, spleen and kidneys was far more extensive than that of the lymph glands. However, the lymph channels are also considered. From this it follows that in cases where the coloring matter was taken up from the abdominal cavity — after feeding or intraperitoneal injections of Indian ink, the meta- static formations were especially abundant, while here a marked absorption of the ink through the lymph vessels of the abdominal cavity took place. Consequently it must be assumed that the coloring matter at the point of injection in the body is first taken up by the lymph spaces and lymph vessels, and then carried into the blood circulation without being entirely retained in the lymph vessels. As a rule it is further distributed throughout the body by means of the circulating blood. — (Deutsche Tier. Wochen- schrift, No. i and 2, 1908.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 481 Rectal Exploration [Dr. Jakob, Miinchen]. — The ex- amination per rectum is becoming more important as an auxiliary method for diagnostic purposes than formerly. There is suffi- cient data at hand to emphasize its practicability. Jakob refers to five cases which came under his observation and which he de- scribes briefly as follows : First cow, suspected of being tu- bercular. Manual exploration : At the pelvic inlet and slightly anterior to it there was felt, on both sides, nodular growths varying in size, firm, partly smooth, partly uneven, non-painful, and apparently attached to the peritoneum. Tuberculin test, positive. Diagnosis, tubercular peritonitis. Autopsy verified the result of manual exploration. No. 2. Cow, emaciated without any apparent cause. Ex- ploration, about 50 cm. distant from the rectum, on the right side, a hard, knotty, tumor-like mass was felt, extending from the lumbar to the right hypochondriac region. Diagnosis, post- mortem, adenoma renalis dextra. No. 3. Mare, poor appetite. Examination per rectum re- vealed in the vicinity of the uterus a spherical, nodular tumor of an indefinite size, very painful on manipulation ; when pressure was applied on its surface a reddish-yellow urine escaped in drops, causing intense pain. Diagnosis, carcinoma vesical nrincc. No. 4. Cow, affected with nymphomania. Exploration re- vealed two floating tumors about 40 cm. distant from the rectum in the region of the pelvic inlet superiorly and in a line with the two posterior lumbar vertebrae. Tuberculin test, negative. Di- agnosis, post-mortem, adeno-carcinoma ovarii. No. 5. An emaciated cow with vaginal catarrh. Exploration per rectum. About 30 cm. distant from the rectum, in the me- dian line superiorly to the pelvic inlet and toward the post- lumbar vertebrae, a large, solid, floating tumor was felt with apparently two horny appendages (uterus) and to which was attached a hard, oval, nodular mass. Tuberculin inoculation, positive. Diagnosis, tuberculosis uteri ct ovarii. Post-mortem examination verified the diagnosis. — {Wochenschrift fi'ir Tier und Viehzticht, 1907, No. 20.) loDiPiN IN THE Treatment of Advanced Pneumonia of THE Horse "iDr. Comelius-Dermbach]. — In a case of advanced pneumonia the author prescribed this much-lauded preparation. As the result is perhaps of interest to many practitioners he de- scribes this particular case as follows: On August 9th he was 482 ABSIBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. called to see a horse which had suffered from dispnoea and was extremely emaciated, although, according to the owner, the animal had a good appetite. C. diagnosed the case as an ex- tensive pneumonia (broncho-pneumonia), and which, according to the history and clinical evidence, was of at least 14 days' dura- tion. Treatment consisted of steamed turpentine inhalations, Priesznitz packs and embrocations of spirits of mustard. On the 15th, 20th and 24th of August, respectively, he made careful examinations of the patient, but could find no improvement ; con- sequently he experimented with lodipin. The patient was given on the 2d of September, 75 grams of a 25 per cent. lodipin preparation (that used principally in veterinary practice), sub- cutaneously. This treatment being repeated on the 7th inst., the external applications being discarded. On September 11 indi- cations presented a recovery as the respirations were reduced from 42 to 18 per minute. The cyanotic color of the conjunctiva disappeared, the coat became smooth and gistening. During a violent attack of coughing an abundant slimy discharge escaped through the nostrils. The horse received once again a subcu- taneous injection of 50 grams of lodipin and the owner was in- structed to give the animal gentle exercise daily in the open. On September 18 complete recovery was visible — respirations 14 per minute, no rales were audible on auscultating the lungs. The horse was now put to light work, and on a ration of 18 pounds of oats daily. On October 2 the animal was in good condition and well nourished. An examination for broken wind proved negative. Cornelius was convinced that the horse would have died or at least suffered permanently in wind had not the lodipin treatment been prescribed. — (Berliner Tierdrst. Wochenschrift, No. 16, 1908.) Sugar and Fruit for Horses. — Grain is not the only food on which the horse thrives. In Egypt the khedive's best mares are fed largely on currants, and these fruit-fed animals are noted for their endurance and speed. Figs, during the fig harvest, form the food of the horses of Smyrna. They turn to it from oats or hay. The green tops of the sugar cane are fed to the horses of the West Indies and for long weeks in many parts of Canada windfall apples form the horse's only food. In Tas- mania peaches and in Arabia dates take the place of hay and oats, corn and bran. — (New Orleans Times-Democrat.) CANADIAN NOTES. Occasional rumors of rabies are heard in Saskatchewan this year, although no thoroughly authenticated cases have so far been noted. The campaign against glanders is being steadily and un- flinchingly maintained, public sentiment growing daily more in favor of the mallein test administered by Health of Animal in- spectors; many farmers asking for their horses to be tested. The members of the Health of Animals Branch in Alberta and Saskatchewan, working under Dr. George Hilton for the past year, recently presented that gentleman with a beautifully engraved gold watch and chain and locket, as an expression of their esteem. Dr. Simon F. Tolmie, Chief Inspector for British Columbia, of the Health of Animals Branch, is also representative for the Live Stock Division in that province. The portly doctor is well- known as a judge of live stock, especially of standard breeds and dairy breeds of cattle. His name was recently mentioned for the position of Secretary of Agriculture, for his native province. It is hoped that he will remain in the ranks of the profession. Dr. R. A. McLoughry, Moosomin, in addition to keeping an eye on the health of live stock in his locality, keeps the horse breeding interests of his district well to the fore, maintaining standard bred and Hackney stallions at the stud. The increasing 488 484 CANADIAN NOTES. number of good horses and cattle aid in making more work for the veterinary practitioners of the West. The past season, how- ever, owing to the financial stringency, was an off year for col- lections. A new policy has been enunciated by the Veterinary Director- General in dealing with mange. Compulsory dipping of all herds within the mange area is not insisted upon, but all herds contain- ing diseased animals, or in contact with diseased animals, are quarantined, and dipped twice under official supervision in a dip made according to the official formula (lime and sulphur). The oil treatment has not proved entirely satisfactory so is not allowed this season for the treatment of mangy stock. In the two new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, re- organization of the work of the Health of Animals Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture, has taken place. Dr. George Hilton, chief assistant to the Veterinary Director Gen- eral, having returned to the capital, where he is at present Acting Veterinary Director-General, during Dr. Rutherford's absence at Rome, attending the Agricultural Congress. J. C. Hargrave, D.V.S. (McGill), and A. G. Hopkins, B.S.A. (Iowa), M.D.V. (McK.), have been given charge respectively of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, with headquarters at Medicine Hat and Resfina. The following veterinarians in Alberta are engaged adminis- tering the Animal Contagious Diseases Act, under the super- vision of Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General, through Chief Inspector J. C. Hargrave, Robert Riddell, V.S., A. M. McKay, V.S., and C. McVeigh, V.S., Calgary; M. V. Galli- van, V.S., Lethbridge; V. V. Christie, V.S., Kimball; D. War- nock, M.R.C.V.S., Pincher Creek; W. T. Patton, V.S., Coutts; J. D. Paxton, V.S., Edmonton; R. C. Nyblett, V.S., Medicine Hat; A. Watson, V.S., Assistant Pathologist, Quarantine Sta- tion, Lethbridge; G. C. Pinhorn, V.S., Pendant d'Oreille; A. Busselle, V.S., Macleod; T. LeClaire, V.S., High River; R. C CANADIAN NOTES. 485 Brewster, V.S., Claresholm, are on the temporary staff durin^^ stock inspection. At present, owing to there being only one abattoir (packing house), that of Pat Burns, carrying on an ex- port or interprovincial trade in Alberta, the work under the meat and canned goods act is directed from Ottawa, two veterinary inspectors being employed. The Saskatchewan veterinarians have been less successful than their Alberta and Manitoba brethren in getting their bill through the Legislature, unfortunately the bill was not presented until the late hours of the session and on account of amendments became pigeonholed and missed the third reading. The amended bill will, it is understood, provide for veterinary education being placed under the control of the provincial university, as also the licensing of practitioners. While there is practically no opposi- tion to the bill, the farmer members feel that already too much power has been conferred on the legal and medical professions, and will not confer in future such unlimited powers. At the present time there is on the statutes of Saskatchewan a bill pre- venting others than graduates of three-year schools, approved by the A.V.M.A., being allowed to practice in the province. With regard to the provision in the bill permitting the establish- ment of a veterinary college, the feeling of those members really interested in the welfare of the profession is, that one first-class English-speaking veterinary college is ample to meet Canadian requirements for years to come. The habit of looking at the best side of every event is worth more than a thousand a year. — (Johnson.) What He Was. — Senator Gilchrist, discussing in Albany his insurance bill, said of speculation : " Speculative features, uncertainties, ought to be removed from our life as much as possible. " When I think of speculation, I think of a man I know. " This man, a conservative, suddenly took to stock gambling. At the end of a flurry I met him one afternoon and asked: "Well, were you a bull or a bear to-day?" " ' Neither,' he answered, giving me a sour smile. ' I was an ass.'" — {Washington Star.) LEGISLATION AT ALBANY. Explanation. — Matter in italics is new ; matter in brackets [ ] is old law to be omitted. An Act to amend the agricultural law, in relation to the diseases of domestic animals, and making an appropriation there- for. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section i. A new section is hereby added to the agricultural law, to be known and designated as section sixty-three-a and to read as follows : § 63a. Care of diseased animals; experiments. — If after ex- amination an animal is, in the judgment of the person making the examination, suffering from tuberculosis, such animal shall be slaughtered under the provisions of this article, or, if the com- missioner deems that a due regard for the public health warrants it, he may enter into a written agreement with the owner, subject to such conditions as the commissioner of agriculture may pre- scribe, for the separation and quarantine of such diseased animal or animals. Subject to the regulations of the department of agriculture, such diseased animal or animals may continue to be used for breeding purposes and its or their milk, after pasteuriza- tion at one hundred and eighty-five degrees Fahrenheit, may be used for the manufacture of butter or cheese or for sale. The young of any such diseased animal or animals shall, immediately after birth, be separated from their mothers, but may be fed the milk drawn from such affected animal or animals so separated and quarantined after such milk has been pasteurized as herein provided. The owner of a herd of cattle, within the state, may apply to the commissioner of agriculture for examination of his herd by the tuberculin test ; said application to be in writing upon a blank form provided by the commissioner of agriculture and to include an agreement on the part of the owner or owners of the herd to improve faulty sanitary conditions; to disinfect his prem- ises, should diseased cattle be found, and to follow instructions of the commissioner of agriculture designed to prevent the rein- fection of the herd and to suppress the disease or prevent the 486 LEGISLATION AT ALBANY. 487 spread thereof. The commissioner of agriculture shall, as soon as practicable, cause such cattle to be examined accordingly, sub- ject to the provisions of the agricultural law. When the com- missioner deems that the conditions warrant it he may make and issue to such owner a certificate that upon such examination such herd was found free from tuberculosis or that the owner has complied with the provisions of this section by causing all affected animals to be separated from the herd and quarantined as pro- vided herein subject to the regulations of the department of agri- culture. The commissioner of agriculture may determine the place of slaughter of an animal to be killed under the provisions of the agricultural law. The commissioner may experiment or cause such experiments to be made or performed as he may deem necessary to ascertain or determine the best methods or means for the control, suppression or eradication of communicable or infec- tious disease or diseases affecting domestic animals. No person shall sell any animal known to have a communicable or infectious disease except for immediate slaughter unless such sale be made under a written contract signed by both parties specifying the disease with which such animal is infected, a copy of which shall be filed in the office of the Commissioner of agriculture. No per- son shall knowingly inject into any bovine animal as and for tuberculin any substance which is not tuberculin. § 2. Section sixty-seven of such chapter, as amended by chap- ter three hundred and twenty-one of the laws of nineteen hundred and one, and chapter two hundred and fifty-three of the laws of nineteen hundred and four, is hereby amended to read as follows : § 67. Bureau of veterinary service; chief veterinarian; ap- praisers [of condemned animals]. — There is hereby established in the department of agriculture a bureau of veterinary service. The bureau shall be in charge of a chief veterinarian, who shall be an experienced veterinarian appointed by the commissioner of agricidture. He shall receive an annual salary of three thousand dollars and all necessary traveling and other expenses incurred in the performance of his duties. Such chief veterinarian or other veterinarians employed by the commissioner shall have all the powers of an appraiser of condemned animals under this article. The chief veterinarian shall, under the direction of the commis- sioner of agriculture, have general charge of the enforcement of the provisions of this article, and shall collect and disseminate through farmers' institutes or otherzvise, as the commissioner may direct, information and statistics in relation to the diseases of 488 LKGISLATION AT ALBANY. domestic animals, the proper care and sanitation of stables and other buildings used for the stabling of farm animals for the pur- pose of preventing the existence and spread of infectious and con- tagious diseases, the methods of feeding, the methods of improv- ing the breed or milking qualities of cattle, and such other matters as the commissioner may direct. All veterinarians in the state shall immediately report to the commissioner of agricidture the existence among animals of any infectious or communicable dis- ease coming to their knowledge. The report shall be made in writing and shall include a description of the diseased animal or animals, the name and address of the owner or person in charge of the animal, if known, and a statement as to the location of the animal. No person shall conceal or attempt to conceal any animal suffering from an infectious or communicable disease so that the same shall not come to the knowledge of the commissioner of agriculture. The commissioner of agriculture m^iy appoint and at pleasure remove two confidential agents at salaries not to ex- ceed eighteen hundred dollars, to be fixed by the commissioner, to assist in carrying out the provisions of this statute. [The com- missioner of agriculture] He may appoint and at pleasure remove one state appraiser of condemned animals, [The person so ap- pointed shall be] who shall be a person of experience and well acquainted with the value of farm animals [.] ; and [He] shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars, and all neces- sary traveling and other expenses incurred in the performance of his duties. The commissioner of agriculture may [also ap- point] employ from time to time such additional appraisers of condemned animals as the work of his department may neces- sitate, [such appraisers] who shall receive [a] compensation at the rate of five dollars per diem and all traveling and other expenses necessarily incurred while engaged in the performance of their duties. § 3. Section sixty-eight of such chapter, as amended by chap- ter three hundred and twenty-one of the laws of nineteen hun- dred and one, is hereby amended to read as follows : § 68. Appraisal of diseased animals. — [One of the state ap- praisers of condemned animals shall be present at the examination of all diseased animals when such examination is conducted under this act, for the purpose of determining whether such animal should be slaughtered. Such] An appraiser shall determine the value of each animal directed to be slaughtered. Such value shall be the market value of such animals at the time of making [such LEGISLATION AT ALBANY. 4S9 examination as though the animals were not diseased] the ap- praisement, but the appraisal value of each [head of cattle] animal shall not exceed the sum of [sixty] seventy-five dollars [, if a thoroughbred, and forty dollars if a grade]. If the value of the condemned animals determined by the appraiser is not satisfactory to the owner of such animals, the value shall be determined by [the] arbitrators, one to be appointed by the state appraiser and one by the owner of the animals. If such arbitra- tors are not able to agree as to the value of the animals, a third arbitrator shall be appointed by them. The value determined by such arbitrators shall not exceed the limits established by this act and, after approval by the commissioner of agriculture, shall be final. [The costs and expenses of the proceedings before the arbi- trators shall be paid by the owner of the animals.] The arbitra- tors selected by the owfier of the animals shall be paid by the said owner, the other arbitrator or arbitrators shall be paid by the state at a rate of compensation not to exceed five dollars per day and necessary expenses. ■ [No cattle claimed to be a thoroughbred shall be appraised as such unless the owner thereof shall furnish to the state appraiser a duly executed certificate of registry.] Such appraiser of condemned animals and the arbitrators ap- pointed under this section may administer oaths to and examine witnesses. § 4. Section seventy-a of such chapter, as inserted by chapter three hundred and twenty-one of the laws of nineteen hundred and one, and amended by chapter one hundred and sixty-seven of the laws of nineteen hundred and five, is hereby amended to read as follows : § 70-a. Compensation to owners of animals destroyed. — The actual appraised value, [not to exceed forty dollars] at the time they are killed of all animals slaughtered under the provisions of this article, which shall be found upon a post-mortem examination not to have had the disease for which they were slaughtered, un- less the same were killed on account of the violation of quaran- tine regulations, shall be paid to the owners of such animals. If such animals are found upon post-mortem examination to have been suffering from [the disease of] tuberculosis, then they shall be paid for in the manner following, to wit : If an animal [had] has localized tuberculosis, the owner thereof shall be paid [sixty] eighty per centum of the appraised value. If the animal has [been suffering with] generalized tuberculosis, the owner thereof shall be paid therefor [forty] fifty per centum of the appraised 490 LEGISLATION AT ALBANY. value, but no animal slaughtered under the provisions of this article shall be paid for as herein provided unless the said animal shall have been within the state for a period of at least [one year] six months. If the meat of the slaughtered animal shall he passed for use as food, under official regulations, the commis- sioner of agricidture is hereby authorised to sell the same and the proceeds from the sale of the meat, hide and other marketable parts of the said animal shall be paid into the state treasury. For each and every day the owner or custodian of the animMs condemned, is obliged to keep them, in excess of seven days from the date of the condemnation, he shall be allowed and paid the sum of twenty-five cents per day per head. The certificate of appraisal, and the statement of the result of the post-mortein ex- amination, shall be presented by the owner or his legal repre- sentatives or assigns to the commissioner of agriculture. The commissioner of agriculture shall issue his order for the amount due as shown by such certificate and statement, after he has found them to be correct, which shall be paid by the state treasurer on the warrant of the comptroller out of moneys appropriated there- for. [If the owner of the cattle is dissatisfied with the appraisal he may take his claim to the court of claims, which court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear, audit and determine all claims which shall arise under the provisions of this article for com- pensation for animals slaughtered and to allow thereon such sums as should be paid by the state.] No compensation shall be made to any person who has wilfully concealed the existence of disease among his animals or upon his premises, or who in any way by act, or by wilful neglect has contributed to spread the disease sought to be suppressed or prevented, nor for any animal which upon a post-mortem examination is found to have the disease on account of which it was slaughtered or any dangerously con- tagious or infectious disease that would warrant the destruction of such animal, except as herein provided. § 5. The sum of two hundred thousand dollars is hereby ap- propriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise ap- propriated for the purpose of article four of this statute. § 6. This act shall take effect immediately. Note. — The appropriation of $200,000 was cu,t down to $70,000, which, added to the $75,000 Dept. had, makes $145,000. Polo, as usual, this season is immensely popular at many fashionable resorts. CORRESPONDENCE. THE NEW SCHOOL REPLIES. College of Veterinary Melicine, 2113-15 Fourteenth Street, N. W. The George Washington University, Washington, D. C. June 13, 1908. Office of the Secretary. Editors American Veterinary Review^ New York City: Dear Sirs — The correspondence in your last issue relative to the new Veterinary School in connection with George Wash- ington University, which is to be established in Washington, D. C, does this young school a great injustice. I trust you will give this letter the same prominence you favored Dr. French's letter in your last issue. The facts are these : The correspondence between Dr. D. E. Buckingham and Dr. H. H. Newcomb was shown to the newly organized Veterinary Faculty of the George Washington University and was disap- proved by it, though the commercial spirit of it was identical with that which obtains among the large colleges which send their agents (deans or professors) among the preparatory schools every winter and spring to impress prospective students with the merits of their respective colleges. Aside from this short explanation, I feel it is unnecessary to further any professional rancor between the writers of the before-mentioned correspondence which was undoubtedly the basis of this undeserved attack, affecting not only Dr. Bucking- ham, who was not Dean of the College at that time, but also the entire faculty. The veterinarians and scientists who will devote their time and labor in teaching in the College of Veterinarv Medicine of the George Washington University, request their professional brothers to suspend judgment until they are able to properly judge this school by its organization, teaching force and equip- ment. The prospectus and announcement will be issued this month, and T believe that all fair minded veterinarians will readilv see by the men who honor it with their names that the school will 401 492 COBEESPONDENCE. be operated in a manner to meet the most advanced require- ments of the Association of Veterinary Facukies and that its business methods will be thoroughly ethical and above reproach. Yours truly, J. P. Turner, V. M. D., Secretary, Board of Trustees. MONUMENT TO THE LATE PROFESSOR THOMASSEN. Agricultural College^ N. D., June 5, 1908. Editors American Veterinary Review : Dear Sirs — A few days ago I received a communication from Prof. H. Markus, of the Utrecht Veterinary School, stating that arrange- ments were being made for the erection of a monument to the late Professor Thomassen during the International Veterinary Congress in 1909. He asks me to bring this to the notice of the American veterinary profession and to invite them to par- ticipate in the arrangement and to contribute to the funds which already are being subscribed to. It is needless to say that I am glad to comply with this re- quest. Thomassen and his work on the treatment of actinomy- cosis, on the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis, on im- munity against tuberculosis and on the etiology of " roaring " are all so well known as not to require- special mention. Thomas- sen was honored by our A. V. M. A. by the election to honorary membership, and I have no doubt that our profession, either by individual effort or by action of our professional organizations, will be found willing to do honor to the memory of a great vet- erinarian, a man who has done more than his share in the up- building of our profession. Contributions will be received by Prof. H. Markus, Veterinary School, Utrecht, Netherlands. Thanking you for anything which the Review may see fit to do in this matter, I remain, Yours sincerely, L. Van Es. COBBESPONDENCE. 493 THE MONTANA SMOKE CASE AGAIN. Chicago, June 20, 1908. The Editors of the American Veterinary Review^ Gentlemen : J. K. Haywood, Chief of the Miscellaneous Laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department, in a government bulletin, No. 113 of that bureau, issued May 26th, 1908, entitlec " Injury to Vegetation and Animal Life by Smelter Wastes," states the results of his investigation of inquiry to cattle by ar- senic in the vicinity of the Washoe Smelter in Deer Lodge Val- ley. He was detailed by the government to investigate the in- jury to vegetable and animal life by smelter wastes around Anaconda, Montana, during a larger share of 1906 and the whole of 1907. A claim made by the farmers, which required investigation, was that enough arsenic is given ofif from the smelter to settle on the surrounding forage crops and so poison the cattle. To determine this it is first necessary to show that the ores reduced at the smelter contain arsenic. Examinations of several samples of ore from mines which partly supply the smelter gave the fol- lowing results : Table V. — Arsenic Content of Ore Samples. Serial No. Name of mine furnishing ore MetaUic Arsenic Serial No. Name of mine furnishing ore Metallic Arsenic 4258 .4263 4259 4260 Speculator Parrot Per cent. 12.95 2.54 •51 •45 4261 4262 4264 Never Sweat Per cent. 0.45 1. 17 Anaconda None If we reject the first sample in Table V. as exceptional and consider the other ores as representative of those received at the Washoe Smelter, it will be seen that such ores contain 0.85 per cent, of arsenic. At this, if 8,000 tons of ores per day are smelted, which is the usual output of these mines per diem when at full blast, 68 tons of arsenic enter the plant each day, and, ac- cording to the officers of the smelter, only 2 tons of white ar- senic are recovered daily. This, of course, does not mean 2 49-i COBBESPONDENCE. tons of metallic arsenic, but, for convenience of discussion, it will be considered as such. There remain, therefore, 66 tons of arsenic to be accounted for, which can only escape in a volatile form in the fumes, or be carried off in the tailings and slag. A determination of arsenic was made in two samples taken from the dump in which o.ii and 0.09 per cent, were found, or an average of 0.09 per cent. It is evident that the amount found in the dump cannot account for the 66 tons of arsenic that go to waste; hence a considerable quantity must be volatalized. Ac- cording to the investigations of Harkins and Swain, previously mentioned, the average amount of arsenic trioxid thrown off in the smoke during twenty-four hours is 59,270 pounds. Here again, however, as in the case of the sulphur compounds, the quantity of ores used was not given. It is next necessary to show whether or not the escaping arserjic settles on the surrounding forage crops in large enough amounts to be injurious to cattle. For this purpose 20 samples of range grass and such cultivated crops as alfalfa were collected at distances varying from i to 10 miles from the smelter in various directions, but more especially down the Deer Lodge Valley. These samples were examined for total and soluble arsenic. The results obtained, calculated to a dry basis and ex- pressed both as milligrams of arsenious oxid per gram of sample and grains of arsenious oxid per daily ration of 25 pounds, are given in Table VI. From this table it is seen that arsenic was found in consider- able quantities in every sample examined. In order that the cattle in this region may live at all it is evident that they must be- come confirmed arsenic eaters. Through the courtesy of Dr. D. E. Salmon the writer was able to examine microscopic sec- tions and gross specimens of the viscera of a number of cattk that it was thought had been killed by eating forage containing arsenic. It was noted that the gastro-intestinal tract was in- flamed and sections of the glands of the stomach and kidneys showed a desquamation of the epithelium, cloudy swelling, and in some cases fatty degeneration. The symptoms described by the farmers include inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper air passages, running from the nose, diarrhea, thirst, emaciation and an inco-ordination of gait. From the above symptoms and post-mortem appearances, together with the amount of arsenic found in the various forage plants, there can be but little doubt that the cattle were killed by arsenic. COBBESPONDENCE. 495 To give some idea of the distribution of arsenic on the soil in the vicinity of the smelter, samples were taken to a depth of Table VI. — Arsenic Content of Forage Expressed as Ar- senic OxiD. (Calculated to dry basis.) Serial No. 4114- ■ 4106.. 4115.. 4117- ■ 4116.. 4107.. 4118.. 4119.. 4120.. 4108.. 4121.. 4122.. 4123. . 4109.. 4124.. 4112.. 4110.. 4111.. 4125.. 4113.. Description of sample Bunch grass •Alfalfa Pasture grass. . . Range grass Pasture grass.. Red top Clover Approximate distance and direction from smelter Arsenious oxid per gram of dry sample Arsenious oxid per 25 pounds avoirdupois of dry ration 2 miles N. .. 2}4 miles N. 3 miles N . . Range grass Alfalfa and) clover j u s t > cut ) ♦Red top Range grass Alfalfa Red top Bunch grass. ♦Field grass. . *Hay Range grass. Bunch grass. 4 miles N.,"| Lost Creek . j 4 miles N. E 4% miles N. E. 5 miles N. E ... 6 miles N. E , 8 miles N. E , 10 miles N. E , I mile S.E... 3 miles E 6 miles E 4 miles W... 6J^ miles W. Milligram 103 .069 .069 .054 .041 .028 .054 .090 .054 .055 .090 104 .055 .070 .069 .042 ,055 .041 .055 .055 Grains 18.0 12. 1 12. 1 9-5 7.2 4.9 9-5 15.8 9-5 9.6 15.8 18.2 9.6 12-3 12. 1 7-4 9.6 7.2 9.6 9.6 Water soluble arsenious oxid per gram of Water soluble arsenious oxid per 25 pounds avoirdupois of dry sample: dry ration Milligram 0.083 .041 .028 .034 .020 .014 .028 .020 .020 .028 .069 .o4i .028 .642 .041 .020 .041 .028 .028 .028 Grains 14.5 7.2 4-9 6.0 3-5 2-5 4-9 3-5 3-5 4-9 12. 1 7.2 4-9 7.4 7-2 3-5 7.2 4-9 4-9 4.9 * Supposed to have killed cattle. 2 inches at varying distances from the plant. Since it might be claimed that any arsenic found in these samples was naturally present in the soil and did not come from the smelter fumes, 490 COBBESPONDENCE. similar samples beyond the apparent range of the smelter smoke were also taken and examined for arsenic. The results obtained are given in Table VII. Table VII. — Arsenic Content of Surface Two Inches of SoiLS^ Expressed as Metallic Arsenic. (Calculated to dry basis.) Serial No. Approximate distance and direction from smelter 4176 .... 2 miles N 4169.... 3 miles N 4I7I .... K 4173 • • • • 4 miles N. E.. 4180 .... 5 miles N.E.. 4174 . . . ■ 6 miles N.E.. 4178.... SmilesN.E.. 4172.... I mile S. E . . . Arsenic per gram of dry soil Arsenic in surface two inches (♦) of soil per square foot Milligram 0.50 •30 .50 .20 ■30 •30 .08 .50 Grains 40.2 24.1 40.2 16.1 24.1 24.1 6.4 40.2 Serial No. Approximate distance and direction from smelter Arsenic Arsenic in surface two inches (*)of soil per gram of dry soil per square foot 4179 . • ■ 4170... 4177... 4181... 4175 ••■ 4165... 4163 . . . Milligram 3 miles E 0.20 6 miles E .08 " .08 4 miles W . . . . •30 6% miles W . . •25 15 miles W . . . None 10 miles S. E . None Grains 16.1 6.4 6.4 24.1 20.1 None None •Calculated on the basis of 69 pounds as the average weight of a cubic foot of surface soil. From this table it is evident that the surface 2 inches of all soils examined in the vicinity of the smelter, at distances varying from I to 8 miles, contain large amounts of arsenic. It is also shown that this arsenic must come from the smelter, since the two soil samples taken beyond the apparent range of smelter smoke do not contain any arsenic. From our point of view, the toxicological and pathological evidence in the case alone is of advantage. A mammoth manu- factory, like the Washoe Smelter, may force the rural inhabit- ants of the Deer Lodge Valley to give way to it, though their cattle be continually destroyed by arsenical emanations from the smoke stacks. To us the case is interesting as an example of arsenical poisoning of cattle on a gigantic scale. Mr. Hay- wood clearly shows the proportions of arsenic emitted by the smelter and the role so much" a quantity of volatized arsenic as sixty-six tons per diem — for such was the arsenic content of the forage expressed as arsenious acid — in the destruction of vegetation and cattle alike. Mr. Haywood, good toxicologist COBBESPONDENCE. 497 as he may be, probably paraphrases Dr. Salmon when he speaks of the symptoms and post-mortem appearances found in the stricken cattle. The report is made that one of the pathologists of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, has made a very thorough study of the post-mortem ap- pearance of cattle dead in the Deer Lodge Valley region and will give the results of his work in the future. Meanwhile everyone interested in the toxicological side may obtain Mr. Haywood's bulletin by application. D. Arthur Hughes, Ph. D., D. V. M. OBITUARY. WILLIAM W. ANDREWS, D.V.S. William W. Andrews, D.V.S., graduate of the New York- American Veterinary College, class of 1904, died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 8, 1908, just four months after the death of his dis- tinguished uncle, the lamented Roscoe R. Bell. Dr. Andrews' death was caused by rheumatic fever and occurred after an ill- ness of two and a half weeks duration. He was born at Charlottesville, Virginia, July 13, 1883, where his body was returned for burial. He was the eldest son of Mr. Julius B. Andrews, a noted dealer in high-class horses for many years at the American Horse Exchange, New York City, where his striking physique is still familiar to all horsemen. Wants Cats Exterminated. — In his annual report to Gov- ernor Stuart, of Pennsylvania, Secretary Joseph Kalbfus of the State Game Commission recommends that the Governor in his next message to the Legislature ask that body for legislation by which the state shall pay a bounty on the scalps of the ordin- ary house cat. House cats, says Secretary Kalbfus in support- ing his suggestion, are the greatest destroyers of bird life in the world, and he would like to see the cats annihilated, for until that is done the birds are not safe. I SOCIETY MEETINGS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Editors, American Veterinary Review : Dear Sirs — It would seem feasible to solicit space for a brief preliminary announcement of the approaching meeting of the A. V. M. A., even though the details, which are now begin- ning to draw into a harmonious unit, have scarcely reached a stage which can adequately meet with the expectancy of the pro- fession; by another issue, however, we will hope to add further to the literary, clinical and social features, and thus substantiate this promise of a rare treat awaiting the veterinary profession when it assembles in Philadelphia. Negotiations with the railroads are already sufficiently matured to offer attractive reductions throughout the territory of the Trunk Lines Association and to veterinarians contemplat- ing journeying from the Pacific coast. The literary program promises much, and at this time in- cludes contributions as follows : 1. Dr. W. P. Ellenberger — " The Eradication of the Cattle Ticks in the South." Discussion opened by Dr. Tait Butler. 2. Dr. J. W. Connaway — " Hog Cholera." 3. Dr. W. Reid Blair—" The Pathological Effects of Captiv- ity on Wild Animals." 4. Dr. C. H. Jewell — " Shipping Fever." 5. Dr. C. C. McLean—" Milk and Milk Inspection." 6. Dr. Lloyd Champlain — " The Hygiene of Dairying." 7. Dr. R. A. Ramsay—" Field Work in the West." 8. Dr. B. R. Rogers—" Tuberculosis." 9. Dr. S. J. J. Harger— " The Bier Treatment." 10. Dr. C. G. Lamb — " Our Personal Responsibility to the Profession." 11. Dr. H. S. Smith—" The Role of Protozoa in Pathology." 12. Dr. H. D. Gill—" Equine Glanders." Among the other contributors, but not having yet announced the titles of their papers, are: Frederic J. Mayer, M. D., Special Medical Inspector to the Louisiana State Board of Health ; Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, Dr. N. S. Mayo, Dr. H. Jensen, Dr. F. C. 498 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 499 Grenside and Dr. T. Bent Cotton. A few more papers are needed, likewise, clinicians should be secured, it is hoped that these will be forthcoming in the immediate future. Papers spe- cializing on canine, bovine, equine, or, in short, topics embracing one or more of the ramifying fields of comparative medicine are solicited. Send your title at once. Applications for membership should be secured ; each member owes it to the profession to show the advantages that our uni- formed associates may gain by obtaining membership in the A. V. M. A. Every member has been supplied with an applica- tion form; if more are needed they may be had for the asking. It is taken for granted that the members will pull together and make the Philadelphia meeting noteworthy from a standpoint of new members by the quality of the literary program, the clinical features and also by making good fellowship apparent upon all sides. Let all veterinary surgeons, members or not, readers of the Review, make plans that will bring them to Philadelphia on September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. Yours very truly, Richard P. Lyma:;?, Secretary. CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. The regular quarterly meeting of the above association was held in San Jose June 10, 1908. The following program for the day was carried out : 9.30-11 a. m. — Clinics at Drs. Spencer and Healy's Infirmary, 224 East St. John street. 1 1 a. m.-2 p. m.-^Interurban car ride, lunch at Los Gatos. 3-6 p. m. — Meeting of the association, Chamber of Commerce rooms. 7-10 p. m. — Banquet, followed by entertainment by local talent. The meeting was called to order by President D. F. Fox. twenty members and eight visitors being present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. In accordance with a motion passed at the last meeting President Fox declared the places of Drs. Thomas Carrol and C. B. Othier, on the Judiciary Committee, to be vacant. He appointed Drs. C. L. McGowan, of Sacramento, and Thomas Healy, of San Jose, in their stead. 500 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Otis Longley, of Fresno, Chairman of the Judiciary Com- mittee, reported that they had secured one conviction (Holmes, of Oakland), but that it had been appealed to a higher court. In another case (Dunbar, of Oakland) the jury had disagreed. A new prosecution was being held over his head and he had stopped practice. A lawyer was being employed to write to the various district attorneys. It is thought that a letter from a member of the bar to the district attorneys would have more weight than from the committee. " If there are annoying illegal practitioners in your locality notify one of the Judiciary Committee. The members of the committee are : Otis A. Longley, Fresno ; G. J. Donnelly, Oakland; L. A. Danielson, Madera; C. L. McGowan, Sacramento, and Thomas Healy, San Jose. " The committee will have their lawyer notify your district attorney, whose business it is to proceed against the quack. In case there is difficulty in securing evidence, the committee will send a detective to attend to that part." Drs. Donnelly and Danielson also spoke of the good influence exerted by the prosecutions undertaken and threats sent out by the committee. Dr. Browning spoke in favor of employing Attorney T. J. Jor- dan, had been successful in this kind of legal work. The Secretary read a communication from Attorney George E. Maloney, Special Agent of the State Medical Society. Dr. Archibald suggested that the matter of employing legal talent be left entirely to the Judiciary Committee. Under the head of applications for membership a lengthy and heated discussion took place regarding the eligibility to member- ship in this association of the veterinarians who were licensed at the last meeting of the " old board " of State Veterinary Medical Examiners, which was held in Los Angeles in the spring of 1907. The following resolution was presented, moved and seconded : " That the possession by a veterinary graduate of a recognized college of a license issued at the above mentioned meeting should not debar his application for membership in the association from being considered." The motion was lost, seven voting in the affirmative and twelve in the negative. There being no objection the meeting was opened under the head of new business. Mr. Henry Dore, a prominent horse breeder of San Jose, spoke on the value of improving the stallions of the state and the need of a stallion registration law. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 501 A motion was carried instructing the Secretary to convey to Governor Gillette the request of the association that Dr. R. A. Archibald be appointed one of the delegates from the state to the International Congress of Tuberculosis. The Secretary read a communication from Secretary Lyman, of the American Veterinary Medical Association, inviting the association to send delegates to the Philadelphia meeting. A motion was made that it be placed on file and that the President be empowered to appoint delegates. Mr. Brooks, Secretary of the San Jose Chamber of Com- merce, made an interesting speech of welcome in which he de- scribed the great resources and prospects of the Santa Clara Valley. Dr. Healy read a carefully prepared and instructive paper entitled " Blood." Dr. Haring and Dr. Archibald spoke on Clinical Examination of the Blood and its possible value to the veterinarian. Dr. Keane, State Veterinarian, spoke of the work that was being done through his office in fighting sheep scab. He said in part : " A law was enacted at the last Legislature designed to con- trol the disease, but for certain reasons the Governor failed to sign it. The disease has caused great loss in this state and it was up to the State Veterinarian to do something. Through the assistance of a proclamation by the Governor, and the co-opera- tion of various counties and the Bureau of Animal Industry, a systematic dipping of all the sheep of the state was begun. Over sixty inspectors are at work. About 5,000,000 dippings have been made since the first of March, and the work is still vigor- ously progressing. It is believed that the number of flocks in the state infected with scabies has been reduced from 75 per cent, to 6 per cent. The most efficient dips have been the tobacco dips and the lime and sulphur dip. Some of the cresol dips have proven unsatisfactory. The temperature of the dip should be between 105 and no degrees F. After July i the dipping is to be carried on only in flocks found to be infected with scabies." Dr. Longley spoke of the good results he had experienced in the use of an antiseptic called Pix-cresol in the treatment of wounds. Dr. Browning described an outbreak of an unknown disease which had caused great loss of calves in the Santa Clara hill regions. 502 SOCIETY MEETINGS. President Fox appointed the following committee to draft resolutions to be presented at the next meeting and which may eventually be sent to the Legislature to assist in promulgating a law regarding the registration and examination of stallions : Dr. Longley, of Fresno; Dr. Browning, of San Jose, and Dr. Ho- garthy, of Oakland. A motion was carried that Dr. C. M. Haring's name be in- cluded with Dr. Archibald's in the Secretary's communication to the Governor regarding delegates to the International Congress on Tuberculosis. A motion was carried instructing the Secretary of the asso- ciation be authorized to convey to the Chamber of Commerce the thanks of the association for their entertainment. A motion was carried expression the appreciation and the thanks of the association to the San Jose veterinarians for their hospitality. Resolutions of thanks were voted to Drs. Healy and Keane for their part in the afternoon's program. The association adjourned to meet in Alameda the second Wednesday in August. C. M. Haring, Secretary. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The regular monthly meeting of the above association was held on the evening of May 27 at 514 Ninth street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The President, Dr. John Lockwood, was in the chair. Those present were : Drs. A. M. Farrington, John Lockwood, C. B. Robinson, F. M. Ashbaugh, J. C. Heide, H. S. Gamble, M. Page Smith, E. S. Walmer, C. C. Weeks, H. F. Hungerford, T. H. McKeown. Drs. J. C. Heide, T. H. McKeown, M. Page Smith, E. S. Walmer and C. C. Weeks were appointed as a committee on con- tagious diseases. The committee, consisting of Drs. W. P. Collins, C. C. Weeks and C. B. Robinson, appointed at the last meeting to draft and present to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia resolutions recommending the muzzling of all dogs running at DR. VERANUS A. MOORE, Director New York State Veterinary College. American Veterinary Review. AUGUST, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris^ June 15, 1908. Rhinitis of Dogs and Its Complications. — Prof. G. Hebraiit and his adjunct Hermann have pubished in the Annales of Belgium an article on Rhinitis of dogs and its complications, which is quite interesting. They say : If vulgar rhinitis may be considered as a benig- nant disease, when it' occurs in our large domestic animals, -this condition is not always the same when it is observed in indi- viduals of smaller species, and especially in dogs, where it may prove quite serious in those where the nose is short and in which the configuration of the nasal cavities, the great vascularity of its mucous membrane, the extent of the olfactory portion, the com- plexity of the meatuses and sinuses, all are, so to speak, predis- posing conditions for the development of a diseased process, which also render it of difficult access to any medical interference. There is, indeed, in such animals of the canine species, bulls, pugs, King Charles, etc., a conformation by which rhinitis may be- come a very serious affection. The etiology and the symptoms of rhinitis are well known. But the treatment often gives very unsatisfactory results. Indeed in some cases, rhinitis may give rise to complications of asthma, in those animals whose nose is very short. Asthma is manifested by loud breathing, occurring by spells, when the dog is walking or after a series of sneezes, more or less frequent. The poor little fellow stops moving, with both fore legs spread apart; he has a roaring inspiration; his diaphragm contracts spasmodically and his ribs are raised on 513 514 EDITORIAL. their upper extremity. The attack lasts but a few seconds and soon the animal anxious and distressed is more or less threatened with asphyxia. Soon, however, the normal condition reappears until another attack comes to add to his misery. Ag-ainst this frequent and very rebellious condition, Profs. Hebrant and Her- mann recommend, when the attack comes on, inhalation of chloride of ethyl, nitrite of amyl, chloroform or spirits of tur- pentine. If the spells are too frequent they advise sub-cutaneous injections of morphine or chloral by ingestion. * But there is another complication of rhinitis in dogs far more serious and which presents much analogy to ozena of man. A case is reported by these eminent observers which shows it. A little stable skye terrier had a bilateral muco-purulent nasal dis- charge which was adherent to the edges of both nostrils. As there were no other apparent lesions, fumigations of vegetal tar were only prescribed. But the discharge increased, and soon epistaxis took place after each inhalation. Fumigations of hay tea were ordered, the discharge kept increasing- and became foetid. In the meanwhile there appeared ocular troubles. Con- junctivitis and keratitis with ulcerations of the cornea, which was accompanied with escape of the aqueous humor and forma- tion of a staphyloma. The right eye followed and became also affected, while the discharge seemed to be reduced on the left side. Sprays of tincture of iodine were resorted to in the nasal cavities, but without improvement and finally the poor blind sufferer was killed. In making a post-mortem examination, it was found that most of the septum nasi was destroyed. In the left nasal cavity there was a mass of putrid remains of the de- stroyed turbinated bones and of the ethmoidal volute. The nasal bone, the nasal portion of the maxillary were more or less ne- crosed and the mucous membrane was entirely destroyed. The left frontal sinus was full of mucosities and of gangrenous small pieces of bones. It communicated with the left sinus and even the walls of the orbital cavitv were involved and diseased. The EDITORIAL. 515 lacrymal bone, the palate, frontal and superior maxillary were also involved. The lesions on the right side were more localized and attacked the mucous membrane principally. With such lesions, one can appreciate that no treatment could be followed by good results. Free trephining might have been tried; but perhaps the result would not have been any better. And all had started with an apparent plain attack of simple rhinitis. * * * Spirochetosis of Fowls. — The Review some months ago, in September, 1907, extracted from the Transi'aal Agricultural Journal a few remarks in relation to two ticks, of which illustra- tions were also reproduced. To the presence of these, the original author,, Mr. Howard, Acting Entomologist to the Transvaal Gov- ernment, attributed the death of fowls which had died in great number and where evidently the death was due to the loss of blood sucked from them by the ticks. But Mr. Howard added that it was thought that the ticks might also transmit some infec- tious diseases to fowls under certain circumstances, but that this was not common and that no absolute proofs of it existed. Under the heading of " Spirochaetosis of Fowls in Southern Rhodesia," the Journal of Comparative Pathology and Thera- peutics prints an article from LI. E. W. Bevan, M. R. C. V. S., Government Veterinary Surgeon, which shows that the last sup- position of Howard was correct, '' in the fact that these ticks are capable of introducing a special organism, namely, a spirochsete into the body of its host, giving rise to a septicccmia, which is an important, if not the principal, factor in the death of the fowl. When a little blood from a sick fowl is injected under the skin of a healthy bird,'spirochaetes are found in the blood of the in- oculated bird on the second day, increasing in number until the third day and then disappearing.*' Mr. Bevan then gives the symptoms, lesions observed in an outbreak which he considered as a typical example with the treatment resorted. I briefly resume them. Symptoms — Birds apparently healthy over night are found dead in the morning. In less acute cases birds are dull and mope, 51G EDITORIAL. with muffled feathers. There is loss of power in the limbs, wings are drooping, the birds are lame, squat about or are unable to rise. There is great thirst. Animals drink until they cannot hold any more. Diarrhea is abundant. Perhaps there is loss of appetite or again the bird eats to the time of death. Towards the end the bird lies with eyes closed and his head on the ground. Lesions — There are those of severe anaemia. The place of attachment of each larval tick has an hemorrhagic area. In some cases w^here ticks were plenty, no blood remained in the carcasses. In others where ticks were few and no signs of loss of blood existed there w-ere lesions pointing to septicaemia. Preventive Measures — Strictly hygienic indications. Isola- tion of the new birds, destruction of infected coops, cleaning of fowl-runs, white-washing and general measures of disinfection and cleanliness. Medical treatment — As soon as it is evident that a spiro- chaete is responsible for the death of the tick-infected fowls, quin- ine, methyl-arsenite of soda and atoxil have been tried. This last is the one that has seemed to give most satisfactory results. As these ticks are frequently observed all over the world, it is probable that fowls can be infected in a similar w'ay and that some of our readers may find some interest in the above concise remarks. * Intra-perttoneal Injection.s of Chloral. — On previous occasions I have alluded to the various applications that were carried on here with chloral, w^hen used in the peri- toneal intra-peritoneal injections, and I referred principally to those that Professor Sandrail, of Toulouse, made to obtain general anaesthesia on subjects which were used in the classes of practical operative surgery. Since that time two communica- tions have been presented to the Societe Centrale, where the use of chloral for similar purposes is extensively considered. These papers were the object of a prize for the authors. But it is not EDITOBIAL. 517 only as a means for general anaesthesia that the use of chloral seems to recommend itself. There are indications which our American veterinarians have for a number of years taken ad- vantage of, namely, in the treatment of colics. It is unnecessary to say how we in America administer it. A bolus is made, thrown in the patient's throat, and in a short time the effect is manifest. The patent is asleep. But it is not every one who can give a bolus. Americans excel in that way of administering medicines. I believe many veterinarians in England do also. I am not sure about the Ger- mans. But I am positive the French do not. And if some do they dare not ask a stable nurse to do it for them. It is then that one of the great advantages that can be obtained by the use of chloral must be lost, bearing in mind that its administra- tion in drenches, is certainly a difficult and possibly a dangerous operation. The results that have been obtained by Mr. Breton, late ad- junct to the chair of surgery at the school of Alfort, seem to show that administered- in intra-peritoneal injections in cases of severe attacks of colics, most satisfactory results have been ob- tained by him. Indeed, recalling the effects of chloral injected directly in the peritoneum by others, the thoughts came to Mr. Breton to resort to that way so as to relieve the violent manifestations observed in cases of colics. He experimented in various ways and finally adopted the following: An isotonic solution of chloride of sodium and chloral is prepared, viz., with 7 grammes of chloride, 100 of chloral and i litre of sterilized distilled water. Isotonic solutions are always supported better by the tissues. Cells are not altered, and local complications are less frequent and less dangerous. The solution is held in an apparatus used to make injections of physiological serum. The trocar used for bleeding is employed. This is pushed perpendicularly through the skin, as in cases of enterotomy, and the liquid is slowly injected, pass- ing directly in the peritoneum. 518 EDITORIAL. With this method Mr. Breton has injected chloral 78 times in cases of severe colics and in only one has the operation proved fatal. There had been introduction of the liquid between the peritoneum and the layers of muscles, extensive necrosis and an enormous abscess followed. " Always," says Mr. Breton, " anaesthesia is rapidly obtained. After a few minutes the patient is in a deep sleep arid to the violent pains of the colics succeeds a complete quietness which lasts four, five, six, seven hours and even more and permitting' without difficulty whatever treatment is indicated. Intra-peritoneal injections are absolutely harmless and it is the best method to resort to on account of the rapidity and certainty of the narcosis." It is certainly a more professional way to administer the drug, but I fancy that for many hand-balling will still remain the most practical. Veterinary Directories. — In the June number of our thirty-first volume I had the great pleasote of calling the atten- tion of our readers to an excellent little booklet, the directory of the Veterinary Surgeons of Pennsylvania, due to the exertions of Dr. W. H. Hoskins, the secretarv of the State Board of Ex- aminers. In my remarks, besides giving our esteemed colleague all the credit that he deserved, I suggested the idea that a similar work and a like publication might be issued by our numerous states, so as to have the full statement of our professional repre- sentation. It might not be essential that new editions should be published very often — once every five years, for instance, might do. Possibly some little addition could be introduced, among which T take the liberty to suggest the date of graduation, the official special work done, the connection with sanitary service or in schools, etc. Of course, this would involve extra expense, but if instead of being gratuitously given away they were disjxtsed of at a trifling price, perhaps this expense could be reduced to a minimum. EDITORIAL. 519 I have been reminded of this by looking over an old an- nouncement of the A. V. C, where something like what I sug- gest was done. In fact, in some countries of Europe the same is already done. It is far from my mind to recomnjend these addi- tions because of their existing in some similar works of old Europe. But never mind, the idea seemed to me practicable and advantageous. By the way, in glancing over one which is published yearly here in connection with a daily visiting book and that almost every veterinarian purchases and uses, I found lately material for a queer statistic. P'erhaps it may interest some of our read- ers. Taking into consideration the number of graduates from the three veterinary schools on January, 1908, as registered in this diary, I found that there are 2,980 altogether, of which 2,513 are in civil practice and 467 are in the army. I had the idea to search how old some of those 2,513 were, taking for aver- age that they had graduated only at 21 years of age, and count- ing them still alive in 1908. The statistic reads as follows: There remain Who graduated in And are now There remain Who graduated in And are now 18 1859 70 years old. 4 1848 81 years old. 16 1858 71 " " 6 1847 82 » 10 1857 72 " 12 1846 83 " 16 1856 73 " " 6 1845 84 " 16 1855 74 " 4 1844 85 " 12 1854 75 " 2 1843 85 " 17 1853 76 " " 3 1841 88 " 10 1852 77 " 3 1840 89 " 6 1831 78 " " I 1839 90 " 12 1850 79 " " I 1838 91 " I 1849 80 " " Making altogether 176 who are beyond 70 years old. Of Ihose there are recorded only 31 who are said not to be in prac- tice any more. Supposing that those 31 are the oldest, it yet 520 EDITORIAL. would mean that there are some who are practising, although they are 82, 81 years or less, say, down to the seventies. I leave to others the task to make conclusions in relation to such won- derful love to still practice, as exhibited by those venerables. * * Bibliography. — Dr. N. Lanzilloti-Buonsanti is completing his " Trattato di Tecnica e Terapeutica Chirurgica Degli Ani- niali Domestici " (Treatise of Technic and Therapeutic Surgery of the Domestic Animals), by the publication of the first section of the third and last volume, which is devoted to the surgery of the extremities. This first section is composed of two fasciculae, illustrated by numerous plates, many of which are photographic reproductions. The author has followed the original plan of the two first vol- umes. The anatomy of the extremities is concisely considered and while it covers but a few pages it forms a very interesting vade mecum on the subject. The physiology is much more ex- tensively treated and the illustrations are of much assistance in the studies of the different changes and modifications and prob- lems pertaining to locomotion. The chapter on generalities of lameness, their classification, the diagnosis and the various ways to reach it, with the many illustrations that are presented, bring us to the chapter IX., which began the consideration of the dis- eases of the extremities and their symptoms. In this part there is a peculiar arrangement, which I consider a very valuable in- novation. While the diseases and lesions are considered accord- ing as they are met with in the various systems, cutaneous, mus- cular, bony, nervous, etc., merely the important and specific symptoms are given, and that in a kind of simple, concise ex- pose, which permits the reader to at once and without great searching find the part which interests him. In these two fasciculae one can judge what the entire volume will be and when it is completed the entire work will, no doubt, prove of general usefulness and reference in the veterinary world. EDITORIAL. 521 A short time ago I was making- allusion to the work of our friend Dr. Knowles on artificial fecundation. Lately my atten- tion was called in the Review to an article from our worthy collaborator, Dr. Gribble, and just now I receive a little work from a veterinarian, Mr. Ed. Curot, of whom I have already had occasion to speak in these pages when his book on the " Use of Sugar in Food to Animals " was issued. To-day the new book is entitled Fecondation et Sterilite. I am quite sure many of our friends will read it. It is a part of the " Encyclopedic de I'Agriculture," sold by C. Amat, 1 1 rue de Mezieres in Paris. It forms one volume in twelve of nearly 300 pages, where the author has undertaken to study the means of reducing the large percentage of losses that sterility imposed upon breeders. The various and numerous causes of sterility in males and in females are carefully considered, the possibility of a positive diagnosis is exposed and a rational preventive and curative treatment indicated. The last part of the work relates to artificial fecundation and concise mention is made of what has been done in America in that direction. It is a very instruc- tive and interesting volume. * * * In conclusion, I am pleased to acknowledge the receipt of the following: The Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1906; the No, 3, Vol. XIII., of the Ar- chives of Biological Sciences, published by the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine at St. Petersburg; Bulletin 250 from Cornell University yVgricultural Experimental Station on Bovine Tuberculosis, and one on the Dissemination and Control of Tuberculosis, as illustrated in the bovine species, both by Dr. V. A. Moore; a pamphlet on Meat and Milk Hygiene, by Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, M. R. C. V. S.; finallv. the Journal of the Alumni Association of McKillip Veterinary College and the an- nouncement of the San Francisco Veterinary College of 1908- 1909. 522 EDITORIAL. European Items of Veterinary Interest. — I will close this month with a little journey among the items of veterinary- interest on the continent as I find them in professional journals. In Belgium — The Societe of Veterinary Medicine of Ant- werp has decided to publish a bulletin, a kind of journal which will give reports of the meetings, a professional chronicle, orig- inal articles, etc. It will be published in the French and Flemish languages. In Holland — Dr. D. A. de Jong, director of the Abattoir of Leyden, general secretary of the Ninth International Veterinary Congress, has been appointed professor of comparative path- ology at the University of Leyden. In Austria — Since a long time Austrian veterinary students are clamoring for reforrhs in the veterinary schools and especially asking the transfer of the school from the Secretary of War's jurisdiction to that of the Secretary of Public Instruction. Their claims remaining ignored, they revolted, were turned out of the school and then made great manifestations before the Parlia- ment and the University. In Germany — At the school of Munich Prof. Dr. Joseph Mayr is appointed to the chair of surgery and history of medi- cine. He is also placed at the direction of the surgical clinics for small and large animals. Baden-Baden — The permanent Commission of International Veterinary Congresses met in that town in April last, under the presidency of Dr. Lydtin. Delegates from England, from the Cape and from Denmark only were present. M. M. Binder, of Vienna, and Leclainche, of Toulouse, were selected to pre- pare an international form of declaration of contagious diseases. The Commission then prepared the order of the day for the next congress, which will be held between the 14th and 19th of Sep- tember, 190Q. Fifty questions had been proposed, but ten of general interest were retained. The reports will be printed in three languages, as was adopted on a previous occasion and will be distributed as soon as possible. EDITORIAL. 523 At Dresden — A laboratory is to be established at the veteri- nary school for the study of ''Opsonins/' the soluble substances contained in normal sera or in specific immune sera and which act in phagocytosis to increase it and render it more efficacious. The knowledge of those substances, or better, of the opsonizing properties of sera, is utilized in the treatment of infectious dis- eases by the method of Wright, of London, which consists in injecting under the skin, at repeated times, emulsions of cultures of the proper lesions of a patient, first sterilized by heat. A. L. THE GOVERNMENT STANDARD FOR VETERINARY COLLEGES. The last report of the Committee on Intelligence and Educa- tion, A. V. M. A., presented at Kansas City. in 1907, by Dr. Leonard Pearson, chairman, gives a comprehensive outline of the organization, equipment and budget considered necessary for a veterinary school to possess in order to teach the veterinary sciences in an adequate manner in a way that is proportionate to the needs of the country and in harmony with the development of modern technical and professional schools. Such a school, according to the committee's report, would re- quire a $350,000 equipment with an annual budget of $75,000 to teach from 200 to 300 students; the standard for students entering upon their professional studies to be on a plane with that required for medicine, law, engineering, agriculture, etc., viz., four years of successful high school ; the duration of the course of veterinary instruction to be four years of nine months each. Such in brief is the standard of attainment set by the A. V. M. A. for those veterinary schools which are to take high rank in America. It is well for the profession to set a high standard for veteri- nary schools. The Review stands for higher education. It also recognizes the fact that we must first meet conditions as they 524 EDITORIAL. exist in this country at the present time before we can expect to attain our ideals. We are of opinion that the expert committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate the schools and recommend a standard for matriculation, course of instruction, etc., to be maintained in order for their graduates to be eligible to take the United States Civil Service examinations for appointment in the government service has done splendid work and has acted wisely in establishing at this time a minimum standard which is in the reach of every school in the land. Its recommendations are reasonable and practical and well adapted to meet present needs and conditions. True, a few of the schools are far in advance of the Government demands, yet on the other hand there are more that the new requirements will bring up to a higher plane and thereby elevate the profession as a whole. Sev- eral of the schools are not going to take advantage of the time allowed but propose to meet the Government requirements at once. The colleges are classified on the basis of the courses of in- struction they are giving. Class A consists of those colleges whose graduates are recommended as eligible to the U. S. Civil Ser\ace examinations for Veterinary Inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Class B consists of those colleges whose graduates have been allowed to take the Civil Service examina- tions subsequent to 1898, but are not recommended. Class C are the colleges whose recent graduates are not eligible to take the Civil Service examinations and are not recommended. The matriculation requirements are equivalent to the second grade examination as published by the U. S. Civil Service Manual of Examinations, supplemented by United States history and geography of the United States and its possessions; the course in veterinary medicine covers a period of three years of not less than six months in each year, exclusive of final ex- aminations and holidays. Elsewhere in this issue of the Review we print the full text of the Government report and recommendations, issued July 6, EDITORIAL. 525 1908, which we commend to the careful consideration of our readers. Matriculation requirements, schedule of instruction, length of course, grading of course, constitution of faculty and qualifications of instructors, classification of veterinary colleges and requirements for graduation are among the subjects that the committee make recommendations upon, all of which have been approved by the Secretary of Agriculture and will become operative for each institution not later than the close of the col- lege year 1908-9. No college in Class A can give credit to any student for any work done at colleges in classes B and C. By referring to recommendation No. 2y of the Government report it willbe ob- served that the wording of the recommendation permits the schools in Class A to commence enforcing the regulations at any time after the issue of the circular. In order to prevent students at present registered in colleges in classes B and C from deserting these colleges and joining colleges in Class A, it has been decided that the colleges in the latter class shall immediately respect and enforce the regulations in this respect. As a consequence gradu- ates or students of colleges in classes B and C are ineligible to enter colleges in Class A. The influence of the action of the Government will certainly be of great value to the profession at large, and the Review is of opinion that it will prove a potent factor in bringing about a decided advance in veterinary education. The Government report ought to make the coming meeting of the Association of Faculties and Examining Boards one of considerable interest and much importance to the membership of the A. V. M. A. We are looking forward to the discussion that will arise then with more than passing interest. It is evident that largely increased funds are needed if veteri- nary colleges are to maintain a high standard. Some states have appropriated money for veterinary education and small appro- priations of the federal funds donated to land-grant colleges have in some Instances been used to support a limited amount of 526 EDITORIAL. veterinary work, but aside from this the federal government has done nothing directly for veterinary education. Now, that the Government has officially recognized the value and importance of veterinary education to the nation, and has taken measures to elevate the standard of such education in the interest of the administration of the Department of Agriculture, an appeal should be made to Congress for an appropriation suf- ficient to place veterinary education in this country upon a sub- stantial basis, as it has done for agricultural education. The advancement of agriculture as well as the prosperity and health of the people depend, in no small degree, upon the intelligent application of the veterinary sciences to the needs of the country. GOOD NEWS FROM LOUISIANA. Reforms are slow of accomplishment where their importance is neither fully realized nor appreciated, but with well-directed and persistent effort they can usually be brought about, although often discouragingly stow. Twenty years ago a graduate in veterinary medicine in Louis- iana, as in most other sections of our vast domain, was nothing short of a curiosity. The past twenty years, however, have wit- nessed wonderful changes in things veterinary, and those changes have been for the uplifting and upbuilding of the veterinary pro- fession, and for the benefit of livestock husbandry, for which the state of Louisiana is so well adapted. The Review is delighted to be able to announce to the pro- fession at large that the General Assembly of the state of Louis- iana has just passed a law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery in that commonwealth, and at the same time has created a board of veterinary medical examiners to pass upon the fitness of graduates who propose entering the state to engage in practice. For the passage of this bill, Dr. Dalrymple gallantly gives the credit to Dr. J. Arthur Goodwin, of New EDITORIAL, 527 Iberia, La., a member of the A. V. M. A., who not only drew the bill up, but worked untiringly for it among the members of the Legislature, and spoke for it before the different committees to which it had been referred. This is not all. A live stock sanitary bill had been intro- duced in the Louisiana State Legislature, at each biennial session, since 1902. The persistence with which the measure was intro- duced, which was with as much regularity as the legislative ses- sion itself, is said to have got it into disfavor with the Senate Committee to which it had always been referred. '' Nil des- perandum," however, was the motto of Louisiana's loyal veterin- arians and the reader can imagine the supreme pleasure of Dr. Dalrymple as he stood in the Senate Chamber and heard the re- sult of the vote which made the live stock sanitary bill a law, which is the satisfactory result of quite a niimber of years' dis- couragement, blended with a modicum of hope and deter- mination. The personnel of the Board, 'when organized, will be the State Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration as ex-of- ficio chairman, the Professor of Veterinary Medicine in the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; the Ento- mologist of the State Experiment Stations, and two citizen stockmen who shall be financially interested in the breeding and raising of live stock, and who shall be appointed by the Gover- nor. The Secretary and Executive Officer of the Board shall be a member of the veterinary profession who is a graduate of a reputable and recognized veterinary college. The reason for the Experiment Station Entomologist being on the Board is on account of the law embracing the work of tick-eradication in the state, and the fact that this work has been, and will continue to be for the next two years, in the hands of the Louisiana State Crop Pest Commission, which is an ento- mological department, and the secretary of this commission, who is also entomologist of the Stations, having had considerable ex- perience along this line. 528 EDITOBIAL, Unfortunately, the live stock sanitary bill had to be intro- duced, at this time, without an appropriation, otherwise it would have been lost. However, it was a consideration to have it en- acted into law, and placed upon the statute books, and it is ex- pected that the next General Assembly will see fit to appropriate the necessary funds for the effective carrying out of its pro- visions. " Half a loaf is better than no bread " these times, and especially in a section of the country where the importance of such legislation is not, even yet, fully realized. It will be seen, therefore, that, with a reorganized state veter- inary medical association for the mutual benefit, educationally and otherwise, of the members of the profession in the state, with a law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery for the protection of the public from unqualified prac- titioners, and with a live stock sanitary law to afford protection to stockowners against the introduction and spread of the fatal microbic diseases to which animals are susceptible, Louisiana is striding onward and upward and getting into line with her pro- gressive sister states; all of which,' we feel sure, will be received as good news by the profession throughout the length and breadth of the land. Congratulations to the people of Louisiana and congratula- tions to Dr. Dalrymple and his co-workers. THE NEW DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. The technical training in pathology and bacteriology of Dr. Veranus Alva Moore, whose portrait adorns this issue of the Review, and the far-reaching value to comparative medical science of his research work and the broad scope for its ap- plication in human and animal medicine have long been recog- nized and appreciated by the veterinary profession. His early work in the laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington under Drs. D. E. Salmon and Theobald EDITOBIAL. 529 Smith, and his own work in said Bureau, as chief of the Division of Animal Pathology, after Dr. Smith's resignation to accept a professorship in Harvard University; his subsequent work at Cornell University as a member of the Veterinary Faculty; his researches in the field of comparative pathology and bacteriology ; his brilliant contributions to comparative medical science and en- richment of its literature, and the practical value of his services to the State of New York as a scientific expert in the control of serious outbreaks of infectious diseases of animals, contribute in no small degree, to make Dr. Moore a worthy successor to the venerable veterinary scholar and educator. Professor James Law, who is now retired from the directorship under the Carnegie foundation after a long and notable career. In addition to his duties of administration. Dr. Moore re- tains his own chair of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, while a young man of university training, and some experience in practice, has been appointed Acting Professor to occupy Dr. Law's chair of Veterinary Medicine. This gentle- man is Dr. D. H. Udall, a graduate of the University of Ver- mont, and also of the N. Y. S. V. C, class 1901. For the past five years Dr. Udall has been teaching in the Veterinary Depart- ment of the Ohio State University, and last spring he was made full Professor of Veterinary Medicine in that institution. Dr. Udall will spend some time in Europe studying clinical veterinary medicine. The work in medicine will meantime be strengthened by several short courses on special subjects given by distinguished members of the profession. It is the new Director's purpose to bring up the practical end of the college to as high a level as possible. Besides lectures on special topics by those most experienced, arrangements for a con- siderable addition to the clinical facilities have been made. Since the enforcement of the higher requirements for entrance the col- lege is obtaining a very fine class of men who will do the pro- fession honor and the agricultural and public health interests of the country great good. The wonderful advances in scientific 530 EDITORIAL, veterinary medicine require to meet the demands of to-day men of good education and thorough technical training. It is con- fidently expected that the Department of Medicine will be main- tained at a high standard and that soon the best methods af- forded by European veterinary colleges for teaching both theo- retical and clinical medicine will be employed. Among other prominent pathologists, Dr. Moore was en- gaged in extensive investigations as an expert in the now famed Smelter Smoke Suit in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana, in 1906 raid 1907. He served as a member of the commission appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to revise the meat inspection rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1907. He is active in the work of the American Veterinary Medical Association, being chairman of the Committee on Diseases, and is deeply interested in the work of the International Congress on Tuberculosis. The new Director's writings are all of a tech- nical character and are of much scientific and practical value. The third edition of his " The Pathology and Differential Diag- nosis of Infectious Diseases of Animals," is now in press. The new edition will be welcomed and appreciated by the profession. Dr. Moore is a valued collaborator of the American Veter- inary Review. Dr. Moore's appointment is a well-deserved one. In view of the character of the work he has done, the Review confidently believes that his thought and labors will be for the further ad- vancement of veterinary education and the welfare of the profes- sion in general. OUR DISTINGUISHED GUESTS. Many of our members contemplate attending both meetings — the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia and the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington — but to those who can only spare the time to attend one meeting we would strongly advise them to attend the Philadelphia meeting. EDITORIAL. 531 In the first place it is a courtesy we owe to the distinguished foreigners who honor us with their presence at the A. V. M. A. convention. It is a rare privilege indeed to have the opportunity to personally meet these noted investigators and writers from abroad. We believe this will be more appreciated by many than the listening to the reading of learned papers in a foreign tongue, especially as the papers are to be published in three different languages and will be available to peruse at home. Men are saying that they would like to meet or at least to see Dr. Bang and Dr. Ostertag, and others. It will be something to them even to have seen these men. Another thing, as yet no word has been received from any channel indicating what the program of the veterinary division of the Washington meeting will contain. This lack of informa- tion and in the presence of definite knowledge that we will have a good program at Philadelphia should impress itself upon our membership. If possible attend both meetings. If, however, you can be present only at one attend the Philadelphia meeting. It affords us pleasure to present elsewhere in our pages the program of the A. V. M. A. meeting, together with the names of officers, committees, portraits of officers, view of the Head- quarters, A. V. M. A., and also a view of Houston Hall, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, where the sessions will be held. Infor- mation as to transportation and the social features, so far as arranged, are also included in the account. At the present writing every sign points to the largest gath- ering and the most successful meeting of its kind ever held in America if not in the world. LOCO-WEED POISONING AND BARIUM SALTS. If it were not for the fact that the full report of Crawford's investigation of loco-weed poisoning, and his brilliant discovery showing that it is the inorganic constituents, especially barium, 532 EDITOBIAL. which are responsible for its poisonous action upon horses and cattle, previously referred to in the Review^ has been published in a bulletin issued by the Government Bureau of Plant Industry, which is available to all those interested, we would give space in our pages to the investigator's entire paper on account of the im- portance of the contribution to toxicology and pharmacology and to the inestimable value of the discovery in the practice of medicine. We feel, however, that the subject is of sufficient general in- terest to all our readers, to warrant us in publishing a compre- hensive synopsis of the principal points brought out in the in- vestigation. This we do in this issue. The resume has been carefully prepared by our able collaborator, Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, which may be found elsewhere under the head of " Cor- respondence." Fatalities from sunstroke and prostration among work- horses in New York, during the recent hot spell, are said to surpass all records except it be that of the summer of 1896 when more than 1,200 equine toilers succumbed in the metropolis in one week. A Literary Gem. — The following resolution was adopted by the Board of Aldermen on Tuesday, July 21, and appeared in The City Record, the official organ of The City of New York : " Resolved, That permission be and the same is hereby given to Reiner & Wolff to temporarily occupy, during intervals be- tween absences, for the convenience of the public, and with the full concurrence of the landlord and occupant of the premises known as No. 71 Sheriff street, in the Borough of Manhattan, with a furniture van, at the corner of Sheriff and Rivington streets, in front of the aforesaid No. 71 Sheriff street, in the aforesaid Borough of Manhattan, provided that such space tem- porarily occupied be kept absolutely clean, free and clear of equine disjecta, or refuse of any kind whatsoever, under the supervision of the President of the Borough; such permission to continue only during the pleasure of the Board of Aldermen. " Which was adopted." Now it's up to the President of the Borough of Manhattan. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE RESTRAINT OF ANIMALS BY AID OF CHLORAL HYDRATE. By F. F. Brown, D. V. S., Kansas City, Mo. A paper read before the annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association at Omaha, Ntbraska, 1908. The restraint of animals is one of the important problems associated with the practice of, medicine, and one that daily calls for solution at the hands of the busy practitioner. Restraint is the preliminary step to nearly all surgical opera- tions and the success of surgical undertakings is largely measured by the effectiveness with which the animal is confined. Imper- fect restrain not only detracts from the skillful use of the knife, but increases the opportunity for infection of the surgical field, so that the unfortunate terminations of many surgical cases, many times can be traced to not properly limiting the struggles of the animal. Confinement of animals is made with three objects in view : First — To restrain the animal that it may not do itself bodily injury or harm. Second — To limit the jeopardy of life and limb of operator and assistants. Third — The primary object of restraint — to secure the ani- mal in such a manner that the operation may be carefully, ef- fectively and scientifically performed. Fear of injury or pain prompts resistance on the part of animals, which resistance must be anticipated by the surgeon and met with measures of confinement commensurate with the op- eration in hand. If the medical attention or operation is one of a minor nature, oftentimes efforts directed towards inspiring confidence on thfe part of the animal in the one in charge will 688 534 F. F. liKOWN. suffice. Kindness and firmness, combined with patience, go a long way in subjugating the will of the brute world to that of man. The peculiar disposition of certain animals or nature of cer- tain operations renders moral suasion wholly impracticable in some instances, and force is frequently an added agency in the problem of control. As man becomes familiar with the habits and temperaments of animals he learns to take advantage of their lesser intelligence and by means of little devices is enabled to place at great dis- advantage his many times more powerful associate. Even when the horse is cast by means of harness or placed upon a table especially devised for that purpose, the restraint is at best an imperfect one, and does not give the surgeon the op- portunity to display the highest type of surgical skill. The resistance of animals may be further limited by resort- mg to those methods that will interfere with the transmission of painful impulses, viz., intensely cold applications, compression and medicinal agents, which latter may be inserted about the sensory nerve endings or along the lines of the sensory nerve trunk. Those measures that will make less painful a surgical opera- tion are to be highly commended, and it should be the aim and determination of the veterinarian to aspire to the same degree of proficiency in this respect as the surgeon of the human kind — the avoidance at all times of needless pain in the lower ani- mals. Local anaesthesia serves it purpose when properly applied in many instances and should come into more general use. In certain selected cases when properly applied its results are per- fect. The field of veterinary surgery is too broad, however, to be entirely met by local anaesthesia, as there are cases that arise in which the operation would prove too painful or too ex- tensive to admit of any method short of anaesthesia in its gen- eral sense. THE BESTRAINT OF ANIMALS BV AID OF CHLORAL HYDRATE. 535 The selection of a suitable agent that will safely reduce the animal to a state of total unconsciousness is a puzzling ques- tion. Of the many agents that may be employed nearly all have some objectionable quality. These objections range all the way from the ineffective, delirium-producing kind to those that in- toxicate and kill by respiratory or cardiac arrest. Chloral hydrate has for years held a high place as a re- hable hypnotic. Perhaps no one agent is as generally used for holding in abeyance nervous and painful conditions. This it ac- complishes so frequently when the patient is at all susceptible to agents of this class that it is rare for some other drug to sup- plant it and give better results when it fails on a given case. As usually employed it is given per orem, but may be given per rectum intravenously and intraperitoneally. Its use subcu- taneously or intratracheally is not permissible on account of its irritating properties, and if it be diluted to a point to overcome this, the bulk of the injection would be too great to be practical. When one or two ounces are given either in drench or cap- sule per orem the patient in the course of an hour usually ex- hibits extreme dullness or occasionally passes into a state of anaesthesia. Its action when given in this manner is uncertain, which is perhaps largely due to becoming mixed with quantities of ingesta and thus delaying absorption. The majority of sur- gical cases call for a more prompt and certain action than usually can be obtained from oral administration. Rectal injections encounter the difficulty of the animal's making repeated and persistent attempts to evacuate the bowel, which is prompted by the local irritation of the agent, and for this reason this method is not ordinarily satisfactory. The intravenous injection of chloral hydrate is attended by very prompt results. In a very few seconds after one to one and one-half ounces in solution are injected in this manner, the animal becomes completely unconscious. This latter is the method resorted to at the Kansas City Vet- erinary College on dissecting subjects and cases for surgical practice. In the latter instance animals are kept anaesthetized 536 F. F. BROWN. from three to five hours, and as the effect of the chloral passes off it is occasionally found necessary to supplement it with in- halations of chloroform. The writer has never had the opportunity to observe the after-effect on a great number of patients in which chloral was employed in this manner, but from what can be learned (and the investigation has extended to about fifteen cases) it would seem that no harmful effect follows so far as injury to the blood or intima of the vessels is concerned. The chief danger lies in the possibility of unconsciously per- mitting the needle to be withdrawn from the vein and discharge some of the solution into the tissues. Following such an acci- dent abscesses are apt to occur, together with phlebitis, infec- tion and death of the patient. The attention of the veterinary profession rather recently has been attracted to the feasibility of producing anaesthesia in animals with hydrated chloral by injecting a solution of the same into the peritoneal cavity. This method, while practiced by the human surgeon in certain isolated cases, is considered entirely too dangerous a procedure for general practice on account of the irritating properties of the drug, and has been abandoned. In the horse, from one and one-half to two ounces is used, which is dissolved in from ten to fifteen times as much distilled water and injected at body temperature, preferably through the left flank. The animal should be as carefully prepared previous to the operation as it would have been were any other general anaesthetic to be administered, with the added care that every- thing used pertaining to the injection is first sterilized and ren- dered free from germ life. In a few minutes following the introduction of the agent the animal will show slight restlessness, which is quickly fol- lowed by stupor, inability to maintain its equilibrium, and in from five to ten minutes goes to the ground where it quickly lapses into a state of anaesthesia, oftentimes so complete that the most se'rious operation may be undertaken without exciting any of the reflexes. THE RESTRAINT OF ANIMALS BY AID OF CHLORAL HYDRATE. 537 The period of anaesthesia usually continues a sufficient length of time for the most extensive major operation to be performed, at the end of which time, ordinarily from one to two hours, the animal gradually revives and regains its feet.. When the agent employed is one of superior quality and the injection made in conformity with modern approved surgical ideas, the behavior of the patient is very much as above noted, w^ith no serious sequela so far as the use of chloral is concerned. There are, however, certain disappointments and after-effects associated with the use of this drug that are worthy of men- tion and they will be taken up and discussed in order. First — Intoxication and consequent death of the patient. This sequel from a danger viewpoint might at first be regarded as the most prominent one, but experience does not appear to warrant this conclusion. On the contrary, the data furnished on over one hundred cases in which the intraperitoneal method was practiced does not record the loss of a single subject from intoxication. The conclusions reached, and so often taught, as to the dangers of chloral as an anaesthetic appear to be based largely on experiences in human practice, which is no criterion from which to judge its action on lower animals. Second — Failure to obtain the physiological action of the drug when given in full dosage. If no action or very little fol- lows the injection of the agent there is practically but one con- clusion to be reached, viz., that the trocar entered the large bowel and permitted the fluid to be thrown into its interior where it became so mixed with the contents as to make slow its ab- sorption. The writer has had the privilege of observing the behavior of a horse within the last few days in which two ounces diluted with twenty onces of water were injected per rectum, the bowel contents first having been carefully removed by hand. No discernible effect whatever was produced by the drug. On the following day the same amount was administered to the same animal intraperitoneally, with the result that the animal was " down and out " in nine minutes and remained perfectly 538 F. F. BROWN. anaesthetized for a period of nearly two hours. During the period frequent tests were made on many parts of the body to determine the state of the sensory apparatus which was met by no response whatever. Third — The opportunity to inject the preparation into the muscular tissues or between them and the peritoneum, thus con- fining the fluid and making conditions favorable for the develop- ment of peritonitis. The trocar should be carefully passed until resistance ceases and due allowance made for the condition of the animal and thickness of the abdominal muscles. Bowel odors emanating from the canula point to the fact that the bowel has been punctured, while the resistance offered to blowing through the canula give the hint that the full abdominal wall has not been penetrated. Fourth — Colicky pains following in the course of from three to five hours. This is perhaps the most frequent sequel to the use of hydrated chloral in the above manner. Apparently the drug arrests the digestive processes, for it is nothing uncommon for tympany to follow its use. As a rule, this condition is not serious, and I have yet to hear of a loss from colic, although I have known of cases wherein it was neces- sary to resort to the trocar. A more strict attention to properly preparing the animal for the anaesthetic will diminish the number of colics following its use, as well as lessen their intensity when they occur. Fifth and last — Peritonitis. On account of the well-known irritating properties of chloral hydrate this would be the most likely sequel attending its use. The average physician is loath to believe that a ten per cent, solution of this drug can be injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals with impunity, but there are practitioners who have used it in this manner on many cases without any apparent symp- toms of peritonitis. Not all veterinarians have been so fortunate. Recently I have the report where one practitioner employed it on three sep- arate cases with a loss from peritonitis of one hundred per cent. THE RESTRAINT OF ANIMALS BY AID OF CHLORAL HYDRATE. 539 The writer has observed an elevation of from three to four de- grees of temperature with corresponding acceleration of pulse and respiration in the course of six or seven hours following its use, but in another twelve hours these disturbances had sub- sided without medical attention and the animal appeared none the worse for its experience. The references to no tesses at the hands of one practitioner and one hundred per cent, at the hands of another represent the two extremes and the problem is, how are we to harmonize the two reports? The reports indicate that the quantity used, percentage of dilution and care exercised in administering were approximately the same. Can we look to the chloral hydrate itself as the of- fending agent? After careful investigation, I am very much in- clined to the opinion that herein lies the secret and that while there may be an occasional case of peritonitis develop, yet it appears possible to reduce the losses to a very small per cent. Chloral hydrate at best is an unstable agent. It undergoes chemical change in the presence of alkalies or organic substances. Likewise it is affected by sunlight, exposure to air and high temperatures, and is especi?illy prone to decompose if permitted to liquefy through exposure or if kept in solution. Many of these alterations result in the formation of substances more irritating than the original drug in its highest state of purity. It would not be unreasonable to imagine a practitioner, de- siring to give chloral a trial via the peritoneal cavity, procuring an article that possibly with seal broken had stood on the drug- gist's or his own shelf for months, with his experience resulting in the sheerest disappointment. Until this point has been more thoroughly canvassed by one better versed in organic chemistry than the writer he has this to advise: Use for peritoneal injection hydrated chloral of highest quality only. Procure if possible in two-ounce bot- tle so as to use fresh each time. If kept in a cool place away from sunlight and administered under the best teachings re- 540 F. F. BROWN. garding antiseptic precautions to animals properly prepared, the writer believes that the mortalities will largely disappear, and that the use of chloral hydrate intraperitoneally, in major sur- gical operations, on account of the prompt and perfect control it gives will be regarded as a most safe and sane method of re- straining animals. • Solomon had 40,000 stalls for horses for his chariots and 12,000 horsemen. To THE Odor Born. — A Chicago man who was a member of the committee on reception on the occasion of the visit of Prince Albert of Belgium a year or two ago, tells of his high- ness' inspection of the stockyards. The prince received every possible attention and was much interested in the magnitude of the industry and the various pro- cesses for disposing of the thousands of cattle and hogs slaugh- tered every day. Jivst before he left he turned to the intelligent young man who had been told off to act as his guide and asked : " Do you never suffer any inconvenience from the odor here?" " What odor, your highness? " was the naive response of the young man. — (Philadelphia Ledger.). Licensed to Practice in New Jersey. — The following gen- tlemen successfully passed the June examinations of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of New Jersey, have been adjudged duly qualified, and licensed to practice veterinary medicine in that state : John J. Pardue, V.M.D. (U. of P.), Newark, N. J. James A. McCloskey, V.M.D. (U. of P.), Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. Edward A. Parker, Jr., V.M.D. (U. of P.), Atlantic City, N.J. Winfield B. Hobson, V.M.D. (U. of P.), Paterson, N. J. Alex. M. Mecray, V.M.D. (U. of P.), Moorestown, N. J. Harold E'. Stearns, D.V.S. (N. Y. U.), Arlington, N. J. William A. Fitzpatrick, M.D.C. (C. V. C), Mount Holly, N.J. John H. Bakelaar, M.D.C. (C. V. C), Passaic. N. T. Frank T. Burnett, M.D.C, (C. V. C), Paterson, N. J. AWAY WITH ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS.* That Scourge, Viewed from the Standpoint of the Meat Packer, Stock Raiser and General Public, Must Be Stamped ■ Out. By D. Arthur Hughes, Ph. D., D. V. M., Inspector, Subsistence Dept., U. S. Army, Chicago. Those of US who read our daily papers, and our Hve-stock or agricultural journals, either casually or carefully, will remember very well the bitter quarrel last summer between the meat pack- ers of the country and the live stock commission men. The con- test between the two lasted about eight weeks growing hotter as the weeks rolled by, and having the economic effect on the coun- try of scarcity of beef products and soaring prices. The com- mission men needed the packers as purchasers, especially during that part of the year — the summer season, the time for cattle sales. On the other hand the packers could not be forced to buy on shippers' and commission men's terms, when those terms re- quired the packers to take all risks. Throughout the contest the commission men held that the packers were employing trickery to lessen prices in order that they might buy any quantity of cattle at their own figure, at such a time, later, when farmer and commission man would be forced to sell. The story looked plausible and its plausibility made an excellent blind for their clients — the farmer and shipper. Usually, any argument against the packers has been swallowed by the country without considera- tion. This time the packers had truth and justice on their side beyond any equivocation. They stated that their object was to stop condemnation losses from tuberculosis and make the careless farmers see the necessity for clearing up their premises. The con- test had the striking effect of bringing to the attention of the coun- try at large the losses the packers were sustaining from animal tuberculosis, the rapid increase of the infection, which necessi- tated that strong measures be taken to halt its progress, or de- *An address delivered before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation. 541 542 D. ARTHUR HUGHES. crease the losses caused by it; and the unsanitary condition in which many localities must be, from which come load after load of animals infected with tuberculosis, to cause the unwary pur- chaser his heavy losses. We may well, therefore, in this address, have the fourfold purpose of inquiring : First, the cost of animal tuberculosis to the packer; second, the cost of animal tuberculosis to the stock raiser; third, the cost of animal tuberculosis to the general public or meat consumer; fourth, what suggestions on sanitary mea- sures can be offered in this aggravating situation. I. — The cost of animal tuberculosis to the meat packer. If we pay no attention to the animals killed on the farm, we may divide all other domestic animals killed for food in the country into those slaughtered under the United States Inspec- tion and those not. According to the last obtainable annual re- port of the Bureau of Animal Industry, that for 1905, detailing the United States Inspections for the last year under the c>ld law,* there were 16,956 whole carcasses and 647 parts of car- casses of cattle condemned for tuberculosis, and 64,919 whole carcasses and 142,105 parts of carcasses of swine condemned for the same disease. This is a record against tuberculosis of some- thing like 90 per cent, of all condemnations, and the total loss has been estimated by the packing houses under official supervision to be in the neighborhood of three million dollars annually. Among the many thousands of men in government inspected houses, of all grades of intellect, there were always many who realized that these losses were unfair to the packers. Among these were the cattle or hog buyers who daily bought fat cattle or hogs for their houses, which were only too quickly condemned for tuberculosis at slaughter. These men, no doubt, keenly felt the injustice when, at the International Live Stock Show, up till recently, before the time it w^as decided to give prizes to cattle only after the tuberculin test, they bought seemingly prime cattle for the packers only to have them found shockingly tuberculous * Twenty-second Annual Report B. A. I., p. 26. AWAY WITH ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 543 at slaughter. These thinking men, also, are the ones who have noted the rapid increase in tuberculosis in cattle and hogs, as shown in condemnation after slaughter or purchase. Dr. A. D. Melvin has informed usf that the percentage of tuberculosis found in cattle where government inspection prevails, has risen from one- fourth of one per cent, in 1905 to one-half of one per cent, in 1907; or, the amount found has doubled. In hogs the amount found is far worse — about four times as much. Inas- much as the custom has been to hoodwink the unwary packers by selling them all these diseased animals, is there any wonder that they cry out at the injustice? In other words, with the increase of tuberculosis among their purchases comes a greater and greater condemnation loss. The ever-increasing tuberculosis meant an ever-increasing loss, by condemnation for grease or offal of either the whole or part of each carcass found infected. The bill was bound to increase if they did not make a stand against the dis- ease. They stood for a " square deal." II. — The cost of animal tuberculosis to the stock raiser. The results of post-mortem inspection in the houses under government control and the cost of tuberculosis to the packers are an index to what is occurring on the farms from which such infected animals come. There can be no reasonable dispute of the statement that the bill for tuberculosis against the packers should be the bill for tuberculosis against the stock raisers, whomsoever they may be. We may take the statement for granted that this bill belongs to them, and that eventually they will be forced to foot it. However, the figures emanating from the reports of inspec- tion in official abattoirs really represent a small part of the cost of animal tuberculosis to the stock raiser. Under the new federal law, with the extension of government inspection to scores of smaller houses, we have been enabled to further study how wide- spread the disease is, as evinced by the number of carcasses found fAmerican Veterinary Review, November, 1907, pp. 206-207. 544 D, ARTHUB HUGHES. tuberculous during the inspections. Furthermore, the passage of the new federal law has stimulated the passage of state meat inspection laws and municipal regulations. There are thou- sands of houses doing only a state business, or a merely munic- ipal business, the records of which do not enter into our com- putation of the extent of tuberculosis among farm animals. A compilation of these facts would add more weight to the argu- ment against tuberculosis. The federal reports show that about thirty millions of cattle and hogs are killed under federal super- vision per annum, a list of which is, of course, greatly increased under the new law. Yet this is only part of the total slaughter of animals each year in the United States. The report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1906:!: shows that we have this year (1907) in the United States 20,968,265 milch cows and 51,- 565,733 other cattle. In addition to the number of animals killed in the government-inspected abattoirs must be added the millions killed in the state and city abattoirs and in the country. The expert would likely find as much tuberculosis in them as in the animals slaughtered under the federal eye. The evidence in favor of this view is, that officials of the various states, trying cattle with tuberculin, have, in report of tests sent in to Wash- ington, from whence they obtained the tuberculin for the tests, attested that from 2.79 to 19.69 of reacting cows are tubercu- lous and are slaughtered as such. Notwithstanding the fact that the bill the stock-raiser is making for himself for tuberculous meats is enormous, to him must be charged the bill for milk infected with the bacillus tuber- culosis. Through the copartnership of the veterinary and human medical professions in a campaign of education, the people are learning the dangers lurking in contaminated milk. Milk be- comes tuberculous through the agency of the cow, from the tuberculous udder and from the feces. In the state of Illinois we have no law requiring the Pasteurization of skimmed milk to be sold or distributed pro rata to farmers by creameries, and tP. 65. AWAY WITH AXIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 545 these farmers get this tuberculous concoction to feed to their hogs. Does not this need rectifying, as has been done in. Iowa and Minnesota? Tuberculous milk can infect hogs; why, then, should men drink it? Even if tuberculous milk cannot infect men, except in rare cases, as the Koch school alleges, do we want to use it? I am one to help give a verdict on Koch that his case is not proven. Tabes mesenterica, or tuberculosis of intestinal origin in children is undoubtedly increasing, as the specialists in pediatrics and dietetics tell us. How many tubercu- lous epidemics among children are due to the ingestion of tuber- culous milk, has not been studied. The danger is certainly great. In short, animal tuberculosis is perilous to man and beast through ingestion of milk as well as meat. It is too costly a disease, therefore, to be harbored by any farmer. Moreover, the unobtrusiveness, the insidiousness and continu- ousness of the disease in animals constitutes its greatest danger, besides being, though unknown usually to him, its greatest cost to the farmer. The fact that an animal reveals no symptoms of tuberculosis in life, and at death is fat, makes the danger from the flesh none the less when the lesions are extensive and general- ized. Neither do the lack of symptoms, nor the fatness, alter the fact that the animal may be a source of infection through the feces. If it should come to pass that the stock raiser has to foot the bill for condemnations, the expense to him will be sure to continue to increase, unless he eradicates the disease from his premises. Unless the state, or the United States, intervenes to eradicate the disease, which it is their plain duty to do, the stock raiser will remain incredulous that he has the disease in his herds, or he will hide his knowledge of the disease, for fear of losses from it when the sale of his animals takes place. Certainly the responsibility for animal tuberculosis rests with the producer ; but appraisement of his animals will have to be made and indem- nity given him before the stock raiser will agree to have tuber- culosis eradicated. III. — The cost of animal tuberculosis to the general public or meat consumers. 54(J D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Gentlemen ! We are part of the great general public of meat consumers interested in animal tuberculosis in an unusual de- gree. We are neither raisers nor buyers of live stock. Yet the presence of the disease in animals and its rapid increase has more meaning to us than money. The question is not one of filthy lucre, of profit and loss to us. Animal tuberculosis to us means the possibility of infection with the worst of infections. To us the cost of animal tuberculosis is one of cost to the public health. We are, or should be, as veterinarians, persons interested, by virtue of our studies in the laboratory, our observations in clinical practice, and in the holding of post-mortem, fully alive to the dangers of the disease to the public health. We have certain standards for the inspection of meats and meat food products, furnished by the wisdom of the federal gov- ernment. These have been adopted, in the main, by the several states, whenever they have chosen to have meat inspection laws of their own, covering exclusively meat going into state trade. For example, the state of Pennsylvania, and perhaps the state of Iowa, have followed fairly well the United States standards in the administration of the new state meat inspection laws. On the other hand, though milk comes close to meat as a necessary food product, and though untold millions upon millions of gal- lons are sold, where are the standards for milk inspection similar to those for meat inspection ? Look at the variety of opinions on milk as a source of infection, the lack of state and interstate supervision of the milk trade, and that in all dairy products. When one remembers the experiments of Mohler recently, in which he injected separator slime into guinea pigs, with the result that they became rapidly tuberculous; and when one re- members the common infectiousness of skim milk and butter- milk, one's flesh begins to creep at the thought of the danger from this source of infection. Again, there is a vast trade in the flesh of animals, other than that proceeding from official abattoirs and bearing the label of approval of the United States Government ; that from animals killed on the country side without a semblance of inspection ; that AWAY WITH ANIMAL TLBERCTLOSIS. 547 in small towns where there are no inspection ordinances; that in cities where there is no expert municipal meat inspection ; that in territories or states where no laws on the subject prevail; that from animals killed, nobody knows how nor where, brought to town and peddled from wagons, or that from animals driven in on the country roads or coming in by local trains. The cities of Europe, Paris and Berlin, for instance, watch closely all such avenues of the municipal meat trade. How much meat carrying tuberculous infection is sold coming from these particular sources? The movement of the meat packers of the country to prevent sales to them of tuberculous animals, except at low prices, would come to nought, as far as controlling tuberculosis is con- cerned, unless there is a general and thorough-going movement for the eradication of the disease, evidenced by each state giving sufficient power to the state veterinary sanitary officers, of a kind agreed upon in a national conference of the li\e stock sanitary boards, and by the appropriation of sufficient funds by Congress to enable the Bureau of Animal Industry to carry out its pre- rogatives regarding this and all other communicable diseases of animals, granted in the fundamental act of 1884. IV. — Suggestions on sanitary measures against animal tuber- culosis. Pending the time when the movement shall have gained enough strength for the eradication of the disease, we may con- sider measures for the control of this dire infection. These may be : 1. An act to prevent the further introduction of tuberculosis into the state of Illinois by means of breeding stock and feeders. This should be similar to that in force in Pennsylvania and similar to the United States regulation which forbids bovine animals being sent here unless they have been tested with tuberculin. 2. An act to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in human beings and animals, through the consumption of contaminated milk, by requiring the Pasteurization by creameries of skimmed milk before it can be offered for sale or distributed pro rata to farmers. 548 * D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 3. An act inaugurating a system of meat inspection for the state similar to that in force in Pennsylvania, with paid in- spectors giving all their time to the work. A casual study of the present law makes me believe it insufficient to meet the state's needs. As I understand it the law, as it is administered at pres- ent, is made operative chiefly in cases of glanders, Texas fever and scabies. As a live-stock sanitary measure it is no doubt ad- mirable as far as it goes. It could well be supplemented by a law similar to the meat inspection law of the state of Pennsyl- vania. 4. Prizes at the state fair and all county fairs should be given only to such bovine animals as can pass the tuberculin test. 5. A state live-stock sanitary board laboratory should be established as soon as practicable, best of all at some point at the centre of the live-stock industry of the state, and having con- nected with it an experiment farm. The object should be to in- vestigate infectious and other diseases of animals occurring in the state, their detection, prevention and control. One of the duties of such a laboratory would be to manufacture tuberculin and other sera for the detection of disease. The state of Wisconsin has adopted a course which the ad- joining state of Illinois can well afford to follow. No other state in the central west, perhaps, has done more against tuberculosis. If Illinois, with Wisconsin and the adjacent states, would take concerted action to control the disease, that would be a great boon. Under the federal law which founded the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Department of Agriculture has sufficient power to stamp out tuberculosis. The time seems opportune that a confer- ence of the departments of agriculture of the several states be held in conjunction with the officers of the Department of Agri- culture of the United States, to consider ways and means of tuberculosis eradication, similar to the conference held in the south on tick eradication; that omissions or defects of the sani- tary laws of the states, hindering tuberculosis eradication, be AWAY WITH ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 549 brought out; that studies be made of the places worst infected with tuberculosis; that quarantine be set up against the disease; that money be appropriated for tuberculosis eradication as has been done for tick eradication in the south. The propaganda against animal tuberculosis must be one of education. I have said enough on the question to uncover to you its vastness. The main point, though, that I want to bring out is not so much that tuberculosis eradication is a vast work ; but that it is our work. We may well almost stagger at the thought of so great an undertaking. Still, sound sanitary science requires us to stick to the work, when we have well begun, until the dis- ease is eradicated. " Stick to your work and be wise, Certain of sword or pen, For ye are neither children nor gods, But men in a world of men." Veterinary education in Scotland has taken a distinct step forward, thanks to the generosity of a former graduate of the Dick College, Mr. A. I. McCallum, J.P., M.R.C.V.S., who by his magnificent gift of £15,000 has endowed a chair of Path- ology and Bacteriology in that school. The chair having been duly advertised, the board at their recent meeting appointed as the professor. Dr. Gerald Leighton, F.R.S.E., who has held the position of lecturer on the subjects in the college for the past six years. — (Live Stock Journal, England.) A Usurer. — A story is told by a lawyer of Little Rock. Ark., about the sad case of a native of that town who sought justice by reason of the theft of a horse belonging to him. As, how- ever, the man who took the animal returned it to the owner, the lawyer advised the aggrieved one to let the matter drop. " Can't I have him arrested for usury, then ? " demanded the man, indignantly. " What on earth do you mean ? " " Doeeone it, mister, he used the boss, didn't he ? Yes. sir, he used him mighty hard by the looks of him." — (Philadelphia Ledger. ) OBSERVATIONS ON ANTHRAX AND SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. By Whitfield Gray, V. S., Newton. N. J. A paper presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey at its semi-annual meeting at Newark, July 9-10, 1908. ■ The fact of the recent occurrence in Sussex County of this state -of an outbreak of anthrax and also of the death of quite a large number of young cattle from symptomatic anthrax with both of which invasions of disease I was associated throughout their history, was the cause, I presume, of a number of requests by members of this association that I prepare a paper for pre- sentation at this time. For that reason, therefore, our esteemed president has selected for my subject the consideration of the allied condition of anthrax and symptomatic anthrax commonly known as black leg. It is not my intention to offer a contribution to veterinary medical literature looking toward the elucidation of this formidable scourge nor by any means an exhaustive paper in these diseases of the longest known ancient history and of which particular disease we are all more or less familiar. Al- though this form of disease has long since been classified among the historic pestilences, I think it can be safely stated that not all medical men have had personal observation of it, and while it is true that it has been most widely disseminated and present throughout the whole world and in its geographical area it lias been found in all latitudes — in the Siberian and Lapland and even Polar regions to the temperate tropics of the West Indies. One instance may here be mentioned of the ravages of an- thrax, and which is credited with being authentic, is that of its appearance in Russia in 1864 when there died of horses and cattle 72,CMDO, while again in one of the districts of central Europe from 1867 to 1870 there perished more than 57,000 horses, cows and sheep, together with 528 human beings; nor have wild ani- mals escaped, for it has been proved that buffalo, deer and rein 550 OBSEKVATIONS ON ANTHRAX AND SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 5ol deer have fallen, and even the elephant has not been spared. But it is not with the more remote localities that we are especially concerned, and the objective point to-day deals largely with local outbreaks, referred to already. So far as I can learn, the disease in New Jersey has appeared only in certain sections, so that to the ordinary practitioner anthrax conditions are so uncommon that the disease really has often to be rediscovered. My first acquaintance with this malady was during the winter of 1906 when 1 1 cows and 2 horses died during a period of 14 days and on one farm. The information reported to me on my first visit was that several cows had died, five in number, and from a variety of causes, the first was found in the morning in a doubled up condition in the stanchion, death in this case being attributed by the attendants to choking. On the second day following an- other cow was found dead and in this case accidents attending the parturient period was given as a. cause. On the third day fol- lowing the second death the cows were turned into the yard and a co'w was noticed to be acting in a nervous manner and she was placed in a large box in the barn, as it was also thought that in this case the parturient period was about completed. After being placed in the box the cow made several attempts at lying down, then many evolutions of the stall, then a variety of butting and rushing together with bellowing spells, and finally falling in vio- lent paryoxisms lasting several minutes. All this time there was copious discharge of saliva, together with some blood-tinged froth from the nose and excretory avenues. This condition con- tinued for not longer, I was told, than 35 to 40 minutes, when death took place. The day following another cow was found' dead in the stanchion in the morning and preparations were made for removal of the body by dragging of the skinned carcass across a field, and this task" being completed and the team of horses was returning to the farm barn when one of the horses began to show a disinclination to progress evidently much as a horse with ap- proaching or present azaturia will evince. Very soon he ceased to progress further and fell and remained in this partially paralyzed 552 WHITFIELD GRAY. condition until I arrived. This was about 1 1 a. m., and the symptoms presented in the case of the horse, which, by the way, was fat and about nine years old, were not at all dissimilar or unlike those that I seen in the last stages of a case of cerebro- spinal meningitis. There was intense excitability, constant move- ment of the legs and head and violent trembling with greatly labored breathing and somewhat bloody appearing expulsions. At this period the temperature registered 105.4 F. The excite- ment rather abated and finally there was pronounced starring and coma with falling temperature even sub-normal and death at about 6.45 p. m. The remaining cows afYected died during the following six days all of the number exhibiting the peculiar intensely excit- able phenomenon characteristic of acute anthrax. The second horse was taken sick about the middle of the period during the run of the disease and lived about eight days, if my notes are correct. The symptoms in this case were decidedly mild in the start, in fact, the only apparent evidence of a departure from that of a normal state being colicky pain at intervals of each hour for the first day and a half and a steady temperature ranging from 104 to 105.8. The next period was more pain and a temperature to 106 and 106.2, with a tendency toward partial paralysis of the intestines; in fact, all of the internal viscera. During the following days the symptoms described increased with stationary temperature, and, as the paralysis was progressive, it also became more pronounced until there was a completeness of "this feature with the ushering in of coma and death in the eighth day. I might here add that this case was, and one cow was, the only ones where treatment was offered. In the horse it proved only palliative, while in the cow there was recovery, this, how- ever, was only a very mild case, in fact, it was a grave question, in my mind if anthrax really existed or if it might not have been confounded with a condition of retained foetal material. OBSERVATIONS ON ANTHBAX AND SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 553 I would also add at this time that in each one of the cows there was almost completion of the parturient period or imme- diately thereafter. That ended the death list of the animals on this farm, as pre- ventative inoculation was employed, each animal of the remain- ing 32 receiving subcutaneous injection and again a second in ten days. It might also be opportune to state that the only symp- toms presented following the introduction of the vaccine virus was an accelerated breathing and a degree of temperature during the following day after the initial injection or vaccination. My other experience with the anthrax variety was during the past winter and relates to a particularly active appearance of symptomatic anthrax or what is more popularly known as black- leg. During the month of January, in a herd of 24 young cattle and four cows, there died two yearling heifers; in February two and in March seven, the last three dying a day apart. In all eleven deaths. The farm also contained 24 sheep, 2 horses and 52 angora goats and 4 young caloes. In an adjoining farm there was reported to me seven deaths of young cattle in a herd of 22 animals, in another two deaths and three or four other farms one each. In all of these places and in every instance death was attributed by owners and observers to the partaking by these cattle of laurel leaves which grow in very great abundance in ■ this mountainous region. On the remaining animals in this com- munity preventive vaccination has been employed and no deaths have been reported as yet. My inquiries into the subject of the existence and presence of black-leg in this very high and moun- tainous region brings out the fact that it has existed there, as nearly as I can trace, for fifteen years, more or less severe, some- times only taking two in a l>erd, other times one and again, in one instance, it was reported to me by a reliable man, that during one winter 38 out of 40 died in one barn. In fact, so ravaging has been the devastation of this disease that the raising of young stock has been abandoned. Believing that preventive vaccina- tion is the only efficacious means known to us, it can easily be seen that the repeated use of vaccine will have to be embraced for 55-1 WHITFIELD GBAY. some seasons, at least. I found from inquiry that these deaths sometimes occurred in winter, other seasons in summer, but al- most invariably during the extremes in the season's tempera- tures. I saw only one living subject of this disease and the symp- toms were in general, I was told, of the other cases. This was first a loss of appetite, dullness and general debility and a tem- perature of 107 degrees at the time of my visit, and the disease had then been present three days. There was a marked stiffness of the right front shoulder together with a decided swelling of that part. Death followed the next day, which was the fourth day. There was difficult breathing, occasional attacks of pain and increasing weakness preceding death, and also increasing size of the tumor or swelling on the shoulder which responded with a crackling noise when pressed with the hand. I made a post-mortem examination of this and four of the other cases of the more recent date of death and where decompo- sition was not too pronounced. In all the cases I noticed the same general similarity of pathological lesions. In cutting into the bodies and into the tissues under the skin it was found to be infiltrated with blood and yellowish, jelly-like material and gas bubbles. The muscular tissue beneath the swelling was brownish- black and shading into dark red and yellow. In the abdominal and thoraic cavities there was an accumulation of blood stained fluid together with patches on the walls of these anatomical re- gions, with blood spots or ecchymoses in the intestinal coverings and in the lungs and heart. To confirm the diagnosis I took sufficient and repeated specimens and forwarded them to the Laboratory of Hygiene at Trenton, and after due research at that institution I was informed that the bacteriological examination said black-leg. The matter was taken up by the State Board of Health with an order that I vaccinate all exposed animals. Returning to the cases of anthrax and to the post-mortem phases which is done for differential comparison, I will say that I made an examination of several of the cows and also of the horses and it will be remembered that they all died in a rather OBSERVATIONS ON ANTHBAX AND SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX. 555 acute form. First the blood was dark, thick, tarry and unclotted, much as it is after blood letting during life. The entire venous system was engorged. The spleen was enlarged two, three and even four times its natural size. It was pulpy and softened and of a dark tarry color. The intestinal walls werfe more or less in- filtrated with a sero-hemorrhagic exudation. Large and small col- lections of blood and effusion of blood colored liquid was present about the heart and lungs. I observed no intestinal or other cabuncles. The pathological changes that anthrax had caused in I he horses differed especially from the cattle in that the jelly-like yellow and sero-hemorrhagic infiltrations were encountered in nearly every portion of the body where there was loose connec- tive tissue, and especially along the course of the great blood vessels, in the mediastinum, peritoneum and about the kidneys. I must not forget to state that although these deaths occurred during March and when the thermometer was hovering almost zero, certainly below freezing, there was especially in the cows very marked and very rapid decomposition, and from what I learned in the post-mortem examinations I was convinced that a gangrenous condition had preceded death, particularly in the horses in the lymphatic structures. I obtained a variety of speci- mens at the Laboratory of Hygiene for observation, and Mr. Fitz Randolph, the director, also viewed some of the bodies with me. His careful researches in the laboratory and inoculations of smaller animals produced positive results and confirmed the diagnosis of anthrax. Perhaps one of the most interesting fea- tures of this outbreak of anthrax on this farm was the origin and from whence came the bacterial visitor. The farm is quite iso- lated, in fact, away from the public road. No contagious disease of this nature had ever been present, in fact, no anthrax had ever been recorded in northern New Jersey's history. No animals had come on the farm for years, all had been raised there. The only explanation I could offer for the presence of anthrax was that a short time prior a package of meat scrap had been secured for 556 WHITFIELD GRAY. the chickens and fed to them. It was said that several of them had died. At any rate, one sick hen, a favorite, was placed in the cow and horse stable where it was warmer and allowed to walk about there for three or four days until she died. This was the only solution I could offer for the introduction of the infec- tion. To conclude my remarks I want to say that the two practical striking features to me and that which particularly impressed me from an observant clinical standpoint was the comparative rela- tionship of these diseases, and finally after all the apparent fact that the soil and local conditions are among the chief factors in the development of these farms of bacterial life and which is hardly to be doubted. Clement Stephenson Made a Doctor of Science. — The honorary degree of Doctor of Science has been conferred by Durham University on Mr. Clement Stephenson, F.R.C.V.S., Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Sir Isambad Owen, in- troducing Mr. Clement Stephenson for the degree, said that some might remember the dismay which some forty years ago greeted the daily repeate'd news of ravage made among the herds of this country by certain virulent epidemic diseases imported from abroad. That England was saved in those days from ruin- ous loss was due to a band of earnest scientific workers who had been pursuing the then little cultivated science of veterinary path- ology, and the measures which they induced the Govern- ment of England to take. He presented one of that memorable band to whose efforts, in the office of veterinary examiner for Newcastle and Northumberland, the preservation of the North from serious disaster was at that time largely due. He followed up in successive years his fruitful line of research, con- tributing at a later date by his evidence before departmental com- mittees in 1888 and 1893 in no small measure to rid us of two of the most destructive pests that had made their way into our country. As one of the most distinguished living au- thorities on veterinary subjects, and as a man who had rendered signal service, he might be content to present Mr. Clement Ste- phenson, but it must not be forgotten how prominent a part he took in the establishment of an important chair in this university — the chair of comparative pathology and bacteriology. — (Live Stock Journal, England.) CHANGtS IN THE BLOOD OF PARASITE-INFESTED SHEEP ON AN INNUTRITIOUS DIET. By Ward Giltner, D. V. M., M. S., Auburn, Ala. The effects of parasitic infestation on the blood of man have been studied by different hematologists. Little is known, how- ever, about the blood of sheep either in their normal condition or when affected by any of the numerous parasites that attack this valuable domesticated animal. The following is a review of the data on the blood of normal sheep as compiled by Bur- nett : " The red corpuscles of sheep's blood are smaller than those of the cow. Welcker gives the average diameter as 5 microns, Bethe gives the diameter as 3.9 microns to 9.5 microns. The number per cubic millimeter is 9,133,000 according to Bethe, and 12,090,000 according to Cohnstein. Muntz gives the specific gravity of the blood of sheep as 1,038. Bethe gives the leucocytes as 4,140 per cmm. as normal for sheep. The varieties of leu- cocytes, according to Hirshfield, are : ( i ) eosinophiles resembling those of man, (2) neutrophiles with very fine and numerous granules, (3) mast cells and (4) lymphocytes. The numbers of the different varieties have not been determined." During the months of December, 1907, and January and February, 1908, I had the opportunity of examining the blood of seven sheep affected more or less extensively with the lesions produced by Oesophagostoma columbianum and in most of the cases there were present a few, never very many, stomach worms (Haemonchus contortus). I am greatly indebted to Dan T. Gray, Professor of Animal Industry, and his assistant, Mr. Ridge- way, for supplying me with these subjects and data relating to their previous treatment in addition to the results of their efforts to prevent losses in the station flock. All the sheep that came under my observation died within a day after the blood examina- tion was made. The larval forms of the oesoph. columbianum 557 558 WARD GILTNER. were demonstrated to me under the microscope by Mr. H. W. Graybill, of the zoological division B. A. I. Those interested in the parasites of sheep would do well to read B. A. I. Circular No. 932, and Louisiana Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 893. The stimulus that urged me to make these blood examina- tions was the peculiar and striking appearance of certain morphor logical entities in smears of the first sheep's blood examined, care- fully stained with Wright's stain. What first struck me as being possibly hematozooa, pathogenic in nature, I succeeded in prov- ing to be blood platelets, normal constituents of the blood. ]\Ir. Graybill's assistance was of great value in studying these bodies whose nature was exceedingly puzzling at first, but our final con- clusion that they were blood platelets was made more tenable by the researches of Leroy D. Swingle, of the University of Ne- braska, whose paper we had the pleasure of reading after we had completed our studies. Such incidents as this force one to the conviction that the normal histology of the blood of all the do- mesticated animals should be studied carefully, so that its appear- ance under abnormal conditions may be properly understood. Whoever undertakes this study should have in mind the acquisi- tion of a full description of the blood platelets as well as the more commonly understood cellular constituents of the blood. A care- ful study of Mr. Swingle's paper will show the necessity of thus emphasizing this phase of hematology. In my studies the hemoglobin estimates were made by Tal- quist's method, the blood being secured by puncturing or cutting the properly cleansed ear. The count of both erythrocytes and leucocytes was made from the same hematocytometer slide after the blood had been diluted 1-200 with Toison's fluid. In making these examinations the use of a high ocular and a 4 mm. ob- jective reveals the blood platelets as small, morphologically vari- able, and slightly motile bodies. Many examinations of the blood diluted with normal salt solution were made, using hanging-drop preparations and the highest powers of the microscope. These observations as well as those made on stained smears of the blood CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF PARASITE-INFESTED SHEEP. 559 platelets are of no value in elucidating the subject in question and, therefore, will be left for future consideration. I found that the blood of normal sheep told the same story in so far as the blood platelets are concerned, as did the blood of tli^ sheep dying of parasitic infestation. In previous work on the blood I have recommended Jenner's stain, but samples of this stain purchased subsequently have proved useless. This is not to be construed as an adverse criti- cism of the stain in general but of those particular samples. Wright's stain is now giving better satisfaction. Properly stained smears show all the cellular elements of sheep's blood and prob- ably all their differential characters as strikinglly as any other one staining reagent. Four different varieties of leucocytes are easily made out, viz., lymphocytes or mononuclears, polynuclears, eosinophiles, and mast cells. The lymphocytes are very variable in size and shape of nuclei, and somewhat variable in staining reaction; but, while I have attempted to differentiate between lymphocyte and large mononuclear, I must admit that further study will be necessary for a proper determination of just what these differential characters are. If a mistake has been made in separating them, it can readily be corrected by including under one heading the figures in both columns in table II. In attempting to supplement the data quoted from Burnett, time was found for examinations of the blood of two apparently healthy bucks in no way associated with Professor Gray's sheep. These two sheep are designated as No. i and No. 2 in the tables where they are placed for contrast. The data included in this article are entirely insufficient to establish an adequate conception of the normal limits that may be found in an extensive examina- tion of the blood of healthy sheep. A study of the tables, how- ever, suffices to demonstrate that the presence of the lesions pro- duced by oesoph. columbianum in great numbers, as occurred in these sheep, together with the occurrence of the stomach worm in small numbers in many of the cases, and a very coarse, unbal- anced, and innutritions ration lessen the vitality of the sheep, lead 560 WARD GILTNEE. Table L No. Sheep. Per cent. Hb. Erythro- cytes. Leuco- cytes. Date. Remarks. I 2 179 172 183 6 8 175 85 85 50 70 75 25 75 80 75 11,500,000 9,120,000 4,250,000 7,700,000 6,400,000 2,520,000 8,384,000 7,640,000 7,112,000 5,330 io,goo 3,000 6,400 11,100 3,500 9,800 6,000 8,700 I- 10-08 2-13-08 12-17-07 12-27-07 1-9-08 1-9-08 1-10-08 1-20-08 1-4-08 Normal buck. Normal buck. ( Pregnant ; twins dead ; very weak, ( Oesoph. in intts., lymph gl's, liver. j Recently aborted, Oesoph. in intest., 1 lymph gl's and liver. 3 Ate cotton seed meal over month, 1 nodules in intestine (Lamb; weak and emaciated, nodules, ( megalocytes and microcytes numerous. ( Ate cotton seed meal 6 months, had ( twins, great many nodules. ) Had one fetus, torsio uteri, great many 1 nodules. Emaciated and weak, nodular disease. Note.— Nos. 179, 172 and 175 showed most stomach worms. Table II. Differential leucocyte count. No. Total Leuco- cytes. Lymphocytes. Large Mononuc. Polynuclear. Eosinophiles. Mast Cell. Sheep. Number. % Num- ber % Number. % Num- ber. % Num- ber. % I 5,330 4,370.6 82. 170,56 3-2 618.28 11.6 63.96 1.2 106.6 2. 2 10,900 7,484.66 68?^ 399.66 Z% 2,071. 19. 835.66 7% 109. 1. 179 3,000 900. 30. 45. 1.5 2,055. 68.5 172 6,400 1,600. 25. 51.2 .8 4,748.8 74.2 183 11,100 2,175-6 19.6 155.4 1.4 8,769. 79. 145 3,500 1,166.66 335i 140. 4- 2,193.3 b2% 6 9,800 1,372. 14- 98. 1. 8,330. 85. 8 6,000 1,650. 27.5 120. 2. 4,200. 70. 30. •5 175 8,700 3,588.75 41.25 108.75 1.25 5,002.5 57-5 REFERENCES. 1. Burnett, S.H. Notes on clin. exam, of blood, etc. Am. Vet. Rev.. Dec. 1903. 2. Ranson, B. H. Life history of twisted wire worm (Haemonchus contortus), etc. 3. Dalrymple, W. H. Nodule-disease of the intestines of sheep. "4. Swingle, L. D. On the similarity between blood-platelets and certain hematozoa. Jour, of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 5, No. i. to a fatal issue after producing a marked alteration in the blood picture. A decided anemia, polynuclear leucocytosis, and almost CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF PARASITE-INFESTED SHEEP. 561 total absence of eosinophiles and mast cells are the characterizing features. The absence of eosinophiles is of special interest when we remember that many parasitic infestations tend to produce an eosinophilia. In nearly every case the blood failed to flow freely and was of a more watery consistency than that of normal sheep. An explanation of the changes in the blood may lie in the mechanical obstruction offered by the widespread occurrence of the nodules in the lymph channels to the absorption of digested nutrients and to the process of digestion itself. In some cases it could be seen that the digestive and especially the absorptive func- tions were seriously interfered with, when nearly the whole of the serosa of the intestines, the lymphatic glands of the mesentery, and even the liver to a much less degree were studded with caseated and calcareous nodules, incapable of functionating themselves, but undoubtedly acting as a barrier to the process of natural functions. The effect of the substitution of a more generous and more easily digested ration in preventing further sickness and fatalities indicates that the nodular disease is detrimental to the nourish- ment of the sheep purely or at most in a mechanical way. To what extent this effect is augmented by the absorption of toxic substances produced by the parasites, it is impossible to say. I apprehend that the feeder's side of the question will be fully dealt with in a future bulletin of the Alabama Agr. Exp. Sta. by Prof. Gray. It is a subject worthy of the attention of the parasitologist, pathologist and animal husbandman. It is said that a case has been decided in a Cincinnati court on the testimony of a parrot. The veracity of such a witness cannot be impugned. Detroit's Start. — On July ist the Detroit Health Board appointed its first Dairy Inspector, an appropriation having been made for that purpose by the Board of Estimates last spring. Dr. Jos. Hawkins, O.V.C, 1871, being the appointee, and under whose administration it is hoped to make Detroit one of the best dairy inspected cities of the Central West. IDEALS FOR THE VETERINARIAN.* By T. Earle Budd, D. v. S., Orange, N. J. This paper treats of those who have been considering the great question which once confronted each practitioner here. What shall I do in life? For what shall I prepare myself ? What shall I study to fit myself to make the most of life and its opportu- nities? How shall I prepare myself to uplift humanity and the things with which I am brought in contact ? And as each " walk of life " has been reviewed many times the choice has been made in favor of the study of the science of veterinary medicine. In order for any education to be success- ful the congenical disposition of the child must be considered ; in other words, he must be interested and this interest, James tells us, necessitates the focal point and the circle of fading import- ance. Thus the horse must be the interest for the successful equine practitioner and the world only interesting in its relation to this main interest. Is it not fair to believe that each student making this his choice has the highest ideals regarding the practice of veterinary medicine, and feels, though perhaps unconsciously, that he will have, in the pursuit of that calling, a larger opportunity for growth and advancement than in any other branch of the pro- fession, and that a greater opportunity will be given him, not only to relieve mankind of anxiety, but also to benefit and heal the great God-given animal of his suffering, much of which he unjustly, through ignorance and thoughtlessness is called upon to bear? This decision being reached by the young man to devote his life to the study and practice of veterinary medicine, let us consider the applicant for such a course of study. Do we demand that he come with the proper high school education with *A paper read before the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey at its semi-annual meeting at Newark, N. J., July 9»io, 1908. 562 IDEALS FOR THE VETEKINAKIAN. 563 all his regents passed ? Or do we unconsciously lend our influence to the old deep-rooted idea which the student has perhaps uncon- sciously imbibed, that anybody without much care or thought can present himself for admission! to our colleges, and become a " horse doctor " ? I personally am not surprised that we have that term applied to members of our profession, when we demand so little, and set ofttimes so poor an example of professional etiquette, when dealing with each other, and hold in such light esteem what is due each other. But I rejoice that this idea can be rapidly eliminated by giving greater care to the preliminary education of our students. Let us all see to it that our sons inherit from us the highest ideals regarding this most wonderful science, and receive from us the great opportunity for growth and advance- ment as given in the study and practice of veterinary medicine. Again, just how familiar is the student with this perfected creature he so longs to benefit and treat? Does he know any- thing of the horse in its normal condition, before he presents himself as a student of the horse abnormal? The layman is very much alive to this lack of knowledge of the horse normal, and confidence weakens when he sees the display of such ignor- ance. " By his acts ye shall know him." Has his preliminary education been such that these things will seem of sufficient im- portance so that he will give due consideration to them and realize the vast difference in the horse he knows on paper and the patient who stands before him ? Does he know the horse as we see him every day ? The animal, restless, nervous, suffering, but doing the thing required of him in the best possible way, under the trying circumstances, is unable to appear at his best, yes even at his second best. But the result nevertheless makes the owner feel the horse, in which he expected to take such pleasure, from which he would obtain such a large advantage, a failure. Now, the question is, has the training of our profes- sional man been such that he will be alert to find out how many of such conditions come from accessible causes such as poorly fitted harness, etc. ? All these things will make a fine animal ap- pear at a great disadvantage. 5(>4 T. EARI.E BUDD. How many accidents are caused by such inexcusable ignor- ance! Can he adjust the ills that arise from such causes in any other way than by giving the prescription which calls for the medicine to be given every three hours, until relief comes? Do you wonder, gentlemen, that the horse is often sold in disgust and the machine purchased, for when difficulties come to it the machinist knows just how to approach the trouble. If these are the conditions we find, is it not evident that the preliminary edu- cation of our students is sadly deficient, and failure is imminent ? Great structures are never built from the top down, but it is to the care and attention given to details of the foundation that warrants the safety of the building, so it is the care and at- tention we give to our preliminary education that will fit us to use successfully the knowledge we gain from our college course. Begin by observing the men who are successful and are what you so longed and determined to be when you first decided to make the study of veterinary science your life work. Determine to be not only a successful practitioner, but a respected citizen of the community in which you live, to be a man whose advice will be sought on the civic conditions of the community; a man whose associates are the highest; a man after whom you would be glad to have your son pattern. Again, never allow yourself to think of your call as a summons to see a horse; think of it always as a call to see a patient, and that implies at once that you have need of just the same courtesy, just the same gentleness, yes, and let me add, just the gentlemanness and just the same quiet dignity of manner and voice that your brother practitioner the M. D. feels is so necessary for his success in life, and without which he would never succeed. Always feel that you even require more skill than he, for no questions can be asked of or answ^ered by your patient to change impressions made. Your patient stands before you dumb, with only certain movement of muscle or action as aids to your diagnosis, but always with that pleading, longing look, asking of you to give to him your best thought and en- IDEALS FOB THE VETERINABIAN. 5G5 deavor. To you it must be an exemplification of that old adage, " Where actions must speak louder than words." Again, you must study to meet men and you have here so much to learn, so much to consider! You, by giving much care and thought to your preliminary education, can more easily dis- pel the deep-seated conviction that the coachman or the neighbor can treat your patient as well as you can, and if care is not ex- ercised in your preliminary education their approach to the case will better inspire confidence than yours, for he at least knows your patient in its normal condition. To be courteous under ill-advised suggestions means much. For example, I was called upon to see a patient suffering from a severe attack of parturient paresis. In the presence of the owner the suggestion was made by the caretaker that the tail be split and salt applied. Anxiety for the recovery of the very valuable patient makes the owner in a measure attentive to the suggestion and the advice given is often taken with more than a "grain of salt," but to be able to inspire confidence in both owner and care- taker requires study, skill and tact, for you are like all other practitioners largely dependent on the nurse for your success, and your nurse is his coachman, so he is not to be ignored, but to be considered and educated. And his education is in your hands. Never argue, but always be willing to explain as far as you deem wise, and be able to give an intelligent and polite answer to any questions. It never detracts from knowledge to be curteous and polite, and never contradict, but by your manner inspire con- fidence in your ability to treat this particular case, and the ad- vantage gained under these trying conditions will be lasting and the advantage gained for our profession will show in the growth of each practitioner towards the higher ideal. Driven to Drink. — Artist — My next picture at the academy will be entitled " Driven to Drink." His Friend — Ah, some powerful portrayal of baffled passion, I suppose? Artist — Oh, no; it's a horse approaching a water trough! REPORTS OF CASES. '^Careful obiervation makes a skill/iU practitioner, but his skill dies with hint. By recording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science ^ AN EPIDEMIC OF ACUTE POISONING IN HORSES. By T. F. Richardson, B. S., D. V. S., Goldfield, Nev. March ist I was called to see a sick horse at the Arizona feed yard. From the owner I received the following history of the case : The patient had not been used for the preceding ten days, had been in good condition up to the previous forty-eight hours when he noticed the horse standing in rather a dull and listless manner with its head hanging in the manger. Upon speaking to the horse he jerked up his head suddenly. Seeing something was wrong he tried to back the horse out of the stall but could not do so. He then swung him around and walked the horse to water. After a few steps patient limbered up and appeared all right. This morning the owner had gone to the stable and found the horse down and unable to rise. My observations — Sorrel gelding, about seven years old, lay- ing stretched out on side in rather roomy box stall, good ventila- tion and plenty of clean bedding; temperature, 99.2; pulse, nor- mal; respiration slightly accelerated but not alarming; urine color, bright yellow and copious in quantity; towards the end of the catheterization urine was rather thick and turned a dull white with sediment ; alkaline to litmus ; made no test for S. G. ; heart sounds, good; no abnormal tones in lungs; mucous membrane of nostril, mouth and conjunctiva congested but moist ; croup muscles, pliable and soft, could get no signs of pain on palpation on any portion of the body. On giving a command to patient to arise he would make an effort with neck and head but could not use the fore or hind limbs, seemed to be completely paralyzed. I questioned the owner thoroughly as to what medication had been administered to the patient before my arrival. Nothing had been given, but about a week or so before he had changed the 566 BEPOBTS OF CASES. 5G7 feed from straight timothy to a mixture of timothy and alfalfa. I advised a large dose (200 gram.) Carlsbad artificial salts, also warm enemas. I also mixed i gr. Strych. nitr. and gave hypoder- mically. Insisted on patient being placed in slings. Patient did not seem to respond to stimulant so gave 1-2' grain half hour after first. At this moment I was called to 'phone and requested to call at Proctor's barn, his team was down and unable to get up. Upon arriving at Proctor's found a gray team down and symp- toms the same as in the patient I just left. History from Mr. Proctor : Team was used to supply the suburbs of Goldfield with water, had been worked the previous day and showed no signs of illness, went to the barn that morn- ing to feed and found them down and unable to get up. My observations — Pulse normal in both patients ; temperature (No. i) 99.8, (No. 2) 99.6; urine, light yellow in both, thick sediment in the final discharge from No. 2 ; respiration, good ; heart, sound, normal; visible mucous membrane, bright red; gluteal muscles, soft and pliable, no signs of pain from palpa- tion. I cracked a whip and commanded horses to get up. They made an effort with neck and head, but could not use fore or hind limbs. As I was finishing my examination I was called to the 'phone and requested to call at once at the Trading & Transfer Company barn, one of their horses was down and could not get up. I gave Mr. Proctor a prescription for a saline purgative to be administered at once, and get patients into slings. I arrived at the Trading & Transfer Company barn and found a large sorrel gelding down and showing the same symptoms as the other patients. I prescribed salines and enemas for this patient and insisted on the slings. It will be noticed that I have given no diagnosis in these cases. I could not give one, for the simple reason I did not know what was the trouble. My first impression was spinal meningitis, but lack of any abnormal temperature or accelerated pulse rate would eliminate this diagnosis, azoturia. The previous history, together with the clear yellow color of the urine and softness and pliability of the muscles generally in- volved in this condition would exclude this disease. Nephritis I also removed from the possibility of it being the disease. It was at this moment, while trying to bring my mind to bear on the different causes which would lead to such conditions, that the manager of the Trading & Transfer Company gave me the clew which subsequently proved, to my mind, to be the cause of 568 REPORTS OF CASES. the trouble. While walking through the barn discussing the probable prognosis of the patient I had come to see I asked him what feed was used in the stable. His reply was that generally they fed timothy and oats, but about February 22 they had re- ceived a consignment of hay, it being a mixture of alfalfa and timothy, and it did not look good to him. I looked at the hay in question and found it rather dusty and the centre of the bales consisting of the hard stems of alfalfa, no blossom was visible and the leaves would crumble into a fine dust when rubbed between the fingers. I now hurried back to see the owners of my previous patients at the Arizona feed yard. They had changed from timothy to timothy and alfalfa. About February 22, on that day they had received one ton of hay from a small dealer (Holmes) for a bill due of $32, half of this hay was timothy, the other consisted of timothy and alfalfa. The reason for going into the details of this transaction is because the whole fabric of my investigation rested on the above statement and its proof. At Proctor's they had changed from straight timothy to the mixture about three days before his horses were taken sick. He received his feed supplies from the Trading & Transport Company. From March i until about the 27th I re- ceived about four calls daily to see different horses which were down and unable to rise. In every case they had changed the hay ration after February 22 from timothy to the mixture. I told the individual owners and also put notices in the public prints about the poisonous qualities contained in the mixed hay, for by this time I had come to the conclusion that the horses were being poisoned and that the toxin was contained in the mixed hay. My conclusions did not seem to meet the approval of the majority of the horse-owning public. To use their own expres- sions, " Why they fed alfalfa before I was born and it never killed any horse. Then why should it kill them now?" Things were getting pretty bad for me, my reputation and practice was at stake and something must be done. At this stage I sent for the state veterinarian, who, upon arrival, looked into the matter and agreed precisely in my diagnosis that the source ot the trouble lay in the mixed hay. But this was not sufflcient for the horse-owners. They said he was of the same profession as myself and professional courtesy would make him agree with me. To make matters worse I sent a sample of the hay to Agricultural Department of the State University. Dr. Mack, the bacteriolo- REPORTS OF CASES. 56U gist at that institution, could not find anything deleterious in the sample tested and would have no uneasy feelings in feeding his own horse the same class of hay. I also sent him a specimen of the spinal cord at the lumbo-sacral region from one of the horses, but the cord being too complex in its structure could hardly be made the subject of a final diagnosis. Post-mortems, did I make any? Yes, fifteen; but I will bring them out in the summary of this article. At about this time forty-seven horses had died from this affliction and I had fifteen others in improvised slings. All pa- HcRses or Pi^tT cAjs I5t„" Diagram showing source of hay and how it reached horses through different dealers. tients on bran mashes and timothy hay. After a thorough purga- tion, some of them almost to the point of super-purgation with salines, and each receiving three times daily 15 grams Fowler's solution, they are all well now and at work. Some of the patients receiving a gallon of the solution during these treatments. The fact of the matter is, I pushed this treatment to the limit. I was persistent in my belief that the source of the trouble lay in the mixed hay, and to better impress my clients I made out the fol- lowing diagram attached. 570 REPORTS OF CASES. Every horse that suffered from the complaint partook of this hay. I had now convinced my cHents that I was right in my con- tention, except the source of the hay from which the first horse taken down with the complaint died. As I remarked in the first of this article, the pivot of the investigation was in proving that this horse partook of the hay. Mr. Holmes, who sold the hay, to square a bill of ^2,2, insisted that he never had a mixed hay in his yard. The Arizona feed yard claims they received one-half a ton of mixed hay from him and that the horse which died ate it almost all up. I did not care to doubt Mr. Holmes, knowing personally that he received all his hay from another direction. About a week later I went down to the Trading & Transfer Company's barn to see how the patients in slings were getting along, incidentally I asked the manager of the stable if the firm had ever sold any hay to Holmes. '' Let me look over the books a minute," he remarked, " and I'll tell you." After going over the books he found that Mr. Holmes had borrowed a couple of tons of hay until his own consignment arrived. This couple of tons was a mixture of timothy and alfalfa. I said nothing but thanked him. I hot-footed up the street to interview Mr. Holmes. At first Mr. Holmes could not remember, but as the remembrance of the transaction dawned upon him he recollected that to make an even $32 in the price per ton he gave half of one kind and half of the other to the Arizona feed yard. The following from the books of Mr. Holmes w^ill tell its own story : Feb. 23d, to Arizona Feed Yard, y2 Ton Timothy, @ $35 per $17 50 ^2 Ton Mix. Tim. and Alfalfa @ $29. ... 14 50 $T,2 00 Summary — Forty-seven horses died from the complaint, fif- teen got well. * The symptoms in each case were identical. After the patients would be put in slings they would support themselves on their own limbs and eat and drink as if nothing was the matter for about twelve hours, then they would collapse in the slings, and to save them from choaking to death they would be lowered to the ground. After a rest of some hours they could be slung again, but each time they appeared to get weaker. During the final twenty-four hours the temperature would go up excessively BEPORTS OF CASES. 571 high — 107^ being common. From the rise of temperature I could foretell the probable time of their demise. Of the fifteen cured only two showed temperature above normal, one showed 103 and the other 102^. I prescribed aconite, seven drops every fifteen minutes for three hours, and I would call this reduced tem- perature in both cases, it never reoccurred. The post-morten lesions that I could find consisted ot a congested appearance of the meninges of the cord, especially in the lumbo-sacrel region. All other organs seemed normal. Of course, I found isolated lesions in lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen on different cadevers, but not the same in each case or were they, in my opinion, the cause of death in any one case. The psoas muscles in three cases had a washed out appearance, and in each the right kidney had a small abscess encapsulated in the tissues but not large enough to merit consideration as a cause of death. In conclusion, I may add that my own opinion of the cause of the epidemic is not in the alfalfa as a feed but that we here in Goldfield were unfortunate to get into a stack of hay which was either moldy, had been put up too green, and fermentation of some kind had taken place, or the alfalfa was second crop, which was cut too soon. Since the elimination of this hay we have had no new cases, but one dealer, " who, by the way, had sixteen horses down with the complaint," having a large quantity of this mixture on hand, asked me what to do with it. I told him to feed it lightly to his stock, say, about three feeds a week, but not to give two feeds in succession to the one horse. In this way he could save the hay. I gave him this advice over the 'phone. It seems he got my advice mixed as well as the hay. because he commenced to feed it exclusively to one horse every meal with the result that four days later I was hurriedly called to attend the horse's demise. GENERAL ANAESTHESIA BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF CHLORAL HYDRATE. By J. Martin Rice, V. S., Bobcaygeon, Ontario, Canada. After reading an editorial in the American Veterinary Review of May, 1907, concerning general anaesthesia produced by intra-peritoneal injections of chloral hydrate by Professor Sendrail, I was tempted to investigate that drug in the above way. 572 REPORTS OF CASES. According to Professor Sendrail, the dose required to pro- duce anaesthesia by this channel is : For the horse, 25 to 75 grammes (3viss — 3xxi), or i gramme for every 10 kilogrammes (approximately 70 grains per 100 pounds) body weight of the horse. For dogs, the dose varies from 2 to 12 grammes (3ss — 3iii), or I gramme for every three kilogrammes (15^^ grains for every 6^ pounds" of body weight. It is given in a 10 per cent, aqueous solution, and Professor Sendrail claims that it does not affect the heart in the least, nor does it produce excitement of any account. The solution is injected or poured into the peritoneal cavity by the aid of a trocar and canula, with a funnel and a piece of rubber tubing to attach to the canula after the trocar is with- drawn. A large syringe may be used instead of the rubber tub- ing and funnel. The experiments I have performed have been almost entirely upon dogs, and the following are a few of them : No. I. Collie dog, weighing about 35 pounds, was given (intra-peritoneally) 75 grains of chloral hydrate in a 10 per cent, solution. No anaesthesia resulted, only a slight drowsiness. N. B. — This solution had been made for several days previous to use. No. 2. Same dog as in No. i experiment, two days after, was given an intra-peritoneal injection of 80 grs. in a 10 per cent, solution. When the solution came in contact with the peritoneum it produced slight pain. Two minutes after injection he trembled and shivered and reeled around in a drunken fashion, toppled over several times, evidently having no control over himselt. Fifteen minutes after injection he laid down and slept, but still continued to tremble as if chilled. About two minutes after he had gone to sleep castration was performed, and the only time he evinced pain was when the cord was severed, which he showed by raising his head slightly and giving a low moan. The heart beats were normal but the respiration was slightly increased and decreased at intervals. Forty-five minutes after injection neurectomy of the right front leg was performed, no pain was evinced when cutting through the skin, but when the nerve was severed there was slight pain. The skin was sutured during which time the dog licked the operator's hands. No pain was felt when the needle was thrust through the skin. BEPOBTS OF CASES. 573 After the operation was finished he would look around at his scrotum and lick the wounds (both scrotum and leg), and when spoken to and petted would appear as if nothing had happened. Fifty-five minutes after injection the animal drank about a pint of water. Food was offered about one hour after conscious- ness returned, but was refused, although he appeared quite bright and cheerful. Four hours after food was again offered which was eaten very greedily. No ill-effects followed. During the period of anaesthesia the nose became very hot and dry. The eyes were bloodshot and partly closed and tears ran down the cheeks. The tongue hung out of the side of the mouth and both tongue and mouth were very dry. In this case it shows that castration was performed before anaesthesia was complete and that neurectomy was delayed vill within a few minutes before consciousness returned. If castra- tion had been delayed for a few minutes, probably no pain would have been felt. No. 3. Dog weighing about 45 pounds and very fat was given an intra-peritoneal injection of 95 grs. of chloral hydrate. This dog was very savage and had to be tied to the floor by the aid of ropes passed through two rings in the floor, and before we could get him unfastened after injecting he was in the stage of narcosis. Slight irritation was produced when the solution came in contact with the peritoneum. The animal had just gone into a nice, sound sleep when he vomited the food which had been given him half an hour previ- ously, and would have been asphyxiated had not his head been raised and the food shaken out of the mouth and throat. The animal being unable to move himself because of partial anaes- thesia. Castration was performed and not the slightest pain was felt, anaesthesia lasted two hours. During anaesthesia the nose was hot and dry, tongue pro- truded from mouth, and both mouth and tongue were very dry. The eyes were partly closed and tears ran down the cheeks. Heart beats were normal and respiration was increased and decreased alternately. When consciousness returned he drank an enormous quantity of water, similar to No. 2 experiment. No. 4. Same dog as No. 3, but experiment was performed two weeks later; was given 100 grs. in 10 per cent, solution. 574 REPORTS OF CASES. Anaesthesia was complete in a few minutes. At the end of three and one-half hours strychnine sulphate gr. ^ was given hypodermically. Fifteen minutes elapsed still no change took place, but on being touched upon the nose a violent spasm developed. Dur- ing the following thirty-five minutes ten more spasms developed, the last resulting in death. The animal died without regaining consciousness, and on the spot where it had lain during the whole period of anaesthesia. No. 5. Collie dog, weighing about 35 pounds, was given an intra-peritoneal injection of 85 grs. in an 8 per cent, solution. In about ten minutes the animal became slightly narcotized, which lasted about fifteen minutes and was then as well as ever again. No. 9. Dog weighting 25 pounds was given 70 grs. in a 10 per cent, solution. Anaesthesia was complete in five mniiiies ; cas- tration and laparotomy was performed, anaesthesia lasted three hours. The animal made a good recovery. No. II. Dog weighing about 40 pounds was given 120 grs. of chloral hydrate in a 10 per cent, solution. Anaesthesia was complete in twenty minutes. Amputation of the left front leg at the knee was performed. No pain was felt during the opera- tion ; anaesthesia lasted four hours. He made a good recovery and was kept for other experiments. No. 12. Dog weighing about 30 pounds was given 100 grs. chloral hydrate in 10 per cent, solution. Anaesthesia was com- plete in twenty minutes. The cranial covering was then removed during which time the animal gave a few low moans. The brain and coverings were found to be very hyperaemic (engorged). A portion of the brain was removed and during that time two or three twitchings of the body took place. The next step taken was an incision right through into the abdominal cavity, and the peritoneum, and intestines examined for any change which might have resulted from the injection of chloral hydrate upon the membrane; everything was found healthy. The thoracic cavity was opened next and the heart viewed which seemed to beat quite natural ; this was watched for twenty minutes when an incision into the heart ended its function ; the blood squirting about fifteen inches out from the incision. No. 13. Dog weighing about 35 pounds was given 100 grs. of chloral hydrate in a 10 per cent, solution subcutaneously at the flank. Narcosis followed in forty minutes and lasted for fifteen BEPOETS OF CASES. 575 hours but no anaesthesia resulted. The part where it was in- jected was painful when touched for two or three days after. The anaesthetic action of chloral hydrate may be due to de- pression of the cerebro-spinal centres and cerebral hyperaemia combined. When chloral hydrate is given by the mouth it is undoubtedly changed to a considerable extent iDy the alkaline con- tents of the small intestine; and that may be the reason it does not act very well as an anaesthetic when given that way. Anaes- thesia can be produced by intra-venous injections of the drug, but is very dangerous. It should be given when the stomach is empty so as not to produce vomiting, which it does probably by acting upon the vomiting centre in the medulla. It acts best when given in lo per cent, solution. The heart beats were normal and the animals, as a rule, are as bright as ever in about eight or ten hours after consciousness has returned if plenty of water is given to drink. The solution is best when prepared fresh. Strychnine seems to be of little use as an antidote but pilocarpine is very satisfac- tory, as it promotes the elimination of the chloral hydrate. When operating upon animals under the influence of this drug the blood vessels' should be ligatured to prevent bleeding, because chloral is a vaso-dilator and haemorrhage is likely to occur from the larger vessels. NOTES ON TETANUS. By Drs. N. S. Mayo and W. W. Dimock, Chief and First Assistant, respectively, of the Department of Animal Industry, Republic of Cuba. As is generally known tetanus is very frequent in Cuba, not only among domestic animals but among human subjects as well. The tetanus bacillus seems to be commonly distributed over the island as well in the cities as in the country. It is probable that the climatic conditions are favorable to the prolongation of the life of the organism and it is possible that the common practice of stabling animals in connection with houses may be an im- portant factor in the frequency of tetanus, at least it is liable to detract from cleanlinesss that is considered so important in its prevention. The mortality from infantile tetanus caused by umbilica^ in- fection was formerly Very high, but, owing to the efficient work of the National Sanitary Department in diffusing information 576 KEPORTS OF CASES. among the common people regarding- the origin of tetanus, and supplying antiseptic dressings, the mortality has been greatly re- duced. While it is a common thing to see naked children play- ing about the houses or streets it is rare to see them barefooted, as shoes serves as a protection against wounds of the feet and " hookworm " infection. Among horses and mules tetanus from wound infection is very common, and it is very important that all wounds be dressed antiseptically. The injection of tetanus antitoxin as a prophylactic following wounds gives excellent results and is used extensively by the American army Veterinarians in Cuba. It is probable that the practice of not castrating stallions is due in large measure to the danger from tetanus that follows this operation when performed by the ordinary Cuban method. The common people here recognize two forms of tetanus in animals. Cases that follow wound infection, and another form where there is no apparent wound. The latter is usually in a milder form and is comonly called " moon tetanus " from some mys- terious influence of that celestial body that we are unable to explain clearly. We have treated a number of cases of tetanus that, greatly to the surprise of the natives and sometimes to ourselves, have recovered. The people generally consider tetanus in animals to be a fatal disease. In treating tetanus, we consider it very im- portant to get at the seat of infection by opening the wound freely. If pus exists, we use peroxide of hydrogen freely, then apply a solution of one part of carbolic acid, one part of glycerine and two parts of water, afterward packing the wound with ab- sorbent cotton saturated with a 5 per cent, solution of car1x)lic acid. We dress the wound twice daily with the 5 per cent, so- lution. If the wound penetrates the flesh deeply we inject a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid near the base of the wound or seat of infection as possible. We also inject 5 c.c. of a solu- tion of one part carbolic acid, one part glycerine and two parts water, beneath the skin of the neck three times daily. We also use antitetanic serum every six hours if we can get it. If the animals can eat we give all the laxative but nutritious food they will eat and all the fresh water they will drink. The following are brief notes on twenty-two cases treated, as previously indicated: No. I. Small Cuban jack — Infected through nail puncture in foot. Symptoms were well marked when animal was brought for treatment. Recovery. BEPORTS OF CASES. 577 No. 2. American mule (female) — Infected through nail puncture in foot. Nail was not discovered until mule went lame. Four days after removal of nail tetanus developed. Recovery. No. 3. American mule (male) — Infected through nail wound in foot. Nail removed and turpentine applied. Seven days af- terward tetanus developed. Recovery. No. 4. American mule (male) — Infected through nail punc- ture in foot. Tetanus developed twenty days after injury. This mule seemed to make a good recovery and was turned ,out to pasture. Seven days afterward it was found dead in pasture. We think that this case was allowed to go too soon. Recovery from tetanus is slow and if this case had been looked after it would probably have recovered. The owner said that the mule seemed all right.. Death may have been due to some other cause. No. 5. Cuban saddle mule (female) — Evidently infected through saddle galls. In addition to the general treatment hy- podermic injections of 5 per cent, carbolic solutions were made about the wound. Recovery. No. 6. Cuban mare — Nail wound in foot.. Treatment recom- mended. Owner did not report results. Probably died. No. 7. Cuban saddle mare — Wire cut on foreleg. Treatment recommended. Recovery. This mare aborted in two weeks. In this case the carbolic acid solution was administered by the mouth. No. 8. Cuban stallion — A short rusty nail was imbedded in the frog and was not discovered until symptoms of tetanus fol- lowed. This horse was given six 10 c.c. doses of human tetanus antitoxin in addition to the regular treatment. Recovery. No. 9. Native ram in advanced stages — This animal was perfectly rigid and could scarcely move a muscle. There was no visible wound. Hypodermic injections of carbolic acid. Died in 36 hours. No. 10. Cuban mule (male) — Infected through nail wound in foot and was kept at work until it was so stiff it could scarce- ly move. Treatment recommended. Died in 36 hours. No. II. Young native horse — Nine days following castration showed well-marked symptoms of tetanus. This horse was rid- den in, a distance of nine miles and back. Treatment recom- mended. Died. No. 12. Native ram — This animal presented a peculiar com- plication of symptoms. It had been bitten by a dog five days 578 KEPOKTS OF CASES. before. Disinfected wound and injected carbolic solution hy- podermically. Died. No. 14. American mule (female) — Infected through nail wound of the foot. This case was seen fourteen days after the injury. The wound had suppurated and the sole and heel had separated from the soft tissues and the symptoms of tetanus were well marked. Sole of foot cut away and regular treatment given. This mule seemed to be in a fair way to recovery, but died on the fifth day. No. 15. Cuban mare — Mild case of " moon tetanus," that is, there was no visible wound. No treatment recommended. Mare put on pasture. Recovery. No. 16. Cuban mare, with nail puncture of the foot. Ten days after the nail was removed the owner noticed symptoms of tetanus. Treatment recommended. Mare died in five days. No. 17. Native horse — Infected through nail wound in foot. Treatment recommended and the animal apparently recovered and was traded, but died in two or three weeks. Cause of death not known. No. 18. Native stallion — Nail wound of the foot. Treatment recommended. This animal was seen one week after it was first brought to us and was doing as well as could be expected. Sev- eral days later death resulted. No. 19. Cuban stallion — Nine days before the horse had been " fired " for splints and the wounds were inflamed and suppurat- ing. Symptoms of tetanus were developing. Wounds were dis- infected and antiseiDtic pack applied. No other treatment. Re- covery. No. 20. Native ewe in advanced pregnancy — Large lacerated wound on shoulder from bite of dog. Wound treated once, car- bolic acid injected and treatment recommended. No report. No. 21. Native stallion — Castrated February 4th, February 1 8th the wounds had healed and the horse was put to light work under the saddle. February 25th marked symptoms of tetanus developed and grew worse until the horse was down. Slings were used. The old wounds in the scrotum were opened and solutions of carbolic acid injected into the scrotum and into the surrounding tissues. 125 c.c. of veterinary antitoxin were given in 25 c.c. doses every six hours as well as injections of the strong carbolic solution. Recovery. No, 22. American saddle horse — Tetanus developed" and a nail was found in the foot. In addition to the regular treatment. BEPOKTS OF CASES. 579 100 c.c. of veterinary tetanus antitoxin was given. Recovery. Of the twenty-two cases here reported ten made a good recov- ery, seven died and among these were two sheep. Of the five doubtful cases two seemed to have practically recovered, but later died. In those cases where treatment was recommended it must be remembered that whatever treatment was given was by na- tives, the most of whom could not read or write. We feel that if these cases could have been under our own supervision the re- sults would have been better. SPINAL MENINGITIS. By J. G. Willis, D. V. M., Chateaugay, N. Y. Case I. September 5, 1907, a horse was driven to my stable a distance of about four miles and I was asked to prescribe treat- ment. Animal was sweating profusely and nearly exhausted. Owner informed me he had been showing signs of something wrong for some weeks. Horse was about six years old, teeth good, pulse accelerated but regular, and, as far as I could find, no organic difficulty. I concluded it was a case of indigestion and prescribed gentian nux vomica and nitrate of potash together with complete change of diet. Owner was also instructed to give animal bran mashes or other laxative food at least twice weekly and purgative ball of aloes, nux vomica and calomel was given before starting for home. Five days later I was called to see same animal. He had not shown improvement under treatment given but was apparently in about the same condition, but on this morning was found down in the stable and could not rise. Pulse was regular but soft temperature and respiration normal, some salivation and difficulty in swallowing but animal showed no pain and lay flat as possible with no struggling. Case puzzled me and I gave no diagnosis but prescribed stimulants and gave injection to relieve bowels with no result. Then gave one grain aresoline hydro- bromate with no result. Animal became violent soon after and died that night. Post-mortem showed congestion of brain but otherwise viscera was apparently normal. Case 2. Was called October 12 (about one month later) to same stable. I found a thoroughbred aged mare down and un- able to rise. Pulse soft and slow, temperature 100.2, respiration normal. 580 REPORTS OF CASES. History of this 'case was unsatisfactory. Nothing unusual had been noticed until animal found down in the morning-. Sus- pected spinal meningitis and prescribed cold applications to head and heart stimulants internally. She grew rapidly worse and died in less than twenty-four hours. Post-mortem was more thorough than other case. Found in- ternal organs normal except small abscess in liver. Pronounced cerebral congestion and infusion into ventricles of brain. Post- mortem seemed to confirm diagnosis of meningitis. Advised owner to disinfect premises thoroughly and to re- move other animals from stables for some time. He was also warned to be careful about hay and water used, but I could see no cause for suspecting further trouble from that source. March 12, 1908, I was again called to same stable. This patient was a valuable Kentucky thoroughbred stallion and had been showing some unusual actions for several days. He had refused food, seemed uneasy and peevish when touched on ihe loins or hips, while his tail was partly paralyzed. I immediately prescribed cold applications to head and spine, gave physic ball and ordered 1-2 oz. Pot. iodide three times daily, next day added 3 dr. Pot. nitrate to this powder, and three days after substituted Pot. bromide for the iodide, giving 2 dr. Pot. bromide and 2 dr. Pot. nitrate for four days. This case exhibited varying symptoms, seemed quite lively at times with periods of dullness and motor paralysis. Pulse was quite normal and temperature slightly above ordinary. Brisk friction over legs and hips was given several times daily and animal fed sparingly on hay with frequent bran mashes. He is now apparently as well as ever and I am inclined to give iodide and bromide of potash credit for bringing about his recovery. TETANUS. By J. G. Willis, D. V. M., Chateaugay, N. Y. Subject — ^Six-year-old gelding weighing about 1,150 pounds, in good condition. History — About two wepks before I saw him he had injured outside of right hock slightly by backing against ironwork of a grain seeder. Wound was slight ajid no attention except usual greasing with gall cure or lard. When I saw the case the nervous REPORTS OF CASES. 581 symptoms were pronounced and protrusion of membrana nicti- tous prominent. Tail was extended, eyes staring-, temperature 1 02 degrees F. Bowels regular and loose and animal ate and drank with little difficulty but considerable salivation. Diagnosed case as tetanus and determined on anti-toxin treatment and or- dered ten doses (Mulford's) at once. Placed animal in large, roomy underground stable dimly lighted and began treatment with following powders while awaiting arrival of anti-toxin : ]^ Cupri. Sulph | Ferri. Sulph. exicT^ .^^ss Bellad. Fol. Pulv./ _ Gentian Rad S ^''^ '^"^ M. — Two tablespoon fuls four times daily in feed. Also gave animal tablespoonful of carbolic acid in each pail of drinking water. Disease was progressing rapidly and trismus was ap- pearing when anti-toxin arrived. As near as could be learned this was eighteen days after injury. I began treatment with anti-toxin at 7 p. m., injecting 30 c. c. Next morning at 9 a. m. and again at 4 p. m. dose was repeated. This was continued for four days without noticeable change ex- cept trismus decreased. On fifth and sixth days only one dose of anti-toxin was given and powders were discontinued. Ani- mal began to improve rapidly and made complete recovery. Case 2. Subject : Gelding aged about fifteen years, used as a family horse, weighed about 1,100 pounds, in poor condition. History — Only injury owner remarked was calk wound sus- tained some three weeks previously in deep snow. Hardly seemed possible infection could have come from that source, but no other external injury observed. When my attention was called to animal first he was on sleigh eight miles from home. Tail was raised, nictitous protruded, pulse normal and no other suspicious symptoms. Owner said he ate and drank well but showed some unusual fear of his head while eating and while being fed. I told the owner my suspicions and gave him directions to observe animal carefully for a day or two and report. Returned in two days, symptoms little changed but pulse accelerated and owner said nervousness was more pronounced in stable. I advised anti-toxin treatment and injected 30 c. c. first day as in previous case, then twice a day for two days, then once a day, only eight doses being- necessary to bring entire recovery. Used carbolic acid in this case also, but 582 REPORTS OF CASES. no other treatment. My success in these two cases has g^iven me much confidence in the anti-toxin treatment, but I beheve the use of an internal antiseptic is also valuable with local antiseptics to wound when it can be located. IMPACTION OF THE CCECUM. By Dr. H. B. Treman, Rockwell City, Iowa. Reported to the Iowa State Veterinary Association. I am afraid many of you will be disappointed as I am' on the program for a paper, but I only promised to report two cases, and all I have to offer is simply a report of two cases of impaction of the coecum, which I observed in my practice. My reasons for reporting these cases are twofold. The first is that I think such cases are rare. Dr. Bell said, in an article on intestinal troubles, that he had never been fortunate enough to find a case on post- mortem. Dr. Law gives this trouble only passing mention, and Dr. Reck, in his excellent and complete little work on equine colics, has nothing particular to say about it. I have been unable to find anything whatever in any literature at my coi^imand in regard to it. My second reason that I believe with Dr. Reck that the time is now ripe for an attempt at diagnosing these different intestinal disorders and thereby treating them the more intelligently. Our M. D. brothers are doing so with much more accuracy than in former years and why can't we do the same. In these particular cases I believe I noticed one symptom at least which seemed to me as diagnostic of this part'cular kind of colic. Case No. i. — On June 24th I was called seven miles in the country to see a black draft mare, eleven years old, due to foal early in September. Upon careful examination I diagnosed what I supposed im- paction of the large colon. Treatment was nux vomica and car- bonate of ammonia, followed in about one hour by terabinthina, aromatic spirits of ammonia and linseed oil, with one and one- half grains of eserine. In about an hour got a good action on the bowels and recovery. The mare continued well till after foaling, September 19th. September 20th the owner informed BEPOBTS OF CA8ES. 583 me by telephone to come quick, the mare was in terrible pain and bleeding some. Before my arrival the owner had given two ounces of laudanum and the mare was easier. I found the temperature 102° F., pulse 80, and respirations somewhat hurried. The bowels had been fairly loose. There was some haemorrhage from the uterus, which I irrigated with an antiseptic and styptic. I also found the right cornua of the uterus well over to and above the left, which I righted without trouble, and thought I had cured the case. September 22d almost the identical procedure was gone over. September 23d was called again with the same story, except that haemorrhage had ceased. The patient was somewhat easier when I arrived, and I could find nothing wrong with the gen- erative organs in any way. I then decided there must be some bowel trouble, this being the first time I had arrived in time to see the symptoms of pain myself. I gave three grains of pilocarpine and one and one-fourth grains of eserine, with most elaborate results in less than an hour. The patient got, what the owner called, a good cleaning out. Nothing more was heard of the patient until September 28th, when I was called as before and told the mare was fairly tear- ing the stable down. The owner again gave two ounces 6f laudanum, in spite of what I had said against it, and still again the patient was eating hay when I arrived. Temperature, pulse and respirations were about normal. I gave one pint of oil to counteract the effects of the opium and left a few doses of mix vomica to be given. Everything went well until October 4th, when I was again called in a hurry, but this time the mare was not easy. Instead she was in a state of shock, and within a few minutes was dead. Upon post-mortem I found the caecum fully twice its normal size and packed solid with ingesta nearly dry, and a rupture about eight inches long on the lower side about the middle of the organ. Now the questions in my mind are: Was that mare's sick- ness on June 24th due to impaction of the caecum? Was that caecum in a state of impaction from September 20th until Octo- ber 4th, the day of her death? I think it was. Case No. 2. — This case was 12 miles in the country. Was asked to come in a hurry, as usual; the mare was very sick. 584 KEPORTS OF CASKS. Upon my arrival I learned that an imperic from a neighboring town had been called on Tuesday, this being Thursday. This man had been treating the case for inflammation of the bladder, but he had given a large dose of oil which had worked well and the mare had purged considerably. The patient was in such a state of shock it was dangerous to go near. She was liable to fall any minute. Temperature 107, pulse imperceptible, membranes almost purple, respiration quick and catchy. Of course I was asked for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, etc., etc., immediately. My prognosis was death in a very few minutes. For diagnosis all I had was subjective symptoms, the only objective being those of collapse. The symptoms, as I got them from the owner, were dull pains, quite continuous, more or less frequent urination as well as frequent movements from the bowels, especially after the oil took effect. Death took place within ten minutes after I arrived. Post- mortem revealed almost identically the same condition as found in Case No. i, except the rupture was larger and more excreta out in the abdominal cavity. In these two cases there is one symptom that struck me as being characteristic or diagnostic of this particular impaction. That is the characteristic general symptoms of impaction of the large colon, except the more or less regular and full movements of the bowels, which also responded to purgative medication without relieving the impaction or even any of the symptoms in Case No. 2. This we know is not true in a case of impaction of the large colon. MAT.LEIN AND THE TUBERCULIN TEST.* By E. H. NoDYNE, V. S. On May 19th last, as an experiment, I injected two cows with 2 c. c. each of mallein with the following result : Cow No. I. Temperature before Temperature after Injection. Injection 9 P. M. A.M. A.M. A.M. M. P.M. P. M. P.M. 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 101.4 J05.0 105. J 106.0 106.2 106.6 104.2 103.2 * Report presented to the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, July 9, 1908, at Rochester, N. Y. REPORTS OF CASES. 585 Cow No. 2. Temperature before Temperature after Injection. Injection 9 P. M. A. M. A.M. A.M. M. P.M. P. M. P. M. 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 102.4 102.0 101.2 101.4 101.2 lOI.O 100.2 lOI.O On June 23d I subjected cow No. i to the tuberculin test, using 2 c. c. tuberculin prepared at the N. Y. State Vet. Col- lege. Cow No. 2 in the meantime had been sold and I lost trase of her. Following is the result of tuberculin test on cow No. i : Temperature before Temperature after Injection. Injection g P. M. A. M. A. M. A.M. M. P.M. P. M. P.M. 8 10 12 2 4 h 102.2 104.6 105.2 103.2 106.0 105.0 1C4.S As will be seen by comparing this with the temperatures after the injection of mallein there was in both instances a positive reaction. I condemned this cow and on June 25 she was slaugh- tered and on post-mortem examination showed well-marked lesions in post-mediastinal gland and left lung. The gland lesion being about the size of a croquet ball, and that of the lung about the size of a man's hand. The results of this experiment leads me to doubt many things, and one is whether it is the specific products of the tubercle bac- teria that causes the reaction in a tuberculous subject, and if this is so then why will mallein produce the same effect ? Is it the close relation of the two bacteria, or would some other foreign matter injected into the system produce the same effect? These and many other questions might be asked and I could not answer them, and I think the subject is one that could be followed up with interest and profit to both practitioners of human and veterinary medicine. Some of you gentlemen may have experimented some along this line; if so, I should very much like to hear the results ob- tained. 586 KEPORTS OF CASES. REMOVAL OF FOREIGN BODY FROM STOMACH OF DOG— RECOVERY. By Drs. H. T. Gaetz and E. L. Volgenau, Buffalo, N. Y. A fox terrier while at play swallowed a hollow rubber ball one and one-half inches in diameter. Brought to the writer four days after the occurrence of the accident, the owner stated that the dog had vomited about one hour after every meal since he had swallowed the ball. Gastrotomy was advised and per- formed on the following day. One hour before the operation the patient received one H.M.C. tablet (Abbott) hypodermically. Less than one drachm of ether was necessary for complete sur- gical anaesthesia. The abdomen was shaved, scrubbed with bi- chloride soap and washed with lysol solution, an incision two inches long made into the abdominal cavity and the ball easily located in the stomach. The stomach was drawn through the incision and an opening made large enough to remove the ball after it had been slit in several places to make it collapse. The opening in the stomach was closed by continuous catgut suture in two layers and the abdominal wound by one layer of inter- rupted silk sutures. The dog received nothing but water in small quantities for three days, after which time feeding was cautiously resumed. Complete recovery in thirteen days. The writer has used the H. M. C. tablet in fifteen lap- arotomies in dogs with the greatest satisfaction to himself and with perfect safety to the patient. Only a small quantity of ether is necessary for complete anaesthesia, the animal does not fight the anaesthetic, rests quietly for three or four hours after the operation, has no post-operative nausea and practically no surgical shock. TUBERCULOSIS IN LIONESS. By A. G. CopPENBARGER, D. V. S., Muskogce, Okla. On the evening of June lo, 1908, I was summoned by tiie Parker Amusement Company to see a lioness that had been fail- ing for the past three months. I found the animal stretched out in the cage very much emaciated, respiration decidedly increased, her appetite had gradually been failing her from the time she BEPORTS OF CASES. 587 was first noticed ailing ; for about the last thirty days she would eat sparingly one day and refuse food the next ; she also refused milk, which was unusual for her; soon after eating the food in many instances it would be regurgitated. With what little history I had I diagnosed the case indigestion, and prescribed : June lo, 1908. I^ Tr. Nux Vomica. . .} Hydrochloric Acid.-T^ J^ Bismuth Subnitrate jvo Liq. Pepsin ij^^ Syr. Aurantium, g. s. ad jvo M. Sig. — Give tablespoonful morning, noon and night. The medicine was given with a syringe by the attendant get- ting as near the cage as would be safe and drawing back as though he was going to strike her, when she would open lier mouth, thus giving him an opportunity to give the medicine. On the evening of the 12th I had an opportunity to hold a post-mortem examination, assisted by Dr. Warner Sidener. I was compelled to change my diagnosis to tuberculosis. The lungs were almost completely covered with nodules. The establishment of a school of sanitary science and public hygiene at Cornell University is announced. At the meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey the Mayor of the Borough of Ramsay, Dr. J. B. Finch, exchanged greetings with Dr. R. T, Churchill, Mayor of the Borough of Secaucus, Bitten by a Horseradish. — "' And so Smithers died of hy- drophobia? " " Yes ; poor chap ! " " How did it happen ? " " He put too much horseradish on his bologna and it bit his tongue." — ( Chicago Neivs. ) A Duck of an M. D. — Little Elmer — Mamma says you are a duck of a doctor. Pompous M. D. (greatly pleased) — Indeed! How did she come to say that? Little Elmer — Oh, she didn't say it just that way, but I heard her tell papa you were a quack. — (Chicago Nezvs.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. VoMiTioN IN THE HoRSE [Roberi Bryden']. — These are the records of three cases where vomiting took place and presented a great similarity in their manifestation. The vomiting occurred several times in succession and in every animal the same position was assumed as it was going to take place. This peculiar posi- tion was as follows : At various intervals the animal would stretch his fore legs well out in front, the cervical muscles spas- modically would contract causing the neck to become ewe-like in shape for a moment and then there was immediately following a faint shriek and the forcible ejection of gas and fluid in gesta through the nostrils. Of course, there were also more or less marked symptoms of colics. The two first cases were diagnosed as impaction and overloaded stomach and treated accordingly. The vomiting returned several times but both animals got well comparatively quick. In the third case, however, a diagnosis of rupture of stomach or of the bowels had been made. It proved fatal. However, at the post-mortem the stomach was found en- tire, and full of foul fluid and injesta similar to that thrown out by the nostrils during the vomition. — (Veterinary Record.) Removal of the Placenta in the Mare. How it Should Be Done [C Cunningham, M. R. C. V. S.']. — The cleansing of a mare may in many cases be an easy job, but yet there may be some condition where one is quite embarrassed. The author has had recourse to a very simple method and although it may be known and commonly used, as he has never seen mention of it, he thought he would just speak of it, leaving to others the task to judge of its value. The process is simply this : " Leave ihe big bulk and big mass of the white or light colored placenta severely alone, go in search of the dark colored outer surface of the chorion and try by gentle traction of that membrane by itself to effect the end in view." The author relates three cases where he has obtained excellent and very rapid results. Some practi- tioners may know of this method and yet some may not or may have not put it into practice. Let them try it. To explain and 588 AESTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 589 to illustrate, Mr. Cunningham says : " Called to a big black mare, 16.2 hands high or over, foaled ten hours or so, I found the membranes seemingly so firmly attached that I allowed two or three hours grace, and even then was likely to be nonplussed. Happening to see the dark colored detached margin of the chorion showing just within the labia, I said to myself: 'That is the chorion, the outer foetal membrane, the outer surface of which is closely applied to and connected with the inner lining membrane of the womb. Some of it got detached and if I pull gently at this detached portion alone and by itself I may succeed in de- taching and bringing away the rest of this adhering membrane, and with it the whole placenta.' Acting on these lines, I pulled gently at the dark colored membrane only, found it giving an inch and then two inches, shifted my hold and went round about the detached circumference drawing quietly here and there. Soon the choirion showed as a sort of brownish night-cap, en- veloping the whiter parts downward six, twelve, and eighteen inches and nearly two feet, when the force of weight came into play, and the whole mass fell with a flop between the mare's hocks and at my feet." — (Veterinary Record.) Hydronephrosis in the Domestic Animals [Gerald Leighton, M. D., F. R. S. E.'\. — The author has already recorded one case of this trouble associated with congenital absence of the other kidney. He has seen since two other cases, one in a pig and one in a cow. The lesions are described as they were found in one of them, but they were very similar in all. How- ever, in the pig the hydronephrosis was double. In all there were lesions of chronic cystitis. The author considers that the causes that give rise to those conditions may be divided into two groups arid those whether being responsible for unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis can be arranged as follows : As Unilateral Causes are those where there is obstruction to the outflow of urine situated above the point of entrance of the ureter into the bladder, such as deformity of ureter, occlusion, contraction, twist, kink, calculus impacted, pressure of pelvic tumour, pelvic scar tissue, uterine displacements, pregnancy. Causes acting in bila- teral hydronephrosis, those where there is obstruction below the points of entrance of the ureters into the bladder, such as any vesical or urethral obstruction, usually incomplete, calculus in bladder or urethra, enlarged prostate, pressure of tumours, stric- ture, chronic cystitis. — (journ. of Compar. Pathol and Therap.) 590 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Abscess of the Internal Ear in a Mule [Ferguson Stir- ling, M. R. C. V. S.'\. — A mule said to have had an abscess of the external ear, had the conchal and annular cartila.8;-es slit in a fearful manner and the ear was packed by the owner with axle- grease and cotton wool pushed in as far as possible. Shortly after, the animal exhibited serious symptoms. He has lost a great deal of the normal control of his movements and goes along in a peculiar uncertain staggering way. He has the high- stepping action of the sheep suffering with gid, when the para- site is situated near the cerebellum. He soon becomes comatous, and, notwitstanding treatment, dies in ten hours. Blood, pus and axle-grease are found in the middle ear and also in the guttural pouches. — ( Veterinary Journal. ) Some Canine Clinical Notes [F. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S. and Edgar Belcher, M. R. C. V. S.']. — ist. Malignant tumour. A nine-year-old St. Bernard bitch had a growth on the right knee, which increased rapidly and necessitated amputation, as it was of malignant nature. It was a sarcoma. The dog got well and was comfortable with an artificial leg. Four weeks after she had pneumonia, began to get over that when she presented peculiar symptoms. Having great appetite, and eating one pound of meat every day she kept loosing flesh until she was but " a bag of bones." Soon a nodule appeared in one mammary gland, this enlarged rapidly. And then the bitch had paroxysms of pains when she would cry out as if in great agony. She was de- stroyed. Sarcomatous growths were found in the lungs and also in the mammary gland. 2d. Carcinoma of the oesophagus in aged fox terrier. He had always been in good health until the time he began to feed poorly and looked dull. Then he vomited occasionally. Gas- tritis was suspected and he was treated accordingly. The dog kept getting weaker and then presented a swelling about the mid- dle of the throat. Supposed it was a bone. The swelling got as big as a Tangerine orange and made the dog hold his head to the right. Usually snappish to strangers, the dog is now quiet and gave no evidence of pain on pressure over the swelling. There was no salivation, nor bad odor from the mouth. The swelling was irregular, rough and quite movable under the skin. On manipulation it gave the idea of being attached to the CEsophagus. Cancerous growth was diagnosed and the dog destroyed. At post-mortem the swelling was found involving some of the vol- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 591 imtary muscles and extended to the membrane lining- the oesopha- gus. It was cancerous, no doubt of the squammous-celled variety. 3d. Ascites Followed by Carcinoma of the Pharynx AND Cervical Glands. — Skye terrier, 12 years old, had ab- dominal dropsy and was placed under iodide of potassium. A few months later nine pints of straw-colored fluid are taken off from the abdomen. The dog remains in good health for three months, when he became delicate in his appetite and looked as having sore throat. In that region there is found a subcutaneous movable tumour as big as a chestnut. Carcinoma is suspected and confirmed by the condition of the mucous membrane of the throat examined with the mouth kept open with a speculum. Microscopic examination revealed also the nature of the tumour. — (Veterinary Journal. ) Three Cases of Prolapsus of the Bowel; Amputation; Proctopexia [by the Sarne'}. — In the first case, a piece of the bowel had been excised after first suturing the healthy part to the anal ring. Death occurred after twenty-four hours from gan- grene of the bowel. In the second, the bowel was returned but as it could not be kept in place, notwithstanding cold astringent injections of tannic acid, a purse-string suture was resorted to. Removed after five days, the prolapsus returned and finally the dog died with intes- tinal complications. In the third case, the prolapsus was at first easily reduced and remained in place. The animal was sent home. After three days the trouble returned. Again it was reduced but without success. After trying several times and always failing, it was decided to resort to the operation of Gersuney. But this was also followed with a bad result. Then laparatomy was per- formed and proctopexia carried out with a perfect success. A month after the operation the dog was still in perfect condition and had no difficulty in defecating. — (Veterinary Journal.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. Exophthalmia Due to Thrombosis of a Cavernous Sinus IN A Horse; Sudden Death [Baillart, Babb and Grollet']. — A rare case, none similar on record. Stallion of six years, has had 592 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. three attacks of severe pneumonia. A month after the last has severe coHcs which were followed by another two days later. The evening of that day the right eye was swollen, the eye lids are tumefied, closed and painful, the conjunctiva are congested and the cornea is yet transparent. Traumatism is suspected and warm applications of camomile decoction are prescribed. The next day, the animal having refused his food, the right eye is about entirely out of the orbit. It is surrounded with thick swollen conjunctiva. The region is the seat of wide oedema, the sub-orbital fossa has made room to a convexity. The cornea is translucid. The left eye begins to be affected. Suspecting a retro-orbital abscess, an exploring puncture is made but no pus is found. The skin over the seat of the sub-orbital fossa is incised, some adipose tissue of the fossa is removed but no pus is found. Warm lotions are applied. The conditions are worse the next day and the question whether the eye is to be removed or not is put to a consultation. It is decided to wait until the next day. The horse dies suddenly during the evening. Post-mortem — No pus was found but instead an abundant hemorrhage between the eyes. First stage of meningitis in the anterior region of the brain. The optic nerves are normal at the chiasma, the pituitary gland is congested and as big as a hazel nut. The frontal sinuses contained a certain quantity of fluid. The optic nerve is surrounded with a clot of blood. Perineurium has an hemorrhagic tinct. This hemorrhage comes from the venous branch which unites the sub-sphenoidal confluent to the caver- nous sinus, probably the seat of phlebitis, sequelae of the inflam- mation of the frontal sinus. — {Rev. de Pathologic Comparee.) Open Wound of the Anterior Chamber of the Eye; Recovery With Pulverized Boric Acid [^Lacassagne, Army Veterinarimi]. — A horse has the right eye closed, the lids much swollen. The ocular globe is red all over and presents a vertical fissure, about three centim'eters in length which is partly closed by a clot of coagulated aqueous humour. There is also escape of a sero-bloody liquid. Ophthalmoscopic examination is not possible, the animal does not see with that eye. After washing the part with tepid salt water, boric acid finely pulverized was insufflated in the eye. Soon abundant lachrimation takes place, accompanied with escape of serosity. In the afternoon the eye is less painful and the animal resists less to a second insufflation. After each of these the membrana nictitans passing over the globe of the eye spreads the acid all over. This treatment was renewed ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 593 the next day with three insufflations and kept up for two weeks when the wound of the eye was entirely closed. Some granula- tions, however, had to be cauterized with nitrate of silver. The animal resumed his work after twenty-six days of treatment with perfect sight and a very slight blemish of the eye. — {Rec. de Mcdcc. Vctcr.) Treatment of Sero-bloody Collections With Injec- tions OF Pure Tincture of Iodine \_M. M. Cadix and Pineau, Army Vetcrinarians~\. — The authors have resorted to that treat- ment very extensively for tendinous cysts, windgalls and thor- ough pins as well as for sero-bloody cysts and gatherings. Their modus operandi is as follows : The region situated below the most prominent point of the swelling being well aseptized, a punc- ture is made with the large needle of the Syringe of Pravaz and about one-third of the liquid contained in the tumour is removed. Then, according to the size of the collection, from one to four grammes of pure tincture of iodine is injected, insuring its thor- ough dilution and contact with the walls of the cavity by mas- sage. If as it some times occurs, there is an oedematous swell- ing of some importance round the sero-bloody tumour, before making the injection, an astringent application (clay, carbonate of lime, sulphate of iron and vinegar) is applied over it. Very rapidly after the operation there is a marked increase in the size of the tumour. This remains for six or eight days and then the resorbtion of the liquid begins and is complete in fifteen days or perhaps a little longer if the region is exposed to rubbings. Sev- eral cases are recorded where most satisfactory results have been obtained. — (Rcc. dc Medcc. Vctcr.) Deep Wound of the Foot; Arthritis; Recovery [Mr. Arnoux']. — Simple record of a rather serious injury that a three- year-old filly received while running out to grass. The horse put her foot on a stump of wood which entered deeply through one of the lateral lacunae of the frog and then broke off, leaving a part of it in the foot. Excessive lameness, of course, followed although the fragments of wood were extracted as well as pos- sible. After a few days the animal was on three legs. The case was evidently one of very severe nature when the author was called. A very deep wound of the foot, an immediate operation is imposed and is at once performed.* Little pieces of wood are removed, the small sesamoid bone had to be curetted, the peri- osteum is diseased, synovia escapes, the second phalangeal joint 594 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. is open. Repeated injections of pure oxygenated water are made, the wound cleaned with subhmate sokition, dusted with iodoform and a dressing appHed. Notwithstanding the severity of the interference, the animal got well and after six weeks could be considered thoroughly cured. However, a week later the lame- ness returned, a fistulous tract reopened and several pieces of w^ood were again extracted besides those that escaped with the discharge. A similar result followed an appropriated treatment. But again another abscess formed at the coronet. This was treated again and followed by another and final recovery. The animal had been laid up three months. — {Rccc. de Mcdec. Vctcr.) Effects of Lightning on a Filly \_Mr. Fafin'\. — She w^as found dead the day after a severe storm. She had fallen in a ditch, at the foot of a tree and had a peculiar position. Seated on her hocks, the hind legs under her abdomen, the fore limbs half flexed, she seemed to be asleep. The neck was slightly bent to the right, and the head resting with her nose on the ground. There w^as a fine stream of blood oozing from both nostrils. Post-mortem : The skin removed showed the connective tissue and the superficial muscles as being of a red w^ne color. The muscles look as if they were cooked. Through them in the back was found a piece of the vertebral column which is absolutely loose. Measuring lo centimeters in length, it is situated a little back of the withers, and is surrounded by a clot of black blood and muscular detritus. The whole of that region looks like an anthrax tumor. Then the electric spark must have divided in several directions. Backwards and downwards it has torn the abdominal muscles, an enormous clot of blood is spread over the large intestine which, however, is not torn. The lungs are mashed in many pieces, the sub-scapular muscles are black. A muscular laceration situated a little in front of the scapula is covered by the skin which presents only a small hole not larger than a pencil. There was also marks of the passage of another spark. In reaching the head it had again divided and one branch had gone and burnt the right parotid, while another had gone to the nostrils, where it lost itself in the earth, as indicated by the position of the head of the animal when it was found in the ditch. — (Semai. Veter.) Gastrotomy to Extract Foreign Body from the Rumen, [M. Leon Baby']. — A fine two-year-old heifer, five months in calf, presents under the abdomen a little back of the sternum, a ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 595 sharp piece of iron, which is running through the skin. It is the point of a harnessmaker's punching needle that had been missed for two months, and that the cow had swallowed, 21 centimeters long and carrying a handle which measures three centimeters in diameter, it requires an incision of some dimension to be re- moved, at the spot where it projects. And as there might be possibility of an eventration and of an extravasation of the in- testinal contents into the peritoneum, gastrotomy was resorted to. The left flank disinfected, the rumen exposed and open, the inferior edge is secured to the skin with Pean's forceps and the arm introduced, the foreign body was readily removed. Sutures of the walls of the rumen, then of the parietal peritoneum, of the muscles and finally of the skin ended the operation which was followed by complete recovery in seven days. — {Pr ogres Veteri.) GERMAN REVIEW By J. P. O'Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. Sudden Death After Reposition of the Prolapsed Uterus \_Dr. Lazanto'\. — In the case of a cow which had calved normally, the uterus being prolapsed, it was apparently uninjured, and after a thorough washing and disinfecting, was replaced. A few minutes later, the cow, which was still laying down, looked anxious, began to tremble, became weaker and had an intermit- ting pulse. Soon muscular spasms and convulsions set in, which announced approaching death. Natural death was averted, the animal was slaughtered. The author is now of the opinion that an air embolism from the uterus was the cause of the severe symptoms mentioned. There was no information obtained as to the result of the postmortem examination. — {AJlatorvosi Lapok, 1907, 6'. 327.) The Practical Value of the Opsonic Index. — [Z?r. Saathoff, from the 11 Medical Clinic in Munich~\. — The main points of Wright's theory with reference to the opsonic power of the blood serum are summed up in the following brief sentences : First — In the serum of the normal blood elements are present ; the opsonines, which affect the invading bacteria to the extent that they are taken up by the leucocytes and eventualy destroyed. Second — In certain diseases, and particularly in all chronic in- fections, the resisting power of the blood is lowered against the 596 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. bacteria present, which is manifested in a lowering of the opsonic index. Reyersely, we can conclude from this that a lowering of the opsonic index indicates the presence of an infection. Third — As is demonstrated in the foregoing sentences it be- comes necessary in the treatment of infectious diseases to raise the opsonic power of the blood. This is accomplished by subcu- taneous inoculations of the speicific micro-organism in a de- vitalized condition, whereby specific reacting bodies are formed in the serum of the character of the opsonines which in turn raises the opsonic index. The author had subsequently verified the results of Wright's experiments relative to the clinical value of this method and ap- pends his conclusions as follows : First, on account of the com- plex and extremely difficult technique, this method can only be applied in certain institutions where it is possible to maintain an investigator, consequently this detracts considerably from its value. Second, on account of the innumerable sources of error which arise in establishing the opsonic index, the method is ap- plicable only in very rare cases, or where the case at issue is of extreme importance. Third, in its therapeutic application the opsonic index for the reasons just stated is an untrustworthy agent. With regard to the value and further development of active immunization, it remains unconsidered. — (Miinchener Medimn. Wochenschrift, 55, Jahr., 1908, No. 15, 5^. 779.) The Opsonine of Modern Therapeutics [Dr.Piorkozi'skil — After describing the technique for the application of Wright's opsonine method in human medicine, which has been successful in msny cases in England, but only now is gaining a foothold in Germany, Piorkowski publishes in his laboratory experiments the results of his investigations concerning the opsonines of the spe- cific organisms of swine pest, pneumonia, dysentery of calves. The opsonines correspond in all appearances to the amtroceptors of Ehrlich and are obtained in this way : They are derived from cultures of specific pathogenic organisms which are destroyed at a temperature of 56 degrees C, and are emulsified in a physo- logical salt solution and freed from germs. Naturally an abund- ant polyvalence predominates as laboratory experiments and ex- perience in practice has proven. For immunizing purposes subcu- taneous injections of the extract is sufficient, which is used simul- taneously with the specific sera. As a curative agent the bacterial extract alone is sufficient. If the mother animal is inoculated at ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 597 the proper time, she transmits immunity to her offspring. — (Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift, No. ii, 1908.) The Composition of Some Secret Remedies. — The well known powder (Pondre Uterine de Roux), is ^ greenish powder composed of the herb artemesia and ruta gravoelens of each 60 grams, inula helenium, 20 grams ; camphor and sodium chloride, of each 10 grams. Birkmore's wound cure is a sulphur borax ointment, colored with indigo blue, and is used extensively in horse and cattle practice. Bovino contains ground St. John's bread, starch, lentil, millet, rice, corn and various kinds of husks. Blood meal is composed of dried animal blood and turf mould. It should be mixed with molasses before being used. Harlem oil consists of 50 grams of oil of turpentine, 35 grams sulphurated linseed oil, 15 grams of sulphur. Grape nuts are roasted wheat and barley which had previously been slightly malted. Cattle powder is composed of rad, althaeae. juniperi com- munis, rad, gentian, sulphate of magnesia, black antimony sem, foenugreek. Canine Antipourine or Furunculine is formed of dried yeast cells with a large percentage of potato starch added. Its action is decidedly weakened as a result of drying and is in every way inferior to the fresh yeast cells. St. Jacobs Balsam represents 27.0 of oil of cacao, 60.0 of oil sesami, 3.0 of phenol, lo.o oxide of zinc. Jerusalem Balsam is compound tincture of benzoin. Balsamic Creasote Liniment is composed of potassium iodide dissolved in Hoffman's balsamic mixture with spirits of lavender added. Eythymol is a mixture of eucalyptus, thymian, oil peppermint, oil wintergreen and boracic acid in alcohol. Germicidal soap is a blue soap for disinfecting purposes, con- taining Berlin blue and iodide of mercury. Special Food — This food is advertised extensively at the pres- ent time and is naturally of American origin. It contains oat hulls, oat bran, wheat bran and barley hulls. The well known and expensive naphtalan is nothing more than 95 per cent, purified raw naphtha, with 5 per cent, neutral soap added. 598 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Dr. Waites' local painkiller contains cocaine and creosote, dis- solved in glycerine and water. Liquid insecticide contains soap and nicotine in solution and perfumed with oil of melissa. Mouse-virus is a culture of the bacillus of mouse typhoid grown on nutrient agar. — (Berliner Thr. Wochenschrift, No. 20, May, 1908.) The Treatment of Summer Sores [/n the Brussels An- nals of March, 1907]. — Prof. Lineaux writes concerning these peculiar sores which appear only in the summer in particular parts of the body and disappear spontaneously toward the end of the year. They are surgically characterized in that they are covered with flesh-like nodes about the size of a millet seed to a pea, with a fibrous wall and containing yellowish, cheesy or cal- careous matter. These sores are difiicult to heal. The lesions of this nature are also known by the name Dermatitis Granulosa. They reappear the next summer. Their origin is said to be due to the penetration of parasites into the deep tissues of the skin. However, we are not aware of the exact manner of invasion and we believe that the parasite is the larvae of a nematode, the Filaria irritans. According to Megnin and others it might be the larva of the Oxyuris equi or simply the stings of insects (flies). Laulanie, and later Huguier, according to the Revue Veteri- naire, are of the opinion that the sores originate from the sub- cutis after the eggs of the filaria have gained access to the body with the food. The animals are irritated as a result of the m- tense itchiness of the wounds during the whole summer, they scratch continuously and soon become emaciated. As a result of the abundant suppuration in the sores this Filariasis cutanea aestivalis is very difiicult to heal. The principal topical reme- dies, such as camphor, the iodine preparations and the like are useless, even when deeply injected. Roger, a French military veterinarian, advises surgical procedure, and he further believes we have to deal with the wandering embryos of the oxyuris, which are difficult to reach on account of their being buried deeply in the tissues. According to Lineaux, white arsenic is the ideal remedy, as it reaches the deeper tissues when mixed with equal parts of an inert powder and made into a paste. On account of the continuous wound secretion, the remedy adheres only when the surface is carefully dried before each new dressing is applied. After repeated applications a thin scab forms after ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 599 which pruritis disappears and cicatrization begins. During this procedure the sores must be protected by a covering of absorbent cotton and collodion, and the surrounding skin should also be protected from corrosion by the liberal use of vaseline. (Accord- ing to the Revue Veterinaire, Roger cured horses belonging to the Brussels Tram Car Company in a short time by energetic washings of carbolized potassium soap [1-2%] two or three times daily every other day, and afterwards dusting on sublimed sulphur. Internally he administers purgatives and gives in the meantime internally arseniate of iron, which is borne better in large doses than white arsenic). — {Deutsche Tier Wochenshrift, No. 27, 1907.) The Results of Modern Investigations Regarding Can- cer [Dr. A. Sticker, Berlin]. — The last few years have brought to light many remarkable facts in the domain of cancer research that it is now possible to obtain certain facts concerning the na- ture and origin of cancer. Sticker discusses briefly the results of the clinical and patho-anatomical investigations and expresses, himself more in detail concerning the results of the experimental investigations, concluding his treatise as follows : The most im- portant results of modern cancer research are that histologists, clinicians and experimentors agree that the real nature of cancer is due to a proliferating, parasitical body cell which may reach various parts of the lx)dy by metastases from a primary tumor or from exterior sources it may gain access to a body hitherto free from tumors. How one body cell can become parasitic has not been determined by experiment nor by theoretic conception. The assumptions of Sticker that in every case of tumor formation we have to deal with an implantation of cells peculiar in themselves, but foreign to the body. Further, the opinion of V. Leyden-Ber- gell, who says that the unlimited growth of these cells being due to a lack of hydrolytic-ferment power permits of the origin of cancer being best \mdev?>ioo^.— {Zeitschrift fur Veterinar Kunde, S. 427, 1907)- Noted foreign investigators will attend the Philadelphia meeting. New York's Zoological Park, in the Bronx, contains the largest collection of any park in the world. It has more than 4,000 specimens of beasts, birds and reptiles. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES.* The Honorable the Secretary of Agriculture: Sir — The committee appointed by you for the purpose of obtaining infor- mation regarding the course of instruction which is now being given at the various veterinary colleges throughout the United States has the honor to submit herewith its report. Recommendations are also made as to the matriculation examination and course of instruction necessary to qualify graduates for admission to the civil-service examination for the position of veterinary inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Richard P. Lyman, Chairman, Secretary of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Joseph Hughes, President of the Chicago Veterinary College. Tait Butler, Secretary of the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America. Paul Fischer, State Veterinarian of Ohio. A. M. Farrington, Secretary, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry. OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION AND REPORT. Inasmuch as over 800 veterinarians are employed by the De- partment of Agriculture in the various kinds of work conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry, it is of the utmost importance that these men be well equipped by thorough education to fill such positions of responsibility. Although it is understood that ap- plicants for these places must not only pass a civil-service exam- ination but be graduates of veterinary colleges having a course of three years, observation has shown that the standard of attain- ment in the various veterinary colleges is not uniform, and that veterinary graduates are not in all cases properly qualified for the positions they are expected to fill. It was therefore deemed ad- visable to seek to improve, if possible, the course of instruction given at these colleges, and, at the suggestion of Dr. A. D. Mel- vin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Secretary of Agriculture appointed a committee of five reputable veterinarians to visit the veterinary colleges throughout the United States in * Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 133, issued July 6, 1908. 600 BEPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 601 order to gain definite information regarding their equipment and facilities for teaching, and also to indicate to the Department the necessary matriculation examination and course of instruction to qualify graduates for admission to the civil-service examination. ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE OF THE COMMITTEE. In accordance with these instructions the above-mentioned Committee on Veterinary Education, composed of Dr. Richard P. Lyman, secretary of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation ; Dr. Joseph Hughes, president of the Chicago Veterinary College ; Dr. Tait Butler, secretary of the Association of Veteri- nary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America; Dr. Paul Fischer, state veterinarian of Ohio, an^ Dr. A. M. Farring- ton, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assembled at the Palmer House, Chicago, 111., on February 27, 1908, and organized with the selection of Dr. Lyman as chairman and Dr. Farrington secretary. The first business receiving attention was to formulate a definite plan whereby the desired information re- garding each college might be obtained. The. committee decided upon the method of procedure outlined under the eleven heads following : 1. Secure all published information; (a) catalogues, (b) advertising, (c) blank forms or other printed matter used in instruction or other college work. 2. Name of veterinary institution; (a) charter. 3. Location; street; place or places where instruction is given. 4. Date of organization ; history. 5. Requirements for entrance: (a) Standard of matriculation. (b) Dates of holding matriculation examinations. (c) Latest dates students are admitted after opening of regular session. (d) Basis on which students are admitted from other schools : 1. Veterinary. 2. Medical. 3. Dental. 4. Pharmaceutical. 5. Agricultural. (e) Number of students now in attendance from such schools. (f) Name of schools or colleges from which admitted. (g) Total enrollment by classes. 6. Teachers and lecturers; their history, and the subjects they teach. 7. Curriculum : , (a) Obtain a list of subjects embraced in curriculum. (b) Number of hours devoted to each subject, and how taught, (c) Laboratory. (d) Clinics. (e) Lectures. (f) Recitations. CA)2 REPORT AND RECOMMEKDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 8. Length of course : (a) In years. (b) Time each year. (c) Amount of teaching during day and during evening. (d) As to grading of course. (e) Length of sessions for each class. (f) Number of days teaching each week. (g) Number of teaching hours each day. (h) Frequency of roll call. (i) Length of vacation and number of holidays during the year. 9. Examinations and graduation : (a) Frequency of examinations. (b) Basis on which diploma is given. (c) Manner of conducting final examinations: 1. Oral. 2. Written. 3. Practical. (d) Percentage of senior students failing to pass final examina- tions. 10. Diplomas and certificates : (a) Kinds of degrees, certificates, or diplomas issued. (b) As to a post-graduate or other kind of special course. (c) Dates on which diplomas are issued. 11. Sources of revenue: (a) Fees from students for each course of study. (b) Endowment. (c) Annual appropriations. In addition to the above the following- list of questions was formulated to be left with the dean of each college, and later to be filled out and forwarded to the committee : 1. Give a list of the subjects embraced in the curriculum of your college. 2. Give the number of hours spent in lectures by the freshmen, juniors and seniors on each subject in each class during each session. 3. Give the number of laboratory hours spent by the freshmen, juniors and seniors on each subject in each class during each session. 4. Give the number of clinical hours given to the freshmen, juniors and seniors in each subject in each class during each session. 5. Give the names of veterinary, medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and ag- ricultural graduates or students who have been admitted to your college during the past session from other colleges and who have been given credit or allowance at your school ; also give the names of colleges from which they have been admitted and the amount of credit which they have beert given; also state at what period of the session they have been received into your college. 6. Give list of students' who left your college last session, 1906-7, without completing the course or without credentials ; also give a list of the students vyho have left your college this session, 1907-8, without completing the course and without credentials. 7. Give a full list of the students enrolled in the (i) freshman, (2) junior, and (3) senior classes during the present collegiate year. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 603 COLLEGES VISITED. An itinerary for visiting the various colleges was next ar- ranged and carried out as follows : The committee began its investigation with the McKillip Veterinary College, 1639 Wabash avenue, Chicago, 111., on Feb- ruary 28, 1908, and the Chicago Veterinary College, 2537 State street, in the same city, on February 29, 1908. Visits to colleges in other cities were then made in the following order : Grand Rapids Veterinary College, Grand Rapids, Mich., March 2, 1908; Cincinnati Veterinary College, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 3, 1908; Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colum- bus, Ohio, March 4, 1908; Indiana Veterinary College, Indiana- polis, Ind., March 5, 1908; St. Joseph Veterinary College, St. Joseph, Mo., March 7, 1908: Western Veterinary College, Kan- sas City, Mo., March 9, 1908; Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo., March 10, 1908. At this time one member of the committee returned home, the others proceeding to the Kansas State Agricultural College, Veterinary Department, Manhattan, Kan., reaching that college on March 11, 1908. At this place another member of the com- mittee returned to his home, leaving the remaining three mem- bers to visit the Colorado State Agricultural College, Veterinary Department, Fort Collins, Colo., March 13, 1908; the San Fran- cisco Veterinary College, San Francisco. Cal., March 17, 1908; the State College of Washington, Veterinary Department, Pull- man, Wash., March 21, 1908, and the Iowa State College, Veter- inary Department, Ames Iowa, March 25, 1908. The sub-committee of three members designated to visit the eastern veterinary colleges convened in New York on April 11, 1908, visiting the New York American Veterinary College, New York, N. Y., on that day. Following this the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y., was visited on April 13, 1908; the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada, April 15, 1908; the University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Department, Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1908, and the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, Washington, D. C, April 21, 1908. A report embodying the information obtained from each col- lege as to the manner in which it is conducted is filed as an ap- pendix. This is arranged in a series of exhibits, one for each college, in which are set forth the criticisms of the committee upon the conditions found. It is suggested that these findings be (i04 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. sent to the colleges named, in order that they may conform to the recommendations made by this committee. The entire committee reconvened at the Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C, April 20, 1908, and concluded its duties by submitting the recommendations next following, in which is specified the minimum course of instruction which it considers necessary that veterinary graduates eligible for the position of veterinary inspector in the Government service should receive; also recommendations regarding methods of teaching, etc. RECOMMENDATIONS. Entrance Examination. Recommendation No. i — Matriculation. — That a matricu- lation examination be adopted, the minimum requirements of which shall be equivalent to the second-grade examination as published in the United States Civil Service Manual of Exam- inations, supplemented by United States history and geography of the United States and its possessions. Such an examination, will therefore include: 1. Spelling. 2. Arithmetic. 3. Letter writing. 4. Penmanship. 5. Copying from plain copy. 6. United States history. 7. Geography of the United States and its possessions. Recommendation No. 2 — Dates of holding matriculation ex- aminations.— That the entrance examination shall be conducted on one or more specifically advertised dates under the supervi- sion of the dean, director, or, in case of state institutions, by the official examining board. That the last entrance examination shall be held not later than fifteen days subsequent to the adver- tised annual opening of the college year, and no time credit shall be allowed to students admitted after that date. Recommendation No. 3 — Filing of matriculation examina- tion papers. — That the questions and answers of both successful and unsuccessful applicants shall be kept on file by the institution for at least five years subsequent to the examination of the ap- plicants. Recommendation No. 4 — Grading of matriculation exam- ination papers. — That applicants shall be graded upon a basis of 100 per cent., and that a grade of not less than 70 per cent, shall qualify for admission. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGABDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 605 Course of Study. Recommendation No 5 — Subjects constituting course of in- struction.— That the appended list of subjects constitute the course of instruction recommended as a minimum for veterinary colleges. Those numerically indicated shall be known as the major subjects, and those designated by letters shall be under the control of the professors in charge of the respective major subjects with which they are grouped. 1. Anatomy : (a) Histology (veterinary). (b) Zoology (veterinary). (c) Embryology. 2. Physiology : (a) Principles of nutrition. (b) Hygiene. (c) Animal locomotion. 3. Zootechnics : (a) Breeds and breeding. (b) Judging. (c) Feeds and feeding. (d) Dairy inspection. (e) Jurisprudence. 4. Chemistry : (a) Elementary physics. (b) Physiological chemistry — analysis of milk, urine, etc. 5. Materia medica : (a) Botany (medical). (b) Pharmacology. (c) Toxicology. 6. Pathology : (a) Bacteriology. (b) Parasitology. (c) Post-mortem examination. (d) Meat inspection. (e) Laboratory diagnosis. 7. Practice of comparative medicine : (a) Diagnostic methods and clinics. (b) Therapeutics. (c) Control of infective diseases. 8. Surgery : (a) Surgical diagnosis and clinics. (b) Surgical restraint. (c) Soundness. (d) Lameness. (e) Shoeing and balancing. (f) Dentistry. (g) Obstetrics. Recommendation No 6 — Length of course. — That the course of instruction shall cover a period of three years of not less than six months in each year, exclusive of final examinations G06 REPOKT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARl' COLLEGES. and holidays; and that this course of instruction shall have as a minimum 150 days in each year of actual teaching and a mini- mum of 3,200 actual teaching hours for the entire three years. Recommendation No. 7 — Minimum number of hours in course: Anatomy, major subject: Lectures 200 Laboratory 300 Total 500 Histology : Lectures 40 Laboratory 100 Total 140 Embryology : Lectures 10 Laboratory 20 Total 30 Zoology : Lectures 20 Laboratory 20 Total 40 Total for subject 710 Physiology, major subject: Lectures 80 Laboratory 20 Total TOO Principles of nutrition 10 Hygiene 10 Animal locomotion 5 Total 25 Total for subject 125 Zootechnics, major subject: Breeds and breeding 30 Judging 30 Feeds and feeding 30 Dairy inspection to Jurisprudence 10 Total for subject no Chemistry, major subject : Lectures ; 50 Laboratory 150 Total 200 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 607 Physics (elementary) 20 Physiological chemistry : Urine analysis lo Milk analysis lo Total on Total for subject 240 Materia Medica, major subject: Lectures 70 Pharmacology, lectures and laboratory 50 Botany 30 Toxicology 10 Total for subject 160 Pathology, major subject : Lectures 40 Laboratory 100 Total 140 Bacteriology : Lectures 20 Laboratory 90 Total ITO Parasitology : Lectures 50 Laboratory 10 Total .' 60 Post-mortem examination 10 Meat inspection 50 Laboratory diagnosis 50 Total for subject 420 Practice of Comparative Medicine, major subject: Lectures 250 Diagnostic methods and clinics 400 Therapeutics - 100 Control of infective diseases 25 Total for subject 775 Surgery, major subject: Lectures 100 Surgical exercises 80 Total 180 Surgical diagnosis and clinics 300 Surgical restraiftt 30 Soundness 20 Lameness 50 Shoeing and balancing 10 Dentistry (lectures) 20 Obstetrics 5° Total for subject 660 008 BEPOKT AND BECOMMENDATIONS REGABDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. Recapitulation. Total hours for Anatomy group 710 Total hours for Physiology group 125 Total hours for Zootechnics no Total hours for Chemistry group 240 Total hours for Materia Medica group 160 Total hours for Pathology group ' 420 Total hours for Practice of Comparative Medicine group 775 Total hours for Surgery group 660 Total hours, three-year course 3,200 Recommendation No. 8 — Grading of course. — That the course shall be graded in such manner as to avoid unnecessary repetition of lectures or instruction to the same student. For example, a student, while freshman, should be required to com- plete a definitely outlined course in such subjects as anatomy, histology, chemistry, etc. When advanced to the junior class he should either drop the studies of his freshman year and take up new work, or he may continue the same subject; for example, anatomy, along advanced lines of instruction. Recommendation No. 9 — Night classes. — That the practice of certain veterinary colleges in conducting regularly scheduled classes of instruction at night for all or a part of their students, to the exclusion of or in lieu of work which could be better done during the day, is inimical to the best educational work, and therefore should be discontinued. Faculty. Recommendation No. 10 — Number of veterinarians. — That there shall be at least five qualified veterinarians on the faculty of every veterinary college, each of whom shall have had not less than three years' experience in teaching or in practicing veterinary science subsequent to graduation from a veterinary college. Recommendation No. 1 1 — Qualification of teaching veteri- narians.— That not more than three of the five veterinarians on each college faculty shall be graduates of any one veterinary college. Recommendation No. 12 — Subjects taught by veterinari- ans.— That five veterinarians on the faculty of each veterinary college shall have charge of and teach the following major sub- jects: I, Anatomy; 2, Pathology; 3, Practice of Comparative Medicine; 4, Surgery, and 5, Materia Medica or Physiology, as the respective colleges may elect. BEPOKT AND RECOMMENDATIONS EEGABDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. GOO General Recommendations. Recommendation No. 13 — ClassHication of veterinary col- leges.— That the following classification of veterinary colleges be adopted : Class A:'' " Chicago Veterinary College. Indiana V^erinary College. Iowa State College, Veterinary Department. Kansas City Veterinary College. Kansas State Agricultural College, Veterinary Depart- ment. New York-American Veterinary College. New York State Veterinary College. Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. San Francisco Veterinary College. State College of Washington, Veterinary Department. University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Department. Class B :^ Cincinnati Veterinary College. Grand Rapids Veterinary College. McKillip Veterinary College. United States College of Veterinary Surgeons. Class C:'' Colorado State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, Veterinary Department. Ontario Veterinary College. St. Joseph Veterinary College. Western Veterinary College. Recommendation No. 14 — Evidence of attendance. — That at the end of the college year each student is entitled to and shall receive a written statement giving the length of time spent in each study during the session, and the grade received therein. <* Colleges whose graduates are recommended in this report as eligible to United States civil service examination for veterinary inspectors in the Bureau of Animal Industry. ^ Colleges whose graduates have been allowed to take the United States civil service examination subsequent to 1898, but are not recommended in this report. <^ Colleges having no graduates or whose recent graduates are not eligible to the United States civil service examination, and are not recommended in this report. [Cir. 133] 610 REPOBT AND RECOMMENDATIONS BEGABDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. This statement, or definite evidence of credit, shall be exacted from a student before he is given advanced standing in any- veterinary college. Recommendation No. 15 — Transfer of students. — That a student transferring from one veterinary college in Class A to another in Class A shall be given credit only for such time and courses (lectures and laboratory) as he has* successfully com- pleted in the institution previously attended. That no college in Class A shall give credit to any student for any work done at colleges in Classes B and C. Recommendation No. 16 — Supervision of veterinary col- leges.— That the Department of Agriculture maintain such con- stant supervision of the work of the veterinary colleges as shall enable it to secure the requisite information to determine whether said colleges are faithfully complying with the minimum standard of requirements indicated in this report. Recommendation No. 17 — To secure recognition. — That those colleges not now included in Class A shall be put in that class at such time as they shall submit sufficient evidence to con- vince the Department of Agriculture that they are fully and faithfully complying with the minimum standard of require- ments indicated in this report. Recommendation No. 18 — Certificate of matriculation ex- amination.— That any person applying for admittance to the freshman class or for advanced standing must present before being enrolled a certificate showing that he has passed the ma- triculation examination recommended in this report, and in no case shall he be admitted without such certificate. Recommendation No. 19 — Applicants from colleges not veterinary. — That an applicant who has successfully completed at least two years' work in a reputable college of human medi- cine, dentistry, pharmacy, or agriculture, and who brings an official and explicit certificate describing his course of study and scholarship, and also a certificate of honorable dismissal, shall not be admitted to advanced classes or standing in veterinary col- leges, but may be given credit for such subjects as have been successfully completed in such colleges if, in the subjects for which credit is sought, said colleges maintain a standard of in- struction similar and equal to the minimum standard of require- ments recommended in this report. BEPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. 611 Recommendation No. 20 — Agricultural college graduates. — That a graduate of the regular four-year agricultural course in an agricultural college having upon its faculty a qualified veteri- narian giving a regular course of instruction in veterinary science may be given a time credit of one year, but shall be given credit only for such subjects as he has successfully completed, providing the course of instruction in said agricultural college, in the sub- jects for which credit is sought, is similar and equal to the mini- mum standard of requirements in the course indicated in this report. [Cir. 133] Recommendation No. 21 — One graduation period only. — That no veterinary college shall have more than one graduation period yearly, nor shall diplomas be issued except at the close of the regular college year. Recommendation No. 22 — Requirements for graduation. — I. That a candidate for graduation shall have attained the age of 21 years and attended three full college years in a veterinary college in Class A (except as otherwise provided in Recom- mendations Nos. 20 and 25) ; the last year of attendance must have been at the college to which he applies for graduation. 2. He must have successfully completed the course of study, and passed all the final examinations in the subjects indicated in this report. 3. If he fails to pass satisfactorily in subjects representing in time 25 per cent, or more of his senior year, these subjects must again be taken in full with a succeeding class before he can graduate. Recommendation No. 23 — Information for Department of Agriculture. — i. That all veterinary colleges shall promptly fur- nish to the Department of Agriculture a copy of their annual announcements and of all other i)ublications relative to the courses of instruction offered. 2. They shall also'iurnish, not later than thirty days after the opening of the first session of each college year, a complete list of their matriculates by classes, and within ten days after the close of the college year furnish a complete list of the last graduating class. United States Civil-Service Examination for Veterinary In- spector. Recommendation No. 24 — Eligibility for United States civil-service examination. — That graduates of the veterinary col- G12 KEPORT AND HECOMMENDATIONS REGAKDING VETERINARY COLLEGES. leges in Class A be at all times eligible for the United States civil-service examination for employment as veterinary inspectors in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Recommendation No. 25 — Eligibility of graduates of Class B colleges. — That any person now (June i, 1908) a matriculate of a veterinary college in Class B shall be eligible to the civil- service examination for veterinary inspector in the Department of Agriculture after having completed a full course of study of three years and graduated from any veterinary college in Class B, ■Recommendation No. 26 — Not eligible to civil service. — That hereafter no undergraduate or other person who has not received a diploma from a veterinary college shall be permitted to take the civil-service examination for the position of veterinary inspector. [Cir. 133] Date When Recoynmendations Take Effect. Recommendation No. 2y — Date to take effect. — That, ex- cept as otherwise provided for, the recommendations in this re- port shall become operative for each institution not later than the close of its college year 1908-9. Approved : James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Washington, D. C, June 8, 1908. [Cir. 133] Ground has been broken at the New York State Veterinary College for a new operating room for the Department of Surgery. The semi-annual meeting of the 'Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association takes place at New Haven on the 4th inst. " The enclosed subscription makes my twenty-first annual remittance. That the Review is of great benefit to me is put- ting it mildly." — [/. A. Dresback, V.S., Ex-Mayor of the City of Stanberry, Mo.] The Cowslip. — " I saw a cowslip by the river's brim," said the long-haired boarder who had just returned from a stroll. " I hope 'twan't one of my cows," said the practical farmer. '' Did she slip clear in ? " CORRESPONDENCE. LOCO-WEED POISONING AND BARIUM SALTS. Chicago^ 111., July 24, 1908. Editors American Veterinary Review: Gentlemen : — On page 334 of the June number of the Re- view you publish a clipping from the Journal of the American Medical Association detailing the recent fortunate discovery of the fact that it is the inorganic constituents of the plants Aragollus lamberti and Astragallus mollissimus, especially barium salts, which cause loco poisoning of cattle and horses. Your very numerous readers in the mountainous west, in the semi-arid plains and near the Cascade range of the great northwest will wish fur- ther information, in the way of citation of practical points brought out in the investigation of special interest to veterinar- ians, and the means of getting their hands upon the publications where the facts are recorded. It mav also be apropos t) give credit to veterinary workers in the field of bio-chemistry and among poisonous plants destructive to live stock. For many years stockmen of the plains east of the Rockies, in the valleys among the mountains and in our northwestern limits — in such States as Colorado, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon and Washington — have, in the aggregate, lost many mil- lions of dollars in the death of cattle and horses from loco poison- ing. There have not been wanting veterinarians, like Dr. George H. Glover, of Fort Collins, Colo., in his " Larkspur and Other Poisonous Plants" (Bulletin 113, of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station), and like Dr. Sofus B. Nelson, in his " Feed- ing Wild Plants to Sheep" (Bulletin y^^^ Washington Agricul- tural Experiment Station), to study certain plants poisonous or noxious to domestic animals. They and others not of our pro- fession, like E. V. Wilcox, recently veterinary editor of Experi- ment Station Records for the United States Government, and translator of Ostertag, have collected, studied and catalogued plants poisonous to our animals and published results in experi- ment station bulletins or elsewhere. Just what the poisonous principles were was not related, as a rule, though it is something to be able to trace the poisonous effects in the animals to definite 613 014 CORRESPONDENCE. plants. Veterinarians have known for many a year the toxic results of the constant administration of barium salts in veter- inary practice, especially the profound results of the solution of the salts, however the dose be given, upon peristalsis, upon the respiratory centres, and upon muscular co-ordination. Quite re- cently, indeed, Drs. W. E. Frink and H.B.Tillou, under direction of Dr. P. A. Fish, in N. Y. State Veterinary College Laboratory, have undertaken a study of the effects of barium chloride upon horses, cattle and dogs, and reported their findings in " Abstracts of Work Done in the Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology," No. 6, Ithaca, N. Y., a publication whicii, for six consecutive years has reported many important original re- searches in this particular field. The surprising thing is that we have always thought that the toxic effects of the particular plants in the West which make the ox and horse crazy, that is, loco them, were brought about by organic poisons, rather than inorganic. Though we are ready to believe, with Crawford, that the constant absorption of small quantities of barium salts, set free in the stomach when the digestive ferments have operated upon the masticated plants, will, cumulative as the drug is, produce just the results which have verisimilitude to loco- weed poisoning. Happily, in the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States De- partment of Agriculture, there is a laboratory, that of Poisonous Plant Investigations, devoted to physiologic and pharmacologic researches into the noxiousness or deadliness of such plants when eaten by man or beast. Through the courtesy of Rodney A. True, physiologist in charge of that laboratory, we have been supplied with a copy of Bulletin No. 121 of that bureau, issued April 18, 1908, containing, besides a new and important study of " Mountain Laurel," a plant which is terribly destructive to goats, sheep, horses and cattle that browse upon it, done by Albert C. Crawford, Pharmacologist, Poisonous Plant Investigations, but, additionally, " Laboratory Work on Loco Weed Investigations," by the same author, and '* Results of Loco- Weed Investigations in the Field," by C. Dwight Marsh, Expert, Poisonous Plant In- vestigations, which are the papers referred to in the clipping from the Journal of the American Medical Association quoted in the June number of the Review.* * Persons desiring copies should apply to their Senators or Congressman for Bulletin No. 121. Bureau of Plant Industry U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, issued April 18, 1908. entitled " Miscellaneous Papers ;" or thev mav send fifteen (15) cents to the Superintendent of Documents, Public Printing' Office, Washington, D. C, and procure a copy. COBBESPONDENCE. G15 The investigation of loco-weed poisoning had a two-fold as- pect, first, that in the field; second, that in the laboratory. The field work, as we have said, was done by C. Dwight Marsh, Gov- ernment Expert in Poisonous Plant Investigations; the labora- tory work was done by Alfred C. Crawford, Government Phar- macologist, Poisonous Plant Investigations. We may, therefore, for the information of veterinarians in general, summarize the results obtained, all of which, both field and laboratory, are im- portant to the science. The first thing to do in the field investigations was to demon- strate, beyond cavil, whether the loco-weeds, Aragallus lamherti and Astragalus mollissimus, did or did not cause the disease, and this was proven unquestionably, in the season 1905, when it was clearly shown that Aragalius lamherti would poison sheep and cattle and that Astragalus mollissimus would poison horses. In the second season, 1906, a study was made of the symp- toms and pathological changes in the tissues. The symptomatic knowledge of veterinarians and stockmen was corroborated, namely, that animals eating these plants give the following pic- ture : Lowered head, rough coat, slow, staggering gait, move- ments showing lack of muscular co-ordination, paralytic symp- toms, generally deranged nervous system, emaciation. The path- ological appearances are pronounced anaemia of the whole sys- tem, diseased stomach walls, in acute cases congestion of the stomach walls, while in chronic cases ulcers are seen therein. Locoed cattle are apt to have ulcers in the abomasum. There is hydrothorax and ascites, efifusion into the epidural space of tlie spinal cord, particularly a gelatinous mass in the lumbar region of the epidura and at the points of exit of the sympathetic nerves. The third season, 1907, was given to devising remedial measures, namely, attempts to eradicate the weeds and cure the animals. There is no way of ridding the ranges of the two weeds, though both are killed when pastures are fenced. Cattle may be cured by preventing them from eating the weeds, pro- viding them with nutritious but laxative diet and administering strychnine. Horses should be treated the same way. except that Fowler's solution should be administered instead of strychnine. Epsom salts, Crawford adds, should be given to form the in- soluble and innocuous barium sulphate. All this information is well and good. But the information obtained by Crawford in the laboratory sheds light never before 616 COKRESPONDENCE. known on land or sea. It constitutes an original contribution to our knowledge of poisonous principles in forage plants, or rather plants which animals should not be allowed as feed, and which cause havoc among our flocks and herds. Some of Crawford's determinations are as follows : 1. The symptoms described in stock on the range poisoned by loco-weeds, particularly Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamherti, can be reproduced in rabbits by feeding them extracts of these plants. 2. The production of chronic symptoms in rabbits is a crucial test of the pharmacological activity of these plants. 3. It is the inorganic constituents, especially barium, which are responsible for the poisonous, action, at least in the plants col- lected at Hugo, Col., but perhaps in the future loco plants from other portions of the country may be found to have other poi- sonous principles. 4. There is a close analogy between the clinical symptoms and pathological findings in barium poisoning and those result- ing from feeding extracts of certain of these plants. 5. In drying certain loco plants the barium apparently is ren- dered insoluble, so that it is not extracted by digestion zvith tlve digestive ferments. To be poisonous the barium must be in such a form that it can he absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract. 6. In deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable to test not merely the aqueous or alcoholic extracts, but also the extracts obtained by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in the gastro-intestinal tract. 7. It is important that the ash of plants, especially of those grown on our uncultivated lands, or on our unirrigated plains, be examined for various metals. (The author here evidently re- fers to those metals the compounds of which are known to be poisonous — such as silver, mercury, arsenic, barium, lead.) The important results obtained by Dr. Crawford in his labo- ratory studies open up, as through a vista, at least one course investigations on poisonous forage will take in the immediate future. That loco poisoning appears to be barium poisoning will tend to lead to an awakening, or, to use the luminous French word, an eclairisement, among veterinary pharmacologists. Aris- totle, in his sententious and laconic way, said : " The unexpected always happens." We thought abstruse and complex organic compounds were accountable for loco poisoning, whereas the simple technique of work in inorganic chemistry of the sub- COBBESPONDENCE. 61' freshman years could have taug-ht us better. The humblest truths, the most useful facts, are commonly not to be soug^ht lost in our cerebral convolutions or gyres, but very close at hand, very near the ground. At the same time Crawford's results and his methods point out to us clearly one of the weaknesses in our veterinary curricula — the omission of courses on botany, es- pecially in its relations to poisonous plants destructive to live stock, general and laboratory courses on toxicology, bio-chem- istry, physiological chemistry, organic chemistry. If we do not have these, how are we to undertake successfuly investigations such as these which Crawford and his associates undertook in the West — -for it may yet be found that many of the toxins in noxious plants destructive to stock are of organic origin — and that which Haywood conducted in the Montana smelter poison- ings? If we are not good toxicologists we will have to leave these toxicological investigations to men like Crawford and Haywood, while we are laughed at as blockheads. We can only cope with these questions by being grounded in the group of botanical and chemical studies mentioned. Merely the learned num- ber— the deadwood — of those sciences will not do at all. Book- ish trumpery is all right in its place. What we need is to be able to discover and to speak authoritatively like Crawford and Haywood. And this can only be done when we can work with theirs or similar tools. D. Arthur Hughes, Ph.D., D.V.M. Prelimin.\ry Understandings. — Counsel (to witness) : Now, allow me to remind you of what happened to Balaam. Witness : Certainly ; but allow me to remind you that it was the ass that warned him. — Tit-Bits. Reading a Horse^s Face. — Every horse carries an index to his temper and intelligence in his face. The teachable, tractable animal is broad and flat between the eyes ; the bony ridge of his face dishes slightly from the point where the face narrows toward the nostrils. His ears are well set. sensitive and far apart, with a well defined ridge of bone extending across the top of the head between them. Always feel for this ridge in judging a horse. The eye should be large, clear and bright, with a prominent ridge of bone along the inner and upper edge of the socket. — London Answers. SOCIETY MEETINGS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. I'-ORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING AT PHILADELPHIA,, PA., SEPTEM- BER 8, 9, lo, II, 1908. Headquarters and Hotel Arrangements. — The headquarters of the association will be at the Hotel Walton, corner Broad and Locust streets. This hotel is about five minutes' walk from Headquarter's of A. V. M. A. Hotel Walton, cor. Broad and Locust Streets. both the Pennsylvania and Reading depots, and about ten min- utes' ride from the Baltimore & Ohio station. The Walton offers the following rates: Single rooms without bath, one person, 618 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 611) $1.50, $2.00 and up, and with bath $2.50, $3.00 and up per day; double rooms without bath, two persons, $2.50, $3.00 and up, and with bath $3.50, $4.00 and up per day. Other Hotels. — The Hotel Normandie, Thirty-sixth and Chestnut streets, is within five minutes' walk of Houston Hall and close to the West Philadelphia station of the Pennsylvania Railroad. This hotel offers rates on the American plan at $3.00 and $3.50 per day; European plan, $1.00 and $1.50 per day. The Hotel Majestic, Broad street, corner Girard avenue, one of the most attractive hotels in the city, offers rates of $2.00 each in a room, with a bath, two in a room, in any suite vacant at the time of the meeting. Meals both on the American and European plan. The Hotel Windsor, 12 17 Filbert street, within easy walk- ing distance of the Pennsylvania Railroad depot and Reading Terminal, gives rates, European plan, $1.00 and up per day; American plan, $2.50 and up per day. The Bellevue-Stratford quotes the following rates: Single rooms, without bath, $2.00 per day, and with bath, $3.00 per day; double rooms, without bath, $3.00 per day, and wath bath, $4.00 per day. Place of Meeting. — The sessions will be held in the audi- torium of Houston Hall, at the University of Pennsylvania, cor- ner Thirty-sixth and Spruce streets. OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES, I9O7-08. President — W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana. Vice-President — A. D. Melvin. District of Columbia. Vice-President — R. C. Moore, Missouri. Vice-President — J. H. McNeil, Iowa. Vice-President — R. A. Archibald, California. Vice-President — C. A. Cary, Alabama. Secretary — Richard P. Lyman, Connecticut. Treasurer — George R. White, Tennessee. Librarian — W. L. Williams, New York. Executive Committee — William Herbert Lowe, New Jersey (chairman); M, H. Reynolds, Minnesota; Joseph Hughes, Illi- nois; W. Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania; J. G. Rutherford, Do- minion of Canada ; E. B. Ackerman, New York, and the officers cx-officio. G20 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Vice-Pres. a D. MELVIN- Vice-Pres. R. C. MOORE. Vice-Pres. J. H. McNEIL. Vice-Pres. R. a. ARCHIBALD. President W. H. DALRYMPLE. Vice-Pres. C. A. GARY. Treasurer G. R. WHITE. Secretary R. p. LYMAN. Librarian W. L. WILLIAMS. SOCIETY MEETINGS. G21 Intelligence and Education — Leonard Pearson, Pennsylvania (chairman); D. Arthur Hughes, IlHnois; M. Francis, Texas; J. H. McNeil, Iowa; S. Brenton, Michigan. Diseases — Veranus A. Moore, New York (chairman) ; C. H. Higgins, Canada; J. R. Mohler, District of Columbia; H. J. Milks, Louisiana ; O. E. Dyson, Illinois. Finance — Thomas Bland, Connecticut (chairman) ; C. D. McGilvray, Canada; Chas. A. McKim, Nebraska. Association of Facidties — Geo. W. Dunphy, Michigan (chair- man); G. H. Berns, New York; E. H. Shepard. Ohio. Legislation — J. P. Turner, District of Columbia (chairman) ; T. Earle Budd, New Jersey; C. E. Cotton, Minnesota; A. S. Cooley, Ohio; C. S. Lamb, Colorado. Publication — C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania (chairman) ; J. W. Connaway, Missouri ; Tait Butler, North Carolina ; T. E. Smith, New Jersey; R. P. Lyman, Connecticut. Necrology — A. H. Baker, Illinois (chairman) ; William Dougherty, Maryland; C. C. Lyford, Minnesota; Thomas Thacker, Canada; J, F. Winchester, Massachusetts. Resolutions — Sesco Stewart, Missouri (chairman) ; A. T. Peters, Nebraska; J. L. Robertson, New York; E. L. Quitman, Illinois; M. E. Knowles, Montana. Local Committee of Arrangements — W. Horace Hoskins (chairman), John W. Adams, Carl W. Gay, C. T. Goentner, S. J. J. Harger, C. J. Marshall, J. C. McNeil, Otto Noack, Leonard Pearson, E. C. Porter, E. W. Powell, T. B. Raynor, W. L. Rhoads, W. H. Ridge, T. H. Schneider. PRELIMINARY MEETINGS. Monday, September 7. — 11 a. m.. Executive Committee; 4 p. m.. Association of College Faculties and Examining Boards; 8 p. M.^ Committees. PROGRAM. First Day, Tuesday, September 8, 1908. 8.00 A. M. Meeting of the Executive Committee. 10.00 A. M. Convention opened. Addresses of Welcome — Hon. John E. Reyburn, Mayor of Philadelphia; Dr. Edgar F. Smith, Vice-Provost, for the University of Pennsyl- vania. Response to Addresses of Welcome — Dr. Harry D. Gill, New York City. 622 SOCIETY MEETINGS. President Dalrymple's Address. Roll Call. Submission of the minutes of the previous meeting as presented in the annual report and in the records kept by Secretary Lyman. Welcome to delegates from other veterinary asso- ciations— Dr. W. H. Hoskins. Unfinished business. 12. oo M. Adjournment. 2.00 p. M. Association reassembles. Report of Executive Committee. Admission of new members. Reports of regular committees : Intelligence and Education. Diseases. Legislation. Finance. Publication. Local Arrangements. ' Necrology. Resolutions. Report of Special Committees: Association Seal. Revision of Article VL, Sec. 2 of By-laws. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. Report of Resident Secretaries. Discussion of Reports. Election of Officers. 5.00 p. M. Adjournment. 8.00 p. M. Reception to all members and visitors at Hotel Walton. Second Day, Wednesday, September 9, 1908. 8.00 A. M. Executive Committee meeting. 10.00 p. M. Association assembles. Reports of Committees. PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. I. " The Important Relation of the Veterinarian to the Pub- lic Health "—Frederick J. Mayer, M.D., Special Medical In- spector, Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans, La. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 623 2. "The Transportation of Live Stock " — N. S. Mayo, San- tiaga de las Vegas, Cuba. 3. " Shipping Fever of Horses " — Charles H. Jewell, Artil- lery Corps, Fort Riley, Kan. 4. " Glanders in the Metropolitan District " — Harry D. Gill, New York City. Houston Hall, University of Pknnsylvania, Where the Sessions of the A. V. M. A. will be held. 5. " A Clinical Examination of the Blood of Glandered Horses " — S. H. Burnett and C. D. Pearce, Ithaca, N. Y. 6. " The Eradication of Cattle Ticks in the South "— W. P. Ellenberger, Nashville, Tenn. Discussion to be opened on this paper by Tait Butler. 624 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 7. " The Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Control and Eradication of Cattle and Sheep Scabies in the Western States " — Robert A. Ramsay, Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C. 8. '' Experiment on the Prevention of Hog Cholera " — J. W. Connaway, Columbia, Mo. 9. " The Control of Hog Cholera by Serum Immunization " — A. D. Melvin, Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washing- ton, D. C. 10. '' Opsonic Therapy " — Robert A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal. 11. "The Bier Treatment" — S. J. J. Harger, Philadelphia, Pa. 12. " Notes on Rabies " — John V. Newton, Toledo, -Ohio. 13. '' Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases" — Harry S. Smith, Albion, Mich. 14. " Pustular Eczema " — F. C. Greenside, New York, N. Y. 5.00 p. M. Adjournment, 8.00 p. M. Association reassembles. Report of Committees. 15. " Milk and Milk Inspection " — C. Courtney McLean, Meadville, Pa. 16. " Hygiea Not the Child of ^sculapius " — Lloyd Cham- plain, Kansas City, Kan. 17. " Tuberculosis " — Burton R. Rogers, Manhattan, Kan. 18. " Surgery for the Relief of Stringhalt " — T. Bent Cot- ton, Mount Vernon, O. 10.00 p. M. Adjournment. Third Day, Thursday, September 10, 1908. PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS (Continued.) 19. " Diphtheria of Men and Animals " — C. C. Lyford, Minneapolis, Minn. 20. " Diseases of the Mammary Gland in Cows " — Hans Jen- sen, Weeping Water, Neb. 21. " The Pathological Effects of Captivity in Wild Ani- mals "— W. Reid Blair, New York City, N. Y. 22. " The Making of American Veterinary History " — D. Arthur Hughes, Chicago, 111. 23. " Our Personal Responsibility to the Profession " — C. G. Lamb, Denver, Col. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 625 24. '' The Army Veterinarian and Others " — G. E. Griffin, Third Artillery.Representing Officially the United States Army. 25. " Pyaemic Arthritis " — Jno. Spencer, Blacksburg, Va. 26. " The Significance of Pathology to the Practitioner " — A. T. Kinsley, Kansa-s City, Mo. Adjournment. Fourth Day, Friday, September ii, 1908. Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Depart- ment, Thirty-ninth street and Woodland avenue. At 12 o'clock noon luncheon will be served. Clinic continues at 1.30 p. m. The following well known operators will take part : Drs. W. L. Williams, Geo. H. Berns, A. H. Baker, Geo. R. White, L. A. Merillat. S. J. J. Harger, John W. Adams, H. D. Gill, C. E. Cotton, F. F. Hoffman and others. SOCIAL FEATURES. The Local Committee of Arrangements has endeavored to ar- range an entertainment for the social enjoyment of visitors and friends as well as for recreation for the members. The following has been outlined to occupy the days of convention week : Tuesday. — Visitors and friends are cordially invited to at- tend the opening session of the convention at 10.00 a. m., after which they will be escorted through the university buildings and grounds. At i.oo p. m. luncheon will be served for members and visitors in Houston Hall. 8.00 p. m., a reception will be tendered at the Hotel Walton to which all the members, visit- ing veterinarians, delegates and their friends are cordially in- vited. Wednesday. — Ladies will be shown many of the historic points of interest associated with the early history of our coun- try which have made Philadelphia the mecca of every lover of independence. 8.00 p. m. — There will be a trip to Woodside Park, thus giving all an opportunity to visit Philadelphia's sum- mer attractions. Thursday. — Ladies will be escorted to places of interest, in- cluding Masonic Temple, Fairmount Park, City Hall and through the shopping centre of the city. Theatre party in the afternoon and annual banquet at 8 o'clock in the evening. Friday. — Luncheon will be served at the University of Penn- sylvania, Veterinary Department, Thirty-ninth street and Wood- 026 SOCIETY MEETINGS. land avenue, at 12 o'clock noon to those in attendance at the clinic. The ladies are invited to the luncheon. Saturday. — Atlantic City offers every form of entertainment and an over Sunday outing. PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS. There are offered five amendments to the by-laws which will come up for consideration : To amend Article I., by adding a new section to be known as section 4, and to read : " He shall annually appoint a Cor- responding Secretary, whose duty it shall be to make and main- tain a list of veterinarians of America eligible to membership in this Association, and to endeavor to secure applications for mem- bership in this body therefrom." — Signed, Executive Committee. To amend Article I., by changing the numerical order of sec- tions 4, 5 and 6 to read: " Sections '5, 6 and 7." — Signed, Ex- ecutive Committee. To amend Article V., section 9 to read : " Each Resident Sec- retary shall annually submit to the Committee on Intelligence and Education a report concerning recent veterinary facts and prevalent diseases within his jurisdiction, and shall aid the Presi- dent and Secretary by the performance of such other duties as they may direct.'' — Signed, Executive Committee. To amend Article VI., section i, by striking out the words: " Said application must be in the hands of the Secretarv at least thirty (30) days before the third Thursday of August." — Signed, R. F. Lyman and G. R. White. To amend Article VI., section 9 to read: "Members who have been in active membership for twenty-five consecutive years and continuously thereafter until death or honorable withdrawal from the Association, shall be eligible to an honor roll of the As- sociation, and shall be exempt from dues. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report the names of members who are eligible to this list at each annual meeting of the Association. The list shall be referred to the Executive Committee for consideration and recommendation." — Signed, M. H. Reynolds. TRANSPORTATION NOTES. The Eastern Canadian, the New England, Central and the Trunk Lines Passenger Associations have granted an excursion rate, certificate plan, which provides for one full first-class, lim- ited or unlimited, fare going and three-fifths fare returning by SOCIETY MEETINGS. 621 the same route. This consideration is based upon there being- one hundred or more persons in attendance at Philadelphia hold- ing certificates properly approved at the meeting and which show a going fare of 75c. or more. This arrangement will include all Canadian territory east of Port Arthur, Ontario; the entire New England States; the States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, north of Charleston, Virginia north of Charlottesville, and Alex- andria, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, including and east of Chicago ; also the District of Columbia. The certificate plan will not be operative on tickets purchased in Pennsylvania from points east of and including Erie, Oil City and Pittsburg, but, on the other hand, a fare of two cents per mile in each direction on round-trip tickets will be sold good going September 3d to 9th and returning leaving Philadelphia not later than September 15th. This round-trip ticket to be issued for the occasion upon application to any local Pennsylvania ticket agent. These tickets will not require validating. Parties living outside of the territory in which the certificate plan is operative, viz., west of Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis, should purchase summer tourist tickets from their starting place, on a basis of less than two cents per mile, to the nearest point within the territory of the operation of the certificate plan (which place you will learn through your local ticket agent), and there purchase a certificate ticket to Philadelphia. From California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and points in British Columbia a nine months' tourist fare approximating two cents per mile through ticket in either direction is available to points within the certificate plan, viz., to Chicago, St. Louis or Peoria. Parties from these western points may obtain propor- tionately higher rates direct to Philadelphia, New York or Wash- ington, D. C. The following directions are submitted for your guidance : 1, Tickets for full fare going journey may be secured within three days (exclusive of Sunday) prior to and during the first three days of the meeting. The announced opening date of the meeting is September 7th and the closing date is September nth, consequently you can obtain your going ticket and certificate not earlier than September 3d nor later than September 9th. Be sure that, when purchasing your going ticket, you recjuest a cer- tificate. Do not make the mistake of asking for a receipt. 2. Certificate must be obtained from ticket agent at the time of buying the ticket and is not transferable; a transfer or mis- 028 SOCIETY MEETINGS. use of a certificate will forfeit all privileges granted the pur- chaser. 3. Present yourself at the railroad station for ticket and certificate at least 30 minutes before the departure of train on which you will begin your journey. 4. Certificates are not kept at all stations. If you inquire at your home station, you can ascertain whether certificates and through tickets can be obtained to place of meeting. If not ob- tainable at your station, the agent will inform you at what sta- tion they can be obtained. You can in such case purchase a local ticket thence, and there purchase through ticket and secure certi- ficate to place of meeting. 5. Immediately on your arrival at the meeting, present your certificate to Dr. Richard P. Lyman, Secretary. 6. It has been arranged that the Special Agent of the Trunk Line Association will be in attendance to validate certificates on September 9th and loth. A fee of 25c. zmll he charged for each certificate validated. If you arrive at the meeting and leave for home again prior to the Special Agent's arrival, or, if you arrive at the meeting later than September loth, after the Special Agent has left, you cannot have your certificate validated and conse- quently you will not get the benefit of the reduction on the home journey. No refund of fare zvill be made on account of failure to have certificate validated. 7. So as to prevent disappointment it must be understood that the reduction on the journey home is not guaranteed but is con- tingent on an attendance at the meeting of not less than 100 persons holding regularly issued certificates obtained from ticket agents at starting points, showing payment of full first-class fare of not less than 75 cents on the going journey. 8. If the necessary minimum of 100 certificates are presented to the Special Agent, and your certificate is duly validated, you will be entitled up to and including September 15th, to a con- tinuous passage ticket to point at which certificate was issued, and by the route over which you made the going journey, at three- fifths of the first-class limited fare. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY. The semi-annual meeting of the above association was held at Newark, N..J., July 9-10, 1908, with Dr. J. B. Hopper in SOCIETY MEETINGS. 629 the chair. The first day two sessions were held at Stetter's Assembly Hall, 842 Broad street, while the entire second day was devoted to the conduct of a clinic and the performance and demonstrations of surgical operations at Dr. Vander Roest's Veterinary Hospital, 16- 12- 14 Orchard street. Members Present. Axford, Baldwin, Berry, Bridge, Budd, Churchill, Dixon, Dustan, English, Finch, Forsyth, Glennon, Gray, Harker, Hen- dren, Holdenby, Hopper (A. G.), Hopper (J. B.), Horner, Hurley, Kaiser, King, Laddey, Lindsay, Little, Loblein, Lowe (J. Payne), Lowe (Wm. Herbert), Magill, Mathews (John P.), Mount, Mosedale (James), Mosedale (Robert E.), Mc- Donough, McCoy, Ripley, Rowe, Jr., Runge, Smith (Thos. E.), Stage, Thompson, Turner, Tuttle, Vander Roest. Other veterinarians and guests were present as follows : Augustus Berdan, D. V. S., Inspector B. A. L, Newark; Edgar D. Bachman, D. V. S., Newark; John H. Bakelaar, M. D. C, Passaic; H. W. Bellman, D. V. S., Newark; L. J. Belloff. D. V. S., New Brunswick; C. E. Clayton, D. V. S., New York City; J. W. Collins, M. D., Newark; E. T. Davison, D. V. M., Superintendent of the U. S. Animal Quarantine Station, Athenia; Geo. P. Ellice, D. V. S., Rutherford; Mr. J. G. Feaster, Jacobstown; Henry J. Glennon, M. D. C, Newark; F. C. Gren- side, V. S., President of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City; Winfield B. Hobson, V. M. D., Paterson; James D. Hopkins, V. S., D. V. S., Newark; John J. Pardue, V. M. D., Newark; Geo. W. Smith, D. V. S., Hoboken; Thos. G. Sherwood, M.R.C.V.S., Woodcliffe Lake; Harold E. Stearns, D. V. S., Arlington; J. J. Teufel & Bro., Philadelphia, Pa., and others. Minutes of Regular and Speci.il Meetings Approved. The minutes of the twenty-fourth annual meeting, held at Trenton, January 9, 1908, were read and approved. The minutes of a special meeting held at the State House, Trenton, March 23, 1908, relative to Senate No. 194, creating a Board of Animal Industry, and prescribing its powers and duties, were also read and approved. Nezv Members Proposed. Edgar D. Bachman, D.V.S., Newark; vouchers, Drs. James McDonough and John B. Hopper. 630 SOCIETY MEETINGS. John H. Bakelaar, M.D.C., Passaic; vouchers, Drs. J. Payne Lowe and Thos. B. Rogers. John G. Feaster, Jacobstown; voucher, Dr. Geo. O. Forsyth. The appHcations were duly referred to the executive com- mittee in accordance with the requirements of the by-laws. Report of Executive Committee. Dr. J. Payne Lowe, chairman, for the executive committee, reported on the above applications as follows : Edgar D. Bach- man and John H. Bakelaar favorably and recommended the elec- tion of both gentlemen. In the case of John G. Feaster the re- port of the committee was unfavorable since the applicant was not qualified to practice veterinary medicine under the laws of New Jersey. New Members Elected. Drs. Bachman and Bakelaar were duly elected to member- ship and introduced to the association by the president. Report of Committee on Legislation. The committee on legislation made a full report of its labors. It was impossible to pass Senate 194, creating a Board of Animal Industry, at the recent session of the legislature, but much had been accomplished towards the desired end and it would not be many years before New Jersey would be in line with a veterinary sanitary service which would compare favorably with that of any other state. Among the new laws passed are the following : Chapter 56, authorizing the establishment of a live stock commission of the State of New Jersey for the purpose of promoting interest in the breeding of pure-bred domestic animals and the improve- ment of grade animals of the various breeds. The commission is given power to purchase and maintain stallions of the draft and coach type. Twenty thousand dollars is appropriated to the use of the commission for the current year and thereafter an annual appropriation of five thousand dollars. Chapter 212 regulates the public service of stallions and jacks in New Jersey. Provision is made for the registration, examination and licensing of all stallions and jacks. Chapter 97 appropriates the sum of $25,000 to the State Commission on Tuberculosis in Animals for defraying expenses and for the payment of slaughtered animals. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 631 The game laws of the state are amended in several import- ant particulars, and additional legislation was enacted for the prevention of cruelty to animals. The health and pure food laws are amended. The State Board of Health, as heretofore constituted, was legislated out of existence (chapter 298) and an act passed (chapter 299) creating a new State Board of Health. The governor has appointed new men on the board and it is being reorganized. It is earnestly hoped that this important branch of the state government will now be administered in a more efficient and comprehensive man- ner. Secretary's Report and Communications. The secretary read a letter from Professor Leonard Pearson, Dean of the Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, expressing regret at his inability to be present. He also read a letter from Dr. Geo. W. Pope, tendering his resignation as a member of the association. His reason for resigning was the continued ill-health of his daughter which made a change of climate necessary for her well-being. Dr. Pope has been as- signed to duty at San Diego, California. The secretary reported that the A. V. M. A. has extended an invitation to the V. M. A. of N. J. to be represented by one or more delegates at the annual meeting of the national or- ganization at the forthcoming annual meeting at Philadelphia from September 8 to 12. President Dalrymple felt that such action on the part of our association might be the means of placing our membership in closer touch with the A. V. M. A., and while it was not his purpose to dictate the character of the represen- tation it was suggested that veterinarians who at this time are not members of the A. V. M. A. be selected; that the A. V. M. A. would be pleased to grant the privilege of the floor, in debate, to delegates. The secretary also reported that in accordance with a reso- lution adopted at the last meeting twenty-one members had been dropped from the rolls of the association for non-payment of dues. In connection with the death of Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, which occurred February 8th last, the secretary reported that an appro- priate floral piece had been sent to his funeral, by order of Presi- dent Hopper, as a token of regard for our departed brother. He 1 ead a letter from Mrs. Bell, asking that her grateful acknowledg- G32 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ment be extended to the association for its expression of sym- pathy in her bereavement. The secretary suggested that a com- mittee be appointed to draft suitable obituary resolutions. The secretary also reported to death of Dr. A. T. Sellers, second vice-president of the association, who died at his home in Camden, N. J., April 3, 1908. Drs. Rogers, Mecray and Ma- gill served as a committee to procure a floral tribute and to repre- sent the association at the funeral. A committee should also be appointed to draft obituary resolutions. Unfinished and Nczv Business. Arthur W. Smith Reinstated. — Dr. Arthur W. Smith, East Orange, made a payment on account of his back dues and he Avas reinstated to membership by vote of the association. Dr. Pope Elected an Honorary Member. — Dr. Pope's resig- nation was accepted with regret. He was then elected an hon- orary member. Ex-President Lohlein Presented With a Gold Watch. — Presi- dent Hopper recognized Dr. Smith, who proceeded to make some remarks that, to say the least, greatly surprised Ex-President Loblein, and he presented him with a handsome gold timepiece, the gift of his fellow-members of the association. In respond- ing. Dr. Loblein said it was one of the proudest moments of his life and gave expression of his love for the profession and his high esteem for the members of the V. M. A. of N. J. Committees and Delegates Named. — The President appoint- ed committees as follows : Animal Industry — Dr. Whitfield Gray, chairman, to succeed Dr. Geo. W. Pope, resigned. Committee to assist the Pennsylvania Committee in enter- t..ining the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia— Dr. L. D. Horner, chairman; Magill, Loblein, Hendren and Smith (T. E.). Delegates to the A. V. M. A. meeting at Philadelphia — Drs. Runge. Rogers (Thos. B.), Harker, Hurley and Harrison. Delegates to the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, D. C. — Drs. Lowe (Wm. Herbert), Runge, Tuttle, Budd, Gray, Rogers (Thos. B.), Rowe, Jr. Committee on Bell Resolutions — Lowe (Wm. Herbert), Smith (Thos. E.), Runge. Committee on Sellers' Resolutions — Rogers (Thos. B.), Glennon and McDonough. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 633 Obituary Resolutions — Roscoe R. Bell. Whereas, in the death of a man of the abihty and sagacity of Roscoe R. Bell, practitioner, educator, and editor, which oc- curred February 8, 1898, the profession at large suffers an ir- reparable loss; and Whereas, Dr. Bell was a frequent visitor at our semi-annual gatherings; and Whereas, the ties of friendship were of such a character that we shall always cherish his memory; therefore, be it Resolved, That we record our sense of loss and give expres- sion of our sympathy to his family in their bereavement ; and be it 'further Resolved, That a page be set apart in the minute book of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey to his mem- ory, and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to his family and to the American Veterinary Review. Wm. Herbert Lowe^ T. E. Smith, Werner Runge, Committee. Next Place of Meeting. Upon motion of Dr. Glennon, the association decided to hold its annual meeting at Trenton in January. Reading and Discussion of Papers. " Ideals for the Veterinarian."* Dr. T. Earle Budd presented this subject in his usual eloquent and fascinating manner. " Observations on Anthrax and Symptomatic Anthrax ''* is the title of an able and interesting paper read by Dr. Whitfield Gray, Both papers provoked a lively and profitable discussion. Dr. F. C. Grenside, of New York, remarked that he was impressed with the number of orators we possessed among our members. Meeting adjourned at 6 p. m. Evening Session. The association reconvened at 8 p. m., with President Hop- per in the chair for the discussion of the subject of tuberculosis and the efficiency of the tuberculin test. The attempt of the New York Herald to stultify the work of the profession in the public mind was deplored, and upon motion of Dr. Budd a com- ♦ See Original Articles. 634 SOCIETY MEETINGS. mittee of three was appointed to conduct a campaign of pub- licity on the side of the profession. The chair appointed as such committee Drs. Rogers, Budd and Hendren. Upon motion of Dr. Rowe, the representatives of the as- sociation, who had been appointed as delegates to the Interna- tional Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, D. C, Septem- ber 21 to October 12, were instructed to use their best endeavors to obtain from the Congress an endorsement on the efficiency of the tuberculin test. The following resolutions were presented by Dr. Rogers and adopted by the association : Resolved, That it is the sense of this association : 1st. That bovine and human tubercle are interchangeable; that their differences are morphological — differences of environ- ment. 2d. That the tuberculin test is as nearly perfect as anything can be. 3d. That the disease is contagious at whatever stage the bacilli are given off from the host. 4th. That cases of recovery in bovine tubercle are so rare that they can be left out of account. 5th. That this association deprecates as absolutely unfair the attack now being made on present tuberculin testing and restric- tion arising therefrom now being made by portions of the press. Dr. McDonough made a motion that the association endorse the methods of the Montclair Board of Health for safeguarding the milk supply of that municipality from bovine tuberculosis. Dr. Lowe (Wm. Herbert) moved as an amendment, seconded by Dr. Vander Roest, that the executive committee be requested to make an investigation of the methods of said board and report its findings to the association. Amendment carried. Meeting adjourned at 11.30 p. m. Operations and Clinic. A clinic was held at Dr. Vander Roest's Veterinary Hospital, 10-12-14 Orchard street, July 10, commencing at 9 a. m. The following operations were performed and demonstrations made, together with others not enumerated : Ovariotomy in bitch (without anaesthetic), Dr. Rogers; (with anaesthetic), Dr. Hopper. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 635 Cunean Tenotomy (standing), Dr. McDonough; (subcu- taneous operation), Dr. Loblein; (tendon raised and demonstra- tion made), Dr. Grenside. Median Neurectomy, Dr. Hopper. Shoeing- for Spavin, interfering, quarter crack and demonstra- tion of adjustment of springs to horse's feet. Dr. McDonough. Pus in the Frontal Sinuses, Drs. Rogers and Magill. Poll Evil, Dr. Rogers. Operation on Roarer, Dr. Clayton. Spavin Operation, Dr. Loblein. Excision tumor on head of chicken, Drs. Clayton and Rogers. Etherization of canine patient for operation. Dr. Mount. Cutting dogs' ears, demonstration of proper methods, Dr. Mount. Method of handling cross and vicious dogs, Dr. Mount. Canine Practice Cases, Dr. Baldwin. Stringhalt, Dr. Grenside. High Neurectomy, Dr. Rogers. The local committee deserves great credit. The arrange- ments were admirable. There was a large number of cases of all kinds on hand, as w^ell as an abundance of clinical material, plenty of diagnosticians and operators, and the whole program was carried out in a commendable manner. It was 6 p. m. when the last operation was completed. It seemed to be the consensus of opinion that this was the best meeting ever held by the asso- ciation, which is claiming a good deal, for some excellent meet- ings have been held. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Secretary. MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The fourteenth annual meeting of the above association con- vened in Omaha, Nebraska, June 23d and 24th, 1908. The meeting was called to order in the auditorium of the City Hall by President J. H. Jensen at 9 a. m. The roll call was dispensed with, as those present registered at the door. The following is the list: W. H. Austin, J. S. Anderson, C. E. Baxter, M. V. Byers, F. F. Brown, B. J. Baker, J. A. Berg, E. E. Biart, B. F. Barber, D. M. Campbell, H. Cran- dall, J. A. DeCow, C. H. Dechert, R. Ebbitt, A. T. Everett, A. Eger, H. E. Foster, B. Fisher, P. W. Flickinger, G. W. Giese, G36 SOCIETY MEETINGS. D. E. Gall, C. L. Gomel, J. I. Gibson, R. Gabler, T. W. Gidley, C. Goodwin, W. D. Hammond, C. C. Hall, E. H. Hyland, A. E. Hoffman, F. Jelen, A. T. Jones, J. P. Jorgehson, P. Juck- niess, S. H. Johnston, B. F, Kaupp, A. T. Kinsley, S. H. King- ery, T. H. Knaak, A. J. Kyle, W. M. Lee, R. Lovell, W. J. Lacy, C. P. Liegerot, W. F. Lyon, L W. McEachran, H. M. Mc- Connell, E. J. Meixel, C. S. McKim, E. F. McGraw, E. J. Netherton, C. L. Norris, J. H. Oesterhaus, S. P. Ojers, E, K. Paine, J. G. Parslow, A. T. Peters, H. Pew, O. G. Ruffcorn, J. E. Strayer, V. Schaefer, F. S. Schoenleber, C. E. Simpson, H. C, Simpson, P. Simonson, D. C. Scott, E. F, Stewart, S. Stew- art, G. P. Stratter, L. J. Trafton, H. B. Treeman, F. E. Tree- man, A. J. Treeman, J. Vincent, A. L. Wood, C. L. Wilhite, D. G. Young, H. E. Zimmermann. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The secretary then read a letter of acknowledgment from Mrs. Rebecca Bell of receiving resolutions of respect for the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, which were adopted at the semi-annual meeting. A letter of regret of inability to attend from Dr. L. L. Lewis, of Stillwater, Okla., was also read. The secretary then an- nounced that the following gentlemen who were on the program but could not attend had forwarded their papers : Dr. J. F. Tip- pett, Chicago, 111.; Dr. B. Rogers, Manhattan, Kan.; Dr. J. M. McKeqzie, Northfield, Minn. The resignation of C. W. Dunn was read and was accepted by the association. A communication was read from Dr. R. P. Lyman, secretary of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association, in which the request was made to send one or more delegates to the meeting of that association to be held at Philadelphia, September next. A motion was made that one delegate be named from each state represented in the M. V. V. A. by the chair. Seconded and carried. The president then appointed the following names on the Board of Censors in the place of absentees: Drs. H. Simpson, J. H. Gain and F. F. Brown. The following applicants, duly vouched for and favorably passed upon by the Board of Censors and pronounced worthy and well qualified, were admitted to membership : lozva — Drs. A. L. Wood, Hampton ; P. W. Flickinger, Green- field; J. P. Jorgenson, Elk Horn; B. F. Barber, Fonda; C. D. Williams, Woodbine; S. H. Johnston, Carroll; F. J. Trafton, Jefferson. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 031 Missouri — J. R. Seipel, St. Marys; J. Emonts, St. Charles; T. B. Jones, Kansas City; W. F. Holbrook, Higginsville ; S. R. Ingram, Kansas City; C. L. Gomel, Craig; C. H. Dechert, Ham- ilton ; D. C. Houser, Carthage ; J. W. Riley, Wright City ; L. L. Cress, Clinton. Nebraska — E. J. Meixel, Aurora; B. J. Baker, Mitchell; C. M. Elliott, Humboldt; H. E. Foster, Falls City; E. H. Hyland, Columbus. Kansas — D. M. Campbell, Hiawatha; F. J. Lauman, Wichita; D. W. Nolan, Wichita. South Dakota — B. H. Sayre, Brookings. Oklahoma — H. Fay, Pawhuska; C. R. Walter, Tulsa. Moved by Dr. S. Stewart, seconded by Dr. J. S. Anderson, that the Board of Censors with the elective officers constitute an Executive Committee, whose duty it shall be to meet before the opening of the regular sessions to consider any business to be brought before the association, such Executive Committee to exist until a like committee is provided by the constitution. A resolution was introduced by Dr. A. T.. Peters, seconded by Dr. V. Schaefer, that a committee of three be appointed to define the duties of the Executive Committee. Dr. Hal C. Simpson, chairman of the Board of Censors, then made a report of the findings of the Board of Censors. Twenty- eight applications favorably passed up. Treasurer's books found to be correct and $106.75 ""^ the treasury. The secretary's salary, as provided for by a resolution of June 13, 1904, was $25 and expenses, the latter amounting to about $18. This, he said, the censors regarded as too low and recommended that it be made $50 per annum and expenses. It was found that the membership consisted of about 275 members and that the mailing list consisted of between 600 and 700 names. Dr. S. H. Kingery moved that the report of the Board of Censors be accepted. Seconded and carried. Moved by Dr. H. C. Simpson that the secretary's salary be made $50 and expenses. Seconded and carried. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President — Dr. J. I. Gibson, Des Moines, Iowa. First Vice-President — Dr. D. M. Campbell. Hiawatha, Kan. Second Vice-President— Dr. V. Schaefer, Tekamah, Nebr. Secretary-Treasurer— Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City, Mo. Board of Censors— Dr. A. L. Wood, Iowa; Dr. J. A. De- Cow, Nebraska; Dr. C. H. Dechert, Missouri; Dr. J. V. La- Croix, Kansas; Dr. W. B. McAlester, Oklahoma. 638 SOCIETY MEETINGS. A paper on the use of influenza anti-toxin was then pre- sented by Dr. J. H. Ooesterhaus, Fort Riley, Kan. This paper was discussed by Drs. Brown, Anderson, Simpson, Biart, Gibson, Kaupp, Netherton and others. Several reports of cases were made by Dr. S. H. Kingery, Creston, Iowa, and R. Lovell, York, Nebr. Meeting adjourned at 12.30 p. m. for luncheon. At 1.30 p. m. those in attendance gathered at the hospital of Dr. D. C. Scott, 2810 Mason street, for clinic. Dr. Scott, with the assistance of Drs. Everett, Hall and Young, had pro- vided a large and well planned clinic and great credit is due the local committee for their efforts. The following is a list of the cases : Case No. i — A bay mare, showing lameness in the fore limos, was presented for diagnosis. Drs. Gain and Jensen were called, who, after cocaining, decided the lameness was without question one of foot lameness and recommended madian neurectomy, which was ably performed by Dr. S. H. Johnston, of Carroll, Iowa. Case No. 2 — A black mule, lame in left hind leg, was pre- sented for diagnosis. Drs. Kingery and Schaefer were called upon. Diagnosis: Spavin. Treatment: Recommended a blis- tering. Case No. 3 — A gray gelding, showing a marked " string- halt " condition in the right hind leg. Tenotomy of the peroneus tendon by Dr. S. H. Kingery. Case No. 4 — Oopherectomy in bitch, Dr. H, Jensen. Case No. 5 — A bay mare was presented with contraction of perforans and perforatus tendons in the left fore leg. Tenotomy by Dr. V. Schaefer. Case No. 6 — A gray gelding was next presented. After run- ning a few blocks " roaring " was noted. Operation arytenoi- dectomy by Dr. J. S. Anderson, Seward, Nebr. This horse was given six drams chloral hydrate diluted i :io intravenous. Case No. 7 — A black mare was presented with a bursal en- largement on the fore part of the carpal region. Drs. Baxter and Brown were called upon to advise as to treatment. Case No. 8 — A bay mare with ringbone in the right fore leg was presented. Median neurectomy was advised and performed by Dr. D. C. Scott. Case No. 9 — Oophorectomy in mare performed by Dr. J. S. Anderson. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 639 At 8 p. m. veterinarians attended the annual dinner which was given at the Calumet. The banquet was excellently served and all present felt it was well they were there. The following subjects were presented : " The Relation of the Veterinarian to the Hore Breeding In- dustry," by Dr. J. H. Gain, Lincoln, Nebr. " Chronic Catarrh in the Horse," by Dr. F. J. Trafton, Jef- ferson, Iowa. '' Opsonins," by Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. Wednesday, June 24th, 1908, meeting called to order by the president. Dr. H. Jensen. " The Increased Demand for Munic- ipal Meat and Dairy Inspection in Kansas," was presented by Dr. F, S. Schoenleber, Manhattan, Kan. ; Dr. H. C. Simpson, Denison, Iowa, presented the subject of " Azoturia." " The Der- macentor Reticulatus," by Dr. R. B. Hurd, Payette, Idaho;; "Re- straint of Animals by Aid of Chloral Hydrate," by Dr. F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo. At 12 o'clock the meeting adjourned for luncheon. At I p. m. the meting was again called to order by the presi- dent. The paper of Dr. J. F. Tipf)ett, Chicago, 111., on " Benefits of Inspection of Meats from the Packers' Standpoint " was read. " Intestinal Calculus," by Dr. H. J. McKenzie, was also pre- sented. " Tuberculosis in a Colt " was reported by Dr. C. C. Hall. After which many interesting cases met with in practice were reported. Meeting adjourned. B. F. Kaupp, Secretary. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. Delhi, N. Y., July 30, 1908. Editors of the American Veterinary Review: New York City, N. Y. Gentlemen — I wish to announce that the nineteenth annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society will be held at Utica September 2, 4, inclusive. 040 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Program. Paper on Sterility, Dr. W. L. Williams; discussed by (a) Dr. T. F. O'Dea, (b) Dr. Chas. Cowie, (c) Dr. Grange. Paper on Lameness, or the Diagnosis of Lameness, Dr. G. H. Berns; discussed by (a) Dr. F. J. Baker, (b) Dr. J. E. Ryder, (c) Dr. E. J. Hanshew. The Veterinarian as a Sanitarian, Dr. E. B. Ackerman ; dis- cussed by (a) Dr. G. T. Stone, (b) Dr. V. A. Moore, (c) Dr. W. R. Blair. The External Conformation of the Horse, Dr. F. C. Gren- side; discussed by (a) Dr. J. W. Corrigan, (b) Dr. J. E. Ryder, (c) Dr. Grange. Paper on Horse Shoeing, Dr. C. H. Taylor; discussed by (a) Dr. F. J. Baker, (b) Dr. Wm. F. Doyle. Saccharine Foods, Dr. C. D. Morris; discussed by (a) Dr. C. H. Berns, (b) Dr. C. E. Shaw, (c) Dr. W. G. Hollingworth. The Secretion of Milk. Dr. P. A. Fish; discussed by (a) Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, (b) Dr. C. D. Morris, (c) Dr. R. C. Reed. Paper on Dentistry, Dr. Gordon Darby; discussed by (a) Dr. W. L. Williams, (b) Dr. Chas. Clayton, (c) Dr. R. W. Mc- Cully. Rabies in New York State, Dr. Wm. H. Kelly; to be dis- cussed at one of the evening banquets. Supper and banquet to be held the first evening. Entire evening to be devoted to the subject of Glanders. Paper on Glanders, Dr. H. G. Berns; discussed by (a) Dr. H. D. Gill, (b) Dr. E. B. Ackerman, (c) Dr. Wm. H. Kelly. Dinner to be held the second evening, after which there will be a Symposium. Entire evening to be devoted to the discussion of Tubercu- losis. Paper on Tuberculosis, Dr. V. A. Moore; discussed by (a) Dr. C. D. Morris, (b) Dr. Wm. H. Kelly, (c) Dr. H. D. Gill, (d) Dr. W. G. HolHngworth. Paper on " A Case of Pseudoleukemia in a Dog," Dr. S. H. Burnett; discussed by (a) Dr. James Law, (b) Dr. V. A. Moore. Paper on " A Peculiar Case of Paralysis in Cattle," Dr. W. J. Taylor; discussed by (a) Dr. E. B. Ackerman, (b) Dr. C. E. Shaw, (c) Dr. V. A. Moore. SOCIETY MEETINGS. C41 Committees appointed — Legislative Committee : Drs. \V. G. Hollingworth, R. W. Ellis, A. G. Tegg. Committee on Bv- Laws : Drs. C. D. Morris, W. L. Williams, G. H. Berns. Com- mittee on Resolutions : Drs. James Law, E. B. Ackerman, W. Reid Blair. Committee on Medical Jurisprudence : Drs. C. D. Morris, V. A. Moore, F. C. Grenside. Committee on Arrange- ments : Drs. W. G. Hollingworth, E. B. Ingalls, L. G. Moore, J. M. Currie. Committee to Answer Questions for the Question Box : Drs. V. A. Moore, G. H. Berns, Wm. H. Kelly. W. Hamilton, Secretary. LOUISL\NA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This association held its regular annual meeting at Baton Rouge, La., on the 4th ult. The meeting was called to order by President M, M. White, of Shreveport, in the Agricultural Build- ing at the Louisiana State University at 1 1 a. m. The executive committee, composed of Drs. White, Flower and Chaney, acted favorably upon the following applications: Dr. Frank Collins, of Monroe, Chicago Veterinary College; Dr. T. C. Paulson, of Baton Rouge, Chicago Veterinary College; Dr. H. F. Vulliamy, of Crowley, Ontario Veterinary College; Dr. Joseph L. Drexler, of Thibodaux, New York Veterinary Col- lege; Dr. J. Arthur Goodwin, of New Iberia, Kansas City Veter- inary College. The act passed by the present session of the General Assembly regulating the practice of veterinary surgery and medicine in Louisiana, was read and commented upon, the members of the as- sociation being greatly pleased with its provisions. Dr. H. J. Milks,. of the State Experiment Stations, was elected an honorary member of the association due to his early permanent departure from the state. The following are the officers named for the ensuing year : Dr. M. M. White, of Shreveport, president; Dr. Jos. L. Drex- ler, of Thibodaux, vice-president; Dr. E. P. Fowler, of Baton Rouge, secretary and treasurer. 642 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Members were in attendance from New Orleans, Shreveport, Baton Rouge, Monroe, Crowley, New Iberia and Thibodaux. The meeting was highly satisfactory in every particular, and it was the opinion of all present that a new era has opened for the profession and in the interest of stock owners and breeders in the state. After the meeting the association was entertained at a dinner given by Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, veterinarian at the Louisiana State University. E. P. Flower, Secretary. GENESEE VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- CIATION. The eleventh semi-annual meeting of this association was held on Thursday, July 9, 1908, at Webber Brothers Veterinary Infirmary on Andrews street, Rochester, N. Y. Members present : Doctors L. R. Webber, A . McConnell, O. B. French, J. H. Taylor, P. J. Johnson, A. Geo. Tegg, W. B. Switzer, G. C. Kesler, Edward Nodyne, Nelson N. Lefler, D. P. Webster, Warren E. Stocking, W. J. Payne, J. E. Smith, Carr Webber, William F. Woolston, John O. Moore, W. H. Mahony, Ludo L. Zimmer, F. E. Cleaver, together with the following visitors : Doctors G. R. Chase, A. J. Tuxill, R. Perkins and D. D. La Fevre. The clinical work began at 11 o'clock and continued until 3, when the meeting adjourned to the Masonic Temple, where a business session was held, at which several members reported some very flagrant violations of law. The association, by vote, instructed the president and secretary to instruct an attorney to prosecute the offenders. There was a good discussion on the operations performed at the clinic, and several members gave some interesting case reports. Dr. E. H. Nodyne, of Fulton, N. Y., read a very interesting report of experiments with tuberculine and mallein on tuberculous subjects. The next meeting of the association will be held the second week of January. Arrangements are being made for a fine pro- gram to be presented at this meeting. J. H. Taylor,, Secretary. NEWS AND ITEMS. You cannot afford to miss the Philadelphia meeting. Over 800 veterinarians are now in the service of the Bureau of Animal Industry. S. J. Walkley, M.D.V., Inspector B. A. I., is now stationed at Cudahy, Wisconsin. Dr. H. D. Gill has been appointed veterinarian to the Police Department of the City of New York. Dr. A. T. Ferguson, assistant to Dr. Robert W. Ellis dur- ing 1907, has located at Cleburne, Texas, Dr. Olof Schwarzkopf's troop has finished its annual march and is now at Camp Leon Springs, Texas, for a month's manoeuvres. Dr. T. Earle Budd, who officiated last week as veterinarian at the x\tlantic City Horse Show, has acted in that capacity at Atlantic City at seven consecutive annual events. J. Elmer Ryder, Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Medi- cine, New York-American Veterinary College, is a victim of a severe attack of rheumatism He has gone to Mount Clement, Michigan, for the benefit of the baths. Dr. Geo. R. Conrad, of Sabetha, Kansas, with his family, were visitors in Kansas City and vicinity during the first week in July. The Doctor has been very prosperous in general prac- tice and is now the possessor of two fine Kansas farms as the fruit of his labors. Dr. Geo. H. Glover, of the Colorado State College, recent- ly visited Eastern cities hoping he might engage qualified in- structors in sufficient number to place the Veterinary Depart- ment of the Colorado Agricultural College in the highest gov- ernmental class of veterinary colleges. 643 (J44 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. H. E. Thompson, of Pueblo, Col.* is making an extended visit in Kansas and Missouri durin^^ the summer months in hopes of bettering- the health of Mrs. Thompson. This indeed seems strange to those who live in the East and are wont to go to Colorado Springs and other resorts in the mountain state to recover health. Governor Fort has announced the appointment of Dr. T. Earle Budd as a member of the Live Stock Commission of the State of New Jersey. This commission was created by an act of the last legislature for the promotion of interest in the breed- ing of pure-bred domestic animals and the improvement of grade animals of the various breeds. 'The new law provides for the examination and licensing of stallions and jacks. Dr. Ellis, of the Review, was taken with a severe chill about ten days ago followed with a high fever. His wife, who had gone to their Asbury Park cottage, was summoned back to the city. His temperature ran up to io6 degrees Fahrenheit and his physician stayed by his bedside. We are relieved to b^ able to say, however, that the danger soon passed and that the doctor's restoration to his usual good health has been sufficient to enable him to make the trip to his cottage by the sea. Dr. H. Jensen, of Weeping W^ater, Nebraska, has accepted a position as instructor in the Kansas City Veterinary College. The Doctor is widely known throughout the Central West, and particularly in the State of Nebraska, where he has been lec- turing to Farmers' Institutes for some time past. He has taken a very active part in veterinary association work, holding official positions in several of them. The K. C. V. C, which already commands the confidence of the profession in this country, ac- quires a new element of strength by adding Dr. Jensen to its Faculty. President James of the University of Illinois, who has been commissioned by Governor Deneen to make a study of recent educational developments in Britain and on the continent, will make careful inspection of the leading foreign veterinary schools with a view to gathering information of value in the establish- ment of the new college of veterinary medicine and research by the university trustees at the stock yards, Chicago. Liberal pro- vision has been made for this new college by the stock yards in- terests, and the trustees of the university will exert every effort to plan the most comprehensive and modern institution of the kind in the world. — {The Breeder's Gazette.) American Veterinary Review, SEPTEMBER, 1908. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, July 15, 1908. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Torsion of the Large Colon in the Horse. — The diagnosis and treatment of torsion of the large colon in the horse is the title of an essay from Prof. Forssell, published in the " Zeitschrift fur Eiermedizin." A re- view of it has been made by Prof. Leclainche in the " Revue Generale." Among the many accidents described under the name of colics, twisting of the colon has been the subject of many special studies. In 1890 Jelkmann said that this torsion can be recog- nized by rectal examination, and that its reduction is an easy matter. In " Moller and Frick," it is stated that the spiral dis- position of the transversal fissures of the colon is a sure sign of the torsion exfsting. When it occurs to the right, the spires are directed from forward backward and from left to right. In the torsion to the left, they have an opposite direction. This rule, however, is not absolute in all cases. Indeed, it is not sufficient to speak of torsion. But it must be remembered that the several portions of the colon can undergo many displacements. The twisting may extend to the four portions, exist near the diaphragm, may reach the two superposed portions of the left side or again the pelvic curvature. Besides all this, the degree of the torsion may vary. It may be one-quarter, one-half, three- quarters of a turn or even be more, a whole turn, even one and 647 648 EDITORIAL. a quarter or again one and a half. If the four portions are twisted, generally the turn is complete. Naturally, according to these different cases, the characters of the spiral formed will differ. At any rate, one must always bear well in mind the topo- graphical anatomy of the abdominal cavity, otherwise the rectal exploration will find it very difficult to arrive at the correct diag- nosis of the accident. Other signs exhibited by the patient may be of some help, but they are not characteristic as those that can be obtained by the rectal examination. * * Remembering the peculiar disposition of the four portions of the organ, the superposed arrangements that they assume, their relations with the abdominal walls and the diaphragm, their curvatures, their short mesentery and the contractions and sac- ciform dilatations that they present, one can readily recognize, in the normal condition, every peculiarity, especially if the intes- tines are almost completely empty. But if it is distended by food or gases, this is more difficult. And such is the condition with the torsion of the colon, hence the recognition of parts more dif- ficult. Indeed, let us suppose a case of twist of the left compart- ment of the colon. By rectal examination, the lower left portion will be recognized by the sacciform dilatations, wdiile the upper left portion will, on the contrary, be felt rounded, smooth and of a smaller diameter. Then the coecum may induce one in error, although the directions of the folds of that organ will be sufficient to recognize it. The rectal examination, however, can only be applied for the two portions of the left side, as those of the right cannot be generally felt through the rectum. According to Forssell, the march of the torsion of the colon is in general as follows : The manifestations of pain, while work- ing or in the stable, are slight. The pulse is often almost normal during the first hours, also the respiration. Peristaltism is re- duced or entirely arrested. After a few hours the size of the abdomen is noticeably enlarged by the accumulation of gases. EDITORIAL. G49 The portions of the right side of the organ and the ccecum be- come also dilated with gases. The pulse then becomes accel- erated, 80, 90 after 10 or 12 hours. In other§, after 20 hours, it is only 60 or 70. Great general weakness becomes manifest and yet no great pain. Some horses lay down but once and are still standing up a few hours before death, which, if the re- duction is not made, will occur after 30 or 40 hours in average. * * * The treatment consists in the reduction of the torsion. It is the rolling over of the patient in the same way as is done for tor- sion of the uterus. The principle is that the horse must he rolled in the direction of the torsion. Indeed, the colon is twisted upon its axis in the sense of the longitudinal direction of the body; if the intestines being fixed, the body is rolled in the same sense, all will return to its place. If the colon is twisted to the right, roll to the right. If to the left, roll to the left. To fix the intestine, may present some difficulty, but one may secure it or at least help it by rolling the patient rapidly, while at the same time, puncture of the intestine has already relieved the friction against the walls of the abdomen by the escape of the gases. And besides that, the hand introduced into the rectum will steady the pelvic curvature and, so to speak, immobilize it. The results are almost always satisfactory. Out of 18 cases treated, Forssell has lost but one. This animal had been rolled over several times and it had been necessary to puncture him several times in the colon to allow the escape of the gases. Con- tents of the intestines had dropped into the peritoneal cavity and given rise to fatal peritonitis. Once the reduction obtained, it is announced by an abundant evacuation of gases per rectum. Some times this does not take place immediately. But yet the left flank shows the result by its dropping back to its size and its bloating subsiding. If the torsion had been recent, and the reduction realized, the horse has recovered at once. But if the trouble has existed for some fifteen G50 EDITORIAL. or twenty hours already, the animal will remain depressed for some little time. In all cases the after treatment consists in a careful diet carried out for several days. * * * The Value and Use of AIorphia in Canine Surgery. — The value and use of morphia in canine surgery has been the subject of a long paper which was read before one of the So- cieties of England by Prof. Fred. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S., and has found its way in several of our English contemporaries. Treated as all the subjects to which the Professor gives his atten- tion, the value and use of morphia deserves to be noticed by all veterinarians. A glance at the concise extract which has ap- peared in the " Veterinary Journal " will give us a fair idea of the manner in which the question is treated. " Morphia has been recognized for many years past as an agent which is useful to minimize pain in the human subject as well as in animal patients ; but in the case of the later it is univer- sally conceded by all veterinary therapeutists, who have studied its action, that its effects on the different species of veterinary patients differ very considerably." " In surgical works, the narcosis that it rapidly produces can be made use of both to assist in keeping the patient still and thus aiding in delicate manipulations, and in reducing pain. By its aid alone, minor operations can be performed, and if its action is assisted by a local anesthetic, even quite severe opera- tions can be completed. To handle a vicious dog and render him tractable and harmless; for the setting of fractures in- restless patients; in cases involving laparotomy; and combined with chloroform, the benefit of the use of morphia cannot be over- looked by the careful surgeon. " The average dose necessary to produce the desired eft'ect is about one-sixteenth of a grain per pound of body weight, al- though this can be exceeded with perfect safety. In fact, the insusceptibility of dogs to large doses of morphia is perfectly extraordinary. So much so that it is quite impossible to state EDITORIAL. (351 with certainty what reasonable dose will be lethal. Hobday has given 15, 18 and 20 grains to dogs so as to kill them without accomplishing his end. A medicinal dose will in three minutes be followed by vomition and often with defecation, and this makes it a useful drug to administer in urgent cases of poisoning by strychnia. After four or five minutes the dog falls asleep. In rare cases he may show excitement, delirium with hurried respiration. In half an hour any simple injury can be safely attended to. For more severe procedures, three-quarters of an hour are necessary to have the state of narcosis at its height. Very large doses of the drug will cause refusal of food and a staggering gait for even 24 or 36 hours after. But with the average dose, the patient recovers sufficiently quick to walk home. * * * These considerations that I abbreviate considerably are ac- companied with a long list giving the concise history of 90 cases, with breed and sex, age, approximate weight, nature of the operation, amount of morphia given, and remarks relating to each case. While the age of the patients has varied between six months and fourteen years, the list shows that according to the weight of the animal the dose of morphia has varied from one- half a grain to five grains. The principal operations performed were " For venereal tumours. Entropion, Prolapsus recti and vagina. Extraction of tooth. Ovariotomy, Castration, opening of abscesses, removal of sub-cutaneous cysts, removal of mammary glands, amputation of the tail, umbilical hernias, leg amputation, setting of fractures, pterygium, cataract, etc., etc. These opera- tions being performed with the use of morphia alone or assisted as the case required with other local or general anesthetics. In his conclusions, Prof. Hobday resumes the advantages of the use of morphia as follows : " I. Safety of the drug when used with reasonable care. " 2. The patient is less nervous and much more tractable and easy to manipulate. " 3. The operator needs less help and a local or general anesthetic can be employed with great facility. fi52 " 4. The patient does not struggle so much and is less likely to become hurt during the operation or the process of securing. " 5. The patient rests more tranquilly after the operation and remains quiet for a considerable time. " Minor disadvantages : Vomition and defecation. Idiosyn- crasies which may be accompanied with hurried respiration and delirium. Tendency to hemorrhage and possibly difficulty of re- moving until the prolonged narcosis has passed away." We feel that our readers will derive good benefit by resorting to the method recommended by the Professor. Extensively in practice on the continent the results have proved satisfactory in both branches of medicine. * * * Tendinous and Periostic Reflexes in HoRSES.^Some time since Dr. Theodore Schmidt has called the attention to tendinous and periostic reflexes in horses and published a con- tribution to the diagnosis of lameness. The " Revue Generale " reviews it as follows : Erb and Westphal have described in 1875 under the name of tendinous and periostic reflexes, sudden muscular contractions produced by any mechanical irritation ; a sudden shock of the tendons or of the periosteum. While the study of reflexes has assumed great importance in the semiology of nervous diseases of man, it has scarcely been considered in veterinary medicine and the subject has remained unexplored with the exception of the investigations made by Dexler. In man, the principal re- flexes are those of the patella and of the Jendo-Achillis, consti- tuting what is known as the " Foot Phenomena." Some cutan- eous reflexes (cremaster, abdominal wall) give also valuable indications. Tendinous and periostic reflexes have a real interest to the point of view of the diagnosis of lameness. And yet surgical works scarcely mention them. Speaking of the exploration of the foot, with the hammer or the nippers, Frohner considers the muscular contraction resulting from their application as a mani- EDITOKIAL. . . G53 festation of the pain resented. Moller says that in sore condition of the foot, there is exaggeration of a sudden (reflex) motion of contraction of. the leg. But this muscular contraction resulting frofti the percussion or the exploration by pressure of the nippers takes place also without the existence of painful lesion and then it constitutes a true reflex which ought to be designated as reflex of the foot. On the dorsal face of the cannon, on a level with the middle third, it is not rare to obtain, by palpation, a reflexed contraction, differing entirely from the painful sensation felt by the perios- teum at that point. This ought to be called the reflex of the cannon. Another reflex, the metacarpal, is also obtained on the median fore face of the metacarpus in the neighborhood of the carpal joint or between the metacarpus and the median face of the knee, and when there is no inflammatory condition of the periosteum or of the pre-articular region. Tendinous reflexes are observed specially on the level with the flexors, on the tendon of the flexor of the metacarpus or on the suspensory ligament. Applying the plessimetric hammer upon the middle part of the superior sesamoid ligament, mild reflexes are obtained. They, can be called reflexes of the flexors, reflex of the suspensory. * * * In all cases, these are long reflex effects, corresponding to multiple segments of the spinal cord, with the co-operation of collateral reflexes and these reflex contractions differ from the various characters of the voluntary motions resulting from a pain. " I. Reflexes will always be looked for, on all corresponding extremities together and will be found upon two anterior or two posterior extremities or upon the four at once. " 2. Reflex contractions are obtained with percussion of the foot or by a sudden pressure on the elective spot. " 3. Involuntary reflex contractions are sudden, the animal remaining entirely at rest. Contractions due to pains, voluntary, 654 . EDITOBIAL. are repeated; several groups of muscles are involved; they in- crease with the severity of the pressures and finally various insolite movements are manifested. "4. In doubtful cases, other symptoms will be looked for, especially local manifestations (heat, deformity) likely to explain or bring suspicion of a painful condition. "5. The reality of reflexes can be learned by the examina- tion of a number of animals sound and free from lameness." There is no doubt that the subject will present a wide field of interest, and if it has not the importance that it offers in human medicine, its study and better application by veterinarians may prove of great value in the diagnosis of lameness, which, not- withstanding the great progress that has been made in late years, has yet left many cases obscure and doubtful. * * * Anatomical Observations. — For anatomists, anomalies are always interesting and for the surgeons the knowledge of their possible presence is of utmost importance. Of course, some of these differential arrangements in tissues or in organs constitute merely curiosities and their presence is comparatively secondary in its importance. And yet the simple curious fact from natural condition is always deserving attention, this, of course, varying according to the organ which is different from the ordinary. Prof. Luigi Varaldi, of the Anatomical Institute of the Royal Veterinary School of Milan, has recently recorded in the " Clinica Veterinaria " a few anatomical observations which deserve our concise notice. He found them first in several muscles, i. It was the muscle Stylo glossus, which existed on both sides of the head of a horse, being prepared for anatomical demonstration. The muscle was doubled at its origin. The supplementary portion, entirely mus- cular had the form of a cone and was attached anteriorly on the lateral face of the thiroid branch of the hyoid bone and passing EDITOBIAL. 655 forward joined the fibres of the true stylo-glossus muscle. The same anomaly existed on both sides, but the supplementary branch of the right side was smaller and more delicate. 2. On the same head, the glosso-staphileus presented also a peculiar condition, namely, in having a delicate muscle which, from the soft palate, extended to the superior maxillary bone, a little back of the last molar. The tendon situated under the mucous membrane of the anterior pillar of the soft palate was continued by the muscular fibres and after bordering the lobules of the staphyline glands reached the lateral face of the tongue and running forward as far as the symphisis of the inferior maxillary, ended w'ith the mylo-hyodeus. 3. The digastricus was found in one head, perfectly isolated into two special portions, the digastricus and the stylo-maxillaris. This one presenting the peculiar condition that the posterior part did not pass through the fibrous ring which normally is found and divides the muscle into two bodies. 4. A supplementary fasciculus was found in preparing the right ocular region of a horse. This consisted in a small muscle, which from the posterior border of the reflexed portion of the great oblique muscle, a short distance from the trochlear pulley over which this passes, run backward describing a curve with concavity turned upward and terminated upon the superior bor- der of the superior rectus muscle. This little adjunct received a special nervous branch from the fourth pair of cranian nerves. Prof. Varaldi concludes by the record of a case where he found an accessory branch to the left renal artery of a horse. While there are a number of cases on record where the kidneys have been found receiving blood from other branches besides the true renal arteries, the one observed by the Italian anatomist has never been observed. Indeed, in his case, the left kidney has its normal artery with its normal peculiarities, but there is also a large artery which, leaving the posterior aorta, near its quadrifurcation, a little in front of the origin of the external iliac, runs forward so as to reach the left kidney where it enters at its posterior border after dividing into two branches. 656 EDITORIAL. Tuberculosis of the Retropharyngeal Glands. — As fre- quently even when one is making an examination of the head in looking for tuberculous lesions, diseased condition of the retro- pharyngeal glands is overlooked, Mr. L. Spartz, Director of the Abattoir of the City of Luxemburg, has in " The Hygiene de la Viande et du Lait " published a short reminder, which veteri- narians will consult with advantage. " All bovines that cough are in the eyes of the public to be regarded as suspicious of tuberculosis, and if tuberculosis of the superior respiratory tracts is rarely mentioned in veterinary medicine, it is probably because the inspection of the intermaxil- lary space and of the retropharyngeals has not been made in a sufficiently minutious manner. If these retropharyngeal glands are regularly examined, they are often found diseased and often also more frequently than the others. It is a local tuberculosis, which may also be found accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis ; but has also been observed in animals having no tubercular lesions in any other organs or part of their body. Yet, it is a lesion quite rare in animals affected with generalized tuberculosis. Out of 28 animals which presented lesions of the retro- pharyngeal glands, seven presented no lesions of tuberculosis in any other part of their body. In the 21 others there were lesions of the lungs, of the liver, of the intestines. One had lesions of the first cervical vertebrae. The following are the clinical symptoms. In forms, not well marked, if tuberculization is not indicated outside by de- formity of one or both sides of the parotids, the affection is indi- cated only by a strong cough, frequent but not by spells. This cough has not the classical characters of the animal having ex- tensive tuberculosis. The animals remain fat, their eyes are bright, the chest and loins loaded with fat. The tuberculous glands act upon the mucous of the pharynx as a foreign body. The animal coughs whether in a warm stable or in cool air. And this manifestation is not promoted by the ingestion of cold drinks, blow on the thorax, or accelerated exercise. It is the only clinical EDITORIAL. Go's symptom. In some cases, however, if the tumor is large and as big as an egg or the fist it is noticed externally by the deformity of the lower part of the parotid region. This tumor is attached by its deep face, is not painful, is uniformly hard and may be taken for actinomycosis. The ab- sence of fistulous tracts and the character of the pus will estab- lish the diagnosis. Normally the glands form two little bodies more or less round, two or three centimeters long, one or two thick. If tuberculous they rapidly enlarge and constantly irri- tate the nervous terminations, hence the cough. When the affection is primitive, Mr. Spartz, in his practice excises the diseased gland without touching the surrounding tissues. * * * European Sundry Items. — I will continue the Review of European Sundry Items inaugurated in my last chronicle. Rebellion at the Veterinary School of Vienna. — I have already alluded to it. Here are a few more details. For some time, sustained by graduates already practicing, the vet- erinary students of Vienna have been claiming for reforms in the organization of the school, which it is known is strictly mili- tary. The Government and the Parliament ignoring the de- mands, a large manifestation was organized. About 200 students, after a great row during the lectures, which had to be stopped, presented their requests to the Director of the school, where they asked for the transfer of the school from the War to the Public Instruction Secretary; for no admission of farriers to the vet- erinary school, and finally demanding an apology to be made to the students for an insult they had received from one of the sub- officers on duty. " Down with the military regime. No more Secretary of War " was their cry. The students were dispersed by militaries and the school closed. A week later, a great meeting took place, six deputies were present, also high functionaries, the members of the faculty and many practitioners. One of the students read the desiderata. ■658 EDITORIAL. asking also for the degree of Doctor, the abolition of the lectures, which were common for the students and the farriers, the crea- tion of a bovine clinic with outside calls, of a chair of hygiene and the modernization of the mode of examination. Many speeches were delivered and the meeting broke out at the cries of " Down with the Secretary of War." A few days later a delegation was received by the proper officers and were assured that the Government would examine their claims at once. * * * A Queer Protest. — At the school of agriculture of Portici, the students and the professors have sent a strong protest against veterinarians being allowed to follow the lectures on Zootechny. This protest will, however, have no effect, as veterinarians have a perfect right to follow these lectures. * * A Law Suit Against Prof. Loeffler. — An outbreak of foot and mouth disease that had occurred on some farm had its origin traced to the Institute where the distinguished Professor carries on his experiments. The Secretary of Agriculture had the case dismissed; but by decision of the Superior Court of Justice, it seems the case has to follow its course. The issue of the case is watched with great interest by German veterinarians. It would certainly be a very sad thing to see the learned Pro- fessor held responsible for an act resulting from his researches and upon which he had no control. * A Belgium paper has announced the unexpected news of the resignation of Prof. DeGive, Director of the Veterinary School of Cureghem. This would be a great blow to the school. It is rumored that the cause is some difficulties existing in the admin- istration of the Secretary of Agriculture upon which the school depends. Pamphlets received the last month and this have been plenty and their contents are interesting and instructive. EDITORIAL. 659 In the first line are two experiments by the Director of the Zootechnic Institute of the Agriculture School of Milan, Dr. An- tonio Pirocchi, on the influence of milk on the health of calves and again as food. Then came from the Bureau of Animal Industry, first, Bul- letin 104, a report by Clarence B. Lane, on Medical Milk Com- missions and the production of certified milk in the United States. Second, Circular 127, on Tubercle Bacilli in butter by E. C. Schroeder, M. D. V., and W. E. Cotton, and, third, Circular 129 on Rabies and its increasing prevalence, by George H. Hart, V. M. D. A concise little review of that everinteresting subject which ends with strong conclusions relating to the eradication of the disease which can be resumed in three words, " muzzle the dogs." An advice whose successful results are presented in a few words and form a strong argument in favor of the method. As a complement to the above, I have the pamphlet of Lang- don Frothingham, M. D. V., on Impression preparations and the Van Gieson Stain for Negri bodies. Finally from the Department of Agriculture of Victoria : A pamphlet on Veterinary Inspection of Stallions for the Certificate of Soundness and Approval, illustrated with 37 figures and ac- companied with the report of Mr. Swinburne upon such exami- nation. A. L. THE VETERINARIAN'S MECCA. We published last month the program and everything of especial interest concerning our great International Veterinary Convention which convenes on the 8th, 9th, loth and nth days of the present month at Philadelphia, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. In this issue of the Review we give space to the program of the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America, an important organi- zation in affiliation with the A. V. M. A., which will meet in 660 EDITORIAL. .Philadelphia the day previous to the opening of the convention. The meeting this year promises to be of extraordinary interest to the profession on account of the Government investigation of veterinary colleges and the educational standard that will have to be observed hereafter by the colleges in order for their gradu- ates to be eligible to take the civil service examination for em- ployment in the Bureau of Animal Industry. We are also publishing in this issue the program of the In- ternational Congress on Tuberculosis, which takes place at Wash- ington, D. C, September 21 to October 12, as well as that of the Association of Interstate Live Stock Sanitary Boards, which holds its meeting at Washington the week intervening between the adjournment of the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia and the opening of the International Congress on Tuberculosis in Wash- ington. The section meeting of the Congress will take place the week beginning September 28th, and the exhibition will continue for the entire three weeks, from September 21 to October 12. There is to be a joint session of Section I, " Pathology and Bacteri- ology," and Section VII., " Tuberculosis in Animals and Its Re- lations to Man," on Wednesday afternoon, September 30. The list of papers and authors is included in the program published elsewhere in this issue of the Review. It is indeed a remarkable circumstance for so many important bodies to meet so convenient to each other both as to time and place. vSurely never before was there such a grand opportunity for the veterinarian, and it is hard to conceive of any member of the profession being so foolish as to allow this opportunity of his life go by without availing himself of its privileges. A PLAN FOR FILING BULLETINS. In this issue of the Review our talented collaborator, Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of the University of Minnesota, offers to the profession a very simple and satisfactory decimal system key for EDITORIAL. 6G1 filing bulletins, miscellaneous pamphlets and clippings that seems fo possess advantages over other systems now in use in many li- braries and offices. Dr. Reynolds had several copies of this key made with a view- to distributing them to his personal friends whom he thought might be having the same trouble with bulletins and reprints which he had been having, thinking possibly to save them the labor which he had undergone in devising a satisfactory way of filing such pub- lications. He thought of so many men who probably needed something of the kind that he decided to submit it to the Review. We take pleasure in publishing it for the benefit of the profession. By Dr. Reynolds' method a bulletin or report may be very promptly filed, and as promptly found. JOHNE'S DISEASE IN CATTLE. The occurrence in America of a chronic bacterial dysentery of cattle identical with a disease found by Johne and Frothing- hani at Dresden in 1895 and studied by Bang, McFadyean, Liau- tard and others, has been recognized in remote parts of this country. Pearson, in the February Review^ reports the diag- nosis of the disease in Pennsylvania. It has also been recognized in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Dr. W. L. Beebe, Bacteriologist for the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, contributes a valuable paper (see original articles,* page 692) on the study of the disease in the northwest which will be read with much interest. In the Mission Sunday School. — Teacher : And what do you suppose all the animals did during these forty days in the ark? '' Smarty " Williams: They just loafed around and scratched themselves. "Sandy" Toole (disdainfully): Chuck it, Smarty ! What'd they scratch for, when there was only two fleas? — {The Bohemian.) ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. By Prof. W. L. Williams. A Paper Presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. When a wound becomes infected the practitioner attempts to overcome it so far as possible by local measures, and in so doing goes about his task with a definite plan to combat the disease. It is doubtful, however, whether all practitioners have an equally clear conception of the Systemic or internal handling of wound infection when its effects have passed or threaten to pass beyond the confines of the wound area to involve the entire sys- tem of the patient. Each practitioner presumably recognizes the influence of the system upon the course of the local lesion. It is constantly observed in practice that one patient having a severe and extensive wound progresses favorably and makes a prompt recovery, while another of the same species and with a less ex- tensive and complex wound does badly. Sometimes we find the difference in the character of the infection, but often the bacter- iologist cannot tell us by examining the organisms from a benign and malignant wound to which of the two a given culture be- longs, and we habitually refer this clinical difference to individual resistance due to some peculiarity of the system. We thus recog- nize the fundamental proposition that in wound infection the disease may be essentially confined in its ravages to the wound area or may involve more or less seriously the entire animal organism. These variations stand out so conspicuously in every-day practice that they constitute an important element of uncertainty in prognosis. We have learned clinically to look askance upon wounds in weak, debilitated animals, while the same apparent injuries in a vigorous individual create less alarm. 662 THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. GU3 Our view of these variations in the intesity of wound infec- tion is modified by the rule that the results are largely dependent upon the quality and quantity of the infecting agent, but this does not lessen our belief, based upon clinical experience, as well as the teaching of experimental medicine, that the entire animal organism is influenced by and influences wound infection. Bac- teriology teaches us that in wound infection, systemic disturb- ances may result either from the entrance of bacterial products into the blood, toxaemia, or of the toxines and bacteria together, septicaemia. After the infecting organisms or their products have invaded the system any local application or handling within our power does not affect their influence upon the animal body, though their presence within the general circulation reacts upon the wound itself and tends constantly to increase the virulence in the wound area. The local and systemic infections are complementary, each contributing to the intensity of the other. After a time the infection within the wound area may be overcome by the tissues, destroyed, and the wound permitted to heal, or ulceration, fistula or gangrene may result. Similarly depending somewhat upon the character of the wound infection, the systemic disturbances may cease through the casting out of the infecting agent or its products or its destruction within the body, the patient's life may be brought to an end in virulent cases or in some forms of infection like botryomycosis, glanders or bursattee it may assume a chronic state and continue for months or years. Few phases of wound infection are of greater basic import- ance than its systemic handling, and yet, in a large measure, veterinary practitioners fail to grasp its full significance and fre- quently neglect to avail themselves of important means at their command for accelerating and increasing the probability of re- covery. It would be extremely unfortunate if, in considering the systemic handling, we should in the least, neglect or relax in the local measures which we all recognize as being of such great GG4 W. L. WILLIAMS. fundamental importance, but we hold that each phase should com- mand our earnest attention. When the veterinarian undertakes the local handling of an infected wound, he proceeds somewhat according to the following plan : 1. He attempts to mechanically remove the infecting organ- isms by free openings following by ample irrigation, excision or curetting away of fatally or dangerously infected tissues. 2. The destruction of the infecting organisms remaining in the wound by the application of chemical, thermal or other kill- ing agents-disinfectants. 3. The prevention of fresh bacterial invasions through wound occlusion. We would outline an analogous scheme for the systemic handling of wound infection so soon as the disease has sur- mounted or threatens to overcome the local barriers provided by the tissues and is menacing the well being of the organism as a whole. As in the local, so in the systemic plan, we may well give first place, chronologically at least, to the physiologic expul- sion of the offending agents, the bacteria and toxines, from the body. We are not aware that we can literally accomplish the former in wound infections; possibly not, though w^e know that in some diseases the living bacteria are expelled in the urine. Accurate data are also wanting regarding the excretion from the body, in their original form, of the various toxines arising in wound infection. Clinically, however, we have ample evidence that those rem- edies which stimulate the excretory organs tend constantly to alleviate the systemic effects of the infection. When wound infection escapes the local barriers, the resultant systemic dis- turbances express themselves ordinarily by fever and abatement of the excretions, decreased volume of urine of abnormal compo- sition, decreased expulsion of dry feces diminished perspiration: and it is a common clinical experience that the restoration of any or all of these excretory processes to the normal or hyper- normal tends to reduce the fever, and, in harmony with the THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. GG5 amelioration of the systemic disturbances, the local conditions improve. Consequently, from the earliest dawn of surgical practice, resort has been made to those means which tend to stimulate these excretions in order to combat fever without specifying its cause. In a measure this phase of systemic handling of wound infec- tion receives attention through the diet, though too often, perhaps, without a due sense of its importance, and hence with imperfect results. Generally the veterinarian, in handling wound infection, suggests a laxative diet, which constantly tends to accelerate the three excretions named. Possibly the average veterinarian pre- scribes this diet because it is fashion, or because he believes such foods more readily digestible or for other reasons more or less vague. It is true that such, as a rule, are simpler and easier of digestion and, being so, serve as an aid to the system in over- coming wound infection, whereas a food difficult of digestion undergoes bacterial decomposition in the digestive tract, elabor- ates poisons where nutrition is needed and serves to intensify the systemic disturbance due to the wound infection instead of reliev- ing it. The veterinarian should not only advise, but insist upon a proper diet for a horse suff^ering from a severe wound, be it surgical or accidental. The natural laxative foods for the horse consist of grass, vegetables, roots and fruits. In summer, when available, fresh grass constitutes the best food in the majority of cases for horses invalided by wounds and in winter the place of this is best filled by carrots or turnips or vegetables like cab- bage or less effectively by potatoes or apples. These foods, as well as properly prepared bran mashes, tend constantly to arouse the functions of the skin, kidneys and bowels to greater activity and in many cases of very severe wounds these precautions alone, so far as systemic handling is concerned, suf- fice to keep the animal organism in normal order and prevent an accumulation of toxic products within the system sufficient to induce fever. 666 W. L. WILLIAMS. In Other cases we need through artificial stimuli to arouse the dormant or overwhelmed excretory organs to unusual vigor in order to avert threatened disaster. In this manner such stimulants as alcohol, camphor and coffee, so highly recommended by Frohner and others, possibly exert their chief influence, while others believe they act as antiseptics. The greatest exit for waste solids and liquids from the body is through the alimentary canal and hence it has long been the custom, in some classes of wound infection, to administer purga- tives. We witness this familiarly enough in the aloetic purge usually given in lymphangitis in the horse, and perhaps even more commonly in such infections as mammitis in dairy cows, a disease essentially parallel to wound infection, of local origin and referable to the ordinary bacteria responsible for wound infection. Purgation has, however, been difficult, tedious, uncertain, and sometimes unsafe in the horse, and hence has not been so freely applied as in other animals and in man. We regard this difficulty as having been well overcome by the addition to our materia medica of a number of powerful vegetable alkaloids capable of inducing purgation promptly, certainly and safely. With such drugs as eserine, pilocarpine and arecoline the veterinarian has at his command agents with which he can induce such a degree of purgation as desired within an hour or two without inducing great excitement or depression. We know quite well that there are those veterinarians who have a dread of the action of these drugs, drawn from their experience or observation, but, so far as we have been able to determine, their fears have been aroused through errors in dosage or otherwise. In our hands, in small doses, repeated and increased as the case may demand, we have found them free from danger and unpleasant consequences, far safer than aloes, and so prompt that their action may be obtained before the crisis of the disease is reached instead of enduring the vexatious and ofttimes dangerous delay in case of aloes. Not only do these arouse the intestinal THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. 667 secretions, but they stimulate as well the skin, liver and salivary glands. It seems to us that in such wound infections as lymphan- gitis in the horse where alcetic purgation holds a high repute, far better results are attainable by the more prompt action of some of these highly active vegetable alkaloids. Apparently they have been little used in wound infections, but to us they seem to richly invite an extended clinical trial. In our experience the most thoroughly illustrative case of the use of any of these was that of eserin and pilocarpine in the handling of acute mammitis in a cow which, although not in the animal to which our paper is specifically devoted, is yet so suggestive that its inclusion seems warranted by analogy. The cow, a profuse milker, weighing i,ooo pounds, had calved on March 6, 1900, and later in the day had been submitted to the Schmidt (potassium iodide) treatment for severe par- turient paresis, to which there was prompt response followed on the 7th by mammitis on the left side and on the 8th by intense mammitis involving the entire gland, which was greatly enlarged, hot and tender. The milk was flocculent, yellowish in color and contained great numbers of micrococci. Temperature at noon 103 F., muzzle dry, appetite in abeyance, general depression. Into each quarter of the udder there was injected one-half pint of a 10 per cent, solution of hydrogen peroxide and externally there was applied with massage equal parts of Tr. Camphor, Fl. Ext. Belladonna and Olive Oil. Hypodermically we gave two grains each of eserine sulphate and pilocarpine hydrochlorate. At 6 P. M. the temperature had risen to 105.8 F., the patient was down and required urging and assistance to get her up, was very greatly depressed, listless and wholly inattentive to her calf. The swelling and tension of the udder had increased. The indi- cations pointed to mammary gangrene and an early fatal termina- tion. The bowels had moved but little. The previous dose of eserine and pilocarpine was repeated. CG8 W- L. WILLIAMS. At 8 P. M. the bowels had moved freely, the temperature had dropped to 103.4, the tension of the udder had diminished, the cow was showing some maternal instinct. The eserine and pilo- carpine were repeated for a third time. Throughout the course of administration the eserine and pilocarpine had acted reliably, promptly and efficiently. Within a few minutes after administration vigorous peristalsis was clearly recognizable in the intestines and especially in the rumen. On the morning of- the 9th the patient was essentially con- valescent, her appearance was bright, appetite good, temperature normal, the mammary tension had disappeared, the milk secre- tion, still abnormal, had greatly improved in quality and quantity, and from this period forward the limited mammitis gradually receded. We believe we were correct in attributing the result to the effects of the eserine and pilocarpine. The case appeared to us hopeless by any ordinary method ; we had no faith in the inter- mammary injection for it could not be forced into the tumefied infected acini, nor could we hope for good to come from the external application. We do not pretend to state the exact manner in which these drugs act to overcome infection or its effects upon the system. It is not the purgation alone, for that is not essential. In indiges- tion this is well observed. We do not need to purge an animal nor induce narcosis. If we arouse a peristalsis equivalent to the normal, the indigestion and colic ceases, the tympany vanishes, the fermentation of alimentary contents disappears, the peristalsis or some functional activity associated therewith has proven an efficient and prompt antiseptic. So, in wound infection or simi- lar bacterial invasions, it may not be the purgation or salivation or perspiration, but some quite as potent arousal of a functional activity, undefined as yet, in the tissues and organs of the body. But the clinical fact which should impress us most is that the maintenance of the normal functional activities of the excre- tory organs by judicious diet, or their arousal to their normal or hyper-activity by stimulation is of essential importance in the THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. CC9 handling of wound infection and that the practitioner is derelict in his duty whenever he neglects these important measures. We consider drastic purgation an equally pernicious extreme to neg- lect, but commend rather such maintenance or stimulation of excretory activity as a proper study of the case indicates, from the normal peristalsis to moderate purgation unaccompanied by distress or depression. This can be accomplished in the horse usually by means of three-quarters to one and one-half grains each of eserine and pilocarpine, beginning with a safely small dose and repeating, and, if need be, increasing the amount until the desired effects are obtained. In equine practice it has been too largely our custom to rely upon those purgatives which, if they act at all, do so vio- lently a day or two after administration when many of our patients should really be convalescent instead of in the throes of superpurgation. Prompt, moderate and gentle catharsis has been little studied and less practiced, though, in our judgment, it has great value not alone in wound infection, but wherever circum- stances call for the prompt elimination of disease products and of ailment contained in the digestive tube which can only unfav- orably affect the system while remaining in a putrefactive state. In wound infection also the introduction into the system of a normal salt or physiologic saline solution has been highly recom- mended by some practitioners. In many respects its action seems somewhat comparable to that of eserine, pilocarpine and areco- line. Apparently it exerts a powerful stimulant effect upon the excretory organs and tends to overcome the depression arising from severe wound infection. Its use has been largely limited to critical cases where immediate stimulation is essential for avoiding impending death. The available data upon the subject scarcely suffice as a reliable basis for judging of its comparative merits and it deserves more extended clinical study as related to wound infection in horses. In suggesting a common plan for the local handling of wound infection, we placed in the second position, disinfection, the kill- G70 W. L. WILLIAMS. ing of the pathogenic bacteria and destruction of their toxines in the wound ; in the systemic handhng we may in an analogous fashion ascribe to disinfection the second position of importance. At the very outset, however, the question may arise, can we successfully apply systemic disinfection? The answer must be in the affirmative in some cases at least. In the malarial diseases of man it is generally, if not universally, conceded that quinine destroys the plasmodium. In human syphilis mercury and iodine are claimed to have an actual bactericidal action upon the micro- organism of that affection. Among the diseases of domestic animals, probably, the two in which systemic disinfection has been most clearly demonstrated clinically are actinomycosis and botryomycosis, each wound infections of a chronic type. Chronic infections offer better opportunity for clinical study because of their long duration and horizontal course, but, in our judgment, we may just as truly disinfect the system in acute infections. Actinomycosis, because of its nature and its known bacter- iology, offers especially favorable opportunities for a clinical study of the effects of systemic medication upon local infection. For some decades it has been recognized that systemic medication with iodine exerts a specific bactericidal effect upon the pathogenic organisms localized in a manner which might almost be termed extra-systemic. Their massing in somewhat isolated groups would suggest extraordinary difficulty in reaching them through drugs introduced into the system, without jeopardizing the life of the patient and yet it is of all animal diseases the most uni- formly recognized as being subject to disinfection through the system. Next to actinomycosis, and in a sense of even more interest in our theme, is botryomycosis. This malady we know as a wound infection almost wholly limited to the horse and behaving very much after the fashion of actinomycosis. Some investigators assert that it is caused by a specific organ- ism known as the botryomyces equi, while others contend that the affection is due to a form of bacteria not distinguishable from THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOLND INFECTION. 671 those met with frequently in ordinary wound infection, and that the disease acquires its cHnical characters from the pecuHarities of the reaction of the tissues of the horse to bacterial irritation. For our purposes we may well leave the biologic controversy wholly to others and concern ourselves with the important fact that botryomycosis of the horse is a wound infection and that it departs but little, if at all, in its biologic characters from puru- lent wound infection ; and that nevertheless it is amenable to sys- temic disinfection by the same drug as actinomycosis, iodine. The specific effect of iodine, in the form of potassa iodide, upon this disease has been well known and recognized by numer- ous veterinarians for several decades. We have had occasion to use the drug in combination with operative interference in numer- ous cases. In one instance there entered our clinic on October 3, 1896, a horse showing an old indurated scar from fistulous withers, a similar record of prior poll evil and a small abscess upon the poll. With free incision and severing of the ligamentum nuchae, followed by daily disinfection, the poll evil had apparently recov- ered by January 5 and on March 12, 1897, the patient was again presented for treatment of fistulous withers. Again free opening of the abscess was followed by healing, but the sclerosis of the tissues persisted until we eventually prescribed iodide of potash in one-half ounce doses for 16 days, which caused a disappear- ance of the induration, a markedly increased vigor of the patient and a permanent cure of the poll evil and fistulous withers. In this instance the poll evil and fistulous withers had appar- ently been alternating for a time prior to entrance in our clinic and throughout the induration of the tissues had remained, ac- companied by a definite wound infection cachexy, with debility and emaciation. The action of the iodide to all clinical appear- ances was specific, dissipating at one and the same time the wound cachexy and the localized chronic infection. Not alone was it clinically demonstrated that the iodine introduced into the system had accomplished disinfection in a peripheral part of the body, 672 W. L. WILLIAMS. but it had surpassed the efficiency of locally applied disinfectants and had accomplished what the latter had failed to do. The results intimate that the infection had become disseminated amongst the living animal tissues and had penetrated an impor- tant distance beyond the wound surface, so far that the local application of the disinfectants was impotent. Another clinical observation illustrative of this disinfectant action was afforded by a four-year gelding entered February 8, 1897, with a pectoral fistula into which a probe could be passed some eight inches. The history of the case as related by the owner was that the animal had received a wound in the pasture when but three months old, presumably from a snag, and that a digital exploration of the wound failed to reveal any foreign body or other noteworthy conditions. The wound healed promptly, and so remained for more than two years, but the animal showed intermittent lameness. Finally, when about three years old, recurrent abscessation in the pectoral muscles became established. First, the animal would become severely lame, the pectoral muscles would become swollen, tense, painful, an abscess would mature, rupture and discharge a small amount of pus while the lameness would disappear and the patient return to work for three or four months when the previous clinical history would repeat itself. Once Prof. Law had opened the fistula and failed to find any cause for its recurrence, despite a diligent search. All this time the general health of the patient was ex- cellent ; he was fat, vigorous and had a healthy, glossy coat. Believing from the history that a foreign body was deeply lodged in the part, we secured the animal and carefully traced the tortuous fistula then present for a distance of about eight inches across the long axis of the sterno-aponeuroticus muscle, and to a depth of two inches, looking in vain for the suspected foreign body and finding nothing to warrant the continuance or recurrence of the fistulous tract. The wound healed tardily, its margins became swollen, in- durated and on the whole the wound seemed very irresponsive to disinfectants. THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. G73 On February 13 the patient was put on 4.8 drams potassium iodide daily while to the wound was applied an iodine-potassium iodide solution. The result was quickly apparent; the wound margins soft- ened rapidly and soon became reduced in volume to the normal, while the granulations assumed a healthy aspect and the wound cavity closed rapidly. The result was a prompt and enduring recovery. Quite parallel in many respects was the case of an eight-year draft gelding used on a nursery farm, which had been lame for two years, much of the time to a sufficient degree to put him out of work. Along with the lameness there was recurrent abscessa- tion of the flexor tendons a few inches above the fetlock where, at the sides, close to the suspensory ligament, small abscesses would form, mature, rupture and leave a slowly healing fistula and a slight degree of permanent induration. The abscesses and fistulre had been handled by a neighboring veterinarian without result. When presented, March 25, 1903, there was present a small fistula above the fetlock from which there was a slight discharge of thin pus, the animal was unworkably lame, though in excellent general condition. Secured upon the operating table, the fistula was opened freely, but nothing discovered to explain its persistence or the recurrence of abscesses. The wound was dressed regularly with Tr. Iodine, but the progress was unsatisfactory in relation to suppuration, healing and lameness. On April 10 we began a course of potassium iodide, admin- istering one ounce daily till 14 ounces had been given. Again the clinical evidence of the disinfecting power of the drug was strong and the progress of the case was fairly rapid and uninterrupted so that the wound was soon healed and later the patient was turned to pasture where he could be watched, but there was no recurrence of the abscesses and the lameness gradually receded until he was returned to work the following autumn permanently recovered. G74 W. L. WILLIAMS. In another case, while the result was unsatisfactory, the in- ternal medication was nevertheless interesting. The patient was a six-year gelding entered in our clinic Oc- tober 31, 1899, th^ owner having procured the animal during the previous winter, and soon afterward there occurred an abscess in the right flank followed by a fistula and later another abscess occurred in the left flank. The horse was somewhat thin in flesh, but looked well, though perhaps moving a trifle stiffly. In each inguinal region was a fistula through which a probe could be passed up to and through the inguinal ring. There were no inguinal tumors. Manual exploration per rectum revealed two large, indurated masses projecting upward from the abdominal rings, the tumors being some four inches in diameter and projecting upward half way across the pelvic cavity, largely obstructing it. The tumors were very hard, somewhat uneven and conoid, the base of the cone resting upon the abdominal ring. Behind these two basic tumors other fibroid abscesses could be detected beneath the peritoneum, upward and forward along the abdominal walls, varying in size from two or three to five inches in diameter. Diagnosis: Scirrhous cord (botryomycosis) following cas- tration, probably four or five years before. The absence of inguinal tumors suggested that scirrhous cord having occurred the external tumors had been excised close against the abdominal ring converting the case into what we might term internal or abdominal scirrhous cord. The revelations of rectal exploration made operative interfer- ence virtually hopeless and, instead, relief was sought by means of the internal administration of potassium iodide. The patient, weighing around 1,000 pounds, received one ounce on Novem- ber I, two ounces daily until the 5th, when it was omitted until the 7th, when two ounces daily were again given till the i6th, then discontinued till the 20th, after which one ounce dailv was given till December 10, when its discontinuance w^as necessitated by the advent of iodism. In forty days the patient had received 48 ounces of potassium iodide, with but slight iodism evidenced THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. 075 by loss of appetite, lachrymation and nasal discharge. Within five days the tumors emanating from the internal inguinal ring was markedly softer, though not perceptibly smaller, and in eight days they were definitely decreased in size and for a time they continued to diminish in volume and soften in consistency, but the effect was not continued nor efficient. The effect was clear enough, but could not be pushed to complete elimination. Under chloroform two of the abscesses beneath the peri- toneum were opened through the abdominal wall, an assistant with his hand on the tumor, per rectum, directing the incision. In the same manner one internal inguinal tumor was incised, but the pus cavity not found. Several times efforts at evacuating tumors by incision were made with varying success. Once we observed the rectal expulsion of pus, evidently the result of the rupture of an abscess into the rectum or floating colon. Wound infection cachexy gradually became evident,, the appetite ca- pricious, emaciation marked, the movements of the animal slow and stiff and on April 4 he was destroyed. Autopsy revealed extensive peritonitis; adhesions were pres- ent between the colon and diaphragm, with abscesses in their walls. Adhesions were present between the fourth section of the colon and the duodenum. The liver was adherent to duode- num, stomach and diaphragm. The fourth portion of the colon was adherent to the right kidney, which latter contained an abscess weighing about ten pounds. Abscesses varying in size from one to five inches in diameter were found in the diaphragm, spleen, between stomach and spleen, in the pelvic connective tissue, between the bladder and pelvis, causing adhesion, and be- neath the peritoneum here and there along the floor and walls of the abdomen from the pubis to the sternum. The abscesses all had the characteristics of botryomycosis, thick, yellowish pus, variable in quantity, and very thick, fibrous, indurated walls. The combined weight of the abscesses was esti- mated at forty pounds. We here had to contend with a volume of infection beyond the power, so far as we now know, of systemic disinfection and G70 W. L. WILLIAMS. presented insurmountable operative obstacles, yet the specific effect of the iodine was present and clearly recognizable. Reasoning from these clinical evidences of the efficiency of potassium iodide in chronic purulent infections we have made a general application of these facts to the handling of acute purulent infections occurring as a sequence to surgical or accidental wounds. • Illustrative of this use is that of extensive purulent infection in a two-year colt following castration, the scrotum being greatly swollen, the colt weak, with loss of appetite, high fever and pro- fuse suppuration. Rectal exploration revealed an abscess six inches in diameter extending into the abdominal cavity from the internal abdominal, ring, whither the infection had traveled along the spermatic cord. Along with rigid local disinfection, the colt was given one- half ounce of potassium iodide daily for about two weeks, during which time the intra-abdominal tumor gradually receded and finally disappeared while the systemic disturbances gradually abated, the appetite returned and complete recovery took place. Similarly we frequently prescribe potassium iodide in cases of extensive suppuration of wounds with serious systemic com- plications ; in infected wounds of tendon sheathes, whether oper- ative or accidental, in threatened chloroform pneumonia and the like. In other cases we rely upon quinine as an internal antiseptic in preference to or in conjunction with the potassium iodide, which may be well illustrated by the following case : A four-year mare affected with nymphomania was entered in our clinic May 28, 1907, for ovariotomy, which was performed on the following day. On May 30 her temperature was 10 1.5 F. and on June i at 3 P. M. it was 103.3, the abdomen tense and tucked up, tender on pressure, respiration shallow, pulse weak and thready, appetite in abeyance. A diagnosis of extensive septic peritonitis was made. She was given i ounce potassium iodide and i^ ounces quinine. At 7 P. M. the temperature had not improved and another i^ ounces quinine was given. At THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. G77 II P. M. the temperature had reached 104, the expression anxious, pulse very weak, no food or water taken. A third dose of quinine was given with lyi ounces alcohol, making a total of 43^ ounces quinine in eight hours, to a mare weighing less than 1,000 pounds. Up to this time the symptoms had indicated an early fatal termination, as she was failing very rapidly, but now her fever abated and on the following morning she ap- peared bright and comfortable, temperature 102, appetite fair and general indications good. During the day she received 3 ounces of quinine and i of potassium iodide. During this and the preceding day she had received enemata of warm sodium bicarbonate solution. On June 3 in the morning the temperature was normal and at 8 P. M. it had again risen to 102.8, accompanied by colic, on which account she was given i^'i ounces powdered ginger and 2 ounces quinine, which afforded relief. June 4 at 8 A. M. the temperature was 101.5, with good pulse and appetite. One and one-half ounces potassium iodide was given. At 8 P. M. the temperature was 102.8 and 1]^ ounces quinine sulphate was administered. On June 5, 6 and 7 slight fever was present, but the patient was bright, appetite good and bowels moving normally. During this time she received daily I ounce potassium iodide and i]^ ounces quinine, after which medication was discontinued and recovery was uneventtui. This small animal had taken between 3 P. M. on June i and June ^ isV^ ounces quinine and 65^ ounces potassium iodide. We could enumerate many cases of a similar character, but they could not well be more illustrative. In many cases of acute septic fever we administer the quinine alone and have similar results, though we frequently think the combination advan- tageous. When the infection is acute, the fever high and the case critical we prefer the quinine; when not so urgent and more deliberation is practicable, we prefer the iodide, and now and then we see fit to combine or alternate them. 078 W. L. WILLIAMS. Our dosage, it will be observed, is quite in excess of that recommended by writers on materia medica. Ours may be larger than advisable. In disinfection, according to our view, we must introduce into the mass to be disinfected an amount of the drug sufficient to induce the desired result. If we take a jar of infected bouillon and attempt to destroy its bacteria, should we add a volatile disinfectant drop by drop, slowly, the first may volatilize and escape before the succeeding drops have entered the mass, and a sufficient concentration to disinfect may not occur, although more than enough of the disinfectant has in time been used. In the animal body most disinfectants are rapidly excreted, and if given in small doses, too far separated, may never reach that concentration essential to efficiency, regardless of the total volume eventually consumed. Others plead expense as an argument against these drugs in the quantities named, but we believe that this is not well grounded. Drugs are cheaper than calls or failures. The expense is by no means excessive, and, compared with many forms of treatment, is very economical. The sera advertised for similar purposes are far more costly and yet find advocates, even though probably far less efficient. Many would hesitate to administer such doses lest they prove toxic. The horse is almost immune to the toxic action of iodine, and when iodism finally occurs as a result of heavy administra- tion, it is confined to a brief loss of appetite with slight flow of tears. Strangely enough, some writers give a larger dose for the ox than the horse, when the latter will withstand five to eight times the quantity that the former can endure. The horse also has a high power of resistance to the toxic effects of quinine. Rarely by heavy dosage we have noted trem- bling of the limbs, unsteadiness and more or less profuse diarrhse. The efficiency of quinine in wound fever in the horse has been denied, but usually on wholly inadequate grounds. We find the small doses usually recommended for these cases wholly worthless and a waste of the drug, and only get the desired re- sults when it is rapidly pushed to or near the physiologic limit. THE SYSTEMIC HANDLING OF WOUND INFECTION. 671) That limit is to be determined separately for each case. In the instance mentioned of septic peritonitis the amount of quinine given probably seems to many as unwarranted and unsafe. It was neither as is amply shown by the results.' Here was a criti- cal case, apparently doomed to early death, local disinfection insurmountably barred and some mode of systemic disinfection offering the only shadow of hope for the life of the patient. In our observations, the more intense the infection the larger dose required and ordinarily the first symptoms of toxic action do not appear until the septic condition has been overcome or controlled. Various other drugs are highly recommended for these uses by writers and practitioners. Among these are calcium sulphide and sodium sulphite, but we have not been able to observe good clinical evidence of their efficiency. Frohner and others highly recommend camphor and alcohol, both of which are doubtless good, and especially the latter. More recently animal sera have been proposed and com- mended by some, but their use is as yet in the experimental stage. The antistreptococcic and polyvalent sera are offered as effective remedies against wound infections, but they have not yet won general confidence. The profession, as a whole, probably admits the basic correctness of the theory, but are not yet ready to accept in practice the products offered. Wound infection is an extremely variable condition, due to a well nigh endless variety of organ- isms and, while most practitioners might accept the protective serum made from a given form of bacteria for infection due to that special, he does not know, as a rule, the species with which he is dealing in a given case and is not ready to rely upon a serum made from other species. The polyvalent serum, to the average mind, adds to complexity without heightening efficiency. The problem of serum therapy in wound infection is one of great importance which may ere long prove of great practical utility. We have brought forward this subject not to in any wise supplant the proper local handling of wounds ; in many cases that alone suffices abundantly, but in others, like in the spayed mare OSO W. L- WILLIAMS. above related, with septic peritonitis, no opportunity for local disinfection is presented, and entire reliance needs be placed upon systemic disinfection. A large proportion of instances of wound infection present neither of these extremes, but occupy a middle ground where both local and systemic handling are available and demanded, but on the whole we have greatly neglected a clinical study of the problem presented. The salary of the Chief Veterinarian in the Philippine Islands is fixed at $2,500 per annum. Science Guilty of Many Misnomers. — There are terms in certain departments of science that positively misname the products to which they are applied. The word " oil " in its more comprehensive and indiscrimi- nate uses is made to include hydro-carbons, like petroleum, and also many other substances that have an oily appearance, like " oil of vitriol," which is not oil at all, but sulphuric acid. Strictly speaking, the mineral oils, including all petroleum products, are not oil, although we speak of " coal oil " and " kerosene oil." The best classifications of oils do not include mineral hydro- carbons, like naphtha, parrafin and petroleum, but treat only the two well-defined groups — fixed oils and. fats, and the essential or volatile oils. " Copperas " is not copper, but sulphate of iron. " Salt of lemon " has nothing to do with the fruit of the lemon tree, but is potassium binoxalate, or potash treated with oxalic acid. " Carbolic acid " is not an acid, but a phenol. In structure it is allied to the alcohols, and has only slight acid properties. *' Soda water " has no trace of soda. " Sulphuric acid " contains no sulphur. " Sugar of lead " is innocent of sugar. " Cream of tartar " has nothing to do with cream, nor " milk of lime " with milk. " German silver " is a stranger to silver, and " black lead " is not lead at all, but graphite. '* Mosaic gold " is a sulphide of tin. These misleading names have come down from the vocabu- lary of an early and inexact chemistry. As popular science ex- tends, the old terms are yielding to the more scientific nomen- clature. THE VETERINARIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. By Samuel G. Hendren, V. M. D., Montclair, N. J. A paper presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey. The public interest created by the recent agitation concerning the meat supply of this country has caused many veterinarians engaged in private practice to direct their attention to the sub- ject of meat inspection. This is perfectly natural, because the importance of having our meat properly inspected for whole- someness and disease, is becoming more appreciated every day; and wherever intelligence and conscientiousness prevail, the vet- erinarian is looked to for this inspection. These conditions have brought about a great extention of meat inspection work, in many towns and cities having a regular meat inspection system, and the inauguration of such work in many communities where no attention was ever before paid to the wholesomeness and health- fulness of their meat supply. These circumstances have made it possible for quite a number of veterinarians to see awaiting them in the near future the position of meat inspector in their com- munity. It is the exception for the veterinary practitioner to find the time and opportunity to apply himself to practical meat inspection on the killing beds, and unless he has had some such experience he naturally feels a desire for a little more knowledge when he accepts a position as meat inspector. It is for these men more especially that I have prepared this paper, my object being to present some practical information that will enable them to fill their respective positions with a little more confidence in themselves. In the post mortem inspection of food animals a good knowl- edge of certain regional anatomy, together with the physiology associated with it, will be found most useful. This is more especially true of the Lymphatic System, the important organs, and the circulatory system. The location of the different groups 681 682 SAMUEL G. HENDBEN. of lymphatic glands is considered very important. The inspector will probably be occasionally saved from quite an embarrassing position if he is well acquainted with how many ribs each animal has, he should be able also to readily point out in the carcass such structures, as the Adrenals, Thyroid or Thymus glands; these tissues are now used extensively in medicine as therapeutic agents, and may be the subject of inquiry at any time. In the inspection of meat the examination of an eviscerated carcass for disease is valueless so far as an negative diagnosis is con- cerned; for unless some lesion of disease remains, how are we to tell if any disease was present? Any person who would be unscrupulous enough as to place the carcass of a diseased animal on the market would most surely be shrewd enough to first re- move all evidence of disease ; but such trimming sometimes is in itself evidence of something wrong, as in the case of the pleura being stripped from the ribs, or the peritoneum from its usual attachments; as this procedure has been followed the circum- stances would look very suspicious, and the carcass should be condemned. It is possible for an animal to suffer from an ex- tensive tuberculosis of the lungs, liver, glands and other tissues, and yet the dressed carcass will show no lesions of the disease that will lead to a diagnosis. We will then proceed with the understanding that by meat inspection we mean the ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of the animal at the time of slaugh- ter. In describing a method of meat inspection, I can do no better than follow the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry issued for the guidance of the government inspectors. Here we find the animal to be converted into meat or meat food products, followed by the inspector, from the ante- mortem examination to the form in which it is finally offered for sale to the consumer. Before any attempt is made at inspec- tion under government regulations, the sanitary conditions and facilities for inspection must first meet the approval of the inspector in charge, a careful ante-mortem examination is made of all animals about to be slaughtered, all those found suffering from any disease or condition that would be liable to impair their THE VETEBINAKIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. 683 wholesomeness or healthfulness as food are tagged with a metal tag as suspects, and must be killed separate from the regular killing. At the time of slaughter a careful post-mortem exami- nation is made of all animals, special care being taken that every part of each individual animal is kept separate for identification, until the animal has been passed for food or otherwise disposed of. These parts usually consist of the head, tail, caul, thymus gland, bladder and the entire viscera. The inspector sees every animal eviscerated and in the case of hogs a special examination is made of the cervical glands for tuberculosis. If any lesions of disease are found that would probably render the meat unfit for food, the carcass is tagged and retained for a final examina- tion, when it is either passed for food, lard or tallow or con- demned. This is a very rough sketch of meat inspection as conducted under the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, but it is suf^cient to demonstrate the principals involved, and the importance that should be attached to them. From this rough outline you can readily see that the inspection .of meat is not considered a very simple matter by those best fitted .to judge. Contrast this method, if you will, with pro- cedure we too commonly find in some cities and towns, where a layman acts as meat inspector, his duties being principally to pass on for decomposition the several carcasses and cuts he may find offered for sale in the different market places and shops. You can then see more clearly how inseparable are the veteri- narian and intelligent meat inspection. To become a competent meat inspector, it is necessary that a good knowledge be had of comparative anatomy, physiology, pathology, bacteriology, sani- tary science and other important branches of veterinary medicine. Naturally a man thus qualified will be a veterinarian and his knowledge of and experience with food animals should command for him the distinction of an expert in the inspection of meats. I believe that veterinarians should be more active in pressing this point. I believe they have a right by virtue of their special knowledge to insist on having their profession represented on their local boards of health; and in all other positions where a 084 SAMUEL G. HENDEEN. scientific knowledge of animals and their diseases is a necessary qualification to properly perform the duties of the office. Prob- ably many of you can even now recall instances in your own locality where a layman is holding a position, the duties of which, require the knowledge of a veterinarian. It is not sufficient that we know our worth we must let the world know it. In the inspection of meat the first step is to have the place of slaughter and all places where the meat is handled, together with all apparatus, utensils and attendants^ in a cleanly and sanitary condition. This is absolutely necessary if a clean and wholesome meat supply is to be produced. It is important that the inspector be provided with the proper facilities for in- specting. These consist simply of having the slaughtering done in a manner that will enable the inspector to properly perform his duties. This is a very important feature in a large abattoir where animals are slaughtered very rapidly, but where slow methods are followed it is not so difficult to inspect. An ante- mortem examination should be made of every animal before it is slaughtered. This examination will often cause us to look for conditions on post-mortem we would not have looked for had we not made the ante-mortem. A careful ante-mortem ex- amination makes the post-mortem more intelligent and just. A post-mortem examination of a carcass for food cannot maintain its full importance without a careful ante-mortem. It is often very probable that the observations made on ante-mortem will decide an inspector for or against a carcass on post-mortem. The post-mortem examination is really the meat inspection proper, the animals commonly slaughtered for food in this coun- try are cattle, calves, sheep and hogs. Some conditions and diseases are common to all these special, such as injuries, bruises, suppurative conditions, emaciation, pregnant and parturient conditions and the acute diseases. I will say but a very few words regarding these conditions as all veterinarians are well able to pass upon an animal when found suffering from any of them. Bruises, injuries and supperative conditions should be treated according to their extent; if of such THE VETERINARIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. 085 a nature as to affect the entire carcass, the whole carcass should be condemned. The carcass of all animals showing advanced pregnancy, or those in a parturient condition, having within ten days given birth to young, can be permitted to' be rendered into lard, or tallow, provided no septic infection or other disease or condition is present, that would not warrant it. In such a case it should be condemned. Carcasses of emaciated and auccmic animals which show a serious infiltration of the muscles, produc- ing a slimy appearance, are unwholesome and should be con- demned. The carcass of an animal that has suffered from any of the acute diseases sufficiently to produce a generalized inflam- mation of the lungs, pleura, peritoneum, intestines or uterus, should be condemned. All animals in a dying condition should be condemned. Some diseases and conditions are found more especially in some one species of animal. In calves immaturity is a common condition^ especially in the spring of the year. The carcass of no animal under three weeks of age should be passed for food; and when the muscles are pale, devoid of fat, flabby and moist refusing to firm, the carcass should be condemned irrespective of age, as it has been ill nour- ished and is very unwholesome for food. In sheep caseous lymph adenitis is sometimes found, but when the lesions are confined to the superficial lymphatic glands, or a few nodules in an organ, if the carcass is well nourished it may be passed for food, after the diseased parts have been removed. If the disease shows a tendency to be extensive or the carcass emaciated, it should be condemned. Nodular disease of the intestines is a very common disease in sheep. It is caused by the CEsophagostoma Colum- bianum and is characterized by small grayish nodules in the intestinal walls. These nodules, when cut into, show a green color inside. Unless so extensive as to produce some constitu- tional disturbance this disease does not condition the carcass. Hogs suffer from several skin diseases, such as Urticaria, erethema and various blotches and discolorations ; if at all ex- tensive the carcass should be skinned. The diseases that require 68G SAMUEL G. HENDBEN. the most attention in hogs are hog cholera, swine plague and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis will be taken up in connection with the same disease in cattle. The lesions of hog cholera and swine plague are found prin- cipally in the lymphatic glands, skin, kidneys, bones, lungs, heart, serous membranes, spleen and intestines. The lymphatic glands show a general hemorrhagic condition throughout the body ; the heart, kidneys, skin and serous membranes show hemorrhagic spots; the intestines ulceration of the mucous membrane, es- pecially around the Ilio Csecal valve; the lungs, all stages of inflammation. You will find these lesions present according to the nature and extent of the disease, and carcasses are graded as fit for food, lard or offal accordingly. The rules and regula- tions of the Bureau of Animal Industry grade such carcasses as follows : Carcasses showing well marked and progressive lesions of hog cholera and swine plague in more than two of the organs, skin, kidneys, bones or lymphatic glands shall be condemned. Carcasses showing slight lesions which are confined to the kidneys and lymphatic glands may be passed. Carcasses which reveal lesions more numerous than those described for carcasses to be passed, but not so severe as the lesions described for carcasses to be condemned, may be rendered into lard, provided they are cooked by steam for four hours at a temperature not lower than 220 degrees F. In inspecting carcasses showing lesions of the skin, bones, kidneys or lymphatic glands, due consideration shall be given to the extent and severity of the lesions found in the viscera. Cattle suffer quite frequently from Actinomycosis, but for- tunately it is most often confined to the regions of the head and throat affecting the bones and glands of these regions. When there is no evidence of the disease having extended to any other part of the body, the affected part, including the entire head and tongue, are removed and condemned ; the balance of the carcass, if otherwise fit for food, is passed. If the disease has extended to any other part of the body, the carcass is treated the same as THE VETEKINAKIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. 687 for tuberculosis. The inspection for tuberculosis of animals killed for food is one of the most important duties of the meat inspector. It is considered so important by the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry that a special examination is made of the cervical glands of all hogs for this disease alone. I think we all feel satisfied that tuberculosis can be conveyed from the domestic animals to man, and for this reason we should be extremely careful in examining animals affected with this disease intended for food. The records of the Bureau of Animal Industry show that of 96,000 hogs retained for tuberculosis, 92 per cent, were affected in the cervical glands, and of this number 30 per cent, showed no other lesion. In the " American Veterinary Review " for December, 1906, Dr. Ward, of Minnesota, reports some very interesting facts concerning this disease among hogs. He reports that one pack- ing company alone lost at South St. Paul $50,000 a year from tubercular hogs that were condemned. He also states that 350 hogs shipped in from Southern Minnesota were condemned in one month ; and that 75 per cent, of a load have been repeatedly condemned for tuberculosis. He also reports a case where 72 hogs of a shipment were condemned for tuberculosis, and inves- tigation showed that these hogs had eaten a cow presumably dead from tui3erculosis, and the hogs on this farm fed behind a herd of cattle, 50 per cent, of which Dr. Ward thought tubercular. I mention these reports to call your attention to the prevalence of tuberculosis among our food animals. This becomes a matter of vital importance when we stop to consider the results of the recent experiments of our Bureau of Animal Industry at Wash- ington. These experiments have shown that an acute miliary tuberculosis can be produced in a very short time by the injection of virulent tubercle bacilli in the tail of an animal. It seems almost beyond question that a pulmonary tuberculosis is very frequently contracted through the digestive tract. I cannot re- port these experiments here, but you should all read them. I am sure you will find in them many very interesting discoveries. SAMUEL G. HENDBEN. They are contained in Bulletins Nos. 38, 88 and 93. I think it has now been definitely concluded that hogs contract tuberculosis principally through the digestive tract by feeding on the milk and feces of tubercular cattle. Dr. Mohler demonstrated in his experiments that pulmonary tuberculosis could be contracted through the digestive tract. He says that the location of tuber- culous lesions in the body are undoubtedly dependent upon other causes than the channel through which the infectious material enters. Tubercle bacilli may pass through the intestines and glands without leaving any lesions, and locate in the lungs, pul- monary glands, liver or some other tissue. The reason why the lungs and liver are so frequently the seat of tuberculosis is the tubercle bacilli pass through the lymph glands and vessels to the blood stream, and when they reach the great capillary system of these two organs they are filtered out and remain there. That pulmonary tuberculosis is very frequently contracted through the digestive tract is very important when considered in connec- tion with meat inspection. It is for this reason that I have gone so far into the subject in this paper. It seems that the veterinary profession should do much to reduce the number of tubercular animals on the farm and in the feed lot. I think something can be gained along this line if we as veterinarians would impress more fully upon the owners of such animals the danger of hav- ing a tubercular animal on the place, and especially of feeding hogs on the milk and feces of tubercular cattle. If a hog has tuberculosis the sub-maxillary glands will almost invariably be affected. In steers we find very little of the disease. Occasionally it will appear in good cattle, but it is most frequently seen in cast-off dairy cows. Any further description of the disease proper is unnecessary, as ycu are all very familiar with it. I will now take up the disposition of a tubercular carcass. The highest point of efficiency in this respect, I think, has been reached in the Rules and Regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry. These I will follow : (d) Pyemia and septicemia. — Carcasses showing lesions of either of these diseases shall be condemned. THE VETERINABIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. 689 (e) Rabies. — Carcasses of animals which showed symptoms of rabies before slaughter shall be condemned. (/) Tetanus. — Carcasses of animals which showed symptoms of tetanus before slaughter shall be condemned. (g) Malignant epizootic catarrh. — Carcasses of animals af- fected with this disease and showing generalized inflammation of the mucous membranes shall be condemned. (h) Hog cholera and swine plague. — (i) Carcasses show- ing well-marked and progressive lesions of hog cholera or swine plague in more than two of the organs (skin, kidneys, bones, or lymphatic glands) shall be condemned. (2) Carcasses showing slight lesions which are confined to the kidneys and lymphatic glands may be passed. (3) Carcasses which reveal lesions more numerous than those described for carcasses to be passed, but not so severe as the lesions described for carcasses to be condemned, may be rendered into lard, provided they are cooked by steam for four hours at a temperature not lower than 220 degrees F. (4) In inspecting carcasses showing lesions of the skin, bones, kidneys, or lymphatic glands, due consideration shall be given to the extent and severity of the lesions found in the viscera. (i) Actinomycosis, or lumpy jaw. — (i) If the carcass is in a well-nourished condition and there is no evidence upon post- mortem examination that the disease has extended from a primary area of infection in the head, the carcass may be passed, but the head, including the tongue, shall be condemned. (2) If the carcass is in a well-nourished condition and the disease has extended beyond the primary area of infection, the disposition shall be made in accordance with the regulations relating to tuberculosis. (7) Caseous lymphadenitis. — When the lesions are limited to the superficial lymphatic glands or to a few nodules in an organ, involving also the adjacent lymphatic glands, and the carcass is well nourished, the meat may be passed after the affected parts are removed and condemned. If extensive lesions, GOO SAMUEL G. HENDKEN. with or without pleuritic adhesions, are found in the lungs, or if several of the visceral organs contain caseous nodules and the carcass is emaciated, it shall be condemned. (/e) Tuberculosis. — All carcasses affected with tuberculosis and showing emaciation shall be condemned. All other carcasses affected with tuberculosis shall be condemned, except those in which the lesions are slight, calcified, or encapsulated, and are confined to the tissues indicated in any one of the following five paragraphs, or to a less number of such tissues, and except- ing also those which may, under paragraphs (6) and (7) below, be rendered into lard or tallow. ( 1 ) The cervical lymphatic glands and two groups of visceral lymphatic glands in a single body cavity, such as the cervical, bronchial, and mediastinal glands, or the cervical, hepatic, and mesenteric glands. (2) The cervical lymphatic glands and one group of visceral lymphatic glands and one organ in a single body cavity, such as the cervical and bronchial glands and the lungs, or the cervical and hepatic glands and the liver. (3) Two groups of visceral lymphatic glands and one organ in a single body cavity, such as the bronchial and mediastinal glands and the lungs, or the hepatic and mesenteric glands and the liver. (4) The cervical lymphatic glands and one group of visceral lymphatic glands in each body cavity, such as the cervical, bronchial, and hepatic glands. (5) Two groups of visceral lymphatic glands in the thoracic cavity and one group in the abdominal cavity, or one group of visceral lymphatic glands in the thoracic cavity and two groups in the abdominal cavity, such as the bronchial, mediastinal, and hepatic glands, or the bronchial, hepatic, and mesenteric glands. (6) Carcasses affected with tuberculosis, in which the lesions of the disease are located as described in any one of the preceding five paragraphs, but are slight and in a state of caseation, or liquefaction necrosis, or surrounded by hyperemic zones, and also those in which slight, calcified, or encapsulated lesions are THE VETERINARIAN AND MEAT INSPECTION. G91 found in more visceral organs or more groups of visceral lym- phatic glands than are specified in any one of the preceding five paragraphs, may be rendered into lard or tallow after the diseased parts are removed. The carcasses shall be cooked by steam at a temperature not lower than 220 degrees F. for not less than four hours. (7) Carcasses in which the cervical lymphatic glands, one organ, and the serous membrane in a single body cavity, such as the cervical lymphatic glands, the lungs, and the pleura, or the cervical lymphatic glands, the liver, and the peritoneum, are affected with tuberculosis may be rendered into lard or tallow after the diseased parts are removed. The carcasses shall be cooked by steam at a temperature not lower than 220 degrees F. for not less than four hours. (8) All condemned carcasses, parts of carcasses, or organs showing lesions of tuberculosis shall be deposited in receptacles provided for that purpose, and shall either be tanked at once or be locked in the " condemned " room until such time as an em- ployee of the Department can see that they are placed in the tank. (9) All heads and other parts showing lesions of tubercu- losis shall be condemned. (/) Texas fever. — Carcasses showing sufficient lesions to warrant the diagnosis of Texas fever shall be condemned. It has not been the intention in this paper to treat the subject of meat inspection in any other than a very general manner. I have endeavored to present the principal features of the subject and will let it for the members of this association to bring out any details they may desire, according as they may see fit in the discussion. Rats — A National Pest. — Rats cost the United States nearly $56,000,000 annually, according to the biological survey of the Department of Agriculture. Inoculation and all other methods studied by scientists for the destruction are said not to be equal to the old-fashioned rat trap. FILING SYSTEM FOR BULLETINS, MISCELLANEOUS PAMPHLETS. AND CLIPPINGS. By M. H. Reynoi,DS, Professor of Veterinary Medicine^ Univetsity of Minnesota. It became necessary for the writer to adopt a different sys- tem of filing bulletins and similar matter and the system herein described was accordingly devised. The old system of filing in labeled pasteboard cases where one has but a small collection is fairly satisfactory, but there are several objections; for in- stance, some of the cases are usually over full, and others which take up just as much shelf room will have but one or two bul- letins. Again, when one wishes to find a certain bulletin on tuber- culosis, for instance, he must look through the entire lot of bul- letins on tuberculosis to find the one desired. The system of binding bulletins on the same or similar subjects and placing them in the library is quite satisfactory for a few bulletins on certain subjects and especially those of unusual importance but is not well adapted for miscellaneous bulletins, reprints, etc. A collection which the writer has been accumulating for nearly fifteen years in station and university work was recently filed by the system about to be described in a very small space. By this system it is a very simple matter to put a bulletin in a proper place or to find a given bulletin. Key to filing system for bulletins, miscellaneous pamphlets, and clippings. (All mixed and miscellaneous placed alphabeti- cally by subject, and within subject alphabetically by author, using first author if more than one, unless indicated otherwise by underscoring.) : o. General Topics — . I Abbreviations. .2 Bibliography. 693 FILING SYSTEM FOR BULLETINS. G93 Education. .01 Veterinary. Industrial. Mixed and miscellaneous. •4 •5 .6 •9 .02 •03 .09 Ethics. Indexes. Mixed and miscellaneous. Diseases. (Alphabetically except as given decimal.) parasitic diseases see parasites.) — (For .1 .2 •3 •4 Hog cholera and swine plague. Tuberculosis. General discussion (bovine). Mode of infection and spread in the body. Dissemination. Human. Tuberculin. Legislation. Vaccination. Avian and porcine. Mixed and miscellaneous. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Poultry diseases. Texas fever. .9 Mixed and miscellaneous. Parasites — .1 External. .01 Lice. .02 Mites. .03 Ticks. .04 Flies. 094 M. H. REYNOLDS. .05 Dips and dipping-s. .06 •07 .08 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .2 Internal. .01 Nodule diseases. .02 Stomach worms. .03 Trichina. .04 Flies, i. e., hot. .05 Tapeworms. .06 .07 .08 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .9 Mixed and miscellaneous. 3. Materia Medica and Therapeutics — .1 Medicines. .01 Medicinal plants. .02 Prescriptions. •03 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .2 Poisoning. .01 Poisonous plants. .02 Poisonous medicines. •03 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .3 Stimulants and narcotics. .4 Disinfectants. .5 Biological products. .6 .9 Mixed and miscellaneous. 4. Domestic Animals — . I Cattle. .01 Feeding. FILING SYSTEM FOB BULLETINS. oor) .02 Breeding. •03 .04 •05 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .2 Horses. .01 Breeding. .02 Conformation and type. .03 Feeding. .04 Judging. .05 Lameness and unsoundness. .06 Market. .07 .08 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •3 Sheep. .01 Feeding. .02 Breeding. •03 .04 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •4 Swine. .01 Feeding. .02 Breeding. ■03 .04 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •5 Poultry. .01 Feeding. .02 Breeding. .03 Appliances. .04 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .6 •9 Judging. Mixed and miscellane<3us. G96 M. H. REYNOLDS. 5- Food- .1 Stock foods (preparatory). .2 Standard foods. •3 Food for man and its inspection. •4 •5 •9 Mixed and miscellaneous. 6. Laboratory Subjects — .1 Bacteriology. .oi Bacteria. .02 ' •03 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .2 Chemistry. •3 Histology. •4 Pathology. •5 Physiology. .01 Blood. .02 Digestion. .03 Reproduction. .04 Respiration. .05 Secretion and excretion. .06 Metabolism. .07 .08 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .6 Apparatus. .01 Microscope. .02 •03 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •7 Specimens, and preserving methods. .8 •9 Mixed and miscellaneous. FILING SYSTEM FOE BULLETINS. G91 7- Sanitation — .1 Milk. .OI Care and handling. .02 Inspection. •03 Machines. .04 Bacterial changes in. •05 Preserving. .06 .07 .08 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. .2 Stabling. .01 Ventilation. .02 Lighting. •03 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •3 Public lealth. .01 Hygiene. .02 .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •4 Legislation and control work. .01 Human. .02 Veterinary. .001 Reports. .002 Laws and regulations. .009 Mixed and miscellaneous. .09 Mixed and miscellaneous. •5 Disinfection. .6 Meat inspection. .g Mixed and miscellaneous. Surgery — . I Obstetrics. .2 Dentistry. G98 M. H. REYNOLDS. .3 Castration. .4 Dehorning. •5 •6 .9 Mixed and miscellaneous. 9. Mixed and Miscellaneous Subjects. Everything is filed in a vertical position closely packed with the numbers serially arranged like the leaves of a book. We have found the most satisfactory way for marking the serial number is to use a very soft pencil with heavy lead; for in- stance, Dixon's Sketching Crayon; and to place the number with this at the centre, near the top of the bulletin or reprint. The key should be written or preferably typewritten with a record ribbon on a heavy durable gaper, closely spaced so as to put the key into as small a bulk as possible, and this should then hang near a drawer or filing case in which the bulletins are kept. Our key is kept on a short roller, commonly used for window shades. To illustrate the use of this key we will suppose that it is desired to file away a copy of the " Monthly List of .Publica- tions," issued by the Division of Publications of the United vStates Department of Agriculture. This, by a glance at the table, will be easily located as 0.2. Bulletin No. jy, " Bovine Tuberculosis," recently issued by Dr. Van Es, upon a moment's glance through the contents is seen to belong to 1.4 1. Bulletin No. 99, Bureau of Animal Industry, " The Danger from Tubercle Bacilli in the Environment of Tuberculous Cat- tle," is filed in a moment as 1.43. Owing to the continued uncertainty concerning hog cholera, swine plague, and possibly another disease not yet named, we classify all of these as 1.3. Bulletins on the sanitary production of milk like those re- cently issued by the Connecticut and Illinois stations, are located in a moment as 7.1. FILING SYSTEM FOB BULLETINS. 699 All bulletins on the dissemination of tuberculosis, for in- stance, will be filed 1.43 and will necessarily stand side by side. In looking for a given bulletin it is only necessary to re- member something concerning its general subject matter, then refer to the key. The commonly used topics are very soon learned and may be located without looking at the key. It is an easy matter to decide on the classification number which should have been given to such a bulletin, and then one takes the proper drawer, according to number, and turns to the bul- letin just as one would turn to a given page in a book. This system is elastic and will not become overcrowded. It will be observed that there yet remains a considerable number of blanks which any user may^ fill in to suit his own matter. I have found the item, "Mixed and miscellaneous," in any classification work to be very convenient, although free use of this subdivision is opposed by library experts. As soon as one accumulates a considerable number of bulletins or reprints on a given subject which has been classified as " miscellaneous," it is then an easy matter to put these together into a new sub- group of equal grade. We use a Globe- Wernicke vertical filing case, the drawers of which measure in the clear about 12 inches wide and about 22 inches long with adjustable support. This nicely accommo- dates two rows of bulletins side by side, the bulletins being in a vertical position. The classification number thus comes into easy view. As will be seen by referring to this key the writer has been accumulating only bulletins which have some close relation to veterinary work, and is inclined to recommend this system to experiment station veterinarians who receive a very large num- ber of bulletins on all sorts of subjects. Bulletins on miscellaneous subjects not closely related to vet- erinary work are or should be on file and indexed in the sta- tion or agricultural college library, and it requires much less labor to go to the general library for these than to keep and file all station bulletins and reprints which one receives. 700 If. H. BEYNOLDS. The same general system of classification in filing would do equally well for bulletins or pamphlets on any line of subjects, •or, in fact, for a general collection of bulletins on all possible subjects. All that is necessary in the way of a container is a Globe- Wernicke or Macey or any filing case of suitable di- mensions, or a drawer or even an empty box of suitable width and depth. The most elaborate filing case after all only serves the pur- pose of a simple box, the bulletins being closely packed standing on end. If one has good office or library help an accompanying card index is very useful but is not at all necessary. We have all of our bulletin cards indexed and filed by this system, but I would not urge the card indexing except to one who has a rather large collection. We have a similar but smaller and simpler key for filing negatives, lantern slides and photo prints by which the latter are easily filed away and as easily found when needed. This will be gladly given to anyone who needs, but is without, a sat- isfactory system of filing this material. If there are any con- siderable number of requests for this it may be sent in for pub- lication in the Review. Ohio State College Receives Recognition. — The Ohio Legislature which recently adjourned appropriated $91,500 to the College of Veterinary Medicine of the Ohio State Univer- sity. This money will be devoted to the erection of a clinical building, which will be placed on the University Campus near the Veterinary Laboratory building, completed four years ago, and the magnificent new buildings (three in number) of the Department of Animal Husbandry. The entire appropriation will be immediately available and should be sufficient to provide the best building of its kind in the country. Every efifort will be made to have it compare favorably with similar structures in the best European schools. The plans are now receiving very careful consideration and further description will appear later in the columns of this jour- nal. COUNTRY SLAUGHTER HOUSE CONDITIONS IN IOWA.* By Dr. T. A. Shipley, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. For the greater part of the time during- the last three months, under instructions from the Chief of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, I have been engaged in investigating sanitary conditions of establishments in Eastern Iowa doing an interstate business in uninspected meat and meat food products, under authority of exemption certificates issued by the Chief of the Bureau in ac- cordance with the Federal law governing this business. The par- ties operating under these certificates are, for the most part, local retail butchers killing their own animals in their own slaughter houses, or in the open, and preparing their meat and meat food products in their own places of business without any inspection whatever. The Federal laws do not provide for any inspection of this product, neither does our State law provide for such inspection; however, the regulations governing the meat inspec- tion of the United States Department of Agriculture prohil^jt the entrance into interstate commerce of any meat of meat food products which have been prepared under unsanitary conditions. The interstate business of these establishments is limited, and is confined almost wholly to the shipment of veal calf carcasses, one county in Iowa alone furnishing an estimated number of over six thousand annually. This is, however, exceptional and no- where else in Iowa does this business reach anywhere near this number. There are some shipments made of uninspected cured and prepared meats made, but they are so few and small that they need not be considered. The balance of the product of these and all other local butchers is consumed by the citizens of Iowa, served up on your table and mine unless we are very par- ticular to see that the meat we buy is cut from carcasses or parts bearing the marks " U. S. Inspected and Passed." There are no statistics available for estimating the amount of this product or •A paper read before the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association. 701 r02 T. A. SHIPLEY. any way of estimating even the number of local butchers in this State, let alone the product handled by what is usually known as " scalpers " and the amount killed by the farmer for them- selves or for sale in their local markets. They do not know themselves, for in interviewing over a hundred and fifty differ- ent establishments of this character, not one of them had an ac- curate book account or memorandum of the number of the ani- mals slaughtered during the last year, but an estimate based on their best judgment of over one hundred of these establishments which wer^ operating slaughter houses and markets in the State of Iowa it developed that the average was four and a small fraction of cattle and the same number of hogs per week. After carefully considering the matter, I think it likely that there would be an average of more than one slaughter house and market for every post-office in Iowa. There are in Iowa over 1,500 post- offices. Figuring the average of each market at the above esti- mate per week for two hundred even each of cattle and hogs, would make something like 300,000 of each cattle and hogs con- sumed by the citizens of Iowa without any inspection, and cal- culating the average condemnation for tuberculosis alone that hold in the Federal inspection in this State at three-quarters of one per cent., about the average in Cedar Rapids, it would figure out that the citizens of Iowa are eating every year about 2,250 tuberculosis cattle carcasses and 2,250 tuberculosis hog carcasses. Besides that number we have furnished probably a vastly larger number to the packers who have Federal inspection and what the farmers have eaten of their own killing, and the visibly diseased parts have been fed to the hog in raw state. Is it any wonder that our State Veterinary Surgeon and the State Board of Agriculture is taking up an investigation of the amount of tuberculosis among the animals in Iowa? But let us get back to the conditions under which these ani- mals are slaughtered to the slaughter house itself. There are, in fact, many different conditions in and around these establish- ments and yet after viewing a hundred or so of them the vast majority of them look so much alike that to give you a descrip- COUNTEY SLAUGHTEE HOUSE CONDITIONS IN IOWA, 703 tion of one or two- of the worst and one or two of the best, you could strike a general average that will represent conditions as they are and as they should be. On the bank of a little stream that winds its course through some of the richest farms in Iowa to finally find its way into the Mississippi stands an old rough board shack that is in danger of toppling over on account of the hogs having undermined its supports. It stands in the midst of the feed lot in which there is fed some fifty head of cattle and the same number of hogs. It is innocent of paint or whitewash, either inside or out. The lot is littered with much offal, including the skeletons of two or three horses and the same number of cows whose softer parts have been devoured more or less completely by the hogs, crows and rats. At least, they were all in evidence at the time of my visit. It is fair to say there were no flies on the premises at the time of inspection, in December. Looking under this shack — it does not deserve the name of " slaughter house " — disclosed a leaky floor from which bloody icicles projected and a quantity of frozen blood and water under it. Let us go inside this structure. The ventilation is ample, being provided with numer- ous cracks of varying widths between the rough weather boards. In one corner is a pile of hides curing. In the other corner is the bricked-up kettle for heating water for scalding hogs, around which is a dirty, rough board bench on which the hair is re- moved, much of which was in evidence on the floor. The water for use in this institution, and for the stock around it, is ob- tained from the above-mentioned stream whose banks show evi- dence of his hogship having enjoyed many pleasant hours dur- ing the previous summer in its moisture, and I am sure the litter on the banks did not add to its purity, although it was being used for the washing of the carcasses and equipment when they were washed. One dirty bucket and one dirty broom, nearly worn out, were all the visible equipment for use in cleaning the place. The pro- prietor assured me they gave it a thorough cleaning every time they scalded hogs, because they had plenty of hot water left over 704 T. A. SHIPLEY. after they had used it in scalding the hogs. Indeed, the rniddle of the floor did show some evidence of having been so treated, but the area beyond the middle and the walls, hooks and shelves for holding the livers, heads and other parts, it was surely inno- cent of any such treatment. The proprietor assured me that these carcasses did not hang in this structure to cool, but were hauled to their market immediately after slaughter and inquiry developed the fact that they had a vehicle which they used to transport the live animals from where they were bought to the place of slaughter, there killed and quartered, the litter brushed out of the vehicle and some dirty burlap stretched along the sides, the quarters hung on movable hooks and the carcass thus immediately transported to their market. Their market con- ditions are somewhat better, but on looking into the cooler some tainted meats and meat scraps are found, and the back room where the sausage is made and the lard rendered has a general filthy appearance of floors, walls and equipment. One of the proprietors had learned his trade in one of the large packing houses years ago, and assured me that their conditions were bet- ter than they were there at that time, and I was not in a position to dispute him. He had not, however, heard of the changes wrought along sanitary lines since the publication of the famous " jungle book." On the banks of the Mississippi, within the limits of one of the oldest towns in Iowa, stands an old stone building, that I am told by the son served his father fifty years ago as a slaughter house and is still serving the sons as a place to kill their animals that supply the meat to the citizens of this town. One might well imagine from the litter and offal and the general appearance of the place, that no attempt, by human agency, had been made in all these years to clean up these premises. It is true that the high water of this mighty stream does sometimes remove a part of what the hogs and the crows and the rats have left undevoured. The water for use in this time-honored institution is dipped up from the banks of this stream at the lower edge of the premises. Inside the building like conditions are in evidence, as in the last COUNTBY SLAUQHTEB HOUSE CONDITIONS IN IOWA. 705 establishment mentioned. The floor is of boards, what there is left of it, and a coating of filth, in many places thicker than the original boards, covers the remaining part of the floor. The smells that issue from this place during the warm season must be more penetrating than agreeable. There is also a lack of clean tight floors in their rooms where the sausage is made and lard rendered, and the market conditions are not very clean or desirable. While the two mentioned establishments are, from a sanitary point of view, among the worst I have seen in Eastern Iowa, they are run by citizens that are of good repute in their communities. Indeed, as a class the butchers are in the main as desirable a lot of fellows as you will meet in any line of busi- ness. They are, perhaps, victims of circumstances, competition is close, and they have to do as their neighbors do or get out of business. Moreover, they are perhaps along the same lines the victims of their dairyman and baker with whom they do busi- ness, to a greater or less extent, and even of the farmer who knowingly, or unknowingly, sells them diseased animals. It will cost a little more all around to have clean meat, milk and bread, and there is the rub. In contrast to the above conditions I want to call your atten- tion to an establishment about two miles from a city of some ten or fifteen thousand inhabitants. This establishment slaughters on an average of twenty cattle and fifty hogs per week. Part of these animals are slaughtered on a commission basis for the retail butchers of the city at so much per head, the balance are killed and sold direct to the retail markets of this and neighboring towns. This establishment has an abundant supply of good clean water, hot and cold, good dry chill rooms, good meat curing cellar, and a tank room for offal away from the rest of the rooms, and edible products are all handled in a decently clean and sani- tary manner, and, barring a few technical discrepancies, this establishment would meet the requirements of the Federal meat inspection regulations as regards sanitation. There is also in Iowa a co-operative community of some eigh- teen hundred inhabitants in the seven villages comprising the 706 T. A. SHIPLEY. colony, and each village has its own slaughtering, meat curing and market establishment situated right in the village and in some instances right up against the dwellings, and not in the usual remote, out-of-the-way places that country slaughter houses are usually found. These seven establishments, equipment and premises are the cleanest of the kind that I know of anywhere. There is provision made for an abundance of hot and cold water, no offal is fed to the hogs on the premises, but, on the contrary, what cannot be rendered in soap grease is hauled off and buried. The butcher in charge of each of these places is of and for the community, and is answerable to the community for its governing body for the conditions of his place, and right well he discharges his duty. Between these two extremes of examples given are all grades ranging up and down. Some butchers have no slaugh- ter houses, but kill in the open, which is preferable, from a sani- tary point of view, to the dirty slaughter house, and I have even seen slaughtering operations being carried on in cow stables, pig pens and chicken houses. It would seem that we are in need of devising some way of regulating this business. The Federal law does not apply to an establishment unless some part of its product is offered for transportation in interstate or foreign commerce. In view of the fact that several municipalities in this State have lately passed ordinances for the control of municipal meat and milk inspection and have appointed graduate veterinarians to fill these responsible positions, and that more municipalities are likely to do the same in the near future, it behooves us, as veterinarians, to study his problems so as to be able to take hold of the situation in a practical way for this work will finally devolve upon the veterinarian. The first and most important problem in municipal meat in- spection will be a sanitary slaughter house. If the different butchers and meat dealers of the larger cities cannot be per- suaded to unite and build a common slaughter house for the use of all and hire a janitor to do the killing and keep it clean, the municipality will probably have to build it and charge each indi- COUNTBY SLAUGHTER HOUSE CONDITIONS IN IOWA, 707 vidual so much per head for his accommodation. In the smaller towns, a suitable sanitary building can be constructed at a very little additional cost above what the present insanitary board structures do cost. Let us inquire briefly regarding some of the features of the decent slaughter houses. First, as to its location: It need not be far from the business portion of the town if properly con- ducted. It should be on a site easily drained and connected with a sanitary sewer, if possible; if not, some satisfactory arrange- ments should be made for drainage. Second, there should be an ample supply of good wholesome water and provisions made for heating as much of it as is necessary to do the washing and cleaning of the structure. Third, regarding its construction I want to quote from an address of Dr. W. A. Evans, City Health Commissioner of Chicago, on " the public health and modern methods of buildings," in which he says : " I believe that the general use of concrete has done much to preserve human health and will do more in the future as its use increases. Concrete is one of the most important sanitary agents yet devised." I believe it to be the most suitable agent to use in the con- struction of the ordinary small slaughter house, and suitable everywhere except for floors, over which there is to be much heavy trucking done. It is easier cleaned than ordinary boards, it is cooler in the summer and easier to keep warm in the winter. Concrete floors do not leak and are rat proof, and it is as cheap as good lumber. Fourth, regarding size and cost and number of rooms and equipment, that will depend upon the amount of business to be done. If tanking of offal is to be done on the premises a separate room should be provided for this and for the hides and other inedible products. Nothing but edible products should be stored in any room used for such products, and ventilation should be provided for all rooms and compart- ments. Fifth, somebody to keep this kind of a structure and premises clean answerable to somebody else who will see that he does his work thoroughly. 708 T. A. SHIPLEY. When these few Httle details have been provided for, the butcher and the inspector will be in a position to render satis- factory service and the consuming public will be benefited. It will probably add to the present cost of such product and the consumer must expect to pay his share of such added cost, which would not be much in comparison with the benefits derived. It is already paid for by appropriation of the people's money on such products as bear the marks of Federal inspection, and if it is necessary or important that our meat and meat food products should be inspected and passed before they are eligible to trans- portation in interstate or foreign commerce, it is surely neces- sary and important that they be so inspected and passed before they should be eligible for consumption by ourselves. There were more than 14,000,000 horses in this country in 1897, but according to the figures for the past year there are 19,746,000 horses in the United States at the present time. This is a gain of nearly 40 per cent, in a decade. The Tactful Veterinarian. — A New Jersey veterinarian who does a large canine practice got himself into a serious pre- dicament by his inability to remember names and people. One day while making out a receipt for a lady her name escaped him. Not wishing to appear so forgetful, and thinking to get a clue, he asked her whether she spelled her name with an e or i. The lady smilingly replied : " Why, doctor, my name is Hill." Martyrs of Science. — Once more science has claimed its sacrifices. Two men lie dead at its altars, four are dying and another, the first str-icken, and the accidental agent of death, has but just recovered after frightful suffering. The immolation has taken place at the University of Czernowitz, in Austria, Profes- sor Luksch, while seeking an anti-toxin for the disease of gland- ers, broke a culture tube containing the glanders bacilli, cutting his arm severely. After a period of incubation signs of the disease began to appear, but Professor Luksch, by a series of operations, managed to save his life. Then came the real tragedy. It was discovered that the entire staff which had been working with him was similarly attached. Two of its members have died and four are not expected to recover. — (Cleveland Leader.) JOHNE'S DISEASE IN CATTLE. By W. L. Beebe, D. V. M., Bacteriologist for Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board. Paper read at the semi-annual meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, 1908. Johne and Fothingham' in the year 1895 described a very peculiar case of enteritis in the cow. They were able to find many acid fast bacilli, which somewhat resembled the avian tubercle bacillus. It was not until 1904 when Markus^ pointed out that this disease was of quite common occurrence in Holland that attention was again brought to this first case of Johne. Since then Lienaux and Van den Eeckhout^ have recognized it in Belgium, Borgeand'* in Switzerland, BangS in Denmark, and by M'Fadyean^ in England. Pearson^ recently published a report upon this disease in Pennsylvania and Hovne^ has demonstrated its existence in Norway. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the fact that this disease exists in the northwest and particularly in Minne- sota. Up to the present time, the writer has obtained material from two cases, and has held a careful post mortem examination upon another case. These three cases represent two outbreaks, one in Minnesota and the other in Wisconsin, the distance be- tween the two farms being about 200 miles. In May, 1907, material was obtained from the first case, but no publication was made of this at the time, as the specimen was sent in formalin, thus making it impossible to test the patho- genesis of the acid fast bacilli. The owner described the Wisconsin outbreak as follows : " The original cattle were brought from Albert Lea, Minn., about seven years ago. We have lost about eight from this disease since that time. Four of them were of the original im- ported cattle, three bred at this farm and one at Lake Geneva. 709 710 W. L. BEEBE. The mother of one of the home-bred cows that died of the disease also died with it here; .the mothers of the other two young cows are still living in good health. We had a number of cattle from Lake Geneva and the rest are all sound. This is the only one we have lost. I cannot say that any of the ani- mals that died were in especially close contact with those that died previously. Usually the disease will attack a cow shortly after calving, at least, it is at such a time it first becomes notice- able. The animals lost their appetite, the milk flow drops, the coat becomes hard and rough, and they scour badly. They linger along from six months to a year, becoming poorer all the time and finally die. As far as we know our bulls have never been affected, and we have had as many as fifteen mature bulls on the farm at once. We have from sixty to eighty head of cattle on the farm," In May, 1907, a piece of small intestine about four inches square was received in a fruit jar of formalin solution. This specimen w^as sent from Wisconsin to Prof. Haecker, of the Minnesota State Agricultural College, who referred the speci- men to the writer. An accompanying communication stated that the animal from which this specimen was taken had been suffer- ing from a diarrhoea for several months, and that as the owner had lost several cattle from apparently the same disease, he de- sired to have a bacteriological examination made. Smear prepar- ations were made from the mucosa and upon examination many acid fast bacteria, which in every way resembled the bacillus of Johne's disease, were found. Case II. The animal began to scour November 21, 1907, shortly after calving. She was isolated and the feed changed. The change in feed seemed to be beneficial as the scouring ceased and her health seemed somewhat improved, but by weighing her from time to time it was found that she was gradually losing flesh. About April 15, 1908, she began to scour again, and on April 23 she was so weak that she was unable to rise, and re- mained down until killed by the writer on April 25. johne's disease in cattle. 711 Post mortem: The carcass was very much emaciated. Upon opening the pleural cavity the cephalic lobes of both lungs showed a very marked emphysema. All other organs in this cavity were normal. Upon opening the abdominal cavity the liver presented few small areas of fatty degeneration in the right lobe. The spleen and kidneys were apparently normal. The mucosa of abomasum presented a few congested areas and also a few ulcers. The first third of the small intestine contained quite a portion that was of a redish brown color. The next third was thickened and puckered. The remainder of the small intestine and the Photograph of mucous membrane of small intestine showing wrinkled appearance. (Natural size.) caecum were apparently normal. A short portion of the colon was also thickened and puckered. The remainder of the intes- tine was normal. Smear preparations were made from the . ulcers in the abomasum, redish brown and rough portion of small intestine, and mesenteric lymph gland draining the rough portion of the small intestine and stained for acid fast bacilli. Many were found present in the smears from rough portion of the small intestine and also from the lymph glands. ri2 W, L. BEEBE. Virulence: On April 29 two guinea pigs and a rabbit were inoculated subcutaneously with i^ c. c. each of bouillon sus- pension of mucosa from the roughened portion of the small intestine. May 9 one of the guinea pigs died. A careful exami- nation post mortem did not reveal any lesions. The other guinea pig and the rabbit were killed July 7 by chloroforming, but no lesions were found. Inoculations were made from the lymph glands that con- tained acid fast bacilli on Dorset's Qgg medium and incubated at 37 degrees C, but no growth took place. Outbreak 2. This outbreak occurred in Chicago County, Minnesota. The owner gave the following history: " These cattle were bought at Caledonia, Houston County, Minn., in December, 1898. The following year, in May, one of the cows had a bull calf, and in about two months this cow took sick. She died the following fall. The bull calf was raised and three cows were bred to him. This bull became ill and was killed after he had been sick for about nine months. Five calves from cows which had been served by the bull died from the same trouble. Four of these cattle were pure bred and three were grade Short-horns." From the last animal to die several pieces of intestine and a piece of the abomasum were sent to the writer for bacteriological examination. Smear preparations were prepared from each por- tion and stained for acid fast bacilli. Upon microscopical exami- nation many acid fast bacilli were found in the smears from the small intestine. May 27, 1907, two guinea pigs and a rabbit were inoculated subcutaneously each with a piece of mucosa about the size of a pea. February 8 all were killed by chloroforming and examined post mortem. The only abnormality found present in the guinea pigs was very marked emaciation. The rabbit was very fat and free from disease. Etiology: There is very little room for doubt that this bacillus so abundantly found and so uniformly present is the JOHNE S DISEASE IN CATTLE. ■13 cause of the disease. Morphologically this organism closely resembles the tubercle bacillus. It is shorter and perhaps slightly thicker than the tubercle bacillus, usually measuring about 2m in length, but occasionally it reaches 4m. There are also many that do not exceed im in length. The longer bacilli sometimes stain unevenly, giving a beaded appearance, while the shorter organisms take an even stain. Photo-micrograph of scraping from mucous membrane of small intestine showing bacilli of Johne's disease. Preparation stained in carbolfuchsin decolorized in 25!< sulphuric acid and counter-stained in Loffler's methylene blue. (X675.) Several experimenters, including the writer, have been unable to infect rabbits and guinea pigs with it. Another characteristic which distinguishes it from the tubercle bacillus is the very trivial tissue changes produced in comparison to the abundant number present. So far all attempts to cultivate this organism on arti- ficial media have proved futile. It is possible that in the future this can be accomplished, but at present it is certain that its culturial requirements are different from the tubercle bacillus. 714 W. L. BEEBE. Symptoms: The first symptoms of this disease are loss of flesh, an unthrifty appearance and inelastic skin, while the appe- tite remains good. The temperatures usually remain normal. Diarrhoea may soon set in, or, as is frequently the case, it may not make its appearance until after calving. The diarrhoea usually is persistent, although it is occasionally checked by chang- ing the feed or by astringent treatment. The beneficial result of changing of feed is well illustrated in Case ii. The feed was changed in the middle of November and the diarrhoea did not again appear until April 15, although the animal continued to lose flesh. There may be cases that recover from a mild form of this disease, but always when the symptoms are well marked the disease proves fatal, its duration being from two to fifteen months. The appetite usually remains fairly good for a short time, but it soon becomes impaired. For several days before death the animals usually remain in a semi-comatose condition. The symptoms of Johne's disease very closely resemble those produced by gastric parasites and a careful post mortem examina- tion should always be made in order to make a differential diagnosis. Lesions: Enteritis primarily of the small intestine and as a rule involving the large intestine is the principal pathological change. Usually the first third of the small intestine is free from disease and the last two-thirds are the seat of the most marked lesions. The mucous membrane is in many cases the only part affected, but the organisms may invade also the submucosa, thus resulting in a thickening of the bowel. When there is a thicken- ing of the intestine the mucous membrane is wrinkled. If the intestine is cut open, these wrinkles do not disappear when trac- tion is applied as is the case with a normal intestine. If a thick- ened intestine is held up to the light it is noticed that the thick- ening is very pronounced in places, resembling warty growths. Congestion of the bowel is rare. Ulcers are very seldom encoun- tered. In Case 11 several ulcers were noticed in the abomasum, but no Johne's bacilli could be found present. JOHNES DISEASE IN CATTLE. 715 The lymphatic glands are usually somewhat enlarged. In some cases this is quite pronounced and then they usually contain an abnormally large amount of watery liquid, which oozes out when cut. When carefully examined no congestion or altered appearance can be detected, but if scrapings are made from them and stained they will be found to contain a very large number of bacilli of Johne' s disease. Photo-micrograph of section througli mucosa of small intestine. The dark-stained areas are masses of hacilli, stained with carbolfuchsin decolorized with 25. sulphuric acid and counter-stained with Unna's methylene blue. X170.) A very characteristic feature of the disease is the slight tissue changes produced in comparison to the number of organisms present. Even when these organisms are present in immense numbers there is no necrosis or caseation as would be found in tuberculosis. Both in the thickened portion of the intestine and in the mesenteric lymph glands; the lesions are very similar to tuber- culosis before necrosis and caseation set in. Thus epitheloid 716 W. L. BEEBE. cells and a few typical giant cells are usually found present. In Case (ii) many eisinophiles were present in the intestinal mucosa. It is a very interesting fact that the pathological changes are not sharply defined, the tissue seeming to have no power to resist their multiplications and dissemination. Bacilli are very frequently arranged in clumps. Many times these clumps are so large that small red areas can be seen in the prep- aration with a low magnification. Prevention: This is a disease that must be regarded as in- fectious and also of 'grave importance. It being of a chronic nature and as far as we know always fatal, makes it a very serious matter if it once becomes established in a herd. In the writer's experience cattle begin to lose condition for several weeks or even months before the diarrhoea sets in, and probably during this period the specific organisms are present in the feces, thus exposing the other cattle to infection. When it is known that this disease exists in a herd all animals affected and also those that are even suspected of being affected with it should be isolated. The feces from these animals ought to be deeply buried or burned. It would also seem best to destroy all ani- mals where a positive diagnosis has been made. As this organism cannot be cultivated on artificial media, it seems quite probable that it will not grow in soil, feces, etc. As to the vitality of the bacillus, bacteriologists are unable to say just how resistant it is to disinfectants, but owing to the fact that it probably does not produce spores, ordinary germicides will undoubtedly kill the organism. References. ^Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Tiermcdicin, Bd. 21, 1905, p. 438. " Zeitschrift fiir Tiermedicin, Bd. 8, 1904, p. 68. ^ Annales de Med. Vet., 1905, pp. 65 and 125. * Schweizer Archiv f. Tierheilk., 1905, p. 221. ' Berliner Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 1906, p. 759. ° Jour, of Comp. Path, and Ther., Vol. XX., p. 48. 'Am. Vet. Rev., 1908, p. 602. * Norsk Velerinartidsskrift, p. 72, 1908, abstracted in Am. Vet. Rev., 1908, p. 198. REPORTS OF CASES. "■Lare/ul obiervaiioti makes a skill/iil practitioner, but his skill dies viith him. By recording his oiserTiatiotts, Ite adds to the hnotvledge o/ his profession, and assists by his facts in building up tht solid edifice of pathological science.'" SOME INTERESTING CASES.* By Dr* W. H. Welch, Lexington, III. The following cases are reported, not on account of any great educational value they may exhibit, but being out of the ordinary, were interesting to me. February 27 last, I was called to attend a gelding that was observed to stand apart from the rest of the herd. Being forced to move he drags and carries the left front leg. An emphysematous swelling extends from throat-latch over shoulder down to knee. No external wound is visible, but there is a depres- sion along trachea, between two rings of cartilage. Pressing on the superior ring air is observed to leave trachea and diffuse into surrounding cellular tissue. The injury is supposed to have re- sulted from animal running into post and rupturing the muscular tissue between cartilages. It is the writer's first experience with subcutaneous emphysema occurring through other than a direct external opening. My second case of subcutaneous emphysema occurred April 23. Subject, a large cow, eight years old, prostrate with par- turient paresis. She had calved the previous evening, was ob- served to be unsteady and staggered at 4 a. m. and was down at 9 a. m. Arriving about i p. m., she was at once given a dose of sulphate strychnia, hypodermically, followed by the sterilized air treatment, and left small doses of nux vomica to be given every two hours until on her feet. Instructions were given to strip all the gas out of udder as soon as she arose, and if not lying up on her chest, or making efforts to rise by 8 o'clock, to call up on 'phone. About 8 o'clock I was informed that the cow was up and seemed all right, but, says the German : " I can not get all the gas from under the skin out." Thinking, of course, that he referred to his inability to get all the gas out of the udder, I * Report read before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association. 717 718 REPORTS OF CASES. told him that it was immaterial, would do no harm, except that the milk secretion would not be so active until it was all out, and that what he didn't get out this time would come out at subsequent milkings. Two days later I was once more summoned to attend her, as she had suffered a relapse, and was again prostrate. Upon arriving, imagine my surprise at finding the cellular tissue be- neath skin over entire right hind quarter thoroughly permeated with air, and as tympanatic as a bass drurn. This was what the German had referred to, as being unable to milk out. A care- ful examination was now made to see if there were not some external opening through which air might have gained entrance, but none is visible. The sterilized air treatment is once more applied, and as right front teat is inflated, the air is plainly seen to exude along subcutaneous abdominal vein, rounding upward along anterior border of udder, and diffuse beneath sl<;in over entire right hind leg. By evening she was up again, and made an uneventful recovery. May 15 the farmer was in to settle his bill and stated that some of the gas was still there, but that the udder was, and had been all the time, in perfect condition. Query — How did gas escape from udder ? I wish now to call attention to three cases presenting an anomalous condition of the testicles, of which I have found no mention in the ordinary text books at my command. To begin with a little gross anatomy may not be out of order. Quoting from Strangeway : " The testicle is a gland- ular structure, divided into distinct lobules, which consist of minute convoluted tubes (tubuli seminiferi). These uniting to from larger tubes (vasa recta) enter the mediastinum, and ter- minate in a close network of tubules (the rete testes), which, passing to the superior extremity of mediastinum are formed into the vasa efferentia." " The vasa efferentia consists of a number of small ducts. Straight at first, they shortly become convoluted, forming a series of conical masses (the coni vasculosi), from whose bases larger tubules issue, the whole forming the head or globus major of the epididymus." " The epididymus is an elongated body, extending along the upper border of testicle, and consists of a head, or globus major, and a tail or globus minor." Now, " The head is situated anteriorly and is closely adherent to the testicle through the vasa efferentia." Is this always true? BEPOBTS OF CASES. 719 Three years ago I came across the first deviation from this rule that 1 had encountered, and it came near resulting in my amputating the epididymus and leaving the testicle in the ab- dominal cavity. Subject was a two-year-old crytorchid, from which one tes- ticle had been previously removed. He was cast in the ordinary way, and entrance made through inguinal ring, where spermatic cord is easily recognized and brought to view. An elongated body is recognized as testicle structure, and being unable to find testicle, am suspicious that previous operator may have removed testicle proper, leaving epididymus. Being unable to find scar, however, continuous traction is resorted to and testicle is finally brought to surface. In this case both testicle and epididymus were in abdominal cavity, and the point-which I wish to empha- size is the great distance between the two. Joined by what I suppose must be a prolongation of the vasa efferentia, the dis- tance from epididymus and testicle proper is i8 inches. The next case occurring under my observation was May 8 of the present year. Subject, a yearling draft colt, secured by twitch for the standing operation. Two supposed testicles are firmly grasped, and incisions are made on to each. Digital ex- ploration on right side reveals epididymus, but hard traction fails to bring down testicle. Colt is now cast, and being still unable to bring testicle to surface a rectal examination is resorted to, when a large cystic testicle is recognized in abdominal cavity. Trocar is now used and contents of cyst allowed to escape through camela, after which removal is easily accomplished. In this case epididymus is in scrotum, and cystic testicle is in abdominal cavity. IDistance between epididymus and testicle, 14 inches. My last case of this kind occurred May 23. Was called to examine a three-year-old horse of amorous disposition, which owner had purchased from his neighbor the past spring. Present owner had complained to seller that horse was a ridgling, but abundant proof was submitted by other neighbors who had wit- nessed the operation, that two testicles had been removed. An examination of scrotum reveals ends of cords on each side, while a rectal examination reveals a testicle in abdominal cavity on right side. Horse is now cast and incision is made on right side. End of cord is grasped and followed to inguinal ring, when severe traction brings to view the hidden" testicle. Another case of 720 REPOBTS OF CASES. epididymus in scrotum and testicle in abdominal cavity. The operator of the previous year had only removed the epididymus. Estimated distance from epididymus to testicle, 12 to 15 inches. Here are three anomalous cases in one of which the epididy- mus and testicle are both in abdominal cavity, the extreme length of what I suppose we must term the vasa efferentia being 18 inches. In the other two, epididymus is in scrotum and testicle in abdominal cavity, and length of vasa efiferentia 12 to 15 inches. Is this condition at all common? Might not this condition account for many of the so-called removal of three testicles, of which we so often hear? Imagine the testicle being held high in inguinal region and epididymus in scrotum. The epididymus is removed and by the following year the testicle proper is de- scended, and the claim is made of three testicles. CASES MET WITH IN PRACTICE. By Dr. James Harrison, Maple Rapids, Mich. Report read before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association. My object in describing some of these cases is not that i expect to impart to you any new ideas or anything new in the treatment of them; but is more or less from a selfish motive in that I may possibly learn something myself. The first few cases I shall describe were fatal cases of parturition. I describe these from the fact that since 1890, up till the last two years, I have been extraordinarily successful in handling cases of parturition in all animals. In fact, so much so, that I .began to get quite conceited and to think that the cases of parturition that I could not handle successfully were like hen's teeth, few and far be- tween. I am frank to confess, however, at this time that my bump of self-conceit has, in the last two years, received several severe jolts. And I question very much whether or not it can be found now. Case No. i — On May 24, 1906, I was called to see a brown mare 12 years old, laboring, but unable to expel the fcetus. On examination I found the head turned back on the shoulder and one front leg turned under. After a little careful manipulation and exercise of muscle I succeeded in delivering the mare of a good, healthy and strong live foal. A part of the afterbirth was REPORTS OF CASES. 721 retained but was removed in a short time with a little hemorr- hage. Washed the uterus well out with warm water. Gave half an ounce of chloral and two ounces of whiskey in a pint of water and left for the night. Called the next morning and found the mare and foal in good condition. I might, however, state here that the mare had to be raised with a sling for a week before and also this morning. Washed out the uterus thoroughly with an antiseptic solution. Gave more whiskey, and as the appetite was good, she was given the best of oats and a bran mash and at night oats and dry bran with good clean hay. Visited her again on the 26th. The vulva, which had been considerably swollen, had not diminished, as I expected, but had rather increased and there was a discharge of a yellowish watery substance, denoting septic infection. Animal w'as stiff and weak; pulse, small and rapid; temperature, 104 degrees. Washed out the uterus with a solution of permanganate of potash and car- bolic acid, gave four ounces of whiskey and two-dram doses of quinine sulph. every four hours. Called the next morning, 27th, found the mare dead, having died about 4 o'clock that morning. Case No. 2 — On May 25th was called to see mare. t6 years old, unable to foal. This was about a mile and a half from case No. i, and was treated at the same time and in the same way. Did not have a great deal of trouble in extracting foetus, but it was a breach presentation and foal dead. Mare died about 3.30 a. m. on the 27th. Case No. 3 — A lieifer, two years old, verv fat. and of the Durham breed. On inserting the hand nothing could be felt but the tail and buttocks, hocks being in front of the pelvic bones, foetus alive. Thinking to get the foetus alive and save both I proceeded to get small ropes on legs below hocks and draw the feet and legs up over the pelvic bones, which I succeeded in doing after a while, but in extracting the calf, which was a very large one, the vagina was lacerated clear across, clpse to the uterus. I did not think this was done w-hile turning the legs and Ijring- ing them up over the pelvic bones, but it is possible. Seeing that nothing could be done I ordered her destruction, which was done, and on post mortem the laceration found as described. Case No. 4 — On June 27, 1907, was called to see cow, which the owner explained had not been feeling right for a month or more, had not been sick but showed signs of being in pain; at times Avould strain as though about to calve although her time 722 I'.EPORTS OF CASES. was not up for two months yet. After straining for a while she would give up and go and feed and be apparently all right for two or three days, and then the attack would come on again. On inserting my hand I discovered a small portion of pla- centa and on following it up I could gain no headway and could find no way of getting my hand into the uterus; I at once concluded that she had a complete torsion of the uterus. I then tried to figure out which way the uterus was twisted. I could feel no foetus and it was difficult to find just which way it was twisted. I finally made up. my mind that I had the right way of it and had assistants roll her over her back and over her feet while I with inserted hand tried to hold the uterus stationary. We had the cow standing nearly on her head, on her back and every way we could think of, but to no avail, and I had not located the foetus yet. Well, we worked for about five hours, were all tired out and had accomplished nothing, and I recommended her destruction. The owner did not consent at that time and I left. The owner destroyed her the next day and on making post mortem found a complete twist in the neck of the uterus which was lacerated anteriorly and he found the foetus in front of the rumen or paunch, and he said from the appearance of it he would judge it had been dead for a month. Perhaps, however, it had been dead for a week. Case No. 5 — A bay mare, 8 years old, weighing 1,300 pounds, was brought to my barn, the owner having drawn a load of wood to town and was starting for home when the mare was taken with colic, which developed into acute indigestion. I first gave her 8 drams aloes, i/^ dram calomel, i/^ ounce soda bicarb., 14 ounce gentian in a quart of water followed by 14 ounce chloral hydrate in a pint of water. Pains not abating in one hour I gave 2I/2 grains morphia sulph., hypodermically, and in one hour, i grain physotrig, l/^ grain pilocarpine. Got no response from esserine and pilocarp; in an hour gave 14 ounce chloral in pint of ..water. But I seemed to be unable to control the spasms of pain. Two hours after giving first dose of esser- ine and pilocarp I repeated the dose, when she quieted down a little. Breathing was quite heavy and pulse full and bound- ing; temperature, 102 degrees. I then gave small doses .of candibis indica every hour. About eight hours after being taken she became very stiff and unable to use the right hind leg and I suspected azoturia, drew her water with a catheter, which was of a dark coffee color, charac- KEPOBTS OF CASES. teristic of that disease. After which she appeared easier and did not require anything more to counteract the pain. In the course of time the physic acted and she made an uneventful recovery. Question — \Vas the azoturia brought on by the animal's exer- tions during paroxysms of pain ? Case No. 6 — December 13, 1907, same mare was brought to my barn under the same conditions, being over two years after first attack; the only exception being that she was 8i/^ months along with foal. I treated her in very much the same way as in first attack, but having just read Dr. W. H. Weathers' paper on arecoline compared with esserine, in Park-Davis & Co.'s veterinary notes, I wished I had some arecoline instead of esserine, but the wish did not materialize, and in the course of time the mare again made an uneventful recovery. The mare, however, on this occasion did not develop any signs of azoturia. A DIAGNOSIS REQUESTED. By Dr. C. B. Kern, Beloit, Kansas. Reported to the Kansas State Veterinary Medical Association. The manner in which the subject of my paper is stated on the program may have misled some of you to expect a description of a new disease, with etiology and pathology fully gone into. Such of you will undoubtedly be disappointed for the substance of my paper will deal merely with the report of two cases which presented extraordinary and unusual symptoms, the causes and nature of which have led to no little speculation on my part without satisfactorily solving the problem. It is with the hope of gaining the desired information that I draw your attention to the following two cases. Case No. i. — Subject, a gray mare, 15 years of age, in good condition, with colt two weeks old by her side, mare having been rebred the ninth day. She had been running on green wheat pasture with good water supply from deep well, receiving an occasional feed of corn when being driven, but had not been li itched for several days previous to the attack. At 7 a. m. on May 29 last, after eating a feed of corn, owner noticed pro- nouncetl salivation and on moving her noticed her to be some- what stiff in her action. This symptom gradually became aggravated until noon, when I was called. On account of the 724 KKPOKTS OF CASES. distance and previous engagements I was unable to reach the spot until 4 p. m., when I found her in a pitiful condition. The entire system of voluntary muscles seemed to be in a state of tonic spasm. On attempting to lead her she would almost fall down, it being next to impossible to move her. Respirations were much accelerated and difficult on account of spasm of the respiratory muscles. Pulse ranged from 60 to 90 according to whether she was excited or not. Excitement causing aggravation of all the symptoms. Temperature, 103 ; body bathed with perspir- ation. Upon attempting to drench the mare with a solution of chloral hydrate and water she fell to the ground where we fin- ished the drench. She lay stretched out struggling violently at times and finally, with our assistance, regained her feet with difficulty. Also gave five grains morphine, hypodermically, fol- lowed by inhalations of chloroform. We decided that drench- ing was too exciting and dangerous to both animal and attend- ants, so prepared a mixture of equal parts of chloral hydrate and camphor gum, which was given intra-tracheally every one to three hours. This, with the subsequent injection of morphia and inhalations of chloroform, constituted the medicinal treat- ment. Efforts were made to keep the animal as quiet and comfortable as possible. Gradually toward midnight the spasm began to abate, but did not leave her entirely until morning, when she could move with comparative ease but was left much pros- trated. After-treatment consisted of stimulants and tonics under which she gradually regained her normal strength and appetite in a few days. Case No. 2. — Roan mare in good condition, 9 years old, with colt six weeks old at her side, having been rebred the ninth day, and was again in foal as proved by the post mortem. This mare had been fed on alfalfa and corn and watered from deep well. She had been worked every day for a week. Owner drove her to neighboring town about 10 miles distant with load. On returning, when about two-thirds distance home, mare suddenly became excited and wanted to go. Owner stated that he was powerless to hold her. Suddenly the animal falls but rises again and still pushes ahead when she falls a second time. This time she has more difficulty in rising and upon doing so, is noticed by the owner for the first time to be stiff and could only move with difficulty. The owner at once telephoned for me, about 4 p. m., and by the time I reached his place, about KEPOBTS OF CASES. 725 12 miles out, he had succeeded in getting her home. I found the mare presenting exactly the same symptoms as described in previous case. Having had good results with the line of treat- ment employed in case No. i, I immediately proceeded to carry it out in case No. 2. Having other cases pressing me for attention I left my as- sistant in charge of this case, after administering a dose of each chloral and morphine. The treatment outlined in first case was diligently carried out in this one, but with negative results, the animal gradually growing worse. She got down and in her struggles to regain her feet, which was impossible, she nearly demolished the barn and made it almost impossible to administer the treatment, and in a convulsive paroxysm she died shortly after midnight. Upon post morten a ruptured diaphragm was disclosed. If any other lesions existed they were overlooked by the assistant in charge. Projection of the membrana nictitans was absent in both of the cases. No history of previous injury existed. The ab- sence of which and the comparatively short period during which case No. i recovered completely and the suddenness of attack in case No. 2 entirely preclude the possibility of tetanus having existed. The non-intermittent character of the spasms in both cases would lead one to believe it could not have been strychnine p<^isoning, even in the absence of chemical analysis. MANGE AND ITS TREATMENT.* By Dr. F. A. Ii.strup^ Willmar, Minn. I am not going into the minute details of this subject, as I know you are all more or less familiaj- with the disease. As for myself, I have had quite a few cases of mange and an abundance of eczema the last three or four years, but best of all is the ap- ♦Read before the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. 726 REPORTS OF CASES. praisal I have had for my treatment, " the great stuff," as the farmer calls it, which I will explain later. Mange, itch or scab in the lower animals is a skin disease of local nature due to an insect which induces irritation, ulceration, suppuration and incrustation on the surface of the body generally. As I understand there are three principal classes of mange, but there are many sub-classes to these again. First — In the horse — Sarcoptic scabiei are the worst, as they work under the skin or in the body of the true skin and also get to the root of the hair. Second — In the ox — Symbiotis bovies is the most serious. Third — In the sheejo — Psoroptic mange, or, as known among the sheepmen, scabies. Fourth — In the hog — Sarcoptic squamiferous. Fifth — In the dog — Sarcoptic mange is the most important. Mange is a contagious disease, never originating spontaneous- ly and requiring for its development the passage of the parasites or the egg from the diseased to the healthy animals. All sar- coptics may live for an indefinite period upon man's skin, but the psoroptic and symbiotis die very rapidly, • The horse may contract sarcoptic mange from the sheep, pig, dog and cat. The ox takes the sarcoptic from the horse, sheep, cat and goat. The sheep contracts sarcoptic mange from the goat. The pig contracts sarcoptic mange from the goat. The dog takes the sarcoptics of mange from the pig, cat, sheep and goat. From these summaries, we see that sarcoptic mange is espe- cially transmissible from one species to the other. Contamina- tion takes place either by direct contact or at hitching posts, barns and in pastures, and by intermediary agents as blankets, har- nesses, grooming implements and also the grooms taking care of the diseased animals. The symptoms of mange in the horse is first a vesicular erup- tion and intense itching, and, if examined by the hand, small, hard pimples may be felt ^v•hich if looked at close will be found to consist of small scabs easily removed, exposing round, small, moist surfaces about an eighth of an inch in diameter, these sur- faces allowing serous contents to escape which dries and forms a scab, and, at the more advanced period, large surfaces become destitute of hair. The first favorite seat is on the side of the BEPORTS OF CASES. 727 neck and withers, hence they will extend over the surface of the body. At the later period the skin becomes thickened, wrinkled and fissured. The symptoms of the ox are similar to that of the horse and are generally observed on the neck and withers and root of the tail, and soon extends to the whole body, except the limbs, caus- ing- severe itching, falling off of the hair, thickening, hardening and corrugation of the skin. The animal rubs and licks itself, causing abrasion of the skin from which an exudate is poured out which dries and forms a crust. The symptoms of the sheep at first is an intense itching, at- tempts being made to allay by rubbing which gives the animal a ragged appearance, tufts of wool being pulled out, leaving white patches. On these surfaces small pimples of a yellowish red color, will be observed and on the surface of these pimples a small blister or vesicle soon forms, its contents being discharged which forms a crust or scab. The wool is easily detached along with this crust, and the underlaying skin is thickened, wrinkled, inflamed and scabby. The parts first attacked are the back, sides and shoulders but rarely the lower part of the body. The symptoms of the dog — At the beginning we detect spots, especially on the surface where the skin is bare, which are similar to flea bites and are located on the inner aspects of the legs and abdominal region. The friction and rubbing produces a diffused redness of the skin. Where these bites are located small pimples develop which, transformed into vesicles in considerable numbers, spread all over the surface of the body. In the majority of cases they are emptied out, producing a moist surface, and in others drv .scabs are observed ; frequently these vesicles pass into a pus- tilous state which dries rapidly and forms yellowish gray scabs, which are detached and the hair falls out, forming bare blotches. The skin itself becomes thickened, wrinkled and cracked. The animal is constantly scratching itself. T!t€ symptoms in the pig are generally first noticed about the head, especially the fossa beneath the eye, the eyelids, cheeks and auricular region ; thence it extends up the neck and shoulders, finally the whole surface of the body. The affected parts are covered with an abundant epidermis desquamation and also thick scabs, the color of which varies from a grayish white to silver white. The skin is thick, stiff, hard and wrinkled, all the bristle become loose and fall out. 728 REPORTS OF CASES. As to the treatment of this disease, I have had charming re- sults with common machine oil, or " engen," as the hardware men call it. The way I have done: 1 put it up in quart bottles; in addition to the oil, I put about 4 or 5 ounces of sulphur, with 2 or 3 drams carbo ligni, so as to disguise the color of the sul- phur, and have it pulverized as fine as possible, and to change the smell of the oil use 3 or 4 drams of either oil picis, crude car- bolic acid or something of that nature. After shaking up this mixture, I apply it freely the first time all over the affected parts, then rub it in well; after this is done leave the animal alone for four or five days or even longer. By this time you will find your patient covered with loose epidermic desquamation scab and loose hair which can easily be removed with a stiff brush. In bad cases you may have to repeat the same process the second time. After this being done, you will find the skin nice and soft and new hair starting to grow. Then, if there are any places where it appears again just apply over these places until cured, but never use any water as it seems to make it worse. How I happened to discover the use of the oil was : I traded for a horse that was affected with eczema along the sides of his neck and shoulders. He kept on rubbing until he had drawn blood. Being hot weather, the files troubled him, so I thought i would apply a little of this oil to keep them off. To my sur- prise, he quit rubbing nearly right away, so I decided to try it on other cases. First Case. — I had a pair of ba}^ geldings weighing about 3,200 pounds which had been affected for more than two years with mange. My competitor treated them for about a year, using everything he could think of without any result. Then, after that I got the honor. I tried every imaginable thing for about six months with but very little result, from soaking, washing, scrubbing, applying liniments, ointments, kerosene and gasoline, even a quart of 20 per cent, of creosote, vasogen compound, and all the elbow grease the farmer had, with but little result. It was about the middle part of August, 1905, when I commenced with my new treatment, and within six weeks you would not have known that they were the same horses. The new hair that came out was much darker. The same party kept these horses until the following spring without any sign of reappearing. Sometime in April they were sold and shipped to Canada, so I lost track of them. BEPQBTS OF CASES. 729 Second Case was a two-year-old bronco which was afifected a httle when taken from the herd, some time about the ist of September, 1906. Nothing- was done to this fellow until the following spring, at which time he was poor and weak, and his skin was thick and wrinkled and looked more like that of a rhinoceros than that of a colt. The owner got a quart bottle of the oil, went home with the intention to either kill or cure, so he soaked him from the tip of his nose to his hoofs. He used a whole quart at once, then he turned him m me pastuie. The colt went to the farthest end of the pasture and laid down and stayed there until the evening of the second day; then he came up to the barn with the other colts and in a few days he had hardly any hair left on his body. The new hair came out and he gained right away, never showing any signs since. Third Case. — A party was fattening some steers and two or three of them began rubbing and licking themselves; they hardly had time to eat. Of course, I never saw the steers, so cannot say what kind of an itch they had, but whatever it was toe oil put a stop to it nearly right away. Fourth Case was a sow with her seven little pigs, which were all affected. They would be up by the trough eating and every little while they would run to the fence and rub themselves, then back to the trough again. That was the way they would keep on all the time and it nearly wore them out. The owner got a bottle of this oil and appUed it only once, and that was the last of the disease on them. They peeled off just like on the horses. During the year 1906 I sold 32 quarts of the oil without a solitary kick, so you might know I could give a few more cases as the above, but this will show you what the oil will do. I am sorry I never had the chance to try it on the dog and sheep, but I am convinced it would work on the dog and sheep also, if it were clipped real close so we could get at the diseased parts. The celebrated picture, " The Village Blacksmith," by the French artist, H. D. Marean, is now valued at $60,000. The trustees of the Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation have decided that the semi-annual meeting of this associa- tion shall be held on the morning of September 8, the first day of the American meeting. In this way they feel that they will have a larger gathering of local men than if they should wait until the usual time, which is a week later. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. A Case of Mesenteric Abscess Directly Following Strangles and Terminating with Rupture of the Stom- ach [Capt. G. P. Knott, A. V. C.]. — Six-year-old mare suffer- ing with strang-les. Has maxillary abscesses containing charac- teristic discharge. The animal remains dull, off her food now and then, with little colicky pains. Her most favorite position is to be fully stretched out as in the act of micturition. Mesen- teric abscess is diagnosed and various treatments prescribed. Soon the animal becomes worse, is much emaciated. Symptoms are more marked. Complete anorexia, violent colics. When lying down the forelegs are kept extended in front of the body. She is groaning, has eructations. When standing the forelegs are kept well apart. Pulse and respiration remained normal. Temperature varied between 102 and 106 Far. Ruptured stom- ach is diagnosed. Death takes place. Post mortem. Thoracic organs normal, abdomen contains three gallons of fluid. Peri- toneum of large and floating colons inflamed in patches. Sternal flexture of large colon adherent to ensiform cartilage. Third part of the colon adherent to abdominal wall. Stomach ruptured six inches in length. Mucous of the small intestines inflamed. Large abscess in the colic mesentery. It weighed 10 pounds, its walls are 3 inches thick and it contains alx)Ut half a pint of pus with a stinking odor. Several colic mesenteric glands are en- larged. Abscesses were foimd in the pelvis of both kidneys. Other organs normal. — (Veterinary Journal.) Ingittnal PTernia of a Gravid Uterus in a Bitch [Prof. G. H. Wooldrid^e, F. R. C. V. S.'] — Wire-haired, black and tan bitch has on the right side a hernia of one horn of the uterus containing a single large-sized foetus. She was seven weeks gone in pregnancy. As she is to be operated, the owner states that he does not wish her to breed agrain ; it was decided to re- move the entire uterus and, if it could be done, through one in- 730 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 731 cision. After all necessary precautions, the hernial sac was opened quite freely to allow the passage of the distended uterine horn. This was isolated by ligatures first and removed. The left horn was then secured and as it did not contain any foetus was easily brought out drawing the uterus which' was then ligated and removed. Some large veins had to be secured. A large lot of amentum had also to be excised. The peritoneal layer of the hernial sac was separated from the outer layer, ligated as far as ]X)ssible near the external inguinal ring and cut ; the stump being returned in the abdomen. The external ring was sutured with silk, the skin also, and sealed with flexible collodion and a little iodoform. In fifteen days the slut was well without having missed a single meal from the time she had been operated. — ( Veterinary Journal. ) Retention of Urine in a Cat by Spontaneous Ligature OF THE Penis with Fur [Prof. G. H. Wooldridge, F. R. C. V. 6'.]. — Persian tom cat, 4 months, has abdominal pains since several days, smelt offensively and is suspected to not pass urine. He had anxious expression of countenance, and pupils are di- lated. A much distended bladder is felt and punctured through the abdominal walls. Urine appeared normal. No foreign body or calculus found. Sent home. He is again the next day in the same condition. Bladder is taped a second time. Examining the perineum, slight purulent discharge is seen oozing from the sheath and a fine hair protruding. This is drawn out and round the penis are observed several coils of fur firmly entwined, form- ing ligature. This is removed and the penis badly lacerated is seen, suggesting possible subsequent stricture. Two days after the bladder is still distended, but by pressure from the abdominal wall a few drops of blood-stained urine are squeezed out. Puncture had to be resorted to several times and after a while the cat was all right. — {Veterinary Journal.) Prolapsus of Intussuscepted Colon in a Puppy [By the Same']. — Three months mongrel pupy has prolapsus of intes- tines. Thought it was the rectum. The trouble is reduced. Finger introduced in the rectum found it ballooned and the re- turned body could be felt. Manipulations through the abdominal walls revealed the presence of a sausage-like body similar to that found in intussusception. Dog is anesthesied, abdomen opened, no intussusception is found and the abdomen is closed. Two days later intussusception reappears. It is protruding some. Again it is reduced and the anus is closed with loose suture. On 732 ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES, the 5th day after laparotomy, the dog is taken home. He is re- turned on the ninth day. No intussusception is present, and the anal suture is taken off. The next day the trouble returns. The suture is inserted again. The dog is then kept by himself in a kennel receiving bread and milk diet and two drachms of petroleum emulsion three times a day. No more sausage-like body is discovered and after a few weeks of treatment the condi- tion has failed to return. The extraordinary features of this case consist in the frequent occurrence and spontaneous reduc- tion of the intussusception. — (Ibidem.) Rupture of the Uterus and Perineum in a Mare Dur- ing Parturition [/. B. Buxton.]. — Valuable mare due to foal has been straining during the night without result. She looks like a solid oblong of flesh, with only a narrow strip of daylight under her. The under surface of the abdomen at the posterior part was four and a half inches from the ground and the front part seven inches. The under surface of the thorax gradually sloped upward from seven to sixteen inches. Each teat is large enough to fill an ordinary teacup. Vaginal exploration shows that the passage is very small and in reaching the uterus it is found displaced, the head of the foetus was wedged beneath the brim of the pelvis and the foetus is struggling violently. Both fore feet of the foetus were projecting through the perineum about six inches below the vulva. Evidently there was a rupture of the uterus and as the mare shows signs of failing rapidly, with the consent of the owner, she was immediately destroyed and the foal delivered through the unnatural channel. On mak- ing a post mortem a large rent was found in the uterus, the abdo- men contained a large quantity of blood-stained fluid. The intestines were much injected, the rectus abdominis muscle was ruptured at its pelvic attachment. — (Ibidem.) Ruptured CEsophagus [F. S. Probyn, Capt. A. V. C.]. — Interesting case of injured oesophagus, result of a kick that a nine-year-old mare received from another horse on the left side of the neck and breast. A hot and painful swelling over the lower portion of the left side of the neck was the consequence. Fever, raising of temperature, 102-4, pulse 52, hot fomentations, laxa- tive diet, legs bandaged. No improvement took place. The swelling kept up increasing, extended to the breast and forearm. Considerable difficulty in swallowing accompanied with stiffness of the neck and disinclination to move. The breast was scarified ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 733 and about two quarts of putrid liquid escaped with mixture of pus and food materials. The diagnosis was evident. The animal was to be operated at once. Cast, anesthesied partly with morphia and cocanie, the oesophagus was exposed and showed a rupture which was closed with catgut painted over with collodion. In- terrupted sutures closed the outside wound. There kept, how- ever, an escape of fluid containing food material coming from the operated wound. This was reopened and as the stitches of the oesophagus held tight it was rightly supposed that there was another rupture further up in the neck and the case being con- sidered as beyond treatment the animal was killed. At the autopsy a rupture 3 inches long was found in the upper portion of the oesophagus, about 4 inches from the pharynx. The rup- ture of the lower part of the oesophagus was progressing satis- factorily.— ( Veterinary Record. ) Fractured Pastern. — Aged hunter working now in a min- eral water van. Had been laid up two or three weeks for badly broken knees. Was doing well and sent home. Seen one morn- ing in good condition; he was found very .lame on the same evening on one of his hind legs, the off one. He was unable to stand on it and could not be moved out of his stall. On ex- amination for the cause of this condition, a fracture of the off- hind pastern was detected. The horse was immediately killed and the bone found broken into six pieces. A few minutes be- fore being detected lame he had apparently been perfectly well. Question: Could such condition be caused by the horse stamp- ing hard on the ground? — (Veterinary News.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. LiauTard, M. D., V. M. HUMERO-RADIO-CUBITAL LUXATION IN A DOG REDUC- TION— Recovery [Mr. L. Auger']. — A dog, aged 18 months, is thrown from a carriage. He walks on three legs, the right fore carried forward, does not rest on the ground. ' It is not vertical. The forearm forms with the arm a very obtuse angle opened outward. On the external face of the elbow joint, on a 734 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. level with the lower end of the humerus is observed a depression which does not exist on the sound leg and is accompanied with a projection formed by the radius. Inside of the elbow, an inverse condition is observed on palpation, above there is a projection due to the internal edge of the humeral trochlea and below a depression on a level with the superior extremity of the fore- arm. It is perfectly clear that the radius is pushed outward and the diagnosis is evident : Luxation outward of the elbow. The animal is anesthesied. When the muscular resolution is obtained, extension and contra extension are made by assist- ants pulling moderately in opposite direction and by manipula- tions of the articulation, coaptation is obtained and manifested by the characteristic clapping which always accompany such re- sult. The luxation having returned when an attempt was made to flex the leg, a silicated bandage was applied and left on for about two weeks. When it was removed, the reduction was per- fect, but the animal was still lame and did not put weight on his leg. However, little by little this condition improved and recov- ery was perfect in six weeks. — (Journal de Zootech.) Inoculation of Bacteridian Anthrax — Long Incuba- tion [Mr. H. de Chavanges~\ — Called to make a post mortem of a cow that had died suddenly, the author was told that death had taken place because the cow could not deliver her calf, in- deed, through the vulva bulged out portion of the placenta and the legs of the foetus. However, the autopsy had to be made. A globular mass," blackish in the centre, infiltrated with citrine serosity, was noticed in the pharyngeal region. Other similar lesions were also observed along the neck to the entrance of the chest. These were evident lesions of bacteridian anthrax and the condition of the heart and spleen left no doubt as to the diagnosis. The hand of the operator was the seat of superficial scratches, he washed it in water of doubtful cleanliness and could not get a thorough washing with soap and Phenicated water until later on. This was too late. The hand became painful, but no atten- tion given to it, and six days after the author went and delivered another cow. Thirteen days after this last cow died with anthrax inoculated by the diseased condition of the man's hand, which required severe treatment to be controlled. From six to eight days of incubation for the man and from thirteen to fifteen for the cow are certainly unusually long periods of incubation which are worth recording. (Pro o^r^.y Vcterin.) ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 735 Osteo-Sarcoma of the Testicular Region, with Gene- ralization IN A Steer, Castrated with Double Sub-cutan- eous Torsion Method [Daille and Sabatti]. — Nine-year-old steer presents an enormous neoplastic mass; weighing lo kilo- gramms, irregularly bosselated and adherent to the skin of the scrotum. This tumor involves the entire lower part of both spermatic cords and has all round a few isolated nodules varying in size from that of an ordinary nut to that of a man's fist. The lumbo- aortic lymphatic glands are infiltrated with identical neoplasic tissues. The lungs are containing numerous secondary nodules, situated in the thickness of the parenchimatous tissue, or imme- diately under the pleura. On this serous, there are disseminated nodules giving it the aspect of tuberculous lesions. The initial tumor and all the secondary growths have similar macroscopic characters. They are very hard and when cut with a saw they have the appearance of a spongy tissue. Histologically they are osteoid sarcoma or Osteo-Sarcoma. The carcass of the animal which had been killed for the butcher, was put away and not al- lowed to be used for general consummation. All generalized tumors impose the destruction of the entire carcass by the meat inspector. — {Revue Veter.) Death of Two Cryptorchids, Several Weeks After Being Operated [Mr. Filiatre]. — i. A fifteen months colt, af- fected with left cryptorchidy, was operated. The day of the operation he was in apparent perfect health and nothing indi- cated in his general condition that he was the carrier of internal lesions which would cause death in a short time. Operated and placed under ordinary special regime; two days after he was noticed refusing his food and had colics. His condition was alarming. Hernia was suspected, but rectal examination re- vealed that everything was normal in the ring. Bleeding was performed and a sedative drench prescribed, with the applica- tion of mustard under the abdomen. The next day the animal is worse. Condition remained about the same and death took place on the eighth day. Nothing wrong could be found around the seat of operation, but a large abscess of strangles surrounded the right kidney, which was floating and partly putrified and containing five liters of creamy pus. 2. Before being operated this colt, which is now eighteen months old, has always had a very large abdomen. The cryp- torchidy existed on both sides and both operated at once the same 73G ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. day. A few days later there is a large swelling of the sheath, hind legs, and extending to the anus. This is scarified and cauterized with deep points of firing irons. The swelling went away for a few days, but returned. The animal died. At the post mortem, there was found an hypertrophy of the liver, which weighed 80 kilogramms. As suppuration was well established at the points of operation, the supposition of septicoemia was excluded. Although the author has practiced castration for years, he never has met with such conditions. — (Rec. de Medec. Veter.) Spontaneous Rupture of the Aortic Trunk in a Horse [Mr. Piot-Bey'] — This was observed in a fourteen-year-old mare, of small size and in fair condition. While dragging a cart loaded with manure, one morning she goes on about 400 meters, sud- denly stops, drops, tries in vain to get up and dies almost instan- taneously. Rupture of a large blood vessel was suspected at once and confirmed by the post mortem. On opening the peri- cardium a large clot of blood was extracted. At the base of the aortic trunk there exist a rupture measuring about four centi- meters and concealed, so to speak, by the pulmonary artery and the right auricle. The rupture was neat and as if made by one sudden giving away. There were positively no dissecting aneurism. — {Rev. Gener. De Medec. Veter.) Killing of Large Animals [Mr. Fayet Cabassu and Moreau]. — The authors do not wish to pass a review of all the various means or instruments used to kill large animals. Those are too numerous. They only want to say a few words on that which they consider as the surest and most economical, the one which has less surprises for the operator and promotes less re- pulsion for those who are watching the .operation. They con- sider principally the circumstances where a sentence of death has to be applied, say in public or in streets. Electrocution, if applicable, would be practical. The opening of the posterior. Aorta through the rectum has been resorted to by some. But can it be done ? Chloral has also been recommended. Chloroform is useful for small subjects in tracheal injections or again through the veins. For large animals the result is too uncertain. Sulphate of strychnia has been used by them. One gramm dissolved in 20 of tepid water and given in intra-thoracic in- jection has killed a horse in three minutes and thirty seconds. They have repeatedly tried the similar operation whenever called ABSTBACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 737 to destroy large animals in public and the success they have ob- tained bring them to the conclusion that strychnia is the surest, most practical and most elegant manner to proceed. — {Repert. dc Polk. San. Veter.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M. A Case of Acute Nephritis in a Horse [Dr. L. Comi- nottili. — Although this affection has been the object of several descriptions, and among them those of Friedberger and Frohner, Kitt, Verheyen, Hable and others, the author has thought the history and symptomatology of his case worth recording. Since some days this horse has shown some irregularities in his appetite and manifested great pain in micturition. He is in a fair condition, yet is dull and looks indifferent. In walking he drags his hind legs. The visible mucous membranes are pale, the pulse strong and full, 80 per minute. Respiration accelerated with nothing abnormal on percussion. Temperature 37 degrees. Under the abdomen from the sternum back there is a swelling pitting on pressure. The hind legs are swollen. The loins are very sensitive. Rectal examination is negative, as the horse rebels much against it. After a while these symptoms are more marked. There is great thirst and the animal absorbs enormous quantity of liquids without appearing to ever have enough. The faeces are either constipated or diserrheic and foetid. Micturation is very frequent and painful. Small quantity of urine is expelled. The quantity in one day is 2300 c. m. It is cloudy, thick, yellow-brownish in color, alkaline and contained considerable quantity of albumin. No sugar. The microscopic examination of the deposits reveals numerous granular casts and epithelial cells. The condition of the horse rapidly became ' aggravated and he died after a few days. At the post mortem the kidneys were found rather enlarged, of normal consistency. Their capsules was readily taken off. The external appearance was rosy-brownish in aspect. Some echymotic spots were found in the cortical substance. The pelvis of the kidneys contained mucilaginous matter white-yellowish in 738 ABSTRACTS FEOM EXCHANGES. color. The bladder contained some dense, yellow-reddish urine. The mucous membrane was slightly congested. The microscopic examination revealed the true lesions of acute nephritis. — (La Clinica Veter.) DiPHTEROiD Vaginitis in a Cow [Dr. G. Sparapani]. — This animal is six years old. The history is that she has been in calf, that her gestation had presented nothing abnormal ; but that her delivery had been very difficult and required the assist- ance of an empiric of great fame in the neighborhood. When examined, she has the appearance of an animal suf- fering with acute vaginitis, abundant flow from the vulva, with unpleasant odor and of a greyish color with striae of blood. The animal did not seem to have any pain except that she had shown before some difficulty in micturating and in passing her foeces. The temperature was 41 °5. The pulse 75 to 80. Ex- amination of the vagina shows that the mucous membrane is covered with false membranes, greyish and strongly adherent. Attempts to remove small patches of those was followed with minute local hemorrhage. There were also small diphteroid ulcerations. The bacteriologic and microscopic examinations revealed their nature and the presence of the typical bacillus of necrosis. Remembering the descriptions of Moussu, as well as those of McFadyean, Jensen and others, the author arrived to conclusions that were readily confirmed of the nature of the trouble. Wash- ings with saturated solutions of salicylic acid and a bolus of sulphate of quinine formed the whole treatment. — [La Clinica Vetcr. ) " GoLA Di Lupo " Palatine Fissure, due to Mechanical Cause [Dr. Ottorino MancinelW]. — This is the Italian name that the author gives to the; condition that he found in the mouth of a sheep which, when he drank, had a large quantity of the liquid returned through the nostrils mixed with blood. At first he sus- pected the case to be one of foot and mouth disease, and pre- scribed a mild treatment of chlorate of potash and milk. A few days later he found the animal in about the same condition, but with greater irritation and infiltration of the mucous membrane. The escape of the same saliva was also present. A more thorough examination of the parts made with a speculum showed an ex- tensive wound of the hard palate, which was on the median raphe of the mucous membrane loose and separated from the soft tis- sues. The animal was killed. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 739 Tumefaction of the Fr.^num Lingua, Due to Mechan- ical Cause [^3; the Samel. — A four-year-old steer is found one morning with the tongue swollen and protruding from the mouth. There is an abundant discharge of saliva and rumina- tion has stopped. The animal cannot even take liquids. He is much prostrated, and carries his head low down. The swelling of the tongue extends to the commissure of the lips and the mouth is quite congested, specially in the region of the froenum, where the swelling is as big as a middle-sized orange. The tongue is rather indurated in its anterior portion. A free incision is made with a lancette on each side of the tumor and by pressure a great quantity of serosity mixed with blood was squeezed out. Grad- ually everything assumed its normal appearance. It is probable that there had been some obstruction of the ducts of the sublin- gual glands, and that this was the cause of the peculiar condition following. — (// Nuovo Ercol.) Suffocation by Tonsilitis [^3; the Same]. — Female goat of three years old had refused her food since a few days and she salivates abundantly. She is rather feverish and makes now and then efforts to urinate or drop her foeces. After a few days of an ordinary treatment with chlorate of potash she is rather im- proved, takes a little drink, yet she has fever and her voice has become cavernous and hoarse. Attempts were made to examine the back part of her mouth, but she struggled so much that it was imperfect, and only the inflammatory condition could be detected. The condition grew worse rapidly and finally death took place without a positive diagnosis being made. At the post mortem the only principal lesions were in the throat. The whole region was considerably inflamed and the seat of severe tonsilitis. The amygdales were three times their normal size and had undoubtedly been the cause of the suffoca- tion by interfering with the air passages. — (Ibidem.) GERMAN REVIEW. By J. P. O'Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y. Are Tubercle Bacilli Present in the Muscle Tissue AND IN the Apparently Healthy Lymph Glands of Tuber- cular Animals? [Dr. Johannes Szmerstra']. — In the course of 740 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. his experiments regarding the infectiousness of the meat and apparently healthy lymph glands of tuberculous animals, Swier- stra employed guinea pigs, rabbits, goats, pigs and a calf. These animals received subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections of muscle juice. Seventeen experiments proved negative. The fol- lowing table is compiled from the positive results : A. — Cattle. Experiment No. IV. — An emaciated cow with extensive tubercular lesions. The muscle juice was virulent. Experiment No. V. — A cow with extensive tuberculosis of the serous membranes, in addition to necrotic tubercles ; she was extremely emaciated. The muscle juice was virulent. Experiment No. VII. — Tubercular cow in which the tubercles showed extreme softening. The lymph juice was virulent. Experiment No. XV. — Cow affected with acute miliary tuber- culosis of the lungs and extremely emaciated. The muscle juice was virulent. Experiment No. XXI. — Cow affected with acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs and somewhat emaciated. The muscle juice was virulent. Experiment No. XXIII. — Cow with purulent necrotic tuber- cles in the lungs. The lymph juice was virulent. Experiment No. XXV. — Cow affected with osteo-tuberculosis and a softened nodule in the lung. Lymph juice virulent. B. — Swine. Experiment No. 11. — Hog affected with chronic generalized tuberculosis in which both submaxillary and retropharyngeal glands were very much enlarged and contained necrotic foci. The muscle juice proved virulent. Experiment No. XIV. — Hog affected with chronic general- ized tuberculosis and extremely emaciated. The muscle juice was virulent. As a result of the foregoing experiments the following condi- tions must be taken into consideration in judging the virulence of the meat of tuberculous animals : 1st. Whether acute miliary tuberculosis is present, and, if so, it must be borne in mind that acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs can lead to the condemnation of the meat. 2d. Whether the tubercular nodules are necrotic. 3d. Whether the tuberculous animal is emaciated. 4th. Whether osteo-tuberculosis is present. ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 741 When Swierstra, in the course of his experiments, speaks of necrotic tubercles he refers to those nodules which, when incised, are found to contain pus. Here we have to deal with a mixed infection of staphylococci and streptococci. We note the latter chiefly in broncho-pneumonia, and as a result several embolic nodules form in various organs. These nodules vary in age and we can readily understand how the blood is becoming con- tinually more or less infected. Therefore we need not be alarmed when we find emaciation existing in connection with this necrotic tubercular condition. As has been proven by experiment No. 5, it is not essential that the body lymph glands should be affected in each case. According to the experiments of Swierstra, in many cases virulent tubercle bacilli were found in the meat and apparently healthy lymph glands of tuberculous animals. Swier- stra explains the negative results obtained by Westenhoeffers and Hoefnagels in their experiments as due to the small quan- tities of meat introduced subcutaneously and as a consequence too few bacilli being transmitted to the experiment animals. The results of Swierstra's investigations cover the entire fieia which the German meat inspection regulations provide regarding the judging of the meat of tubercular animals and with which he entirely agrees. He also recommends the sterilization of the meat of tubercular animals in the following instances : I St. In all cases of tuberculosis which has lead to extreme emaciation. 2d. In tuberculosis with extremely softened nodules. 3d. In tuberculosis with indications of a fresh haemato- genic infection, even if the lungs only are acutely affected. 4th. In tuberculosis in which the bones are the seat of dis- eased processes. With regard to the latter, Ostertag justly remarked that this is not well founded, as cow No. 25, affected with tuberculosis of the bone, also had necrotic nodules in the lung. Regarding the infectiousness of the macroscopically unchanged lymph gland Swierstra emphasizes the fact that when softening of the tubercle took place the juice was already infectious, notwithstanding only one tubercular nodule was present. This demonstrates the fact that the infection of the blood was of short duration and that the tubercle bacilli stored up in the body lymph glands had scarcely time to lead to the formation of tubercular nodules. — {Zeitschrift fiir Fleisch und Milch-hygiene, 17 bd., S. 37.) 742 ABSTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Local Tetanus and Its Origin [Staff Surgeon C. Poch- hammer']. — Localized tetanus at the point where infection takes place (wounds, seat of inoculation), usually precedes generalized tetanus in animal experimentation. In the human subject and in the larger domestic animals this is rarely observed. The au- thor has endeavored by experimental procedure to solve the prob- lem whether it is possible to explain the origin of the local tetanic spasms through the fact only of the absorption of the tetanus toxine by the peripheral nerve fibres. Summarizing as follows : The local muscular spasms in tetanus depend not upon an intoxi- cation of the central nervous system, nor upon a direct effect of the tetanus poison on the muscles (Zuipinck), but rather upon an intoxication of the peripheral nerves. The tetanus toxine is not conducted to the axis cylinder processes of the peripheral nerves, but is deposited and confined in the substance of the medullary sheath of the nerve fibres (chemical affinity), the te- tanic spasms arise from an interruption in the insulation between the sensory and motor nerve fibres in the mixed peripheral nerve tracts as a result of changes in the medullary substance caused by the tetanus toxine. The substance of the medullary sheath acts antitoxically on the circulating blood (Lipoide). The origin of the antitoxine and also explanatory of the immunizing action of the brain pulp (Experiments of Wasserman and Fakaki). After the tetanic symptoms have appeared no beneficial results are to be expected from the antitoxine treatment. The value of esrum-therapy in general depends on prophylaxis. — (Deutsche Medecin. Wochenschrift, 34 Jahrg., 1908, No. 16, Sect. 685.) The Treatment of Nervous Distemper of the Dog [Vet. J. Wohlmuth, Vienna]. — Wohlmuth recommends as treatment in the nervous forms of distemper in dogs, Levico arsenical water. According to his experience this water given in large doses acts as a specific for this disease, arrests its progress and in the ma- jority of cases results in complete recovery. The Levico arsenical water is prepared for use in strong and weak solutions. Wohl- muth prescribes the strong preparation only. During the first week dogs are given two tablespoonfuls three times daily, diluted with milk, the second week three tablespoonfuls three times daily. In general the dose is to be computed according to the severity of the case at hand, the age and constitution of tlie patient. Bro- mide preparations and other varieties are to be absolutely avoided. Wohlmuth further remarks that good results may be obtained ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 743 from the use of Levico arsenical water in the treatment of brust- seuche of the horse, also in influenza and petechial fever {Lier- arztliches Centralhlatt, No. 31, 1907). With Reference to the Presence of Tubercle Bacilli IN Milk Samples and the Preservation of Such Samples Sent for Examination with 5 Per Cent. Boracic Acid Added [Dr. Gustav Kului] . — Besides the clinical examination of the udders of milch cows for the detection of tubercular lesions, we have the bacteriological examination of the milk to aid us. It has been said that samples of milk sent by dealers and others to the bacteriological laboratories had soured rapidly in warm weather and consequently could not be examined satisfactorily. In order to avoid this rapid fermentive change Rabiger advises the addition of boracic acid to the milk samples in the proportion of 5 per cent., after which the microscopical examination can be conducted without hindrance. On the other hand it was ques- tionable whether the milk so treated was still suitable for the in- oculation of experiment animals or whether the tubercle bacilli were rendered less virulent by the addition of the preservative. In order to elucidate this question Kuhn undertook a series of ex- periments, the results of which are as follows : First — That an addition of 5 per cent, boracic acid, whether in the form of a powder or solution, suffices to preserve the milk from souring for at least 15 days. Second — That through the addition of this agent the viru- lence of the bacteria contained in the milk was not appreciably influenced. — {Zeitschrift fiir Infestionskrank., parasitickrank, und Hygiene d. Haustiere, Bd. II, S. 58.) A Rare Form of Tuberculosis in Swine, Affecting the Adipose Tissues [Dr. Jos. Bbhm, NiirnJperg']. — Bohm observed in a 'hog, the fat of which was being trimmed from the carcass for rendering into lard, trodules about the size of a millet seed to a pea (subcutaneous lymph glands?) in six different parts of the panniculus adiposus in the region of the shoulders and back, the bacteriological examination of which revealed the presence of tubercle bacilli. In addition Bohm had observed repeatedly in cattle and swine tuberculosis in one or more body lymph glands without visible lesions in the spleen or kidneys. Also extensive miliary tuberculosis of the pia mater in a heifer. In this case only, both bronchial lymph glands were affected to quite a degree, 744 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. while the posterior medicastinal glands and pleura were involved to a lesser extent. — (Zeitschrift fiir fleisch und Milchhygiene, XVII, S. 2,^1.) Concerning Some Growths Resembling Nodules on the Peritoneums of Cattle [J9r. Pietro Stazsi']. — Not infrequently we find in horses tufted connective tissue growths on the peri- toreum, whose origin Kitt ascribes to the irritating action of ani- mal parasites which have gained entrance to the abdominal cavity. At the post mortem examination held on some cattle (aged about ten months), which were employed in the Behring's Jenneriza- tion experiments at Mantara, the author found in the peritoneum, besides these growths already mentioned, others in the form of small non-pedicled nodules. Those formed singly or in groups on the parietal and viscaral folds of the peritoneum and varied in size from a flax seed to a lentil. Numerous submiliary nodules were found, particularly on the omentums of these cattle. As this condition naturally lead to the suspicion of miliary tubercu- losis, the modules were thoroughly examined histologically and bacteriologically, but no proof of the presence of tubercle bac- teria could be determined. In the centre the nodules consisted of a thick layer of leucocytes together with a few cells of the con- nective tissue type, and on the periphery a thin layer of similar tissue, vascular and rich in fibrillae and with few round cells, which were scattered in the subserous connective tissues. These new formations had a homogenous translucent appear- ance, others again had lost this property through transformation of their central portion into connective tissue. In the granula- tion tissue many nodules were alveolar or cone-shaped, which were lined with cubical or cylindrical cells. Although the nodules in question are similar to epi or endothelcoma in their initial stage, the author believes that their origin is due to a chronic in- flammatory process and agreeing with Kitt that these connective tissue formations are the result of parasitic irritation (Berliner Tier Wochenschrift, No. 3, 1907). Concerning a New Element in Milk {A. Kindl and Newnann]. — As a result of the investigations carried on by Kindl and Neumann, they found in the milk of the cow, cat, dog, guinea pig and rabbit an ultra-microscopical body which possessed decided molecular movement. Its nature is yet un- known. The authors termed it Laktokonien. It is not present in human milk. — (Vorldufigc Mitheilung, Wiener Klinic Woch- enschrift, 1907, S. 214.) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 745 Appendicitis an Infectious Disease [Emil Hai7n']. — Haim maintains that appendicitis is an infectious disease sui generis, as it closely resembles the other infectious diseases in all its features. The cause is probably due to the Bacillus coli communis; the pus producers staphylococci, streptococci, pneumo- cocci, in rare cases, the influenza, typhoid and tubercle bacilli. With these various organisms it is possible to produce well- defined symptoms of the disease having a characteristic course, progress and termination. The author has been able to produce a disease in experiment animals (rabbits) by injections of various species of bacteria in the ligated appendix, which bears a close resemblance to the same disease in man. The manner in which infection takes place is as follows : The pathogenic bacteria present in the intestines succeed in gaining the appendix and there produce an inflammation. In angina especially, or where bacteria are localized in the body, this factor plays an important part, as the organisms are swallowed or find their way into the appendix through the blood. As is the case with other infectious diseases, appendicitis appears at times epidemically. — (Prague Med. Wochenschrift, 1907, S. 453.) Intraperitoneal Injections of Chloral Hydrate in THE Treatment of Severe Colics in the Horse [Dr. Breton'] . — In treating severe colics various indications have to be taken into consideration, particularly to obviate the occurrence of internal hemorrhages, to combat the atonic condition of the digestive tract and principally to alleviate pain, for in relieving the latter the animal is quieted and many complications are avoided, such as ruptures and torsions of the intestines. In order to produce insensibility to pain the author uses intraperi- toneal injections of chloral hydrate in very severe cases of colic. The narcoma which is rapidly induced lasts from three to four hours, during which time the pulse and respiration regulate themselves, and when the injection is properly given and aseptic precautions taken throughout, it is absolutely without risk. The dose is i grain to 10 kg. body weight, dissolved in 10 grains of distilled water, and the solution must be made directly before using. For the injection one may use a serum injection apparatus (but preferably that invented by Casper). The opera- tion is performed at the usual seat, anterior to the external angle of the illeum on the left side. Care must be taken to disinfect the part thoroughly previous to the operation. If a tympanitic 74G ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. condition be present the gas must be allowed to escape by punct- uring the caecum. The author describes five cases cured after bleeding, and an injection of 0.06 grms. pilocarpine and 0.03 grms. eserin, and an intraperitoneal injection of from 30 to 50 grms. chloral hydrate. The chloral hydrate should not be given systematically in all attacks of colic, but only in very severe cases in which the pain is intense. The action of chloride of barium and other oleaginous pur- gatives is not influenced in the least by the chloral hydrate in- jections. When the stimulating alkaloids, pilocarpine and are- colin are administered before the chloral hydrate injection their action on the intestines is null. They shorten the duration of the narcoma by rapidly eliminating the anaesthetic. If we wish to excite intestinal peristalsis during narcosis we should use instead the chloride of barium. — (Berliner Tier. IVochenshrift, No. 6, Fol. 6, '08.) After the meeting of the M. V. M. A., held in Portland, the members were invited to a luncheon at the splendid resi- dence of Dr. W. S. Lord, after which the members visited Dr. Westcott's hospital, and returned home by late Pullman. Those who were at the banquet of the A. V. M. A., at Cleveland, in 1905, will regret to learn of the sad intelligence of the death of Dr. Charles J. Aldrich, the noted alienist and neurologist, who was our guest on that auspicious occasion. Many will remember Dr. Aldrich's able and scholarly discourse made in response to the toast, " The Field of Medicine," which was listened to with rapt attention, and that our lamented editor, the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, sat beside him at the banquet board. Changes in the Faculty of the New York-American Veterinary College. — Prof. Wiliam J. Coates, M.D., D.V.S., has been elected Dean of the New York-American Veterinary College and his distinguished predecessor. Professor Liautard, Emeritus Dean. Dr. H. D. Gill succeeds Dr. Coates as Secre- tary of the Faculty, while W. Reid Blair, D.V.S., succeeds Ed- ward K. Dunham, M.D., as Professor of Comparative Pathology and Pathological Histology, and Dr. Harry D. Hanson, the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, as Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics. CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION. VETERINARIAN. The United States Civil Service Commission announces an examination on September i6, 1908, at places mentioned in a list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to make certification to fill a vacaticy in the position of veterinarian, at $1,200 per annum. Quartermaster's Department at Large, Philippine Islands, and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they may occur in the Philippine Islands. The appointee will be expected to serve for not less than two years, unless his services are sooner dispensed with for the convenience of the Government. Salary will begin on the date he takes oath of office in San Francisco, and transportation will be furnished from San Francisco to the Philippine Islands. If he remains in the employ of the Government for two years, or if he is sooner discharged for no fault of his own, he will be given return transportation and subsistence to the United States and will be paid his salary to the date of his arrival in the United States. As the Commission has experienced considerable difficulty in securing sufficient eligibles to meet the needs of the service in this position, qualified persons are urged to enter this examina- tion. The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be- low, weighted as indicated: Subject. Weights. 1. Letter writing 10 2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 20 3. Veterinary pathology 20 4. Veterinary practice 40 5. Training and experience 10 Total 100 Applications will be accepted only from persons who have been graduated from reputable veterinary colleges. Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of the examination. 747 748 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION. This examination is open to all citizens of the United States who comply with the requirements. This announcement contains all information which is com- municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination, the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re- quired. Applicants should at once apply either to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre- tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list printed by the Commission, for application Form 13 12. No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex- amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce- ment should be used in the application. As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis- sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications be received in ample time to arrange for the examination desired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission wijl therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose application is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary papers. LEGISLATION IN CANADA. Comparatively little original legislation affecting agriculture, or concerning the veterinary profession, was enacted at the last session of the Dominion Parliament, but some very important amendments to existing acts were made. Amendments reported as follows in the Farmer's Advocate, of August 5th, Winnipeg, are of especial interest to the veterinary profession : The Meat and Canned-foods Act, enacted in 1907, and put into operation under the supervision of the Veterinary Director- General, was amended in two particulars. Under the original measure only such packing plants as were declared by the Minis- ter as coming within the operation of the act were inspected. Under the amendment all plants already under the operation of the act remain under it, and, in addition, all other packers come under its control until exempted by Order-in-Council. That is to say, no packing or canning plant is allowed to ship food products out of the province in which they are located unless according to the regulation governing the act. LEGISLATION IX CANADA. ■ 740 Heretofore only twenty-eight plants were under inspection, which made it difficult for the Department to control the com- mon carriers in regard to export transportation. Under the amendment hundreds of factories, including all not exempted, will be subject to inspection. This greatly simplifies the control of transportation companies, which are not allowed to carry from one province to another the products of meat packing plants, unless bearing the " Canada Approved " stamp. The second amendment has reference to the labels permitted to be used on canned goods. The original measure provided that the package must bear the name and address of the packer or packing firm putting up the goods. Under the amend- ment the privilege of labelling is extended to the first dealer obtaining the goods from the packer who sells or offers the same for sale. It is provided, however, that such dealer must, on request of the Government inspector, give the name of the packer of such article. This amendment was the result of appeals from extensive firms, who have built up reputations for certain brands of goods that may have been put up by many small pack- ing concerns in a locality who utilize identical products and put them up by a uniform process. Previous to the operation of the Meat and Canned Foods Act, the canned foods trade came under the supervision of the Depart- ment of Inland Revenue. The amendment here referred to is in effect a total repeal of the old measure. Appropriations. For the administration of the Health of Animals Branch, $300,000 is made available. This is $50,000 less than last year. The reduction is the result of a less call for indemnities — for slaughtered glandered horses, the disease being stamped out in many sections where it heretofore prevailed. For the enforce- ment of the Meat and Canned Foods Act, $120,000 is voted. This is $45,000 greater than last year's vote. The vote for the Live Stock Branch has been increased from $45,000 in 1907 to $65,000 this year. The increased appropriation is for the general work of the branch, including the Record of Performance for pure bred dairy cows, the development of the sheep industry, and the publication of an increased number of bulletins and reports. SOCIETY MEETINGS. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON TUBERCULOSIS. September 21 — October 12. SECTION VII. Tuberculosis in Animals and its Relations to Man. President — Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia. Vice-Presi- dents— Dr. Langdon Frothingham, Boston; Dr. Joseph Hughes, Chicago; Dr. Marion Dorset, Washington; Dr. B. Meade Bolton, Washington; Dr. James Law, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Dr. A. D. Melvin, Washington ; Dr. Veranus Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Dr. A. Peters, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ; Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis. ; Prof. H. L. Russell, Madison, Wis. ; Dr. D. E. Salmon, Montevideo, Uruguay; Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Washington; Dr. Theobald Smith, Boston ; Dr. C. W. Stiles, Washington ; Dr. A. R. Ward. Berke- ley, Cal. Secretary — Dr. John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C. provisional program. Outline of Topics for Section VII. A. Prevalence of Tuberculosis — Among domestic animals, the relation of tuberculosis to the animal industries, economic importance of this disease. B. The Modes of Infection — Portals of entry, influences favoring infection, relation of methods of husbandry to the prev- alence of tuberculosis in animals. C. The Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Animals — Physical ex- amination, bacteriological examinations of tissues, secretions and excretions ; serum reactions ; tuberculin tests, systemic and local reactions. D. Resistance to Tuberculosis — As shown by genera, species, breeds, families and individuals; the conditions that influence natural resistance; artificial immunity, extent, duration, vacci- ation against tuberculosis, methods, results and practical ap- plication. E. Methods for Controllino; Tuberculosis in Animals — Methods applicable in heavily and in lightly infested herds and districts; results of operations in different countries and in the various states of the United States. 750 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 751 F. The Comparative Bacteriology and T'athology of Tuber- culosis in Animals — The inter-relationships of tuberculosis in animals of different species. G. The Relation of Tuberculosis in Animals to the Public Health — The evidence for and against the transmission ot tuber^ culosis from animals to man; infection of man from animals by association, inoculation, feeding of meat and milk. H. Milk Hygiene — Its relation tc tuberculosis in animals; methods that may be adopted to prevent the milk supply. I. Meat Hygiene — Its relation to tuberculosis in animals; guiding principles and rules by which the meat inspector should be governed in adjudging the carcasses of animals infected with tuberculosis. S. Arloing, Lyons, France. — Rapports des Tuberculoses Humaine et Bovine. Geo. F. Baker, San Francisco, Gal. — Tuberculosis Among Range Cattle in Galifornia. A. W. Bitting, Purdue University. — The Infection of Swine from Tuberculous Gattle. W. Reid Blair, New York. — Tuberculosis in Wild Animals. C. A. Gary, Agricultural Gcllege, Alabama. — The Dissemin- ation of Tu1:erculcsis in Domestic Animals in the Southern States. J. W. Gonnaway, University of Missouri. — The Enlistment of the Educational Fqrces of the State in the Suppression of Tuberculosis of Animals. W. H. Dalrymple, Agricultural College of Louisiana; Ghas. F. Dawson, State College Newark, Del. — The Oculo-tuberculin Reaction in Gattle. R. R. Dinwiddie. Experiment Station, Ark. — The Suscepti- bility of Gattle to the Virus of Surgical Forms of Human Tuber- culosis. George B. Jobson, Franklin. Pa.— The Tuberculin Test of Cattle in Its Relation to Public Health. L. A. Klein, Harrisburg, Pa. ; M. E. Knowles, Helena, Mont. ; C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia. Pa. ; J. R. Mohler, Washington, D. C. — Tuberculosis Among Cattle on the Open Range. A. D. Melvin, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. G. The Economic Importance of Tuberculosis of Food-producing Animals. V. A. Moore. Cornell University.— The Value of Tubercuhn in the Control of Tuberculosis in Herds. 752 SOCIETY MEETINGS. A. B. Nelson, State College, Washington. — A Study of the Results of the Continuing Injection of Tuberculin upon Tuber- culous Cattle. Otto G. Noack, Reading, Pa. — Meat and Dairy Herd Inspec- tion as Preventive Measures Against the Spread of Tuberculosis Among Cattle. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Austin Peters, Boston, Mass. — Lessons from the Experience of Massachusetts in the Control of Tuberculosis of Cattle. A. T. Peters, University of Nebraska. — The Relation of Tu- berculosis of Swine in Tuberculous Herds. Jesse E. Pope, Orange, N. J. — Tuberculosis of Cattle from the Farmer's Standpoint. M. P. Ravenel, University of Wisconsin; M. H. Reynolds, University of Wisconsin ; J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa, Canada ; Dr. Salazar. Havana, Cuba. — The Control of Bovine Tuberculosis. E. C. Schroeder, Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. — An Observation Relative to the Economic Eradication of Cattle Tuberculosis. S. Stewart — The Pathology of Tuberculosis of Swine. Dr. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. ; A. R. Ward, University of California, and C. M. Haring, University of California. — Prev- alence of Tuberculosis Among Dairy Cattle near San Francisco, Cal. A. S. Wheeler, Biltmore, N. C. — The Bang Method for Con- trolling Tuberculosis of Cattle. D. S. White, University of Ohio. — The Oculo-tuberculin Test for Tuberculosis in Bovine Animals. JOINT SESSION. Papers to be Read at the Joint Session of Section I. and VII. on Wednesday Afternoon, September 30. S. Arloing, Lyons. — Rapport de la Tuberculose Bovine et Humaine. Theobald Smith, Boston. — The Question of the Transform- ability of the Human and the Bovine Types of the Tubercle Bacillus. J. Fibiger and C. O. Jensen. Copenhagen. — Human and Bovine Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus. Dr. Lewis, Boston. — The Types of Tubercle Bacillus isolated from cases of Tuberculosis of the Cervical Glands in Human Beings. SOCIETY MEETINGS. T53 R. M. Dinwiddie, Experiment Station, Ark. — The Suscep- tibility of Cattle to the Virus of Surgical Forms of Human Tu- berculosis. M. P. Ravenel. Mad' son. Wis. — Title to be announced. Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kemperer. Berlin. — Title to be an- nounced. J. N. Davalos and J. Cartaya. Havana. — Comparative Study of Tubercle Bacilli of Human and Bovine Origin. Titles of Papers for Section I. Dr. William H. Welch, President. Milton J. Rosenau, Washington, D. C. — " The viability of the tubercle bacillus." Victor C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich. — " A study of the pro- teids of the tubercle bacillus." John Weinzerl, Seattle. Wash. — " The action of diffuse light upon bacillus tuberculosis." Dwight M. Lewis, New Haven, Conn. — " The morphology of the tubercle bacillus." S. Arloing and Paul Courmont. Lyons. France. — " Nouvelles Cultures Homogenes des bacilles de la Tuberculose." J. N. Davalos and J. Cartaya. Havana, Cuba — " Comparative study of the tubercle bacillus of human and of bovine origin." A. Rodet, Montpelier, France — " La Virulence du bacille dans ses rapports avec revolution clinique de la tuberculose pulmo- naire." A. Parker Hitchens, Glen Olden, Pa. — " A chamber in which dried tubercle bacilli may be handled without danger." N. Ph. Tendeloo, Leyden, Holland — '' Channels of infec- tion." Julius Bartel, Vienna, Austria — " Uber Eintrittspforten der Tuberkulose." G. Kuss. Agincourt. France — " Sources et voies d'infection de la contagion tuberculeuse." S. Bernheim, Paris — " Les portes d'entree de la tuberculose." S. Bernheim, Paris — " Rapports de I'air avec la contagion tuberculeuse. Sterilization de I'air." Alfred F. Hess, New York — " A study of the tuberculous contamination of New York City milk." Jules Courmont and A. Lesieur, Lyons, France — " Inoculation transcutanee de la tuberculose." 754 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Julius Bartel, Vienna — " Immunisirungsversuche gegen Tu- berkulose." Jules Courmont and A. Lesieur, Lyons — " Contribution a rimmunite dans la tuberculose." A. B. Marfan, Paris — " Immunite de rhomme pour la tuber- culose." Y. Ishigami, Osaka, Japan — " Tuberculo-toxoidin and im- munixation serum." Eugene L. Opie, New York — " The part of enzymes tuber- culous lesions." Aldred S. Warthin, Ann Arbor, Mich. — " The frequency of healed tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands, with particular ref- erence to the relationship between hyaline deposits in these glands and the healing of tuberculous lesions." S. Arloing, Lyons, France — " De I'infection tuberculeuse d'apres le criterium anatomo-pathologique." John McCrea, Montreal, Canada — "Analysis of i,ooo con- secutive autopsies in Montreal with reference to the incidence of tuberculosis in the different organs." A. R. Landry, Montreal, Canada — " Incident of chronic pleu- risy in 1,400 autopsies in Montreal, and its relationship to tuber- culosis." Leon Barnard, Paris — " Etude anatomique et pathologique des lesions non-folliculaires de la tuberculose." R. Tripier, Lyons — " De la pneumonic dans le processus de la tuberculose pulmonaire." J. Paviot, Lyons — " Processus anatomique de I'hemorrhagie la tuberculose au debut." Joseph Walsh and C. M. Montgomery, Philadelphia — " The kidneys in tuberculosis of the lungs." D. J. McCarthy, Philadelphia — " Tuberculosis of the spinal meninges, with a consideration of the mode of infection of these structures." J. T. Ullom, Philadelphia — " The liver in tuberculosis." Walter Altschul, Prague, Austria — " Zur pathologic der Peritoneal-tuberkulose. " Charles Esmonet, Puy de Dom — " De la tuberculose experi- mentale du testicule." O. Amrein, Arosa, Switzerland — " Periostitis et adipositis tuberculosa toxica multiplex." SOCIETY JIEETINGS. Paul Courmont, Lyons — " Proprietes humorales des exsud- ants tuberculeux, valeur, pronostique et therapetutique." Camillo Calleja, Valladolid, Spain. Alfred C. Crofton, Chicago — '' An experimental and clinical study of the calcium metabolism in tuberculosis." LIST OF SPECIAL LECTURES. In connection with the Congress a series of special lectures will be delivered in Washington and elsewhere by eminent for- eigners. The names of the speakers and the cities in which they will lecture follow. Bernard Bang, of Copenhagen. Washington, October 3 — Subject : " Studies in Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals and what we may learn regarding Human Tuberculosis." A. Calmette, of Lille, France. Philadelphia, September 26 — Subject : " Les nouveaux procedes de diagnostic precoce de la Tuberculosis." Emil Coni, of Buenos Ayres. Washington, October 2 — Sub- ject : " La Lucha contra Tuberculosis en la Republica Argen- tina." Arthur Newsholme, of Brighton. Washington, September 29 — Subject : " The causes which have led to the past decline in the death rate from tuberculosis and the light thrown by this history on the preventive action for the future." Gothold Pannwitz, of Berlin. Philadelphia, September 24 — Subject : " Social Life and Tuberculosis." R. W. Philip, Edinburgh. Boston, October 6 — Sub- ject : " The Anti-tuberculosis Programme Co-ordination of Pre- ventive Measures." C. H. Spronck, of Utrecht. Boston, October 7. Andres Martinez Vargas, of Barcelona. New York, October 9 — Subject : " Tuberculosis of the Heart, Blood and Lymph Ves- sels." Theodore Williams, of London. Philadelphia, September 25 — Subject : " The Evolution of the Treatment of Pulmonary Tu- berculosis." Dr. Maurice Letulle and M. Augustin Rey (joint lecture). Washington, September 30 — Subject : " La Lutte Contra la tu- berculose dans les grandes villes par I'habitation ; methodes scien- tifiques modernes pour sa construction." Dr. L. Landowzy, of Paris. Baltimore, October 5. 75G SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. A. A. Wladimiroff, of St. Petersburg-. Washington, Sep- tember 28 — Subject : " Biology of the Bacillus." Prof. N. Ph. Tendeloo, of Leiden. Subject, " Collateral Tuberculosis Inflammation." INTER-STATE ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK SANI- TARY BOARDS. The twelfth annual meeting of the above association con- venes at the Hotel Raleigh, Washington, D. C, on September 14, 15 and 16, 1908. This meeting occurring in the week between the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, in Philadelphia, and the International Congress of Tuberculosis, in Washington, af- fords veterinarians who wish to attend the Congress of Tuber- culosis an opportunity to make good use of the intervening time, and should be largely attended. This association meets annually, and practically every State having a Live Stock Sanitary Board or a State Veterinarian is represented at these meetings. At the date of this writing, we have secured the following program, and expect a few more papers of importance on Sani- tary Control Work. Progress of Tick Eradication, Dr. Tait Butler, North Caro- lina. Control of Hog Cholera, Dr. A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C. The Importance of Prophylaxis in Sanitary Control Work, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, Virginia. Control of Tuberculosis, Dr. A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C. Ways and Means of Eradicating Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals, Dr. O. E. Dyson, Illinois. Federal, State and City Co-operation in the Eradication of Tuberculosis, Dr. D. F. Luckey, Missouri. State Meat Inspection, Dr. J. M. Wright, Illinois. Things to be avoided in passing laws governing Meat and Milk Inspection, Dr. M. E. Knowles, Montana. Glanders, Dr. S. H. Ward, Minnesota. Discussion, Dr. J. M. Wright, Illinois. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 757 Three Diseases of Animals which have Recently Assumed Importance to the State Sanitarian, Dr. John R. Mohler, Wash- ington, D. C. Veterinary Sanitary Laws in the State of Washington, Dr. S. B. Nelson, Washington. Five minute talks on sanitary conditions in the various states. Members of the American Veterinary Medical Association, all visiting veterinarians, and all others interested in sanitary control work, are cordially invited to attend and to take part in the discussions. Chas. E, Cotton^ Secretary and Treasurer. ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARY FACULTIES AND EXAMINING BOARDS OF NORTH AMERICA. OFFICERS. President — Dr. Joseph Hughes, Chicago, 111. First Vice-President — Dr. S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo. Second Vice-President — Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J. Secretary-Treasurer — Dr. Tait Butler, Raleigh, N. C. CONFERENCE COMMITTEE. Dr. S. Stewart, Chairman. Representing State Colleges — Dr. Leonard Pearson, Chair- man, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. J. H. McNeil, Ames, la.; Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. Representing Private Colleges — Dr. S. Stewart, Chairman, Kansas City, Mo. ; Dr. Geo. H. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y. Representing Examining Boards — Dr. M. H. Reynolds, Chair- man, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul. Minn.; Dr. Thomas Bland, Waterbury, Conn. ; Dr. R. A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal. Representing American Veterinary Medical Association — Dr. G. W. Dunphy, Chairman, Detroit. Mich. ; Dr. Geo. H. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Dr. E. H. Shepard, Cleveland, O. fuS SOCIETY MEETINGS. PROGRAM. Monday, September 7, 1908. Hotel Walton, Philadelphia, Pa., 4.00 o'clock P.M. 1. Meeting called to order by President, Dr. Joseph Hughes. 2. Reading of Minutes of Last Meeting. 3. President's Address, by Dr. Joseph Hughes. 4. Report of Secretary-Treasurer. 5. Report of Standing Conference Committee, Dr. S. Stewart, Chairman. 6. Report of Subcommittee Representing State Colleges, Dr. Leonard Pearson, Chairman. 7. Report of Subcommittee Representing Private Colleges, Dr. S. Stewart, Chairman. 8. Report of Subcommittee Representing Examining Boards, Dr. M. H. Reynolds, Chairman. 9. Report of Subcommittee Renresenting The American Vet- erinary Medical Association, Dr. G. W. Dunphy, Chair- man. 10. Discussion of the Reports of above committees and the Report of the Committee on Veterinary Education Ap- pointed by the United States Secretary of Agriculture. 11. New Business. 12. Election of Officers. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The quarterly meeting of the above association was held at the Preeble House, Portland, Me., July 8, 1908. President Murch was in the chair, and Dr. C. W. Purcell acted as secretary pro tern., as Dr. Joly was attending a meeting of the State Board of Veterinary Examiners, in an adjoining room. Members present — Drs. Murch, Purcell, Westcott, Lord, Watson, Pope, Potter, Spear, Stevens and Joly. Visitors— Hon. John M. Deering, of the Cattle Commission, and veterinarians Robinson, Dow, Russell and Mebane. Dr. Murch read a paper on the treatment of wounds, and Dr. Spear one on " Meat Inspection." Both papers were very interesting and bro;ight general discussion. SOCIETY MEETINGS. . 759 Dr. Westcott was elected representative to the A. V. M. A. meeting at Philadelphia, in September. The application of Dr. Lynch was referred to the next meeting. The following applications were received and referred to the executive committee : Drs. E. E. Russel, of New Sharon ; W. L. Mebane, Bangor; Thos. Dow, of Perham, and W. H. Robinson, of Portland. Drs. Purcell and Watson were appointed to prepare papers for the next meeting, which will take place in October, at Water- ville. A. JOLY, Secretary. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. We held our meeting in the college building at Brookings, South Dakota, July 2-3, 1908. There was a large attendance. Nine liew members were elected. We are working hard to get a veterinary law in this state. Drs. J. A. Graham, Thos. H. Hicks and C. McDowell were appointed a Committee on Legis- lation. A number of very interesting papers were read. The second day was devoted to clinic and surgical operations. Elec- tion of officers resulted as follows : President, Dr. C. McDowell, Watertown ; first vice-president. Dr. L. P. Brewster, Vermillion ; second vice-president. Dr. T. H. Ruth, Desmit; secretary and treasurer. Dr. J. A. Graham, Sioux Falls. The next meeting will be held at Sioux Falls the second Tuesday in July, 1909. J. A. Graham^ Secretary. The Bird's Superior Eye. — The sight of birds is extraordi- nary, and the simple fact that the eye of a hawk and a pigeon is larger than their whole brain gives some idea of what their powers of sight must be and of how easily they can fly hundreds of miles if they have marks to guide them. Very little attention has yet been given by eye surgeons to the eye of the bird and other animals, from which so much is to be learned. — {London Mail.) NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. L. E. Wheat, M.D., V.S., died in Philadelphia, Pa., on the 1 2th ult. There are few wild beasts more to be dreaded than a talking man having nothing to say. — (Swift) Missouri's quarantine" against southern cattle fever has been amended to conform strictly with the federal regulations. Dr. C. W. Crowley, of St. Louis, Mo., recently made Pro- fessor Liautard a ver}'- ])leasant visit at the latter's summer home at Draveul, France. Mrs. W. H. Dalrymple and children have been occupying a summer cottage this season on Sodus Bay, in the western part of New York State. Dr. A. JoLY, Waterville, Me., Secretary of the Maine Vet- erinary Medical Association, is a candidate on the Republican ticket for Representative. The handsome features of Dr. T. Earle Budd grace one of the illustrations of the recent Atlantic City Horse Show in The Rider and Driver of August i. E. B. Ackerman, D. V. S., and E. J. Robbins, D. V. S., .ofificiated in the capacity of veterinary inspectors at the Bay Shore Horse Show, Long Island, N. Y., August 6-8. Through the efforts of Dr. M. E. Knowles, Montana State Veterinarian, and Dr. W. P. Mills, of that State, a Montana association of Berkshire breeders has been organized. Bony. — David Harum : That wuz a pretty good horse old Ez wuz drivin,' eh? Eben Holden : Yes, he had so many good points you could use him for a hat rack. — {Pennsylvania Punch Bozvl.) Dr. N. Rectenwald, chief city veterinarian of Pittsburgh. Pa., suffers from a transverse fracture of the right patella which occurred June 7th last. He is making a favorable but slow re- covery. 760 NEWS AND ITEMS. 761 Where It Belonged. — Old Gent: Neat race, that, sonny I That black horse of Sheedy's is a dandy. But who does that little brown bobtail belong to? Boy: That belongs to the little brown horse, sir. Dr. Townsend, inspector in charge of the federal meat in- spection service at Paterson, N. J., has been transferred to Mil- waukee. Wis., and Dr. Waller, of the New York office, takes charge at Paterson. Apothecary's Weight. — '* I'm sure," whispered the gossip, " that Mr. Pillsbury, the druggist, takes a dram occasionally." " Yes," replied the bright girl, " I believe he has no scruples in that direction." — {Philadelphia Press.) James C. McNeil. V.M.D., a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, has been ap- pointed Dairy Inspector of the City of Pittsburgh at an annual salary of $i,8oo and all traveling expenses. Dr. John H. McNeil, dean of the Veterinary Division of the Iowa State College, Ames, has accepted the chair of Veter- inary Surgery and Obstetrics in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine. Ohio State University, made vacant by the resignation of Dr. Udall. President Dalrymple has invited Mr. Nikola Kaumanns, Imperial German Agricultural Attache to this country, to address the forthcoming meeting of the A. V. M. A., at Philadelphia, on the Importance of the Veterinarian to the Live Stock Interests of his country. Dr. W. W. Dimock (N. Y. State Veterinary College, '05) has resigned as first assistant in the Department of Animal In- dustry, Republic of Cuba, to accept the position as veterinary chief to the Superior Sanitary Board of Havana, and has been succeeded by Dr. Emelio L. Luaces (Kansas City Veterinary College 08). Dr. B. F. Kaupp, for several years with the Kansas City Veterinary College ; Dr. C. L. Barnes, of the Kansas Agricultural College: Dr. W. W. Courtwright, with the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. Robert Bird, an English graduate, have all been added to the veterinary faculty of the State Agricultural College of Colorado. The Board of Control of that institu- tion are having everything done necessary to make that school first class in every respect. 7G2 NEWS AND ITEMS. The Board of Veterinary Examiners of the State of Maine met in Portland, July 8, 1908, and three candidates were ad- mitted to practice, Drs. E. E. Russell, W. L. Mebane and Thos. Dow. Members of the board present, Drs. W. S. Lord, of Port- land, and Dr. A. Jolly, of Waterville. Veterinary Department Colorado Agricultural Col- lege.— When the Investigating- Committee for the United States Department of Agriculture visited Fort Collins, Colorado, to in- vestigate the veterinary department of the state institution, it found that it was just organized, not in full running order, and had no graduates. Many of the contemplated plans in regard to laboratory facilities had not yet been carried out on account of the fact that they were making every effort to arrange and bring the course of instruction and laboratories up to the top notch. Dr. Geo. H. Glover, the energetic dean of the depart- ment, by aid of the Board of Regents and his co-workers, got busy at once. More members were added to the faculty and new equipment provided. This faculty now has five men who are either members of or are eligible to fnembership in the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, and three lecturers who have a like qualification. The following laboratories have been equipped : Pathologic, in which pathology, parasitology, histology and laboratory diag- nosis will be taught. A room is provided for a museum which is under this department; this museum at the present time has J 40 specimens. Botanic, in which botanv will be taught. Bac- teriologic, in which bacteriology and methods of making serums and vaccines will be given ; this is in connection with the Experi- ment Station. Zoologic, in which will be taught zoology^ and embryology. The zoologic laboratory building is a new stone structure, well-equipped and containing a large museum of rare specimens. Chemic, in which organic, inorganic and physiologic chemistry will be taught. The chemistry building is a large one devoted to this subject alone. Pharmaceutic, in which pharmacy will be taught. Anatomic, in which dissection of the horse, ox and dog will be conducted, also autopsy. A physiologic labora- tory in which to teach laboratory physiology is being fitted up. A hospital for large and small animals. Three lecture rooms ex- clusively for veterinary classes. As there is no medical department at this college, the teach- ing will be all purely comparative. Colorado people are de- termined to have a veterinary department of high standing and none to excel it. VETEBINAEY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 763 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to infoim us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizafions are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. American V. M. Ass'n Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J Connecticut V. M. Ass'n New YorkS. V. M. Soc'y Schuylkill Valley V. M. A Passaic Co. V. M. Ass'n Texas V. M. Ass'n Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n Central Canada V. Ass'n Michigan State V. M. Ass'n Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C Illinois State V. M. Ass'n Wisconsin See. Vet. Grad Illinois V. M.and Surg. A Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba North Carolina V. M. Ass'n Ontario Vet. Ass'n V. M. Ass'n, New York City Ohio State V. M. Ass'n...... Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n , Genesee Valley V. M . Ass'n , Iowa Veterinary Ass'n Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Pennsylvania State V. M. A , Keystone V. M. Ass'n Colorado State V. M . Ass'n Missouri Valley V. Ass'n Rhode Island V.M. Ass'n North Dakota V.M. Ass'n California State V.M. Ass'n Southern Auxiliary of California State V. M. Ass'n South Dakota V. M. A Nebraska V. M. Ass'n Kansas State V. M. Ass'n Ass'n Medecale Veterinare Fran 9aise " Laval " Province of Quebec V. M. A Kentucky V. M. Ass'n Washington State Col. V. M. A .. Indiana Veterinary Association... Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n Twin City V. M. Ass'n Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n.,.. Georgia State V. M. A Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn Virginia State V. M. Ass'n Oklahoma V.M. Ass'n Veterinary Practitioners' Club Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago. Arkansas Veterinary Society. York Co. (Pa.)V. M. A Philippine V. M. A Montana State V. M. A , Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta., Date of Next Meeting. Sept. 8,9,10 & II. Jan. 14, 1909. . . . Sept. 2, 3,4,1908. Dec. 16, 1908 Call of Chair. .. Call Exec. Com, Monthly October Place of Meeting. Philadelphia. Trenton New Haven . Utica Reading Paterson, N.J Feb. 2-3, 1909.. April, 1909 Not stated. ist Wed. ea. mo, January, 1909 . . . ist Wed. ea. mo. Boston Waterville Ottawa Lansing 141 W. 54th St Galesburg Centralia . Winnipeg. Raleign . . Jan. 14, 1909 Sept. 8 . . Monthly. Jan. and June.. 2d Wed. in Aug, Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct. 2dTues. injy. '09 Oct. 6-7, 1908 . Jan., 1909 1st and 3d Thur. of each month 141 W. 54th St Columbus Pittsburgh.... St. Joseph... . Rochester Duluth Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Denver Omaha Providence Monthly An'l, Jan., '09. 2d Thu. ea. mo . June, 1909. Chicago Veterinary Society Maryland State Vet. Society St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors. Monthly 4th Wed. ea. mo, 2d Fri. ea. mo... Sept. I, 1908.. Oct*. ri9<^ •'*.!; Alameda Los Angeles.. Sioux Falls. .. Grand Island. Topeka Lec.Room.La- val Un'y.Mon. Mon.andQue. Not decided . . Pullman, Wa . Indianapolis.. St.P.-Minneap Atlanta Philadelphia. Norfolk Name and Address Secretary. 2d Tues. ea. mo. 1st Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. ea. mo. R. P. Lyman, Hartford, Ct. W. Herbert Lowe, Paterson. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. M. Hamilton, Delhi. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J. R. P. Marsteller, College Sta. Wm. T. White, .Newtonville. A. Jply, Waterville. A. E. James, Ottawa. Judson Black, Richmond. T. F. Krey, N. Y. City. N. I. Stringer, Paxton. S. Beattie, Madison. Frank Hockman, Louisville. F. Torrance, Winnipeg. Adam Fisher, Charlotte. C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto. W. ReidBlair, N. Y. City. Sidney D. Myers, Wilmington F. Weitzell, Allegheny. F. F. Brown, Kansas City. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. H. C. Simpson, Denison. C. A. Mack^ Stillwater. F.H. Schneider, Philadelphia. A. W. Ormiston, 102 Herman St., Germantown, Pa. M J. Woodliffe, Denver. B.F.Kaupp,FortCollins,Colo. T. E. Robinson, Westerly . C. H. Martin, Valley City. C.M.Haring, U. C, Berkeley T. A. Edmonds, Los Angeles. J. A. Graham, Sioux Fsuls. H. Jensen, Weeping Water. B. Rogers, Manhattan. J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. Gustave Boyer, Rigand, P. Q. D. A. Piatt, Lexington. Wm. D. Mason, Pullman. E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge. S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. i. C. Robert, Agricultural Col. . L.Willoughby, Experiment B.T.Woodward, Wash'n, D.C. W. G. Chrisman, Charlo'sv'le. W. H. Martin, El Reno. A. F. Mount, jersey City. F. M. Ashbaugh.Wash., D. C. J. Madsen, Chicago, 111. B. H. Merchant, Little Rock. E. S. Bausticker, York^ Pa. R. H. McMullen, Manila. C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskatchewan, Aita., Can. J. M. Parks, Chicago. H. H. Counselman,Sec'y. St. Louis Wm.T.Conway,St. Louis, Mo. Jersey City , 514— 9th St. N. W Chicago York, Pa. Helena... Chicago — Baltimore... PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $S per annum, invariably in advance ; Canadian subscriptions, $S.!5 ; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $i.25 ; single copies, Z5 cents. Bijected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. The Pasteur Vaccine Company, Limited, 7 Rue de Meyerbeer, Paris, France; and London, 80 Lombard street; and Chicago branches in this country, is a leader in Biological Products. Their business extends over all parts of the world, and they are continually adding new products to their line, following their custom of only handling that which is absolutely reliable and which has been thoroughly tested. You will find, referring to their ad- vertisement on page 28, that they have recently added several new products, among which are Canine Distemper Serum, Antistrangles Serum and Trau- matol. The latter is composed of iodine and cresylic acid, thus making the preparation a powerful germicide and antiseptic. It completely^ takes the place of iodoform, possessing all its advantages without any of its defects. Unlike iodoform, it is neither toxic, caustic, nor irritating; has very little smell, which disappears on the wound; it is very staple, resisting heat and dampness. Its germicide powers are over six times greater than that of iodo- form. It has been extensively used abroad and will, no doubt, be a valuable addition to the up-to-date veterinarian's list of reliable products. We presume most of our readers have noticed the work done by Parke, Davis & Co. at many of the leading fairs in past years. During the present season Kreso will be represented at the following fairs : Columbus, Ohio ; Detroit, Mich. ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Indianapolis, Ind. ; Grand Rapids, Mich. ; Syracuse, N. Y. ; Huron, S. D. ; Atlanta, Ga. ; Danbury, Conn. ; Des Moines, Iowa; Hamline, Minn.; Sioux City, Iowa, and Springfield, 111. At some of these Kreso will be employed as the official disinfectant, and others will doubtless be added to the list later in the season. Moreover, Kreso has been used at some 75 leading fairs and expositions (including the International Live Stock Exposition) during the past few years. To those who are visitors, but not exhibitors, the fact that Parke, Davis & Co. will be upon these grounds with sanitary apparatus and a display of their Animal Industry products offers an opportunity for the visitor to acquaint himself with them. Users of Therapogen will take kindly to any products manufactured by the same house and imported by the same firm, so it will please them to find on the new full-page advertisement of H. Lieber & Co. (page 32, Adv. Dept.) the names and descriptions of two new preparations, viz. : Zecol and Thvmogen. They will send you free samples if you mention the Review. Notice the advertisement of Back Numbers For Sale on page opposite. 764 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Echinorhynchus Gigas — Fig. I— Echinorhynchus Gigas Attached on the Wall of the Small Intestine of Pigs, a, a', Deep Ulcerations Made by the Parasite. 9 Fig. 2 — a Female, e. — b, b', Males 9 Fig. 3 — Peritoneal Surface of a Portion of the Small Intestine Upon Which are Attached Echinorhynchus Gigas. At a, a', No- dosities Corresponding at Points of Attachment of the Para- site; b, a Nodule Projection Through the Fat of the Mesen- tery 9 Traumatic Pericarditis — gg- 1 50 Fig. 2 51 Cystic Calculus 56 Blood of Cow Containing Bad. Anthracis (Microscopic Field) .-... 138 Thrombus of Left Jugular Vein, Showing — 1 1. A Complete Obstructive Thrombus j- 168 2. The Vessel was Very Much Increased in Thickness. J 168 Urethral Calculus 173 Plates Showing Points for Cocainization of Plantar Nerves for the General Diagnosis of the Seat of Lameness in Bovines — Fig. I — Metacarpus and Metatarsus. Anterior Face I 1. Injection on Metacarpus * I 2. Injection on Metatarsus I Fig. 2 — Metacarpus and Metatarsus. External Face \ 262 1. Injection on Metacarpus I 2. Injection on Metatarsus Fig. 3 — Metacarpus and Metatarsus. Internal Face..' | 1. Injection on Metacarpus I 2. Injection on Metatarsus J Illustration Showing Intestinal Diverticulum 460 Portrait of Dr. Veranus A. Moore, Director, New York State Veter- inary College (Frontispiece, August Number). Diagram Showing Source of Hay and How It Reached Horses Through . Different Dealers in an Epidemic of Acute Poisoning in Horses. 569 A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia- Headquarters of the A. V. M. A 618 Officers for 1907-8 — Portraits of President W. H. Dalrymple, Vice- Presidents A. D. Melvin, R. €. Moore, J. H. McNeil, R. A. Archibald and C. A. Cary, Secretary R. P. Lyman, Treasurer George R. White, and Librarian W. L. Williams 620 Houston Hall, University of Pennsylvania 623 Johne's Disease in' Cattle — Fig. I — Mucous Membrane of Small Intestine, Showing Wrinkled Appearance (Natural Size) 711 Fig. 2 — Photo-micrograph of Scraping from Mucous Membrane of Small Intestine, Showing Bacilli of Johne's Disease 713 Fig. 3 — Photo-micrograph of Section Through Mucosa of Small Intestine, Showing Masses of Bacilli 71S INDEX TO AUTHORS. PAGE Ackerman, E. B "j-j Ashbaugh, F. M 113,243,376,502 Barnes, C. A 332 Bausticker, E. S 504 Beebe, W. L 7og Black, Judson 90 Blair, W. Reid n, 109, 238, 372, 463 Bronson, E. M 100 Brown, F. F 533 Budd, T. Earle 562 Burnett, Samuel H 136 Clark, W. G 173 Clark, W. L 49, 50 Cooley, A. S 199 Coppenbarger, A. G 586 Cotton, C. E 756 Counselman, H. H 113 De Vine, J. F 52 Dimock, W. W 575 Dow, B. K 241 Drinkwater, Wm.' i6i Flower, E. P 642 Frederick, C. B 76 French. Cecil 348 Gaetz, H. T 586 Giltner, Ward 557 Glover, Geo. H 449 Graham. J. A 759 Gray, Whitfield 550 Gribble, Wm. H 30, 212 Hamilton, W 639 Hammond, R. R 169 Haring, C. M 232, 499 Harrison, James 720 Heck, W. A 322 Hell, Henry 171 Hendren, S. G 681 Holton, 326 Hughes, D. Arthur.. .420, 493, 541,613 Huyett, W. G 103, 503 Ilstrup, F. A 725 Jensen, H 234 Johnson, G. A 431 Joly, A 240,758 Kaupp, B. F 221, zyT, 635 Kern, C. B 723 Kinsley, A. T 167, 460 Klein, Louis A 42 Krey, Theodore F 236 Lee, Wm. J 378 PAGE Lellmann, Wilfred 440 Liautard, A 58, 60, 64, 188, 192, 335, 338, 342, 472, 476, 588, 591, 730, m, 72,7 Lowe, Wm. Herbert 628 Lyman, R. P 498 Mack, C. A 354 Mack, Winf red B 330 Marshall, L. G 48 Marsteller, Ross 374 Mayo, N. S 575 Merillat, L. A. and E 53, 177 Miller, J. F 174, 176 Mills, C. C 76 Nodyne, E. H 584* O'Leary, J. P 67, 197, 345, . _ 479,595,739 Peters, A. T 272 Pick, Walter R 469 Planz, J. F 328 Porter, Fred. W 201 Reynolds, M. H , 365, 402, 692 Rice, J. Martin 571 Richardson, T. F 566 Rickett, W. G 349 Robertson, James L jj Rogers, Burton 310 Schmidt, Theodor 272 Schwarzkopf, O 185, 2:^2, 465 Scott, E. H 176 Simpson, Hal C 78 Shipley, T. A 701 Stout, R. A 352 Sterlinger, H 440 Stringer, N. 1 76 Taylor, J. H 642 Torrance, F 228 Treman, H. B 582 Turner, J. P 491 Udall, D. H 218 Van Es, L 492 Volgenau, E. L 586 Waldron, C. A 456 Walrod, Geo. M 175 Welch. W. H 717 Weston, E. A 165 White, Mark 15 White, Wm. T 378 Whitehouse, A. W 150,461 Williams, W. L 662 Willis, J. G 579, 580 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIIL A Bright Boy 203 Abdominal Tumor in a Slut 476 Abscess, Mescnt'=ric 191, 472, 730 Abscess of the Trachea 340 Abscess, Traumatic of the » Parotid 473 Abscess, Ovarian, in a Mare 192 Abstracts from Exchanges 58, 188, 335, 472. =8S, 730 Academy of Science Selects Vet- erinarian for its President.... 271 A Case of Acute Nephritis in a Horse 737 A Case of Malformation 58 A Case of Mesenteric Abscess Due to Streptococci Infection. 191 A Case of Primitive Bilateral Cancer of the Kidney, in a Cat 193 Accidental Ligatures on Extrem- ities of Small Animals 191 Acid, Carbolic, in the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases 188 Actinomycosis of the Scrotum of a Steer 171 Acute Nephritis, a Case of, in a Horse TKj Additions to Government Stud.. 381 Addressed to His Dog 439 Address, President Glover's, Col- orado 449 A Diagnosis Renuested 723 A Duck of an M.D 587 A Human Failing 419 Albany, Legislation at 486 A Literary Gem 532 Alkaloids in the Treatment of In- digestion in Bovine, Injections of 61 American Society P. C. A 248 American Veterinary Medical Association 133, 269, 387, ID 399, 618, 650 A Matter of Indifference 508 Anatomica' Observations 654 Andrews, William W., Obituary. 497 An Epidemic of Acute Poisoning in Horses 566 Anaesthesia, General, by Intra- peritoneal Injections of Chloral Hydrate 571 PAGE Aneurism Thrombus with Rup- ture of the Left Internal Iliac Artery in a Zebra 463 A New Element in Milk . 744 Animal Food Supply, Hungary's. 160 Animal, Tuberculosis, Automatic Method of Eradicating 310 Animal Tuberculosis, Away with. 541 Animal Vision 187 Animals, Accidental Ligatures... 191 Animals, A. S. P. C. A 248 Animals, Diseases of the Eye in. 59 Animals, Domestic, Artificial Im- pregnation of 30 Animals, Domestic, Hydrone- phrosis in the 589 Animals, Exhibition of Specimens of Tuberculosis 164 Animals, Large,, Killing of 736 Animals, Odd, in Harness 14 Animals, the Restraint of, by aid of Chloral Hydrate 533 Another Case of Persistent Lac- tation in a Mule 52 Another Reason 14 Anthracosis Pulmonum, Study of the Origin of 480 Anthrax, Bacteridian, Inoculation of 734 Anthrax and Symptomatic An- thrax, Observations on 55o Anthrax, The Control of an Out- break of 136 An Uncommon Dislocation 189 Aortic Trunk, Spontaneous Rup- ture of the, in a Horse 736 A Plan for Filing Bulletins 660 Appendicitis an Infectious Dis- ease 745 Apoplectiform Septicaemia i n Chickens 330 Apothecary's Weight 761 Appropriation, Cattle Tick 164 A Queer Protest 658 Are Tubercle Bacilli Present in the Muscle Tissue and in the Apparently Healthy Lymph Glands of Tubercular Ani- mals ? 739 Arthritis Resulting from Deep Wound of the Foot 593 viil TABO; OF CONTENTS, VOLTJJIE XXXHI. PAGE Artificial Impregnation of Do- mestic Animals 30 Army Veterinary Bill 185, 465 Army Veterinary Department, 185, 333, 46s Asbestos Blankets 248 Ascites, followed by Carcinoma in Skye Terrier 591 Ascitis in a Dog 65 Asphj'xia, Sudden Death by 63 A Simple Control 335 Association of Veterinary Facul- ties and Examining Board of North America 757 Asthma, Symptomatic 343 Atresia, Congenital, of the Ureter. 344 A Triumph of Science 507 Australia, Rabbits vs. Mutton in. 135 A Usurer 549 Automatic Method of Eradicat- ing Animal Tuberculosis 310 Away with Animal Tuberculosis. 541 A Zebra Stud 378 Azoturia in an Old Horse 473 Bacterial Diseases, Carbolic Acid in the Treatment of 188 Bacteridian Anthrax, Inoculation of 734 Banquet A. V. M. A. at Cleve- land 746 Banquet, Iowa State College Veterinary Medical Society.... 52 Bargain, The Unravelled 29 Barium Salts, and Loco-Weed Poisoning 531, 613 Beasts, Voices for Stuffed 380 Bedding, Peat Moss. 335 Bell, Roscoe, In Memoriam of.. 352 Bell, Roscoe R., Obituary Reso- lutions 75 Bibliography. .. .10, 128, 202, 263, 351, 520,658 Bier's Hypersemic Treatment, Notes on 461 Bier's Congestive Hyperaemia in Veterinary Practice 272 Biliary Bladder, Foreign Body in the 62 Bitch, Inguinal Hernia in a.... 730 Bitch, Malignant Tumor in 590 Bitten by a Horseradish 587 Bladder, Foreign Body in the Biliary 62 Blankets, Asbestos 248 Blood of Parasite-Infested Sheep, Changes in 557 PAGE Boracic Acid for the Preserva- tion of Milk Samples for Ex- amination 743 Bovine Distomatosis, a Case of.. 192 Bovine Tuberculosis, Milk Trade and Prophylaxy of 126 Bovine Tuberculosis, Protective Vaccination Against 440 Bovines, Injections of Alkaloids in the Treatment of Indiges- tion in 61 Bowel, Prolapsus of, in Dog 591 Brazil, Institution of Experi- mental Medicine in 77 Breaking His Attachment 448 Buckham, James, Obituary 204 Bulletins, A Plan for Filing 660 Bursa, Ruptured 326 Buttermilk 381 Cadeac Encyclopedia, " Patholo- gic Interne " 10 Caesarean Operation in Sows.... 2^2 Calculi, Cystic, Operation for. . . 53 Calculus, Urethral 173 Canada, Legislation in 748 Canadian Notes 483 Cancer of the Kidneys in a Cat. . 193 Cancer, The Results of Modern Investigation Regarding 599 Canine Clinical Notes 590 Canine Surgery, The Value and Use of Morphia in 650 Carbolic Acid in the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases 188 Carbonated Milk 382 Carcinoma, Multiple 176 Carcinoma of the Kidney in Dog. 198 Carcinoma of the CEsophagus in Fox Terrier 590 Caries of Incisives and of the In- termaxillary Bone in a Horse. 339 Case, A Test 77 Case of Malformation, A 58 Case of Persistent Lactation in Mule 52 Case, Parturition, in a Mare 165 Cases Met With in Practice 720 Cases, Some Interesting 717 Cases, Unusual 455 Castration, Epiplocele in the Horse ? 122 Castration of Steer, With Osteo- sarcoma of the Testicular Region 735 Castration of Ridgelings 180 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIIL PAGE Cat, A Case of Primitive Bilat- eral Cancer of the Kidneys ^in a 193 Cat, Intoxication with Cocaine ^ in a 477 Cat, Retention of Urine in a .... 731 Cattle Food Labeling 251 Cattle, Growths Resembling Nodules on the Peritoneum of. 744 Cattle, Intoxication of. Due to Eating Sinapis Nigra 64 » Cattle, Johne's Disease in. .. .661, 709 Cattle, Peculiar Skin Lesions in.. 336 Cattle Tick Appropriation 164 Cattle, Tuberculous, The Disposi- tion of 431 Caustics as Modern Surgical Expediments 177 Changes in the Blood of Para- site-Infested Sheep on an In- nutritious Diet 557 Chemical Cautics as Modern Surgical Expediments 177 Chicago to Have a $250,000 Vet- erinary College 116 Chicago Veterinary College 205 Chickens, Apoplectiform Septi- caemia in 330 Chloral Hydrate, The Restraint of Animals by Aid of 533 Chloral Hydrate, General Anaes- thesia by 571 Chloral, Intra-Peritoneal Injec- tion of 516,745 Chondroma of the Elbow 340 Chronic Hydrocephalus 174 Chronic Mammitis by Foreign Body in a Mare 196 Chronic Uraemia in a Dog 198 Civil Service Examinations, 250, 747 Clinical Notes, Canine 590 Clippings. Fi'ing System for.... 692 Cocaine, Intoxication With, in a Cat 477 Cocainization as Diagostic Agent in Bovine Lameness 261 Caecum, Impaction of the 582 . Colic — Intra-Peritoneal Injec- * tions of Chloral 516,745 Colon, Intussuscepted, Prolapsus of, in a Puppy 731 Colorado State College, Veter- inary Department . . . .643, 761, 762 Colopexia, Treatment of Rectal Prolapsus in Dog by 60 College, Chicago to Have a $250,- 000 Veterinary 116 PAGE College, Chicago Veterinary 205 College, Colorado State, Veter- inary Department . . . .643, 761, ^62 College Commencements 205 College, Grand Rapids Veter- inary 208 College, Indiana Veterinary 209 College, McKillip Veterinary. .. .211, ^ , 309.379 College, New York-American, Changes in Faculty 746 College, New York State Vet- erinary 612 College, Ontario Veterinary 210 College, St. Joseph Veterinary.. 21 r Colleges, Report and Recom- mendations Regarding 600 Colleges, The Government Stand- ard for 523 College, The Kansas City Vet- erinary 74, 207, 644 College, The New Director of the New York State Veter- inary 528 College, The San Francisco 115 College, University of Havana.. 249 College, Veterinary, University of Illinois 116, 644 College, West Virginia Uni- versity 248 Comparative Surgery 164 Composition of Some Secret Remedies 597 Concerning the Alleged Injuri- ousness of the Fluid Contents of the Echinococcus Vesicle... 197 Conditions in Iowa, Country Slaughter House 701 Congenital Atresia of the Ureter with Cystic Atrophy of a Kid- ney 344 Congestive Hyperaemia in Veter- inary Practice, Bier's 272 Congress, Veterinary, Ninth In- ternational 129, 509 Constipating Effects of Mor- phine 41 Contribution to the Study of the Etiology of Infectious Pneu- monia 123 Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Anthracosis Pulmo- num 480 Control of an Outbreak of An- thax. The 136 Control, A Simple 335 Control Work, Sanitary, in Minnesota 402 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Connecticut, Verdict in Prosecu- tion Case Sustained 251 Co-operation, Veterinary 12 Correspondence .... 199, 348, 491, 613 Cotyloid, Cavity, Fracture of, With Rupture of the Coxo- Femoral Ligament 196 Country Slaughter-House Condi- tions in Iowa 761 Cow, Diphtheroid Vaginitis in a. 738 Cow, Endometritis and Pylo- nephritis in a Milch 66 Cow, Fatal Impaction of the Pla- centa in the Reticulum of a... 49 Cow vs. Milkman Ii6 Coxo-Femoral Ligament, Rup- ture of 196 Cranium, Fracture of the, in a Horse 477 Creosote Poisoning in a Dog. . . . 192 Cribbing Horses, Two Autopsies on 341 Cruelty Would Defeat Purposes of Vivisection 314 Cryptorchid Horses, Diseased Testicles in 161 Cryptorchids, Death of Two, After Operation 735 Cuboid, Fracture of 190 Cystic Calculi in Geldings, Op- eration for the Removal of 53 Dairy Inspection, Detroit 561 Dalrymple, Chosen 176 Data in Veterinary Science, Re- cent 53, 177 Date, No Change of 269 Dealer, A Truthful 29 Death by Asphyxia, Sudden 63 Death of Two Cryptorchids, Sev- eral Weeks After Being Op- erated Upon 735 Department, Army Veterinary, .tr , , ^ 185,333,46s Deep Wound of the Foot; Ar- thritis 593 Deer going to Minnesota 382 Deer, White and Deaf, A 135 Dentistry, Caries of Incisives and Intermaxillary Bone 339 Detroit's Start 561 Diagnosis and Treatment of Tor- sion of the Large Colon in the Horse 647 Diagnosis of Glanders 125 Diagnosis Requested, A 723 Diathesis, Herpetic, in a Dog 194 PAGE Diphtheroid Vaginitis in a Cow. 738 Directories, Veterinary 518 Diseased Testicles in Cryptorchid Horse 161 Disease, Johne's. in Catth. . . .661, 709 Diseases, Bacterial, Carbolic Acid in the Treatment of 188 Disposition of Tuberculous Cat- tle, The 431 Diseases of the Eye in Animals. . 59 Diseases of the Horse, B. A. I., Special Report 135 { Dislocation, An Uncommon 189 Distemper, Nervous, of the Dog, The Treatment of 742 Distomatosis, Bovine, a Case of. 192 Diverticula, Intestinal 460 Docking in Lambs 337 Dog, Addressed to His 439 Dog, Ascitis in a 65 Dog, Chronic Uraemia in a 198 Dog, Creosote Poisoning in a. . . . 192 Dog, Herpetic Diathesis in a 194 Dog, Humero-Radio-Cubital Lux- ation in a 733 Dog, Luxation of the Patella 473 Dog, CEsophagotomy in a 58 Dog, Pasteur Vaccination against Rabies 328 Dog, Removal of Foreign Body from Stomach of 586 Dog, The Treatment of Nervous Distemper of the 742 Dog, Treatment of Rectal Pro- lapsus, by Colopexia 60 Dog, Typhlitis in the 61 Dogs, Nervous System of Two.. 337 Dogs, Rhinitis of 513 Domestic Animals, Artificial Im- pregnation of 30 Domestic Animals, Hydrome- phrosis in the 589 Dressing, Occludent, Silicate of Potash 478 Dressing, Dry, Permanganate of Potash as a 192 Driven to Drink 565 Dr. Melvin's Work Appreciated. 381 Dry Dressing, Permanganate of , Potash as a 192 Ducks Dying by Hundreds 334 Duration of Life, The 184 Ear, Internal, Abscess of in a Mule 590 Echinorhynchus Gipas 8 Echinococcus Vesicle 197 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. Editorial — A Plan for Filing Bulletins Epizootic Lymphangitis 271 Good News from Louisiana... 526 Johne's Disease in Cattle Loco-Weed Poisoning and Barium Salts 531 Meat and Milk Hygiene 134 No Change of Date, A.V.M.A. 269 Our Distinguished Guests 530 Philadelphia and Washington.. 133 ^ The A. V. M. A. Meeting 399 The Government Standard for Veterinary Colleges 523 The New Director of the New York State Veterinary Col- lege 528 The New York Work-Horse Parade 131 The Status of Veterinary Edu- cation 266 The Veterinarian's Mecca Veterinary Co-operation Ap- preciated 12 Education, Veterinary, in Scot- land 549 Education, Veterinary, in Eu- rope 471 Education, Veterinary, The Status of 266 Education, Veterinary 348 Effects of Lightning on a Filly.. 594 Effects of Lightning Stroke 474 Elbow, Chrondroma of the 340 Endometritis and Pylonephritis in a Milch Cow 66 English Review 58, 188, 335, ^ ,. , ^ 472,5^,730 Enlightenment, Veterinary 420 Enormous Abdominal Tumor in a Slut 476 Enteritis Chronica Ps«udotuber- culosa Bovis in Norway 198 Epidemic of Acute Poisoning in Horses, An 566 Epiplocele of Castration in the Horse ? 122 Epithelioma, in a Hen 64 ) Epizootic Lymphangitis 271 Etiology and Pathogenesis of In- digestion 67 Etiology of Infectious Pneumonia. 123 European Chronicles— Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis? No Rabies 395 Anatomical Observations 654 PAGE A Queer Protest 658 Bibliography 10, 520, 263, 658 Can the Epiplocele of Castra- tion Take Place in the Horse ? 122 Oocainization of the Plantar Nerves for the General Diag- nosis of the Seat of Lame- ness in Bovines 261 Contribution to the Study of the Etiology of Infectious Pneumonia 123 Diagnosis and Treatment of Torsion of the' Large Colon in the Horse. The Diagnosis of Glanders 125 Echinorhynchus Gigas 8 European Items of Veterinary Interest 522 European Sundry Items 657 Hyperaemia Stasis as a Thera- peutic Agent I Intra-Peritoneal Injections of Chloral 516 Law Suit Against Prof. Loef- fler, A 658 Milk Trade and Prophylaxy of Bovine Tuberculosis 126 Necrological Notices 397 Ninth International Veterinary Congress 129 Ophthalmo-Reaction and Non Acoutumancy to Tuberculin. 392 Ather Points of Interest 393 Ozoned Terpene or Tallianine. 394 Part Played By Helminthes, Their Larvae and Those of Insects in the Transmission of Pathogenous Microbes... 390 Pasteurellosis 256 Pharyngeal Paralysis 258 Proceedings of the Forty- Fourth Annual Meeting of A. V. M. A., The 387 Prof. Law Retires 255 Rebellion at the Veterinary School of Vienna 657 Keport of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, The 265 Rhinitis of Dogs and Its Com- plications 513 Spirochaetosis of Fowls 515 Spurious or Pseudo Gestation. 5 Tendinous and Periostic Re- flexes in Horses 652 Treatment of Pneumonic My- ocarditis 119 TABI-E OF CONTENTS, VOLUSIE XXXIII. PAGE Tuberculosis of the Retro- pharyngeal Glands 656 Value and Use of Morphia in Canine Surgery, The 650 Veterinary Directories 518 European Items of Veterinary Interest 522, 657 Europe, Veterinary Education in. 471 Exchanges, Abstracts from... 58, 188, 335, 472, 588 Examining Board in Wisconsin. . 507 Examining Board, Minnesota, Report of 3^5 Examinations, Civil Service. .250, 747 Examination for Farrier 383 Examinations, Result of Compe- tition 382 Exhibition of Specimens of Tu- berculosis in Animals 164 Exhibitors, Represented by Vet- erinarian 448 Exophthalmia Due to Throm- bosis of a Cavernous Sinus in a Horse 591 Experimental Medicine in Brazil, Institute of ^^ Eye, Diseases of the, in Animals. 59 Eye, Open Wound of the An- terior Chamber of the 592 Faculty, New York - American Veterinary College, Changes in. 746 Farrier, Examinat'on for 383 Fatal Impaction of the Placenta in the Recticulum of a Cow ... 49 Femur, Fracture of in a Mule... 190 Filing System for Bulletins, Mis- cellaneous Pamphlets and Clip- pings 6Q2 Filly, Effects of Lightning on a. . 594 Filariasis of the Skin 343 Finding a Horseshoe 464 Foals, Infection in 169 Foals, Intracheal Injections of Iodine for Toint-Ill in. 474 Foods and Their Adulteration, Wiley 351 Food, Labeling, Cattle 251 Food Supply, Hungary's Ani- mal 160 Foreign Body in the Biliary Bladder 62 Fowls, Spirochaetosis of 515 Fox Terrier, Carcinoma of the CEsophagus 590 Fractured Pastern T2)Z PAGE Fracture of the Cranium in a Horse 477 Fracture of the Cotyloid Cavity With Rupture of the Coxo— Femoral Ligament 196 Fracture of the Cuboid in a Mule. 190 Fracture of the Head and In- ternal Trochanter of the Femur in a Mule . .^ 190 French Review 60, 192, 338, 476, 591, 733 Fraenum Linguae, Tumefaction of the 739 Gastrotomy to Extract Foreign Body from the Rumen 594 Geldings, Operation for the Re- moval of Cystic Calculi in S3 General Anaesthesia by Intraperi- toneal Injections of Chloral Hydrate 57i German Review 67, 197, 345, 479, 595, 739 Gestation, Spurious or Pseudo. . 5 Gigas, Echinorhynchus 8 Glanders, Diagnosis of 125 Glanders, Mallein Test in the Philippines 469 Glanders, Pathogenesis of 345 Glands, Retropharyngeal, Tuber- culosis of the 656 Goats, Nervous 315 " Gola di Lupo," Palatine Fissue, Due to Mechanical Cause.... 73S Good News from Louisiana 526 Government Standard for Veter- inary Colleges 523 Government Stud, Additions to.. 381 Grand Rapids Veterinary Col- lege 201, 208 Grim Pasturage, A 57 Growths Resembling Nodules on the Peritoneum of Cattle.... 744 Guests, Our Distinguished 530 Guitar Fails to Stop Bull 271 Gunshot Wound 195 Handling of Wound Infection, The Systemic (£2 Harness, Odd Animals in 14 ( Heifer, Tuberculosis of the Spinal Cord in a 476 Helminthes, Part Played By in the Transmission of Microbes.. 390 Hen, Tubular Epithelioma of the Stomach and of the Intestines in a 64 Hernia, Inguinal, in a Bitch.... 730 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Hernia, Umbilical, Case of Stran- gulated 190 Hermaphrodite Pug 188 Herpetic Diathesis in a Dog 194 His Happiness Explained 248 Horse, Abscess of the Trachea. . .340 Horse, A Case of Acute Ne- phritis in a TTt'j Horse, Azoturia in an Old 473 Horse, Caries of Incisives and Intermaxillary Bone 339 Horse, Diseases of, Special Re- port B. A. 1 135 Horse, Epiplocele of Castration.. 122 Horse, Exophthalmia in a 591 Horse, Fracture of the Cranium ^^Jn a 477 Horse, Intraperitoneal Injections of Chloral Hydrate in Colic... 745 Horse, lodipin in the Treatment of Advanced Pneumonia of the. 481 Horse Parade, The New York Work 131 Horse, President Roosevelt Loyal to the 419 Horse, Pseudo-Luxation of the Patella 473 Horse, Spontaneous Rupture of the Aortic Trunk in a 736 Horse, The Diagnosis and Treat- ment of Torsion of the Large Colon 647 Horseman, The Veterinarian as a. 401 Horses, An Epidemic of Acute Poisoning in 566 Horses, Cribbing, Two Autopsies of 341 Horses, Diseased Testicles in Cryptorchid l6l Horses, Sugar and Fruit for 482 Horses, Tendinous and Periostic Reflexes in 652 Horses, The Occurrence of the Spiroptera Megastoma and S. Microstoma in the Stomach of. 475 Horse, Vomition in the 588 Humero-Radio-Cubital Luxation in a Dog 'J2>2> Hungary's Animal Food Supply. 160 Hydronephrosis in tke Domestic Animals 589 Hydrocephalus, Chronic 174 Hygiene, Meat and Milk 134 Hygiene, Meat, One Problem in. 42 Hyperaemia in Veterinary Prac- tice 272 PAGE Hyperasmia Stasis as a Thera- peutic Agent I Hyperaemic Treatment, Bier .... 461 Hypertrophy of the Prostate, Caused by Intestinal Obstruc- tion 342 Ideals for the Veterinarian 562 Illegal Practitioner, Prosecution of, in Connecticut 251 Illinois, University of, Veterinary College 116, 644 Impaction of the Caecum 582 Impaction of the Placenta in the Recticulum of a Cow, Fatal... 49 Impregnation of Domestic Ani- mals, Artificial 30 Increased Facilities at McKillip.. 309 Increased Pay for Army Veteri- narians 333 Indiana Veterinary College 209 Indigestion, Etiology and Patho- genesis of (fj Indigestion in Bovines, Injec- tions of Alkaloids in the Treat- ment of 61 Infection in Foals 169 Infection, Streptococci 172 Infection, Wound, The Systemic Handling of 662 Infectious Pneumonia, Etiology of 123 Influence, Functional and Or- ganic 72 Influence, Toxic and Microbic... Tz Inguinal Hernia in a Bitch.. 730 Injections of Alkaloids in the Treatment of Indigestion in Bovines 61 In Memoriam of Roscoe Bell... 352 Inoculation of Bacteridian An- thrax 734 Inspection, Meat 681 Institute of Experimental Medi- cine in Brazil "jy International Congress on Tuber- culosis 133, 750 International Veterinary Con- gress at The Hague 129,509 Intracheal Injections of Iodine for Joint-Ill in Foals 474 Intra-Peritoneal Injections of Chloral 516,745 Inter-State Association of Live- stock Sanitary Boards. .. .509, 7c6 Intestinal Diverticula 460 Intestines in a Steer, Obstruction of the 6S TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Intoxication of Cattle, Due to Eating Sinapis Nigra 64 Intussuscepted Colon, Prolapsus of, in a Puppy 731 Intussusception in a Mare 335 Intussusception in a Pony 188 Investigations Concerning the Pathogenesis of Gland'ers. . . . 345 lodipin in the Treatment of Advanced Pneumonia of the Horse 481 Iowa, Country Slaughter-House Conditions in 701 Iowa State College, Veterinary Medical Society 52 Italian Review 64,342,737 Items, European 522, 657 Johne's Disease in Cattle. .. .661, 709 Joint-Ill in Foals, Treatment of. 474 Kansas City Veterinary Col- lege 74,207,644 Kiernan, Marriage of Dr. John A 201 Killing of Large Animals 736 Knowles. Dr. M. E 760 Kooker, William S., Obituary... 204 Labeling, Cattle Food 251 Lactation in Mule, Another Case of Persistent 52 Lambs, Tetanus Following Dock- ing •••••. 337 Lameness in Bovines, Diagnosis. 261 Large Animals, Killing of 736 Large Colon, Torsion of, in the Horse 647 Law, Prof., Retires 255 Law, Prof., Pension for 382 Law Suit Against Prof. Loef- fler, A 658 Law, The New York 160 Laws Governing Veterinary Practice 244 Lectures, Veterinary, Thompson. 202 Legislation at Albany 486 Legislation, Army 185 Legislation in Canada j.x^ Legislation, New Jersey 384 Lesions, Skin, in Cattle 336 Licensed to Practice in New Jer- ^ .sey 540 Life, The Duration of 184 Lightning, Effects of. on a Filly. 594 Lightning Stroke, Effects of 474 Ligature, Accidental, on Extrem- ities of Small Animals 191 Lightning Shocks, Symptoms of. 189 PAGE Lioness, Tuberculosis in 586 Live Stock Sanitary Boards, The Inter-btate Association. 509 Local Tetanus and its Origin. . . . 742 Loco-Weed Poisoning and Bar- ium Salts 531, 613 Loco-Poisoning 334 Locust Bark, Poisoning from. . . . 456 Loeffler, Prof., A Law Suit Against 658 Lost Material 52 Louisiana, Good News from 526 Luxation, Humero-Radio-Cubital, in a Dog y^;;, Lymphadenoma, Prethoracic, in a Mare 479 Lymphangitis, Epizootic 271 Maine Veterinarians 383 McKillip Veterinary College..2ii, 309, 379 Malformation, A Case of 58 Malignant Tumor in Bitch 590 Mallein and The Tuberculin Test. 584 Mallein Test in the Phillipines. . . 469 Mammitis, Chronic, in a Mare.. 198 Mange and its Treatmert 725 Mare, Chronic Mammitis by For- eign Body in a 196 Mare, Intussusception in a 335 Mare, Ovarian Abscess in a 192 Mare, Parturition Case with Un- usual Complications in a 165 Mare, Parturient Paresis in a... 48 Mare, Prethoracic Lymphad- enoma in a 477 Mare, Removal of the Placenta in the 588 Mare, Rupture of the Uterus and Perineum During Parturition. . 732 Marriage of Dr. John A. Kier- nan 20t Martyrs of Science 708 Materia Medica and Thereapeu- tics, Winslow 263 Material, Lost 52 Meat and Milk Hygiene 134 Meat Hygiene, One Problem in.. 42 Meat Inspection, The Veterin- arian and 681 Mecca, The Ve|erinarian's 659 Membriam of Rcscoe Bell, In.. 3=^2 Meningitis, Spinal 579 Mesenteric Abscess, A Case of, Terminating with Rupture of the Stomach 730 Mesenteric Abscess Due to Strep- tococci Infection 191, 472 tabu: of contents, volume xxxiii. PAGE Meeting U. V. M. A. at Port- lan«l . 746 Meetings, Veterinary Medical Association 117, 253, 3S5, _ 511,645,763 Milch Cow, Endometritis and Pylonephritis in a 66 Milic and Meat Hygiene 134 Milk, A New Element in 7^4 Milk Carbonated 382 Milk Pcrhydrased 479 Milk Production and Handling, Winslow 264 Milk Trade and Prophylaxy of Bovine Tuberculosis 126 Minnesota, Sanitary Control Work in *...... 402 Minnesota State Veterinary Ex- amining Board, Report 365 Missionary Work in the West and South, Veterinary 15 Montana Smoke Case 493 Monument to the Late Prof. Thomassen 492 Morphia in Canine Surgery, The Value and Use of 650 Morphine, Constipating Effect of. 41 Mule, Abscess of the Internal Ear in a 590 Mule, Fracture of Femur in a... 190 Mule, Fracture of Cuboid in a... 190 Mule, Persistent Lactation in a. . 52 Myocarditis, Pneumonic, Treat- ment of 119 Nail Wound, Open Tendon Sheath from 176 National Committee on the In- ternational Veterinary Con- gress at The Hague 509 N«crological Notices 397 Nephritis, Acute, in a Horse, A Case of 737 Nervous Distemper, Treatment of. in the Dog 742 Nervous Goats, Old Wash and the -. . 31S Nervous Systems of Two Dogs. 337 New Director of The New York State Veterinary College, The. 528 New Jersey Legislation 384 New Jersey, Licensed to Practice in 540 New School Replies 49^ New York-American Veterinary College, Changes in the Fac- ulty of the 746 PAGE New York Work-Horse Parade, The 131 New York Law to be Enforced, The 160 New York State Veterinary Col- lege 612 New York State Veterinary Col- lege, The New Director of 528 New York's Zoological Park 599 News and Items. ... 115, 248, 379, _ 505, 643, 760 N^s, Good, from Louisiana Ninth International Veterinary Congress 129 No Change of Date, A. V. M. A. Meeting 269 Notes on .the Bier Hyperasmic Treatment 461 Notes on Tetanus in Cuba...... 575 Notices, Bibliographic 10 Obesity Simulating Ascitis 194 Obituary — Andrews, William W.. D.V.S.. 497 Bell, Roscoe R., D.V.S 75 Buckham, James, V. S 204 Kooker, William S., V.S 204 Ogle, Ralph, M.R.CV.S 353 Parsons, Edwin A., D.V.S.... 353 Sellers, Albert T., D.V.S 204 Obituary Resolutions 75, 76, 222, 232, 233 Observations, Anatomical 654 Observations ,on Anthrax and Symptomatic Anthrax 550 Obstruction of the Intestines in a Steer 66 Odd Animals in Harness 14 Oisophagotomy in a Dog 58 CEsophagus in Fox Terrier, Car- cinoma 590 Qisophagus, Ruptured 73^ Ogle, Ralph, Obituary.. 353 Ohio State College Receives Rec- ognition 700 Ohio, Sympathy From 76 Old Wash and the Nervous Goats 315 One Problem in Meat Hygiene. . 42 Ontario Veterinary College 210 Open Tendon Sheath from Nail Wound 176 Open Wound of the Anterior Chamber of the Eye. 592 Operation, Csesarean, in Sows.. 322 Operation for the Removal of Cystic Calculi in Geldings 53 TABLE OF CONTENTS, YOLUJIE XXXIII. PAGE Ophthalmology, Diseases of the Eye in Animals 59 Ophthalmology, Exophthalmia of Stallion's Eyes 591 Ophthalmology, Open Wound of the Anterior Chamber 592 Ophthalmia, Periodic, Treatment ^of 195 Ophthalmo-Reaction and Non- Acoutomancy to Tuberculosis. 392 Opsonic Index, The Practical Value of 595 Opsonine of Modern Therapeu- tics 596 Osteo-sarcoma of the Testicular Region in a Steer 735 Other Points of Interest, Oph- thalmo-reaction 392 Our Distinguished Guests 530 Ovarian Abscess in a Mare 192 Owl, The Wily 41 Ozoned Terpene or Tallianine. . 394 Pamphlets, Filing System for... 692 Paracenthesis of Synovial Cav- ities 63 Parade, The New York Work- Horse 131 Paralysis, Pharyngeal 258 Paresis in a Mare, Parturient... 48 Parotid Gland, Traumatic Ab- scess of the 473 Parotitis, Traumatic 175 Parsons, Edwin A., Obituary... 353 Parturient Case in a Mare, with Unusual Complications 165 Parturient Paresis in a Mare — Recovery 48 Parturition, Rupture of the Uterus and Perineum in a Mare During 732 Pastern, Fractured 733 Pasteur Vaccination Against Rabies — Dog 328 Pasteurellosis 256 Pasturage, A Grim 57 Pathogenesis of Glanders 345 Pathogenesis of Indigestion 67 Peat Moss Bedding 33:; Peculiar Skin Lesions in Cattle. 336 Pension for Prof. Law 382 Perhydrased Milk 479 Pericarditis, Traumatic 50 Pericarditis, Tubercular 62 Perineum and Uterus, Rupture of the, in a Mare During Par- turition 732 PAGE Periodic Ophthalmia, Treatment of 195 Periostic Reflexes in Horses.... 652 Permanganate of Potash as a Dry Dressing 192 Pharyngeal Paralysis 258 Philadelphia and Washington... 133 Phlebitis of the Anterior Vena Cava Brachial and Jugular Veins 167 Placenta, Fatal Impaction of the, in the Reticulum of a Cow.... 49 Placenta in the Mare, Removal of 588 Plan for Piling Bulletins, A 660 Pneumonia, Advanced, Treat- ment of 481 Pneumonia, Infectious, Etiology of 123 Pneumonic Myocarditis, Treat- ment of 119 Poisoning, Creosote, in a Dog. . 192 Poisoning in Horses, an Epi- demic of. Acute 566 Poisoning from Locust Bark.... 456 Poisoning, Loco 334 Poisoning, Loco-Weed and Bari- um Salts 531,613 Poisoning in Sheep, Saltpetre... 150 Poliomyelitis 395 Pony, Intussusception in a 188 Postea Spinatus Muscle, Sub- luxation of the Tendon 193 Potash, Permanganate, as a Dry Dressing 192 Potash, Silicate of, Occludent Dressing 478 Practical Value of the Opsonic Index 595 Practice. Bier's Congestive Hy- perjemia in Veterinary 272 Practice, Cases Met With In... 720 Practice, Laws Governing Veter- inary 244 Preliminary Understandings 617 President's Address Delivered Before Colorado S.V. M. A... 449 President Dalrymple Chosen 176 President Roosevelt Loyal to the Horse 419 Prethoracic Lymphadenoma in a Mare 477 Prmiitive Bilateral Cancer of Kidneys in Cat 193 Problem in Meat Hygiene, One.. 42 Proctopexia in a Dog Case.- 591 Production and Handling of Clean Milk, Winslow 264 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUJIE XXXIII. PAGE Prolapsus and Complete Rupture of the Rectum, Complicated with Hernia of a Lacerated Intestinal Circumvolution 338 Prolapsed Uterus, Sudden Death After Reposition of the 595 Prolapsus of Intussuscepted Colon in a Puppy 731 Prolapsus of the Bowel 591 Prolapsus, Treatment of Rectal, in Dog by Colopexia 60 Prophylaxy of Bovine Tubercu- losis and Milk Trade 126 Prostate, Hypertrophy of the... 342 Prosecution Illegal Practitioner in Connecticut 251 Protective Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis 440 Pseudo Gestation 5 Pseudo-Luxation of the Patella in the Horse and True Luxa- tion in a Dog 473 Publisher's Department 118, 254,386,512,645,761 Pug, Hermaphrodite 188 Puppy, Prolapsus of Intussus- cepted Colon in a y;^i Pure-Bred Stallion in Wiscon- sin 350 Pylonephritis in a Milch Cow... 66 Quarantine, U. S. Animal 249 Quite Hopeless 464 Rabbits Tx Mutton in Australia. 135 Rabies, Pasteur Vaccination, Dog. 328 Rats, A National Pest 691 Rats Grind off Their Teeth 47 Reactions to the Tuberculin Test 20I Reading A Horse's Face 617 Reason, Another 14 Rebellion at the Veterinary .School of Vienna 657 Recent Data in Veterinary Science .53, 177 Recovery in Serious Synovitis Case 332 Rectal Prolapsus, Treatment of in Dog. by Colopexia 60 Rectal Exploration 481 Recto-Colic Adhesion 479 Rectum, Rupture of 33^ Reflexes, Tendinous and Perios- tic. in Horses 652 Refutation of Objection to the Tuberculin Test 508 PAGE Remedies, The Composition of Some Secret 597 Removal of Foreign Body from > Stomach of Dog 586 Removal of the Placenta in the Mare • 588 Report and Recommendations Regarding Veterinary Col- leges 000 Reports of Cases 48, 165, 322, 455, 456, 566, Reprints, Filing System for Requiring Concentration 198 Resolutions, Obituary on Roscoe R. Bell, Adopted, by the Mis- souri Valley V. A 222 Resolutions, Obituary on Roscoe R. Bell, Adopted by the Cali- fornia V. M. A 233 Resolutions, Obituary on Roscoe R. Bell. Adopted by the V. M. A. of New York City 76 Resolutions, Obituary on Roscoe R. Bell, Adopted by the 111. S. V. M. A 75 Resolutions, Obituary on W. J. Oliver, Adopted by the Cali- fornia S. V. M. A 232 Resolutions, of Sympathy, Roscoe R. Bell, Adopted by the Michi- gan V. M. A 98 Restraint of Animals by Aid of Chloral Hydrate 533 Results of Competitive Examina- tions 382 Results of Modern Investiga- tions Regarding Cancer, The. . 599 Retention of Urine in a Cat by Spontaneous Ligature of the Penis with Fur 731 Reticulum, Fatal Impaction of the Placenta in the, of a Cow. 49 Retropharyngeal Glands, Tuber- culosis of the 656 Review, English 58, 188, 335, 472. 5cS8, 730 Review, French 60, 192, 338, 476.591.733 Review, German 67, 197, 345, 479.595,739 Review. Italian 64,342,737 Rheumatoid S3movitis, Treat- ment of 63 Rhinitis of Dogs and its Com- plications 513 Ridgeling, Castration of 180 Riding Clubs in Kansas City.... 309 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLTJIIE XXXIII. PAGE Roosevelt, President, Loyal to the Horse 419 Ruptured' CEsophagus 732 Ruptured Stomach Due to Tu- mors formed by Spiroptera Megastroma 474 Rupture, Bursa 326 Rupture of the Coxo-Femoral Ligament 196 Rupture of the Rectum 338 Rupture of the Stomach 730 Rupture of the Uterus and Per- ineum in a Mare during Par- turition 732 Rupture, Spontaneous, of the Aortic Trunk in a Horse 736 San Francisco Veterinary Col- lege, The 115 Salicylate of Soda in the Treat- ment of Rheumatoid Synovitis. 63 Saltpetre Poisoning in Sheep 150 Sanitary Control Work in Min- nesota 402 School of Vienna, Veterinary, Rebellion at the 657 Science and Friendship 249 Science Guilty of Many Mis- nomers 68o Science, Recent Data in Veter- inary 53, 177 Scotland, Veterinary Education. 549 Scrotum, Actinomycosis of the.. 171 Secretary Lyman Returns to Hartford 116 Sellers, Albert T.. Obituary 204 Septicaemia in Chickens, Apo- plectiform 330 Sero-BIoody Collection, Treat- ment of 593 Sheep, Changes in the Blood of Parasite-Infested 557 Sheep, Saltpetre Poisoning in... 150 Shock, Lightning, Symptoms of. 189 Silicate of Potash Occludent Dressing 478 Simple When you Know How.. 508 Sinapis Nigra, Intoxication of Cattle Due to Eating 64 Skin, Filariasis of the 343 Skin Lesions in Cattle 336 Skye Terrier, Ascites followed by Carcinoma in 591 Slaughter House Conditions in Iowa 70T Slut, Abdominal Tumor in a 476 Slut, Fatal Results from Swal- lowing Bone 478 i PAGE Society Meetings — American Veterinary Medical Association 133, 269, 387. .399, 4;8, 618 Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America. . 757 California State Veterinary Medical Association 232, 499 Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association 241, 612 Epsilon Chapter of Alpha Psi Fraternit}', University o f Pennsylvania 377 Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical Association 642 Indiana State Veterinary As- sociation luo International Congress on Tu- berculosis 133, 750 International Veterinary Con- gress at The Hague 129,509 Inter-State Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards. . .509, 7-50 Iowa State Veterinary Associa- tion 52,78 Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association 641 Maine Veterinary Medical As- sociation 240, 758 Maryland State Veterinary Medical Association 113 Massachusetts Veterinary As- sociation 378 Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association 90 Minnesota Live Stock Breed- er's Association in Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association 354 Missouri _ Valley Veterinary Association 221, :iy;, 635 Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association 234 New York State Veterinary Medical Society 639 New York University Alumni Association of The New York-American Veterinary College 236 Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association 212 Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association 103, 242 South Dakota Veterinary Med- ical Association !>o^,759 Texas Veterinary Medical As- sociation 374 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Veterinary Association of the District of Columbia 113, 243, 376, 502 Veterinary Association of Man- itoba 228 Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New Jersey 505, 628 Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New York City. ..109, 238, 372 York County (Pa.) Veterinary Medical Society 504 Soda, Salicylate, in the Treat- ment of Rheumatoid Synovitis. 63 Some Interesting Cases 717 Sores, Summer, The Treatment of 598 Sows, Csesarean Operation Case. 322 Spavin, Treatment of 65 Specimens of Tuberculosis in Animals, Exhibition of 164 Spinal Cord, Tuberculosis of the, in a Heifer 47^ Spinal Meningitis 579 Spirochaetosis of Fowls 5^5 Spiroptera Megastoma, Ruptured Stomach Due to Tumor formed by 474 Spiroptera Megastoma and S. Microstoma 475 Spontaneous Rupture of the Aortic Trunk in a Horse 736 Spurious or Pseudo Gestation... 5 Strangulated Umbilical Hernia, Case of ^90 Strangles, Surgical Interferences in 341 Stallions, Pure-bred, in Wiscon- sin : •••• 350 Standard for Vetermary Col- leges, The Government 523 Stands for Mary 381 Stasis, Hyperaemia, As a Thera- peutic Agent • • • • • I States and Veterinary Enlight- enment. The 420 Status of the Army Vetermary Bill .••• 465 Status of Veterinary Education, The • ,•• 266 Steer, Actinomycosis of the Scrotum of a I7i Steer, Obstruction of the Intes- tines in a "" Steer, Osteo-Sarcoma of the Tes- ticular Region 735 Steers, The Real King of 349 PAGE Stephenson, Clement, Made a Doctor of Science 556 St. Joseph's Veterinary College. 211 Stomach, Rupture of 474, Stomach Spiroptera Megastoma and S. Microstoma 475 Streptococci Infection, Abscess Due to 191 Streptococci Infection, Mesen- teric Abscess Due to 472 Stroke, Lightning, Effects of.... 474 Sub-Con junctival Injections of . Sublimate in the Treatment of Periodic Ophthalmia 195 Sublimate in the Treatment of. Periodic Ophthalmia 195 Subluxation of the Tendon of the Postea Spinatus Musck... 193 Sudden Death After Reposition of the Prolapsed Uterus 595 Sudden Death by Asphyxia Due to the Entrance of Sand Into the Lungs 63 Suffocation by Tonsillitis 739 Sugar and Fruit for Horses..... 482 Surgical Expediments, Chemical Caustics as i77 Surgical Interference in Stran- gles ■ 341 Surgery. Canine, The Value and Use of Morphia in 650 Surgery, Comparative 164 Swine, A Rare Form of Tuber- culosis in 743 Symptomatic Anthrax, Observa- tions on 550 Symptomatic Asthma, Due to Foreign Body in the Larynx.. 343 Sympathy from Ohio 76 Symptortis of Lightning Shock.. 189 Synovial Cavities, Paracenthesis of :•.• 63 Synovitis, Recovery in Serious Case 33- Synovitis, Rheumatoid, Treat- ment of 63 System, Filing, for Bulletins, Mis- cellaneous Pamphlets and Clip- pings 092 Systemic Handling of Wound In- fection. The 662 Systems, Nervous, of Two Dogs. 337 Tallianine or Ozoned Terpene... 394 Teeth, Rats Grind off Their 47 Tendinous and Periostic Reflexes in Horses 652 Test, Tuberculin 201, 39;^ TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUifE XXXllI. PAGE Testicles, in Cryptorchid Horses, Diseased lOl Testicular Region, Osteo-Sar- coma of, in a Steer 735 Tetanus 5bo Tetanus in Cuba, Notes on 575 Tetanus Following Docking in Lambs S67 Tetanus, Local, and i:s Origin.. 742 Tetanus, The Vicissitudes in the Treatment of 59 The A. V. M. A. Meeting 399 The Bird's Superior Eye 759 The Cowslip D12 The Government Standard for Veterinary Colleges 523 The New Director of the New York State Veterinary College. 528 The Polite Butcher 506 Therapeutic Agent, Hypersemia Stasis As a i Therapeutics, The Opsonine of Modern 596 Thereapeutics, Winslow 263 The A. V. M. A. Meeting 399 The Real "King of Steers" 349 The Reptile 249 The Review Appreciated Abroad. 507 Thomasscn, Late Prof., Monu- ment to 492 The States and Veterinary En- lightenment 420 The Systemic Handling of Wound Infection 662 The Tactful Veterinarian 708 The Veterinarian and Meat In- spection 681 The Veterinarian as a Horseman. 401 The Veterinarian's ^lecca 659 Thrombus in a Zebra 463 Tick Appropriation, Cattle 164 Tonsillitis, Suffocation In- 739 Torsion of the Large Colon in the Horse, The Diagnosis and Treatment of 647 To the Odor Born 540 Traumatic Abscess of the Parotid Gland •.••••;•. 473 Traumatic Pericarditis 50 Traumatic Parotitis 175 Treatment of Advanced Pneu- monia, lodipin in the 481 Treatment of Bacterial Diseases, Carbolic Acid in the 188 Treatment, Bier Hypersemic 461 Treatment of Indigestion in Bo- vines, Injections of Alkaloids in the 61 PAGE Treatment of flange 725 Treatment of Periodic Oph- thalmia 195 Treatment of Rheumatoid Syno- carditis 119 Treatment of Nervous Distemper of the Dog, The 742 Treatment of Rectal Prolapsus in a Dog by Colopexia 60 Treatment of Rheumatoid Syno- vitis 63 Treatment of Spavin 65 Treatment of Sero-Bloody Col- lections with Injections of Pure Tincture of Iodine 593 Treatment of Summer Sores.... 598 Treatment of Torsion of the. Large Co'on in the Horse.... 647 Treatment, Tetanus, The Vicissi- tudes in the 59 True Luxation of the Patella in a Dog , . 473 Truthful Dealer, A 29 Tuberculin and Mallein Test 584 Tuberculin in Animals, Exhibi- tion of Specimens of 164 Tuberculin Test, Reaction to the. 201 Tuberculin Test, Refutation of Objections 508 Tuberculin, Testing With 336 Tuberculosis, Animal 541 Tuberculosis, Automatic Method of Eradicating Animal 310 Tuberculosis, Bovine, Milk Trade and Prophylaxy of .126 Tuberculosis, Bovine, Protective Vaccination Against 440 Tuberculosis, Cattle, The Dispo- sition of 431 Tuberculosis in Lioness 586 Tuberculosis in Swine, A Rare Form of 743 Tuberculosis of the Retropharyn.- geal Glands 656 Tuberculosis of the Spinal Cord in a Heifer 476 Tuberculosis Pericarditis 62 Tubular Epithelioma of the Stom- ach and of the Intestines in a Hen 64 Tumefaction of the F r ae n u m Lingunn 730 Tumor, Abdominal, in a Slut 476 Tumor. Malignant, in a Bitch... 590 Two Autopsies of Cribbing Horses, Pathogenic Considera- tions 341 Typhlitis in the Dog 61 TABtE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIII. PAGE Umbilical Hernia, Case of Stran- gulated 190 Uncertain Results after Repeated Testing with Tuberculin 336 University of Havana, School of Veterinary Medicine 249 University of Illinois, Veterinary College 116, 644, Unusual Cases 455 Unravelled Bargain, The 20 Uraemia, Chronic, in a Dog 198 Ureter, Congenital Atresia of the. 344 Urethal Calculus 173 Urine, Retention of. in a Cat. .. . 731 United States Animal Quaran- tine Station 249 Use of Morphia in Canine Surg- ery 650 Uterus and Perineum, Rupture of the, in a Mare During Parturi- tion 732 Uterus, Prolapsed, Sudden Death After Reposition of the 595 Vaccination Against Rabies, Dog. 328 Vaccination, Protective, Against Bovine Tuberculosis 440 Vaginitis, Dinhthcroid. in a Cow. 738 Value and Use of Morphia in Canine Surgerv, The 650 Veterinarian and Meat Inspec- tion. The 68t Veterinarian as a Horseman, The. 401 Veterinarian, Civil Service Ex- amination 250, 7J.7 Veterinarian Dies of Lockiaw. . 380 Veterinarian, Exhibition Repre- Fcnted by 4^8 Veterinarian, Ideals for the 562 Veterinarian, President Academy of Science 271 Veterinarians and Doctors of Human Medicine Affiliate 266 Veterinarians, Maine 3^3 Veterinarian's Mecca, The 659 Veterinary Bill, Army 185, 465 Veterinary, College, Chicago to Have $250,000 116 Veterinary, College, Chicago 205 Veterinary College, Colorado . State 643,761,762 Veterinary College, Grand Rapids. 208 Veterinary College, Indiana 209 Veterinary College, McKillip, 211,309,379 Veterinary College, New York- American, Changes in Faculty. 746 PAGE Veterinary College, New York State 612 Veterinary College, New York State, The New Director of... 528 Veterinary College, Ontario 210 Veterinary College, St. Joseph... 211 Veterinary College, The Kansas City 74,207,644 Veterinary College, The San Francisco 115 Veterinary College, University of Havana 249 Veterinary College, University of Illinois 116, 644 Veterinary College, West Virginia University 248 Veterinary Colleges, Government Standard for 523 Veterinary Colleges, Report and Recommendations Regarding. . 600 Veterinary Congress, Interna- tional .' 125,509 Veterinary Co-operation Appre- ciated • 12 Veterinary Congress, Ninth In- ternational 129 Veterinary Department, Armv, 185, 333, 465 Veterinary Directories 5^8 Veterinary Education 348 Veterinary Education in Europe. 471 Veterinary Education in Scot- land 549 Veterinary Education, The Status • of 266 Veterinary Enlightenment 420 Veterinary Interest, European Items o'f 522 Veterinary Lectures, Thompson. 202 Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Winslow 263 Veterinary Medical Association Meetings .117. 253, 384, 511. 645. 7^3 Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey 505.628 Veterinary Missionary Work in the West and South I5 Veterinary Practice, Bier's Con- gestive Hyperaemia in 272 Veterinary Practice, Laws Gov- erning 244 Veterinary Science, Recent Data in .- ..•53,177 Veterinary School of Vienna, Relicllion at the 657 Vicissitudes in The Treatment of Tetanus, The 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIIL Vienna, Rebellion at the Veter- inary School of 6S7 Vision, Animal 1^7 Vivisection, Cruelty Would De- feat Purpose of 314 Voices for Stuflfed Beasts 380 Vomition in the Horse 588 Wants Cats Exterminated 497 West Virginia University, Veter- inary School 248 What Did he Give? 114 What He Was 485 What Weight Should a Horse ,, Carry? 468 Wisconsm, Examining Board in. 507 Work-Horse Parade, Tat New York 131 Wound, Gun Shot ..\ 195 Wound Infection, The Systemic Handling of (35? Wound, Nail, Open Tendon Sheath 176 Zebra, Aneurism and Thrombus. 463 Zoological Park, New York 599 INTEREST IN PRACTICE FOR SALE. One-half interest in well located, finest equipped, and up-to-date veterinary hospital in the U. S., 268 feet deep, 48 feet front, on the most traveled asphalt street in a city of 250,000 people, three states to practice in, long lease, and is advertised (as a hospital) in the most complete manner, 26 stalls, 30 kennels, IJradwood steel operating table, Rech-Marbaker ambulance, fine three-room apartment attached, pharmacy, and conveniences. The business will be two years old in October, 190S. Prefer middle-aged, good operator, and good with dogs. Seven qualified men in city. Address Dr. B. Care of American Veterinakv Review, 509 West i52d Street, New York, N. Y. ASSISTANTSHIP WANTED. Wanted— Position as assistant to veterinarian with a good practice, by a gradu- ate of a two year college, who has had two years' experience. For references regarding ability and character, address Orville E. McKim, 12 Massey Street, Watertown, N. Y. • REVIEWS WANTED. Wanted— January and February, 1908, numbers of the American \'eterinarv Review. Any one having copies of that issue, in good condition, to spare, kindly mail without delay to the Review Office, 509 West 152d Street, New York, N. Y., and 25 cents will be paid to the sender. POSITION WANTED. A veterinariah, 25 years old, married, who has had e.xperience in veterinary practice and laboratory work, desires a position in either capacity. Can give references. Address " REFERENCES." Care of American Veterinary Review , .509 West 353d Street, New York, N. Y., stating salary offered. The Schwartz Veterinary Dental Instruments. These instruments are superior to any other instruments for the purpose on the market. They have leverage, are adjustable to any angle and made of the best material. The price is right. Patented in the United States and Canada. Are in use by the best veterinarians in the world. Send for special offer for sixty days. AGENTS wanted. JOSEPH SCHIVARTZ. Mfr., 935-37-39 East Midland St., Bay City, Mich. BACK NUMBERS OF REVIEW FOR SALE. Back numbers of Review from April, 1887. to March, 1 0O8, 2 I years, with but one number missing. Price, $3. GO per vol- ume or $63. GO for the lot. Address DR. W. J. WAUGH, 1 1 1 We$« Wheeling St., Washinglon. Pa. I Jim £A0U$rli| and just as they want it. The right way to salt animals is to let them help themselves. Compressed Pure-Salt Bricks In onr Patent Feeders, gupplj rellned dairy salt. They mean animal thrift. They cost but Uttle. Convenient for you and your animals suffer no neglect. A«k your dealer and write ua for jj^^^ booklet. Balmont Stable Supply Co. PktenUeR, Mfrs. Brooklyn, N.Y. Veterinarian's Call-Book. (Perpetual) By ROSCOE R. BELL, D.V.S. Revised, Now on Sale. W. R. JENKINS, Publisher, 851-853 Sixth Avenue, New Yorlc. 13 [HYweioiin [Of ? I (I t9> I ■S I I Dimensions of Cask— 6Ji inches in length, 2% inches wide, a inches deep. VETERINARY HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. In Morocco case, velvet lined, containing two straight needles, one-halfcurved needle for intra- venous injection, one trocar and canula, and twelve tubes for Hypodermic Tablets. Our Syringes are substantially made, especially for the use of Veterinair Sur- geons, with strong glass barrel of three drachms capacity, protected by fenestrated metal cylinder, with rings for thumb and fingers. By removal of the lower metal end, one or more tablets may be placed directly in the syringe — replacing cap and attaching needle, water can then be drawn in upon the tablets and solution eflFected by shaking the syrince. Our syringes are made with needles to attach either by slide or screw-thread. In orderint specify which is preferred. Price of Syringe and case complete l5-oo Extra Needles, straight 35 Extra Needles, curved 35 Extra Trocar and Canula 5"^ Note— Advance in metal and leather goods compels us to restore price on our Hypo Syringe and case to former price, $5.00. BUNTIN DRUG GO'S VETERINARY BULB SYRINGE For administering^ Liquid Medicines to Horses and Cattle by the Month or Rectum Every Syringe has Firm Name Stamped on the Hard Rubber Pij« LENGTH 10-2 INCHES Consists of a substantial soft rubber bulb to which is attached a very strong, hard rubber pipe. In giving mea- icine or food with this Syringe there is no danger of in- juring the animal's mouth or breaking the Syringe; any quantity, from a tcaspoonful to two ounces may be given at one injection. BUNTIN DRUG CO., TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA Manufacturers of Veterinary Hypodermic Tablets and Hypodermic Syringes (Length 10 J4 inches.) Prices Bulb Syringes, 75c. each ; per half doz., j.oo ; per ioz., $7.50. BUNTIN DRUa CONIPANY, 300 Wabash Avenue TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA. EIMER & AMEND, Agents, 305-211 Third Ave., New York. 14 BUNTIN DRUG CO/S SOLUBLE HYPODERMIC TABLETS. M*. »u »»5 J— Il6 "7 lis >59 i6o lOI lai 119 I5» »5a VETERINARY. Per tube of 10 tablets. ..|0 13 •• 13 •• 15 .. 17 Aconitine, Crystals. ..; 1-40 gr, ... Aconitine, Crystals x-30 gr Aconitine, Crystals 1-20 gr Aconitine, Crystals i-iogr Aconitine, Crystals i- 6gr..... Aconitine, Crystals i-^gr. .......... 27 Arecoline Hydrobrom .... J4 gr 1 00 Arecoline Hydrobrom '. i gr 180 Atropine Sulphate I- 4 gr ,' 15 Atropine Sulphate i- a gr 18 Atropine Sulphate i gr 33 Barinm Chloride Comp (Ellis) 18 {Barium Chlor 7 grs.) Digitaline i-xa gr. J Cardiac Tonic 35 TDigitaline, Pure 1-10 gr.") ■i Sparteine Sulph i- 5 gr. >- (.Strychnine, Nitrate i- 8 gr. j n I}' 35 45 55 43 60 30 35 18 a7 50 75 « 25 I 90 I 00 a o 3 p 2 CO 0. , Strychnine, Nitrate i- 8 gr, loa Cocaine Muriate 1 gr ia4 Cocaine Muriate x-}i grs 135 Cocaine Muriate 2 gn 110 Cocaine, 4% ^rs. for Veterinary Anesthesia i 10 (One tablet dissolved in i drachm of water makes an 8-per cent, solution.) 103 Colchicine ..i-4gr 60 »j6 Colchicine I- 2 gr 100 127 Colic (Knowles) 65 C Morphine Sulph 2grs^ -< Atropine Sulph 1-4 gr. (.Aconite Cryst 1-20 gr, 104 Coniine Hydrobromate i- 2gr.. 128 Coniine Hydrobromate igr.. 105 Digitaline, Pure , i-8gr.. 129 Digitaline, Pure 1-4 gr. . 156 Ergotine agrs. 157 Ergotine 4Ei's> 113 Eserine Salicylate i- 4gr.. 133 Eserine Salicylate i-2gr.. 134 Eserine Salicylate igr.. 13s Eserine Salicylate i>i grs. 106 Eserine Compound ( Eserine Salicylate >- 4 ffr< -< Pilocarpine Muriate i- 2 gr, (.Strychnine i- 8gr, . 153 Eserine and Pilocarpine 150 ( Eserine i- 2 gr. 1 I Pilocarpine i gr. j 154 Colic (Forbes) 3 75 f Eserine Salicylate i gr. ( ( Pilocarpine Mur 3H grs. f 107 Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals i- 8 gr — 146 Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals i- 4 K*" loS Morphine Sulphate I gr... 136 Morphine Sulphate l% gn ... 137 Morphine Sulphate 2 gr — 138 Morphine Sulphate iHgra .. 155 Morphine Sulphate 3 S^ — 109 Morphine ana Atropine 45 ) MorphineSulph i^gra. (. ) Atropine Sulph Mi «r- f 139 Morphine and Atropine , (MorphineSulph 1% grs. I X Atropine Sulph . . H gr- f 140 Morphine and Atropine , I Morphine Sulph agrs. j, 1 Atropine Sulph 1-4 gr. f 141 Morphine and Atropine f Morphine Sulph.. 2% grs. { I Atropine Sulph i-4gr. ( 142 Nitroglycerine i-iogr. 143 Nitroglycerine...., 1-5 gr. no Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals 1-2 gr. 144 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals i gr. 145 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals 1% grs 111 Sodium Arsenite I gr. 112 Strychnine Sulphate 1-4 gr.. 14/ Strychnine Sulphate 1-2 gr. 148 Strychnine Sulphate i gr. 149 Veratrine Muriate 1-4 gr. 150 Ver«trint Muriate. 1-2 gr. Please order by number. flood! lent poit-• o "^ •-! S ** ti O n o 5 0 umtUH E 'S O < Q m ■a J3 s k 9 (A 9 3 < Dr. L. McLean's Vest Pocket Veterinary Moatli Speculnni PATENTED APRIL 10. 1906. Commended by the Profession for its simplicity and adaptation for giving medicine in the bolus form, and making a macroscopic and digital examination of the mouth and throat. Price, $3.00. Agents, Geo. Tiemann & Co., 107 Park Row, New York. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEBE, ESTABLISHED AT BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894. The best equipment for scientific and practical instruction, for undergraduates and post- graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics. Regular graded course, three years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents' "Veterinary Student Certificate," or by examination, September 21st, 190S. Matriculation September 29th, 190S. ,^ ^ ^ Tuition Free to New York State Students. For extended announcement address. Professor VERANUS A. MOORE, Director. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE. 40, 42, 44, 46 TEMPERANCE STREET, TORONTO, CANADA. ESTABLISHED 1862, TAKEN OVER BY THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF ONTARIO 1st JULY, 1908. Affiliated with the University of Toronto, under the control of the Department of Agriculture of Ontario. College opens early in October. Course of study extends through tliree college years. Fees, $60 per Session . . • Catalogue on Application. E. A. A. GRANGE, V. S., M. S. CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE 2537 and 2539 State Street, Chicag^o, Ills. Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of tlie State of Illinois, 1883. tegalar Session commences \\i first week Iq OctoDer Iq eact yes. For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees, etc, addres* the President. JOSEPH HUGHES, M.R.C.V.S.. 3537 and 3539 State St.. Chicago. n». 16 ESTABLISHED 1851. INCORPORATED 1897 EIMER & AMEND, Wholesale Druggists, 205,207,209&211Tf|irdBve., N. Y. CITY. Make a Specialty of all Drugs, Extracts, Tinctures, Chemicals, etc., etc., used in Veterinary practice.. E. & A.'s Veterinary Glycerin Suppositories. Sulfglycerole for skin lesions. Sulfglycerole Oint. for scratches. PLANTENS Improved Empty Veterinary For Oral and Rectal Medication. CAPSULES ORAL : z-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 12 drachms. RECTAL: i 1-2, i and 1-2 ounce. TRIAL BOX BY MAIL 25 CENTS. IMPREGNATION CAPSULES for Mares. Sample Box 30 Cents. ESTABLISHED IN NEW YORK IN 1836. H. PUNTEN & SON, 93 Henry St., Brooklyn, N. Y. "The Pioneer American Capsule House." Manufacturers of SupeHor Flllcd and Empty Gelatine Capsules. Capsulating Private Formulas a Specialty. INTRAVENOUS THERAPY ToJVeterinarians who have not adopted the TALLIANINE INTRAVENOUS TREATMENT for PNEUMONIA, PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA and other SEPTIC CONDITIONS, we will forward by express, securely packed charges to be paid by the Veterinarian), ONE DOZEN TUBES OF TALLIANINE AND ONE STANDARD No. 4 VETERINARY INTRAVENOUS INJECTING SYRINGE, COMPLETE For TEN DOLLARS. Cash to accompany the order. This offer to the profession is suggested by the fact that many Veterinarians remain unacquainted with TALLIANINE by not having means of making satisfactory injections. The order for the above must come to us DIRECT, and be upon the Veterinarians' professional paper, or accompanied by his card. WALTER F. SYKES & CO. 85 Water Street, New York. 132 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 113 Broad Street, Boston, Mass. ^ir-€u$bion Rubber l)or$e-$boc Pads » V en u E '£. •a U US B CO o (» c «0 >> t/3 1 t g' u 3 o •♦J c o >> JS r a 7: o c (1) u ca % E o o c/) o 2i -I o % £ < c 9 lU •w « 4> a a 4S Order by ' NAME," O H = SB 3* s O fiS •^ 3 o 3 a (A "O c » -t O K 3* "*^ O » i ? O G* cn 3 O A B O O a 3 Don't be deceived by inferior substitutes. REVERE RUBBER CO., (Sole Mfrs.) ■^i^CoT^riH-r'' 18 Complete Literature with records of cases upon request TALLIANINE TRADE MARK REGISTERED. Administered by intravenous injections through the jugular vein, and has been demonstrated to be the most rational and positive treatment for Pneumonia, Purpura, etc., and all cases due to a septic condition of the blood. DIt. J. i. DEJ.ANEV, MlhlBRTON, y. Y. Says under date of July 14th, 1908: •♦ With the TALLIANINE you sent me, I treated ♦ DIRECTDALE ' 2.14 for Purpura, the worst case I ever saw, and in six days he is cured and discharged." and again, on July 16th : — "I gave him TALLIANINE in the presence of several prominent horsemen who had seen similar cases of Purpura, and they all agreed that 'DIRECTDALE ' could not be saved. * * I consider the treatment of Purpura with TALLIANINE remarkably sure and next to infallible." To be ordered from all druggists and veterinary supply dealers or from the sole agents. WALTER F. SYKES & CO., 85 WATER STREET, NEW YORK. 132 Chestnut St., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 113 Broad St., BOSTON, MASS WESTERN AGENTS R. R. STREET & CO., 184 Washington Street, CHICAGO, ILLS. 1» INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE CHartered lay State of Indiana, December 24, 18Q2. -NEXT .SKSSIOV liKllINK SKPT. IS, 19«»8. CI.OSKS Aflill. 1. lll*t«. Tuition for the three term cour> Matriculation ... $ 5.00 Tuition 8ft 00 Total 186.00 Junior Term. Matriculation ... # 5.0O ■Juition aO.OO ♦85.00 $ 5.00 . 80.00 1000 §06.00 faesuoo fZtt.00 Total . . . . Senior Teriu. Matriculation Tuition . . Graduation . Total . . . . Total cost of the three term-' Paid in advance IVrite for Catalogue to Prof. Ferdinand A. MueIvLER, PH. G., V. S., IlKJiaiiapolis, Irxd. Secretary SIMPLICITY EQUINE OPERATING TABLE This Table has movements necessary for all surgical operations and guaranteed indestructable. $200 $175 — For information and cataloij address — Veterinary Table Horseshoers Table Veterinary Specialty Manufacturing Co., Grand Rapids, Miciiigan NOTICE. A NEW STOHACH TUBE For use in horses with ACUTE INDIGESTION ; one that proves itself a winner in each case where a tube is needed This tube as with all other instruments is claimed bjr th-; originators to be the best, and if demonstrations could be shown to all we are sure they would say it does the work. This tube is double throughout its length— ten feet— made of the best of soft rubber, it having two separate openings or one inlet, the other outlet. The outlet is large enough so that a half kernel of corn can come away easily. The tube 's easily passed through the mouth with the use of a speculum. ^ Price $ I 5.00 sent C. O. D. to all parties. For any particulars address, KNISELY & STALLSMITH, 1117-1119 KANSAS AVE., TOPEKA, KANSAS. The George Washington University COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. WtSHINGTON, D. C. A three-year graded course, commencing Oct. 1st and ending in May. The national capital affords students superior advantages. The faculty, hospitals and clinics, military posts and government laboratories and experiment station combine to give students ample opportunity to acquire a broad education in veterinary science. For Catalogue, Address David E. BucKingham, V. M. D. Dean of Veterinary Factalty. 2113-15 Fourteenth St., N. IV. 20 O BINDING SECT. APR 5 »S6 SF American Veterinary Medical 601 Association Journal A5 V.33 cop. 2 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE