NADAL AAI NS teed CU ee ee te Ae te I vo opt, | } | , a q V/ f+, AMERICAN ¢ VETERINARY REVIEW EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Foreign Corresponding Member Academy of Medicine, Veterinary Surgeons (England). Bruszelies ( Belgique), Honorary Fellow Royal College AND Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. WITH THE COLLABORATION OF Prof. W. J. Coatrs, M.D., D.V.S., New York-American Veterinary College. OLAF SCHWARzkOPrF, Veterinarian, 3d Cavalry, Instructor Mounted Service School, Ft. Riley, Kan. Prof. W. Reip Brair, D.V.S., New York- American Veterinary College. Prof. S. STEwArRT, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. Prof. M. H. McKixuip, M.D., V.S., McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, tll. B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S., Commissioner of Public Health, Spartanburg, S. C. Prof. M. H. REYNOLDS, University of Minne- sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wm. H. DALRympLeE, M.R.C.V.S., Veter- inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. Joun P. O’LEARY, V.M.D., Veterinary In- spector in Charge, B. A. I., Troy, N. We A. T. KINSLEy, M.Sc., D.V.S., Path. Kansas ny Veterinary College, Kansas City, oO. Prof. S. Sisson, S.B., V.S., Prof. Comp. nat., Ohio State University, author of Sisson’s Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O. J. G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H.A.R.C.V.S., Ex- Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada. PF. on Alaa D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen, D. ARTHUR HuGHEs, Ph.D., D.V.M., Insp. oo Dept., U.S. Army, Chicago, Joun R. Mourer, V.M.D., Chief of Patho- a Division B. A. I., Washington, Prof. L.A. MERILLAT,V.S., Chair of Surgery, ee Veterinary College, Chicago, D. E. SALMon, D.V.M., Ex-Director of the Veterinary School, Montevideo, Uru- guay. Prof. VERANUS A. Moore, Director, New Ba State Veterinary College, Ithaca, RICHARD P. LYMAN, Dean Vet. Div. Mich. Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C. J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., President A. V M. A., Philadelphia, Pa. A. D. MELVIN, M.D.C., Chief of B. A.1., Washington, D.C. Gro. H. GLOvER, M.S., D.V.M., Director Div. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. Coll., Ft. Collins, Colo. J. DesMonD, Ex-Chief Gov’t Vet. Surg., Adelaide, So. Australia. Netson S. Mayo, M.S., D.V.S., Secretary A.V. M.A., 4753 Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, [I]. And several others. VOLUME XLV. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY 509 WEST 152d STREET. REVIEW, S Lars $ % i) > . yf ae % : ; “a tek. Sao , | ro oe bo\ : AS: LAS oe coh am “r ' ~- ~~ _ a 4 . S ‘e*3 CL ss LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLV. PAGE NAR SCS ss ss oe bea y oddone Ieee ee 92 Prolapsus or Eversion of the Rectum in a Colt........... Bs pea 231, 232 ENT EE MOOTUATIWID 5. sik coe o's 5 o's bw code uve cnvccncadeDoeebccuan 237 Six Experimental Cases of Tetanus in Carnivora— heres 0 CAS, 16 a 0 ve 0' dw e civia ws pany clerd o Gwe DO 335, 330 Cat No. 1, apparently dead, shows extreme muscular contraction 337 Dog No. 1, taken when Tetanus was general................e0008 338 Me gle v CON, SS boo 5 ea-v o «neo 2.0as Spec oee eet ees 339 Three Useful Knots and How to Use Them— MNS ay cs rice oc ce cbdee ks chcbd al oot ete ced boeken 448 No ou cad owas sae saa voc d eee apawanenees tien 449 Se EE A a Re A ee OL ani | Uh ae 450 ee OLE asian via'ncs,é'y #'b ur oro kitely s sierra IRR. 470 BURRS OTSA sox sci jae e's otras old 318 MOT OR. oes Fea ais <0 s 645 SDS Se ree 360 meweoiGs, MoT. ous ac ce es *, 69, 214 Roadhouse, Chester L.......... 237 Bass, Crittenden: :........+%. 567, 668 Sannon; Daniel Te. i5. 3..6.c0ccs 178 OS Se Ol Oar 537 senwarzkeopf,. Olaf:s.. sc... II, 253 eee. DNs. owes ca eee es 575 Sisson, Septimus ............ 408, 513° = ECT SM S | Cae aeo a 19, 161 stanton, MawittiMie 5. ccsiee ss 233 BCRP hs NS. sheath atone wiolelcie c 230 1 ag Oy” Ba eee 453, 455 Steele, Garrison ....108, 249, 552, 687 SECS OM MALE EOD aiealet ss oo8 Re 65 rte ON oI a ee a ore 347 ORCAS, TF ted vee is a eee sows 579 Van Antwerp, E. A......... 9s a IVE RSET COINS Foe Sit ob oo oh ok ase 2 333 WV SHE, AIC Seon tos cede na sis 356, 4AI WU ORE GMS SOE coptae tick ss 6 giete se» 82 WV ERED a (ies oas vores clare Geaeia-a-s s ae7 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. PAGE Abdominal Case, Interesting.... 95 Abdominal Neoplasm........... 350 Abortion, Contagious, Treatment of, with “ Bissulin”.......... 352 About Malleine ................ 136 Abscess, Hepatic, by Foreign EE es arr Abscess of Myocardium Follows Foot and Mouth Disease in a | ae re 574 Absence of Left Kidney in Dog, MUIMINOE EG Se sce cece. c esses 348 Abstracts from Exchanges. ..94, 239, 349, 471, 509, 671 Accident to a Horse, Unique... 350 A Complicated Case 473 Actual Practice, Dystokia and a Few Cases Met in, Case Re- port Mivantace of a Sanitary Milk House on the Farm AEgagropile in Small Colon Kills ed ee eee eee eee EN oe Cs tnt ocssccesane 675 A Little of the ‘Warmth of Hu- mor for Our Campaign....... 110 A Modern Veterinary Building.. 622 Amputation of the Uterus in Cows Anaphylaxy, a New Animal Diseases, Money Given for Study of 154 Animals, Humane Treatment of. 625 Animals, Some Common Dis- eases of and Their Treatment. 106 ee. Monstrosity, Case Re- Oe ee ee aa QI Rathrax Bacterium, Viability of 0) a er 76 Anti-Narcotic Law, Federal.... 388 Another Observation of Larvar Cylicostoma ...........++.-++- 5 Antiseptics Versus Germicides.. 223 Antituberculous Immunity ...... II Application of the Roentgen SETS Eis de a aeit.o k e0 os ees « Army Veterinarians, Death of One of the Aged—Apprecia- tive Tribute to His Life Army Veterinary Department. 108, 249, 687 vit PAGE Army Veterinary Service Bill, the Best of Fortune for, Crowd Behind It and Finish the Work in the Senate...... 552 Arrival in Paris and London.... 678 Arsenical Treatment of Surra in Horses oki eee eee 472 Atloid Hygroma in Dog........ 99 Auricular Catarrh in Dogs...... 206 A. V. M. A. at New Orleans.... 158 A. V. M. A. Meeting at New Or- leans, Pleasurable Anticipations in Connection with.......... 505 Bacillemia amongst Tuberculous Subjects’ Vurduyaigerews eae 408 B. A. I. Employees, New York City the Logical Place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National Association of...... 511 Barium Chloride as an Evacu- ant“in the Tioeséii ro. 264 70 Basedow’s Disease in a Dog.... 100 Belgian Review ..............+ 100 Best of Fortune for the Army Veterinary Service Bill, Crowd Behind It and Finish the Work in the Senate.......... 552 BIBLIOGRAPH Y— Poultry Diseases and Their Treatiientess Meee scene 487 Productive Horse Husbandry. 112 The Common Colics of the Hotsei ics eee teaser cnet 485 Veterinary Hygiene .......... 245 Be a ro, MET ee eae 486 Bilateral Luxation of the Lens ita Die cena ees 569 © Biorization of Milk............ 558 Blood Counting, Some Results OmoOne Cattle saree erage see 527 Blood, Spontaneous Sedimenta- PIGHIOR MUG Hitlers kes fA Bow (Vinwawee ees saa ae leece 3 275 ‘Botryomycosis in a Cob........ 571 Botryomycosis of the Upper Lip. 99 Bovine, Indolent Placentae...... 562 Bovine Piroplasmosis, Trypan- PAGE MONE doe checks cans 677 Bovine Tuberculosis ........... 537 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLY. PAGE PAGE Bow Line on a Bight—the Bow Commissioned Veterinary Corps Sts eke s Su iiom eee 562 for the Army .. ...:.0s-+assuun 687 British Veterinary Officer of the Comparative Pathology and Highest Rank Tells Experience Therapeutics, Journal of...... 501 of British Army Veterinary WEDATUMENE soa coe aks we ce eae 249 Broncho-Pneumonia, a Case of Contagious, Caused by Bacillus Coli Communis, Case Report.. 233 Calving Case, Peculiar ......... 671 Campaign of Lobeck Bill Con- tinued from Wisconsin—Con- gress Engrossed in Anti-Trust Lata S ATEONL 5k vin. cp en OES 510 Cancer in a Chicken, Case Re- DOM He eck Gua coca ees ee eee 238 Canine Leishmaniosis .......... 385 Canine Medicine ........ceesee- 618 Canine Piroplasmosis .......... 98 Canine Practice, X-Rays in...... 673 Cartilages, Necrosis of the IN ASML sige coh sips avk.ei sciehieew ents 573 Case, A PMZZURG. Soc oo orst Guide 95 Case of Bovine Tuberculosis in BEER sei ine Cho oo bade 476 Case of Contagious Broncho- Pneumonia Caused by Bacillus Coli Communis, Case Report.. 233 Case of John’s Disease Success- TOES 8 CORON 5 nat hns cee 473 Case of Psammonia............ 04 Cases of Malarian Urticaria in PA OLSCS! Sos wis soa os ac Lae ee 576 Cases, Reports of .84, 230, 333, 456, vb Catarrh, Auricular, in Dogs..... 266 Cattle, Potato Poisoning i Werks 04 Cecum, Impaction of the, Case BECO ie eso aes vise eee 84 Cesarian Operation in the Canine 660 Cholera, Hog—Distribution and Use of Serum and Virus..... 69 Chondroma of the Fingers...... 242 Chronic Bone and Articular oti Passive Treatment P Sieasic Pyometry oo... insactsct Ee eS Be rr ones 471 Clinical Cases. Some........... 351 Clinical Post- Pharyngeal Surgery 570 Cob, Botryomycosis i AT a oop 571 Colics, Pantopon in............. 575 Commencement Exercises of New York University, Eighty- ETI Sas ce oy 3a omab bla Voce 380 Complement-Fixation, Diagnosis of Dourine by. 3.0. cas is Complete Removal of the Preg- nant Uterus and Ovaries in a Bitch ..........0Ree be 474 Complicated Case ..........ssus 473. Compound Comminuted Fracture of the 7th and oth Ribs...... 471 Congenital Opacity of the Cor- NEA 5 + csc eeu ee 230 Congress in London, The.. 626 Congress, Official Steamer to the 276 Constriction and Occlusion, In- testinal, with Distemper Origin o7 Constriction, Unusual Case of, Case Report ....d.G.ccepneenne 667 Contagious Pustular Dermitis... 140 Control of Bovine Tuberculosis in a Dairy State—Some Statis- tical Facts Coprostasis, Rectal and Intestinal in Dogs. .. ss. +<% «.s00;8 ann Correspondence .102, 247, 356, 478, 5 Cow Moose in Labor—Refuses Assistance—Dies, Case Report ye Cows, Sterility. in;.:5.0. spas Cryptorchid, Flank Incision eee Operation of °...:.%+0. mene 571 Cyclopia or Synophthalmia, Case Report ...... .:s cease ass 237 Cylicostomosis, Larvar ......... Cystic Calculus in a Bitch, Enor- mous, Case Report: .....i..suu 93 Cystotomy, Interesting ......... 572 Cyst, Ovarian, in a Mare, Spon- taneously Discharged; Recoy- ery Follows (v....:s. «ssa 2573 Hernia, Ventral, Case Report... 467 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLY. xI . PAGE PAGE 5 Hog Cholera and the Production John’s Disease, a Case of Suc- and Use of Hog Cholera cessfully. Treated... 2.¢33 000. 473 “GE ees ae 178 | Journal of Comparative Pathol- “y Cholera—Distribution and ogy and Therapeutics « oR MaLe oka 501 se of Serum and Virus..... 69 | peek hale Disease in a Mule, Kidney, Absence of Left, in Dog 348 a Kidneys, Fatty Degeneration ot F | Hopeful Gato for Veterinary the-in Cat i oS esac eee 352 aie) ae ee 391 | Knots, Three Useful, and How “Hore Rast opile in Small to: Use Thettiii2.o0. cae 448 ye ee Koch Bacillus, Infection by- Is ‘Fae andulas Lymphosar- an Immunizing Disease....... 493 i; _ coma and Aortic Ossification in ‘ SR re oo. ie ace vee 674 | Lacking, the One Thing........ 619 se Husbandry, Productive.. 112 | Large Intestines, Impaction of se, Mitral Disease in the. 241, 351 the, Case Report ............., 347 cee Subcutaneous Sarcoma in Large Ovarian Myxo-Sarcoma in TOPE saad Da dlp Kiecs nb oe pice 673 a Slut Pera e PCE we nS 100 _ Horses, Asses and Mules, Rules Larvar Cylicostomosis ......... 383 and lations for the Im- Leishmaniosis, Canine ......... 385 portation of into Rhode Island 128 | Larvar Cylicostoma, Another Ob- ~: pbhing Es 30 SOCVAHOU OF 0. secs se 675 House Committee on Military Lens, Bilateral Luxation of the “poh Again Compliments the ta DO... +s sake ae __ Veterinary Profession ........ is ‘Horse, ciate of Stomach in i r the, Case Report.......,...... 668 Huid , Rush Shippen...... 126 man reatment of Animals.. 625 Humor, a Little of the Warmth _ of for Our Campaign......... 110 Hysterocele, Case Report. . canis. Antituberculous ..... 611 ction of the Cecum, Case ae. OS es of ‘the pone Intes- tines, "Cate | 347 Im n of the Oesophagus... 349 | Indolent Bovine Placentae...... 562 Infection | Koch Bacillus Is an Immunizing Disease ......... 493 Infection, Purulent, from Stran- re 574 Infectious Paraplegia .......... 263 Intercellular Fildes a Its Rela- q to Health and Disease.... 423 _ Interesting Abdominal Case.. 95 In Case of Osteitis Se- 4 duetie of Distemper.......... 241 nteresting Cystotomy hag Post Mortems, Case : Ss ois nck ts ncecces. 567 eeciae Constriction and Oc- _ clusion with Distemper Origin. 97 tinal Obstruction in Dog.. 355 Intoxication by Tobacco Juice.. 354 Mtalian Review ................ 575 Leucocytic Extract, Preliminary Report on the Value of from a Therapeutic Standpoint..... 56 Live Stock Industry, Maine.... 323 Live Stock Sanitary Control Work, Fundamentals of Good. 214 Live Stock, Summer Hints for.. 453 - Lobeck Bill, Campaign of, Con- tinued from Wisconsin-—Con- gress Engrossed in Anti-Trust LOOIBIOTIOR co 55 ics 53 cache 510 Lobeck Bill, Hearings Begin on MG Evasion Xs. Pgh sn acca 146 Lobeck Bill, Hearings on the... 276 London, the Congress in........ 626 Maine Live Stock Industry..... 323 Malleine, About ............... 138 Mange, Sarcoptic, of Dog to Man ish erties takee see eeean 239 Mare, Brood, Heart Diséase and Aorta Rupture ini. .i.:.....’. 672 Mare, Nymphomania in—Oopho- rectomy Followed by Recovery —Return of Condition after Year’s Time, Case Report..... 245 Mare, Renal Calculus in a....... 674 Market Hors€siaccee eel enue: S 30 Meat Inspection, Federal, and the Desirability of Supplemental State and City Inspection..... 628 Medicine, Canine 2 oc. 3c. ee. 618 Melanotic Tumor of the Shoul- vi ol aegis yeaa a ual ban ee Cee 353 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLV. PAGE Metastasic Strangles in an Aged Horse, Followed by Symptoms Simulating Purpura, Ending with Poll Evil, Treated with Autogenous Vaccines and Sero-Vaccine, Recovery....... 570 Methylene Blue in the Treatment Ot Wounds: ; aici wae one 97 Military Veterinarians, What The Army and Navy Journal Does for the, and What We Hold It Should Do........... 12 Milk, Biorization of............ 558 Milk House, Sanitary, Advantage Ot‘a. on: the: Farm Sit). s say 645 Mischiefs of Distemper Abscess. 354 Mitral Disease in the Horse. .241, 351 Money Given for Study of Ani- mal. Diseases sis sivas 6 oh eae 154 Monstrosity, Another, Case Re- DOPE fina sisicc Vi nceaites ese dee QI Mule, Hook Worm Disease in 4,::Case Reports.5346<2ne eee 347 Moose, Cow, in Labor—Refuses Assistance—Dies, Case Report 667 Mule, “ Infernal but Eternal,” the 159 Myoclony 133 Myxo-Sarcoma, Large Ovarian, WW avSlate., oi visss cee meee ee | I0o Necrosis, Dry and Ascending, of the Septum Nasi and Turbi- nated Bones in a Horse....... Necrosis of the Nasal Cartilages 573 Necrosis of the Turbinated Denes 2 ae aes ee 573 Neoplasm, Abdominal .......... 350 Nervous Lesions in Intoxica- tion by Worms... .5.5 saceeuens 269 New Anaphylaxy, A............ 142 New Methods of Diagnosis..... 381 oh Orleans, the A. V. M. A. 158 News and Items.126, 257, 372, 480, 600, 714 New York City the Logical Place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National Asso- ciation of the B. A. I. Em- ployees New York University, Eighty- second Commencement Exer- BIBOB FOR sic chy ya acl 6 pce ee Notes on Cases of Spavins Re- lieved by Cunean Tenotomy.. 474 ee PAGE Nymphomania in Mare—Oopho- rectomy Followed by Recoy- ery—Return of Condition After Year’s Time, Case Re- POFt.-...66s. 2. eke Pi wes s45 Onrruary— A. J. Ransom...... 5 cee he po ees Charles Jamieson, D.V.S..... are D..W. Patton, M.D., D.V:M.. . 583 Edward I. Carter, DVS es 125 Egbert Le Fevre, B.A., M.D.. 362 John Buford Archer, V.So 583 Thomas B. Hillock, VSiios 125 ‘W. B. Léwin? av.eeeneee yereees Obstruction of Diaphragmatic Flexure of Large Colon, Case Report sss eeceeeee ddtgvd oe Oesophagus, Impaction of the.. 349 Official Steamer to the Con- QTESS oss 30 > oo eee . Official Tour, - ‘dinars fro First Party ‘of; :ctly aoe aoe = 597 Official Tour, Tidings from | Second -Party of..2/.isiees .. 604 On Board the Finland.......... 390 ‘On Glanders: :.: Jue 378 On Rabies Again......... eee pt Kk Opacity, Congenital, of the Chee bs or: Er 239 Operation, the Cesarian, in the ‘Canine ....5)) 5 awepeueeeeeen Organisms, Strong and Weak, with Virulent Microbes....... 495 Osteitis Sequelae of Distemper, Interesting Case of........... 241 Osteoporosis in Horses......... A4I Ovarian Cyst in a Mare, Spon- taneously Discharged; Recov- ery: Follows . .....05 ssp Pantopon in Colics........... ee Paraplegia, Infectious .......... Paralysis, Radial, Sequel to Cast- 11) Mee Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Dog and of the Cat.. Paris and London, Arrival in.... Passive Treatment of Chronic Bone and Articular Lame- ness Patella. Traumatic Luxation of the, Gase Report::.. . .acueies en 00 Peculiar Calving Case .......... 671 Perforation, Wide Pharyngeal, by Abscess of Strangles....... 677 671 . 616 678 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLY. XIII PAGE Pharynx, Foreign Body in the.. 474 Piroplasmosis, Canine .......... 98 Pleasurable Anticipations in Connection with A. V. M. A. Meeting at New Orleans..... 505 Pleuritis, Tuberculous, in a Cow 576 Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats in a ESE 472 Pneumonia, Recent Investigation of the Etiology of Contagious - of Horses, and the Salvarsan Treatment of This Disease... 252 - Poisoning with Sulphur........ 99 Polioencephalitis Simulating Ra- . BEEMON L bo occ cc cscessss 676 Poroéephalosis, Generalized in a ‘“Cynocephalus ............:.., 243 Porrigo by Microsporum in Dog NS) Ae 101 Potato Poisoning in Cattle...... 04 Preliminary Report on the Value of Leu tic Extract from a Therapeutic Standpoint ...... 56 -_ Probang, the Stomach Tube a Useful Production -of Artificial Immu- nity against Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals ........ 278 Productive Horse Husbandry... 112 Prof. Eberlein’s Surgical Treat- ment of Roaring ............ 10 Professor Kinsley’s Paper, Dis- SEEPS Cocos. cesses 318 Prolapsus of the Uterus in Sow. 475 Prolapsus or Eversion of the Rectum in a Colt, Case Re- MUMMNMED ODEs Cab bia osc c eee es 230 Psammonia, Case of............ 04 Publishers’ Department..... 132, 260, 376, 492, 606, 720 Pure-Bred Beef and Dairy Cat- tle, Some Observations on the SeEEENSOWN OL i. ......-+-.. 2. 479 Pure-Bred Stallions ........... 455 Purulent Infection from Stran- Meewrmiom PIOTee.............. 574 a eee 93 Pyometry, Chronic ............. 242 Pyo-Septicemia of Sucklings.... 546 Quadruplets, Case Report....... 670 Rabies Again, agg Sa 136 Bemensanesthesia .....:........- 608 PAGE Radial Paralysis, Sequel to Cast- ING Se. oak keke hos Eee 671 Recent Investigations of the Eti- ology of Contagious Pneumo- nia of Horses and the Salvar- san Treatment of This Dis- CASE iy wines s oo cuneuaenen eat 252 Recovery of Several Cases of Bracture:.;.. os cece eee eee 572 Rectal and Intestinal Coprosta- eis Ir Dogs... os vans cen se 352 Rectum, Prolapsus or Eversion of the, in a Colt, Case Report. 230 Regulations Relating to Tuber- CUROSEN o hiacicc ccc an chet ee 570 Relation of Vaccine Therapy to Veterinary Practice ........ 19, 161 Removal, Complete, of the Preg- nant Uterus and Ovaries ina _ Bitch COMMON 25.055 2 Sn oin sc tae ae eed Reports of Cases.84, 230, 333, 455, sf. Res Judicatae—Veterinary Edu- cn: 8 | 0) | AR Re PMS os, A 205 Review, Belgian ............:.. 100 ‘Review, English. .94, 239, 349, 471, oo Review, French. .97, 241, 352, 474, sp Review; (Malian™ 35 asda sees 575 Rheumatic Tendonitis .......... 673 “Roaring,” Fifth Season’s Re- port upon the . Permanent Value of the Ventricle Strip- ping Operation for, Case Re- DOrte Ueki wanes ones ce 456 Roaring, Prof. Eberlein’s Surgi- cal" Tréatttetit Ota. - seo. 5. o> Te Roentgen Rays, Application of thet yo aia ts soack sere 5 Rules and Regulations for the Importation of Horses, Asses and Mules into Rhode Tsland. 128 Rupture of Stomach in the Horse, Case Report........... 668 Ruptured Uterus in a Sow..... 350 Rush Shippen Huidekoper..... 126 Sabulous Deposit in a Gelding.. 672 Sarcoptic Mange of Dog to Man 239 Scissors and Tissue Separation vs.. the Knife........ Sige e's’ ss Raz Second Attack of Tetanus.,... 239 Septic Gangrene in Cows...... 243 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLY. PAGE Serum, Hog Cholera and the Production and Use of Hog Cholera Serum Therapy, Case Report... 470 Six Experimental Cases of Te- tanus in Carnivora, Case Re- ee A eer se eee ee Be Sa 333 Sociery MErretincs— Alabama Veterinary Medical Association. ivcissvecvnes II5, 120 Arkansas Veterinary Associa- ot UR MUNI ip Saadeh Steyr 124 - Society MEETINGs— B. A. I. Veterinary Inspec- tors Association of Chicago, TeV ican oa ean eae poe ae 123, 256 Central New York Veterinary Medical Association ....... Colorado Veterinary Medical ASIAN Se Roo eters 585 Connecticut Veterinary Medi- cal Association ....3....,.., 255 Illinois Veterinary Medical Associstton )! ics stu ie: 370 Maine Veterinary Medical As- sociation: sixes 307, 597 Massachusetts Veterinary As- BOCIRUION occ o'<0'ab cece Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association ....... 363 Missouri Veterinary Medical Association: ic3\.'S 6.555): Rhy Ae Montana Veterinary Medical Aseotiationt 0305 aeeeee seen 573 Strong and Weak Organisms with Virulent Microbes....... Subcutaneous Sarcoma in a Horse 673 Subcutaneous Tuberculosis .,... 261 Sucklings, Pyo-Septicemia of... 546 Sudden Death and Thoracic Ex- udations in Cat........+++se+: 353 Sulphur, Poisoning with,........ 99 Summer Hints for Live Stock.. 453 Sunstroke in American Thor- oughbred Gelding ............ Surgery, Clinical Post-Pharyn- BOAL. bain cca s's » vie ce 570 Surgical Applications of Ether Besides Anesthesia ..........- 499 Surra Arsenical Treatment of, in EIorses... ...: . vcs see 472 Swift, Strong Rush to Final Vic- COTY. sc ccc ees coe ss) 5 beeen 504 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLY. XV PAGE Synophthalmia, Cyclopia or, Case Ra nia Pears cis ect xs 237 Tacks, Dog Swallows Twenty- two—Recovery, Case Report... 235 Take Notice, Veterinarians..... 488 Teeth, Incisive, Fracture of, in a eee 240 Tendonitis, Rheumatic.......... 672 Tenth International Veterinary Congress, European Tour and. 156 Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London .......... 1, 377 Tetanus, a Second Attack of... 239 Tetanus, Case Report........... 236 ‘letanus, Six Experimental Cases of in Carnivora, Case Report. 333 The Glanders Question......... 271 The ‘Mule “Infernal but Eter- SS oe 159 The One Thing Lacking........ 619 Therapy, Serum, Case Report.. 470 The United States Government Saves Money by Increasing the Efficiency of Its Veterinary SOPVIC® ..51..... AS I Thoracic Exudations, Sudden eatn and, in Cat............ 353 _ Three Useful Knots and How to SES 5G Adu only c os ec vce Tidings from First Party of Of- er 577 Tidings from Second Party of 0 ee er 604 cy SS ae 293 Tissue Separation, Scissors and, Co 227 Tobacco Juice, Intoxication by.. 354 Traumatic Luxation of the Pa- tella, Case Report............. Treatment of Contagious Abor- tion with “ Bissulin”......... 352 True Hermaphroditism ........ 240 Trypanblue in Bovine Piroplas- UR Geen eo i ives cece ee 77 Tubercle Bacilli, Differentiating from More Common Acid-Fast Es apices sc see's sess 240 Tuberculosis, Bovine ..... sevens 537 Tuberculosis, Case of Bovine, in 8 Se 476 Tuberculosis in Goats .........- 98 Tuberculosis, Production of Ar- tificial Immunity Against in Domestic Animals ........ 278, 302 Tuberculosis, Regulations Relat- SEES ee 577 PAGE Tuberculosis, Subcutaneous .... 261 Tuberculous Pleuritis in a Cow. 576 Tuberculous Subjects, Bacillemia de sei vie icacus VaR: CRUE 353 Turbinated Bones, Necrosis of the: 4.) asi. cae dee ee 573 Twin Foals—Horse and Mule, Case Report 2: 2A SA chives Twin Foetuises 3.4.0 0..ice5ss ce 96 Uncommon Renal Condition in COIVGR 35 satan co cony nee 905 Unique Accident to a Horse.... 350 Unusual Case of Constriction, Case. Reporte. oo ce a 667 Unusual Dislocation ........... Urethral Calculus in a Steer..... 672 Upper Lip, Botryomycosis of the 99 Uterus, Amputation of the in Cows Uterus in a Sow, Ruptured..... 350 Uterus, Prolapsus of the, in Sow 475 Vaccine Therapy, Relation of to Veterinary Practice ........ 19, 161 Ventral Hernia, Case Report... 467 Veterinarians, Take Notice..... 488 Veterinary Building, a Modern.. 622 Veterinary Congress, Tenth In- ternational, London ......... 1, 377 Veterinary Corps, Commissioned, foe. tne Arig... cksins weaed es 68: Veeerinery. Department, British r Army, British Veterinary Of- ficer of Highest Rank Tells PEK PePIENCe OF vis 05.62 ce zee wa’ 249 Veterinary Education ......... Veterinary Legislation, Hopeful Outlook fori ia ete eka eee 301 Veterinary Medical Association Meetings. .131, 259, 374. 491, 605,719 Veterinary Practice, Water in... 614 Veterinary Profession, House Committee on Military Affairs in Congress Again Compli- FHCHER Pils cb diss + cite wtosnns 15 Veterinary Service, the United States Government Saves Money by Increasing the Effi- ciency. OF ANG: joie a ceeese - 144 Veterinary Therapeutics, Faradi- OREN MN eed ead cies Ge ene x 6's 476 Viability of the Anthrax Bacte- FE Boe ne Seas oe xilio eos’ 76 Victory, the Swift, Strong Rush — el Fistat ice re ees Piss tek reads Volume Rérty-fie" Siains oe ME cao Water i in Health and in Thangs 73 ig Water in Veterinary Practice... 614 | What The Army and Navy Jour- nal Does for the Military Vet- erinarians and What We Hold To Shauld Do.e'o)s4.ah ee PAGE | 12 AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. APRIL, 1914. EDITORIAL. -EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, February 15, 1914. TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, LONDON.— I have received the preliminary programme of this important meeting which will be held in London from the 3d to the 8th of August, 1914. It is the jubilee congress, and is being held in London by the express desire of the veterinarians of the world in honor of the distinguished English veterinarian, John Gamgee, at whose sug- gestion international veterinary congresses were first instituted. Foreign countries have been invited to send official delega- tions, and the British committee of organization has extended a hearty invitation to their foreign colleagues in every country. Visitors are invited to reach London on Saturday, the Ist of August, as on the evening of Sunday there will be a preliminary reception, to enable members to meet each other, discuss arrange- ments for the official opening of the congress and obtain any further information regarding the arrangements they may desire. The official opening will take place on Monday, the 3d, when the committee hope to secure the patronage of an exalted per- sonage to open the congress. Arrangements as to this matter have not yet been completed. The meetings of the congress will be held at Central Build- ings, Westminster, London, which offer exceptional facilities for the purpose, and are close to the houses of Parliament. The entertainments will be numerous. The foreign office will 1 two EDITORIAL. give one and the British committee has organized excursions, such as visits to noted herds and studs, to the quarantine and research stations of the Board of Agriculture, to places of his- torical interest and places noted for beautiful scenery. Arrangements for traveling will be made on behalf of the members of the congress and the accommodation at hotels and restaurants will prove very moderate. A list of hotels with their charges will be presented later. In relation to membership, the British committee have fixed the amount of subscriptions for ordinary members at £1 (say $5). Subscriptions for lady members at five shillings. Sub- scriptions should be sent to the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. T. W. Garnett, M.R.C.V.S., 10, Red Lion Square, London, or the treas- ury of the several national committees. xk > kK At a meeting of the organizing committee, held the gth of January, where many members were present and where the sec- retary made his report in relation to the many invitations that had been sent to foreign and colonial officers, to veterinary schools which were not government institutions, etc., ete. The treasurer also made his report, after which the secretary pre- sented the following as being the general arrangement for the general meetings with the list of the reporters of the various subjects : GENERAL MEETINGS. I. OFFICIAL OPENING. 2. Foot and Mouth Disease. (Reporters marked * have not yet replied.)—Herr Dr. Nevermann, Berlin; Inspector E. Le- clainche, Paris; *Dr. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; Dr. Remmetz, of the Hague; Prof. E. Hess, of Bern; Prof. Mettam, of Ire- land; Dr. Josef Rudovsky, of Brunn. 3. Tuberculosis—Prof. Dr. Eber, of Leipzig; Prof. Vallée, of Alfort; Prof, Sir McFadyean, of London; Mr. G. Rigner, of Btccidiaten Prof. de Jong, of Leiden. ws EDITORIAL. 4. LEpizootic Abortion —Prof. Dr. Zwick, of Berlin; Prof. Moussu, of Alfort; Sanitary Officer Sven Wall, of Stockholm; Sir S. Stockman, of London. 5. Public Control of the Distribution and Sale of Milk in the Interests of Public Health—Dr. A. D. Melvin, Bureau Ani- mal Industry, Washington, D. C.; Prof. Dr. von Ostertag, of Berlin; Mr. S. Nystedt, of Stockholm; Mr. Brittebank, of Man- chester. 6. CLostnc MEETING. . . Section 1. VETERINARY SCIENCE IN RELATION TO PuBLICc HEALTH. 1. Meat Poisoning—Its Pathogenesis and Measures Neces- sary to Guard Against It——Prof. Bougert, of Berlin; Dr. Hans . Messner, of Karlsbad; *Dr. Guillaume de Nice. . 2. General Principles to Be Observed in the Inspection of Carcases and Organs of Tuberculous Animals with a View to Determine Their Safety as Articles of Human Food—M. le Dr. Stubbe, Brussels; M. Cesari, Paris; Herr Dr. Nieberle, Ham- burg; *Herr Hy. Hansson, Stockholm. 3. Disinfection of Waggons.—M. le Prof. Dr. Bidart, Uni- versité, Buenos Aires; Herr Dr. Titze, from Berlin; M. Ra- bieaux, Paris; *Prof. Meloni de Naples. Section 2. PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY. | 1. Johne’s Disease—M. le Dr. Olaf Bang, Copenhagen; Herr Prof. Dr. Miessner, of Hanover; Mr. A. L. Sheather, B.Se., M.R.C.V.S., from London. 2. Bovine Piroplasmonis (European).—Prof. Dr. Knuth, of Berlin; M. le Prof. S. von Ratz, from Budapest; Mr. W. G. Wragg, M.R.C.V.S., from London. 3. Ultra-Visible Viruses ——Dr. K. F. Meyer, University of California, U. S. A.; M. le Prof. Panisset, Lyon; *Herr Dr. Pfeiler, Bromberg. | 4. Distemper—Etiology and Vaccination —Herr Prof. Dr. S. Sigismund Markowski, Lemberg; M. Carré, Alfort. Section 3. EpizootTroLocy. 1. Anthrax.—Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana State Uni- 4 f EDITORIAL. J versity, U. S. A.; Herr Dr. Aladar Lukacs, from Budapest; Herr Prof. Dr. J. Szpilman, from Lemberg; Major Holmes, Muktesar, India. ; 2. Swine Fever.—Dr. Marion Dorset, U. S. A., Department of Agriculture, Washington; Herr Prof. Dr. Hutyra, Budapest; *Herr Dr. R. Frauenberger, from Austria; *Herr Dr. Glasser, from Hannover. 3. Glanders—M. M. de Roo, from Brussels; M. Drouin, of Paris; Herr Prof. Dr. J. Schntrer, from Vienna; Mr. J. R. Jackson, M.R.C.V.S., Board of Agriculture, London; Herr Prof. ‘Dr. Peter, of Hanover. 4. Sarcoptic Mange of the Horse.—M. le Vétérinaire Prin- cipal A. Barrier, Paris; Col. Butler, from London; Herr Theo- phil Halski, Czernowitz, Austria. Section 4. VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. . 1. Anaesthesia—M. le Prof. Hendricks, from Brussels; Dr. L. A. Merillat, Chicago, U. S. A.; Herr Prof. Vennerholm, of Stockholm; Prof. G. H. Wooldridge, of London. 2. Laminitis—M. le Prof. Liénaux, from Brussels; M. le Vétérinaire Principal Joly, Tours; Prof. James Macqueen, from London. ; 3. Surgical Treatment of Roaring.—Herr Prof. Dr. Eber- lein, of Berlin; Dr. W. L. Williams, of Cornell University, U. S. A.; M. le Prof. Dr. Fontaine, from Saumur; Mr. F. T. Ga Hobday, F.R.S.E., F.R.C.V.S., of London. 4. The Use of Drugs in the Treatment of Disease Caused by Nematode Worms.—M. le Prof. Van den Eckhout, of Brus- sels; M. le Prof. Railliet, from Alfort; Prof. J. F. Craig, M.A., M.R.C.V.S., from Dublin; M. le Prof. Perroncito, R. Universita di Torino, Turin. Section 5. TRopicaAL DISEASES. 1. Diseases Transmitted by Ticks; Their Classification, Treatment and Prevention.—*Dr. D. E. Salmon, Washington, U. S. A.; M. le Prof. J. Ligniéres, from Buenos Aires; Sir A. Theiler, K.C.M.G., Transvaal; Mr. C. E. Gray, M.R.C.VS., Transvaal; *Dr. Paulo Parreiras Horta de Rio de Janeiro. Ces SS aT =~ ~—sS eh e EDITORIAL. 5 4. Diseases Transmitted by Winged Insects; Their Classifi- cation, Treatment and Prevention—M. Cazalbou, from Rennes; Mr. R. E. Montgomery, M.R.C.V.S., from East Africa; *Dr. L. O. M. Howard, Washington, U. S. A.; *Dr. Pinto Guedes, Rio de Janeiro; *Dr. Christino Cruz Filho, Rio de Janeiro; Prof. A. Lanfranchi, Parma Italie. | (The list was adopted.) APPLICATIONS OF THE ROENTGEN Rays.—In Arhiva V eteri- nara, the excellent journal of veterinary medicine, published by the Faculty of the High School of Bucarest, Dr. Sava Joan, of the laboratory of contagious diseases of Professor C. S. Motas, there is an important article on the X-rays, whose application constitutes that part of science known as radiology. Medical radiology, says the writer, is divided in two prin- cipal branches, the radioscopy and radiography on one side, and radiotherapy on the other. This being established, Dr. Sava Joan enters in long details on this last, considering all the gen- eralities relating to it, necessary elements, Rayons X, in general, their physiologic action, and their applications in human medi- cine, in diseases of the nervous system, in tuberculous diseases, in malignant tumors and then comes to those in veterinary medi- cine In that branch of medicine, Rayons X have been used but little with a therapeutic object. Those who have paid attention to it are Eberlein and Beyreuther. “In 1907 the first submitted to the action of Roentgen rays a horse affected with canker of the foot. Three times a week, during ten minutes each time, the rays were applied. After 21 sit- tings there was no more proliferation of the tissue, but recovery was not radical. Another horse having the same trouble was also treated three times a week,’’ but the result was negative, the horse grew worse. The rays were also tried in bothriomicosis. — 6 EDITORIAL. “In 1912, Eberlein, following the works of Beyreuther, made direct irradiations in bothromic tumors and obtained their re- moval.” Dr. Sava Joan has used the rays in a dog affected with sarcoma of the lower region of the neck, giving him five sittings of 15 seconds every three days. Fifteen days after the first application the dog died on account of his greatly debilitated condition. There was no change in the condition of the sarcoma. But these are not the only cases alluded to by the author of the article of Arhiva Veterinara. He publishes a series of ob- servations, thirteen in number, relating to the treatment of dermodectic mange in dogs by the X-rays. In these thirteen cases observed in dogs of different breeds, varying in age, but rather young, the follicular mange was ob- served localized and generalized, under the pustular or the squam- mous form and complicated in some with distemper. Radical recovery has been the rule. Death occurred with distemper in two cases and from general anemia in one. The number of sit- tings to which the animals were submitted varied in number ac- cording to the extent and location of the diseases and had dura- tion which varied between 10 and 15 minutes. The treatment is long and in these cases has varied between one and five and a half months. After making a few general remarks on the analysis of these cases, Dr. Sava Joan concludes: 1. Dermodectic mange with squammous form is rapidly cured by X-rays. 2. The limited pustular form is also, provid- ing the number of sittings is increased. 3. The duration is from 1 to 2% months, depending on the severity of the case and the sensibility of the skin. 4. Old and generalized dermodectic mange is not influenced by X-rays; on the contrary, they seem to hasten death of the patient. PR eS ar ez + ea ee eee Ss oe EDITORIAL. 7 The well-known rebellion of follicular mange against most therapeutic agents had stimulated the inquiries of specialists in skin diseases of dogs and the publication of the learned doctor _ of Bucarest brought Dr. Roussel, one of them, before the Société Centrale de Medecine Vétérinaire, when he declared that more than eighteen months ago he had tried the application of the X-rays in the treatment of follicular mange and that all his ex- periments had failed. In collaboration with a physician, chief of the laboratory of radiology of a hospital, he had submitted dogs to the X-rays, one, two and three times a week, for two, three, four, six and even eight months and that the treatment had always failed. During the treatment the disease seemed to improve, to resume a new development as soon as it was stopped. “At any rate, said Dr. Roussel, I have noticed that whatever therapeutic is used against that disease, improvements are often observed at the beginning to be followed in most cases by com- plete failures.” The Bucarest treatment needs confirmation. Kk * * SPONTANEOUS SEDIMENTATION OF THE Broop.—In years gone by, when the great discoveries and application of hema- tology were unknown, the phenomena that could be observed in the blood were considered of no little importance, and the diag- nostic and prognostic deduction that were made by the peculiari- ties that were noticed constituted important elements that prac- titioners were anxiously taking advantage of. To-day, phy- sicians without entirely ignoring the peculiarities and changes that the blood may present, can go further and apply better and more thorough knowledge in their study relating to the condi- ‘tion of the blood and principally in looking for the variations that in quantity and in quality the elements of the blood may present. It is with the aid of the microscope only that those researches can be made and that the numeration of the red corpuscles, the 8 EDITORIAL. counting of the white, can be obtained and that valuable informa- tion can be gained on the richness of the blood with those ele- ments, on the variations of the hemoglobinic tenor, on the im- portance of polynucleosis or mononucleosis. But the methods of investigations that we speak of and the hematologic researches that are connected with those questions are very complicated and on that account are not in daily practice, especially in veteri- nary practice, where a wide application would render most valu- able service from a clinical point of view. In other words, can- not a simple method be found which veterinarians could very easily resort to? Our collaborator, EE. Cesari, chief of the Laboratory of the Hippophagic Abattoir in Paris, answers this question in the Revue Generale by an affirmation. His method consists simply in taking a few cubic centimeters of blood from a horse and letting its sedimentation take place after it has been made un- coagulable by the addition of some special salts, sulphate of mag- nesium, chloride of sodium, oxalate of soda, citrate of soda or in preference fluoride of sodium, used as dilution to the tenth and in solution of 3 per cent. The technic of the operation consists in aspiring a little over 1 c.c. of the solution of fluoride into a syringe of Pravaz or a like of 10 c.c. size, introducing the needle into the vein (the jugular best), taking 9 c.c. of blood and then after withdrawing empty it into a cylindrical vial, or test tube, doing it slowly and being careful to avoid the formation of foam. The vial or tube is then put on a stand, and left in a vertical position until sedi- mentation is completed, 24 hours is the maximum, when mieas- ures are taken of the height of the red sediment (hematies), that of the white (leucocytes), that of the entire contents as far as the level of the plasma and the peculiarities between the differ-. ent layers are called upon to give the elements of the clinical ex- amination of the blood. EDITORIAL. 9 The process of sedimentation begins and will take between 12 and 24 hours to be completed. The dropping of the red corpuscles begins almost immedi- ately, progresses rapidly and then becomes slower. As the hema- ties are falling and collect at the bottom of the glass, the plasma becomes clearer and forms at the upper part of the tube a column whose height will vary. Soon then, on the surface of the red sediment there appears a greyish white ring formed by the white corpuscles. And when the process is completed there is a red deposit which represents the volume of the hematies and a white which represents that of the leucocytes. At this point Mr. Cesari goes on with the deductions that can be made by the examination of these three portions, contained in the glass tube and terminate by the consideration of the clinical applications of his method. The various indications thus obtained upon the composition of the blood by sedimentation permit us to see the importance of the applications of the method to the clinic. First of all, for all that concerns anemias, it is certain that sedimentation will immediately give information upon the de- gree of globular poverty of the blood; it will also permit us to appreciate the functional work of the hematopoietic organs and also that of the hemoglobinic value by the rapidity of the drop- ping of the hematies; and finally it will help to rapidly control the efficacy of the treatment prescribed, whose effects shall be measured by the increase of the red sediment. For the leucemias, it is scarcely necessary to indicate the diagnostic value of the test by sedimentation. The peculiarities as well as the variations offered by the leucocytar sediment during the various diseases will, no doubt, furnish precious information from the diagnostic and prognostic point of view, when they will be fully appreciated, as they must be later on by practitioners. Clinical observations will establish them. The article of Mr. Cesari, the description and the application of his method will attract attention. For veterinarians especially, 10 EDITORIAL. it will prove of great advantage, being simple, not demanding expenses, and of easy utilisation. As the author says, it needs very little to make it most appreciable and useful. Will clinicians put it to a test? Pror. EBERLEIN’s SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ROARING.— Although this question is now pretty well settled, in Europe, where the operation of Williams has received such success as confirmed by the many operations recorded by Prof. Hobday in England, and also by the fact of its having been raised in the veterinary schools as the classical operation, its practice being one of the many branches of the department of operative surgery, although all those are facts well established, improving methods, so named by their originator, are now and then brought out. From the Archiv. f. weisens und prakt. Tierhetlkinde, the Annales of Brussels are producing a new modus operandi, recom- mended by Prof. Eberlein from Berlin. There is no doubt, says the learned professor, that the sur- gical treatment of roaring gives the best results, 70 per cent. recoveries being proved by statistics. Prof. Eberlein operates as follows: After having the animal well secured on his back, he divides the musculo-cutaneous layer, the crico-thyroid membrane and anesthetizes the ventricles of the glottis. He introduces then the index finger of the left hand in the left ventricle, and stretches the dorsal portion of the cor- responding vocal cord by flexing slightly the finger and raising it gently. He then makes with a special pointed bistouri an angular incision measuring I to 11% centimeters, with an edge running along the anterior border of the vocal cord and the other - along the ventral border of the arythenoid cartilage. The result of the operation, according to the author, depends, in the first place, on the good direction of this angular incision. One must watch that the first incision runs exactly along the an- terior border of the vocal cord and especially that it does not EDITORIAL. 11 encroach on it transversally. The very important part to be en- acted in the process of recovery by the vocal cord is annihilated when this cord is cut or divided transversally. | Then the author takes out the left index finger from the ventricle and introduces it in the angular wound, and by a slight cork-screwing motion pushes it easily towards the corresponding crico-arytenoid articulation. This has for its object the isolation of the mucous membrane of the ventricle. Once the bottom of the cul-de-sac is loose, the index finger is then flexed slightly and with a blunt bistouri the mucous membrane is isolated, being extended over the finger as a finger-glove, by pressure of the thumb. The mucous mem- brane of the right ventricle is removed in the same way. It seems to us that the method of Prof. Eberlein, good as _it may be, has not the simplicity of that of Williams. aa * * ; BrsLtioGRAPHIC BuLietin.—The following are thankfully acknowledged : The Mechanical Transmission of Surra by Tabanus Striatus, by Mr. Bruin Mitzmain, M.S., Veterinary Entomologist under the direction of Archibald R. Ward, B.S.A., D.V.M., Chief Veterinarian (Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands). Veterinary Notes. December, 1913. Parke, Davis & Co. Report on Epizootic Abortion in Sheep, Part III, Abortion, with appendix to Part III by Sir J. McFadyean, M.R.C.V.S., M.B., C.M., B.Sc., L.L.D., and Sir Stewart Stockman, M.R.C.V.S. Hog Cholera, Farmers Bulletin, Dept. Agriculture of Ten- nessee, George R. White, M.D., D.V.S., State Veterinarian. Agricultural Journal, South Africa, Nov., 1913. Bulletin of the Dept. of Agriculture No. 1. Medical Milk Commissions and Certified Milk, by Ernest Kelley. 7 Peon” P. S.—In the February Review, just received, on page 657, there is a letter from Sir John McFadyean to the London Times 12 EDITORIAL, referring to a statement made at the London Medical Congress by Prof. Harvey Cushing, of Harvard University (I believe), in relation to American veterinary surgeons. About the time that this statement found its way in English veterinary papers, | felt it my duty to call the attention of my American confréres to it, and to that end mailed in my chronicle for December, 1913, remarks upon it. By some way or another these did not find their way to our American office. (?) But I do not wish it to be supposed that / should have overlooked and neglected my obligations towards the American profession and ignore the ridiculous and gross error of the American surgeon. Aa WHAT THE ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL DOES FOR THE MILITARY VETERINARIANS AND WHAT WE HOLD IT SHOULD DO. “You never can tell, sir, you never can tell.’—Repeated with frequency by the waiter in Bernard Shaw’s drama, “ You Never Can Tell.” With the equanimity and calm demeanor of a very dignified newspaper, The Army and Navy Journal takes pains to correct us at one point in what we said in our editorial on the Army Veterinary Service Bill (H. R. 4541 in the House and S. 4331 in the Senate) in our February issue. In its edition of February 2Ist it says: We would suggest to the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review that.a more care- ful reading of the Army and Navy Journal would have saved it from the mistake of saying of this paper: “It has always published the news of the transfers from one regiment to another, from one part of the country to another, from one detail to another, of every commissioned and non-com- missioned officer mentioned in Army orders; but never so much as a word came out on orders for veterinarians.” The same rule governs our publica- tion of orders relating to veterinarians as of other officers, and whenever we receive an order relative to the change of station or transfer of a veterinarian we publish it under the head of the organization to which he is attached.— Army and Navy Journal, February 21, 1914. The correction stands; for, on looking over its news of the regiments, we find that the Journal is right. In this one point we were mistaken, and, acknowledging our error, with uncoy- a eet ee eae ee ae EDITORIAL. 13 ered head we may hope to bow ourselves into the good graces of the Journal again, conservative a newspaper as it is. However, the quotation printed abeve, taken from The Army and Navy Journal, is noteworthy nét’so much for what it says as for what it leaves unsaid. Sir Robert Clive, winner of the battle of Plassey, who subdued a large portion of India and brought it under the British crown, was, late in his career, ar- raigned before Parliament for supposed malfeasance in office, in that it was believed he had plundered the nabobs. Macaulay states that in the midst of the trial, he said, concerning the re- straint he placed upon himself at times when he might have en- riched himself, ‘‘ Sirs, when I think of this abnegation, | am astonished at my own moderation.” .The writer of the note quoted from The Army and Navy Journal, when he had finished it, must, from the restraint he placed upon himself, have had - the same feeling as Sir Robert Clive. The silence of that note speaks volumes. We can take it for granted that: The Army and Navy Journal found nothing else to correct in our editorial, else it would have done so. This perhaps was not born of charity; for this service newspaper can speak with trumpet tones when it is in the humor. Is the Journal aware that inadvertently it paid us a great compliment, for, if we are not mistaken, and we wish it to cor- rect us if we are wrong, the note quoted contains the first ref- erence by name to the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvVIEw, or to any other veterinary magazine, American or foreign, that ever appeared in its columns? We challenge the Journal to look over its files from the Civil War days or thereafter until the present and see if it can find a single reference to an American veterinary magazine in all those years. There may be smattering reference to veterinary bills in Congress; but has there ever appeared in all its tomes an article, short or long, in which there was a valiant ex- position of the need for improvement of the veterinary service of the army? This service newspaper is proud of its champion- ship in its editorial columns of every good and worthy military cause, of everything which would look towards improvement of 14 EDITORIAL. any part of the army service. It has stood as staunchly for the enlisted man as for the commissioned officer. But where, oh where, in any editorial, short or long, has it espoused the cause of the army veterinarian? The reason is not that he is too insig- nificant ; because the Journal has devoted yards of space to more humble men than he. Is it because the army veterinarian has been forgotten? Not at all. The Journal is an authority on the branches, branchlets and twigs of the military organization and knows something about the army veterinarian and the part he plays in the military scheme, and that is why it recently took us to task. The reason is, in its note it did not deny it, that the Journal has been studying the legislative colors and knows pretty well how the tints are being mixed in the legislative halls for military “bills in Congress.” If, forsooth, it thought it said too much in what we quoted from its columns in our February article, it makes amends now by saying little that we can quote for our direct helpfulness. Is this because some knowing one has said to it: ‘See what you have done. Do not encourage the veteri- nary service. You see how you are quoted and used when by chance you refer to it.” If this is the case we may expect the good and discreet army newspaper to relapse into its whilom silence. We can have our last word at any rate, even if the Journal says no more now, and we will inform it that, should H. R. 4541 or S. 4331 pass, it will give space in short articles, mayhap in editorials to the army veterinary service, not in the well-packed columns to the rear, but well forward in the Jowr- nal, there may appear articles (speak it now with bated breath) on veterinary officers and their work. Now it is our duty, as we have been corrected, to likewise correct in turn. In the note quoted in the beginning of this edi- torial the army service newspaper, in speaking of the place where it publishes army orders concerning detailing regimental person- nel, says, “The same rule governs our publication of orders relating to veterinarians as of other officers.” This reminds us of what the genial Oliver Wendell Holmes said of ‘‘ My Country ee EDITORIAL. 16 *Tis of Thee,” that the song and his Harvard classmate, Smith, its author, became famous from the use of the “ My,” which made the song personal to the American people. In this case it is the “other” that would make this part of the quotation apply to the army veterinarian were it not that the “ other” is. horribly untrue, because the army veterinarians are not yet offi- © cers. The Army and Navy Journal is excusable for this lapsus linguae, and we may credit this “ other ” to its sense of courtesy. When it is not Homerically nodding, the service newspaper knows that the army veterinarian at best, if success does not fail him this time, congressionally is in process of becoming an officer. We will close our quarrel with our New York neighbor, the army service newspaper, if it will write an editorial of twenty lines in which it will point out the truthfulness or the untruth- fulness of the statements made by Mr. Hay in favor of the veterinary profession on page six of Report 239 of the present Congress, or in the letter of the surgeon general of the army in the same report, pages seven and eight. Gs THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS IN CONGRESS AGAIN COMPLIMENTS THE VETERINARY PROFESSION. The Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Repre- sentatives in its Report (No. 239, 63d Congress, 2d Session, page six) again compliments the profession and says: “Tt is thought that it will greatly improve the service to give the rank provided in this bill, and in that way much money will be saved by virtue of increased efficiency in this service. The veterinary surgeons of this country are a body of highly trained and intelligent men, who have made and are making great strides toward progress in their profession; and it is not reason- able to expect that the Government can secure the best talent of the profession unless some fitting and substantial recognition is given to it. “The War Department has given its approval to this bill. The Secretary of War recommends that the veterinarians be placed in the Medical Corps. This bill is so drawn that the Secretary of War will be able to place these 16 EDITORIAL. officers under the control of any department which he may deem best for the interests and efficiency of this service.” * * * * * * “x The whole profession is more interested in the Army Veteri- nary Service Bill now than ever, in view of the fact that it is . an administration measure. The House Military Committee Report sets this forth fully, as is seen in the following quotations : CONSOLIDATION OF THE VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE ARMY. War DeparRTMENT, Washington, June 28, 1913. Sir—I have the honor to return herewith H. R. 4541, a bill to consolidate the veterinary service, United States Army, and increase its efficiency, and to invite attention to,the memoranda of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps and the Surgeon General. I am of the opinion that the interests of the service would be served best by the attachment of this corps to the Medical Department, as is the Dental Corps, for the reasons set forth by the Surgeon General. Very respectfully, LinpLey M. Garrison, ' Secretary of War. The CHAIRMAN CoMMITTEE ON MiLirarRy AFFAIRS, House of Representatives. War DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF THE QUARTERMASTER Corps, Washington. June 26, 1913. Memorandum for the Chief of Staff. " 1. Referring to your memorandum of June 13, requesting remark on H. R. 4541, a bill to consolidate the veterinary service, United States Army, and increase its efficiency and inviting special attention to the recommendation of the Surgeon General, I desire to advise you that this matter has received careful consideration. 2. The bill H. R. 4541 is satisfactory to this office, except two more veter- — inarians are required for the Quartermaster Corps than those which will be authorized by section 1, and it is recommended that the word “ seventeen” be substituted for “ fifteen,” line 7, page 1, and that the word “ sixty-four ” be substituted for “ sixty-two,” line 9, page I. 3. While it is believed that the duty of veterinarian is more closely con- nected with the Quartermaster Corps than the Medical Department, there will be no objection offered on the part of this office to the veterinary corps being made part of the Medical Department, provided that such number of veter- inarians as may be required for performance of duties in the Quartermaster Corps will be detailed to that corps and made subject to the supervision and control of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps while serving therein, as are commissioned officers now detailed to duty in the corps. 4. All papers are herewith returned. J. B. ALESHIRE, Chief Quartermaster Corps. - ; : ‘ P | ‘ “Memorandum for the Chief of Staff. EDITORIAL. 1? War DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL, Washington, June 12, 1913. Subject: Bill H. R. 4541, to consolidate the veterinary service of the Army and increase its efficiency. Veterinary medicine is a learned profession, with a voluminous periodical and permanent literature of its own. For efficiency, there is the same neces- sity that the horse doctor should be learned as for the man doctor, and as his patients are not able to speak and describe their symptoms, a greater amount of scientific accuracy and acumen is necessary for a correct diagnosis. The therapeutics and pharmacy of veterinary medicine are largely the same as for the Medical Service, and in Europe, where veterinary medicine has the dignity and standing of a learned profession, it has made valuable contributions to our knowledge of the causation of diseases. It is believed‘“that it cannot be placed on a high standard of efficiency without long-continued application of the same agencies which have raised the Medical Corps of the Army to its present standard. Conspicuous among these is the system of examination for admission to the service and for promotion. Others which may be men- tioned are the liberal supply of literature and appliances and a close touch maintained with the progress of the profession in civil life. It is believed that these things can be accomplished for the veterinary service only by making it a part of the Medical Department and permitting it to share the administrative machinery of the Medical Corps. This would not only conduce to the elevation and efficiency of the veterinary service, but would also be in the interest of economy, as all of its supplies could be most advantageously purchased, cared for, and issued through the machinery of the Medical Department. As regards the administrative question of supplying veterinary surgeons to the Quartermaster Department, it is believed that no difficulty would arise, as the veterinary officers needed for that service could be placed under the orders of the quartermasters at depots, etc., where their services were needed, or ordered to report to the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps for such service and duty as he might desire to assign them. The __ establishment of the veterinary service as a corps of the Medical Department, like the ™ ‘orps and the Army Nurse Corps, is not proposed for the aggrandizeme.,. _{ the Medical Department, but because it is believed to be the only way in which that service can be raised to a fitting plane of dignity and efficiency such as it has reached in European countries and in the armies of the great military nations. For these reasons the draft of the bill submitted by the War Department on January 6, 1913, a copy of which is attached to the General Staff Report No. 8443, herewith, is believed to be much better calculated to increase the engl of the sanitary service of the Army than the bill H. R. 4541 here- with. Georce H. Torney, Surgeon General. The time is getting short, as the present session of Congress will surely close in June, and we urge every man who reads this to use his influence with senators or representatives in Congress to assist in the passage of the Army Veterinary Service Bill. Write them earnestly, persistently, but discreetly, seeking their favor for the bill. There never was a time when the chances for 18 EDITORIAL. the passage of the bill were better or as good as now. The War Department is for us. The political powers that be in the House are for us. The leader of the political strength for the govern- ment in the Senate, Mr. Kern, is for us. The sub-committee of the Senate, we are firmly impressed, is as fair-minded a body of men as we could wish. Our friends are increasing in num- bers daily. Your political friend should be the whole profes- sion’s political friend. Write him insistently to do all he can for H. R. 4541 or, if he is a senator, for S. 4331. Vetermarius victor—the veterinarian shall be victor! G. S. VOLUME FORTY-FIVE. With the delivery of 1,500 pages of the choicest scientific and practical material during the past year, as a guarantee that our numbers grow better with each issue, we enter upon Volume XLV, with the full confidence and hearty support of the Ameri- can veterinary profession. We need not waste valuable and much needed space in telling our subscribers what we are going to do for them in the year that we are just entering upon with the April number ; but will, in as brief a manner as possible, express our deep appreciation of their continued support, both financial and moral, as expressed by the pouring in of their renewal checks and kind words of appreciation of our efforts, which ac- company them; both of which are essentials in the continuance of the highest type of return service. It is your magazine, use it to exchange your professional thoughts, broaden your professional ‘knowledge and increase your professional value to each other and to your clientéle. —— Amoncst Next Montn’s Leavers: Hog Cholera and the Production and Use of Hog Cholera Serum; by D. E. Salmon, former Chief U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. ee ORIGINAL ARTICLES. ———“—— THE RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE.* By R. E. Sprrne, M.D., NEw York. A careful consideration of vaccine therapy reveals the fact that it involves almost all of the great biologic principles. These may, however, be grouped under two headings—infection and immunity. Neither of these fields has any well-defined limits. In the elaboration of research in them, one is led into still greater problems of biology, such as laws of inheritance, specie charac- teristics, mutation of species and, upon the side of the infected host, there are almost all of the great problems of physiology and pathology. It was Pasteur who first demonstrated that wienial progress, in the treatment and prevention of the infectious diseases, could ' only be achieved by the recognition of the fact that the produc- tion of active resistance to an infecting organism, on the part of a susceptible animal, can be brought about by the introduction of the infecting agent into the animal body. Nature or Inrection.—Not only must the infecting organ- ism come in contact with the body tissues, in order to produce dis- ease, but it must be able to grow and multiply, and overcome the resistance of the body. The symptoms and signs of infections do not appear as soon as the pathogenic organism enters the body. The interval between the invasion of the disease and the appear- ance of symptoms is known as the incubation period and varies according to the biologic characteristics of the infecting or- ganism; and it is also influenced by the number and virulence of the organisms, the location of the portal of entry, and the indi- vidual susceptibility of the host. The symptoms produced by the *Read by invitation before the Wisconsin State Veterinary Society at Milwaukee, February IO, 1914. From the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, New York. 19 R. E. SPLINE. organism will vary as the organism acts locally or generally. In local infections, the most marked disturbance occurs at the portal of entry, while in general infections, the reaction manifests itself in the whole or a large part of the body. The appearance of gen- eral symptoms varies greatly with the rapidity of production and absorption of toxic products. Many infectious diseases are self- limited in their course; recovery taking place after a rather defi- nite period of time has elapsed. When this is not the case, the infection becomes chronic and gives rise to various conditions, depending on the species of the organism, the part of the body involved, etc. The invasion of the body by infective micro-organisms may best be conceived as a contest between the invading organisms on the one side and the resisting tissues of the animal body on the cther. In other words, disease is simply a war between the tissue cells and the bacteria. If the tissues are not of sufficient vigor to destroy the invading bacteria, or to render inert their poisons, the bacteria are victorious and infection results. On the other hand, if disease does not occur, the tissues are victorious and are then said to be resistant or immune to this particular infection. There are two factors which influence susceptibility to dis- ease: (1) Intrinsic factors, which depend upon the biologie prop- erties of the infecting bacteria, including their virulence and the kind of poison which they produce; (2) Extrinsic factors or en- vironmental factors, indicated by the age, breed, food, tempera- ture, exposure, etc., of the host—that is, the animal. There is a certain balance or equilibrium always present, depending upon these two factors. The toxemia of most infectious diseases is now regarded as an anaphylactic manifestation, which will be discussed later. Infectious diseases may be divided into two distinct types: (1) Toxemias, caused by specific toxins of bacteria, such as the diphtheria and tetanus toxins; (2) Bacteriemias, produced by the splitting up of bacterial protoplasm or by a breaking down of the protein poisons of bacteria. In bacteriemias, the degree of in- fection is dependent upon the manner and rapidity with which the bacteria or their contained protein poisons are split up. a ee ee ee RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. aL OFFENSIVE Forces or INvADING MICRO-ORGANISMS.—The question naturally arises, why does not every infection become generalized and lead to the destruction of the host? Evidently this must depend upon one of two factors or an interaction be- tween the two, namely, the nature of the micro-organism and the resistance which the host offers. Those forces which are at the disposal of the invading organism, and, by virtue of which it strives to maintain itself in its new environment, may be termed its aggressive or offensive forces in contradistinction to the de- fensive forces of the host. Virulence.—Clinically, we have long been in the habit of as- cribing the varying severity, observed in the different cases of infectious diseases, to differences in the virulence of the organ- isms. In other words, the severity of the clinical picture was regarded as an index of the severity of the infection. This con- ception of the term is now no longer tenable. The term “ viru- lence,” in its modern meaning, has reference essentially to the ability of the organism to multiply in the body of the infected animal; and is virtually synonymous with aggressivity or infec- tiousness. Therefore, it is erroneous to speak of the virulence of a tetanus bacillus or of a diphtheria bacillus to indicate the severity of a given case. The clinical picture is essentially due to the action of toxins, and one should accordingly speak of the toxicity of the organism. By a particularly virulent infection, we mean an infection during which there is, on the one hand, an active multiplication of organisms and, on the other, a corre- sponding toxin-formation with the production of a severe clini- cal picture. Difference in Virulence—The virulence of the different groups or strains of bacteria differs considerably, and may be due to certain changes of a morphological or physiological character by which the organism adjusts itself to its new surroundings; or, to some substance secreted by the infecting organism. Attenuation of Virulence-——The virulence of an organism may be attenuated or decreased in many ways. Attenuation may be brought about (1) by exposure to temperatures unfavorable 22 R. E. SPLINE. to the growth of the organism; (2) by prolonged exposure to the air; (3) by exposure to sunlight; (4) by increased atmospheric pressure; (5) by the electric current; (6) by certain chemicals, such as glycerin, carbolic acid, alcohol, etc., being careful to em- ploy concentrations which will not actually kill the organisms; (7) by growing the organism in the presence of others which tend to crowd out the one under consideration; (8) by growth in immune serum; (9) by passage through animals. By animal passage, the virulence of the organism is usually specifically in- creased for the species of animal employed; while it either re- mains unchanged for other animals or is associated with an actual decrease in virulence for other species of animals. The practical application of this principle was used by Pasteur, in im- munizing against rabies, by passing the virus through rabbits; thereby increasing its virulence for rabbits but decreasing it for man. BacTERIAL Portsons.—All of the infectious diseases, of which the infecting agent is known, are due to toxic substances derived from the offending parasite. Regarding the nature of the toxic agents which are responsible for the symptom-complex of the infectious diseases and the mechanism of their action, our knowledge is yet very meager. But three groups of substances are now recognized, namely, toxins, endotoxins and bacterial proteins. Toxins.—A toxin is a product of the anabolic activity of an organism, and. its production is specific; for example, only one — organism is known to produce tetanus toxin. It is now a recog- nized fact that these toxins are actually responsible for the clinical picture of the corresponding diseases. Endotoxins.—Endotoxins are not secreted by the living or- ganism, but are only set free after the death and disintegration of the bacteria. Bacterial Proteins.—The bacterial proteins seem to have the same properties in all bacteria; not causing any specific infection, but all alike causing fever, inflammation and suppuration. They are not, in themselves, toxic to the host. They have, however, ee Pi - RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 23 gained new importance, since it has been demonstrated that the introduction of foreign proteins of whatever kind leads not only to increased resistance or immunity against such proteins, but inay also induce a state of hypersensitiveness or anaphylaxis such that a subsequent injection of the proteins, after a certain inter- val, may produce serious symptoms and even death. The host develops a capacity to break down the bacterial proteins into secondary products, which are probably toxic elements and which cause the phenomenon of disease. DEFENSIVE Forces oF THE Host.—We have said nothing as yet of the mechanism by which the host defends itself against infections, and the action of those poisonous products which are so largely responsible for the clinical picture of disease. We may distinguish between those forces which are at the disposal of the animal body at the moment of infection and those which de- velop only in the course of the infection and because of the in- fection. The former comprise the phagocytic forces of the body, as well as the normal bactericidal power of the blood; while the second class includes the various antibodies or sub- stances which are liberated from the cells in consequence of the introduction into the circulation of foreign cells or cell-products. Phagocytic Forces.—In considering the phagocytic forces, we shall here merely mention that the phagocytes and opsonins are involved and will reserve the discussion until we come to consider the mechanism of immunity. Bactericidal Substances of Normal Blood.—That normal blood-serum possesses active bactericidal properties has been demonstrated by Fodor, Nuttall and Buchner. ‘The latter as- cribed the bactericidal action of blood-serum to substances which he assumed to be of the nature of ferments and which he desig- nated as “alexins.” Subsequent studies which are intimately as- sociated with thé names of Ehrlich, Morgenroth, Bordet, Metch- nikoff, Neiser and Wechsberg, etc., have shown that the bacteri- cidal action of normal serum is dependent upon the presence of two substances, one of which, now generally spoken of as ambo- ceptor, serves as a connecting link between the bacteria and the 24 R. E. SPLINE. second substance, designated as complement. ‘The complement itself is not capable of combining with the bacteria, whereas the amboceptor is readily anchored to the organisms. Much of our knowledge of the mechanism which is involved in the interac- tion between bacteria, amboceptor, and the complement has been obtained from the study of the closely corresponding hemolytic properties which certain sera possess for red corpuscles of ani- mals of alien species. | An important, practical fact is that the amboceptor normally present in blood-serum and which is called natural amboceptor is not as specific nor as stable as the amboceptor which is produced by inoculation of foreign cells and which is called immune ambo- ceptor. As a result of infection or artificial immunization, the amboceptor content of the blood-serum is materially increased, while the complement remains the same. Recent research re- garding the nature of amboceptor and complement tends to show that complement is probably a lipoid-albumin product, while am- boceptor is of the nature of a ferment. | The principle involved in the interaction between bacteria, amboceptor and complement receives a practical application in the complement fixation test, which was originally devised by Bordet and Gengou and made use of by Wassermann in the now well-known Wassermann test in human medicine, and which is frequently used as a method for diagnosing glanders in veterinary medicine. Antibodies ——An animal organism invariably responds to the parenteral introduction (that is, the introduction by other chan- nels than through the gastro-intestinal tract), of foreign cells or products of foreign cells and produces substances which, in a general way, tend to destroy those which indirectly gave rise to their formation. The reaction products which are formed in the body of the treated animal are conjointly spoken of as “ anti- bodies,” and the substances whose introduction from without gives rise to their formation are termed “ antigens.” The dis- covery of these substances and their bearing upon the subject of immunity has opened up an enormous field for fruitful research, ~ RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 25. not only in the domain of medical science, but in that of general biology as well. Among these substances may be mentioned anti- toxins (Behring and Kitasato) which neutralize the harmful effect of bacterial toxins; bacteriolysins ( Pfeiffer.) which possess the property cf causing dissolution of the corresponding organ- isms ; agglutinins (Gruber and Durham) which cause the clump- ing or agglutination of bacteria, and the cessation of their mo- tility; precipitins (Kraus) which, when brought together with the clear filtrates of bouillon cultures, will cause a precipitate to. _ collect at the bottom of the tube. In the form of the “ biological blood test,” the principle of precipitins is now generally utilized for the purpose of determining the origin of blood stains and, upon the same basis, it has been possible to establish zoological relationship between different animals. There still remain other groups of antibodies which are variously known as cytolysins, antiferments, antilypoids, albuminolysins, etc. Tyres or IMMuNnity.—Immunity may be defined as nonsus- ceptibility to disease or, as the ability to resist the action of the causes of disease. The body may be immune because of inherent properties or, because it has acquired immunity. Immunity due to inherent properties is called natural immunity, while the im- munity acquired during life is called acquired immunity. Natural _Immunity.—Natural immunity is demonstrated by the nonsusceptibility of certain animals to the action of some of the micro-organisms causing disease in man. It is an immunity of species, race and, at times, of family. Generally speaking, the natural susceptibility to infection by micro-organisms differs with the different classes of animals, with different genera, with differ- ent species, and even with different varieties and individuals. Acquired Immunity.—Specific acquired immunity results. only after a pathological condition exists or has existed. In these cases, the individual becomes immune because he has sur- vived a natural course of the disease, as occurs after an attack of scarlet fever; because he has gone through a modified form of the disease, as obtains in vaccination against smallpox; or because he received substances prepared by some other individual 26 R. E. SPLINE. or animal that has gone through a natural or modified course of the-disease.. Two types of acquired immunity are recognized and are referred to as active and passive. Active Immunity.—An individual acquires an active immu- nity to certain micro-organisms when he himself has survived a natural or modified course of the disease produced by infection with this or that particular organism. In this case, the individual produces his own immunity either because he has had the disease naturally or because it has been intentionally and experimentally produced. Experimental, artificial or intentional active immuni- zation is usually called vaccination, and generally produces in the individual a mild form of the symptoms usually found in the infection. Active immunization, protective and curative, is most frequently attempted with injections of killed bacteria, although toxins and living organisms are used to immunize against certain infectious diseases. Attenuated or killed organisms prepared for immunization are referred to as vaccines. Passive _Immunity.—Acquired passive immunity takes place as the result of the introduction of immunizing substances that have been prepared by actively immunized individuals or animals. This is usually conferred by the injection of blood-serum from immunized animals. There are two classes of immunizing sub- stances. Those acting on bacteria are said to be antibacterial; while those acting on toxins are called antitoxic. MECHANISM oF IMMUNITY.—Various explanations of the causes and processes of natural acquired immunity have been at- tempted. We shall here speak of three. Phagocytic Theory of Metchnikoff—In 1884, Metchnikoft published the first of a series of observations upon the behavior of certain cells of the lower animals toward insoluble particles that may be present in the tissues of these animals. The out- come of these investigations was the establishment of his well- known doctrine of phagocytosis, the principle of which is that the wandering cells of the animal organism, the leucocytes, pos- sess the property of taking up and rendering inert and digesting micro-organisms which they may encounter in the disease. weer eee RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 27 Metchnikoff believes that in this way immunity from infection may in many cases be explained. He believed that immunity was essentially a matter between the invading bacteria and the leu- cocytes. The Side-Chain Theory of Ehrlich.—The theory advanced by Ehrlich in 1897 stands out most prominently in attempting to explain the phenomenon of immunity. Ehrlich conceives the in- dividual cell to be a complex molecule, comprising a primary central nucleus to which are attached its secondary atom-groups, side-chains, or receptors. Their principal function is to convert foreign substances into food, which must enter into chemical combination with the central part of the cell, so as to be assimi- lated. The receptors have, however, a.great variety of functions, so that at times they bind the cell to substances that are not foods but actually cell-poisons. Injury to one or more of these receptors, caused by combining with a poison, results in disturbance of the cell-equilibrium, and consequent effort of the surrounding re- ceptors at compensating repair. With this liberation of bioplas- tic energy, more plastic material is generated than is necessary for the repair of the injury. The excess of this material, being disengaged from the parent-cell, is thrown into the circulation where it combines, according to Ehrlich, with the poisons, form- ing antitoxin compounds, and can, therefore, be reasonably re- garded as the antitoxic material of artificially immune animals. Opsonic Theory of Wright.—In 1903, Wright and Douglas pointed out that there are certain substances in sera which so affect bacteria that they are more easily taken up and disposed of by the leucocytes. These substances they termed opsonins. Wright and Douglas decided that the amount of opsonins in sera is variable; that these substances are of importance in infection, and can be increased or decreased by injection of killed cultures of bacteria. They express the amount of opsonins present in serum in terms of the opsonic index of the patient’s blood to the phagocytic index of serum from normal individuals. ANAPHYLAXIS.—If a guinea-pig is injected with normal horse serum and an interval of 10 to 12 days allowed to elapse, 28 . R. E. SPLINE. it will be noted that the second injection is followed by most alarming symptoms, including intense dyspnea and fall of tem- perature, which frequently end in death. The phenomenon was first described by Auer and Lewis, and is attributed by these in- vestigators to spasm of the smallest bronchioles, which virtually causes the suffocation of the animal. Some toxic substance is set free, which acts upon the plain muscle fiber of the body. In the lungs, it causes spasm of the muscular coat of the bronchi so that air cannot pass out or in, and the animal dies of asphyx- tation. Corresponding symptoms occur in other animals and may follow the introduction of almost any foreign albumin by paren- teral channels. The first.injection sensitizes the animal to sub- sequent injections and, during the interaction between the anti- body and its antigen at the time of the second injection, highly poisonous intermediary products are formed to which the toxic symptoms are in turn due. As the injected animal has evidently become more sensitive to the action of the foreign albumin than it was before the first injection, Richet suggested the term “anaphylaxis” to express this condition of hypersusceptibility. This term has now been generally accepted and the more or less threatening symptoms that follow the second injection are spoken of as the “ anaphylactic shock.” Stated in the simplest terms, anaphylaxis may be described thus: The protein by- products are produced or set free in toxic quantities, while in the normal animal the process proceeds so slowly that no evident in- toxication may result. Anaphylaxis and Immunity.—The relation between anti- bacterial immunity and anaphylactic intoxication remains essen- tially the same as outlined by Pfeiffer. While he limited himself to the conception of performed endotoxins, under the newer views, we would consider poisonous substances of bacterial bodies as being intermediary digestion products, and as arising also in part from changes in harmless proteins. There is no con- tradiction between immunity and anaphylaxis, which is a form of antibody reaction, and, so to speak, an incident in the course of immunization. / f, 4 RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 29 Active IMMUNIzZATION.—In active immunization, the princi- pal aim is to develop specific antibodies which are of importance iu combating and overcoming the infecting organisms and their products. The discovery that active immunity can be produced, in many instances without the production of any disease, through the use of organisms whose virulence has been artificially dimin- ished, or even with organisms that are dead, is one of the great- est triumphs of modern medicine as exemplified in vaccine therapy. Active immunization, to be applicable generally, must *be such that it is beneficial if induced after infection has occurred. Pasteur was successful in actively immunizing against rabies, if the immunization was begun before the symptoms and signs of the disease appeared. The discovery of the possibility of producing immunity arti- ficially we owe to Jenner, who first showed that by vaccinating individuals with smallpox virus, which had been attenuated by passage through cattle, protection against the disease could be se- cured. Although the causative agent of smallpox was unknown, Pasteur subsequently recognized that the principle of vaccination lies in the production of the disease in an attenuated form. The thought, therefore, suggested itself to him that the same principle might be adapted to the prevention of bacterial diseases also, and by experimentation in this direction he laid the foundation of our modern vaccine therapy, which finds its most immediate _ expression, so far as human pathology is concerned, in the pre- ventive treatment of rabies and in the prophylactic vaccines against typhoid fever. PasstvE IMMUNIZATION.—When antibodies, that have been produced in the blood of an actively immunized animal, are intro- duced into the circulation of another animal, a condition of pass- ive immunity is established. Such a condition may be induced by the use of either antitoxic serum—which neutralizes the bac- terial toxin and renders it inert, as illustrated in the use of Te- tanus Antitoxin—or antibacterial serum, which acts directly upon _ the invading organisms and renders them inert or destroys them, as in the use of Antistreptococcus Serum. (To be concluded in the next issue.) MARKET HORSES. By Cart W. Gay, D.V.M., UNIVERSITY oF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The notion seems to have gone abroad that the present admin- istration of affairs agriculturally in New York State is especially interested in horse-breeding. Personally, I never have been on a program where such a large proportion of the allotment was con- ceded to horses as is done on the present program, and it is all extremely gratifying to one who is interested in this particular line of work, not merely because it gives those of us interested an opportunity to express our views, but for more important reasons. Prof. Wing has told you that I am more or less in touch with the selling end. I try to keep as well informed as I can, and I admit frankly that the conditions that our dealers complain of most generally are not the fact that there is a dearth of buyers, but the fact that they cannot find the horses to sell. Now I be- lieve there is one very good reason for that. I believe that the activities of the smooth’ and very competent motor salesmen have created a condition where there is a lack of confidence in the horse business on the purchasing end, and I believe there are a lot of farmers who have quit breeding horses on that account. And I think when a great power like an association of this sort, in a great State, puts its stamp of approval on the horse business, it cannot help have a far-reaching influence in restoring, to a certain extent, this mistaken confidence. I would like to emphasize the topic, ‘ Market.” There is a great difference between horses and producing market horses. It Notre.—Through the courtesy of Commissioner Calvin J. Huson, of the New York State Department of Agriculture, President of the New York State Breeders’ Associa- tion, we were furnished with the stenographic report of an extemporaneous address given before that organization at its recent meeting in Rochester, by Carl W. Gay Din Vis . B..S,. A., author of Productive Horse Husbandry, Professor of Anima Industry in the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Director of Horse Breeding, State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for_publication; the Commissioner explaining that “this copy had not been submitted to Dr. Gay for correction.” We read it through with the very great pleasure that we feel sure it will afford al/ of our readers, and concluded it did not require any author’s corrections; and trust that Prof. Gay will not censure us for publishing it without his having read it. It is brim-full of good arguments and common sense, and suggests an immense fund of information on zodtechny by the speaker.—[Ed.] 30 MARKET HORSES. 31 is the latter topic ! want to discuss. In the first place, what is a market horse? You know Ezra Kendall’s statement, “ Pigs is Pigs.” A good many who raise horses seem to be laboring under the impression that horses is horses. That isn’t a fact. A buyer "was never as discriminating as he is to-day. On the other hand I believe I am safe in saying there never was a time when the first- class horse sold for more than it does to-day. Most men do not appreciate the fact that there is a distinction between a market horse and any kind of horse. What is a market horse? The very definition of the term ‘“‘ market”? makes that point clear. The original market, as you know, was a medium for commodities. And this term “ medium ” introduces the idea of two parties, one on one side of the medium and the other on the other side, be- tween whom the exchange takes place. They are the producer on the one hand and the seller on the other. | I would like to emphasize especially the importance of the consumer ruling the types of horses for which thére is a market. So I say any horse that has a market is a market horse. In other words, it takes two parties to consummate a sale. It doesn’t make any difference how highly you value your horse; you have to find somebody else who thinks as you do. A market horse is a horse that has a buyer. The man who is going to sell market horses must keep himself informed. A man cannot keep himself back and not be informed, for the simple reason that the market conditions are continually changing. T have already tried to show you that they have never been ruled by the consumer—unless the producer keeps in touch with the consumer’s demands, he cannot meet them when he gets to market. The producer of market horses should follow up the market. The question naturally arises, “ What sort of horses shall we produce to-day to meet the demand?” I have no patience with the man who thinks that the motor car has put the horse out of business on the one hand, and I have no faith in the statement that the motor has nothing to do with the horse business. It has, and you must take the motor into consideration. The thing for 32 CARL W. GAY. you to do is to study the proposition and eliminate those witk which the competition is most keen. If you follow the market conditions you will find that the commercial draft horse is as good a proposition to-day as he ever was, and so far as we-can find out from the men who are using these horses, there is nothing to indi- cate that this state of affairs won’t continue to exist. | I was in a stable just a week ago yesterday, of a Philadelphia concern that works 107 head of horses—the biggest and best draft horses they can buy. They had just returned from Ohio | with a carload of 22 head. This concern is working six big five- ton autos. They claim they will never buy another one. They claim it costs them 12 cents a hundred to deliver by truck; it costs 6 cents to deliver by horse. They can make their deliveries, run- ning out 20 or 30 miles, by motors; but for the about-town de- liveries they find there is nothing to it. And I could take you down on through the different lines of delivery service, and if we lay aside the matter of vogue—the fact that some people are so distinctive as to demand that their goods shall be delivered by auto—if we can eliminate those people, you will find that in a short radius of three or four miles the efficiency of the horse is far ahead of the motor. There is no reason why these conditions should be reversed. So I say I think it is a good proposition for anyone to breed. I sometimes take the position, not exactly at variance but a little different from the position of men who are talking horse. Nearly all’of the college men have been pushing the draft horse hard. I don’t want to retract cne bit from the draft horse. I do believe this, that if we make the draft horse the only proposi- tion to the exclusion of the other types, we are not only doing an injustice to the other types themselves, but we are standing in our own light. There are a number of very good reasons why the draft horse is every man’s horse-—why the average farmer will do far better to bred the draft horse than any other kind of horse. On the other hand, it is a little derogatory to the farmer to say that every farmer is the average farmer. We might say that day labor is the average of all our public employment. It a ee ea ee, eee) eee ee MARKET HORSES. 33 seems to me there is a very parallel condition in our horse busi- ness. I think there are a lot of farmers in this country who are capable of raising something. There is no question but that he is a simpler proposition. Like the hog, he will turn the money with a degree of certainty. But when I see the prices that our Philadelphia buyers are paying the French farmers, I am con- vinced that if I had a buyer I could raise them at a profit. I know very well there is a good margin of profit left for those Kentucky farmers. I would not exclude, either, the Virginia type. The saddle horse busines was never better than it is at the present day. They tell me the bridle paths of Central Park (New York) are swarm- ing with horses every morning. And there is no reason why there should be any let-up in the demand for saddle horses. As a mat- ter of fact, the motors have contributed to it. The very fact that the motor serves us so conveniently makes getting about so easy and necessitates so little actual exercise is accountable for the fact that so many men have been forced to take exercise, and that exercise is usually in the line of horseback riding. I do not think, further, we should eliminate the harness horse. Perhaps we should grade down to him. The majority of people buying saddle horses. to-day require those that go well in harness. So the combination horse is a good live business proposition. Then we come down to the show horse. I happened to be down-town yesterday morning, and in one block in Philadelphia I counted three private broughams, a victoria, and a nicely turned- out station wagon, a thing I have not done in quite a while. if have heard a number of men say that there is some sign of a slight come-back in the harness horse. It is generally reported there were more horses in Newport last year than in six or seven years. Perhaps it may not mean very much to us, but neverthe- less there is a place to read the signs of the times in horses of that particular type. I was told by a dealer that. the sale of harness horses in Boston at the present time is very good. So I don’t believe we ought to eliminate the harness horse. I do think the poorest proposition is the no-account road 34 CARL W. GAY. horse. His place is so much better taken by the car that unless you have a road horse of the highest type he should not be con- sidered. I have seen them sold very much below what it cost to produce them. We are safe in saying that as a business proposition we may bank on the draft horse and saddle horse, and then come down to the harness horse for a place. I may say my business position is unique in that matter. I like to get next to him. I believe thoroughly that the best thing for the inside of a man is the outside of a horse. When Lieuten- ant Shiverick addressed us this morning and spoke of the hunter, I confess those of us who had our hearts in the right place felt them jump up a few paces in their beats. The horse is such a factor in our sports and pastimes that I don’t believe he will ever be eliminated by competion with a motor car. If these are the horses then that we are to purchase, the ques- tion arises, ‘‘ How shall they be most economically placed on the market?’’ I think the situation can be summed up in two words, “Breed” and “ Feed.” I insist upon “ Breed” coming first. The breeder furnishes us the raw material; the feeder is the man who furnishes this in rounded shape. You know very well there would be no object, for instance, for your buying gasolene for a 60 horse-power motor if that car’s capacity was limited to 40. It would be just as useless to put good feed into a poor horse, that is, to put feed capable of being put in a better horse. Therefore I think that the breeding proposition should always precede the feeding. Dr. Davenport has given us a definition of feeding in his book; Luther Burbank has given us a definition—both of which are very good. But there is a little definition I am going to give you, and it is simply this (I have never submitted this to Dean Davenport, but it seems to me that it can be summed up in this statement): Breeding is the regulation of the progeny through the control of the ancestry, by selection of the parentage. Now I will tell you why I like that definition, and that is because it introduces three factors—the ancestors that go before, the parents which are, that is now, and the progeny which follow MARKET HORSES. 35 after. Now I emphasize the three because I think breeders are too prone to eliminate the first-named group. That is, we make our beginning here with this sire and dam and we expect to regu- late what shall come after. The reason we have got to consider the first-named group, the ancestors, is because the transmission of character is not from the parents to the offspring, hut it is from the ancestors, through the parents, to the offspring. There is rather a homely illustration that occurs to me. You are all famil- iar with the old-fashioned hour-glass. You know that vou start _ the sand in the upper half and in time it all gravitates down into the lower half, and you know that every grain in the upper half will eventually get into the lower half, and you also know that you cannot introduce a grain of sand that was not in the upper half. Label your upper half “Ancestry,” the middle part “ Parents” and the lower half “ Progeny,” and you have the proposition as I see it. The characters that are going to be forth- coming in the horses that we are producing are the characters that were in the ancestors from whom the parents came. Furthermore, here is another principle: No individual mani- fests in his physical make-up all the inherent qualities which he inherits from his race. On the. other hand he may transmit to his offspring any character that he inherits from his race, whether he manifest it in his own physical make-up or not. Now, what is too often the case? Two men start in the same business and they start out to raise foals. One man perhaps has only the price of a mare and a good stud fee, and he is very care- ful in his selections, and he mates that mare with the best stallion he can afford to pay the fee of. Now, what are the results? He starts a constructive proposition. Ten years hence and he has a very constructive proposition. You go to the other man, and what do you find? He is out of it, and why? Because the one man appreciated the fact that he had to go back of the individual to which he mated his mare; the other man supposed that if he bought a grand champion stallion and a grand champion mare he could not help but have a grand champion foal. It may be that this grand champion stallion may be the quintessence of merit 36 CARL W. GAY. of his whole race, so far as first-class capabilities are concerned, and yet he possesses the capability of transmitting characters that he has inherited from the race which are anything but meritor- ious. And it just happens that in the colts that he sires those latter characters are the ones that will be manifested, rather than the first-mentioned characters. While the other man, perhaps, has mated his horse with a stallion that has not the same show record, because he is an inferior individual; but that man who made the mating has studied his ancestry—he knows that he cannot produce anything but good foals. Now, gentlemen, the actual application of that proposition is your pure-bred sire. How in the world (I do not care how many ribbons he has won or how many races he has run) can he expect to be a breeding power unto himself when we know that the actual hereditary force of that individual is derived from his ancestors? And by Cotton’s law we know that there is a frac- tional contribution from each ancestor that will determine the character in the progeny.. He is an unknown proposition, and it is a mighty expensive experiment to try him out on the mere chance that he may happen to be a good breeder. Now on the other hand we hear a lot about pedigreed and registered horses. Now, what is pedigree? It is merely a record of the ancestry. Is it sufficient? Absolutely no. It is not the pedigree that suffices; it is the character of the ancestry. Now to be sure it is more to our advantage to find the records against the individual than to find no record at all, because then we are forewarned and because we can go away from it. But unless the pedigree itself is a record of merit, the mere fact that the animal possesses the pedigree is no reason why he should be patronized. Now I say that as a word of warning. We hear a whole lot about the pedigree business. I am no advocate of the grade stallion; on the other hand it is pretty hard to eliminate a grade stallion from a community where he has been siting the colts, on the mere fact that he has not a registration in the association. Now you have got to breeding your pure-breds to a standard where the poorest pure-bred is better than the best grade. Don’t — MARKET HORSES. 37 be misled by this mere matter of register; but go to that record and see what it shows, and unless it shows merit don’t have any more to do with him than you would with a horse that = no pedigree at all. _ Perhaps that is enough in this matter of Hiieeding. There is * one other point that is always important, and that is what we know as preponderancy. Preponderancy is the relative influence of two individuals in determining the character of the offspring. You know, for instance, the offspring will follow the sire— sometimes the sire in certain characters, and sometimes the dam. Or the reverse condition may be true. You breed a mare to one stallion and you will find that she always has colts marked after that stallion. There is a difference in the relative influence of the sire and dam in determining the character of the offspring. Now what makes for preponderancy? In the first place, pure breeding. Purity of breeding eliminates all undesirable characters. Every time you have purity in the ancestor—an individual of the char- acter you desire in the progeny—you are re-enforcing the char- acter which will manifest itself in the progeny. A good pedigree is really a good insurance policy that that character has predomin- ated in the ancestor and is bound to predominate in the progeny. I don’t want to introduce the matter of close breeding here, by using the same individuals as great a number of times as possible. What we want is uniformity in the ancestry. There are no two separate individuals as near alike as the same indi- vidual twice; therefore, the more times you can use the same indi- vidual the more you purify and intensify and increase this pre- ponderancy. But we find preponderancy is an individual proposi- tion. Two full brothers will have distinctly relative breeding powers. It is an individual personal equation. Sometimes it is very hard to account for, but we do know this, that the individual who has the impressive character, that has a high degree of indi- viduality, that stands up, is likewise an impressive breeder, an impressive personality, which usually contributes to an impressive sire. Now the matter of feeding. I said we would not think of 38 CARL W. GAY. taking a low-power automobile, for instance, and feeding it gas enough for higher power. On the other hand we would not think of buying a 60-horse power automobile and then only feed it gas enough to make 4o-horse power. It is essential we should keep feeding abreast with the breeding. Dean Davenport has referred to Luther Burbank, a man we go back to. Robert Bake- well followed this system of always keeping the environment that surrounded his animals up to the standard to which he had bred them. We do know that has an influence, and that you cannot raise the one and lower the other—you have got to keep them abreast. Take, for instance, our breeds of wool sheep. Probably that character of producing a fine fleece is more firmly fixed than any other improved character, or in any other class of live stock. It ought to be, therefore, very firmly incorporated into that stock. Take the highest form of improved sheep and put them under the primitive conditions of the range, for instance, where they are subjected to all kinds of privation and you will find in a very few — generations they will revert more or less to the primitive type. And so it is in any other class of live-stock work—you have got to keep the conditions that surround your stock up thoroughly to the standard, or else the stock will be pulled back. Therefore it is highly esesntial that if we produce blood lines that are capable of great things, we see to it that those things are given an oppor- tunity to develop by our system of feeding and management (and in their feeding J would include everything that pertains to management), or we never can realize in full on that particular animal. There are one or two or three phases I would like to dwell on. The first is the necessity of ample feeding. You do know (most of you, I presume) that about one-half of a normal full ration is utilized by the animal in simply maintaining himself. Now of course if it is a dairy cow you are keeping that would mean she is simply kept going out of half of that ration. If you are talking about a work-horse it means that he is simply maintained in nor- mal health. If you are talking about a growing animal, it means that that foal can just hold his own—that there is no surplus left ee. MARKET HORSES. 39° to grow on. Now the important thing to remember is this: In the first place, this ration is utilized for two things: In the ‘first place for maintenance; in the second place, production. The im- portant thing is this, that the animal never goes half way with you. The relation of the part of the ration that is utilized for’ maintenance to the part of the ration that is utilized for produc- tion is exactly the same as the relation of a first mortgage to a second mortgage. In other words, that animal will satisfy main- tenance requirements before he will use a pound of his ration for production. Now when you find men feeding colts half a ration —just enough to keep them from going back—see what they are depriving that colt cf. A colt has so many days to grow in, and the thing for the feeder to do is to get the maximum growth every day he lives. You can’t catch up. If a colt goes through one winter, for instance, you will find as a rule he is a stunted colt; he never can make up what he has lost in that short time. So the object should be to bear in mind that the colt should have a full ration in order to make his growth, and he must then have that ration every day in order to utilize every growing moment he has. As we said this morning, the size is a factor nowadays in market horses. They want their hunters big, and every pound you get on a draft horse adds to the actual price of that horse. So we cannot afford in any case to lose a minute of time that should be utilized in attaining the maximum weight. So far as feeding is concerned, I want to refer to the draft horse. It has been contended that one good reason we cannot raise as good draft horses in America as they can in France is the fact that we won’t feed. I find, especially in the East, that the notion is to feed all horses alike. I know a man near my home who has a draft stallion and a road horse in the same barn, cared for by the same man and absolutely in the same manner, and they are getting so they look exactly alike—his draft horse looks like his road horse. The draft horse is a different type—as a grand piano is different from an upright piano. It is a distinct pattern. Now this pattern consists of lines and dimensions that require a cer- 40 CARL W. GAY. tain amount of fat to carry them out. Do you recall, in your experience, an acquaintance who perhaps has been normally a fat man and who has lost weight through a fit of sickness? Now he may still weigh as much as you do, but he looks thinner. “Why? Because his whole proportion was intended to be filled out. You know there is no thinner animal on the farm than a thin hog; he is ten times thinner than the most scrawny cow. A spare form is in keeping with the cow, but a hog’s lines are all round and full, and when you take that away you have destroyed the symmetry. I am pleading for fat on the draft horse. But 1 believe that too many, especially Eastern men, labor under the impression that draft horses are excessively fat when they are not. Now it is perfectly normal for them to be a whole lot fatter than any other horse you have to do with. When you think he is too fat to breed or too fat to work, and you let him down you will find it will be a detriment to that horse. I say it can be overdone—it is normal for that horse to carry a certain degree of fat, and it is normal for that horse to be filled out in his form, and in order to do that he has to have a lot of rough stuff. He not only has to have an abundance of everything, but the character of his ration has to be different and you have got to do it with rough stuff. So don’t think that the draft horse’s condition is a condition of reducing weight. He has got to be a great big horse than can eat a whole lot of feed and then utilize the feed. The draft horse works all the day. I contend the fat on his back is the most normal condtion. There is absolutely no reason why these draft horses should not be fed out to a condition of fullness, and it applies especially to the colts. You understand that if you want to get any colt down to the best form you have got to feed him fully. | . So far as the specific feeds are concerned, there is one that I would like to refer to, and that is perhaps the most common— the timothy hay. Now it is a fact that timothy hay has a physio- logical effect on a horse. It acts as a feeler; it has a mechanical action ; it acts as a mechanical feeler that keeps him hard in a way Se ee, Oe —_—s = MARKET HORSES. 41 that no other ration does. To that extent, perhaps, the price is justifiable. You must remember this: If you are going to feed timothy hay you must feed something else for the horse to live on. If you are going to confine your grain ration to hay, make it something else besides timothy. There is one other thing that applies to the feeding of horses in general, and that is our feeding standards. I want to say this about the standards: We have to have them. It is true our American experience has demonstrated that most of the German _ standards are a little high. And as protein is the most expensive part of the ration, it is really the constituent upon which the value of the ration is based. The lower we can cut down the protein, the less the cost of the maintenance. These standards, then, are standards, take them as such. I believe the man who feeds alto- gether by these standards, by rule of thumb, is losing the art. I consider that feeding is an art and not a science. You know the scientist does things absolutely; the chemist gets things to the fourth or fifth decimal of accuracy ; the man who does mechanical drawing does it with a compass and measurements that makes it absolutely correct. Now on the other hand the artist is furnished his material and everything is approximate, but it depends upon his own ingenuity what his results will be. I believe we ought to cultivate, more than we do cultivate, the idea of artistic feed- ing. By that I mean simply this: Don’t depend too much upon any feeding standards; don’t depend on anybody’s rules. You often go through a stable and you find the name of the animal, the age and some other data that applies to her, and what she is getting. Now any boy could go in there and feed those cows—all he has got to do is to get the stuff and throw it in. I think the way to feed those cows or horses is to have a man of sufficient intelligence or horse-sense so that he don’t need a man in the office in a swivel chair to tell him what to feed. You can- not figure it in the abstract; you cannot say that this cow gives so many quarts of milk—one cow will excel in one way and one another. Here is a horse that is doing so much work. The man who studies the horse knows that no two horses are alike—that 42 CARL W. GAY. they have individualities that require consideration from the feeder, and the man who would be an intelligent feeder is the man who can appreciate those things and supply them as demanded. One of the most forcible arguments along this line that I ever heard was in Iowa. The man who had just fitted that grand champion steer was called before the students to tell how he fed it. This matter of feeding balanced rations and all that stuff was fresh in their minds. They began to quiz him. He looked at them rather blankly for a moment and then said, “I did not balance his ration—the steer balanced his own ration.” He could go in that stable and I believe he could tell you the minute he stepped in what he needed. The way he consumed his grain, the consistency and the color and the odor of the excrement, and all such things as that, told the story and I haven’t a doubt that if an analysis had been taken of the ration that Sam Johnson was feeding that steer, it would have been found pretty nearly accu- rate, corresponding to the requirements of the so-called German feeding standards. And yet this was the result of his own ob- servation rather than any hard and fast rule that he was fol- lowing. Now in order to make my little rhyme I might add another word, and this might be “ Lead.” You must remember that most market horses are sold on the halter, or at least that is the way they are shown first. The draft horses are sold that way very largely. Of course your saddle horses are usually under saddle, but the first look is usually shown in hand. Now it is an actual fact that the first impression you get of an animal is a lasting impression. If you had a chance to see him under proper con- ditions, you will find that that is the impression that ought to stand by you. If you get a little fickle and change your mind, nine times out of ten you will come around to’ your original opin- ion. It is absolutely legitimate to present a horse with his best foot forward, as it were—create the best impression of which that horse is capable. It is only fair to the horse and to you. In order to do this a horse has got to be in a position to lead. Many and many a time you will hear a man say, “ This horse MARKET HORSES. 43 never makes any show on the lead.’’ As a matter of fact, the buyer has formed his impression nevertheless, and that impres- sion may have caused a little prejudice that he never will get away from. Therefore I think that men who are producing market horses should feed and breed along these lines, and then give this primary instruction. I do not think that a man, unless he is capable of going all the way through, should do very much with schooling. You will find, as a rule, that men will pay as much for a green horse absolutely in the rough because a little attempt at schooling him by an incompetent man will spoil him. And when it comes down to a final decision the question is, “‘ What can he do?” Many an ill-shaped horse has been passed and accepted _by a prospective buyer over a horse that has been twice as good- looking as he—he did his work in a more efficient manner. And you will find that the thoroughly schooled horse is the only horse that can give satisfaction. Therefore unless you are competent to go all the way through, don’t attempt to do any of it, but leave _ that to the man who is more competent. I believe, to summarize, we may say this: In the first place it is essential that a man should read. I am going to leave these words with you: READ, BREED, FEED, LEAD, and if you _ follow that practice I also believe we are safe in assuming that we could append the final word, SUCCEED. (Applause. ) Give THE Horse A CHANCE was the title of a folder 11 inches long and 4% inches wide, which lay beside each man’s plate at the New Jersey Road Drivers’ Association dinner, March 12. The folder contained a description, by Dr. James McDonough, of the five-calked shoe advocated by him to give the proper side sup- port to the hind limb of a horse. It was illustrated by five clear cuts, and the descriptive matter, including the report of the com- mittee of veterinarians appointed by the V. M. A. of N. J. to ex- amine the limbs of horses (published in the Review last sum- mer), was clear and concise; and in the hands of the many horse lovers present should do much good in advancing the adoption of that most sensible shoe. THE DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT- FIXATION.*. by JoHN R. MouHLer, ApoLPpH EICHHORN AND JOHN M. Buck, PATHOLOGICAL Division, B. A. I., WasuHineton, D. C. Dourine is a specific infectious disease affecting under nat- ural conditions only the horse and the ass, transmitted from animal to animal by the act of copulation, and due to a single- celled animal parasite or protozoan, the Trypanosoma equipez- dum. It is characterized by an irregular incubation period, the confinement of the first symptoms to the genital tract, the chronic course which it runs, and by finally producing complete paralysis - of the posterior extremities, with a fatal termination in from six months to two years. | . In the United States the disease was first suspected in 1885 and recognized in 1886 by Dr. W. L. Williams, who was then a practitioner at Bloomington, Ill. The State of Illinois took hold - of the outbreak and as a result of rigid prophylactic measures the disease was eradicated from the state in 1888, but not before an affected stallion had been shipped to Gordon, Nebr., thereby starting up a new center of infection in that locality. In 1892 dourine was again brought into public notice by the appearance of an outbreak among the breeding horses of north- western Nebraska, the history of which suggested that it origi- nated with this Gordon stallion. After an expenditure of about $5,500 by the Bureau of Animal Industry the disease was con- sidered to have been eradicated from that section of the country. Five years later the infection again made its appearance in the same portion of Nebraska, and early in 1899 the bureau agairi began the work of eradication. Many inspections were made, and those. animals which were found diseased were purchased and killed. Many obstacles were encountered and the disease evidently kept smoldering during 1900. * Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New York, September, 1913. 44 a —' ; ee eee esl ae ee Cee a a eee DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION. 45 In 1901 the infection appeared with increased vigor, this time in the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Indian Reservations in South Dakota, in addition to northern Nebraska, and more stringent measures were immediately inaugurated to control the spread of the disease. However, eradication in this region was extremely difficult, owing to the wild condition of the country as well as of the horses, and from the fact that many horse own- ers would try to conceal from the inspectors animals which they knew to be affected with the disease. In 1906 the last suspicious cases of dourine were destroyed in South Dakota. In the meantime during the year 1903 dourine was reported in Van Buren County, Iowa, and successful steps were imme- _ diately taken to stamp it out. No connection could be established between this outbreak and that in Nebraska, but it was quite definitely determined that an imported Percheron stallion pur- chased by a company of farmers was responsible for its appearance. Another outbreak of dourine was discovered in Taylor County, Iowa, in 1911. The diseased animals, together with all exposed stallions and mares, were immediately quarantined by the state. Those showing lesions of the disease and those ex- posed horses that reacted to the complement-fixation test were purchased by the government and destroyed. It is now believed that the infection is entirely eradicated from Iowa. The source from which this center of infection was derived is only a mat- ter of conjecture, but there is apparently no connection between this and any of the previous outbreaks. No authentic informa- tion as to the origin of the outbreak was discovered, but all cases lead back to a Percheron stallion, which was imported in 1909 and brought direct to Lenox, Iowa. Early in July, 1912, the state veterinarian of Montana re- ported several suspicious cases of dourine in eastern Montana, and forwarded blood sera from the suspected animals for the complement-fixation test. All but one sample gave positive re- sults, thus establishing a new center of infection of dourine. From present indications this outbreak appears to be the mast 46 JOHN R. MOHLER, ADOLPH EICHHORN AND JOHN M. BUCK, extensive of any of the previous outbreaks, involving also two Indian reservations in North and South Dakota, but a force’ of 12 federal veterinarians assisted by state representatives is at’ work on the disease, and the infection is well under control. _ The difficulty of diagnosing chronic and latent forms of dourine is generally recognized, and owing to this fact the con- trol and eradication of this disease in horses has been of slow progress and sometimes. ineffective. In such outbreaks it has been the custom to trace the disease as far as possible to its origin, and then keep under observation all mares and stallions which directly or indirectly have been exposed to the disease. At the same time animals which show clinical evidences of the affection are destroyed without delay and by this means several of the outbreaks which have occurred in the United States have been checked and eradicated. The microscopical demonstration of the Trypanosoma equi- perdum in affected horses is very frequently unsuccessful, although our more recent experience proves that they may occa- sionally be found in the serous exudate of the plaques and also in the fluid of the cedematous swellings of the genital organs in the stallions as well as in the mares. Of course this procedure of diagnosis can be attempted only when the disease occurs in farming localities where the animals can be readily observed and examined as desired. On the other hand, in the present outbreak in Montana and adjoining states the conditions make the diagnosis by the demonstration of trypa- nosomes impossible, and likewise animal inoculations cannot be satisfactorily utilized for this purpose. Horses in that locality are bred under range conditions; they run wild and a roundup takes place only once a year. The difficulty of an examination even clinically of such animals is obvious, since they have not been broken to the halter and are troublesome to handle. Our experience with the disease in Montana showed that only a limited number of animals were clinically infected. Never- theless association of all the animals without any restriction in the breeding periods indicated that a larger number of animals wo ee ee DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION, 47 would be found infected, which as a matter of fact has been proven by subsequent tests, as shown below. Owing to the fact that until the last few years the eradica- tion of dourine in this country was supposed to have been com- plete the disease has received only slight attention as compared with other menacing diseases of our domesticated animals. It was not until the outbreak in the State of Iowa in rg11 that the necessity for devising a method of diagnosing this infection be- gan to be fully realized. The value of being able to detect the _ latent as well as verify the clinical cases became apparent. Other- wise the necessity existed: of maintaining a long-continued quarantine in those sections of the country where cases have been discovered. While little difficulty has been experienced in recog- nizing the advanced cases, a clinical examination alone naturally permitted many infected animals to escape detection, only to con- stitute a menace to the further spread of the disease until the appearance of symptoms justified the diagnosis. _ Inasmuch as the complement-fixation method of .diagnosis has been employed with such gratifying results in connection with numerous other diseases the possibility of applying this method to dourine naturally suggested itself and steps were therefore immediately taken to determine the feasibility of its application to this disease. It was very early discovered that the a sits of preparing a satisfactory antigen was to offer considerable difficulty. __ Efforts were primarily directed toward utilizing for this pur- pose the different organs of those horses that had succumbed to the disease. Several of the clinical cases were shipped from Iowa to the Bethesda Experiment Station during the outbreak referred to above, in order that a more complete observation might be made of the development of the disease, and material might at the same time be available for antigen preparation. As these animals died from time to time certain tissues were obtained which it was suspected might furnish the desired results, but although shake extracts of the spleens, livers, kidneys and bene marrow, as well as alcoholic and acetone preparations were 48 JOHN R. MOHLER, ADOLPH EICHHORN AND JOHN M. BUCK. employed under various conditions, the results were rather of a discouraging nature. Subsequent to this time there came under our observation publications by numerous investigators who had given this sub- ject consideration. It will suffice to mention the publications of Landsteiner, Miiller and Potzl, Levaditi and Yamanouchi, Har- toch and Yakimoff, Schilling, Claus and Hosslin, Citron, Weber, Manteufel, Manteufel and Woithe, Zwick and Fischer. The re- sults in these instances appeared to have been unsatisfactory, which was also the case in the extensive work on the diagnosis of dourine by the Wassermann method by Trajan Pavlosevici, as he concluded that while anti-bodies can. be demonstrated by this method in laboratory animals infected by trypanosomes, the method cannot be utilized in stallions affected with dourine. Later Winkler and Wyschelessky, Mohler and also Watson in their work on complement-fixation as an aid in the recognition of trypanosomiasis indicated the good results obtained in the diagnosis of dourine. Likewise Mattes in his work on the agglu- tination of trypanosomes obtained gratifying results, while Brown also concludes that complement-fixation can be utilized for the diagnosis of trypanosome affections. In the recorded publications it was observed that the more promising results were obtained by those who employed suspen- sions of pure trypanosomes. The organ extracts and other preparations of antigone generally used for this purpose proved unreliable. The procedure as recommended by various workers in obtaining an antigen from pure trypanosomes and using such a suspension as the antigen has also been tried by the writers with uniformly good results. The practical application of this procedure, however, would be very laborious and require a great deal of time, especially in cases where a large number of horses have to be tested by this method. Accordingly, it was deemed advisable to devise a means by which an antigen could be pre- pared which would give similarly good results but would not require such delicate and laborious technique. In place of the specific trypanosome of dourine being utilized the writers selected DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION. 49 the surra organism, as it had been previously ascertained by sev- eral investigators that the reaction obtained was not absolutely specific for any one trypanosome infection, but was rather of a group nature. As dourine is the only known trypanosome affection of horses existing in this country, the value of even a group reaction was immediately appreciated and attention was directed to the carry- ing out of this idea in our diagnostic work. In place of preparing suspensions of the trypanosomes, how- ever, an antigen was made of the blood and macerated spleens of rats killed at the height of surra infection. This was placed in a bottle containing glass beads and shaken for six hours filtered through gauze and carbolized. The results from this antigen prove dsatisfactory and was used repeatedly on the blood of the dourine horses that were left of the Iowa shipment. The smallest quantity of the serum which gave a positive reaction with the antigen was .05 c.c., while the various com- parative tests indicated that even a fixation in .2 c.c. of serum is sufficient for diagnostic purposes. Sera from normal animals, also those affected with various other diseases, failed to give a reaction. This antigen proved active on 10 consecutive days, but failed to produce fixation of complement on substequent tests. Later attempts by the same procedure also resulted less satis- factorily, and it was therefore deemed advisable to try other methods in order to procure an antigen of more uniform action. The following procedure was next employed: After successive examinations of the blood of a dog infected with surra, about 200 c.c. were drawn from the jugular vein when the microscopic examination revealed a tremendous infesta- tion with the parasite. The blood was drawn into a one per cent. potassium citrate solution into large centrifuge tubes of 100 c.c. capacity. A quantity of potassium citrate solution was used, equal to the amount of blood drawn into each tube, and 0.5 gram of saponin was added to each tube, in order to dissolve the red blood corpuscles. After a thorough shaking and complete hemo- 50 JOHN R. MOHLER, ADOLPH EICHHORN AND JOHN M, BUCK. lysis had taken place it was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2,500 evolutions and the supernatant fluid was siphoned off. The © residue which was of an opaque color and which consisted prin- cipally of trypanosomes was then thoroughly mixed and shaken up with salt solution when it was again placed in the centrifuge; this washing was repeated three times. After the last washing the thrown-down opaque mass was emulsified with 50 c.c. salt solution and titered as to its merits as an antigen for dourine tests. The results were highly satisfactory and the titer was established at % c.c. of this emulsion per tube. -The disadvan- tage was soon apparent on account of the difficulty in the prepara- tion of this antigen and also the small quantity which was obtain- able from a single bleeding of a dog. | In July, 1912, the above-mentioned outbreak of dourine was discovered in the State of Montana. Several samples of blood sera from clinical cases were for- warded by the state authorities to the pathological laboratory for verification. Positive reactions were obtained in numerous in- stances with antigens thus prepared, establishing conclusively the presence of the disease in this state, as well as suggesting the possibilities of the test as a means of its eradication. It was not long before discovery was made that the disease was quite.widely spread in Montana owing to the previous failure in its recognition. In an endeavor to comply with the request of the state authorities to diagnose a large number of animals, it was soon apparent that a different method would necessarily have to be devised in order to make the desired progress. It was at this time that our present method of preparing antigen was first employed, which is as follows: ‘ Various organs from rats just dead from surra were tried out in a fresh and preserved state, and the results which were obtained from the fresh suspension of the macerated spleen of a rat just dead from surra gave the most promising results. In order to establish whether such an antigen would constantly or at least in most instances give the results desired, it was repeat- —. ee DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION. 51 edly tested on positive serum of horses affected with dourine, as well as on horse serum known to be free from immune bodies of dourine. After repeated tests on clinically affected dourine horses showed the antigen to be uniformly constant in its action, the procedure of diagnosing dourine by this method was definitely adopted. PREPARATION OF ANTIGEN.—Gray or white rats are infected with surra by injection of 0.2 c.c. of blood from a rabbit infected with surra. Since tests have to be made every day to keep up. with the large number of cases submitted and as the antigen _ proves effective only when prepared fresh, it was arranged that at least two rats should die daily with the disease. When the rats appeared to be at the point of death late in the afternoon it was found that placing such rats in the ice chest until they die furnished a better antigen than when they have died in the cage during the night and have to be used the following morning. The spleen from the rats is removed, placed in a mortar, and ground up with a small amount of salt solution to a pulpy mass. From time to time more of the salt solution is added and the suspension thus obtained is filtered twice through a double layer of gauze into a test tube. The quantity of the suspension from each spleen is made up to 40 c.c. by dilution with salt solution. ‘This suspension constitutes the antigen for the tests of the suspected dourine sera. Dr. Traum who was temporarily as- signed to this work found that when the suspension was titered against a known positive and negative case of sera in graduated quantities, the best results were obtained, and this method has since been adopted. The quantity of antigen employed is double the amount necessary to produce complete fixation with positive serum. The table on the following page gives the method of titration of the antigen as practiced. Half the quantity of antigen which in the negative serum does not inhibit hemolysis, providing this quantity is at least double the amount necessary to produce complete fixation with the positive serum, indicates the titer of the antigen. Thus for instance if tubes with negative serum 1, 2, 3 and 4 show com- 52 JOHN BR. MOHLER, ADOLPH EICHHORN AND JOHN M. BUCK. plete hemolysis and 5 and 6 slight inhibition, and at the same time tubes with positive serum 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2 show complete fixation and 1 partial fixation, the quantity of antigen for the test proper would be 0.2 c.c. of the antigen. Taste SHOWING METHOD OF TITRATION OF ARTIGEN FOR THE COMPLEMEN7-FIXATION TEST IN DovurIneE. Positive Serum. For one hour in incubator. I. as 35 4 Ss NaCl Hemolytic Blood Tube. Solution. Serum. Antigen. Complement. Serum. Corpuscles, exe, c.c. C.C. Cie; C.G3 Ce I 2 0.15 0.05 I I I 2 2 0.15 Oy 2 I I I 3 2 O.15 0.15 I I I 4 2 0.15 0.2 I I I 5 2 0.15 0.25 I I I 6 2 0.15 0.3 I I I Negative Serum. For one hour in incubator. I 2 0.15 O02 I I I 2 2 0.15 0.2 I I I 3 2 0.15 0.3 I I I 4 2 0.15 0.4 I ¥ I 5 2 0.15 0.5 I I I 6 2 0.15 oO. I I I I. 0.85 per cent. NaCl solution, 2. Suspension of macerated spleen from rat. 3. The determined smallest quantity established by titration. 4. Sensitized rabbit serum, 5. 5 per cent. suspension of sheep-red blood corpuscles. Occasionally the antigen does not prove satisfactory for the test and has to be discarded. In these cases the fixation in all tubes is apparently due to the excessive amount of proteids from the spleen. Experience has shown that the excessively large spleens contribute such an antigen. This, of course, is indicated by the titration undertaken prior to the regular test. At other times it was found that the antigen proved satisfactory the fol- lowing day when it was allowed to stand in the test tube over night and the supernatant fluid drawn off for the antigen. This is then retitered and the titer established in accordance with the results of the test. THE COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TEst.—The test proper for the diagnosis of dourine is carried out in a similar manner to thar practiced for the diagnosis of glanders.* Tap Sadho dathtied description of the technique of this method as applied to glanders will be found: in Bulletin 136 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, by Mohler and Eich- horn, under “ The Diagnosis of Glanders by the Complement-Fixation.” ee eee Pe ee Se ee 7 ae, Ce Ted — eveF DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION. 53 The hemolytic system consists of sensitized rabbit serum, serum from a guinea pig and a 5 per cent suspension of washed sheep corpuscles. The serum to be tested is of course inactivated for one-half hour at 56° C. and is used in the tests in quantities of 0.15 c.c., since it has been found that fixation in this quantity is obtained only with sera of horses affected with dourine. Tests to deter- mine the smallest quantity of serum of dourine horses which will give a fixation showed that in several instances even 0.02 c.c. of serum was sufficient to give a complete fixation. The com- plement from the guinea pig is always titered previous to the test, as it is absolutely necessary to use the exact amount of comple- ment to obtain the best results, since a deficiency or an excess of complement would interfere greatly with the reaction. In the numerous cases which have been tested the results were almost invariably definite, and only on a very few occasions was it found necessary to make retests on cases which appeared atypical. The reaction is always very marked and in our work only a comple- ment-fixation with the quantity of serum mentioned is recognized as a positive reaction. It is only natural that in the tests the usual number of checks should be employed in order to insure reliable results. : Since the testing has been undertaken by the described method 8,657 samples have been examined from Montana, and the Cheyenne and Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North and South Dakota. Of these, 1,076 gave positive reactions, which appears to be a very large proportion, but when it is remembered that these animals were kept under range conditions without sani- tary or veterinary control and also that before the disease was recognized as dourine it had been diagnosed for a long period as some other affection, it will be recognized that the opportunity for the spread of the disease was ideal. With the present system of diagnosis by which even the latent cases can be determined, it is hoped quickly to eradicate the dis- ease. All the horses in the infected localities will be submitted to the complement-fixation test, and by co-operation with the 54 JOHN R. MOHLER, ADOLPH EICHHORN AND JOHN M, BUCK. state authorities means will be devised to dispose of the affected animals in such a way as to make further spread of the disease impossible. The animals which.were destroyed as a result of the disease in the above-named localities and which were diagnosed by the complement-fixation test showed in most instances some lesions indicative of the disease. In some of the cases there were no indications of a progressive paralysis, but the lesions existing in the genital organs of either the male or female were sufficient for confirmation of the diagnosis by the complement- fixation test. | It is therefore evident that the diagnosis of trypanosome in- fections by the complement-fixation test is of very great impor- tance, especially in countries where only one of these protozoan diseases exists. By this means it is possible to determine all infected animals within a short time, and dispose of them by methods best suited for the control of the infection. Further- more the introduction of the disease into any country could also be guarded against by a compulsory requirement of this test on all horses imported from countries in which dourine is present. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Braun, H. Uber das verhalten der trypanosomen antikérpern gegentber. Central- blatt far bakteriologie, etc., Abteilung I, Referate, band 54. Beilage, p. 11-16. Jena, - 1912. Citron, Julius. Die komplementbindungsversuche bei erkrankungen mit bekannten, aber nicht zuchtbaren erregern. Kraus, Rudolf, and Levaditi, C.: Handbuch der technik und methodik der immunitatsforschung, band II, p. 1112. Jena, 19009. Hartoch, O., and Yakimoff, W. Zur frage der komplementhicitanen bei experimen- tellen trypanosomen. Wiener klinische wochenschrift, jahrgang 21, no. 21, P. 753-755. Wien, May 21, 1908. Landsteiner, ae Miller, R., and Pétzl, O. Uber komplementbindungsreaktionen mit dem serum von dourinetieren. Wiener klinische wochenschrift, jahrgang 20, no. 46, p. 1421-1422. Wien, Nov. 14, 1907. — Zur frage der komplementbindungsreaktionen bei syphilis. Wiener klinische wo- chenschrift, jahrgang 20, no. 50, p. 1565-1567. Wien, Dec. 12, 1907. : Levaditi, C., and Yamanouchi, T. a reaction des lipoides dans les trypanosomiases et les spirilloses expérimentales. Bulletin de la société pathologie exotique, tome 1, no. 3 p. 140-144. Paris, 1908. anteufel. Untersuchungen iiber spezifische agglomeration und konplencets ane bei trypanosomen und spirochaeten. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen gesundheitsamte, ban a8, heft 1, p. Shes fs Berlin, March, 1908, : Manteufel ‘and oithe. Uber die diagnostische bedeutung der komplementbindungs- reaktion bei trypanosomeninfektionen. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen’ gesundheitsamte, band 29, heft 2, p. 452-477. Berlin, 1908. P Mattes, Wilhelm. Agglutinationserscheinungen bei den trypanosomen der_ schlaf- krankheit, nagana, dourine, beschilseuche und des Kongokiistenfiebers. Centralblatt fir bakteriologie, etc., abteilung I, originale, band 65, heft 6-7, p. 538-573. Jena Aug. to, 1912. ° Mohler, John R. Dourine. Report of Committee on Diseases. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1912, pp. 99-115. Lansing, Mich, Fi Pavlosévici. Recherches sur l’application de la méthode Wassermann, dans le pen nostic de la dourine. Archiva veterinara, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 69-82. Bucharest, March- April, 1910. DIAGNOSIS OF DOURINE BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION, 55 Schilling, Claus, and Hésslin, V. Trypanosomen-infektion und komplementbi peecte medizinische wochenschrift, jahrgang 34, no. 33, p. 1422-1425. Berlin es 190 i ; > > Watson, E. A. The serum reactions and serum diagnosis of dourine. Proceedin of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1912, p oe 1-420. Lansing, 1913. aver eber, Hans. Uber immunisirungs- und behandlungsversuche bei trypanosomen- krankheiten. Zeitschrift far experimentelle pathologie und therapie, band 4,. heft 2 p. a7 6 626 Berlin, 1907. , inkler and Wyschelessky, S. Die agglutination, prazipitation und komplementbin- duns als hilfsmittel zum nachweis der trypanosomenkrankheiten, im besonderen der’ be- _ schalseuche. Berliner tierarztliche wochenschrift, jahrgang 27, no. 51, p. 933-936. Berlin, C, 21, I9II. f _ Zwick and Fischer. Untersuchungen iiber die beschilseuche. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen gesundheitsamte, band 36, heft 1, p. 1-103. Berlin, roro. Dr. S. J. WALKLEY Writes FRoM WasHINGcTON, D. C.— Under date of March 14, a communication was~ received at the Review office from Secretary Walkley of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BuREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES, where he was at work in the interest of the Lobeck Bill, H. R. g2g2. The doctor states that in an interview with the Chief of the B. A. L., he was convinced that there was no opposition to the movement. In fact, he had advised inspectors in charge through- out the country who had consulted him to affiliate with the move- ___ ment, and expressed the hope that the efforts of the organization would result in mutual benefit to the employees and the depart- ment. Dr. Walkley stated that at that writing no definite date had been set for the hearing on House Bill No. 9292, and he wished to offer a final appeal to all veterinarians and veterinary students to use all possible influence in having publicity given the legislative work on the Lobeck Bill in their local newspapers. Upon almost every Congressman’s desk, he states, he noticed copies of their home papers. AUTOTHERAPY NIGHT was the announcement on a postal issued just prior to the March meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City; and we have since been informed that many medical men graced the meeting with their presence, in addition to the large attendance of veterinarians, and that that interesting and truly wonderful method of treating disease was thoroughly discussed by an enthusiastic gathering. Market Horses, By Cart W. Gay, is the title of an article on page 30 of the present issue. This commonsense talk by Dr. Gay before the members of the New York State Breeder’s Asso- ciation is just what we need by veterinarians throughout the country. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT FROM A THERAPEUTIC STANDPOINT.* By R. A. ARCHIBALD, OAKLAND, CAL. Subsequent to the publication of an article in the Journal of Medical Research, Vol, 24, No. 3, June, 1911, by Hans Zinsser, Geo. W. McCoy, and C. W. Chapin, on the protective influence of leucocytic substances upon experimental plague, the writer conceived the idea that if leucocytic substances could be obtained in sufficient quantities to be not only thereputically practical, but commercially possible, that a decided step forward would be made in the biological treatment of infectious diseases. Prior to the publication of the above mentioned article, Hiss and Zinsser, Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1908, and Vol. 15, No. 3, 1909, demonstrated in an experimental way that leucocytic extracts could be prepared by injecting into the pleural cavities of rabbits, ten c.c. of a meat extract broth con- taining three per cent. starch and five per cent. aleuronat. At the end of 24 hours, a copious and very cellular exudate will have accumulated in the pleural cavities. This is obtained by killing the rabbits and removing the exudate which is immediately centri- fuged. The leucocytic sediment is diluted with twenty volumes of sterile distilled water to one volume of sediment, and auto- digestion is permitted to take place in the incubator, following which the extract is stored in a refrigerator until used. In experimenting with animals, Hiss and Zinsser observed that pneumococcus, staphylococcus, menenococcus, typhoid, dys- entry and cholera infections in rabbits and guinea pigs were pro- foundly modified when injections of leucocytic extracts prepared as above described were administered intraparitoneally or sub- cutaneously, during the course of the infection. In many cases, animals were saved by these substances from infections which * Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New York, September, 1913. 56 REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. ; BY proved rapidly fatal in untreated control animals, even when the protective injections were made as late as 24 hours after in- _ travenous infections. In applying this method of treatment by subcutaneous injec- tions to infections in man, Hiss and Zinsser observed distinctly beneficial results in cases of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, _ lobar pneumonia, staphylococcus infections and erysipelas. Hiss and Zinsser’s idea was that injecting into infected sub- jects the substances composing the cells usually found in exudates _ in a diffusible form, that such substances would, following ab- sorption, relieve or stimulate the fatiguel leucocytes. Later, Zinsser, assisted by McCoy and Chapin, conducted a _ series of experiments on white rats, with a view to ascertaining _whether substances obtained from normal leucocytes would modify in any way the course of experimental infection with the bacillus pestis. As the result of their experiments these work- ers found that the use of emulsions of normal leucocytic sub- stances obtained from rabbits exerted a distinctly protecive in- fluence even when such substances were administered 24 hours after the inoculation of rabbits with virulent plague organisms. While the results obtained by the above mentioned investiga- _ tors were intensely interesting from a practical standpoint, their method of obtaining leucocytic substances must be considered _as having little value, as the injection of a proteid substance into _the plural cavities of rabbits yields such a small amount of _ leucocytic substance as to rob it of much value from a therapeutic _ standpoint. For the purpose of throwing some light upon the nature of bactericidal substances in leucocytic extract, Wilfred H. Man- -waring, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 3, Sep- tember, 1912, conducted a series of experiments. Manwaring Started out with the assumption that there exists powerful bac- terioloytic substances within the cytoplasm of certain body cells, and that this fact is amply demonstrated in the automatic sterili- zation of old abscess cavities and the sterilizing of the pneumonic lung, which is assumed to be due to the liberation of endolysims, 58 R. A. ARCHIBALD. the result of cellular disentegration. His work was with a view of extending the present knowledge of these lytic substances, and to determine the approximate chemical nature of the bacteriolytic substances that might be extracted from leucocytes. In obtaining leucocytes for these experiments, Manwaring at first followed the practice of injecting rabbits with a five per cent. suspension of aleuronat into the plural cavity, but he found that he was decidedly handicapped in his study of the nature of the extract so obtained on account of the small amount of sub- stances available. By injecting aleuronat into the plural cavity of a rabbit, one seldom secured more than a single cubic centi- meter of leucocytes. In order to overcome this obstacle, he selected the horse for the continuation of his work. His treat- ment consisted in injecting into the plural cavity of the horse from three hundred to-five hundred c.c. of a five per cent. aleuro- nat in two per cent. starch paste solution, the starch being added to aid in holding the aleuronat in suspension. Following such — an injection there are usually found from one to three litres of pleural exudate daily for the first week, the yield then decreases, and usually ceases entirly about the 15th day. The exudate con- tains about five per cent. of leucocytes. Manwaring’s experi- ments show that while the extraction of a bacterial substance from leucocytes is attended with considerable difficulty, still he was enabled to demonstrate that it could be done by carefully — observed technique. Manwaring, while not being able to arrive at a final conclusion as to the nature of the bactericidal substances in leucocytic extracts, did reach the logical conclusion as the re- sults of his investigations, that the bactericidal substance present is probably an enzyme. About this time Jobbling and Strouse, Journal of Eapen- mental Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 3, September, 1912, published an article on their “ Studies of the Extent of Leucocytie Proteo- lysis.” These investigators used in their experiments leucocytes obtained from inflammatory pus, also fresh dog leucocytes ob- tained by plural cavity injections of aleuronat. Their conclusions were that the proteolytic action of leuco- REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. 59 cytes is a readily established fact, and that this action depends’ upon the presence of two proteases, one capable of acting in an alkaline, and the other in an acid medium, with possibly a creptic ferment which is apparently capable of acting in either an acid or alkaline medium. We could, did circumstances permit, go on and recount the _ results obtained by other investigators, showing that leucocytes do contain intracellular substances which possess poleolytic prop- erties, but from a study of the question from a therapeutic stand- point the result obtained by later investigators, and the personal work of the writer and his co-workers indicate that the proteoly- tic action brought about by the parenteral injection of leucocytic substances, does not influence in a marked degree the progress of an infectious disease. The writer was able to demonstrate in vitro bacteriolytic properties in leucocytic extracts produced by the method devised by him, but he long ago reached the conclu- _ sion that such bacteriolytic powers were not sufficient to account for the profound changes actually produced in animals suffering from bacterial diseases while undergoing a course of treatment by the parenteral injection of leucocytic substances. For the _ reason of these profound changes, we must look elsewhere than - to the direct lytic action upon the invading bacteria. : : As the result of experimental blood counts and tests made and being made, we believe that the great therapeutic benefits derived depend upon the production of a hyper-leucocytosis, and attend- ant phagocytosis, rather than upon any direct action of the leu- cocytic extract itself. It is a well established fact that the parenteral injection of protein substances increases the leucocytic count, and even the _ injection of a foreign vegetable proteins, such as nuclein prepa- _ rations, produce in many infections marked beneficial effects. It _ would soon, however, in carrying out leucocytotherapy that in order to produce a hyperleucocytosis without unnecessary strain 3 upon the organism that it is eminently more logical for the _ organism to care for parenteral injections of substances similar _ to its own elements than to any elements which are of an alien _ character. 60 R. A. ARCHIBALD. It is also a well established fact that in the treatment of diseases any method that will stimulate the leucocytic producing organs to more active functioning, thereby producing a leucocy- tosis, is and must of necessity be of positive benefit. The great problem before us then in this connection is to ascertain the simplest and most innocent means of accomplishing this end. About the beginning of the year 1911, the writer instituted a series of experiments with a view of obtaining leucocytic sub- stances in quantities that would render them not only therepeu- tically practical, but also commercially possible. The general plan adopted was the obtaining of leucocytes directly from the blood of normal animals, avoiding any changes in their character, as might be possible during the process. It would be obviously impossible for us with the time at our disposal to go into detail as to the various methods instituted to bring this about. Suffice _it to say that after much experimental work had been done the following general technique was adopted. ‘The blood is obtained under aseptic precautions from the jugular vein of a horse or other domestic animal, is allowed to flow into sterile flasks con- taining a sufficient quantity of a one per cent. sodium citrate sclution to prevent coagulation. The blood is then centrifuged, the serum and citrate solution is syphoned off, and the corpuscles are treated with a five-tenths of one per cent. solution of acetic acid and again centrifuged. This process is repeated several times, until the red blood corpuscles are eliminated. The leuco- cytes are then washed with physiological salt solution three or four times to remove most, if not all trace of the acetic acid, after which they are ground in a mortar with quartz sand. To the washed and ground leucocytes is then added about five volumes of sterile distilled water to one volume of leucocytes. This mix- ture is exposed to a temperature of 58° C. for one hour, when it is placed in the incubator for a period of twelve hours, and again exposed to a temperature of 58° C. for one hour. This process of exposure to different temperatures is continued for two or three days, or until auto-digestion is complete. It is then centrifuged, the supernatant fluid decanted and sufficient trikresol added for preservative purposes. REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. 61 As to the changes produced following the parenteral -injec- _ tions of the above described preparation, will state that we do not . propose to enter into at this time a long technical description of _ the various experiments instituted and being instituted for the _ purpose of throwing some light upon the action brought about by injection of leucocytic substances. In conjunction with Dr. _ Gertrude Moore, to whom I am deeply indebted for kindly con- senting to help in this work, the results of our investigations along these lines we hope will be published in some scientific journal in the near future. We will simply state at this time that the use of leucocytic substances parenterally injected give rise to a marked leucocytosis accompanied by profound changes in the leucocytes themselves. You will please pardon us, however, if _ we briefly give the results of one experiment, which will serve to bear out the statement above made. Following the subcutaneous injection of two c.c. of leucocytic sxtract obtained from horses’ blood into a rabbit, the blood changes were observed at frequent intervals for a period of 36 hours. _ The injections were made at 9 a. m., at 10.30 a. m. a “marked leucopenia was observed, which was followed by a leu- -cocytosis, which reached its maximum at 3 p. m. of the same day. The leucocytic count then dropped to slightly above the normal at midnight, when another upward curve was observed, which reached its maximum at 2 p. m. the day following. This _was followed by a gradual decrease to near the normal. It will be interesting to note that two distinct curves occurred in the total leucocyte count within the period of thirty-six hours, at the end of which time the count showed a tendency to persist at a ‘point about one hundred per cent. above the normal. While the total leucocyte counts were intensely interesting, the differential counts were infinitely more so. The polymorphonuclear neutro- philes increased about one hundred per cent., the small mononu- clears decreased about one hundred per cent., the large mononu- ‘clears decrease about twenty-five per cent., while the eosino- philes increased about eight hundred per cent. In all our experi- 62 Rk. A. ARCHIBALD. ments we found that there occurred a marked eosinophilia. In fact, in one rabbit, the eosinophiles showed by differential count forty-four and two-thirds per cent. of the total count. Much study has been given to blood pictures in this connec- tion, according to the methods of Arneth, who, you no doubt are aware, claims to be able to estimate the resisting power of an individual by a differential count of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles with respect to the number of their nuclei. Arneth claims that in cases with low resisting power there is a prepon- derance of cells with one nucleus, while in cases with good re- sisting power the percentage of leucocytes with from three to four or five nuclei is increased. It is too soon, and we are not yet prepared to interpret the probable significance of the profound changes that were observed, and we crave your indulgence to defer offering any opinion on this phase of the question to a later date. These brief notes of some of the changes observed are simply made at this time to demonstrate that in the study of the action following the parenteral injection of leucocytic sub- stances we must conclude that the changes produced are of in- tense interest and will require much more thought and study before an interpretation of the results produced is even attempted. Experiments are already under way to determine the different effects, if any, following the parenteral injction of lucocytic sub- stances obtained from various animals into a series of animals of the same species, with a view of ascertaining whether an ex- tract from a different species will give rise to the same changes as an extract from the same species. Manoukhine and other Russian workers have in the treatment of pneumonias and other infections used leucocytes taken from the patient’s own blood and claim to have had splendid results, but whether future investi- gations will solve the problem as to whether more benefit may be derived from the use of an individual’s own leucocytes, the leucocytes of another individual of the same species, or the leuco- cytes of an individual of a different species, is yet to be de- termined. Another vital question that requires investigation is to deter- REPORT ON THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACT. 63 mine whether leucocytic substances obtained from a_hyper- _ immunized animal possesses specific therapeutic powers. Prac- tically no research has been conducted along these lines, but what little work has been performed tends to demonstrate that a | -leucocytic extract obtained from a hyperimmunized animal dif- fers in no respect from that obtained from a susceptible animal. | The practical therapeutic application of leucocytic extracts _ kas been followed out during the past year not only in our own practice but also by other practitioners. Various infections have _ been treated with, in some types of infections, encouraging re- sults, while in others the beneficial results were not so marked. The diseases to which the treatment has been applied and which have given the most gratifying results, are such infec- _ tions as purpura, influenza, pneumonia, etc. In the case of pur- _ pura the agent seems to be, if you will permit us to use the term, a specific. In such cases, about the third day following the daily “injections of the extract, the swellings, no matter how marked, disappear from the extremities and the mucus membranes clear “up. In fact, all the characteristic clinical manifestations of toxe- ‘mia incidental to this infection disappear and the animal makes an ufeventful recovery in from ten days to two weeks. Appar- ently hopeless cases of purpura make nice recoveries following the daily intratracheal injections of the extract. The extract is administered in daily doses of from seven to ten c.c. intra- tracheally. It is given intratracheally for the reason that when given subcutaneously it was found to cause intense swellings, which, while giving rise to no unpleasant sequelae, have a ten- dency to alarm owners or attendants. Just why marked swelling follows the subcutaneous injection of the extract we are not pre- pared to state, but it is possible that on account of the slight acid reaction possessed by the extract, a so-called acidosis is produced with an accompanying oedema. -_Inconclusion, we hope to be pardoned for touching so super- ficially upon the various phases of this subject, but the problem F possesses such magnitude that it is obviously impossible during the limited time at our disposal to go deeper into the subject 64 R. A, ARCHIBALD. matter at this time. Our only excuse for presenting the matter in such a crude manner is that perhaps other laboratorians maj be stimulated to take up the work and that as a result of in- vestigation by a number of individuals working independently a therapeutic remedy of positive value for the alleviation of human and animal suffering will eventually be produced. Horses SAVED THE City.—In the recent snow-bound condi- tion in New York City the horse proved to be still master of the situation; whether it was for the purpose of hauling fuel to keep the population from freezing to death, food to keep them from starving to death, or the fire apparatus to keep them from burn- ing to'death. A horseless city, as have been the asinine aspira- tions and predictions of some advanced people, would, in the re- cent series of snowstorms, have caused a sad spectacle in New York, Philadelphia and other large cities! PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF Sa.issa.—Dr. Jacques E. Aghion, Bey, veterinarian of the state domains, Sakha, Egypt, an old subscriber and contributor to the pages of the REviEw, was on leave of absence during the past summer, during which time he visited the veterinary schools of Lyon and of Alfort, meeting the principals of each, and visited the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, where he was courteously received by Sir John McFadyean. But higher honors were in store for him in his own country. His Highness the Khedive promoted him to the rank of “ Salissa,” which entitles him to be called ‘é Bey.” 7 SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION.—This report will come from the printer before March 1. It is of unusual interest and value to every live stock sanitarian. The article on “ Federal Meat Inspection ” by Dr. V. A. Moore, dean, New York Veterinary College, is worth several times the price of the book. Please send immediately your orders for as many copies as you can use at $1 per copy, enclosing remittance to cover. Joun J. Ferguson, Secretary-Treasurer, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, IIl. ‘ ee PASSIVE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC BONE AND ARTICULAR LAMENESS. By Mart R. STEFFEN, M.D.C,, V.S., BRILLion, Wis. In the following treatise I desire to show that in the treat- ment of chronic or confirmed lameness whose pathology involves to a greater or less extent osseous structures, including such con- ditions as spavin, ringbone, splint and sessamoiditis, the surgeon can obtain prompt and more satisfactory results as far as’ cos- metic effect is concerned without resorting to actual cautery. In the appended table of nineteen cases of high-grade, chronic bone lameness fourteen cases were permanently and completely cured of lameness without leaving the slightest scar; and in.over half of these cases the exostosis disappeared entirely, while:in,the remainder it was reduced in varying degrees. The results in the five cases which did not make a coe recovery are shown in the table, one of these cases having been submitted to actual cautery later with recovery following. - The veterinarian whose practice is among drivers and the vet- -erinarian whose patients consist of pure-bred or high-grade draft “horses finds it greatly desirable to overcome such lameness with- out marking the patient for life. Once a horse is fired for spavin he remains always a spavined horse, whether he recovers from the lameness or not. He permanently wears the tag of unsoundness. With the treatment which I shall outline and which I have. used - successfully for a number of years this is not the case. ' T could show the reader horse after horse which has: been ‘ treated in this manner for spavin or ringbone which would. pass the average examination for soundness; in which not only ‘scars of operation such as follow firing and sometimes blistering ‘are absent, but in which also all trace of previously existing exostosis has disappeared. Furthermore, in many of these cases the results were obtained with the patient doing this regular work. every day. Careful selection of cases is of course essential. On this point 65 66 MART R. STEFFEN. I have only one rule which I adhere to absolutely. I treat no case which does not “ warm out” of the lameness. The horse that goes just as lame after he has been driven a mile or two as he did the first few hundred rods is not a good case for treatment; not only my treatment, but any other form of treatment. Such cases have a lameness which is to a great extent mechanical; encroach- ments of the exostosis upon the articular cartilage, into the articu- lation, adhesions to tendons or ligaments, destruction of the ar- ticular cartilage, etc., etc.. I think most surgeons will agree with me that the cases in which a reasonable assurance of recovery can be given are those in which the horse “warms out’ of the lameness. The other form—never. Actual cautery is practically the only genuinely empirical treatment to which modern veterinarians have clung tenaciously. Tenaciously is the word exactly. Not only should we try to get away from it because it is em- pirical. It is also decidedly barbarous, cruel, and in the light of present-day progress in surgery and medicine has no place in our professional armamentarium. A few of us there may be who do our firing under local anaesthesia, but they are not the ones who do the most firing. The busy surgeon puts a twitch and a side-line on his patient and “ goes to it.” And though his patient may go sound at the ex- piration of six to eight weeks of idleness he bears the brand ever after of spavin, ringbone or splint or whatever unsOueanay the case may be. Give your patient every chance. I tell you that you can get a complete recovery in seventy per cent. of these cases without the iron; get recovery just as quick if not more quickly, with no scars or marking and no protracted period of idleness. Then should your patient turn out to be one of the thirty per cent. who do not recover under this treatment you still have something up your sleeve; you can still fire, do | cunean tenotomy or tibio-peroneal neurectomy. You will find, I can assue you, that one recovery without resort to firing is worth ° several recoveries with the iron, PASSIVE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC BONE AND ARTICULAR LAMENESS. 67 My line of treatment for these conditions is iodine locally and potassium iodide internally. It is not anew method by any means, except in so far as relates to my method of applying the iodine locally. This I do in the form of resublimed iodine dissolved in an essential, highly volatile oil, suspending this solution later in a heavy, non-volatile oil. This can be applied indefinitely with- out producing the slightest irritation and yet will produce a most pronounced alterative action locally. This local effect is obtained by thoroughly rubbing in the oily suspension. That the iodine is liberated and retained in the tissues to which it is applied in this manner is evidenced by the fact that in white horses the skin in the region will often assume a bluish-black tint where the ap- plications are made for a prolonged period. This pigmentation slowly disappears after varied intervals following the discon- tinuation of the oil containing the iodine crystals; usually a _ period of several months elapses before the skin clears up again entirely. : Given a case of spavin, ringbone, splint or other bone lame- ness, properly selected, I clip the hair closely around the entire _ joint (in the case of spavin or ringbone) or part involved. Here is the first point in the proper application of the iodized oil, namely, taking in a sufficiently large area around the lesion. It is of little use to apply the treatment only directly upon the _ exostosis. I apply it freely over a large surface contiguous to the _ lesion and persist in the applications day after day, in some cases continuing the treatment daily for four weeks without inter- mission. This is the second point in applying this treatment properly. The applications must be made daily ; the whole area to be painted with the oil once a day and this to be followed by immediately ‘rubbing the oil into the parts briskly, taking at least five minutes by the watch for the rubbing. About the second week in the course of this treatment I put “my patients on potassium iodide, one dram doses three times “daily on the feed—in solution, of course. I keep this up for ten “days or two weeks, unless symptoms of iodism appear sooner. 68 MART R. STEFFEN. Here we find more evidence that the iodine in the oil gains en- trance to the tissues when applied as described above, and this from the fact that animals in which these rubbings of the iodized oil are being made become saturated with the potassium iodide very quickly, and in exceptional cases symptoms of iodism may appear in a few days after they are put on the potassium iodide. If it is not putting the owner to much expense or incon- venience I direct that the patient be given rest the first week; otherwise I merely caution the driver against unduly exerting the animal, especially as regards turning in or out too suddenly. Also, as is meet, I see to it that the horse is properly shod. In summing up I would call attention again to the forms of lameness for which this treatment is to be used. I do not recom- mend it in cases of tendon, ligamentous or bursal lameness. In my opinion, basing it upon my success with this line of treatment, a veterinarian has no right to disfigure a horse by firing except as a last resort. The point to bear in mind with this treatment is this: Don’t be stingy with the iodine; put it on and continue to put it on. And then try to produce iodism with the potassium iodide. The following table is a record of cases treated recently in this manner. Case Duration of ‘ No. Class. Lameness. treatment. Result. Bi) COPatber,s $66 dcaks Snavitt<.cis slurs eaten lems 8 weeks......Sound. Express....... Spavinc 0. SUP Meee ewes 5 weeks...... Not quite sound. >A Boe at SPAVIN «i035 ib ois sp sake ER l.week...... No improvement. BST VER ss on. « Spavin icc sic. Ae soa 3 weeks......Sound. Bi DOPeRtGti0s:s 5.0 SPAHR sis okt nea eaEE TE 4 weeks...... Sound. 6 ‘Drafter. ..5 5 <% Savin oo stk th x eetonie 6 weeks......Sound. ANE) aS SPAVIN. CS vie eae ee eee 4 weeks:..... Sound. PR) FALE iis Sinise SDAVIN: » s)0:0-0\v:5 se) eels » Dee Improved; not sound. Drafter....... SPAVie is week CLO ee 6 weeks...... Sound. ; 10'Driver, 2.) -Bpavin: nhc Aika ates 6 weeks...... Sound. 11 Drafter....... Low ringbone, front....... 3 weeks...... No improvement. 1D) Drafter... sist 06 High ringbone, front...... 8 weeks...... Sound. * : 23) Divers. . Sh evs Ringbone, high, front......7 weeks......Sound. : 14 Driver........Ringbone, high, hind...... 8 weeks...... Improved. Fired later. Sound. 15 Drafter....... Ringbone, high, front......4 weeks...... Improved; not sound. 16. DP VETs. aio (ois Sessamoiditis. front....... 7 weeks...... Sound. 17. Driver........Exostosis on Os Calcis.....6 weeks...... Sound. 2) US OS Se SONG 5S 5 cic ute ee 1 week...... Sound. 19 Drafter....... Splint spice ahs kpla'e ose ee 2 weeks...... Sound. *Number 8 has since been fired, with no further improvement. SEE EXAMINATION NoTIcE on page 17 (advertising forms), for Food Inspector. “Hoc CHOLERA—DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF SERUM AND VIRUS.* By M. H. Reynotps, State UNIversity ANp Live Stock SANITARY Boarp. SERUM ONLy.—It seems to me that there can no longer be _ question but that treatment by the serum-only method is a useful procedure and that by it a satisfactory percentage of treated _hogs can be saved, which would otherwise have been lost. Its _range or usefulness is, of course, limited. Serum-only is useful when properly utilized in infected herds with acute type of the disease and where there is plenty of natural virus. State serum used by the serum-only method should be administered by permit holders, usually veterinarians, but in some cases by trained lay- eel eS | ee ee ee ee ee eR men. SERUM-Virus Metuop.—The serum-virus method is capable of being made either a great blessing or a curse to live stock inter- ests, depending entirely upon the extent to which its use can be controlled and wisely directed. Up to this time it is doubtful if more good than harm has been acomplished the country over. More than one veterinary sanitarian has expressed the wish that the serum-virus treatment had never been developed. I wish to offer what I believe to be a fundamental proposi- tion; namely, that virus should be administered exclusively by men in State employ—at least temporarily in State employ. No one should administer virus who has not had proper scientific training to make accurate diagnosis and to operate safely and intelligently. Under proper official control, serum virus is the proper pro- cedure for healthy herds in infected territory and for apparently healthy hogs in infected herds where the supply of natural virus may be limited. Serum-virus treatment should be very rarely ‘used in uninfected territory and then exclusively by men in regular State employ. *Presented at a national conference of federal and state officials engaged in hog cholera control work, Chicago, March 3, 1914. 69 70 M. H. REYNOLDS. I would not propose to force it upon anybody, but hope to offer something so much more desirable that owners will accept it as a privilege and have no temptation to use virus in any other way. First; the State should employ a limited number of field veter- inarians on full time for services in infected districts where there are no competent local men and for the administration of serum- virus in occasional cases (which should be very rare) in unin-— fected territory. Minnesota has these field men already available. For work in infected territory we propose to employ local veterinarians who will work for the time being in State employ. A large number of replies from veterinarians to whom the plan has been submitted comes like a great sigh of relief. Practically everyone approved the plan heartily and offered to serve in the way suggested. This plan proposes to supply serum, virus, and veterinary service. The veterinarian would be paid from a fund — supported by farmers for whom work is done. The charge for veterinary service would be based upon the amount of serum used, or possibly upon the number of pigs treated. When a farmer wishes to have his herd treated by the serum-virus method, he will pay the legal price for State serum or actual cost in case the supply of State serum is insufficient and commercial serum must be used. In addition to this he will pay in advance for veterinary service. There would be flat rate for all sections of the State. Serum would be shipped express C. O. D. to the owner. Virus would go to the veterinarian who is to administer the treatment. The question of pay for veterinary service has not been defi- nitely settled. The rate of pay must be placed so that there can be no reasonable suspicion of graft or excess pay; otherwise the plan will very soon fail, because it will lack public confidence. The veterinarian can well afford to work for the State under - this plan,—much cheaper than he could under the old plan for the private owner—for many reasons. I am counting on the public spirit of my profession and a willingness to contribute a public service on account of a public ee HOG CHOLERA—DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF SERUM AND VIRUS. 71 calamity. I am hoping that our best veterinarians will accept this plan and agree to do the work for a little less, not very much, but somewhat less than their usual rates. Our first estimate is that the veterinarian would be paid about $8 for an eight hour day, plus expenses and mileage for his auto or team. He would go out and do the work on an order from the State. When it is finished the veterinarian would send in his report and receive a check. Under the present law we could supply State serum and veterinary service for approximately one cent per cubic centi- meter. _ At present the State is paying three-fourths of the cost of pro- duction and owner about one-fourth. I personally believe this should be reversed. The State should pay about one-fourth and the owner about three-fourths of the cost of production, and to- gether they should add a small margin for business safety. In case such a change as this is put into effect, the State would pay about one-third of a cent per cubic centimeter ; and the owner would pay one cent per cubic centimeter for serum and from one- fourth to one cent per cubic centimeter for veterinary service, de- pending on the amount of work that could be done as one job. This would make a total, if our laws should be changed so as to make the State serum plant self supporting, of one and one- quarter to two cents per cubic centimeter, total cost to the owner for serum, virus and veterinary service. It would seem that by this plan the dose, method, prompt reporting, determination as to when and where virus may be used and who may use it, will be under direct State control. Men who get poor results can be promptly dropped from the list of permit holders employed by the State for the work. Vaccination cholera, a small percentage of which is inevitable, will be under State observation from the start, and adjacent farms be protected. The veterinarian doing the work will have no money trans- action with the owner, no slow or bad accounts, no large advance 72: : M. H. REYNOLDS. + investment in serum, express, telegrams, and long distance *phone calls-——-no hard feeling with the owner and loss of good clients. He will do the work upon an order from the State, send in his report, together with statement of time, mileage and expense, and receive a check. The owner will be reasonably assured of good serum, careful administration and honest virus. As previously suggested, there is at present no thought of forcing this upon hog owners. The plan is to offer them some- thing so much better and so much cheaper than they can get by in- dependently using serum, virus and private veterinary service and so violating the law, that they will be glad to avail themselves of the plan as a privilege. Whether we can put this entire plan into operation for Minne- sota, at an early date, depends on the solution of one or two prob- lems with reference to proper handling of funds and administra- tion. Dr. SALMON ELECTED TO HoNorARY MEMBERSHIP.—At the January meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, in Bozeman, Dr. D, E. Salmon was elected an honorary member of the association. It was a very interesting and in- structive meeting. Dr. Salmon presented an interesting and valu- able contribution to the literature on hog cholera, and the pro- duction and use of hog cholera serum, which will be given to the profession through the medium of the REvrew as soon as space will permit. A resolution indorsing the Army Veterinary Sery- ice Bill, adopted at that meeting, is published on page 122 of this issue. : CONTINUES TO BE oF GREATEST EDUCATIONAL VALUE.—The following from the British ‘West Indies: “ Please find enclosed post-office order for $3.60 for foreign subscription to the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, which continues to be of great interest and educational value to me, and which I consider to be the greatest essential to the successful practice of modern veteri- nary science. The publication and Dr. Robert W. Ellis have my sincere good wishes for continued success.” ee a ea ae se rv a WATER IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE. By S. J. Atcatay, D.V.M., Excin, Ix. : The question has many times arisen in my mind whether veterinarians during their whole career have paid much attention to the action and the lubricating power water plays in healthy and sick animals which come under their control. The role water plays as a food and as a dissolvant will be treated from two standpoints: (A) from the experiences and discoveries made by faithful and reliable men who made a special study on the subject. For this English, French and Spanish lit- eratures are consulted, in combination with what personal knowl- edge a practitioner may acquire from treating about 1,000 to 1,500 cases a year. (B) From the Book of Nature; that is, from ‘fie way nature provides food to its beings that ferivé nourishment from what apparatus or arrangement they are endowed with towards gaining their sustenance without using any volition. : (A) All authors agree that water must be used in order to be healthy, but disagree as to the times of its use. Some claim that water of no kind should be taken during meals. They claim that nature has provided for what moistening of the food is needed, the three pairs of salivary glands which by frequent use will fully supply the amount of water needed for softening and lubricating the ingesta taken in. This school, which for our purpose may be called “ the dry school theory,” advocates that it: is objectionable to use water with the meal. Among the authors who have studied the water question in live stock one is referred to the splendid work “ Feeds and Feeding,” by Professor Emer- itus, A. Henry, of Wisconsin. He used to say in class “ that the stomach of the horse being so small any amount of water allowed to a horse ought to be given about half an hour before the grain feeding, as otherwise the grain may be washed out of the stomach and carried into the duodenum and thus the action of stomachal 73 74 8. J. ALCALAY. juices will have no opportunity of working their corroding action (the HCl action) on the feed. Probably many authors could be cited, but our space being _limited we shall endeavor to study the foreign and American authors, and only those topics which have a more or less close connection to veterinary medicine; or if the application of the - findings by the different authors is possible in our profession. Now let us enter into the chemistry of water. Generally speaking, water, besides its H2O basic constituents, carries in _ solution carbonates mostly of lime. All “ Ca” compounds are very useful in the body, provided they may be associated with different chemical ingredients useful for the building up of differ- ent tissues such as bone, cartilage and the like. Water has the property of dissolving substances and forming both positive and negative “ions” for this reason, water is considered as a power- ful and general solvent; that is why it is never pure in nature. This solving property is the one that interests us the most. All foods, with the exception of NaCl, must be digested so they should be available to be taken into circulation and only in a liquid stage. Whether this be in the animal or vegetable kingdom, the function of water in this case is plainly understood. | All the toxic matters generated, whether by healthy or dis- eased tissues, are mostly excreted in a liquid or semi-liquid stage through urine or sweat, and never totally dry. Even the evacua- tion of feces is rendered much easier when the alimentary canal is well supplied with liquid matter. Now the “ Wet School theory ”: Kneip having had great suc- cess in the use of water both externally and internally came to a series of discoveries which may be summarized as follows: (a) Water for internal use is the best means to unload the system from many of its noxious products, and any amount must be ingested between and with meals. He claimed that judicious use of water will prevent formation of stone in the liver, bladder or the like. Many diseases are prevented or overcome by good use of water; it prevents formation of stone in the liver and bladder. WATER IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE. bend | (b) Externally—The Spanish Shirt is, to his estimation, a very useful remedy towards immunizing the system against re- frigeration or taking cold. * (B) A hypothesis is advanced that all that which is created over the surface of mother earth is intended for the use and happiness of its inhabitants; and also that nature is an open book for we men, or otherwise animals, endowed with good judgment to study. Now then we see that all foods contain at least 5 per cent. of water. This refers to nuts, but generally speaking the amount of water contained in natural food stuffs, legumes or the like, usually goes as high as 80 and even go per cent. Milk, the only food for mammipera at the beginning of their lives, con- tains a very great amount of water. I would have put “ finis”’ to this article if it were. not for what I have seen; veterinarians forbidding the use of water in their calls out in the country. It may be true that ice cold water _is injurious, but otherwise water should be ordered always, and every time. Water helps the system towards absorbing the drugs poured in. I always found that water heated before being mixed to medicine is of a greater help. The heat conveyed to the stomach by the water seems to have a soothing action. But water may be given to a horse even when he is perspiring from hard work or warm weather. Even in case of fever water may be allowed with a few drops of HCl or acetic acid. In these cases the amount of water should be limited, say to 2 or 3 quarts, not to exceed one gallon; and when the animal is cooled off then the regular amount of water may be allowed. This is my personal experience used with success. eines! —The Spanish shirt is a long shirt made of a porous material such as burlap, which is wetted and as much water as possible is squeezed out. This shirt is put on next to the skin before going to bed. I have seen this process used and that person who had it on never took cold for that whole season.—S. J. A. Tue Review AppreciATED IN CryLton.—The Municipal Veterinary Surgeon of Colombo, one of our subscribers in Ceylon, expresses great happiness in receiving his numbers of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. VIABILITY OF THE ANTHRAX BACTERIUM.* By M. J. Harkins, V.M.D., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. In the year 1850 Davaine (1) and Rayer (2), in 1855 Pol- lender (3) and soon after Branell (4) found in the blood of ani- mals dead of anthrax peculiar rod-shaped bodies, the etiologicai importance of which was later proved by Davaine (5) in 1865. However, it remained for Robert Koch (6) in 1876 to be the first to artificially cultivate the anthrax bacterium, the first micro- organism of any pathogenic disease to be isolated. In the same year Koch (7) showed that anthrax infected material such as blood, hide, hair, etc., subjected to all possible conditions such as dryness, moisture, decomposed, in a diluted or undiluted form, did not impair the infectiousness of the micro-organism in the slighest degree. | M. A. Barber (8) has shown that the inoculation of sensitive animals with the minutest quantities, single micro-organisms for instance, of highly virulent strains will produce death. At one time the anthrax spore was considered the mast re- sistant form of spore, but to-day it is well known that certain saprophitic spores belonging to the group of the potato bacilli are much more resistant. Nevertheless the anthrax spore is one of the most resistant of the known pathogenic micro-organisms. This resistance of the anthrax spore is not infrequently demon- strated in nature, as evidenced by sudden outbreaks of the disease in districts believed to be entirely free from anthrax. According to Sirena and Scagliose (9) anthrax spores are preserved in moist or dry earth from 2 to 3 years, in drinking water 17 years, and in ichor 15 months. An estimate of the extraordinary power of the resistance of anthrax spores in nature may be obtained from the reports of Wancke, Kissuth, Miiller, Sickert (10) and others, among which is an observation that gravel taken from pits in *Read before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, at Philadelphia, March, 1914. The Mulford Laboratories, Glenolden, Pennsylvania, 76 ae a ia a ar? ee ———— a a ee _ VIABILITY OF THE ANTHRAX BACTERIUM. 77 which twenty years previous anthrax cadavers had been buried was responsible for an outbreak of anthrax when the gravel was used as a dressing for walks and driveways. Just as remarkable _ though not occurring under natural conditions are instances where anthrax spores remained alive and virulent for ten to twelve years in an emulsion or on dried silk threads as reported by Aiello and Drago (11) and for seventeen years reported by Busson (12). It has also been reported that gelatin cultures eighten and one-half years old showed growth when transplanted in fresh suitable medium (Szekley (13)), but no reference is made regarding virulence. In March, 1900, Dr. M. P. Ravenel immersed several short pieces of suture silk, approximately 5 cm. in length, in a liquid culture or suspenions of anthrax bacteria which were dried and placed in a glass test tube, the tube was sealed with a cotton plug and tight fitting rubber stopper. The sealed tube came into the possession of Dr. John Reichel, who kept it at room temperature from 1905 to 1914. The threads in the test tube were thoroughly - dry and without a trace of nutrient media. This point has an important bearing on the question which naturally arose. Could the culture be regained from the dry silk threads and would it prove virulent? To determine the first point the test tube with the threads was opened carefully on January 26, 1914, and two threads re- moved with sterile forceps, cut in half and dropped into approxi- mately 5 c.c. neutral plain boullon. The cultures were incubated at 37.5 degrees C. for 48 hours, when a moderate filamentous growth was observed, which appeared to be adhering to the thread. The surrounding medium remained clear. A smear of these extensions from the threads stained with Loeffler’s alkaline methylene blue revealed a micro-organism conforming in every way with the anthrax bacterium. Subcultures on neutral plain agar and in neutral plain bouillon -gave abundant growths of characteristic anthrax bacterium. Having shown that the anthrax spore on the threads could give rise to typical anthrax bacterium at this time, the virulence 7s M. J. HARKINS. of the subcultures was next determined. Accordingly two white mice, two guinea pigs, a rabbit and a sheep were inoculated with the following results: | TABLE Animal. Number. Date. Result. Bacterial Findings. White mouse... 4202 1/29/14 Dead 24hrs. Anthrax bacterium isolated from heart blood. White mouse... 4203 _ - ts “ “ +6 “ Guinea pig.... 4208 2/2/14 ‘* 48 hrs. 5 “af a . i ro Guinea pig.... 4209 rg Shee Pe “t e 7 ¢ te i Rabbits...) 2) 54210 f PF hrs: ng a He z ; = Sheep. ..5.... 1226 2/24/14 “* 48 hrs. ze +e * Re i ; From this observation the following conclusions’ may be drawn: 1. Anthrax spores dried on threads and without nourish- ment remain viable 7. ¢., able to propagate for thirteen years and eleven months. 2. The spore under these conditions retain some virulence, if not all, for the same length of time. . REFERENCES. 1. Davaine—Hutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). 2. Rayer—Hutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). ut 3. _Pollender—Hutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). 4. Branell—Hutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). i Deraing trey and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). : 6. . Koch—Hutyra and Marek Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, Vol. I, Page 1, 1912 (English translation). 7. - Koch—G,_ Soberheim—“ Milzbrand’”’—Handbuch der ‘Pathogenen Mikro- organismen, Bd. III, Seite 588, 1913. f 8. Barber, M.A.—The Effect on Mice of Minute Doses of B. Anthracis. Jour. of Infectious Diseases. Vol. VI, No. 5, Nov., 1909. 9. Sirena and Scagliose—‘‘ Milzbrand ’—Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganis- men, Bd, III, Seite 612, 1913. 10. Wancke, Kissuth, Miller, Sickert—“ Milzbrand Handbuch der Pathogenen, Bd. ILI, Seite 648, 1913. : 11. Aiello and Drago— Milzbrand ’’—Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, Bd. III, Seite 612, 1913. _ 12, Busson—‘ Milzbrand ”’—-Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, Bd. IIT, Seite 612, 1913. \ _ 13, Szekley—‘ Milzbrand *—Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, Bd. III, Seite 612, 1913. Mas Not Missep A NuMBER Since 1897.—Dr. S. E. Hershey, of West Virginia, says: “ Enclosed find check for the Review in advance. I cannot see how any successful veterinar- ian can be without it. I have not missed a number since 1897.” BARIUM CHLORIDE AS AN EVACUANT IN THE HORSE. By A. A. Locxnart, V.S., M.D.V., CaRNpuFF, SASK., CAN. I am prompted to publish my experience with barium chloride as a rapid evacuant for the horse, with the hope that it may ‘stimulate others who have had experience with this drug to give some account of its action in their hands and perhaps help to prevent some who are not familiar with its use to avoid serious accidents through not fully appreciating the danger which may attend a slight overdose. During the past three years I have used in the neighborhood of two pounds of this drug, giving it entirely in solution by the mouth. In that time I have had two deaths, which I can attribute directly to it, and though I am still using it cautiously I never feel quite easy concerning the result until [ have had a report next day. When I first commenced using this drug, I was under the im- pression that the correct dose for a horse by the mouth was from 3ii to Siv. Winslow, in his latest edition, gives these amounts and also states that he has found it a perfectly safe drug in these doses. He also states that a dose of 3ii may be repeated in an hour when necessary. I may say that my experience does not bear out these state- ments. The largest dose I ever exhibited was 3iii to a good sized work horse. This dose was given about 11 a. m. About 9 p. m. I was called out with the message that the animal had been purging _ violently all afternoon and appeared to be in a very bad condition. ' I found the patient in a truly alarming state, breathing very much disturbed, actions of the bowels about every five minutes ” or less with considerable tenesmus. Very little feces were being _ passed at this time on account of the bowel being pretty well 79 80 A. A. LOCKHART, emptied. The flanks were extremely hollow and the animal kept lying down and getting up at intervals. I gave immediately a large dose of morphine and atropine hypodermically, which seemed to have a beneficial effect, but in the morning the patient was paralyzed and unable to stand prop- erly even in a sling. It succumbed in about two days in spite of maximum doses of strychnine. I had a similar fatal result in a light draft horse which re- ceived Siiss. The last occasion on which I had a toxic condition from this drug was this winter. I was called to a farm some twelve miles distant, and upon arrival found a team of horses, both of which presented symptoms of impacted colon, which diagnosis was confirmed upon rectal examination. They were as nearly alike in size as two peas (about 1,050 pounds), and both had received a pint of oil about twelve hours before my arrival. I immediately gave each horse barium chloride 3iss in solution. About an hour and a half later I left to attend another call. At this time one horse had been passing feces at short intervals for three-quarters of an hour and was standing apparently quite easy. The other one was in considerable pain, had passed a lot of flatus but very little feces. That night the owner called me up on the ‘phone and said that the horse which was suffering and seemed so sick when I left had become easy about half an hour later. Its bowels had been moving nicely and it was wanting to eat. The other one, however, had purged all afternoon, and he thought it must be paralyzed, for it could not get up. The following day this animal was got into a sling when it was found it could sup- port its weight allright. Fl. ext. nucis vomica was prescribed in 3i doses every two hours and a good recovery ensued. In conclusion I may say that I have found no drug which has given me such satisfactory results in the capacity of a quickly acting cathartic in the horse as barium chloride given by the mouth, provided the amount which the animal was capable of standing had not been exceeded. In my opinion the one and only drawback to the drug is that the effective dose seems to he so perilously near the toxic dose that it is almost impossible to use a a ee = = Cl BARIUM CHLORIDE AS AN EVACUANT IN THE HORSE. 81 it effectively without incurring some danger. Whether one is justified in using it at all under these circumstances is also a matter for debate. To anyone commencing the use of this drug my earnest advice is never to exceed Siiss as a dose for any horse. For light horses round 1,000 pounds 3i to 3iss is my opinion the very limit of safety. Doses of this size will in the majority of instances give results; but whether they are absolutely safe I have my doubts. Personally, I would not repeat a dose of barium under eighteen hours unless I was quite indifferent to whether the animal died or lived. LovuIsIANA VETERINARY MepIcaAL AssoctrATION held its an- nual meeting in Baton Rouge, on February 17th, with Vice-Presi- dent Dr. F. J. Douglass, of New Orleans, in the chair, and Sec- retary Dr. Hamlet Moore, of New Orleans, at his desk. The pro- fession throughout the state was well represented. The chief business of the meeting was to consider plans for the reception of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans in December. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, was unanimously elected president for the ensuing year, with Dr. Sheard Moore, of Donaldsonville, La., vice-president, and Dr. Ferdinand J. Cam- bon, of New Orleans, secretary-treasurer. A Bic Meetinc in New Orveans In DeEcCEMBER.—Our esteemed collaborator, Dr. N. S. Mayo, in sending a report of the annual meeting of the Alabama Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, held at Auburn in March, for publication in the Review, says in his letter of transmittal (speaking of the meeting), “ It was fine”; and added: ‘‘ There will be a big meeting in New Orleans next December.” This report, from the secretary of the A. VY. M. A. who has been mingling with our brothers in the Southland, and reading the signs of the times in their counte- nances, will be cheerfully received by our readers throughout the country. Just Can’r Do Wirnout It.—An Arkansas brother writes : “Please send me the Review for another year, just can’t do without it.” ) THE STOMACH TUBE A USEFUL PROBANG. By Cuas. F. Wotr, D.V.M., PionrEr, Ouro. In the AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw of January appeared an article in which, to my mind, one of the most useful instru- ments is not mentioned. The editorial referred to on page 423 contains a statement of method used by the celebrated Johann, in which a loop of wire is pushed down the cesophagus with the hope of encircling an object which is producing choke. I will venture that in most any community there are men, same as there are about here, that will try the methods known to farmers and barn men, of causing the animal to “ jump over ” something, pour lard down his “ throat,” or “‘ punch ” it down with a broom- stick. If you use a fence wire bent into a loop, isn’t the farmer likely to try it next time and so save the fee, besides possibly doing injury to the animal? I find most chokes of whole apples and potatoes (round objects) in calves. First, I locate the offend- ing object and if in the cervical region I try to force it back to the mouth by use of both hands, using a sort of milking motion to urge it toward the mouth. In many instances this procedure has removed the offending object. . If it fails to do so, or the choke is low, I immediately use the stomach tube to first locate the object, then expel it. The stomach ~ tube has a decided advantage over the probang in this: The ob- ject (often an apple or potato) is slippery from the saliva, and the probang tends to dodge it, while the tube fits as a disc against it and tends to hold on instead of wedging beside the object. Right here let me say that I prefer a tube of large caliber (as large as you can handily pass). Then, too, if necessary, the tube will carry water or oil right to the spot you want it. The move- ments of peristalsis naturally carry the body onward, and with but a little assistance usually bodies that will get well down will pass right on into the stomach. In case of choke in the calf, and 82 STOMACH TUBE A USEFUL PROBANG. 83 the bloat that usually follows, if one is quick there is not necessity _ of enterocentesis; the bloat escapes through the tube as soon as the tube reaches the rumen. My reason for using a large tube is this. A stream of given volume broadened out flows with less force than if confined, and produces less reflex contraction against the penetration of the water ; also, when the pump is removed larger particles of matter will be removed without clogging the tube. This is applicable whether the tube is used as a stomach tube or as a rectal tube. __ I use a special steam tube into which a Phillips’ tube readily wedges, and often have removed whole kernels of corn without clogging the tube. The larger the tube, also the more easily it grips the surface of the foreign object. In nearly fifty cases of choke in various animals only once have I found it necessary to perform a radical operation, as recorded in Merillat’s Surgery; and I believe I never have drawn an ounce of blood by the use _ of the tube. Just one other point: Use a tubé eleven feet ir: length. A high headed horse may take so much tube that your pump will not reach the floor. Tuery NEED Room to Turn ArouND IN NEBRASKA.—Dr. G. R. Young, Omaha, Nebraska, ex-president of the Missouri Val- ley Veterinary Association, has recently rented twenty acres within the city limits, on which, he says, to use the doctor’s own expression, ‘ I will have a nice place for my business.” We sug- gested to him that he might raise a few horses or mules, and still not be crowded. The doctor’s duties have also been increased by his appointment to the State Board of Examiners for a three- year term. ~ MAssaAcuusetts Boarp oF REGISTRATION IN‘ VETERINARY Mepictne.—Secretary Babson announces that the Massachusetts Board of Registration will hold its annual June examination of two days on June 24 and 25, 1914. Tor particulars write to Dr. E. W. Babson, Gloucester, Mass. THe Very Best PrRintED.—A Minnesota subscriber, in re- newing his subscription, writes: ‘ Enclosed find check for re- newal of subscription to the Review. It is the very best printed. _ Thank you for European chronicles and all.” REPORTS OF CASES. IMPACTION OF THE CECUM. By A. T. Gityarp, D.V.M., Waterbury, Conn. The purposes of this article are: First, to apologize for havy- ing overlooked the paper on Equine Typhlitis with Impaction, written by Dr. Willis Wilson, and printed in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw of May, 1913. My attention was called to this valuable contribution by the Editor’s note following my paper on Impaction of the Cecum, which appeared in the March (1914) edition of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. I have since read Dr. Wilson’s paper with keen pleasure and much profit; and have come to the conclusion that impaction of the cecum is not rare, but that it occurs more frequently in some localities than in others. Second, to give a brief account of a treatment which I have recently used for this disease. In the aforementioned paper presented at last summer’s meet- ing of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, I sug- gested, since all purgatives had failed in my cases and the cases of which I had read at that time, that a trocar with rubber tube attached be carried in by the way of the rectum and pushed into the cecum that water might be pumped in, in an attempt to float the impacted mass. Dr. R. P. Lyman, dean of the veterinary department of the - Michigan Agricultural College, who was present, suggested that the trocar be driven through the abdominal wall instead of in- serted by way of the rectum, and as I had often used this method for introducing antiferments in obstinate cases of intestinal flatulence, I determined to try it, in impaction of the cecum. On the afternoon of Sunday, February 15, I was called to an aged grey gelding which had been colicky, with some appe- tite and occasional bowel movements since Tuesday, February 10. This horse had a group of melanotic tumors on the tail and anus and one in the rectum, the size of a hen’s egg. The attending veterinarian had diagnosed “ cold in the bow- els” and had treated for same with much linseed oil and hypo- dermic purgatives during the five days of illness. Although the 84 REPORTS OF CASES. 85 thermometer stood at eight above and there were few panes of glass in the several windows, I stripped and examined per rectum. The impacted cecum was quickly located, a doubtful prog- nosis given and the subject taken a distance of three miles to the hospital. At nine o'clock that evening we put the horse in the stocks, and locating per rectum the portion of cecum nearest the ab- ~ dominal wall, I pressed outward with my fingers until an assist- - ant located and marked the spot, which was one inch posterior _ to the last rib and eight inches below the level of the external angle of the illeum. We prepared the field and I plunged a long, fine-bore Williams trocar forward and downward. Again I explored and felt the canula inserted in the cecum, which lay about two and one-half to three inches from the abdominal wall. We then introduced with the aid of a small-bore rubber tube and _ asmall pump seven and one-half gallons of warm water in which had been dissolved one-half pound of sodium chloride and one _ pound of magnesium sulphate. | . The operation, owing to the smallness of the apparatus, oc- _cupied a whole hour. At 9.30, one-half hour after starting, there _ was a small evacuation from the bowels and at 11.30 there had been nineteen movements of the bowels, quite watery and having avery foul odor. The horse was then put in a box stall, where _ in the morning we found evidence of the bowels having moved _ three times; the stools, although soft, contained quite a quan- tity of incompletely masticated ingesta. | Monday, February 16, no pain, drank water and eagerly _ partook of three feeds of hay and oats. Per rectum the cecum _ could be felt to contain very little ingesta. q Tuesday, February 17, external manifestations the same, no _ exploration until 6 p. m., when colicky pains set in same as _ before treatment. Examination ‘at that time revealed the cecum again filled. Regretted having allowed food and repeated the treatment of _ Sunday night, obtaining fifteen evacuations in two hours. _ __ I then decided to withhold all food for a few days, in hopes _ that the walls of the cecum would become active enough to pre- vent another impaction of that organ. On the 18th, 19th, 2oth and 21st we gave powdered nux vomica two drams and sodium chloride one ounce twice daily. The salt created an abnormal ' thirst for water, and the water thus taken seemed to complete 86 REPORTS OF CASES. the emptying of the cecum, which on the 18th contained some solid food, although it was not distended. During these four days the bowels continually discharged very foul smelling feces and each day the amount of solid ingesta in the cecum decreased. During this time the horse continually called for food, but none was allowed, although the external appearance of the horse showed nothing to indicate that he was ill. On the 22d, I could find no solid ingesta in the cecum; but I was able to palpate imperfectly a hard spherical mass about six inches in diameter, which lay within the cecum, seemingly attached to the internal surface of the wall of that organ, this object responded to ballottement, and my best opinion is that it was a melanotic tumor. As the animal appeared so well I ordered bran mashes and small feedings of hay continuing the nux vomica. The next day, February 23, I arose at 5.30 a. m. and went to the dog show in New York. During that forenoon the horse went down; they say that he seemed exhausted and could not be raised, so they killed him and called the dead wagon. When I arrived home on the 24th, I learned with extreme regret, not unmixed with anger, that through some misunderstanding the horse had been skinned and cut to pieces and the parts that had not been used had been buried. Just what caused that horse to go down when apparently — doing so well. will always remain a mystery to me, but the fact that an impacted cecum may be emptied by this method, I have established, at least to my own satisfaction, and I hope some time to meet my fourth case that I may be able to try it again. DYSTOKIA AND A FEW CASES MET IN ACTUAL PRACTICE, . By C. F. Dwinat, D.V.S., Bangor, Maine. Dystokia is an unfavorable termination of parturition Be may be of two kinds, maternal or foetal, the most common of which is foetal; and this occurs more often in bovines than in the equine or canine families and fortunately easier remedied in bovine than other families. Many animals with first parturi- tion need assistance when there is no abnormal presentation or deformity in foetus, due no doubt to nervous condition Piven ing normal dilatation of genital organs, a 4 REPORTS OF CASES. 87 Early assistance many times avoids serious trouble, and this is true in mares more than in cows, and in this we are often handicapped, since it is customary for an owner to wait or allow some one to attempt to correct trouble who is not skillful enough to do the work, and perhaps has torn or lacerated the genitals to such an extent that it is nearly impossible to accomplish the act of delivering without serious results. - I have seen the vulva and vagina in a mare so swollen by the rough work of a layman that it was nearly impossible to pass the hand through the canal, much more to deliver the foetus. In another case i found a small portion of an intestine pro-: truding through the vaginal wall, caused either by strong trac- tion or by the foot of the foetus being forced through the wall. The worst condition which I find for delivering is in an ani- mal so exhausted either by long continued labor pains or my efforts to assist by an empiric so that the animal is unable to rise from the recumbent position or even roll up on the side, as every effort to change position of foetus is immediately fol- lowed by labor pains which force the hand suddenly back, if not entirely out of the animal. I was called to treat a case of a cow in a similar condition. Previous to my seeing it a non-graduate had undertaken to effect delivery by means of a grapple on the studding, and a set of blocks, which were attached to the calf, the cow being fastened by the neck with a chain; and from all appearances there had been some strong pulling, all to no good results; only to exhaust the cow very much. After first giving stimulants to the cow I amputated the head, forelegs at shoulders, opened the thorax and abdomen and re- moved contents from each, all of which were somewhat decom- posed. As the owner informed me, the cow had been due to calve six months before and supposed she had a dead calf in pasture, and did not bother to hunt for it and would have still thought so had he not seen a foot protruding from the vulva the night before, when the cow came up from pasture. After this dissection of foetus, delivery was comparatively | easy. Then I used an antiseptic douche and removed all particles of foreign matter, gave stimulants to be repeated regularly, and recovery took place in a few days. _ Another case came under my care not long since. A two- year-old heifer with first calf had been in labor nearly twenty- four hours when I was called; meantime a neighbor had been endeavoring to assist her and had removed both hind legs, it being a lumbo-sacral presentation. 88 REPORTS OF CASES. On examination I found it to be a large calf, and I was puzzled when I could not turn it in any way from the position it then occupied, and I could not reach the head to find out what the trouble was, so by means of the embryotomy knife I removed everything down to the head and neck, which was a long job; then I found that there were two heads grown together, and so heavy that I cculd not move them in the uterus. The heifer was destroyed, as the owner did not want me to operate on her, and there was found to be grown together two heads, the union being from about the middle of maxillary bones. It presented a peculiar appearance, with two mouths, four nostrils, two large eyes, three ears, one in center of fore- head being double size; it weighed thirty pounds. A third case in a mare was very interesting to me, and the foetus was in a position which I have never seen before or since; neither have I read of anything like it. This mare was a fast pacer, and the owner expected a fine colt, so he had a man in constant attendance for six weeks prior to time of parturition, who was to call me as soon as any signs of foaling presented themselves. ; Late in the evening I was called and when I arrived the head, neck and forelegs, and about half of body were present; the mare was almost frantic. She would rush around the stall and after going around two or three times would sit down just like a dog. The colt, of course, was dead. I amputated the portion of body presenting itself and then I found the hind legs crossed under abdomen’ and feet were pushed up on either side, so that they were parallel with the ex- ternal angle of the ilium. By drawing each one down separately, I was enabled to straighten them out; then by forcing the mass back into the uterus, and turning it over, delivery was easy. When this took place the mare collapsed, and for three days lay on a good bed of straw. Then we put her in slings for three weeks. Outside of a ruptured perineum, which I closed up with silk (but for some reason would not stay sewed), she made a good recovery. Cases of this kind I find very hard to correct and often re- quire a long time, and I have been so fortunate or unfortunate. as to see a great many of them; although there are many other things in veterinary practice that I would prefer to these cases. REPORTS OF CASES. 89 OBSTRUCTION OF DIAPHRAGMATIC beh OF LARGE COLON. By Dr. S. C. Nerr, Staunton, Va. November 5th I received a call to see a horse five miles from the city. Upon my arrival at the place, I found the horse lying upon the sternum with both front legs extended as far out as possible; every few minutes it would roll upon its side, but would not stay in this position any length of time, but would soon re- sume the sternal posture; always with both front legs extended as far as possible. Occasionally it would set upon its haunches likea dog. After making a careful examination I told the owner it was a case of obstruction of the bowels, at the same time ex- plaining to him that I considered it a very serious though not a hopeless case. I gave a drench composed of aromatic spts. am- monia 2 ounces, turps. 2 ounces, aloin % ounce, linseed oil qt. ; left alc. one-half pint to be given in two doses one hour apart. Saw horse again in four hours, symptoms the same, repeated the _ drench given the first time, less the aloin; also gave one grain of ~ arecoline and one-half grain of strychnine. Left one grain of arecoline to be given in two hours, 4 ounces of alc., 1% to be given in quart of linseed oil in 4 hours, balance to be given in water in 8 hours. I saw horse about seven o’clock on the morning of the 6th, symptoms about the same. Repeated the drench given _ when I first saw him, also gave grain of arecoline, 1% of strych- nine, leaving same to be given in 6 hours, also alc. and one quart _ of oil at the same time. Saw horse again in 12 hours, pain not quite so bad, but no action from bowels; repeated treatment of _ morning, leaving medicine to last during the night. I left telling - owner that I would see horse next morning; upon arrival owner stated that horse had been restless the entire night, but in the _ last hour had seemed a little more comfortable. Up to this time _ horse had neither ate or drank. I offered it a little water, and _ I think it took 3 or 4 swallows. I again gave oil and stimulants, _ saw horse again in the evening, no action from the bowels, gave _ oil, eggs and milk. I kept up about the same treatment for seven _ days at which time his bowels began to move a little. The 8th _ day they were opening up well, but no diarrhea; by the evening _ of the oth day of sickness his passages had begun to thicken _ somewhat, but pneumonia had developed in’ the right lung. _ Horse died 12 days after I began treating him. No doubt others here have had similar cases and possibly had better results from _ their treatment. The reason that I selected this case to write 90 REPORTS OF CASES. about was to bring about a discussion in regard to the line of treatment that I gave. Whether I gave too much, too little or the right kind of treatment, during the first seven days I gave - 3 gallons of linseed oil, 4 ounce of aloin, 8 grains of arecoline, 3 grains of strychnine, aromatic spts. of ammonia terps and nux., also % gallon of alc. and one quart of whiskey. From the 3d to the 9th day of his sickness I gave him every 12 hours 4 doz. of eggs and one gallon of milk, always using stomach tube both for giving medicine and feeding him. Rectal injec- tions of one to two gallons of warm water were given every 4 or 6 hours. The pneumonia, I am sure, was caused by some of the oil entering the lung while the owner was drenching him. As owner stated that he had been having some trouble to get horse to swallow. At no time was there more than one degree of temperature until pneumonia developed. TRAUMATIC LUXATION OF THE PATELLA. By JAmeEs M. Cooper, M. D. V., Cincinnati, O. A most interesting case of traumatic luxation of the patella from the trochlea came under my observation recently. A team of bay horses were being driven over a street viaduct, when the off horse fell on the asphalt paving. In falling he fell first on the left side, and in attempting to regain his feet, fell again on the right side. When released he regained the standing posture. On examination he carried the right leg, the foot being about two feet from the ground, in a cramped position. There was a marked prominence of the stifle joint, which stood out in a rotund manner. ‘This prominence at the stifle was general, hard to the touch, the preponderance of which was situated ex- ternally. The patella could not be outlined, and there was ab- sence of inflammatory phenomena. On attempting to force the limb downward, the patient manifested great pain, and each attempt in this direction was met with failure, the foot being continually kept from the ground. There was no crepitus. The animal was hauled in an ambulance to the owner’s stable, where the patient was subjected to the sling. Here effort was made to correct the dislocation. This procedure was extremely difficult and painful, the patient falling in the sling with a groan. livery act of forcible manipulation met with no success, the leg re- mained raised, and the cramped attitude constant. Owing to the unique character of the case, it was decided to | ow. CU elt i ee ele REPORTS OF CASES. 91 let the animal rest, and advised hot fomentations applied to the © stifle joint, and later the application of an anodyne liniment. Next day there was no change, and every effort at correction met with no result. On the third day the foot would come down to the coronary band of the opposite limb, and:sometimes rest there, but otherwise there was no change in the condition. At this period consultation was sought, and the diagnosis confirmed of outward dislocation of the patella. United attempt was made to correct the luxation, but without success. Being at a loss to bring the joint into its normal position, it was decided when treating the patient, for the attendant to adhere to our instructions, and forcibly manipulate the parts, and to move the affected limb backward, forward and from side to side, with the possibility of bringing the patella back into its place. On the fourth day, while engaged in this practice, the attendant reported hearing a snap, and the leg came down sud- denly. On examination later the patient displayed extreme lame- ness, the stifle being greatly swollen and painful, and the animal would walk on the toe like an azoturia patient. On palpating the stifle joint, the animal would evince great pain by grunting. The vasti and rectus muscles were tense and contracted. The stifle was carried outwardly. The next two days showed quite - a modification in the patient’s condition, but continued to walk on the toe as described, and with abduction of the limb. Ten days later lameness disappeared, and the swelling nearly all gone. In fourteen: days, nothing could be discerned, and up to the present time, five months since the accident, the animal performs his wonted duties, without any attending sequel. Judging from the scarcity of case reports regarding this condition it must be of rare occurrence. This instance was a genuine case of patella luxation, without any complication, as fracture or ligamentous tear, as the subsequent perfect recovery would seem to indicate. In conclusion I would suggest, in consequence of my experience, the proper course to pursue would be, when cases of-this kind present themselves, to cast the animal, and administer an anaes- thetic and forcibly reduce the luxation, which I am confident can be easily done. ANOTHER MONSTROSITY. By Dr. H. Bercu, Suisin, Cal. Responding to a call to attend a cow (a large Durham), I found her straining considerably. She had delivered a calf early REPORTS OF CASES. in the morning and of course the attendant thought everything was O.K., itil he found out that she was again in distress. On arriv al I examined the cow and found another foetus in her. Within an hour I had the calf delivered, and by looking at the dead calf, discovered something very unusual about it. As the picture shows, it had only one eye, between the ears. It had no upper jaw, the lower jaw was turned upward and contained three large teeth; had a large tongue, one large ear and one small one. A very short and heavy neck. The tail was only 2¥2 inches long. Everything else about the calf was perfect. i i i ee ld) eee REPORTS OF CASES. 93 ENORMOUS CYSTIC CALCULUS IN A BITCH. By Harry Frepericx, D.V.M., Suffern, N. Y. In looking over literature on calculi, I find that those occur- ring in the urinary bladder of dogs are usually small, and there is likely to be more than one present in the bladder so affected. The case occurring recently in my practice was directly the op- posite. The patient was a five-year-old undersized shepherd bitch and quite fleshy. The owner said that she had been passing blood in the urine for at least six months and possibly more, but ’ he had noticed nothing else abnormal. Examination by palpation of the abdomen revealed very plainly a hard object encased in the bladder. Diagnosis—calcu- lus. The owner was told that an operation was the only treat- ment indicated and that that might fail on account of the size of the calculus. The operation was not immediately performed. In a few days the patient was suddenly taken very ill and died as a result of uremia and septicaemia. I should also add that I observed the animal a few days be- fore her death and that the urine had a very offensive odor and was passed often, the blood appearing in the last portion only. Upon post mortem a calculus of the following description was found: Shape, oval; size, 2 in. by 154 in. by 1% in.; weight, 57 grams (2 oz. avoir.); surface, rough (sand-like); color, brown. The mucous membrane of the bladder was badly lacer- ated and inflamed and the walls of the organ much thickened. ScHOooL FoR HEALTH OFrFricers At HarvArp.—Beginning with the past fall, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are to maintain in co-operation a school for public health officers. The object of the school is to prepare ; young men for public health work, especially to fit them for ad- ministrative and executive positions in health organizations. The requirements for admission are adequate instruction in physics, chemistry, biology and French or German. The medical degree is not a pre-requisite, but the administrative board strongly urges it. Woutp Have Goop Work APPRECIATED.—An Ohio sub- _ scriber says, in renewing his subscription: ‘Good work should be appreciated in every field. Hence I have great pleasure in _ renewing my subscription to the REvIEw.” ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Pror. A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M. A Case or PsAmMMoMA [Capt. B. A. Jarvis, Army Veterin.]. —This aged mare has had abscesses of the off shoulder and later, after an attack of impaction of the stomach, but for a long time has been in good condition. Returned to her work, she has fits of sulkiness, lasting two or three days to a fortnight. Sometimes she is taken while at work, stopping, unwilling to move for half an hour or more and then walks quietly to her stable. She seemed, between the attacks, very quiet and presenting nothing abnormal. Left in a box, she stands sometimes with her head near a corner. When the sulky fits became more frequent, she remained for hours in one position, head down near the ground, all legs drawn together. She frequently had rigors. Often she stood quite still, with a straw in her mouth. She for days kept turning her head and neck in an upward and backward direction towards the near side. There was no other peculiar symptom. Psammoma being diagnosed, the mare was destroyed. A large psammoma about the size of a large goose’s egg was found in the left ventricle of the brain. Also a small tumour in the right. It was as big as a walnut.—(Vet. Record.) Potato PoIsoNiInG IN CATTLE [E. McSwinney, M.R.C.V.S.]. —Calves from seven to nine months have for a week fed once daily with heavy food of small cooked potatoes and a littie Indian meal, with hay, grass, ete. Two get very sick. They passed a small quantity of fluid — feces, refused food. One is found stretched apparently uncon- scious, with corneal reflex absent. Slow, almost imperceptible respiration. Another is lying on the chest, head turned to the right. He is drowsy and semi-conscious. Breathing regular and at times snoring. A subcutaneous injection of strychnia (™% grain) was made to both and 15 minutes later one of ten ounces of hot normal saline solution. The rumen of both calves was punctured, and foul-smelling gas escaped. Soon the calves began to show some improvement, and then received a drench of oil with pint of very strong tea afterwards. This was given again 94 tee | Po ae we, ee ee Peg TEN anne “ ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 95 two hours later. The next morning the calves were found in good health. The food was changed and no more cases of sickness re- turned.—V et. Record.) INTERESTING ABDOMINAL CASE [Frof.. F. Hobday, F.RC.V.S.|.—Pedigreed bull bitch had metritis which, rebellious to treatment; necessitated the removal of the uterus and ovaries. This was done under the influence of morphia, with the abdomen painted with tincture of iodine. The muscles were sutured with catgut and the skin with silkworm gut. Nine days after, while everything seemed to progress well, the bitch showed uneasiness and when she is examined a piece of the omentum is seen pro- truding from the wound. The dog was secured and the omentum carefully excised and the stump returned in the abdomen. One of the ligatures of the muscles had given way, and through the opening the omentum had slipped. The muscles were resutured again, also the skin and the wound dressed with iodine and anti- septic cotton over, kept in place with bandage. In a few days the cicatrix was perfect.—(Vet. Journ.) A Puzzutne Case [F. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Five- year-old Labrador bitch is lame on the left fore limb. A week before she was struck on the right flank by the front of a motor. Eight days after, when taken for a walk, while going she stopped, sat down, raised her left fore paw from the ground and walked - home lame. After a few hours rest she appeared all right. This manifestation returned on several occasions. No lameness is now present, but the leg is icy cold and pulsations of the radial artery are almost imperceptible. Walked a short distance the lameness _ appeared. Examination of the heart shows cardiac impulse very weak, and the sounds difficult to detect. Pulse of the femoral is very irregular. Animal is in good condition and has good appe- tite. Treatment: Digitalis and iodide of potassium are pre- _ scribed with massage and liniment on the affected limb. A week later the conditon of the heart is improved, then the pulse was felt at the radial artery and the report was that the lameness has also disappeared.— (Vet. News.) Uncommon Rewat Conpitions 1n Catves [IW. J. Young, P.R.CV.S., DV.S.M.|.—Two conditions are not infrequently met with. Fibro-plastic nephritis —Erroneously named, as nephritis is absent. It is met only in calves and as a rule both kidneys are af- 96 ' ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. fected, the lesions being in the form of disseminated white patches on the surface. Sometimes there are depressions over the region of the lesions and at other times the kidney is atrophied. On section the white spots are wedged shaped, with the base of the wedge towards the cortex. The cause of this condition is obscure, perhaps of microbic origin, always it has not been proved; per- haps the excretion of toxic substances say others. It is also sup- posed that it is the result of incomplete development. High feed- ing has also been considered as the cause. The condition must not be mistaken with tuberculosis. Melanosis.—-Was found in the kidneys of calves from three to six weeks old, The deposit was confined to the kidneys, which were of normal size and consistency. The pigment was in the cortical portion of the organ, the pelvis being normal.—(Vet. Record.) An Unusuat Distocation [T. O. Richardson, F.R.C.V.S.| —Concise record of the case of a bay hunter gelding which in a run with the Cheshire hounds jumped quite a small fence and sustained such an injury that he was shot immediately. . Both metatarsals were protruding through the skin on the anterior aspect of the fetlock. Capsular and lateral ligaments of the fet- locks being ruptured. On the off leg the suspensory ligament was divided, the extensor and flexor tendons being intact. On the near leg the extensor tendon was ruptured, the suspensory liga- — ment and the flexors being intact—(Vet. Record.) Twin Foetuses [J. Wright Conchie, M.R.C.V.S.|.—A preg- nant three-year-old heifer is in labor since several hours and is in extreme exhaustion. On examination it is found that a very large calf is in breach presentation in a very small pelvic space. Besides, quite a number of feet, six or seven, are felt. They were fore and hind limbs. One first pair of hind legs was drawn out — and removed with part of the foetus at the loins. The other hind legs were treated in the same way and as some fore legs had also been removed, attempts to turn over the foetus and secure — the head failed us, the poll only could be reached: As the case was hopeless and the animal pretty well worn out, she was destroyed. The bodies of two calves joined at the sternum were found at postmortem, with the forelegs round one another's necks and feet extending backwards. The union seemed to be made. up of ecartil- ‘age and fibrous tissue. A photograph of both heads illustrates the report— (Vet. Record.) a ee ee ee See Pe ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 97 FRENCH REVIEW. By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. ForEIGN Bopies 1n Doc’s Stomacu [Prof. Coquot].—After a few general remarks on the subject the following case is re- corded. A fox-terrier is taken out for a walk by an office boy who amuses himself in throwing stones in a river close by. The dog, excellent swimmer, jumps in the water and goes after the stones. The next day he is sick, has all the symptoms of colic of carnivor- ous animals, vemits and throws up saliva, viscuous glairs and one stone. The abdomen is painful, and by auscultation deep, loud noise is heard, due to the presence and knocking of stones which had been swallowed. An emetic is given, two large stones are thrown up, successively followed by two others. During the night the dog vomits again two more stones, and the next morn- ing is found in perfect health. The seven stones weighed to- gether 460 gramms, and their size varied between that of a hen’s egg and a large nut—( ec. de Med. Vet.) METHYLENE BLUE IN THE TREATMENT OF WouNDs [Major . E. Larieux, Army V et.|.—Peroxyde water and tincture of iodine are excellent for the dressing of all wounds, but for the author methylene blue is superior. He has used two formulas, one is composed of blue 2 gramms, alcohol at 90 degrees 10, 5 per cent. solution of phenic acid, 100 gramm, the other has 3 gramms of blue, 5 of borax, 120 of distilled water. Larieux has used either with the greatest results; in a very short time he has been able to return horses to work. He mentions among the cases he restored by that treatment, contused wound of the fetlock, fistulous with- ers, broken knees, fistula of the croup due to the prick of a stable fork, deep wounds of the canon, superficial and extensive saddle and harness wounds, etc. The drug is much cheaper than any others and the only objection to its use is the coloration it leaves on the tissues to which it is applied. But with a little care and attention that can be reduced to the minimum.—(Jbid.) INTESTINAL CONSTRICTION AND OccLusIoN Wir Dis- TEMPER ORIGIN [Assistant Major Bonaud, Army Veterinarian]. —-Six-year-old half bred stallion had distemper which had re- lapsed two months after. A few days after the beginning of this second attack he had mild colic with complete absence of feces. Soon however the symptoms become more severe. The horse’is 98 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. restless, looks at his flank, is covered with profuse perspiration, lays on his back often. Rectal examination shows an organ empty, but the cause of the obstruction is not detected. The con- dition soon gets worse, colic-more severe, general aspect is very bad. Through the rectum, always empty, a large swelling is finally detected in the dorso-lumbar region. It feels slightly elastic and almost painless. Notwithstanding rectal injections, the administration of opie we of cafeine, the horse died after an illness of 12 hours. At the postmortem the abdpiied was the seat of the principal lesions, viz.: 10-12 litres of: sero-bloody fluid, omentum con- gested, the intestinal circonvolutions are here and there adherent to the trunk of the mesenteric and to a round mass which is a large abscess of the mesenteric lymph glands, containing a great quantity of thick, yellow pus. The small intestine runs through the thick walls of the abscess and the three arterial fasciculi of the great mesenteric are also involved with them.—( Kev. Veter.) CANINE Prropiasmosis -[L. Naudin].—Scottish setter is ilP since a few weeks, has lost a great quantity of flesh, and is very ‘anaemic. There is no fever, no sugar in the urine and very little albumin. He has a great many fleas over his body and the ex- amination of the blood revealed a number. of hematies with piro- plasms. The diagnosis is certain. For one month the dog is treated with chlorure of calcium and injections of methylarseniate of soda with very little benefit. Finally, three days apart, two intravenous injections of 10 c.c. of a solution of trypanblue (1 p. 100) are made and as the result is not entirely satisfactory, two more injections are made two weeks after of 25 gramms of the same solution. Five weeks after the progress was well marked, the condition improved gradually and finally clinically recovered, was returned to his owner. However for some time after hema- ties with parasites were found in his blood, but the piroplasm: were in state of degeneration, viz., with a globular form,—( Kev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) Tupercutosis In Goats [Mr. Chausse].—It is accepted that goats are rarely affected with tuberculosis; but perhaps this is due to the possible error made between the Isions of vermiform broncho-pneumonia and the only few typical cases that had been observed. Prof. Moussu however: has demonstrated that goats living in places with tuberculous bovines could easily contract tuberculosis. Closer examination of the lesions would demon- os i a ae "eo = a> I — +-5 i, ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 99 strate that after all the disease is not so rare. The writer de- scribes the lesions he has found in his capacity of Sanitary Veter- inarian in an adult she-goat, where the lungs, after being affected with pneumonia, had besides characteristic lesions of tuberculosis. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands were diseased also. Numerous tuberculous bacilli were found in the glands and in the pus of the pulmonary abscesses.— (Hyg. de la Viande et du Lait.) AtTLomw Hycroma 1n Doc [Prof. Coquot and Lebarque].— This is a very exceptional affection in canines, say the authors, they have found no record in their French literature. One year old setter had two swellings, occupying a symetric situation, a little below the poll, on each side of the neck. The history of the lesion is unknown, but it is not traumatic. The swellings are as big as the fist, occupy the lateral faces of the 3d and 4th cervical vertebrae, they are distinct one from the other, painless, fluctuating and mobile under the skin. By pressure free riziform or hordisform granulations are felt in their cavity. The diagnosis being established of an atloid hygroma, puncture of the tumors was made, about 250 cubic centimeters of fluid were taken off, and their cavity injected with iodurated water (1 in 50) 30 c.c. in. each, followed by a massage of 10 minutes. The result was that four days after the tumors were replaced by two iodur- ated small masses which gradually disappeared.—( Rec. de Med. Veter.) BotrRyoMyYcosis OF THE Upper Lip—SuBMAXILLARY AND Retro-PHARYNGEAL LymMpH GLANDs IN A Horse [J. N. Ries, Governmental V eterinarian].—Five-year-old gelding has a dif- fused induration of the upper lip without apparent cause. There is difficulty in the prehension of food. Soon hard and painless. swelling of the sub-maxillary glands makes its appearance. A. blister applied is followed by the formation of several small ab~ scesses. The upper lip became very hard, of the size of the fist, it is indurated. It shows many little tumors from which pus-can be squeezed out. The general condition gives way from want of nourishment. Iodide treatment externally and internally is pre- scribed. After a few weeks the retro-pharyngeal glands become involved and the treatment seemed of no benefit; the anmial was destroyed.— (Rec. de Med. Vet.) Poisoninc Witn Sutpuur [Mr. Brissot].—Five pounds of sublimate sulphur are mixed carelessly with moist bran and given to five horses for their evening meal. One fine mare, three years 100 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. old, ate the largest share of it. The next morning she has diar- rhoea, the feces being mixed with yellow greenish fluid. She can scarcely stand up or walk; she staggers, the features are de- pressed, the abdomen retracted, skin cold, pulse imperceptible, temperature 36 degrees. She has now and then muscular shiver- ings and repeated nauseas. Prognosis is serious, symptomatic treatment prescribed of stimulating frictions on the legs and body, cafeine and ether. The animal died a few hours after. Post mortem revealed nothing abnormal in the thoracic or ab- dominal cavities until the stomach and intestines were open. While a strong odor of rotten eggs came out, these organs were found filled with a yellow greenish semi-fluid alimentary mass, from which came out a strong odor of sulphureated hydrogen. The mucous membranes were yellow and covered with sulphur powder. The cause of death was evident and it was only then that information was given of the peculiar meal the animal had had.—(Jbid.) . BELGIAN REVIEW. By Pror. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M. LARGE OVARIAN Myxo-SarcoMA IN A Siut [Prof. Hebrant and Adjunct Antoine|.—Small size fox terrier slut, about 8 years, is in good condition, but has an enormously developed abdomen. She is not pregnant, and ascitis is at once suspected. Examination of heart, urinary analysis and of the liver does not reveal troubles in their functions. Several explorating punctures are made and give no result. Cyst of the ovary is suspected and laparotomy performed. The abdomen open exposes a mass having the appearance of a pregnant uterus and it is so large that the incision of the muscles has to be enlarged, when it can be brought out. It is an ovary, as large as a man’s head. It was removed, the abdomen closed and after a week the slut had re- covered. The diseased ovary weighed 3 kilos 750 gram (over eight pounds and a half) and on histological examination proved to be a myxoma with sarcomatous centers.—(Amnales de Belg.) BAsEpow’s DisEASE IN A Doc [By the same].—Rare in do- mestic animals, it has been seen by the authors in a dog, 3 or 4 years old, where the ocular troubles consisted in marked exoph- thalmia. This had been observed before, but had disappeared with rest and iodurated treatment. A few months after the same troubles returned ; exorbited globes, hyperhemia of the con- junctiva, staring glances. The character of the animal had ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 101 changed; he had become irritable. Muscular twitchings were frequent, the pulse accelerated, yet the condition remained good. Another iodurated treatment was instituted. A month after there was corneal ulcerations, double cataract and the returns of all the symptoms of Basedow’s disease. The dog had con- vulsions and died shortly after. Nothing characteristic was found at post mortem, except hypertrophy of the thyroid bodies, which had a gelatinous aspect.—(Amnal. de Bruxelles.) Porrico sy Microsporum IN Doc anp Cat [Prof. Hebrant and Antoine|.—Gruby’s favus, due to Microsporum Andouini, is rare in animals. A dog about five years old had cutaneous disease on the flank and left thigh. There were five round or oval spots, 2 or 3 centimeters in diameter, where the hairs were shorter, broken and partly off. On these places the hairs were short, of a dull color, greyish, and under them the epidermis was covered with grey, dry scales, forming a very thin crust. In examining the hairs, it was found that the roots were enveloped from their base up to their point of exit with a whitish covering and when they were placed under the microscope the hairs were seen with- out root, broken in their follicle and the white cover which sur- rounded them was found formed by spores, packed against each other, and presenting characters similar but slightly different from those of true favus. It was a true case of Porrigo by the Microsporum of Gruby, affection which the authors believe is contagious to men, cat, dog and probably to cattle—(Annales de Belg.) ConTaGious ABORTION IN CATTLE causes an annual loss of $3,500,000 in the State of Wisconsin alone is the conservative estimate of careful observers, according to the Press Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. The veterinarian of to-day is surely facing serious problems; none more so than this one. Most ScIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL VETERINARY PERIODICAL PusiisHEp.—A subscriber in Vancouver, B. C., in renewing his subscription, writes: You have the most scientific and practical veterinary periodical published. As has been said: “ May your shadow never grow less.’”’ May this year beat all records for you, so that you may feel your efforts have been crowned with success. CORRESPONDENCE. Washington, D. C., March 5, 1914. Editors, AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEw, New York. If possible, I would appreciate it if you could use the enclosed letters, one from the Hon. J. B. Moore, Counselor of the De- partment of State, and the other from Prof. Miessner, Director of the Hygienic Institution of the Veterinary High School in Hann- over, for publication in your next issue. These letters indicate the wonderful advantages the party is to receive from the author- ities, as well as from our professional brethren abroad. Very sincerely, . ADOLPH EICHHORN, Enclosures. (Copy.) February 2, 1914. Dr. ApotpH Eicuuorn, Secretary, National Committee of the United States, Tenth International Veterinary Congress, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Str---The department acknowledges the receipt of your letter of the 12th ultimo, in which you request that certain diplomatic officers of the United States in Europe be instructed to extend to a party of veterinarians who propose to tour Europe in connection with their attendance at the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress to be held at London in August next such assistance as will assure the party all desired attention and courtesies. In compliance with your request the Department has in- structed its diplomatic officers in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, The Netherlands and Switzerland to extend to the persons making the tour such assist- ance as may be consistent with their official duties. I am, sir, Your obedient servant, For the Secretary of State, (Signed) J. B. Moore, Counselor. 102 CORRESPONDENCE. 108 ( Translation—Copy. ) Dr. ApotpH EIcHHORN, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. My pEAR CoLtLeEacuE—Through the various publications I have been informed that the American colleagues contemplate a __ travel tour of the various countries of Europe at the occasion of the Internantional Congress. We greet this project and it will afford us in Germany the especial honor of showing to our dear colleagues our institutions and the results of our research as far as possible. In order that they may be supplied everywhere with proper guides, which is absolutely necessary for such an under- taking, I would suggest that you prepare an accurate itinerary and send the same to me. I will then take the necessary steps to have your plans brought sufficiently to the attention of the proper authorities. At the same time, as acting member of the faculty of the Veterinary High School of Hannover, I would express the request of having your party visit our establishment, which is most modernly equipped, and you should not pass it in your round trip. In hopes of receiving a detailed reply from you at an early date, I remain, with colleagual greetings, = ae iS ae loa ae SS _ ve ee eee Sincerely yours, (Signed) Meissner. : Fargo, N. D., February 7, 1914. To the AMERICAN VETERINARY PROFESSION: Tue Lonpon ConGRESS AND CONTINENTAL Tour.—Ameri- cans have been so busy with the building of a great nation that they have had little or no time to concern themselves very much about what other people were doing and in consequence have not _ always been able to fully realize that the march of progress in _ the old world has also been going on. ! In addition to this factor, the broad expanse of ocean sepa- rating us from other peoples has more or less isolated us and exposed us to the danger of becoming self-centered. Europeans, on the other hand, always have had the oppor- :. tunity to see what their neighbors were doing. _The short dis- tances made travel from one country to the others possible for great numbers of people and as a result they became acquainted and could profit at first hand, by one another’s achievements. =~ 104 CORRESPONDENCE, This has been the case with the veterinarians not less than with other professions, and this factor certainly contributed as much as any other to the splendid achievements of our European colleagues. Science knows no boundaries, knows no nationalities; it is something of all men and for all men, and with this in view the scientific professions have always striven for a certain degree of international solidarity. Among those professions ours also has long felt the need of meeting our fellows from other lands face to face to discuss with them our various problems, to organ- ize ourselves for professional advance and to strengthen the faith in our work. This need for exchange of opinions, for meeting our col- leagues of other nations and the desire to show the world of science that the veterinarian also has to be reckoned with, brought about the periodic gathering of veterinarians from all. over the world under the auspices of the International Congress of Veteri- nary Medicine. This year will again witness such a congress. As already announced, it will meet in London during the early part of August. The fact that it meets in an English-speaking country should be an additional reason for a large American attendance. But even without this, we believe that the time has come for Ameri- can veterinarians to join in the efforts undertaken by the Inter- national Congress. Ours occupies a prominent place among the nations and this profession of ours should take its part in maintaining that place by representing our country when the veterinarians of the world gather in conference for the sake of progress and advance. At the coming congress there should be a liberal sprinkling of North-Americans, while the membership list should certainly contain a great many names from this side of the Atlantic. No doubt, many of us will not have the time to make the voyage, but this should not be a reason for not giving the London Congress a most liberal American support. The three or four volumes of printed proceedings alone are worth many times the amount of the membership fee, as the papers and discussions often constitute expressions of the best opinions on topics and problems of the greatest interest to us all. And what a glorious opportunity is offered to those who can attend, when we consider the tour on the continent organized CORRESPONDENCE. 105 by Dr. Eichhorn. Without mentioning the charms of European travel, without mentioning the broadening influence of such travel, the thought alone of a body of American veterinarians visiting the great veterinary centers of Europe impels itself upon one as something of the greatest importance to our own pre see: sional progress. The participants of this trip will, upon their return, ent me out, when I state, that Europe offers us a great many valuable les- sions, which we may take to heart without being less American for it. The magnificent veterinary institutions, the great clinics and the splendid laboratories will be a revelation as well as an inspira- _ tion to many, and the fact of having seen them in operation can- not be without its influence upon our own advance. The greater part of the itinerary projected by Dr. Eichhorn is known to me by personal observations, and I must admit that a better one could not have been devised. It takes the traveler not only to the best of veterinary Europe, but it offers likewise a most glorious opportunity for seeing the most splendid things which Europe can offer to its visitors. And last but not least, the trip is organized especially for the comfort of those not accustomed to European travel. With Eich- horn as a guide, a competent interpreter will always be on hand to help out those who are not familiar with the continental lan- guages, and the fact that this interpreter is a veterinarian him- self will add materially to the pleasures and profits of the trip, not to speak of his pleasant personality. Where Eichhorn’s smile lights the way, a good time is as good as guaranteed. Both congress and continental tour should especially appeal to us and here’s hoping that many will avail themselves of this opportunity. L. Van Es, Chairman, National Committee of the United States. Baton Rouge, February 23, 1914. Editors, AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEw, New York. Tue European Tour.—Few opportunities present them- selves to veterinarians on this side of the Atlantic to visit the great : State schools and other institutions of allied nature on the Euro- pean Continent, and the prospective tour previous to, and in con- a nection with, the Tenth International Veterinary ‘Congress in London next August should certainly be availed of by everyone 106 CORRESPONDENCE, who can conveniently make the trip. In fact it will repay anyone, even although he may be put to some little inconvenience, as such an opportunity may never occur again within the lifetime of those who may now have it within their power to go. Of course the International is of itself sufficient incentive, but when there is the added opportunity of visiting the old and well-equipped Continental and other schools, from old Lyons down, and the various hygienic institutions of the Continent as well, the trip should be doubly tempting, and is the chance of a lifetime to see personally what is going on professionally in the old world. As an educational opportunity for the veterinarians of North America, this tour could not possibly be surpassed, especially as all, or the great majority, of those making the trip will be of the same profession and will be in a position to visit and discuss to- gether things which they see, and which are of mutual interest. Besides, there is nothing like rubbing up against others in other countries and seeing what they are doing to broaden one’s conception professionally. In the absence of this wider viewpoint, one is very apt to become contracted in one’s notion of things and imagine that the world hinges around our own little bailiwick. To mix with the profession in other countries has the ten- dency to “relax”’ this idea and make us realize that other parts of the world are doing things as well as ourselves. To be able to draw comparisons from actual observation is an excellent thing; and even if after all we should find that matters, profes- sional, in Europe are not ahead of us on this side of “ the pond,” we get the satisfaction of knowing, having seen them for our- selves, that such is really the case. ! Many similar tours have been made by men in other profes- sions and lines of work, and the general concensus of opinion has been all in their favor educationally, in addition to the pleasure of the trip itself. It is to be hoped that as many as possibly can may take ad- vantage of the coming European tour. The expense is extremely reasonable; the educational value is beyond computation; and the sight-seeing feature a rare opportunity. W. H. Dartrympte, M.R.C.V.S. Stony Point, N. Y., February 27, 1914. The Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEW, New York City. The time has come to compile a ready reference book on What Not to Do. Such a work may or may not presuppose a CORRESPONDENCE, 107 veterinarian’s knowledge of what to do, but should precisely point out all those things that must not be done. ’ Notwithstanding the thoroughness of our training, there is not a practitioner who fails to have cases that require treatment which has not come to his notice before—either in books or otherwise. It is particularly for these cases that a ready reference book would be invaluable. Now if there were such a book, conveniently arranged, with all the things that should mot be done clearly set forth with reasons, it is plain that one would be in a far better position to know just what to do. No doubt there are some among us who will content them- selves with saying that we were supposed to have learned all this at college. I reply yes, but this particular subject has been very much neglected. A great many domestic animals, man included, are dosed into the world and dosed out of the world. The same can be said of surgery in using the knife. A practitioner should use as much judgment in withholding drugs from his patients as he uses in employing them. The same judgment is needed to pre- vent hasty and unnecessary operations. The most proficient must admit that there is too much uncertainty about the outcome of our impromptu treatment. If there is such a book published as I have just described I shall greatly appreciate it if some one will let me know where to obtain it. Yours very truly, Roianp T. Kine, D.V.S. Pioneer, Ohio, March 8, 1914. Editor, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York. — Dear Srr—I would like to ask through your columns if any one of your readers have found a satisfactory deodorant for re- moving scent from hands and arms after removing a retained placenta or a putrid lamb, calf or colt. Yours very truly, ae Cuas. F. Wotr, D.V.M. Note—We have found aromatic spirits of ammonia very valuable in removing offensive odors from the hands and arms. After thoroughly washing, pour small auantity in palm of hands and rub it over hands and arms and allow it to evaporate, If well saturated the odor will disappear. That has been our experience in a city practice, where of course we have had no opportunity of applying it in the conditions cited above; but believe. if the hands and arms are thoroughly washed and the nails thoroughly scrubbed out with a brush, the liberal use of aromatic spirits of ammonia will be effectual there also. We shall be glad if some of our readers in country practices will answer Dr. Wolf’s question.—[Ep1ror. ] ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. DEATH OF ONE OF THE AGED ARMY VETERINAR- IANS—APPRECIATIVE TRIBUTE TO HIS LIFE. The Kansas City Star of Tuesday, February 4, 1914, reported the death, in his sixty-sixth year, at 3418 Wayne avenue, that city, of Dr. W. H. McKinney, for ten years Veterinary Inspec- tor of Meats for the Subsistence Department of the army, and for two years, since the amalgamation of the Subsistence, Pay and Quatermasters Departments, for the Quartermaster Corps. Dr. McKinney graduated at the Chicago Veterinary College in 1888, and was amongst its earliest students, following to the college his cousin, Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try, who graduated in 1886. For a time he served as veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry; but his best work was done for the Subsistence Department of the army at Kansas City. After the subsidence of the Spanish War Meat Scandal in 1901, he was one of the first two men (Dr. C. W. Johnson be- ing the other) to be transferred from the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, and he was placed in the thriving packing center of the Missouri Valley to supervise the preparation of all army meat supplies there, as a preventive of the renewal of conditions which might lead to further scandalizing of the army. Dr. McKinney was known by many packing house men in Kansas City, with whom he came in contact, as an unquestioned expert in his work. So faithful; loyal, conscientious was he that never in all those twelve long years that he served under the series of strict purchasing officers, like Majors Stivers, Lawton and Grove, was he ever criticized, or the products prepared under his supervision found seriously at fault. Kansas City ranks next to Chicago as a meat purchasing centre for the army, and probably. during his service as much as fifty million pounds of meats passed through his hands, representing millions of dollars of money from the subsistence appropriations for the army. Yet in the handling of these supplies, Dr. McKinney was found faultless. He was a quite man, never showy, noisy, or wishful to draw attention to himself. But he was stout-hearted, a man of sinewy character ; drastic and brusque of speech when duty demanded it. Though he was a civilian, thus never in the military establishment, 108 Sa =< - tt .- ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 109 he was a man of military bearing, square, straight, firm of step, striking his heels hard and sharp on the sidewalk like the wilful man he was. His strong figure, his firm step, his bearing, his penetrating eyes told those with whom he dealt for the army that here was a man not to be trifled with. It was the work of such men as Drs. McKinney and the late C. W. Johnson, the first civil- ian veterinarians appointed to the Subsistence Department of the Army, that brought the veterinary profession into favor with the commissioned subsistence officers of the army and who made army meat inspection a perpetuity of that service. Small wonder is it, therefore, that the high-ranking officers of the supply divis- ion of the Quartermaster Corps favor the commissioning of their meat inspectors. Good work has won its way, and it has won it through the careers of these pioneers in this branch of work for the army, Drs. McKinney and Johnson. In the last few years of his life Dr. McKinney had the keenest interest in the Army Veterinary Service Bill. Only two weeks ago, though because of weakness of the heart he could only sleep. in a half-sitting posture, he took his pen and wrote me of his con- fidence that the bill would pass in the present session of Congress, and he supported it in every way in his power. Sixty-four is the age of enforced retirement for army officers, and, as he was past sixty-five, it was his hope that when the bill passed he would be commisisoned and immediately retired. His death prevented this hope from realization. But it has a lesson for us, the living—it is that we as a profession should well consider and bear in mind, when pushing this measure on which our hearts are set, the aged men who for many long years have given their lives to principle, whose whole nature has gone into the conviction that their pro- fessional work for the army, though it might be unnoticed, would, if done with conscience, bear fruit in full appreciation of those who followed after them. When the Army Veterinary Service Bill passed the House on the unanimous consent calendar January 6, 1913, on account of the objection of Republican Floor Leader James R. Mann, the retirement clause of the bill was struck out. If the bill had finally passed at that time in that form, this aged servant of the Govern- ment of whom we write would, because of age and consequent physical infirmity, have been thrown out of the service without retiring rights. We must not permit this raw injustice and must not allow ourselves to push the bill regardless of such men as Dr. McKinney, and, I believe, two other men of the Quarter- master Corps, U. S. Army, still on duty, though older than he was. 110 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. The retiring clause of the bill is an essential part of its fabric. To the glory of Dr. McKinney be it said that though Congress so mutilated the bill of January 6, 1913, he still had faith that justice would finally prevail and he unhesitatingly supported the Hay Veterinary Corps Bill H. R. 4541. If we adapt the words of Lincoln, the last lesson from his life for us, the living, is to be dedicated anew to the unfinished work which he fought for and assisted so far nobly in advancing. It is for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us —-that from our honored dead we take renewed devotion to that cause for which he gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that an army veterinary law, just and merci- ful, shall be passed which will give prowess to the young men serving our country, dignity to our men in maturity, and show consideration for our men bowed down under the burden of years, holding in remembrance the passing of the man who has just gone to his long home while the mourners uphold his faith in the cause -uppermost in his mind when he departed. GARRISON STEELE, M.D., D.V. M. A LITTLE OF THE WARMTH OF HUMOR FOR Bid CAMPAIGN. Let-us not look glum. Keep good-natured. Keep. smiling. Committees are committees. They must do their work. Commit- tee work to us is torture as it delays movement. Vest Pocket Essays, By GEORGE FITCH. Committees. A committee is a cold storage warehouse for business. There are over ninety-million committees in this country, of one kind or another. They hold several meetings each per year. At these meetings enough talking is done to sweep the entire State of Texas with a devastating cyclone of carbon dioxide. Sometimes a committee will also do some work, but only when there i is noth- ing more to talk about. Committees are a great convenience. It would be impossible to end any business meeting without appointing a committee, for in this case the meeting would have to do the business itself. After a man has managed a few hundred public meetings he can’t ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 111 _ get his furnace banked at night in his home without appointing himself a committee to attend to the matter and report at some future meeting. There are many kinds of committees, including executive com- _ mittees, committees of the whole, committees of one, finance committees and standing committees. There are also legislative - and congressional committees. The business of these last two - committees is to sit on new legislation with all the fervor and _ patience of a hen trying to hatch a granite doorknob. After a _ manzhas served on legislative committees for a few years he can’t _ attend to his furnace at home at all. He refers it to a committee, kills the bill and his wife has to do it. Committees are composed of two parts—the chairman who does the work, and the members who get their names in the news- papers. The committee habit has the nation firmly in its grip and the only way to avoid being appointed on a dozen a year is to attend all possible meetings and refuse in a loud, impressive tone _ of voice on the plea of important business affairs——(Chicago - Record Herald.) 4a. 5S. PERIODICALS RECEIVED AT THE REVIEW OFFICE. , igh pees yé tiated Stock Sani- a Veterinary Alumni Quarterly (O, S. y, Boar Bulletin Waskinatue State Agricultural New York University Calendar (Weekly). 3 The EBiippine Journal of Science. 0 anadian Medical Association Journal, Memoirs the Department of Agriculture erly Bulletin—Chicago Veterinary in India (Veterinary Series). ollege. Proceedings Washington State V. M. Ps 4 The Bacterial ‘lnerapist, Proceedings Colorado State V, M. A ane rey vaoror (London), Announcement Kansas City ° Veterinary The Live St ournal College. : Pacific Dairyman, Second Report Commission on Milk Stand- E Dairyman. ards, U. L Fariners Advocate. Public’ Health Service. * reeder’s Gazette, Annual Report Inspector of Animals, Law- _ The American Journal of Clinical Medi- rence, Mass. , cine. Our Dumb Animals, e Cornell Veterinarian. Journal of Experimental Medicine (Rocke- e eerine Agricultural Review. feller Institute, New York). Agricultural Journal (South mirice). ig) ens Station Record, U. S. Dept. Rider and Driver. Annals of Surgery, Viterinase Notes. Expt, Station sxenort, Massachusetts, Very Hetprut to Him 1n His Proression.—The Assistant te Veterinarian of Nebraska says in renewing his subscription _ tothe Review: I find your paper very helpful and interesting _ to me in my profession. BIBLIOGRAPHY. PRODUCTIVE HORSE HUSBANDRY. Propuctive Hors—E Huspanpry. By Carl W. Gay, D.V.M., B.S.A.; Professor of Animal Industry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Penn- sylvania; Director of Horse Breeding, State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. More than 300 pages, with 173 illus- trations. Philadelphia and London. J. B. Lippincott Company. $1.50. This work, generously illustrated, is divided into four parts. Part I treats of Structure and Function; Part II deals with Types and Breeds; Part III considers The Principles of Breeding; and Part IV takes up The Horse in Service. The first part contains three chapters, the first of which is The Horse—A Machine; the second, Conformation—The Structure; and the third, Way of Going—The Function. Part II has eight chapters, which include The Types of Horses, The Classes of Horses, The Breeds of Horses, Draft Breeds, The Heavy Harness Breeds, American Breeds, Pony Breeds, and Judging Horses. One chapter, on The Breeding of Horses, constitutes Part III, and Part IV includes - nine chapters, as follows: Relation Between Horse and Master, The Feeding of Horses, Stables, Equitation, Vehicle, Harness and Saddle, Marketing and Shows, Transportation, The Mule, and The Motor as a Factor. These headings suggest the great scope and purpose of the book, covering as it does every side of _ the horse question; but it is impossible to do justice to it in a description, as the illustrations add so much to its completeness. All breeds, types and classes of horses are depicted; horses pull- ing, horses walking, horses trotting in sulkies, horses under sad- dle, drafters trotting on the halter before a judging class, the trotter shown on the halter standing, saddlers standing with sad- dle on and saddle off, and many similar instructive portrayals. There are also 19 pages of excellent plates of the teeth, for study- ing the age. The author urges a systematic business-like plan in the horse industry, with a definite purpose in view, leading to more uniform results and greater profit. The markets must be closely followed, so as to keep in touch with the demand, then - with intelligent application of breeding principles, produce what 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1138 the market requires. Indifference to market demands, he points out, is what makes the middle man get most of the profit, a con- dition that applies in horses more than in any other product. The _ work is at once scientific and practical. Dealing first with the mechanical structure of the horse as a machine,‘ proceeds with _ the conformation and structure, and the gaits, which are naturally influenced by conformation, it follows with the types of horses, studying the breeds and classes in the field of utilization. In the latter field, showing illustrations, with foot-notes for ready ref- erence, of practically every type in harness or carrying a rider. Floor plans and interior views of model work-horse stables are also shown. The illustrations in the mule classes also show them on the halter and in harness. In fact, this book, from the frontis- piece in natural colors of a group of Percheron brood mares in a field of red clover to the last page is one continuous rich field of information on one of the most important and fascinating sub- jects with which veterinary science is allied. Horse breeding presents a field of industry in American agricultural pursuits without a peer; and as veterinarians are the logical leaders in solving breeding problems, the accepted zodtechnicians, whose function it is to direct the breeding of proper types of horses, not only by proper selection of individuals, but also by the proper blending of the food stuffs available, which spells economy not only in the cost of feeding, but in the result of feeding, they must apply themselves to the study of these problems so as to be worthy of such a responsible place in one of the greatest commercial in- _terests of their country. At the end of each chapter, under the heading Review, the author has appended a number of questions applying to the matter discussed in that chapter, which makes the _book peculiarly appropriate to the teacher and student of zod- techny, and also helps the general reader to digest the matter read, by asking himself the questions there set forth. In short, Gay’s Productive Horse Husbandry is a compilation of scientific and practical matter on the production, marketing and use of horses that is indispensible alike to teacher, student and practitioner. To the country practitioner it ig an essential in ac- quiring the knowledge that is to help him fit himself for his daily work; to the city practitioner it is a necessity in effecting a greater fullness of his knowledge of types and classes; and to every veterinarian, no matter what branch of the work he may be following, it is a source of pleasure and education of which he should not deny himself. _ The publishers deserve especial credit for their work in the ie ; 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY. production of this book. Bound in cloth, sepia-brown, decorated in black and red, with a horse on the front cover and on the back, the paper is smooth, the type clear and sharp and the illustrations excellent. New York Ciry DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ANNOUNCES the establishment of the following clinics for the free administration of Pasteur treatment for the prevention of rabies: All Manhattan and Richmond cases are to be referred to the Manhattan Clinic, Room ‘802, 149 Centre street, between the hours of 1 and 4 p. m. on week days, and to the Brooklyn Clinic, located at the Borough office, Fleet and Willoughby streets, on Sundays and holidays, between 10 a. m. and 2 p. m. All Queens and Brooklyn cases are to be referred to the Brooklyn Clinic, between the hours of 10 a. m. and I p. m. on week days, and 10 a. m. and 12 noon on Sundays and holidays. All Bronx cases are to be referred to the Bronx Clinic, located — at the Bronx office, Third avenue and St. Paul’s place, between the hours of 11 a. m. and 1 p. m., Sundays and holidays inclusive. The Manhattan Clinic is in charge of H. E. Street, M.D.; the Brooklyn Clinic in charge of J. Curran, M.D.; and the Bronx Clinic in charge of F. Harrison, M.D. The present Pasteur Clinic at the Research Laboratory, foot of East 16th street, Borough of Manhattan, will shortly be dis- — continued, and hospitals and dispensaries are requested to refer all cases for treatment to the clinics at the proper Borough office. — A GrorGIA VETERINARY WritEs: “ Please find check for $3 for Review. I think it the best veterinary periodical published, and don’t see how J could get along in practice without the Rr- +B) VIEW. 1 : SOCIETY MEETINGS. | ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The seventh annual meeting of the above association was held at Auburn, Alabama, in the College of Veterinary Medicine - of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Dr. O. R. Eatman, as _ president of the association, made a strong plea for the veterin- arians to work for an efficient veterinary practice law in the _ State. The primary object of which is to better control the prac- tice of veterinary medicine, so that all the illegal and improper methods will be eliminated. How to Prevent the Spread of Disease in the Shipment of _ Horses and Mules was the subject of a paper by Dr. J: S. _ Andrade. He considered that three (3) points were essential : I. Efficient inspection. 2. Thorough disenfection of the sales stables. 3. Thorough disenfection of stock cars. Along this _ same line Dr. Bahnsen discussed The Value of Inspection of _ Horses and Mules for Inter-State Shipnient. He argued that in _ many cases the inspection was a farce because the inspectors - failed to do their duties. These papers were discussed by Drs. _ White, Jolly, Douglas, Roberts and Cary. Dr. Jolly stated that _ he considered the inspection of value and that they could be _ made more valuable by more thorough and closer inspection. «Dr. _ White argued that a large number of the inspections were prop- _ erly done and were consequently of great value in preventing the _ spreading of glanders and other infectious diseases. e Messrs. Jones and Smith, senior veterinary students, read 4 paper and gave an anatomical demonstration of The Relation _ of the Facial Sinuses to Some Surgical Operations. One of the chief points brought out by these students was the variability of _ these sinuses in two horses of the same age and the greater varia- bility in these sinuses of horses and mules of different ages. _ From the sections of specimens of heads it is clearly demon- _ strated that in most instances it was not necessary to puncture or “make an opening in the turbinated bones in order to drain the - facial sinuses. It was pointed out that in all or nearly all cases that these could be drained by trephening the dependent parts of 115 116 SOCIETY MEETINGS. _the sinuses, making the opening very large, so that the fingers could be inserted and all partial bony partitions could then be broken down and thus permit complete draining. | Dr. N. S. Mayo, secretary of the A. V. M. A., gave a number ~ of very interesting and valuable talks and one paper. He told veterinarians how they could help suppress and eliminate fake cure-alls and faked advertisements of cure-alls. He also read a paper on internal anteseptics, paying particular attention to iodine and its compounds, methylene blue, quinine, carbolic acid and salicylic acid. The doctor always entertained and instructed by his many good talks. How and When to Use a Stomach Tube was the topic of a paper by Dr. I. S. MacAdory. This paper brought out a general discussion on colic, indigestion and gastritis, which was entered into by Drs. Jago, White, Mayo, Scully, Salter and Andrade. The Differential Diagnosis of Black Quarter and Malignant (Edema was rendered by Dr. C. W. Ferguson. Drs. Mayo and ‘White claimed that they had never seen a case of black leg in an animal over two and one-half years old. Dr. Mayo said that he had seen it in many sucking calves and it occurred mostly in fat cattle between the ages of six and eighteen months. He re- garded it usually as a high-land disease rather than as an exclu- sive low-land disease. | Dr. Scully, of Georgia, gave a short talk on the differences between the ordinary practices in the north and in the south. Dr. G. A. Roberts, of North Carolina, gave a brief talk on the effects of feeding cotton seed meal to hogs and the use of iron sulphate to correct its destructive action. Dr. H. J. Douglas, of New Orleans, described his method of preventing and treating lamin- itis by the use of alum and adrenalin chloride. He advised two ounces of pulverized alum in capsule or ball and follow that with ' one ounce three or four times a day. He also advised that some- times it was valuable to use adrenalin chloride. His method of treatment was for acute cases. He did not attempt to explain the physiological or therapeutic action of alum. All he claimed for it was the results which were usually good. The next paper was on Emphysema, by Dr. C. A. Cary. He stated that emphysema was due to some obstruction of expiration leading on to raised intra-alveolar pressure, decreased capillary circulation, malnutrition of the air sacs and diminished elas- ticity of the alveolar walls. The obstructed bronchii may be due to narrowing of the lumen by spasmodic contraction or the muscles of the bronchials from nervous irritation, by inflamma-_ ¥£ es ae wy aut Dieae ll 5 a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117 _ tory thickening of the bronchial walls, by a viscid exudate in the _ lumen or by obstruction to expiration at the larynx or other parts of the air passages. The opinion was expressed that ordinary - dust in well-cured hay had little or nothing to do as a cause of -emphysema. It was suggested that a chemical substance of some bacteria or fungus that was at its height during the curing process of hay : acted through the nervous system either by way of the stomach _ or air passages and produces spasms of the bronchi. It was _ stated that it was wise not to confound dust irritants that excite or exaggerate the action of an established-case with the real cause. | Dr. A. H. French gave a very interesting and instructive talk _ on distemper in dogs. There was a varied opinion concerning - acquired immunity to dog distemper. Dr. French and Dr. Douglas claimed that they had seen several attacks in the same _ dog, while Dr. White stated that one attack in Tennessee gave ent immunity. . The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: _Dr. W. B. Nixon, Demopolis, President; Dr. J. S. Andrade, ustsville, Vice-President ; Deni. A. Cary, Auburn, Secretary- _ Treasurer. _ Upon the adjournment of the Alabama Association a tempo- rary interstate organization was formed. Dr. G. R. White, of Nashville, was elected President; Dr. C. A. Cary, of Alabama, was elected Secretary-Treasurer. The object of this association _ was to discuss ways and means by which the southern veterinar- _ians could make the New Orleans meeting a success. Dr. F. J- _ Douglas, of New Orleans, first discussed the subject of the clinic. He stated that arrangements had been made with the Exposition _ Association to hold the clinic in their auditorium. He also stated _ that the veterinarians in New Orleans would have ample clinical material. _ The next subject discussed was that of new members from the south. It was decided that each southern State association _ and each member of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in the south should round-up all the available and qualified _ veterinarians in the south and get them to join the A. V. M. A. at the New Orleans meeting. The next topic for discussion was the financial one. Dr. G. R. White suggested that each state association should be called upon to contribute and each member of the state associations d likewise be requested to contribute. It was next decided 118 SOCIETY MEETINGS. that the funds subscribed by the various States in the south should be put in a bank in each State, subject to the call of the committee in charge of the entertainment at New Orleans. As a result of the discussion the following committees were appointed: 1. Finance, Dr. G. A. Roberts, of Raleigh, N. C., Chairman. 2. Membership & Publicity, Dr. G. R. White, of Tennessee, Chairman. 3. Entertainment, Dr. C. R. Jolly, of Atlanta, Chairman. 4. Transportation, Dr. C. A. Cary, of Alabama, Chairman. These committees are to confer with the various State asso- ciations and local committees and arrange for the entertainment at New Orleans. This temporary Association of Southern Veterinarians ad- journed to meet in New Orleans one to two days ahead of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The second night of the meeting, March 6, the Veterinary Medical Association of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute enter- tained all the visiting veterinarians at a banquet in Smith dining hall. There were about 125 in attendance at this banquet and all in attendance voted it a great success and the visitors extended their most hearty thanks to the veterinary students for this most hospitable and social occasion. The last day was devoted exclusively to clinic at the Veterin- ary College of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. This clinic began at nine a. m. and lasted until 5 p. m. Dr. G. R. White, of Tennessee, first gave two demonstrations in castration. He castrated a five year old stallion standing and then a two year old stallion restrained by his special method for restraining colts. Drs. Jolly, Dean and Bahnsen next examined three cases of fistulous withers. Dr. Jolly operated on one of these which had a deep cavity, running downward and forward anterior to the first one or two dorsal spinous processes. He opened this cavity at its lowest point anterior to the upper third ~ of the scalpula. He advised drainage by use of the seaton or — drainage gauze. The next case was one of lameness, the diagnosis of which was made by Dr. A. J. Douglas. Some dispute arose as to the correctness of the diagnosis and Dr. Douglas anesthized the parts with cocaine and proved that he was correct in attributing the lameness to ring bone. A case of chronic emphysema was exhibited and diagnosis made by Dr. Jago of Athens, Ga. Dr. Mayo suggested that this — case be treated by the arsenic-atropine method. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119 ; A case of dumb rabies in a bull pup was exhibited by a senior veterinary student, Mr. Willbanks. This pup exhibited paralysis _ of the lower jaw, inability to swallow and the characteristic ex- pression. A case of bastard strangles in a five-year-old mare that was in the veterinary hospital was exhibited. This mare had a post pharyngeal and sub-parotid abscess. This abscess had been opened by way of virbogs triangle, drained and flushed and kept open by antiseptic gauze. { An obscure case of lameness in a mule was the subject of “much discussion by Drs. Roberts, Salter, Jolly, Bahnsen and Douglas. It was finally decided that the case should be treated _for muscular trouble in the post-brachial region. _ __ A suppurating, schirrus chord in a mule was removed by Dr. PGA: Cary. The animal was restrained by Dr. White; the large chord dissected out up to the external inguinal region and cut _off by an encraseur. The cavity was packed with sterilized gauze held in place by stitching up the wound with continuous suture. A cryptorchid hog was castrated by Dr. G. R..White. This jog was hung up by the hind limbs and the opening made into the abdomen a little to one side of the median line. With the hog in this position, Dr. White claims that the abdominal organs are, by gravitation, dropped out of the way. _ Following this Dr. White inoculated twenty hogs by the ‘simultaneous method as practiced in Tennessee for the production of permanent immunity to hog cholera. __ By the use of a college “ Sub,” Dr. C. A. Cary illustrated the roaring operation with the animal standing. This operation was done with the use of cocaine injected subcutaneously over the laryngeal region and the cocaine was applied by cotton to the “mucosa in the ventricle. The animal suffered no pain or irrita- tion during the operation. ___ A horse was next presented to the clinic which had ihc oper- ‘ated for paralysis of the penis. Dr. Cary had removed a six- inch cuff of the prefuse and this held the penis so that only about _ three inches of it extended beyond the opening of the sheath. He should have removed two inches more of the prepuse and left the _ penis protruding only one inch from the sheath. Dr. P. F. Bahnsen, of Georgia, gave a very fine and interest- ‘ing demonstration of his method of casting and restraining ani- mals by means of a single rope. He put the mule in position for castration, for single foot operation, etc. _ Three mules were exhibited to show the results of low teno- 120 SOCIETY MEETINGS. tomy or cutting the flexor tendons below the fetlock for contrac- tion of those tendons. In each case the results were permanently good. C. An Gane ; Secretary-Treasurer. Note.—The foregoing secretary’s report was received after Dr. Mayo’s report was in type; so we have given our readers the benefit of both reports. [Editor.] ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The seventh annual meeting was held in the Veterinary Col- lege of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn on March 5,6and 7, 1914. While the attendance of veterinarians was not large, an exceedingly interesting and practical meeting was held. — The veterinary students attended all meetings and assisted at the clinics. President Thatch of the college welcomed the association with an inspiring address. Dr. Peter Bahnson, State Veterinarian of Georgia, discussed the question of “ Inspecting Horses and Mules for Inter-State Shipment.” The requirement of some States for a veterinary certificate of health for all horses and mules coming into the State brought out a vigorous discussion. Dr. Jolly, of Atlanta, contended that a careful veterinary in- — spection was more important to the shipper than to the State, as it — should prevent shipping horses suffering from shipping fever that — frequently caused heavy losses to the shipper. . Dr. Andrade read a paper on ‘‘ How to Prevent the Spread — of Disease in Shipping Horses and Mules,” in which he advocated — a careful inspection and vaccination with strepto-bacterins of all — animals before shipping. . Dr. Ferguson read a paper on “ Differential Diagnosis of — Black Quarter and Malignant Odema,” and Dr. I. S. MeAdory — told in a practical way ‘‘ How and When to Use the Stomach — Tube.” Dr. C. H. Cary presented the subject of “ Emphysema ” and urged a more thorough scientific study of this common dis- ease, particularly as to its pathology. This subject was dis- cussed by various veterinarians. It seemed to be the opinion that this disease has been much neglected by veterinarians. Messrs. W. B. Smith and J. K. Jones, veterinary students, presented the subject of ‘“‘ The Facial Sinuses and Their Relation to Surgical Operations,” and illustrated the subject with a finely prepared set of specimens. Dr. A. H. French read a paper on “Distemper in Dogs” that was very practical and created a i SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121 good deal of discussion. Dr. N. S. Mayo read a paper on “ In- ternal Antiseptics.”’ The Inter-State meeting was devoted largely to the coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. at New Orleans. Dr. F. J. Douglas, of New Orleans, was there and told of the plans for a clinic. Drs. Geo. R. White, of Tennessee; G. A. Roberts, of North Carolina; and C. A. Cary, of Alabama, told what was being done to make the New Orleans meeting one that the whole South would be proud of. Everything indicated a large and very successful meeting at New Orleans next December. The clinic at the meeting was one of the finest ever attended by the writer. There was a great variety of subjects, and with such artists as Cary, Jolly, Bahnson, George White, French and others to instruct, it made a clinic second to none in interest and practical results. N.S. M. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA. The annual meeting of the above association was held at Brandon March 4, 1914, President E. P. Westell in the chair. There was a large attendance of members. The minutes of last meeting were read and adopted. Re- ports were presented by the secretary. The financial statement showed a satisfactory balance on hand, and members expressed pleasure in the fact so reported. The registrar reported the fol- lowing, who had been registered after passing the prescribed ex- amination: C. A. Mack, 1902; F. M. Schnell, 1913; E. L. Houck, 1913; C. W. Johnston, 1913 (McKillip Veterinary Col- lege) ; J. H. Dann, 1913; A. W. McCaskill, 1913 ; G. A. Bowman, 1913; J. A. Leadbeater, 1913; G. K. Hobson, 1913; H. R. Mc- Ewen, 1913; J. F. Skinner, 1913 (Ontario Veterinary College). An invitation was extended by the Police Magistrate Bates, president of the Kennel Club, to attend the Dog Show taking place that day in Brandon, the first bench show of its kind held _ in Brandon. The election of officers resulted as follows: For executive committee, Drs. Hilton, Westell, McGilvray, Robson, Coxe, Ay Martin, Lee; president, Dr. Lee; vice-president, Dr. Martin; sec- retary treasurer, Dr. Hilton; board of examiners, Drs. McGilv- e ray, Westell and Hilton. President Lee, taking the chair, thanked _ the association for the honor done him. He hoped he would be able to fill his office, though he did not feel he could do so as well. as it had been done in the past. 122 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ’ Dr. Part read a paper on “ Obstetrics,” and after discussion took place it was decided to hold the next semi-annual meeting in Winnipeg at the time of the Exhibition. The auditors were re~ elected and the meeting adjourned. During the afternoon the members of the association attended the dog show and then spent a very interesting time at the Fat Stock Show, ending up the day at a banquet held at the Cecil Hotel, as guests of Drs. Coxe and Robinson. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. On March 3 and 4, while the state was enveloped in the heavi- est blanket of snow it has known for many years, the veterina- rians of Pennsylvania convened in Philadelphia to enact the pro- gramme of the 31st annual meeting of their organization. And while the road conditions were such as to make it impossible for a great many to attend (practically holding them in their houses in some sections), still the attendance was good, and the meeting a successful one in every respect. Representation of all committees were in attendance, so that committee reports were given according to program, and only about four papers from the large and attractive program were not presented. Eleven new members were elected, six from outlying cities and five from Philadelphia. The following officers and trustees were elected for the ensuing year: aie President, H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; vice-presidents, Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia; R. M. Staley, Harrisburg; P. K. Jones, Pitts- burg; treasurer, R. F. Bridge, Philadelphia; corresponding secre- tary, John Reichel-Glenolden; recording secretary, E. H. Yunker, Philadelphia. | Board of Trustees: C. J. Marshall, chairman, Philadelphia; F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; L. A. Klein, Philadelphia; J. W. Sallade, Auburn; C. W. Springer, Uniontown. MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. RESOLUTIONS PassepD AT Last REGULAR MEETING IN BOZE- MAN: We the members of the Montana Veterinary Medical As- sociation, assembled in regular mid-winter session, realizing the present inefficiency of the organization of the U. S. Army Veter- —_—” ~ Ree ee e e, e SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1238 inary Service, do unanimously recommend the ee resolu- tions: Resolved, That we do indorse H. R. No. 4541, known as Army Service Bill, which is now before Congress, for the reasons that it provides for greater service to be rendered by the army vet- _ erinarians to our country; that it renders possible more efficient service, by them, to the army; that it makes provision for the _ proper rank and professional standing, which their training and entrance requirements into the army service demand; and finally tha tit makes provision for the retirement and care of the army _ veterinarian after he has spent all of his useful life in the service of his country. Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to each member of both houses of Congress, from Montana, under _ the seal of this association, signed by the president and secre- j tary, and that they be requested to use their good offices for the passage of this bill. Dated at Bozeman, Montana, this 27th day of January, 1914. is H. Wetcu, President. ag | A. D. KNow Les, Secretary-Treasurer. PB. A. I. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO, ILL. 3 The seventh annual banquet and dance, to which invitations _ were extended to all members of the force stationed at Chicago, Iil., was held Saturday evening, February 14, 1914, at the Saddle 4 and Sirloin Club. | Dr. V. A. Moore, director of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, was the guest of honor, and the prin- _ cipal speaker of the evening. His topic was “ The Veterinary ' Inspector and His Problems.” Other speakers were: Dr. S. E. Bennett, inspector-in-charge - Bureau of Animal Industry, Chicago, Ill., who spoke on “ Friend- _ ship”; Dr. L. Enos Day, “ The Ladies,” and the president of the a association, ta a Faunce, ‘ ‘Our Association.” Dr. A. M. e Casper was toastmaster. 7 The banquet was followed by a dance greatly enjoyed by all present. ____ This was the first time ladies graced our banquet board. This _ innovation was voted a success and the banquet the best ever. 124 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The following officers were elected at the regular meeting, February 13: Dr. A. L. Faunce, president; Dr. C. L. Norris, vice-president ; Dr. B. J. Stocler, secretary and treasurer. NotE—A news item on this meeting appeared in our March issue, page 735. ARKANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The seventh annual meeting of the above association was held on February 16 and 17, 1914, at Ft. Smith. The meeting was called to order by Dr. J. F. Stanford, president; roll call by Dr. J. B. Arthur, secretary. The opening address was delivered by Mayor H. C. Reed. After the regular routine of business several interesting discussions were taken up in regard to eradi- cation of the Texas fever tick, hog cholera and glanders. The second day was devoted to a clinic which was held at Dr. X. G. May’s hospital, where a large number of both major and minor operations were performed by the attending veterinarians. — The officers elected for the coming year were as follows: Dr. . J. B. Arthur, president; Dr. X. G. May, vice-president; Dr. R. M. Gow, secretary and treasurer. The next meeting will be held at Little Rock, January 5 and 6, 1915. R. M. Gow, Secretary and Treasurer. Fayetteville, Ark. YORK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The regular quarterly meeting of the above association was held at the National Hotel, York, March 3, 1914. Interesting discussions were had on “‘ Capped Hocks in Horses and Mules,” “ Tetanus,” “‘ Azoturia,” “ Influenza,” “‘ Pneumonia and Pleur- isy,’ and “ Distemper in Dogs.” Secretary Bausticker reported the society to be in a flourishing condition, and stated that there was not much evidence of contagious diseases throughout the county. The following officers were elected: President, Fred. Hartenstein, New Freedom; Ist vice-president, C. A. Kain, York; 2d vice-president, J. D. Smith, Dallastown; treasurer, M. H. Gladfelter, York; Secretary, E. S. Bausticker, re-elected. Next meeting June 2, 191. E. S. BausticKer, Secretary. a ee OBITUARY. ORE ES, EDWARD I. CARTER, D.V.S. Dr. Edward I. Carter, a native of Shropshire, England, died at Pittsburgh, Pa., Feb. 14, 1914, in the 65th year of his age. ‘He graduated with highest honors at Montreal Veterinary Col- lege in 1881, then came to Pittsburgh, where he soon gained a large and lucrative practice, and retired New Year’s Day, 1897. He soon suffered reverses and was reduced to penury, and never regained his former prestige or practice. THOMAS B. HILLOCK, V.S. Dr. Thomas B. Hillock died at his home in Columbus, Ohio, on March 4, 1914, at the age of 68 years. Dr. Hillock gradu- ated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1872. He was at one time state veterinarian of Ohio; was treasurer of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, and member of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association, He was loved by all who knew him. Dr. W. B. Lewin Deap.—Dr. W. B. Lewin, Russell, IIL, died in February. Dr. Lewin was an old subscriber to the RE- VIEW, and we were grieved and surprised to learn of his death. VETERINARIAN KILLED IN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT.—Dr. A. J. Ransom, of Gainesville, Florida, was instantly killed by being thrown from his automobile as it collided with a mule on March 14. The doctor was thrown from the car, landing on his head and breaking his neck. He leaves a wife and one daughter. Doc TRAMPED 2,000 MiLes.—Footsore and almost starved, Bonnie, a-3-year-old Scotch collie, returned to his old home in Olathe, Kansas, after a weary tramp of 2,000 miles. In October, 1912, the dog was given away to be taken to a home in Southern Florida. He stayed there with his new owner for two weeks, but seemed to be discontented and would eat only occasionally. He left one night and nothing more was heard from his until he walked into Olathe sixteen months afterwards. His feet were sore and bleeding and the toenails were worn off.—(Our Dumb Animals. ) 125 NEWS AND ITEMS. RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER. A portrait of Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper, the first dean of the Veterinary School at the University of Pennsylvania, was presented to the University by Mr. Joseph G. Rosengarten, one of the trustees, and has been hung in the Faculty Room at the Veterinary School. The formal presentation was made by Dean Louis A. Klein at the Founders’ Day exercises in the Academy of Music on February 23. Wasington’s birthday being celebrated each year by the University of Pennsylvania as Founders’ Day. We publish below the presentation address of Dr. Klein. Hay- ing enjoyed the privilege of a personal acquaintance with Dr. Huidekoper, and having been for a few years closely associated with that great veterinarian, we feel sure that there are many hundreds of veterinarians throughout the country who will enjoy learning through the splendid remarks of Dr. Klein, of the plac- ing of his portrait in the Faculty Room of the school he founded, and having their memories refreshed on his professional career. THE PRESENTATION BY DEAN KLEIN. It is my pleasant privilege to present to the University this portrait of Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper, the first dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Huidekoper was prepared for the medical profession at — the University. Graduating with the class of 1877, he became a volunteer assistant to the late Dr. D. Hayes Agnew and had an opportunity to study the methods which had made that eminent surgeon famous as a teacher. He was engaged also in general medical practice, was a member of the staffs of the Children’s Hospital, Philadelphia Dispensary and University Hospital, and for two years made a special study of pathology as coroner's physician. A fancier of animals, particularly the horse and dog, Dr. Huidekoper was naturally interested in veterinary medicine. Consequently, when he was asked to go abroad to prepare himself to organize the Veterinary School, which was then about to be founded at the University, he accepted the offer and entered upon the new field with characteristic energy and enthusiasm. He went to France and entered the Veterinary School at Alfort, from which he graduated in 1882 and then studied for a year in the laboratories of Virchow, Koch, Chauveau and Pasteur. Dur- 126 a ee ee ee ee er NEWS AND ITEMS. 127 ing his stay in Europe he also visited nearly all of the important veterinary schools. Upon his return in 1883, he supervised the construction of the first buildings for the Veterinary School at the University, which were erected at Thirty-sixth street and Pine, now Hamil- ton Walk. He also arranged the course of instruction. After this powerful exhibition of the results and of the benefits that were obtained by the use of malleine, Mr. Mouilleron makes some restrictions on the method of the application of the reactive agent and gives some indications upon the value of the three principal manifestations, the condition of the temperature, the local and the general reaction, which are the elements upon which the diagnosis is established. “ The reacting trial does not always appear in the normal de- lay; one and sometimes two may be wanted and yet the three factors not having an equivalent diagnostic value, it is neverthe- less possible to make out if one is or not in the presence of a . 3 concealed manifestation of the disease. “ Alone, the hyperthermy is not sufficient to diagnose glanders ; it may give a certain suspicion which demands a further observa- tion of the suspect subject, and a second test after ordinary length 140 EDITORIAL. of time, by which the diagnosis may be definitely established. First, when malleine was introduced in the fight against glanders a great importance was attached to that reaction, to its graphic, and there was a tendency to condemn animals with this single manifestation. There was a true and abusive excess which has, however, disappeared a long time since. “Tf the thermic elevation alone is not sufficient to reveal the existence of glanders, the local reaction, on the contrary, even if alone, is sufficient to clearly demonstrate it. It is not necessary that the oedematous swelling be very large, with its peculiar form, warm, painful and with lymphatic tracts radiating in all directions, it is sufficient that it be present, a little spread, thick and, above all, that its sensibility be exaggerated to conclude with certainty at the presence of the glanderous affection. “ For the general reaction, it may be absent without diminish- ing the value of the diagnosis; it has always appeared to the author, apart in very virulent cases, such as in acute glanders, that it seemed to have an individual character, nervous and irri- table subjects always presenting it; dull and lymphatic on the con- trary manifesting it only rarely.” | To resume, there is no necessity to be as exclusive towards the use of malleine as it had been reported it was ordered, as after its powerful assistance already rendered, it may no doubt render immense services by the delicate sensibility of its revealing qualities wherever large collections of horses may exist’ ok Contagious PustuLtAr DeErMitTIs.—Army veterinarians have often opportunities that are not offered to the private prac- titioners of seeing and observing, from beginning to end, epi- zootic affections. An opportunity having presented itself to Messrs. Fontaine and Mespoulet, of the Saumur Cavalry School, to observe an epizooty of contagious pustular dermitis they made a clinical and eres = EDITORIAL. 141 BE tcicticlogical study of it and recorded it in the Military Veter- | sii Review. _ This epizooty prevailed among the horses of the eedty: School, affecting some thirty cases. It was supposed to be due _to the introduction of a new lot of horses coming from Paris. ___ The eruption was manifested by a more or less large number a _ of pustules on the withers, the back, the ribs and even the rump. - Before the apparition of these pustules, there was a symptom Sewhich so far has not been described in classical works, viz. : That the horses would lick themselves persistently over different . parts of the body, even in places where eruptive lesions would not appear after. BE _ The evolution was ordinary; a small pimple on the skin, with _ the hairs raised and soon becoming the seat of a citrine exuda- Bier The lymphatic blood vessels starting from this spot were very painful; after forty-eight hours the soreness would dis- _ appear and a scab was formed under which there was greenish _ pus in a small cutaneous excavation. Left to themselves, the yustules would get well in about 20 days and the hairs grow Pus, taken after pulling the hairs, and crust were taken fo1 oscopic examination to make cultures and experimental in- culations. | The pathogenous agent was found to be a fine rod with round Ee ireinities and having sometimes the form of a Stara ot ; it takes the Gram. In cultures the microbe is polymorphous; i _ peptoned beef bouillon it appears much finer than in the pus; it first clouds the medium, then collects in the bottom of the tube, forming a deposit more or less abundant. B: On other cultures, gelose, serum, etc., there are formed after a few days small whitish yellow spots. On horse serum the 4 lonies described in classical works were not found by the a Buthors. _ They believe that the bacillus that they have observed is : ymewhat different from the classical bacillus. ES Experimentally the disease can be easily reproduced in putting 142 EDITORIAL. on the intact skin of a healthy animal one drop of pus, or of cul- ture or in rubbing virulent products over it. After an incubation of two to four days, pustules appear similar to the spontaneous one. In cases of natural contagion, the authors believe that the in- cubative stage lasts longer, sometimes more than one month; frictions and rubbings with soiled harnesses being the cause. Laboratory animals, white mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, readily take the affection by subcutaneous inoculation of pus or cultures. The bacillus resi.cs dessication, but is readily destroyed with antiseptics ; the microbian virulency is so much greater when the lesions are more recent; they are so much more active when they are younger. This affection will certainly be also observed by other veteri- narians having the care of a large number of horses. * ok * A New AnaApHyLAxy.—Prof. Ch. Richet has presented recently before the Academie des Sciences here new facts relating to anaphylaxy which are of great interest. He has obtained a magnificent anaphylaxy with no colloid substances. He took for his investigations the white globules of the blood of dogs; no change in the leucocytosis after a first chloroformization; but after a second, a strong leucocytosis. Thus discovering a paradoxical fact which contrasts entirely with what is known of anaphylaxy. The conclusions of the researches which were made in collab- oration with Dr. Lassabliere are: 1. Dogs chloroformed a first — time never present leucocytosis either during chloroformization or in the days following; 2. On the contrary, when chloroformed a second time, they exhibit a strong anaphylaxy which begins, the next day after the administration of chloroform, to reach its maximum the eighth day; a lapse of three weeks having been left between the two chloroformizations. rs | ‘% ‘ % * a =. x EDITORIAL. 143 This phenomena can only be explained by the hypothesis of . an anaphylaxy of a type unknown to this day, an indirect ana- phylaxy. Indeed, in this case of preparation and appearance of the anaphylactic accidents, in particular here the leucocytosis, initial manifestation, are due not to the chloroform itself, but to albumines produced by the alteration of the liver and of the kidney under the influence of the chloroform. It seems then, says Dr. Richet, that anaphylactic substances must be classified into two groups: 1. Those that produce ana- phylaxis immediately, in a few minutes, by passing directly in the blood; 2. Those that promote later anaphylaxis in bringing albuminoid breaking up, an auto-intoxication harmless the first time and injurious the second; it is the indirect anaphylaxis. In pathology this indirect form may play a part no less im- portant than the direct, the only one which has been studied till now. BrsitiocraPpHic Items.—We have received: Quarterly _ Bulletin Chicago Veterinary College, December, 1913. Agricul- tural Journal of the Union of South Africa, December, 1913, January, 1914. Report of the Veterinary Director General——Dr. Fred. Tor- rance, Department of Agriculture of Canada. It forms an illus- trated pamphlet of a little over one hundred pages, resuming the work done during the year ending March, 1913, giving detailed _ statements for each one of the diseases that prevailed during that _ year, and received the attention of the staff of the Department. Interesting facts relating to glanders and the extensive use of _ malleine, to hog cholera and the value of the use of serum, to tuberculosis where the test with tuberculine has been extensively applied, of dourine with the methods of diagnosis of Dr. Watson, anthrax, mange, rabies, etc., etc. In the form of appendix, re- ports are introduced by several of the inspectors of the staff. There are also a few illustrations—The Treatment of Tetanus, 144 EDITORIAL. by C. O. McClintock and W. H. Hutchings; Diagnosis of Dourine by Complement Fixation, by John R. Mohler, A. Eich- horn and J. N. Buck, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. ALE. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SAVES MONEY BY INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF j ITS VETERINARY SERVICE. An Open Letrer To SENATOR CHARLES S. THOMAS, OF — COLORADO. | “Tt is thought that it will greatly improve the service to give the rank provided in this bill, and that in that — way much money will be saved by virtue of increased efficiency in this service.’—From the Report of the House Committee on Military Affairs, February 9, 1914, © (p. 6, Report 239, 63d Congress, 2d Session). Ignorance is wasteful; efficiency, carrying with it a sense of responsibility, saves money. The denser the ignorance, the greater the waste; the higher the efficiency, the more money is saved. This, as a business principle, is undebatable. Its wis- — dom, whether applied to Government business or commercial — business, cannot be made plainer by putting it in the form of an adage. Hence, proceeding on this as a principle, the Military ~ Committee of the House of Representatives has recommended that the Army Veterinary Service Bill be made a law. Senator Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado, a member of the Sub-Committee of the Senate, in whose hands the bill, S. 4331, © “To Consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army, and In- crease Its Efficiency,” has been placed for consideration, is said to be questioning in his mind the consistency of supporting that — bill on the hypothesis that any measure passed which increases — the money expenses of the Government by so small an amount — as a few picayunes, whatever be the actual gain in stalwart effi- — ciency in its service, is contrary to the Democratic policy of retrenchment. This is retrenchment run stark mad. It is false EDITORIAL. 145 economy, misplaced penuriousness which does violence to the sound judgment and truer sense of economy in this instance recommended by the Democratic members of the House Com- mittee on Military Affairs in their statement placed at the head of this letter. | Try to make up a balance sheet, aca | in the one column the most insignificantly paltry sum of money which additionally ‘must be charged against the Treasury if the proposed veterinary bill passes ; in the other column place what the Government gains. _ What do you find? The increased cost per annum is $31,376.26. That we can figure to a nicety and we could have told it to the thousandth part of a mill, if that had been wanted. On the other side of the balance, the complete gain is unfigurable. But it far _ and away outbalances the few dimes asked for it. The Govern- ment proposes to use the military veterinary service as part of _ that great sanitary machine—the Medical Department; it. is to _ become part of the grand sanitary system of the army. What the economic value of that sanitary system has been to the army the - country and the world is well known to Senator Thomas and to _ everybody else. He knows what it did in the discovery of the _ cause and means of prevention of yellow fever, of dengue, of _ hook worm, in the prevention of typhoid fever. Is the sum total of the gain in human health and the prevention of death to be _ balanced in the fine figuring which carries the money summary to the third or fourth digit beyond the decimal point? Shame _ on us, if that is the length of our consideration. The Surgeon _ General of the Army tells Senator Thomas that he proposes to attach the veterinary service to the medical department to en- large its sanitary work, meaning in two directions, in prevention | _ of the frightful losses in army animals and the prevention of _ diseases transmissible from animals to man. There are prob- lems to be solved in the department of veterinary medicine in- _ yolving millions of dollars to this country. The Senator from _ Colorado is told by the medical experts of the army, who have ~ accomplished so many marvels, that similar performances may _ be expected with the building up of the veterinary service. Asa 146 EDITORIAL. plain business proposal, with the gains large for the American people in higher efficiency, in delivery from wasteful ineffi- ciency, the Army Veterinary Service Bill should pass. A cent placed near enough to the eyes will shut out the light of the sun. It is unwise to be blinded by a penny-wise, pound-foolish policy of retrenchment carried to that extremity where it is as unsound in principle as it is unbusiness-like. G. S. HEARINGS BEGIN ON THE LOBECK BILL. The Revrew has urged the support of the profession of the — _ country to H. R. 9292, increasing the standing of the veteri- narians in the B. A. I. service, and benefiting them financially. Increased compensation means increased efficiency ; so that while our brothers in the B. A. I. service can better provide for their families under the conditions that the passage of this Bill would bring about, the government would also benefit by its passage in increased efficiency and the attraction to the service of high- class men.. Dr. S. J. Walkley, secretary of the National Asso- ciation of Bureau of Animal Industry Employees (whom the executive committee of that body have chosen to represent them at the Nation’s Capitol, wrote us from Washington, under date of April 14, that the Bill would come up for a hearing at 10.30 a. m. Monday, April 20, before the House Committee on Agri- culture. We sincerely hope that in our next issue we may be able to write some pleasant information as a result of the hear- ings before that committee. The Buffalo branch of the national B. A. I. organization are sending Prof. V. A. Moore, of Cornell; and the Milwaukee branch are sending Prof. M. P. Ravenel to Washington to appear before the committee in the interest of the measure; and the fact that both of these gentlemen were ap- pointed by Secretary of Agriculture Houston last summer to investigate the meat inspection system in their respective terri- tories and report their impressions to the Secretary of Agricul- ture, would seem to suggest that their arguments before the House Committee on Agriculture would have some weight. We ~ a Ati aa — EDITORIAL. 147 understand that their impressions, as expressed to Secretary Houston in the report of their investigations, was to the effect that they considered B. A. I. men very much overworked and underpaid; so it is not difficult to imagine their line of argu- ment before the House Committee on Agriculture. Secretary Walkley will also appear before the committee with a forceful argument for the passage of the Bill; and also Congressman Lobeck, the father of the Bill. And following the work of these gentlemen before this committee, every member of the profession should add his boost with his Congressman and Senator, after the Bill has been reported out of committee. Keep pushing until it becomes law. 7 THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN A DAIRY STATE—SOME STATISTICAL FACTS. During March, the lay press (or perhaps we should limit it to the New York Globe, as we do not remember seeing the articles in other papers) published a series of articles, criticizing the New York State Department of Agriculture to an extent that would tend to shake the public’s confidence in that great department of the Empire State, and to cause a feeling of uneasiness (to say the least) on the part of milk consumers; more especially those with families of children where milk forms a very large and very important part of the daily food ration. The REvIEw’s confidence, however, was not shaken; felt no vibration whatso- ever; crediting the wild statements of the critics to a misconcep- tion on their part of the policies of the Department of Agricul- ture, and a misconstruction of their methods of dealing with the momentous question of controlling tuberculosis in a dairy state, and not working a hardship upon its citizens by extensively cur- tailing the milk supply. Our confidence remained unshaken be- cause of our high regard for the Commissioner of Agriculture and the gentlemen of our own profession that are in charge of the Bureau of Veterinary Service of the Department. Had the critics gone to the proper source for their information, or care- 148 EDITORIAL. fully investigated the general information that they received, they would not have frightened milk consumers without good cause, nor made public their own lack of information on a subject upon which they were attempting to enlighten the public. Had they understood the principles of the Bang method, and the sys- tem of its application by the New York State Department of Agriculture, they would not have horrified the public by making the unqualified statement that diseased cows were being used to supply milk to the old soldiers and inmates of other state insti- tutions mentioned. The following extract from a statement from Commissioner Huson shows that the Department is guided in its work by a law enacted in 1909: “The law providing for the preservation and segregation of reacting animals that show no physical evidence of disease was enacted in 1909 and has been in successful operation since that time. The same veterinarians that were charged with the duty of putting this law into operation are still engaged in the work of its enforcement. The law is not perfect, and experience has shown the necessity of various amendments. Last year, and ~ again this year, this Department urged before the Legislature the enactment of such amendments to the law as would tend to more completely safeguard the situation. One of these amend- ments provided that a person must be the actual owner of an animal for at least four months in order to be entitled to indem- nity. The purpose and object of this amendment was to provide for the payment of indemnity to the actual dairyman and farmer and prevent, as far as possible, traffic in diseased or suspicious — animals. Other amendments no less important were proposed, — among them a physical examination of all dairy herds and the — removal therefrom and immediate slaughter of all animals that showed such physical evidence of disease as rendered them unfit as a source of milk supply. These amendments failed of passage. and some of the men now being heard in criticism were active in opposition to their enactment.” Chief Veterinarian Wills, of the Bureau of Veterinary Sery- ice, says that the statement made by the critics that there are — EDITORIAL. 149 ; | 200,000 tuberculous cattle in the state is not indicated by the facts on file in the office of the Department, and that the state- ment that 40 per cent. of the tuberculous animals in the state | are spreaders of the disease is grossly exaggerated. We repro- duce below statistics relative to the extent of bovine tuberculosis in New York State, taken from a public statement from Dr. Wills, who says: “ We believe that these records are the most accurate and complete of any in existence, so far as the State of New York is concerned.’’ And further along he adds: “Any fair- minded person must concede that the bureau of veterinary serv- ice of the Department of Agriculture, with the assistance of the veterinary profession and the cattle owner, is to be given some credit for the improvement in conditions.” The following figures show the work of the Veterinary Bu- reau for the (fiscal) years 1909 to 1913 in tuberculosis work: 1909-10 1910-11 IQII-1912 1912-13 Mumper’ tested“... ........ 14,181 17,909 21,421 18,668 Number reacting ....... 3,0290—21% 2,993—19% 4,178—19% 2,891—16% Number localized cases... 1,685 2,069 2,690 1,940 Number generalized cases. 1,240—42% 824—28% pl. 1,117—29% pil. 581—22% pl. Number no lesion cases.. 104—3% 100—3% 93—2.2% pl. 85—3% Total indemnity ........ 114,800 154,100 186,965 146,414.75 Number _ test privately SSeS Sa aierrer arenas 5,993 12,038 20,545 DEMON PORCINE 550.6600 6 0 eevee ey eee 425 473 52 Number held on Bang System: era a i ees oe sche an see e's obs tess, Saceevcece 276 ene Gas es KN go) ms sn n.'s Wine ble em eibeye 0 0's 407 iocersested im states... eee ee 23,902 33.459 39,213 SSS eee 3,418 4,651 - 3,419 Percentage reacting ..... .......... 14.3 13.9 8.7 i — ———— = ——— The above figures show that while the number of cows tested in the period of time was increased from year to year, there _ being over fifteen thousand more cows tested in 1912-13 than _ there was in 1909-10, the percentage reacting had decreased from 14.3 per cent. to 8.7 per cent. during that period. Any one familiar with the subject of bovine tuberculosis knows that dairy cattle are much more susceptible to it than beef cattle, and in _view of the foregoing facts will be willing to commend the De- _ partment of Agriculture of the State of New York (dealing as it : is practically exclusively with dairy cattle), for the progress that 150 EDITORIAL. it has made, rather than condemn it for what it has not been able to accomplish. Its critics probably feeling that complete eradi- cation was the least to be expected. And yet they offered no solution, except the tuberculin test, which the Department thor- oughly understands, and fully appreciates the value of. The fol- lowing, extracted from a public statement made by Consulting Veterinarian to the Department, John F. De Vine, explains the methods employed by the New York State Department of Agri- culture in applying the Bang system; which application was mis- construed by the critics as feeding the milk of diseased cows to inmates of state institutions. They also feared contamination from vegetables grown in fields fertilized with manure from the segregated animals, which Dr. De Vine refers to: “The Bang method, briefly, is that where an owner requests that his herd be tested by the state, or, where the owner has his herd tested by his private veterinarian and a certain number of animals react, and the owner asks for state appraisal, these ani- mals are then carefully examined as to physical evidence of tuber- culosis and such as exhibit any clinical evidence of the disease (the positive determination of which is often aided greatly by © the fact that they have reacted to the tuberculin test); or, any animals that are otherwise undesirable are immediately slaugh- tered under the same rules and regulations as are provided for by our federal meat inspection laws. With animals that appear physically sound and possess value as dairy cattle, both as pro- ducers and reproducers, an attempt is made to preserve them. They are segregated and placed on the experimental farms. These farms may be the owners, as is the case with several of the big Holstein breeders of the state at present (in which case no indem- nity is allowed by the state); or, if the owner does not wish to segregate or keep these animals, they may be placed on one of the state farms or any other farm where the owner from his recognized reliability and ability in stock feeding and dairying is considered a desirable person to prove the feasibility of raising healthy calves from diseased mothers. The milk from these dis- eased animals is in all cases thoroughly pasteurized, and the - ae Sa a ee ee a iene < EDITORIAL. 3 151 calves raised separate and apart from.the diseased animals in the hope of weeding and breeding tuberculosis out of the dairy herds without the great loss of immediate condemnation and slaughter of the excellent dams so affected. “ While it is a known fact, and admitted by every fair-minded person versed on the subject of dairying, that these Bang herds, after being carefully, repeatedly and periodically examined as they are for clinical evidence of tuberculosis (this examination being far more rigid and positive in condemning than can ordi- narily be carried on with animals which have not reacted to the tuberculin test) are much safer as milk producers than is the average dairy herd which has never been subjected to the tuber- culin test and which are very irregularly and ofttimes inefficiently examined. In other words, a conscientious dairyman who finally decides both for public health and economical reasons to have his herd tuberculin tested, he having learned of the character of the disease and the necessity and advantage of having a tuber- culosis free herd, does so. Ofttimes this very man from his business ability has one of the best appearing and best producing herds in the community. The tuberculin test reveals several dis- | eased animals. Immediately the community begins to talk and these animals are shunned as if they were afflicted with the small- pox. As a matter of fact they are no worse the day after the test than they were the day before, and right across the fence his neighbor John Smith’s herd is often many times more danger- - ous, but nothing is said about John Smith’s herd and he con- tinues to ship milk and the public continue to consume it. The conscientious dairyman’s cattle are immediately separated, the diseased from the well, and the milk before being used is pas- _ teurized at a sufficient temperature to destroy all living tubercu- lous organisms. This then is the herd that has been made doubly _ safe by taking out the clinical cases and by pasteurizing its prod- uct; and this is one of the things that the Department is con- demned for. “Another criticism is the danger of the tubercle bacilli in the manure to the public in consuming vegetables grown in the 152 EDITORIAL. ground where this fertilizer is used. While there is the same element of danger in this as there is for one to ride in a public conveyance or walk through a public street or a pasture field and — touch the grass which cattle have grazed on, still it is entirely too technical and imaginary unless we are to live in sterilized houses or wear antiseptic masks. No less an authority than Dr. W. H. Park, Director of the Department of Health Laboratories, New York City, states that the danger is too remote to be considered and points out and agrees with other authorities that the tubercle bacilli do not multiply outside the living body, and that the or- ganisms passed with the faeces instead of falling into and being nourished by a suitable medium, such as milk, immediately after leaving the body begin to perish, and death and dilution con- tinue both from exposure to air and sunlight and from fermenta- tion due to the myriads of saprophytic bacteria, so that in the matter of a few weeks only a few of the most virulent organisms — are still alive. These in all probability would perish on any vege- tables that grow above the ground during the growth, due to further exposure to the sunlight. Again the dilution continues when the vegetables consumed in the raw state are washed or peeled. According to our present knowledge, it requires great numbers of the bovine tubercle organisms to produce the disease in the human, such, for instance, as might be contained in a quan- tity of raw milk. And lastly, it has been conclusively shown that the danger from the transmissibility of the bovine type to the human is during the infant period when great quantities of the organisms are consumed daily with or in a fluid that-is favorable — to the virulence of the organisms, and at a time when human- — kind is susceptible to the disease. It would, therefore, seem since — the New York City Health Department and the State Health — Department sanction this’ method of the Agricultural Depart- — ment’s attempt to control tuberculosis without causing a milk — famine or ruining the dairy industry, that the policy of the Com- missioner of Agriculture should not be so criticised. “Another criticism, which seems to be often repeated, is that many of the cattle are slaughtered from time to time after being ~ EDITORIAL. ; 1538 placed on these Bang farms. This simply adds evidence to the careful way in which the Department keeps in touch with these animals, and any animal that shows the least evidence of the dis- ease advancing, or of any other disease, or becomes unprofitable, is immediately slaughtered and inspected to determine the fitness of the carcass for food, either by a capable veterinarian or a physician who has had special training in this work. When any of the carcasses are passed for food, they are always sold as such to the best possible advantage, every pound being accounted for in the Department’s records, the proceeds of which go direct to the State Treasurer and in no way benefit cet but the tax- _ payers as a whole. “J, therefore, fail to see why this criticism is indulged in. Can anyone suggest a more sensible and safe way? “Statement showing amount of indemnities paid by state on account of condemned tuberculous cattle, also the sums paid into state treasury from receipts from sales of carcasses and hides. 7 “Tor the fiscal year ending September 30, Ig10: ACE es ag ne ara $114,800.65 _ Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides...... 22,104.37 merercentage Of cash returns.:................. 19-25/100 “For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911: Piademnity EE ee kvm wee ee yo o4 6 $154,100.43 Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides...... 23,881.57 _ Percentage of cash returns............. aes .. s 15-49/100 4 “or the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912: a yt i Nn el i io $186,965 .80 _ Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides...... 34,231.34 7 | Percentage Sr aan returns: Se 18-3/10 “For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1913: eS, Ty es woke $146,414.75 - Receipts from sales of carcasses and hides....... 36,67’ . 73 Meercentage of cash returns................... 25-5/100 __ “Tnerease in percentage of cash returns for the year ending September 30, 1913, over previous year, 36-88/100 per cent.” 154 EDITORIAL. While the assumption that the criticism of the New York State Department of Agriculture through the public press may have gone forth through the country and been read by veterina- rians, who would naturally be desirous of knowing the facts, would be sufficient reason for our reference to it, our real reason is that the problem that New York State is attempting to solve, 1. @., the most economic method of controlling bovine tuberculo- sis in a dairy state, is not an easy one, and any suggestions that will help the Department to improve its system, we feel sure, will be welcomed. The criticism referred to, while wholesale, car- ried with it no suggestions to help them to improve their system. That must come from those who know something about that which they are criticising. It must come from the veterinary profession ; and we are sure that if any members of the veterinary profession who have been pondering these questions (and many there are who have made a life study of them) have any criti- cisms to make on New York State’s system of dealing with the control of bovine tuberculosis, they will be gratefully received by those in charge of that important work in that commonwealth. Honest commendation is equally helpful; as it is in any cause. — MONEY GIVEN FOR STUDY OF ANIMAL DISEASES. ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE TAKES Up CHOLERA AND TUBERCU- LOSIS. The danger to health and the enormous economic loss result- ing from animal diseases, such as hog cholera and tuberculosis, have at last been recognized by great business and financial in- terests as a matter affecting the economic welfare of the country. The government has long realized them, and the trades affected have long suffered from them, but their momentousness has never until now been properly realized by the country at large. That a crisis has now been reached which has forced attention is indicated by the announcement this week that John D. Rocke- feller has given a million dollars for the study and eradication of wees se? ae ee ds ieee EDITORIAL. 155 these diseases, and that James J. Hill has pledged $50,000 for the study of hog cholera, with more to follow. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, one of the greatest scientific institutions in the world, has received from John D. Rockefeller $1,000,000 as an addition to its general en- dowment for the purpose of organizing a department for the study of animal diseases. It announced also a pledge of $50,000 from James J. Hill to aid in the study of hog cholera. Heretofore the Rockefeller Institute has confined its investi- gations to research work in the fundamental problems of biolog- ical science and to investigations in the field of human diseases. The formal announcement of the opening in the near future of its new department contains this statement of the scope of the inquiry : “Animal diseases are important, not only because of their economic significance but because of their close relationship to human diseases. The loss to the country entailed by animal diseases is to be calculated not only in terms of animals destroyed but with reference to the discouraging effects on enterprise in animal husbandry which such epidemics as the recent epidemic of the hog cholera always exert. It has been estimated that in the northwest alone hog cholera has killed $60,000,000 worth of swine during the last year. “In the history of medical science, the work of Pasteur on anthrax, and the more recent observations in this country on Texas fever in cattle, which opened the door to present knowl- edge concerning insect carriers of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases are conspicuous illustrations of the value on studies of animal diseases.” It was said at the office of the Institute that no announcement will be made as to where the animal research work will be carried on until after the organization of the department is completed. May Stupy Bovine TuBERCULOsIS ALSO. It is understood that one of the big features of the work of the new department will be a study of cattle tuberculosis, with 156 EDITORIAL. which so many animals are affected throughout the country. Bovine tuberculosis is often contracted by persons through the bacilli in milk that is not properly pasteurized and its danger through other dairy products, like butter and cheese, is also recognized. Some states pay thousands of dollars annually to cattle raisers and farmers for tuberculous cows that are con- demned and killed by order of inspectors of the State Agricul- tural Department. But the meat industry suffers losses running into the millions through this same cause for which it receives no recompense whatever. The problem of hog cholera is one that is contseeaia the meat industry with as much danger as the scourge of animal tuberculosis ever did. What these diseases have cost the industry will never be accurately reckoned. The losses are almost un- thinkable. The trade believes it to be high time that the best thought and effort obtainable be devoted to a campaign against these diseases. The announcement that the Rockefeller Insti- tute has taken up the work will be hailed with gratification — Quotations from The National Provisioner of April 4, 1914. THE EUROPEAN TOUR AND THE TENTH INTER- NATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS. When this issue goes into the mail, but six weeks will remain to the time when good-byes will be sung out from the steamer, and handkerchiefs will be fluttering from the pier as a merry body of veterinarians and their kinsfolk set off for a tour of Europe, with the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, as their objective point, under the most auspicious condition imagin- able. For June 13th is the day that the vessel carrying that dis- tinguished cargo will steam out of New York Harbor. It is therefore imperative that any who expect to be of that merry party, and have not yet signified their intentions to Dr. Eichhorn to that effect, do so at once; thus insuring to themselves and to the entire party more commodious quarters on the steamship, and materially aid in the making of arrangements for the com- ~~. oS Li! EDITORIAL. 157 fort of the party en route. We have said this before, and will promise not to repeat it again, but feel at this time that another word may not be amiss, as Dr. Eichhorn has received several letters from prominent veterinarians, veterinary institutions and _ veterinary societies abroad, inquiring as to the approximate num- _ ber of the American party, so that they may arrange accordingly in their efforts to make the trip more enjoyable and more profit- able by their co-operation. And we will also mention again, and for the last time, the desirability of Americans becoming mem- bers of the Congress, even though they cannot attend this coming _ meeting. This membership, which only costs $5, indicates the _ interest taken in international affairs by American veterinarians, and insures to them the publications of the Congress, which are worth much more than that sum. Send your money to Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and he will fix the matter of membership up for you. We are also recently in receipt of a list of some forty-six London hotels, from Sir Stewart Stockman, but have refrained from pub- 3 lishing them for the reason that the management of the Ameri- can touring party have selected St. Ermin’s Hotel, St. James’ Park, as the London headquarters of the American party, and the other hotels can therefore have no special interest for them. The location of the St. Ermin’s is ideal, being only three minutes’ _ walk from the meeting place of the Congress, and very conven- ient to all the important public buildings, art galleries, etc. The “prices in this great hostlery are moderate, as rooms with light and attendants may be had from 5 shillings up. Breakfast, 2 _ shillings; luncheon, 2 shillings; and dinner, 5 shillings, in the hotel, and there are any number of restaurants and eating places all around it. To have reservations made for you in hotel head- “quarters with all your friends, Dr. Eichhorn must hear from you _as soon as possible. For while you do not get to London until Au- gust 2d or 3d, the management want all their arrangements com- pleted before the party sails from New York June 13th. There may be a few American veterinarians who will not find it possible to take all the time required for the European tour, but who ex- 158 EDITORIAL. pect to go direct to London for the Congress. To them we would suggest the advisability of requesting Dr. Eichhorn to make reservations for them at the St. Ermin’s; thereby adding to the pleasure of their trip. THE A. V. M. A. AT NEW ORLEANS. While the fifty-first annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. is still a long way off, it is difficult to refrain from talking about it. Especially in the presence of the activity that is being mani- fested by our friends in the South. At each of the recent asso- ciation meetings in the South some action has been taken bear- ing upon the coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans. The Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, of which Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, is president, and Dr. F. J. Cambon, of New Orleans, is secretary-treasurer, bears the an- — nouncement of the coming meeting in red letters upon its sta- tionery. And under date of March 28, 1914, exactly nine months prior to the opening day of the meeting, we re- ceived (just too late for our April issue) a list of the com- mittees that have been appointed to prepare for the 1914 meet- ing. Maybe they do not expect to make some preparations! We do not intend to get really started on the New Orleans meeting — until we have shipped our good friends off for the Study Tour and Tenth International Veterinary Congress, but publish below a list of the committees that are to arrange for it, which in itself is a guarantee of a record-breaking meeting: FINANCE COMMITTEE. F. J. Cambon, Chairman, 208 Perrin Building, New Orleans, La. Jos. L. Drexler E. P. Flower : 4 PROGRAMMES, BADGES, CONCESSIONS, ETC., COMMITTEE. H. G. Patterson, Chairman, 222 Burgundy St., New Orleans, La. J. A. Goodwin S. C. Aymond R. W. Tuck A. N. Eichelberger S. B. Staples, EDITORIAL. 159 CLINICS COMMITTEE. F, J. Douglass, Chairman, 719 Girod St., New Orleans, La. S. Moore H. C. Plapper E. A. White G. W. Stubbs E. F. Karstendick A. S. Withers Paul Quilty J. M. Martin F. A. Hoell ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE. H. Moore, Chairman, 610 North Rampart St., New Orleans, La. H. F. Vulliamy P. L. T. Armstrong F. Collins B. E. Barham C. F. Breaux H. Morris L. M. Holmes Stanley Cook, B.A.I. M. A. Quilty C. B. Maxwell 3 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. W. H. Dalrymple Louisiana State Univer- S. Moore sity, Baton Rouge, La., F. J. Cambon ex-officio FP. J. Douglass, Chairman, 719 Girod St., New Orleans, La. H. G. Patterson H. Moore — E. P. Flower J. A. Goodwin Jas. L. Drexler R. W. Tuck H. F. Vulliamy E. A. White L. M. Holmes THE MULE “INFERNAL BUT ETERNAL.” The mule has a champion—and a powerful one. It is no less than Henry Watterson, who in his Louisville Courier-Journal takes up the cudgels for that much abused animal. “ Marse _ Henry” denies vigorously an assertion in the Army and Navy _ Journal that the supply of mules is diminishing. He shows that _ while the horse is losing his hold, the mule 1s emphatically hold- _ ing his own, and gives good reasons for this fact, such as these: “Tn war the mule plays with high credit the role of Gunga 160 EDITORIAL. Din. He is bullyragged. He is blasphemed. He is belabored. But he is always on hand when needed, and he is always needed. In peace he is sportive. His humor is sometimes mistaken for spitefulness when he kicks a well-meaning farmer into a pro- tracted sojourn at a hospital or sends his soul skywinding into the hereafter with his body not far behind. But when it comes to pulling.a load, uphill or on the level, subsisting upon a limited menu, and starving the veterinarian, he puts it all over his hand- somer and more aristocratic cousin, the horse.” Not content with this eulogium of the mule, the eloquent Louisvillian soars further into the empyrean in laudation of his beloved subject, traces his ancestry and prophesies for him a glowing future, thus: “There is still plenty of work for the mule to do. It is his proud distinction to cost almost as much as a small automobile. He was perhaps 7,000 years old when the automobile was in- vented. He is built on the original model. He has the same > tendency to backfire that made it a risky business to start him when Alexander set out to cross the Indus, when Tamerlane crossed the Ganges, when Hannibal crossed the Alps, when Charles Martel double-crossed the Moors, when Washington crossed the Delaware and when the farmer boy tried to cross a swollen creek in the last freshet.”’ The truth is, the mule is considerable of an animal. No one who has experience with him will doubt, as “ Marse Henry ” says, ‘‘ Although he is sometimes infernal, the mule is eternal.” — From the Chicago Inter Ocean. REPORT OF SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE UNITED STATES Live StocK SANITARY AssocIATION.—This report, coy- ering over 250 pages, tells the story of the great meeting in Chicago, December 2d, 3d and 4th, 1913, and impresses one with the wonderful growth both in numerical strength and sani- tary importance of that organization during the last few years. Always characterized by its earnestness and activity, it has recently become a power in the field of sanitation second only to the American Veterinary Medical Association ; and a close second at that. Its effort to effect pure animal food products is amongst the noblest work of man; and Secretary Ferguson’s remarks on the injection of hog cholera serum in the ham of the live hog are surely a propos. a eo ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE.* By R. E. Spirne, M.D., New York. (Continued from April issue.) BAcTert1AL VACcINES.—Bacterial vaccines were introduced in 1902 by Sir A. E. Wright, of London, who demonstrated that the phagocytic power of leucocytes is much greater when the leucocytes are suspended in a blood-serum obtained from pre- _ viously immunized animals than when suspended in normal ~ blood-serum; and further, that the phagocytic power of the leu- _ cocytes is dependent upon the presence in the blood-serum of certain substances having a sensitizing effect on the invading organisms. These substances were called “opsonins ”’ by Wright, __ who concluded that they are naturally increased during the pro- cess of immunity; and he discovered that they may be increased j _by injecting bacterial vaccines. Definition Bacterial vaccines are suspensions in physiolo- gical salt solution of killed pathogenic bacteria. The suspensions are sterilized and accurately standardized to contain a definite - number of bacteria in each cubic centimeter. . . Therapeutic Action—The therapeutic value of the bacterial _ vaccines is dependent upon their stimulating action on the body ’ cells of the patient; thereby producing various antibodies— 3 agglutinins, bacteriolysins, opsonins, precipitins, and other anti- bacterial substances—and /eading to a state of active immunity, which in some cases may last for a nutnber of years. _ *Read by invitation before the Wisconsin State Veterinary Society at Milwaukee, February TO, 1914. & . From the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, New York. 161 162 R. E. SPLINE. Vaccines vs. Serums.—Therapeutic serums are fluids con- taining antibodies already formed, and are injected into the cir- culation to supply anti-bacterial elements without stimulating the body cells to the production of these substances. Hence, in the use of serums, the antibodies formed in the body cells of the horse or other animal are supplied to the patient; and a condition of passive immunity is established, lasting only a few weeks. Therefore, serums differ from bacterial vaccines; the latter con- fer active immunity and contain no antibodies. Preparation.—Bacterial vaccines are prepared by the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories from cultures of pathogenic bacteria which have been grown upon suitable media under the most favor- able conditions. Several strains of the respective organisms are used; for it has been demonstrated clinically, as well as in the laboratory, that different cultures of the same organism may vary widely in biochemic properties; and that most vaccines should be polyvalent in order to possess the greatest efficiency. Polyvalent means that the suspension contains several cultures of the same species of bacteria—that is, several “ strains” of the organism are used—the cultures being obtained from many dif- ferent sources of infection in which that species of organism is found. All of the bacterial vaccines prepared in the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories are polyvalent. The bacterial cultures are washed off with physiological salt solution and thoroughly shaken to separate the organisms; the bacterial suspension is subjected to-a careful count; the organ- isms are killed by heating the suspension and by the addition, after cooling, of 0.25 7 2r cent. trikresol. The suspension is then diluted with sterile physiological salt solution containing 0.25 per cent. trikersol until each cubic centimeter contains the desired number of bacteria. Dosage-—Wright expressed the opinion that, by following the opsonic curve, indications might be obtained for the intro- duction of vaccines both as regards the size of the dose and the frequency of the injections. Suffice it to say, however, that the opsonic index unfortunately has not fulfilled those expectations ae lee iil Pee le eee RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 163 with which it was first greeted; and that any attempts at vaccine treatment must still be made upon a more or less empirical basis and with no more definite and accurate methods of dosage and frequency of injection than is afforded by clinical symptoms. But even so, there can be no doubt that a certain amount of good may be accomplished; how much, it is as yet impossible to say. So much depends upon individual cases, the personal factor of the observer, etc., that conclusions could only be drawn with great care. As yet, we do not know enough of what may or may not be accomplished to warrant any dogmatic statement. The general rule in vaccine therapy is to begin with small doses and progressively increase; immunity being more effectively pro- duced by repeated injections of gradually increasing doses than by a single injection of a large dose. At the same time the clini- cal effects in the individual case must be made the basis for the size and frequency of the doses; for the dosage is influenced by _ the nature of the infection, and also by the individual susceptibil- ity. Should no improvement be noted, the size of the dose may be increased, or the intervals shortened, or both. If a pronounced clinical reaction occurs—characterized by fever and aggravation of local symptoms—it indicates that the dose has been too large; and the next injection should be smaller. We have sufficient evi- dence, however, to show that much larger doses than the maxi- mum quantities now recommended may be given in most cases. The amount of vaccine required varies according to the age and personal characteristics of the patient; and the type, dura- tion, extent and severity of the infection. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the packages containing six different dilu- tions, as marketed by most loboratories, do not in any sense con- stitute a complete treatment. It is impossible to prepare any six graduated doses which would meet the conditions of every case; some cases might require 12 to 15 doses, while 4 or 5 might suffice for others. As a general rule, the intervals between the doses in acute in- fections vary from one to three days. After the acute symptoms _ have subsided—as shown by a drop in the temperature and by 164 R. E. SPLINE. other signs of improvement—the intervals may vary from two to five days. In sub-acute and chronic infections, the vaccine should be given every three to seven days; the doses being increased ac- cording to the clinical symptoms. Autogenous vs. Stock Vaccines.—A great deal of discussion has arisen regarding the question as to whether it is advisable to use autogenous vaccines, that is vaccines that are prepared from the cultures of the bacteria obtained from the patient; or whether it is better to make use of stock vaccines pre- pared from cultures of the organism causing the infection, but not derived from the particular individual to be treated. As long . as we know so little of what vaccines may accomplish, it is clear that our clinical knowledge is not sufficient to decide such a ques- tion. We can only speak theoretically, and theoretically we must admit the existence of many strains of a given type of organism and also the possibility of individual differences in the organism. Upon this basis autogenous vaccines would appear to be prefer- able to stock vaccines, since autogenous cultures comply with the scientific requirements of a vaccine. From a practical standpoint, however, stock vaccines are more satisfactory to use for various reasons: (1) It is frequently impossible to prepare an autogen- ous vaccine for lack of proper facilities. (2) It requires several days to prepare an autogenous vaccine and this necessitates loss of valuable time in the treatment. (3) Since it has been demon- strated that different cultures of the same species of organism vary widely in biochemic properties, it is obvious that a poly- valent stock vaccine will produce a high grade of immunity. (4) An autogenous vaccine adds materially to the cost of an other- wise inexpensive treatment. UsrE oF VACCINES AND SERUMS IN VETERINARY PRACTICE.— — The practical application of vaccines and serums in veterinary — practice may properly be considered under three headings: Those used for prophylactic purposes; those employed as therapeutic measures ; and those used as diagnostic agents. Prophylactic Vaccines——The principle of prophylactic inocu- lation is best illustrated by reference to human medicine. When — RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 165 and how the discovery was made that the virulence of smallpox _ is greatly diminished by the introduction of virus through the skin is not known; but the principle was evidently extensively _ utilized in Turkey for prophylactic purposes early in the 18th century. Led by the popular belief, which was prevalent in Glou- cestershire during the latter half of the 18th century, that indi- viduals who had accidently become infected by cowpox. were thereby protected against smallpox, Jenner put this idea to a test in 1796. To this end, he inoculated a healthy boy 8 years old with material taken from a cowpox vesicle on the hand of a _dairymaid and, a couple of months later, showed by inoculation with cowpox virus that the child was actually immune. After this, vaccination was extensively practiced in different European countries and introduced into America. The source of material for a long time was obtained from cows that had developed cow- _ pox; in some instances from horses affected with grease, the affections having been shown to be identical. ~ Rasres.—While the actual principle underlying the preven- _ tive vaccination against smallpox was scarcely recognized by __ Jenner and his contemporaries, their work nevertheless consti- tutes the basis of-all modern vaccine work. To it may be directly _ attributed the successful preventive treatment of another preva- _ lent disease, the pathogenic agent of which has not yet been isolated, namely, rabies. q We owe the discovery of this treatment to the genius of _ Pasteur; and to him undoubtedly belongs the credit for having first recognized the fact that, by the use of suitable attenuated virus, full protection may be afforded against the corresponding a virulent affection. In Jenner’ s case, nature had performed the experiment. for him; but Pasteur was the first who purposely _ employed animal experiments to demonstrate the principle ir question. fee the idea underlying Pasteur’s Antirabic Treatment is to 1m- - munize the bitten animal within the period of time that the actual ’ disease requires for its dev elopment. To accomplish this, it was 4 mecessary to so change the nature of the virus that the incubation Sa eS a le ee 166 R. E. SPLINE. period following its injection would be materially shorter than that of the actual disease. This was accomplished by passing the natural or “street virus” through a series of 50 rabbits, when its period of incubation was found to be reduced to 6 or 8 days. Further passage does not change it; and such virus, which no longer produces symptoms of the furious type of rabies in dogs or guinea-pigs, but merely the paralytic type, is now termed “fixed virus.” Pasteur then found that the virulence of the virus can be still further diminished by desiccation and that after 12 to 14 days it is lost altogether. The plan of treatment is to inoculate the animal on succesive days with material of increas- ing virulence, beginning with that which is altogether innocuous. The mortality from rabies, which formerly ranged between 14 per cent. and 16 per cent. has been reduced to about 1 per cent. under Pasteur’s vaccine treatment. BLACKLEG.—A very valuable and practical method of vac- cination against blackleg or quarter ill was devised by Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas in 1879. By this method, a vaccine is pre- pared from diseased muscles by attenuating the virus by means of different degrees of heat. One portion is heated at 100° C., the other at 90° C., for 6 hours. That portion prepared at the high temperature makes the first or weaker vaccine, while that prepared at the lower teperature is the second or stronger one. The high temperatures attenuate the virulence of the virus. The spores, however, remain capable of germinating, but are not capable of exerting their pathogenic influence. The spores germ- inate and multiply slowly, so that little by little the newly pro- duced virus immunizes the tissues. The immunity becomes posi- tive in 8 to 10 days after the second vaccination. The practical value of the protective vaccination has already been definitely established, and the immunity obtained persists for 3 to 12 months. In 1880, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas sub- jected 13 head of cattle to protective vaccination before a Com- mission at Chaumont. When these cattle were later inoculated with virulent material, they all remained healthy; while out of 12 non-vaccinated animals 11 acquired blackleg as the result of a Dsl al RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 167 a similar inoculation and 9 of them died. Protective vaccination is now practiced with good results in those districts where the disease usually appears as an epizootic. Vaccination has reduced the number of cases so that the disease is only one-twelfth as prevalent as formerly. Experiments, conducted by Kitt, showed that, by heating the diseased muscle for six‘hours at 97° C., a suitable vaccine could be obtained which would produce lasting immunity by one injec- tion. This method of vaccination is especialy to be recommended, and has been used in the United States since 1897. The best sea- sons for using the protective vaccination are the spring and fall, but this may be regulated by local circumstances and by an ob- servation of the time of year when previous outbreaks occurred. In the case of young stock, it is advisable to give a second vac- cination in 3 months. ANTHRAX.—In 1881, Pasteur conclusively established the fact that anthrax bacilli, when grown at a température of 42.5° C., will continue to actively multiply for a time, but no longer form spores. Further, he proved that the bacilli, when attenu- ated to a certain degree, will retain this degree of virulence if - their cultivation is continued at body temperature. Finally, when the attenuated organisms are grown at 37° C., they may again form spores whose degree of attenuation will be that of the bacilli in which they develop: in this way, the virulence is fixed and may be indefinitely perpetuated. Upon this experi- mental work is based the practical method of protective inocula- tion against anthrax, worked out by Pasteur with the co-opera- tion of Roux and Chamberland. The vaccine is prepared by growing the bacilli in bouillon at a temperature of 42.5° C. After 12 days’ growth, the cultures are attenuated to such a degree that they will kill guinea-pigs but not rabbits. Such an attenuated culture, when grown at - 37° C., represents the second or stronger vaccine. After 24 days’ growth at 42.5° C., the cultures are so attenuated that they will kill white mice but not guinea-pigs. Such an attenu- _ ated culture, when grown at 37° C., represents the first or weaker - yaccine. Protective inoculation is carried out by the subcutane- 168 R. E. SPLINE. ous injection of the weaker vaccine, followed in 12 days by an injection of the stronger vaccine. The immunization is based upon the principle that the first injection materially reduces the natural susceptibility of the ani- mal, so that it will withstand without injury the second inocula- tion with the stronger vaccine. The immunity becomes positive in about 10 to 12 days after the second inoculation and persists for about one year. ‘The effectiveness of the vaccine has been proved by Pasteur through experiments carried out before a Commission at Pouilly-le-Fort. Of 50 sheep, 25 were vaccinated with his two vaccines, and two weeks after the second vaccination they were inoculated with anthrax material, together with the 25 con- trol animals. The results showed that inside of two days all of the 25 control animals died of anthrax, while all of the 25 vac- cinated sheep remained alive. The results obtained from a large number of cases indicate that the death rate may be reduced from more than 90 per cent. to less than 5 per cent. if vaccination is practiced early. » CANINE DISTEMPER.—Canine Distemper is the most destruc- tive and widespread infectious disease with which dogs are af- fected. The disease is inevitable for young dogs—especially highly bred and valuable animals—the mortality among some breeds reaching 70 to 90 per cent. It exists in all countries and eccurs at any season of the year, although the spring and fall months are the most favorable for its production. The etiology of this disease has occupied the attention a a number of bacteriologists since the time of Pasteur. Ferry — (1910) and McGowan (1911) independently isolated the same bacillus (B. bronchisepticus), which was claimed to be the pri- — d mary etiologic factor in the disease. The extensive investiga- tions carried out by Torrey and Rahe (1913) in the Department — of Experimental Pathology of the Loomis Laboratory, Cornell University Medical School, covering a period of 2% years, have demonstrated. that the B. bronchisepticus is the essential and specific factor of canine distemper. Canine Distemper Prophylactic is used as an immunizing — pak. =o RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 169 agent against canine distemper. It is advisable to give three doses at intervals at 3 to 5 days and at least one month before probable exposure, in order to produce a thorough immuniza- tion. The prophylactic vaccine may be given at any time, pro- vided symptoms of the disease have not appeared. If the vaccine is used after exposure and the dog contracts the disease, the severity of the symptoms will be lessened and the duration of the disease shortened. However, in vaccinating animals that are known to have been exposed, it is advisable to consider such animals as already infected, and to use the vaccine as outlined under Canine Distemper Treatment. The initial prophylactic dose contains 350 million of the specific organisms; the second dose 700 million, and the third dose 1,050 million. Equine INFLUENzA.—Equine Influenza has been known from earliest times under various names (equine contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stable pneumonia, shipping fever, catarrhal fever, typhoid fever, etc.), and its infectious nature has been 4 recognized since the second half of the last century. The term “influenza ’* has been used since the beginning of the last century for all acute febrile affections of horses that spread rapidly and which have a pronounced miasmatic-contagious character. Schiitz (1887) undertook extensive bacteriological experi- ments to establish the nature of the disease, and indicated a dip- lococcus as the causative factor. This bacterium was later proven to be a streptococcus closely related to the streptococcus of strangles. It has been a much debated question as to whether this organism is found solely in strangles; and a review of the bacter- iological investigations in strangles, influenza and contagious- pneumonia indicates that this organism predominates in these conditions. The very fact that contagious pneumonia and strangles so frequently occur side by side in the same stable, and are so often found following so closely symptoms of influenza that in the initial stage a differential diagnosis is often extremely difficult or impossible, has led the majority of observers to be- lieve that these diseases are closely related. Ferry (1912) isolated a streptococcus in pure culture from 170 R. E. SPLINE. the lower trachea in a case of typical influenza, as found in var- ious stock yards and sales stables. He also obtained this strep- tococcus from cultures taken from the blood of horses suffering with this disease. The cultural characteristics of this micro- organism are apparently identical with the streptococcus of strangles. There is considerable evidence that these streptococci are alike, and they are apparently always found in influenza, stran- gles and contagious pneumonia. Moreover, there is little doubt that they are responsible for the severe symptoms manifested in these diseases. ‘ There is very convincing evidence that the organisms, isolated by Schtitz and Ferry, are only secondary invaders which accom- pany or complicate the disease; for, the very excellent work of Gaffky indicates that the primary causative factor of equine influenza is undoubtedly a protozoon which can be classed among the filterable viruses. In view of this fact, it cannot be expected that any positive immunity will result from the use of a bacterial vaccine. Nevertheless, it is quite certain that, without the sec- ondary infection, the course of the disease is very mild. The vaccine, used for prophylaxis and treatment of the disease, is, therefore, entirely logical; for it protects animals from the more severe symptoms of the disease which are due to these secondary invading organisms. Equine Influenza Prophylactic is used as an immunizing agent to prevent the complications which usually accompany equine influenza; such as fatty degeneration of the heart muscle, acute nephritis, intestinal catarrh, pleuro-pneumonia and septi- cemia. It is always advisable to give 3 doses at intervals of 3 to 5 days for a thorough immunization. If the vaccine is used after exposure and the horse contracts the disease, the severity of the symptoms will be lessened and the duration of the disease short- ened. However, in vaccinating animals that are known to have been exposed, it is advisable to consider such animals as already infected, and to use the vaccine as outlined under Equine Influ- Se es oe RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 171 enza Treatment. ‘The initial prophylactic dose contains 1,200 million of the combined organisms; the second dose, 3,600 mil- lion; and the third dose, 6,000 million. Contacious ABortion.—The tendency toward natural im- munity of cattle infected with contagious abortion has raised the question of the production of artificial immunity by various methods. Bang’s investigations along this line indicate the possi- bility of securing such immunization in cattle as well as in sheep and goats. Mohler and Traum have been conducting a number of experiments on 5 large dairy herds in an endeavor to find a suitable biologic product for immunization and control of this disease. Suspensions of the Bang bacillus, killed by heating or carbolic acid, were injected. Over 250 head of cattle have been thus treated from 3 to 5 times with the product prepared from one strain of the organism. Since the different strains have been found to vary somewhat, other experiments have been conducted with suspensions made from a number of the most virulent- strains. The outlook for prophylactic treatment along this line is somewhat encouraging, but a definite decision on the value of this line of vaccination must be deferred until the completed in- vestigations of various workers are reported. Prophylactic Serums.—The importance to the veterinarian of three diseases, in which prophylactic inoculation is carried out by means of serums instead of vaccines, necessitates a few words concerning tetanus, hog cholera and strangles. Tretanus.—tThe early work of Behring and Kitasato on the immunization of rabbits, and the experiments of Tizzoni and Catani on mice and rats, formed the basis of the serum immuni- zation and serum therapy for tetanus. The serum of horses is now exclusively used for this purpose, since Schultz found that horses and sheep may also be successfully immunized against tetanus and produce a potent, immune serum. Immunization is advisable and indicated in all cases in which tetanus is feared within a short time. Such a possibility exists particularly for contusions, which have become contaminated with dirt or ma- nure; also, whenever tetanus is frequently observed, in certain 172 R. E. SPLINE. localities, to follow operations, including castration, docking of the tail, operations for umbilical hernia, various skin injuries, ete., and when, during the operation, careful asepsis cannot be carried out. Recent work in the field of medicine by Ashhurst and John have clearly demonstrated the fallacy of employing tetanus anti- toxin subcutaneously. Their work has decisively demonstrated that the antitoxin should be administered in all cases both intra- spinously and intravenously; and, further, that whenever pos- sible, injection of antitoxin should be made in the sheath of the nerve supplying the affected part. Hoc CHoLeraA.—One can only hope to secure practical re- sults from a method of immunization against hog cholera which will afford protection against primary infection with the filter- able cholera virus. After the demonstration of the latest facts concerning the etiology of the disease, by establishing the virul- ence of the filtered tissue-fluids of affected animals, experiments were undertaken to work out a suitable method of immunization ; and already they have led to valuable results. The idea of using serum from hogs, which recovered from cholera, for immunizing purposes was first utilized by Preisz in 1897. According to the experiments of Dorset, McBryde, Niles and many others, hogs which acquire an immunity from an infection of hog cholera, when injected with virulent blood, produce a serum which pro- tects susceptible hogs for at least 3 weeks against infection. The — results in practice have proven very satisfactory; for, by the aid of this method, it is possible to considerably reduce the loss in herds which have been affected, and in many cases to check the outbreak abruptly. It is advisable to treat all herds, which are threatened by the infection, with the immune serum, and espe- cially those in which the disease has already appeared. Moreover, — the drove should be retained in the same place until the infection is eradicated. In case the disease appears again in the same herd, it is advisable to repeat the injection with immune serum. STRANGLES.—Antistreptococcus Serum prepared by the use of the streptococcus equi is being used with encouraging results for the prophylaxis of strangles. For this purpose not less than 56 to 100 ¢.c. of the serum should be used. eS ee a, RELATION OF VACCINE. THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 173 Therapeutic Vaccines.—The list of diseases in which vaccines may be used from a therapeutic standpoint is a long one, yet the actual number of different types of diseases is more or less lim- ‘ited. SuPPuRATIONS.—The ever-present staphylococcus is respon- sible either primarily or secondarily for numerous suppurative conditions. Bacteriological examination has revealed the fact that these infections are of a mixed nature, the streptococcus being almost always associated with the staphylococcus, and, many times, the colon bacillus is also present. The use of a mixed bacterial vaccine containing the staphylococcus, streptococcus and colon bacillus finds its application in the treatment of infected wounds, including open joints, nail punctures, wire cuts and various surgical wounds; as well as abscesses, navel ill, poll evil, fistulous withers, etc. Thomason reports the cure of navel ill, fistulous withers and poll evil by the use of mixed vaccines. In treating suppurative conditions with vaccines, however, it is nec- ‘essary to employ deep incisions and passive hypermia, in order to bring the vaccine into the focus of the disease. CANINE DistempER.—According to the work of Torrey and Rahe, the bacillus bronchisepticus is the infective agent essential for the transmission of canine distemper ; but certain characteris- tic symptoms of the disease are due to secondary infection by other micro-organisms, notably the streptococcus and the staphy- lococcus. In treating the disease, therefore, it is essential that a _ vaccine composed of all of these organisms be used; and the treatment should be begun as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made. Reports from a large number of veterinarians - indicate that Canine Distemper Treatment is of distinct service _ if used early in the disease. Animals, that are known to have been exposed to canine distemper, should be considered as already infected; and it is - advisable not to vaccinate such animals with the prophylactic vaccine, but to use the Canine Distemper Treatment which has been found to produce better results in such cases. A safe initial dose seems to be 175 million of the combined 174 R. E. SPLINE. organisms—very small or very young dogs receiving one-half of this amount—each succeeding dose should be increased by 175 million of the combined organisms. The doses are usually given at 2 to 3 day intervals, depending upon the reaction and general condition of the animal. Treatment should be begun as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made. Equine INFLUENzA.—Bacteriological investigations indicate that the streptococcus is the predominating organism in strangles, influenza and contagious pneumonia. These closely allied dis- eases are now being treated with a vaccine composed primarily of streptococci, staphylococci and pneumococci, obtained from these diseases. A proper dosage of equine influenza treatment, which is a polyvalent vaccine, depends somewhat upon the indications in each case. A safe initial dose seems to be 300 million gradu- ally increased according to the symptoms; colts receiving one- half of the adult dose. Animals, that are known to have been exposed to equine influenza, should be considered as already infected; and it is advisable not to vaccinate such animals with the prophylactic vaccine, but to use the Equine Influenza Treatment which has been found to produce better results in such cases. PNEUMONIA.—Numerous reports show that the course of croupous pneumonia is favorably influenced by the use of pneu- monia vaccine, composed of pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. In delayed resolution after pneumonia, it is un- doubtedly of great benefit. The initial dose is 500 to 1,000 million progressively increased. Wuite Scours AN ENTERITIS.—Extensive bacteriological — studies of Jensen, Poels, Joest and others have shown that white scours of sucklings is caused by the bacillus coli communis. A polyvalent colon vaccine has been used with very favorable re- sults by many German investigators. This product is also very useful in treating enteritis and numerous other associated dis- eases of the abdominal organs. Therapeutic Serums.—Before leaving the subject of thera- peutics, mention must be made of tetanus antitoxin and anti- streptococcus serum. wees aes ee ee RELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 175 If tetanus antitoxin is employed intraspinously and intraven- ously, many valuable animals can be saved and the expense of the treatment materially reduced. Antistreptococcus serum prepared by the use of the strepto- coccus equi, is being used with encouraging results by many for- eign investigators in the treatment of strangles, pneumonia, pur- pura hemorrhagica and septicaemia. Many reports have been published in which the use of this serum has been followed by good results in strangles, influenza, bronchitis and pneumonia. In this country, Norton has reported the succesful treatment of strangles and influenza by the use of antistreptococcus serum. Diagnostic Agents. TuBERCULIN.—One of the most serious problems concern- ing the live stock industry is the increasing prevalence of tuber- culosis among cattle and hogs. ‘Tuberculosis often develops so insidiously that a long period often elapses beforé any symptoms are shown; and yet, during this time, the infected animal may communicate the disease to others in the herd. Tuberculous in- fection produces certain changes in the animal body, as a result of which it reacts to the second infection, or to the injection of the toxins of the tubercle bacillus, in a different manner than the body of an animal which has not been infected. This condition has been variously styled “allergy,” “ hypersensitiveness ” and “ anaphylaxis.” Anaphylaxis manifests itself in pronounced in- flammatory reaction, following the administration of small quan- tities of toxins which would have no effect on healthy animals. This hypersensitiveness is particularly evident with respect to the tuberculin which Koch prepared from glycerin bouillon cultures. Practical experience and observations have confirmed Koch’s declaration that, on account of its specific action on the tubercu- lous animal, tuberculin is admirably adapted as a diagnostic agent. Tuberculin is the bacteria-free filtrate containing the metabolic products of the tubercle bacilli grown on glycerinated bouillon, and can be used for detecting the presence of tubercu- losis in cattle and other animals. When injected into a tubercu- 176 R. E. SPLINE. lous animal it produces a rise in temperature, but not when in- jected into a healthy animal. The injections may be given sub- cutaneously in the neck, about midway between head and shoulder. Matiern.—Infection with glanders produces a_ peculiar anaphylactic condition of the animal body, similar to that ob- served in tuberculosis. This condition manifests itself by an in- creased susceptibility to the toxins of the bacillus mallei, which is the organism that causes glanders. This hypersensitiveness is utilized for diagnostic purposes by administering the toxin of the glanders bacillus to the suspected animals, and the resulting reaction is considered as an index of the presence or absence of infection. Mallein is the toxic substance produced by the bacillus mallei when cultivated in the local glycerinated medium. The diagnostic value of the mallein reaction has been con- firmed by the practical experience of the last two decades; and, at the present time, it has been firmly established that mallein is an extremely delicate and reliable agent for the diagnosis of glanders. In performing the test, ophthalmic mallein is by far the best preparation to use. It is the most sensitive; gives the most ac- curate results; is absolutely reliable; and is much more convenient : to apply than is the subcutaneous test. CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion we desire to emphasize the following points: — (1) The veterinary biologic literature now on record is very meagre; and veterinarians ought to encourage the building of : a reliable literature by reporting and publishing the results—both — negative and positive—of vaccine therapy. (2) In using vaccines for therapeutic purposes, one package containing 5 or 6 doses must not be considered a complete treat- 4q ment ; some cases may require 15 or more doses, while others may be benefited by 4 or 5. On the other hand, one package of the — prophylactic vaccines does constitute a complete treatment. (3) In vaccine therapy, every case must be individually a a ’ 4 = BELATION OF VACCINE THERAPY TO VETERINARY PRACTICE. 8 Wy oy studied—just as when administering drugs—and the size, num- : ber, and frequency of doses must be adapted to the needs of the individual case. (4) Furthermore, in treating disease with a vaccine, the nec- essary medical and surgical measures must not be neglected; for reliance should not be placed solely on the action of the vaccine. (5) Vaccines have failed in many instances to give the de- sired results, because they were given in cases unsuited to vaccine therapy. Vaccines are specific in their action, and have doubt- less often been used without correct bacteriologic diagnosis. (6) Vaccines must not be expected to reconstruct tissues that have been destroyed by pathogenic organisms. Vaccines are not panaceas, nor a substitute for the veterinarian; but they-do serve as a valuable adjunct in the therapeutic treatment of diseases. (7) Vaccines play a most important role in veterinary prac- tice in the prophylaxis of diseases. (8) To be effective, vaccines must be timely and intelligently “administered by a trained veterinarian. (9) In order to secure the best possible results from vaccine therapy, the veterinarian should keep in touch with a scientific laboratory where the pathogenic organisms can be studied. The veterinarian and the laboratory must work together in the devel- 5 opment of biologic therapy which, it is believed, is destined to revolutionize former methods of treatment. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ALLIED Horse INTERESTS STARTS _ A Pusrication.—During April there arrived at the REvIEW _ office a copy of The Horse Lover, published by the National As- sociation of Allied Horse Interests, at Providence, Rhode ‘Island. The book is 10 by 13 inches, and contains upward of 40 pages. The cover page is adorned by a handsome pair of _coachers, held by a young lady, who stands between their heads. Produced in natural colors, it makes an attractive cover page. _ The association publishing this monthly deserves the support of all veterinarians. The-paper costs but 10 cents a copy, or $I a year, and is worth much more than that amount. Write to The _ Horse Lover, Industrial Trust Co. Building, Providence, R. I. HOG CHOLERA AND THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM.* By Dante E. SAtmon, D.V.M., Butre, Mont. The title of this paper, which was assigned me by your honorable secretary, is comprehensive enough to cover a volume of no mean proportions; but I hope that none of the members of this association is apprehensive that an attempt will be made to treat the subject exhaustively at this meeting. The most that the writer can hope to do is briefly to express his views in regard to certain points in which it is to be supposed that veterinarians are especially interested. That many subjects will be omitted and others but very inadequately treated, follows as a matter of course 3 OBSERVATIONS IN REGARD TO HoG CHOLERA. Hog cholera is a disease which during the last two or three years has received the most extraordinary attention, not only of veterinarians, but of farmers and many other classes of the community interested in the purchase and sale of pork products, the conservation of the nation’s food supply and the reduction of the present high cost of living. The disease seems to have been unusually prevalent and malignant, and this, coupled with the advent of the serum treatment, has led to a feeling that the time has come when this contagion should be controlled and per- haps eradicated. Many of the hog-growing states, as well as the — national government, are making preparations either to carry out experiments on a large scale or to begin the work of eradica- tion. The subject is, therefore, one which at this particular time merits your attention, perhaps more than any other which is before the profession; and every veterinarian should be prepared to give expert advice in regard to all points connected with the * Presented to Montana Veterinary Medical Association, at Bozeman, January, 1914. 178 : ‘ } 4 f t Rec em leis a ll ~/ HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 179 disease, and to administer the treatment in the most approved _ manner. Hog cholera is a peculiar disease in several respects. It is peculiar in the great susceptibility of hogs to the contagion, its rapid spread through herds and localities, and the malignancy of its action. In these respects it can hardly be compared with any other disease of animals than the cattle plague, which from time immemorial has been the terror of cattle raisers in most parts of the world. It is, also, peculiar in that it is not communicable, by inocu- lation or otherwise, to any other species of animals. This fact makes it necessary that all the experiments made to study the disease and its contagion should be performed upon swine; and likewise all tests of the virus and the serum must be carried out with these animals. This has made the study of the disease and the production of the serum unusually difficult and expensive, since we must discard the small laboratory animals which may be produced and maintained in unlimited quantities and at little cost, because they are not available for the study of the disease or the testing of its products. This disease is again peculiar because there is always, or nearly always, associated with it and present in the principal or- gans and blood a bacillus which is not the essential cause of the disease, but is so constantly associated with that cause that it is called the hog-cholera bacillus, and for many years was supposed to be the active and essential pathogenic agent. The writer is not in a position to state, even after all of these years of investiga- tion, exactly which of the symptoms and lesions should be attrib- uted to the hog-cholera bacillus and which to the filtrable cause of the disease. The hog-cholera bacillus is a pathogenic microbe which sometimes has considerable virulence, and its habitual pres- ence in diseased animals is a complication which it would be very unwise to ignore. If we go back to the early experiments of Theobald Smith, we will find that upon one occasion he inoculated a pig intra- venously with 5 c.c. of a beef-infusion-peptone culture of the 180 DANIEL E. SALMON. bacillus made from an agar culture about a week old. Now as the filtrable virus is not cultivable in such media, there hardly could have been sufficient of it present in the liquid inoculated to produce a very intense effect. If it had any pathogenic action whatever, under such conditions, we should expect that the symp- toms would be slow in appearing and mild in character. But in this case, on the contrary, there was a rise in temperature of 3% degrees F. to 107 degrees within two hours after the inocula- tion. Two days after the inoculation there was a temperature of 107% degrees, and the third day the animal expired. That is a more rapid course than we should expect from the filtrable virus, even if a large dose had been given, so that we may, at least provisionally, conclude that the sickness and death of this animal were due to the bacillus and not to the filtrable virus. The autopsy was especially interesting from a diagnostic point of view. There was a general blush on the skin of the ventral aspect of the body, snout and lips. Spleen enormously enlarged, gorged with dark blood and friable. Superficial inguinal glands enlarged, edematous, with congested cortex. Bronchial and renal glands enlarged, partly hemorrhagic; gastric glands hemorrhagic throughout substance ;:the mesenteric and meso-colic glands all deeply congested throughout their substance. Blood thick, dark colored, coagulation slight, even after several hours’ exposure to the air. Several petechiae on epicardium of right auricle. Kid- neys enlarged, deeply congested throughout. The surface thickly dotted with minute red points. The papillae so deeply reddened that any extravasations would be unrecognizable. A few pe- techiae in pelvis. Bladder contained about thirty grams of urine tinged with blood. The whole mucosa of stomach deeply con- gested. Inthe fundus it was hemorrhagic with numerous patches of necrosed epithelium one-fourth to one-half inch across. The upper eight inches of the duodenum in same condition as fundus of stomach. Numerous red points scattered over mucosa of entire small intestine. The mucosa of caecum and upper colon very slightly congested, but the remaining two-thirds intensely so. Hemorrhage here and there sufficient to stain the feces with =e ee ee ee ee ee ee a Se ee ee ee HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 181 _ blood. Cover glass preparations and cultures from splenic pulp revealed only hog cholera bacilli. In other experiments by sub- cutaneous inoculation of cultures he observed extravasations on auricular appendages of heart and on the lungs, with minute hemorrhages throughout the parenchyma of the lungs. Now let us compare these lesions with those given by Dorset as those of acute hog cholera. He mentions red or purplish blotches of the skin, small hemorrhagic spots in the lungs, hem- orrhages on the surface of the heart, spleen almost without excep- tion quite large, dark and soft, kidneys with dark red points over the surface frequently reminding one of the speckling of a tur- key’s egg, the lining membrane of the stomach very much inflamed and red, frequently showing evidence of ulceration, the outer surface of the small intestine may be literally covered with bloody spots and the inner surface may be dotted with similar lesions. The outer surface of the large intestine may show the same _ hemorrhagic spots and the inner lining is frequently blood stained and has small areas of bloody extravasation. It is frequently found that the feces contained in the large intestine are bloody, due to hemorrhages. The lymphatic glands are enlarged and reddened, at times almost black. ) =—— Dorset recapitulates as the important lesions found after death in acute hog cholera: 1. Reddening of the skin. 2. Bloody spots in the lungs, on the surface of the heart, in the kidneys, on the outer surface and inner lining of the intestines and stomach. 3. Reddening of the _ lymphatic glands. 4. Enlargement of the spleen. All of these, with the exception of hemorrhages on the outer _ surface of the intestines, were observed by Smith in the autopsies _ of acute cases of disease produced by inoculation with cultures _of the hog cholera bacillus. It is clear, therefore, that it not only is difficult to male a diagnosis, except by laboratory methods, between disease caused _ by the hog-cholera bacillus and that caused by the filtrable virus, : when they occur separately, but that it is equally difficult to specify 182 DANIEL E. SALMON. precisely the part played by each in the complex which we desig- nate hog cholera. To illustrate the practical application of these facts in explain- ing the phenomena of hog cholera, as encountered in dealing with this disease, a recent experience of the writer may be related. A carload containing about 90 shotes, supposed to be susceptible to hog cholera, were received at the plant of the Highland Serum Co., to be used for the production of virus and for testing serum. About half of these pigs were placed in a pen at one side of the grounds supposed to be free from infection, the other half was placed in infected pens. It was not long before those in the infected pens began to sicken, and inoculations were made with blood taken from them, both immediately before and immediately after death. Now, although the disease in these pigs assumed a very violent form, causing death in about two or three days from the appearance of the first symptoms, and although the lesions were very marked and coincided with those which we consider characteristic of hog cholera, particularly hemorrhages of the skin, of the surface of the heart, of the lungs, of the outer and inner coats of the intestines, of the lymphatic glands, and of the kidneys, with enlargement of the spleen, we never succeeded in reproducing the disease by inoculation of the shotes which had been held in the pen supposed to be uninfected. Three or four _ of this lot contracted the disease by infection, but these animals appeared immune to subcutaneous and intramuscular inocula- tions with the blood of those which sickened spontaneously, and, also, to the stock virus which we had on hand. Pigs from this lot were then inoculated with fresh cholera virus from three dif- ferent sources in which we have the utmost confidence, and in no case did cholera develop from these inoculations. . What are we to conclude from such an experience? In the — first place, if the disease which developed spontaneously was chol- era, it should have been inoculable by subcutaneous and intramus- cular injection of the blood of the dying and recently dead ani- mals. In the second place, if these pigs had been susceptible to cholera, they should have contracted it from the intramuscular ed ee ee ee a Tea here HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 183 injection of one or more of the four strains of virus which were used upon them. If the disease was not cholera, and the pigs were insusceptible to cholera, is it not reasonable to conclude that it was the very similar disease caused by the hog-cholera bacil- lus, which is only transmitted by subcutaneous inoculation with difficulty, even when large numbers of bacilli are injected, and probably would not be caused by the relatively small numbers existing in the quantity of blood used for the inoculations? In each of the experimental inoculations, from two to four animals were injected and about forty inoculations were made altogether, so that the experimental evidence is not lacking as to the prin- cipal facts. There is another interesting observation connected with this outbreak, which should be mentioned to complete the case. So many pigs were dying, among those in the infected pens, with- out yielding any results in the production of virus that it was decided to give the remainder the simultaneous vaccination. As a result of this treatment, the disease was arrested within a week from the time the animals were vaccinated. The question now arises, Should this observation as to the result of vaccination modify our conclusions as drawn from the other experiments which have already been mentioned? This is not an easy question to answer. It must be admitted that, in hyperimmunizing hogs with large quantities of blood from ani- mals in the last stages of cholera, we are introducing, in many cases at least, considerable numbers of hog-cholera bacilli, and that, consequently, the serum produced should in many cases have a protective action against the hog-cholera bacillus as well as against the filtrable virus. This would seem to be a consistent explanation of how the vaccination with hog-cholera serum and virus could arrest an outbreak of disease caused by the hog- _ cholera bacillus. Of course, a laboratory study of this disease would have thrown more light upon its nature, but would have required much more time than could be given to it. Finally, if these pigs were immune to cholera, How did they _ acquire their immunity? They were from a ranch where there 184 DANIEL E, SALMON, had been no vaccination and no cholera, and, although the sows had been purchased within the year, it is not probable that they had. been vaccinated. OBSERVATIONS IN REGARD TO THE PRODUCTION OF Hoc-CHOLERA SERUM. Potency.—Hog-cholera serum produced by either of the four methods in common use appears to be equally potent, and, so far as the user is concerned, there is no reason to choose one rather than the other. Some are claiming that the intravenous injection of the virus produces the most potent serum, but an examination of the experiments of Dorset and McBryde lends no support to this assumption. On the contrary, the most potent serum which they obtained appears to have been that of Hog 1383, which was “a slow immune.” The serum from this hog was so potent that in the dose of 5 c.c. it perfectly protected 30 and 35-pound pigs from inoculation with 1 and 2 c.c. of virus, and even in the extremely small dose of 2% c.c. for such pigs it enabled them to survive the inoculation, though they were sick as a result of it. | The intravenous injection of the virus, however, is practiced in most cases because of its convenience and rapidity; but with some hogs the ear veins are not suitable for injection, and these must be injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Sera of the highest potency are obtained by each of these methods of injection. Nature of the Serum.—The hog-cholera serum, from the observations of the writer, appears to be an anti-toxic rather than a bactericidal serum. This would be anticipated from the large — dose of virus given in hyperimmunizing, and from the toxic effect which such doses generally produce, beginning soon after the injection and lasting for several days. In one experiment made by the writer by mixing the serum and virus, and leaving them — in contact an hour before injection, 4 out of 6 animals developed cholera, and 2 of them with extraordinarily short periods of a) eee ee ee a ee HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 185 incubation and violent symptoms. That is, the serum, by direct action on the virus, neither destroys it nor lessens its virulence; on the contrary, under such conditions, it appears that the virus diminishes or destroys the efficacy of the serum. Acting under this conviction, the Bureau of Animal Industry requires that the virus and serum be prepared in separate rooms and with an en- tirely independent equipment. The Production of Serum Free from Contamination.—The ' producer of serum should use every precaution to avoid to the utmost extent the contamination of his product with microbes of all kinds, and especially those having pathogenic action. It is not so much of the laboratory technic that | speak, but of other conditions which affect the purity of the serum and which have not been so definitely specified. It has been a common practice of some producers of serum to get the virulent blood for hyperimmunizing from animals which sicken in infected herds and the history of which cannot definitely be ascertained. In few cases of this kind can it be de- termined just how long the infection has been developing in the _animal’s body, and what the chances are of infection with other microbes than that which produces hog cholera. We know, for instance, that the hog-cholera bacillus is often present as a con- taminating organism, and that as the disease approaches the chronic type and is prolonged, other microbes may gain entrance to the blood. The entrance of these contaminating microbes is no doubt facilitated by the ulcers of the intestines, which make their appearance in from ten days to two weeks, and which offer an open gateway for the admission of such micro-organisms; but even in the absence of these ulcers the blood may be con- taminated with virulent bacteria which cause havoc in the injected animals. In one case a pig, which had mild symptoms of cholera for a week or two, suddenly showed violent symptoms, with intense redness under the jaw and breast. This pig was bled, and the lesions shown at the autopsy being identical with those of acute hog cholera, its blood was used on three hogs—two receiving it 186 DANIEL E. SALMON. intravenously and one subcutaneously. The two which were injected intravenously, died from the injection, notwithstanding that they were already hyperimmune from having received large doses of virus, while the one injected subcutaneously had exten- sive abscesses wherever the blood was injected. This blood must have been very heavily infected with active pus producing organ- isms before the death of the pig from which it was obtained, and we are led by this experience to inquire what would happen if we hyperimmunized with blood which was contaminated with — such microbes, but not in sufficient numbers to produce visible symptoms in the injected hogs. Would not some of these mi- crobes remain in the blood of the hyperimmunes a sufficient time to contaminate the serum? sla The blood of another pig which had contracted the disease from an infected pen was being used for subcutaneous injection when it was observed to have a peculiar appearance, the color- ing matter separating from the serum as a granular, brick-dust like deposit. This blood, also, produced many abscesses. As a result of these and other observations, no blood is used by us for hyperimmunization, unless the hog from which it was obtained has been infected for that purpose by inoculation, and we know exactly the period of incubation which it has passed through. For the same reason, no doubt, the government requires that blood for simultaneous vaccination shall be collected only from hogs inoculated, which sicken by the seventh day and are ready to die by the fifteenth day. Hogs for either serum or virus production should be free from abscesses, ulcers of the skin, patches of necrosis, or other similar lesions through which microbes might gain access to the tissues. In general, it may be said that to produce pure serum and good, reliable virus, there must be both the most rigid aseptic technic in the laboratory, and the most careful selection and handling of the hogs from which these products are obtained. The hogs when bled for serum should have good appetites, a normal temperature and be gaining in weight. HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 187 . With all the precautions which can be taken, the serum can hardly be expected to be sterile, but it will contain relatively few microbes and seldom produce abscesses. The virus will, undoubt- edly, in many cases, contain hog-cholera bacilli, but as this is used in small quantity for the simultaneous vaccination, and as the serum will generally have anti-bodies which protect against this microbe, there should be few, if any, abscesses from this cause. Caution Against Mixing Virulent Blood from Different Sources—The blood from hogs affected with cholera often coag- ulates imperfectly, owing to an insufficient quantity of one of the constituents of the blood, the presence of which is necessary to produce this effect. It frequently happens, therefore, that after virulent blood has been defibrinated, if specimens from dif- ferent hogs are mixed, there will be complete coagulation, whereas it would remain liquid indefinitely if not mixed. The clotting is due to the constituent which was lacking in one specimen of blood, probably the ferment from the leucocytes, being supplied by the other. The veterinarian should, therefore, avoid mixing virulent blood from different bottles, or otherwise he may cause its coagulation and find himself without suitable virus to con- tinue his vaccinations. OBSERVATIONS IN REGARD TO THE USE oF HoG-CHOLERA SERUM. The Development of Abscesses in Vaccinated Hogs.—The chief cause of the complaints which we see in the agricultural press concerning the effects of vaccination is that it too often causes the production of abscesses. In a recent issue of the Breeder's Gazette, for example, a writer tells of the vaccination of his herd of 87 head, and of a neighbor’s herd of 125 head, all of which showed abscesses on one side and “ quite a few” on both sides. These abscesses continued to develop for “a third of a year”’ after the injection, though they did not affect the immunizing power of the vaccination. i188 DANIEL E. SALMON. A result such as this is assuredly very serious and empha- sizes the importance of seeking the cause and taking every pre- caution to avoid it. Abscesses may undoubtedly originate by infection from two sources: one of these is contaminated serum or virus, the other is infection at the time of vaccination or soon after. In the case just mentioned, as the veterinarian at another time and from a different lot of serum vaccinated two other nearby herds, the animals of one being very dirty, without the development of abscesses, it seemed probable that the fault was with the serum or virus, or both. However, such a conclusion is not absolutely certain, since it is not impossible that a virulent pus-producing microbe existed on these two premises and not on the other two, and that the infection occurred at the time of vaccination; but the probability is in favor of the other hy- pothesis. It must be freely admitted that the operating veterina- rian should not be blamed for all of the abscesses that follow vac- cination, and that if a very large proportion of the vaccinated animals develop them, under ordinary conditions, suspicion must rest upon the serum or virus. However, it must not be forgotten that there are many obstacles to the carrying out of a perfect technic in the field, and that, with every precaution which is practical, some infections are liable to occur, either at the time of injection or soon afterwards, which will lead to the develop- ment of an abscess at the point of inoculation; but such infec- tions should not occur in a very large proportion of the animals operated upon. On the other hand, carefully prepared serum from animals in perfect health should not contain, at the time it leaves the laboratory, microbes which will produce abscesses in a very large proportion of the animals injected with it. Some animals, how- ever, have a much greater tendency to abscess production than others and seem to be carrying the pus-producing organisms in their blood before they are vaccinated, all that is necessary for the development of an abscess being the irritation caused by the injection of the serum. Their condition resembles that of some persons in whom boils and larger abscesses develop with the Ho0G CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 189 slightest provocation or even with no apparent provocation at all. Such a condition, of course, cannot be foreseen or guarded against, and, therefore, there will probably be some abscesses following vaccination, though a very small proportion, even if the most rigorous precautions are observed by both the producer of the serum and the veterinarian. But pure serum is often con- taminated before it is used by allowing dust to get into it when the cork is removed, by pouring it into imperfectly sterilized basins, by allowing the wind to blow dust from the pens or yards \ into it, while the vaccination is in progress and by other acts of \ imprudence. For example, the writer has seen the operator ster- \ilize his basins faultlessly, and then proceed to pick them up in ‘such a manner that his not very clean thumb came in contact with the inner side and immediately reinfected them. To show how little danger there is of producing abscesses with pure liquids under good conditions for injection, the writer | frequently injected 40 to 60 syringefuls of virus subcuta- , neously in one hog without producing a single abscess. Although the\syringe held 20 c.c., and virus is more likely to be contami- natéd than serum, because it comes from sick hogs, while serum come; from well ones, it is only in a small proportion of the hogs that abscesses develop. So that with good liquids and proper precautions abscesses may be reduced to an insignificant factor simple affar which many suppose it to be, however; it requires an extensive pant and must be guarded by every precaution that experience Qn suggest. The Application of the Serum-Alone Method.—While the veterinarian Wl, in most cases, be employed to give the simul- taneous vaccinajon, there are certain advantages at times in the use of serum alne. Quoting from a paper recently prepared by the writer, thée advantages are: “1. The protetive action begins within a few minutes after the injection of thiserum. 2. It has a curative as well as a 190 DANIEL E. SALMON. protective effect. 3. It does not cause fever or loss of condition, even with delicate animals. 4. Its use is free from the danger — of introducing the cholera contagion to non-infected farms or ranches. 5. It stops the development of the disease in those ani- mals which have taken the SOMO into their systems within four days before the serum is given.” The one disadvantage inseparable from the seruniaalas method is that the protection thus afforded is generally of short duration and, unless enough contagion is picked up from the premises to change the passive into an active immunity, prob- ably does not last more than two or three months in the most favorable cases. With reference to the first point, it is probable that the simul- taneous vaccination, also, begins its protective action almost im- mediately, if the doses of serum and virus are in proper propor- tion. It often has been said that immunity is not completely established by this method for two or three weeks, but I know of no experiments to sustain this assertion. The fact that virus is injected at the same time as the serum and that the animal resists — it shows that there is immediate immunity, and, so far as my experience goes, you may immediately expose the vaccinatel hog in infected pens or in contact with sick hogs and it will resist the contagion. However, if the doses of serum and virus are so adjrsted that the hogs become sick from the vaccination alone, the snall addi- tional quantity of virus obtained from the exposure may be suf- ficient to turn the scale and kill the animal. In vaccinating, there- fore, especially where animals are exposed to the contagion at the time, there should always be a surplus of serun, so that the vaccinated animals will not get sick from the viccination, and will be able to dispose of the small quantity of urus which they obtain in addition by the exposure. As to the second point, while serum certaisly has some cura- tive action, it is not very marked when but a ingle dose of ordi- nary size is administered. Its advantage inthis respect is, con- sequently, not very great. ae a HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 191 As to the third point, the simultaneous vaccination often does cause fever and loss of condition, but it should not do so, and will not do so, if the serum and virus are in good condition and the doses are properly proportioned. The fourth point should be given great weight because it 1s very difficult to inject 50 or 100 hogs without losing a single drop of virus, or, for that matter, several times a single drop. A drop of virus may unexpectedly escape from the puncture de- spite all precautions, or the expansion of the liquid in the syringe from the warmth of the hand may force a drop or two from the point of the needle while the operator is waiting for the next animal. Then, there is always the danger that a very susceptible animal may develop the disease from the vaccination. In either of these cases there is an infected premises which might have been avoided by the use of serum alone. ~The fifth point is one which, in the opinion of the writer, has not as much importance practically as is generally given to it and as it would seem to have from theoretical considerations. That hogs which have had the contagion in their tissues for two, three or four days before the simultaneous vaccination will be saved with the same certainty as those which receive serum alone, appears doubtful; nevertheless the difference may not be great, providing only that a small dose of virus be used in the vacci- nation. The government experiments indicate that there is little difference in the results of the two methods under such condi- tions. | There is, consequently, but one apparently serious disadvan- tage connected with the serum-simultaneous treatment, as com- pared with the serum-alone, and that is the danger of introducing the contagion upon uninfected premises. This generally will be outweighed by the owner’s desire for permanent immunity ; and if he vaccinates all his hogs, as he should, the question of con- tagion does not greatly concern him, since there are no susceptible animals to be affected by it, and ordinarily it will soon disappear. The time of year should have considerable influence in deter- 192 DANIEL E. SALMON, mining if serum alone is admissible. If it is early in the season, with a long period before slaughtering or marketing, the simul- taneous treatment would be almost indispensable; while late in the season, with but a month or two to slaughtering time, serum alone would be sufficient. The Application of the Serum-Simultaneous Method.—As ~ already mentioned, the requirement of permanent immunity is the principal indication for the adoption of the serum-simulta- neous method in preference to the use of serum alone. This long- time immunity is so desirable that it generally outweighs and overshadows the slight disadvantages which are or may be con- nected with the serum-simultaneous method, and makes the ap- plication of this method indispensable. Breeders wish to insure their hogs against loss by cholera, during life if possible, and, therefore, must begin by so immunizing the young pigs that they will retain the immunity for a long period. The immunization of young pigs is, consequently, a subject to which we may profit- ably give our attention at this point in our discussion. The investigators of some of the State Experiment Stations have observed that the pigs of immunized mothers are very resistent to the hog cholera virus, and have concluded that such pigs need no protection until about weaning time. It has even been proposed to reinforce this natural immunity by the injec- tion of a small dose of virus alone at the age of three or four weeks, and to reinforce it again, in the same manner, at a later period. This method, if reliable, would be the means of obtain- ing immunity at a much lower cost than by the serum-simulta- neous method, since only two small doses of virus are required. Our experience in managing several hundred pigs from immune mothers, during the past year, is not very favorable to this method. A considerable number of these litters showed sick- ness when about three weeks old, and it became necessary to vaccinate them. It is true that the greater number of litters re- sisted the contagion until weaning time, or, at least, were not acutely affected, but some of these appeared to be retarded in their growth and unthrifty as a result of a chronic infection. ee ee ee ee ee HOG CHOLERA—PRODUCTION AND USE OF HOG-CHOLERA SERUM. 193 There was one lot of 26 pigs in a pen adjoining an enclosure containing some sick hogs, and it was thought best, on account of this exposure, to give them the simultaneous vaccination. They weighed 10 to 15 pounds and were given 4 c.c. of virus and 10 to 15 c.c. of serum each. Six of these pigs contracted cholera and died in from 13 to 25 days after vaccination, and the indi- cations were that more would have been lost if they had not been given another dose of serum. Perhaps it should be explained that this serum was not of our manufacture, though it seemed to he good commercial serum; however, the point which I wish to em- phasize at this time is not the insufficiency of this serum, but the lack of resistance of these pigs. They were not only unable to withstand a dose of virus without serum, but their resistance broke down even when reinforced by a dose of serum. From these observations it appears wise to treat pigs at about the age of ten days with either a dose of serum alone or with the simultaneous vaccination. The administration of carefully graduated doses of serum and virus to small pigs, when vaccinating by the simultaneous method, seems to be a matter of considerable importance. The dose of serum usually recommended is 1 c¢.c. per pound up to ten pounds, and 10 c.c. for those weighing from 10 to 20 pounds. This formula has never seemed quite satisfactory to me, for if the dose should be in proportion to the weight, and 10 c.c. is required for a 10-pound pig, it is hard to see how 10 c.c. can be sufficient for a pig of twice that weight. The dose of virus recommended has usually been % c.c., pos- _sibly because this is the smallest quantity which most of the syringes used for this purpose will measure. But % c.c. of virus is too much for a pig weighing, for example, 5 pounds and which gets but 5 c.c. of serum. The proportion ‘of virus to serum in this case is as 1 to 10, which is the same as that recommended in the government bulletins for a 50-pound hog—in which case it is 20 c.c. of serum and 2 c.c. of virus. The tendency has been to recommend a smaller dose of virus even for large hogs than 194 DANIEL E. SALMON. that used by the government investigators, some placing the dose as low as % c.c. for all hogs up to 150 pounds, the relation be- tween virus and serum being in the case of the 150-pound hog as I to 100. An intermediate position seems to be better for the - present than either extreme, and we, therefore, recommend I c.c. of virus and 35 c.c. of serum for hogs weighing from 50 to 75 pounds ; and this ratio of I to 35 or 40 we believe to be all right for hogs of over 50 pounds. Young pigs are so much more susceptible, however, that with those of two to three pounds we make a ratio of I to 100; with those of 3 to 6 pounds, I to 80; with those of 6 to 50 sauies) I to 50. It is true that the government investigators have used more virus and less serum than we recommend, and, consequently, their ratio has been much narrower; but it has seemed to us that in field work, and especially here in the Northwest, where until re- cently there has been little cholera and the hogs are very sus- ceptible, it is better to reduce somewhat the dose of virus and to increase that of serum. In our experience we have obtained im- munity without producing disease by this dosage, while with the other there were too many sick and too many stunted hogs asa result of the vaccination. For vaccinating young pigs, the dose of virus which we rec- ommend is 0.05 c.c. for those of 2 to 3 pounds; 0.10 cc. for those of 3 to 6 pounds; 0.20 c.c. for those of 6 to 10 pounds; 0.30 c.c. for those of 10 to 15 pounds; and 0.40 c.c. for those of 15 to 25 pounds. The ordinary syringe will not accurately measure these small doses, and, therefore, we have had con- structed a special syringe with which they may be administered with great exactness. This syringe has a long giass barrel of small calibre that has a capacity of but one cubic centimeter, so that twentieths of a cubic centimeter, or about the equivalent of one drop, are easily injected. The syringe is well armored with metal to protect it from breakage and at the same time permits the operator to see whether it is completely filled with virus or partly with air. The great objection to the all-metal syringes for ar ‘ a is. . ‘ species? Again, not only are we confronted with the variations which I have very superficially enumerated without specific de- tail, but we have variations in the action of drugs, a different series of contagious diseases, some of which may be intercom- municable among all or a few species, and last but not least, as a diagnostician, the trained veterinarian must determine the loca- tion of a disorder, not by interrogating the patient as is the case in human medicine, but by properly directed observation and elimination. It was Hierocles,* who, at the latter end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century, indicated the difficulty of diagno- 4 sis in the following words: “ In men there is an inborn faculty of speech by which they can express what is troubling them, nevertheless those skilled in the healing art consider the observa- tion of symptoms necessary. How much more needful, then, must it be in veterinary practice to observe these symptoms of disease recognized as such by our traditional art in animals which — are dumb by nature.’ In fact, there is practically no guide save the knowledge which is secured by the closest application, assisted by intuition, and accompanied by a natural aptitude for the work in hand. From an environmental standpoint we are a meat-eating nation. We are not producing all that we consume in meat, meat — food and animal products, yet we have one of the largest areas of fertile lands on the globe. The total value of live stock in “Ibid. Hierocles is by some considered a lawyer, but his writings show that he was conversant, with a more than ordinary intimacy, with the veterinary art as existed in his day, and in a manner which could be secured only by actual contact and cha Fipe with animals. Two books written by him were five hundred years later the asis of a work which was intended to perpetuate for all time the practice of the Byzantine veterinarians. The wording of the final sentence quoted indicates that the art of veter- inary medicine had then been known for a long time. : fasion VETERINARY EDUCATION. | 213 Canada approximates seven hundred millions of dollars.t Basing the yearly loss at five per cent., which is a very conservative esti- mate, due to preventible causes, there is an economic loss to the country of thirty-seven million dollars per year.’ The cost to the country of the Health of Animals Service, whose duty it is to protect the animals of Canada from the spread of contagious dis- eases within its borders and the prevention of their entry from without, is but three hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars or considerably less than one per cent. With this vast investment, it is apparent that the time is ripe for properly safeguarding this great live stock industry which is one of the principal assets of our country. Probably the best means of safeguarding this great interest is to see that adequate provision is made for the suitable training of such material as _ may present itself at the existing veterinary colleges. This raw _ material must first be equipped with the basic education necessary - for the proper assimilation of such facts as may be presented in _ the purely technical studies required. Without such a founda- tion, the superstructure cannot be raised with a reasonable assur- _ ance that the individual will be capable of coping with the many __ problems presented to him after he has graduated. Sufficient schools of a proper standard are not now available in Canada, therefore, we may ask, are our universities unequal to the task which is at their door? Other departments are being _ generously endowed and equipped, yet one of the most important __ phases of higher education is being silently ignored or overlooked. 3 $5,000 FoR A CLYDESDALE Co_t.—Fairholme Farms of New _ Jersey, the property of R. A. Fairbairn, announce the transfer to _ F. Lothrop Ames, of Massachusetts, of the ten-months-old _ Clydesdale colt, Fairholme Footprint. The price was $5,000, _ arecord for a colt of that age. Fairholme Footprint is one of the " most sensationally bred colts of the breed. * * * —(Breed- ers Gazette.) . { The eee orendent of Compilation of the 1911 Census, Mr. E. S. Macphail, =. supplied figures from which the following values have been estimated: Horses, $426,- 903,930; milch cows, $123,362,225; other cattle, $76,228,020; sheep, $14,510,400; swine, a 14,714. The total figures for poultry are not available but are estimated at $1 | goer tt tish Columbia figures are not available and are estimated at $61,591,761. he total from these figures is $742,511,050. FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WORK.* By M. H. Reynoips, UNIversiry oF MINNESOTA AND STATE Live Stock SANITARY Boar. The reasons for the existence of live stock sanitary control work are not many. I can think of but two. There is, first, the protection of human health against infectious diseases of lower animals; arid there is one other reason, the protection of live stock from preventible disease and consequent losses. Social and economical reasons for protecting human health are plain enough. Protection of live stock from infectious dis- ease means the protection of our whole social structure, because a prosperous agriculture is absolutely essential to human well- being and in our country animal husbandry is absolutely essential to a prosperous agriculture. No one can ever give us any reliable figures for value to the United States of the live stock sanitary control work which has twice eradicated foot and mouth disease. What financial state- ment can we eyer have that will adequately express value to the. South and through the South to the whole country, of original - research work and subsequent control work which opened a way of eradication for Texas Fever, and which is now actually pro- gressing at the rate of from 25,000 to 40,000 square miles a year. The eradication of pleuro-pneumonia from this country can never be valued in dollars and cents. In this day no one can reasonably question a great need as justification for the existence of a well organized, well supported, and all around efficient state live stock sanitary control work. PRESENT SITUATION. Every honest veterinarian who has studied the sanitary con- trol situation in many states knows that with a few exceptions * Extracts prepared by the author from the original address before the Nebraska Live Stock Breeders’ Association, Lincoln, January 21, 1914. 214 FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WORK. 215 the situation is far from satisfactory. Only a few states have live stock sanitary control organizations that are capable of doing efficient work and these few states are widely scattered. Political machines that depend upon political favors and the avoidance of influential antagonisms rather than upon efficient service are only too common. Politics and sanitation, either human or veterinary, have never been and never can be mixed with results other than harmful. The veterinary sanitarian, like the health officer, should be a trained specialist with permanent tenure of office if efficient. State live stock sanitary control work is a job by itself. It is all nonsense; it is foolish to suppose that any veterinarian with- out special experience or training can step from busy private practice to state control work and give efficient service. It is folly to take a man from spavins and colics and pneumonia, make him state veterinarian by political appointment, and expect him to deal intelligently with general problems of state control work until after a very considerable amount of actual work and experience. _ The probability of a man so appointed holding his position longer than one term depends, as a rule, not on his ability and efficiency as a sanitarian, but upon political skill and tact and upon ability to make a good bluff at doing something and at the same time be able to avoid antagonizing stock owners who may have political influence. Efficiency in sanitary service is apt to make the executive officer unpopular. Efficiency and popularity frequently vary in inverse ratios. It has been a matter of repeated experience in various parts of the United States that whenever a capable veterinarian was ap- pointed to state veterinarianship under the old plan and then pro- ceeded in good faith to undertake any large progressive work, he has been displaced about the time when his work began to look promising. Even if his successor had the necessary character and ability, he, of course, faced a new job which must be learned be- _ fore his services would be of much value to the state. 216 M. H. REYNOLDS. Unfortunately students in our veterinary colleges receive but little useful training in sanitary control work and too many of them go into practice in country districts with very hazy ideas of how they are going to advise owners in case of an outbreak of a given infectious or parasitic disease. The lack of original training makes it difficult to find veter- inarians competent to take charge of state control work. The best that a state can do under present conditions is to select a broad-gauged veterinarian who is recognized as able and reliable and who has perhaps made good in private practice; put him in charge of state work and wait for him to learn the new job. If he undertakes any efficient work with the big new problems con- fronting him he soon realizes that it is decidedly a new job, and that the problems are very different from those which he met in private practice. SUGGESTIONS FOR SOMETHING BETTER, Any really successful live stock sanitary control work must have stability; must have freedom from political entanglements ; must have adequate funds; must have public confidence and support in an unusual degree; there must be no possible sus- picion of graft; and there must be in it a mutual co-operation of veterinary interest, and live stock interest. All experience in state work shows that efficient and valuable work is only possible where there is stability. Constantly shifting policies, a constant succes- sion of new men learning the same job puts up an absolute bar against satisfactory progress in state control work. There must — be defined policies, long time plans, permanence, public confi- — dence, and legislative support, as fundamental necessities. | The only plan now in sight which, in my judgment, comes — near answering to these requirements is that of a small non- political commission or board of about five members—stockmen and veterinarians. This board employs a trained veterinarian as executive officer; as well as the field veterinarians and other help, fixing the terms of office and compensations. By this plan - it is possible to retain an efficient man in spite of political antag- FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL. WORK. 217 onism or to get rid of an inefficient man, no difference how much political support he may have. The board meets at infrequent intervals, say quarterly, and serves to decide upon general methods of utilizing funds; adopts general sanitary policies, and all rules and regulations. Board members do no field work; they must leave the detail executive work and the field work entirely to the man employed for this purpose, who operates always in the name of the board and according to general plans and policies previously approved by the Board. But one membership should — become vacant each year, so that there is no opportunity under ordinary conditions for sudden changes in membership and re- versals of policies. The state board as thus far described, constitutes only a small central machine. With this there must be intimately associated under carefully worded provision of law, all local boards of health and health officers. It should be made the duty of local boards of health and health officers to co-operate with the live ~~ stock sanitary board. The board will thus have agents in every ese township, village, town and city of the state, for whom the law specifies certain duties and who can be called upon by the state any time for information or active assistance. The first lesson our people must learn is that public sanitation can never be made to mix well with politics—in other words, public sanitation should be “ out of politics’ just as far as pos- sible. The second lesson in this connection is that veterinary sanitary control work is a job by itself. An ordinary private practice, no difference how big or successful, does not fit a man for state control work even though he have natural ability. Vege- table gardening on a big scale does not fit a man for managing a _ western wheat ranch; practical work as a cabinet maker does not fit a man for work as a building contractcr. In each case there are two different jobs in the same general field, each requiring _ special training. The executive officer of such a board must, of course, have back bone and at the same time plenty of tact. He should be big enough to be worth a good salary and then he should be properly _ paid so as to hold his high grade of service for the state. 218 M. H. REYNOLDS. Board members receive no compensation aside from actual traveling expense to the board meetings. They have no pecuni- ary interest at stake in holding or losing board membership—are therefore in a position to stand firmly for policies that seem wise, and are able to go before finance committees with unquestionably clean hands. If the board is to consist of five members, then three of these should be stockmen and two should be graduate veterinarians. The executive officer, always an employee, not a member, should be a veterinarian and the men doing actual field work must be veterinarians, of course. Theoretically, stockmen memberships in majority would op- pose progressive work with diseases like tuberculosis and gland- ers. Asa matter of practical experience where this general plan has been tried, they never have stood in the way but have worked in perfect harmony with the veterinary members of the board. The general conditions of public interest and intelligence on this question is such now that stockmen board members never can stand long in the way of progressive work along these lines. That this general plan of a small non-partisan board of stock- men and veterinarians has been working out most successfully in actual trial, was accepted by the United States Live Stock Sani- tary Association at its Chicago meeting in 1910. There have been a few rare exceptions where a state veterinarian with great ability, unusual tact and a winning personality, has been the whole thing. These few men holding political appointments as state veterinarians have done good work. They started things; they did things. But in such cases it has been shown by subsequent developments that the successful state work all hinged on the one man’s health and continuance in service—not upon the or- ganization. When this one man has died or retired, the state work has usually taken a slump. The bottom fell out. All ex- perience in state control work indicates the necessity of stable organization that does not hinge upon the continuages in office or the personality of any one man. Ou celal a lal Cy toe ~ ae FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WORK. 219 There are difficulties in the way of this board plan, but there are greater compensating advantages. DIFFICULTIES. Antagonisms.—A retarding factor all too common in veter- inary control work on whatever plan, has been antagonisms be- tween state veterinary sanitary work and agricultural experiment station authorities. This difficulty has cropped up in so many states that there can be no question of its presence or its im- portance. The explanation of this is easy and the remedy is easy. The two fields over-lap. Two different state institutions receiving financial support from the same state legislature are trying to do the same work and easily become rivals for reputa- tion and for support before the same public. ‘There should be organic relation in the work.. Certain lines of work may properly be done by either one and for this reason there must be mutual agreement with the general principle in view that the first and chief duty of sanitary authority is police control work—not re- search. In the absence of some organic relation there must be over-lapping, competition and antagonism, if both bodies are ambitious and active. Future sanitary boards are going to need all the foundation and backing that can possibly be secured when they tackle the great problems of tuberculosis and hog cholera and glanders in earnest. So far, most state boards and state veterinarians have been only playing hide and seek with these problems of tremen- dous importance. There must be harmony and co-operation in place of divis- ion and antagonism. This unity and co-operation must include more than the agricultural college and station. It must include live stock and other agricultural organizations. If these two general propositions be true, then some at least, possibly a majority, of the board members should be there ex- officio to give harmony, stability and further freedom from polit- ical entanglement. These ex-officio members should represent permanent and 220 M. H. REYNOLDS. influential organizations of stockmen and veterinarians. And the agricultural experiment station should be represented on the membership to secure harmony and unity of service in a common field, and to add in stability. I do not believe it best or desirable for an agricultural college to do the direct executive work ex- cept when political or other conditions make such arrangement imperative. | A sanitary board thus closely organized with such institutions as the state live stock breeders association, or agricultural college, or state dairyman’s association, or state veterinary association would necessarily have greater stability, a more general public confidence, and immensely greater influence, than members se- lected at random by a governor or frequently by his private sec- retary, who may know little of live stock sanitary work or its needs. Finding Executive Officer.—It is difficult to find a good executive officer for such a board. The only way we have at present of getting a good executive officer is to select the most promising veterinarian we can find in private practice; take him into state work, and train him for a new job. He must, of course, have energy, be capable of learning office methods; must be firm but tactful; must have brains and capacity for appreciat- ing big problems and for dealing with general issues. It takes time to train such men for their work, but on the other hand if successful, he may be continued in office as long as the Board is satisfied with his work. Sudden changes in the political com- plexion of the state do not in the least affect his tenure of office or the probability of his being able to continue work under way. Hybrid plan.—A few states have a plan that is a sort of un- productive hybrid—a cross between the state veterinarian plan and the sanitary board plan as approved by the United States. Live Stock Sanitary Association. These states have a small sanitary commission, but their secretary is appointed for them by the governor under the title of state veterinarian. Serious weak- nesses in this plan are self-evident. The executive officer so ap- pointed may be entirely out of harmony with the policies of the ee FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL WORK. 221 _ board. His retention does not depend upon giving satisfactory service to the board but upon ability as a politician. There is necessarily instability and frequent changes where there should be stabilty and permanence. THE FuTURE. The possibilities for future work with bovine tuberculosis are simply fascinating. We have a large amount of reliable information concerning the disease. We have a simple, accurate and rapid diagnosis for it. We have the advantage now of many years of agitation and _ public education. The easy possibility of simple and compara- tively rapid eradication from pure bred herds has already been demonstrated in a practical way. Breeders here and there all over this country are advertising tuberculin-tested, guaranteed tuberculosis-free herds. We have a considerable number of _ definite propositions in control work settled for tuberculosis. _ The field is ripe. The prospects are immense. Infectious abortion is just beginning to be appreciated at its enormous importance. We already have two accurate means for diagnosis. We have an encouraging possibility in front of us for its seriousness and ready to co-operate. Breeders and even veterinarians did not concede its true importance. This field is already ripe now for the biggest and best work that any state live stock sanitary board can be made capable of doing. ‘ Can there be any question but that the appropriations usually _ provided by states for veterinary sanitary control work have _ been inadequate and unwisely inadequate? Can there be reason- _ able doubt that money intelligently used by an efficient sanitary _ machine is capable of bringing to the state an interest yearly _ earned by other public investments. Consider for a moment the entire livestock values of your - state and their social significance. What in proportion would an annual appropriation of $50,000 a year be for your sanitary _ control work? . An agricultural state can ill afford not to spend money gener- 222 M. H. REYNOLDS. ously to protect her live stock interests. Our appropriation is but a trifle in proportion to the interests which we are protecting with it. , In order to secure large and increasing appropriations con- tinued through any number of years, it is absolutely necessary that the livestock sanitary authorities must do efficient and con- scientious work. Funds must be handled with the most serupu- lous honesty and managed so as to bring the best possible returns for the state making the investment. It is necessary for such au- | thority to have the confidence and backing of livestock interests and veterinarians of the state. And it must be clear that large appropriations and important legislation are not for the board— clear that the board is merely an agent responsible for wise hand- ling, and clear that funds and the benefit of what may seem strong legislation merely pass through the board to the livestock owner and a general public that is dependent on prosperous ani- mal husbandry. He Drives 4 SHETLAND.—Big six cars may be all right for those who like them, but so far as President Vincent, of the University of Minnesota, is concerned a Shetland pony has more sense and is better company, according to the Minneapolis Tribune. That is why it is not unusual to see a little Shetland hitched to a go-cart standing in front of the administration build- ing on the campus, while powerful automobiles sulk in front of it and behind it—the pony waiting for Dr. Vincent and the automobiles for regents or deans or just plain professors. “Pinto”? is the Shetland’s name and he belongs to the youngest of the Vincent family. He is said to be extraordi- narily intelligent, and to be able to detect sugar in an approaching pocket with a certainty that would do credit to a doctor of chemistry. Dr. Vincent has not yet ventured on the downtown streets behind the Shetland, but he drives behind him between his home and the university without any loss of his own dignity and considerably to the augmenting of that of the Shetland.— (Our Dumb Animals.) Dr. C. M. McFarLtanp Has Removepn from St. is Mo., to Spokane, Washington. N= © dba as ~ re ~ ANTISEPTICS VERSUS GERMICIDES.* By Ropert T. Morris, M.D., NEw York, Proressor oF SurcGeRY, NEw York PosTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND HosPITAL. When we are giving information to royalty, it is customary to preface our remarks with the statement ‘as Your Majesty already knows,’ even though we are discussing so distant a ques- tion as that of partridges in America. When presenting notes on the subject of antiseptics versus germicides this evening to an audience of surgeons, I am stating only what your majesties already know, but commonly forget. Protoplasm is the basic unit of organic life. Bacteria and the body cells of higher organisms both consist of protoplasm. Things which commonly injure the one commonly injure the other. Bacteria are simple morphologically, but complex chemic- ally. The higher organisms consist of aggregations of single cells, each one of which is simple like the bacterium morphologically, but complex in its chemical relationships. In the course of evolu- tion bacterium and body cell have come to be peers as a result of the struggle for existence. Under ordinary conditions a very good balance of nature is maintained between bacterium and body cell. When the higher organism receives a wound, this balance is temporarily upset and the surgeon is called to the aid of the higher organism. He chooses one of several resources: 1. A germicide which is de- structive to bacterium and to body cell equally, 2, an antiseptic which merely inhibits the development of bacteria, but is not in- jurious to their protoplasm or to that of body cells, or 3, saline solution with a salt content which makes it isotonic with the blood serum of man, or Ringer’s solution containing various salts which are isotonic with human blood serum. The time for employment of germicides is chiefly in that brief * Read before New York Academy of Medicine (Surgical Section), December 5, ‘1913. Reprinted from N. Y. Med. Journal, January 10, 1914. 223 224 ROBERT T. MORRIS. interval between the receipt of a wound, and organization of effort on the part of body cells for purposes of defense. Germi- cides may also be employed for preparing the skin of the patient and the hands of the surgeon. As soon as the body cells of the patient have recovered from the shock of a wound, and have organized their defense, germicides may be equally injurious to bacterium and to body cells, with a certain advantage to be sure in favor of the patient, because there is the vis a tergo of his ag- gregation of body cells which continues to deliver energy to the body cells in the vicinity of the wound, and to their agents the phagocytes. The bacterium has to work alone, singlehanded. In the course of an aseptic operation, when bacteria are mostly kept out of a wound, and likewise in open wounds ju which the body cells have organized their defense, germicides may be extremely injurious. The surgeon is to depend instead upon antiseptics which are not germicides, or upon saline solution or Ringer’s solution for mechanical cleansing purposes. We first noted the harmful influence of germicides in ab- dominal surgery because the peritoneum so forcibly resents in- jury in the pretty protoplasm of its dainty endothelium. The ye) SEE Ot wars . wa ye tae REPORTS OF CASES. 235 in, it was evident that a pneumonic condition existed. The symp- toms stated pointed to a broncho-pneumonia, and from the bac- teriological findings it appeared that the bacillus coli communis was the causative agent. REFERENCES. 1. Hutyra and Marek: ‘ Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals.” ol, 1I., pages 134-135. 2. E, Wallis Hoare: ‘A System of Veterinary Medicine.” Vol. I., page 496. 3. Ibid., page 504, DOG SWALLOWS TWENTY-TWO TACKS—RECOVERS. pais. By Ropert W. Etuis, New York, N. Y. The subject, a young Boston terrier, with an inclination to tear up things when left alone, in the absence of his owners one evening busied himself in tearing up the hall runner, removing and swallowing the tacks. On returning home and discovering what had happened, his mistress immediately counted the holes in the runner, which numbered 22 more than the tacks found, and on looking into the pup’s mouth one of the tacks was seen well back towards the throat, which was removed before he could swallow it, and a message sent over the wire to me for as- sistance. The first step in the treatment was an emetic hypoderm- ically, which resulted in the recovery of a couple of tacks. After the effect of the emetic had fully subsided, a half ounce of castor oil was administered and was retained. This was around mid- night. On calling the next morning I learned that there had been no action from the oil and found the dog whining and stretching, and he refused to drink cream or partake of any food. Another half ounce of castor oil was administered ; immediately after which the dog ate nearly two slices of bread fed to him by hand and drank a saucer of cream. The feeding of bread had been urged with the object of making material in the stomach to gather up the tacks so that they might be carried along with as much protection to the walls of the stomach and intestines as possible. They were large, heavy tacks, being 4 of an inch long and very sharp, and I feared a terrible laceration of the walls _ of the intestines in their passage. So urged the continued feeding of as much soft bread as the dog would take, and he ate a con- siderable amount, as all other food was withheld. The results were very gratifying. He stopped crying after giving the oil referred to, that was followed by his eating a slice and a half of bread and lapping a saucer of cream; and a couple of hours later 236 REPORTS OF CASES, had a bowel movement, passing three tacks without pain. He later vomited and brought up a tack or two after I had concluded that all the tacks had passed on into his intestinal tract. Was given more oil and fed more bread with gravy over it to induce ingestion of as much of it as possible. Second morning, had a movement in which nine tacks were present, with no pain, and finally the whole complement of twenty-two tacks were passed with seemingly no inconvenience, no laceration or bleeding, and the dog no worse for the experience. We published the report of this case, not for its scientific value, but that it may comfort some brother who finds himself in the same position with some other pet dog, possessed, like our patient, of more ambition than good sense. TETANUS.* By F. M. Srarr, D.V.S., Odessa, Mo. A very lame horse was presented for treatment and exam- ination revealed a nail puncture wound in which there was much pus. Pure eucamphol was injected into the wound and the opening plugged with cotton, this treatment being repeated daily. In about twelve days the animal was driven to my hospital, the owner calling attention to a general stiffness. As the animal neared the hospital I made a diagnosis of tetanus, as the tail was elevated and there was a very stiff gait. Examination of the eyes at close range was all that was necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Three thousand units of antitetanic serum, intravenously, were given immediately, about noon, and the foot was placed in a poul- tice as soon as the animal got home. The patient was put into a dark stall by himself, but he was so restless alone that his mate was placed in the stall with him. In the evening another three thousand units of serum were injected. Next morning the horse was so nervous one could not touch him, and further hypodermic treatment was omitted. He was so discontented in the stall he had to be turned out into the barn lot, which was within two hundred feet of the railroad. The case looked hopeless, so I decided to treat the wound only and applied pure formaldehyde into the nail puncture and plugged with cot- ton. The formaldehyde caused a great amount of sloughing, and pus even broke through and discharged at the cornet, yet the horse got well in spite of the treatment and without permanent lame- ness. The case ran a course of about four weeks. Disposition did not seem to have any bearing on this case as he was the most nervous horse I ever had in my hands. ; * Reprinted from Kansas City Veterinary College Quarterly (March, r1o1r4). ee REPORTS OF CASES. 237 CYCLOPIA OR SYNOPHTHALMIA. By Cuester L. RoapHouse, D.V.M., Berkeley, Cal. Cyclopia or synophthalmia is a deficient separation of the ocular vesicles, due to stunting in the development of the anterior of the three cerebral vesicles. The malformation in this case has taken a very severe form as the nostrils and a portion of the 238 REPORTS OF CASES. upper jaw are entirely lacking. It will be noted that although the ears and head resemble a colt in appearance, the white markings are suggestive of the head being that of a calf. The following letter was received with the specimen which was sent to the Veterinary Division of the University of California by C. P. Tolman, M. D. “ Mr. Hansen, of Watsonville, California, who gave the colt’s head to me stated that the colt was born alive about nine years ago. He stated that the colt was unable to stand but was flound- ering around the yard and after about two hours he decided to kill it. The remainder of the body was perfect to all outward ap- pearances. He also tells me that the mare was foundered and that they had a cow on the place that used to try to hook the mare while she was in her early pregnancy, and he ascribes the similar- ity in markings to a calf as a birthmark.” CANCER IN A CHICKEN. By G. H. Conn, D.V.M., Prairie Depot, Ohio. A large, healthy looking cock was slaughtered and dressed for table use, but upon evisceration the liver was found to be several times its original size and of a mottled appearance. Un- der the microscope this proved to be a cancer of the soft variety, containing very little connective tissue and hence very friable; the cells contained a very small amount of cytoplasm and large nuclei with cell inclusions. The only case of cancer in birds I have ever known of and have been unable to find reports of any such cases in the history of veterinary medicine. j A Goop Exampir.—John D. Rockefeller, Jr., drives a pair of trotting-bred high steppers from his New York residence, in East 54th street, every morning and in all sorts of weather, to his office at No. 26 Broadway, a distance of five miles. If other men of large affairs would but follow the younger Mr. Rocke- feller’s lead, instead of riding to business in heated limousines, they would arrive there in a happier frame of mind and their nerves, doubtless, would more readily stand the strain which ac- companies the busy life of money getting —Spirit of the West— Clipped from The Horse Lover for April, 1914. — ee re ae ee eS ee ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof, A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. A Seconp Atrack oF Tetanus [Ernest Morgan, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Without showing any wound to account for the entrance of the microbe, a black, well-bred hunter, aged nine years, after having been hunted three days before, had a marked attack of tetanus. Put in slings, he received for seven days a daily injection of Tetalin. At first he seemed to grow worse, but on the eighth day showed improvement and finally got well. He was hunted again and sold. A year after, the horse had a festered corn which was treated by the blacksmith. The history goes that a few days after he again was taken with unmistakable symptoms of lockjaw. He was put in slings again and submitted to the same treatment. The _ seven first days remained in the same condition, and it was only Me a few days after that the jaws became relaxed, and that the horse could be left loose in his box, and finally recovered.—( Vet. Rec.) CONGENITAL OPACITY OF THE CorNEA [J. B. Hare, M.R.C.V.S.|.—This peculiar case was observed in a litter of cocker spaniels, four in number, for which the writer was called. All pups were in good healthy condition. Two were blacks and two browns. One black had complete opacity of both eyes; in the other black it was only partial, in both eyes also; of the browns, one showed slight marginal opacity of both eyes, and the fourth puppy was free from disease. The father and mother had normal sight. A weak collyrium of nitrate of silver was prescribed with- out result. The black pup that had double opacity was destroyed. The other kept under observation. Sulphate of eserine had been suggested as a possible good treatment.— (Vet. Journ. ) Sarcoptic MANGE or Doc to Man [John Buscomb, M.R.C.V.S.|.—The case is published to make the possibility of transmission from dog to man more generally recognized. Some Pomeranian puppies had distemper and were also scratching themselves very much. They did not do well first 239 240 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, with the distemper and the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange was confirmed and treated accordingly. The maid who took care of them and nursed them caught the mange and the neighbors to whom they were given afterwards became also mangy after a short time—(Vet. Journ. ) TruE HermapuropitisM [Prof. F. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S.).— Nine-year-old fox is brought for treatment. He has acute cys- titis. Attempts to pass catheter failed. The urine is withdrawn through the abdominal wall with trocar. Death takes place after twelve hours. Externally, there was a well-developed penis of male, but no visible testicles. There were twelve symmetrically arranged teats as well developed as in a female of that age. The fox raised his leg like a dog when passing urine, though some- times squatted like a bitch—(Vet. Journ. ) FRACTURE OF INCISIVE TEETH IN Horses [ Capt. JR. Hodg- kins, F.R.C.V.S., A.V.C.|.—Cavalry horse received a kick in the mouth from another horse. Result incomplete fracture of the upper central incisives close to the alveolar margin and ex- — posure of the pulp. The teeth were driven back towards the roof of the mouth. Extraction was decided. Horse is anesthe- tized with chloroform, absorbent wool was placed across the bars, the jaws fixed by winding webbing round, the surgical area was cleaned, and the head propped up with usual straw-stuffed bag. The gum and mucous membrane was dissected as far as neces- sary, periosteum scraped and the anterior alveolar plate of the two teeth was cut off with chisel, exposing the entire length of the root of the teeth, which were then easily removed. The wound was trimmed, the edges smoothed and flushed out with permanganate of potash solution. The author gives credit for this simple operation to the work on Animal Dentistry by Prof. L. A. Merillat, which he had consulted.—(Vet. Rec.) DIFFERENTIATING TUBERCLE BACILLI FROM THE MORE CoM- MON Acip-Fast Forms [G. Gair, M.R.C.V.S.].—To determine the presence of tubercle bacilli in milk and excreta from other acid-fast organisms, such as timothy grass bacillus, dung and butter bacillus, the writer proceeds as follows: “ I make my films and smears in the usual way, care being taken to spread the mate- rial uniformly and thinly. They are then stained with hot carbol fuchsin, the films are then immersed in boiling water for 2 or 2% minutes without being treated previously with any discolor- Le a> ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 241 ing agents. The slides with films of timothy grass, dung and butter bacillus thus treated are found to be decolorized, but the tubercle bacillus retains its stain even after 214 minutes immer- sion. In some of the slides | met an occasional tubercle bacillus even after boiling three minutes. If a film treated in the same manner and boiled from 2 to 2% minutes still shows stained bacilli, those may be safely put down as tubercle bacilli.”—(Vet. Rec.) Mitrat DisEAsE IN THE Horse [EF£. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V .S.|—Twenty-five-year-old hunter has been, up to lately, in apparent health, having only on few occasions cedematous con- dition of the sheath. Now he is emaciated, has capricious appe- tite, an cedematous swelling is between the fore limbs, has a slight oedema along the abdominal region, the sheath is swollen also. The pulse is difficult to count, is irregular and weak. Res- piration accelerated. Occasional cough is present, visible mucous membranes pale. Auscultation shows marked irregularity of the cardiac impulse. At the apex the sounds of the. heart cannot be clearly differentiated from each other, the action of the heart is tumultuous. Towards the base of the heart, loud grating bellows murmur, systolic in character, is. detected, it conceals the first sound, the second sound is much louder than normal. No in- crease in the area of cardiac region. Distinct pulsation is clearly visible towards the base of the heart. Jugular pulse on both sides. No treatment is prescribed, the animal was destroyed. Post mortem revealed: Enlarged heart, left auricle much dilated, mitral valve thickened and hard, cauliflower growth between the insertion of the chorda tendineae, left ventricle hypertrophied. — (Vet. News.) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof, A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. INTERESTING CASE OF OSTEITIS SEQUELAE OF DISTEMPER [MM. Bordenave and Camban, Army Veter.|.—A mare, seven years old, pure Anglo-Arab breed, had distemper. She remained thin and delicate. She had a cutaneous manifestation, where she lost her hairs almost all over the whole body and recovered. _ For the following three years she had articular synovitis of the _ hocks which disappeared. She has had fistulous withers which remained more or less rebellious to treatment and finally she now 242 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. has all the manifestations of osteitis. There are exostosis at various points of the skeleton. Large on the inner face of the tibia, they are enormous on the right. The hock in that region measures 57 cm. round. On the opposite leg it measures 43. Both large metatarsal are deformed by the presence of exostoses. There is also a large one at the inferior extremity of the right fore-arm. The internal condyle of the right femur is large also, and there is one as large as a child’s fist on the sternum at the girth seat. All those are painless. It is peculiar to notice that as these exostoses began to make their appearance, the condition of the withers improved, and radical, spontaneous recovery wees : place. Curonic Pyometry [Directeur Herbet | —Ten-year-old cow, apparently in good health, has had for several years abdominal pains. She is a strong animal, does hard work, and her appe- — tite has always been good. She shows, when examined, the symp- toms of chronic peritonitis with fluid in the abdomen. She died, was examined, and the cause of her peritonitis was made out. There was nothing wrong in the digestive organs. The uterus was very large, weighing seven kilograms. It had on the inferior and median part of the body a large ecchymotic spot, with a cir- cular ulceration about 10 cm. in diameter. The internal face of the uterus had no cotyledons; there was no communication with the vagina; there was no neck of the uterus, and the vagina formed a true cul-de-sac of very large dimensions. ‘The histo- logical study of the walls of the uterus showed the lesions of chronic suppurative metritis. As there was no communication between the uterus and the vagina, there was then ‘pyometry.— (Journ. de Zoot.) CHONDROMA OF THE Fincers [Prof. Dr. V. Ball|—The author says: “I have had occasion to observe a case of chon- drosarcoma of the finger, with numerous visceral metastasis, in a ten-year-old dog. The small toe of the right hand seemed reduced to the first phalanx, which, at its free extremity, had a neoplasm, widening in its form, largely ulcerated on its surface, granular and inflamed. The tumor was hard, and on section, the surface has an aspect cartilaginous, viz.: the characters of a chondroma. The growth measured 4 cm. in length and 5 in width. The post mortem revealed besides the presence of metas- tatic centers in the lungs and kidneys also one in the pancreas. - The histological examination revealed the true nature of ons . ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. to Je drosarcoma that some authors consider as cartilaginous s sarcoma. —(Journ. de Zoot.) GENERALIZED PoROCEPHALOSIS IN A CyNOCEPHALUS [MM. Query and Brocg-Rousseau|.—At the post mortem of cynocepha- lus, larvae of a species of lingatulidae are often found and which belong to the gender paracephalus of Humboldt. Generally a small number only is found disseminated in the peritoneum, free or imbedded in the omentum or mesentery. Very seldom they are found in the liver or in the lung. In the majority of cases the authors have observed that their number is restricted and seldom more than ten are seen in one subject. In the case that is recorded and illustrated the peritoneal cav- ity had a peculiar granulous aspect specially on the surface of the intestine. The granulations were formed by porocephali. There were hundreds of them, lodged in the omentum and mesentery. Some of them were also free in the peritoneal cavity. The larvae were rolled upon themselves, a few only being half or entirely unrolled. In the spleen and the liver as well as on the diaphragm there were a few. The kidneys and heart had none. The case is exceptionally rare—(Revue de Pathol. Comp.) SEPTIC GANGRENE IN Cows [Mr. Marquet |].—First Observa- tion: Between seven and eight years old, a cow, in a good state of health, had for about a year on the posterior border of the left shoulder an oval tumor which was fluctuating. With the trocar a fluid, honey-like in consistency, is obtained; but a free incision is required to empty the growth. Between one and two litres of thick, white, yellowish liquid are removed. Small arte- ries that have been cut give an abundant hemorrhage, difficult to control. The wound is closed with sutures. The next day the growth is as large as before. The sutures removed show the cavity filled by thick exudates; there is no suppuration, and the edges of the wound are dry. No bad odor. Two days later gangrene is manifest. No suppuration, blackish edges of the wound, infected smell, crepitation round surface, general condi- tion bad. Death. Post mortem: The general lesions of infection. Second Observation: Cow has prolapsus uteri. It is reduced and to hold it in place two stitches in cross are put on the vulva. Through the expulsive efforts of the animal, one suture has torn one of the vulvar lips; otherwise the animal seems doing well. _ The next day the vulva is swollen, sore to the touch. The uterus contains fluid which is washed out with permanganate solution. 244 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Dressing with tincture of iodine. The condition keeps on getting worse, and on the third day death takes place, with lesions similar to those of the first observation —( Kec. de Med. Vet.) Dry AND ASCENDING NECROSIS OF THE SEPTUM NASI AND TURBINATED BONEs IN A Horse [J. N. Ries]—Mare roars and has a puffy swelling round the nostrils and lower part of the face above the nasal spine. The septum nasi is perforated by an ulceration running as high as the lower extremity of the turbinated bones, which are also invaded by the diseased process. The ulcer is bound by a yellowish line surrounded by a red border. This line represents the limit of cartilaginous slough, perfectly dry, and without sep- arating edges, nor greenish coloration, as is usual in cases of necrosed cartilage. This ascending necrosis, destroying slowly, does not affect the animal which is otherwise in good condition. The lymph glands of the maxillary space are slightly swollen. — Trepanation of the face over the nasal bone permits free irriga- tions which gave fair results, but in the presence of a long treat- ment the owner decides to have the horse slaughtered.—( Kec. de Med. Vet.) Our COLLEAGUES IN THE AMERICAN Army is the title of an editorial in the April number of our esteemed contemporary, the Veterinary Journal. Our English neighbors in the profession — express astonishment that “a great civilized country like the — United States has for so long persistently refused to grant what — even the turbulent Balkan States consider a necessity,’ and sug- — gest as one way to bring the United States to a realization of the value of the veterinarian, not only as doctor for the horses and — mules, but in the capacity of inspector of animal food products, — would be for “ all the qualified veterinarians to hang together and — all firmly boycott the Service.” The editorial says in conclu-— sion: ‘‘ We, their British colleagues, can assure them, from our — side of the water, that they have for a long time had our earnest — sympathy, and that we wish them the greatest possible success.” — We can assure our British cousins that their good wishes are — warmly appreciated by American veterinarians, and that we are very hopeful of success at present. Dr. Kuuns Gores to Wi_tminctron.—Dr. J. R. Kuhns, 3 secretary of the Delaware State Live Stock Sanitary Board, has — left Dover and located in Wilmington, that State. — BIBLIOGRAPHY. VETERINARY HYGIENE. (German.) VETERINARY HyGIENE—OUTLINE OF THE CARE AND FEEDING OF DoMESTIC Animas. By Dr. Martin Klimmer, Medical Councilor, Professor of Hygiene, Director of Hygienic Institute and Institute of Infectious Dis- eases of the Royal Veterinary College of Dresden. Second revised and enlarged edition with 207 illustrations. Berlin, P. Perry, 1914. Price 15 marks. Klimmer’s Hygiene is a recognized textbook, in which the more modern principles of feeds and feeding and the care of animals have been embodied. ‘The scientific feeding based on Kellner’s Comprehensive Studies on Animal Feeding was in- cluded in the first edition of Klimmer’s Veterinary Hygiene, which he published in 1907. In his second edition, Klimmer has revised his work and added two new chapters in order that it may comply with the practical requirements for veterinarians engaged in breeding and __ care of stock, also that army veterinarians may use it to advan- tage. The new chapters include the examination of feeds and de- scriptions of infectious diseases, which of course are only briefly described, since special publications deal more comprehen- sively with this phase of the subject. The author, in the chapter on infectious diseases, touches on the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases and only mentions the treatment. On the other hand he discusses comprehensively the hygienic conditions which influence the resistance of the animals as well as the methods of _ disinfection. Another advantage of the second edition is the _ bibliographical data which appears at the end of each chapter. The second edition is considerably enlarged. It contains 509 _ pages, divided into 10 chapters, and also contains an appendix. The first chapter deals with the air, the second with the soil, the third with the hygienic importance of water, in the fourth chapter the author discusses feeding, in the fifth he describes the injurious conditions which may be brought on by the feeding of substances _ containing poisonous plants and also food which has been adulter- __ ated or which contains impurities, or which as a result of various _ conditions has become spoiled. The sixth chapter contains the _ tules of general feeding, also the rations required by the different _ food animals according to Kellner’s principles. | The seventh _ chapter discusses the nursing of animals and other care and the 245 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY. hygienic importance of pasturing. The ninth chapter contains a large amount of new material and stable hygiene; finally, the last chapter includes infectious diseases. The appendix of the book contains tables which furnish the raw and digestible organic ma- terial of the different food substances, also the starch values and the amount of ash. The 207 splendid illustrations enhance greatly the value of the book. From this brief statement it may be seen that the author has included in his work all phases of animal hygiene. With this subject continually gaining in importance in the practice of © veterinarians, the book of Klimmer will furnish the veterinarian _ highly valuable information, especially since the practitioner of to-day and of the future will not be called upon to treat diseases exclusively, but also to furnish data on questions pertaining to animal hygiene. ADOLPH EICHHORN. VETERINARY ALUMNI OF NEw YorK UNrversiry. —In view a of the fact that the New York State Veterinary College at New ao York University will have completed its eight months’ course on May 25, the executive committee of the alumni association of iat that school, at its meeting on March 25, voted to hold the an- nual meeting of the alumni association on June 10, Commence- ment Day. The plan is, to hold the veterinary alumni meeting in the middle of the day (to be called about 11 a. m.) at the old veterinary college building, 14 West 54th street; so that e adjournment, the veterinary alumni may have an opportunity BY a joining the alumni of the other schools of New York University i at University Heights in the afternoon to participate in the 4 commencement exercises. The dinner of the veterinary alumni association will be held that evening. Re This arrangement was made for the benefit of out-of ae a men, who never get an opportunity to visit the beautiful — a and buildings of New York University and witness the imposing — commencement exercises in connection with the graduation o Vag the classes of its'numerous schools. A communication from ries 4 secretary relative to this matter will reach each alumnus of the — veterinary school, and we trust that as many as possibly can, will arrange to give themselves a day in the big city on June 10, Sq 4 and will visit the great university, of which their school is a pate 4 Get the university spirit, it is inspiring! re ge" hs a aud peal 2) Ma Thar Meera a oS ™ ‘3M Me ae CORRESPONDENCE. PittsBurG, Pa., April 4, 1914. Editor of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: Dear Sir—I was much interested in Dr. Gilyard’s report of the use of his method of treating a case of impaction of the caecum by the introduction of quantities of water through a trocar into the impacted mass. The results he obtained, I think, fully substantiate what I predicted in a recent communication. He obtained good results as far as he went, but he did not go far enough. I think that the further treatment which I indicated is very necessary to a complete recovery, as it is only by this means that the caecum can be made nearly empty, by which I mean that it shall contain largely a gaseous content, and not water free from solids. This condition is very necessary to recovery. To examine the case reported, I think that the doctor was = able to remove most of the solid content, at least all the solid _ material was gone as far as he could reach, but there is a grave _ doubt about the region at the apex being empty, as some sedi- ment would settle at that point when the fluid was not being _ violently agitated. The caecum itself was still filled with fluid, _ as the doctor could find “no solid ingesta in the caecum,” and _ this produced the old enemy I spoke of before—pressure, with the consequent inertia of the walls. Therefore he had progressed _ but not so far as to offer any chance for the circulation in the _ walls to re-establish itself, and for the muscular walls to ean their tone. Some will think that the fluid in the caecum after the first operation would be absorbed by the walls, as is the physiological process in other parts of the bowels, but I do not think that this could take place; as the circulation is so greatly impeded and with the mucous walls in the condition that they are, no absorp- q tion could take place. A question crosses my mind: What is the difference between _ cases of impaction of the ceacum in Eastern and central United States horses and those cases seen in horses in the Northwest? When horses in the Northwest recover from the trouble (60 per _ cent.), whereas the other horses all die, in both parts of which 247 248 CORRESPONDENCE. country the same routine treatment is being used and has been used for years, there being nothing about the Western treat- ment that has not been known, used, and found hopeless by Eastern veterinarians, for years? I dunno? Yours very truly, ‘A. C. Wicut, D.V.M. CoLoRADO SPRINGS, CoLo., April 7, 1914. Editor, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: Dear Sir—Regarding Dr. Wolf’s inquiry for a deodorant, will say that for many years I have used mustard. Just plain, dry mustard. Take a small quantity in your hand, moisten to a paste and use it as you would use soap; and you will certainly get rid of such odors as Dr. Wolf describes. I do not claim originality for this. I just learned it some- where, and so long ago that I really do not know where or from whom. Truly yours, A. J. SAVAGE. Garrison, N. D., April 22, 1914. Editor, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York City: Dear Sir: On page 107, April issue of Review, Dr. Chas. F. Wolf, of Pioneer, Ohio, asks for a deodorant for removing foul odors from the hands after coming into contact with decayed or putrified tissues. I have found the following very effectual, especially after trephining of decayed frontal tissues or for teeth, where the most disagreeable odors cling to the hands: Wash the hands in a solution of permanganate of potash in water which will de- odorize, and then to remove the resulting stain, rinse in a solu- tion of oxalic acid in water. I am not particular about the strength of these two solutions, : as I have not experienced any irritating effects from either, and a last washing with soap and water will remove all traces of the _ oxalic acid, and should slight traces of the permanganate stains remain I think you would prefer it to the odor. Try the above : and I believe you will get results. Yours fraternally, J. W. Rosrnson. To (FSA Vee | ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. BRITISH VETERINARY OFFICER OF HIGHEST RANK TELLS EXPERIENCE OF BRITISH ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. THe DEVELOPMENT, ORGANIZATION, METHODS AND WORK OF THE BritisH ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. By Major GENERAL Ropert Princte, Director-General, British Army Veteri- nary Department, War Office, London, England. Letter from General Pringle: War Office, 23d March, 1914. Dear Sir.—I m sending you a short article on the history of the Army Veterinary Corps in the English Army, which I hope will be of some service in helping you to obtain recognition of the veterinary service in the United States Army. Yours sincerely, (Signed) R. PRINGLE. To Garrison STEELE, Esq., M.D., D.V.M. Veterinary surgeons were appointed to cavalry regiments in the British Army in the later part of the 18th Century. They were originally employed on the recommendation of a Committee of General Officers because of the enormous losses amongst army horses. Their appointment was productive of much benefit to the service, in as much as glanders, of which military stables used to be hotbeds of the disease, was soon entirely eradicated, and the _ death rate within less than two years was reduced fifty per cent. In those days the veterinary surgeon was a regimental officer. He was responsible to no one but the commanding officer for his duties. No other regiment and no other branch of the service had a call on his services in peace or war. Some spent the _whole of their service at home, whilst others became prematurely old and infirm through living most of their lives in unhealthy climates abroad. This was considered unsatisfactory, and in 1881 the veterin- ary service was organized into a special department, all regi- mental appointments, excepting those of the Household Cavalry, 249 250 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, being abolished. The officers were placed on a sence list au a roster for foreign service under one central authority. A special cs uniform was adopted and they were attached to cavalry regi- — ments, or units, for duty as their services were required. The subordinate staff for carrying out the instructions of veterinary officers regarding the treatment of the sick belonged to regiments. ‘These men were originally trained as cavalrymen, 4 gunners or drivers, after which they spent two years or more in the forge learning to shoe horses. They were afterwards ec to Jook after sick animals. 4 This method of dealing with the sick was ample for peace re- ‘J quirements, but on service it was a complete failure, as the men if trained in the above mentioned manner were required by units in : the firing line for fighting, shoeing and attending to trivial ail- ments which would not preclude horses from doing their oa work. | The more serious cases requiring rest, extra fear and. dai veterinary attendance could only be treated in hospitals on lines of communications, and our peace organization pro neither hospitals nor personnel. oe This was the state of affairs at the oubreak of hostilities South Africa in 1899, and to overcome these difficulties” Government had to apply to India for veterinary hospitals v trained native personnel under British veterinary officers, also engage and train civilian subordinates during the war a rates of pay. The results were anything but satisfactory, and evelaelg V comment from every direction. It was impossible for units look after their sick horses on the march and they had to sent to hastily improvised veterinary hospitals on the lines | C communication. Many horses died which otherwise would I Wve recovered. This would have saved the country the enor: expense incurred in replacing them with remounts. A reco) horse is far more valuable than an over-sea remount in that he is usually acclimatized to the country in which he is serie ind, further, he is a trained horse. i The chaos which resulted accentuated the fact that a branch of the army, no matter how small, must have a * 4 system of training, modelled on lines similar to those whic) be in force in war, In 1902 a committee assembled to er into the conditions affecting the army veterinary service ar suggest remedies. The principal recommendations were ~ formation of an army veterinary corps of non: coriiiseeaa ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 251 cers and men to assist veterinary officers in the discharge of their duties, and the grant of combatant rank and titles to the latter. This was granted by the royal warrant of 5th October, 1903, and soon afterwards veterinary hospitals were established in the large military stations in the United Kingdom and in South Africa. A section constituted a unit, its war establishment being fixed at 2 - officers and 113 non-commissioned officers and men. Veterinary officers are detailed for duty with the various units of the army, and to them is confided the veterinary super- _ vision and care of animals. They make frequent inspections for - contagious disease, and bring to the notice of commanding officers any measures necessary for the health and condition of the ani- mals under their professional care. They superintend the dress- ing of simple cases by the regimental staff of units, sending the more serious ones to hospital for treatment. _ With a view to forming a reserve of officers to come to the assistance of the army in time of war, two officers’ training corps _ have recently been organized at the Royal Veterinary College, _ Dublin, and the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Students are drilled and receive instruction on military organiza- tion and discipline, especial attention being paid to that which ap- to the veterinary service. Selected candidates, after quali- ing, receive commissions in the special reserve of officers and undergo a further course of instruction for three months at the Army Veterinary School and in a veterinary hospital. During this training they receive the pay and allowances of their rank, and receive in addition an annual retaining fee up to the age of 40. __ The veterinary service of the territorial force, which hitherto has been on a regimental basis, is now being reorganized to re- semble the veterinary service of the regular army. Responsibility and efficiency go hand in hand, and it ts realized ‘im the United Kingdom that no branch of the Army can be of any > great value in a critical situation unless it is given authority to | take the initiative in duties which are strictly its own. The work of the officers of the army veternary corps includes the veterinary ervision, the care and treatment of sick animals, the discipline 7 F ' j bites bring the officers of the army veterinary corps into close touch with the general work of the army. They are as much cerned as those of other units in the provision of food, cloth- ig and other requirements to their men, in arranging their 252 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, camps and generally in exercising the same functions as officers of other units with the exception of actual combatant work. This system of training has evolved a class of officer in the veterinary — service whose efforts has had a far reaching effect on horse economy and in the improvement in the health of the animals of the British army. GARRISON STEELE, M.D., D.V.M. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CONTAGIOUS PNEUMONIA OF HORSES, AND THE SALVARSAN TREATMENT OF THIS DIS- EASE. Since the above article appeared in the AMERICAN VETERI- NARY Review of February, 1914, Staff-Veterinarian Luhrs, of the German army, has published the following statement, giving further results obtained in the investigations of this disease: EXPERIMENTS WITH THE COMPLEMENT-FIXATION METHOD OF CoNTAGIOUS PNEUMONIA. In these experiments an alcoholic extract from lungs of dis- eased horse was used as an antigen. With this extract com- plement-fixation bodies show in the serum of every affected horse which is still in the fever stage. The reaction becomes — negative after the fever ceases. A positive reaction could also be observed in some older — horses, apparently well, but of which it could not be ascertained — whether they had previously suffered from the disease. In new- — born foals, and in horses which were known not to have been — previously sick with the disease, a negative reaction was constant. The serum of young horses sick with febrile strangles or — septicaemia acted always negative. Two glanders sera did not react to the antigen of contagious pneumonia, neither did the contagious-pneumonia serum on glanders antigen. ° Several experiments with extract from bronchial glands of cases of contagious pneumonia correspond with the above results. The same result was obtained when, instead of the antigen — of contagious pneumonia, a liver extract of lues was used as ~ applied in the Wasserman method for human syphilis. The fact is also noteworthy that human luetic serum produces * a complement fixation with the extract of lungs of contagiaa pneumonia and of the bronchial glands. Oe See a ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 253° In all these experiments, extending over several hundred sera, the necessary controls have been made. It was not possible to secure a diagnosis of contagious | pneumonia based on the Abderhalden dialysis test. Many such experiments were made, but the results obtained were extremely contradictory. OLAF SCHWARZKOPF. - Expert EXAMINATION OF STALLIONS UNDER STATE LAWS. The Breeders Gazette, in its issue of April 2, 1914, brings the following note as correspondence: Tue Onto STALLIon. Law. ’ In several articles in recent issues of The Gazette I have seen mention of the Ohio law for the examination of stallions. I have witnessed quite a number of such examinations recently by the state expert. If these were any criterion, the stallion law of Ohio is a farce, pure and simple. It is a well known fact, conceded by the veterinary profession generally, that thick wind and periodic ophthalmia (moon blindness) are hereditary and transmissible, The expert made no test of the wind, and gave only a glancing look at the eyes, The.teeth were not looked at. The stallion was not examined to see if he was afflicted with vesicular or coital exanthema. Section 3 of the “Taw says that “upon such examination a certificate shall be issued to the owner setting forth the transmissible defects.” Could such a thing be possible with this kind of examination? Darke Co., O. STALLION OWNER. If this statement of the correspondent of the Breeders Ga- zette is correct, it is to be hoped that the “ state expert,” referred to in this note, was not a veterinarian. If so, he will by his ap- — parent “ mildness ’ of examination do a harm to the intent of the state stallion law, and contribute towards a prejudice against the veterinary profession; destroying in the very beginning the good prospects of a new kind of work that we are in a fair way of winning by our special study and training. Those of us who have had experience in the examination of _. stallions and mares for breeding operations know full well that _ only a thorough examination is just to all, and leads to uniform results. Often-it is not an easy task, complicated by the argu- ments of the owner of breeding stock. The young practitioner will have to add to the phrase of the horse dealer of “ serviceably sound” the often heard phrase of the small breeder of “ sound for breeding.” Particularly the owner of brood mares is apt _ to regard the most glaring defects of conformation and sound- "hess as “ not hereditary, but only acquired,” and he will cite text- _ books on breeding as his authority, even if it is evident to a lay- man that the mare is not worth the service of a good stallion. 254 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. But here the complaint is reversed, and a stallion owner him- self objects to the insufficiency of an examination. The case looks so strange to us that we feel justified in concluding that this examination was not performed by a veterinary “ expert,” who would certainly have better appreciated and understood the dicta of veterinary science and his responsibility. OLAF SCHWARZKOPF. ARTICLES FOR JUNE IssuUE—SOME ALREADY IN TyPE: C om- parative Medicine, W. H. Dalrymple; The Production of Arti- ficial Immunity Against Tuberculosis in Animals, S. H. Gilli-— land; Maine Livestock Industry, A. Joly; The Tissue Food, John A. McLaughlin; The Intercellular Fluid and Its Relation to Health and Disease, Thomas B. Kenny; Six Experimental Cases of Tetanus in Carnivora, L. S. N. Walsh; and several others. Texas Or Tick Fever is the subject of U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 569, by Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. This little bulletin of 24 pages, with illustrations, covers every phase of the tick question, and is a valuable medium for the distribution of knowledge to the cattle raisers on this important question. THE CANADIAN STANDARD MAGAZINE for February, 1914, published at Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was recently received at the Review office, and contains a striking picture of our esteemed collaborator, John Gunion Rutherford, published in connection with a very interesting sketch of Dr. Rutherford’s life and ac- tivities in Canada, under the head of “ Notable Canadians.” Most of us feel that we know of all the greatness of this great veterinarian, but the Standard’s account of his life, politically and in the interests of agriculture in Canada, show him to be — even a bigger man than we had conceived him. REVIEW LIKE OLD Stock Prescription: Dr. H. N. Eames, who has left Livermore Falls, Maine, to open a hospital in San-_ ford, that state, says in notifying us of his change of address, ; “T must have the Review; it is like the old stock prescriptions.” f \ vor ga Pg 4 . SOCIETY MEETINGS. CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The annual meeting of the above association was held in Hartford, at Hotel Garde, Tuesday, February 3, 1914. Meeting was called to order at 11.30 a. m. by President Whitney. After reading of minutes of the previous meeting, reports of the secre- tary and treasurer were read and approved.’ Two applications for membership were presented and referred to the board of censors. Officers elected: President, Dr. Geo. T. Crowley; Ist vice- president, Dr. V. M. Knapp; 2d vice-president, Dr. A. T. Gil- yard; secretary, Dr. B. K. Dow; treasurer, Dr. Thos. Bland; board of censors, Dr. G. W. Loveland, Dr. Geo. L. Cheney, Dr. H. Whitney, Dr. G. E. Corwin, Jr., and Dr. P. T. Keeley. Adjourned for lunch at 12.30 and reconvened at 2.30. Un- der the head of new business, the matter of illegal practice in the state was brought up for discussion, resulting in an action instructing the president to appoint five members, at a future _ date, to act as a prosecuting committee, and that money be ap- propriated out of the treasury to defray the necessary expenses of the committee. Later the president appointed Drs. G. W. Loveland, H. E. Bates, J. E. Underhill, H. Whitney and G. V. _ Towne as members of that committee. Arrangements were made for holding the semi-annual meet- ing in Waterbury the first Tuesday in August next. The day _ will be devoted to surgical clinics, and the banquet and business _ meeting will be held in the evening. President Crowley announced that papers for the meeting _ had been promised by Drs. Gilyard, Loveland and Cheney. The business being finished, the president called for the read- _ ing of papers; as there were no papers to be read, several inter- esting cases were described by members that had occurred in their practice, which were well discussed and many opinions advanced. Meeting adjourned at 5 p. m. Members in attendance: Thos. Bland, H. E. Bates, C. H. Beere, G. T. Crowley, G. L. Cheney, G. E. Corwin, Jr., B. K. _ Dow, P. F. Finnigan, J. J. Flaherty, A. T. Gilyard, L. B. Jud- son, P. T. Keeley, G. W. Loveland, J. J. Moynahan, J. E. Under- hill, H. Whitney, C. R. Witte and I. R. Vail. Visitors: Dr. 'B. D. Pierce, Springfield, Mass.; T. E. Robinson, Westerly, BR. 1. B. K. Dow, Secretary. } 255 256 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ‘B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS ASSOC ae OF CGHICAGO. --- : ? The regular monthly meeting of the B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors Association was held at the Saddle and Sirloin Club, Friday evening, April 10, 1914. The meeting was featured with a short talk by, Dr. L. Enos Day, pathologist at the Chicago station, on tuberculin, its prep- aration, and theories as to how it causes the reaction. Several problems of post-mortem inspection were fully dis- cussed by the members present. Dr. W. N. Neil, the new inspector in cai was clected to membership in the association. . B. J. Siceeie Secretary. THE CORNELL VETERINARIAN BECOMES A QUARTERLY. —We notice in the April issue of the Cornell Veterinarian that it has started as a quarterly instead of half yearly publication. That. suggests progress, and recognition of merit by the profession, and we congratulate its editors. It is a high-class, strictly ethical periodical ; qualifications that must attract to it, the right sort of supporters. VETERINARY PROFESSION REPRESENTED: In looking ¢ over ‘tha excellent programme of the Louisiana State Medical Society, — which held its 35th annual meeting in New Orleans, April 20 to 23, we find the veterinary profession represented by Drs. A. D. Melvin, W. H. Dalrymple and R. W. Tuck. We frequently see physicians’ names on the programmes of veterinary meetings, — and should like to see veterinarians’ names more frequently on medical association programmes. It is a healthy cross. GERMAN OFFICIAL RESPECT FOR THE Horse.—An attache of — the American Embassy in Berlin sends a circular that is being | distributed through the German Army, as follows: Men AND Horses.—In the army of the Fatherland horses — . _ have always played an important part. We owe a great debt to” our horses for service, both in times of war and peace. And it is hoped that all good soldiers will see to it that the rights of our dumb brothers are respected. Our horses are entitled to food, water, bedding and shelter. just as exactly as a trooper is. But beyond this it must be remembered that a horse shoul not: be ‘insulted or distressed, either by cruel treatment or vehe= ment language. * * * (The Horse Lover—April, 1914.) . 4 NEWS AND ITEMS. SECRETARY Mayo Bins ror Five HunpReD NEw MEMBERS; In starting on the second half of the century run of the A. V. M. A., Secretary Mayo is putting forth his best energies, and expresses an ambition to increase the membership by 500 mem- bers this year. With a continuation of the healthy condition now enjoyed by the association, growing steadily better from year to year, such a thing is quite within the range of possi- bility if every present member lends his little “boost.” See how many you can bring in. | Unitep States Civit Service EXAMINATION—V ETERINA- RIAN (MALtE)—May 20, 1914.—The United States Civil Serv- ice Commission announces an open competitive examination for veterinarian, for men only, on May 20, 1914. From the register of eligibles resulting from this examination certification will be _ made to fill vacancies in the position of veterinary inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, at en- trance salaries of $1,400 per annum, unless it is found to be in the interest of the service to fill any vacancy by reinstatement, transfer or promotion. It is probable that a large number of appointments will be made in the near future. Competitors will be examined in the following subjects, which will have the relative weights indicated: ee ae re Subjects. Weights. rE Letter EEA RS HA Be RS waa 10 2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology ................ 20 3. Veterinary pathology and meat inspection ............ 30 4. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine ......... 30 © 5. Education, training and experience ................. 10 a ed ROP Lie chins g v.86. 0°8, «00 0,0,6 «2 100 ___ This examination is open to all men who are citizens of the : United States and who meet the requirements. Persons who meet the requirements and desire this examina- _ tion should at once apply to the United States Civil Service a Commission, Washington, D. C. 257 r# 258 NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. S. R. Howarp CoNvALESCENT: The many friends of Dr. Howard, Hillsboro, Ohio, will be glad to learn that the doe- tor is now convalescent after a pretty hard siege, first from ill- ness, then from an accident, which resulted in the breaking of some ribs. He has our sincere sympathy. Dr. S. E. BENNETT LEAvEs Cu1caco, WHERE HE Has BEEN INSPECTOR IN CHARGE OF THE B, A. I. Service For EIGHT YrEArS.—The employees of the B. A. I. Service in Chicago gave a “Smoker ” to Dr. Bennett at the Saddle and Sirloin Club on the evening of April Ist, and extended a welcome to his successor, Dr. W. N. Neil. Dr. Bennett has been placed in charge of hog cholera eradication in Indiana, with headquarters at Crawfords- ville. Many after-dinner addresses added to the evening’s en- joyment. DINNER TO NEw YorK PuysIctaAn Firty YEARS IN PRAC- - TicE.—The colleagues and friends of Faneuil D. Weisse, M.D., gave him a dinner at the Hotel Astor on March 28th last, at which 300 of his colleagues in the medical and dental professions, and friends, were present to honor the good doctor and celebrate the occasion of his fiftieth year in practice. Dr. Weisse is known to the medical profession everywhere, who acknowledge him as a past master in anatomy—having written standard works on it— and as the father of dental surgery in America; which branch of surgery he raised to its present high standard in this country. And to-day, as Dean of the New York College of Dentistry, he is — still exerting his best efforts in behalf of that branch of human surgery. But the name, Dr. Faneuil D. Weisse, also means much to the veterinary profession of America. Graduates of the American Veterinary College prior to its amalgamation with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1899, affectionately remember Dr. Weisse and his kindly words of advice in his open- ing addresses to the students each year. Those men whose privi- lege it was to have listened to him will never forget him, whether it was 29 years ago or I5 years ago, and will always associate the” name of Faneuil D. Weisse, M.D., with the American Veterinary — ere Se College; as he has always been a close friend of Prof. Liautard, — and officiated as Secretary of the Board of Trustees from 1875 to 1885, and President of the Board from 1885 until the amalga- mation and adoption by New York University in 1899. His | place in the hearts of his friends and colleagues was attested by the festive gathering in his honor on March 28th, at which gathering (although fifty years active professional work lay behind him) he was among the merriest of those present. Ritaad VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accom anying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : aot Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Meetirs. Name and Address Secretary. Alabama Ve Med. Ass’n......| Mar. 5-6-7,1914 ....| Auburn.........| C. A. Cary, Auburn. Alumni int Aan No = WG Sins aie June 10, 1914....... 141 W. 54th St..} P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. American V. M. Ass’n.............. Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La} Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood . ; Ave., Chicago, IIl. Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n...........|January 5-6, 1915 ...| Little Rock....| R. M. Gow, Fayetteville. Ass’n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise.| 1st and 3d’ Thur. - Lec. Room, La- MMMM as cw cas wceav chess > each month.. val Un’y, Mon.; J. P. * Senge Montreal. B. A. I. Vet. in. A., Chicago......... 2d Fri. each month. . Chicago........ H. A. § , Il. B. A.I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha...... 3d Mon. each month.| 8. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jaokton an Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass'n Monthly........... St. Joseph and vicinity ....| F. W. eo St. Joseph, Mo. December 10, 1913..| San Francisco..| John F. McKenna, Fresno. Feb. and July....... June Nov....... 2d Tues. each — .| May 28-29, 1914... Aug. 4, 1914.. -| Waterbury. . Jan., Apl., July. Oct..| Wilmington... . A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. 3d Mon. each month. Newark, N. J....| J. F. Carey, East Orange, N. J. .| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester... ... J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. Dec. 22-23; 1913. ....| Atlanta........ P. F. nsen, Americus. 1st Sat. each month..| Wash., D. C.....| I. M. Cashel. SR, PERO Sed foe Pure SR ee es Louis P. Cook, Cincinna’ Mar. 26, 1914....... Belleville, Ill....| L. B. Michael, Cae Ill. 913. ....| Chicago........| L. A. Merillat, Chicago. Jan. 14, 1914....... Indianapolis. . .-| A. F, Nelson, Indianapolis. Pending............ Pending........ C. H. e, Ames, Jan. 6-7-8, 1914..... Manhattan..... J. H. Burt, Manhatian. Oct. & Feb.each year ea were pues Robert Graham, Lexington. 2d Tues. each month.| P elphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins. POMBE a coc: sade: ing teeek ok Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. es aaiae ald Lake Charles Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La July 3, 4, 1914......| Houllon........ B. Wescott, SORT NS SIRE Sant ig 7a es Baltimore... ... H. . Sec’y. 4th na oe month.| Young's, Boston.| J. H. Salem. Feb. 3, 4, 1914. Lena Piaasves W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. Jan. ti6-16, 1914. .| St Pauls. sss. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Aug. 29, “ae Starkville.......| Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914 Kansas City,Mo. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Semi-Annually —Call of Chair......... Galesburg, Ill... G. E. McIntyre, Alexis, Ill. -| duly, 1913... ......... Kirksville...... 5. Stewart, City. Sept. 24, 25,1913. | Helena......... A. D. Knowles. Livingston 1st Mo. & Tu.,Dee.’13| Lincoln, Neb. ..} Carl J. Norden, Neteaste City. August 11-12-13, 1914 och H.J Milks, Ithaca, N June, 1914.. Nov. of f July 20, 1914 Jan 15, 1914.. Rect | FP. gail tn ade KM aie Beha aa WET A makawas eee J. C. Howard, Sullivan. Wall, 1918. V's. 365540 Oklahoma City..| C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. ist Week . 2 bo 1914] Toronto........ L. A. Willson. Toronto. Mar. 3, 4, 1914...... Philadelphia... . oo Reichel, Glenolden. ed Call of Pres Manila......... id C. Kretzer, Manila. 4th econ poor sath Portland, Ore... Sian. B. Foster, weg yo Sustiae sas $3.Akk eee Mon. and Que... Sng Boyer, Rigaud, P Jan. and June.......| Providence... .. Pollard, Providence. Pending............ Pending........ 4 e pm a Charleston. sn Aug. 4 5-6 1914..... Salem.......... F. Hockman, Iola. Ist Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. .| St. Louis. ...... Wn. T. stein St. Louis, Mo. June 17, 1914....... Reading........ W. G. - pa band ernersville. REE AS eae Philadelphia. ...| B. T. Woodward Wash’n, D. C. i eye Madison ........| 8. W. Allen. Watertown. Pending . Ww. .| Jan. Api, July, Oct..| Los Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. ...| 4th Tues. each month| 407 Illinois Ave. | H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph BL é November, 1914..... Nashville....... O. L. McMahon, Columbia. M. Ass’ Nov... 1018! > 5.5 =: Looe Station..| Ailen J. Foster, Marshall V. M. Ass’ 2d Thu. ae oa: it. P.-Minneap..| M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn. Med. Ass’ Spring of 1914....... Sit Lake City..| E. J. Coburn, mieee City. EMG eT. oll tb. overic ts ccuaed cifiwecesaesveuvss G. T. Stevenson, Burlington. CYS, CGN ot hon. i accice ta ad. fe metchadeesyence C. H. H. Sweetap ple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta., Dist. ...| 8d Wed. each month | 514 9th St.,N.W.| M. Page Smith,” Washington, D. C. Ass'n, Geo. ..| 1st Sat.each month.} Wash’ton, ae J. M. eso Sead 14th Street. of Manitoba. Feb. & July each yr.. haw yl Wm. Hilton, W d. Ass'n : ..| January 8, 1914..... Trento E. L. Loblein New Pecamewick: New York Ist Wel. cach month,| 141 W. 84th St..| B.S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. .-| Monthly........... Jersey City..... T. F. O'Dea Union Hill, N. J. Jy ref 1914...... Staunton....... Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. & 3d Fri. Eve. Pullman........| R. J. Donohue, Pullman. dg 18-19, 1914....| Walla Walla... . a Cozier, Bellingham. 3d Thu. each month.. Pittsburgh...... o jamin Gunner, Sewickley. Feb. 10, 11, 1914....| Milwaukee..... ', Arzberger, Watertown PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in single copies, 80 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be rec month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immed their address. Make all checks or P,. O. orders payable to Review. 4S Great INDIANAPOLIS DruG HousE MAKES SLIGHT CHANGE | the request and with the unanimous consent of all the stockho MAN-Myers Company” has changed its name to “ PrrmAn-Moor There has been no change whatever in the personnel of the off tors, stockholders, or in the management of the business. Hz whose name now becomes part of the corporate name, has been the company and has had the general management of the busines years. Advertisement running on page 3 (Adv. department.) STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. oie CAN VETERINARY REVIEW,’ PUBLISHED MONTHLY A rs 152D STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF 24, 1912. Editors—A. Liautard and Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New ¥ Managing Editor—Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York. — Ag Business Manager—Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New Yorks Publisher—American Veterinary Review, 509 West 152d Street, New York. Owners: (If a corporation, Py names and addresses of stockholders cent. or more of total amount of stock)—A. Liautard re de 1’ Robt. W. Ellis, 509, West 152d Street, New York, N. 3 GM ca Street, New York, N. Y. : ; PER Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders, holding r per of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities—None. Rosr, W. Exus, E Sworn to and subscribed before me this roth day of March, 1914. z ay Moses Morris, Notary Public, - ; (Seal.) New York County, No. 133, New York Register (My commission expires March 30, 1914.) AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. JUNE, 1914. EDITORIAL. Se EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, April 15, 1914. SUB-CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS.—In human medicine, this question, it is well known, has been the subject of many com- munications, and the object of thorough study. In veterinary medicine, on the contrary, it is considered as very rare, but about fifteen cases are on record. ; _ At one meeting of the Société Centrale de Medecine V eterin- dire, a very valuable paper was presented by Veterinarians Ch. Perard and G. Ramon where the sub-cutaneous tuberculosis of bovines was treated at some length and where the attention was called to this peculiar manifestation, which includes the lesions of the hypodermis and those located between the fibres of the superficial muscles. The macroscopic aspect of these alterations differs from that of classic tuberculosis, and on the contrary are closer either to that of cancerous diathesis or of sporotrichosis or of blastomy- cosis. The microscopic and bacteriologic diagnosis is as difficult _ to make as the macroscopic. Named tuberculids in human medicine, those lesions have _ been explained by various theories. They are due to rare - virulent bacilli, coming from a deep visceral center, or to bacillar _ remains free or inclosed in leucocytes, or again to embolies of _ bacilli weakened and of little virulency or even of dead bacilli. The writers have observed animals during life. The skin _ was studded with nodosities of different forms, varying between 261 e 262 EDITORIAL. the size of a pea and that of a hen’s, egg, and were particularly located on the upper region of the body, the neck and the shoulder. These nodosities ‘were hard, painless and sometimes adherent to the skin. At the post mortem, the subcutaneous tumors were found with their irregular form and their various distribution, some were adherent to the skin, most of them were on the surface of the superficial muscles or between their fibres. On a section of their tissue the most frequent appearance was that of a homogenous firm tissue, white-yellowish, some- times with darker punctiform spots, or again showing right across more or less irregular bands, radiating and resembling the caseification, called radiated by Bongert. Sometimes nodosities no bigger than a pea were found that showed in their center softened caseous matter or again under- going caseification. They are the type of caseous nodules. A third variety of lesions intermediate to those two types may also, with them, be found on the same animal. The lymph glands corresponding to the regions invaded by i those lesions may be tuberculous, but most generally they are free from disease. In the cases observed by Perard and Ramon these tuberculids co-existed with lesions in the lungs and of some lymphatic glands and internal organs. The histological constitution of these nodosities varies very much and careful examination is required to be certain that they are lesions due to the Bacillus of Koch. The presence of the bacillus in frottis and upon sections of tissues has been negative with the authors and experimental examinations were unsatis- factory. Altogether, these lesions, as far as their structure and the’ point of view of virulency, resemble those of subcutaneous tuberculosis of man; and compared with the lesions ordinarily found in bovine tuberculosis they form a special group by their macroscopic and microscopic aspect and also by their variable inoculability. xk ¥ le a ia a a he ne Se) Mie 6 F he ee EDITORIAL. 263 _ InFEcTIOUS PARAPLEGIA.—In one of the reviews that Prof. -Cadeac, of Lyon, so frequently publishes in the Journal de Zoo- technic, the learned writer treats of this disease, which has presented to us so many points of resemblance with the affec- tion that is so frequent in the States and that is known under a different name, that I felt an analysis of the professor would prove of unusual interest. Under the name of infectious paraplegia must be understood ‘a disease, with enzootic aspect, observed in solipeds (horses and mules) characterized clinically by paresia or paralysis of the hind quarters and anatomically with congestive and hemorrhagic changes in the spinal cord. _ The history of the affection is somewhat recent, and it is not until 1885 that it is described successively in France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Italy and in India. The disease essentially consists in a toxi-infection of the spinal cord and of its envelops. _ The microbian agent has been described as a small bacillus, ‘micrococcus by Blin and Lambert, as a colibacillus by Thomas- sen and as a steptococcus by Schlegel, Zwick and Perrucci. This last is the only one where the pathogenous action has been studied. It is found in the urine, in the serosity that infiltrates the genito-urinary organs, in the blood, the spinal cord, the marrow of bones, and the parenchymatous organs. Once in the organism it gives rise to a spontaneous streptococcy, which is ropagated by natural contagion and is transmissible by inocu- _ Artificially, the paralysis of the hind quarters and all the roubles of infectious paraplegia of horses can be reproduced in mall animals. The injection of massive doses of culture of the | nic Obes in the venous system of horses gives rise only to a temporary weakness of the hind quarter, and yet 10 cubic centi- s in the jugular have been followed by the appearance of ie disease with Perrucci, and repeated injections of small doses is with Zwick given rise to infectious paralysis. _ The natural infection takes place by the genito-urinary ap- iratus and the digestive canals. 264 EDITORIAL. The contagion occurs through the bedding of the animals and the tools used for them, sponges, curry combs, etc. Diseased animals infect rapidly those round them. The transmission may take place at some distance in large gatherings of horses. The introduction in a stable of a piece of the carcass from an animal that had died a natural death and which had been soiled with infected urine was followed by the development of the disease in that stable. Mares are more frequently affected than horses, as their genitals are less protected and the introduction of the germs can take place more readily. ‘g While the genital organs form probably the best door, the digestive canal is also an important entrance for the microbe. The introduction and propagation of the microbe, accord- ing to its localization give rise to three forms of manifestati hence three forms of disease, the bulbar, the brachial and lumbar. The period of incubation seems to be short; animals being taken from one or four days after the exposure to af affected animal. | Without febrile indication, only a slight dullness, an un- willingness to move and then appear the symptoms of the va | ious forms. | and has a staggering walk. He stands quiet in his stall, the hea down, eyes closed and remains insensible to all excitemer From the first, there is labio-glosso-pharyngeal paresia, mastica: tion and deglutition are difficult. Soon after one or two days these symptoms of paralysis are well marked; the respiration be comes slow, the pulse almost imperceptible, the disease becomes generalized, the horse lays down and dies between 24 hour and 2 or 3 days without convulsions. fee ds” sainliaaiiinn EDITORIAL. 265 _ In the brachial form the horses, as they come out, move their forelegs with less freedom, like foundered animals; they stumble, fall on their knees. They sometimes get up of them- ‘selves, but again may have to be raised. Gradually, however, the branchial forequarter is completely taken and is followed by the invasion of the hind legs. With the /umbar form, the first symptom is the paresia of the hind legs. The horse, while at rest, seems to be in perfect salth; as soon as he is moved shows inco-ordination of his ai the hind legs tremble, the horse has a staggering , the fetlocks flex, the toes of the feet scrape on the ground, t trotting is impossible. The loins are very sensitive to pressure. 2 tail is flaccid and motionless. The urine is expelled, cloudy, \ Riecous, not tinted red brown as in hemoglobinuria. _ In horses the sheath is swollen, the penis hangs out; in mares the vulva is oedematous and the vagina congested. _ With either of the three forms, the disease may have a simi- lar development, very rapid, striking, or acute, or, again, sub- acute. In the rapidly striking, death occurs in a few hours by gen: 1 intoxication of the whole nervous system. The acute may last from 24 hours and not longer than three s. With it also, a fatal termination is the rule. 4 In the sub-acute, the symptoms gradually subside, sometimes apidly, and the animal appears in convalescence. Yet if he has n kept in slings one must be careful not to be too hasty to take hem off entirely, as relapses are very frequent. This sub-acute orm generally lasts 8 or 10 days. * * * lesions are limited to the vagina and bladder in the bar form at the outset of the disease, but they rapidly extend id become generalized. The spinal cord and the envelops are mgested more or less in the lumbar, brachial or bulbar region. vere are also secondary general lesions. 266 EDITORIAL, The diagnosis is based on four principal signs: Paralysis of the hind quarter, cloudy viscous urine, swelling of the external genital organs, contagiosity of the disease. In spontaneous cases, it may be sometimes difficult to differ- entiate the disease from hemoglobinuria, but the condition of the genital organs and the absence of hemoglobine in the urine are characteristic of the paraplegia. Epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis resembles infectious paraplegia very much, by its contagious nature and the ab- sence of hyperthermia, but it is distinguished from it by the convulsive contractions of the superior cervical muscles and by the general troubles. The prognosis from any point of view is always serious. The treatment is prophylactic and curative. Isolation of the sick, disinfection of locals, stables, change of bedding, etc., etc, : Curative treatments of various natures have been recom- mended and left aside. The use of slings, when possible, is al- ways to be recommended. Bleeding has done good. Borie irri- gations of the bladder, injections of artificial serum, polyvalent antistreptococcic serum, caffeine, ether, nux vomica, strychnia, etc.—but almost always have given negative results. : * * * AuricuLar CaTarrH IN Docs.—As writes Prof. Hebrant in the Annales de Medecine Veterinaire, the inflammation of the internal face of the external ear, of the concha, more com- monly known as auricular catarrh, whether its origin is parasitic or of other nature, is not always limited to the superficial part of the skin nor to the portion which can be explored. In other words, all the cases are not only localized catarrhal affections. There ate causes which may render the extent of the diseased process, may modify its depth and may in fact be the result of diathesic influence as for instance the herpetic diathesis. In such condition, it is easy to appreciate the difficulty in obtain- ing a rapid and lasting recovery. EDITORIAL. 267 | Complications are not uncommon, and Prof. Hebrant calls the attention to three principals, which are important to bear in mind. : First, the inflammation of the external auditory canal and of - _ the membrana tympani. It generally occurs in neglected cases or in those which are rebellious to treatment. The inflammation, _ developed by continuity of tissue, promotes a circular swelling, a repletion of the glands which secrete more abundantly and _ whose products dry up and close more or less the passage of # sounds. Sometimes pus drops into the canal, collects, reaches _ the tympanum, which is macerated and perhaps ulcerates. In another condition there is formation of polypy growths in the bottom of the external ear. This frequent complication is the result of chronic dermitis, developing on the papillary ele- ments of the skin. In all the cases or auricular catarrh, there is _ a local swelling of the skin, due to interstitial exudate; and _ when it is abundant it may give rise to an increase in the size _ of the irregular folds of the bottom of the concha and thus obstruct it. This local swelling often remains, a true chronic _ dermitis, frequently observed even after the recovery of the original trouble. : The third condition referred to by the Professor is the in- — _ flammation of the cartilage of the concha itself, and in relation _ to it there is mentioned the case of the dog which had that _ peculiar chondritis in both ears. The concha was such that the _ bottom of the cartilage was completely obliterated and the dog completely deaf. The dog was a pointer—his condition rendered him perfectly useless. Both ears were very thick, painful and the auditory canal ompletely obliterated, the circular cartilage forming a perfect thick, adhering to the lining skin. That of the outside surface ing loose over it. The amputation of the cartilages was the ily way to relieve the deafness of the animal. This was done by the dissection of the cartilage, saving the external cutaneous ‘covering. The wound of the left ear cicatrized after two weeks, 268 EDITORIAL. but that of the right had profuse granulations which demanded peculiar attention and probably left lesions on the membrane tympany. At any rate, the result was complete in one sense, as hearing could take place by the left ear and the dog able to perform his duties. * STERILITY IN Cows.—In the Deutsche tier, Wochenschrift, Doctor Gebauer, Veterinarian, calls attention to this subject’ and to the ovarian operation which is recommended against it. Notwithstanding the publications of Hess, of Zschokke and of Schumann, where was recommended the enucleation of the Corpora Lutea to overcome sterility of cows, this operation is still little practised by veterinarians because it is not known or again because they had no faith in it, by want of Bese es 2: statistics. For the author, however, it is an operation easy and bene- ficial, which is bound to enter current veterinary practice. He has himself performed it several hundreds of times. The indications are given by the exploration of the ovaries. Dr. Gebauer examines systematically: 1. Any heifer which has passed the second year without having shown manifestations of being in heat. 2. In stables where sterility prevails, all cows served since eight weeks about, whether or not again in heat. 3. Any cow which, about two months after calving, is not yet again in heat. It is sufficient to introduce the right hand in the rectum to easily detect the presence of the two ovaries and feel them with the pulp of the fingers without it being necessary to pull them backwards. It is thus permitted to recognize if they pre- sent abnormal protuberances, answering to persisting or hyper- trophied corpora lutea or again to cysts. The ovary is then seized in the hollow of the hand, so as to bring the morbid ele- vation on the pulp of the thumb, and it is squeezed with the index against it. The corpora lutea is thus expelled from the — ie ae EDITORIAL. 269 ovary, or if it is a cyst, it is burst. There remains then a small cavity where the end of the thumb can be introduced. It must be remarked that cysts are rare and that it is almost always that corpora lutea, hypertrophied and generally single, that are easily enucleated. , The operation is simple and one can readily make himself familiar with it in practising on fresh ovaries of cows killed. Following this method, there are no risks of tearing the ovary. Rupture of the cysts is without danger. When corpora ‘lutea are present, it is good after their enucleation to apply over the ovary moderate pressures for a few seconds. If, exception- ally, hemorrhage should occur, hemostatic injections are resorted to. Ergotine has been used successfully twice by Gebauer. Sixteen cases are recorded then with their excellent results. Thirteen of these were in cows which without being pregnant had not been in heat since seyeral months; after the operation, ten became in season after 4-19 days; nine of them were fecun- dated after a few coverings and one after the second; eight had a normal parturition. The three remaining became in heat respectively the 34th, the 50th and the goth day after the opera- tion. They were fecundated. Ovarian squeezing is a simple operation that veterinarians can use with benefit to them and to their clients. Nervous Lesions IN Intoxication By WorMs.—Nervous _ symptoms, sometimes very serious, have for a long time been observed in subjects infected with worms, and yet there exists no anatomopathological description of the nervous lesions found in man or in animals that died because of the helmin- thiasis. At any rate, one has rarely the opportunity of making the post mortem of one where death was exclusively due to an intoxication from worms, which most commonly is complicated with a secondary infection. In such cases it would be difficult, 270 EDITORIAL. when considering the lesions found to select the part played by each of the morbid factors. Mr. Rachmanow, in the laboratory of Dr. Weinbents of Pasteur Institute, has written for the Annales of the Institute an article where he relates the experiments that he was called to institute, while thinking that the study of the nervous system, in the experimental intoxication by worms, could determine if the toxines secreted by the worms were truly able to promote the formation of nervous lesions and to what point the nervous phenomenas observed in man and animals carriers of helminths could be said to be caused by the action of these parasites. In the Annales de l'Institut, the writer states that he has made three series of experiments. In the first, he examined the central nervous system in the direct intoxications; in a second, he treated the indirect intoxications or the anaphylaxy by worms; and in the third the condition of the nervous system in serial anaphylaxy was considered. From the experiments the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The central nervous system of guinea pigs does not always react in the intoxication by worms. Nervous lesions are not found in this animal except when he presented during life more or less serious clinical symptoms. Some individuals may resorb products from worms without presenting the slight- est nervous reaction. 2. The lesions that are observed in the acute and sub-acute intoxication are on the nervous cell, the neuroglic cell and upon the fibre of the white substance. Besides the different degrees of chromatolysis, the nervous cell presents often a large number of sinuous canals hollowed in the whole thickness or in a part of — its protoplasm. In severe cases, the nucleus is displaced towards — the periphery of the cell and shows a deformed nucleolus. The neurofibrilla are preserved in light forms of intoxication, but in severe cases they disappear. The neuroglic cell offers the various stages of the “ artic Hen transformation; it keeps its form, but its nucleus becomes — pycnotic, or again it takes the aspect of the amiboid cell of — EDITORIAL. 271 Alzheimer. There is also found, especially in cases of chronic intoxication, an abnormal collection of neuroglic elements round nervous cells (phenomenas of neurophagy). In the same condi- tions the fibres of the white substance are also altered; they are tumefied, but in an irregular manner. 3. The lesions of the brain and spinal cord in anaphylaxy by worms are very small or do not exist, if the guinea pig dies with very acute anaphylactic shock in three to ten minutes. They are, on the contrary, very pronounced if the serious ana- phylactic phenomena have lasted some time, half an hour or more. They present the same characters in both the acute or the chronic intoxication. 4. The lesions of the central nervous system observed in animals, anaphylactized with horse serum, are exactly similar to those of the anaphylaxy by worms. 5. As the lesions of the nervous system are much more marked and frequent in the anaphylaxy by worms than in the . direct intoxication by the parasitar products, it seems probable that the nervous phenomena, sometimes very severe, as for in- stance, symptoms of meningism, observed sometimes in some helminth carriers, must be considered as being of anaphylactic nature. A. L. THE GLANDERS QUESTION. Glanders, like the poor, is always with us, and from what we can learn, has always been with us. But is it always to stay with us? Sometimes we think so, when we find that we are gaining so fittle in our fight against it in the big cities. For some time the watering trough has been conceded a prolific source of contagion. and many new kinds of troughs have been recommended to over- come the danger of contamination of the water; but glanders has continued on the increase despite these precautionary efforts ; the probable reason being that the improved troughs have not overcome the danger; the contamination remains. That has brought us face to face with the realization that the only way to 272 EDITORIAL. remove the danger of contamination of glanders from horse to horse through the watering trough is a very radical measure, i. é., the removal of the watering trough. That has been done in Minneapolis with a striking diminution of the cases of gland- ers in that city. It has been found necessary to do it in Philadel- phia, where glanders was found to be on the increase; it has either been done, or about to be done, in Jersey City, N. de and a strong movement is on foot in New York to substitute the trough by the faucet. This movement was started by the Grand Jury of Bronx County. Some of the members of said Grand Jury having lost a number of valuable horses from glanders had a committee of this Grand Jury make a personal investigation of some of the public watering troughs of the Bronx, which resulted in the presentment which follows: To Honorable John J. Brady, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in and for the County of Bronx: We, the members of the Grand Jury of the County of the Bronx, for the April Term, 1914, respectfully present as follows: We have heard the complaints made as to the prevalence of the infectious - disease of glanders, so dangerous to the animal life of the County, and more particularly to the horses thereof and so ravaging in its effects. Our investigation briefly has disclosed the fact that six of our commercial houses in our County have within three months lost sixty-eight horses through the disease and in each case the inception of the disease in the stables of the persons complaining was traceable to the existence of the public horse-watering troughs in the County. These troughs, as is well known, exist on street corners and are used by horses which are then with- out the knowledge of the owners and drivers suffering from this dread disease. The water becomes infected, is covered with slime, filth, and spreads contagion broadcast amongst the animals. These street fountains are in addition a source of great waste of water and in that way of great expense to the City. They cause blockades of our street traffic. The Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York has advised us that glanders is not alone costly to the owners of the horses, but also to the State, which is compelled annually to spend thousands of dollars in butchering horses apparently well but glanders-stricken. We are also informed by competent witnesses that it is the practice and habit of push-cart peddlers and truck-cart vendors to dip pails of water out % 1995 troughs and with the water thus obtained to sprinkle their mer- chandise. Thus it will be seen that the disease is even a menace to the public, irrespective of the horse owners. For all of these reasons we are of the impression that all further maintenance of these germ-breeding and disease-carrying troughs is a menace to the community second to none, and more particularly by reason of the approach of the heated season. —. Fs EDITORIAL, 273 We respectfully recommend that a copy of this presentment shall be for- warded to the Board of Aldermen of the City, the Commissioner of Health of the City, and the State Commissioner of Agriculture, to the end that proper steps may be taken for the eradication of the evil. We recommend that these troughs shall be abolished and in their place and stead erected hydrants or pumps with automatic shut-offs, and that each wagon driver desirous of watering his stock shall be cémpelled to carry with him a pail for that purpose and that purpose alone. Dated, April 23, 1914. Levi A. Warp, ; A copy. Secretary. James V. GANLy, F. A. WurzBacu, lerk. Foreman. This presentment has stirred into activity many bodies of men who have the horse interests and the welfare of the public close to their hearts. Through it the Board of Aldermen of New York City introduced an ordinance to abolish watering troughs and substitute automatic shut-off faucets, and compelling all horse owners to equip vehicles with pails from which the horses of that vehicle must be watered. This ordinance was referred to the Health Committee of the Board of Aldermen, where it still was at the time of this writing. A later meeting will be called at which all parties interested will be given an opportunity to dis- cuss the question. Further evidence of the activity aroused by the presentment is shown by the fact that a conference was called on May 2oth at the office of the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company in New York, at which there were present, representa- tives from the Van Owners’ Association, from the American So- ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, from the Women’s League for Animals, from the Horse Owners Association, from the New York City Board of Health, and from the New York State Department of Agriculture. Dr. Emerson, Deputy Commissioner of Health, presented the sanitary side of the ques- tion in a manner that convinced his auditors; and finally, as a result of this conference a committee was appointed to confer with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. As soon as this organization, and other similar ones, understood that the intention was substitution, not mere abolition on the part of those who are endeavoring to check the spread of glanders and protect public health, any opposition that they 274 EDITORIAL. may have previously felt seemed to disappear, and their co-opera- tion is anticipated. Especially as the substitute can be shown to be far superior to the old method in supplying water to tired and thirsty animals, while not exposing them to the dangers of contagion that exist under the old method. Among the ad- vantages of the faucet system over the trough (leaving aside the question of contagion altogether), is the saving of time, as a fountain that would supply a large trough can be fitted with numerous faucets from which many drivers can fill pails and water their horses at the same time. Besides, as suggested at the meeting of the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association in Philadelphia in May, the same pails can be used for “ sousing ” the horses in warm weather. The president of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, who was present, expressed his approval and intimated that his society would be glad to furnish new pails to at least some of those who might not have them. And so it would seem that there will be no serious difficulty in establishing this new method of sup- plying fresh, clean water to the horses of those of our big cities who have not already adopted it, and its advantages from a sani- tary viewpoint are obvious, and need no argument. Whenever that has been accomplished it means that a great source of con- tagion has been eliminated; but it must become general to be effective, and we shall therefore hope for its accomplishment in the shortest possible time in every city in our land. We trust, therefore, that veterinarians everywhere will see it as their duty to work this reform in their own cities. They will not find it difficulty to get the people with them if they take steps to convince them of the danger their animals are exposed to through this medium. Sanitarians have long since recognized the danger of the public drinking cup for human beings, and how much more patent is the danger in the public watering trough for horses, when we consider the different method of drinking in the case of the horse as compared with man. Call the horse owners of your ~ communities together and address them publicly on this very im- portant sanitary question. The veterinarians of a community, EDITORIAL. 275 _ flanked by one or two broad-minded, public-spirited physicians, : can clearly demonstrate to the public the danger of the present system. We intended to discuss other phases of the glanders question, but will take up another phase next month, and con- clude by requesting veterinarians throughout the country to let us know their attitude on the public watering trough, and what _ system of street watering of horses prevails in their respective - communities. BON VOYAGE. There is only time to say the last word to our friends who will _ sail from New York Harbor June 13th on the steamship F inland _ of the Red Star Line, beginning their trip on the Official Tour of Europe under the direction of Dr. Eichhorn. To those in New _ York and vicinity, it will be a pleasant thing to go down to the ~ pier and see their friends off. At the time of this writing the fol- _ lowing had been booked for the trip: Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, _ Washington, D. C.; Dr. C. J. Marshall and Mrs. Marshall, Phila- _ delphia; Dr. E. H. Shepard, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. F. B. Hadley, _ Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. F. B. Harries, Calgary, Alberta, Can- _ada; Dr. L. Enos Day and Mrs. Day, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. T. Lam- _brechts, Montevideo, Minnesota; Dr. W. Reid Blair and Mrs. Blair, New York, N. Y.; Dr. W. B. Holmes, Springfield, Illinois ; _Dr. J. M. Armstrong, East Providence, R. I.; Dr. S. Stewart and Mrs. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.; Mr. H. C. Moore and Mrs. Moore, Indianapolis, Ind.; and Mr. Joseph K. Kerrick, Phila- delphia, Pa. But it is altogether likely that several more will book before the time of sailing, as we know of some that have _been endeavoring to get matters settled with that end in view that have not yet been able to do so. The Red Star Line dock is obtained by communicating with the general office, No. 9 Broad- way; telephone 2100 Rector. We would like to see a large dele- gation at the pier to wish our brothers and sisters bon voyage, 276 EDITORIAL. and know it will be appreciated by them. For those throughout the country who cannot get to the pier, the Review says for them, bon voyage. OFFICIAL STEAMER TO THE CONGRESS: For those who will attend the Congress in London, August 3d to 8th, but who cannot arrange to avail themselves of the official tour, the Bureau of University Travel have a nice ar- rangement to offer, whereby all those going to the Congress from this side may have the pleasure of crossing the Atlantic together, thus greatly enhancing the pleasure of the trip. They have chosen the steamship Minneapolis of the Atlantic Transport Line, sailing from New York July 25th. Minimum rate, first cabin, $85; 25 per cent. discount on all rates above the minimum. All going on either this steamer direct to London or the earlier one will be able to secure accommodations at the Hotel St. Ermins, as stated in the May Review, by communicating with the Bureau of University Travel, 31 Trinity Place, Boston, Mass. The rate at the St. Ermins is 14 shillings ($3.50) a day, Ameri- can plan. THE HEARINGS ON THE LOBECK BILL. As announced on page 146 of the May Review, the hearings © on the Lobeck Bill came before the Committee on Agriculture in | the House of Representatives on April 20, 1914, and we have — since received a copy of the hearings and read the addresses we — stated were to be given at that time. We now urge, at the sug- gestion of National Secretary Walkley, that all veterinarians and veterinary students write to their respective Congressmen for a copy of the “ Hearings,” and urge the Congressman to use . his influence to have the House Committee report favorably on — H. R. 9292 at an early date. The doctor also requests that any one receiving lukewarm replies to their requests from their EDITORIAL. 277 Representatives forward the letter to him (Dr. S. J. Walkley), Congress Hall Hotel, Washington, D. C., that he may endeavor to learn the cause of the lack of interest, and endeavor to over- come it. The cause is a good one, lend it your earnest support until it becomes an accomplishment. Dr. D. ArtHuR HuGues Gores to Fort Worrtu, Texas. —Our esteemed collaborator, Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, received telegraphic instructions on May 2 to proceed immediately to Forth Worth for temporary duty as veterinary inspector of meats in the Office of the Depot Quartermaster, Major Alexan- der M. Davis, of the Quartermaster Corps of the Army. Dr. Hughes’ order reads that he is to return to Chicago at the ex- piration of his duty in Fort Worth. The opening of a depot at this point is a new army move incident to the Mexican crisis, the object being to purchase sub- sistence supplies in enormous quantities at Fort Worth, espe- cially fresh beef, for the field armies in eastern and northern __ Mexico in case of war, and for the militia and volunteer forces which will be probably mobilized in Texas at some points, pos- sibly at Fort Worth, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio or nearer the border. If hostilities break out it is expected that Fort Worth will be the big meat supply depot, as it is the largest packing house centre nearest the border, and it is of the high- est importance that that depot be established and thoroughly organized early. Consequently that office is engaged in gather- ing data on available stock for immediate use, the maximum capacity of business houses there and in neighboring cities to meet the expected draft on them for subsistence supplies. Prep- aration is being made for possible exigencies so that the Quar- termaster Corps may be ready to furnish supplies in enormous quantities and with the utmost speed in case of active warfare with Mexico. The army wants no repetition of that unpre- paredness and the terrible losses which occurred at Chickamauga Park and elsewhere during the Spanish-American War. Dr. and Mrs. A. T. Ayres, Oklahoma City, announce the birth of “ Georgie,” May 18, 1914, weight 71% pounds. Georgie _ is welcomed into our circle of friends, and her parents are tend- ered the congratulations of the profession through the Review. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.* By S. H. Gittmanp, V.M.D., M.D., Former STATE VETERINARIAN OF PENN- SYLVANIA, LATE Director PENNSYLVANIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH LABORATORIES, MARIETTA, Pa. The experiments we are about to report extend over a period from 1900 to the present time. More than four hundred cattle (cows, yearlings and calves), hogs, rabbits and guinea pigs were used to obtain the information here presented. We believe a concise résumé of these experiments of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania will be more interesting and instructive than an.attempt to review the volum- inous work others have done on this subject and thereby attempt to draw comparisons. This will be done in the complete publica- tion of the work in the bulletin form. However, mention might be made of some of the early work done along this line. In 1889 Samuel G. Dixon published in the Medical News, October 19, p. 435, “ Possibility of Establishing Tolerance for the Tubercle Bacillus,” in which he obtained a resistance against tuberculosis in rabbits by the injection of involuted forms of tubercle bacilli. In 1892 and 1893 Trudeau found that by subcutaneous inocula- tion of living cultures of avian tubercle bacilli he was able to increase the resistance of a rabbit to infection of living virulent mammalian cultures. He also succeeded in immunizing rabbits to such an extent that when inoculated in the eye with mamma- lian cultures the first inflammatory reaction gradually disap- peared, leaving the eye in a normal condition, while similar in- oculations in control animals led to the destruction of the eye. In 1894 E. A. de Schweinitz, of the United States Bureau of * Read before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, March, 1914. From the Laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania. 278 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 279 Animal Industry, reported in the Medical News some experi- ments made upon guinea pigs in which these animals were inocu- lated with tubercle bacilli of the human type cultivated upon _ glycerine beef broth for about twenty generations. These ani- mals with controls were afterwards injected with tuberculous material from a cow. The treated guinea pigs remained free from tuberculosis, while the check animals inoculated with the same tuberculous material from the cow died of tuberculosis within seven weeks. é In September, 1910, Schroeder & Mohler, of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry published a report upon the Immunization of Cattle against Tuberculosis, giving the results obtained by them with the Von Behring method, the Heyman method and the Pearson method. The: latter is the one suggested by the late Dr. Leonard Pearson in connection with the experiments that are here reported. They found in a comparison of the methods that 88 8/1o per cent. of the ani- mals immunized by the Pearson method were successfully pro- tected for approximately two years, while only 66 2/3 per cent. were successfully protected by the Von Behring method. The Heyman and the subcutaneous methods, according to their experiments, gave a much lower percentage of animals success- fully protected. Von Behring announced December 12, 1901, that he was engaged in studying the immunization of cattle against tuberculosis, and detailed experiments upon several cattle treated with injections of tuberculin and cultures of tuber- cle bacilli of varying degrees of virulence and from several - sources, and afterwards inoculating the animals with tuberculous material or cultures of proven virulence. All of the pro- tected cattle except one were still living when this announce- ment was made. _ Systematic efforts to immunize against tuberculosis may be said to have commenced earnestly with the discovery of tuber- -culin by Koch in 1890. Since this date there have been many investigators throughout the world who have reported the re- “sults of their researches in the production of immunity in tuber- 280 8S. H. GILLILAND. culosis, and regret that time does not permit the presentation to you of abstracts of the results of these patient investigators. In 1902 Pearson & Gilliland* published accounts of some experiments made by them upon the immunization of cattle against tuberculosis by the use of culture of living tubercle bacilli of the human type. It might be well at this point to describe the culture used to produce the immunity, as it was used in many of the later ex- periments. It is known throughout all the experiments as Cul- ture M, and was obtained from the sputum of a young adult that had a constant cough, though no involvement of the lungs could be detected on physical examination. Smears made for micro- scopic examination from the specimen of sputum showed an extraordinarily large number of tubercle bacilli. The organism was obtained in pure cultures on dogs’ blood serum by the pass- age through guinea pigs on October 15, 1899. Microscopic ex- amination of the bacilli revealed them to be irregular in size and shape. Many were curved and some S shaped. Beading not marked; stain deeply and fairly evenly. This culture at the time it was isolated and for some years afterwards, was found to be virulent for guinea pigs in ordinary doses, but not virulent for rabbits, goats or calves. Preparation of the Vaccine-—The method of preparation of — the vaccine used throughout all the experiments was practically the same except where otherwise noted. A quantity of tubercle — bacilli from a three to four-week old glycerine bouillon culture — was taken, the excess of moisture removed by either blotting — between layers of sterile filter paper or drying over calcium — chloride in.a dessicator for a short time and then rubbed in a mortar or ground in a flask with bronze balls. No effort was made to get the bacilli perfectly dry owing to the danger to the — operator in grinding them and making the suspension. It was not the object to break up the bodies of the bacilli, but to sepa- — rate them so that a homogenous suspension could be obtained. — During the process of rubbing or grinding small quantities of © * Philadelphia Medical Journal, Nov, 29, 1902. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 281 normal saline solution were added from time to time. The sus- pension was allowed to stand in a cylindrical receptacle until all _ clumps of bacilli had settled to the bottom, and then the super- natant, homogeneous suspension of tubercle bacilli was de- canted off. This suspension was further diluted with normal saline solution until its opacity was equal to a 24-hour old bouillon culture of typhoid bacilli. This method of measuring the dose suggested itself from the work of other investigators. For a comparison with the work of others the amount by weight of dried bacilli per cc. of standard suspension was determined. _ This was done by taking a large quantity of killed tubercle bacilli and dessicating over calcium chloride until perfectly dry. These were then rubbed in a mortar and suspended in normal salt solu- tion until the opacity was the same as the standard vaccine. By this method it was determined that 1 cc. of the standard suspension of vaccine contained the equivalent of 0.0013 gram (1.3 milligrams) of tubercle bacilli. This equivalent was de- ~ termined with a very large quantity of dried tubercle bacilli, and the fraction of error for 1 cc. was infinitesimal. ) In some of the later experiments the vaccine was prepared _ by weighing the bacilli after the excess of moisture had been _ removed by dessication. These suspensions were prepared so that one cc. represented 1 milligram (0.001 gram) of dried tubercle bacilli. This was believed to be more accurate than the opacity method. The vaccine was generally injected within a few hours, or at the most within a few days from the time it was prepared. It was found that some lots of vaccine had a tendency to clump if _ allowed to stand for any length of time. If the vaccine was not _used within a few hours after its preparation it was kept in an ice chest and microscope and cultural examinations made to de- termine its sterility. Method of Vaccination.—In all cases except where other- wise noted the vaccine was injected into the jugular vein. The animal was either confined in a stanchion or cast, depending upon its size. The hair over the jugular vein was clipped with 282 S. H. GILLILAND. scissors and afterwards the skin was washed with a solution of carbolic acid or creolin. The jugular vein was filled by com- pressing the thumb at the lower portion of the neck. The needle ~ was then inserted into the vein and a few drops of blood were allowed to pass through the needle to insure the same being open. The syringe was then attached to the needle and the re- quired dose injected directly into the blood stream. A syringe with a slip needle is best adapted for this work. The first experiment was started November 19, 1900, with the object in view of determining whether calves can be in- fected, to what extent and in what time, by large and repeated injections of tubercle bacilli of the human type. This experi- ment led us to believe that cattle were refractory to enormous quantities of tubercle bacilli from certain human sources, and further, that such injections were capable of greatly increasing the normal resistance of cattle to virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. About the same time another experiment was carried out in which four yearling calves were used, two of which received seven vaccinations between March 24th and June 2d. The other two animals were kept as controls. Approximately eight weeks following the date of the last vaccination of the two animals, they were injected intratracheally along with their controls with 10 cc. of a standard suspension’ of a bovine culture of tubercle bacilli known to be highly virulent for cattle. The four ani- mals were killed about three months from the date of intra- tracheal infection. ‘Two vaccinated animals contained no dis- tinct lesions of tuberculosis, while the two controls contained widely distributed active progressive lesions. ‘The detailed re- sults of these two experiments were published by the late Dr. Leonard Pearson and the writer in the Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives es November, 1902, and at that time we concluded: 1. That after repeated intravenous injections of cultures of tubercle bacilli from human sputum the resistance of young cattle to virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine origin may be in- ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 283 creased to such an extent that they are not injured by inoculation with quantities of such cultures that are capable of causing death or extensive infection of cattle not similarly protected. 2. That by intravenous injection much larger quantities of culture of human sputum tubercle bacilli than are necessary to confer a high degree of resistance, or immunity, upon the vaccin- ated animal may be administered without danger to that animal. Since that time the question immunization of cattle against tuberculosis has been a constant study at the laboratory and experimental farm of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. The following experiments give the results of the work having a direct bearing upon the application of a practical method of immunizing animals against tuberculosis. There were other experiments conducted to obtain knowledge of the virulence of cultures, the best method of administering the vaccine, etc., that are not here recorded. EXPERIMENT II5A. This experiment was started in November, 1902, with the object of further determining the immunizing value of intra- venous injections of cultures of tubercle bacilli of human origin, and also to ascertain the dosage and the method best adapted to achieve this purpose. There were fourteen yearling heifers and steers in this ex- periment, nine of which were vaccinated by various methods and five were kept as controls. All of the animals were de- termined to be free from tuberculosis by the application of the tuberculin test. Animals No. 45183, a brindle steer, and No. 45184, a black heifer, were given ten intravenous vaccinations between November 27, 1902, and March 2, 1903. The amount of vaccine administered at each vaccination ranged from 10 cc. to 30 cc. of a standard suspension of culture M. The interval between vaccinations varying from 8 to 14 days. Following the vaccination of the black heifer, No. 45184, on January 1oth, she was noticed to be much depressed, the respira- tions were greatly increased, labored and painful. 284 Ss. H. GILLILAND. These animals were kept during the period of vaccination in a temporary stable in connection with the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. On June 16, 1902, 3% months after the last vaccination, they were placed with their controls in a pasture with a number of tubercular cows. They were removed from this pasture five months later and stabled with cows with advanced tuberculosis until killed. ; The brindle steer, No. 45183, was killed September 7, 1904, one and one-half years from the time the last vaccine was ad- ministered. On post-mortem examination this animal showed general progressive tuberculosis of the pleura, lungs, mediastinal and bronchial lymphatic glands, omentum, peritoneum, liver, spleen, as well as the post-pharyngeal and mesenteric Lym- phatic glands. A striking feature in this case was the uniform distribution of the tubercular areas in the lungs. Evidently the tubercle bacilli were carried there by the circulation. The black heifer, No. 45184, which received the same treat- ment as the brindle steer, No. 45183, was killed at the same time and a very careful examination of all the organs, glands and membranes failed to detect any evidence of tuberculosis except in the posterior mediastinal lymph gland, which contained three caseous, well encapsulated tubercles the size of a pea. The tuberculin test of this animal prior to entering the experiment shows that she had an after temperature of 103.2 F. though she was considered at the time to be free from tuberculosis. It is the belief of the writer that the brindle steer, No. 45183, had a low natural resistance and became infected from the too frequent and too large doses of vaccine. This conclusion is based upon the character and distribution of the lesions in the lungs and other organs. The pathologic picture was one of a mild progressive generalized tuberculosis. In the case of the black heifer, No. 45184, she either con- tained a small lesion of tuberculosis before entering the experi- ment or else the immunity conferred by the vaccine was lost be- fore she was killed, one and one-half years following the last Revie us ' ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 285 vaccination. Inoculations of guinea pigs from the lesion. found in the mediastinal gland of this animal, proved that the bacilli had a much greater degree of virulence than the Culture used for the preparation of the vaccine. Two more animals, a spotted bull, No. 45185, and a brown and white heifer, No. 16025, were vaccinated three times with _a standard suspension of tubercle bacilli, twice with culture M and once with culture U, as follows: Bull No. 45185. f Novy. 27 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Dec. 23 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. 1903 Jan. 24 Vaccinated in Jugular:- Vein 5 ¢.c. Standard Suspension Culture U. Heifer No. 16025. 1903 ee 31 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. _ Mar. 21 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Apr. 10 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture U. 4 It will be noticed that the vaccine for the last vaccination of these animals was prepared from culture U. This culture _ was isolated by Dr. M. P. Ravenel from the mesenteric gland of a child in December, 1901. It was found to be highly, virulent for guinea pigs, and a six weeks’ old calf inoculated intraven- ously with it on March 4, 1902, was killed in a moribund con- dition six weeks later and showed extensive tuberculosis of the lungs, some of the nodules having gone on to the caseation stage. The lymph glands were enlarged and microscopic scrapings from the same revealed enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. ‘This culture was used for the third vaccination with the idea that the first two vaccinations with culture M would give suff- cient immunity to protect against infection from culture U and a higher resulting immunity would thereby be obtained. _ These animals wefe exposed to natural infection by asso- ciation with tubercular cows in the same manner as the con- The exposure with tubercular cows started on June 16, 1903. The spotted bull, No. 45185, died of tympanites on Septem- er 4, 1904, one year and eight and one-half months following 286 8. H. GILLILAND. the last vaccination. On autopsy the mediastinal lymphatic glands were enlarged and contained caseous material, sur- rounded by a thick fibrous wall. The posterior mediastinal gland was 4 inches by 6 inches, which forced the ‘oesophagus downward and may explain the tympanites. The brown and white heifer was killed September 7, 1904, one year and five months following the last vaccination. Au- topsy revealed two questionable lesions in the left lung. Three caseo-calcareous. nodules in mediastinal lymph glands. Three caseous areas ¥ inch to % inch found in mesenteric lymph glands. Post-pharyngeal lymphatic glands enlarged and caseous. The lesions in both of these animals were well circumscribed and walled off by fibrous tissue. From this and later knowledge obtained it seems more probable to the writer that the vaccina- tion with culture U following so close upon the previous vac- cination with culture M was the cause of infection rather than from the association with the tubercular cows. The fifth vaccinated animal of this experiment received on November 27, 1902, a single vaccination of 10 cc. of culture M. On January 20, 1903, this animal died of intestinal trouble and must be excluded from the experiment. The sixth and seventh vaccinated animals, a red bull, No. 45191, and a red steer, No. 45192, received between November 27, 1902, and January 24, 1903, three intravenous injections of culture M and two intravenous vaccinations of culture U, as follows: 1902 Nov. 27 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Standard Suspension M. Dec. 4 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 15 c.c. Standard Suspension M. Dec. 15 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 ¢.c. Standard Suspension M. 1903 Jan. 10 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Standard Suspension U. Jan. 24 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Standard Suspension U, These animals were exposed to natural infection by associa- — i : | : tion with tubercular cows in the same manner as the other ani- — mals of this experiment. The red bull, No. 45191, was killed April 30, 1904, one year and three months following the last vaccination. A careful ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 287 : autopsy failed to reveal any lesion of tuberculosis. All organs, glands, etc., normal. The red steer, No. 45192, was killed April 26, 1904, one year and three months following the last vaccination. Both front knees of this animal had been greatly enlarged for three months and extremely painful. The capsules were enlarged and filled with a pink gelatinous material. Between the two rows of carpal bones the cartilages were eroded. On further autopsy there was found to be a moderate number of tuberculous deposits in the lungs about % to 4% inch in diameter. The bronchial and _ mediastinal lymphatic glands were enlarged and contained dense calcareous deposits. The viscera, pleura, diaphragm and _peri- toneum contain a few reddish growths. Microscopic examina- tion of these deposits and growths shows no tubercle bacilli. However, animals inoculated from the lesions developed tubercu- losis. A most striking feature was the sharpness with which the diseased areas were marked off from the normal tissue. ~The eighth vaccinated animal, a red bull calf, No. 16066, re- ceived five intravenous vaccinations of culture M between May 16 and August 5, 1903, the dose gradually i increasing from I cc. on the first injection to 10 cc. on the last injection. On July 9, 1903, it was exposed to natural infection of the _ same degree as the other animals of the experiment. | It was killed on September 7, 1904, after 14 months of ex- posure to natural infection. A careful post-mortem examination revealed no evidence of tuberculosis except a calcified nodule 1/3 inch in diameter in posterior lobe of left lung. Guinea pigs inoculated from this lesion developed tuberculosis in six weeks. The ninth and last vaccinated animal of this experiment, red steer No. 20027, received five intravenous vaccinations of culture U between December 1, 1903, and July 14, 1904. The dose was 10 cc. at each vaccination except the fourth, at which time it was increased to 15 cc. On July 5, 1904, previous to the last vaccination, this animal ‘Was removed from the temporary barn in Philadelphia to the Experimental Farm in Delaware County and exposed to natural 288 S. H. GILLILAND. infection by association with tubercular cows. This animal steadily gained in weight and remained in good condition. It was killed on December 30, 1905, one year and a half of constant exposure to infection. A very careful examination of all the organs, glands and membranes failed to show any evidence of tuberculosis except in left post-pharyngeal gland there was a cheesy focus one inch in diameter. The lesion did not have the appearance of an active one. The five control animals for this experiment, red steer No. 45186; black bull, No. 45188; black and brown. heifer, No. 45168; red bull, No. 45189; and red heifer, No. 45190, were kept under the same conditions as the vaccinated animals and exposed with them to the same degree of natural infection. Post mortem of controls as follows: Animal No. 45186. Killed April 30, 1904— Tuberculosis of lungs, tt. Pleura, tt. Post-pharyngeal glands, tt, Bronchial glands, t t. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Peri- cardium, ttt. All the lesions appear to be active and progressive. Animal No. 45188. Killed September 7, 1904— Active tuberculosis found in left lung, tt. Bronchial glands, ttt. Mediastinal glands, ttt. : Animal No. 45168. Killed September 7, 1904— Tubercular lesions found lungs, tt. Bronchial glands, ttt t. Mediastinal glands, t t t t. Animal No. 45189. Killed April 30, 1904— Lesions of tuberculosis in lungs, ttttt. Pleura, tt. Peri- cardium, tt. Cervical lymphatic glands, tt. Bronchial glands, tttt. Mediastinal glands, ttttt. Lymphatic glands anterior to heart and below trachea, tt. Liver, tt. Portal lymphatic gland, tt. Omentum, tt. Diaphragm, tt. In this animal the ~ disease is rather widely distributed and of an active character. Animal No, 45190. Killed September 7, 1904— Lesions of tuberculosis found in lungs, ttt. Bronchial glands, ttt. Mediastinal glands, tttt. Liver, tttt. Dia- phragm, t. Mesenteric glands, t t. Notre.—The extent of the disease is indicated by t signs. One t sign means very ~ slightly involved, while six t t t t t-t signs means extensive involvement of the organ, gland or tissue named. 7 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 289 EXPERIMENT II5D. _ This experiment was started with the object of determining the size of the dose, the number of doses and the best interval between the injections of tuberculosis vaccine to produce a ser- viceable degree of immunity in calves against the disease by nat- ural infection. Thirty calves, ranging in age from I0 to I2 weeks, were selected for this purpose; twenty to be vaccinated, _and ten to be used as controls. These animals were purchased in Somerset County and were received in Philadelphia during a warm spell of weather in July, 1903. They were given a tuber- eulin test, which was only partially satisfactory, owing to the age and condition of the animals. However, they were selected from apparently healthy herds. These calves were placed on a pasture in Montgomery - County, where they contracted lung worms (Strongylus Mi- crurus) during the period of vaccination, and twelve of the thirty died, leaving twelve upon which vaccinations had been started, and six controls. The animals to be vaccinated were divided into four lots. Lot I— 7 Roan heifer, No. 16081; red and white heifer, No. 16087; and fawn heifer, No. 20002, were given four intravenous vac- cinations of a standard suspension of culture M between August 5, 1903, and January 6, 1904, the dosage increasing from 5 cc. to 15 cc. : Lot II— Consisted of two animals: White heifer No. 16089; and brown and black bull, No. 16092. They received, between Au- gust 5, 1905, and January 6, 1904, five vaccinations of a standard _ suspension of culture M, the dosage increasing from 4 cc. to 18 ce. Lot 1I— Consisted of three animals: Red steer, No. 16080; brindle "bull, No. 16093; and red bull, No. 20005. They were given in all five vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M. The 290 S. H. GILLILAND. dosage was somewhat larger than for Lot II, the first dose being 5 cc. and the last dose 20 cc. Lot IV— Consisted of four animals: Red bull, No. 16079; red heifer, No. 16084; brown and black heifer, No. 16095; and spotted bull, No. 16091. These animals received in all six vaccinations— five of a standard suspension of culture M and one of a standard suspension of culture U—between August 5, 1903, and March 18, 1904. The dosage was 5 cc., 10 cc., 15 cc., 15 CC., 20 Ce. and 10 cc. The animals of these four lots with their controls were ex- posed during the period of vaccination to a moderate degree of infection by association in a pasture with tuberculous cows. Fol- lowing the vaccinations they were all constantly exposed to in- fection by being stabled with cows with generalized tuberculosis. Results of Autopsies--Lot 1— Animal No. 16081. Killed December 30, 1904. All organs normal. . ; Animal No. 16087. Killed April 8, 1905. All organs nor- mal, except pea sized, well encapsulated nodule in left post pharyngeal gland, with all the appearances of an inactive lesion. Animal No. 20002. Killed April 8, 1905. No evidences of tuberculosis could be found. Lot II— Animal No. 16089. Killed December 30, 1904. No tubereu- losis. Animal No. 16092. Killed April 8, 1905. No tuberculosis. Lot IlI— losis. losis. Animal No. 20005. Killed April 8, 1905. No evidences of tuberculosis found except in left pharyngeal gland there is a small nodule 4% inch in diameter surrounded by a gray capsule. Animal No. 16080. Killed September 15, 1904. No tubercu- ! Animal No. 16093. Killed December 30, 1904. No tubercu- — . j . Guinea pigs inoculated from this nodule developed tuberculosis. — ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 291 Lot IV— - Animal No. 16079. Killed September 15, 1904. No tuber- . culosis. Small sections in the lungs show chronic bronchial pneu- - monia. Animal No. 16084. Killed December 30, 1964. No tuber- _culosis. A small greenish nodule found in one of the lungs. Upon histological examination it resembled a dense collection lymphoid tissue rather than a tubercular process. Animal No. 16095. Killed April 8, 1905. No tuberculosis. Animal No. 16091. Killed April 8, 1905. No tuberculosis. mtrols— Animal No. 16082. Killed September 17, 1904. Early active ions of tuberculosis were found in the lungs, tt. Post- aryngeal glands, tt. Mesenteric glands, t t t. ‘Animal No. 20007. Killed December 30, 1904. Active u bel rculosis of lungs, tt t. Bronchial glands, tt tt. Mediastinal elands, ttt. Liver, t. ‘Animal No. 20008. Killed December 30, 1904. The lungs conte one small area of suspected tuberculosis which was not proven by animal inoculation. Tuberculosis found in the bron- ch hie glands, t t; and mediastinal glands, t t t. _ Animal No. 16086. Killed April 8, 1905. Putexcalous of the 0s Be shirynizeai glands, ttt; and Omentum. Lungs normal. ean No, 20003. Killed April 8, 1905. Active tubercu- s processes found in the post-pharyngeal glands, ttt; and mec Destinel glands. No tuberculosis of lungs. q F Aenimal No. 16090. Died February 11, 1905. Was in very y00r condition for two months. Extensive generalized tubercu- losis of lungs, tttttt. Bronchial glands, tttt. Mediastinal, ttt. Pericardium, tt. Pleura, ttttt. Diaphragm, ttt. ‘ peenaryngeal glands, ttt. Portal lymphatic gland, tt. entum, tt t. E The average length of exposure to infection for the vac- ae ted animals was I year, 172 days; while for the controls it $1 year, 106 days. In brief, we find only two:of the 12 wccinated animals showed any evidence of tuberculosis, and in 292 S. H. GILLILAND. those the lesions were very small and inactive, while all the con- trols presented lesions of tuberculosis distributed throughout the body. One of the controls developed tuberculosis to such an extent that it died in 1 year and 190 days, showing that the de- gree .of exposure to infection was severe. REFERENCES. To Dr. Leonard Pearson much credit is due for the original plans of these | peri- ments, and only through his untiring efforts were means obtained from the Legislature by which it was possible to pursue this important line of investigation. Difficulties arose in the progress of this work that seemed insurmountable, and through the wise counsel, kindly suggestions, and encouraging words of this one man the parties in direct charge of the work were stimulated to exert their best efforts. The writer is deeply conscious of the fact that these experiments could have been presented in a more concise, a more intelligent and a more able manner by _the one whose untimely death was a severe blow to the entire vetere profession. These. in- vestigations were originally planned and started by Dr. ‘Leonard Pearson the writer, who later secured the assistance of a number of men, and to these men I desire to ex- press my thanks: 3 spies To Dr. M. P. Ravenel for the isolation of most of the cultures used in the prepara- tion of the vaccine. ; To Dr. C, Y. White and Dr, John Reichel for the histological examinations. | : To Dr. E. S. Deubler and Dr. John Reichel for the preparation of the vaccine for the latter experiments and general bacteriological work. To Dr. E. S, Deubler credit is due for many of the autopsies, the vaccinations of the animals and the supervision and management of the Experimental Farm Home pesig. ys ° For general assistance during various phases of this work we are indebted to Dr. C. Campbell, Dr. .E. P. Althouse, Dr. E. Barnett and Dr. I, B. Powell. Reales (To be concluded in next issue. ) 1914.—The pleasant memory that lingers with those alumni of New York University who attended the dinner of the New York American Veterinary College at the New York Athletic Club a year ago will make them very receptive to the announcement that again this year they are to dine amid the surroundings that so delighted the artistic temperament of our good friend Howar from Boston, as to make it impossible for him to restrain flow of poetic sentiments that characterized his after-dinner 1 marks. And while the symptoms were not so speakingly nounced with everyone present, all were similarly affected, a we trust, have told their brother alumni about it, so that th numbers will be even greater on this second occasion. Tht veterinary alumni association meeting, as announced in the M ReEvIEw will be held in the middle of the day at the old veterinar building at 141 West 54th street, so that the members may at tend the commencement exercises at University Heights in th afternoon: The excellent music and splendid addresses at features that stand out prominently at this annual function. THE TISSUE FOOD.* By Joun A. McLaucutin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. _ When I read my last paper, “The Tisswe Medium,” I earn- estly requested a full discussion and criticism of the thought I hhad advanced. I wished to hear from my fellow practitioners its ‘strength or its weakness. Evidently I did not make my view- point clear, for what I desired most to hear discussed has been passed by in silence. I accept ail blame for this, but in excuse wil isieithiat I had to crowd a vast deal in one small paper. I was, and am, attempting to study physiology in the light of ; imatomy, and anatomy, that is structural anatomy, in the light of physiology. Knowing the end product of food, that is its phy- ending, also its anatomical ending, knowing its source as well as its destination, I attempted to study the structural anat- y of the parts involved by following it from its source to its ination. One of my critics insists that any theory to be of must present original facts, replying to which I will state at I accept the facts presented in any text-book on anatomy or . rsiology. If I am in error in one essential fact, then is my theory wrong. _ The following may present my view-point more clearly: If se eierent parts of a machine were found separated, and their unknown, both its construction and its purpose would be disclosed as soon as it performed a recognized feat. If the rated parts were those of a flying machine, it would be ssible to tell it was a flying machine (without previous icdes) until the parts were put together correctly, nor would e known that the parts were put together correctly until it , when both its purpose and its correct structure would be mie When we see a printed paper passing from a multiple SS, we are assured that the parts of that machine are put to- 293 294 . JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. gether correctly, but with the same assurance we can affirm that the parts are put together on correct mechanical principles. To think otherwise would be absurd. So I was, and am, attempting the study of the organism, or rather a part of the organism, its anatomy and physiology as we would a man-made machine. ‘To do this effectively, I sought _a substance that was possessed of physical properties whose up- build or synthesis could be followed from start to finish, just as we might follow a product of some man-made device, from the raw material to the finished article. The tissue medium I con- sidered was such a substance; it is an end product (by an end product I mean the last of more than one product in which the intermediate products are but stepping stones to the finished article). (2) We know from whence it comes and to where it goes and the purpose it is intended to serve. (3) It comes from the food the organism partakes of and is intended as food for the tissues and its destination must be the tissues. (4) We know the structural anatomy and histology of the parts, and as sure as the multiple press is built on recognized mechanical principles so must the organism (and the parts which produce the tissue medium) be constructed on the same mechanical principles. In one respect, however, you have accorded me enlighten- ment. I was not as clear as I should have been on the subject of plasma; when I said if the tissue medium was not the plasma itself it existed in the substance of plasma, I was, I admit, rather vague, for I had been speaking of both as identical substances. That I might be more clear in this paper, I have entitled it The Tissue Food, between which and the tissue medium and the plasma there is a difference. On the term plasma I have been a little hazy also. I have used it to indicate the tissue medium—that fluid which bathes the tissues; our text-books term it lymph; I think both terms could be substituted by a better one, for plasma implies that it is found only in the blood, lymph that it is found only in the lymphatic vessels; I propose to name it tissue plasma. By tissue food I mean the substance, simple or compound, by ——— ees which the tissues actually live, by the tissue medium I mean the — = ; THE TISSUE FOOD. 295 _ fluid they live in. They live by tissue food, they live in tissue _ plasma; tissue plasma is their material world as the outside ma- terial world is that of the organism; it is tissue food I am study- ing, not plasma, and it is the anatomical construction of the parts _ which produce and transport it to its destination I am attempting __to interpret, and which when interpreted correctly will be found, q must be found, to be constructed in accord with ——— prin- _ ciples. In my last paper I studied the route of the tissue food or, as _ I then termed it, the tissue medium (plasma) from its source to _ its destination, and described the structural arrangement of the _ parts in which it was produced and transported from its source to the tissues. That description disclosed a route that was con- structed (or, I contended, was constructed) on approved me- chanical principles. In this paper I propose to study the tissue y food, by reversing the order I then followed and. beginning at the tissues, retrace its course to its source. — The first step backward brings us into the circulatory appa- 4 -ratus. The circulatory apparatus and the tissues are anatomically “distinct, so this first step backward actually transports us from one part of the organism to another, a most remarkable feat of transportation. This remarkable feat is accomplished by passing directly through the walls of the capillaries. It is essential to my _ purpose to discover the import of this physiological, phenomenon. _ What we must decide is whether it is an incidental occurrence, as absorption, or whether it is a genuine physiological function. As I contend that all physiological phenomena must have an _ anatomical explanation or a histological one, it is essential to my theory that this particular phenomenon must have an explanation in the histology of the capillaries, and I consider the assumption well founded that the capillaries are histologically, physiologically ~ and regionally adapted to perform the work they do, and their function is the result of a special design on the part of the organ- Nor is this function a simple one, but holds a very import- an place i in physiology; for this act of passing through the capil- laries is not merely one of passage, but one of filtering, and the 296 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. filtering is as important a physiological function as is the act of — transportation. Transportation is essential, for if the tissue food should remain in the circulatory apparatus, it could not be of any benefit to the tissues, but filtering is also essential to prevent sub- stances that are inimical to the tissues coming in contact with them. To sum up the functions of the capillaries, they filter the good: from the bad, permitting the good to pass their walls, re- taining the bad within their walls. Now we know what passes through and we know just what remains in the capillaries, plasma passes through, corpuscles remain in the circulatory apparatus. I infer from this that plasma represents the good and the corpuscles represent the bad. I infer also that the tissue food exists in the plasma and not in the corpuscles. With these remarks regarding the physiology of the capilla- ries, we can continue retracing the route of the tissue food with proper intelligence, for knowing that plasma and tissue food are found together, we can disregard the corpuscles even though they dominate the blood so thoroughly and follow the plasma, assured that where plasma is there also is the tissue food. The second step backward carries us to the lungs. You may ask: Why so far? To which question I must answer that the tissue food is a synthetic product and only cells are capable of a synthetic power, and between the capillaries and the lungs there ~ are no cells. These cells, however, or oxygen, I contended in my — last paper had no part in the upbuild of the tissue food. I was . very severely criticised for this statement, but my critic was alluding to plasma, which I believe holds oxygen within its sub- — stance. This is where, in my previous paper, I made myself — ambiguous and used the term plasma and tissue food as meaning the same substance. : It might be well to explain here how oxygen becomes part of plasma. This is my explanation: The corpuscles carry oxy-— gen, in the capillaries they give up this oxygen; the inference is that oxygen enters the plasma in a pure state, but my explanation — is that oxidized products when sufficiently prepared for elimina- — tion pass througin the capillaries to be excreted. In my last paper — ~ THE TISSUE FOOD. 297 __ I stated that oxygen was essential to elimination, and I might _ almost add that that constituted its entire function, and only after _ being thoroughly oxidized can the impurities of the blood be eliminated, but no elimination could possibly take place in the circulatory apparatus, so oxidized substances constituted the _ oxygen found in the plasma, and also represented its impurities. ‘ From the lungs to the next place where a synthetic process is _ possible, we must leave the circulatory apparatus entirely. Be- ‘i _ fore leaving, however, I might be asked if the blocd has no effect 3 on the tissue food; to which I answer, no, the tissue food once _ formed is altered only by the tissues themselves; when the tissues _ partake of this prepared diet, the tissue food is changed into tissue substance, tissue by-products and waste. 4 In the circulatory apparatus there is but one organ that has a _ direct influence on the tissue food, that is the heart, and the in- _ fluence of this wonderful organ is confined to transporting it to | the tissues. I argue that the tissue food is formed. before it omes under this influence. The function of the heart is to pro- duce the circulation, without the heart the blood would remain _ motionless and the tissue food would never reach the tissues; it is _ the dynamo, the power within the route we are studying. Let us see what this power encompasses. _ The heart exists for the benefit of the tissues; every organ exists for the same purpose; it produces the circulation, for otherwise the tissues would starve, the circulation transports the _ tissue food to the tissues, it is a case where the mountain actually _ goes to Mahomet, and the heart is the power that moves’ the _ mountain, or, if you will, he is the shepherd of his flock of tissues, but instead of leading his flock to the pasture, he sends the pasture to his flock. The organism is capable of movement, and can search for its food, but not so with the tissues, they remain stationary. The relation between the organism and its world id the relation between the tissues and their world (plasma) is ‘reversed, in the former the organism moves; in the latter, the world moves. Ee _ According to our text-books the function of the circulation is 298 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. to carry, or rather force, oxygen to the tissues. The explanation is that the blood enters the lungs to absorb oxygen, and the heart propels this oxygen-charged blood to the tissues, where it is ab- sorbed by the tissues. Instead of the blood absorbing oxygen from the atmospheric air, I infer that the lungs are anatomically and histologically designed to secrete oxygen and transport it to the blood vessels which constitute their ducts. It is a parallel function to the lacteals, which secrete tissue food from the food and transport it to their blood cul-de-sacs and that of the various glands (the mammary, for instance), which secrete milk from the plasma and transport it to the lacteal ducts. 1 cannot under- stand the logic that gives such varied methods of procedure to organs whose difference is only in their structure, but whose purpose is the same, but I can understand the logic that infers that this difference in structure is to meet the difference in en- vironment; nor can I understand the further argument that ascribes absorption to the lacteals, absorption in the lungs, ab- sorption to the tissues, secretion to the mammary glands and excretion to the kidneys. It would not be a perfect man-made machine if built in such manner. Now we will study the route by which the tissue food enters the alimentary lymphatics and leaves the circulatory apparatus (or rather enters it, for we are retracing our course) and the structural arrangement of the parts which connect these two won- derful apparatuses. The connection is made, as we know, by the thoracic duct and the great lymphatic vein, and there can be no question that these two vessels make a remarkably simple and complete connection. To describe the route, however, from this point onward, or rather backward, I find very difficult; this is be- cause the two ducts or vessels divide into three routes, each route” following a different course. The one going to the alimentary canal is undoubtedly the one followed by the tissue food, and as it is our present purpose to study the backward route of the tissue food, this is the one we will follow. Having arrived at the alimentary canal, we will survey the route I have mapped out and then study the structural arrangement of the two apparatuses — Ne a a THE TISSUE FOOD. 299 : and the histology and physiology of the lacteals. and the mesen- teric veins. ; ___ The route is as follows: Beginning in the lacteals and pass- ing to the receptaculum chyli, from the receptaculum chyli to the | thoracic duct, from the thoracic duct to the circulatory apparatus, which it enters near the heart, the right heart, to be exact, from the right heart to the lungs, from the lungs to the left heart, from the left heart through all the arteries, but not into the veims, from the arteries into the arterial capillaries, but _ not into the venous capillaries, through the walls of the arterial _ capillaries to the intercellular spaces, from the intercellular spaces into the open orifices of the (Note—There seems to be a ques- _ tion of late as to whether the systemic lymphatic vessels are open _ or closed) systemic lymphatic vessels. Now I must pause here for a moment to say that the systemic lymphatic vessels are but the continuation of those of the alimentary lymphatics, that al- _ though separated anatomically by the circulatory apparatus they are nevertheless connected physiologically. As we have already _ noted, the blood has no effect on the tissue food, or upon the sub- stances from which the tissue food is manufactured, so that when these latter substances pass with the tissue plasma into the inter- cellular paces and from these spaces into the systemic lymphatics _ the physiological connection is complete. As we have also noted, _ the systemic lymphatics are divided into two branches, one carry- _ ing tissue plasma and tissue food and lymphatic corpuscles _ (which latter it collects during its progress to the great lymphatic vein) from the right anterior limb, the right moiety of the head and neck and right thorax to the great lymphatic vein. During its course it does not meet the alimentary lymphatics, but the _ other branch, which transports lymph from the rest of the system, _ meets the alimentary lymphatics at the receptaculum chyli, and its _ contents and that of the alimentary lymphatics pass through the thoracic duct as one fluid, and as such empties into the circula- 5 tory apparatus. The thoracic duct, however, anastomoses with _ the great lymphatic vein at their entrance to the veins, which _ anatomical fact impresses me that the fluids when mixed are per- _ forming a physiological feat. 3800 : JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. Now to study the structural arrangement connecting the ali- mentary lymphatics and the alimentary canal. This connection is made, or so I deduce, by the lacteals, and by the lacteals alone. In attempting an anatomical explanation of the phenomena oi food transportation from the alimentary canal, I wish it to reflect the fact, or what I believe is a fact, that there is no anatomical explanation for absorption by the mesenteric veins. The great lymphatic system begins in the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, the circulatory apparatus does not; the import of this fact is that they are connected and the ending of one is the beginning of the other. I say ending advisedly, for the alimentary canal has two endings, one anatomical, the other physiological, the latter ending is the beginning of the great lymphatic system. As we have positive proof that the lacteals transport food from the alimentary canal, I assume there is an anatomical explanation for this physiological phenomenon, and the lacteals are constructed, must be constructed, to transport the food from the alimentary canal into their blind cul-de-sacs. The microscope informs us that the lacteals are supplied with cells, and I ascribe to these cells the power of performing this act. In other words, I contend that the power of transportation is in- herent in the lacteals themselves, and not due to the absorption powers of their contents, as happens in the mesenteric veins. It must be remembered that the lacteals are empty when the alimen- tary canal is empty. There is nothing in their iuterior to absorb food until the food first gets in them. How does it get in them if not by the power of these cells?) We have an explanation of absorption by the mesenteric veins, an incorrect one, I believe, for they are never empty, but to argue absorption for the latter (the veins) is practically to deny it for the former (the lacteals). I wish to advance the theory that the great lymphatic system is a gland, that it begins in the mucous membrane of the alimen- tary canal and ends in the circulatory apparatus, that its purpose is to manufacture tissue food. It will be seen by this that I con- sider the anatomical, histological and physiological connection be- } i . tween these two apparatuses is made by the lacteal cells. This — THE TISSUE FOOD. 301 connection is analogous, if not identical, with the connection between the glands and the circulatory apparatus. While the ac- tivities of one are directed toward the food, the activities of the glands are directed toward the blood, or rather plasma, each lac- teal cell producing tissue food and transporting it to its blind cul- de-sac, while the glandular cell produces its particular secretion (or excretion) and transports it to its blind tubule, the blind cul- _ de-sacs of the lacteals eventually form the thoracic duct, while the blind tubules of the various glands eventually form their ducts. The peculiar construction of the great lymphatic gland can be easily understood from the fact that it must carry nutrition to all parts of the organism, and collect this nutritive material from the alimentary canal. This brings us to a consideration of the ana- tomical difference between the beginning of this gland and its ending in the circulatory apparatus.. In the mucous membrane the cul-de-sacs are closed, they end, or rather begin, blindly while the thoracic duct is open. This plan is similar to that of the __ glands, the ducts of the mammary glands, those of the liver, of _ the pancreas and kidneys are closed in their beginnings and open at their endings, it would seem that all gland cells have the power of transporting their secretions (or excretions ) into blind tubules, and I attribute the same power to the lacteal cells, and as the bladder is the emptying place of the kidneys’ ‘excretion, the outer world that of the mammary, the small intestine of bile and pan- creatic juice, so the circulatory apparatus is the emptying place of the alimentary lymphatics, and, as I have explained, the empty- ing place of the systemic lymphatics, which are but branches of _ the great lymphatic gland. As the bladder empties its contents eventually into the outer world, and the same is true of the bile, _ pancreatic juice and milk (the latter goes into the infant’s - mouth) so the contents of the lymphatic gland which finds its _ way into the circulatory apparatus eventually finds itself fulfill- ing its function of nourishing the tissues and being eliminated. _ The inference of our text-books is that there is nothing to be eliminated from the blood but tissue-waste, while I contend that the blood contains many substances, that are very injurious. _ This I will explain. 302 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. If we study the structure of the great lymphatic gland we find | the minor lymphatic glands are situated along the course of the vessels, and they receive only what passes the lacteals. Should the lacteals secrete only tissue food, these succeeding glands would have no material to produce tissue food, therefore they transport more than they secrete; it is the key to their function, for as is well known, they absorb (using that objectionable term) many injurious substances, even poisons. It is not their function to select, but to transport all liquid substances from the alimentary canal to the veins, whether these substances are of benefit or an injury. In no sense are the lymphatic glands protective; the sys- tem must depend on the selective powers of the organism, and the eliminative powers of the glands in the circulatory apparatus, to safeguard its health. It will readily be seen from this that the blood is not a pure fluid, but on the contrary a very impure one, in fact it is loaded with impurities, especially after feeding. I believe this is the explanation of glycogen in the liver, that it is but a stage of the metamorphosis of the by-products of the lym- phatics on its career of elimination. The experiment proving that there is more sugar in the vein leaving the liver than in the vein going to it (portal vein) does not prove that sugar is ab- sorbed from the intestine; the experiment is entirely inadequate. It is an argument which favors my theory as much as it favors that of absorption, but is proof of neither. Having studied the arrangement whereby the great lymphatic system and the alimentary canal are connected, let us now pass into the alimentary canal itself. There is no question that in this apparatus the food is prepared for further elaboration. I am emphasizing this word elaboration, for it means so much in phy- siology, and yet so little; it is always leading us towards some- thing, something that is understood to be of the greatest impor- tance, but to the great discouragement of the student never reaches anywhere. In attempting to solve the problem that con- fronted me, I have given elaboration a purpose and an object. Rightly or wrongly I have determined that the aim and end of elaboration is the tissue food. Any analysis or criticism of my THE TISSUE FOOD. 303 _ paper should begin at my view-point. The question to be an- a swered first is, “Is my view-point admissible, can structural anatomy be interpreted in the light of physiology, and vice versa, and is it a correct inference that when the food arrives at the tissues elaboration ends?” If not, most that I have said is error; but if admissible, the greater part of the analyses and criticism directed against my views has been misdirected. As so much depends on my view-point, I would like to dis- cuss it for a moment. It may be divided into two parts: (1) _ That structural anatomy can be interpreted by the physiological phenomena occurring in the parts to be interpreted; (2) that the _ particular purpose of the organism is to produce tissue food. If _ the first part were applied to a man-made machine, it would be _ synonymous to saying that as a machine is built, so it must work, and as it works, so it must be built. Of the first part of my view-point, I do not imagine there _ will be any question ; of the second, however, there may be a great 7 “deal. Therefore I would like to discuss it a little further. I have _ described what I mean by tissue food, but even if I am in error as to its exact nature, or even if tissue food is non-existent, my _ view-point is correct, if you but admit that the end of elabora- _ tion is the production of some definite substance, and the destina-. _ tion of this substance is the tissues. Having explained what I mean by the tissue food, I will now attempt to determine its composition. To do this, even approxi- : ‘mately, we must follow the liquid food from the alimentary canal _ to the tissues, but no further. The tissues must be recognized as _ the destination of food, its destination, anatomically and physio- iloaically, otherwise my theory falls to the ground. We know the composition of food when it begins its journey ; _ we know its composition when it arrives at the tissues; we know _ each and every chemical, or other change, occurring while en _ route, and we can locate every histological structure in which _ each change occurs. The first of a series of such changes occurs i ‘in the alimentary canal, a second series takes place in the liver 4 (according to our text-books), a third occurs in the alimentary 304 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. lymphatics. We have followed these changes to their ultimate, and found that but one of these products is found in the tissue plasma—that one is the serum of the chyle. ‘This fluid and the tissue plasma are very similar in composition, and I consider it a justifiable inference that the serum of the chyle is the tissue food, or the nearest approach to this substance, that is never found in its purity, but always in combination. The natural deduction is that the alimentary canal and the great lymphatic system produce the tissue food, and this is the theory I wish to advance. I have explained how the alimentary lymphatics, con- tinuing the manufacture of the tissue food, the same process is continued by the systemic lymphatics, the circulatory apparatus constituting a connecting link between the separated parts of the great lymphatic gland, or system, as our text-books desig- nate it. I wish now to refer to the theory of absorption. By absorp- tion I mean that particular process whereby food is absorbed from the alimentary canal and transported to the circulatory apparatus by the blood circulating through the mesenteric veins. This function is not specially provided for by any anatomical arrangement; the mesenteric arteries, it is true, go to the alimen- tary canal, but they go to carry plasma to its secreting cells, and the returning venous blood goes to the liver, but, anatomically speaking, the mesenteric veins are distinct from the alimentary canal, just as distinct as the lacteals would be if they were devoid of cells. As far as I can discover, our text-books claim no ana- tomical connection between the two apparatuses, the function of absorption being the result of physical laws, and not the result of any particular anatomical design on the part of the organism as I claim for the lacteals and, for that matter, for all physio- logical phenomena. If, therefore, absorption is a fact, my view- point has met an obstacle that is very difficult to overcome; but, unless it is overcome, it is impossible to study, or rather interpret, anatomy in the light of physiology or vice versa, and the organ- ism, unlike a man-made machine, works as it is not built to work, and performs. a very important function for which no anatomical THE TISSUE FOOD. 3805 arrangement has been provided. Absorption appears to be a physiological incident, in a man-made machine it would spell failure. — If absorption is a fact, of course it must be accepted; but we must also accept all the anatomical and physiological contradic- tions which go with it. Let us interpret those contradictions in the light of the glycogenic function of the liver. Sugar is ab- sorbed by the blood in the mesenteric veins and carried to the liver, where it is converted into glycogen and stored up for future use. To be of future use, it re-enters the circulation to be further - elaborated, and meets the fate of most elaborated products—it ends nowhere in particular. From my view-point, it ends in the tissues, and ends in them as an integral part of the tissue food, or else it is of no value whatever. If we follow the glycogen from the liver onward (whether it is glycogen or some deriva- tive of glycogen, makes no difference), and we find it mixing with the chyle (blood) as it empties from the thoracic duct, and as one fluid, they both find their way to the tissues. This is a most extraordinary occurrence if glycogen is as important a substance as is claimed for it, and productive of many contradic- tory inferences. It is a very strange meeting this of the bile acids, glycogen and chyle, and eventually the tissue-waste prod- ucts and the corpuscles, and a still stranger meeting place. When we consider the size of the liver, its enormous blood supply, the vast amount of bile and glycogen it secretes, the explanation of _ its functions and its purpose in the organism, as given in our text- books, would hardly explain its importance in a man-made . machine. These physiological contradictions are rivalled by those found _ in the anatomical arrangement of the blood vessels which have to do with absorption. The portal vein is but a receptacle of the blood (the venous blood, remember) of the mesenteric, pancre- atic and splenic veins; this is a very strange arrangement to carry _ stigar to the liver; it is just as strange if their purpose is to secrete _ bile. As far as I can discover, our text-books offer no explana- _ tion at all. These veins carry blood from the stomach, pancreas 3506 JOHN A, MC LAUGHLIN. and spleen, so the liver receives their venous blood and its own arterial blood, yet bile and glycogen are highly oxidized products. This chemical fact is not explained by our text-books, nor is any explanation offered why the liver continues the work of the pan- creas and spleen on the blood, nor do they explain why the blood should enter the circulatory apparatus in two places: one at the entrance of the hepatic vein, the other at the opening of the thoracic duct; why it should reach the tissues at different times, for the hepatic vein being further away from the tissues than the thoracic duct, it must reach there at different times. So it is a logical conclusion there are two tissue foods, which sounds as incongruous as having two kinds of milk. Physiologically and anatomically, the function of absorption presents many contra- dictions. Just a word of explanation regarding the term elaboration. I have used this term to mean a function confined to the produc- tion of tissue food, it is therefore confined to the produc- tion of serum. Chemically speaking, and anatomically speaking. elaboration is possible only in the alimentary canal and in the great lymphatic system. A final word regarding hunger, thirst and asphyathaall I stated in my last paper hunger was peculiar to the alimentary canal, thirst to the lymphatics, and asphyxiation to the lungs. Hunger is a cry of the tissues for food, for nutriment; the stom- ach is the spokesman for the alimentary canal; thirst is a ery of the tissues for water, but water is included in tissue food; this cry of the tissues is responded to by the lymphatics, because it is the function of these glands to produce a liquid food, and the lymphatics of the throat constitute the spokesmen of that gland. The cry of the tissues for oxygen is a cry of distress; they are becoming poisoned, and the antitoxin to these poisons is oxygen, Nore—“ G. E. Stahl, relying less on facts than one theoretical reasoning, endeavored to claim for the liver a very comprehensive pathological importance. He called in ques- tion the opinion as to the exclusive participation of the lacteals in the absorption of nutri- tion, which, since the discovery of the thoracic duct, had gradually become generally ad- mitted; and at the same time he maintained that as large a quantity of chyle was carried with the blood through the mesenteric veins to the liver as that which found its entrance ‘into the system through the lacteals.” (Frerichs, “ Diseases of the Liver.”’) ones its THE TISSUE FOOD. 307 so the lung cells respond by their convulsive movements. In this way we divide the three apparatuses which control the des- tiny of the tissues in such great part: one to receive the food, the other to elaborate it into tissue food, the other to eliminate the by-products and waste, and each has its particular spokesman. GROWING EvipENCE THAT THE Horse AND Not THE Motor Truck Is Most Economica ror SHort Hauts.—Manufactur- ers of heavy trucks—the horse drawn kind—report an unusual demand for that type of vehicle this spring. Accumulative evi- dence goes to show that while the motor truck has its uses, and very valuable uses at that, the short haul is more economically handled through the medium of the horse drawn vehicle. A well-known truckman.in New York said last week : “T have given up the use of motor trucks. The life of a motor truck is short, and I find that in moving merchandise in mixed quantities over short hauls-I can do it more cheaply and expeditiously than I can by using motor trucks.” - ‘The largest coal dealer in Detroit has returned to the horse- drawn vehicle. He says he was induced to change for the reason that his motor trucks were in the shop too often for re- pairs. He stated that he had kept track of the running expense of a motor truck for one year, and that it cost $1,921.71. “ When I saw what motor trucks were costing,” said this man, ~ “T sold my motor trucks and went back to the horse.” 4 An ice cream establishment in this city, through its manager, asserts that it cost the firm nearly half a million dollars to find out that the motor truck was not adapted to their business. This statement, and others of a like character, have been received from several quarters this spring by the Studebakers, of this city, and as the demand for horse-drawn trucks has advanced twenty-five per cent over last year horse-drawn vehicle men are confident that _ the horse is coming into his own again, and they are correspond- _ ingly happy.—( New York Herald.) Have OpeNep A New VETERINARY HospitaLt.—Drs. Hag- _ yard and Shannon, Lexington, Kentucky, have opened a new hospital, which they moved into about May 1, 1914. We con- gratulate them on their enterprise and hope that they may have a long and prosperous career there. SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS.* By Pror, A. T. Kinstey, Kansas City, Mo. Parasitism occurs in various degrees. Some parasites pass their entire life cycle upon their host, others visit their host only for supply of nutriment, and still others pass only a portion of their life cycle on or in their hosts, which they leave to undergo metamorphosis elsewhere. Internal parasites of solipeds are many, and the diseases they produce are a large factor in the routine practice of veteri- narians in the agricultural districts of the great Mississippi valley. Internal parasites injure their host by: a. Abstraction of nutriment. 6. Blood suction. c. Production of hemolytic or irritating chemical substances. d. Mechanically, injury to tis- sue of obstruction of natural passages. . Practically all of the more important internal parasites of solipeds pass the larval and adult stage of their life cycle in their hosts. They are, with few exceptions, oviparous, the ova being discharged in some of the body excretions. The ova hatch into the embryo, the length of time of incubation being variable and largely dependent upon environmental tempera- ture. The embryo stage is usually passed on vegetation or in water, although this stage of some internal parasites is still — unknown. The embryo is the usual form in which the parasite is introduced into the host. | The source of parasites is a very important consideration in efficient sanitation, and a knowledge of the habitat and the, . vitality of parasites external to their host is indispensable in controlling parasitic diseases. Practically all of the intestinal parasites under consideration in this discussion pass some part of their life cycle outside of their host, and, as a rule, this portion of their life cycle is passed in wet, marshy, improperly * Presented to the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, at Chicago. 308 SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS. 309 eained soil, and especially in climates where there is no severe cold weather. The embryo of the pulmonary strongyle is said _to be destroyed in a few days by water or oe soil, its lon- _gevity being favored by dryness. The vitality of the embryo of most of the internal parasites is not definitely known, but they are known to be capable of withstanding rather intensive external environments, such as “desiccation and marked temperature variations. However, it is thought that they have little resistance to putrefactive changes of vegetation or the water they inhabit. Their capability of withstanding various environmental influences that are usually destructive to other forms of life further complicates the prob- tem of control work. Just how long the vegetation, water or soil of a pasture or premises will remain infested after dis- eased animals have been removed will depend largely upon cli- atic conditions and upon the nature of the vegetation and soil. Under the most adverse conditions for the parasite a pasture or premises may be considered free from parasites in from six months to two years. _ The usual channel of entrance of internal parasites is the digestive tube, either in food or water that has been contami- 1ated by the discharges of infested animals or by infested land. Pulmonary infestation with the embryo of the strongyle carried upon particles of dust may occur. It is possible that some few ‘of the internal parasites of solipeds are introduced through the s in, either directly through open lesions or indirectly through the agency of some external parasite, as the mosquito. The lesions produced by parasites are quite variable. The general lesions produced by blood-sucking parasites are ane- nia, emaciation and frequently cedema. Local lesions of vary- ‘ing extent are usually also evident. The special lesions will vary ; a ecording to the parasite in question; pulmonary strongyle pro- “duces bronchitis and pneumonia of a catarrhal type. The larva ‘of the Sclerostoma equinum produces thrombosis and usually ‘aneurismal dilatations. Inflammation, degeneration and necro- sis are frequently produced by a variety of intestinal parasites. 310 A. T. KINSLEY. Necrotic dermatitis and a number of other lesions may be pro- duced by parasites. The avenue of elimination of the parasite, particularly when it is in the stage or cycle in which it can exist external to the host and be capable of infesting another host, is quite impor- tant in the prevention and spread of parasitic diseases. The ova or embryo of intestinal parasites are eliminated in the in- testinal excretions. The ova or embryo of pulmonary para- sites are eliminated in the discharges from the lung. By proper disposal of excretions containing ova, embryo, or adult para- sites, the possibility of infestation will be diminished, and by the persistent proper disposal of the infested excretions para- sites can ultimately be eradicated. The symptoms of parasitic infestation are quite variable. The general symptoms resulting from blood-sucking parasites are anemia, oedema, emaciation and unthriftiness. As a gen- eral rule either young animals or aged animals are more fre- quently affected. The specific symptoms will vary according to the nature of the parasite, the extent of infestation and the age and resistance of the infested animal. The infestation of the lungs result in pulmonary disturbances evidenced by cough, muco-purulent discharge from the nose, moist rales, and pos- sibly solidified areas in the lung. The cough occasioned by pul- monary parasites is characterized by several expulsive efforts occurring in rapid succession. The nasal discharge is muco- purulent in character and may contain ova and disintegrated parasites which can be observed by microscopic examination. — Intestinal parasites may be intensive blood suckers and deplete the animal body, as well as producing a catarrhal enteritis which may cause inappetence or a capricious appetite. There will also be parasites in some stage of development in the feces. The diagnosis of parasitism in the animal body may or may not be difficult, depending upon the extent of infestation and upon the location in the animal body. If there are only a few invading parasites, the host may appear to be normal, and the diagnosis of parasitism be practically impossible. The finding SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS. 811 of parasites in’ some stage of development in the excretions is positive evidence of parasitism. Thus the finding of the para- site in the nasal discharge or intestinal excretions in some of its stages of development is absolute proof of parasitic infesta- tion of the respiratory or digestive organs. An eosinophilia evidenced by a blood examination is additional evidence in the diagnosis of parasitism. In prognosticating the outcome of an animal infested with parasites, the resistance and general condition of the animal, as well as the extent of infestation must always be taken into consideration. A young animal that is intensely infested with blood-sucking parasites, located either in the intestine or lung, should be considered as a doubtful case. A fully developed _ horse in good condition, with only slight infestation, will usu- ally recover if properly treated. _ Because of the difficulties of treatment it is far better to prevent infestation than to treat animals that are infested. _. Prophylaxis includes the quarantining of infested animals and the proper disposal of their discharges. It also includes the proper consideration of pasture land, hay and water supply, and the cleanliness of the barn and yards. Grass or hay from im- properly drained low marshy land or farm lands that retain the drainage from infested lands should be excluded from the diet. Surface water is frequently a carrier of parasites and should be guarded against. The curative treatment will be discussed in relation with the - consideration of each parasite. - Because of the magnitude of this subject, only the most im- portant parasites will be considered. Ascaris MEGALOCEPHALA, the round worms, or what are called the lumbricoids, are quite common, particularly in ani- mals of one to two years of age. The parasites are usually obtained by the host from water, vegetable matter, pasture land, hay or any food stuff contaminated by dust containing ‘the embryos. The adult lives in the small intestine. The ova are discharged from the host in the intestinal excrements. They 312 A. T. KINSLEY. hatch into embryos which have very great vitality. It is claimed they have persisted on vegetable matter, in infested pastures, for as much as two years. The usual lesions produced by this parasite are catarrhal enteritis, which in extreme cases may be associated with deple- tion of the body and in some instances obstruction of the bile and pancreatic ducts, or the intestine itself. A few instances are on record where these parasites have perforated the mucous membrane and the entire intestinal structures, permitting infec- tion, resulting in fatal peritonitis. The symptoms consist of rough coat, unthriftiness, indiges- tion, emaciation, perianal mucous deposits, and in cases in which the hepatic and pancreatic ducts are obstructed, disturbances of the liver and pancreatic functions respectively. In a few in- stances there may be obstruction of the intestine sufficient to pro- duce fatal colic. The most common diagnostic evidence of infestation by these parasites is perianal mucous deposits, and the presence of these particular parasites may be proven by the finding of the ova or the adults in the intestinal excrements. The treatment of this condition, as of other parasitic dis- turbances, should be considered from two viewpoints, namely, preventive and curative. The prophylactic treatment consists in preventing infestation by keeping the barns and yards clean, properly treating the manure heaps, so that ova or embryo con- tained therein will be destroyed, keeping the animals off of the pasture lands that are known to be infested and by feeding food stuffs that are known to be free from infestation as well as giy- ing water only from deep wells. The curative treatment is not always successful, particularly — the first attempt. Some have found that two-dram doses of tar- — tar emetic on the morning feed for three or four days, followed — by a brisk purgative, is efficient; others have successfully used — one to two-dram doses of turpentine, given in milk or linseed — oil. Three or four-dram doses of santonin has been recom- mended, but is rather expensive. Iron sulphate in two-dram o iz = om Le ~ ‘ SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS. ‘ 313 doses, to which is added five or ten grains of arsenic trioxid, has been found quite efficient. Beechwood creosote, given in capsules in one-half dram doses, has given good results where other agents have failed. Oxyuris CurvuLA AND MasticopEs, or Prin Worms, are _ quite common in solipeds in this section of the country. Their life cycle is similar to that of the round worm. The embryos are obtained by solipeds in food or water, and they rapidly develop into larvae and adults in the intestine. These parasites are located in the large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). _ Unless pin worms occur in large numbers, they do not pro- duce general lesions. In extreme cases of infestation there may be slight anemia and limited emaciation. They locally pro- _ duce inflammation of the mucous membrane and _ occasionally _ the eggs, embryo and larva may be found in the submucosa in the infested area, rarely they are found in the capillaries. The diagnosis of this condition is dependent upon finding the pin worm in the fecal matter. The most common symptoms of pin worm infestation is anal pruritis, perianal mucous deposits, indigestion and, in ex- _ treme cases, colic. The prevention of infestation by pin worms consists in elimi- nating food and water that are likely to be contaminated. Thera- _ peutically we find this parasite much more difficult to control and eradicate from the host than the round worm. Enemas of quassia chips or even a dilute solution of creolin or kreso, suc- ceeded by a brisk purgative, is frequently quite efficient. It is not possible, however, by this method to eradicate the parasite that inhabit the caecum and the anterior portion of the colon, and for their destruction it is necessary to use similar or the same agents that were recommended in the treatment of the ‘round worm. It may be found necessary to prolong the treat- ment for the destruction of the pin worm. ScLERASTOMA EouINUM, oR STRONGYLUS ARMATUS, is one ‘of the most common and perhaps most destructive of all in- ternal parasites of solipeds in this section of the country. In 314 A. T. KINSLEY. different areas it has been found that from one to one hundred per cent. of all solipeds are infested. The life cycle of this parasite varies. ‘The ova hatch, either in the intestines or ex- ternal to the host in the feces, into a small globular embryo which may live for months. The embryo inhabits water, also vegetable matter grown near ponds where the embryo hatch, and this is usually the source of infestation. After the em- bryos are ingested in the food or water, they develop in the intestine of the host into asexual larvae, some of which bore through the mucous membrane, becoming encysted in the sub- mucosa, others, passing through the intestinal wall, meander out into various organs and tissues, still others attack blood ves- sels where they cause inflammation, and later a degeneration succeeded by a dilatation which is followed by thrombic forma- _ tion. A larva usually remains in the thrombus where it de- _velops, and later it migrates along in the vessel until it passes into the capillaries where it perforates the tissues, and if loca- tion is favorable it enters the lumen of the intestine, where it becomes sexually mature and attaches to the mucous membrane of the intestine. Many of the larvae encysted in the submucosa also later pass into the intestine and mature. The location of this parasite in the animal body is variable so far as the larval stage is concerned. They have been found in practically all tissues. The blood vessels most particularly invaded are the mesenteric arteries, anterior and posterior, coelic axis, spermatic artery and the posterior aorta. The adult worms are found attached to the mucous membrane in the large in- testine. ; The lesions produced by Sclerastoma equinum vary accord- ing to the extent of infestation. Anemia prevails as a result of direct abstraction of the blood by the parasite, and also as a result of hemolytic action of a poisonous substance secreted by the parasite. There may also be emaciation. Locally it produces inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. The larvae produce necrosis, degeneration, aneurism, thrombosis, embolism, ischemia or hyperemia, as well as cysts, which may later un- = ne " ry . ee ee A ee ee ee a a a WA \Sci coal pithiius Miia SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS. 3815 dergo changes, ultimately becoming fibrous cicatrices or calcified necrotic masses in the submucosa, liver, pancreas, lung or other tissue. The general symptoms of infestation by this parasite is anemia, indigestion, colic, perianal deposits and the elimination of the parasite in the pus. Special symptoms resulting from the lesions produced by the migrating larvae consist of circulatory disturbances in various organs, such as muscle, liver, brain, in- testines, kidneys, etc. Preventative treatment consists in the feeding of non- infested food stuff and the giving of pure water, also maintain- ing the animals in barns and yards that are known to be free of the embryo of this parasite. Curative treatment is efficient only in ridding the body of ‘the adult form of this parasite, the larval form being located in the various tissues cannot be destroyed by any known medica- se that would not be equally destructive to the animal tis- sues. The adult may be destroyed by treatment prescribed for round worms and pin worms. Any line of treatment should be persisted in for sufficient length of time to be certain that the adults have been destroyed, and then the animal should be given a brisk purgative. SCLERASTOMA TETRACANTHUM. This parasite is frequently associated with the sclerastoma equinum. It prevails in prac- tically all sections of the country. Its life cycle and method of gaining entrance to the animal body is practically identical ‘to that of the sclerastoma equinum. Some have questioned whether or not it constitutes a separate species. The larval form of this parasite is invariably encysted in the submucosa, where, after developing into maturity, it enters the intestine and at- taches to the mucous membrane. Large numbers of the larvae necessarily cause damage to the intestinal wall, and large num- bers of the adults damage the mucous membrane of the intes- tines as well as deplete the abstraction of blood. However, they are less damaging blood suckers and are much less danger- ous to solipeds than the sclerastoma equinum. 316 A. T. KINSLEY. The symptoms produced consist of unthriftiness and anemia associated with digestive derangements. The same treatment can be used as that for the sclerastoma equinum. Frrarta PaprLitosA. This parasite is more or less preva- lent in solipeds throughout the entire United States. The ave- nue of entrance is not positively known. It is usually found meandering through the tissues in serous cavities, and when in large numbers, in the peritoneal cavity. They may accumu- late in sufficient numbers in the tunica vaginalis to occasion a serous inflammation characterized by an excessive outpouring of serous fluid, which accumulates in the vaginal sac producing hydrocele. Occasionally this parasite gains entrance to the aqueous humor of the eye where it occasions more or less dis- turbance to that organ. The treatment in general infestation with this filaria is not successful. Cases in which the vaginal tunica or eye are af- fected may be relieved by operation. TAENIASIS of solipeds in this section of the country is very uncommon: One farm only in Missouri has been identified as containing animals harboring tape worms. SrronGyLus ARNFIELDI, oR Lunc Worm. This parasite is not generally prevalent in any portion of the United States. — It is destroyed external to the host in a very short time by ex- posure to wet or damp environments, and since practically the entire Mississippi Valley is amply supplied with moisture, it would be rather exceptional to find this parasite in sufficient numbers to cause alarm. The adults are found in the bronchial tubes and bron- chiales, the ova and embryo being discharged in the excretions from the bronchial tubes. They gain entrance into the host by the feeding of contaminated food stuff and water, or by inhalation. The exact manner in which those that are ingested reach the bronchial tubes has not been positively determined. The adults are blcod suckers and occasion an inflammation which is associated with an accumulation of muco-purulent sub=— ps SOME VERMINOUS PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS. 317 stance in the bronchial tubes and bronchioles, which in turn favors infection resulting in catarrhal inflammation and in some instances the occlusion of the bronchioles and collapse of the air cells. The symptoms in the initial stages of the disease consists of an occasional cough. As the parasites become more numerous, the cough becomes more frequent and is of a paroxysmal char- acter. The animal frequently coughs until it falls to the ground exhausted. Emaciation is rather rapid, the animals become weak, depressed and die. If the discharge from the nose is exam- ined, it will be found to contain disintegrated adult parasites, many ova and occasionally an embryo. Prevention consists in the quarantining of the affected ani- mals, keeping the premises free from dust by frequently sprin- kling with a parasiticide and giving the animals clean, whole- some food and water. The treatment consists in the application of volatile drugs that may be inhaled by the animal and which will facilitate removal of the bronchial contents and will de- stroy the parasite, as oil of eucalyptus, iodine and turpentine. _ Medicaments may be introduced either in the form of a vapor or spray. CONTINUES TO GROW IN STRENGTH AND INFLUENCE.—The National Association Allied Horse Interests elected twenty-nine new members in April, and the publicity work which this organ- ization is carrying on is being reflected in the attention which is _ being given to the horse in many leading periodicals. Agencies for the promotion of the usefulness of the Association are being _ established as fast as possible in every State in the Union, and _ possibly slowly, but nevertheless surely, the original plans of _ the Association are being consummated. If only one out of every _ hundred horse lovers in the United States co-operates in making the N. A. A. H. I. a success, the work it can accomplish along - comprehensive lines will. be far-reaching in its effects—(The _ Horse Lover.) DISCUSSION OF PROFESSOR KINSLEY’S PAPER. By Dr. H. A. Presster, Fairsury, IL, I have listened with interest to the very able paper by the distinguished and learned gentleman, its author. T say with interest, because to me it is the most interesting subject of the present time. I believe the intestinal parasite is directly and indirectly the cause of more trouble than we have even suspected in the past. I wish just briefly to speak of those different intestinal para- sites which I consider produce the more varied and harmful results. . During the past twenty years of active practice I have had perhaps as much, if not more, experience with these pests than any one present here to-day. In fact, so familiar have I become with the symptoms and the appearance of the horses that are infested that when a man comes into my office and begins with a description, I have reached a conclusion as to the cause of the trouble before he ends his tale of woe. I have a scope of territory along a small stream, which runs in a south and western direction for a distance of perhaps six or seven miles; along this stream there is more or less timber. This scope of territory seems to harbor more of the special parasite of which I shall speak than all the rest of my field of practice. Some years ago (perhaps nineteen) a man came to me with the request to go with him and see a colt which he had learned was sick in the timber pasture; it was in the summer and the water in the creek was very low, there being no running water and only in the lowest parts of the creek bed was there any water for the horses in the pasture. We found the colt down, and he could not get it up; I knew it was nearly dead, but just how long it had been sick nobody knew. There not being suf- ficient symptoms to guide me in making a diagnosis, others than 318 DISCUSSION OF PROFESSOR KINSLEY’S PAPER. 319 unthrifty condition, pale mucous membrane and general weak- ened condition, I requested the owner to go with me the follow- ing day and we would hold a post mortem, which we did. We found a quantity of the Sclerastoma Tetracanthum in the large bowel, and placing some in a bottle I took them with me as a curiosity, not knowing positively whether they were the cause _ of the death of the colt or not. I presented the specimen to Dr. _ Stringer who had been practicing in this community for a num- _ ber of years; he informed me of the nature of the parasite, which _ had caused the death of the colt. _ A few years later I was called to a farm not far from the one just mentioned. I found three grown horses lying dead; _ the three were as nicely in a line as if they had been hauled by a team of horses; they were about the same distance apart. Three or four more were standing near with head drooped, and muzzle swollen, some blood and mucus discharged from anus and the nostrils, very weak and muscles in a tremor; discolored “mucous membranes. I was somewhat alarmed and very much interested in the man’s animals. First, because he was a well- to-do farmer and stock man, while I was a new man in the field and did not wish to make a blunder; in fact, things looked to ‘me as if some contagious disease had broken out, and I did ‘not know what the result might be. I requested that he call counsel, which he did, calling Dr. ‘Stringer. I think I am correct when I say that Dr. Stringer was “surprised at the scene of three large draft horses lying in such a position, and three or four more nearly dead, with others “more or less affected. Strange as it may seem, neither of us “suspected that the intestinal parasite was the cause of the trou- ble. We posted one and examined the lungs, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys and throat, but did not examine the contents of the a and caecum. The next one we proceeded with in like aie anner and were about to pass to the third dead animal when 4 ve thought to examine the large bowel, which contained innu- nerable quantities of the Sclerastoma Tetracanthum and Stron- gy ‘us Armatus, which told the story. ee eae ee ere eee a=. 3820 H. A. PRESSLER. Had we not thought to examine the colon and caecum, there doubtless would have been placed in veterinary literature a full and complete history of a new and fatal malady, the germ of which had not yet been isolated, so small was the germ that the strongest microscopic lense failed to detect and the finest porcelain filter would not hold back. Four more horses died within the next forty-eight hours. The other animals were removed to a different place, if I remember correctly were placed in the stable and treated for some time without the death of another animal. About ten years ago a man shipped into our town two car- loads of western horses, principally two-year-olds. They had a rather unthrifty appearance. After some time of unsuccessful attempt to dispose of these horses, they were finally purchased — at a supposed bargain by a farmer living on a farm adjoining the one I just mentioned, the farms being separated only by the public highway. This man took the colts and turned them in the woods and stalk field together with his own native colts and horses. They began to die, he called me, and it was plain — to see the cause; the sick animals passed the parasites in quan- tities. thea The animals being unbroken and wild, it was a task to give medicine to them, the owner after more or less effort giving — up; and during that winter lost fifteen head, some if this num- . ber being his native colts. About three years ago a renter living on the same farm i lost five or six head from the same parasite within a period of perhaps less than two weeks. The owner was of a rather pe- culiar and superstitious character, and attributed the cause of © the death of his horses to ‘“ milk sick,’’ which was said to have — caused the death of his cow some time during that summer. ' A few weeks ago I was called to a man’s premises to see : and examine a Shetland pony which he had found dead in the ; pasture. He informed me that this was the second one that he had lost within a few days, and that he feared a contagious — disease was going to take the rest of the herd. It was too late : DISCUSSION OF PROFESSOR KINSLEY’S PAPER. 321 _ in the evening for me to post the animal, but I informed him _ that it was nothing contagious and that it was due to intestinal _ parasites. Promising to return in the morning, I had him dig _a hole and have things ready to bury the pony; after examina- tion I found the typical hemorrhagic spots, with more or less inflamed patches, under the mucous membrane, but there were few, if any, of the parasites visible. It is a very peculiar fact that in some cases, where an ani- mal has lain for some time, the parasites dissolve, digest or _ disintegrate. I have placed them in bottles of water and find some will disappear and there remain a sediment at the bottom of the bottle. Another peculiar fact I have discovered, that in some cases an animal may be badly affected, and there cannot be found in its feces any of the parasites. On post mortem in a number of these cases I found the “intestinal tract inhabited by thousands of the worms. I have spoken of the deaths of animals which have occurred in certain localities in along this creek and timber pasture; but T find more or less of the parasites in question in all directions. Perhaps a month ago, I was called to a farm near what ‘was originally a large grove containing seven hundred or a ‘thousand acres of timber, and on the south and centre was a large pond, which some years ago was dredged out and now is under cultivation. I refer to Oliver’s Grove, of which place doubtless some of you have heard. This man had a two-year- pe colt that was staggering about, seemed partially paralyzed in | its hind legs, and very weak in its front legs, was thin in fle h, hair rather long, mucous membrane pale, and upon exami- ne Boh of feces found both the Sclerastoma Tetracanthum and Strongylus Armatus. The colt had been previously treated for stomach staggers. T saw the colt two or three weeks ago, and it “was able to trot away with scarcely a hitch or stagger. In lis case the staggering was due-doubtless to the Strongylus 322 H. A. PRESSLER. I was called in consultation during the month of August last summer; the case was a large sorrel mare which the owner valued at two hundred and fifty dollars. The animal was in- sured. The case had no history other than that the owner, on going out “choring,’ found the mare down near a hedge fence. He called in a licensed veterinarian, who pronounced it lightning stroke. After the animal had lain for about three days, he called me. After examining and obtaining what little history there was to the case, I told him there was no evidence of lightning stroke, and suspected paralysis due to an embolism, caused by the Strongylus Equinum. I informed him that the animal probably would not recover, and requested that I might be present at the post mortem, which would prove whether the animal died from lightning stroke or worms. In about five days the owner decided that the proper thing was to kill the mare. | It was the most typical case of intestinal parasites, and their effect I ever saw; embolism in the posterior aorta. We found the Strongylus Armatus both in the aorta and the mesenteric — arteries. The colon and caecum contained the parasites in great quantities. fat oe Now here I wish to say that I believe most cases that we call paraplegia, if not all of them, are due to this parasite, Scleros- — toma Equinum. : : DRAFTERS BrtnG Goop Prices.—A sale of draft horses re-— cently held by North & Robinson at Grand Island, Neb., furnishes — an excellent illustration of the value of 76s stock at the present time. The entire lot consisted of 40 head of Percherons, Shires and Belgians, all.animals of good quality, and consequently high ~ prices ruled. Percherons were the favorites, one stallion bringing ~ $1,750 and anothr $1,500. Twenty-four Percherons sold at an- average price of $630, while*the entire lot of 40 head averaged _ $539.—(The Horse Lover.) = sil ll i li, ee i its nS parer eae ae si i ie MAINE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY.* By Dr. A. Jory, Live Stock SANITARY COMMISSIONER, WATERVILLE, ME, During the short time in office I have found out that the live stock sanitary commissioner is expected to be a veterinarian, a sanitarian, a pathologist, a bacteriologist, a financier and a farmer; in other words, a sort of encyclopedia; but I did not know that he should also be a preacher. No wonder that our governor considered a long time my appointment. I am told that he was afraid that the farmers would not understand me. Perhaps it might be well at this time, for me to apologize for my defective pronunciation of the English language. Know- ing the generosity of the American people, I can, in advance, depend upon your indulgence, for I want you to give me credit for my persistence, and take into consideration that twenty-four _ years ago I came into Maine, located in Waterville, with the firm purpose of learning the language of Shakespeare. I am still at it, and my friends have convinced me to give up all hope of returning to my native land. | The subject assigned to me is so vast and so important that, 5 in the brief space of twenty minutes allotted me, I can offer you but a few thoughts to consider. Maine has over $28,000,000 worth of live stock. Maine ap- _ propriates $50,000 a year to carry out its sanitary laws, govern- _ ing the moving of domestic animals, facilitating and encourag- _ ing the live stock interests, and extirpating or controlling all infectious and contagious diseases that may exist among cattle, horses, sheep and swine—and especially tuberculosis. During this past year we have condemned 1,021 animals that were a menace to public health and to our live stock industry. Sixty-seven horses were found affected with glanders, and 954 head of cattle were condemned as tuberculous. Never- theless we feel that we have glanders and even tuberculosis under * Read before the State Board of Trade, at Portland, March, 1914. 323 324 Ap JOLY: control, and can keep it so if our local boards of health will co- operate with us. . It is of the greatest importance that our milk supply comes from tested herds; it is a protection that we owe to the con- sumers. It cannot be denied that bovine infection is transmissible to man and principally to infants through tuberculous milk. This fact has been established. No local board of health should allow milk sold unless produced by a tuberculin-tested animal; and no man has a right to claim that his cows are free from tuber- culosis, unless he has had them tested. So it is up to you, busi- ness men of the State Board of Trade, to see that your respective localities elect men on your local boards of health who under- stand their duties and see that such laws are carried out. Maine with 60,000 farms and with 3,000,000 acres of tillable land—an average per capita of about four acres—it would seem, should produce at least what it consumes. Yet statistics show that we import over seven million dollars and a half worth of western grain yearly; we import butter, cheese and even cream. We import 650 carcasses of beef a week at an approximate cost of $2,839,200 a year. With the importation of mutton, pork and canned meat it would figure out to over three million dollars a year. During 1913 we imported 8,000 horses, mostly draft horses, at a cost of $1,500,000. Our importation in grain, cattle and horses amounts to $12,000,000 a year. Maine should raise its own horses. Reports have been re- ceived from about 10,000 correspondents of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture upon the cost of raising colts on farms to the age of three years. The average for the United States is found to be $104. Even at this appar- ently high cost it would be profitable. To begin with, it would mean $104 saved, $208 on a pair, and at the age of three, a pair of draft horses will earn far more than their living, and at the age of four or five, they would be worth at least $500. Farmers should buy mares instead of geldings. They do not cess ea ee ee ee - MAINE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 325 cost any more to feed and they can be bred at such a time of the year as not to interfere much with the work on the farms. To encourage horse breeding, perhaps it might be advisable for the state to own a few stallions, systematically distributed throughout the breeding districts during the season as is done in France, where all breeding stallions are either owned by the government or have government authority to stand for service. Thirty years ago Maine had 351,000 head of cattle, 105,000 more head than she has at the present time. Thirty years ago Maine had 577,000 sheep, 457,000 more than she has to-day. We have 40,000 swine compared with 71,000 in 1884. With the decrease in live stock, the improved land has been reduced by 124,000 acres. . In order to render justice to our tilling land, we must raise more live stock, and with more live stock it means more fertiliza- _ tion, which would allow us to raise our own grain. Of all the various kinds of stock raising, dairying is the ~ most profitable, and it pays a higher possible income when prop- erly conducted than any customary vocation on the farm. At the same time it will put the farm in a higher state of cultiva- tion. But every farmer in Maine cannot be a dairyman; a man has to have some adaption in that direction. While a man might _ fail as a dairyman, he might be successful as a raiser of beef ~ animals. _ Beef can be raised at a profit in Maine; there is no question about it, and why not? Our predecessors thirty-five years ago raised beef and were prosperous and raised large families, and Maine was richer by 124,000 acres of improved land than she is to-day. The raising and fattening of prime beef is the perpetual asset and industry of the farmers of England and Scotland, and has been for 150 years. All the world knows to what degree _ these British farmers have been successful, and they can raise _ beef at a profit, even on high-priced land. , Canada, with its cold climate and long winters, exported to _ this country during 1913 210,978 head of cattle, valued at _ $6,871,667. 326 A. JOLY. If there was no profit for the Canadian farmers in raising beef animals, the small province of Saskatchewan would not have appropriated $500,000 to foster its live stock industry. Beef and dairy cattle, hogs and the mutton breed of sheep are to be accepted as security by the provincial government, pro- vided all males are pure bred and females are high grades. The Grand Championship of the International Live Stock Show, held in Chicago last December, was awarded to a steer, fed on anything but corn, and which was raised by J. D. McGregor, of Manitoba. The same can be done in Maine; but we must improve our method of farming and adopt the system of crop by rotation. Much of our land, it is true, is too rough for the cultivation of crops and must be kept in permanent pastures; but these same pastures could be improved with little work. Our farms should be fenced and cross-fenced, so that hay fields could be used as pastures at certain times of the season when the. grass begins to. fail. On the 8th of last December, on my way from Chicago to Montreal, I noticed, going through Michigan and the Province of Ontario, herds of cattle, hogs and flocks of sheep grazing in hay fields, well fenced. Our sheep industry is deplorably on the decrease, when sheep can be raised at a profit and with hardly any labor. Swine industry is also neglected when it should be consid- ered as a mortgage lifter. “Live stock upon the farm should be regarded as machines for manufacturing agricultural products into forms more con- centrated and possessed of a higher value. These products can be shipped to better advantage than the materials could be from | which they are made, since ordinarily the cost of shipping de- ee ee a ee ae ae i Tere ; creases with the increase in the concentration of the product — shipped. The concentration thus secured is usually very marked, as, for instance, when bulky foods are turned into milk and flesh. In addition to the freight thus saved, much coarse and bulk food grown upon the farm, otherwise largely wasted, is given a money value. MAINE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 327 “The straw of what is termed the small grains and corn - stover—that i is, corn stalks without corn—would be turned into ; money.” While the animals are thus employed, so to speak, in manu- facturing food into more concentrated products, they give back- to the farms the greater part of the fertility contained in the _ food, where the management is correct. ; ___ Whenever, therefore, the living animal is used as a machine, it is important that this living machine do its work to the best’ advantage, and for that reason animals of the right type should be chosen for the purpose when once decided upon. For dairy purposes we have the Jersey, the Holstein, the Guernsey, the Ayshire and the Dutch Belted, and for the beef type of cattle we must choose from the Shorthorn, the Here- ford, the Polled Durham, the Aberdeen Angus, the Galloway and the Sussex. We must improve our breed of cattle and get rid of our “scrubs as fast as possible. We should have more pure-bred ani- ‘mals, and it does seem that the time has come for Maine to go : into raising beef and more sheep and more hogs, when one takes inte consideration the shortage of meat animals all through the ‘United States. According to estimate by the Department of ‘Agriculture, a shortage is shown of 18,259,000 meat animals in the United States since 1910. Combined exports of cattle, * gs and sheep during 1913 were valued at only $895,603, com- pared with $3,553,349 in 1912 and $14,289,509 in I9gII, and all prospects are that export trade in live stock during 1914 will be even lighter than that of 1913. _ Maine should begin to produce what it consumes and supply its home market. In 1913 we imported 33,800 head of cattle in carcasses to supply our meat market. On the other hand, we shipped to Watertown and Brighton stock yatds 35,924 calves. 35,000 calves should have been kept and raised on our aine farms for our own consumption. To control our market Ww : must have State meat inspection, for our people want the best 828 A. JOLY. and will not buy uninspected meat. During 1913, Maine shipped 7,580 head of beef animals to Watertown and Brighton stock vards. It is true that a large amount were bologna cows, but there were some 2,500 fat animals from Maine slaughtered in Massachusetts under United States Government Meat Inspec-. tion, and part of it was shipped right back to our local market and forced us to pay freight both ways. — To increase our live stock industry, more capital is needed; according to our bank commissioner’s report, two-thirds of our 60.000 farmers are free from mortgages, so that our capitalists could be easily secured, and there could be no trouble in raising tunds. Mr. G. A. Ryther, vice-president of the National Live Stock Bank of Chicago, says: “ There can be no more desirable loan than one on cattle in the feed lot, making daily gains in weight, as each pound added increases the value of the security. Even in the West, the ele- ment of risk has been largely decreased in recent years, as the practice of winter feeding has become general. During the past quarter of a century the nature of the busi- ness of financing, feeding and grazing operations has undergone a radical change, and to-day we find cattle and sheep paper ac- ceptable by banks in every part of the country. At such live stock centres as Chicago, Kansas City and Omaha, it is stand- ard, but even in New York and New England banking centres — this class of security finds keen purchasers. The country banker — carries it among his assets with confidence, and private indi-— viduals seek it as a means of lucrative investment.” In North Dakota, if a farmer desiring a loan can show he — has milch cows and is raising feed, he stands a better chance to get what he wants than the farmer who is growing grain only. Some banks even offer special inducements to settlers to buy cows. One of these banks owns a tract of land which they offer for sale on a milch-cow basis. The scheme is novel and interest- — ing, as it shows how much confidence is had in the future dairy- ing and stock raising possibilities. The terms which the bankers offer to settlers are as follows: } ss 4 ‘ ; MAINE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 329 “ He must have five milch cows, two mares and enough ma- _ chinery to grow a crop of alfalfa, corn, millet or other fodder. _ Nothing else is demanded. With the cows, mares and machinery _ he may move onto the land without paying a dollar and live on _ it two years. At the end of that time he agrees to pay $100 of _ the pricipal and $100 each year afterwards with interest at the _ tate of 6 per cent. When 60 per cent. of the principal has been _ paid, the purchaser is given a deed and the bank takes a mortgage _ for the balance.” 4 Maine live stock industry is the most vital industry of our _ State, of all other industries combined, and in order to give it a _ renewed activity and all the necessary encouragement, gentlemen _ of the State Board of Trade, it demands your moral and finan- _ cial support, by assuring the farmers who have to take chances _with the uncertainty of the weather, that whenever the crops are not adequate to the requirements, they can step in any of our banks and feel that they will be welcomed and readily assisted. Misstsstppr1 BoARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS.—The ex- amination for license to practice veterinary medicine and den- _ tistry in the State of Mississippi will be held at Jackson June 19, 1914. NortH CAROLINA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL EXAMIN- ING Boarp will hold its next examination for license to practice _ yeterinary medicine in the State of North Carolina at Wilson, _ June 23, 1914, in connection with the meeting of State Veteri- _ nary Medical Association, which will be in session there at that _ time. New York State Boarp oF VETERINARY MEDICAL Ex- _ AMINERS will hold its summer examination for license to practise yeterinary medicine in the State of New York on Tuesday, - Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, June 23, 24, 25 and 26, 1914, _ in New York, Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo. Candidates will _ be notified of the exact place in each city. Make application to Harlan H. Horner, Chief of Examination Division, The Uni- versity of the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. STATE VETERINARY BOARD EXAMINATIONS. By N. S. Mayo, Cuicaco, ILL. The examinations given by state examining boards are very important, not only to the candidates for examination, but to the practitioners in that state, as well as the profession at large. These examinations do not appear to have the consideration given them that they deserve. | There are only a few states that do not have laws regulating the practice of veterinary medicine, so that the domain of the - itinerant quack who usually “ flits between two days ” is certainly growing smaller. While the free area for the “simon pure” quack is nearly eliminated, it is important that the individual — who hovers in that shadowy region so close to ignorance and — quackery that a separating line cannot be drawn, should not have the seal of official approval set upon him. Examinations are always subject to criticism, as they are more or less artificial, and standards vary greatly with different individuals, but they are the best means we have of determining a man’s fitness for ‘ practice. Personally I believe a combination of written and oral questions to be very desirable, particularly where the can- didates are strangers to the examiners. It gives them an oppor- tunity to “size up”’ the candidate, his ability, qualifications and character, that cannot as well be brought out in a written test — only. In many cases where the questions are not clear, a can- didate may get entirely on the wrong track through no fault of his own. Most candidates hesitate to ask questions of the board. One question asked by an examining board was to discuss “splenic fever.” One of the candidates asked which they wanted, anthrax or Texas fever, and he was told Texas fever. As a result of this question, a number of candidates had to re- ; write their papers on this topic. The preparation of examination questions is very important, | and they should be carefully prepared. They should be on the 330 oe eee ee ae ee ee eee ee > - STATE VETERINARY BOARD EXAMINATIONS, 331 _ subject indicated, up to date, and prepared to bring out the can- _ didates’ general and specific knowledge on the subject. So called - “catch” questions should be avoided as far as possible, and every effort made to give the candidate a “square deal.” The following questions on surgery were asked recently by a state _ board of veterinary examiners : = 10. SURGERY. Describe the gall bladder in the ox and horse. a. Describe the operation for removing gall stones in the horse. Why does a cow chew her cud and when does she lose it ? a. How does she regain it? b. Describe the cesophageal groove (Sulcus Oeso- phageus). What is the operation for Stringhalt? a. Describe the operation. b. What is the cause of Stringhalt? Describe the trifacial neurectomy. a. Why is this operation done? What is staphylotomy? a. Describe this operation. b. Why is this operation done? Give technic ligation of the carotid. a. Differentiate the circulation of the blood ‘in the brain of the horse and ox. What is keratoma? a. Give treatment. Describe aneurism. a. Give treatment. Describe paraphymosis. a. Give treatment. What is the best treatment for canker and how to ap- ply it? Here the subject of anatomy, physiology, the impossible and improbable, with some surgery, is scrambled together into a remarkable conglomeration. 332 N. 8S. MAYO. We hope some of our skilled surgeons will tell us how they have removed the gall stones from a horse or performed trifacial neurectomy for facial neuralgia in the horse or cow. With such an amount and range of practical operations that should be per- formed by the average veterinarian, it is remarkable that so few were included in this list of questions. The variability of standards set for practice is probably as great as is the variation in size of the states. This should not be so. A movement has been started and is making some progress to have reciprocity between states. To insure fairly satisfactory results from such arrangements, there should be some similarity of standards of examinations. It has been suggested that there be a national examining board, but this is objected to as infringing upon the rights of the state, but some such arrangement seems highly desirable. Would it not be possible to have a committee of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association prepare sets of questions, say twenty or more on each subject, and submit these to the various state examining boards that they might select from among these fairly representative questions those the state board liked best? This would be a step only towards uniformity. There still remains the great factor of grading the answers submitted by the candidates, and this variation will be as great as the num- ber of individuals marking the papers. There is great need of some sort of uniformity, and any step will be progress from the present chaotic condition. EIGHTY-SECOND COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES—NEW YORK University.—On June roth, the commencement exercises of New York University will be held in the auditorium at Uni- ——— _ versity Heights. All alumni are extended a cordial invitation to ~ be present. Veterinary alumni attending the alumni meeting at 141 West 54th street in the middle of the day will be able to reach the campus easily in time for the commencement exercises. _ REPORTS OF CASES. SIX EXPERIMENTAL CASES OF TETANUS IN CARNIVORA. By S. S. N. Watsu, D.V.M., St. Louis, Mo. The object of the following experiments was not to determine the symptomatology of tetanus in the dog or cat, but to determine the effect of a certain line of treatment. These animals were used as controls. The cultures injected were highly toxic and the bacilli were not removed by filtration, the object being to pro- duce the disease as rapidly as possible, with the toxin formed in vitro and to allow the injected organism to reinforce this action with toxin formed in corpore.. Taking into consideration the relative immunity of carnivora for tetanus, due to combination of bacteriocidal and phagocytic action, the symptoms produced in these three animals were likely caused entirely by the toxin formed in vitro. Behring and several other authors consulted, state that the _ muscles in tetanus are very sensitive. None of these animals _ showed any pain on palpation even when considerable pressure was put upon the tetanized muscles. Trismus was not marked in any of these animals, the symp- toms were those of the so-called “ tetanus ascendens”’ which is the usual type when the disease is produced by inoculation. Muller and Glass state that in tetanus of the dog there is a rather constant loss of voice; this dog could bark at any and all stages of the disease. The voice of one of the cats was not af- fected, but that of the other was lost. A short resume of facts about tetanus toxin may be of interest. A bacterial toxin—exo- toxin may be defined as a soluble-diffusable, secretory anabolic, thermolabile product of bacterial activity except (true toxins not bacterial), etc., which when injected or otherwise parenter- ally introduced into a suitable animal call fourth their antibody, i. @., antitoxin. Easily destroyed by light chemicals, etc. Specific - in action and never act without an incubation period. It is pre- cipitated by ammonium sulphate. The purest product which has been obtained by precipitation is in the form of fine, yellow _ flakes which are soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, and either do not give protein reactions. { Tetanus toxin on standing loses its toxicity, but does not _ lose its combining power for antitoxin, showing that its toxo- 333 334 REPORTS OF CASES. phore group has been lost, while the haptophore group still re- mains intact, toxin minus its toxophore group is designated by Erlich toxoid. An injection of toxoid followed by a lethal dose of toxin produces no symptoms.- Twenty-four hours after an injection of toxoid a sublethal dose of toxin is often fatal. In alligators toxin is neither destroyed nor is it eliminated for some time. Soon after injection it disappears from the blood, but can be demonstrated in the liver and some other orgaiis. Metschnikoff tried to produce the disease in turtles by elevating the body temperature, but failed. The toxin remained in the blood and no antitoxin was formed. (Demonstrated in blood by its toxicity for white mice.) The photodynamic power of 5 per cent. solution of eosin destroys tetanus toxin in one hour. It is known generally that tetanus toxin is not the only toxin of the tetanus bacillus which also elaborates tetanolysin. A haemolytic substance which as far as the disease is concerned is of little importance. A protiolytic ferment and acid are also products of the organism. The following table of Behring may be of interest, showing the relation of the size dose of toxin to the time required for the production of symptoms. 13 Lethal Doses—Symptoms in 36 Hours. 110 Lethal Doses—Symptoms in 24 Hours. 333 Lethal Doses—Symptoms in 20 Hours. 1,300 Lethal Doses—Symptoms in 14 Hours. 3,600 Lethal Doses—Symptoms in 12 Hours. It is worthy of note that increasing the dose of toxin short- ens the incubation period up to a certain point, and past this point the period can not be shortened, 7. ¢., enormous doses always have an incubation period, this appears as if the action might be enzymatic. Vaughan states that tetanus and diphtheria toxins in them- selves are non- poisonous, but that their toxicity is entirely due to enzymatic action, i. e., they split certain protein molecules in the animal body and liberate their poisonous fraction and this frac-— tion produces the symptoms. Nocard infected three sheep with the tetanus bacilli at the tip of the tail—he introduced the organisms upon splinters. All three sheep were allowed to develop the disease, then the tails of - two were amputated close to the rump. Result——All died in " REPORTS OF CASES. 335 same manner. Spores of B. tetani freed of toxin and aseptically - ymtroduced into animals will not produce the disease because of _ the rapidity with which they are taken up by phogocytes. Spores plus an injury as lactic acid, etc., will produce the disease. : Knorr gives some comparisons of susceptibility of different a animals as follows: One Gm. of horse is destroyed by -x toxin. One Gm. of goat is destroyed by 2x toxin. One Gm. of mouse is destroyed by 13x toxin. One Gm. of rabbit is destroyed by 2,000x toxin. One Gm. of hen is destroyed by 200,000x toxin. The great resistance of carnivora for tetanus is common “| knowledge, but that this resistance is quite likely bacteriocidal ON lath allar, iid Do ierr a il 336 REPORTS OF CASES. horse, sheep or goat and yet it failed to kill this dog—although he had no treatment and no care; he was in a cage with two cats, which were by no means friendly toward him. It is common knowledge as to what the effect of a similar annoyance would be on a horse. That this resistance is not the same in all carnivora, but varies with the individual, is shown in the cats. In Cat Number One: The first symptoms appeared in approximately ninety-two hours; in ninety-eight hours more or in all 100 hours (these figures are rough, but close enough to serve the purpose) the animal was Cat No. I. moribund—according to the table of Behring, he had in his sys- tem between five and ten times more toxin than would have been required to kill him. Now a striking difference is seen in — Cat Number Two: This animal showed symptoms at the same time after injection as number one. Seventy-two hours after this, or 120 hours after injection, he was by no means moribund. I greatly regret that I killed the animal at this time, as from his general appearance I believe he would have gone on to recoy-— — a — ee ee oi i a oh < REPORTS OF CASES. = 337 ery. In case number one there is no doubt absolutely but that he would have died of asphyxia during the night had he not been killed. _ Judging from these three animals, if one may draw any conclusion from so insignificant a number, I would say that the - immunity of carnivora against natural infection with tetanus is _ purely a bacteriocidal one, and that these animals are no more resistant against the action of the toxin than other animals. This is in accord with the resistance or inherited immunity of the LY We ENS eee ee ee edn Cat No. I.—Apparently dead, shows extreme muscular contraction. . _ dog for most all infectious diseases, the same probably acquired by his forefather, the jackal. _ For generations carnivora (wild) have preyed upon each _ other and eaten of cadavers, dead of various diseases, so that an inherent resistance to most infections has become a part of e, Se it is a common observation that domestication is. caus- 338 REPORTS OF CASES. I think that even these few experiments clearly demonstrate that the immunity of carnivora for tetanus is in no manner similar to that which is possessed by the alligator and turtle. — The why of the immunity of the alligator and turtle? I will not attempt to explain; cold-blooded animals are not all immune, as the disease can be produced in frogs if their tem- perature is raised to 37.5 degrees C. A frog which I injected died with tetanic symptoms—whether or not these were due to ml a Dog No. I.—Taken when tetanus was general. the surroundings I will not say. (He was put in a jar of water in a small incubator. ) . In frogs kept at 20 degrees C., large doses of toxin are with- out effect ; if later the temperature is raised, death occurs. Mor- gewroth concludes from this that the haptophore group only combines with the nervous system at 20 degrees C., and that at 37.5 degrees C. the toxophore groups unite. That is, the combination of nerve ,and haptophore does not prevent later addition of toxophore to the combination. . _~ itil al haa etal 3 : : , ‘ 2 RR Te rs ee REPORTS OF CASES. { 839 The results obtained on cats numbers 3 and 4, further sub- stantiate the theory that in the previous animals the symptoms produced were due to the toxin injected and not to that formed in the body. Conclusions drawn from so small amount of data are unquestionably insignificant and a source of error; but as far as these two animals are concerned, it clearly demonstrates that injections of bacilli or cultures which contain no active toxin, are unable to produce any noticeable disturbance. ~ oe } | } | 4 an % * See Dog No. II. Another point which may be absolutely an error, is the fact that after injection of these cats with a broth culture which had “been heated to 56 degrees C. for one-half hour, a subsequent - injection of more than a lethal dose of toxin was without effect. _ | say this may be an error because I unfortunately did not con- trol this injection with injection of a white mouse to at least roughly determine the toxicity of the injected material. Dog number two showed several marked differences from & any of the other animals. In the first place he showed evidence of great pain which seemed to be spasmodic in character. 340 REPORTS OF CASES. The symptoms came on more gradually and seemed to slowly extend from muscle to muscle. The others where the site of injection was in the thigh in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve, would show symptoms suddenly, and these were in every case confined to the leg infected, at the onset. In dog number two, the first evidence of the disease was a lateral deviation of the tail toward the injected side; this very gradually and regularly progressed until there was curvature of the entire spine, the convexity was toward non-infected, bi, the left side. During the paroxysm of pain it seemed to afford the animal considerable relief to lie upon the left side. This animal was more responsive to stimuli than any of the others and taking of flashlight picture caused general convulsion each time it was done (three times). Neither of other two animals responded to this form of stimulus. During etherization, in no case in others, was there any- thing near complete relaxation of all muscles which had been involved; there was in each a relaxation of some muscles, but the extensor muscles of hind legs never approached even normal tonus, much less complete relaxation. On poisoning dog number two with strychnine, it was found that at intervals between the convulsions there was complete — relaxation of all muscles, including the extensor muscles of hind — legs. I mention injection of strychnine merely as a matter of possible interest and not because of any particular significance — which it may have. | It is generally concluded that the seat of action or better the cells stimulated or paths opened up by tetanus toxin and strych; nine are the same. I wished to determine whether these cells already being acted upon by tetanus toxin could also respond to strychnine in a normal manner, which in this case they did. Although being stimulated to the apparent maximum by tetanus — toxin, there was still power to respond to the strychnine. Dog Number One: Puppy, female (breed, common; age, — 5 months) ; general condition, good. Culture Used: Five-day-old in lactose peptone broth—this — culture (2 m.) killed a white rat with tetanic symptoms in twenty-four hours. Injection: Jan. 7, 1914; injected M. 5 right thigh in region of — sciatic nerve. Jan. 8, 1914: Normal, chases ball, playful, ete. Jan. 9, 1914: Extension and tetanus of the muscles of injected — leg. Jan. 10, 1914: Tumefaction (slight ) in groin on right — ears, REPORTS OF CASES. 341 _ side; this extends down into the inner aspect of thigh, is not painful on palpation, the leg is in extreme extension and cannot be forcibly flexed. (No general symptoms.) Jan. 11 and 12, 1914: Rather close observation revealed no appreciable change, no malaise, appetite good, etc., right hind leg rigid, no exag- gerated reflexes. Jan. 14: Observation at about II a. m. showed general tetanus (this came on within 12 to 14 hours) ; ears hang over face, corners of mouth retracted, very marked _corrugation of forehead; emits a smacking noise at the sight of food; appetite is good and is able to swallow solids. Movement of jaws are not much influenced—general mus- cular rigidity. Palpation of any portion of body causes no pain. Marked oedema of leg into which injection was made seen mostly below the hock. While the symptoms were general was never observed lying down. Slight elevation of the head causes exaggeration of the mus- cular contractions about the head and the animal falls; a slight push also causes a fall. There is marked fixation of eyeballs, will bark at strange sounds. Jan. 14 to Jan. 22, 1914: Not much change; appetite good; some emaciation and atrophy of muscles of injected leg. On about the 14th three flashlight pictures were taken, none of the flashes causing any convulsions in the animal, and at this time a slight tap would produce the well-known general muscular contractions seen in strychnine poisoning and tetanus; why these did not occur with the optic nerve the apparent path I will not attempt to explain. Jan. 25, 1914: Muscles of fore limbs and retracters of mouth are beginning to relax. At no time since Jan. 7, 1914, has even forced flexion of infected leg been possible. The same remaining in a state of rigid extension. Jan. 26, 1914: Much harder push than that required to cause a fall a few days ago causes no fall. Elevation of head no fall. Dog Number One: Jan. 28, 1914: General muscular con- - tractions rapidly subsiding. Except infected leg where atrophy _ is progressive and there is rigid extension. Jan. 31, 1914: Gen- _ eral symptoms entirely subsided. Infected leg rigid extension. _ Feb. 12, 1914: Dog normal, except absolute rigidity of the leg - injected, the same in state of extension; forced flexion impos- sible. Three weeks before this dog was used for this experiment 342 REPORTS OF CASES. a spinal puncture was made (lumbar region) and two or three drops of fluid withdrawn. No fluid could be withdrawn while the animal was in state of general tetanus (this was not because of bad technique). This fact is mentioned only because it was done, because it prob- ably has no significance whatever; because this same phenome- non is often observed in the normal dog. March 21, 1914: In last month there has been a proliferative arthritis of the stifle with exostosis about the tibia near the joint; this has resulted in more or less ankylosis of the joint. The leg is still in state of extreme extension and cannot be flexed; exactly how much of this is now due to the arthritis I am unable to say. April 8, 1914: Leg is slowly relaxing and animal is begin- ning to use it; the arthritis has subsided. ig Dog Number Two: Animal, male cur; mouse color; weight, 30 pounds; general condition good. Culture Used: Four-day-old culture of B. tetani in beef infu- sion peptone broth. Injection: March 9, 1914, at 10 p. m. in- jected two drachms of above culture into muscles of lumbar re- gion on right side of vertebrae. March 10, 1914: No symptoms. March 11, 1914: No symptoms. March 12, 1914: Observed at I p. m. showed slight tendency to carry rump to right side, i. e., back curved convexity to the left. Movements of right hind leg slightly restrained. Observation on night of 12th shows slight stiffness of both hind legs. Deviation of tail to right— this is marked; the stiffness of the legs is so slight that a casual observation would detect nothing. March 13, 1914: Marked deviation of tail to the right; the same is not elevated and remains a little below the horizontal position. Scoliosis with convexity to the left; no tenderness over muscles affected. Animal is in great pain; whines, lies down and looks at lumbar region (no inflammation) ; locomo- tion is appreciably affected. Muscles of hind legs tense, more especially the extensors; the legs appear bowed. Pain seems ‘to be paroxysmal and shows desire to lie on side during paroxysm and when observed always lies upon convex side. More or less constant erection of penis. March 14, 1914: No marked change; slight increase in con- traction of affected muscles, and there seems to be gradual in- volvement of a few more muscles as if the contractions spread by continuity. ree e the meeting and will be recommended to the new commission as a basis upon which to build the new bill. wa Attending the conference were: Paul E. Taylor, secretary of the New York Milk Committee; Dr. Charles E. North, president — of the committee; Dr. E. B. Ackerman, New York City Health | Department; G. D. Brill, representing Seth Low; F. D. Walms- ley, Utica; F. D. Holford, Albany; E. A. Powell, Syracuse; . i Brockway, Syracuse ; Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca; Prof. H. Wing, Ithaca; Dr. F. M. Meader, representing the State Hee Department ; Dr. W. H. Jordan, Geneva Experiment Station ; Dean H. E. Cook, State Agricultural School, Canton; a Senator F. N. Godfrey; Edward Van Alstyne, director of Far er’s Institutes; Harry Winters, deputy commissioner of agrict ture; G. L. Flanders, counsel to the agricultural depz Dr. ¥, G. Wills, chief veterinarian ; Dr. J. H. Devine, consulting veterinarian; Dr. Charles Linch, assistant veterinarian; and Commissioner Calvin J. Huson. I te Eee oS fi) wy” Tom Boynton PEcK, a Secretary. =e t a VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accom anying table the data. given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value.to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included f in the following list : ———————— — a ‘ coats Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Mesting. Name and Address Secretary. Alabama Veteri Med. Ass’n......| Mar. 5-6-7,1914 ....| Auburn.........| C. A. Cary, Auburn. . i Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C.4....... June 10, 1914... .... 141 W. 54th St..| P.K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. Dita a kesara oe Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La} Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood z Ave., Chicago, Ill q eee sie gett 5-6, 1915 ...| Little Rock....| R. M. Gow, Fayetteville. 1st and 3d Thur. of} Lec. Room, SRS a Fe eran eae each month.......| _ val Un’y, Mon. J. P. A.,Houde, ee B. Asi Vek: In. A., Chicago......... 2d Fri. each month OOGO, occ. 8 H. A. Smi icago, | B.A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha...... 3d Mon. each month.| 8. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, So. | Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n............ Monthly........... St. Joseph..... . F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. California State V. M. Ass’n......... December 10, 1913..| San Francisco...) John F. McKenna, Fresno. eh pags ce Bod Feb. and July....... \ er . James, wa. “ so ydapetemene ae and hin paicta'd ; i eo W. B. pres re. Chicago eterinary iced cathe ‘ues. each month. 1CAZO. 6.5. ‘amp cago. 7 .| May 28-29, 1914.. Ft. Collins .| I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. nnecticut V. M. Ass’n............ Aug. 4, 1914.. Waterbury...... B. K. Dow, Willimantic. | ela’ . Hociety. «20.56. Jan. Apl., Juiy, ‘Oct..| Wilmington... . A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. Eesex Co. (N. J.) V.M.A........... 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J....| J. F. Care , East Orange, N. J. | 2 Valley V. .| 2d week, July, 1913.. hester...... J. H. Tay’ or, Henrietta. : ia State V. M.A.............. Dee. 22-23, 1913.....| Atlanta........ , Americus. B ? : SE ON Sy ate AAS Oy Salt A, ne Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati : Ve i .| July, 17, 1914. . St. B. Michael, Collinsville, Ill I V. .| July 15, 1914.. i . Merillat, Chicago. ; + my A mg .| Jan. 14, 1914, . Indiana . Neison, Indianapolis. Ve n ‘ Pending ts ees ding C. H. Stange, Ames. .| Jan. 6-7-8, 1914..... Manhattan. .... J. H. Burt, Manhattan. nti ’ : Peg & Feb.each year. x Bow cees Robert Graham, Lexington. a EE 2d Tues. each month.| P elphia. . Phartn M. Hoskins Erie V. M. Association......... own: Sache cues ¢ Pending ....... Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. biatt te Cisse 1914.........| Lake Charles... Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La in eS jee 3, 4,1914...... Houllon........ H. B. Wescott, Portland. Maryland State Vet. Society.........) ...c..cceceeccceece Baltimore... ... H. H. Counselman, Sec’y. eM ae 4th Wed. each oe Young's, | Benton. J. H. Seale, Salem. igan State V. M. Ass’n......... Feb. 3, 4, 1914.. Lansing. ....... W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. | Minnesota State V. M. Assn........ Jan. 14-15-16, 1914.. St. (oT Fae , Winona. ippi State V. M. Ass’n........ BO a cad y whee Vicksburg ...... ra ’D. Townsend, Louisville. fissouri Valley V. Ass’n........... Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914) Kansas City,Mo.| Hal. C. Simpson, nm. Ia. issippi Annually... Galesburg, Il G. E. McIntyre, Alexis, Ill. SUF BONO ios vec Kirksville. ..... 5. Stewart, sas ity “he ae ae Sept. 24, 25,1913. | Helena.........| A. D. Knowles, nee. Pesce § 2d Mon. Aug., 1914. ceccescccescces| Se de Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave., Milwaukee, W: ESERIES 1st Mo. & Tu.,Dee.’13} Lincoln, Neb Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. Ba webh os ve on) eae 1914| Rochester......| H. J. Mi ks, Ithaca, N June, 23 WEOR fends 43:5 J.P.5 ee ay Nea of ve 20, ‘1914 i. EE A. BF. halk, Agricultural Coiiege. v. 1913. . .| Delphos. ....... E. V. Hover, D Jan ‘14 15, i9i4..."| Columbus...... Reuben Hilty, Toledo. ually onic ss chat pper usky.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. RIE RIES ER eo epee J. C. Ho ward, Sullivan 2) SRA Oklahoma City..| GC. E. Steel, Oklaboma City. -| 1st Week in vos Toronto........ L. A. Willson, Toronto. .| Mar. 3,4, 1914.. Philadelphia ....| John Reichel, "Glenolden. , M.A... "| Call of President. . anila......... David C. Kretzer, Manila. % ‘| 4th Tues. each month. Portland, Ore...} Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. ebec V. Wear conc ccd toecate Mon, and Que...) Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. . M. Jan. and June Providence... .. J. 8. Pollard, Providence. Ass'n of Veter'’ns.. ... mene ES ey ee Pending........ B. K. MeInnes, Charleston. .M. .| Aug. 4 1914..... a ae F. Hockman, Iola. Vet. Inspectors...... Ist Wel. fol. the 2d ‘ Sun. each month. .| St. Louis. ...... Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. I Valley V. } June 17, 1914....... en .| W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. LN OE caret se Philadelphia B. T. Woodw: Wash’n, D. C. | 3 SAPS Pending............ isOMn ........ W. Allen, aly pote ig . of .| Jan.. rh July, Oct.. Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Angeles .| 4th Tues. each month| 407 Illinois Ave. | H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. le pit te otig dois November, 1914.....| Nashville...:...| O. L. ag eoaag Columbia. _” ~ RR RS tere Nov., 1913......... en Station..| Allen J. Foster, Marshall Reiisasttid ds cu 2d‘Thu. each month..| St. P.-Minneap..| M. H. aceon ~ Paul, Minn. Re onc ck ay Spring of 1914.......| Salt Lake City..| BE. J. Coburn, B righ am City. SE St bea ge EP 8s VES R Se ada Ses plod alin Wie Ady wcee’s G. T. Stevenson, Burlington. eal Fane 9S See Senet pe aa ene C. H. H. Smeetapple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta. rere ore. 3d Wed. each month.| 514 9th St., N.W.| M. Page Smith, "Washington, D.C. 1st Sat. each month.| Wash’ton, D. Pp J. M. “Cashell, 2115 14th Street. May Favela s vee Feb. & July each yr..| Winnipeg... Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg. January 8, 1914..... Trenton.........| E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. .| Ist Wed. each month.| 141 W. 54th St..| R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. oP Monthly... oo... 55.5. Jersey ae Sat G T. F. O’Dea Union Hill, N. J. ’ ng 9-10 Le een Staunton....... Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. -| Ist & 3d Fri. Eve... Pullman. .-...+-| R.J. Donohue, Pullman. .| June 18-19, 1914....| Walla Walla... .| Carl Cozier, Bellingham. . sume 24, 1914....... Buffalo......... W.E.Fritz,358 Jefferson St.,Buffalo 3d Thu. each month..| Pittsburgh .| Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. Feb. 10, 11, 1914... Milwaukee..... W. W. Arzberger, Watertown June, Sept. Dee. ,Mar 3 On ROPE E. 8. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be recelved by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. ; INCREASED THEIR SpAcE For You. The Abbott Alkaloidal Co., whose full page advertisement appears on page II, in the front forms of our advertising pages, have been so encouraged by the patronage of Review readers, that they have increased their space to a full page, so as to tell their patrons at greater length, how to cut down their expenses and increase their income, something in which all veterinarians are interested. EE ae RY he a SAVE THE FEED For THE Horses. On the page opposite the Universal Rat and Mouse Catcher is illustrated and described. Veterinarians will be inter-— ested in it, as it rids stables of these pests that ruin and steal the grain that the horses should have. Tell your clients about this wonderful little device — and they will bless you. Be sure and have them mention the Review, that ~ the advertiser will bless us. i 3 Have Outcrown THEIR Present Quarters. Sharp & Smith, well known to veterinarians everywhere, for the quality of their surgical instruments, - have moved (May 1, 1914), into more commodious quarters at 155 to 157 North Michigan Boulevard, where they occupy not only the entire building, - but two floors in an adjoining building, aggregating approximately 48,000 square feet of space. The Sharp & Smith firm started business in Chicago, in 1844, seventy years ago, and have continually grown, and as time went on — have continued to increase their space until they have reached their present imposing proportions. Chicago had only been incorporated as a city seven years when this enterprising firm was established and they have grown — with the city. % 376 A MERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. JULY, 1914. EDITORIAL. ———— EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, May 15, 1914. Spence INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.—The time s slowly approaching when this great event will take place, and n veterinarians from every country in the world, old and new inent, will arrive in London, and by their number show how t the idea of such a congress, by Prof. John Gamgee, was, l ithe importance such gatherings have had on the progress, the | 4 ion and the standing of our profession. =" _ The several congresses that have already been held have in su ccession grown larger and more important, and the efforts de by their organizers succeeded in making them, one after the oth er, and as they returned, events that mark with a brilliant light, the advances that the profession had been making and gave veterinarians of all nations an opportunity to become better ac- uainted and create between them more friendly and intimate _ The meeting in London of this year will no doubt do as well as its predecessors. In fact, if we are well informed, the or- u - x committee, with the able veterinarian that it has at its s prepared a programme where everything that will make 4ir a perfect success has been carefully considered. t was indeed specially necessary that it should be so, as this 377 378 EDITORIAL. year it will not be only veterinarians from every part of Europe who will be in London, but confreres from America are expected to come to attend the meetings, present papers, take active part in the discipline—in other words, will be there to show European veterinarians that Americans are worthy of their ancestors and moving ahead in the great way that is open to them in their professional callings. The undertakings of Dr. Eichhorn, with his professional visiting tour, will bring to England a number of our confreres who both before and after the London meeting will travel through Europe and see everything of interest that their profes- sional curiosity can have expected. This undertaking of Eich- horn’s must be a success. It will be one; and the visit of the American veterinarians will certainly prove one of the greatest evidences of their appreciation of the worth of their calling. The flag of the Veterinary Profession of America will fly with | honors, we are sure, in London. For reasons that many of our confreres may understand, I will not be able to be present at the Congress, but nevertheless I — will try to keep the readers of the REvrEw well posted as to the work done in London, which no doubt will prove as great and as important as those of the preceding gatherings. * *k * On GLANDERS.—In our excellent contemporary, the Revue Generale de Medecine Vétérinaire, that Professors Leclainche and Panisset publish, there often appear condensed extracts from articles that our collaborators in New York address to the Review. It is, for instance, that of Drs. Mohler and Eichhorn on the Immunization Against Glanders with vaccination with — dead bacilli, and also that of Prof. Gill on the Prophylary of © Glanders. In the same number there are two others, relating — to the disease, one from Germany and the Naouk Veterinary Ar- — ; : ‘ 4 , 4 1 ] } chives. The first is by Prof. Holterbach and relates to the — Various Methods of Diagnosis with Glanders in General Practice. “Latent cases are, it is unanimously acknowledged, the most — bes EE 2 EDITORIAL. 379 ficult to diagnose clinically and also those that contribute most n the propagation of the disease. They are the cases that it is imp ortant to make out and not remain satisfied in taking away a the circulation the animals that present open lesions of slanders. To establish a positive opinion on suspicious cases, 2 are several methods. Holterbach examines them concisely. t. Auto-Inoculation. Operation which consists in making ‘small intra-cutaneous inoculation of the nasal or ocular dis- 1arge of the diseased animal itself. Made on the superior third f the neck, after disinfection and so as to have no hemorrhage ; f it is to be applied on several suspect subjects, it must not be 0 gc en to carefully disinfect the blade of the instrument after 1 inoculation. 3 ” The cutaneous incision rapidly heals without febrile reaction, it a inoculated matter does not contain bacilli of glanders, but | contrary cases from the first to the fifth day there is a thermic n of 1.5° and the symptoms of glanders are soon observed. is method gives indication only when the reaction is positive nd may be advantageous when malleine is not handy. a The Extirpation of the Submaxillary Lymph Gland. his method, advocated by some, has for its object to submit the dtoa bacteriologic examination. It is an uncertain method, sit has been proved that in positive cases of glanders the bacilli lave not always been found in the glandular tissue. 3. The Inoculation to Guinea Pigs made in the classical way ives undeniable results. 4. The Injection of Malleine can be made in three different jays, the hypodermic injection, the ophthalmic and the cuti- action. According to statistics, the first has given positive re- ts in 89-92 per cent. of the cases, viz.: That in the number horses destroyed, lesions of glanders were found in 89-92 per it. of the horses that gave a positive reaction. The second way ‘still more positive, and out of 32 glandered horses 31 had pre- ted the reaction. The third method, though it has not yet le its proofs in practice, confirms the preceding methods. As the method of the deviation of the complement and that of the 3880 EDITORIAL. i Seis precipitation, they are methods which belong more to the er tory than to general practice. : ; ered ee 1 The second article, by Prof. Grunet, is a contribution to the — study of the reaction of the deviation of the complement. . The conclusions of the author are: 1. To obtain the hemo- lytic serum, three injections, at intervals of 5-6 days are sufficient — in the peritoneum of a rabbit, of hematies of sheep, to the dose of : I 1/3, 2 or 3 c.c. in suspension in five or six times their volume : in physiologic water. 2. Hematies of sheep, Sy washed, may be kept for | 7-10 days at the temperature of 2° C., and to serve for the hemo- lytic reaction. 4 3. To obtain sterile serum of guinea pig it is bettie’ to bleed | immediately in the heart with a two globular pipette. It is not necessary to kill the guinea pigs for that, as half of the bled sub- jects may survive. The quantity of blood thus taken is sufficient for the reaction and the blood is sterile. After 20 minutes of centrifugation, serum can be obtained. a 4. Heating bacilli of glanders (culture on gelose) in emul- sion in physiologic water at 60° for 4 hours does not kill them. — 5. The heating must be kept at least seven hours to kill the bacilli. im 6. Extract of bacilli of glanders thus made gives the tit re of antigen I p. Io. a 7. Heating the bacilli with antiformine to obtain antigen is not good as the mixing with the hematies becomes colored 4 brownish green. a 8. The serum of guinea pigs inoculated with an emulsion of glandered bacilli contains the amboceptor four days: after from that time the reaction of the deviation is positive. a To wash the hematies well, it is necessary to centrifugat them 5 to 7 times for 40 minutes each time in the electric cer fuge. EDITORIAL. 881 NEW METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS. In Gianpers.—The value of malleine in the diagnosis of _ glanders and the methods advocated for its use are numerous and well known by all. And with all, on account of the possible ors that may follow its verdict and also to increase the chances P Bot certainty, experiments have been made and different methods “he ave found their way in practice. a An Italian veterinarian, Prof. A. Lanfranchi has lately pub- shed in J/ Moderno Zooiatro a new method, which he calls the i... palpebro reaction. Most practitioners agree that the cutireaction may give _ erroneous interpretations and that the ophthalmo-reaction itself has failed in a certain number of cases. Lanfranchi has thought to associate the two methods so as to obtain a more certain diagnosis. The operation is simple. A % of cc. of brute -malleine is dissolved in 2.5 of sterile physiologic serum. The lo wer eyelid is thoroughly disinfected, and the needle of the Syringe for the injection is pushed in the connective tissue which Separates the skin from the mucous membrane and the injection “made. Bs per ten operating on horses that have not glanders, there are a netimes phenomenas of reaction, but they are rather limited & temporary, disappearing after 6, 8 or 12 hours. With horses affected with glanders, the series of manifesta- s, observed in the cuti and the ophthalmo-reaction, soon de- velop. Indeed, as in the sub-cutaneous injection, made in any other region, there is elevation of the temperature (thermic reaction), general symptoms (organic reaction), swelling at the point of Sg jection (local reaction). This swelling however appears early; it is already quite marked after two hours and more severe than a the one observed in horses that have no glanders; it increases N severity between 12 and 24 hours, extends to the upper eyelid, so as to close the palpebral fissure, reaches and even goes far beyond the zygomatic crest of the maxillary. It lasts between 8 and 72 hours. RE uc 382 EDITORIAL. There are also early phenomenas of reaction in the conjunc- tiva, which is highly congested, with fully injected blood vessels ; from the second hour there is formed in the conjunctival sac and escaping towards the internal angle of the eye a muco-purulent secretion which lasts even after twenty-four hours. In other words, all the phenomena of the ophthalmo-reaction are present. — Prof. Lanfranchi claims that by this method all the diagnostic signs given by the intrapalpebro-reaction represent the collection of those which are obtained with either the cutaneous and the ocular tests both taken separately. The author does not say if he has met with the similar failures. * In TuBERCULOsIS.—It was certain that the discovery of Lan- franchi, applicable to glanders, would soon find its way to other diseases, detectable by injections of some of their products. If malleine gives such a result with glanders, can tuberculine give it in tuberculosis? Professor Moussu has experimented in that direction and applied to the diagnosis of tuberculosis the method of Lanfranchi, viz.: The palpebral intradermo tuberculination. At first the results were not satisfactory. But after various: modifications he has succeeded in obtaining in animals suffering with advanced tuberculosis positive reaction, easy to observe and as conclusive as those that Lanfranchi has found with malleine in the diagnosis of glanders. q Continuing his investigations, Moussu says that he is now experimenting to find how the method will work in cases of mild form of tuberculosis, in the latent or experimental form of the disease. : A point however is well established, viz.: That itie method 1 gives a positive answer and that is the principal question. ok K *k The means of diagnosis of tuberculosis by tuberculine are many. In the Veterinary Record, a veterinarian, Wm. Scott, proposes another, viz.: The puncture of the lungs. “ The more _ EDITORIAL. 383 Ee methods the clinician can bring to his assistance, generally speak- ing, the better is he in a position to eliminate the risk of error, the result being a more accurate diagnosis.” fee: After careful physical examination (auscultation and percus- sion), the spot where the puncture is to be made’ being well dis- infected, after the hairs are clipped, and a drop of pure lysol applied at the point of puncture. “ Five to ten c.c. of sterile broth _ or water is taken up and the needle of the aspirator then plunged boldly into the lung parenchyma between the ribs, taking care the _ seat of puncture is as far removed from the posterior border of _ the rib as possible, to evade injury to the bloodvessels and nerve. _ The needle having been driven home, the fluid is now steadily in- _ jected, and after the lapse of about a minute aspirated.” * * * _ The material thus collected is then centrifugalized in fine tapering _ tubes, stained by carbol fuchsin, etc, * * * in the usual way. _ After describing his technic, Mr. Wm. Scott relates one case | of a cow which had catarrhal pneumonia and in which tubercle bacilli was found in the collected aspirated fluid. Another had peeemonic symptoms and bacilli were also detected in the aspir- ated fluid. A steer, a Devon bull, a short-horn cow which had pulmonary manifestations of various nature and in which also the aspirated fluid demonstrated the presence of Koch bacilli. Mr. Wm. Scott concludes : “‘ Lung puncture is a most valuable aid to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.”’ It is a simple, harmless operation if carried out properly. He has punctured the lungs of 12 equines and four bovines without any untoward results. Punctures can be repeated. Nine of them were made in 24 hours in a horse used to make vaccine. In the cases re- corded, tuberculosis could only be made out positively by the ex- amination of the aspirated fluid and post mortem confirmed the diagnosis thus made. a * ok * Larvar Cy.icostomosis.—Under that name a new and “serious vermiform enteritis of horse has been described some 3884 EDITORIAL. months ago in Leclainche and Panisset’s Revue Generale which throws an important light on a new form of intestinal disease probably heretofore overlooked. The authors of the article have observed it on a colt from a breeding establishment where several subjects had already died with the same disease. Raised in the field and having all the appearances of health, this colt was taken suddenly with very violent colics, which lasted twenty-four hours. After that attack he lost flesh, although eating good, and he gradually lost strength to such extent that once he fell down and was unable to get up alone. After being 4 raised he whinnied, jumped and ate as any other colt. The mucous membranes were very pale, the conjunctivae slightly swollen, the temperature 37.5°C. The feces were quite well moulded, but contained many oats undigested; the micro- scopic examination revealed numerous eggs of strongyliae, 20 to 30 on single preparation. : , Soon however the appetite became capricious, the four ex- tremities being swollen and the oedema progressively extended F upwards to the pit of the axilla and in the groin. The testicles, the sheath, the interior wall of the abdomen being affected the colt looked as one suffering with purpura. After ten days pro-— fuse and infectious diarrhea set in and after forty-eight hours the colt died. The lesions found at the autopsy involved the whole intestine; — the mucous membrane, cleaned of the alimentary matters, ap- — peared filled with a multitude of small, dark cysts, varying in — size between one-half and two millimeters in diameter. They — were all over the membrane and sufficiently close to each other — so as to allow 25 to 30 to be counted on a square centimeter. The largest ones were translucid, round or oval in shape, slightly pro- jecting on the membrane and surrounded by a greyish black circle. The product of the scraping of these cysts contained — larvae of nematods. The thick and firm intestinal wall had not changed color, only a few ecchymotic spots being noticed. x * * 4 | Nia EDITORIAL. 385 __ Sections of the intestines showed that the cystic formations vere located within the mucous membrane in its chorion. On fs preparations, they are oval or polyhedral in form and surrounded _ with the adenoid tissue of the membrane. Their envelop is thin and made of packed connective fibres. In the intérior, the para- z ites cut in all directions show the details of their structure and principally numerous pigmentary granulations. Embryos are ue ocated in the thickness of the adenoid tissue without cystic form- ation. There are even some that have passed through the muscu- lar coat and reached the submucous. This is slightly sclerosed and infiltrated with leucocysts. The blood vessels themselves are affected with the chronic inflammation resulting form the apse caused by the parasites or their toxines. _ Besides all these, there were in the lumen of the intestines 7 ‘numerous adult worms, cylicostomas, and near them larvae, iden- _ tical to those of the thickness of the mucous. The worms then reach the intestines as free embryos, probably through impure = of damp pastures or marshy lands. These embryos enter intestinal mucous, develop, give rise to the formation of cysts eich finally open in the intestines where the parasites become erfect cylocostomas. Males and females meet in the intestines, ‘these last lay eggs which are thrown out by feces, the develop- * nent of embryos follows and the series of infection returned by their introduction in the intestinal canal of other colts. 4 _ This new vermiform enteritis is a severe affection for which 1e prophylaxy indication is rather vague, viz.: The drainage of a © moist and marshy lands with the free use of sulphates in the feds. X* as * * _ Cantne LetsuMantosis.—At the Society of Pathologie Exo- " ique there was recently a communication made upon that disease which is for most scientific men the sure cause of that terrible affection known as Mediterranean Kala-azar. _ The disease as observed in human beings, has been the ob- t of researches, which have proved that it is inoculable to dogs 386 . _ EDITORIAL. and that it is very frequently observed in them in their natural state. Sir Leishman, who was one of the first to discover the protozoar cause of the disease, has noticed that when infantile leishmaniosis appears the same condition is also existing in sur- -rounding dogs. : The manifestations of the disease in dogs may not be com- monly known, but their perfect knowledge is of importance and will justify the small space that I give it here to-day. The different characters can be resumed as follows: In relation to the mode of contagion, it seemed proved that the natural infection of the dog is by fleas. Experiments have shown it. The fleas of man, Pulex irritans, and those of dogs, P. serraticeps, are the means of infection with children principally. Mosquitoes, bed bugs and principally the Cimex lectutarius are dangerous propagators. Canine leishmaniosis is often altent, no morbid symptom is apparent, the appetite is good, there is no loss of condition— even in the cadavers of dogs, dead with the disease, no lesions — can be found and the discovery of the parasites in the spleen and — marrow of bones is sometimes very difficult. But besides the latent forms, there are others where the in- fection is manifested in a more severe manner. At first there are febrile accesses, the anhemia is not very marked and for months perhaps this stage of the disease remains until the last, when death is close, when weakness of the hind quarters and complete paralysis will follow. Nephritis is a common compli- - cation. The disease is slow to run its course, and death, which — is rather rare, occurs only on an average after 8 or 9 months. At the autopsy made of dogs that have died, the spleen is” often found the seat of lesions quite characteristic. It is gener- ~ ally hypertrophied in the stage of acme of the disease and in serious cases it is only small and fibrous in consistency when the animal is about recovering. The marrow of bone is most often red and diffluent. The — liver has a normal aspect. The kidneys perhaps nephritic. Tho- - ale hea el el ee ee racic organs generally healthy. * wh ihe EDITORIAL. 387 It is in the marrow bone and in the spleen that the parasites, _ Leishmanias, are found in greatest number, and again in the liver and lymphatic glands. These parasites are endocellular, are in great number in the mononuclear leucocytes, the endothe- lial and the hepatic cells. One single leucocyte can contain as many as 60 to 80 Leishmanias. The parasites of natural infections in dogs have the classical aspect of that of Donovani and of the infantile Leishmaniosis, _ they all cultivate and grow in the same condition. It is of a _ rounded, often an oval, form, and is constituted by a thin, trans- _ parent enveloping membrane, containing an homogenous and clear protoplasm and two chromatic bodies. There is a nucleus and a centrosome. The diagnosis of the disease is difficult and only laboratory methods will permit of a positive one. The prognosis does not seem serious. Recovery is generally the end of the trouble. A first attack is said to give the dog complete immunity. ~__No special form of treatment has been recommended. One rapid recovery is said to have followed the administration of Salvarsan. * * *k Brstiocrapuic ItEmMs.—Veterinary Notes. (Parke, Davis & Co.) for March, 1914. Second Annual Report of the Com- missioner of Animal Industry, Fred. Freeland Walker, Massa- _ chusetts, for the year ending Nov., 1913. Agricultural Journal _ of the Union of South Africa, February, 1914. The Protec- _ tion of Domestic Animals, by Prof. V. A. Moore. The U. S. _ Government Meat Inspection, by the same. Topics of Interest in _ the control of animal diseases, by the same. The N. Y. State _ Feterinary College at Cornell University, by the same. Atlas _ der Anatomie der Pferdes, by Doct. Reinhold Schmaltz, Profes- sor at the Veterinary High School of Berlin. (This excellent _ work will be reviewed later). Pathologie Interne of Cadeac En- _ cyclopedia. 2d Edition. Nutrition, Auto-Intoxication, Urinary _ Apparatus, Skin. (To be reviewed later). A. bi 388 EDITORIAL. THE FEDERAL ANTI-NARCOTIC LAW. On page 488 of this issue we have called to the attention of the veterinarians of New York State, the Boylan Bill, which has become a law, operative July 1, 1914. This new law is going to cause veterinarians considerable additional work in dispensing, — and we fear considerable annoyance; but it is a law, and we have — : got to provide ourselves with the necessary blanks and abide ~ by it. But this seems to be but the beginning of the end. The — proposed Louisiana Narcotic Law is still more embarrassing to — practitioners of medicine, veterinary medicine, or dentistry; and there is also now before the United States Senate the Harrison — Anti-Narcotic Bill, known as H. R. 6282, which is not a bad bill — in itself, but on June 6 the United States Senate, on the recom- — mendation of Senator Thomas, acting for the Senate Finance — Committee, adopted an amendment, which, if passed, would ~ mean to the pingiaee: veterinarian, physician or dentist about ; as follows: size and number of doses of vaccine. The three remaining ani- mals were kept under similar conditions as controls. All the ani- mals were carefully tuberculin tested at the beginning of the ex- periment and found to be free from tuberculosis. VACCINATIONS. Animal No, 20012. Red and white heifer, weight 440 pounds— 1903 r Sept. 11 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Animal No. 20013. Red heifer, weight 446 pounds— 1903 a Aug. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 2 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture \ Aug. 19 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M Oct. 10 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 4o cx. Standard Suspension Culture | M * Read before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Phi March, 1914. From the Laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania. 392 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 3893 . _ Animal No. 20015. Red and white heifer, weight 438 pounds— 1903 Aug. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Sept. 2 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 2 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Oct. to Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 4o c.c. Standard Suspension Culture: M. _ Animal No. 20016. Red heifer, weight 357 pounds— men 1003 - Sept. 11 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 15 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M, Oct. 10 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 25 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Within ten minutes following the injection on October roth * this animal showed great depression, with pulse over 100 and rapid, labored and painful respirations. Animal died in 45 minutes. ) Autopsy revealed an acute extensive edema of the oe This animal was replaced by _Amimal No. 20018. Roan heifer, weight 372 poeees and re- ceived the following vaccinations— ~ 1903 Oct. 24 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 15 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. Dec. 7 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Standard Suspension Culture M. 7 Sonirols— Animal No. 20014, solid red heifer, weight 405, pounds. : Animal No. 20017, small red heifer, weight 375. pounds. Animal No. 20026, black and white bull, weight 180 pounds. These animals, vaccinated and controls, were kept during the \ period of vaccination and until December 15, 1903, in a stable in connection with the Veterinary Hospital of the University of, _ Pennsylvania, after which date they were taken to the Experi- mental Farm of the State Livestock Sanitary Board in Delaware _ County, where they were exposed to natural infection by associa- _ tion with tubercular cows. It was desired to have the exposure as even as possible, and a stable plan was outlined by which each animal was stanchioned: idjacent to a diseased cow. The animals of the experiment were changed weekly from stanchion to stanchion in regular sequence, e tubercular cows remaining in the same stall. We believed. his method would give a more even exposure to infection. —$—$—$— $$ _—$_$__—- 394 8S. H. GILLILAND. RESULTS OF AUTOPSIES, VACCINATED ANIMALS. Animal No. 20012. Killed May 28, 1906, two and one-half years from date of exposure. Weight, 767 pounds. Tubercular lesions found in posterior mediastinal gland, t t. Bronchial gland, tt; and liver, tt. Animal No. 20013. Killed January 21, 1906; two years and one month of exposure. Weight, 800 pounds. Tuberculosis of lungs, tt. Bronchial gland, tt. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Post- pharyngeal, tt. Mesenteric glands, t t. Animal No. 20015. Killed May 28, 1906; two and one-half years of exposure. Weight, 746 pounds. All organs, glands and membranes normal except one mesenteric gland, which contains — a suspicious caseo-callous mass 1% inch in diameter. No animal inoculations were made to determine if the same contained — tubercle bacilli. Animal No. 20018. Killed May 28, 1906; two and one-half years of exposure. Weight, 790 pounds. The right lung con- tained a mass I inch by 2 inches which on section showed con- siderable fibrous tissue surrounding collections of pus, 4 of an — inch in diameter, which contained tubercle bacilli. On histologi- — cal examination a peri-bronchial lymphatic node contained a — tubercle with beginning caseation and tubercle bacilli. All other . organs, glands and membranes normal. . Cc ontrols— Animal No. 20014. Killed September 17, 1904; nine months of exposure. Weight, 610 pounds. This animal was in poor condition. Tuberculosis found in left lung, tt. Right lung, ttt. Pericardium, tt. Left bronchial gland, tt. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Mesenteric glands, tt. The inferior maxillary bone on right side was enlarged and discharging pus through a fistulous” tract, evidently actinomycosis. There was apparently a double infection of the right lung—actinomycosis and tuberculosis. ; Nore,.—The extent of the disease is indicated by t signs. One t sign means very slightly involved, while six t t t t t t signs means extensive involvement of the organ, gland or tissue named. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 395 4 _ Animal No. 20017. Killed May 28, 1906; two and one-half _ years of exposure. Weight, 782 pounds. Lesions of tubercu- - losis found in lungs, tt. Mediastinal glands, tt tt. Mesenteric glands, ttt. Liver, t. Post-pharyngeal glands, t t. Animal No. 20026. Killed May 28, 1906; two and one-half years of exposure. Weight, 840 pounds. Tuberculosis of the lungs, tt. Bronchial glands, tttt- Mesenteric glands, ttt t. Liver, ttt. Diaphragm, tt. | It will be seen that all of the vaccinated animals contained lesions upon autopsy. Animal No. 20012, which received only _ one vaccination, had no lesion in the lungs but in the associated lymphatic glands and liver. Was this animal not protected by _ one vaccination or was the immunity thus conferred so weak that _it was lost before the two and one-half years of exposure had ex- -pired? Animal No. 20013, which received a large initial dose of vaccine followed by a small dose, and then a large third dose, was not protected, while animal No. 20015, which received a mall initial dose followed by two increasing doses, was protected to a greater degree than any of the others. However, none of the vaccinated animals showed as many or as wide a distribution of lesions as the controls. EXPERIMENT IIS5F. This experiment was started with the object in mind of ascer- taining whether a greater cell resistance could be obtained by using a vaccine in which the tubercle bacilli were suspended in the glycerine veal broth which contained the toxin liberated by them during their growth on the same. In other words, to pro- duce in an animal, both bacterial immunity and a toxic immunity. - This experiment was not in any way satisfactory and little ean be gotten from the results, though it might be well to here record them. _ The vaccine was prepared as formerly described except in- ead of using normal saline solutions for the suspension of the bercle bacilli, the glycerine veal broth upon which they had en grown for six or more weeks was used as the medium. 396 | 8. H. GILLILAND. After the suspensions were prepared an attempt was made to kill the bacilli by the addition of phenol or by heat. . Seven carefully tuberculin-tested animals were selected for the experiment. Two of them were kept as controls, and the remaining five were treated. Three of the animals, No. 20020, No. 20022 and No. 20024, were injected seven times intravenously with a toxin broth sus- pension of standard opacity of culture M. The injections ex- tended over a period from September 5, 1903, to June 30, 1904, and the dose ranged from 5 to 25 cc. In some of the suspensions used for the injections the tubercle bacilli were killed by the addi- tion of phenol, while in others they were killed by heat. | The remaining two animals selected for immunization, No. 20021 and No. 20023, received on September 11, 1903, one in- jection of a toxin broth suspension of culture M. This culture was of bovine origin and possessed a high degree of virulence for — cattle. To the suspension was added Io per cent. of a 5 per cent. ~ solution of carbolic-acid and allowed to stand 36 hours before being injected. aq On July 5, 1904, all of the treated animals with their controls, - No. 20019 and No. 20025, were exposed to natural infection on — the Experimental Farm by association with badly tubercular cows. iii i atl ie — o. Results of Autopsies— Animal No. 20020. Killed September 19, 1904. Exposure, three months. This animal had been blind for some time. Lungs” studded with gray, miliary tubercles. No other lesions found in any part of the body. oe: 7: Animal No. 20022. Killed November 18, 1905. Exposure, one year four and one-half months. No tuberculosis in any pai t of the carcass except a small nodule in right lung near anterior border of posterior lobe. Guinea pigs inoculated from same de- veloped generalized tuberculosis. | Animal No. 20024. Killed December 30, 1905. Exposure, one and one-half years. In one mediastinal gland and in one ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 397 ; bronchial gland there were a . few caseous foci found %s to 4 _ of an inch in diameter. . Animals Nos. 20021 and 20023 which received one injection _ of a broth suspension of bovine culture H both died within four _ weeks following the injection. Autopsy revealed an acute mil- iary tuberculosis. Evidently the phenol had not killed the tuber- cle bacilli in the suspension in the time allowed. Control Animal No. 20019. Killed November 18, 1905. Ex- posure, one year four and one-half months. Tuberculosis of lungs, ttttt. Mediastinal glands, ttttt. Post-pharyngeal glands, tt t t. Mesenteric glands, t t t. Control Animal No. 20025. Killed January 20, 1906. Ex- _ posure, one year six and one-half months. A slight tuberculosis _ of one lung. It does not seem possible to draw any conclusions of much value from these results. It seems probable that the toxin in the vaccine may have been a factor in the blindness of animal No. 20024. Was the resistance of this animal lowered by the toxin and it became infected by the vaccine? The exposure to natural infection was only three months. EXPERIMENT II5H. This experiment was outlined with two objects in view. First, to determine the quantity of vaccine and the number ‘of vaccinations required to produce a serviceable degree of immunity against tuberculosis from natural infection. Sec- , to determine the length of time this immunity is retained the animal. _ Thirty tuberculin-tested animals were selected for the ex- e iment. Twenty were vaccinated and ten kept as controls. The twenty animals to be vaccinated were divided into five ots of four animals each, and hereafter known as Lots A, B, , D, and E. _ The animals of Lot A, Nos. 1, 5, 10 and 21, received two 398 S. H. GILLILAND. intravenous vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M, viz.: 1904. VAQUATy ote. ok. dys s Seelam :.. 5 cc, and twenty days later, FANUATY OO en os Gace gp ee 25: cc. On February 16, 1904, 21 days following last vaccination, — these animals were exposed to natural infection by Kite stabled with badly tubercular cows. Results of Autopsies, Lot A— Animal No. 1. Killed December 6, 1904; nine and three-— fourths months of exposure. No lesions of tuberculosis could — be found. | Animal No. 5. Killed December 30, 1905; one year ten and one-half months of exposure. Tuberculosis found in | mediastinal gland, t. Post-pharyngeal gland, tt; and mesen-— teric glands, tt t. Animal No. to. Killed January 2, 1907. Two years ten and one-half months of exposure. One encapsulated nodule 34 inch in diameter in left lung. Mesenteric glands, tt. Post- | pharyngeal gland, t. All the lesions well encapsulated and have the appearance of closed processes. Animal No, 21. Killed January 1, 1907; two years ten and one-half months of exposure. Tuberculosis found in lungs, tt. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Liver, ttt. Portal gland, tt The animals of Lot B, Nos. 4, 6, 8 and 27, received two intravenous vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M., viz.: 1904. 3 January. 62... Bea sapeteeeses bey) ste th———aan ) Marth 6 (0... 8.5 ss ssn eure we nae ees anal 25 On March 19, 1904, 13 days following last vaccination, animals were exposed to natural infection the same as Lot A. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 399 Results of Autopsies, Lot B— Animal No. 4. Killed January 1, 1907; two years ten and one-half months of exposure. Tuberculosis found in lungs, tt. Left bronchial, t. Right post-pharyngeal, t t. Mesenteric, t. Animal No. 6. Killed December 30, 1905. One year ten and one-half months of exposure. Tuberculosis of lungs, ttt. Bron- chial glands, ttt. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Right post- pharyngeal gland, t. Animal No. 8. Killed January 9, 1907. Two years ten and three-fourths months of exposure. Lungs normal. Tubercu- losis found left bronchial gland, t. Mesenteric glands, ttt. _ Liver, t. All the lesions in this animal were distinctly encapsul- ated. Animal No. 27.- Killed January 9, 1907.. Two years ten and three-fourths months of exposure. One nodule 34 by % _ inch in left lung. One mesenteric gland contains three perfectly dry calcareous nodules. All other organs normal: ‘The animals of Lot C, Nos. 17, 18, 20 and 25, received three _ intravenous vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M as follows: aS ee oe ti‘ ee eS eS ‘aa 1904 ey 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Culture M. eb. 16 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. ‘Mar. 19 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 30 c.c. Culture M. These animals were exposed shortly after the last vaccina- tion to natural infection by association with badly tubercular cows. Results of Autopsies, Lot C— Animal No. 17. Killed January 21, 1906. No lesions of tuberculosis. Normal throughout. Animal No. 18. Killed December 30, 1905. Normal throughout except small caseo-calcareous focus % inch in diameter in left bronchial gland. Well encapsulated and in latent condition. 400 8. H. GILLILAND. Animal No. 20. Killed January 20, 1907. Tuberculosis — found in lungs, t. Bronchial glands, tt. Mediastinal gland, tt. Post-pharyngeal gland, t. One mesenteric gland, t. These lesions are very slight, but widely distributed. Animal No. 25. Killed January 1, 1907. Lesions of Tuber- culosis found in lungs, ttt. Liver, ttt. Portal gland, ttt. Mesenteric glands, tt. Omentum, t. The animals of Lot D, Nos. 13, 14, 23 and 26, received three intravenous vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M, as follows: 1904 Jan. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 5 c.c. Culture M. * Mar. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 30 c.c. Culture M. May 8 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 40 c.c. Culture M. “5. The exposure of these animals to tuberculosis infection started before the vaccinations were completed, though the de- gree of expostire became more severe shortly following the last vaccination. Results. of Autopsies, Lot D— Animal No. 13. Killed January 2, 1907. Lungs normal. Tuberculous lesions in mediastinal glands, ttt. Bronchial — glands, tt. Mesenteric glands, ttt. Post-pharyngeal glands, tt. All of these lesions are distinctly fibrous. Animal No. 14. Killed April 24, 1905. No tuberculosis i in | any part of body. Killed on account of lung abscess due to foreign body from rumen. Animal No. 23. Killed January 21, 1906. No lesions of tuberculosis of any of the organs, glands or membranes. — Animal No. 26. Killed January 9, 1907. Lungs normal ex- | cept for some new formed fibrous tissue on pleura covering. \ Tuberculosis of left bronchial gland, tt. Mediastinal glands, tt. One mesenteric gland, t. Right post-pharyngeal, tt. The animals of Lot E, Nos. 11, 15, 16 and 28, roost ten intravenous vaccinations of a standard suspension of culture M as follows: . “4 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 401 Jan. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Culture M. ‘ Jan. 26 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. - Feb. 16 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. Ss Mar. 6 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. : Mar. 19 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 15 c.c. Culture M. 4 Apr. 2 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. . Apr. 15 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 15 c.c. Culture IM. Apr. 26 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 10 c.c. Culture M. a May 2 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. May 8 Vaccinated in Jugular Vein 20 c.c. Culture M. On March 19, 1904, these animals were exposed to moderate degree of natural infection, which become more severe after the _ vaccinations were completed. Results of Autopsies, Lot E— Animal No. 11. Killed July 21, 1906. Lesions of tubercu- losis found in lungs, tt. Left bronchial gland, t. Pericardium, _t. Costal pleura opposite pericardium, t. Mediastinal glands, ttt. Post-pharyngeal glands, tt. Abscess back of pharynx ~ connecting with same. Several lymphatic glands adjacent to same firm and caseous. Animal No. 15. Killed January 9, 1907. All organs, glands, _ etc., apparently normal from microscopic examination. Section _ from posterior mediastinal gland upon histological examina- tion shows in center of section several giant cell-like bodies. No _ evidence of caseation or cellular infiltration. Guinea pigs inocu- _ lated from emulsion of this gland developed tuberculosis. Guinea pigs inoculated from other organs and glands were normal when _ killed. Animal No. 16. Killed September 16, 1904. No evidence _ of tuberculosis could be found. A few lung worms (strongylus _micruris) found in the bronchi. _ Animal No. 28. Killed January 9, 1907. No tuberculosis _ found except in one post-pharyngeal gland, which on section contained a thick fluid not entirely characteristic of tuberculosis. Guinea pigs inoculated from the same developed tuberculosis. Guinea pig inoculations from liver, spleen, kidneys, lung and ‘mediastinal were negative. 402 - S. H. GILLILAND. The ten control animals, Nos. 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 19, 22, 24, 29 and 30, were kept under similar conditions as the twenty vac- cinated animals. There were two controls for each lot of four vaccinated animals. The controls received the same a of exposure as the animals that were vaccinated. RESULTS OF AUTOPSIES ON CONTROLS. Animal No. 2. Control for Lot A— Killed November 4, 1904. Length of exposure to infection eight months. General condition bad. Extensive tuberculosis of lungs, bronchial and mediastinal glands. These tissues scored to the extent of tttttt, or the highest degree in the © scale. Animal No. 3. Control for Lot A— Killed January 10, 1907. Length of exposure to infection two years ten and three-fourths months. Animal in poor condi- tion. Tuberculosis of lungs, ttt. Bronchial glands, ttt. Liver, tt. Portal gland, t. One kidney, t. Mesenteric glands, tt. 7 Post-pharyngeal glands, t tt. Ammal No. 7. .Control for Lot B— Died May 7, 1904. Two months following exposure. The autopsy notes of this animal were lost, but the physical condition — of the animal prior to death was one of tuberculosis. Animal No. 9. Control for Lot B— Killed January 10, 1907. Length of exposure to infection two years ten and three-fourths months. Tubercular lesions found in lungs, tttt. Bronchial glands, tttt. Mediastinal glands, tttt. Mesenteric glands, tt. Post-pharyngeal glands, ttt. Superior cervical lymphatic glands, t t. Animal No. 12. Control for Lot C— Died January 14, 1906. Animal had been in poor condition — for some time. Tuberculosis found in lungs, ttttt. Some of aS an Pathe at ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 403 the caseous masses are 10 inches in diameter. Bronchial glands, ttt. Right post-pharyngeal, tt. Portal lymphatic gland, tt. Mediastinal gland, ttttt. Animal No. 19. Control for Lot C— Killed January 10, 1907. Tuberculosis found in lungs, t t. _ Bronchial glands, ttt. Mediastinal glands, tt. Portal gland, t. Mesenteric gland, t. ee Animal No. 22. Killed January 10, 1907— Tuberculosis found in lungs, tttt. Some of the diseased masses as large as four inches in diameter. Bronchial glands, ttt. Mediastinal glands, tttt. Post-pharyngeal glands, t t. Animal No. 24. Killed January 10, 1907— Tubercular lesions found in lungs, ttt. Pleura, tt. Left bronchial gland, t. Posterior mediastinal, t. Animal No. 29. Died March 7, 1906— Animal had been in poor condition for three months. Coughed badly. Refused grain and had to be assisted to regain _ feet when down. Extensive generalized tuberculosis of the _ organs, glands and membranes of thoracic and abdominal cavi- ties. Also post-pharyngeal glands. Animal No. 30. Killed January 10, 1907— Tubercular changes found in lungs, t t. Posterior mediastinal gland, t. Mesenteric gland, t. Omentum, t. The disease in this _ animal was not very extensive. : The exposure of the animals in this experiment to natural infection was as even as possible under the conditions. Each animal was stabled next to a tubercular cow and at certain in- tervals these animals were changed in regular order, so that: -€yery animal came in contact with all the tubercular cows used for infection purposes. 404 8S. H. GILLILAND. In analyzing the results of this experiment we find: First—That the controls were more extensively diseased. The lesions were more widely distributed. Three of the controls died within two years from the time the exposure to infection began, showing that the degree of exposure was rather severe. All of the vaccinated animals lived until killed. Second—Five of the vaccinated animals, Nos. 1, 17, 14, 23 and 16, showed no lesions of tuberculosis whatever. Animal No. 15 showed no macroscopic lesions, but guinea pigs inoculated from congested area in post-pharyngeal gland developed tubercu- losis. Three of the animals, Nos. 27, 18 and 28, had very slight lesions, in some instances only % of an inch in diameter. Third—The lesions in the controls were active and pro- gressive, while those found in the vaccinated animal had the ap- pearance of being latent retrogressive. Fourth—It is possible that the immunity given the animals in | Lots A and B had been lost before they were killed. Fifth—From the character of the lesions and from later ex- perience the writer believes that the animals in Lots C, D and E were exposed too early, and were at that time more susceptible to infection than normal. aa EXPERIMENT IIS I. This experiment was started to ascertain whether a tuber- culosis-free herd could be reared from animals a large percentage _ of which were afflicted with tuberculosis—many of them in the advanced form of the disease. Also to obtain further knowledge upon the best culture of tubercle bacilli for the vaccine, the dosage and number of vaccinations required. The animals used in this experiment were the calves from the tuberculous cows kept for infection purposes, as well as — some calves from the vaccinated and control animals in the fore- going experiments. The method employed was to vaccinate the calf within chet to eight weeks from birth, or as soon as it was strong enough to withstand the initial dose of vaccine. The number of doses of ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 405 vaccine given were from two to four and in most cases three doses. The initial dose was 1 cc. or 2% cc. depending upon the condition, size and age of the calf. Each subsequent dose was increased. No regular plan of increasing the dose was followed. The maximum dose for the last injection was never more than IO cc. During the early part of the experiment the calves were not removed from their dams, many of which were excreting tubercle bacilli in their milk. They were also kept in infected stables and allowed to run with tuberculous animals. It was found during the progress of this experiment that the resistance of the calf against tuberculosis during the period of vaccination and for a few weeks thereafter was less than the normal resistance of an animal, and if exposed to infection at the time of vaccination was more liable to contract tuberculosis than the normal controls. The autopsy finding indicated the infection implantation took place more readily, but the disease did not appear to progress as rapidly as in the controls. There were 22 calves immunized at the time they were al- lowed to remain with their tuberculous mothers and in infected stables. All of these calves either died or were killed within 2% years following the last vaccination. At autopsy all of the 22 animals showed lesions of tuberculosis except two. In the latter part of the experiment the calves were removed from their tuberculous mothers and the infected stables as soon after birth as possible, and kept in a special stable away from in- fection and fed on milk from tuberculous cows that had been pasteurized or boiled. There were nine calves handled in this manner. They were not vaccinated until they were three to four months old and received three injections of vaccine prepared _ from culture M. The dosage was increased at each vaccination. _ After the vaccinations had been completed for some time they _ were exposed to infection by association with tuberculous cows. _ These nine animals were killed approximately three years follow- ing the vaccinations and all of them were normal in every re- spect except two, which showed small lesions of tuberculosis— 406 S. H. GILLILAND. one in the mesenteric glands and the other in the mediastinal glands. Is it not possible that the immunity in these two animals had been lost during their three years of exposure? As checks for the above vaccinated calves there were 24 calves kept in a similar manner as controls. A large number of these controls died during the progress of the work and on au- topsy were found to be badly diseased—in many cases showing a generalized tuberculosis. In no instance were any of them free from tuberculosis, : In comparing the autopsy results of the vaccinated animals with the controls, there is a marked difference in the extent and distribution of the lesions. In the controls they were more ex- tensive, more widely distributed and distinctly progressive, while in the vaccinated animals they were dry, caseo-caleareous or calcareous and in many instances surrounded by a firm, fibrous capsule. After carefully analyzing the results of the experiments here recorded, I have arrived at the following conclusions : Intravenous injections of tubercle bacilli from human sources, non-virulent for cattle, are capable of conferring an immunity in cattle against tuberculosis sufficient to withstand natural infection by association with tubercular cows. The length of the immunity has not been determined accur- ately, though it is believed to gradually diminish after 2% years. It is necessary that the animals, during the period of vac- cination, and for at least eight weeks following the last vaccina- tion, be kept in a manner that they are in no way exposed to tubercular infection. The normal resistance of the animal is apparently lowered during the period of vaccination. The number of vaccinations and the amount of vaccine ad- ministered, has a direct relation to the degree of immunity con- ferred. The interval between vaccinations should be of sufficient — length to allow the reaction following the previous vaccination to entirely subside. ee ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 407 _ The results of the experiments lead us to be hopeful that the day may come when animals can be immunized against tuber- culosis in common practice. , Until further knowledge is obtained in regard to the destruc- tion or outcome of the living tubercle bacilli constituting the vaccine, no practical method for the immunization of animals under ordinary conditions can be advocated. REFERENCES. To Dr. Leonard Pearson much credit is due for the original plans of these. experi- ments, and only through his untiring efforts were means obtained from_the Legislature by which it was possible to pursue this important line of investigation. Difficulties arose in the progress of this work that seemed insurmountable, and through the wise counsel, kindly s tions, and encouraging words of this one man the parties in direct charge of the work were. stimulated to exert their best efforts. The writer is deeply conscious of the fact that these experiments could have been in a more concise, a more intelligent and a more able manner by_ the one whose untimely death was a severe blow to the entire veterinar profession. These in- vi tions were originally planned and started by Dr. Leonard Pearson and the writer, who later secured the assistance of a number of men, and to these men I desire to ex- press my thanks: : To Dr. M. P. Ravenel for the isolation of most of the cultures used in the prepara- tion of the vaccine. . To Dr. C. Y. White and Dr. John Reichel for the histological examinations. To Dr. E. S. Deubler and Dr. John Reichel for the preparation of the vaccine for the latter riments and general bacteriological work. =~ .To Dr. S. Deubler credit is due for wens of the autopsies, the vaccinations of the animals and the supervision and management of the Experimental Farm following_ 1907. For general assistance during various phases of this work we are indebted to Dr, H. C. Campbell, Dr. E. P. Althouse, Dr. E. Barnett and Dr. I. B. Powell. More AMERICAN VETERINARIANS TO THE CONGRESS IN _ Lonpon.—As stated in our June issue, Dr. Ackerman, of the New York City Board of Health, will sail on the S. S. St. Paul of the American Line; and Dr. John F. DeVine, as the official representative at the Congress of the New York State Depart- ment of Agriculture, will accompany him. Dr. S. Brenton, De- troit, will sail on the S. S. Minneapolis of the Atlantic Transport Line July 25th, reaching London in time for the opening of the Congress. It is altogether probable that others will join Dr. Brenton in the direct trip to London. Grows BETTER AND BETTER Every YEAR.—Dr. L. A. Pat- tick, Snohomish, Washington, says in renewing his subscription: “ Inclosed please find check for renewal of the Review. I cannot afford to miss a single copy. The Review is keeping up with steady advancement of the profession and grows better and er every year.” SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. — By Septimus Sisson, S.B., V.S., PRoFEssor oF CoMPARATIVE ANATOMY, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. The digestive phenomena which are usually included under the above head comprise: 1, The reception of food and water; 2, the reduction of coarse food and its mixture with saliva; 3, swallowing and rumination; 4, the action of the stomach and intestine in moving their contents. It is evident that anything approaching a full discussion of _all of these topics would be not only impossible, but quite unde- sirable in a short paper designed for the consideration of read- ers who are presupposed to be conversant with the main facts regarding these phenomena. The attempt will be made here to deal with some factors concerning which conflicting views have been held or about which opinions still differ. Improved meth- ods of physiological and anatomical study have rendered dubi- ous, if not actually untenable, certain statements relative to the mechanics of digestion. The mechanism of prehension may be determined without difficulty by direct observation of the process in the various do- mestic animals, and the functional differences in the various — species may be correlated easily for the most part with the cor- — responding structural peculiarities. The taking in of fluids by drinking, suction, or lapping is also largely open to observation and not difficult to understand, although the muscular actions — involved in sucking are somewhat complex. In mastication the muscular actions are still more complex, © especially in herbivora. In the ox, for example, the mandible — is moved transversely, longitudinally and vertically, and is also rotated about a dorso-ventral axis passing through the temporo- — mandibular articulation; furthermore combined movements oc- cur. In addition there are movements of the cheeks and tongue, and changes of shape of the latter. The lips play a very smali 408 SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 409 aa part in mastication in animals with long narrow mouths, such ‘as the horse and ox. In typical carnivora the process is reduced to its simplest terms and consists almost exclusively of depres- sion and elevation of the lower jaw, sufficient to reduce the food to pieces of such size as to be swallowed. An exception to this general statement must be made, however. It is noticeable that ‘in dealing with bones, the process is not at all so perfunctory; dogs chew bones pretty thoroughly, crushing them between their broad-crowned, tuberculate molars. Two points in regard to the process of deglutition have been subject of considerable controversy. One of these is the mechanism by which the passage of ingesta into the larynx is prevented. The apparent difficulty in this respect is aggravated the case of the horse by the great length of the soft palate and the fact that the posterior pillars of the latter unite in arci- form fashion over the aditus oesophagi. The following appears to be the most rational explanation of the process, and is in con- formity with such direct observations as have been made. The oft palate is shortened and is raised so as to close the posterior es. The pharynx is shortened and its oral end is dilated. The root of the tongue and the larynx are approximated, so the piglottis is in intimate contact with the former. The vocal ‘cords and the arytenoid cartilages are adducted so that the rima flottidis is closed, thus preventing aspiration of ingesta into the Tarynx. In addition the apical parts of the arytenoid cartilages are drawn forward and ventrally, bringing them close to the asal part of the epiglottis, so that these cartilages and the ary- piglottic folds close the vestibule of the larynx. The bolus is ojected or “ shot,” so to speak, through the pharynx, princi- ally by an energetic contraction of the mylo-hyoidei. This is followed by a so-called “ clearing up” phase, in which remnants thich may remain are removed by the constrictors of the rynx. _A remark may properly be made here with regard to a prac- sal implication. A very important part of the swallowing Ocess is the apposition of the root of the tongue and the epi- 410 SEPTIMUS SISSON. glottis, which is followed by the return of the larynx to its rest- ing position. It is evident that undue elevation of the head in medication per os in the horse for example is highly objection- able, since it stretches the muscles concerned in these reciprocal movements of the tongue, hyoid bone and larynx, and thus vitiates or inhibits the proper action of this rather complex mech- anism. Fortunately the drench has not at all the vogue now which it had formerly in veterinary practice. In those cases in which this mode of medication still seems to be desirable or permissible, care should always be taken to determine whether the patient is capable of swallowing. If the muscular actions which are necessary for the safe transport of material through the pharynx are weakened or not properly co-ordinated, it is evident that more or less of any matter introduced into the mouth is likely to enter the larynx, and the practitioner should govern himself accordingly. The second point concerning which differences of opinion exist is the mechanism by which alimentary matter traverses th oesophagus. It is evident that three factors would be involved in the process. These are: 1, The force exerted; 2, the physica character of the material swallowed; 3, the nature of the oeso phagus in respect to length, calibre and structure. It has been a common custom, in the absence of experimenta evidence and observation, to explain many physiological pro- cesses on an anatomical basis. Thus the process of deglutitiot was divided into three parts, namely, 1, the action of the muscle of the mouth and tongue; 2, the transport of the materia through the pharynx by the contraction of the pharyngeal cot strictors, and 3, the passage through the oesophagus by peristal sis. In 1880-Falk and Kronecker(1) opposed this view of th process, and on the basis of observations of the action of thi mouth and pharynx advanced the theory that deglutition is ac complished essentially by the contraction of the muscles of the mouth, and that oesophageal peristalsis is of minor importance. - They believed that the pressure developed in the mouth was suf- ficient to force food through the oesophagus without peris' SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 411 of that tube. Kronecker and Meltzer(2) obtained confirmatory results by the use of rubber balloons, connected by tubes with recording drums. One balloon was placed in the pharynx and the other a varying distance along the lumen of the oesophagus. When water was swallowed, the increased pressure on the balloon in the pharynx was transmitted at once to the recording drum and almost immediately afterward the drum connected with the balloon in the oesophagus registered an increase of pressure. By these and other methods Kronecker and Meltzer concluded that liquids and semi-solids are squirted from the mouth to the stomach without the aid of the pharyngeal muscles or oesophageal peristalsis. Meltzer(3) has since shown that, after removal of the muscular coat of the cervical part of the oesophagus, a dog can drink milk and water in a normal manner even when the bowl is placed on the floor. These observers re- garded the peristaltic wave which succeeded the principal act of deglutition as a sort of “clearing up” phase-by which frag- ments that might remain were carried to the stomach. Later observations by means of the stethoscope led Meltzer(4) to de- cide that the movement of the food was checked a short distance from the cardia and that it was propelled into the stomach by the succeeding peristaltic wave some six or seven seconds later. The possible sources of error inherent in the technique of the preceding and similar investigations led Cannon and Moser(5) to undertake observations on the movements of food in the oesophagus by means of the X-rays. This method excludes pos- sible sources of error which may result from anaesthesia, opera- tive interference, the presence of foreign objects in the tract, etc. It was desired, in addition to testing the results of Kron- ecker and Meltzer, which these observers explicitly stated held good only for liquids and semi-solids, to determine also the mode and rate of progression in the normal oesophagus of different animals of substances of various consistencies. Incorporation of subnitrate of bismuth with the liquids and solids used gave the necessary shadows for observations. Cannon’s observations confirmed those of Kronecker and Meltzer with regard to the 412 SEPTIMUS SISSON. swallowing of fluids in man. He found that “at each swallow the liquid was projected rapidly through the pharynx and well down into the thoracic oesophagus before it was lost to view.” In fourteen normal persons Hertz(6) observed that fluid was “shot rapidly down the greater part of the oesophagus,” and was then forced slowly into the stomach. The entire process occupied four to eight seconds, about half of which was re- quired for the passage through the cardia. Cannon(7) found that in the dog liquids were “ squirted for some distance along the oesophageal tube.” Sometimes this rapid projection extended as far as the heart, and at other times only to the thoracic inlet. Y¥urther progress was slower but regular. In the cat fluid was projected in a similar way as far as the midheart region; here there ensued a pause varying from a few seconds to a minute or more, after which the contraction of the oesophagus: slowly forced the liquid into the stomach. ) Accurate physiological data with respect to the mechanism in the other domesicated animals are not available, but ordinary observation tends to support the view that the process is similar in them. It is evident that in the horse and ox liquid is squirted from the mouth a considerable distance along the oesophagus. There appears to be a close correlation between the mode of deglutition and the histological structure of the oesophagus. Thus in the goose, the oesophagus of which has a muscular coat composed exclusively of unstriped muscle, fluid is swallowed by slow oesophageal peristalsis without propulsive action of the mouth. When the head is raised, fluid trickles into the oesopha- r gus, and is transported by peristalsis, the rate being about the same as for solid food (Cannon, Coc. cit.). It appears that in — | mammals, when the mylo-hyoidei are paralyzed, the process of — deglutition is similar to that of birds. In man the oral third of the oesophageal musculature is striped, the aboral third is unstriped, and the intermediate part presents a gradual transition __ from one to the other type. This corresponds with the slow contraction of the lower part of the tube as previously noted. A similar correlation exists in the cat as noted above, In the SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 413 dog, on the other hand, with an oesophageal musculature that is striped throughout, no lessening of speed was, noted in the _aboral part of the tube. If this correlation holds good the infer- ence may be drawn that in the ox no diminution of speed would occur in the aboral part of the tube, while in the horse there would be a decided slowing of the rate of transmission from the base of the heart backward, and in the pig the retardation would occur near the cardia. | Solids and semi-solids are swallowed in a very different man- ner from fluids, except in the case of birds. Solid food is always carried along the oesophagus by peristalsis. Cannon (loc. cit.) observed in the dog that “ the solid bolus was quickly discharged into the oesophagus, and descended rapidly for a few centimeters, sometimes nearly to the base of the neck; yet no pause was ob- served—the bolus simply moved more slowly.” In the cat there was a decided retardation beyond the region of the heart; the bolus required three-fifths of the deglutition period to pass through the remainder—less than a third—of the oesophagus. The deglutition period in the dog averages about four or five seconds and that of the cat is about ten to twelve seconds. Hertz (loc. cit.) found that in man solids move slowly in the oesopha- gus; the period for well-lubricated boluses varied from eight to _ eighteen seconds, while a dry bolus may remain above the car- _ dia many minutes. This shows the striking influence on degluti- tion of the physical condition of the bolus in this respect, and throws some light on the occurrence of oesophageal obstruction _ in horses which attempt to “ bolt” imperfectly insalivated masses _ of dry food, such as chopped hay, chaff, etc. A well-masticated _ bolus passes along the cervical part of the oesophagus of the horse at a rate of about 35 to 40 centimeters per second—about one-fifth of the speed of liquids; it is probable that the rate is _ much slower from the base of the heart backward, but the writer _has been unable to find any authentic observations in regard to _ this matter in the available literature. Semi-solids of the con- _ sistence of mush seem to be swallowed in much the same man- “ner as solids, the rate of progress of the former being’ only ‘slightly more rapid than the latter. ee ee ee ee ee ee, ee a ee ee i the ait —s : 7 414 . SEPTIMUS SISSON. As an index to the force exerted by the oesophageal muscula- ture it may be stated that Mosso found that dogs swallowed wooden balls which were loaded by means of a string and pulley with a weight of 250-450 grammes. It is well known that control of ingesta ceases immediately when the material leaves the mouth; beyond this the action is entirely reflex and involuntary. The entire dependence of the swallowing reflex on afferent impulses from areas of the mouth and pharynx was shown by Wassilieff(8). A small sponge saturated with cocaine solution was swallowed and withdrawn by means of a thread attached to it. For some minutes he was unable to swallow, and saliva, which was secreted in large amount, had to be expectorated. The necessity of an adequate stimulus is clearly shown by attempting to swallow several times in close succession; as soon as the saliva has been cleared out of the mouth, the act of deglutition cannot be initiated, and becomes possible again only when saliva has accumulated or other mate- rial is introduced into the mouth. The most sensitive areas or “chief spots”? from which afferent impulses arise to stimulate the swallowing reflex have been found by Kahn(g) to be in the course of the natural path of food from the mouth to the oesophagus. Accessory areas exist away from the direct path in places into which particles of food may accidentally be mis- placed. In the dog and cat the chief spot is on the dorsal wall of the pharynx near the origin of the oesophagus; here the mu- cous membrane is innervated by the glosso-pharyngeus. Access- ory spots are present on the pharyngeal surface of the soft pal- ate, innervated by the glosso-pharyngeal and maxillary nerves; others are on the pharyngeal surface and base of the epiglottis, supplied by the anterior laryngeal nerve. The swallowing centre — is in the floor of the fourth ventricle in front of the respiratory — centre. The efferent fibres are chiefly in the mandibular, glosso- pharyngeal and vagus nerves; the last-named innervates the en- tire oesophagus. Cannon(10) found that in the cat the imme- diate result of section of the vagi was oesophageal paralysis, but that there was a secondary recovery in the part of the tube that SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 415 has an unstriped muscle coat. This phenomenon may be ex- plained on the basis of the myenteric reflex, which is similar to that of the stomach and intestine, and is competent, when ade- quately stimulated to mediate peristalsis after loss of extrinsic _ innervation. 5; | In discussing the mechanical action of the stomach considera- tion will be given first to the simple organ, such as that of the dog and man. The old idea of the churning up of the contents of the stomach was abandoned years ago, and our present con- ception of the gastric mechanism is very largely derived from the valuable contributions of Cannon,(11) who utilized the X-rays in his studies; the following statements are largely derived from _Cannon’s descriptions of his observations. This observer divides the stomach on a functional basis into two parts, cardiac and pyloric, between which is the incisura angularis—usually termed the lesser curvature. The fundus of the human stomach is de- fined as that part of the cardiac division which lies above a hori- zontal plane through the cardia. The pyloric part may be di- vided into the pyloric vestibule and the pyloric canal, the latter being about three centimeters in length. Cunningham suggested the terms “ cardiac sac” and “ gastric tube”’ to designate func- tional divisions of the stomach; this connotes the view that the former is a reservoir which gradually “ feeds” ingesta to the tubular part as the latter discharges its contents into the intestine. When or shortly after food enters the stomach, peristaltic waves begin about the middle of the body of the viscus and move toward the pylorus; peristalsis begins at once when food enters the empty stomach, provided the latter is in a state of tonic contrac- ‘tion at the time. In the part toward the cardiac end or saccus caecus there is usually a mere tonic contraction. Thus the stom- ach assumes a tubular form with a pouch-like left extremity, as shown by Cannon’s figures. The left extremity then begins to Squeeze its contents into the tubular part. But it must not be assumed that the latter is merely or even chiefly expulsive in function. It has the important action of mixing the gastric juice ith the food. This action is not due to antiperistalsis, but is 416 SEPTIMUS SISSON. caused by ingesta being moved against the closed pylorus or a contraction ring and thus forced back. Thus the contents of the — pyloric part are carried back and forth, and different portions are brought into contact with various areas of the mucous mem- brane. The ingesta in the left part may remain practically in statu quo for a considerable time, subject to relatively small pressure. The stratification has been observed to persist in the left end more than an hour, whereas it had disappeared near the pyloric end in ten minutes. The contents of the pyloric part — had changed to the consistence of thick soup, while that in the — left end had undergone no perceptible change, although of course — subject to slow and merely superficial penetration of gastric — juice. The discharge of chyme into the intestine is regulated by the pylorus which is the “ keeper of the gate.” The sphincter pylori is closed when food enters the stomach; it relaxes at irreg- ular intervals and chyme spurts through the pylorus a distance — of several centimeters into the intestine. Then it closes for a time and recurring gastric peristaltic waves sweep ingesta toward — it; the contents are thus carried to and fro in the pyloric vesti-— bule as before stated until the pylorus again opens. The most — plausible explanation of the opening and closing of the pylorus is the theory of the acid control of the pylorus. This theory is that food of a certain degree of acidity coming in contact with the pylorus causes relaxation of the sphincter, and that the lat-— ter contracts when the acid chyme reaches the intestine. Bayless — and Starling(12) have shown that the acid in the intestine stim-— ulates the flow of pancreatic juice, so that the chyme is neutral- ized soon after leaving the stomach; thus the stimulus which caused closure of the pylorus ceases or is reduced, and the acid in the stomach is again able to cause relaxation of the sphincter. Much evidence has been adduced to support this theory. - Addi- ; tion of bicarbonate of soda to carbohydrate food delays the pass- age of the latter into the intestine; this is apparently due to the — fact Na HCO, checks secretion of gastric juice and neutralizes its acidity. Conversely acid protein food is discharged much more rapidly than natural protein, although the manometer does SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. ~- 417 not indicate any increased intragastric pressure forcing the pylorus open. Inhibiting acidity causes retention of food in _ spite of strong peristalsis. Serdjukow found that discharge from the stomach could be inhibited indefinitely by repeated introduc- tion of small quantities of acid solution or gastric juice through a duodenal fistula. Corroborative results have been obtained by Tobler(13) and Lang.(14) The stomach has remarkable ability to adapt itself to vary- ing amount of contents with little or no change of intragastric pressure. Thus Kelling(15) found in the dog the intragastric pressure (ca. 7-7.6 cm. of water) to be practically the same when the stomach contained 460 c.c. of material as with a content of 240 c.c. The period of retention of food in the stomach and the rate of gastric discharge are affected by various factors, but limita- tion of space will permit only brief reference to this topic. The influence of chemical composition is shown by Cannon’s observa- tions on the cat. He found that carbohydrates began to emerge in about ten minutes, that the discharge was rapid and was usu- ally complete in about three hours. Little or no protein left in the first half hour and the discharge was slow for an hour or more thereafter. Fat was slow in beginning to leave the stom- ach, the discharge was slow, some even remained after seven hours. Fatty food inhibits or at least does not stimulate gastric secretion and causes slow and weak peristalsis. Another impor- tant factor is the physical character of the ingesta. Water begins to enter the intestine as soon as it reaches the stomach; it may pass out in intermittent gushes or continuously. Cohnheim(16) found that water swallowed by the dog when the stomach was full passed along the lesser curvature, diluting only the contents of the vestibule, and pours through the pylorus. Further refer- ence will be made to this in the consideration of the gastric _ mechanism, since it has certain important practical implications. With regard to consistency of ingesta it appears that this factor does not materially affect gastric discharge of carbohydrates. In the case of protein food dilution tends to cause more rapid 418 SEPTIMUS SISSON. discharge; this is apparently due to reduction in the amount of material which unites with the acid of the gastric juice. Cohn- heim (loc. cit.) found that in the dog a feed of 50 g. of finely chopped meat left the stomach in about an hour and a half, the discharge beginning in about 15 min., while the same amount fed in large lumps took almost an hour longer. Furthermore, the “easily digested,” finely divided meat emerged. largely in unbroken particles, while the lumps were almost entirely dis- solved. This would seem to indicate that it is unwise to feed finely chopped meat unless the sole object is to “ save the stom- ach work ’’—an end which evidently can be attained only by plac- ing more work on the intestine. Variations of temperature of food do not, in healthy subjects, appear to affect materially for any considerable period, either gastric peristalsis or rate of dis- charge. Cannon and Murphy(17) found that high intestinal section and suture did not interfere with gastric peristalsis, but for almost six hours after recovery from anaesthesia the pylorus remained tightly closed—an excellent example of organic de- fence. It is evident that gas in the stomach may interfere with | the movement of the ingesta and with discharge, even when gas- tric peristalsis is normal. The amount and position of the gas would be important factors. In the horse a moderate amount of gas (which accumulates in the saccus caecus) would have no material effect. In the ox the amount of gas in the rumen is normally kept within proper limits by eructation. The mechanical action of the stomach of the horse is no doubt essentially similar to that of the dog, but it is evident that the profound differences in the character of the food, the manner of eating, and the structure and relative size of the organ would have their physiological corollaries. It is regretable that means have not yet been devised to make direct observations of these — phenomena in the larger animals, such as have thrown so much light on them in man and small animals. Much information has been obtained, however, by somewhat less direct means, such as feeding experiments, and in this regard we are indebted chiefly to Ellenberger and to others who have worked in his laboratory. SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 419 A large part of the investigations of these workers deals with the chemical phenomena of digestion—a topic which is outside the purview of this paper. But observations have also been made acerning the arrangement of food in the stomach, the move- nt of ingesta in that organ, and the effect of drinking on the ic contents and on gastric digestion. The methodology of investigations naturally cannot be detailed in a short paper, but an attempt will be made to indicate the more important con- clusions which were reached, and those who desire to go into ¢ matter further will find in the appended bibliography refer- ences to most of the literature. ___ Previous to the epoch-making work of Ellenberger and Hof- leister(18) the current views of the digestive processes in man sre regarded as holding good in such herbivora as the horse nd ox, and the erroneous notion of the “churning” action of 1e stomach and consequent mixing of its contents was taught s Occurring in the horse. ~ In the case of horses which are fed in the ordinary way the stomach is never empty and consequently has no “ resting state ”’ as is the case in man and the dog. Since gastric digestion is con- tinually in progress it is reasonable to assume that movement of the gastric contents is also practically continuous, although doubt- less the degree of activity would augment periodically in corre- lation with the times of feeding. It is interesting to note in this mnnection that the wall of the left sac is specially rich in elas- tic fibres, a structural arrangement which would enable the stom- ach readily to adapt itself to varying amounts of ingesta, and would also favor movement of the contents of the left sac toward he pyloric part. Since digestion is continuous, the question we ald naturally arise whether there is almost continuous passage f ingesta through the pylorus. So far as the writer is aware h are no experimental data on which an answer to the ques- on could be based. It may be stated, however, that in dissect- ig-room subjects (hardened by intravascular injection of forma- ion solution) the pylorus is not usually closed; the size of the ling varies, but is usually sufficiently large to allow the finger 420 SEPTIMUS SISSON. to be passed through it. ‘This fact is very significant, since — sphincters in general are firmly contracted in such subjects. It would appear that Cannon’s theory of the acid control of the — pylorus would not apply perfectly to herbivora with relatively small stomach. It is known that in the horse part of an ordinary feed of hay and oats passes directly into the intestine during ingestion, and when any considerable amount of water is drunk most of it passes through the pylorus at once or in a few minutes. The observations of Ellenberger(19) and Goldschmidt(20) — showed that in the horse a stratification of the ingesta occurred © in the stomach and persisted for hours during digestion. This was determined by withholding food from the subject until it could fairly be assumed that the stomach was empty or nearly so. Foods of different kinds were then fed in succession, ¢. g., first hay, then oats, etc. The animals were killed at varying inter- vals after feeding and the stomach carefully removed and its” contents examined. It is found that the food first taken passes into the most ventral part of the stomach, viz., the fundus gland” region or body of the stomach. Succeeding masses formed lay- ers on their predecessors, or piled up on, or settled into or around them, according to the physical character of each. It is self evident that such stratification and segregation could not occur with finely divided semi-solids or liquids, such as bran-mash, gruel, etc. These results were corroborated and additional facts obtained by more recent observations of Scheunert(21) id Scheunert and Schattke.(22) who used in their experiments horses which were fed and watered in the manner usual in the German army. In order to obtain more precise results adopted the ingenious method of differential staining of various parts of the rations. The animals were killed at different period: after feeding or watering. The stomach was at once carefully removed and frozen in conformity with the method introduced by Griitzner(23). It was then sectioned frontally and its wall removed from the contents. In order to distinguish the rem- nant of previous feeds the animal was given water colored with | malachite green in the morning previous to feeding. In this way | ) ‘| SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 421 the contents of the stomach were colored sufficiently to be dis- tinguished from food given later. It is to be noted, however, that the penetration of water into the stomach contents varies inversely with the amount of the latter and is also affected by the physical condition of the ingesta. (This point will be taken up again later, since it has important practical implications.) Fol- lowing the watering the subject was given 750 gm. of oats and opped hay colored red, followed by 350 gm. of the same col- ored yellow. It was then given 750 gm. of hay and was killed half an hour after the latter had been consumed. It was found that the remnant of previous feeds occupied about a third of the stomach and lay almost exclusively along the greater curva- ture in the pyloric and fundus gland regions. Upon this the red- ‘stained food was spread in a thin layer largely in the left sac of deposited. The hay was arranged somewhat differently, as might ye expected from the difference in consistence between it and the ingesta which it followed. The latter was much softer and ‘more watery, so that the hay forced some of the old contents along the lesser curvature to the pylorus. There was, however, no admixture of the various foods and the stratification was easily made out. 4 _ The amount of ingesta in the stomach previous to the morn- ir ¢ feed appears to be subject to much individual variation and would be affected also by the character of the diet. Scheunert C d that it may be a little more than 7 kg. This was observed in experimental subjects which were fed a ration of 1,500 gm. of oats and 200 gm. of chopped hay, which, together with the saliva mixed with it was estimated (on data derived from pre- vious investigations) to weigh about 6.5 kg. The period of deprivation of food which must elapse before the stomach is smpty is evidently quite variable. F. Smith(24) states that he mind hay in the stomach fifteen and eighteen hours after being ven, and on the other hand, under identical experimental con- ons, found the stomach empty at the fifteenth hour. The Writer has frequently observed in dissecting-room subjects which 422 SEPTIMUS SISSON. have received no food for eight or ten hours that the stomach appeared to be about one-third full. In such cases the food is in the most ventral part of the stomach; the saccus caecus is con- tracted and contains a small amount of gas. In some cases there is a distinct constriction which corresponds in a general way with the demarcation between the non-glandular and glandular parts of the mucous membrane. LITERATURE. Falk & Kronecker, Archiv f. Physiologie, :$80, p. 296. i aa Kronecker & Meltzer, Archiv f. Physiologie, 1880, p. 446. Meltzer, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. M., 1907, IV., p. 41. Meltzer, Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissensch., 1883, p. 1. Cannon & Moser, Am. Jour. of Physiol, 1898, I., pp. 435-444. Hertz, Brit. Med. Journ., 1908, I., p. 131. Cannon & Moser, Am. Journ. Physiol., 1898, I., p. 440. Wassilieff, Ztsch. f. Biol., 1888, XXIV., pp. 39, 40. 9. Kahn, Archiv f. Physiol., 1902, Suppl., p. 386. 1o. Cannon, The Mechanical Factors of Digestion, p. 28. 11. Canon, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1898, I., p. 362. 12. Bayliss & Starling, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 1901, XV., p. 682, 13. Tobler, Ztschr, f. Physiol. Chemie, 1905, XLV., p. 197. 14. Lang, Biochem. Ztschr., 1906, II., p. 240. 15. Kelling, Ztschr. f. Biol., 1903, XLIV., p. 234. 16. Cohnheim, Munch, Med. Woch., 1907, LIV., p. 2582. 17. Cannon & Murphy, Annals of Surgery, 1906, XLIII., p. 531. 18. Ellenberger u. Hofmeister, Archiv fur Wissensch. u. Prakt. Tierheilku 1880-1886, Bd. VII.-XII. 19. Ellenberger, Handbuch der Vergleich. Physiol., Bd. I., S. 732. 20. Goldschmidt, H., Die Magenverdauung des Pferdes. Zeitschr, Physiol. 1886, Bd. VII., S. 361. 21. Scheunert, A. Zum Mechanismus der Magenverdauung. Pfliiger’s 1906, Bd. CXIV., S. 93. ‘ 22. Scheunert, A. und Schattke, A. Ueber den Ablauf der Magenverdauung d Pferdes. Zeitschr. fur Tiermedizin, 1913, Bd. 17, Hefte 5, 6, 7. 23. Grutzner, Ein Beitrag zum Mechanismus der Magenverdauung. Pfliiger Archiv, 1905, Bd. CVI., S. 463. a 24. Smith, F. A Manual of Veterinary Physiology, 1912, p. 178. (To be concluded in August issue.) ON AUP WwW HH P55 Fe eye ea ewe COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF Missourt has session covering the dates from June 29 to July 24, 1914, il clusive, with a series of lectures on subjects relative to agrict ture and livestock industry, with prominent lecturers listed fre all over the country. We find from New York State a represei tative on the programme, to lecture the third week in July, ¢ Immunity and Disease Resistance—Prof. Veranus A. Moore New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca. vA ——— ss eS ttl T_T? THE INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. By Tuomas B. Kenny, M.B., C.M., M.D., New York Cry. We recently had the privilege of listening to two interesting papers on the “ tissue medium ” and the tissue food, respectively. The term “tissue plasma” the author has devised to include both products, the medium being the vehicle for “the food.” We prefer to use the term intercellular fluid, because it seems to us to convey to the mind more expressively the relation existing between the cell and the pabulum which surrounds it, and in which it literally moves, lives and has its being. The integrity and the welfare of the cell depend entirely upon the condition of the intercellular fluid or tissue plasma. The physical organism is an aggregation of cells, held together by mutual attraction for a special purpose; and in its ultimate analysis the welfare of the single cell, the unit of life, is that of the whole. To live, to func- tionate, to reproduce, demand certain essential factors. (1) The cell must receive nourishment to replace the waste which follows cell metabolism. Ceaselessly it transforms one kind of energy into another as it carries out the mandates of its functions. It takes up energy in one form and elaborates and transforms it into another, and unless the waste be replaced, depletion and exhaustion must ensue. Cells are many and varied in struction and function and their individual requirements vary with their functions. Brain cells in the frontal lobes which convey impressions from the con- sciousness will necessarily require somewhat different substances _ for the performance of their functions than bone, hepatic or renal cells. The medium, therefore, from which they draw their sustenance must be capable of supplying each and every cell with just what it needs, Still more will we realize the importance of 423 ee he A 424 THOMAS B. KENNY. this intercellular fluid or tissue plasma when we learn that it penetrates the minute vascular net works of all cellular elements, that the dendrites of neurons contain a similar fluid, and that the very contractions of:the heart muscle or myocardium is due to a special secretion carried to its cellular element by the tissue plasma or intercellular fluid. (2) The cell needs a vehicle into which it can pour its waste products; if not, it would be poisoned by its own emanations, the products of its metabolism. (3) The cell must be provided with substances which will enable it to ward off attacks upon its integrity by deleterious products from within and from without. The medium which carries to the cell these defensive requirements is this same inter- cellular fluid or tissue plasma. We, therefore, take the liberty of emphasizing what we said in a previous paper that the physician in treating disease faces biological, chemical and physiological problems in reference to this intercellular fluid and its relation to the pathological condi- tion present. If the intercellular fluid be defective in quality or quantity, it will entail impaired function, which, if prolonged, will induce pathological change. Disease in its ultimate analysis has its inception in impaired function. So long as the cell is supplied with the materials needed for the proper performance of its function and those substances required for its defense against invasion, disease cannot exist, infection cannot hurt it. This intercellular fluid or tissue plasma, we find therefore, is not only a vehicle for food stuffs many and varied, for tissue waste, but it also is the medium which carries to the cell the many organic substances elaborated by various glands of the body as its armor of defense. If you will permit us we will bring this — subject more clearly before you by reviewing briefly a few of the data which the monumental researches of Sajous and others have presented on the internal secretions and their bearing upon a immunity. For the purpose we take the liberty of quoting freely from Sajous, Vaughan and others. In the struggle for existence a constant warfare is being INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. 425 _ waged, a ceaseless struggle in which the weaker is crowded out and destroyed. The organism, human and animal, exerts a con- _ stant vigilance against infection from without and from within. In regard to infection from within we have but. to remember _ that the absorption of undigested and partially digested proteins _ from the intestinal tract can be as noxious as infection from a liv- ing virus, and that foreign protein matter entering the blood _ stream and tissues can become injurious to the cells of the body, “because every unbroken protein contains a highly poisonous group. How injurious these may become has been shown by ae who induced nephritis in rabbits and dogs by repeated injection of horse-serum and egg-albumin. The immense im- “portance which auto-inoculation and auto-intoxication play in the etiology of disease, and the production of many and varied ‘symptom complexes which have no special designation of iden- tification cannot be too strongly emphasized. Luckily for the organism, evolution has supplied it with a mechanism, the gastro- intestinal digestive apparatus, which protects the cells of the body by digesting the proteins prior to their entering the blood stream. ‘This is accomplished by inducing radical structural changes | through cleavage. It is a rare condition to find intestinal tracts | which are working at par, and consequently our blood stream _ carries within it almost constantly partially digested proteid mat- ter. To inhibit this self-poisoning, the organism must possess ready means which will enable it to render nugatory the evil effects. If it were not so, the organism would in a short time be destroyed by the poisons generated within itself. It is this continuous self-poisoning engendered by our habits of life, want of rest, disregard for dietetic and hygienic principles, which “makes us so easy a prey for foreign invasion, resulting in im- aired function of the cell and its protective apparatus. These problems have induced investigators to search for the means ature employs to protect itself against its many enemies. Metch- likoff was the first to demonstrate that the white cells, or leuco- ytes, especially the polymorphonuclear forms, have the power #f digesting and destroying bacteria. He has shown that they 426 THOMAS B. KENNY. devour all manner of foreign particles which enter the organ- ism. In fact, the white cells have aptly been called the scavengers of the blood, because they remove any noxious foreign substance which may enter the blood stream or the tissues. A very simple experiment will illustrate the function of the white cell. Exa- mine the web of a frog’s leg with the aid of a high-power microscope. The circulation in the finer blood vessels can be followed distinctly and with interest. Meandering slowly along, — hugging the walls in preference, will be noticed the white cells, comparatively few in number, gentlemen at leisure, killing time — as it were. Take a drop of mustard oil and apply it to the web, — and presently tremendous activity will ensue, the blood vessels will dilate and the blood current will become greatly accelerated. It would appear that some agent has now galvanized the whitiil cells into action, for they rapidly increase in number, like sol-— diers summoned to the fray. Changing their shape, they pass through the walls of the vessels by diapedesis and in a solid © phalanx surround that drop of mustard, thus forming a com- plete protective barrier around the irritated tissue. The pre c 5 ucts of the inflammation having been effectively dealt with, presently the parts will assume a normal aspect and the leucocytes — return to their seeming inactivity. That these phe ae ar < present in actual pathogenic conditions has been demonstre clinically in the acute infections, like pneumonia, in which’ first find a sthenic stage wherein a pronounced leucocytosis oc-_ curs, followed by an asthenic in which the defensive facte - become partially paralyzed, and the opposite condition, a hypo- leucocytosis, follows. These data are of much practical from a diagnostic point of view and also therapeutically. cocytosis varying from 3,000 to 10,000 will usually indicate it typhoid that perforation is about to occur, and a similar } pre o- nounced condition in appendicitis should suggest abscess forma- tion. As we proceed further in our investigations, we find that later researches, especially those of Sir Almroth Wright, ha shown that leucocytosis does not always indicate phagocytosis He found that the white cells in the blood of typhoid patents bs mone) a 4 Oe a a INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE, 427 will sometimes ingest typhoid bacilli but sparingly and at other times with great avidity. Wright was therefore led to believe hat there was something present in the blood which was neces- y to induce phagocytosis. This substance he christened with appellation opsonin, “ to make palatable.” In short, Wright y demonstrated that the presence of opsonin was needed induce the leucocytes to undertake their phagocytic action. ernard Shaw describes an opsonin aptly as ‘“‘ what you butter ie disease germs with to make your white corpuscles eat them.” Further researches have shown that if the leucocytes are removed from the blood plasma, that the serum contains within it sub- stances which have an injurious effect upon micro-organism and destroys them. This shows that the blood serum itself has a bac- tericidal action. But nature has been lavish in her gifts, and a yerfect system of protection has been devised to meet every re- juirement, and we find as we delve into the subject that some liseases, for instance, diphtheria, are overcome by the produc- ion in the blood stream of a specific antidote or antitoxin which neutralizes and destroys the effect of the toxins, but which has absolutely no action upon the micro-organisms themselves; in fact, excellent cultures of the diphtheria micro-organism can 9e obtained when diphtheritic antitoxin serum is used as the cul- ure medium. The defensive factors would seem inadequate, | , if nature did not provide also a means whereby the eucocytes would be assisted in getting rid of the injurious micro- : anism, and we find that the blood serum contains certain sub- os tar ces, known as bacteriolysins, which have the power of digest- ag and dissolving bacteria. So far we find the organism is pro- ‘id ed with leucocytes to consume and devour bacteria and noxi- us material, opsonins to induce the white cells to function prop- rly, antitoxin to overcome the toxins generated, bacteriolysins Di assis the phagocytes in removing the offending micro-organ- 1, and we may be led to believe that every desideratum has sn complied with. But we find as we proceed in our investi- on that yet another chemical product is poured into the blood sam which has received the name of agglutins, possessing the 428 THOMAS B. KENNY. power of inducing bacteria to clump together, so that they more easily fall a prey to the phagocytes. We find therefore that for every infection the organism is supplied with five special agents, known as antibodies, for combating the condition, and these differ in character with each specific micro-organism and infec- tion. The antibodies required, for instance, for the cure of — typhoid fever are useless for diphtheria. We are healthy when our organism is capable of efficiently inhibiting the constant infection from within and from without — to which we are subjected, because of the antibodies which it produces. We become unwell when the antibodies because of some inhibiting factor are ineffectively produced. Immunity — consists then of the presence in the blood streams of antibodies which are capable of destroying invading bacteria, and neutraliz- — ing toxins generated, be the primary infection from within or from without. ‘j Very interesting as all these facts are, they do not tell 1a how and where the antibodies are produced. These cannot arise de novo, and their presence in the blood stream clearly shows that they have their origin within the body itself, and that some-— where within the organism of man and beast there must exist an apparatus for their production. The work of Sajous and a host of other investigators has shown that it is to the adrenal system we owe our immunity to disease, to toxins chemical and biological. This system consists directly of the pituitary body, the thyroid gland and the adrenals functionally united ; the latter, as you know, are also known as the suprarenals and are super- imposed one upon each kidney. Indirectly the spleen and pz n= creas take a minor réle. Anatomical research has shown that the adrenals have a direct anatomical connection with the ante- — rior portion of the pituitary gland situated at the base of the brain. For convenience we will refer to it for the future as” the anterior pituitary body. The connection is through the solar plexus and splanchinic nerves and the cervicothoracic —a the sympathetic. Numberless experiments have demonst that the anterior pituitary body is the governing centre of the eS eee INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE, 429 adrenals. What then are the functions of the adrenal system? They are vital to the welfare of the organism, because the system (1) controls all the oxidation processes of the body and therefore all metabolic processes; (2) it protects the body against disease. _ The adrenal system actually maintains physical life, because _ it is the guardian which endeavors to preserve it by increasing _its functional activity when poisons or deleterious substances of _any kind threaten its welfare. The adrenals control all the oxida- tion processes, because they secrete a substance which enters the circulation through the suprarenal veins and so becomes inti- -mately mixed with the venous blood in the inferior vena cava. This secretion possesses a very marked affinity for oxygen and as the venous blood is circulating in the capillaries of the alveoli of the lung, it compels it to take up oxygen from the air con- ‘ained within these alveoli and to discharge its carbon dioxide content. It also endows the hemoglobin molecule with its power ‘to absorb oxygen and to be reconverted into oxyhemoglobin. Furthermore this adrenal secretion is an oxidizing substance which is the main factor in all the functional processes of the _ body. The red cells are mere carriers or “ pack mules” laden | oxygen which they serve out to the plasma. It is the plasma ' which is the real distributing agent and the medium which de- _ livers oxygen directly to the tissues. When the venous blood’ enters the lung, it contains adrenal secretion, but as it passes out the secretion, because of its affinity for oxygen, becomes changed in ir © a combination in which both substances lose their identity.. Before entering the lung the secretion possesses a marked affinity ' for oxygen, whilst the compound after leaving the lungs, on the _ other hand, has a marked tendency to part with its oxygen when in contact with bodies which have a greater affinity for the gas. | This oxidizing substance is not a theoretical conception, for its Pp essence has been demonstrated by Sadkowski, Schmiedeberg, Jaquet, Abelous and others. This oxidizing substance is the un- derlying factor in all the oxidation processes of the body. It has 430 THOMAS B, KENNY. been aptly described by Sajous this combination of adrenal secretion and oxygen as the “ physico-chemical agency through which cellular metabolism is sustained during passive functional activity and increased during active functional activity.” The oxidizing substance, therefore, is a physiological immunizing fac- tor which is constantly functionating, because it acts as a prophy- lactic agency by converting certain toxins, especially products of | metabolism, into benign and eliminable substances by submitting them to an oxidation process. It is a stimulant for all functions of the organism, and furthermore it is an important constituent of antitoxin. By its effects antitoxins submit to oxidation all toxins possessed of sufficient affinity for oxygen. It follows therefore that the adrenals play an important part in the life and welfare of the organism. ! We have briefly mentioned the important role which leuco- cytosis and phagocytosis play in assisting the organism to over come the invasion of bacteria and toxics, and we now propose to briefly inquire into the relation existing between these phe- nomena and the adrenal system. It has been demonstrated t leucocytosis can be observed after active exercise, massage, fol lowing a bath, from the effects of drugs and from the toxins 0: disease. Researches by Besredka and other investigators hay shown that the activity of all “ physiological protective processe: and the production of leucocytosis, etc., results from over-actt if these enter the blood stream in sufficient quantities.” activity of the adrenals, therefore, is the inciting factor of Ie cocytosis, and we may safely assume of phagocytosis and i complement, the production of opsonins, etc., and inversely 1 sufficiency of hypoleucocytosis and an inefficient and poor opson content. We have mentioned that antitoxins are generated in the sy: tem, and their special function is that of antagonizing toxins. Do the researches into the functions of the adrenal systet give us any trace as to the formation and composition of INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE. 431 antitoxins? They have shown that antitoxin consists actually of three substances, trypsin, globulins and adrenal oxidizing substance. The secretions from the spleen and pancreas unite and form a powerful proteolytic ferment which converts trypsino- gen into trypsin. Part of the trypsin supplied to the intestinal canal passes into the splenic vein as an internal secretion and thence by the portal vein into the general circulation. Trypsin has the power to destroy toxic albuminoids secreted by bacteria, proteids, toxalbumins, vegetable poisons and venoms. A globu- _ lin—fibrinogen—also plays an important part, and by its action all albuminoids are converted into benign products in the blood. The third substance is the adrenal oxidizing compound, which is found in the blood after the adrenal secretion in the venous blood has passed through the lungs, and which we referred to earlier. Trypsin only becomes active when it is combined with certain proportions of fibrinogen and oxidizing substance. The neutrophiles or wandering phagocytes ingest proteid in the in- testinal canal; they pass through the villi and mesenteric veins and, reaching the portal vein, absorb trypsin, by means of which _ they convert proteids into peptones, mysinogen and fibrinogen, all of which are globulins, and distribute these to the tissues, muscles and the blood itself. The combination of globulin pro- teolytic ferment and the oxidizing substance from the adrenals - combine and form antitoxin, which has the power to convert _ albuminoid poisons or toxins into harmless products. The com- bination of the three agencies, trypsin, globulin and oxidizing substance, will vary just as the molecular structure of each toxin varies and combine into the proportions needed to neutralize the particular toxin. ‘The antitoxin for one disease will not serve to neutralize, as you know, the toxins of any other, each inducing the formation of its own specific antitoxin and antibodies. Is it odd, therefore, if vaccine therapy has proved on the whole dis- appointing? A stock vaccine can be but an inefficient substitute for the actual existing factor in the production of antitoxins or antibodies, etc. Does it not show why an autogenous vaccine will be successful when a similar stock vaccine fails, and it shows the 432 THOMAS 8B KENNY. folly of those shotgun vaccines with a hit or miss object which flood the market? Such a measure is as rational as the shotgun prescription. It also explains the excellent results which follow the proper application of Duncan’s autotherapy in acute as well as in chronic diseases, in which the vaccine employed is the unal- tered poison generated by the patient himself, administered se- cundum artem. With Duncan’s procedure we closely approxi- mate nature’s methods. We thus find that the adrenals are nec- essary agents in the production of antitoxins. What is the func- tion of the thyroid gland in its relation to the adrenal system? — The thyroid sustains the functional activity of the anterior pitui- tary body by means of its secretion, which, as you are aware, is iodine in organic combination. Pathological phenomena will follow excessive or deficient production of thyroid secretion, for — instance, exophthalmic goitre and myxoedema. 4 Connected with the adrenals intimately is the posterior or — infundibular portion of the pituitary gland, which Berkeley, Howell and other investigators have shown to be the chief func- tional centre of the nervous system. It is also the centre upon — which all emotions, shock (be they psychical or traumatic), — excitement, depression, react. These stimuli can induce impair- ment of its functions and the production of pathological phe-_ nomena; furthermore the great! importance of this portion of — the gland will strike you when you remember that it is the co- © centre with the anterior portion in sustaining the cellular metab- olism of all organs, because it governs their actual functional — activity through the nervous system, and the anterior portion, ~ as we have previously remarked, ensures oxigenation of the blood — through the adrenal system. This function of the posterior — pituitary explains interesting data in reference to the psycho- logical factor in disease, which we refer to later. This posterior pituitary, so sensitive to external impressions, is likewise very F easily influenced by poisons, drugs, pathogenic agencies, directly — or indirectly. Standing sentinel, this guardian of our welfare, ; insignificant in size, is sensitive to every impression, to every — stimulus. Let any invasion from within or from without, no — INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE, 433 _ matter how slight, threaten the welfare of the organism, and it will immediately sense the presence of the invading elements, promptly telegraph orders to the adrenal system, which in turn will respond to its mandates and elaborate those defensive factors upon which the organism, human and animal, depends for its _ continued existence. The posterior pituitary gland, which has _ been aptly described as “the somatic brain,” is as it were our guardian angel, and Sajous and his co-workers are justified in teaching, therefore, that the pituitary gland is the governing centre of the vital processes. These researches are intensely interesting, but you will nat- urally inquire, what practical value do they bear to disease, its treatment and cure? We answer that interpreted in the proper light, the relationship is vital, because these researches into the functions of the adrenal system demonstrate that vital resistance and its phenomena in general disease are to be ascribed to fluc- tuations in the functional activity of the anterior pituitary body, _overactively increasing metabolism and the activity of all the functions of the organism, diminished activity reducing the quan- tity of adrenal secretion served out to the economy and lowering _ proportionately the activity of all the vital processes. For in- _ stance, overactivity will give rise experimentally to exophthalmic | goitre and insufficiency to myxoedema, as we have mentioned previously. The investigations justify the conclusion that the - symptoms of Asiatic cholera are induced because of the effects of the toxins liberated by the cholera micro-organism upon the anterior pituitary body. Experimentally, insufficiency is found in cholera infantum and other intoxications. Auto-intoxication and its train of symptoms is due, we may be permitted to believe, ' to the absorption of unchanged proteids into the blood stream, _ which induce abnormal stimulation of the adrenals or if pro- ~ nounced insufficiency. It is thought that the convulsions in teta- “nus are not due to the direct action of the bacterial toxins upon the spinal cord, but to their action upon the adrenals, inducing insufficiency, and consequently excessive accumulation of waste product, the end products of defective oxidation processes. The practical application of this belief we will refer to later. 434 . THOMAS B. KENNY. Does it not also explain the symptoms of anaphylaxis, which really is nothing more than a paralysis of insufficiency of the adrenals. The adrenals have been rendered oversensitive, and a further dose of the remedial agent has been sufficient to para- lyze the system. Researches with thyro-iodine have shown that the action’of any poison, chemical or biological, introduced into the blood stream, depends for its effects upon its action on the anterior pituitary body. It stimulates the gland to overactivity or depresses it and produces inactivity, partial or in whole, and increasing or reducing the secretion from the adrenals and there- — fore of the oxidizing substance in the plasma. Likewise symp- — toms of infection or toxaemias are produced; the evidence shows to overactivity or insufficiency of the adrenals. When we come — to consider the effect of the remedial measure to be employed ; in treating disease, the experiments carried out demonstrate that the physiological action of drugs is due to their action upon the anterior pituitary body. Digitalis will illustrate the correctness _ of the data. Clinical researches have demonstrated that seven or eight hours after an injection of digitalis a leucocytosis fol- lows, varying from 20 to 50 per cent. in extent. We have seen that leucocytosis is due to stimulation of the adrenals, and there- fore we are logical in assuming that the digitalis leucocytosis is really due to the effect of the drug upon those glands. The value of digitalis in the treatment of infectious diseases at once will strike you. Furthermore it has been found that the adrenal secretion exerts a pronounced stimulating effect upon the hear muscle, increasing powerfully its working power; consequently digitalis by stimulating the adrenals will by increasing the out- put of adrenal secretion be of much value in increasing and sup- porting the efficiency of the heart’s action in disease. But in this connection it is well to remember that an agent which ce n stimulate, injudiciously used will overstimulate and induce insuf- Z ficiency. Iodine, called by Sajous “ nature’s own remedy,’’ be- cause it is the chief constituent of the thyroid secretion, is” of value in secondary syphilis, because it has powerful stimulating effects upon the adrenal system. Is there any drug so val | eee a a ae INTERCELLULAR FLUID AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE, 435 so universally employed in numberless affections with such good _ effect? In fact, when in doubt what drug to employ, nine times __ out of ten the physician will use iodine. Think for a moment of _ the array of diseases for which it is recommended, from gum- mata to arteriosclerosis, and you will now admit, perhaps, that q _the empirical use of this drug has a solid foundation in fact, namely, its pronounced action upon the adrenal system. Mer- __ cury experimentally has been found to produce its results, because of its action upon the adrenals, insufficiency following its use if ___ pushed too far, salivation being a primary symptom of the insuf- ficiency. Tuberculin, that two-edged sword, produces its dele- __ terious effect, because it so easily and powerfully induces over- activity and insufficiency of the adrenals. Vaccines, autogenous and stock, and effects obtained by autotherapy, are due to the same stimulation of the adrenals, overdoses producing paralysis or insufficiency. Referring once more to tetanus, bromides and __antispasmodics are used to control the dreadful tetanic convul- ~ sions, but they really only serve to depress further the activity __ of the adrenals and increase the insufficiency. The very oppo- site treatment is indicated in the light of these researches. Re- medial measures should be employed to reawaken the inhibited __ adrenal system to renewed activity. The splendid results which have followed the treatment of tetanus by the carbolic acid treat- F ment of Baccelli, when carried out alone and in doses no larger F _ than he recommends, bear out the contention. His results have _ been striking and immeasurably superior to any other. Why? Because carbolic acid powerfully stimulates the adrenal system to action and induces such efficient oxidation that prompt oxida- tion of waste products follow when judiciously employed. In the treatment of malaria this same investigator has produced startling results in the treatment of pernicious malaria by the use of intravenous injections of quinine, because quinine power- fully reawakens the functional activity of the adrenals by its - immediate and direct action upon the glands when used by this method, an effect impossible to obtain by oral exhibition. The _ importance of the investigations dealing with the adrenal system 436 THOMAS B. KENNY. and its functions may well be illustrated in the treatment of pneumonia. In sthenic stage of this disease we find a full, power- ful heart action, leucocytosis, a fever which really is a protective process having for its purpose the conversion of pathogenic ele- ments into waste products by cleavage and oxidation. The adre- nals are stimulated actively, and the patient usually runs greater risk from the physician than from the disease, because in his anxiety to do something he is as likely as not to use some drug which will produce overactivity and insufficiency. In this stage of the malady there is nothing so harmful as meddlesome treat- ment, because it is more than likely to produce insufficiency of the adrenals. In this connection the worse offender is the igno- rant and injudicious user of bacterial vaccines; the next, the meddlesome allopath, and the least harmful, the homeopath, be- cause his remedies are not powerful enough to induce insuffi- ciency. In the second or asthenic stage the symptoms give a true picture of adrenal insufficiency, and we must bend all our — energies to stimulate the adrenals which are now more or less paralyzed by the toxaemia, and our measures must all have for their aim the use of agents which will reawaken the adrenal system into activity. If you recollect that digitalis produces leucocytosis, because of the hypoleucocytosis which now is pres- ent, this drug is indicated, but as it requires 24 to 36 hours to act when used orally we must resort to injection, hypodermic or intravenous. Not only will it induce leucocytosis by its effects on the adrenals, but it will increase the power of the heart by its direct action upon the myocardium. But be careful not to overdo it, because the end will be insufficiency. There are other drugs, such as citrate of caffeine, adrenalin, strychnine, strophanthus, etc., which can be likewise employed with excellent effects when used secundum artum. 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Case 151.—February 22, 1914: “‘ John Peel’ is a great success, and makes no noise at all after three hard seasons.” ‘ Case 155.—March 14, 1914: “‘ Scarlet Runner’ is going ‘tip-top’ this season.” Cases 161, 162, 163.—On March 14 the veterinary surgeon with whom these cases were operated upon in consultation wrote: “ Colonel L ’s horse is still carrying him ‘the best,’ and Miss A: ’s horse, too, went splendidly this season, whilst Mr. R. *s horse won a Point-to-Point last week for its new owner.” Case 174.—March 27, 1914. The veterinary surgeon wrote: “Miss H ’s bay horse carried her to hounds well, and also did his harness work in the summer without any distress, al- though he always made a slight noise. As this horse went a roarer after a very acute attack of pneumonia, he was a distinct success, as previous to the operation he was worthless. Unfor- tunately he split a pastern and was destroyed.” Case 191.—March 7, 1914: “ The grey hunter is going ex- ~ cellently ; makes a blowing noise only. Worth £80 at least.” Case 197.—In a letter dated March 15, 1914, the owner wrote: “T have no change to report in my horse, ‘ Captain Kettle’; — he fully maintains the great improvement made in him by your operation. “T have hunted all the season with the Mid-Kent Stag- hounds—a very big and heavy country—we have had some very fast runs, and he has not been distressed. Of course, he still makes a slight noise when galloping fast in heavy going, and I occasionally have to slow him down for a minute or two, but apart from this his wind seems quite good. This result is very satisfactory to me, as he is the best horse I have ever ridden, ~ and I value him much. He was turned out to grass all last sum- — mer.” Case 204.—March 15, 1914: “ This horse was a great success and could gallop to the end of any hunt without any sign of distress. The animal is now dead, having got paralysis of hind quarters, for which it was destroyed.” REPORTS OF CASES. 465 Case 206.—March 16, 1914: “I sold the horse last year that you operated upon for me. The result of the operation appeared to be permanent. The horse was very much hindered by his wind before the operation, but afterwards it was able to hunt without inconvenience. He was hunting all last season and this.” Case 216.—March, 1914: “ The roan mare is: very satisfac- _ tory, and going better than ever she did. The result of the opera- tion is still quite successful.” REFERENCES. 1. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1906, 1907, I9ITt. 2. The Veterinary Journal, April, 1913, “ The Fourth Season’s Report upon the _ Permanent Value of the Ventricle Stripping Operation for ‘ Roaring.’ ” 3. “Il Cornegio e la nuova Operazione” (Congresso Nazionale Veterinario, _ Turino, 14-16 Settembre, 1911). 4. The Veterinary Journal, September, 1912 (a translation). 5. Receuil de Médecine Vétérinaire. 6. Communicated, DEATH OF A FOAL—TOXICITY OF MORPHIA? By R. C. Jotuirre, F.R.C.V.S. (England), Pickering, Ontario, Canada. ~~ Subject: A male Clydesdale foal, born normally and with- out assistance, during the night of May 29th, a few days prior to full time. The following morning (May 30th) the foal ap- peared weak and could not rise or remain standing without help and persistently refused to suck till about 10.30 that night, when, having gained considerably in strength during the day, it com- -menced for the first time to take nourishment naturally. Dur- _ing the day frequent attempts had been made to induce the foal _ to suck, but finding them unsuccessful, the mare was milked into a cup and the milk administered to the foal—evidently much “against its will—both by spoon and by rubber teat on the end of _ abottle.. During this period loose respiratory rales in the neigh- _borhood of the larynx and trachea became audible. ___ The following morning the foal had improved to a remark- “able degree; it was sucking frequently and freely and, except for occasional tracheal rales, appeared as healthy, bright and - lively as could possibly be wished for, till about 2 p. m., when indications of abdominal pain were noticed. The abdomen was ‘drawn up, the abdominal muscles tense, and the patient evi- dently uneasy and distressed. The bowels and urine had been in every way normal up to now. 466 REPORTS OF CASES. These unfavorable symptoms became rapidly worse and by 4 p. m. it was quite apparent that the foal was suffering acute abdominal pain. The rectum as far as could be explored was empty. About 2 oz. of castor oil with 30 minims Collis Brown’s chlorodyne were administered, a few ounces of cow’s milk, raw eggs and whisky having been previously given by the attendant. - Hot fomentations were applied to the abdomen, and about 8 oz. of soapy water rectally injected. In half an hour’s time the evidence of abdominal pain had become still more intensified and the patient appeared to be suffering extreme agony. There was some difficulty in drenching him or persuading him to swal-— low, and I therefore decided (wisely or unwisely?) to admin- ister half a grain morphine sulph. hypodermically. A little later the pain appeared to be considerably relieved, the patient went quietly to sleep, and died, seemingly in his sleep, about 8 p. m. Autopsy the following morning revealed nothing abnormal? on opening the peritoneal cavity. On slitting up the alimentary track several feet of the small intestine showed marked venous congestion of the mucous membrane. Czecum, stomach and large intestine normal. One small mass (about the size of a filbert) of dense, impacted fecal matter was present in the small colon. Remainder of abdominal contents normal. Heart and lungs healthy. A large quantity of whitish froth was present in the trachea, extending from the larynx down to many of the larger bronchi, but not extending to the bronchioles or lung tis- sue. No other abnormality could be discovered in any other organ or tissue of We body. There was red clot in both sides of the heart. Queries and Observations—1. To what extent was this fc al “killed by kindness,’ coupled with morphia? ; 2. Should a weakly foal that refuses to suck be forcibly fec during the first 24 hours? If not, at what age should or may forcible feeding be resorted to if still refusing to suck? 3. Is refusal to suck, when newly born, at all a common co dition in foals or calves? (I am credibly informed that the human infant is frequently given no nourishment of any kink during the first 3 days of life.) 4. Is the drenching, or forcible administration of milk, particularly risky or undesirable procedure in the newly foal, on account of the danger of fluid entering the trachea! In this case there seems no doubt that the froth in the trachea | | REPORTS OF CASES. 467 simply represented milk that had ‘“‘ gone the wrong way,” and the appearance of the trachea distinctly suggested that if the foal had survived longer, mechanical pneumonia might have supervened, unless the froth therein became in some other way disposed of. (There was no indication, post mortem, of pul- _ monary cedema or congestion. ) | 5. The mare had been in full lactation for a week or more _ prior to foaling, the milk flowing freely from the udder. The first (colestrum-containing) secretion was thus no doubt wasted through leakage. Might this account for the intestinal conges- tion, or was the latter more likely to have been set up by the _ small impacted mass in the floating colon? (There appeared to be no damming back of the bowel contents anterior to this mass. ) _ 6. Are there any grounds for the opinion, apparently pop- ular amongst the “laiety,’ that a mixture of cow’s milk and raw eggs is of value as a laxative for foals? . 7. Finally, to what extent was the half-grain of morphia accountable for death? I have a strong suspicion, on reviewing the case, that it probably had a considerable share. Appearances certainly pointed to it, and had not the foal (fortunately?) been - my own property, I think I should have lost my client as well as the patient. I know that morphia is regarded with the great- est awe by medical men for the young of the human species, _ but have never heard that the same applies to the equine infant. 1am of opinion that it is practically impossible to kill an adult _ horse with morphia. : Any comments on the above case by practitioners experienced _ with foals would be much appreciated by the author. VENTRAL HERNIA. By F. F. Brown and J. V. Lacrorx, Kansas City Veterinary College. >The accompanying cut is that of a yearling mule sent by Dr. _ A.A. Shetler, ’09, of Wellington, Kan., to the Kansas City Vet- erinary College for the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association _ Clinic and was examined by several veterinarians and pronounced _ practically inoperable and was not handled during this meeting. B:On January 30 it was thought that this case would be of in- _ terest and it was presented at our regular clinic. The subject had been dieted and was placed in a dorsal recumbent position upon the operating table and an attempt was made under com- 468 REPORTS OF CASES. plete anesthesia to reduce the hernia, that the margins of the opening in the abdominal parieties might be outlined by palpation, and a definite idea of the position and extent of the hernia be ob- tained. Reduction by means of external manipulations and taxis was impossible, and it was thought that there existed adhesions which prevented reduction in this manner. An exploratory laparotomy was done and an incision about ten inches in length was made through the wall of the enterocele, and the parts ex- plored by palpation. It was learned that there existed no ad- hesions and that reduction of the hernia was impossible because the bulk of the mass rendered it physically impossible to replace the viscera in any manner. The wound was closed by means of continuous sutures, and the subject returned to the stall. It was intended to thoroughly gaunt the animal and possibly try to re- duce the hernia at a later date. No particular inconvenience was manifested by the subject during the first few days following the operation, but on February 6th there was evidence of peri- tonitis, and on February 9th the subject was lost. An autopsy revealed the fact that there existed in this case eo a ee — = Ff REPORTS OF CASES. 469 an almost circular opening situated on the left side of the median line of the abdominal floor, beginning immediately in front of the pelvic brim. The margins of the opening were very dense and very much thickened, and it was clearly evident that it would have been practically impossible to permanently reduce this par- ticular hernia. EPITHELIOMA. By the Same. The accompanying cut represents a mare that was pur- chased at the sales pavilion at Kansas City and was treated at our clinic. Microscopically it presented the appearance of an 470 REPORTS OF CASES. epithelioma. It involved practically all of the clitoris and con- stituted quite a blemish. Extirpation, with amputation of the clitoris, was effected, the parts sutured, and at the end of a week’s time the case was apparently progressing very favorably, as the mare was sold without the purchaser noticing the exist- ence of any local disturbance. SERUM THERAPY. By S. A. Peck, D.V.S., Oak Grove, Mo. A seven-year-old bay gelding weighing about 1,200 pounds and used as a driver, was kicked with sharp shoes over the scapulo-humeral articulation, and synovia was discharging from an open wound when the injury was discovered. The wound was cleaned and dressed as often as necessary and bacterin in- jected every three to five days. The animal returned to work in about three weeks. A sixteen-month-old draft filly was kicked on the humero- radiouluar joint, causing an extensive suppurating process. Bacterins were injected for about two weeks, at the end of which time the filly was using the limb nicely. The animal attempted to play with some other colts about this time and the next day could not use his limb, being able only to drag it. The bacterin treat- ment was resumed for about three weeks, but the animal contin- ued to grow worse. Several incisions from the point of injury down to the knee were made and pus was discharged from the — openings. As the animal continued to lay around most of the time further treatment was discontinued. Soon afterward the animal began to lick the pus from the wound and it was not long till an improvement could be seen, the animal finally making a~ complete recovery. This animal was observed two or three times daily and the recovery is credited to auto-medication. nary College), April, 1914. OpuHTHALMIC MALLEIN TEST THE NECESSARY PASSPORT FOR Horses TO ENTER THE STATE OF RHODE IsLAND.—State Veter-— inarian J. S. Pollard, of Rhode Island, issued the following edict, under date of April 2, 1914: “On and after April 10, 1914, horses, asses and mules from all other states must first have passed an ophthalmic mallein test before entering Rhode Island.” © _ ae The three foregoing case reports are credited to The Alumnus (Kansas City Yen) ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. : ComMPouND COMMINUTED FRACTURE OF THE 7TH AND QTH Riss [W. Cargill Patrick, F.R.C.V.S.]—A well known race horse, while on the track and running, suddenly stopped his gait and had to be taken home, being in pain, sore and stiff all over. When in his box he appears as having bowel trouble, and received _a laxative dose of oil. The fourth day after, the writer saw him, -and by the marked evidence of chest trouble, a great swelling over the ribs and a certain amount of cutaneous emphysema, compound fracture with pleurisy was suspected. Poultice jacket with firm bandaging was applied, febrifuges administered. Twenty-four hours after, foetid breath was well marked. The case being hopeless the horse was destroyed. At post mortem there was found fractures of the 7th and goth ribs, at both their upper and lower thirds respectively, with a large splinter from the anterior edge of the seventh rib embedded in the lung. Pleur- ‘itic lesions existed at the upper fractures. The fractures were the result of the ‘“ bucking ” of the animal at the time of starting in the race—(Vet. News.) ' Curnicat Cases [J. H. Parker, M.R.C.V.S.]—Horn On Cow’s Neck. A cow had on the neck a small tubercle, about the _ middle third. It was removed and proved to be a perfect little _ horn, an inch and a half long and of the same shape as the cow’s horn. Instead of a horn core, it was a soft matrix that looked- _ like yellow, firm cartilage. _ Vomition in the Horse. A horse is found vomiting all over his box. On examining him there was found on the lower left de of the jugular vein (not the oesophagus) a thickening an inch long which felt like a stricture of the vein. Pressure upon it ould bring on tremendous retching. An hypodermic injection 9f morphia was made. The next morning the horse was well. 471 472 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Had the thickening been the oesophagus, the vomiting could be explained, but being in the jugular vein it was puzzling.—(Vet. Rec.) PLEURO-PNEUMONIA OF GoaTs IN INDIA [Major G. K. Walker, F.R.C.VS.].—A very fatal form of pleuro-pneumonia in goats was brought to the attention of the writer, who having had no opportunity to investigate personally came to a diagnosis by the various reports of veterinary assistants and from morbid specimens which he had examined. Investigations and experi- ments were also made at the Punjab Veterinary College labora- tory while the temperature of all experimented animals was regularly taken and all the clinical symptoms recorded. From all those the following conclusions were arrived at: ‘“ The pleuro-pneumonia of goats met with in Kangra appears to be identical with the enzootic pleuro-pneumonia of goats described — by Nocard and Leclainche as occurring in Algeria, the Pyrenees — and the Thuringian Mountains. The symptoms and lesions are — similar and the failure to transmit the disease from animal to animal is coincident. The value of the above experiments (which — are minutely described) is depreciated, no doubt, from the fact that plains animals had to be used.” If possible, further investi- — gations with hill goats will be made, with the object of proving” the possibility of transmission by means of intrapulmonary in- oculation.— (Journ. Comp. Pathol. & Therap.) ARSENICAL TREATMENT OF SuRRA IN Horses [By the same |.—This is the record of four cases which show the peculiar and rather unsuccessful results obtained by Holme’s treatment, whose instructions were closely observed. The control case from which the animals were inoculated was an aged country-bred pony that had been inoculated from a control surra-dog. The disease ran a typical course and the pony died thirty-four days after organisms first appeared in the blood. He was a weak and aged animal which died sooner than was expected. The results brought out the following conclusions: “In view of Holme’s success with this treatment where 70 per cent. of 1 cases. were cured, the records of the four cases are most disap-— pointing.” (The treatment failed with all). One having died with arsenic poisoning, and in the other three where full sub- toxic doses had been given the trypanosomes were not destroyed and reappeared in each case after two courses of treatment. . ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 473 _ Holme’s work has been on the whole very successful and is full of promise. He has also recorded some failures. Further in- vestigations are necessary for the discovery of means more re- liable in the treatment of that disease.—(Jbid.) _ A CAseE oF JoHNn’s DiIsEASE SUCCESSFULLY TREATED [Sir John McFadyean|.—tThe record of this Devon cow is illustrated with two photos. One taken a few days after the treatment was begun in August, 1913, and the other on the 27th of January. In the former the animal is shown in its bad condition. She was very weak, without appetite, cold extremities and more or less diarrhoea. The treatment which consisted in the administration daily of one ounce of a solution of ferrous sulphate, 5 ounces with dilute sulphuric acid and water one pint. At first there was rather want of condition and the treatment had to be stopped. Taken up again after a few days, gradual improvement became manifest and after about two months the condition was steadily gaining. The cow had gained some 112 pounds. The feeding of the animal had been hay ad libt., and daily a few pounds of oats and bran. To all appearance then the cow has recovered, but until post mortem is made the question remains: Has the re- covery been absolutely complete. As bearing on this point, con- cludes the author, it may be mentioned that when the cow was tested subcutaneously with “Johnin,’ a material analogous to tuberculin, but prepared from the bacilli of John’s disease, the maximum rise of temperature during the following eighteen hours was 1.6° F., but there was a marked reaction to a simul- _ taneous ophtalmic test with tuberculin. This is but a case—others similarly treated will be the ob- ject of further communication.—(Journ. of Comp. Path. & Ther.) A CompiicaTtep Case [F. R. Routledge, F.R.C.V.S.].— It certainly was a complicated case, which lasted from September, 1912 to after September, 1913. Relieved first of an abdominal testicle weighing 2 ounces, and of a scrotal of 9 ounces, the colt was successively taken with _ hemorrhage of one and afterwards of the other operated testicu- _ lar region—complicated with troubles of the penis swollen and pendulous. He then had laminitis, got over that, when gastric disturbances manifested themselves. The penis remaining in its _ paralyzed and swollen condition was amputated, hemorrhage 474 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. occurring from the stump and requiring ligature of the stump. Being turned out to recuperate, the colt takes colics and finally the urethral opening having partly closed another operation was required, which seemed to end the series of troubles. The animal urinating freely—(Vet. Journ.) Notes ON CASES OF SPAVINS RELIEVED By CUNEAN TENOT- omy [Capt. Fercy Argile, F.R.C.V.S., A.V.C.|.—These are the records of first a bay mare which had a spavin of the near hind leg, for which she had been treated by five pyro-punctures with the ether cautery. After a temporary relief the lameness had returned and the bony enlargement considerably increased. It is then that the operation was performed and followed by ex- _ cellent results, the mare returning to work after a few weeks. The second case is that of a gelding, also lame on the near hind leg by a diffuse exostosis, which had also been fired. The same operation of cunean tenotomy was performed with a simi- lar result, returned to steady work after a short time.—(Jbid.) COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE PREGNANT UTERUS AND Ovaries IN A Bitcu [J. Legg, B.V.Sc., and H. R. Seddon, B.V.Sc.|—When ten months old a Yorkshire terrier bitch had — a difficult labor and gave birth to one dead pup. Having got in — pups again, she had a dead one at the proper time, but was there- after taken with uneasiness, whining without delivering more little ones. Examination revealed a pup which could not be ex- tracted. An operation is imposed, and as the bitch is very weak and would not stand the Caesarian, hysterectomy was performed. — At one time artificial respiration had to be resorted to. The ~ ovaries and uterus were removed. The wound closed, healed — rapidly and recovery complete after fourteen days. The pup in — the uterus was dead and could not have been expelled by the nor- mal passage.—(Jbid. ) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M. ForeicN Bopy In THE PHARyNx [Prof. Charmoy].—Such — accidents are frequent and this one presents an unusual interest by the situation occupied by the foreign body, the difficulty of - diagnosis and the complications that followed it. . c-{ ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 475°: After giving the history of the case: Small dog, gluttonous eater, having enjoyed meat and bones thrown to it while its owner is taking his meal, suddenly showed signs of choking, coughing, vomiting, etc. After three days he was brought to the writer, who made an examination by external palpations of the pharnyx, by buccal inspection during which he was bitten slightly, but with all that, failed to detect the presence of the _ foreign body. Catheterism of the oesophagus was made quite easily. The diagnosis remained uncertain. The dog died the next day. At the post mortem was found, at the entrance of the _ larynx, immediately behind the epiglottis, between it and the - arytenoids, a piece of bone, implanted across in the lateral walls _ of the pharynx, where congestion and swellings were evident. _ The trachea and bronchia were filled with spumous muco-puru- lent fluid and the lungs hepatized and numerous centers of gan- grene and abscesses forming.—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) AMPUTATION OF THE UTERUS IN Cows [Mr. A. Fafin].— _ The writer has had two occasions, in cows suffering with unre- _ ducible prolapsus uteri, to perform with them this operation, - resorting to the elastic ligature method. The first case proved unsuccessful. The cow dying in forty- eight hours, notwithstanding injections of antiseptic solutions and careful hygienic attentions. The second case treated in the same manner made an excel- _ lent and rapid recovery. In both cases the condition of the uterus had been very bad, ulcerated, swollen or even gangrenous in some _ spots. In the first case, a successful reduction with ligature of _ the vulva had been followed by a return of the prolapsus. 1 The author recommends the operation, specially when other _ methods of treatment appear to be likely to be followed by fail- ures, and as long as even cases, apparently hopeless, do recover __ by the operation.—(Jbid. ) PROLAPSUS OF THE UTERUS IN Sow [O. Lebrun].—A sow, _ aged 10 months and weighing 60 kilogramms, was found one _ morning lying down with a dead foetus alongside of her and her uterus prolapsed. On exploring the abdomen the presence of other foetuses is detected. The prolapsed horn is free from in- P ant The animal is secured with the legs tied above the hocks. _ With boiled water the horn, carefully raised with a wide cloth on which it lays, is washed of all soiling matters and by slow 476 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. and moderate pressure and manipulations is gradually returned to its position. Water is thrown in the cavity of the horn, the hind quarters of the sow are raised up and after a few minutes she is left free and let walk to her pen. No bandage, no suture is applied. During the day she had some slight colics, and then delivered two more dead foetuses. She cleaned well and was all right after a few days. Conclusions of the Author—In multiparous females, pro- lapsus of one horn may occur, while the other contains other foetuses which will be delivered when the prolapsus- is reduced without danger of its return unless the bottom of the horn is not — thoroughly freed from all cause of irritation. Again, unless one is sure that all the contents of the uterus are expelled, it is better not to have recourse to suture of the vulva or to any bandage of contention. Finally, notwithstanding all the difficulties that the veterinarian may find before him he must always attempt to re- — lieve an animal in such condition, which as in the present case might end satisfactorily with another more daring.—( Kec. de ; Med. Vet.) . ‘2 A Case OF Bovine TuBERCULOsIS IN Man [Doct. Beitzke]. —A fourteen-year-old boy treated for severe anhemia died. At the post mortem extensive lesions of the most severe tuberculosis - were found. Lymph glands enormously enlarged and caseous. The peritoneum was diseased, intestinal ulcerations were ex- posed, lungs with tubercles and spleen also infected. Two guinea pigs and a rabbit inoculated died with generalized tuberculosis. All the attempts made for cultures remained negative. Bovine tuberculosis was suspected and the family history revealed that all, the father and mother, sisters and brothers, were healthy, but — the deceased boy used to drink every day one or two glasses of milk freshly taken from the cow. A rabbit was then used as ex- periments with bacilli obtained from the organ of the guinea pig” treated by antiformine. About a dozen of bacilli of Koch were injected in each eye of two rabbits. Three became tuberculous and both rabbits died with severe generalized tuberculosis. From: the researches of Schiek this experiment shows that the bacilli were bovine origin.—(Fresse Medicale.) FARADISATION IN VETERINARY THERAPEUTIC [Major Ducher, Army V eterin]—Under the title of Muscular Atrophies of Traumatic or Surgical Origin, with the treatment by F aradisa~— | ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ATT tion, the author calls the attention to the advantages and the good results that one may obtain with this mode of treatment, which _ unfortunately is rather neglected in veterinary practice. He _ relates three cases where with the use of small apparatus at in- terrupted current of Gaiffe he has obtained very important and beneficial results. __ A first case was that of a pup fox terrier, eight months old, which by an accident had fractures of the hind legs, the right in one and the left in two places. Treated for these and compara- tively recovered of his fractures with callous and some deformity, he also had a severe atrophy of the thigh and leg that ordinary treatment failed to improve. Faradisation was resorted to and _ with it, after the 1oth application, improvement begins to appear. After thirty applications the muscles had resumed their size and the callous of the fracture reduced in a noticeable manner. There remained no lameness. Another case, a large dog had a simple fracture of the right cubitus. After recovering of this the dog had another of the 3 right humerus. He also was cured of this, but a marked atrophy of the muscles of the fore arms and of the brachial region had to _ be treated. Faradisation was resorted to. After 10 sittings the atrophy began to improve and the callous of the fracture dimin- ished in size. A third case is in a seven-year-old gelding which was disabled, probably the cause of it was muscular ruptures. After three months of various treatment the muscular atrophy which ex- _ isted and gave rise to a severe lameness was very great, involving _ the four extensors of the anterior radial region. Faradisation was applied. After four sittings of an hour the animal showed a well-marked improvement in his gait. The treatment was con- tinued until 30 applications had been made. The recovery was completed and all signs of lameness and weakness had disap- peared.— (Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) MARRIAGE OF SECRETARY Mayo’s DAUGHTER.—Miss Mar- _ guerite Kedzie Mayo, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Nelson S. Mayo, _ will be married July 2, 1914, to Mr. Ashe Lockhart, at Christ’s _ Church, Blacksburg, Virginia. Dr. MiILLer BecoMEs BENeEpict.—Dr. Daniel Sutter Miller, 3 Philadelphia, Pa., was married on June 15, 1914, to Miss Minnie _ Edith Yetter, Past Stroudsburg, Pa. We wish the couple all the _ happiness of wedlock. CORRESPONDENCE. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPORTATION OF PURE-BRED BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE. Sao Pauto, Braziz; May I, 1914. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: The importation of pure-bred beef and dairy cattle from North America to the South American countries, Brazil and the Argentine Republic, is a question of vital importance to the North American breeders having high-class animals of choice breeding and who care to enter these markets. There is now a brisk demand for high-class and especially 4 high-priced animals in the countries south of the equator. Argentine buyers have invaded Europe and set the high mark in values, purchasing and importing all of the first-class indi- 4 viduals. government experiment stations. The breeds that find favor in the various sections of Brazil and Argentine are: Short-horns, Herefords, Angus, Holstein, ‘_ brown Swiss, Simmenthal, Flemish and the French Limousine. Since it has developed that there is a good market south of _ the equator, conditions governing the importation to South America should be most carefully studied; as success or failure 3 depends largely upon a full understanding of the obstacles which ‘4 are in the way. The information gleaned from different sources has led — many to believe that young animals bred and raised below the government quarantine line, and naturally immune to Texas fever, would not react when imported to the tick- infested regions _ of Brazil. The same should be true in a general sense with regard to 3 northern cattle artificially immunized. 478 Brazil imports her pure-bred cattle from Europe, Argentine a and North America. In past years many zebus were brought from India, and their blood has pretty thoroughly saturated the — national cattle of Brazil. They are now considered undesir- — ables, and representatives of the breed are no longer kept at the — *. a CORRESPONDENCE. 479 ES After two years’ experience in handling a large number of _ pure-bred cattle, both naturally and artificially immunized, and _ imported from below the quarantine line in the State of Texas, to the States of Parana and Matto Grosso in Brazil, I am pre- E pared to say that the foregoing statements are. misleading and a ‘not altogether in accord with our observations. In conclusion I beg to submit for careful consideration the . following: Animals Naturally Immune—Bulls and heifers bred and raised below the quarantine line in North America. (Infested with the Margaropus Annulatus at the time of exploration. ) : Racially i immune. to piraplasmosis as it exists in North Amer- ica, react to the subcutaneous inoculation of blood from an im- _ mune Brazilian bovine, or to natural tick infestation with the _ Margaropus Australis, the fever tick indigenous to Brazil. The reaction may be mild and the symptoms scarcely notice- able; however, the course may be acute and terminate in death, with all of the symptoms and post-mortem findings of acute Texas fever. The older and more mature animals belonging to this class . Bey immune) withstand tick infestation much better than _ the younger, immature bulls and heifers. Animals Artificially Immunized.—Northern North American _ bulls immunized in Texas and subsequently inoculated subcuta- neously with blood from a Brazilian cow, give a reaction which may be mild and transitory, or very acute, ending in death. _ The same is true when immunity is acquired througlt tick infestation from pastures. Vaccination in North America does not protect against Bra- zilian infection, although it may modify the course of the dis-. _ ease, making it benign in character. Importations from England and Argentine suffer from a _ high percentage of loss from Brazilian Piraplasmosis. Vaccinated animals from Argentine Republic may also sicken and die, and the results are very unsatisfactory. a Native cows did not react to subcutaneous inoculation with _ blood from southern Texan cattle. _ The importation of pure-bred cattle into Brazil bristles with many difficulties ; however they will be overcome in time and we will see the dawn of a new era for the cattle industry in this - South American country. 2 J. H. McNett. 480 CORRESPONDENCE. STATE OF NEw York, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ALBANY, June 3, I914. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York: ° You are probably aware that at the present time this Depart- . ment is making special effort in the eradication of glanders from New York State. We feel that our methods of diagnosis are be- coming so refined and accurate and our methods of control so practical and efficient, it is our hope to gradually close in upon all the infected centers and confine the spread of glanders to the smallest possible area, to the end that this costly plague may be reduced to a minimum, if not entirely eradicated from our State. During the past year, under the efficient direction of Dr. Gill, with the co-operation of the officials and veterinarians of the City Health Department, the work of controlling glanders in New York City has become creditably systematized, but with all this precatttion our official statistics show that a high percentage of all cases of glanders in New York State occurring outside of New York City proper bear origin with the introduction of an infected animal in these localities either from New York City or from _ some adjoining State. “4 With these facts in view the Commissioner of Agriculture has seen fit to declare a quarantine against the introduction and dis- — tribution of diseased horses in our State and the movement of horses from New York City to other parts of the State without — proper inspection. We are enclosing copies of such quarantine — orders and will appreciate any assistance you may give this — Department. Yours truly, J. F.. DEVINE, Consulting Veterinarian. (2 enclosures. ) STATE OF NEw York, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NOTICE AND WARNING AGAINST GLANDERS OR FARCY. ALBANY, N. Y., May 28, 1914. To whom it may concern: : Pursuant to the provisions of Section 91 of the Agricultural” Law, I, Calvin J. Huson, as Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York, hereby give notice that the contagious or 3 | Aa CORRESPONDENCE. 481 _ infectious disease known as GLANDERS or Farcy exists or re- cently existed in that portion of the State of New York known __and designated as The City of New York. Therefore, in accord- ance with the authority conferred and duty imposed upon me as _ such Commissioner by the provisions of Article 5 of the Agri- cultural Law as amended, I hereby order and direct as follows: 1. That no person or persons shall remove or assist in re- ' moving from within the said City of New York any equine animal to any point or points outside of the said city during the pendency of this notice and order, unless such person or persons shall have first received a permit duly issued by the Commissioner _ of Agriculture of the State of New York, authorizing the re- _ moval of such equine animal or animals from said city. z Nothing in this order shall be construed to forbid the _ transportation by common carriers of equine animals from points without the State to their points of destination within the State, or to such equine animals transported from points without the State to points in other States, although in such transit they pass through the State; nor shall it apply to healthy equine animals in _ performance of their daily work. -___ This notice and order and regulations issued thereunder will continue in full force and effect until formally withdrawn. Cavin J. Huson, Commissioner. _ To whom it may concern: Whereas, infectious or contagious diseases affecting equine animals in the State of New York are believed to be greatly in- creased from animals brought into the State, Therefore, I, Calvin J. Huson, as Commisisoners of Agricul- ture of the State of New York, pursuant to the provisions of Sec- tion 93 of the Agricultural Law, hereby order and direct as _ follows: 1. That all persons importing or bringing any equine from _ or through the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Vermont or Massachusetts into the State of New York shall ‘notify the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York in writing immediately upon the shipment of such animals ‘into the State of New York, giving information as follows: (a) The point of shipment. _ (b) The route or routes over which said animal or animals are to come into the State. 482 : CORRESPONDENCE. (c) The point of destination within the State. (d) The time or probable time of arrival of such animal: or animals at place of destination within the State. 2. That the said animals so shipped, imported or brought’ in shall be held at such point of destination within the State for inspection and examination by the said Commissioner of Agri- culture or his duly authorized representative at least ten days — from the time of arrival at such point of destination, unless sooner released by the Commissioner of Agriculture or his duly authorized representative. Cavin J. Huson, S Commissioner. Fe Gee, ee ae A ns Grenada, Miss., June 19, 1914. AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York: GENTLEMEN.—Knowing the interest you feel in all veter- — inary meetings I am herewith enclosing to you the proceedings — of the first Mississippi State Board of Veterinary Medical Ex- ; amination for publication in your journal. i With best wishes for you and your monthly publications I am, with every expression of regard, “4 Wo. P. FERGUSON, Secretary of Board of Examiners. PROCEEDINGS, MississtpP1 STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY Mepr CAL EXAMINERS. a The Mississippi State Board of Veterinary Medical ExAaae iners, viz.: Drs. O. M. Norton, of Greenville, and Wm. P. — Ferguson, of Grenada, appointed by the Governor, and Drs. John — Oliver, of Columbus; E. M. Ranck, of the Agricultural College; and James Lewis, of Greenwood, elected by the State Veterinary Medical Association, held their first examination in the City Jackson, Miss., at the Capital on Tuesday, June 16, 1914. a All applicants presenting diplomas from reputable veterinary colleges were given licenses as follows: Drs. E. M. Ranck, A. & M. College; John Oliver, Columbus ; O. M. Norton, Greenville; James Lewis, Greenwood; J. D. Townsend, Louisville: B. M. Leigh, Meridian; T. B. Lee, Winona; Ge. S. Smith, Vicksb cs | W. R. Edwards, Vicksburg; J. T. Olson, Tupelo; E. M. Buie, Natchez; J. A. Beavers, Canton; J. A. Bargers, Coffeeville; rt CORRESPONDENCE. 483 ae eee tae g Chadwick, Jackson; I. W. Edwards, West Point; W. L. Gates, _ Clarksdale, Edward Hiney, Hattiesburg; W. J. Hossley, Vicks- burg; Frank Hecker, Meridian; R. J. Heyde, Laurel; E. I. _ Keller, Okalona; W. O. Ney, Michigan City; Robt. Reves, - Moulden; G. P. Sands, Sumner; S. W. Sullivan, Columbus; C. G. 4 Stallworth, Shelby ; Thomas Trinder, Vicksburg; Pigs Taylor, 3 Corinth; M. A. Arrington, Laurel; J. F. Barnett, Yazoo City; _ Frank Henry, Holly Springs; E. S. Norton, Greenville, E. C. _ Riddle, Louisville; S. J. Horn, Straton; S. E. Osborne, Green- q wood; B. S. Barkeley, Macon; E. M. Alderman, Staksville; J. _ T. Harrison, Amery; E. R. Swim, Indianola; L. E. Miller, Jack- i son; C. B. Hock, Jackson; B. M. Davenport and Wm. P. Fergu- son, Grenada. e ~ Those taking examinations, viz.: B. E. Green, G. B. Moss, _G. D. Brock, C. McMillen, all passed and given license except G. B. Moss. Quite a number of applicants were turned down for lack of satisfactory proof as to qualifications. The Board passed reso- lutions to take up the matter of Army Bill No. 4541, with their friends and clients and to urge the support of their Senators -and to assist Dr. Ranck, Mississippi Secretary for the American ‘Veterinary. Medical Association, in soliciting subscriptions to the _ New Orleans meeting, which takes place in December next. -_ The Board will hold its next regular examinations in Jackson, 'Miss., on the 3d Tuesday in June, 1915. All applicants in future that cannot furnish the Board with satisfactory proof that they have passed some State Board of Veterinary Examiners will be required to take the examinations. Ws. P. Fercuson, Secretary and Treasurer of Board of Examiners. PorTLAND, ME., June 7, 1914. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: oy On May 29, 1914, the Maine Board of Veterinary Examiners met in Waterville for the purpose of reorganization. Dr. H. B. Jervis was elected president; Dr. W. L. West was elected treasurer, and Dr. W. H. Lynch was elected secretary. Election wer, the chief business of the meeting was discussion of reci- TO city with other states in having these examinations synchro- ize more or less with those throughout the nation. 484 CORRESPONDENCE. | : F c It was agreed among us that, as a means of uniformity, if it — were agreeable to you to publish these reports that they should be — sent you after each examination—we have four a year—and if © the other states saw fit to send their reports we should be very glad to send ours that we may be in entire accord with other — boards throughout the nation, looking forward to the time when — one examination should entitle a man to practice in any states ; which would be fair. For the convenience of men outside who are coming in to 4 take this examination in Maine, the president desires to have you — publish the name and address of the secretary, which is: b W. H. Lyncu, D.V.S., <. Portland Veterinary Hospital, — Portland, Maine. _ Dr. Joun H. Jacospus DEap.—Dr. John H. Jacobus, one of the oldest veterinarians of the “ West Side,” New York City, died suddenly on April 14, 1914. He was a member of the; Ag V. M. A. Dr. Steve TraBuE Deap.—Dr. Steve Trabue, of Shawhan, Kentucky, died about the middle of June at the Good Samaritai Hospital, Lexington, of a malignant growth of the liver, at th age of fifty years. ¥ AUTOTHERAPY ScoreEs.—In Dr. S. A. Peck’s report of cases under caption of Serum Therapy, on page 470, present issue he very justly credits the recovery of his second case to “ auto- medication” after treatment had been discontinued. It is. cer- tainly very interesting. a Proceepincs, New York State Breepers’ AssocIATION.— These proceedings issued under bulletin number 59 are gotten uj in splendid form. A speaking picture of Hon. Calvin J. Husot Commissioner of Agriculture of the State and president of th association, appears as a frontispiece. The booklet contains 10% pages, which are filled with valuable reading in the form ¢ papers and addresses from experts on breeding problems, anc contains excellent cuts of seven of the contributors to the pro: gram. It is a very pleasing and instructive report and makes valuable reading. a BIBLIOGRAPHY. THE COMMON COLICS OF THE HORSE. 4 THE Common CoLics or THE HorsE—THEIR Causes, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, by H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V. S., Examiner in Pathol- ogy and Bacteriology to the Board of Examiners of the Royal College S _of Veterinary Surgeons, and Author of Diseases of the Horse’s Foot. Rj Third Edition, 369 pages, with 32 illustrations. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1914. ‘ Eleven years ago it was our privilege to review the first edi- tion of this valuable work, published by Baillie, Tindall and Cox, _ London; and to-day the third edition, even more valuable by the - inclusion of additional knowledge on the important subject of which it treats, published by one of our own American veterinary _ book publishers, has been placed in our hands for review. In our review of the first edition, we made the following statement, _ on page 1134, Volume XXVI, No. 12, AMERICAN VETERINARY _ Review (March, 1903). “ No practitioner of veterinary medicine _ will dispute the assertion that, no matter how well a veterinarian _ may be fitted for every other branch of his calling, his ability - to successfully or unsuccessfully cope with the conditions result- ing from acute or subacute digestive derangements, may be _ translated into his success or non-success as a practitioner.” _ We entertain exactly the same view to-day, more strongly impressed upon us if possible, by eleven years more ex- _ perience with that class of cases. It could not be otherwise; _ because the longer and closer we study intestinal disorders in the _ horse, the greater is our appreciation of the number of causes that account for the group of symptoms we have learned to ‘recognize under the head of “ colic,” and of the necessity for a Specific treatment for each of the causes manifested by the _ symptoms. 4 Mr. Reeks fully appreciated these facts when he presented his _ first volume (dedicated, as is the present one, to Sir John Mc- _ Fadyean), and hoped that his work would act as a stimulus which _would create a tendency for a more careful study of digestive troubles in the horse by veterinary practitioners; and we feel certain that his hope lias been realized ; as the subject of intestinal disorders in the horse is surely claiming more than the passing notice of earnest, thoughtful members of the veterinary profes- sion of America who will welcome this third edition with the additional valuable data. The first edition referred to contained 17 chapters that seemed at the time to cover every possible phase of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of “ colic,” the second edition was abreast of the times when issued, and now we have 485 e oe k ee, 486 BIBLIOGRAPHY. reached the third edition, with five additional chapters in the book — proper and seven additional subjects treated in the appendix, — aggregating 128 additional pages over the first edition, devoted — to up-to-date findings on the subject of intestinal disorders in the horse as follows: Volume X devotes 13 pages to the eluci- : dation of the subject of the Subacute Obstruction of the Pelvic Flexure of the Double Colon; Chapter XVIII devotes 11 pages to 3 the discussion of Subacute Obstruction of the Caecum; Chapters — XIX, XX and XXI, consider Displacements of the Double Colon; | devoting 75 pages to the subject. Chapter XXII devotes 3 pages — to The Possibility of the Spontaneous Reduction of the Bowel in — Torsion; Chapter XXIII treats of the Comparative Rarity of | Enteritis; devoting 6 pages to it. The 20 additional pages in the . appendix include the following subjects: (1) The Use and a eo of Sedatives in the Treatment of the Equine Colics; (2) T. Sedatives in Common Use; (3) Circumstances Which Have 1 the Veterinarian to the Frequent Adminstration of Sedativ (4) Major Points in an Argument for the More Restricted Use o i Sedatives; (5) Cases of Colic in Which Sedatives Are of Service; (6) Cases of Colic in Which Sedatives Are Harmful; ( 7) Further Remarks On the Use of Aloes in the Treatmam ‘ i Intestinal Impaction. All these interesting and instructive s jects, remember, are additions to the splendid comprehensive mi ter embraced in the seventeen chapters and appendix in the fir: edition, which has taught so many useful lessons on the subje of “colic” and inspired so many veterinarians on both sides « the Atlantic to make a scientific study of this all important s ject. So that Reeks’ Third Edition of the Common Colics of ti Horse is at once an inspiration and a guide in the study of one o the most common and fatal conditions to which the horses heir, and should be in the hands of all veterinarians everywhere The book is well and neatly bound in olive green cloth with gol lettering and is attractive in appearance. The paper is exce lent the cuts good and the type sharp and clear. 2 YEAR BOOK. YeAR Book or THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, oh than 500 pages with 75 illustrations. Washington, Government Office, 1914. This most interesting report from the government press y received during the month of June. It contains a most esting and comprehensive report from Secretary Houston, = 4 ering 65 pages, a chapter on Applied Entomology, one on Fae tors of Efficiency in Farming; Promises of New Fruits; Hea th Laws; The American Thrushes Valuable Bird Neighbors; ch: BIBLIOGRAPHY. 487 2 ters on Tree Surgery; Supplementing Our Meat Supply with Fish, etc., etc.; Production of Beef in the South; The South American Meat Industry (by Chief Melvin, B. A. I.) and an Appendix which starts with a consideration of Agricultural Col- : heres in the United States and concludes with a very valuable _ chapter on Animals Imported for Breeding Purposes for Which a Certificates of Pure Breeding Have Been Issued. The cuts of 4 eattle beef and farming are very interesting, and the colored plates of ripe fruit strikingly exact. The book contains much of : — to veterinarians. ~ POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. ; "Pourrny DIsEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT, by B. F. Kaupp, M.Sc., D.V.S., + Commissioner of Health, Spartanburg, South Carolina; ‘Author of Ani- mal Parasites and Parasitic Diseases; formerly Professor of Pathology, cs Division of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado Agricultural College, and Pathologist to the Colorado Agricultural Station; formerly Professor of Parasitology, Kansas City Veterinary College, and Director of the Anat- _ omy Laboratory; formerly Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of Animal In- dustry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Chairman of Committee on Diseases of the American Veterinary Medical Association, I9QII, etc., etc.; 181 pages, with 44 illustrations. Chicago; American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1914. ~ This neat little work came into our hands last month, too late to receive more than an acknowledgment of its receipt. ‘The poultry industry is so great throughout our vast country, and disease amongst the birds so prevalent at times, that modern veterinarians must of necessity be conversant with the patho- gical conditions to which poultry are heir, and with the proper ‘scientific methods employed in treating them. They will there- fore welcome this little work of Prof. Kaupp’s, especially written to fill a demand not only from veterinary students in poultry orang but also by veterinary practitioners whose fields of actice bring them in close relation with raisers of poultry. Th work is divided into sections, as follows: 1, Anatomy; 2 Sanitation; 3, External Parasites; 4, Internal Parasites; 5, Jiseases of the Digestive Tract; 6, Diseases of the Blood; 7, Sonstitutional Diseases; 8, Diseases of the Liver; 9, Diseases of ae Ovary and Oviduct; 10, Tumors; 11, Diseases of the Res- ratory Passages; 12, Diseases of the Legs and Feet; 13, Dis- uses of the Brain; 14, Bacteria of the Intestinal Tract of shickens; 15, The Egg; 16, Isolation of Non-layers; 17, Mal- ormations; 18, Fractures—Wounds—Anesthesia. A careful sid ation of the many subjects treated in each of the forego- ohn in the thorough manner characteristic of Prof. | , has left nothing to the imagination in reference to the Ime us of poultry and their treatment. NEWS AND ITEMS. a“ a VETERINARIANS, TAKE NOTICE, The attention of veterinarians, physicians and dentists is — called to the fact that after July 1, 1914, the prescribing of habit- — forming drugs is subject to the provisions of the so-called “ Boy- — lan Law.’’ This applies to chloral, opium or any of its salts, alkaloids or derivatives, or any compound or preparation of any — of these. ‘ Prescriptions for the drugs just enumerated must be writt a upon specially prepared official order blanks, serially numbered and duplicated, furnished by the local Board of Health. Ph y- sicians, druggists, veterinarians and dentists must record the name and address of each person for whom any of these dru; are prescribed. A supply of the official order blanks has beer ordered by the Department of Health and it is hoped it will b available for distribution within a few days. a In view of the wide-spread illegitimate use of habit-formir drugs, and of the inadequacy of existing laws to control the ey i it is hoped that physicians generally will heartily co-operate wi the authorities, and comply both with the letter and the spiri + the new legislation. The Boylan Law. 245. Sale prohibited; exception. No pharmacist, druggist or, othe son shall sell, have or offer for sale or give away any chloral, opium or a of its salts, ‘alkaloids or derivatives or any compound or ‘preparatio: ra any of them except upon the written prescription of a duly licensed physici veterinarian or dentist, provided that the provisions of this article shall : apply to the sale of domestic and proprietary remedies, actually. sold in go faith as medicines and not for the purpose of evading the provisions this article, and provided further that such remedies and preparatior not contain more than two grains of opium, or one-fourth grain. of mo of one-fourth grain of heroin or one grain of codeine, or ten grains of il or their salts in one fluid ounce or if a solid preparation, in one avoirdupe ounce, nor to plasters, liniments and ointments for external use only. = aa 246. Prescriptions; certificates. It shall be unlawful for any person” sell at retail or give away any of the drugs, their salts, deste, = pre: rations mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five of chay except as herein provided without first receiving a written shad np signed by a duly licensed physician, veterinarian or dentist. The tion must contain substantially the following: The name in ful 488 a: NEWS AND ITEMS. 489. ES a: veterinarian or dentist issuing such prescription, his office addréss, his office hours, and telephone, and the name, age and address of the per- son to whom and date on which such prescription is issued. It shall be unlawful for any duly licensed physician, veterinarian or dentist to issue- any such prescription containing any of the drugs, their salts, derivatives or ations mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five of this chapter except after a physical examination of any person for the treatment of disease, injury or deformity. It shall be unlawful for any person to ‘sell at retail any of the drugs or preparations of any of those mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five of this article without first verifying the author- — ity of any prescription containing more than four grains morphine, thirty grains of opium, two grains of heroin, six grains of codeine or four drams f chloral. Such verification can be made by telephone or otherwise. Such Be ption so received shall be filled out at the time of receiving the same for the full quantity perscribed and no prescription so received shall be filled out more than ten days after the date which the said prescription be dated. z prescription, from which no copy shall be taken, shall be retained by _ the person who dispenses the same and shall be filled but once. Such pre- scription shall be kept on the general prescription file and given a regular consecutive number on such file. On such prescription shall be inscribed _ the name and address of the purchaser making such purchase and the date Et which said sale is made. Any person who sells at retail, furnishes or , ses any of the drugs mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five _ of this chapter upon a written prescription by a duly registered physician _ or veterinarian or dentist shall at the time of dispensing the same, place upon the package a label or deliver therewith a certificate stating the name and address of the person selling or furnishing the same, the name and address of the physician, veterinarian or dentist upon whose pre- scription such sale is made, the date of sale, and the name of the person to whom such sale is made. Any person, other than a manufacturer of any _ of the drugs mentioned in section two hundred and forty-five or a whole- _ sale dealer in drugs or a licensed pharmacist, licensed druggist, duly regis- i oe practicing yiictan, licensed veterinarian or a licensed dentist, who _ shall possess any of the drugs mentioned in section two hundred and forty- _ five or their salts, derivatives or preparations, shall be guilty of a mis- _ demeanor, unless said possession is authorized bythe certificate described in _ this section. Nothing herein contained shail be construed to prohibit the sale of any of such drugs by any manufacturing pharmacist or chemist or _ wholesale or retail pharmacists or druggists, or to hospitals, colleges, scientific \ or public institutions, except that such sales shall be made in the manner _ provided in the next succeeding section. ss 247. Order blanks; filing. The state commissioner of health shall pre- ‘pare and furnish to all Board of Health or officers official order blanks, - serially numbered in duplicate, bound in book form, with carbon or trans- fer paper between the duplicate pages. The said official order shall be fur- ished by the local health board or officer to any local, duly licensed physi- an, dentist, pharmacist, druggist or veterinarian, upon which must be writ- ten all orders for the purchase of any of the drugs enumerated in section ‘two hundred and forty-five of this chapter for the use of such physician, entist, pharmacist, druggist or veterinarian. It shall be unlawful for any on to sell, furnish or dispose to any physician, pharmacist, druggist, ‘terinarian or dentist any of the drugs enumerated in section two hundred ‘and forty-five of this chapter without first receiving from such _ physician, druggist, veterinarian or dentist an official order blank as provided in this ‘section, which official order shall be retained by the person or corporation who sells, furnishes or dispenses any of the drugs enumerated in section DB two hundred and forty-five of this chapter, and such official order shall be kept in a separate file or book and an entry made or caused to be made > 490 NEWS AND ITEMS, on the order stating the date of sale, the name and address of the pur- chaser and the name of the person making such sale. Physicians, et cetera, to keep records. All physicians, druggi: pharmacists, veterinarians and dentists shall keep on record the name address of each person to whom such physician, dentist or vete administers or disposes in any way whatsoever any of the drugs enu in section two hundred and forty-five of this chapter, and the ceases % administered, disposed of or given away. Such record shall be pr Be for five years and shall always be open for inspection by the proper i ties. Any violation of this section is hereby declared to be a misdemeanor ENTERS THE B. A. I. Service.—Dr. Bernard Johnsen, North Fort Worth, Texas, has entered the government service in the Bs Ash a ENTERS THE FIELD oF GENERAL Practice.—Dr. S. J. ] quardt has located in Barnersville, Ohio, to engage in ge practice. The doctor formerly lived at Monroeville, that s NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF B. A. I. EmrLovanl will in Denver, Colorado, August 10, 1914. Specific place of 1 will be announced in the August Review. WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The above association held a two days’ meeting at Walla on June 18-19, at which a nice programme was enacted. — Dr. D. ArtHUR HuGHEs RETURNS TO CHICAGO. | date of June 8, we received a communication from our esteer collaborator, Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, advising us that he alt turned from Fort Worth, Texas, whither he was sent or Quartermaster’s Department of the United States Arn Dr. Evenson rN FIELD SERVICE IN Minnesota—Dr. H in Evenson recently returned from the Philippines, where he in the federal service, is now field veterinarian for the State Stock Sanitary Board of Minnesota, with headquarters at Olivia that state. The Live Stock Board is working in co-operatioi with the B. A. I., in an effort to control hog cholera. MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MeEpICAL ASSOCIATION.— The seventeenth semi-annual meeting of this most excellent as: ciation will be held at Northfield July 8-9. Our esteemany ; the veteran secretary of the association, with his usual < and earnestness is making preparations for a meeting that n no « can afford to absent himself from. ost VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of t value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : sands Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Mesting Name and Address Secretary. Alabama Veteri Med. Ass’n......| Mar. 5-6-7, 1914 .... RS De C. A. Cary, Auburn. Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... June 10, 1914... .... 141 W. 54th St..| px. Rta Dog Port Richmond, N.Y. American V. M. Ass’n.............. Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La | Nelsen S. Mayo, ase Ravenswood ; Ave., Chicago, Ill. : Veterinary Ass’n........... January 5-6, 1915 ...| Little Rock....| RM. Gow, Fayetteville. Ass'n Médécale Veterinare Francaise.| 1st and 3d Thur. of| Lec. Room, La- : + te ee ere each month.......| val Un’y, Mon.! J. p. A, Houde, abel eaate’s iw. 2d Fri. each month. . cago.......-| Hf, A. Smith, Chi eesure 3d Mon. each month.| S. Omaha, Neb..| f. J, Jackson, So. Se a eee Monthly...........| St. Joseph...... FW. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. eas als December 10, 1913..} San Francisco...! John F. McKenna, Fresno. * Ee AR Feb. and July....... tawa.......-| A. BE. James, Ottawa. PRL une and Nov....... -++++-+! W. B. Switzer, Oswego. Sieatuase 2d Tues. each 7 eae cago.......-| D, M. Campbell, Chicago May 28-29, 1914.. Ft. "Collate... I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. “ea Aug. 4, 1914.. Waterbury... . -+++| B K. Dow, Willimantic. yaeeente. Jan , Apl., July. ‘Oct..| Wilmington... A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. Raia hictaie dase 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J.... J. F. Carey, East Orange, N. Ro .| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester...... J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. BS ish Soses Dec. 22-23, 1913. ..,.| Atlanta........] P, F, Bahnsen, Americus. POP, Peer ee EP errr Tr trey re ey oe Lee ee Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. 5 rae July 17, 1914 .......| E. St. Louis.. b: B: Michael, Collinsville. Til. -.-| duly 15, 1914....... Springfield...... ; oa Merillat, Chicago --+-.| Jan. 14, 1914,...... Indianapolis A F. Nelson, Indianapolis ae ee eerccoscs Pending... .2....+.| PenGmg........ C. H. Stange, Ames. Jan. 6-7-8, 1914..... Manhattan..... J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Feb.each year. x fe aa <2 « Robert Graham, Lexington. te wane - 2d Tues. each month.| P delphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins ee Pending............| Pending ....... Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Pe aimaes Sept., 1914.........| Lake Charles...| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La ey July 3, 4, 1914...... anne H. B. Wescott, Portland PPT Ca CO Pe ore.....-| H, H. Counselman, 'y. Macemnianach 4th Wed. each month.| Young’s, Boston.| J, H, Salem. ke div dies ts Feb. 3, 4, 1914...... ng.......-| W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens rele sta oe July 8-9, 1914......| Northfield......| G, Bd. Leech, Winona. ates ee 1914... ccc cckscesss} Vieksburg,....s+| J.D, To , Louisville. 0ST aaa Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914) Kansas City,Mo.} Hal. C. Simpson, Denison. Ia am eats Geni Anns Byiscc cs Gales! , Ill...| G, E. MeIntyre, Alexis, Ill. Savi vurevs (oPEBVING, ss 6 S. Stewart, City. MRS Dees as 88s aay ry ‘sé 1913. | Helena.........| A, D. Knowles, Livingston eters 2d Mon. Aug. ., 1914.| Denver, Colo...| §, tf Bein de oo N. W. Ave., Bee ce esians < 1st Mo. & Tu.,Dec.13} Lincoln, Neb. . ant a spore ‘Nebraska City. a eres August 1112-13, 1914 Rochester... H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N Petaines rs June 23, 1914 Wilson.........| J. P. Spoon, Bur nse dak acs — of July 20, toi | Pee . Schalk, ‘cultural Coilege 6a ES v. 1913. Delphos. +--+] BE. V. Hover, D phos. ER. wt Jon, 14, 15, 1614....| Columbus... ..| Reuben Hilty, Toledo. Bihan ae es IP... pper F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. RAE) SS Tae Re, Se eer ka 7; Howard, Sullivan. Be See vies ess hg 3,.........| Oklahoma City..| C, E. Steel, Oklahoma City. Paeiiocrawecess'es + st Weak in Feb.1914) Toronto........] L. A. Willson, Toronto. Mun 8,4, 1914... ... Philadelphia ....|} John Reichel, Glenolden. Dies kk ch olen de' he Call of President. . . anila.......--| David C. Kretzer, Manila. Peie chackas 4th Tues. each month.} Portland, Ore...| Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. ee Eee, RRS eee re Mon. and Que...! Gustave Boyer, Rages ° .Q. — and June.. Providence... .. J. 8. Pollard, Providence. ee) PEDO i vaccck eens Pending........ B. K. McInnes, Charleston. wd ery 456 1914..... Salem.. -| F. Hockman, Iola. seseee ist. Wed. fol. the 2d : Sun. each month. .| St. Louis. ...... Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. June 17, 1914....... eee W. G. Huyett, Wernersville Sh a Sa ane A ae A i Philadelphia B. T. ward, Wash’n, D. C SPE ae i ea ar | poe pe 8. W. Allen, Watertown. .| Jan.. Abi. July, Oct..| Los Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Ang .| 4th Tues. each month| 407 eee my ag H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph ee connie oe November, 1914.....| Nashville.......| O. L. McMahon, Columbia | Ya SS ee ov., 1913.........| College Station..| Allen J : M BOE Ee a 2d Thu. _ month..| St. P.-Minneap..| M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn hon ppp Mesa dee Spring of 1914.......| Salt Lake City..| &. J. Coburn, ony ae te Fok Rae eR cee aaen ha G hee dat hs Wes] Ry Ke Cabedens co's G. T. Stevenson, Meine ete ees ear bak sc Peis Feb. 10, 11, 1914... W. W. Arzberger, Watertown Seen sad sts June, Sept. Dec. ,Mar E.8. Bausticker, York, Pa PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian s foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. — Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager é their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to Am ri Review. ANTIPHLOGISTINE STILL LEADS against all imitators as application in all inflammatory conditions. See lower h cover page, this issue. Write for booklet and spatula, 1 REVIEW. ; : Maxe Ir a Routine Practice to inject all horses that y pei foot wounds, or 3 any form of Es Aebinn oes by its ¢ nara antitetanic serum. C. Bischoff & Co., whose nirhoshcesienies app (adv. dept.) of present issue make a special feature of ft Serum Curnosot, THE SAFE ANTISEPTIC. In treating wounds on n important points have got to be taken into consideration. C points is in common with human patients, that is the req efficient antiseptic; the other applies particularly to animals, | pecially to small animals, that are difficult to prevent from _ selves; and that is that the antiseptic used must be positively non-p Such a combination of efficiency and non-toxicity we find in C rit announcement on the inside back cover page (upper half) an sample and full literature, mentioning the Review. ‘ 492 - AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. AUGUST, 1914. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, 15th June, 1914. __. InFEcTIoN By Kocu BaciLius Is AN IMMUNIZING DISEASE. _ —In a masterly article by Prof. Bernard of the faculty of Medi- cine of Paris in relation to the Actual Conception of Human Tuberculosis and the Various Stages of Koch’s Bacillosis in _ Man, the author takes in consideration the important problems. _ At first, he treats of the frequency of tuberculosis according to _ the age of the individuals and in the second part, he considers this important question, viz.: The infection by the bacillus of Koch as an immunizing siveie This part interesting princi- _ pally veterinarians, I reproduce it. __ “When one brings together the first notion that tuberculosis _is taken in young age, with that of the fact of its diminution in gravity and of the increase in latent tuberculosis with age, one cannot help concluding that that disease necessarily immunizes most of the subjects that it attacks. _ This conclusion would, in days gone by, have raised a liar feeling in the opinion of many. So was it, with the assertions of Marfan, when in 1886 he stated that the subjects, who were affected with lupus and scrofulae and had recovered, had become refractory to an ulterior attack of tuberculosis, 493 494 EDITORIAL. These clinical facts remained ignored until the day came when they drew a new strength by the experimental discoveries made upon tuberculous immunity. It is Behring, then Calmette and Guerin, who proved the possibility of conferring a temporary immunity to bovines. In guinea pigs, one of the animals most susceptible to in- fection of tuberculosis, the obtaining of this immunity is not im- possible and has been realized by Borrel and Romer, who re- produced it in sheep, while Krauss had the same result with monkeys. Finally Webb and Williams, by an experimental determin- ism, resembling somewhat the conditions of human infection, created immunity in guinea pigs by a progressive bacillar im- pregnation; started from the inoculation of bacillar unities, they succeeded by increasing inoculation to have the pigs support formidable doses of bacilli, which would unavoidably kill fresh animals. This collection of facts proves that bacillar infection gives rise to a true auto-vaccination of the organism. ‘This condition ~ manifesting itself by the manner in which the organism reacts against new infections. In relation to this, the discovery of what is called to-day ‘the phenomena of Koch,’ appears aa most important in the study that we make. It is known, when a subcutaneous inoculation of virulent bacilli of Koch is made on a guinea pig, that a tuberculosis will follow in various steps of development; it is, after a varying lapse of the incubation, according to the dose and the virulency of the bacillus, a nodosity, which ulcerates at the point of inoculation, followed by adenopathy and later by a generalization of the” lesions in the spleen, liver and lungs, which kill the animal. \ When in a guinea pig previously tuberculized, a new sub-— cutaneous inoculation is made, the phenomenas are very differ- ent. There occurs very rapidly a mecrostic ulceration at the point of reinoculation, which is followed by the elimination of the necrosed parts and of the microbes that they contain; then, EDITORIAL. ‘495 soon appears cicatrization. During all that time, there has been no glandular reaction. Such is the phenomena of Koch.” * *K * “Already before the publication of Koch, Charrin and S. Arloing had observed the difference that characterized tubercu- lous reinoculations from the first inoculation; but these authors had described, not a more mild reaction, as Koch did, but on the contrary, a most severe reaction. Later, Straus, then Ham- burger, observed sometimes the mild reaction or again the severe. One or the other being obtained at will, according to Hamburger. Repeating and modifying the experiments of O. Bail with his peritoneal inoculation, Rist and his students have recently shown that an essential difference does not sepa- rate the two types of reaction, which after all are due to experi- mental conditions. Therefore, what characterizes tuberculous reinfection before all, it is that the animal organism reacts differ- ently than in the first infection; in one word, it is that this last has left a deep modification in the fluids of the organism towards the specific germ, modification indicated by the different manner in which it reacts against it, and that is what is designed since von Piquet, by the word allergia (from the Greek, other reac- tion) ; this allergia is manifested either by phenomenas of re- sistance, according to the conditions of the reinfection; it is then, without doubt, a question of quantity and of quality of the bacilli, a question of dose and of virulency, which intervenes in the phenomena in a measure that we only begin to perceive. At any rate, as demonstrated by P. Courmont, allergia repre- sents a state of unsteady equilibrium, which varies between the two opposed conditions of hypersensibility or of resistance; those not due to different and contrary processes; in reality they are but two aspects of tuberculous immunity, manifesting to the same title of the humoral modification produced by the first infection.” 496 EDITORIAL. Continuing the consideration of his valuable paper, Prof. Bernard arrives at the following conclusions: This actual conception of tuberculosis may be entirely re- sumed in three propositions: : 1. The first bacillar infection (primo-infection) takes place in children. As Burnet wrote it, pulmonary phtisy of adults is but the end of a story whose origins are more or less old. 2. The manifestations allotted to adults are due to a rein- fection; they are conditioned according to the humoral state left by the primo-infection. 3. Bacillar infection is indeed an immunizing infection. This state of immunity, or better, of allergia, varies, is unequal — and unstable. Tuberculous allergia, resulting from primo-infec- _ tion, governs the evolution of reinfections. i The practical importance of these new notions is consider- able. Prophylaxy must take them into consideration for all the measures which will prevent any possible reinfections, which are the great danger of tuberculized. Finally, as Calmette has dem- onstrated, therapeuty must direct its way towards the possi- bility of antituberculous vaccinations. * ok ok STRONG AND WEAK ORGANISMS WITH VIRULENT Mr CROBES.—It is certain that the condition of organism enters — more or less in the aptitude that one may possess for the recep- tion and cultivation of virulent microbes and on that account in the modern methods which are resorted to in the anti-tubercu- — lous struggle, the preferences of the medical world are to render — the people intertuberculisable, and to suppress all debilitating — factors. But there seems to be one point which is overlooked, — viz.: That clinics have never established the fact that weak — organisms were alone liable to contract tuberculosis, and be- | sides experiments have clearly proved that the most flourishing — organisms were able to receive and liable to cultivate the germ. | Such was expressed in a communication made by the : learned Professor Chauveau before the Academie des Sciences. — EDITORIAL. 497 In 1868 Chauveau stated that sixty subjects of bovine species had all contracted tuberculosis by the ingestion of virus, — and this peculiarity so well established for that disease was specific to it. ; Laboratory studies and practice of preventive inoculation have shown that such is not the case; inoculation of the vaccine of variola in man and that of small pox in bovine succeed as well in strong subjects as it does in debilitated. To demonstrate positively that, as in the case of tuberculosis, “the conditions of the resistance of the culture media are in- different to the success of the development of virulent agents,” there must be that the penetration takes place through the nat- ural ways of contagion—and Chauveau, in the course of ex- periments he had made on the conditions of the propagation of variola in flocks of sheep, had exposed simultaneously strong and weak animals to the natural infection. These experiments had for their object the study of the mechanism of the mediate contagion of the disease without the intervention of any intermediate. Two lots of sheep were isolated in the two extremities of the same stable. The first lot was formed of variolous sheep in the stage of eruption. The second of fresh sheep, of same breed and origin as the sick ones. After 15 days no change had taken place in the sheep of the second lot, even in their temperature. Two suppositions prevailed then: Either the virus from the first lot had not reached those of the second or the organism of these presented a refractory medium to the development of the disease. - The fresh sheep were then mixed with the sick ones, they became infected and if they had remained healthy it would have been that they had not received any germ from the con- taminating lot. All the sheep of the second lot were not in the same resisting condition, some were debilitated by parasitic diseases, they all took the disease. | Therefore; “ nothing distinguishes vigorous organisms from _ weak ones from the point of view of their aptitude to receive and cultivate the virus of variola’”’—but it is observed “ that 498 EDITORIAL. there is a greater sensibility of the weak subjects to the in- jurious effects of the invasion of the virus.” Those organisms behave in the same manner for diseases with slow evolution as they do with tuberculosis. “Only the direct war of the agent of tuberculosis and the defence of the healthy subjects against the infesting action of bacilli carriers are indicated by science as a means able to arrest, diminish and suppress the terrible ravages of this scourge.” ““Exception to those general rules of public and private hygiene would, in the case of tuberculosis, be scientific non- sense.” * * * BACILLEMIA AMONGST TUBERCULOUS SUByECTS.—As is known, that is a question which for ten years has been the ob- ject of the most contradictory publications. Ih a recent num- ber of the Annales de Medecine, there is a critical review of all those and of the systematic researches relating to them. After a concise exposé of the question, the writers pass in review the methods resorted to, to look for the bacillus of Koch in the blood and they discuss the interpretation of the facts that have been published. They conclude that those who have made these interpretations and claim to have found in tuberculous subjects a very great frequency of bacillemia, they had obtained those results only by erroneous technics. With correct and proper ones, the bacillus is found only exceptionally in the blood, either during a chronic or an acute tuberculosis. Even in granulic cases the presence of bacillemia, although : more frequent, is still uncertain and not constant. | Perhaps the examination of very large quantities of blood would give more numerous positive results, but it would never- theless demonstrate at the same time that the bacillus is not in abundance in the blood of those sick individuals. Consequently, when it exists, bacillemia cannot be consid- ered as a real septicaemia in tuberculosis, at least in the classical form. , a EDITORIAL: 499 With those diseased subjects, bacillemia indicates not an infection of the blood, but a bacillar migration, which com- mands the secondary localization of the disease. There exists perhaps a permanent bacillemia in granulic subjects and in other forms of the bacillar infection; but in chronic patients there occur only inconstant and transitory bacillemic manifestations of which the determinism and clinical expression remain yet unknown. Practically, the presence of bacillemia is without value for the diagnosis, prognosis and prophylaxy of the disease. * * 2K SuRGICAL APPLICATIONS OF ETHER BEsIDES ANESTHESIA.— An interesting article of Practical Medicine appeared in the Presse Médicale. For a long time ether has been used in surgery, it has almost no toxicity, its quite great antiseptic power justify its uses; besides, it dissolves fats and its quite rapid evaporation permits _ its use as a cold substance likely to bring, in some cases, a marked revulsive effect. All those qualities have found their applications in surgery, although many are limited or even given up. By opposition permanent dressings with ether are yet in favor, and washings with ether seem also to acquire a great importance in abdominal surgery and particularly in suppurative peritonitis. Let us consider the first, viz.: The permanent dressings with ether. They are very simple to apply—one bearing in mind that ether evaporates quickly and that he must operate rapidly also. _ The dressing must be wide, very wide, beyond the size of the spot on which it is applied and must be hermetic so as to keep _the longest time possible the ether in contact with the tegu- - ments. For this, a piece of impermeable stuff is prepared, of suffi- cient size and covered with ordinary (not hydrophile) wadding. The region has been most thoroughly cleaned, the skin brushed 500 EDITORIAL. : with soap and washed with boiled water, aseptic compresses are applied all round and impermeable cotton put under the wound. It is only immediately when the whole dressing is to be closed that compresses, soaked with sulphuric ether are put on the wound. The whole is covered over with an impermeable en- velope. A roller is put on a little tight on the extremities of the dressing to make it more hermetic. Thus is realized, a true ether embalming. It sends its vapors in the most remote parts of the wound and sterilizes all the surrounding skin. This dressing finds its peculiar indications in large contused wounds. with edges torn and smashed, with anfractuous cavities that no washing could clean sufficiently. If the wound is recent and not suppurating yet, the dress- ing can be left on 5 or 6 days, or even more, watching the tem-. perature of the patient. This does not rise, and in removing the dressing one is surprised to find a clean wound in full granulating condition and in good way of repair. Besides the cases of complicated fractures, infected and suppurating wounds, abscesses, lymphangitis, erysipelas, etc., ether dressings have done wonders in case of burns. The ex- tent of the lesion being no counter indication, ether not being toxic. We feel that this new application of ether can find its indica- tion in our practice. ok * * BrBtioGRAPHIC Notices.—Internal pathology: Nutrition, Auto-intoxication, Urinary Apparatus, Skin: (Pathologie interne, nutrition, auto-intoxication, appareil urinaire, peau), by Prof. Cadeac, of Lyon. This new volume of the world-wide known Cadeac Encyclo- pedia is a book of over 500 pages, with 143 illustrations, pub- lished by J. B. Bailliere & Sons. Part of the second edition of the Internal Pathology, this volume takes the entire consideration of the diseases of nutri- a EDITORIAL. 501 tion by auto-intoxication of the urinary apparatus and of the skin. , . In the diseases of nutrition are considered diabetes, obesity and gout; the other affections, such as achondroplasia, rachitism, bony cachexia, snorting disease, equine othomalena, etc., etc., are treated very concisely as they have already occupied full attention in the first volume of the Surgical Pathology, by the same author. In diseases by auto-intoxication is only mentioned in this volume the study of paroxystic muscular hemoglobinuria, the many other affections due to auto-intoxication have also been treated in other volumes of the Encyclopedia. But if hemoglob- inuria Occupies now a pre-eminent place, it is due to the minute study that the author has made of it; advocate of the theory of the auto-intoxication of digestive origin, Cadeac treats the sub- ject from this point of view as an intoxication promoted by temporary renal insufficiency, made more serious by cold ex- - posure or influence. For the diseases of the urinary apparatus, they are the revised of the first edition, exclusively and entirely made by the author. The skin diseases have been classified in a new way, which has rendered their description more rational. Divided into nine chapters, they treat successively of trichoxis, eczematous derm- itis, keratosis, cutaneous hypertrophies, neuro-dermatosis, arti- ficial or pseudo dermitis, microbian dermatosis, parasitic and finally those due to insects. The work is arranged as all the others of the Encyclopedia, and, in succession, all the diseases in the different species of domestic animals are considered. The book will be well appreciated by all those who will read it, students and practitioners. > * x JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AND THERA- PEUTICS.—This excellent publication, at the head of which we find the names of two of our most worthy confréres, Sir John 502 EDITORIAL. McFadyean and Sir Stewart Stockman, has begun its twenty- seventh volume this year, and in this part—that of March— there are subjects which are of unusual interest. Amongst the general articles are one on Equine Granuloma in Australia, by Lecturer J. C. Lewis, D.V.S., of the School of Melbourne University—a well documented article, richly illus- trated by views of granuloma of the carpus, of the metatarsus, of the abdomen and with micro-photographs. Comparative - pathology occupies also in this number a valuable place. On the pathology of the thyroid gland in wild animals is a communi- cation from Herbert Fox, the Pathologist of the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Philadelphia Zoological Garden; where at first some generalities on goitres, a number of cases are presented, viz.: On a lioness, wolf, raccoon, leopard, hyena, dingo, gnu, hawfinch, parakeet, raccoon-like dog, golden pheas- ant, tasmania devil, skunk, opposum. After perusing that article, the reader must ask himself to what limits the study of comparative medicine may carry him. In this number there is also the continuation of the article by — Major-General T. Smith, F.R.C.V.S., upon the Early Iistory of veterinary literature and its British development. ‘This article is but the continuation of those published in a previous number of the Journal, and brings the reader within the year of 1564. Part 1 of Vol. XXVII continues the good work which has made its efforts so well appreciated by all veterinary and com- parative pathologists. k ok ok The bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, No. 65, of the contributions of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is a profes- sional paper addressed by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., the learned Chief of the Pathological Division. Its subject is of the greatest interest and certainly every veterinarian will do well to read it. It treats of cerebro-spinal meningitis (forage poisoning). As one who has had the sad opportunity to observe several out- breaks of this terrible disease, we were very interested in the ee a EDITORIAL. 503 reading of this bulletin that those who in their practice may. meet with in their daily calls will find on the history nomen- - clature, etiology, occurrence, symptomatology, lesions and treatment, informations which would be difficult to gather by the perusal of classical works. sk *K ok - Notice oF PAMPHLETS RECEIVED AND OtTHERS.—B. A. L., Dairy Division—Origin of Some of the Streptococci Found + in Milk, by L. A. Rogers and Arnold O. Dahlberg. Reduction of Arsenic Acid to Arsenious Acid by Thiosul- phuric Acid, by R. M. Chapin. The Ophthalmic Test for Glanders, by A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau. | U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers Bulletin 560. Texas or Tick Fever, by John R. Mohler, V. M. D., Chief of _ the Pathological Division. -Cysticoccus Ovis, the Cause of Tapeworm Cysts in Mutton, by B. H. Ransom, Chief, Zoological Division, B.A.T.A., hand- somely illustrated and complete pamphlet with historical sum- _ mary; life history, pathology, etc., etc., and bibliography on the subject. . Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, March, 1914. | Vol. II, First International. Congress of Comparative Pathology—treports and communications (to be reviewed later). The Cornell Veterinarian—January, 1914. Official publi- _ cation of Cornell University. Announcement of the State Veterinary College—1914-1915. Notes on the Surgery of Fistulous Withers, by Profs. W. L. - Williams and J. N. Frost. Retained Placenta in the Cow, by Prof. W. L. Williams. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- _tion—1913. (To be reviewed later. ) Bureau of Animal Industry. Bulletin of the U. S. Depart- “ment of Agriculture, No. 76. Laboratory and Field Assay of 504 EDITORIAL. Arsenical Dipping Fluids, by Robert M. Chapin, of the Bio- chemic Division. No. 79. Immunization Tests With Glanders Vaccine, by John R. Mohler and Adolph Eichhorn, of the Pathological Di- vision. | Az thi THE SWIFT, STRONG RUSH TO FINAL VICTORY. Tue ArMy VETERINARY SERVICE Britt (H. R. 4541) Is Prac- TICALLY A LAw—CrowpbD BEHIND IT AND PUSH Ir THROUGH THE SENATE. | Nine-tenths of the work of making the Army Veterinary Service Bill (H. R. 4541) a federal statute is over. Early in February it passed the House Military Committee unanimously. Far better than that, on June 29th it passed on the floor of the House, again without a vote against it. Best of all, on June 26th it was favorably passed by the whole Senate Committee on Mili- tary Affairs and was recommended for passage on the floor of the Senate. All there is to do now is to get it passed on the Senate floor. Of course, it is on the Senate calendar and is nervously waiting its chance to get.off the spindle at the time when Senator Chamberlain, the chairman of the Senate Mili- tary Committee, can get the floor at the time the bill is reached. In a few jiffies then the vote of the Senate will take place, and, if the bill passes, the signature of President Wilson will make it a law. This, as it reads here, may seem all well enough. But there is the torturing thought that the calamity may occur that we cannot get the bill through on the floor of the Senate. Brethren of the profession, the prevention of that disaster is entirely in your hands. The three central figures in the scene when the bill comes to a vote on the Senate floor will be Vice-President Marshall (presiding officer of the Senate), Senator Kern, leader of the Democrats in the Senate, Senator Chamberlain, chairman of the Senate Military Committee. All these men are for the en Te ee EDITORIAL. 505 bill. Mr. Kern introduced the bill into the Senate. Mr. Cham- berlain and his committee have just recommended that the bill be made a law, and the Vice-President is our friend. The dangers are two: First, the Senate calendar is loaded with bills and there is the painful possibility that ours may not be reached. Second, there is the terrible chance that something may go wrong should the bill be called up for a vote. What will this or that senator attempt to do? If the bill has not passed the Senate by the time this num- ber of the Review reaches our readers, we beg them to remem- ber that the seed of destiny is in their hands. The bill has gone nine-tenths of its passage through Congress and will become a law if we muster yet a little more force now. For thirty-five years we have fought for this issue and the best missionary spirit of the profession has gone into it. Tell your senator of the good such a law (as the enactment of H. R. 4541) would be to the army, to the country and to your state and community. We are a band of patriots kindled with fire from the altar of truth and justice. Our forefathers at Bunker Hill never fought harder than we against tyranny and for the right; against error and for the truth. We yield nothing to our senators in patriotism; we crowd behind this bill because it is for the good of our country. SPE PLEASURABLE ANTICIPATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH A. V. M. A. MEETING AT NEW ORLEANS. Thos. Jefferson in his “Notes on Virginia” says: “ The “ Natural Bridge, the most sublime of Nature's works ! ” tage» “Tt is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime to be “felt beyond what they are here: so beautiful an arch, so “ elevated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven! The “rapture of the spectator is really indescribable! “ce While a great number of American veterinarians are “ on the other side” for the International Congress in London,—a splendid representation at that important international gathering —many loyal sons have been compelled to remain. at home 506 : EDITORIAL. through a call to duty there. It is fortunate that such a large representation were able to attend the congress, so that America might occupy a prominent place on the programme, and in the proceedings that will become history at the close of the London congress; and we rejoice in the realization. Amongst those whom duty has detained at home, most: to be commended, are the men who have foregone this opportunity of visiting Europe under such exceptional conditions in order to prepare for the coming meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New Orleans in December. December at this writing seems a long way off, and yet it is not too long to indulge in thoughts of anticipation. It seems but yesterday since we began to anticipate the European tour and the London congress, and now they are nearly in the past. But many of us even who were in the end unable to participate in it got con- siderable pleasure out of anticipating such participation. So Jet us begin early to enjoy in anticipation a trip to New Orleans. and hope in this case that all may also enjoy the realization. It seems too much to anticipate the trip and the sojourn in the beautiful city of romance all at once, so let us take it in instal- ments, and in this first one picture a trip that will take us through the enchanting Shenandoah Valley and thence to the Southland. This route, via the Pennsylvania and the Norfolk and Western Railway, will especially commend itself to members of the A. V. M. A., their families and friends, from Middle, Atlantic and New England States, and their neighbors up north in Canada, to whom it will be a direct route; and the beauties of it and the wonderland that it will traverse will be sufficient to attract others to whom it may not appeal from the viewpoint of a mile- ee saver. Canadians, New England and Atlantic State members — would make New York City their starting point; others in Penn- sylvania would start from Philadelphia or Harrisburg, and so on down the line. We will not go into the technique of route at this time, but refer to some of the beauties and wonders found early in the trip to New Orleans, if the route which lies over the Norfolk & Western, or what is termed by railroad men as the New York and New Orleans short line. “ The Natural Bridge, the most sublime of Nature's Works.” —Thos. Jefferson 508 EDITORIAL. Let us romance a little on the scenery at this time and indulge in cold travel details later. There are the Alleghany Mountains and Valley, near Shawsville, Virginia, Castle Rock, New River, Virginia, Roanoke Valley, the Falls near Buena Vista, Natural Bridge, one of nature’s wonders, like the mighty canyon of Ari- zona, that makes man realize his physical insignificance, and then Skyland Elevation 4,000 Feet—Near Luray, Va. the wonderful nature’s architecture and artistic beauty of the Luray Caverns, at Luray, Virginia, which attract visitors from all parts of the world. Three hours can be devoted en route in traversing the interior of the caverns, electrically lighted, so as to reveal all their wonderful formations. These caves, which excel all others in the combined ‘extent, variety, scientific inter- est and beauty of their calcite formations, were discovered in 1878, and shortly afterward opened to the public; although the full extent of their subterranean depths was not then known, or. even dreamed of, and not until thoroughly equipped exploring parties had penetrated seemingly endless chambers and laby- rinthine passages were their boundless riches disclosed and made accessible to visitors. There is the Ball Room, the Giant’s Flall, the Fish Market, Skeleton Gorge, the Natural Bridge, Organ and Chimes in Cathedral, and Saracen’s Tent, each more won- derful and awe-inspiring than the other. It is not possible to describe the scenes that fill the beholder with mute wonder, as he stands gazing spell-bound at the grandeur in the fantastic shapes, in the almost imperceptible silence, and the weird in- FTP Ip en EDITORIAL. _ 509 fluence of this subterranean realm; stands amazed in the royal chambers of the King of Nature. Various apartments and ob- jects have been named in honor of some distinguished person- age, or after something to which they bear a striking resem- blance. The Elfin Ramble, an open plateau five hundred feet long by one hundred in breadth, is the playground of the princesses of this fairy realm. Pluto’s Chasm, a wide rift in the walls, con- tains a spectre clothed in shadowy draperies. Hovey’s Hall is adorned with statuary and stalactite draperies, which, for beauty of coloring, translucency and symmetrical folding, are unexcelled Caverns of Luray—Luray, Va. by anything in the cave. Giant’s Hall is a vast space, embracing several chambers. Heroic sentinel forms loom up on every side, guarding the marvelous beauty of Titania’s Veil, and watching over the crystal waters of Diana’s Bath. The Saracen’s Tent, the Cathedral, with its grand organ, and the Bridal Chamber, all bear striking resemblance to the objects for which they are 510 EDITORIAL. named. Hades, a region sparkling with limped lakes and peopled with goblins, receives its name from the bewildering windings and labyrinthine meanderings through which the tour- ist must tread his way. Notwithstanding its uninviting name, it is a very attractive portion of the cave and contains many wonderful formations, and the Ball Room, a magnificent apart- ment, gorgeously furnished, is full of interest. And so we might write on and still have only suggested the beauties and the wonders that are in store for visitors to the beautiful Caverns of Luray, which are formed under a great hill in Page Valley. This hill has an elevation of about 1,200 feet above sea level, and rises about 200 feet above the surround- ing valley. But we will content ourselves with these few sug- gestions of what Virginia, the late home of our A. V. M. A. secretary, offers, and in a future number will endeavor to depict some more of the beauties of the route as it continues in the direction of the Gulf. { oe te ee | " ; i Nore.—After the foregoing was in type, we received a communication from the passenger agent of the Norfolk and Western, with some specific suggestions, which will be found on ‘page 582 of this issue.—[Editor.] t CAMPAIGN OF LOBECK BILL CONTINUED FROM WISCONSIN—CONGRESS ENGROSSED IN ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION. It was our great pleasure to receive a call from Secretary Walkley, of the National Association of B. A. I. employees, on July 6. Dr. Walkley left Washington (where he had been for about two months, devoting his energies in the interest of the Lobeck-Lewis bill) for New York on July 3, and when he left ; ’ | us on July 6 to get the midnight train for Milwaukee he did so — reluctantly, knowing that when he opened his eyes after a night in the “ sleeper” he would have passed far beyond the alluring t } j - f —, ik SUS pati ers ee a al EDITORIAL. 511 atmosphere of the great American metropolis. While here the doctor made good use of his time, having gotten around and conferred with several Bureau officials, despite the fact that he had a national holiday and a Sunday in his brief sojourn with us. He got in a lot of social work too; visited the New York _ Zoological Park in the Bronx, was entertained by officers of Branch 19; attending a ball game between the Phillies and the Giants with Secretary McCarthy of that branch, and in the evening they were joined by Dr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Famous at a theatre party. He also had a conference with Chairman H. R. Meyers of the Ways and Means Committee of the Federal Civil Service Society of New York; visited Ellis Island, where im- migration officials explained to him the details of handling im- migrants, and had just begun to see New York when he had to tear himself away and head for Milwaukee, from which point he will continue his campaign in the interest of Bill H. R. gzg2— S. 5720. Anti-trust legislation is engrossing Congress so that bills of the nature of this one cannot get a hearing for some time, and there is a possibility of its not being reached in the present session. Dr. Walkley has worked hard for the measure and is still working, and is deserving of the gratitude of all B. A. I. employees, which we are sure they all feel. NEW YORK CITY THE LOGICAL PLACE FOR THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES. The second annual convention of the National Association of B. A. I. employees will be held in Denver, Colorado, August 10, 1914, where it is hoped that there will be a large and repre- sentative attendance, as the various branches have elected dele- gates and alternate delegates, there being many important ques- tions to be considered. The meeting last year was in Chicago, 512 EDITORIAL. and this year they thought to go a little further west, and made the very excellent selection of the city of Denver. Secretary Walkley, on being asked whether he did not think New York would be an excellent place to suggest for their 1915 meeting, said: ‘‘ When I left Milwaukee for Washington I thought that the place I would suggest for the next meeting of our associa- tion would be in the land of beer and the home of the Deutch, but I now feel that that is too far from the ‘ Great White Way,’ and I would like to see our boys meet right here in New York in 1915.” And Dr. Walkley’s change of view from his home city to New York is a step in the right direction, and we hope that he will be able to convince his colleagues the same way before the ad- journment of the Denver meeting. New York City in itself is, of course, sufficiently attractive from an educational standpoint, in a general way (to say nothing of the entertainment it offers), _but what the association will want to consider in selecting a place is, are there any special educational advantages to be | found in New York? Bureau men will be in position to answer that question better than any one else. Will it be advantageous to them to witness special methods of inspection which they, as B..A. I. men know whether or not New York has to offer? Would the inspection of imported meats at the piers interest them? Or the inspection of Kosher cattle, which is done in New York, we understand, on Sunday? - We believe these in- spections would prove both interesting and instructive, and hun- — dreds of other particular methods of inspection peculiar to New York City. Besides such a selection is now due the eastern members. We offer our many friends in the B. A. I. service the pages of the Review upon which to ply their arguments, if the matter is not settled at the Denver meeting, and will promise an array of arguments ourselves that will convince the most skepti- cal that New York City is the logical place for the Third Annual Meeting of the National Association of Bureau of Animal In- dustry Employees. . —— oe) ORIGINAL ARTICLES. SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. By Septimus Sisson, S.B., V.S., Proressor oF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, OHIO STaTe UNIVERSITY. (Continued from July.) The effect of watering on the stomach contents and the trans- port of water through the stomach and small intestine are im- portant in regard to dietics, and conflicting views have been expressed in this connection. ; Smith (loc. cit.,.p. 181) states that “the regular arrangement of food in layers is disturbed _._ when a horse is watered after feeding; half the food may in this way be washed out of the stomach, for the water which a horse drinks does not stop in the stomach, but passes directly through it on its way to the caecum. Hence we have the golden rule of experience that horses should be watered first and fed after- wards.” Colin(25) concluded from his observations that in some cases the water passed from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature without disturbing or diluting the contents of the stomach, while in other cases it mixed with the ingesta, which it reduced to a soup-like consistence and washed into the intes- tine. It is self-evident that when a horse which has eaten an ordinary feed drinks any considerable amount of water, both cannot be accommodated in the stomach. As previously stated, Cohnheim observed that in the dog, when the,stomach is full, water will pass from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature without material effect on the gastric contents. A like process has been observed in man. Investigations were recently made by Scheunert and Schattke (loc. cit.) to determine the results 513 514 SEPTIMUS SISSON. on the stomach contents of watering and also the transit of water through the intestine. The water was colored with malachite green, so that its distribution could be noted. Observations were also made of the variations of the water content of the ingesta in the stomach, the chemical phenomena of digestion, and the arrangement of the various parts of the rations in the stomach. The conclusions reached by these observers were as follows: 1, That the drinking of water in any amount desired by the animal exerted no deleterious effect on digestion. 2, That the increase in the water content of the ingesta was inconsiderable, reaching at most 10 per cent. above the normal average; a similar increase can be produced by the large amount of saliva secreted during mastication of hay or by exercise. The interval before return to the usual lower water content varies individually; in one case it was only ten minutes in duration, but in general appears to be ~ one or two hours. 3, The bulk of the water leaves the stomach quickly. When the stomach is well filled, the contents are only penetrated very superficially by the water. In the left extremity very little or no staining of the ingesta took place. The water appeared to go first to the central part of the stomach, 7. e., ven- tral to the cardia, as one would naturally expect, and passed to the pylorus chiefly along each side and along the greater curva- ture. Only in cases in which the stomach contained little food was the latter stained throughout, showing complete penetra- tion of the water. It would appear that fluid would be prevented from passing directly from cardia to pylorus along the lesser curvature (Magenstrasse of Waldeyer) by the large ridge pro- duced by the folding here of the wall of the stomach. _ The view is prevalent that water passes rapidly through the small intestine of the horse and thus quickly reaches the caecum; the latter being regarded as a reservoir for fluid. Ellenberg- er(26) states that “in the horse water passes very quickly, not only through the stomach, but also through the small intestine, and may have arrived in part in the caecum in a few minutes. Colin has expressed a similar view. F. Smith (loc. cit., p. 213) states that “experiment, show that water will pass from the ~ Pe I ee ll "Se ee ae eS a See ~ ey En al SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 515 stomach to the caecum in from five to fifteen ‘minutes. By apply- ing the ear over the duodenum, as it passes under the last rib on the right side, the water which a horse at that moment is drink- ing may be heard rushing through the intestines on its way to the caecum.” It is quite true that auscultation as indicated will reveal the passage of fluid in the duodenum, but this furnishes no information as to what takes place in the remaining seventy feet of the small intestine. The numerous observations of Scheu- nert and Schattke do not support this view. They found that ‘in cases in which a considerable amount (9-12 liters) of water was drunk, the bulk of it passed into the small intestine in a short time, but that a period of three-quarters of an hour to an hour elapsed before any reached the caecum. This period does not appear to be influenced by the amount of water taken, but the rapidity of distribution in the small intestine, as might be expected, is in direct proportion to the quantity drunk. It seems that here absorption quickly reduces the amount ‘of water in the bowel and thus prevents interference with digestion and the premature transport of material into the large intestine. The mechanism of the compound stomach of the ox offers many problems which are yet unsolved. Most of the statements current in regard to it are not based on experimental evidence, but are more or less plausible inferences drawn from anatomical facts. Even so elementary a matter as the question into which part of the stomach ingesta enter has been variously answered. It seems to be quite commonly believed that fluid and finely divided food pass from the cardia to the omasum by way of the so-called oesophageal groove. Doubtless this was originally a pure assumption, and it assuredly is not supported by experi- mental evidence or anatomical arrangement. Vrybirg(27) gave cattle 2-3 liters of water colored with fuchsin, which was admin- istered by means of an irrigator, the head being about horizontal. He found that in three of these (adults) which were killed imme- diately there was no colored fluid in the omasum or abomasum. Three others were slaughtered at the end of 7, 8 and to hours, respectively; in the first a little colored fluid had reached the 516 SEPTIMUS SISSON. first part of the omasum; in the second the ventral part of the omasum and a portion of the abomasum were stained; while in the third part of the fluid had reached the duodenum. In the case of an ox which had drunk voluntarily and was killed half an hour afterward a small part of the omasum was stained. The same was true of a calf eight months old. Vrybirg concluded that all or almost all of the fluid swallowed by cattle passes into the rumen; this view is in conformity with our present knowl- edge of the internal topography of the bovine stomach. Craig(28) administered half a gallon of water deeply colored - with fuchsin to three cattle; in two cases it was given with a drenching horn and in the third through a probang. A two-year- old bullock was allowed to drink a bucketful of water and was then drenched with two quarts of water colored with magenta. A goat was drenched with half a pint of water similarly col- ored; during administration the animal was placed on its haunches and the head held back. The animals were killed im- mediately afterward. Colored fluid was found only in the rumen and reticulum—not a trace of it was present in the omasum or abomasum. The stain had diffused through the contents of the reticulum, but in the rumen it was present only in the solid food © near the wall. As Craig states, these results show at least what takes place when medicinal agents are given in drench, 1. e., they are diluted in the rumen and reticulum. This explains, for exam- ple, the very limited action on parasites in the abomasum or in- testine of anthelmintics administered per os. It is to be regret- ted that these observers do not state whether there was any stain- ing of the oesophageal groove. Colin made several observations on cattle by passing the hand to the cardia through a flank in- cision. He states that when the animal drank water, the latter passed in great part into the reticulum and then flowed over into the rumen; a very small amount trickled down the oeso- phageal groove. Evidently the important functional feature here is not the groove, but the thick muscular pillars which consti- tute the so-called lips of the groove. The contraction of these eT. pillars would shorten that part of the wall of the stomach and rs VIE ss pene) M LAR SLR EIS FIO ets mee N SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 517 — close the reticulo-omasal opening. ’ Under what circumstances this action takes place we do not know, but it would seem that it might occur in regurgitation and in the transfer of ingesta from the reticulum to the rumen. The writer’s observations lead him to believe that all ingesta which are swallowed in a natural man- ner pass through the atrium of the stomach into the anterior part of the dorsal sac of the rumen, and this view is in conformity with the anatomical arrangement. In cattle the first mastication is brief and consequently such material as grass or hay passes into the rumen in a comparatively ‘rough state. Here it is mixed up with the soft and watery in- gesta already present; much of the latter, it is to be noted, has already undergone a second and thorough mastication and insali- vation. There appears to be ample ground for the view that the ingesta are moved. in all directions. and thoroughly mixed up in the rumen. Contraction waves passing along the rumen can be determined by inspection, palpation and auscultation. Direct observations of the movements of the rumen and its contents have been made by Colin and others. Marked shortening of the organ and constriction between the dorsal and ventral sacs are produced by contraction of the powerful muscular pillars. The movement of the contents would be facilitated by the richly papil- lated character of the greater part of the mucous membrane, which gives the wall of the ventral sac in particular a good “ grip”’ on the contents. The contractions of the rumen average two to three per minute; they are normally stronger and more frequent during feeding and for some time afterward than at other times. They can be readily timed by watching the alter- nate prominence and flattening of the paralumbar fossa, except when the rumen is distended or the animal is too fat. Descrip- tions of the sounds produced within the rumen by the move- ments of its contents, the explosion of gas bubbles, etc., and those caused by the friction between the stomach and the abdominal wall are given in considerable detail in the works of Marck(27), Vogel(28), and Friedberger and Frohner(29). Interesting studies of the action of the ruminant stomach and the effect of 518 SEPTIMUS SISSON. various medicinal agents thereon have been carried on by ‘sev- eral workers in Gmeiner’s clinic in Giessen. Reference to these researches and further observations are given in a recent article by Haertle(30). . Nothing definite is known in regard to the special functions of the reticulum. Ellenberger observed that this sac is capable of extreme contraction, which occurs with great rapidity, like that of striped muscle.* The entire sac appears to contract at once, so that a contraction-wave is not seen. ‘There are three possible outlets for the reticular contents: they may pass I, back- ward into the dorsal sac of the rumen over the rumino-reticular fold; 2, into the omasum, or 3, into the oesophagus. It would seem that in general the first of these directions would be fol- lowed, except when the rumen contracts simultaneously, although smaller amounts could pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice if open. Observations indicate that only fluid and ingesta which have undergone very considerable comminution enter the oma- -sum. This would be expected from the relatively small size of the opening and the existence here of peculiar, curved, horny papillae. Rumination consists of the return of portions of the ingesta from the rumen and reticulum to the mouth, where it undergoes thorough mastication and insalivation, and is again swallowed. The process is repeated at intervals six to eight or even more times during twenty-four hours and occupies about a fourth of the time. It usually begins half or three-quarters of an hour after feeding, but occurs at other times. The external phenom- ena are readily observed. The animal usually lies down, and as- sumes a sleepy appearance, with the eyes half closed. Working oxen and camels, however, utilize intervals of rest for the pur- pose even when not permitted to lie down. The process is under the control of the will in the sense that it may be interrupted by the presence of a strange object or by an unwonted sound, and is resumed when the animal recovers its composure. The mech- '* The longitudinal (striped) fibres of the oesophagus are continued by scattered bundles in the wall of the atrium ‘and especially along the oesophageal groove. EE SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 519 anism of regurgitation is apparently quite simple. The essen- tial factors seem to be: 1, negative pressure in the thoracic part of the oesophagus produced by its relaxation and by the inspira- tory phase of the diaphragm; 2, contraction of. the rumen and reticulum; 3, contraction of the abdominal muscles. ‘The result is that a portion of the ingesta in the atrium of the stomach is injected forcibly into the oesophagus and carried to the mouth. The role of the oesophagus appears to be mainly a passive one, although one may observe a contraction wave pass along the cervical part toward the pharynx. As soon as the mass reaches the mouth, superfluous fluid is squeezed out of it and swallowed Mastication begins at once and continues half a minute to a min- ute, according to the state of the bolus. The lateral excursion of the mandible is very extensive and the mixture with parotid secre- tion thorough; it is remarkable that the mandibular glands do not secrete during rumination. The bolus is then swallowed and in three or four seconds another one has reached the mouth. The “cud” weighs about 100-120 gm. During mastication fluid is swallowed at intervals and eructations of gas occur. It is observed that rumination will not take place unless the rumen contains a certain amount of ingesta and fluid. It is also in- hibited, on the other hand, by undue distension. In the former case apparently there is not an adequate stimulus for the reflex, and in the other local anemia and stretching of the muscular coat prevent contraction. There is no evidence to support the view that the remasticated bolus when swallowed passes along the oesophageal groove to the omasum. It is, to say the least, highly improbable that such is the case, and in the camel it evi- dently could not occur. | _ The process of rumination is sometimes regarded as a sort of physiological vomiting, in which ejection of the bolus is inhibited. While it is true that the two processes have some factors in common, they evidently differ in important particulars. In both the cardia is relaxed and the abdominal muscles con- tract. But Cannon’s observations indicate that in vomiting that role of the stomach is relatively passive. He noted that in the 520 SEPTIMUS SISSON. — cat, after administration of apomorphine, the left part of the stomach is relaxed and flaccid. Several deep contraction-waves pass from the mid-region to the pyloric vestibule, from which a slight wave continues. A strong contraction at the incisura angularis divides the cavity into two parts. A quick contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles ejects part of the contents of the stomach through the relaxed cardia. As the jerky con- tractions are repeated the stomach seems to close about the rem- nant of its contents. Assuming that the chief factors in regur- gitation in vomiting are relaxation of the cardia and contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, it is not at all surpris- ing that the horse ordinarily vomits with great difficulty, only when in extremis, and not with complete effectiveness. Indeed it is remarkable that the phenomenon occurs at all in this species when one takes into consideration the peculiar powerful cardiac sphincter, the great thickness of the muscular coat and the small potential lumen of the terminal part of the oesophagus, and the small size of the stomach. The latter is separated from the ab- dominal wall (normally), except that a comparatively small part is in contact withthe diaphragm. Furthermore, contraction of the diaphragm would undoubtedly constrict the terminal part of the oesophagus in the hiatus oesophageus, the edges of which are thick and muscular. In addition to all this, egress of ingesta through the cardia is prevented ordinarily by folds of mucous membrane, and. it would appear that the cardia would need to be considerably dilated to overcome this impediment. In the dog, cat and pig the situation is very different; the terminal part of the oesophagus is thin-walled and has a large potential lumen, the cardia is very dilatable, and the stomach is relatively large and has extensive contact with the abdominal wall when it is well filled. The ease and effectiveness with which such animals vomit is readily understood. In this connection the observa- tions of Cannon(31) with regard to the movements of particles of food in the stomach when the gastric contents were largely fluid are interesting. He noted repeated regurgitations into the oesophagus; fluid passed quickly as far as the heart-level or the ™ me i ne Pe bie ills - SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. | ek root of the neck, but was returned to the stomach at once by a peristaltic wave. This action recurred periodically for twenty or thirty minutes; it gradually became less frequent and sub- sided (in the cat) after a rate of one per minute was reached. Fluidity is a prime factor in the phenomenon. Vomiting is not frequently observed in cattle, and is not performed so readily as in the dog or pig, but in some cases they eject through the mouth a large quantity (even more than ten liters according to Marek) of the more fluid contents of the rumen and reticulum. In the horse the vomited material is ejected chiefly from the nostrils, and not uncommonly pneumonia results from the aspira- tion of some of the ingesta. It is doubtless true that the ease with which vomiting is initiated in some animals as compared with others is due to the threshold of stimulation of the vomit- ing centre being lower in the former. In the omasum food which is not already in a finely divided or largely fluid state is thoroughly triturated. This is accomplished by the ingesta being pressed into thin layers between the laminae and rasped by the numerous horny papillae which stud the sur- face of these folds. The contractions of the omasum are slow and powerful; the amount of muscular tissue involved in its action is seen to be very great when we include in our estimate —as we must—the muscular strata of the laminae. The pressure exerted on the ingesta naturally squeezes out a large part of the fluid, which runs down into the omasal groove and so into the abomasum. The water-content of some of the food in the oma- sum has been found as low as 50 per cent. in apparently normal cases. It is clear that in any case in which the usual procession of ingesta through the stomach is interrupted or appreciably re- _ tarded, the omasal contents will undergo continued dessication, and further that the latter process would be even more rapid if contraction of the omasum is not inhibited. It is not at all easy to understand how the food reaches the upper part of the oma- sum. F. Smith (loc. cit., p. 197) says that “the omasum defies the laws of gravity,” but gives an ingenious account of the mechanism. The writer has found no description which appears 522 SEPTIMUS SISSON. to be based on actual observation of the process. Certain con- siderations diminish the difficulty of comprehending the action of this curious organ. Its long axis is not horizontal; the an- terior end is considerably higher than the posterior. Most of the laminae are oblique, not vertical, and they are so thickly be- set with horny papillae as to give them a firm hold on the ingesta. The circular muscular coat is thick and forms a strong pillar at the anterior margin of the omaso-abomasal orifice. The free edges of the laminae are thick; this is due to an increased amount — of muscular tissue here. At the neck the laminae have the form _of thick muscular ridges. They reach their greatest height in the middle part and diminish gradually in extent toward the abomasal orifice. No mechanical features of special interest are known in re- gard to the abomasum. ‘There is no sphincter at the omaso- abomasal orifice. The writer has always found the opening patent in formalin-hardened subjects. But observations show that no coarse food finds its way into the abomasum, and for- eign bodies are rarely found there. Limitation of space permits very brief reference to the in- testinal mechanism. The movements of the small intestine are of two kinds—peristaltic waves and rhythmic contractions. The peristaltic waves may take the form of a, a slowly advancing contraction moving a short distance, or b, a rapid contraction passing along a much greater distance. The former action moves — a mass of ingesta a little further along. The latter, the “ peristal- tic rush”? of Meltzer and Auer(32), empties the part of the bowel involved. The second kind of movement, rhythmic con- ~ traction, is by far the most common and most interesting mechan- — ical process, according to Cannon(33), who first described it. a The process as observed in the dog and cat by means of X-rays — is briefly as follows: The ingesta in a certain length of the bowel are divided by contractions into series of fairly uniform seg- ments. A moment later each of these segments is subdivided, and promptly after this division adjacent masses “rush to- gether”? and form new segments. This process was seen to SARE SS alters ee SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. 523 continue for more than half an hour without the food moving along any considerable distance. It has been happily termed “rhythmic segmentation”? by Cannon. Variations are observed ; thus if the food mass is thick, the division may be incomplete and the segments relatively long. The constrictions also occur near the ends of segments. Secondary division may occur with- out previous union of primary segments. The rate when the food “ string’ was thin was 12-22 per minute in the dog, 20-30 in the cat. Hertz(34) found the rate in man to be 7 per minute. The effects of the process are: 1, Food is repeatedly brought in close contact with different parts of the bowel wall; 2, undigested food is thoroughly mixed with digestive fluids; 3, digested mat- ter is thoroughly exposed to the mucous membrane for absorp- tion; 4, the repeated contractions facilitate the flow of blood and lymph. The process was not seen in the rabbit, in which there was instead rhythmic moving to and fro of a mass, rapidly re- peated for a considerable period. This observation raises the question whether rhythmic segmentation occurs at all in typical herbivora, such as the horse and. ox. Ellenberger (loc. cit., p. 292) recognizes two forms of movement of the small intestine —peristalsis and pendulum movements. The latter correspond to the action noted above in the rabbit, and persist for a consider- able time in a stretch of the bowel before the contents are moved on by peristalsis. Cannon did not observe delay in the passage of food through the small intestine, except under experimentally disturbing conditions, e. g., irritation of the colon. Hertz in his observations on man noted retardation only in lead poison- ing. This is in accordance with clinical observations that stasis in the small intestine is usually due to mechanical obstruction, whereas in the large intestine it is often primary. Most of the definite information which we have in regard to the action of the large intestine relates to the dog, cat and man. In 1890 Jacobi observed antiperistalsis in the colon of the cat. Cannon(35) studied the movements of the large intestine of the dog and cat by means of the X-rays. He observed that as soon as a mass of ingesta passed from the ileum into the colon, 524 SEPTIMUS SISSON. a strong contraction passed along the caecum and first part of the colon and carried some of the contents onward. A moment later a strong antiperistaltic wave passed along the right part of the colon and continued till the caecum was filled. The contents of the colon are not normally forced back into the small intes- tine. The ileo-colic valve appears to be competent, except when a large amount of fluid is introduced into the colon, when regur- gitation may occur. This agrees with clinical observations. The action of the first part of the colon is thus like that of the stom- ach when the pylorus is closed. The contents are forced back- ward through the advancing constricted ring, and are thus thor- oughly mixed and brought into intimate contact with the intes- tinal mucosa. Later, as the contents accumulate and extend along the colon, a deep, ring-like contraction occurs near the advancing end of the ingesta and almost separates a portion from the main mass. The ring moves along slowly, carrying the portion of ingesta before it. This process is repeated, and the separated masses are carried along by peristalsis. Elliot and Barclay-Smith(36) found in the herbivora which they studied that there was churning movement in the sacculated part of the colon. Each saccule was at times the seat of swaying oscilla- tions, and the degree of sacculation was in proportion to the activity of the churning movement. Little definite information is available with regard to the mechanical action of the caecum and colon in the larger domestic animals. In the ox, sheep and pig the division between these two parts of the bowel is purely conventional, and it is at least probable that there is here anti- peristaltic action as in the dog and cat. In the horse the ar- rangement is quite different. The connection between the cae- cum and colon is a narrow neck, so that the caecum is a true cul-de-sac with two blind ends. It seems improbable, but by no means impossible, that reflex occurs of contents of the colon into the caecum. The form of the caeco-colic orifice varies in mate- rial hardened in situ. In many cases it is slit-like, but not tightly closed; in others it has a narrow oval form, with a long diameter of about 5 cm. and a width of about 2 cm.; in others it is round OC a a ee oe SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN DIGESTION. . 525 and small, but usually easily passable by the finger. When the orifice is found rather widely open, the approach to it from the caecum is funnel-like. The first part of the colon which suc- ceeds the neck of actual origin usually has the form of a saccula- tion, the convexity of which is dorsal; Schmaltz(37) recently proposed for it the term “ vestibulum coli.” This vestibule com- municates with the larger part of the colon by a constriction which may be orbicular or have a length of 10 to 12 cm. These peculiar features may throw some light on the occasional failure of puncture of the bowel to result in effective removal of gas. There does not appear to be any ground for the suggestion which has been made that material may pass practically directly from the ileum to the colon in the horse (F. Smith, loc. cit., p. 215). The position of the caecal orifices has been misapprehended. The opening into the colon is about 5 cm. lateral to (i. ¢., to the right of) the ileo-caecal orifice and is usually at a slightly lower level. _ A Iarge shelf-like fold intervenes between the two, and over- lies the approach to the caeco-colic opening. The arrangement _ can be seen satisfactorily only on frozen preparations or on ma- terial which has been well-hardened in situ. It would seem that material issuing from the ileo-caecal orifice could pass either downward into the body or forward and downward into the anterior part of the base of the caecum. From the latter it could be carried readily into the colon, but material which has passed into the body and apex of the caecum would have to be brought _ up to the base before it could enter the colon. It would seem essential for this action—as in the case of the rumen with re- spect to regurgitation—that the caecum be well filled and that _ plenty of fluid be present. Clinical experience supports this view of the situation. Comprehension of the mechanism is not . facilitated by the fact that the longitudinal bands are largely composed of elastic tissue. Smith expresses the opinion that - material does not remain long in the caecum, but Ellenberger _ Says ingesta remain in it 18 to 24 hours, and that there occurs here a mixture of remnants of several feeds. Oscillating pendulum movements probably occur in the sac- : . 526 SEPTIMUS SISSON. culated ventral parts of the colon as well as peristalsis, but prob- ably only the latter action in the remainder of the bowel. The peculiar arrangement of the terminal part of the great colon favors the occurrence of stasis here. The contents must be moved upward and to the left from the enormous colic ampulla into the narrow funnel-like connection with the small colon, which might be termed the infundibulum coli. The nervous mechanism of the gastro-intestinal tract and other interesting topics must be excluded from consideration in a short paper dealing only with certain phases of the mechanics of the digestive apparatus. LITERATURE. 25. Colin, Traite de Physiologie Comparee, 1871. 26. Ellenberger und Scheunert, Lehrbuch der Vergleich. Physiol. der Haussaugetiere, IQIO, p. 296. 27. Marek, Lehrbuch der Klin. Diagnostik der Inneren Krankheiten der Haustiere. Jena, 1912, S. 540. 28. Vogel, Lehrbuch der Physical. Diagnostik der Krankheiten der Haustiere. 1874. 29. Friedberger u. Frohner, Lehrbuch der Klin. Untersuchungsmethoden. 30. Haertle, Studien Ueber den Wert. und die Wirkung auf die Tatigkeit des 4 Veratrius der Wiederkauermagens. Archiv f. Wissensch. u. Prakt. Tierheilunde, Bd. 40, S. 50. 31. Cannon, Am. Journ. of Physiol., 1903, VIII., p. 22. 32. Meltzer and Auer, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1907, XX., p. 266. 33- Cannon, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1902, V., p. 251; 1903, VIII., p. 21; 1905, XIV., 34. Hertz, Guy’s Hosp. Rep., 1907, LXI., p. 409. 35. Cannon, Am. Jour. Physiol., 1902, VI., p. 265; 1903, VIIL., p. 21. 36. Elliot and Barclay-Smith, Jour. Paveiol: 1904, XXXI., p. 272. A Futyt REportT OF THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CON-_ GRESS IN LoNDON WILL APPEAR IN THE SEPTEMBER ISSUE OF THE REvieEw.—A complete and accurate report of the London Congress, from a representative of the Review staff on the ground, will be published in our September issue, that our read- ers may be in possession, at the earliest possible date, of the happenings in London that affect veterinary science throughout the world. Witt APPEAR IN THE SEPTEMBER IssuE.—The advantages of a Sanitary Milk House on the Farm, by. Dr. C. R. Potteiger, assistant food inspector of Reading, Pa. ina SOME RESULTS OF BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. By ArrHur B. Clawson, PuysioLocist, BurEAU oF PLant INpustry, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. In the spring of 1909, the Office of Poisonous Plant Investiga- tions had at Limon, Colorado (altitude 5,360 feet) a number of cattle, some of which were to be taken during the summer to Mount Carbon, Colorado (altitude about 9,000 feet). Of these there were 13 belonging to the State of Colorado, and 14 belong- ing to the Department of Agriculture. Inasmuch as some counts which had been made on the blood of these and other animals while at the Experiment Station at Hugo, Colorado (altitude about 5,000 feet), during the preceding four years in connection with other work had indicated that a study of the effect of altitude on the blood of cattle would give some interest- ing results, it was suggested by Dr. C. Dwight Marsh, who has general charge of the poisonous plant work, that it would be well to take advantage of this opportunity to make some comparative counts. So far as can be learned, little work of this kind has ever been done on cattle, though considerable has been done on human beings. The cattle had been kept during the preceding winter on the ranch of W. S. Pershing, at Limon. Previous to that they had been used for experimental purposes at the station at Hugo. Some of them had been in the possession of the station for four years, and their histories kept. Some had been owned by the station only since the preceding July, and others had been born there. When first seen in the spring of 1909 (May 22) they - were all in good physical condition, and had come through the winter in good shape. 527 528 ARTHUR B. CLAWSON. The ages of these cattle varied from less than one to eight years or more at the time the blood counts in the spring of 1909 were made. Some of them had been in good condition for the last year preceding this time, while others had been locoed. At the time the counts were made at Limon only one showed any effects from having been locoed. That was Number 68, a young bull. Table I gives in tabulat form the results of all of the counts made at both Limon and Mount Carbon. The differential counts were made from slides prepared at the time the other counts were made. At Limon counts on both the red and white copa of most of the animals were made, and blood smears were prepared. One animal died after being taken to Mount Carbon before the number of blood corpuscles could be determined. The counting was done by C. W. Marsh, H. Pershing, and the author, in such a way as to have the work of one person check off that of an- other. In every case at least two, and in some cases three or four counts were made. All counting was done by means of the Thoma Zeiss diluting pipettes and slides with the Turk ruling. For the red corpuscles Hayem’s diluting fluid was used, and dilu- tions of 1-200 made. For the white corpuscles Toison’s fluid was used and dilutions of 1-20 made. With this dilution for the whites there were cases where the lines of the slide were some- what obscure and difficult to follow, but generally they could be made out with considerable ease. In counting the red corpuscles, 100 of the small squares were counted, taking them so as to sample the whole field. With the white corpuscles the whole ruled field was counted; viz.: 144 of the large squares. 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"** 2 O10) “soupy Of ae 1073 ss ven eR Cee ke ee ee 10,706,000 ~” 9, aaa LOO es ook Se, Perea 0;287,000' °° isa eae OF sos ) pee L13: vas vedio 8,626,000... Uc eae 2 TIS. cs Ua cacuces so eee 8,371,000 © «syn | TIF ida ees e es 9,100,000 eee AVEPARE |. 4:5 30k Ge ORE 9,159,222 7,504,400 Some of the animals at Limon were rather old, others again were quite young. To test the effect of age, Table II was made. In this the counts on animals made at Limon have been divided into two groups. In one column are placed the counts on all of the — SOME RESULTS OF BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 531 animals under five years of age. Asa matter of fact all of them were under four and some of them were less than a year old. In the other column are the counts of red corpuscles of the ani- mals over five years of age at the time the count was made. Their average age was probably eight or more years. There are in this table 9 animals under five and 10 over five years of age. A glance at the table will show a certain amount of uniformity in the counts. Those in column II are in all cases under 9,000,000, . most of them considerably under. Those in column I are uni- formly higher and with one exception run considerably above eight million. This one exception is that of bull 68, which was locoed the two preceding summers. In spite of this low count, | the average of the counts in column I is 9,159,222, while that for the older animals in column II is 7,504,400. Here is a differ- ence of 1,654,822 in favor of the younger group of animals. Based on the average number of red corpuscles of the younger — animals this is a difference of 18 per cent. Effect of Altitude on the Red Corpuscles. It is generally conceded that there is a correlation between altitude and the number of red corpuscles, the greater the altitude the larger the number of the corpuscles. Considerable work has been done on the effect of altitude on human blood and some on animals, especially the dog. Most of the results agree fairly well. ___ The counts of red corpuscles made at Limon ran considerably higher than those usually given for cattle, which were presum- ably made at lower altitudes. The number of red corpuscles in normal cattle is usually placed at about 6 millions. The results | of different investigators vary from 4.2 millions, found by Malassey to 6,847,000 by Storch. To be sure, Storch found greater numbers than this in calves and young cattle. This number is an average of all of his findings.* The average for all counts made at Limon is 8,288,263, or nearly two millions higher than the average count in literature. * Burnett “ Clinical Pathology of the Blood of Animals,” 1908, p. 43. 532 ARTHUR B. CLAWSON. Of the cattle wintered at Limon, 14 were taken in the spring to Mount Carbon, arriving there on June 14th. On 11 of these, counts of the red corpuscles were made at both places. As pre- viously stated, at Limon, all of the counts were made between May 25th and June 8th, while at Mount Carbon the counting was distributed over the rest of the summer, much of it being done in August. The time of the year when the counts were made may be an important factor. TABLE III. Blood Count, Limon and Mount C arbon, Colorado. Red Corpus- cles, 1909. | Mount No. Limon. Carbon. Batt AFIS O OER 7,150,000 8,845,333 BB ee. ba ees ce ae 8,796,000 7,548,000 — Ol ws ieee eee 6,911,000 8,836,000 Big ain he bbe Shek Sate aan 6,850,000 8,778,000 OB 2:5: 5:0 atasate, ith aie ee aan Rae 8,637,000 11,064,000 — EO: Yaiie nspe sppeksios's cg Gees eee an 10,706,000 8,005,333 FOS 5 6 wate Souidlsdeviacal a ty loca ae ale 9,287,600 8,292,000 | YEO. iin SoG eas ci, ye 11,802,000 8,080,000 | EER osbd wicks eels gage Paes ieee ee 8,626,666 8,760,000 | EES. is oopoos acct es 8,371,000 10,904,000 — LF ono pisinis ah tae ee 9,100,000 8,702,000 — AVeTARG cle a pane ss 8,749,388 9,255,878 The counts made at these two places are compared in Table , Animals which were not examined in both places are not IIT. considered in this table. There were two counts at Limon that ran high, likewise two at Mount Carbon that ran high. ‘These were young, vigorous animals. These high counts can not in- fluence the results materially as they will largely balance each — other, there being two in each column. SOME RESULTS OF: BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 533 human and dog’s blood—-see Table IV. TABLE IV. The average of the counts made at Limon (altitude 5,360 feet) is 8,749,388 red corpuscles, and at Mount Carbon (alti- tude, 9,000 feet) 9,255,490. This gives a difference of 506,400 in favor of the higher altitude, or an increase of 5.8 per cent., an increase considerably less than that reported by workers on In this table we have Effect of Altitude on Number of Red Corpuscles. Increase Difference Increase per 100 Time at Author Subject. in in Blood Meters Higher Elevation, | Corpuscles | Elevation | Elevation. Meters. in Percent. jin Percent. West. .>.... Man 4,392 60.0 1.4 On arriving Reger..:..... Man 1,800 16.0 9 4% weeks Egger........ Dogs. 1,800 27.4 1.5 oS ee Dogs. 1,800 6.0 .33 | 9 days _ Raemisch..... Man.. 1,684 26.0 1.5 Acclimatized, b>isarcher...... Man.. 789 9.3 1.2 20 days SmMOer........ Man.. 719 14.0 2.0 ae Dogs. . 719 24.7 3.5 Veillon....... Dogs... 434 5-4 1.3 4 days Veillon and Sutter...... Man... 434 6.4 1.8 computed the findings in terms of 100 meters elevation. A glance at the table will show that there is a considerable variation in the results. There is also a variation in the length of time the individuals had been at the higher altitude when the counts were made. With one exception, however, the findings are higher _ than those here reported. For individuals which had been at the higher elevation any length of time, the table shows an increase _ Yarying from .g per cent. to 3.5 per cent. per 100 m. elevation. _ Our counts show only .44 per cent. for the same increase in alti- tude. . 9 _ There is one other factor that probably should be taken into _ account here, that is, the time of the year when the counts were _ made. Smith and Kilborn, in Bulletin 1 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 38, state that 534 ARTHUR B., CLAWSON. around the District of Columbia about seven million corpuscles in winter and five million in late summer or early autumn would be a fair average. Others have stated that there are more corpuscles in late winter and spring than in late summer and’ early fall. If this is true, we have a possible explanation for this seeming discrepancy. The counts made at Limon were under spring conditions, while those made at Mount Carbon were under summer conditions. TABLE V. Blood Count. Early vs. Late Summer. Counted at Mt. Carbon, Colorado. ) June August and — No. , and July. September. 2 i ER ie 8,400,000 8,200,000 BA vc ole «OU a olin s Cee ee ne 8,845,000 BSS ok asaya) willl a ee reia nea tee ae ane 7,549,000. > She . QE iw alin be rie 8,836,000. | ayanenes O2 f cenevba «oh Dee 11,432,000 7,893,000 oP Dry rr: FRR a 11,064,000 107 Ste a Se 8,005,000 TOBE Pe eR 8,292,000 112 EO RE ee 8,080,000 133° EO A a a 8,760,000 OZ Eph a Fe ee eae eee 10,904,000 oe T07 Sa ee Aes 8,702,000 Average.) ee Oona | 9,313,000 8,635,000 An attempt was made to test this possible factor in the counts made at Mount Carbon. Some of the counts were made in June, — others in July, August and September. The largest number was made in August. In Table V the counts are separated into two — groups. Column I gives the counts made in the first half of the — Ta 2 SOME RESULTS OF BLOOD COUNTING ON CATTLE. 535 summer, or in June and July. Column II gives the results of the - counts made in August and September. Taking the average of these two columns there is obtained 9,313,000 for the first half of _ the summer, and 8,635,000 for the latter half. Here isa difference _ Of 678,000 in favor of the first half of the summer. That this _ difference is not due to a larger percentage of young animals in _ the first column is shown by the fact that of the young animals _ only two are included in the first column while there are five in _ the second column. Of the old animals, there are on the other - hand more included in the first than the second column. TABLE VI. Blood Count Throughout Summer at Mt. Carbon. No. June. July. August. September. Ges, fk eee 8,400,000 7,608,000 10,568,000 RI see eek ve cee ens 8,845,000", sce sain A re F.GAROOO) shy ek cee ot eae Bs re ke ee F0,000 i i cas . se ae DEMARIO” ene ks ss 11,064,000 . 7,893,000 a 8,005,000 "er ee 8 A 8,800,000 —_ 7,784,000 MI ey ec a tw en 8,080,000" :. 230 ae Ss COO ek See ie SO EE RES ants PMN an a i i a a ma 3,702,000) ee Geile Average. 11,168,000 8,386,000 8,729,142 8,748,000 Taking the same figures and dividing them by months, the re- sult as shown in Table VI is obtained, and the highest count is in the month of June. As there are only two animals included in the counts of this month, too much stress should not be laid on this result. For the other three months there is no evidence of a progressive change. All that can be said is that the evidence, so far as it goes, points towards a larger number of red corpuscles 536 ARTHUR B, CLAWSON. in the spring than in the middle or late summer. If such is the case, then the effect of altitude is much greater than would appear in Table III. In considering Tables V and VI, it must also be remembered that the animals had just been brought from a much lower altitude and perhaps were not yet acclimated when the June counts were made. SUMMARY. 1. In the older animals there was a decidedly smaller num- ber of red corpuscles than in the younger. There was an average — of 9,159,222 in the younger and 7,504,000 in the older group, or a difference of 1,654,822. 2. The animals when taken from an altitude of 5,360 feet — . to an altitude of 9,000 feet showed an increase in the number of red corpuscles. The average number was 8,749,388 at 5,360 feet, and 9,225,878 at 9,000 feet, the difference being 506,492. The counts at the lower elevation were made in early summer, while those at the higher altitude were made largely in midsummer. — Had the counts at the two altitudes been made at more nearly the ~ same time the difference might have been greater. 3. The counts at Mount Carbon show a larger number of red corpuscles in early than middle or late summer. NUMBER OF Horses AND MULES STILL INCREASING IN U.— S.—The estimates for January 1, 1914, indicate that there are 20,955,000 horses and 4,447,000 mules on farms in the United — States, an average annual increase of about 1.4 per cent. over the number shown by the census of 1910. It is estimated that — the average farm price of horses has increased from $108.19 — in the census year to $109.33 in January, 1914, and in the case ~ of mules from $119.84 to $123.84 in the same period. On this — basis the total farm value of horses is $2,291,000,000 and of mules $550,697,000. The total estimated farm value of these animals is therefore $2,841,697,000, which is an increase of $191,454,000 over the census year and represents an annual in- crease of wealth from these sources of $47,863,000. a ee : TS = Site BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.* By E. C. Scurorper, M.D.V., SUPERINTENDENT OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION oF THE U. S. Bureau or ANIMAL INDUSTRY, BETHESDA, Mb. I am here to-day to talk to you about tuberculosis in the i place of a man from Washington, from whom you expected an : _ address on hog cholera. This is a twofold substitution. I realize 7 the conditions, and hope, after I have concluded, you will not have a double reason to feel disappointed. ; So much attention has been given in recent years to the subject of my paper that it almost may be said to have been worn threadbare, but I believe you can listen to me with patience if you will bear in mind that bovine tuberculosis, with the possible but by no means proved exceptions of cholera among hogs and infectious abortion among cattle, remains to-day the commonest and most expensive evil with which our animal industry is j afflicted, and that, apart from the success some of us may have r had in cleaning individual herds and small areas where cattie are not numerous, our efforts to control and eradicate the disease _ have made no material impression on its wide dissemination and frequency. The phase of the subject I specially wish to talk about is eradication viewed as a purely economic problem. As a condi- _ tion affecting the public health, the claim seemingly is no longer _ tenable that the occurrence of tuberculosis among food animals i is urgently important, not because bovine tubercle bacilli are - harmless for human bodies, but because we have learned how to _ protect human health against exposure to them. Meat products _ from tuberculous animals, even before our meat inspection activi- ties began, probably never were a serious menace to human health in this country where most meat is cooked before it is eaten, -and milk from tuberculous cows can be made safe by pasteuriz- ing it, and pasteurization is so urgently needed to check other * Presented to the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association at Boston, February, 1914. } 537 538 E. C. SCHROEDER. and greater raw-milk dangers than those chargeable to the con- tamination of milk with tubercle bacilli that the efficiently super- vised pasteurization of all milk should be universally demanded. If I were asked to choose between the properly pasteurized milk of tuberculous cows and the best raw milk distributed by — city dairies, for my own use or for use in my family, I would — select the former, because I know from hundreds of personally — conducted tests that pasteurization at 140 degrees F., for 20 minutes, makes the milk of cows affected with udder tuberculosis innocuous for guinea pigs that are exposed to it through intra- abdominal inoculation. The efforts that have been made to control and eradicate tuberculosis among cattle may be summarized as follows: Tu- berculin testing and the slaughter of reacting animals; the Bang method; the Ostertag method; immunization or bovo-vaccina- a tion, and the Ujhelyi method. ‘Tuberculin testing and the slaughter of all reacting cattle j in a region where tuberculosis is an uncommon disease may be a hopeful procedure, but to those who know that the best obtain-— able estimates justify the conclusion that we have over 2,000,000 tuberculous dairy cows in our country, a large proportion of : which are only slightly affected and may remain a real source of — profit for years to come, and that we have never been less in ae position than now to sanction the destruction of cows that are capable of producing healthy calves, it must have the character of a wasteful extravagance that should be adopted only as a last expedient. . Our population has increased rapidly, but the iim of our milch cows is no greater now than it was seven years ago, and 4 during the last seven years the number of our other cattle he declined from 51,566,000 to 36,030,000, and is now lower than — _ at any time during the last fourteen years. Coupled with this, as we would naturally expect, the price of a dairy cows: 7 included, is higher than ever before. 3 Furthermore the eradication of tuberculosis among cattle is . hopeless without the friendly co-operation of the owners, and — BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 539 this, I am convinced, cannot be secured by those who advocate the slaughter of every animal that reacts with tuberculin, unless sufficient money can be made available to pay full value for the animals destroyed. The Bang method requires constant watchfulness and con- siderable labor, and is open to the objection that calves artificially raised on heated milk, or milk that has undergone modifications _ of various kinds through its exposure to unnatural conditions, especially such as result from the multiplication of bacteria, do not thrive as well as naturally raised calves. With a series of experiments made with one of my assistants, Dr. Geo. W. Brett, on the relative value of raw, pasteurized and boiled milk as a food for unweaned animals, but in which guinea pigs and not calves were used, I convinced myself that the artificial feeding of unweaned animals constitutes a greater and longer enduring handicap than it is generally recognized to be. It may be interesting to you to add that the boiled milk in the experiments referred to gave decidedly better results than either the raw or the pasteurized, and that the available data on the use of raw and boiled milk as a food for infants and young - animals, when the milk of a foreign species is used, are in favor of boiled milk. The high price of labor, especially labor guided by trained intelligence, presents economical difficulties that stand in the way of the proper application of the Bang method in our country. The Ostertag method abandons the tuberculin test for adult cattle. It seeks to control tuberculosis by the removal of physic- ally evident cases of the disease from the herd and the exclu- sion of recently weaned animals that react with tuberculin. The _ calves are reared by healthy foster mothers or are artificially fed on sterilized milk. This method may be satisfactory for condi- tions as they are in Germany, a densely populated country with not less than 40 per cent. of its cattle affected with tuberculosis, and which must use the utmost caution in the adoption of meas- _ ures that relate to the sources of its food supply; but in the 540 E. C. SCHROEDER. United States it does not seem to merit serious consideration. The percentage of tuberculosis among our cattle is too low to permit the continued exposure of healthy animals to those that disseminate tubercle bacilli in the absence of sensibly determin- able symptoms of disease. Bovo-vaccination and other attempts to immunize cattle against tuberculosis by injecting them with tubercle bacilli or products of tubercle bacilli have not given results that justify their use, and nothing encouraging has developed in this field since the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry, in 1912, in a report on “‘ The Vaccination of Cattle against Tuberculosis,” published the following statements : “Very careful autopsies of cattle, treated by intravenous inoculations of tubercle bacilli according to the methods of Von Behring and Pearson, show that the more or less attenuated tubercle bacilli that engender immunity against tuberculosis rarely leave the treated subject wholly free from lesions that can be accounted for in any other way than as due to the patho- genic activity within the animal’s body of the injected bacilli.”* — “The only conclusion to which we are entitled from this work and the careful study of the writings of others on the sub- ject of protective inoculation against tuberculosis may be stated as follows: Though results have been obtained which are very encouraging to the investigator and which prompt him to strive onward with renewed vigor and hope, no system of bovo-vacci- nation has reached a stage at the present time that justifies its use in common practice.” * We now come to the method of Ujhelyi, in which healthy nurse cows are used for newly born calves when this is prac- ticable, and in which the calves are left with their infected dams until they are weaned when healthy cows are not available and then tested with tuberculin. The reacting calves are slaughtered. This method is particularly interesting to me because of its resemblance to a method I planned about ten years ago, before I knew of Ujhelyi’s interest in the subject, and have given a careful test at the Experiment Station. 8B, A. I. Circular No. 190. Yee i ee Se eer ee eS ee BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 541 I took three factors into consideration: first, that congenital tuberculosis occurs rarely among calves; second, that the fre- quency with which young cattle are affected with tuberculosis, even in a tuberculous environment, compared with the fre- quency of tuberculosis among older cattle, is very low, and, third, that the young of tuberculous cows that have lived in a tuber- culous environment until they are weaned, if they fail to react with tuberculin several months after their removal from ex- posure, provided they are subsequently protected against ex- posure, remain permanently free from tuberculosis. I would like to give you precise statistics concerning these three factors, and regret that I am unable to do so. That con- genital tuberculosis is extremely uncommon, though seemingly commoner among cattle than persons, requires no lengthy argu- ment. At the Experiment Station, in the course of twenty years, ' among the numerous calves born of tuberculous cows in all stages of the affection, we have had four cases of true con- genital tuberculosis. With one exception the mothers of the congenitally diseased calves were affected with completely gen- eralized tuberculosis that had extended to and attacked their reproductive organs. The one exception was the calf of a cow affected with advanced, generalized tuberculosis without dis- coverable lesions in her reproductive organs. The examination of many other calves born of tuberculous cows in practically the last stages of tuberculosis, and the inoculation of tissues from such calves into guinea pigs, failed to reveal either tuberculous lesions or the presence of tubercle bacilli. The available data on the relative frequency of tuberculosis among recently weaned calves and older cattle are meager and contradictory. Abattoir statistics leave us in a quandary about the true meaning of the word calf. Is it an animal that has lived a few weeks or does it include young cattle up to and older than six months? In a general way such statistics show that tuber- culosis among animals classed as cattle is from 70 to 80 times as common as among those classed as calves. Hutyra and Marek, in their excellent work on The Pathology and Therapeutics of 542 E. C. SCHROEDER. the Diseases of the Domestic Animals, give statistics, taken from the official report on sanitary police control of abattoirs of the German empire, which show that the proportion of calves ccen- demned on account of tuberculosis is less than a fraction of a per cent., while the proportion of cattle condemned is about 20 per cent., and that the percentage of condemnations among calves is only about half as great as among goats, notwithstanding that, in America, goats are so rarely affected with tuberculosis that many persons believe them to be naturally immune, at any rate against such exposure to tubercle bacilli as they are likely to encounter under economic conditions. Tuberculosis, we must remember, is a disease that may arise from a single, short-lived exposure to infection, but which usually arises from very severe, frequently repeated or long-continued exposure. At the experiment station we found that about Io per cent. of the calves produced by tuberculous cows, and kept in an in- tensely tuberculous environment the first three months of their lives, become infected with tuberculosis. This percentage is | undoubtedly much higher than it would be among the calves in ordinary tuberculous herds, because the exposure at the station — included, under otherwise far from sanitary conditions, associa~ — tion with cows in the last stages of generalized tuberculosis, some — of which were proved by microscopic and inoculation tests to be expelling virulent tubercle bacilli from their mouths, noses, — bowels and udders. It may be well to say here that calves permitted to roam at — liberty in a stable or a field with cows, or a single cow, affected — with udder tuberculosis, almost invariably become infected, and that actual tests proved that a single feeding from a tuberculous — udder, or artificially, from a pail, with milk from a tuberculous — udder, is sufficient to cause tuberculosis in the otherwise wnex- — posed calves of healthy mothers. As to the development of tuberculosis later in life among the progeny of tuberculous cows, or among cattle that failed to eo: react with tuberculin three months after their removal from ar — a BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 5438 exposure in which they were born and remained until they were weaned, the station has records of more than a hundred such animals that were kept under observation for varying periods of time, some of them more than six years, without a single instance to prove that tubercle bacilli, possibly taken into the body early in life, had remained dormant three months or longer and subsequently caused disease. These animals were intention- ally kept under observation to determine. whether Von Behring’s theory, “that tuberculosis, irrespective of the time of life it reveals itself by symptoms, is commonly due to tubercle bacilli taken into the body during the milk-drinking period,” is in any sense true of tuberculosis among cattle. The fact that Von Behring’s theory does not seem ‘to apply to cattle should not be too hastily used as an argument that it has no significance respecting the etiology of human tuberculo- sis, because the manner in which different species of animals are affected by tubercle bacilli varies enormously, and what may not be true of tuberculosis among cattle may be true, in part at least, about tuberculosis among some other species of animals. Now, using the three factors I have tried to define, I based an experiment concerning the derivation of a healthy from a tuberculous herd of cattle on them, the plan of which was as follows: a. Calves born of tuberculous cows or of cows in a tuber- culous environment to be left with their mothers about three months. b. At the end of three months the calves to be moved to an environment free from tubercle bacilli. c. After the passage of three or four months in a healthy environment, the calves to be tested with tuberculin. If all the young animals exposed to each other failed to react, they were regarded as eligible for introduction into a tuberculosis-free herd. If any one or more of a number of young animals exposed to each other reacted, or it was doubtful whether a tuberculin record should be read as clearly positive or negative, the non-reacting animals were separated from the reacting or doubtful animal or 544 E. C. SCHROEDER. animals and placed in a second clean environment and tested again, after the lapse of not less than three months, before they — were regarded as eligible to enter a healthy herd. . It is questionable whether the second test is really important, because, among over a hundred animals so far handled in ac- cordance with the plan, not one that failed to react with the first test, and was subsequently protected against exposure to tuber- 4 culosis, reacted with a second or later: tests, and no such animals among the many that were sooner or later examined post mortem showed lesions of tuberculosis. The cows from which the calves were derived formed two herds, one of. which was composed entirely of tuberculous and the other of tuberculous, bovo-vaccinated and healthy cattle. The latter constituted an experiment on the subject of bovo-vaccina- tion, and the infection in it was severe enough to cause the de- velopment of tuberculosis among some of the ke d and among twelve of fourteen healthy cattle. The records of the experiment prove that by following the outlined plan the progeny of an intensely tuberculous herd of — cattle can be used to form a healthy, vigorous, profitable herd of young animals, with no great expenditure of labor or money. In the experiment, after the calves were separated from their — tuberculous mothers, they were placed in small pastures, and — were given no better shelter during winter than small, cheaply — constructed stables, into and out of which they could wander at — liberty. The plan does away with the labor and attendant evils of J artificial feeding. It may be associated with a somewhat greater — percentage of tuberculosis than we have among calves artificially fed on heated milk, but, when we deal with calves produced in a herds from which physically evident cases of tuberculosis have p, been eliminated, cases which should be retained in no herd, the possibly greater losses from tuberculosis will be very small and a more than balanced by the greater losses from other causes that are apt to occur among artificially fed, unweaned calves. In the practical use of the plan I would advise, as the first — \i = 2 i q a 3 4 yee ey ‘bs a a BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 545 step, the removal of all physically evident cases of tuberculosis _ from the herd, and as a second step the separation of the animals that react with tuberculin from those that do not react, unless it is not intended to make the uninfected portion of the tuberculous the nucleus for the clean herd. In this latter case | would not attempt to distinguish between apparently and actually healthy - cattle. In the case it is decided to make the uninfected members _ of the herd the nucleus of the clean herd, it should be borne in mind that a negative tuberculin test is satisfactory evidence for the absence of tuberculous infection only in animals that have not been exposed to tubercle bacilli for several months. Tuberculin does not record the presence of tubercle bacilli ir the body; it records the presence of changes caused by tubercle bacilli, and an interval of time, the length of which we do not know as precisely as we do the lengths of the periods of incuba- tion of some infectious diseases, elapses between the entrance of tubercle bacilli into the body and the development of tuberculo- sis. Those who attempt to clean herds without keeping this fact in mind, may find it difficult to explain why their efforts, with the first two or three tuberculin tests too far apart, .do not yield satisfactory results. Following the attention to the original herd, the rest of the plan has been sufficiently defined to require no further description. This is the method for controlling and eventually eradicating bovine tuberculosis I propose under the existing conditions in our country, and in doing so I recognize, of course, that I am pro- posing something which is not wholly free from labor and ex- pense. But without a fight we cannot hope to win a battle, and it is worth a great effort to be rid of a preventable disease that reduces the profits from every herd in which it occurs, which may enter any herd it has not yet reached at any time, and which is conservatively estimated to cost the nation considerably more than $20,000,000 per annum, or about double the total estimated farm value of all the dairy cows and other cattle in the State of ~ Massachusetts. PYO-SEPTICEMIA OF SUCKLINGS.* By Cart F. Davis, V.M.D., Rumrorp FAuts, ME. Syn. Pyemic and septic arthritis; joint-ill, navel-ill and limping. | It is an acute, contagious, infectious disease of new-born ani- mals occurring in the first days of life and not later than the first four weeks. Characterized by purulent inflammation of the joints and general pyemic manifestations. It develops as a result of umbilical infection, exceptionally as a result of intrauterine _ infection of the fcetus. History. In former times all affections of newsbin animals were combined under the term limping or navel-ill, in the course of which lameness and disturbance of walking was present. We can now better differentiate the various diseases and the follow- ing are now described in our best text-books: Pyemic or Septic Articular Inflammation, Fatty Degeneration of the Body Muscles, Articular Rheumatism and Muscular Rheumatism, Rickets, Teta- nus, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, Tabes. Various other diseases to which sucklings are liable, as intes- tinal catarrh, broncho-pneumonia, pleuro-pneumonia, general de- bility, weakness in extensor muscles of the extremities, etc., are also popularly known as limping. Occurrence of Pyemic Arthritis. The disease occurs prin- cipally in sucking colts and sucking calves, less frequently in sucklings of other species. In some of the breeding districts it attains not infrequently an enzootic character. The best oppor- tunity for the spreading of the disease is present in the studs or dairies, where all of the new-born animals may become af- fected, and as a result the breeding industry is endanee to a great extent. * Read before the Maine Veterinary Medical Association, at Rockland, July, 1914. 546 "sa sf cities | ial PYO-SEPTICEMIA OF SUCKLINGS. 54AT Etiology. The ‘results of various investigations appear to indicate that the disease develops as a result of infection through the umbilicus with various micro-organisms. According to Leraye and Delmer, the organisms implicated are,on the one hand the bipolar bacillus of hemorrhagic septicemia and on the other hand a strong virulent variety of the colon bacillus. The latter preparing the way for the pathogenic action of the bipolar bacil- lus, as the injection of both bacteria under the skin of a calf produces the disease, while the bipolar bacillus alone causes only a local inflammation. In the first case the colon bacillus remains at the point of inoculation, while the bipolar bacillus passes into the blood. Older writers claim that it may be transmitted; although the possibility of this does not seem to have been proven, yet it may easily happen that a certain number of foals may have a predisposition to pyemic polyarthritis, in so far as they are burdened with a low vitality and feeble constitution, which may be transmitted from their mothers. Other authorities have ob- tained streptococci and staphylococci from organs of affected colts. Whether these bacteria are the original causative factors of the disease or whether they play only a secondary part is not known. The natural infection results mostly through the torn or not yet closed umbilical vessels, immediately after birth or excep- tionally during birth. The stump of the loose, juicy, umbilical cord which is no longer nourished, as well as the blood present on the torn end of the cord, present a suitable medium for the propagation of the micro-organisms, until drying of the stump has taken place. Bacteria which reach the surface of the stump find favorable development in the thrombi inside of the vessels. Then they penetrate along the thrombus, pass the navel ring and finally spread even in the abdominal portion of the umbilical vessels. The extrauterine infection which causes the disease in the majority of cases occurs through the soiling of the umbilical stump with contaminated straw immediately after birth, as well as by coming in contact with the stable floor containing patho- 548 CARL F. DAVIS. genic bacteria or else with the infected hands of the attendants. Infection accumulates in the stable from the excrements of — previously affected animals and as a result of this those that are born later are more exposed to infection. In this way the dis- ease which was at first sporadic may later occur with greater frequency. 7 PAaTHOGENESIS.—The bacilli which enter the umbilical veins commence to multiply in the coagulated blood of these vessels, on the one hand cause the thrombus to break down and on the other produce an inflammation of the intima and probably also of the external layer of the walls of the vessels. The breaking down of the thrombus progresses gradually inward until it reaches the end, when the infection may come in contact with the liquid blood contained in the same vessel, or in the portal vein, coming in direct contact with the circulating blood. Small par- ticles of the softened thrombus may be carried off by the circu- lating blood, and with these the bacteria may enter the free blood circulation. They are taken either to the liver or with the blood of the vena cava into the general circulation. Certain organs appear to have a special predisposition for attacks by the micro-organisms circulating in the blood.. Of these the lungs and liver should be mentioned first, and in addition metastatic inflammations develop frequently on the synovial membranes of certain joints. In acute cases of the disease the flooding of the blood with pathogenic bacteria, as well as the inflammatory processes which develop at different parts of the body, cause the death of the animal. In some cases the disease process appears to turn toward recovery and the bacteria of hemorrhagic sep- — ticemia disappear from the blood, but the toxins have in the ~ meantime exerted a paralytic action on the cells by which the resistance of the animal has been reduced to such an extent that other bacteria, especially the bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis, may attack the tissues of the body and produce an inflammation of the lung tissue. The disease may turn to a chronic course and these manifestations are often associated with the pre- existing infection. — ee ee eee iti’ | Cumann PYO-SEPTICEMIA OF SUCKLINGS. 549 ANATOMICAL CHANGES.—In some of the acute cases the umbilicus is swollen and dense. The borders of the umbilical ring are infiltrated or ulcerated, and an incision often reveals an abscess lying on the abdominal wall. The umbilical vein, also one or both umbilical arteries, are greatly thickened, show degeneration of various degrees and often contain blood coagu- lum or are liquefied to a thick, fetid mass. In case the inflam- mation has extended to the adjacent peritoneum, the abdominal organs lying close to the affected areas usually show adhesions by fibrinous pseudo-membranes. All these changes may occur without an affection of the umbilicus. Thrombi may also be found in the portal vein, liver, vena cava and aorta. The in- ternal organs present indications of an acute blood infection in the lungs, sometimes showing areas of broncho-pneumonia. Metastatic abscesses occur in many parts of the body, especially the lungs, when they are always associated with a bronchial catarrh; sometimes with a fibrinous or purulent pleurisy. Pur- _ ulent inflammation is found in the majority of cases in the joints of the extremities, most frequently in the hock and knee joints. All parts of affected joints show various stages of. disease and even the bone, tendons and muscles surrounding them may show infiltration, degeneration or abscess formation. (Dr. Meyer. ) In peracute cases the changes are less conspicuous and usu- ally point to general septic infection. In chronic cases, which are most often seen in calves, the lungs are diseased, and there often exists pericarditis, fibrinous or ser-fibrinous pleurisy, caseated lymph glands, etc. The carcasses of animals dead from the disease are always greatly emaciated and show manifestations of a general anemia, and cachexia. Symptoms.—The symptoms usually appear inside of 24 to 48 hours after birth; exceptionally somewhat later, and in rare cases the animals may be born affected with it. In some cases the symptoms of local affection of the umbilicus precede the general affection. It swells, becomes sensitive and feels. warm. 550 CARL F. DAVIS. These symptoms may subside after a few days of appropriate treatment, but in the majority of cases the local inflammatory processes increase in severity, and symptoms of a general septic infection develop, sometimes rapidly, in other cases gradually. The general affection is indicated by symptoms of a general febrile condition. The animals lose their desire to suck, become depressed and dull, and lie almost continually. The body tem- perature is elevated and pulse and respiration accelerated. This condition is soon followed by symptoms indicating a metastatic inflammation in some of the internal organs. Inflammations of the joints make their appearance most frequently and earliest. One or more joints, preferably of ex- tremities, swell, become warm, painful and tense; while the surrounding connective tissue is edematous. These swellings may disappear, but more often a fluctuation appears and they break at certain points. The discharge is great at first and of a tenacious purulent form. The motility of the affected joints is interfered with by the pain and tense swollen condition. The animal does not support the body with the affected extremity and protect it from touching the floor. | Symptoms showing disturbances of the digestive organs are hardly ever absent. Severe colicky symptoms may appear. The constipation, which is at first present, is followed by diar- rhoea, the animals passing first light, later dark colored, very fetid, fluid feces. The feces soil parts around anus and later the excrements and urine are passed involuntarily. In the meantime, the animals become greatly emaciated, they lose their strength, the eyes are sunken deep into the orbits, the action of the heart becomes accelerated and weak, the body temperature drops below normal, the extremities, the face and — the ears become cold, the body is covered with perspiration, and finally the patients die, with symptoms of convulsion or. with- out any struggle. In the presence of an inflammation of the brain or in affec- tions of the lungs in this disease we see the average symptoms that usually occur in these conditions. PYO-SEPTICEMIA OF SUCKLINGS. 551 CoursE.—Very acute septicemic cases result in death in three or four days. Other cases become chronic and last for _ several weeks. The percentage of mortalities varies with the different out- breaks; as a rule, however, it amount to over 50 per cent., and only in calves appears somewhat more favorable. Dracnosis.—The symptoms of this disease are so well marked that it is easy to differentiate it from any other. The acute septicemic form may however be confused with white scours of sucklings, but from the other forms of the disease the latter may be distinguished by the absence of lesions in the lungs and joints. TREATMENT.—The inflammation of the umbilicus should be treated according to the rules of surgery, by disinfection of the wounds and, if necessary, by opening of the swellings. The commencing inflammation of the joints may be treated by in- unction with gray mercury ointment. However, if the joint contains a great quantity of exudate this should be removed and joint cavity disinfected. In the presence of a general infection the treatment can only consist in the systematic internal admin- istration of stimulants; further, in controlling the gastro-intes- tinal catarrh which may be present. At the same time, appro- priate nutrition should be provided for the patient and affected animal kept in a moderately warm, clean and airy place. Gott recommends for colts intravenous injections of col- largol (80 gr. of a one-half per cent. solution for three days, _ successively), while Bernhardt uses ichthargan in one-tenth- one-fifth per cent. solution. PREVENTION.—The infection of sucklings may be success- fully controlled by scrupulous cleanliness in the stables, clean- ing of the genital organs of the mother animals and disinfecting the fresh umbilical stump when possible. Dr. J. A. Dresspack, of Stanberry, Mo., in renewing his subscription to the Review, writes: “I am enclosing draft for $3 for next year’s subscription; this is 27 times. Keep her com- ing. Success to you!” THE BEST OF FORTUNE FOR THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE BILL, CROWD BEHIND IT AND FINISH THE WORK IN THE SENATE. By Garrison STEELE, M.D., D.V.M. “The ripeness or unripeness of the occasion must ever be well weighed ; and generally it is good to commit the beginnings of all great actions to Argos with his hundred eyes and the ends to Briarius with his hundred hands; first to watch and then to speed.” Bacon’s Essay “‘ Of Delay.” ‘““ Hope springs eternal in the human breast; Man never is, but always to be blest.” Campbell’s “ The Pleasures of Hope.” There is only one more thing to do for the Army Veterinary Service Bill to make it a law, and that is to get it passed on the floor of the Senate. All the other stages of the legislation are over. It passed the Military Committee of the House unani- mously early in February; on the floor of the House, without a vote against it, June 29th, and it was favorably reported to the Senate by the whole Senate Committee on Military Affairs on June 26th. Of course it is now on the Senate calendar waiting to be called up on the Senate floor. At least four-fifths of the work of getting the bill through may be said to be over. There are, however, two dangers: First, the Senate calen- dar is loaded with bills and it will be difficult to get the measure called up; second, it is a perplexing question what will be the — fortune of the bill even if it is called up. Will there be an at- tempt to amend it? Will it be blocked? That depends upon the electromotive force in the souls of the friends of the bill all over this continent. The legislators in Washington are very responsive to pressure upon them from _ all parts of the country if they are persuaded the desire. for the 552 THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE BILL. 553 passage of the bill is genuine and hearty. We could give numerous instances where, within the last two years, men in the House and Senate who were opposed to this legislation suf- fered a change of heart because they found that their constitu- ents meant what they said when they told them’ the bill should pass. This is a call to arms for the last, short, sharp struggle to get the bill passed on the Senate floor. We have always said that we would fight this thing through “ to the last ditch.” We have reached that ditch. The last piece of work is before us. _The time has come when every veterinarian who has a drop of missionary blood in his veins must join us in winning in the Senate. Write, telegraph or interview your Senator in the interest of the bill, H. R. 4541—the House bill and the Senate bill are now one, and there is only the one number to mention, that is H. R. 4541. In this connection we submit to the profession an excerpt ~ taken from The Army and Navy Journal for July 4th, and our reply to Senators Hitchcock and Thomas, who, in the “ Mi- nority Report,” have had the temerity to oppose the bill: ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. The House, on June 29, passed without amendment H. R.: 4541, to consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army. This bill was briefed in our issue, February 7, page 726. In the Senate on June 26 favorable report was made on S. 4331, which is the same as the House measure. The bill provides: for sixty-two veterinarians, the number now in the service, and their commissioning, beginning with the grade of second lieutenant, upon the passage of an examination as to physical, mental and professional qualifications. Promotion is made after five years’ service to the grade of first lieutenant, and after fifteen years’ service to the grade of captain, upon _ the passage of a satisfactory examination. The bill also pro- _ vides for commissioning the veterinarians now in the service _ according to the length of service upon passing a prescribed 554 GARRISON STEELE. practical professional examination as to fitness for mounted — field service. A reserve corps similar to that of the Medical Department is provided for, from which appointment by com- — mission are to be made to the veterinary service. Such reserve veterinarians must be graduates of a recognized veterinary col- lege or university and have passed a prescribed examination. The report says: “The United States appears to be unique in the fact that we are the only one of the great Powers which has not given rank and commission to the veterinarians in the Army, although we have heretofore provided for commissioned officers in the Dental Corps, to chaplains and to paymasters. “ With 22,522 horses and 10,897 mules in the Army, and the cost of such animals increasing every year, there should be some one having authority to prescribe proper treatment to sick — or diseased horses, or in cases of epidemic, and to prevent losses which are bound to ensue from such causes where there are not competent professional veterinarians in the Army. The better class of graduates of veterinary schools are not now at- tracted to the service in the Army, where they do not have power to recommend treatment to animals and to know that — such recommendations will be carried out. Veterinarians now in the service are nothing more than contract civilians and have ~ no control of any sort over the animals they are expected to © protect. They cannot even direct a stable orderly to carry out — their wishes in the care of animals. The increase in cost of this — service under the bill will approximate $31,000, due to in- — crease in pay and for length of service. “General Wotherspoon, Chief of Staff, apeeniel bate the sub-committee to which the bill was referred and stated that the — War Department and he himself were unequivocally in favor of the bill and recommended its passage.” Messrs. Hitchcock and Thomas, in the same report, give their minority views as follows: “We regret that we cannot join our colleagues on the com- — mittee in favorably reporting S. 4331. This bill is the product __" ee or eatin nial atl = _ ad — er Z 4 2 THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE BILL. 555 ‘ of fifteen years of agitation, carried on very largely by the American Veterinary Association, having some 3,000 members scattered over the country. They originated it, they have advo- cated it, and they have pushed it because of the advantage it would bring to the veterinarians who become its beneficiaries. It involves an increase in the cost of the veterinary service of about thirty-seven per cent. It makes some increase in the num- ber of men employed as veterinarians and inspectors, but it makes a much larger increase in pay and in ultimate cost to the Government by giving to some the rank of officers and by re- tirement with official rank. It is another step in the direction of loading down the military service with civilian attachments. “Tt is easy to argue that these changes work for efficiency in the Army. Perhaps they do to some extent, but we think the claim is largely exaggerated, and that the real motive is to get a permanent place on the government pay roll. If this bill passes we will have the spectacle of Army veterinarians retired at the age of sixty-two, practicing their profession comfortably and enjoying the government retired pay. There is a reason for retiring officers at a certain age and giving them retired pay, because their military service has unfitted them for any prac- tical walk in life, but in our opinion it is a bad practice to take professional men and treat them in the same way. They do not need the benefits of retirement on pay any more than professional men in civil life need such assistance.” REPLY TO MINORITY REPORT OF SENATORS HITCHCOCK AND THOMAS. We have great respect for the expression of thought of the opponents of this legislation and for the honesty of their opin- ions. Though their words have in them the ring of conviction, the opponents are in error in their statements; they are misin- formed as to the intents and purposes of this bill; and they are looking at the measure from too low an altitude, where their vision is confined to what may appear to be a merely ephemeral aspect of the bill. We wish, therefore, to make a short reply _ to their report and to take up the statements seriatim ; 556 GARRISON STEELE. 1. Though the measure came into being through the in- - strumentality of The American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, with its three thousand members, its real origin was in the hearts and minds of the tens of thousands of veterinarians in the national, state and city association throughout the continent. We admit that the bill crystallizes the united thought of this large body of men and that the extent of support of the plan has greatly increased each year for thirty-five years; but we submit that the main purpose of the bill is betterment of the public in- terest. We constitute with our clients a large part of the body politic, or the voting population, and we are sure that it is our bounden duty as citizens to do our best for the common weal, for the national good, in every way that our work touches the life of the nation, we deny that our motives are not as patriotic as those of legislators who represent us in the Senate. 2. The Minority Report is in error when it says the bill makes an increase in the number of. veterinarians in the army. The Majority Report is correct. There is no increase involved. 3. Senators Hitchcock and Thomas refer to the insig- — nificantly small increase in cost involved long enough only to deny the benefits of the outlay to the Government. In the Hearing before the Sub-Committee, when Senator Hitchcock was present, Major-General Wotherspoon, Chief of Staff, ex- pressly stated that the small increase in cost was warranted by the better men that would be obtained. If the War Department wants high intelligence put into its veterinary work, why, in — face of this expert testimony, should the Minority Report ques- — tion the truth expressed by this officer? Was he not honor bound to speak the truth? He said that the small increase in ~ cost would bring better men to the army veterinary service and that the value of the work done would more than cover the small — increased cost. His unequivocal statement cannot be reasonably — questioned. 4. The Minority Report goes on to say that the commis- sioning of veterinarians is another step in loading down the military service with civilian attachments. It is a mistake to ~ suppose, as Senators Hitchcock and Thomas evidently do, that Rw ye ee oe THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE BILL. 557: the physician who keeps up the health of the men and the veter- inarian who keeps up the health of the horses is not about as much a necessary part of the army organization as the soldier and his commander. The provisions for the health of man and _ beast are as vital to the organic life of the military establishment as the fighting element; for military statistics show everywhere that in the past most of the deaths of man and beast have been caused not by the bullet but by disease. Every part of that complete military organization which depends for efficiency on high intelligence should have equal consideration under our military laws. Civilians are out of place in the army and that is the very reason why the veterinarian should be given his proper military place in our army as he is given in the army of every other military power on earth but ours. This is the intention of the bill. | 5. The Minority Report says that if the bill passes we will have the spectacle of retired army veterinarians at the advanced age of 62 years practicing while enjoying a government pension. The spectacle would rather be that of men infirm from having given their lives from their 21st year to their 64th in the service of the government now useless because they have had to go with their regiments in every clime and experience the rigors of army life the same as their brother officers. Do these Senators be- lieve that communities into which army doctors retire would call infirm and worn out men for medical attendance? This ir the day of young men. The aged doctor is not wanted. 6. Senators Hitchcock and Thomas in conclusion say thar aged professional men in the army do not need the benefits of retirement on pay any more than professional men in civil life, because they are not exposed to the dangers of military service. Do not professional men like the physician and the veterinarian have to go with their regiments wherever they go? Are they not bound hand and foot in the military organization? The veterinarian is with his regiment in its campaigns. It is a logical conclusion that he should not be denied the benefits of retirement any more than his military comrades. BIORIZATION OF MILK.* By Orto G. Noack, V.M.D., State Meat Inspector, Reapine, Pa. One of the most perfect foods provided by nature for the newly-born we find in the milk produced by the mammary gland of the maternal mammal. The young grow, thrive and develop best by nature’s own compound. The milk of all mammalia is. similar in its composition with a slight variation as to the con- tents of albumen, milk sugar or fat. With the recognition of its food value and the cheapness of production, milk soon became an economic factor in the human household. That the milch cow became the provider of this food for the human family was a matter of economics, because a cow could be made to produce larger quantities of this valuable fluid cheaper by far than any other animal. In the course of time, it became apparent. that certain dangers were connected with the use of milk. It soon was shown that the milk was a good and easy vehicle to transmit diseases from ani- mal to man, and from man to man just as well. Furthermore, it was discovered that from contaminated milk came many in- fantile ailments, especially diarrhea, caused by the bacterium — coli. Not to lose such a valuable adjunct of food for the human — family, many methods were introduced to destroy, or at least lessen, the causes of these dangers in the milk. The methods naturally consisted first in the use of chemicals, because the disinfectants had been found the best germ killing agents, but had to be abandoned on account of their danger to © the health of the human being; although even Von Behring recommended one drop of formaldehyde to a quart of milk— * Read before the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association, June, 1914. 558 ——— oT SS eee 7 rer eat ot i oka ld i a a a i li 4 a oe o ‘ BIORIZATION OF MILK. 559 sufficient to destroy all germ-life, and not strong enough to do any harm to the infant’s system. How innocuous for the customer by the conscientious vendor, but how disastrous in the hands of the unscrupulous dealer, who would not care if he added 2, 3 or more drops to the quart. Another method applied was the use of electricity or the ultra-violet rays to destroy the pathogenic micro-organisms. No matter how beneficial the modus operandi was, the expense made its use prohibitive, the heating process alone seemed to be prac- ticable, and, from an economic point of view, feasible, although having some disadvantages. The heating processes used were sterilization and pasteurization. Pasteurization, if not done properly in accordance with the rules promulgated by the authorities as to the degree of heat and length of time of exposure, might as well not be undertaken at all, because it only becomes a deception of the customer, with- ‘out any safety. This shows that reliable pasteurization can be done only under official supervision. While such a procedure makes reliable pasteurization ex- pensive or otherwise impossible, other methods were looked for. Besides pasteurization is an imperfect process, changing the taste and the chemical consistency of the milk. Two years ago the chemist, Dr. Oscar Lohbeck, succeeded in inventing an apparatus which he calls “ biorizator.” The biorzator is a vat containing a chamber which is heated by circulating steam to 75 degress C., or 167 degress F., whereinto the milk is driven through an atomizer in a spray under a pres- sure of three to four pounds. The milk, coming in the hot chamber in a fine spray, is nat- urally at once heated up to the temperature of the surroundings. The temperature of the milk leaving the hot chamber is re- duced, the biorizator being connected with a cooling apparatus, immediately to 50 degrees F. The consequence of such a process is the destruction of all pathogenic germs, because every particle of the milk is heated 560 OTTO G. NOACK. up to 167 degrees F., a degree high enough to kill disease- spreading organisms; on the other hand, the rapid cooling causes a stay in the development of all other germs which are able to survive such a high degree of heat; for instance, the hay bacillus or some other peptonizing bacteria which are of no im- portance as far as the health of people enters into question. A biorization plant consists of a suction pump, compressor and a germ destroying apparatus or biorizator, which is con- nected with a cooling apparatus in conjunction with a bottle- filling machine. The whole apparatus is easily opened and cleansed after use and before use. The whole apparatus will work automatically, regulated by safety valve and manometer. Whereas, by pasteurization the milk is heated in bulk and some time has to pass until the whole volume is heated up, the mole- cules of milk, especially albumen, salts, etc., are slowly pre- pared to undergo chemical changes influencing the digestibility and taste. ; Entirely different in biorization! There the fine, thin drops are suddenly raised from 50 degrees F. to 167 degrees F., and before any chemical change can take place the milk has left the hot chamber and is in the cooling apparatus. The consequence is that by this process the milk preserves the natural taste, appearance and color of raw milk, but loses the odor of the stable and does not contain pathogenic germs. Furthermore, the enzymes—katalose and reductase—are attenu- ated and biorizated milk can be kept longer without spoiling than — any other milk. This process is bound to take the place of pasteurization, or any other process, on account of its simplicity, and saving of time and labor. This process is not alone of importance for — mankind, but also for cattle and hogs, on account of feeding ¥ the skimmed milk returned from the creameries. No tubercu- losis can be transmitted from the mixed milk which has under- - gone the biorization process, but infection by tubercular bacilli may occur if the milk was pasteurized, and not exposed long enough to the prescribed temperature. Oabs on © ——~_ ~ (<2 Seis — set (pea BIORIZATION OF MILK. 561 The bacteria, especially the pathogenic, are absolutely de- stroyed. Experiments showed that, for instance, cholera, typhoid, tubercle, dysenteric, bacillus Gaertneri, bacillus pyo- cyaneus, bacterium coli, bacillus fluorescens, liquefaciens, chreno- trix, streptotrix were killed by biorization. Hay bacilli and other resistent germs, without any influence on the human or animal system, would survive the process. Special and thorough experiments were made with tubercle bacilli. It was found that animals inoculated with samples of biorizated milk were not affected at all, while the controls with samples from the same milk, but in the raw state, treated, soon died of tuberculosis. The same results were found in his experiments with bio- rizated milk by Dr. Hoffman, director of the hygienic institute of Leipsic University; and also by Dr. Kirchner, Director of the Agricultural Department. Dr. F. Hering, of Zittau, in his article, Biorization, says it is easily understood that a milk chemically unchanged, biologically active and still cheap, which is free of all danger of infection, is of the highest importance in the fight against tuberculosis and mortality of infants. ) Lorenzen shows that biorizated milk can be kept twice as long as pasteurized milk. A pasteurization plant is easily changed to a biorization plant by simply installing the biorizator in place of the pasteur- izer. There is no doubt that biorization will soon take the place of pasteurization, and Dr. Schlossman states, in the Archives Therapic, after making extensive experiments, especially with pathogenic germs, that biorization will revolutionize the milk _ question for infants and the use of milk. | Has New, WELL Eguiprep VETERINARY HospiraL.—Dr. L. J. Herring, Wilson, North Carolina, has recently moved into a _ new, thoroughly up-to-date veterinary hospital, with 18 box Stalls. It has a fine operating room thoroughly equipped. We congratulate the doctor and wish him every success. INDOLENT BOVINE PLACENTAE.* By W. Harry Lyncu, D.V.S., Porrianp, Me. I am looking forward expectantly to the discussion of this topic, for 1 doubt there being any practitioner here who has not encountered this condition many and ofttimes. Also the fact that it is difficult to make hard and fast rules to govern its treatment, since each case seems to be largely in a class to itself. It is as often as not a proposition alone, running counter to the superstitions of the laity where we are summoned to care for these clinics; so I hope every man here will give us some of his experiences along these lines. The growth of the livestock industry in the State of Maine will generally make it practically impossible for any member of our association engaging in general practice to escape experience. Compared with the uterus of a mare, the cow has some striking differences; for instance, the concave curvatures of the cornua look downward, whereas, in the mare they are in the opposite direction; though in both the broad ligaments are at- tached to this concavity. Consequently, if the uterus of a cow be considered as freely suspended in the cavity of the abdomen, the extremity of the horn is twisted outwards and upwards, while its base near the body of the organ, although drawn in the same direction by the ligaments, yet retains its position, being firmly maintained in it by the body of the uterus, which also re- ceives the insertion of the broad ligaments on its lower plane. This insertion causes the uterus to project above them; while in the mare, in which the ligaments are inserted at the upper part of the body, the uterus projects below them. These liga- ments are extensive in the cow, and may be compared to a triangular sheet one angle of which is fixed to the floor of the pelvis, the other two to the tuberosities of the ilia, the body of * Read before the Maine Veterinary Medical Association at Rockland, July, 1914. 562 — a aT. =~ i Rea MS a ee INDOLENT BOVINE PLACENTAE. 563 the uterus resting on this sheet, also a portion of the cornua which are thin and tapering at their anterior extremity, body short and narrow with interior of the uterus less ample than the mare. | | A wider divergence comes now in the caruncles or cotyle- donal processes which some of the authors I have consulted in- form me are peculiar solely to the bovines—not being in the mare, pig or carnivora. These caruncles are few and small in the uterus, becoming more numerous in the cornua. At birth a female calf has from thirty to forty; and one hundred and twenty have been counted in a cow after parturition. Each is attached to the mucous membrane by a narrow pedicle and in removing the foetal placenta—literally unbuttoning it, we must use care not to complicate our case by tearing them off, thus making a laceration. Since bovine placentae are normally of longer retention than any of our subjects, I always counsel the:man who calls me within twenty or thirty hours to treat this condition to wait a little longer, for I do not wish to risk getting a hemor- rhage, which might ensue with premature removal of secundine. None of the authors I have consulted tell me just what happens immediately following parturition, merely that expulsion is fol- lowed by contraction of the uterus. But I find in actual practice that the uterus may contract without expelling the membrane; and varying degrees of intimacy between the cotyledons and so whatever causes this must be the cause of the retention of the foetal membranes. Various sequelae are the outcome of this condition. Long continued presence of the secundine is apt to be followed by leu- corrhoea, septicemia, pyemia, metritis, and diarrhoea with sub- sequent debility and danger to health of persons using the milk. Rising temperature and uneasiness are fairly diagnostic of uterine complications. I find a variance as to treatment among the authors I have consulted, some reliance being placed in douches; personally I have not found any drug to be specific, but I remove the cause of the trouble, after a reasonable interval 564 W. HARRY LYNCH. of a few days, by manual traction. If I find too high a temper- ature, I give a corrective; if loss of condition, give a tonic; but in my worst cases where there is extreme debility with septi- cemia either developed or incipient, I find good results follow the use of echinacea. I use fluid extract with, as I have said, fair success. Some of my clients think these membranes should be speedily removed; others who are more versed in cattle lore, appreciate the fact that within a reasonable period the membranes are likely to disengage without interference, in which opinion they are confirmed by me; as personally I find it impossible to remove them without injuring the caruncles in the majority of the cases, as they are so intimately connected that they will tear sooner than come apart. The third day is early enough for inter- ference usually, but if it could be done sooner it would be better. I clean the uterus after removing membranes with an irri- gation pump. Give tonics, order blankets put on if there is chill and shivering. Finally, as I previously stated, if septicemia is imminent or developing I use echinacea, with a fair number of cures resultant therefrom. SEconD SAILING List. OrriciaL Tour oF A. V. M. A.— July 10, 1914: Secretary N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Il; John F. De Vine, Goshen, N. Y.; H. D. Gill, New York City; E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn, N. Y.; J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio; E. F. Sanford, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Ross Huson, Albany, N. Y.; Reginald Morgan, Elgin, Ill.; D. M. Campbell, Elgin, Ill; Mrs. H. D. Gill, Mrs. D. M. Campbell, Mrs. H. J. Brotheridge, Miss G. E. Brotheridge. THIRD AND FINAL SAILING List TO VETERINARY CONGRESS IN Lonpon—July 25th, 1914: Dr. S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich., and Dr. W. J. McKinney, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. W. L. Wille” iams, Ithaca, N. Y., with Mrs. Williams, is traveling about in Ireland, and will be in London in time for the Congress. THE BOW LINE ON A BIGHT—THE BOW LINE. By Prof. H. E. Kineman, Chair of Surgery, Fort Collins, Colo. Bow Line on Bight, 1. Bow Line on Bight, 2. Bow Line on Bight, 3. Bow Line on Bight, 4. The bow line on a bight is principally used in making a side line of a rope or where a rope is used without a harness for cast- ing an animal. It is easily tied and cannot be pulled into a hard knot. 565 566 H. E. KINGMAN. ig Bow Line, 1. Bow Line, 2. The bow line is known throughout the country, but is worthy of description for the benefit of those not familiar with its use- fulness. It may always be easily untied no matter how much tension has been administered. Past PRESIDENT BRENTON, OF A. V. M. A., paid us a visit be- fore sailing for London to attend the International Congress on July 25, 1914. No OTHER SucH ASSET FOR THE VETERINARIAN AS ASSO- CIATION Work.—Commenting upon the organization of the Western New York Veterinary Medical Association, at Buffalo, in April, as published in our June issue, pages 369 and 371, Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth truthfully remarks that the local or- ganizations in the states are a great help to the A. V. M. A,, and that there is no other such asset for the veterinarian as asso- ciation work. That is true, and there is no work that a veterina- rian can do that will bear better fruit to his chosen profession than to see that his community has an organization of veterina- rians, if he has to bring them in from a 25-mile area to make a quorum. That is why we always find room to report a veteri- nary association meeting. REPORTS OF CASES. INTERESTING POST MORTEMS. By CritreENDEN Ross, D.V.M., New York, N. Y. “ Careful observation makes a skillfu) practitioner, but his skill dies with him, By. re- stag his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science. It having been my privilege to hold post mortems on the _ three following cases, I report my findings for what they may be worth to: members of the veterinary profession: INTUSSUSCEPTION OF DuopENUM.—Egyptian poodle five and a half months old and weighing 1634 ounces, was pre- sented for treatment, having a very fetid breath and copious movements of feces, liquid in consistency and of a bright yel- low color. There was no appetite, and the puppy seemed to be suffering great pain, which was more noticeable at times. The mucous membranes appeared rather anaemic and there was a rise of temperature. Enteritis was diagnosed and a grave prognosis was given. After 48 hours’ treatment, during which time the bowel movements became less frequent and less copious, the patient being kept on beef tea and tonics, it died, apparently without pain. Upon post-mortem examination the intestinal tract showed inflammatory changes, and about six inches posterior _ to the stomach there was an intussusception of the duodenum for a distance of 2% inches, thus involving 5 inches of the mesenteric blood supply and causing an extensive congestion and inflammation, which had become gangrenous shortly before death, which accounted for the puppy dying without pain. Some INTERNAL Lesions RESULTING FROM A CRUSH.— _ Dog (young pup), brought to office with history of having _ been crushed by the front wheel of an automobile just a few _ blocks distant and instantly rushed to the office. The muscles _ of the body were relaxed, mouth filled with blood; the blood _ was swabbed from the mouth and dog completed a few respira- _ tions. The heart was at first strong, but gradually grew weaker - and weaker, and the mucous membranes became anaemic. 567 568 REPORTS OF CASES. Internal hemorrhage was suspected. Post mortem revealed no fractured bones, which was not as expected. The thoracic and abdominal cavities were both filled with blood, and large blood clots were found in each. Found lungs congested, alveolar wall had been ruptured and the air sacks were filled with blood, giving them a distinct red color, with the exception of a very small streak along the dorsal portion of the left lung. The heart did not show any noticeable changes. The posterior vena cava however was split in:shreds. In the abdominal cavity the mesenteric vessels were all engorged, showing splendidly the intestinal circulation. The liver was lacerated, having large areas of the parenchymatous tissue exposed and capsule torn from over it in three places ; these crevices extended over half-way through the thickness of the liver. APPENDICITIS IN A DoG?—Fox terrier puppy, about five months old, was taken suddenly with severe pain resembling acute peritonitis. Anodyne treatment and hot applications were ordered, but despite all efforts to relieve the symptoms the puppy died within 12 hours. On post mortem the following lesions were found: Evidence of inflammation in the form of petechial hemor- rhages over the distal half of the caecum, which was almost entirely shut off by a constriction from the remainder of the bowel, resembling closely in form the human appendix and sug- gesting forcibly the possible presence of a case of appendicitis in the canine. Norte.—Fifteen interesting case reports will be found on pages 586 to 589 this issue. Mabe Cuter [Nspector.—John I. Handley, D.V.M., B.Sc, Charlotte, N. C., has been made Chief Meat and Milk Inspector of that city. Tue Cost or Ratstine A Dairy Cow.—Department of Agri- culture Bulletin No. 49, under the above caption, states that after a trial on 117 calves from birth to the time they enter the dairy herd, it has been proven that the cost of raising a dairy heifer, one year old, on a Wisconsin farm, is $39.52; two years old, $61.41; these estimates also applying to other dairy dis- tricts in the North and East, where land and feed values are similar to those in Wisconsin. a —. ee nee ee ep ene a ee ee eT ee 7 Ray tse I ee eee Su erie ee ae a a. eh aa eee ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. SUNSTROKE IN AMERICAN THOROUGHBRED GELDING [A. Seton-Milne-Munic., V.S., British Guiana,|—Nine-year-old gelding after five years racing was broken to harness. Taken very sick, he was found by the writer lying down, blowing hard and with a temperature of 109 degrees F. It was not possible to get him on his feet. Ice was applied on his head and spine and fanning was kept up. A mixture of tinct. digitalis, liq. ammon. acet., spir. aeth. nit. and water was put up and given to him. After half an hour the temperature went down to 108%, to 105 in the evening, 103 the next morning. Strong frictions were also applied on legs and body. Gradually im- provement was manifested, the animal could be raised, he was placed in a comfortable loose box and in a few days was all right. This is the second case of sunstroke seen in the tropics by the author, and the highest temperature he has recorded with a recovery.—(Vet. Rec.) BILATERIAL LUXATION OF THE LENS IN A Doc [G. O. Rushie Grey, M.R.C.V.S., B. Sc.].—In an article published on that condition where the etiology, pathological changes, symp- toms and treatment of the disease are considered, the author re- lates the following which occurred in a five-year-old fox terrier. The animal was in the habit of fighting cats and pushing its head into rats’ holes. After a while he was noticed to walk into objects, as if seeing imperfectly, and later would always keep the eyelids tightly closed. Blepharospasm was great and cocaine had to be instilled to permit examination. The pupil appeared widely dilated, but this was due to an anterior luxation of the lens with the consequent pushing backwards of the iris. The lens was situated in the anterior chamber, normal in appearance and in both eyes had been arrested in the pupillary field. The cornea showed a posterior keratitis. Extraction of the lens 569 570 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. was advised, and will be the subject for. another publication=— (Vet. News.) CLINICAL Post PHARYNGEAL SurcERyY [R. Jones, M.R.C.V.S.].—Interesting records of three cases, two of which showing the impropriety of never operating on the throat, when there is difficulty in breathing, without previously performing tracheotomy. First Case.—Bullock had actinomycosis of the back of the tongue and throat, which was successfully relieved by iodine treatment. After a few months he is ailing again with a tumor at the back of the pharynx, hanging in front of the larynx. Thrown to be operated, he suffocated and the insertion of a tracheotomy tube only saved his life and permitted the removal of a mushroom-like shaped tumor, with the ecrasuer. Recovery followed without trouble. Second Case——Pregnant heifer was making a noise in breathing. As her condition is not alarming, she is left until she had calved. When then, as she had grown worse in her respiration and was refusing food, she was to be cast to be operated of a pharyngeal abscess. As she was thrown, danger of suffocation became such that tracheotomy had to be imme- — diately performed and a tube introduced. The mouth of the — animal was then opened wide, and examination revealed an ab- — scess on the superior surface of the pharynx. It was torn open with the finger and a gush of pus escaped. Recovery followed. Third Case-—Was that of a barren cow, which had a tumor © in the jugular groove, a few inches from the larynx between the — trachea and the cervical vertebrae. After a few days of expec- tation the case became more serious and the cow had to be operated or die. By careful dissection the swelling was isolated from the tissues covering it; when exposed it was lanced with — a trocar and a large quantity of pus escaped through the canula. Recovery was uneventful—(Vet. News.) Metastasic STRANGLES IN An Acep Horse, FoLLowep By Symptoms SIMULATING Purpura, ENpING WitH Por Evit, TREATED WitH AUTOGENOUS VACCINES AND SERO-~ VACCINE, Recovery [W. M. Scott, F.R.C.V.S., F:R.M.S.) == Ten-year- old cart gelding, the seventh on a farm to become af- fected with strangles. First he had a unilateral submaxillary swelling (hard and painful, which treated, matured and was ar) a ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 571 lanced. The following day he was protruding his nose, refused his food some and when drinking, water returned through his nostrils. The temperature goes up to 106 degrees F. A swell- ing is noticed on the left parotid region. Post-pharyngeal ab- scess is developing. It bursts and relief followed. Then ap- peared oedema of the nose, lips, chest, abdomen and hind legs, similar to those seen in purpura. But no petechias are present. _ After a few days these swellings disappeared, and then the horse _ looks as if convalescent. Suddenly he again protrudes his nose, __ his head is carried high in a stiff manner. The poll presents a bilateral swelling, gradually enlarging, which took a week to mature. It was lanced, treated and finally the horse recovered. The treatment consisted medicinally in the application of powder of citric acid, chlor. of potass, and boric acid placed on the tongue three times a day. Injections of a stock vaccine ob- tained from a case in the same stable composed of 500,000,000 strept. and 750,000,000 staphiloc. An autogenous vaccine was used also of 750,000,000 and of 500,000,000 strept. Free in- cisions were made in the lancing of the poll evil. Cold water irrigations with plugging the wound with citrate and chloride of sodium were also resorted to.—(Vet. News.) q BorryoMycosis IN A Cos [G. Mayall, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Nine- _ year-old cob had a swelling on the point of the shoulder; it is _ broad, hard and painful. Tincture of iodine is injected into it, _ and biniodide of mercury ointment rubbed over it. Iodide of _ potash is also administered three times a day. Two days later the injection of tincture and the blisters are renewed. The tumor fluctuated, was lanced and a quart of pus let out. Iodide inter- nally is continued. The swelling diminished a little, but was stitl hard at the base. Same injection at the wound of incision made _ again. Gradually the enlargement goes down. Another blister is _ applied, nitrate of silver is introduced in the wound and its depth _ causticked. Finally the growth is almost all gone, the shoulder _ has resumed its natural form and the cob went to work. The _ treatment lasted one month.—(Vet. Journ. ) i FLANK INCISION FOR OPERATION OF CRYPTORCHID |[E. C. _ Winter, F.R.C.V.S.|—The author has used this method and _ isin favor of it when comparing with the inguinal. He operates _ above the fold of skin in the right flank, sometimes on the left _ or on the right, according to the position of the testicle. The _ Skin is shaved, cleaned by scrubbing with ethereal soap and anti- 572 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. septics and painting with iodine. The incision is made almost in a vertical direction, being readily closed afterwards by sutures. In his experience, the author has met with very little swelling, no interference with urination, no hernia, no adhesion of the bowel or omentum to the operation wound.—(Jbid.) INTERESTING Cystotomy [W. C. Hazelton, M.R.C.V.S.|.— Case of a Pekinese bitch, four years old, which was relieved of a _ urinary calculus by suprapubic cystotomy. The stone weighed — three-quarters of an ounce and was about as large as a walnut. | Recovery was uninterrupted, and the little thing became pregnant — shortly after.—(Vet. Journ.) ] FRENCH REVIEW. By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. RECOVERY OF SEVERAL CASES OF FRAcTURE | Major Tatin, © - Army Vet.|—The author thinks that too often animals suffer-_ ing with fracture are too hastily destroyed, as recovery may be- obtained without treatment, without apparatus and in trusting to nature alone. Especially is the case for mares, which may at ~ least be used for breeding purposes. Three recoveries are pre- sented to sustain the proposal. A mare arriving at her regiment has a fall and as conse- quence a complete fracture of the pelvis, with splinters, situated back of the cotyloid cavity. She is put at liberty in a field. Four months after, she is scarcely lame and the callus almost all ab- sorbed. There remained only a slight dropping of the croup. The mare returned to work. A horse, while being shod, struggled, stamped his left fore- foot on the floor, he is lame—on three legs. All symptoms of fracture of the third phalanx are present. Without any treat- ment, he is scarcely lame two months after. Dead four months | later, the phalanx showed evidences of consolidated fracture. : A third case, brood mare has a fracture of the coronet. She — is pregnant. A wadding dressing only is put on. Eight months after, having been at liberty in a box, she has an enormous callus: round the coronet, the fracture is consolidated and since has continued her career of brood mare.—(Rev. Vet. Milit.) i ow ' | Se ante EATER rt rs ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 573 STRANGULATED DiAPHRAGMATIC Hernia [Major Floquet, Army V eter.|.—Followed by the writer, the case presented pecu- liar manifestations, which are resumed as follows: ‘“‘ The horse kept turning in his box, carefully kneeling down, and then in complete dorsal decubitus with the four legs flexed and the head turned towards the shoulder. He remained in that position until urged to get up. Scarcely he is standing than again he bends down on his knees, flexes his neck and head on the sternum and after a few seconds he drops on the lateral decubitus.”” Towards the end of the attack “the horse threw himself violently for- wards, went through the same action, tried to get up, made a somersault and died. At the autopsy was found an old hernia of the posterior portion of the small intestine, strangulated by the passage through the hernial ring of a piece of the diaphragmatic curvature of the large colon, which was as big as the fist—( Rev. Veter. Milit.) NECROSIS OF THE NASAL CartILaGEs [ Prof. Cadeac.|.—The wings of the nostrils with their cartilages and those of the infe- rior portion of the septum nasi are sometimes the seat of necrosis by bites, contused wounds or tearings of these regions. _ The necrosed region is the seat of a diffused, indurated swell- ing, invaded sooner or later the entire internal wing and extends to the median septum. When this is involved, the swelling is bilateral. The necrosis is indicated by one or several openings, fistulous, with granulating edges, with escape of greyish bloody fluid. This local infection is accompanied with hypertrophy and induration of the subglossal lymph glands. It may last as long as the cartilaginous tissue of the diseased wing has not been necrosed. This may demand months, and when it has taken place, the wing of the nostrils drops, the nasal cavity is smaller, respiration is more difficult and roaring ensues. Necrosis of the cartilaginous septum may follow that of the nostrils and by extension of the infectious process a perforation of this septum may follow. Free incision of the fistula, stopping of the hemorrhage, sim- ple antiseptic injections, or again slightly caustics, generally bring on recovery after a few weeks. Cauterization with nitrate of silver or chlorid® of zinc may hasten the cure—Journ. de Zoo- tech..) NECROSIS OF THE TURBINATED Bones [By the Same].—it succeeds to purulent collection of those cavities. It is then a com- 574 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. plication of curves of the molar tents, acute or chronic coryza, or traumatism. Acute or chronic sinosities often give rise to it. It also occurs frequently in colts. Symptoms: Foetid, mnilateral, nasal discharge, yellow or whitish, resembling that of acute or chronic sinusitis; more or less severe dyspnea or even roaring; slight subglossal adenopathy. Swelling of the facial bones soon ~ follows: it is hard at first, but gradually becomes softer. Per- cussion of the region gives a dull sound and is accompanied with great pain. This necrosis is frequently complicated by meningt- tis or cerebral abscesses with symptoms of immobility, troubles — in sight and choreaform actions. The treatment consists in trephining the nasal cavity and the sinuses involved, resecting of the necrosed turbinated and antiseptic irrigations and dress- ings. The necrosis is liable to return. The degeneration of the mucous membrane is incurable.— (/bid. ) PURULENT INFECTION FROM STRANGLES IN A Horse [Majer — Vignard, Army Veter.|—A six-year-old gelding is laid up, and — successively develops symptoms which permit a diagnosis of pul- monary trouble, with origin from strangles, as the disease is prevailing in its surroundings. After treatment. he rallies from — that, but manifests the symptoms of pleurisy. Those are fol- — lowed after a few days by abundant and fetid diarrhoea, which is relieved with salt, salicylate of soda and muriate of morphia. Then the animal appears stiff on his hind quarters, he staggers — and seems in pain when made to turn suddenly. Abscess of the — loins is suspected. Gradually the condition is worse, and after losing flesh rapidly he dies after an illness of 22 days. Post — mortem: Abundant collection of pus is found in opening the abdominal cavity. Lesions of acute peritonitis are noticed all over. The liver, three times its normal size, is stuffed with — abscesses, of various sizes and containing thick, yellowish pus. — The organ is adherent to the diaphragm by its anterior face. The spleen is normal. The kidneys congested. An abscess as big as an apple is in the sublumbar region, little back of the right © kidney. In the thorax, pleura is congested, lungs are healthy. ii There is an abscess as big as a man’s fist near the point of the heart and promotes the adhesion of the pericardium to the pari- etal pleura. Finally another abscess is found at the entrance of — the chest on the internal face of the first left rib. The nervous — system was healthy.—(Rev. Veter.) Asscess oF Myocarptum FoLLtows Foot anp Moutu Dis- — EASE IN A Bui [Mr. Barrat|.—The animal died suddenly with- . | iE Teo eee Ss + eres ¥ ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. : 57D out having presented sufficient alterations in his health to make such lesion suspected. He took his meal one evening, bellowed once, fell, struggled some and died. At the autopsy the heart only showed lesions. It was pale in color and the ventricles filled with blood clot. The interventricular septum, towards its supe- rior part, had a tumor, as big as a hen’s egg, containing white, creamy pus. The walls of the abscess were one centimeter thick. A second collection was enclosed in the wall of the left ventricle towards the inferior position. ‘The endocardium presented no. inflammation, nor ulceration. The two abscesses had no commu- nication with the cavities of the ventricle. The bull had had a very severe attack of foot and mouth disease several months previous and for the author that was the cause of the heart disease—(Rev. Vet.) ITALIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. Pantopon 1N Cotics [Prof. A. Vachetta]|.—Pantopon Roche is a preparation much used in human medicine, as an hypnotic, sedative, analgesic and toni-cardiac. It contains under the form of soluble muriates all the alkaloids of opium. The case here recorded is, I believe, the first in veterinary medicine, where these properties were fully tested. After work, a racing filly was given a drastic bolus. She drank cold water from a pail shortly after and was then taken with violent colic, manifested _by great pains and severe symptoms. Rectal injections, general frictions, pilocarpine and eserine failed to give any relief or bring any defecation. Another larger dose of pilocarpine was about to be given when instead the author prescribed six tablettes of pantopon, dissolved in sterile water, to be injected in the jugular. The effect was almost immediate; one minute after the injection the animal became quiet, the temperature came down to 40, the respiration to 12. The mare began to look for food. She was watched, fed slightly and during the night had several abundant passages. Spasms of the intestines followed the drinking of cold water and not until they were relieved by the pantopon’s action, actions of the mastic could not take place—(J1 Nuovo Ercol.) Hepatic Apscess By Foretcn Bopy [ Doct. Girolamo Bian- chi|.—This was noticed at a meat inspection of a calf, in a state of nutrition. On the posterior face of the liver there was under 576 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. the capsule of Glisson, a swelling of the connective tissue as big as a turkey’s egg. The owner of the calf reported that the ani- mal had been fed all the time, only on milk and had received no other food. On opening the tumor in its middle a large quan- tity of pus was found, and imbedded in the wall a needle, half of which was surrounded by fibrous connective tissue undergoing cartilaginous degeneration, while the other half was in the hepatic parenchyma where it had given rise to abundant prolifera- tion in the connecting tissue. All the other organs were healthy. —(ll Nuovo Ercol.) TUBERCULOUS PLEURITIS IN A Cow [By the Same].—-This is peculiar because of its comparative rarity. It was observed in an eight-year-old cow, killed by butcher. She presented the fol- lowing lesions: normal lungs, except at the apex of the left, where there is a caseous center, the size of a hen’s egg and con- taining a small quantity of pus. That was about the only tuber- culous lesion in the lung, but on the pleura there were a very large number of tuberculous deposits, of sizes varying between that of a seed of millet and that of a nut. They were lying against each other, pedunculated, rich in blood vessels, and none were adherent to the contiguous pleura. It was a plain case of granulic (pommeliere), where the lesions were essentially located on the pleura and not in the parenchym of the lungs. There were also a few on the pericardium. The lymph glands were hypertrophied and tuberculous. All the other organs were healthy.—(/bidem. ) a Cases OF MALARIAN URTICARIA IN Horses | Doct. Riccarda Pili] —This is the record of two cases of urticaria, which oc-— curred in two young colts as they were taken in from a run to pasture. The symptoms were very characteristic, viz., numerous little puffs on all the surface of the body and specially the back, the flank and the lips which were very swollen and painful. The temperature was 38.6 degrees C. Suspecting that the eruption was of the ordinary cause, viz., improper feeding and digestion, a laxative was prescribed. The result was negative. The symp- toms became more severe, temperature raised, general depression suggested the idea of a different cause. The urine became of a red color. Malaria was then suspected. Blood was extracted for microscopic examination. The parasites of malaria were readily discovered with Lignieres method. A treatment of quinine was instituted at the dose of 8 grams a day by intravenous injection. The result was complete recovery in a few days.—(J/bid. ) CORRESPONDENCE. TIDINGS FROM FIRST PARTY OF OFFICIAL TOUR. On Boarp S.S. FINLAND, June 23, 1914. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: We, the members of the official tour of veterinarians to the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, desire to express our most appreciative thanks to our very dear friends who so kindly came to bid farewell to our party. It certainly was a pleasure to each of us to see the familiar faces at the pier and especially for those who came from distant points of the U. S. without having any one of his dear ones to wave the last good-bye at our departure from the beloved shores of our country. The trip aboard the “ Finland” was a continuous round of pleasures. A much-needed rest was indulged in by every one 577 578 CORRESPONDENCE. soon after the last glimpses to the shores as they vanished on the horizon, and we settled down comfortably in our steamer chairs. The active life of the veterinarian, however, could not tolerate very long the life of leisure and comfort, and soon groups of our party were seen busying themselves with the various games played aboard the ship. In this regard “ shuffle board ”’ was especially indulged in by our party, in which the skill of many of our members brought out many rounds of applause from the galleries which at all times surrounded the players during their well-contested games. The teams were organized and Brothers Marshall and Blair acted as captains. The honors were about the same, but our friend Day, the star performer of the . game, is still being jollied with reference to a game in which his team lost by a scoreless game. It would be unfair not to mention the popularity which our party enjoyed throughout the ocean voyage, and especially the unattached members were always in great demand by the many pretty and intellectual young ladies aboard. This often caused great concern to the director of the tour, as the presence of ministers and priests on board might have assisted in romantic inspirations to our bachelor vets. Fortunately, or unfortunately, it was only a harmless flirtation with pleasant reminiscences for the participants. The weather was all that could be desired, and sea sickness was an unknown malady aboard. There was no call for the aloe balls, colic drenches and other heroic remedies which con- stituted the medicine chest of some of our members | and the fish of the ocean were certainly badly treated by our happy family. We are now all well rested and ready for the stretiuous work which is awaiting us on the continent. Pu With our heartiest greetings to all of our profane broth- ers in our dear country, ‘ i te. 7 Sincerely yours, ee ApoLpH EICHHORN, W. B. HoLMEs, C. J. MARSHALL AND WIFE, L. Enos Day AND WIFE, ‘ Harry C. Moore AND Wire, J. M. ARINSBURG, . E. D. SHEPARD, R. C. JULIEN, T. B. Harries, W. Rerp BLair AND WIFE, T. LAMBRECHTS, Tuos. FRASER, . F. B. Haptey, Conrap L, NELSON. For tidings of second sailing party (received when we were on the presses), see page & 604. i Le ee ee os Se . . Sa Oe - * Be CORRESPONDENCE. 579 REGULATIONS RELATING TO TUBERCULOSIS. Ottawa, CANADA, June 25, I9I4. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: I am enclosing a copy of our new tuberculosis regulations, which enable us for the first time to deal with tuberculosis amongst dairy cattle in a comprehensive way. I am hoping that many of our cities and towns will take advantage of these regu- lations to clean up the milk supply and eliminate tuberculosis. 1. The aid of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, will be given to such cities or towns having a population of not less than five thousand persons as shall have secured the necessary provisions under provincial legislative authority for the purpose of agreeing to the present regulations. 2. The Government of Canada will assist any city or town, ‘which shall have signified in writing to the Veterinary Director General its desire to have the aid of the Department of Agricul- ture in controlling bovine tuberculosis in the cows supplying milk and cream to the said city or town, provided the said city or town shall have stated in its application for the aid of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, that, being thereunto duly empowered by law, it will undertake and provide that: (a) Dairies in which milk or cream are produced for sale therein shall be licensed. _(b) No license shall be issued unless the dairy conforms to | the required standard. (c) The standard shall require that the stable shall have an ample amount of air space, and at least two square feet of win- dow glass for each cow, and shall be well ventilated, drained and kept clean and sanitary. (d) After two years from the date of the first test of the cattle of any dairy, the sale within the said town or city, of milk or cream from any herd shall be prohibited unless the said herd shows a clean bill of health from the veterinary inspector. (e) An inspector or inspectors shall be appointed and paid by the said city or town, whose duty it shall be to see that the undertakings and provisions, as aforesaid, are carried out, and that the cows are kept clean and properly fed and cared for. 3. The Veterinary Director General on receiving notice in writing, from any such municipality of its desire to have the assistance of the Department of Agriculture, as aforesaid, shall forthwith make enquiry, and if satisfied that the foregoing re- 580 CORRESPONDENCE. quirements are being carried out shall send veterinary inspectors to inspect the said cows. 4. Veterinary inspectors shall use the tuberculin test and also make a careful physical examination of the cows in order to determine whether they are healthy or not. Dairy bulls shail also be examined and subsequently treated in the same way as cows. 5. Following the examination and test the diseased cows and reactors shall be dealt with as follows: (a) Cows which in the opinion of the inspector are affected with open tuberculosis and are distributing the germs of the dis- ease through the milk, feces or sputum, shall be sent to an abat- toir under inspection and there slaughtered as soon as conve- niently can be done. When no such abattoir is within reasonable distance, the cows shall be slaughtered in the presence of the in- spector, who shall direct how the carcass shall be disposed of. © (b) Reactors to the test shall be separated from non-reactors as effectively as possible (suspicious animals shall be classed as reactors), and the owner shall be given the choice of disposing of them in one of the following ways: (1) Immediate slaughter. (2) Slaughter after they have been prepared for the block, by drying off and feeding. (3) Retaining them in the herd, and selling no milk or cream until it has been pasteurized. ; 6. Compensation shall be paid to the owner of the herd for all cows slaughtered under these regulations upon the following basis : (1) One-half the appraised value of the cow if destroyed as a case of open tuberculosis. (2) One-third the appraised value of the cow if destroyed as a reactor at the request of the owner. (3) Valuation shall be made by the inspector, and shall not exceed the maximum valuation for cattle as specified in section 6 of the Act. 7. The salvage from the carcass shall be paid to the owner of the cow in addition to the compensation, provided compensa- tion, and salvage together amount to less than the appraised value; if more, the surplus shall be paid to the Receiver General. 8. No compensation shall be paid to the owner unless, in the opinion of the Minister, he assists as far as possible in the eradication of the disease by following the instructions of the inspector as to disinfection, etc. Ee ae oo aa « } , F CORRESPONDENCE. 581 9g. No milk or cream shall be sold from a herd containing reactors unless such milk and cream are properly pasteurized. The inspectors of the municipality shall see that this provision is effectively carried out. 10. Tests and examinations of the herds shall be made whenever deemed necessary by the Veterinary Director General, and after each test and examination the herd shall be dealt with in the manner aforesaid. 1r. All cows bought by the owner of a herd while under control shall be submitted to the test and successfully pass it before being placed with the healthy cows. 12. When two successive tests fail to detect any reactors in a herd it shall be deemed ‘healthy, and the veterinary inspector shall, when requested, give a certificate to that effect. 13. The existing regulations respecting tuberculosis, in so far as they may be inconsistent with the present regulations, are hereby repealed. I am sending this copy to you, as it may possibly be of inter- est to some of your readers either in whole or in part. These regulations constitute a new departure for us-in Canada, and until we have had some experience of their operation we will be unable to foretell the result, but I am hoping they will result in great good. Very truly yours, Frep. TORRANCE. CONTROL OF GLANDERS. Boston, June 19, 1914. Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEW, New York: Glanders never can be controlled by the present method. All horses in a state must be tested with ophthalmic mallein and those reacting segregated. Many horses with a few glanders tubercles in the lungs will undoubtedly recover in time without any treatment other than good hygienic conditions. These same horses will, however, give the disease to others before recovery. The percentage of glanders is so great in our large cities that a slaughter of those reacting without apparent symptoms would be too great a financial strain on the owner or even the state if full value were paid. 582 CORRESPONDENCE. Kill all cases with evident symptoms and set off all reactors in good condition, killing those in poor physical condition, even if they have no evident symptoms other than the reaction to ophthalmic mallein. Forbid the sale of all reactors unless they show recovery by a retest. . : Compel all horses coming into a state for sale to first pass the ophthalmic mallein test. Personally I have had the greatest success in this system of segregation. It meets with the hearty co-operation of the owner who at once appreciates the value from a business standpoint. DANIEL D. LEE. New York, July 20, 1914. Editor of AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: Dear Sir—On canvassing members of your association in regard to the meeting in New Orleans in December, we find that the majority we have canvassed are expecting you to organize the members for a special train party. That you may have pleasure on the way as well as in New Orleans, and see some of the world’s wonders without extra cost in transportation, I beg leave to suggest that you adopt as your route to New Orleans in December the Sheriandoah Valley Route, famous for its scenery, famous for its Caverns of Luray, and of The Grottoes, and Natural Bridge. Besides these three world wonders there is that mecca for tourists, Chattanooga, with its Lookout Mountain and Chickamauga Natural Military Park. . My suggestion is that you leave New York so as to visit Chattanooga on the going journey and Natural Bridge and the caverns on the return trip. This schedule can be easily and pleasantly made by special train, and I am sure no other possible route from the east can offer so much that is attractive to the traveller. Should you select this route an agent of this company — will accompany your train and you may look forward to a de- lightful trip. We will certainly do everything we can to make it such. Yours very truly, L. J. Extts, Eastern Passenger Agent. . f OBITUARY. D. W. PATTON, M.D., D.V.M. Dr. D. W. Patton died May 27, 1914, as the result of an accident, while en route to Omaha, Nebraska, in his automobile : the machine having been struck by a fast train near St. Joseph, Mo. Dr. Patton was born near Brodhead, Wis., April 9, 1869, having just passed his forty-fifth year at the time of his death. When one year old, his parents moved to Iowa, where he was reared and educated in the public schools of Franklin and Car- roll counties. At the age of twenty-one he entered the veterinary school of Iowa State College, from which institution he gradu- ated, receiving the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine in 1893. Three years later he entered the B. A. I. service, in which ~ he remained until 1907, when he resigned and went to North Dakota and began the practice of veterinary medicine; in which field he remained until 1914. In the meantime he had received the M. D. degree from the Dearborn Medical College in 1905, and was a licensed practitioner in the State of Illinois. Dr. Pat- ton had decided to re-enter the B. A. I. service, and left North Dakota with that end in view. He had been visiting in the south, and was traveling in his automobile to Omaha when the accident that resulted in his death occurred, cutting him off in the very prime of his life. Dr. Patton is survived by a father and mother, wife, sister and brother, who have the heartfelt sympathy of the whole veterinary profession. JOHN BUFORD ARCHER, V.S. Dr. John Buford Archer, son of Captain J. Williamson Archer, and Elizabeth Chambers Archer, was born in Spencer, Owen County, Ind., December 2, 1865, died in Washington, D. C., June 12, 1914, aged 48 years, 6 months, 9 days. Dr. Archer was graduated from the Spencer High School in May, 1881, and for about three years engaged in farming and stock raising. 583 584 OBITUARY. During the session 1890-91 he attended the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, and following this engaged in the real estate business and afterwards the oil business, until the fall of 1900 when he entered the Indiana Veterinary College and graduated from it April 1, 1901. Since that time he had been engaged in practice at Spencer, Ind. He has been prominent in the councils of the Democratic party of Indiana and at the time of his death was chairman of the Second Congressional District, having been elected to that position last fall. He was deputy State Veterinarian of Indiana, having been appointed to this position by me in March, 1913. The cause of death was a stricture of the bowels (a chronic trouble) and acute indigestion, he having been troubled with the latter for some time. He had left this city on June 7th in ap- parently good health, .visiting at my residence and taking dinner with me on that day. He was taken ill soon after (a few hours) his arrival in Washington, and an operation was performed, but the. operation was of no avail. Dr. Archer was one of the leading veterinarians of Indiana, and as such was held in high esteem by all who knew him, always ready to assist in anything to elevate the profession in this state, and to his efforts are to be credited to a large measure the first veterinary law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine in this state. I was a classmate in the Indiana college with him and knew him, I thought, well, but it was only after over a year’s close association with him in this office and meeting him in his home that I could appreciate the character of the man. The State of Indiana has lost an efficient, careful veterinarian, the State and National veterinary associations one of their best members, and I have lost one of the best friends that I have ever had. He leaves a widow, three stepchildren, three sisters, two brothers and an aged mother, and to these the profession in Indiana and the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association ex- tend their sympathies in their hour of sorrow. I am yours respectfully, A. F. NExson, State Veterinarian and Secretary Ind. Vet. Med. Asso. SOCIETY MEETINGS. | COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The semi-annual meeting of the above association was held at Fort Collins, May 28 and 29. The majority of the practition- ers of the state was in attendance and took part in the discus- sions and clinic. The first day was given over to the business meeting and the reading of papers, and the whole of the second day was taken up with the clinic. Much time was spent upon the discussion of a proposed Tuberculin Test Law, which would be state-wide in its application. The dairymen of the state have drafted a bill, modeled somewhat after the Wisconsin Law, which they had ex- pected to introduce into the next legislature which meets in the = fall. This bill provided that the owner of dairy cattle test his own herd, the records to be submitted to the state veterinarian, who shall make condemnations. Dr. Yard, state veterinarian, re- ported that after a conference with a number of the leading dairymen, they had seen the weakness in this and that he felt they were in a mood to support a bill which would provide that the testing be done by trained men only. The dairymen feel that since there is little tuberculosis in the state, this is the time to stamp it out, and not wait until we become as badly affected as are some of the eastern states. A legislative committee of five was appointed to look ‘after this matter at the next meeting of our assembly. The members of the association took lunch together at the Northern Hotel, after which President A. G. Fisk delivered an address, in which he reviewed the history of the association and pointed out plans for its betterment. _ Dr. C. C. Stewart read a paper on the /ntradermal Test for Tuberculosis, with which he has had very wide experience, hav- ing tested somewhere near 1,500 head. He has had opportu- nity to check the test in some instances with the subcutaneous, and believes it to be as reliable in all cases. His work has been _ throughout country districts where the subcutaneous test would 585 586 SOCIETY MEETINGS. be a practical impossibility. He felt that he obtained as good results from the ordinary B. A. I. tuberculin as from the alcohol precipitated, which is recommended by the experiment station tn California. This paper brought out considerable discussion from the members, a number of whom had had experience with the ‘test. It seems to meet with great favor under our Colorado conditions. Hog cholera was well taken care of by three different mem- bers. Dr. A. A. Herman, after wide experience with the simul- taneous vaccination, spoke in favor of that method. Dr. F. Gil- gen presented some of his own experiences in treating the dis- ease. Dr. Playne Guyselman gave the results of 18 months’ work in the San Luis valley, where hog cholera had practically bankrupted the farmers, and where in the above-mentioned time he with one other veterinarian had been able to completely eradi- cate it. This work is of not only local but national interest, becatise it shows what can be done by the methods used, which were, in this case, the serum alone, absolute quarantine, veterinarians hay- ing the authority of deputy sheriffs, thorough cleaning and dis- infection were used following each outbreak. No virus has been used in the valley since these men took charge, and they are ~ strongly in favor of the serum-alone method, because they feel that the introduction of the virus merely tends to spread the disease. They are working under the direction of farmers’ asso- — ciations who furnish the money for the work. These papers will be published in full and the proceedings of the association meeting can be had by writing to the secretary. — In the evening the Veterinary Medical Association of the — Colorado Agricultural College entertained the veterinarians at — their annual banquet and ball, where every one seemed to enjoy — himself to the utmost. CLINIC. Case I. Rachitis. History: Dogs fed on wheat, owner stated that the corn crop failed so he had to resort to wheat. : Dr. Whitehouse suggested that the pups be placed on an alfalfa diet until the green grass should come, believing that the hay ration would be as appropriate as the cereals. Symptoms: Carpal and tarsal joints greatly enlarged and crooked, knots at the costo-chondral unions, face twisted, loco- motion difficult, animal lies most of the time. . Treatment: Animal placed on a meat diet and allowed t I eet nial le, a DO ee ee | SOCIETY MEETINGS. 587 exercise at will. At the end of two months the animal showed considerable improvement. Case IJ. Equine; black; ten years; gelding. Diagnosis: Immobilite; Dr. McCapes, of Boulder, in charge. History: A year ago the animal lost control of the hind legs. Symptoms: Incoordination; atrophy of hips; interfering, irregular gait most noticeable upon backing. Prognosis: Unfavorable. Treatment: Fowler’s solution three drams a day, increasing the dose to one and one-half ounces a day, and then beginning the treatment over, starting with the small doses. Case III. Equine; two years; gelding. Diagnosis: Sternal fistula; Dr. Charles Converse, operator. History: Colt was hurt during breaking. Symptoms: Swell- ‘ing over the region of the sternum, small wound discharging a little pus. Treatment: Freely incised, wound explored for pieces of bone, none found, dressed with tincture of iodine and instruc- tions given the owner to continue the iodine treatment. Case IV. Equine; black; two years; male. Diagnosis: Ridg- ling; Dr. McCapes, of Boulder, operator. Upon examination the testicle was fund in the inguinal canal. Technique: An incision was made over the inguinal canal about three inches lateral to the scrotum, the testicle was deliv- ered through the incision and emasculated. The left testicle was taken in the usual manner. Case V. Equine; brown; twelve years; mare. Diagnosis: Contracted tendons; Dr. McCarrol, of Fort Collins, operator. History: Of two years’ duration. Symptoms: Perforans and perforatus contracted until the front of the foot touched the ground. Operation: Tenotomy; adhesions were broken until the foot assumed a normal position. Case VI. Equine; black; one month; female. Diagnosis: Metastatic arthritis; Dr. Watts, of Longmont, in charge. History: Joints had been affected for three weeks. ' Symptoms: Stifle joint capsule greatly distended, colt ema- ciated, unable to rise without assistance. Treatment: Polyvalent bacterin. Prognosis: Very unfavor- able. Case VII. Bovine; black and white; nine years; female. Diagnosis: Panaritium; Dr. Gilgen, of Eaton, in charge. 588 SOCIETY MEETINGS. History: Of two months’ standing. Previous Treatment: Tubbing in hot bichloride solution, frequent application of kaolin cataplasmata. Symptoms: Phlegmon about the coronet, open wound on the outside discharging pus, also a wound between the claws dis- charging pus; animal lies most of the time. Treatment: Tracts were dressed with tincture of iodine, an autogenous bacterin was made and administered, case shows con- stant improvement. A report was given of cases similar to this that responded to bacterins where other lines of treatment had apparently failed. _ Case VIII, Equine; grey; mare. Diagnosis: Prescapular abscess. Operator: Dr. Charles Converse, of Castle Rock, Colorado. Symptoms: Swelling slightly above and anterior to the point of the shoulder. Treatment: Freely incised, permitting the escape of pus, dressed with tincture of iodine. . Case IX. Equine; black; seven years; female. Diagnosis: Quittor; Dr. Paxton, of Ouray, operator. | History: Of one year’s standing. Symptoms: Fistulous tract over outside right quarter, discharging a little pus, consider- able organization causing an enlargement about the quarter and coronet. | . Technique: Tract opened and curetted, wound dressed with saturated solution of bichloride. Case X. Bovine; black and white; nine years; male. Diag- nosis: Actinomycosis; Dr. Ayres, of Sterling, operator. History: Of several months’ standing. Symptoms: Abscess about the size of a man’s head in the intermaxillary space. Treatment: Freely incised permitting the escape of a large quantity of thick, cream-colored, glassy pus; cavity dressed with tincture of iodine. Case XI. Canine; white; six months; female. Operation: Ovariotomy; Dr. A. G. Fisk, Trinidad, operator. Technique: Field shaved and painted with tincture of iodine: bitch was given 1 tab. H. M. C. Form. B.; incision made on the median line about 14 inches, wound held open by means of a speculum; horns of uterus grasped with Noyes alligator ear for- ceps; ovary ablated with scissors; wound closed by a continuous peritoneal and subcutaneous suture. Case XII. Canine; brown; one year; male. Diagnosis: Luxation of the femur; Dr. A. N. Carrol, Pueblo. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 589 History: Hit by a motorcycle. Symptoms: Inability to sup- ah weight, increased mobility inward, limited abduction, entire imb rotated inward, pain bi pressure over the articulation, and | some swelling. _ Autopsy: No attempt was made to reduce ‘luxation; the animal was killed and a dissection made of the parts. The ar- ticular head of the femur was found in front of the acetabulum, the ligamentum teres being ruptured. Dr. Carrol demonstrated _ an easy method of reducing such dislocations. _ Case XIII. Equine; brown; one year; female. Diagnosis: _ Phlegmon; Dr. Kingman, Fort Collins, operator. ay History: Colt injured six months previous by rolling into a gate. It is suspected that the periosteum was involved. Symptoms: Suppurating induration over the lower third of _ 7 Cw left cannon, ulcers the size of a dollar on inside and outside. _ Treatment: Ulcers curetted, removing large quantity of - connective tissue, bacterin prepared from the pus, the wound and leg dressed with tincture of iodine. -- Case XIV. Equine; white; ten years; female. tantOry q ‘Seems to be deaf, goes to sleep standing. Symptoms: Not well marked. Temperature 100.4 degrees F: Pulse and respiration normal. Diagnosis: None made. | __ Case XV. Bovine; Jersey; male. Diagnosis: Tuberculosis ; Dr. Kingman, Fort Collins, in charge. History: Bull had been given the subcutaneous test by a lay- man about a year previous to this test. Six months after the first test the bull reacted to the intradermal. At the time of the _ clinic showed reaction to both the subcutaneous thermal test and the intradermal. . I. E. NEwsom, Secretary. , CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL 3 ASSOCIATION. The fifth annual meeting of the above association was held “at Syracuse, N. Y., on June 25, 1914. Thirty members were ‘present at roll-call and five visiting veterinarians, two of whom were applicants for membership. _ The meeting was called to order with Dr. J. A. Pendergast, president of the association, in the chair. After the reading of the minutes of the last meeting and hearing the reports of the 590 SOCIETY MEETINGS. various officers and committees, the applications for membership of Dr. W. M. Sullivan and Dr. Daniel O’Laughlin were taken up and favorably acted upon. The report of the association’s attorney, M. A. Switzer, Exe. ij of Fulton, N. Y., was then heard. It was shown that the asso- ciation has now one action pending for illegal practice of the pro- fession and several others to be instituted in the near future and as soon as conditions will warrant. The attorney was directed in behalf of the society to continue the work of proseeaaes of — illegal practitioners. Certain amendments to the by-laws were then taken up and — favorably acted upon. These amendments, reading as shown below, authorize the accumulation of a fund for the protection — of members of the association against actions for malpractice, | and thus, it, is believed, place this association in advance of © any of the similar bodies of this or any other state of the Umar: The amendments follow: | Amendment to Art. V. by adding thereto the following: | §5. Immediately following each annual meeting the treas- urer shall pay over from the general funds of this association and deposit at interest in a duly incorporated savings bank to the credit of a special fund to be known as ‘‘ The Central New York Veterinary Medical Association Special Fund” a sum equal to $1 for each active member remaining upon the rolls at the close” of such meeting and such fund shall be used only, with the ap-— proval of the Board of Censors, for the expenses of the defense of actions against members for malpractice. If at any time such fund shall amount to the sum of $250, the interest therefrom shall be paid into the general fund of the association on July 1 of each year, and no further deposits shall be made to the credit of such special fund until it shall have been reduced to an amount less than $250. Amendment to Art. VI. by adding thereto the following: §4. Where an action for malpractice shall be brought against a member in good standing he may, upon releasing the control of his defense thereto to this association, apply, im writing and according to a form to be prescribed by the Board of Censors, to the secretary for protection. The secretary shall” immediately call a meeting of the Board of Censors to be held within five days thereafter to investigate the fact and circum- stances of the case, and if it is decided by them that such mem=_ ber has acted in good faith and has fulfilled his duty in relation SOCIETY MEETINGS. ‘591 _ thereto as becomes a member of the veterinary profession, they _ shall direct the attorney of the association to proceed with the a defense of such action. In the event that the association has _ at the time no regular attorney, the Board of Censors shall retain _ an attorney to be selected by them for the defense of such action. _ The expenses incurred in such defense shall be met from the _ special fund provided for in Art. V., sect. 5. If such fund is _ insufficient, the balance shall be paid from the general funds of _ the association. _~ For the purpose of insuring sufficient funds for the establish- _ ment of this work and for the proper continuation of the fight against illegal practitioners, the dues of the association were in- _ ereased to five dollars per annum. The following were elected directors for the ensuing year: Dr. W. B. Switzer, Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, Dr. J. M. Currie, _ Dr. R. M. Weightman, Dr. Frank Morrow, Dr. E. E. Dooling, _ Dr. J. G. Hill, Dr. Almond H. Ide, Dr. W. L. Clark. The direct- ors elected the following officers: President, Dr. R. M. Weight- -man, Waterville, N. Y.; vice-president, Dr. E. E. Dooling, Syra- ¥ ga N. Y.; secretary-treasurer, Dr. W. B. Switzer,. Oswego, 2 An invitation was received from the president of the Genesee Valley Veterinary Medical Association to attend the meeting of that body at Rochester, N. Y. | | The president’s address was delivered by Dr. James A. Pen- _ dergast, president of the association, of Syracuse, N. Y. He _ reported the society to be in a very active and flourishing condi- tion. Case reports were given by Dr. J. V. Townsend, Dr. R. _M. Weightman, Dr. John K. Bosshart, Dr. C. R. Guile and Dr. W. F. Burleigh. Dr. H. J. Milks, secretary of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society and a member of the faculty of the New York State Veterinary College, gave a most inter- _ esting address on skin diseases of the dog. Full discussion was _had on each topic brought out in the reports and paper, whereby the members obtained much valuable information as to diagno- _ Sis, prognosis and treatment. _ Preceding the business session, a clinic was held at the In- _firmary of Dr. H. A. Turner in South Salina street. Median “neurotomy was performed upon a bay horse for the relief of foot lameness by Dr. H. A. Turner, assisted by President Pen- ‘dergast. A brown draft stallion, three years old, having a large umbilical hernia, for which an operation had been performed at 592 SOCIETY MEETINGS. some previous time surgically, was operated upon by the ligation — method by Dr. Frank Morow, of Utica, N. Y., assisted by Dr. — J. M. Currie, of Rome. One of the most interesting of the © operations was that performed by Dr. J. K. Bosshart, of Cam- — den, N. Y., assisted by Dr. Currie, on a Jersey cow, age long forgotten, for the relief of supposed intestinal intussusception. — A bay draft horse having a tumor of the shoulder caused by ~ collar was operated on by Dr. W. B. Switzer, of Oswego, N. — Y., assisted by Dr. W. L. Baker, of Seneca Falls, N. Y. Myot-— omy was performed upon a bay trotting mare for the prevention — of switching by Dr. Frank Morrow, of Utica, assisted by Dr. Fitch, of Manlius. 4 Lunch was served at the Infirmary during the clinic and at the close of the meeting a banquet was served at the Hotel St. | Cloud. W. B. Switzer, Secretary. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL AS. SOCIATION. The twenty-first annual session of the above association called to order on June 17, 1914, by the president, Dr. M. De Turk, at Reading, Pa. The following members responded to roll-call: Drs. Fether- olf, De Turk (M. D.), Noack, Bieber, Dunkelberger, Berger, Huyett, Potteiger, C. R.; Kauffman, Reifsnyder, Fernsler, Long- - acre, W. S., and Kohler, Visitors were Drs. F. F. ie aed nd- stock Sanitary Board. ee The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved, after which a recess of fifteen minutes was declared for the pay- ment of dues. a Among the communications read was one from the Natior al Association Bureau of Animal Industry employees soliciting united support of this association in securing the passage - these bills. : The secretary was instructed to draft resolutions, forward one to their representative secretary and also have a copy of pee spread upon the minutes. The treasurer’s report was received. — Under the Legislative Committee, Dr. Noack reported that <; milk and meat ordinance had passed council at Allentown, but it — SOCIETY MEETINGS. 593 seems that the veterinarians of that locality were not equal to the opportunity, and hence a chemist and an assistant chemist were - appointed, which is highly regretted, because they are incom- petent to cope with all milk and meat problems. Delegates to Fennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association. —Dr. Bieber reported that the attendance was somewhat blasted by a snow storm the previous day, which had incapacitated train service, although an interesting program was well discussed. Election of Officers—A motion was made by Bieber, sec- onded by Fetherolf that all the present officers be re-elected by - acclamation. Carried; and the officers were declared re-elected. A motion was made and seconded to adjourn for lunch. Reconvened at 1.45 p. m., when the various papers were called for. “The Advantage of a Sanitary Milk House on the Farm” was an exceptionally well-prepared essay, by Dr. C. R. Pot- teiger. Discussions were participated in by Drs. Fetherolf, ® Huyett, Staley, Noack and Kohler. “ Disinfection and Sanitation,” by Dr. D. R.-Kohler. This paper curtailed all general antiseptics used in a practice. Dr. _ Staley opened the discussion by announcing that one of the _ safest methods of disinfection for hog cholera is the free use of a solution of sodii carbonas and hot water, followed by spraying with a lysol solution; again that one of the best. methods to render a nail wound aseptic was to drop a few crystals of iodine and pour on some turpentine, after wound is well cut open, which penetrates to depth of wound. Tincture of iodine is also very effectual, although the veterinarian should always recommend and suggest to the owner the value of a preventive dose of anti-tetanic serum as a precaution to preventing tetanus. It was the consensus of opinion among the members that a bichloride solution is not generally recommended for the use: of _ disinfecting dairy stables, because bovines are susceptible to the _ influence of the drug. “The Relation of the Veterinarian to the Medical Profes- sion” by Dr. F. F. Massey, a noted physician of Wernersville, was the title of an able address. He concluded that the veterinarian’s and the physician’s work was a comparison in a way, and that he trusts the feeling of both toward one another may always be amiable and that we, _ as professional brothers, should mingle more at such organiza-, tions, exchange ideas, so that we may be more able to cope better with the varied ailments afflicting men and animals. 594 SOCIETY MEETINGS. “ Biorization of Milk,’ by Dr. O. G. Noack, was a subee which elicited much discussion. This method of sterilizing milk, originating from Gennaliad is claimed to be far superior than the present method of pasteur- zing ; the process is quicker, better and more efficiently used. Adjourned. W. G. Huyertt, Sec. MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular meeting of the above association was held at Boston, February 25, 1914. Sixty-eight members and guests were present. As honored guests there were present Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of the Experimental Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, professor of veterinary jurisprudence at the vet- erinary department of the University of Pennsylvania. In the absence of President Perry, First Vice-President Beale occupied the chair and, after calling the meeting to order, an- — nounced that as we had some able speakers present, reading of — the previous meeting’s records would be deferred until later. Dr. Winchester then introduced Dr. Schroeder as the first speaker, — who presented a most excellent paper on the subject of bovine — tuberculosis, a transcript of which has been inserted in the pres- — ent issue of the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review for the benefit — of members not present. In the conclusion, Dr. Schroeder was given a rising vote of thanks to which he fittingly responded. The president then introduced Dr. Hoskins as the next speaker, who took for his subject the Veterinary Army House Bill No. 4541, on which he spoke at some length, and strongly advised — each member to appeal to his respective congressman for support to increase the efficiency of the army veterinary service; and as a result the president appointed Drs. Howard, Burr and Win- | chester as a committee to formulate and instruct the secretary to — send forthwith to the chairman of the house committee on mili- — tary affairs at Washington, the following: ! “To Hon. JAMEs Hay, “Chairman, House Committee Military Affairs, “Washington, D. C.: “Dear Sir—The Massachusetts Veterinary Association in meeting assembled strongly urges the passage of House Bill No. - SOCIETY MEETINGS. 595. 4541. The needs of greater efficiency in the Army Veterinary © _ Service can only be obtained by the passage of this bill. “(Signed) L. H. Howarp, J. F. WINCHESTER, ALEXANDER Burr.” Dr. Hoskins also formulated and advised that in order to obviate delay, each member of the congress and senate be sent individual communications by the secretary, as follows: “Dear Sir—The Massachusetts Veterinary Association, at their meeting in Boston, February 25, strongly approved of House Bill No. 4541, to increase the aaa of the Army Vet- erinary Service. “The fact that every other country of the civilized world has found this recognition requisite to the best and most efficient service, should appeal to you that our country should no longer _ be denied a service that under proper direction would be more mobile, more efficient by knitting together the various veterinary units of the present service, by the grayting of rank and com- - mission, the highest reward that governmental army service affords. “Yours very truly, “(Signed) W. T. Puau, Secretary.” By. request of the president, the secretary read the previous meeting’s records, which were accepted as read. Dr. Howard then spoke of Dr. Osgood’s unexpected death; also as being-a man of personal worth, saying that thirty years ago to-night, Dr. Osgood presided at a meeting of this association, and on motion by Dr. Simpson, seconded by Dr. Howard, it was voted that the president appoint a committee of three to frame en- grossed resolutions on his death. Committee: Drs. Babson,. Howard and Peters. Adjournment at 7.40 p. m. (Signed) W. T. Puan, Secretary. WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The sixth annual meeting of the above association was held in the rooms of the City Veterinary Hospital, hier Walla, Wash., June 18 and 19, 1914. 596 SOCIETY MEETINGS. It was not as well attended as some had hoped, though at- tendance was good and sessions highly interesting. The veterinary situation in the city of Walla Walla is unique in that all the veterinarians of the city have their offices in one place. There are three of them, and the ample accommodations, splendid equipment and excellent team work were certainly grati- fying to see. ‘Lhe meeting place was in a large, well-lighted, well-furnished room beautifully decorated with flowers and pictures. The designer of the hospital must certainly have had such occasions in mind when he planned the institution. Dr. Nelson read a paper on The Encouragement of the Live Stock Industry by the Veterinarians. Several phases of his sub- ject were discussed by men from all over the State. It was in- teresting to note that many had a preference for encouraging the dairy industry. Dr. Seely read a paper on Infectious Abortion. To say that the paper was prepared in the doctor’s usual splendid style be- speaks much for it. Dr. Graves read a paper containing a preliminary draft of a proposed state livestock sanitary law, after which he called for suggestions from those present. The interest in this paper was very keen, many good suggestions being advanced, and no doubt that out of it will come a very excellent law. Many other interesting subjects came up for discussion, but cannot all be covered in a report of this kind. Outside of routine matters should be mentioned a trip to the State penitentiary. Here we were courteously met and con- ducted through the institution by a corps of guards, after which we were personally conducted over the farm by the warden who is an enthusiastic hog man. He has extensive hog yards and houses built after his own designing and the splendid animals he is producing indicate their efficiency. | The annual banquet at the Dacres Hotel was one long to be _ remembered. The local men, Woods, Trippeer and Baddeley, certainly out- did themselves there. ; The clinic was the crowning feature of the occasion. With fifteen listed subjects, besides cases brought to the hospital in- cidentaly during the convention, it will easily be seen why some of the routine business and papers were nearly crowded out. It was preeminently a practitioners’ meeting and, of course, clinics were highly interesting. SOCIETY MEETINGS, 597 At ten o’clock on the third day, when the secretary was obliged ~ to leave, the clinic was still in progress, with ten or twelve de- voted ones still busy. The next meeting is to be held in North Yakima in June, 1915. The officers for the coming year are: President, J. T. Seely, Seattle; Vice-President, R. Prior, North Yakima; Secretary- _ Treasurer, Carl Cozier, Bellingham. CarL Cozier, Secretary-Treasurer. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. ; The July meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held at Rockland on the 8th. Meeting called to order by the Vice-President Dr. _ C. W. Purcell at 8 p. m., as the President, Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, _ was called to England by the death of his father. F. After roll call the minutes of the April meeting were read and . accepted. 4 Visitors present: Dr. G. W. Makie, of Parke Davis & Co.; Dr. _ P.R. Baird, of Waterville; and Mr. E. S. Cooper, of the Abbott _ Alkaloidal Co. Communications: A communication was received from the veterinarians employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry asking _ the association to indorse a bill that they have before the House of Representatives and the Senate. The association voted.that _ the president should appoint a committee of three to draw up a _ set of resolutions endorsing this bill. Dr. Purcell appointed Drs. _ W. H. Robinson, W. L. West and A. Joly on this committee. The secretary’s report from April, 1913, to April, 1914, was read and turned over to the auditing committee, which reported later that they found the report correct and it was accepted. Papers: Dr. W. H. Lynch read a paper on Indolent Bovine _ Placentae. This paper was very interesting and brought forth _ much discussion. Drs. C. F. Davis, C. W. Purcell, C. L. Blakely, _F. W. Huntington, W. L. West leading the discussion while Dr. _ Lynch ably defended his paper. _ Dr. C. F. Davis read a paper on Pyo Septicemia of Sucklings. _ This paper was discussed by Drs. W. L. West, C. L. Blakely, W. _ H. Lynch, I. L. Salley and others present joined in the discussion. 4 The applications of Dr. Haven T, Paul, of Portsmouth, _N.H., and Dr. P. R. Baird, of Waterville, Me., were read and 598. SOCIETY MEETINGS. referred to the executive committee. The report on these two applicants to be presented at next meeting. a 3 Next meeting to be held at the DeWitt Hotel, Lewiston, Oct. — 14,1914. Meeting adjourned at 10 p. m. q A shore dinner was served at Oakland Park at 6 p.m. Dr. — H. L. Stevens had charge of the arrangements for this delightful — repast. Those seated at the tables were Dr. F. W. Huntington, — Dr. C. W. Purcell, Dr. C. F. Dwinal, Dr. W. H. Robinson, Dr. H. B. Westcott, Dr. C. F. French, Dr. W. H. Lyneham Russell, I. L. Salley, Dr. A. Joly, Dr. C. F. Davis and wife, Dr. — G. W. Makie, Dr. A. W. Peabody, Dr. H. L. Stevens, Mr. E. Si Cooper, Dr. M. E. Maddocks and Mr. G. H. Davis and wife. ~ After the dinner the party trolleyed back to Rockland, where ~ they arrived shortly before 8 o’clock. ‘ % After the meeting an informal smoker meeting was held and — Dr. G. W. Makie and Mr. E. S. Cooper gave very interesting ~ talks. A vote of thanks was extended Dr. H. L. Stevens for his — services rendered on the entertainment committee in furnishing — such a good time. H. B. Wescorv, Secretary. re VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORE: CITY, . a The regular monthly meeting of this association was held in the lecture room of the New York-American Veterinary College, — on Wednesday evening, June 3, I914. : The president and vice-president being absent, Dr. R. W. Ellis was asked to take the chair, and presided. d The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. Dr. E. B. Ackerman reported for the Committee on Pee Watering Troughs, and said that the hearing on this subject had been postponed by the Board of Aldermen for about ten days. — Numerous conferences have been held on this subject, and it is — expected that everything will be settled in a satisfactory manner. Dr. Ackerman also spoke in favor of the Army Bill, and offered ¥ a resolution endorsing the bill, and instructing the secretary to — write our state senators urging their support. ne Dr. Griessman reported for the prosecuting committee. = Messrs. Whalen and Ellis; of the Norfolk and Western Rail- way, then gave an illustrated lecture on the Luray Caverns, Nat-_ | ural Bridge of Virginia, and other points of interest in the South. ~ ae SOCIETY MEETINGS. 599 "This was enjoyed by the members and visitors present, and a q unanimous vote of thanks was extended to Messrs. Whalen and _ Ellis. An odd pathological specimen sent in by Dr. Wm. H. ; Gribble, of Washington Court House, Ohio, was then exhibited _ for examination. This was supposed to be the testicle of a dog, Pct, on examination, Dr. W. Reid Blair reported that fibrous tis- _ sue had replaced all the testicular tissue. Dr. Ellis reported the recent death of Dr. Chas. Jamieson, _ chairman of the prosecuting committee, and appointed as a com- : mittee to draft suitable resolutions Drs. Cochran, Berns and _ Ackerman. _ Mr. Morse, who was present, stated that he was a licensed _ and bonded detective and asked the privilege of the floor. On _ motion, duly seconded and carried, his request was granted. 3 Dr. Chase, president of the Alumni Association, announced _ that the annual meeting would be held in the college building _ June 10, 1914, at 11 a. m., and the banquet the same evening at _ the New York Athletic Club. . Dr. Ellis appointed as delegates to the International Veteri- nary Congress at London Drs. W. Reid Blair and E. B. Acker- Also appointed ‘Drs. Geo. H. Berns, D. W. Cochran and Maf- - fitt Smith as delegates to the annual meeting of the N ew York E State Veterinary Medical Society at Rochester. ) Dr. Ellis announced that a number of the delegates to the International Congress would sail on the steamer “ Finland,” _ Saturday, June 13, and asked as many as could do so to go to _ the pier and wish them bon voyage. 4 No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned to meet _ the first Wednesday in October. Rost. S. MacKeE rar, Secretary. ‘ . Dr. Meapor BecoMEs ASSOCIATED IN THE CATTLE Bust- _ NEss.—Dr. D. J. Meador, assistant state veterinarian of Ala- _ bama, has left Selma to become associated with his father and _ brother in the cattle business at Myrtlewood, that state. We _ congratulate his father and brother, as we consider it quite an _ acquisition to a live-stock business to have a veterinarian so _ closely interested in it. In a recent letter from the doctor, he Says in conclusion: “TI will still continue in practice, and would not want to miss the Review.” NEWS AND ITEMS. Dr. CHENEY Gors to Twin Fatis.—Dr. A. H. Cheney, — Miles City, Montana, has gone to Twin Falls, Idaho. We wish the doctor success in his new field. . Dr. Jervis Returns.—We had the pleasure of a short visit with Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, of Houlton, Maine, on his return from England on July 17, where he had been called through the death of his father. PRE-EMINENTLY A PRACTITIONERS’ MEETING is edie Carl Cozier’s opinion of the recent Washington State meeting at Walla Walla. Read his interesting report of it on page 595 of the present issue. Dr. W. H. Skerritt Has Gone to Micuican.—Dr. W. H. Skerritt, son of Dr. H. W. Skerritt, Utica, N. Y., has gone to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, and become associated in ‘practice with Dr. Ewald of that place. A Most INTERESTING Report of the May meeting of. the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, by Secretary New- som, appears on page 585 of this issue. The doctor’s report of the clinic includes fifteen case reports. Can’t Do Business WitTHouT THE ReEviEw.—Dr. W. D. Bennett, Batavia, N. Y., writes: ‘“ Enclosed please find check — for renewal to the Review. I can’t do business without the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. Accept my hearty thanks.” Mape STATE VETERINARIAN FOR THE SIXTEENTH TIME.— On June 30 Dr. J. S. Pollard, of Providence, R. I, was re= elected state veterinarian for the sixteenth consecutive time. Dr. Pollard is a graduate of the Ontario Vet. College, class. 4 of ’98. CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION will hold : its summer meeting on August 4th in Waterbury. Clinics, medi- cal and surgical, will be held at Dr. A. T. Gilyard’s hospital. Secretary Dow is determined to put the Connecticut meetings in Class A. o 600 NEWS AND ITEMS. ‘601 _ ‘PRESIDENT OF MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Surrers BerEAVEMENT.—Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, Houlton, Maine, was called to England early in July through the death of his father, whose home was in Great Britain. He has the sympathy of his professional brothers. Tue Best JourNAL THERE Is—Hetps Him Bear His In Juries More CueerFutty.—Dr. S. S. Wertz, Kensaw, _ Nebraska, writes: ‘‘ Enclosed find check for the best veterinary _ journal there is. Would have remitted sooner but have been in a hospital all winter. Got my right collarbone fractured and it punctured my lung. Also had four ribs fractured on my _ right side. Hope to be able to work from now on, with the aid of the Review.” _ ADMINISTRATIVE ConrROL OF GLANDERs is the title of a buls _ letin by Dr. E. B, Ackerman, Chief Veterinarian of the Depart+ ament of Health of the City of Néw York, published by the de: partment. This bulletin of 13 pages, covering the administra- itive methods of control, is dated April, 1914, just three months _ wafter Chief Ackerman assumed the direction of the veterinary work in the Bureau of Infectious Diseases. The doctor’s activity iis deserving of commendation. Drs. SKERRITT AND Morrow is the firm name under which Dr. H. W. Skerritt, of Utica, N. Y., and Dr. F. Morrow, for- ‘merly of Oneida, that State, have formed a partnership, with headquarters at 317 Columbia street, Utica. These men were classmates and roommates while taking their.veterinary courses twenty-five years ago; since which time they have both practised their professions constantly, Dr. Skerritt at Utica and Dr.. Mor- ‘row at Oneida. We wish them success in their co-partnership. _ ImprovEMENT SHowN From YEAR TO YEAR.—Dr. W. G. Clark, Resident Secretary for Wisconsin, A. V. M, A., Mari- nette, Wisconsin, in renewing subscription, writes: ‘‘ Enclosed please find check for $3, renewing my subscription for the _ ensuing year. I wish to congratulate you on the periodical that _ you have published during the past year and the improvement that is shown from year to year. I feel that I am in a measure . qualified to judge as I have a complete bound file from volume 10, 602 NEWS AND ITEMS, Economy WiLL KEerp THE Work Horse with Us.—The work horse does not need sentiment to maintain his position; his valuable service in the world’s activities is more appreciated to- day than ever before. This is the age of economy, and level- headed business men who have had years of experience with horses in their business are realizing that no more economical motor than the horse can be found. Economy is stamped right on him and shows out strongly by comparison with the compli- cated, expensive, mechanical devices that man has attempted to substitute for him. The horse increases 30 per cent. in valte during the time it usually takes to wear a motor truck out. © PATENT MEDICINE Tax IN JAPAN.—According to investiga- tions made by the Sanitary Bureau of the Home Department the total revenue from the patent-medicine tax (paid by dealers on the amount of sales) for 1912 amounted to $116,900 gold, a decrease of $5,000 from the preceding year. The revenue derived in 1912 from the sale of stamps on patent medicines: amounted to $1,119,600, an increase of $57,400 as compared with the preceding year. As the value of the stamp represents: tO per cent. of the market price of the medicines, the total value — of patent medicines consumed in 1912 was $11,196,800, equal to $0.216 per capita of population of Japan, showing an increase 4 of $0.085 on the figures for the preceding year.—(Americam Association of Pharmaceutical Chemists. ) PERPETUATING THE Horse INTEREST ON A SOLID FOUNDA- TION.—History has demonstrated that the sure way of perpetu- — ating patriotism is by teaching it to the children. It is therefore gratifying to see the “‘ youngsters ”—boys and girls—taking such an active part in the horse shows—more especially the outdoor country horse shows—where they ride many of the mounts and also do some driving. Of course these children are the offspring of parents whose interest in the development of the horse is keen; but it is through their encouragement that the children acquire and cultivate that interest which is just as sure to redound to the perpetuity of the development of the horse as that the teaching of patriotism to the children has maintained and increased that noble qualification in them down through many generations. We - cannot commend too highly this practice of having the boys and girls take active parts in the horse shows, and are gratified to see this feature becoming more and more general, ‘ | NEWS AND ITEMS. 6038 VETERINARIAN GOES INTO Potitics—A MAny-Sipep Man. _ —Dr. Thos. E. Robinson, of Westerly, R. I., has. entered the political field, having been elected councilman for the town of Westerly, defeating his opponent by a very large majority. The genial doctor has been located in Westerly for a humber of years and enjoys a very lucrative practice, being the only veterinarian _ in town. As Westerly is the dividing line between Connecticut _ and Rhode Island, Dr. Robinson has the distinction of acting __ as assistant in his county to State Veterinarian J. S. Pallard of _R.L.,, in the work of testing horses for glanders. He also assists a the Connecticut Commissioner on Domestic Animals in the same _ line of work for animals entering Connecticut. For a number _ of years the doctor has acted as veterinary judge to the New- port and Narragansett Pier horse shows, is at present veterina- rian to the Point Judith Country Club, and is treasurer of the R. I. Vet. Med. Assn. and holds the same office for the R. I. Board of Vet. Examiners, was formerly resident secretary for the A. V. M. A. _ ProposEp GrorGciA CocAINnE Law.—H. B. 885, by Messrs. Swift, Wohlwender and Slade, incorporates a proposed Cocaine Law identical with the present New York Cocaine Law. It pro- vides, among other provisions : 1. Sales at retail are restricted upon the written prescriptions of physicians only. 2. The retail druggist must give to the purchaser a certifi- cate indicating : : a. The name and address of the seller. b. The name and address of the prescribing physician. c. The date of the sale. d. The amount sold. 3. It is expressly provided that physicians may dispense, after a personal examination of the patient, provided the certifi- cate required of the retail druggist (see 2, above) is given to the patient. A violation of this provision is a felony. . 4. Physicians, dentists, veterinarians and retail druggists _ may buy direct from the manufacturer or wholesaler at whole- _ sale upon a written order, provided such sales are duly recorded and proper labels used. 5. Physicians, dentists, veterinarians and retail druggists may not have on hand more than 1% ounces. 6. Physicians, dentists and veterinarians must record, at least once in six months, the gross amount dispensed. 604 CORRESPONDENCE. TIDINGS FROM THE SECOND PARTY OF OFFICIAL TOUR. (From the REVIEw’s Staff Correspondent on Board the St. Paul.) On Board SS. St. Paul, July 17, 1914. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: This is our last day out. We expect to arrive at Cherbourg to-night. Eight days ago we left New York, some gay and smiling, some otherwise, but all anticipating an experience at sea and sights of the old countries. We had scarcely taken our last look at the city of high buildings when our experiences began. (Also saw sights in dark corners.) Our first experience was a fog so dense that our pilot boat was lost and another had to be sent out to return our harbor pilot. This information, with the continued systematic sounding of the steamer’s whistle, deterred many from going below; but troubles other than nautical were ever arising. A party of southern girls were so fascinating that many of the younger members of our party threatened desertion to follow the trail of soft voices, let it lead where it would. No sooner had we our party corralled than John Blattenburg became a problem. Not content with three trunkfuls of hot and cold toggery that would have been the envy of any ladies’ man, he had added to his wardrobe a complete feminine attire, and when from sheer exhaustion he had to abandon making love, he donned his shimmery garments and coquetishly received the em- braces of the stronger sex. Our troubles, however, were greatly lightened by the behavior of the weather and the sea. We soon got our sea legs and passed as old sailors. We hope to join the party that preceded us at Utrecht, and the one that sails later at London. Yours truly, J. F. DEVINE. 604 of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included ‘in the following list : VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. ; In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of ' great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us Fa igati Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Medting. Name and Address Secretary. -| Mar. 5-6-7,1914 ....} Auburn.........] C. A. Cary, Auburn. © Wa die'atg ets June 10, 1914.......] 141 W. 54th St..| P.K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. Pages vic cle nivaxeed Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La} Nelsen 8. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood "Arkansas Veterinary Ass January 5-6, 1915 ...| Little Rock. »..] RM Gor Mette Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n........... anuary 5-6, Rea .e..] R. M. Gow, Ass'n Médécale Veteri ist and 3d Thur. of| Lec. Room, La- ; ONS eee each month.......} _ val Un’y, Mon.! J. P. A! Houde, Montreal. ‘B.A. I. Vet. ..| 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago........ H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill. ‘B.A. I. Vet. -| 3d Mon. each month.| S. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, So. - B ; -{ Monthly........... t. Joseph...... F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. -| December 10, 1913..} San Francisco...} John F. McKenna, Fresno. Feb. and July...... Ottawa's cscs. A. E. James, Ottawa. une and Nov....... FACUSE....... W. B. Switzer, 0. ete Cate Tues. each month.| Chicago........| D. M. Campbell, Chicago. .| January, 1914...... Denver......... I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. {Re Aug. 4, 1914........| Waterbury......] B. K. Dow, Willimantic. pe Jan., Apl., July, Oct... .....| A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. Seas hinaa « 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J J. F, Carey, East Orange, N. J. .| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester...... J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. Se oe Dec. 22-23, 1913.....| Atlanta........| P. F. icus., Deeside bee hl ts at icwccuetana tar: fleck cee ane _..+++| Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. ev aiek Bat si0:b,cy July 17, 1914 .......| E. St. Louis....| L. B. Michael, Collinsville, Ill «| July 15, 1914....... Springfield......} L. A. Merillat, Chicago. Sede cae Jan. 14, 1914.......| Indianapolis....| A. F. Nelson, it polis. PES aaa Pending........... | Pending........] C. H. Stange, Ames. EO Jan. 6-7-8, 1914.....| Manhattan.....| J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Dee e dws n'y #0 6's Oct. & Feb.each year x .+++-+| Robert , Lexington. odes sreles Siaiale 2d Tues. each month.| Philadelphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins. y i Pe «....-+| Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. ...| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. H. B. Wescott, Portland. salen , Sou e. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. h, Winona. | J. D. To , Louisville. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Semi-Annuall Q G. E. McIntyre, Alexis, Ill. Paves Say, 20182 628 .+++..| 5. Stewart, Kansas City. Pee Cbs vive Sept. 24, 25, 1913 Helena.........| A. D. Knowles, en, Recess 2d Mon. Aug., 1914.| Denver, Colo...| 8. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave. , Milwaukee, Wis. ; “Gtr See Ist Mo. & Tu.,Dee.’13| Lincoln, Neb...| Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. ahesicieps a nies August 11-12-13,1914| Rochester......}.H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y. Ye June 23, 1914. .... | Wilson.........| J. P. Spoon, Burlington. Bra i. ane Week of July 20, 1914) Fargo..........| A. F. Schalk, Agricultural College. eed desis Nov. 1913. .........| Delphos. .......] E. V. Hover, Delphos. oS lea le Jan. 14, 15, 1914....| Columbus......| Reuben Hilty, Toledo. d RES: 3 Annually,..........] Upper Sandusky.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. SOROS A UL RE RN et Se eS Bee ee Oe ae J. C. Howard, Sullivan. VESTED, Fall, 1913... .:......] Oklahoma City..| C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City Ist Week in Feb.i9i4| Toronto........ L. A. Willson, Toronto. Pennsylvania State V.M.A......... Mar. 3, 4, 1914...... Philadelphia John Reichel, Glenolden. Philippine V. M. A.................. Call of ent....| Manila.... David C. Kretzer, M : Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n........... 4th Tues. each month.| Portland, Ore . B. Foster, Portland, Ore. rovinee of Quebec V.M.A.........| .......c.eeeeeeees Mon. and Que...| Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. thoc .M. Ass’n,.......... Jan. and June Providence. .. .. J. 8. Pollard, dence. n lina Ass’n of Veter'ns..... , n Oe ge Ss tare 5 _ eee ee th Illinois V. M. ug. 4-5-6. 1914..... em.... . Hockman, Iola. Louis Soc. Ist Wed. fol. the 2d 2 : Sun. each month. .| St. Louis. ...... Wn. T. ewig 21 St. Louis, Mo. 7 V.1 -| Dec. 16, 1914....... RA oee, W. G. Huyett, Wernersvill U: 8 BE SRA EA Philadelphia B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C -M.A.. POINT 15 5,8 aleieien's's adison 8. W. Allen, Watertown. Cal. 8. .-| Jan.. Apl., July, Oct..| Los Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Ang Ass 4th Tues. each month| 407 Illinois Ave. | H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph fy AE Be November, 1914.....| Nashville....... O. L. McMahon, Columbia. aN che seh Nov., 1913.........| College Station..} Allen J. Foster, Marshall. . Seaee Wore hws a = i Ssagh — F oe of oar crip gly tne gee er aga eatiesks saree pring Mie ckile t Lake City..| E. J. Coburn, ng Ivy. EE Livi edad | Valet SA acre hab: is kept shining clean, and tourists are eagerly invited in, with a hope that a coin will be dropped in the ever present saucer on the table. All occupants leave their shoes (wooden) outside the door. On this Island, as in Amsterdam and most places in Holland, there are no wells. The water in the canals is more or less salty, so the only drinking water to be had is the rain water caught in pails or cisterns or that imported (when means will permit) from other countries. Never was the saying: “Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink,’ more significant to the American tourist than here. Our next day, July 31, was spent at the Hague; and, strange enough, on our trip to the Carnegie Peace Palace we saw evidence of military unrest on every side, but we were not to be deterred. After seeing this famous spot, we then visited the summer palace of Queen Wilhelmina, one of the rooms of much interest to us was the one termed the “ Orange room.”’ Here the paintings are by Rubens and his students. On one of the doors is depicted Hercules and Minerva, and between them is approaching the Goddess of 686 CORRESPONDENCE. Peace. This painting was done in 1648 and this is the door through which the members of the first Peace Congress passed over three centuries later, 1899. The following day gave us more concern as we were informed that orders for mobili- zation of Holland troops had been issued and that no train would be available during the day. We immediately packed our belongings and waited for our hustling Eichhorn to find a way for us to quit Continental Europe. We finally got a train for Holland Hook about 7 p. m., and after delays of various kinds we landed in Harwich, England, twelve hours late, and London Sunday afternoon. Now for the Congress,* which we fear will suffer severely — on account of war conditions. The present belief is that most of the noted foreign veterinarians will be either drafted into service. or be unable to secure transportation. (I have purposely neglected mentioning anything concern- ing our visits to veterinary colleges, since Dr. Eichhorn and his party have seen many more than we, in fact they have visited some of the finest in the world. To do justice to these colleges — and the abattoirs would require an article of much length and I am informed that Dr. Eichhorn and some of his party intend preparing an article on these subjects on the return steamer trip for our American friends to read. This will surely be interesting, as we will then have the combined views and expessions of able | - critics. ) Yours truly, J. 2 PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS—We are just in receipt of the pub- lished proceedings of the annual and semi-annual meetings of — the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, edited by Secre- tary Newsom. These two meetings furnish material for a 32- page report that is very interesting and instructive. Marriep—Dr. A. O. Rustad, Fergus Falls, Minnesota, was married on Wednesday, August 19, 1914, to Miss Hilda Huseby, of that place All their veterinary friends express hearty con- gratulations through the REvIEw. THE CLINIC OF THE CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AT WATERBURY was large and varied; more cases being presented than could be taken care of during the day. * Published under Society Meetings on page 694. eS a —_ me ee ae ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. A COMMISSIONED VETERINARY CORPS FOR THE ARMY.* By GARRISON SreeLe, M.D. (University of Paris), Dr. Med. Veter. (Berlin), Chicago. Thomas Babington Macaulay, the brilliant English essayist, in order to give his statements a show of familiarity, was wont to say that such and such a fact “is known to every schoolboy.” In like manner, though more truthfully, it may be said that the struggle of the medical profession in the army for recognition and appreciation, and its success within recent years, is known to every physician in America. Were it not for the action of the surgeon general of the army of the United States, there would be no place here, perhaps, for reference to so cheerless a topic as a similar struggle to bring into being a commissioned veteri- nary corps in the army. For thirty-five years, with regular bills in Congress, that profession had been unremittingly struggling toward that end, without tangible result and almost without visible effect. On January 6, 1913, in the Sixty-second Con- gress, in the debate in the House of Representatives on a like measure, which went unanimously through the House, though there was no action in the Senate, Mr. Tillson, of Connecticut, evidently expressing the thought of the surgeon general, asked why the proposed veterinary corps should not be placed in the medical department. Up to that time there had never been a hint that such a proposal would be advanced, much less enter- tained ; indeed, the leaders of the movement for a commissioned veterinary corps apparently were taken by surprise. Yet this should not have been so, because in a number of the smaller nations of Europe, notably Sweden, army veterinarians all be- long to the medical department and have commissioned stand- ing. The true attitude of the medical department of the United States army toward the veterinary service came out clearly in the first session of the present Sixty-third Congress. On May Ist of last year Mr. James Hay, of Virginia, chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, himself reintroduced the Cf Reprinted from the New York Medical Journal for July 4, 1914. 687 688 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. bill, To Consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army, and Increase Its Efficiency (now known as H. R. 4541), and it was according to custom, turned over to his committee for the first reading. It was sent for recommendation to the War Depart- ment. When it was returned to Mr. Hay, a number of highly important letters were attached; one from the Secretary of War; another from the chief of the quartermaster corps. The third and most important of all, as far as this article is concerned, was from the surgeon general of the army, which we reprint verbatim : War Department, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, June 12, 1913. Memorandum for the Chief of Staff: Subject: Bill H. R. 4541, to consolidate the veterinary service of the Army and increase its efficiency. Veterinary medicine is a learned profession, with a voluminous periodical and permanent literature of its own. For efficiency, there is the same neces- sity that the horse doctor should be learned as for the man doctor, and as bis patients are not able to speak and describe their symptoms, a greater amount of scientific accuracy and acumen is necessary for a correct diagnosis. The therapeutics and pharmacy of veterinary medicine are largely the same as for the medical service, and in Europe, where veterinary medicine has the dignity and standing of a learned profession, it has made valuable con-— tributions to our knowledge of the causation of diseases. It is believed that it can not be placed on a high standard of efficiency without long continued application of the same agencies which have raised the medical corps of — the army to its present standard. Conspicuous among these is the system of examination for admission to the service and for promotion. Others which may be mentioned are the liberal supply of literature and appliances add a close touch maintained with the progress of the profession in civil ife. It is believed that these things can be accomplished for the veterinary service only by making it a part of the medical department and permittin it to share the administrative machinery of the medical corps. This woul not only conduce to the elevation and efficiency of the veterinary service, but would also be in the interest of economy, as all of its supplies could be most advantageously purchased, cared for, and issued through the ma- chinery of the medical department. As regards the administrative question of supplying veterinary surgeons to the quartermaster department, it is believed that no difficulty would arise, as the veterinary officers needed for that service could be placed under the orders of the quartermasters at depots, etc., where their services were needed, or ordered to report to the chief of the quartermaster corps for such service and duty as he might de- sire to assign them. The establishment of the veterinary service as a corps of the medical department, like the dental corps and the army nurse corps, is not proposed for the aggrandizement of the medical department, but be- cause it is believed to be the only way in which that service can be raised to a fitting plane of dignity and efficiency such as it has reached in European countries and in the armies of the great military nations. For these reasons the draft of the bill submitted by the War Department on January 6, 1913, a copy of which is attached to the General Staff Report No. 8443, herewith, is believed to be much better calculated to increase the efficiency of the sanitary service of the army than the bill H. R. 4541 here- with, Grorce H. Torney, Surgeon General. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 689 Since this policy is adhered to in the Report of the Surgeon General, United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the _ year 1913, in which, on p. 169, we find a repetition of the language of the letter, we may take it seriously as the undoubted attitude of the medical department toward the veterinary service, and may examine the statements in the surgeon general’s letter. This can be done with sanity and modesty; for the statements are not ours—they emanate from a high ranking medical author- ity whose words are indisputable. At the outset the letter says: “ Veterinary medicine is a learned profession, with a voluminous periodical and permanent literature of its own.’”’ Of inestimable value are the words of the surgeon general on this subject at this time. The medical department is the only department which could and does appre- ciate this point—a point which has been entirely lost sight of in the army for the reason that heretofore no one with knowl- edge of the fact, and authority enough in the army to back up such a statement, has been frank enough to admit it, nor firm enough to take a stand upon it. Whether one considers the vet- _ erinary profession in the old world or the new, a learned pro- fession it certainly is. In Europe, in Continental Europe espec- ially, veterinary medicine is part of the national educational sys- tem, provided for and endowed by the State, where the purpose is to train men as a national asset for public service in the army or in civil life. National veterinary colleges, like those of Berlin in Germany, Budapest in Austria, Alfort near Paris in France, and the veterinary college of Milan in Italy, are thus linked to the national government, and the products, the aspira- tions, the standards, the ideals of these old world institutions are known and venerated wherever the tenets of medicine are fos- tered and cherished. In America also, more and more, the veter- inary colleges are becoming part of the State system of educa- tion, as at Cornell University and the University of Pennsyl- vania, and the pattern is derived from the old world. Neither this, nor a knowledge of the voluminous periodical and per- manent literature of veterinary medicine is known to the army, other than by the medical department. Veterinary medicine is a technical branch removed from military men’s ken of thought. The periodical literature is in many languages—richest in Ger- man, French and Italian; while the permanent literature, on es- tablished scientific fact and practice, though not so voluminous as that of human medicine, is at once the delight and despair of its students. 690 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. Next the surgeon general in his letter states why, for effi- — ciency, the doctor who treats animals should be perhaps more a — man of learning than he who treats man. It is certain. that the — medical sciences in which each must be grounded are the same . for the veterinarian as for the physician. Whatever groups of — studies, in the veterinary and medical curricula, are compared, — the foundation and superstructure are similar. Besides, as the surgeon general’s letter says, difficulties beset the path of the practice of the veterinarian that are unknown to the physician. Diagnoses of lameness in the horse, for example, are fraught — with numerous perplexities. The difficulties increase with the complications of diseases; because, as the surgeon general re- minds us, the animal is dumb, and greater acumen is necessary — for correct diagnoses. Continuing, the surgeon general says that the therapeutics | and pharmacy of veterinary medicine are largely the same as for the medical service. This is true. The drugs are mostly the — same, though the doses and effects, especially the latter, are very — different. The difficulties, moreover, arising from the varied ~ posology for the different domesticated animals, the various — species, are at least equal to those that arise in the treatment of — - human beings. The surgical principles are the same; though — comparative anatomy is fraught with far greater difficulties than human anatomy. . Further, the letter says that in Europe, where veterinary — medicine has the dignity and standing of a learned profession, — it has made valuable contributions to-our knowledge of the caus- ation of disease. A large proportion of the men who in Europe have been in veterinary work all their lives and have become — distinguished as investigators, teachers, even as practitioners, have the degree of M.D. Such men, working exclusively in the field of veterinary science, have added glory to veterinary medi- — cine. Koch, Schiitz, von Behring, von Ostertag, Pasteur, are — names to which probably the letter refers, for all have con- tributed knowledge of the etiology of veterinary disease. Sim- ilar conditions have prevailed in America; witness the work of — Theobald Smith, who discovered the cause of Texas fever in — cattle and thereby suggested the danger from insects as carriers — of disease, which led to the discovery of the means of propaga- tion of malaria and yellow fever. De Schweinitz, Marion Dorset and V. A. Moore are other Americans renowned in the . same field. Furthermore, says the document we are quoting, the appli- TT Lo“ LTC ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 691 cation of the agencies which have raised the army medical corps to its present high standard of efficiency will also raise the veter- inary corps. This means the entrance examinations, work in the army medical school, promotional examinations and the rigorous surveillance of the work of medical officers. The framers of the veterinary bill had in mind all these things. What better model, aiming to produce efficiency in the veterin- ary service, could there be than that of the medical corps? A liberal supply of literature and appliances in the veterinary corps, as in the medical corps, is certainly necessary. This means power to learn and power to apply what is learned. Such an opulence in the furnishing of means of acquisition of knowl- edge and work would contrast with the stinted supplies at pres- ent furnished to veterinarians. The keeping in close touch with the progress of the profession in civil life has been the making of the medical corps and it will be the making of the veterinary ~ service. There are also mentioned the administrative advantages to the Government to be brought about by the proposed attachment of the commissioned veterinary corps to the medical department; the economical purchase of veterinary supplies, their care and distribution through the machinery of the medical department. These are medicines, instruments and material, appliances and biological products, all of which, with due regard to the needs of the veterinary corps as indicated by the veterinarians themselves, can be attended to very well through the medical department. Detailing veterinary officers of the medical department to the quartermaster corps is a mere administrative point which can be attended to without friction. Finally, the surgeon general’s letter states that the plan of attaching the veterinary corps is not proposed for the aggrandize- ment of the medical department; that would be saying that the medical department believes that coal ought to be carried to Newcastle. The medical department is big enough, important enough and influential enough to be under no necessity of ag- grandizing itself by absorption of other services or parts of services. It simply invites the veterinary corps to share in its sanitary and medicochirurgical work. The letter closes with the statement that the attachment proposed is the only way to give dignity and efficiency to the veterinary service as in Europe. There the efficiency and concomitant dignity of the veterinary services is due to the commissioned standing—rank, which there signifies advancing knowledge, is attested by promotional ex- 692 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. aminations from grade to grade. The medical department knows that until this is done for the United States army veter- inary service there is no possibility of raising its standards. The astonishing achievements of the medical department of the army, since it has been given power and reward for its service, are known to the whole world. Press despatches from London* speak of the dinner given in honor of Surgeon General Gorgas on March 23d by the medical profession of the Britis capital, at which were present Sir Thomas Barlow, president of the Royal College of Physicians; Viscount Bryce, Sir William Osler, Arthur William May, medical director of the Royal navy; Francis N. Champneys, president of the Royal Society of Medicine; Sir Rickman Godlee, president of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons; and Sir William Launcelot Gubbins, director of the British army medical service. This tribute to General Gorgas was in recognition of his brilliant achievements in the field of preventive medicine. He had just returned from South Africa, whither he had gone by invitation of the British Goy- ernment to investigate problems in sanitation amongst the 200,- ooo Kaffirs employed in the Rand gold mines. His suggestions for prevention of pneumonia there, and of malaria in Rhodesia, will be of lasting benefit. Coming to him at the very summit of his fame, the recognition of his extraordinary professional judg- ment points to what has preceded. His work in Cuba, later in the sanitation of the Canal Zone, where yellow fever was ban- ished from the Isthmus, and malaria kept in almost complete restraint, made possible the building of the Panama Canal, and caused his services to be sought by the government of Ecuador in its sanitary problems. Of similar value to the Government, the medical department informs Congress, will be recognition of the veterinary service. It advises that the veterinarians of the army be formed into a corps under the provisions of /a statute which will standardize the - work. The veterinarians in the service at present are just so many units; the medical department has declared most emphat- ically that only just recognition of a commissioned veterinary corps can overcome the dissipation of energy and bring proper returns of economy and efficiency in advanced veterinary work. Mr. Hay, chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, voicing the same thought when the bill unanimously passed his *The London Daily Mail, eulogizing Brigadier General William C. Gorgas, Surgeon General, U. S. A., says: ‘‘ Perhaps of all living Americans, he has conferred the greatest benefit to the human race. The whole world, particularly the British Empire with its large tropical possessions, owes him a debt which Britons are proud to acknowledge.” a ———— ee —— -.- —- —_— ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 693 committee on February 2d, said: ‘‘ The veterinarians of this country are a body of highly trained and intelligent men who have made and are making great strides toward progress in their profession; and it is not reasonable to expect that the Gov- ernment can secure the best talent of the profession unless some fitting and substantial recognition is given it.” Such are the views of the medical department of the United States army. This article is meant as an examination and exposi- tion of the letter of the surgeon general, and is not a piece of special pleading. The plan was proposed by the medical depart- ment itself, for reasons which it gives, and because of statements for the truth of which it vouches. Let Congress listen if it will. Wuy You SHOULD BE INTERESTED IN THE NATIONAL Asso- CIATION ALLIED Horse INTERESTS.—It aims to maintain the supremacy of the horse in sport and industry, and to prove that the horse is an economical factor in business. Its officers and directors are men who are earnestly interested in improving con- ditions connected with the breeding of horses. It can be readily conceived what an association with such aims, with a sufficiently powerful membership, can accomplish. It has done a great deal in the past year for the horse interests throughout the country, and with the establishment recently of a monthly periodical, the Horse Lover, will accomplish still greater things for the horse and allied interests in the coming year.. Every veterinarian in America ought to support this organization by his membership in it. Write to Mr. George H. Webb, secretary, Industrial Trust Co. Building, Providence, R. I., for particulars, and note the names of the men upon the stationery that comprise its officers and directors. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PRopDUCTION, ACTION AND THERAPEUTIC Errects or LEuKcytTic Extracts, is the title of an article received during August by R. A. Archibald and Ger- trude Moore, Oakland, Cal.; reprinted from the Archives of Internal Medicine. THE TRANSMISSION OF Hoc CHOLERA By Buzzarps, is the title of an article by Dr. Charles F. Dawson, in Florida Health Notes, for June, 1914, the official bulletin of the Florida State Board of Health. SOCIETY MEETINGS. THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, LONDON. - The Tenth International Veterinary Congress was opened by a social function in the form of an informal reception in the Grand Ball Room of the Hotel Cecil, London, on Sunday even- ing, August 2, 1914; Sir John McFadyean and Lady McFadyean receiving. A delightful evening was spent in getting acquainted and partaking of refreshments. A goodly representation of Americans was present, but the effect of military disturbances upon the attendance at the congress was already apparent. Many prominent members who had reached London during the day found at their hotels information which caused them to secure passage on the first train or steamer, to convey them back to their respective homes without delay. The business session was opened by Sir John McFadyean, on Monday morning, August 3, in the Central Hall, Westminster, who announced that it would be impossible for the Honorary President, the Right Honorable Walter Runciman, to be present. Therefore the first order of business was the election of a presiding officer, and Sir John was unanimously chosen by the association. In his address from the president’s chair, Professor McFadyean reviewed the his- tory of the Congress and its purposes, and closed his remarks by extending a warm welcome to the foreign members, and ex- pressing his regrets at the lamentable conditions which caused the absence of so many of them. The report of the Honorary Secretary of the Organizing Committee was then presented by Sir Stewart Stockman, as follows: REPORT OF THE HONORABLE SECRETARY. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: At the Eighth International Veterinary Congress, held at Budapest in 1905, a wish was expressed that the Tenth Interna- tional Veterinary Congress should be held in London in 1913 in recognition of the facts that international veterinary con- gresses were first initiated by an English veterinary surgeon, John Gamgee, and that the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress would fall to be held fifty years after the first which took place at Hamburg. 694 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 695 Before leaving England to attend the Ninth International Veterinary Congress held at the Hague in 1909, the represen- tatives of Great Britain approached the British Foreign Office through the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, asking to be authorized to say that the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress would be invited to meet in London. Authority was given to make this statement at the Hague, where it was agreed that the Tenth International Veterinary Congress should be held in London and that the two British members of the Permanent Committee—Sir John McFadyean and Mr. Stockman—should, in accordance with by-laws 5 and 28, be entrusted with the for- mation of the Organizing Committee. It was explained, how- ever, by the British delegates that arrangements had been made to hold an international medical congress in 1913, and it was decided that the Tenth International Veterinary Congress should be summoned for 1914, as it seemed inadvisable that two such important congresses should be held at the same time and place. An organizing committee was immediately formed in the United Kingdom for the purpose of making arrangements for the Tenth International Veterinary Congress. As it has not been the custom in the United Kingdom to finance these congresses by government funds, the Organizing Committee had to undertake the arduous and exceptional duty of collecting money by subscription to meet the expenses of or- ganization. An appeal was issued to members of the Royal Col- lege of Veterinary Surgeons in Great Britain and her Colonies asking for subscriptions, and the veterinary societies throughout the empire undertook to assist the Organizing Committee in their task of advertising the Congress and collecting subscriptions. The appeal was responded to in the most generous way, and it became evident a few months after the undertaking was started that a sufficiently large sum would be available to enable the Con- gress to be carried to a successful issue. It was evident to the Organizing Committee that the British veterinarians had made up their minds that if the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress did not surpass previous congresses it would be through no fault on the part of British veterinarians. The Congress has also received very considerable support from leading agricultural societies and from individual agriculturists. The Foreign Office in London issued invitations to the various states asking them to be represented by delegates, and the Colo- nial Office, with the same purpose in view, issued invitations to the various dominions and crown colonies. . 696 SOCIETY MEETINGS. The President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the responsible officials of his department have extended throughout the greatest sympathy and support to the Congress, and through representations made by Mr. Runciman it was de- cided on behalf of his Majesty’s government to officially recog- nize the Congress by giving a dinner in its honor to the various delegates. The corporations of the city of London have also been kind enough to extend their hospitality to the Congress. As the time for the Congress drew near it was found neces- sary by the Organizing Committee to appoint a small executive committee, which was charged with the duty of carrying the Congress through. The work of both committees has been enor- mous, and as honorary organizing secretary, I hope it will not be out of place if I venture here to express my great indebtedness to all the assistant secretaries and members of both committees who have worked with me in the most arduous and self-sacrificing manner for the success of the Congress. Many ladies have shown the greatest interest in the Congress and exceptional thanks are due to the Ladies’ Committee who were good enough to make arrangements for the entertainment and enjoyment of the lady members of the Congress. I think reference should also be made to the office of the Permanent Committee, which has recently been fixed at the Hague under the patronage of the government of the Nether- lands. Owing to the establishment of this office it has been pos- sible for the officials of the Tenth International Veterinary Con: gress to hold frequent communication of an official kind with the secretary—Dr. de Jong—who has always been ready to sup- ply valuable information and advice to the British » Organ Committee. In accordance with the by-laws, the British committee drew up a list of subjects for discussion at the Tenth Congress. This list was presented for consideration at a meeting of the Perma- nent Committee of the International Veterinary Congresses, held at Lyons in October, 1912, and with certain modifications which were given effect to, the list of subjects was approved. In accordance with by-law 7, the honorary secretary was authorized to invite the formation of national committees in the various countries, and a circular letter embodying this request was issued in March, 1913, to the various members of the Per- manent Committee, together with a list of the subjects for dis- cussion. At the same time it was requested that the National SOCIETY MEETINGS. 697 Committees should furnish the British Organizing Committee with a list of suitable reporters in each country from which the British Organizing Committee might make a selection. — The number of subjects for discussion on the program amounts to 23, and 89 reporters from the various countries con- sented to act. The number of governments which consented to send dele- gates amounts to thirty, and in addition fourteen British and Colonial Governments have consented. . Various veterinary schools, agricultural colleges, agricultural societies and municipalities were also invited by the Organizing Committee to send representatives. Owing to the regretable position of affairs in Europe, however, many of these delegates and representatives cannot arrive in London, while others have found it necessary to return home. It is impossible, under the circumstances, to inform the meeting regarding those present. Inscribed in the list, however, there are about 1,500 members. The number of ordinary members is about 1,300. The number of lady members is nearly 200, and there are nearly 50 extraor- dinary members. A complete program of the Congress is available to every member. This program deals with the arrangement and order of the subjects for discussion; the entertainments and excursions, and all such matters in connection with the Congress, and it is therefore unnecessary for me at this stage to make further refer- ence to these subjects. I may say, however, that the Permanent Committee have decided that Item 6—Disinfection of Wagons— which was to be discussed in accordance with the resolution of the Ninth Congress, shall be deferred until the next Congress, as no report has been furnished. I have also to announce that a report by a committee, ap- pointed by the Ninth Congress, consisting of Herr Hoogkamer, Dr. Van Es, Herr Rickman and Sir S. Stockman, on the Over- sea Transport of Animals, was considered by the Permanent Committee, and it was decided that it should be published and cir- culated to members of this Congress. In conclusion, Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I would like to be allowéd on behalf on my fellow-workers for the suc- cess of this Congress to express the deepest regret at the deplor- able situation which has arisen in Europe. I think I will be expressing their views by saying that, although we feel that we have been compelled to bow to a force majeure which nobody could have foreseen, and which has occasioned the absence of 698 SOCIETY MEETINGS. many brilliant representatives of veterinary science who had ar- ranged to take part in this Congress, we do not grudge the efforts which we have put forth in the interests of veterinary science and the veterinary profession of the world. At the conclusion of the secretary’s report, several foreign dele- gates were called upon by the president. In their responses they expressed their appreciation at being invited to take part in this important function. The Congress then adjourned to meet at 10 a. m. of the following day. August 4, 10 a. m., president, Sir John McFadyean, opened the morning session by briefly reciting the conditions that con- fronted the Congress. He then presented a resolution that had been drawn up by the officers. The resolution was read in Eng- lish, French and German, suggesting an adjournment of the morning session, to meet again at 3 p. m. to transact such busi- ness as would bring the Congress to a close. The resolution was supported. The Congress again convened at 3 p. m., and after a business meeting, as prescribed by the constitution, the chair- man, with unmistakable emotion and regret, gave utterance to the words which brought the Congress to a close. The disap- pointment and regret of the whole-hearted British veterinarians was evident on all sides. It seemed as if a pall had come over everybody; and in silent sympathy the few foreigners present— mostly Americans—left the hall with a feeling of mingled pride and sympathy for the great efforts put forth by the home officers and members, and for their fortitude in shouldering their disap- pointment. During the closing session the chairman announced that the reception which had been planned for that evening would be held, and he expressed a hope that all members and their fam- ilies would be present. This delightful function occurred at the Natural History Museum, where the members had the rare treat of listening to the most charming music by the string band of the Royal Regiment of Artillery while delicious refreshments were being served. It is unfortunate that our British friends could not have heard the complimentary expressions voiced, but the Review assures them that their generous hospitality and good fellowship did not fall on barren soil. Ae re fo OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHIC Report; INCLUDING PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS AND RESPONSES BY FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES. The official opening meeting of the Tenth International Vet- erinary Congress was held at the Central Hall, Westminster, 5S. Le SOCIETY MEETINGS. 699 W., on Monday morning, the 3rd Aug., Sir John McFadyean, President of the Organizing Committee, occupying the chair. Although many of the foreign delegates, particularly the French, German and Austrian, had returned home owing to the outbreak of the war, there was an excellent attendance, the delegates from other countries appeared in large force, and most of the promi- nent veterinary surgeons of the United Kingdom and the Over- seas Dominions attended. The President—Ladies and gentlemen, to my great regret I have to announce that we have just learned from the Hon- orary President of the Congress, the Right Hon. Mr. Walter Runciman, President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, . that he is unavoidably detained, and it will therefore not be pos- sible for him to attend here and declare the Congress open. I am quite sure that you share the regret which the members of the Organizing Committee have felt during the last few min- utes with regard to his absence. We must proceed with the formal business of this meeting, and I therefore, as Chairman of the Organizing Comimittee, declare the Congress open. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT OF THE CONGRESS. Prof. A. E. Mettam—Gentlemen, on behalf of the Organiz- ing Committee, I have the greatest possible pleasure in propos- ing that Sir John McFadyean be elected President of the Tenth International Veterinary Congress. (Cheers. ) Maj.-Gen. F. Smith, C.B.—I have great pleasure in second- ing that. The resolution was carried by acclamation. The President—Ladies and gentlemen, permit me to thank in the first place Prof. Mettam and Maj.-Gen. Smith for having nominated me as President of this Congress, and in the second place to thank the members most heartily for having elected me. I need hardly say that I recognize the great honor which attaches to this office. I must add, however, that I am filled with mis- givings as to my ability to discharge the duties as they ought to be discharged, but I can only say that no effort will be lacking on my part to discharge those duties in such a way as will gain your approbation. I may, perhaps, be allowed a few minutes in which to trace the history of the series of gatherings of which this is the tenth. The first International Veterinary Congress was held at Ham- burg from the 14th to the 18th July, 1863, and it was convened on the initiative of the late Prof. John Gamgee—a fact which 700 SOCIETY MEETINGS. is a legitimate source of pride to British veterinary surgeons. In the month of April of that year Prof. Gamgee had issued a circular, in which he invited teachers in the various veterinary colleges, and practicing veterinary surgeons from all parts of Europe, to attend a Congress to be held in Hamburg during the ensuing summer, and requested those who intended to be present to communicate with Prof. Hering, the Director of the Veter- inary School in Stuttgart. In this circular it was pointed out as a highly important fact that, hand in hand with the increase in commerce between the different countries of Europe, and with the increased facilities for the sale and rapid transport of the cattle necessary to meet the growing food requirements of West- -ern Europe, there had been during the preceding twenty years an increased prevalence of contagious diseases among cattle, sheep and other farm animals. Notwithstanding this fact there was a lamentable absence of reliable statistical information re- garding the mortality among animals caused by plagues which were spread by the international trade in cattle, an ignorance which was held to be responsible for the fact that some States had not yet taken any adequate steps to protect their interests in this connection, and which also explained the injury inflicted on certain countries by the efforts of others to diminish their losses by exporting their own infected animals. The circular went on to express the hope that the representatives of veterinary science from all parts of the Continent would unite in an endeavor to formulate a uniform system of dealing with the contagious dis- eases of animals. To this end it was recommended that those desiring to take part in the Congress should, by contributing papers or otherwise, supply information regarding the following: (1) The extent to which the different contagious diseases occurred in their respective countries. (2) The import and export trade in cattle for slaughter, and the directions in which contagious diseases tended to spread in each country. (3) The most successful means of treating the different con- tagious diseases. . It was suggested that after consideration of the informa- tion thus obtained the Conference might adopt resolutions for transmission to the various Governments as the basis for legis- lation with a view to the prevention of epizootic diseases. Gamgee was not very hopeful that the recommendations made by the Congress would receive the attention which they merited from the different European Governments, but he expressed the ee SOCIETY MEETINGS. TOL conviction that the opportunities which such a Conference would provide for discussion and interchange of opinions could not fail to advance veterinary science throughout the whole of Europe. When the first Congress met in Hamburg in 1863 it was at- tended by 102 members and Dr. Hering was elected President, and Prof. Gamgee, one of the two English representatives, was elected one of the vice-presidents. At the first meeting it was resolved that rinderpest and contagious pleuro-pneumonia should first be discussed, and that other subjects should be considered only if time permitted. The conclusion arrived at with regard to the first of these diseases was that past experience justified the view that the incu- bation period did not exceed nine days, and that the then cus- tomary 21 days period of quarantine might with advantage be shortened. A series of resolutions were passed with regard to contagious pleuro-pneumonia, the most important being (1) that the dis- ease should be combated by the slaughter of all diseased ani- mals and by the inoculation of those which had been exposed to infection, and (2) that within one year after the end of an out- break the sale of the surviving animals should only be permitted for slaughter. At its fourth sitting the Congress debated a highly important subject, viz., the question as to which diseases of animals should be included in a general law with regard to contagious maladies. The list eventually adopted included rabies, anthrax, glanders, and farcy, foot-and-mouth disease, mange or scab, rinderpest, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, sheep pox, malignant foot rot in sheep, and the disease of horses which is now generally known as dourine. Other subjects considered at the Congress were the best methods of dealing with sheep pox, the desirability of each coun- try publishing statistical information regarding the occurrence of infectious diseases within its borders and regarding the traffic of animals, and finally the desirability of founding special vet- erinary research institutes for the investigation of animal dis- eases. It does not appear from the report of the Congress that Prof. Gamgee took a very active part in the discussions, but he con- tributed to the proceedings a remarkably interesting document which is printed as one of the appendices to the report. In this report he called attention to the enormous losses which had dur- ing recent years been caused in Great Britain and Ireland by con- 702 SOCIETY MEETINGS. tagious diseases introduced from abroad, and he gave figures which appeared to justify the view that the annual loss from disease among the cattle, sheep and pigs in Great Britain and Ireland exceeded £6,000,000. In the concluding sentences in this report he states that dur- ing the previous eight or twelve years he had spared no effort to call attention of his countrymen to the manifold dangers con- nected with the importation of cattle from abroad. It was, he said, far from his desire to suppress the foreign trade in animals altogether, but he predicted that if the British Government in collaboration with those of the Continent did not keep a sharp eye on the health of their own as well as of foreign cattle, the trade in foreign animals must within a very short time come to an end, which is one of several remarkable prophesies made by Prof. Gamgee that have since been fulfilled. The second of the International Veterinary Congresses was held at Vienna in August, 1865, and it was attended by 160 mem- bers. On this occasion rinderpest was again under consideration, and it was again recommended that the period of quarantine against the disease should be reduced from 21 to 10 days. Rec- ommendations were also made with regard to the importation of hides, horns, etc., from countries in which rinderpest pre- vailed. A new subject was introduced in the shape of rabies, and there was also some discussion as to the laws with regard to war- ranty, and the occurrence of anthrax or Siberian plague in Russia. At the third Congress, which was held at Zurich in 1867, rin- derpest and pleuro-pneumonia figures on the programme, and, for the first time, the subject of professional education and the or- ganization of a proper veterinary service in each country was considered. The fourth Congress was held at Brussels in September, 1883, and the programme again included contagious pleuro-pneu- monia, professional veterinary education, and the organization of veterinary services, and, for the first time, tuberculosis in cattle was made one of the subjects for discussion. The fifth Congress was held in Paris in 1889, and the mem- bers discussed the following question: The formation of an in- ternational sanitary service, the inspection of meat, and tuber- culosis. The sixth Congress was held in Bern in September, 1895, and the principal subjects then discussed were pleuro-pneumonia, in- ternational regulation of trade in cattle with the object of pre- ee re ee ee eo 7 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 703 venting contagious diseases, inoculation with a view to diagnosis or for the purpose of protecting or curing animals, tuberculosis, _ swine fever and swine plague, the use of the flesh of tuberculous animals from the point of view of public health, and the influ- ence of veterinary science on social development and prosperity. At the seventh Congress, which was held at Baden Baden in August, 1899, the measures to be taken against the spread of the disease by international trade in cattle was again down for dis- cussion, and for the first time foot-and-mouth disease appeared in the programme of these congresses. Other subjects debated on this occasion were meat inspection, anatomical nomenclature in veterinary science, tuberculosis, including the use of the flesh and milk of animals affected with the disease, epizootic diseases of the pig, and the relationship of human and veterinary med- icine. At the eighth Congress, which was held at Budapest in 1905, there was a more extensive programme than in the case of any of its predecessors, and for the first time the proceedings were con- ducted in sections as well as in general meetings. For the first time also tropical diseases of animals were brought under dis- cussion. The other important subjects debated at this Congress were serum therapy and infectious diseases, foot-and-mouth dis- ease, tuberculosis, parturient apoplexy, the application of tuber- culin and mallein and swine fever. The ninth and last Congress preceding this was held at the Hague in 1909, and the subjects discussed at the general meet- ings were swine fever and swine plague, the rdle of veterinary surgeons as experts in zootechnical questions, the sanitary control of milk and the obligatory inspection of meat, the prophylaxis and pathology of protozoan diseases, avian tuberculosis in relation to tuberculosis in mammals, Governmental efforts against tuber- culosis and the modes of infection in these diseases. A large number of other important subjects were specially considered in the sectional meetings. It might almost be said that the holding of congresses, Na- tional or International, is one of the characteristics of the age we live in. There have not been wanting critics who maintain that as a means of advancing knowledge the Congress system has within recent years been overworked, and that there is a marked tendency for congresses that are ostensibly scientific to degen- erate into social gatherings where the chief object of the arrange- ments is to afford pleasure and entertainment to the members. I venture to say that no such charge could properly be brought 704 SOCIETY MEETINGS. against the International Veterinary Congresses, although the advantages to be derived from social intercourse between the members have never been overlooked. The intervals at which they are now held are not so long as to destroy the useful link — which is formed by the attendance of many of the same members at successive congresses, nor so short as to exhaust the list of subjects worthy of consideration at an international gathering, or to render discussion stale. With regard to the success of the Congresses in promoting the objects for which they were founded, there can be no differ- — ence of opinion. Their primary purpose is to bring fresh views — and supposed new discoveries in any department of veterinary — science to the crucial test of criticisms by the higher experts. — They thus serve to correct errors and to diffuse knowledge among the members themselves. It would be a mistake, however, to represent these congresses as existing solely for the purpose of eliminating error and extending knowledge among the mem- bers of the veterinary profession. The proverb that prevention is better than cure applies as forcibly to animal as to human dis- eases, and a glance at the programmes of past Congresses shows how fully that has been realized by the members of the veterinary profession, since the great bulk of the papers and discussions have been concerned with the prevention of contagious diseases among the domesticated animals. But prevention nearly always requires concerted action enforced by legislation, which, in turn, must have the intelligent support of the people interested if it is to be effectual. One of the purposes of the congresses must therefore be to spread to the widest possible extent among the interested laity a knowledge of the fundamental facts regarding the causes of preventible diseases. There is no need to be dissat- isfied with the work of past congresses in this respect, for to their influence one can trace many of the laws which during the last fifty years have been passed with a view to exterminating or holding in check the epizootic diseases of animals, including those which are communicable to human beings. It would unfor- tunately be easy to show that incalculable sums of money would have been saved by some countries had their Government paid earlier heed to the resolutions passed at some of these congresses. As one intensely anxious for the success of the present Con- gress, | can only express the hope that as a mark of the advance- ment of veterinary knowledge and the veterinary profession throughout the civilized world, it may: deserve to rank with its predecessors. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 705 I propose to ask the Hon. Secretary to give a short account - of the work of the Organizing Committee in making prepara- _ tions for this Congress, but before I sit down I should like, on behalf of the Committee, and indeed of the whole of the veter- - imary profession in the United Kingdom, to extend a warm wel- _ come to those foreign members who have honored the Congress _ with their presence. (Cheers.) I need hardly say that we de- _ plore the fact that their number has been reduced owing to the _ lamentable international developments of the last few days. (Hear, hear.) Ladies and gentlemen, it is part of the business of this open- _ ing meeting to elect the other officers of the Congress on the rec- ommendation of the Organizing Committee. I therefore have _ the honor to propose that Prof. Mettam, Prof. James McCall and Prof. Bradley be elected Vice-presidents of the Congress. The motion was carried by acclamation. The President—I have next formally to propose that Sir Stewart Stockman be elected the General Secretary of the Con- gress, and that Mr. I’. W. Garnett be elected Treasurer. The motion was carried by acclamation. The President—Furthermore I beg to move that Mr. Share- Jones, Maj. Todd, Mr. A. L. Sheather and Prof. Wooldridge be elected Secretaries for the general meetings. _- The motion was carried by acclamation. | q The President—According to the statutes of the Congress, this meeting ought also, on the nomination of the Organizing Committee, to appoint one President, two Vice-presidents, and whatever is thought to be the necessary number of Secretaries for each of the Sections of the Congress. I must explain that the Organizing Committee has within the last few days been placed in a position of great difficulty in that connection, because un- fortunately quite a considerable number of the foreign members whom we desired to elect as Presidents or Vice-presidents of sec- tions are not here, and at the moment we are not prepared to nominate Vice-presidents of the different sections, as we are not sure who will be actually present. With the consent of the meet- _ ing it is suggested that the election of Vice-presidents of sections should be deferred until the second general meeting to-morrow, when it will be put down as the first item on the agenda. The recommendations of the Organizing Committee with re- gard to the positions of President and Secretaries are as follows: That Dr. de Jong be elected President and Mr. Brittlebank and Mr. Cappurro be appointed Secretaries of Section I. 706 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Of Section II. it is proposed that Prof. Mettam should be elected President, and Mr. Edwards, Mr. Sheather and Mr. Rucher Secretaries. Of Section III. it is the desire of the Committee that Prof. Bang should be appointed President and that Mr. Minett and Dr. 1 Lander be appointed Secretaries. Of Section IV. it is recommended that Prof. Williams be ap- pointed President, and that Mr. Hobday, Mr. Reynolds, Prof. Gofton and M. Barrier be appointed Secretaries. Of Section V. it is proposed that M. Piot Bey be elected pad ident, and Major Carr and Mr. Lawrence be appointed Secre- taries. May I take it that those recommendations are acceptable to the Congress? The recommendations were carried by acclamation. The President—With regard to this item of business, I have ] to intimate that apparently it will not be necessary to elect any officers to Section VI. It was a very small section as regards — proceedings, and apparently there are no reports to submit to it, and therefore we do not propose to elect any officers to Section — VI. I will now call on the Honorary Secretary of the Organizing — Committee to give to the members a short account of the pre- — liminary work which was undertaken with regard to making — the arrangements for this Congress. (Sir Stewart Stockman’s report appears on page 694). 3 Representatives of the various countries then addressed the — Congress, thanking the Government and the Organizing Com- — mittee for the invitation that had been extended to them to attend. — Those who spoke included M. Degive (Belgium), Dr. Paulo — Parreiras Horta (Brazil), Mr. Keitera (Japan), Prof. Gavril- esco (Roumania), Dr. San Martin (Cuba), Dr. E. Perroncito — (Italy), Dr. Holth (Norway), Dr. Vladimiroff (Russia), Dr. Edward I. Unanue (Argentina), Dr. S. P. Nystedt (Sweden), — Mr. W. Littlewood (Egypt), and Dr. Eichhorn (United States of America). Dr. B. Bang (Denmark), who received a very hearty welcome on rising to speak, said: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: As — a delegate from the Danish Government, and on behalf of my col- leagues from Denmark, I beg permission to express our warmest thanks for the kind welcome which has been extended to us, and to offer our sincerest wishes for the success of the Congress. But for the present serious circumstances, I feel convinced that —— —— SOCIETY MEETINGS. : T07 this jubilee Congress would have maintained the standard of its predecessors, nay, have surpassed it; and even now I sincerely hope that it will be successful, in as far as the great benefits that science, agriculture and public health can draw from the discus- sions of the important questions that are on the program will once more be made evident, and thus truly honor the memory of the English veterinarian, Mr. Gamgee, who, fifty years ago, initiated these International Veterinary Congresses. (Cheers. ) Dr. D. A. de Jong (Holland), who also received a very cordial reception, said: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: In the name of the Royal Dutch Government, which I[ have the honor to represent, I beg to express my thanks to the British Government for the kind invitation received by my country to attend this Congress. We would have come in larger numbers to meet the learned men of the English profession, and to show the Organiz- ing Committee that we are much honored by the preparations that have been made for a successful Congress and for the cordial in- vitation which we have received, but circumstances have pre- vented it. On behalf of my country and of my Dutch colleagues, I again thank Great Britain and the British members of the pro- -fession for the kindness with which the Dutch members have been received. (Cheers. ) Mr. J. O. Bunster (Chili), said: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: As a representative of the Chilian Government, I beg to convey to you the Government’s best wishes for a most suc- cessful Congress. Chili has not been represented at former Con- gresses if I remember rightly ; but being on a continent which pro- duces such a tremendous quantity of cattle for the food of the world, we take a great interest in the veterinary profession. It would appear grotesque, if it were not so serious, that we at the present moment are here trying to save the lives of animals, while the continent of Europe is doing its best to increase the mortality of human beings at a terrible rate. (Hear, hear). Let us hope that the war will not last long, and that England, as she is doing now for animals, will also take a very important part in saving millions of lives of human beings. (Cheers. ) NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY . MEDICAL SOCIETY. The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the above society was called to order by President Switzer, on August 11, 1914, at Rochester.. The address of welcome to the city of Rochester 708 SOCIETY MEETINGS. was given by Mr. T. F’. Magrath, secretary to Mayor Edgerton, who was to have welcomed the society to Rochester, but had — been called away from the city. Dr. Robert W. Ellis, of New York City, responded to the address of welcome, after which President Switzer delivered a splendid, masterly address, which was very inspiring. The rest of the morning session was given to committee reports. At the beginning of the afternoon session, Dr. W.-G. Hollingworth, as chairman of the committee on the twenty-fifth anniversary, gave the report for his committee, and, with his usual enthusiasm, suggested at the conclusion of his report, that as we were starting out on the second quarter of a century it was-a good time to make advances that would contribute to the uplift of our profession and put us on record as standing for the principles of humanity that most of us prac- tice, despite statements to the contrary in the lay press, calling attention to a recent one in the New York Herald. He pro- posed that the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, at its twenty-fifth annual convention, adopt as its slogan the humane treatment of animals. His proposal was just as en- thusiastically received, and the resolutions committee later pre- sented a resolution covering that point, which was adopted by the society, and forms part of this report to follow. After other committee reports a paper on Colic was presented by Dr. R. W. Ellis, which was discussed at some length. A paper on Some Results from the Retesting of Tuberculous Cattle, by Drs. J. G. Wills and Chas. Linch, was next presented, illus- trated by lantern slides. Adjournment was then taken until evening, when Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth presented a paper entitled The Advisability of a Live Stock Sanitary Board in New York State. This paper seemed to arouse considerable en- thusiasm amongst the members of the society, and the general feeling was undoubtedly in favor of the establishment of such a board. A committee was appointed by the president to look into the matter. Dr. R. R. Birch then presented a very care- fully prepared paper entitled A Study of Hog Cholera Transmis- sion, which was most interesting and instructive. The pro- gramme for the second day included a paper by Dr. V. A. Moore, on The, Phenomena of Infection and Immunity, The Preparation and Standardization of Vaccines, Antitoxins and Serums, by Dr. C. P. Fitch, Some Principles of Therapeutics, by H. J. Milks, and an extemporaneous address by Prof. E. A. A. Grange, entitled, Remarks Upon Recent Advances in Veter- inary Education. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 709 Election of officers concluded the day’s session, with the following results: Dr. P. A. Fish, Ithaca, was elected presi- dent; Dr. Otto Faust, Poughkeepsie, was elected vice-president, and Dr. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, was re-elected secretary-treasurer. At the close of this, the second days’ session, the members, visitors and ladies were directed to a car that had’ been chartered by the local committee to convey them to Ontario Beach, a pretty lakeside summer resort, where, after a sumptuous meal of fish, chicken, or similar good things, the evening was devoted to recreation and folly, in which the most staid person present participated to the full. The morning of the third day saw the opening of the clinic at Bartels’ Sale Stable, on Lake avenue, where plenty of clinical material was on hand, and plenty of room, both inside and outside, to operate on it. REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE. Whereas, The Directory of Practising Veterinarians of this State, issued by the Society, is now incomplete and practically ex- hausted; therefore, be it, Resolved, That a committee be appointed to publish a new edition of this Directory, and that a copy shall be sent to each member of the Society. Whereas, It is one of the duties of the Veterinarian to re- store as far as possible sick and injured animals to health and usefulness; and Whereas, In some cases such restoration requires medical and surgical treatment often of a difficult nature ; therefore be it Resolved, That this Society go on record in favor of the use of local and general anaesthesia whenever surgical operations of a painful nature are to be performed, and that in all details of medical treatment and care the comfort of the patient shall be considered as far as possible; and further be it Resolved, That this Society shall at this, its 25th anniversary, adopt for its slogan, ‘““ The Humane Treatment of Animals.” Whereas, The prevention of disease within the State can be more effectively controlled by prophylactic measures, by intelli- gent sanitation and by a campaign of education among public health authorities, breeders and owners of live stock; be it Resolved, That the New York State Veterinary Medical So- ciety recommend a consideration of these principles with special reference to the proper construction and disinfection of common carriers, exhibition stables and public markets for the exchange of live stock. 710 - SOCIETY MEETINGS. Whereas, Various persons residing within the State of New York are now, and for greater or less periods of time prior hereto have been, engaged in the practice of veterinary medicine as defined by Sub. 6 of Sect. 210 of Art. 10 of Chap. 49 of the Laws of 1909, otherwise known as the Public Health Law of the State of New York, within said State, without being quali- fied so to do and without lawful registration, and in violation of the provisions of Art. 10 of Chap. 49 of the Laws of 1909, aforesaid, and also in violation of Sect. 1762 of the Penal Law of said State, or in violation of one or more of the provisions of said laws; and Whereas, Section 224 of Article 10 of Chapter 49 of the Laws of 1909, aforesaid, confers authority upon any incorpor- ated veterinary medical society of the State of New York to bring actions in the name of Counties wherein such violations occur for penalties therein provided; and Whereas, The New York State Veterinary Medical Society now in session and to which this resolution is presented is duly incorporated under the laws of the State of New York as a veterinary medical society; and Whereas, Provision has been made by said Society for the appointment of a committee of three of its members to act as a prosecuting committee, such committee to be appointed by the president at each annual meeting, for the purpose of investigating instances of illegal practice of said profession; now, therefore, be it Resolved, That actions be instituted in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, or in such other court or courts within said State as may be proper, by said New York State Veterinary Medical Society, pursuant to the provisions of Section 224 of Article 10 of Chapter 49 of the Laws of 1909, aforesaid, in be- half of the County or Counties wherein such violations have occurred or may hereafter occur, against any one or more per- sons now practicing or who may hereafter practice veterinary medicine in violation of Article 10 of Chapter 49 of the Laws of 1909, aforesaid, or of Section 1762 of the Penal Law, aforesaid, to recover the penalties or obtain the relief thereby provided, or for such other penalties or relief as may hereafter be provided; and be it further Resolved, That the Prosecuting Committee of said Society be and it hereby is authorized and empowered to institute and maintain such action or actions for said Society against any such person or persons and to do every act necessary to be done in LV eS ee SO —V oo FS eT — a SOCIETY MEETINGS. ven! relation thereto, including the accumulation of evidence, employ- ment of an attorney, in the event that this Society has not at the time an attorney in its employ, employment of necessary counsel, etc.; and be it further Resolved, That the officers of said Society be and they hereby are authorized to verify in behalf of the Society any complaint or complaints, or other papers, which may be presented to them for verification in connection with any such action or actions, provid- ing they have information to warrant their so doing; and be it further Resolved, That the President of said Society be and he hereby is empowered and directed to appoint special members of the prosecuting committee, in addition to those already provided for, one to be selected from each county in which this society has a member or members residing, and that said appointees shall be members of said prosecuting committee for the purpose of doing any of the acts necessary to be done in obtaining information in regard to illegal practitioners residing or practising in their re- spective counties, procuring evidence against such persons, rep- resenting this society in court and doing any and all other acts necessary to be done in instituting and maintaining actions against such illegal practitioners as hereinbefore provided, such appointees, however, to act only in relation to matters arising within their respective counties and not otherwise. Resolved, That this society extend its thanks to its officers and members of the Committee on Arrangements for their efforts in bringing about this successful meeting and entertainment of its members and guests. Rosert W. Ettis, Chairman, G. T. STONE, P. A. FIisH. THE CLINIC: Case 1. Bay GeLpiInc—Roaring operation. Operator, Dr. J. N. Frost, assisted by Drs. Taylor and Ide. Cocain anesthe- sia. In recumbent position. Dr. W. B. Switzer demonstrated the use of his hobble on this animal. Case 2. Bay Mare witH Quittor—The animal was con- fined upon the operating table, cocain anesthesia used. Upon operating it was found that an open joint existed, so that it was thought best to destroy the animal. Operator, Dr. Frost, assisted by Dr. Ide. Case 3. Burt Brrcu—Spaying operation. H. M. C. ad- 712 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ministered one-half hour before operation. Anesthesia very good. Median line operation. Drs. Milks and Webber. Case 4. Fistutous Wirners—Chloroform anesthesia ad- ministered by Dr. Currie. Operators, Drs. Ide and Morrow. Case 5. Dr. Conkey demonstrated spaying of heifer. Case 6. CAponiziING RoostEr—Dr. A. D. Moore. Case 7. CAPONIZING Rooster—Dr. A. K. Dean. Cases 8 and 9. Autopsies ori two sheep affected with Stron- gylus contortus. These are the cases as far as we were able to get them; but some others were also operated upon, which will be published with results in a later issue. In closing this report of the twenty-fifth anniversary meet- ing of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, we. feel that we want to say a word of commendation to the com- mittee of arrangements, for the very excellent program, both — intellectual and social, which they had prepared and so success- fully carried out, and a word of appreciation of the comfortable hotel accommodations and courteous treatment at the hands of the hotel management, and last but not least, to express our delight with the city of Rochester, at once a bustling business ' centre and a city of homes, the beauty and comfort of which are most striking. MISSOURI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. _ The above association held its 23d annual meeting at the Royal Hotel, Excelsior Springs, Mo., July 29 and 30, with about one hundred members present. The local committeeman, Dr. E. J. Johnston, had secured a covered roof garden seven stories up for the meeting, and the sessions were made very en- joyable by a delightful, refreshing breeze during the entire two days. Several interesting matters were discussed at the business sessions, including a proposition by Dr. S.. Stewart to amend the dobstitudion so that all important issues and the selection of officers might be decided by a referendum vote of the entire mem- bership. The proposition . comes up for action at the next meeting. , The election of officers resulted in the selection of Dr. W. E. Martin, of Perry, as President; Dr. E. A. Van Antwerp, of Brookfield, as Vice-President ; and Dr. Chas. D. Folse, of Kansas City, as Secretary-Treasurer. Thirty-seven new members were a eae ae ee ae ee eee ee eee UL SOCIETY MEETINGS. 713 taken -in, which makes the membership new total one hundred . and seventy-four. It was decided to hold the 1915 meeting in St. Louis in July. An attractive program was offered, including a very interest- ing paper on “ The Veterinarian’s Humane Duty,” by Dr. A. H. Holkenbrink, of St. Joseph; and a review of ‘“ The Problem of Liability in Practice,’ by Dr. F. F. Brown, of Kansas City. The spirited discussion of all the papers and reports of cases ’ betokens an aggressive future for the association. _ The afternoon of the second day was devoted to a diagnostic clinic made up of some twelve or thirteen cases of unusual character. One member was selected to take charge of a case and the other members gathered: about to personally examine the case, to listen to the clinician’s elucidation, to ask questions on mooted points or to contribute of their experiences with similar | cases. The demonstration of caponizing by Dr. E. L. Young, of Grandview, who operates on several thousand annually, proved attractive to those not accustomed to doing this operation. The clinical feature of the meeting proved highly interesting and very instructive. On Wednesday evening a banquet was served in the dining room of the Royal Hotel, at which about one hundred veterinar- ians and ladies were present. Cuas. D. Forse, Secretary-Treasurer. Nor Browine Ir In On Avrtos.—Builders of horse-drawn vehicles in all parts of the country are finding a constantly in- creasing demand for their products. Many factories are crowded for room and are planning additions to their plants, and from various sections come reports of newly incorporated companies which will engage in the manufacture of various styles of wagons, buggies, etc. While thousands of vehicles of all description are purchased annually by city deliveries, yet the best customers of the manu- facturers of horse-drawn vehicles are found among the prosper- ous farmers. Reports indicate that crops of wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, cotton, hay and tobacco will be far above the average this fall, and the optimism of the farmers has already shown its effect among the wagon and buggy factories of the land.—(The Horse Lover.) NEWS AND ITEMS. GRANULAR VENEREAL DISEASE HAS VITAL RELA- TION TO CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. (From Office of Information, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Washington, D. C.—The United States Department of Agri- culture, in co-operation with Cornell University, will shortly pub- lish a professional paper, Bulletin No. 106, entitled, “‘ The Granular Venereal Disease and Abortion in Cattle.” This dis- ease may be defined as a chronic infection of the genital tract of cattle, manifesting itself in the form of granular or nodular ele- vations in the genital mucous membranes, chiefly of the vulva and less frequently of the vagina. The importance of abortion and sterility in cows is rapidly becoming more acutely felt by breeders, according to the bulletin, and is each year playing a more serious part in the national economy. By interfering more and more with the reproductive powers of cows, these diseases exert an unfavorable influence upon the production of meat, milk and dairy products, decreas- ing the supply and increasing the cost. Innumerable reasons have been assigned to account for abortion and sterility in cows. Abortion has been regarded as the result of blows, goring, kicks, slips, falls, various feeds, water, drugs, etc., and finally, when the abortions are numerous, to contagion. Sterility has been attributed also to a great va- riety of causes—to the character of the feed or water, to poverty, and over-fatness, and, as with abortion, when the cases are numerous, to contagion. Veterinarians who have investigated abortion in cows in recent years have agreed that in a very large percentage of cases it is due solely to contagion. The report then gives, in detail, the results of a large number of examinations of live cattle, supplemented by a large number of post-mortem examinations at slaughter houses. These ex- aminations have shown the granular venereal disease to be pres- ent in a large number of cases of abortion. The conclusions of the author as to the effect of this disease are as follows: 714 NEWS AND ITEMS. 715 METHODS OF COMBATING ABORTION. The granular venereal disease of cattle is, so far as known, universally distributed. From clinical observation it has a vital relation to contagious abortion. It is incurable in the present state of our knowledge, but may be greatly decreased in viru- lence, The ordinary if not sole avenue of the entrance of the in- fection of contagious abortions is the genital canal, and the in- yasion antedates the sealing of the uterus, which ordinarily oc- curs within 30 days after conception. In the present state of our knowledge little or nothing can be done to prevent abortion once the pregnant uterus is sealed and the infection of contagious abortion exists within the her- metically sealed cavity. By systematic disinfection of the genitalia immediately fol- lowing abortion or premature birth, and also in retained after- birth and kindred infections of the uterus, the affected animals may be largely guarded against future sterility and abortion. It is even more important that the vaginae of heifers, whether __virgin or previously bred, and cows shall be systematically dis- infected for a period before and after breeding, until conception is assured. It is equally important that the genital organs of breeding bulls be kept clean by regular disinfection, including washing immediately prior to and after service. Most important of all, breeders of valuable cattle should institute definite, energetic and permanent efforts to guard new- born calves simultaneously against the three great dairy scourges —calf scours and pneumonia, abortion and sterility and tubercu- losis. PLAN FOR BREEDING SOUND ANIMALS. The following are the author’s recommendations for the breeding of sound animals: We would outline the following plan for the breeders of pedigreed and valuable dairy cattle with a view to the produc- tion of cleaner and more efficient herds. 1. The construction or arrangement of independent ma- ternity and calf nursery stables embodying all modern require- ments for ventilation, light, heat, convenience for disinfection and ample facilities for the exclusion of flies. The stable should provide sufficient individual stalls for all calving cows and indi- vidual stalls for calves until at least three months old. 716 WEWS AND ITEMS. 2. A cow which is about to calve should be well cleaned, and her posterior parts disinfected, after which she should be placed in a clean stall some days prior to expected parturition. Pending parturition the stall should be kept scrupulously clean and well disinfected. The tail, vulva, buttocks and udder should be disinfected twice daily. In order to avoid the danger of in- fection to the calf while passing through the vagina of the cow during birth, either by the infection of white scours, the granu- lar venereal disease or other malady, the vagina should be irri- gated daily with a mild disinfectant such as 0.5 per cent. Lugol’s solution. Such attention to the vagina also tends to carry away any infections within the vagina which immediately after the © opening of the cervical canal of the uterus at the time of caly- ing may otherwise drop into the uterine cavity and there estab- lish disease. 3. When the calf is born it should be received upon a clean antiseptic sheet and at once carried to a clean calf stall and rubbed dry. If it is desired to allow the calf to remain tempo- rarily with the cow, great care should be taken to see that the bedding is kept clean. After the calf has been dried, if not earlier, the stump of the navel cord should be disinfected. It should not be ligated. Prepare a warm I to 1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate, fill a goblet or cup with it, and, having the calf held in a standing position, press the vessel against the floor of the belly so that the stump of the naval cord is submerged in the disinfecting fluid. Retain it in this position for at least 10 minutes. Immediately afterwards dust the stump of the cord over liberally with a disinfecting desiccating powder, as alum and camphor, and re- peat every 30 minutes until the stump is dry. The body openings (mouth, nostrils, vulva of heifer and sheath of bull calf) should be disinfected with a 0.5 per cent. Lugol’s solution. 4. Prior to drawing milk from the dam or other cow for feeding the calf, or permitting the calf to suck, the udder and adjacent-parts of the cow should be thoroughly disinfected. The milk should be drawn in a sterile vessel under the strictest clean- liness. If the milk is from a cow not known to be free from tuberculosis, it should be sterilized before feeding. Individual feeding vessels should be used and regularly sterilized. When calves have reached 3 months of age, it may usually be fairly determined if they are free from disease, in which case they may be handled in groups. These, however, should be kept ie fo | ? ver NEWS AND ITEMS. 717 as small as economically practicable until the heifers have calved and are ready for the dairy. Even then the larger the number of animals in one stable the greater the risk of infection and the more destructive will it be if it gains entrance. 5. When breeding time for the heifer grown fader the foregoing conditions is approaching, we would ‘advise that her vagina be douched once daily for at least three weeks before breeding, at.first with 0.5 per cent. Lugol’s solution, and there- after each second day with a 0.25 per cent. solution. The -douching should extend over at least one estraual period, or 21 days prior to breeding, and followed for an equal time after breeding, or until it is determined she is pregnant. The bull _ should preferably have been grown in the same manner as the heifers he is to serve and his genitals douched in a similar way. ACCOUNT OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL VETER- INARY CONGRESS AT THE HAGUE, 1909. PusLisHEeD BY REQUEST OF PERMANENT SECRETARY. Expenses. Smo reports, etc,.....2....5....... Gld. _17,363.145 ED 767.62 Reports of meetings, stenography.............. 1,861 .225 I 22 ey caicigly wie 6 vce ee pen wee sires 2,423 .055 eee telertains, Gespatch... .. . sce cee es 2,243.18 Traveling and lodging expenses............... 782.00 Collection of amounts of subscription.......... 108.945 IT SESE a PR ar a 44.38 Receptions, entertainments, secretary’s office, ad- Ne BGs 6. 3 pce 's wiyis -cwield CaaS 12,759.445 OS II SERS eS PP PE ee 1,871.14 Reception on the occasion of the inauguration of the Thomassen monument..........+..-.-. 201.71 Restitution of subscriptions.............+.0+5- 21.50 Berenrient COMimittee 2.6... ee eee 516.995 DUMCEOTLOMDCHSES . 2... a oi eee 225). 71 718 NEWS AND ITEMS. Receipts. 1,478 ordinary members............. ee Gld. 14,780.00 84 extraordinary members. sos. vy is ee pee een 420.00 194. ladies members; oo. GU Seer ee ee 485.00 Subventions of Dutch Associations..... ...... 3,497.95 Transvaal Veterinary Medical Association...... 120.15 Department of Agriculture of South Africa..... 38.05 Printed papers 3%. 2) (au. Uric oe ee ee (Stam Interest 6.750360 Tice ek ss Sp ke 774.84 Unexpected: receipts 2. Fs Stach en 32.80 Subvention of the Dutch Government.......... 20,873 .86 Gld. 41,190.05 N. 6.—Extraordinary subvention of the Dutch Government for the installation of the fixed Secretary's office at the Hague, Gld. 2,626.14. THe MINNESOTA STATE FAIR AND ExposiITION POPULARIZ- ING THE Horse, Says T. C. Stmpson, SECRETARY.—Have you noticed anything new and strange in passing through the parks and over the boulevards this spring? Something which takes you back a few years and makes your blood quicken and your eyes sparkle, as of old? As I-pen this letter, and look out of the window down Midway boulevard leading into Como Park, St. Paul’s most beautiful pleasure ground, I see passing a beautiful park horse hitched to a spider phaeton being driven by one of St. Paul’s most charming young ladies. It looks like old times, and it is quite noticeable in our parks and upon our boulevards this spring, that the old love for the horse—the keen pleasure and delight in riding or driving, a beau- tiful thoroughbred horse, with head up and ears forward, is again taking hold. But like the tender plant that has been trampled under foot, this reviving of the old-time love for the driving and saddle horse must be nursed along carefully by those in a position to promote shows, the owners and breeders, until such time that it has again gained a firm grasp upon the American horse-loving people. The Minnesota State Fair and Exposition has enlisted in the movement to again popularize the horse as a delightful means of recreation, as well as a beast of burden.—(The Horse Lover.) VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given. is reported by many Secretaries as being of t value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : reas Date of Next Place of Name of Organization. Meeting. Meeting. Name and Address Secretary. Alabama V Med. Ass’n .| Mar. 5-6-7, 1914 ....| Auburn.........| C. A. Cary, Auburn. Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... June 10, 1915....... 141 W. 54th St..| P.K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. American V. etrete tas 5 see asa - Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La | Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood Arkansas Veterinary Ass’ J 5-6, 1915 ...| Little Rock RM. Gow, Fay ttevill iss’N...........| January e ....| R. M. Gow, Fayetteville. “Assn Médécale Veterinare Francaise. Ist and 34 ‘Thur. 0 of Lee. Room, ii-| . Oe ee each mon’ val Un’y, Mon. P. A, Houde, Montreal. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago.. -| 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago..:..... H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha...... i re each month.| S. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, . Omaha. Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n............| Monthly........... St. Joseph...... F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. California State V. M. Ass’n......... Doone: 10, 1913..| San Francisco...| John F. McKenna, Fresno. Central Canada V. weegseeneees Feb. and July....... Ottawa. sve. A. E. James, Ottawa. Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n....... June and Nov Seat Syracuse....... W. B. Switzer, Oswego. Chicago Veterinary Society.......... 2d Tues. each month.| Chicago........ D. M. Campbell, Chicago. " Colorado State V. M. Ass'n .| January, 1914...... Denver......... I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. Connecticut V. M. Ass’'n............ Aug. 4, 1914.. Waterbury...... B K. Dow, Willimantic. State Vet. Society......... Jan., Apl., July, Oct..| Wilmington... . A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. Essex Co. (N. J.) V. 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J....| J. F. Carey, East Orange, N.J. Genesee - M. ..| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester...... J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. a Dec. 22-23, 1013. «...:| Adlentas. 65.04 P. F. Bahnsen, Americus. ee bie ae as aa ee Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. Illmo, July 17, 1914 ....... E. St. Louis. . L. B. Michael, Collinsville, Ill. Illinois State V. M. Ass’ vis.| July 15, 1914.00. Springfield. ..... L. A. Menillat, Chicago. I gos) oem. 14, 1014,....... Indianapolis....| A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis. Towa Pending... ...ss000. ending........ C. H. Stange, Ames Kansas Jan. 67.8, 1914..... Manhattan..... J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Kentucky ...| Oct. & Feb.each year xington...... bert Graham, Lexington. oo Sag oe ..-| 2d Tues. each month.| P elphia Cheston M. Hoskins. e Erie UC ee Pending ....... Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, = Louisiana -| Sent., 1914........, Lake Charles... Hanis Moore, New Orleans, La Maine -| October, 1914....... Lewiston....... B. Wescott, Portland. Maryland State Vet. Society.........| ......2ceeeseeeeees Baltimore... ... H. Counselman, Sec’y. Massachusetts 4th Wed. each pent oung’s, Boston. Wi: * Pugh, Southbridge. Michigan Feb. 3, 4, 1914.. msing........ W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. Minnesota July 8-9, 1914...... Northfield...... G. Ed. Leech, Winona. i J ae Vicksburg ...... Jee Townsend, a Missouri V Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914] Kansas City,Mo.| Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. Mississippi | Semi-Annually...... Galesburg, Iil...| G. E. McIntyre, Alexis, Ill. Missouri a OSD St. Louis....... Chas. D. Tolse, Kansas City. Montana Sept. 24, 25,1913. | Helena......... A. D. Knowles, Livingston. Nat'l Ass’n B. A. I. Em 2d Mon. Aug., 1914.| Denver, Colo...| S. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave. , Wis, Carl J. |, Norden, Nebraska City. N m 1st Mo. & Tu.,Dec.13| Lincoln, Neb. New York §. V.M.Soc’y...........| 1915.............-- Sheen ss «-acies vis H. J. Milks, wee Carolina V. June 23, 1914 Wilson........- ‘ E Spoon, North Dakota V. Week of a 20, ‘1914 Fargo......+.s- F. Schall, fp al College. No Nov. -| Delphos i V. Hover, Delphos. 0} M Jan. 1. Tt “i914. Columbus. ..... Reuben Hilty, Toledo. 10) of eee ES Upper Sandusky.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. 10) ee Bae nem aks . socines| acvsspaderee sey J.C, Howard, Sullivan. Or V.M. Oklahoma City.. Ss E. Steel, Chien: City. ;. Ass Toronto........ L. A. Willson, Toronto. Pennsylvania State V. M. A eer: John Reichel, Glenolden. Philipoine V.M.A.................-| Call of President....| Manila......... David C. Kretzer, Manila. Pi egiel Ore...| Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Province Mon. and Que...} Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. Rhode Providence. .... J. S. Pollard, Providence. South Ca : eng F Pending........ B. K. MelInnes, Charleston. South and Surg. Ag d gt) A aae Salem.......... F. Hockman, Iola. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors...... Ist Wed. une ‘the 2d : Sun. each month. .| St. Louis. ...... Wn. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. Schuylkill Valley V. M. A........... Dec. 16, 1914....... Reading........ W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. ESE OS een a gang B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C. South Lo See Pending............| Madison ........ 8. W. Allen, Watertown. Southern Aux. of Cal. 8. V. M. Ass’n.| Jan., yon July, Oct.. tan what eee J. A. Dell, Los Angeles Jouth St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp...) 4th Tues. each month} 407 Illinoia Ave. | H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. Tennessee V ay 3 ee ager 1914..... Nashville....... O. L. McMahon, Columbia. Texas V. M. Ass’n.................. 3 8 AA College Station..} Allen J. Foster, Marshall. Twin City V. SOS Ee 2d Thu. cok month..| St. P.-Minneap..| M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn. Utah Vet. Med. Ass’n............... Spring of 1914....... Salt Lake City..| E. J. Coburn, Bri City. Vermont Vet. Med. Ass'n... ........) ..ceeeeeeeee ence eee | seeteeeeeeeenes . T. Stevenson, Burlington. Veterinary Asa’n of Alberta..........| ....ccccecccccecces| coececceveecors GC. H. H. Snetapple, For. Saskat- FR cing” Alta Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Colum! ...| 3d Wed. each month | 514 9th St., N.W M Segp See Smith, Washington, D. C. . 1st Sat. each month.| Wash’ton, 4 be: ashell, 2115 14th Street. Feb. & July each yr.. yp nr Wes Hilton, Winnipeg. July 9, 1914........ tolar.:.. <3 E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. +34 Wed. each month. 141 W. 54th St.. | R. 8. MacKellar, N. Y. City. a aiere aah e as Jersey City.....] T. F. O'Dea Union Hill, N. J. July ‘0 ote. at Staunton....... Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. st & 3d ..| Pullman........ R. J. Donohue, Pullman. La 1h. Vakiintic osciv'e v's Carl Cozier, Bellingham. June ‘4, pit ae Buffalo. ..| W.E.Fritz,358 Jefferson ‘St. Buffalo 3d Thu. each month..| P:ttsburgh......} Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. Feb. 10, 11, 1914....| Milwaukee..... W. W. Arzberger, Watertown. June, Sept.,.Dec..Mar| York........... E. 8S. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. Mutrorp MEANs QuaALity, no matter whether you are seeking hog cholera serum or hog cholera virus, or any drug preparation or alkaloid, you cannot go wrong. ALL THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH TALLIANINE. ARE INDICATED are liable to occur as the autumn sets in, and if not stocked up, better do so, as it may be difficult to procure this winter. Get the address from page 7 (adv. dept.) and write Walter F. Sykes & Co., mentioning the Review. Extra SPECIAL OFFER FOR A LimiteD TIME Onty. Sharp & Smith, whose advertisement appears on page 8 (adv. dept.) of this issue, make a special offer to veterinarians on syringes and thermometers which should not pass unnoticed. Write them in regard to it and ask for their 400 page veterinary catalogue “G,”’ 1oth edition. Mention the Review when you write. A VETERINARIAN WirHout A HypoperMic SyrINGE would be difficult to find in this age of progression. But the syringe after all is only the gun and the ammunition is the essential factor; for no matter how good the | syringe, if the tablets do not contain the active principles in proper form. Parke, Davis & Co. have a Brochure on Hypodermic Tablets that is most interesting. Write for it, mentioning the Review. 720 O HAND BOU BY ‘atom -v OF TORONTO PRESS SF American Veterinary 601 Medical Association A5 Journal v.45 cop.2 I Biological % & Medical , Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY rr ek STORAGE stds * to APM Cm em fa oad siacen eaataaieeas eee 5 a : eae oi ser he e renee “ei er ee Ie i a a pau - eer, Srlishoasngee ene ttn pes a eee wet A “ ao Saale aa earn ve net aro