he Re eee ra et pe GA neath ce ee ¢ > ae LP re hort. = < S i , xs, ‘" my Vinee . nae y no lak ay ic atrwtye hs Et i iney dad rare poe see ia JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical iM a _ Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medica] Association BY PIERRE A. FISH, ITHACA, N. Y. EXECUTIVE BOARD F. TORRANCE C. H. STANGE W. Horace HOSKINS R. A. ARCHIBALD J. R. MOHLER V. A. Moore, Chairman SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL F.- TorRANCE J. R. MOHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD Index Volume L L93 NEW SERIES VOLUME II ITHACA, N. Y. Published by the American Veterinary Medical Association LOTT JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical i/( meni _ Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. 8. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medical Association BY PIERRE, A. FISH. PEEACA. 176 CeO rn A MGM ee OF Se Sree In Sea EPPO OUI NOt ITo.oS sco sioce oo - 178 ecariganG wun Oss a BI Oe eas 1. eietera ne = eames omens rena ately el oie 180 MesenterichG lands Mesa woe note. s ote es srewtnios ei ole! Solera sta akset eee eee 182 Bladder Wig). 2s ee ec mitts: oe sh bcisweisiers ape Sele eC eee 184 Sick Hog, Woh 6. 2 i 0S) cca: cic fee ess ocala Suis eles s/epe ols) etele 2) eee 185 MULTICEPS GAIGERI Harpe jand SmallHooks, Bag. 2 aso. ee ole eee ae 211 Young jStrobila;, Pig. (Deo... Sse cib Seite socas oe en: a Noler ee eee 216 Mature Serment, Bio 8 ev ois ios sce ein sone oe os eae oleae sae 218 Mature Segment Showing Elongation of the Vitellarium, Fig. 4...... 219 INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS Hoalsan di Mare iNos3G. Wig io oo cst -taxole) seta mses oko ei 2 eae BAT oaltan daMare No oG Hig) 2 bos, cern ctelen din se <5) sale hehehe eee 347 Hoahand Mare: gNO., Sos ABWGs Bi 2% cry uate ore sie le crsuse |. elctebae ye eee 348 Boal zn Mare, (NO o 2 shoe C4 3e6 oe why. 2 oes -ieke «soa sais eee 348 Boalyaxnd’ Mare: JNO a4 sbi Dickie 2 < there «2 sic eked, detead «socal eee eee 349 HoalfandeMare sNioe 54s SROs Gee ys si etslg.k socrsite c/o Gps 349 Lhyroid=biprtheliomay (EOrse)). 22250 o:6 cece ss tees coe cose See 577 HetopicweneonanGy! a.56 ace seeks sissies Gaerne ies Ses «sys Oe eee 614 HWetopice lr Coman Cys sire se avec sic ey -eopemn ere Tees Cesar itis oss) Oi 615 Intussusceptlon— sheep, 22h. face cys cists: - ks fis Se Pigs ec oge re o: eee 617 ANTHRAX Anthrax Colonies, BROS Ty a8 She. Stepan ene os Ne raeeoe Ra iey ceNR ease toy Se ORE ea 838 Anthrax, and other Colonies, Wio102) 22 eee sii ses eee ee 839 AnthraxeBacilli fromPBloodysnicans tans. teresa ans | eee 842 Buzzards Heedine ona emalli@arcass 4. o ae eee: = eee 843 Anthrax “Wheel! 7... 2\o% kre states epoiie oted es Re oe aenereneies apecerst oie eee 845 Infectious Abortion (Bang’s Disease)’ Pigs. 1, 2) 3, 4..2..:.54....-.228 860 Hydrocephalic: Boetus: 2.12.2 cs eetasei se pen ol ete oii eater) eee 879 Marge VUMOT. s w5js)0s-6 ows a cathe epee cee eee el ae eee ee 880 Urinary Caleuli in) Mare. 2.05.26 alee eelae eee eee 881 igi Author’s Index PAGE PAGE Wotton Do Hs as... <- ++. 2 es SoM vonserm he ~ sven s.r 600 |S ge ye tee a 931 | Jimenez, R. M. ......----+++:: 363 TGA Jess seeasandsenccdos 882 Bemis, H. E: .....-- es SOI AD Eile || Slay ty NIE aso also ¢ ome DOOD aor 667 . ) Besnard, IGS SOE IS aE ED = oe Kapp, Bodhi so25 2 oe ieee 616 [E22 tle eee ac Oa aa BT, 373 |. King W.E 168 Bremer dis Bel... he 732, 868 Tig Ace Aaa Na fe a : = TINS he Od cocks comes eins 372 Dit a) a a rr a ai 876 Smee et ay 3 5 Teckel Op, JNA cheraig noe G00 Cs. 0.0 DOR 351 Buckingham, D. E. ...-------- 697 Kochio. BE 378 Puekley ds GS. 2-206. - eee e eters CU) NE SO tee Mea ae Bil : ' | SbeAlyohdly Ag oNs eogomonics ogo co: 614 Cary, C. A. SPH cklotay ol oie seine) serine 823 Liautard, IS eRe 133, 986. 574 Catala, UT WES raaosere Oko cai 229, 230 4 67 4 799 2 0 UG eee Beaded GaN Ina bay iirsnnl ser eeenS Yooe seo b- ” 143 Cooledge, L. H. -...---++-++--- 156 | ae G Gene oM. 5... leo e- en eee 19| McKillip, G. B. ...---------:- 692 Reem Bis o=. o ile se =e - 291 Marshall, (ORPd lana eow ia aescioo ccc 583 en ef ana 57,373. | Melvin, AD aes ake tan era 361 Miackee si Bia eck. secre 729 Ubi hpbeaeid [es Mth. cee ciceoldicioee toa iO. tee 189 Gallagher, | 8 aero eo 366, 708 | Turner, W. G. ....----2+2e0e 594 TALIM TO A ae qSGG Ee yaait Worse ne 70, 37! aed ae eras MeO ae aif A OROA Rea Rane Rete coe. 66 dwWeR See sein es os eon 2 giteed . ae PAA MG Ce ees 214, 356, 370, 608 Le Lp RogHeG ae ° Os Hardenbergh, J. B. .....331, 732, 868 ~ OTD Ree hae ange ae iar Wee : ashburn, H. J. ..-.--+---->> 57 Harkins, M. J. ..------es eee: CAMS pacers ous 880 Hart, G. H. ......----+++-+-: TEE) fy Ais rae aca ape Og a ano Hartman, W. J. ...------+--++°> 618 ae 7 Se oat ae La rea = emey GR, Reo... Seaee ee ee 699 SI a er wae ae age) ee ed Williams, W. L. ....----+--+-:- 29 Ee Mo Waa Dene. le sietaeloateane = 862 : Toltord Aa en ie re aa 52 Winchester, J. FP. ....----- ee: 223 Huddleson, I. F. .-.----+-+++> Ti peli 2.ce ic tion 6 aoc AO.CIOlO olarnces OD 880 mm Index to Volume L. PAGE Abortion, Contagious, from a Practitioner’s Standpoint .... Abortion Disease, Some Facts ANON 6 Be ciacecolo neseosese soca Abortion Question, The Present Status sOlet RC isch tas... - cise Abortion, the Diagnosis of Infec- tious, of Cattle (Bang’s Dis- ease) with Special Reference to the Intradermal Abortin Test. Abscess, Lumbar. Case Report. . Abstracts from Recent Literature 72, 234, 380, 621, 734, | Actinomycosis (Human), Report Ol eAlbstrache eta. Sacer a Adrenalin in Excessive Straining After Parturition, Chloride of. IADStRactis eee ee beer Agglutinine from Beans, A Note on the Preparation and Use of Agricultural College an Import- ant Stepping Stone to the Vet- erinary (Schools Theses... Anesthesia in Human Beings by Intravenous Injection of Mag- nesium Sulfate. Abstract ... Aneurism of the Spermatie Cord in an Ox, Arterio-venous. Case Report: .:7;.2tate eee ee Anthrax, “(Charbon))i= sso -scse Anthrax Among Sheep, to Pre- vent-the Spread of. Abstract. Army Veterinary Corps, An..... 5 Arrhenal for the Treatment of Texas Fever, The Use of. Case Report) ait cacao nee eee Ascites, Peritoneal, with Hydro- cephalic Foetus in a Mare. Gase “Reports a.2 cae soe ASSOCIATION MEETINGS A.V.M.A. Address of Welcome ....... Attendance at Detroit Meet- AM OOS %. saeoesk protein as New Members Elected at De- irolty Meeting, =... 2 ses sess Report of the Librarian.... Report of the Secretary ... Response to Address of Wel- COME tee acest = sae Reports of Committees Report of the Committee on Agricultural Edueation... 382 i 266 102 395 99 628 | IV New Series Volume 3. PAGE Report of Committee on Dis- CASES: 20%. hia ose 8 Report of the Committee on | imblenm «1.7 eee 265 | Report of the Committee on Intelligence and Education 392 Report of the International Commission in the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis... 395 Report of the Committee on Journal - 32% epee 396 Report of the Committee on Legislation 2.22): eee Report of the Committee on Necrology, + -2..3eee 400 | Report of the Committee on Reorganization .......... 249 Report of the Committee on Resolutions, epee 246 Report of the Committee on the Salmon Memorial Fund 262 Report, Second, of the Spec- ial Committee for the De- tection of Glanders ........ 747 Secretary ’s Office ..270, 402, 633, 757, 904 British Columbia Veterinary Association Meeting ..... 275, 651 Central Canada Veterinary As- sociation: -.%is- 2 seers 908 Central New York Veterinary Medical Association ....... 654 Chicago Veterinary Society... 409 Colorado Veterinary Medical Association 27. =i... ee 930 Conference for Veterinarians Ati PANES las okie atone 781, 910 Conference for Veterinarians, IthacaseNe Ve. secs ne eee 656, 777 Florida Veterinary Medical As- SOGLAbON cise ai 0.2 eee 934 Genesee Valley Veterinary Med- ical: Association *-=. os seer 933 International Veterinary Con- gress, Permanent Committee of the Minutes of London Meeting 23.0) mse s2e sa eee vane let Towa Veterinary Association Kansas Veterinary Medical As- sociation: sie teen 781, 906 Massachusetts Veterinary Asso- ciation. 22 ass ee eee 276 nage INDEX OF VOLUME L, : PAGE Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association ....... 935 Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association ....... 773 Missouri Valley Veterinary PRSSOCTAGON Spe ele ol 780 Montana State Veterinary Med- ical. Association ./.-......- 779 New York City Veterinary Med- ieal Association ....272, 406, 911 Northwestern Ohio State Veter- inary Medical Association. . 936 Ohio State Veterinary Medical PNSSOCIA GION cers msl lese or 653 Oklahoma State Veterinary ‘ Medical Association ....... 404 Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association ....783, 905 Practitioners’ Short Course, Wezivlsaps Calitete re werent ee wr esac 915 Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association 403, 656, Southern Tier Veterinary Medi- GaleeAssociation =... 2%.-... Southwestern Michigan Veteri- nary Medical Association... Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association U. S. Live Stock Sanitary As- SOC tION ea a). 409, 633, Vermont Veterinary Medical NGSOCIAULOM: teeter sect Se ee Virginia State Veterinary Med- CoP ASSOCIA GON « @ osu 123 Influenza and Brustseuche ... 786 Open Cases of Tuberculosis ... 938 Revamed, Placenta —. 02... >. =. 786 Shoeing HoOrge sce). ee 123 Cramp of Femoral Muscle. Ab- SHLEION SSanienic borin ce ome mae 73 Dairy Inspection, Practical Soe Dental Trouble, Unsuspected. NDIStLACT SeeNe yy ae etree ees TOO Dioctophyme Renale, American RECORUS Olen tyres on eat Easton 370 Dysentery in Monkeys, Spontane- ous Amebic. Abstract ...... 893 Ectopic Pregnaney with Mummi- fication of the Foetus in a Rab- buts # Case? Report, 2 see 614 EDITORIAL Animal Factor in Agriculture, PNG) Ohare, « eee porns 571 At Home and Abroad ........ 569 Decision in Live Stock Sanitary Control Work, An Important 665 Diet and A'borfion ... 32... 282 Executive Board Meeting, The. 419 xtra Number vihe. y. ssceee 419 High Cost of. Living and the Veterinarian) The =.= eer 663 Oklahoma State Veterinary Medical Association ....... 285 Poisoning of Stock by Lark- SPUrs MUNG yess sae aero 132 Political Tssue2yAs a. ose 3 Resolutions Relating to the journals, ‘Somer 9 eos vases 1 OL VICC ye sot anneal 797 Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association, The :. 281 Thymol from Horsemint ..... 4 ALSESISIUN LOA NG De eae eve eee 129 Vesicular Stomatitis, The Out- MCA Ob ies ches ae.. carne ee 667 Empyema of Nasal Bones in a Thoroughbred Stallion. Ab- SIITEEP CLES Arse ei ata eae (8 736 Epidemic Among Rabbits, An— The Value of the Microscope. Wasemkeport .. 225k eho. 230 Epithelioma Contagiosum of rratlmenc: 1, AG oe 366 Exanthema in the Horse, Coital or Vesicular. Abstract ...... 624 Fetus. The Death and Expulsion of the Immature, as a Stand- ard for Measuring the Preval- ence of Cattle Abortion...... Fish Hook, A, Deg and Radio- graphy. Abstract Fistula of the Withers Fistulous Withers, Observations on the Treatment of Forage Poisoning. Preliminary Report of the Relation of An- aerobic Organisms to Foreign Body, An Unexpected. Abstract Fowl Cholera and Other Hemor- rhagie~ Septicemia JImmuniza- tion, Experiments 2.........- Fracture of the 7th Cervieal Ver- tebra. -Abstrachiee = eee Gall Bladder in a Sheep, Double. Abstract Glanders, Experiments on the Im- munization of Horses Against. A bStractiv Se 52.2 decree Glanders, The Ophthalmie Test for with a Simplified Method of Procedume?! =] esac asst eee Granulomatous Affection of the LOTSe; Ate eA DStLACt es ye eee Hemianopsia in the Horse, In- ferior Horizontal. Abstract Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Vaccin- ation Against Hernias; Abdominal’ <2... ss-4e- Hernia, Strangulated Intestinal and Distinct Inguinal. Ab- SETAC. so. 2 5-eecteicost ee cust eae Hernia, Umbilical. Abstract ... Hides, Disinfecting Imported. Alpstracte. «antes eccie eee Hog Cholera Problem, Observa- tions on the. Abstract ...... Hog Cholera Problem, The, with Special Reference to Swine Ty- phoid> yAbstract=-s poorer Hog Cholera with Reference to Spirochaeta Hyos, Further Studies on 'Hydrophobia in Alaskan Foxes. Abstract> 5420s: eo oe Hypoderma Bovis, Seasonal Pre- valence in 1915. Abstract... Infectious Arthritis of Foals Due to B. abortus equi, Vaccination against... See eee Infestation of a Young Dog Through Suckling — Trypan- osomiasis of Horses in Morocco. Abstract #)'s) v, =) 8) 6) niece ele slevsle! syeale INDEX OF VOLUME L, NEW SERIES, VOL. Tit VII : PAGE Intestinal Affection Due to Pe- culiar Mechanical Causes. Ab- ULE Seas ee naa ee 3 JUGS T he An eae enn ae Mallein Ophthalmic Reaction Sources of Error in the. Ab- SADT UE Vig Melano-Sarcoma in the Dog. Ab- LIE) 4 5 Ge a a Methods of Serum Preparation, A Comparison of the ““Defibrin- ated’’ and ‘“Oxalate’’, as Ap- plied to Hemorrhagic Septi- cemia and Anthrax. Milk in Bovine Infectious Abor- tion, A Study of the......... Milk Supply ‘in Pennsylvania, What Can be Done to Improve NE Se eee ee rr Myasis in Horses, A Lesion of Intestinal. PADSEPaGE TS. ef Myo-Pericarditis, Purulent. CED OPE a rr ZL de ee Coates, William John B Spasms in EEE 3 eee Onchocercosis in South America Bovine. Abstract ........__ Operation for Penetrating Street Nail. Modification of the Tech- mic of the. Abstract .....__. Ovariotomy Operation on Bitch and Cat, A Suggestion in Connection with. Case Report : Panilloma in the Bladder Mare. Abstract .........___ Paracentesis Abdominis, Abstract of a Abstract. .126, 565. 662, 793. ¢ PAGE oc 738 894 622 Parasitic Diseases, The Medicinal Treatment of—An Undeyelop- ed Field of Veterinary Medi- cine Decompo- sition of the Fetus. Abstract. Pelvic Fracture. Abstract Perforation of the logical Examination of, Ab- SUTACU, , i - a »! ‘ ‘ x be? a _ " “ae payer Minds saa eh oe OS “a ‘ nh =e : eis | THE DEATH AND EXPULSION OF THE IMMATURE FETUS AS A STANDARD FOR MEASURING THE PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION* a ony W. L, Wiui1aMs, Ithaca, N. Y. > . The death and expulsion of the immature fetus, which two / _ oceurrences combined we term ‘‘abortion’’, do not constitute a | disease, a lesion, or, except with some important reservations, a a symptom. Neither the death of the fetus nor its expulsion from | __ the uterus is basically of great significance. : y f Death is the universal destiny of all life, and consequently is sf in no sense unique or striking. The ovaries of cows contain many - thousands of ova, but very few of them become fertilized. Thous- - ands die for each one which lives to experience fertilization. . Among spermatozoa, death-is even more extravagant, and millions die for each one that comes into conjunction with a fertilizable ovum and contributes to the generation of a new animal. At the moment the fertilized ovum commences its existance, its death begins, and the life of the individual may be terminated at any time. From the beginning of the life of the individual to the maximum duration of life, there is no time at which death may not occur. Death is not an important symptom of any one disease, is peculiar to no one disease, and cannot serve to differentiate one 3 disease from another. In abortion, the death of the fetus occurs beyond our view, within the uterus. We do not observe the pro- ‘cess of death, but merely the fact that death has occurred. We have not seen the fetus sicken and die. The expulsion of the fetus from the uterus reveals the fact. that it has died. te The expulsion of the fetus from the uterus has nothing very |. remarkable about it. Most fetuses are expelled from the uterus. a: When a fetus is not expelled, we regard the failure as abnormal. a Writers speak also of symptoms of impending abortion, of abortion in course, and of past abortion. These ‘‘symptoms of a symptom”’ are not of remarkable value. The symptoms of impending abortion » ~are fundamentally identical with those of impending parturition, those of abortion in course have no basic differences from the act of parturition, and the sypmtoms that abortion has occurred are not fundamentally different from those following parturition. h LPR TES AD eae Fe NENG ee eet Rae = 4: ~ ee vee ’ ‘ REET, SS Cw ore we = *Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit, Mich., Aug. 22, 1916. 30 W. L. WILLIAMS It has been the custom, however, for the phenomenon of abor-- tion to be used as an index of the intensity of the contagious disease of cattle misnamed ‘‘contagious abortion’’. Investigators gener- ally assert freely that the death and expulsion of the immature fetus is not the disease, but, having made the admission, they gen- erally ignore it at once and turn to the phenomenon as their index of the severity of the malady. One finds the phenomenon of abor- tion in general use as an index in research work, in differential diagnosis, and in attempts at eradication, cure or control. In research work the phenomenon of abortion has been made the alleged basis for establishing the cause and character of the malady. For many years various investigators, because they thought they had experimentally and reliably induced abortion in cattle and other animals, have imagined they have proven thereby that the disease was contagious and that it was due to the activity of a certain organism. Attempts to produce experimental abor- tion have been recorded in such a manner as to lead to the common belief that the phenomenon of abortion could be readily, regularly, and reliably induced in cattle and other pregnant animals at will - and that the induction of this phenomenon proved its contagious- ness and its other basic characters. Few of the failures to induce experimentally the death and expulsion of the fetus have been re- corded, and even when recorded the facts have been largely ig- nored and the apparently successful experiments magnified. Readers lost sight of the evident failures, were blind to them, and saw only the imaginary successes. Perhaps the most extensive and valuable researches in this field yet recorded, and which are per- fectly typical, were those of M’Fadyean and Stockman of England. Most readers, after studying their very valuable report, came to be- . heve that they had shown beyond question that they had at will caused pregnant heifers to abort by inoculating them in one way or another with the abortion bacillus of Bang. A eriticial review of their work shows, however, that only twenty-five per cent of the heifers experimentally inoculated really aborted. Any veterinarian who, without any attempt to cause abortion, has failed to observe a higher rate of abortions than that recorded by M’Fadyean and Stockman in their experiments, has, had a very limited experience with the disease. Indeed, we see frequently in heifers in first pregnancy fifty to eighty per cent of abortions, even after the administration of supposed sure cures. We have re- PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION 31 corded one instance where we administered abortion bacterins, which some regard as a reliable prophylactic agent, and yet eighty per cent of observed abortion followed. So we have observed over ia se twenty-five per cent of abortion after the use of methylene blue, __ earbolic acid, and other alleged prophylacties of supposedly great value. Thus, we observe frequently a higher abortion rate where | the most popular methods for controlling the disease are applied than experimenters are apparently able to induce experimentally. i It was claimed by M’Fadyean and Stockman that their ex- periment heifers were clean, that the animals had not been exposed to the contagion prior to their experimental infection. This was a / — mere hypothesis, incapable of proof or of disproof. ss In our own experiment cited above, we had, according to ordi- nary standards, no evidence of infection prior to the use of the bacterin’. According to our own standards, they were intensely infected and would have largely aborted had we let them ‘alone, in- administered carbolic acid. We have frequently cited two contemporaneous experiments, technically one by the writer and the other by Dr. Moore. Dr. Moore caused large volumes of pure cultures of the abortion bacil- lus to be injected into the jugular veins of five pregnant cows. Each of the five cows aborted. The writer had equally large doses of the abortion bacillus injected into the jugular veins of six preg- nant heifers. None of the six heifers aborted. Applying the standard of observed abortions, the two experi- ments were hopelessly contradictory. It might also seem to some - that the experiments had been improperly manipulated, that one of us believed one way and the other another way, and that each - would prove his point regardless of method. The cultures used in _ each experiment were made in the same laboratory, from essentially the same strain and by the same man. Each group of cattle was _ kept on the same farm, fed by the same man, and handled essen- tially alike. The abortion cultures were injected into the jugular be ~_veins of all the cattle by the same man. Everything was all right - and ran smoothly until an attempt was made to apply the standard of observed abortions in order to measure the effect of the experi- mental inoculations. Then came irreconciliable conflict. Either 7 Pesny . : ° there was some radical error in the experiment or our standard of measurement was wrong. When the two groups of animals were jected either living or killed abortion bacilli, fed methylene blue or | 32 W. L. WILLIAMS analyzed, it was found that during the prior year two of the five © cows in Dr. Moore’s group had aborted, two had been sterile or had aborted unseen, and one had calved. They came from a herd in which an abortion storm had raged. They had every right to abort without having been experimentally inoculated. Perhaps the inoculation intensified the infection and made abortion more prob- able. The six heifers were not known to have been exposed prey- iously to the infection. According to our present views, they were almost certainly infected, but only mildly. Perhaps the inocula- tion increased their tendency to abort, but not sufficiently to cause an actual abortion. Taking each experiment group alone, some would have been sure from Dr. Moore’s experiment that such in- oculations would regularly cause abortion, or from our experiment, measured by the same standard, that the inoculation was powerless to disturb pregnancy. The experiments were correct: the stand- ard for measuring them was wrong. According to our most recent researches, our experimental inoculation of the heifers probably induced serious infection, and, had the heifers been retained long enough for the development of this very chronic malady, disaster properly attributable to our experiment would probably have been revealed. The standard for measuring our results was one which has not been applied in any other disease. In the experimental transmis- sion of contagious diseases in cattle or other animals, we do not rely upon the death of an animal.for our proof of the transmission of the disease. We do not diagnose the disease by the death of the animal, An animal may die from any disease. It might well be said that no disease is absolutely fatal, although some diseases have a mortality of very near one hundred per cent. In research work with other contagious diseases, when an experimenter wishes to produce disease he does not require that the animal which is inocu- lated shall die. In contagious abortion, however, the experimenter goes a step further. He inoculates one animal with what he be- lieves to be the essential contagion and expects this to cause the death of another animal which is intimately related with the inocu- lated one. That is, he inoculates a pregnant cow or heifer, and, without killing her or producing serious disease in her, expects to destroy the life of a fetus in utero. When an experimenter wishes to reproduce a transmissible disease, he regularly accepts as proof of such transmission, not a > % rw PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION 33 -_ eomplete his proof by recovering from the tissues of the experiment ~. animal, providing the microorganism is recognizable, the same or- ~ ganism as that which he has introduced. Preliminary to his ex- periment, however, he must have satisfied himself that the experi- ment animal is not already infected with the particular disease under study. In contagious abortion, we are not yet in a position to determine the. freedom of an experiment animal from the Bang organism. We have no lesion which is generally acceptable to experimenters as conclusive evidence of the presence of the abortion infection. . The contagious abortion of cattle, being a chronic disease, may | _ like other chronic diseases, produce a long and varied list of symp- | toms, or may produce none, and when the symptoms are present they are not highly distinctive of the one disease. We do not need to produce the death of the fetus and its ex- pulsion from the uterus in order to establish the place of the abor- . é S tion bacillus of Bang in cattle abortion. It is no more necessary a ~ to cause the death and expulsion of the fetus in our experiments ; in contagious abortion than it is necessary to produce death of the experiment animal in tuberculosis and glanders. We do not _ prove, by causing the death of the animal, that we are working with the tubercle or glanders bacillus. We do not at all need to cause abortion in order to establish the character of cattle abortion. We have long had abundant evidence regarding the power of the abortion bacillus to cause the death and expulsion of the immature _ fetus. The evidence, wholly aside from the phenomenon of abor- tion itself, is so abundant and so conclusive that we are fully war- . ranted in proceeding upon the basis that the abortion bacillus de- scribed by Bang is the fundamental cause of the disease of cattle so outrageously misnamed ‘‘contagious abortion’’. If we study the question of the clinical diagnosis of contagious abortion, we find again that the frequency of abortion in a herd has generally been regarded as the principal basis for differentia- * tion. If the abortions have been very numerous, it is contagious ; _- if comparatively rare, it is accidental. In applying this standard of measurement, however, very few attempt to define what they mean by ‘‘frequent’’ or ‘‘rare’’. They fail yet more definitely _ when they conclude that frequent abortions prove the contagious ‘character, while rare abortions indicate accident instead. In . 34 W. L. WILLIAMS acute infections, such as foot-and-mouth disease, the spread is very rapid, and if one animal having the disease has been placed in a susceptible herd of cattle it may reasonably be assumed that the contagion will spread rapidly and the symptoms will be unquestion- able. In a chronic disease, however, we have no such criterion. The disease spreads slowly, it develops slowly, and it may involve any organ in the body, thus enabling the malady to produce an endless variety of symptoms. Some cases of white scours in calves are certainly due to the abortion bacillus. In some cases of ar- thritis in calves, we get pure cultures of the abortion bacillus from the joint cavities. In the pregnant female, according to our pres- ent understanding of the pathology of contagious abortion, the lesion imperilling the life of the fetus is fundamentally an inflam- mation of the uterus. This may occur in the non-pregnant animal, causing sterility. It is by far most common in pregnant cattle, where it may cause abortion or premature birth, or, persisting for a longer period of time, may cause tardy or difficult parturition be- cause of the paralysis of the uterus. Once the fetus has been ex- pelled, retained afterbirth which has long existed may come prom- inently into view. Following pregnancy and in continuation of the metritis of pregnancy, there may be pyometra, admittedly modi- fied by subsequent additional infection, as a result of which sterility may assume a very serious aspect. Under these conditions, we necessarily have wide variations in symptoms, or rather in results, because there is extreme variability in the quantity, the quality and the duration of the infection in the uterine cavity. It is therefore unfair to measure the intensity or prevalence of the in- fection by one of these symptoms. We might be much more ac- curate if we could always see clearly the metritis of pregnancy, but during this period we cannot observe the disease clinically and must await the emptying of the uterus. Then, with the dilated condition of the genital canal, other infections may freely enter the uterine cavity, to complicate and becloud the problem. Our symptoms are not clear. Certainly, however, we cannot afford to elect the one phenomenon of the death and expulsion of the immature fetus as a reliable standard for the measurement of the disease. The deficiency of this standard is not restricted to abortion, sterility and retained placenta or other disasters de- pendent upon the metritis or other disease of the female genital tract. It has recently been shown with great clearness that the ar % PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION 35 milk of many cows contains the Bang abortion bacillus. We are ~ not at present in possession of adequate proof that the milk of any cow is wholly free from this infection. Yet the presence of the abortion bacillus in the milk has no immediate relation, so far as we know, with the death and expulsion of the immature fetus which a may at the time exist in the uterus. The relation of the infection in the udder is with the infection of the new-born calf, through | feeding upon the infected milk. The agglutination and complement-fixation tests show very _ elearly also the futility of depending upon the death and expulsion - of the immature fetus as our standard for diagnosis. In herds | __ where the infection is intense, we find by these tests that the blood Poof a large percentage of calves, when not more than twenty days al old, reacts strongly to the test for contagious abortion. So also a. does the blood of breeding bulls. The blood of many cows which do not abort reacts very strongly. Consequently, if we accept, as we must, the complement-fixation and the agglutination tests as | having some degree of reliability, it becomes very clear that we | cannot accept the phenomenon of abortion itself as a reliable meas- 5 ag Re: -_ure of the infection. a In a yet more important respect this standard of measurement re ; é + : ' for contagious abortion fails. When we consider the question of ee the cure, prevention or control of contagious abortion in cattle i and attempt to use the phenomenon of abortion as a standard of measurement, we find that it underlies and supports the errors and quackery surrounding the handling of this disease. A purveyor of quack medicines sells his alleged remedy to a breeder, with the x promise that it will eliminate, check or control the one phenomenon ' __ of abortion, but does not represent that it will repress retained after- | birth or metritis in cows or white scours or arthritis in calves or E | that it will have any favorable influence whatever upon the infee- hs tion as a whole. If, after the quack nostrum has been given, no __ abortions follow, a cure is claimed upon the basis that the death and BS “observed expulsion of the fetus constitutes the disease. Other re- _ sults of the abortion infection continue unabated. They may even increase. In many severe storms of the infection, there are few _ observed abortions, but the metritis of contagious abortion is very intense, the calves very largely die from scours or pneumonia, the __ afterbirth is retained in many, and sometimes in nearly all of the cows. In numerous outbreaks, many of the cows die from septic J 3 eS “36 W. L. WILLIAMS ; metritis. Pyometra or metritis occurs frequently, and many ani- mals become incurably sterile. In spite of these great losses, the. purveyor of the quack remedy claims that he has stopped the dis- ease. The breeder believes also that the nostrum has controlled the malady and cheerfully subscribes to a misleading testimonial. It is not quacks alone who mislead the people. Carbolie acid and methylene blue were recommended by capable and honorable veterinarians. They believed implicitly in the value of these drugs. Their belief was founded upon the false standard which they used in measuring the disease. In some of the herds where these drugs were first used, there was a decrease or cessation of the observed abortions. There may even have been some decrease in the in- tensity of the infection, so that possibly in some cases where these drugs were used there was less retained afterbirth and less steril- ity. These variations in intensity rise and fall in all herds, whether any remedies are applied or not. They have nothing whatever to do with the essential problem. The infection remains, and its power to do harm has not been importantly affected by the drug- ging. Recently much has been claimed for the use of bacterins to control abortion. The philosophy of the use of these bacterins is not clear. Even when applying the observed phenomena of abor- tions as the standard for measuring the disease, the hypothesis upon which abortion bacterins are used is difficult to follow. Ap- parently those who believe in their value believe that they induce immunity, although the disease is a chronic one. They fail to ~ appreciate the fact that a chronic infectious disease is chronic because | the disease itself does not produce immunity. Thus far, we have been able merely to imitate nature and to provide an artificial immunity in some of those diseases which themselves induce im- munity after one attack. Before they can arrive at their belief in’ immunity in abortion, they must create the hypothesis of vicarious immunity. They must believe that because one fetus has died from an infection, a subsequent fetus not yet generated is to be immune. If they would claim that it is the cow, not the fetus, which is made immune, they need still believe that the immunity is based upon the death and expulsion of a fetus, upon the disease of a fetus, and not upon the disease of the pregnant animal. This, again, is a vi- carious immunity, in which, owing to the death of one animal from a given infection, another is rendered immune thereto. nd =I If it is admitted, as we have long held, that the infection of contagious abortion is essentially universal, the use of bacterins would appear illogical because it would only be adding more of the same toxic substances which exist already in the animal and apply the false standard of measurement which we are discussing, we may readily select a number of instances where it appears that the use of bacterins has served an important purpose and has ac- — tually controlled abortion, but we may turn'face about and ex- amine other herds where the bacterins have been used in precisely the same manner and show, by the same standard, that they in- crease the amount of abortion. Recently, after reading one of our publications, a veterinarian in a personal communication suggested that we were in serious error in holding that abortion bacterins do not and cannot control contagious abortion. He cited a number of herds where abortion had been severe and in which he asserted he had totally eliminated the disease by the use of bacterins. A little later, reading one of our published contributions where we had stated that retained afterbirth was simply one of the results of the presence of the con- tagious abortion infection in the uterus, he at once took us to task for this view. He was just then having a serious time with re- tained afterbirth. So far as we could determine, this was in the tion by administering abortion bacterins. This reminded us some- what of an attempt to tamp into a hole more soft putty than the cavity would contain. As fast as it was tamped on one side, it _ would bulge above the surface on the other side. If he believed that he was controlling contagious abortion with bacterins, the contagious abortion bobbed up in the form of retained afterbirth. If then, by some hocus-pocus, he could tamp the retained after- birth back, the disease reappeared as sterility. This he controlled by some vigorous punches with a steel rod in the vicinity of the cervical canal. Thus, by applying a false standard of measure- ment, he chases an ignis fatwus hither and yon, and the real con- _ dition of affairs never becomes tangible, is never attacked and never _ affected. In another instance a veterinarian of high repute does not _understand why cows in a certain herd should suffer and quite uniformly die from retained afterbirth. He is sure it is not caused _ which constitute the principal power for harm. So long as we. PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION sufi same herds where he had supposedly eliminated contagious abor- 38° WwW. L. WILLIAMS by contagious abortion, because none of the cows has been seen to * 4 abort. Ny When handling the disease, the application of this standard involves certain questions of vision. An embryo or a fetus may perish in the uterus at any time, and it may be expelled or it may not. If it perishes before the fifth month of pregnancy, there are ¢ usually none of those alleged symptoms of impending abortion. io The embryo or fetus slips away unseen. The standard cannot be Pe) used aS a measure in such a case. Again, in the later stages of | pregnancy, there is almost inevitably difficult labor—the dystokia of contagious abortion. If the uterus is very badly inflamed, the fetus is extracted dead. It has probably died from the infection of contagious abortion. The animal, with some assistance in get- ting rid of the dead fetus, has aborted, but. the abortion is not visible to most observers. Thus, in applying this standard of measuring the amount of contagious abortion in a herd there is an epoch of visibility which extends from about the fifth to the seventh month inclusive. On either side of this epoch, are two others, where abortion is essentially invisible. Consequently it is said that abortion occurs chiefly from the fifth to the seventh month of pregnancy inclusive. As a matter of fact, however, the death and expulsion of the immature fetus are clearly visible during this epoch and difficult to observe at other times. Quackery has profited more and is profiting more today in con- nection with contagious abortion than with any other disease of animals. The underlying reason which makes this quackery pos- sible and permits the great profits which quacks are reaping is the false standard for measuring the disease. If an able and per- fectly conscientious veterinarian, measuring contagious abortion by the false standard we are discussing, states that methylene blue has controlled contagious abortion or has stamped it out of a herd where it has previously existed, and submits the data, we must ac- cept the facts as stated. If a quack powders some dried codfish and sells it at a high price as a sure cure for contagious abortion, and a breeder administers it to his cattle, there may be no abor- ae tions seen for a time. Perhaps abortions do occur and are not — seen, but that is not the point, according to the general standard of measurement. If no abortions are observed over a given period of time, the quack may publish the data. They are just as good oy data as those published in connection with methylene blue, If L- PREVALENCE OF CATTLE ABORTION 39 _ the data are co-extensive and the percentages of abortion, ac- ~ _ cording to the standard of measurement applied, are alike, the pro- motor of methylene blue has little right to criticize the purveyor of codfish. The evidence is perhaps just as sincere and the re- sults when placed upon paper cannot be differentiated. There a _ have been no abortions, and according to the standard of measure- = _ ment that is the end. Neither of them has.done any good or any . harm. ~ herd of abortion-free cattle, selecting them by the agglutination or complement-fixation tést of the blood, and that no abortions have , occurred in the herd so assembled for one or two years, the asser- tion looks good upon paper, it is perfectly correct and perfectly honest. Another man of poor repute may assemble another herd x of the same size and may administer regularly to that herd some secret concoction and for one or two years not a cow in that herd may be seen to abort. He may be able to sell his concoction at a _ lower price than the expert veterinarian can make the agglutina- tion and complement-fixation test. Hach arrives at the same re- sult. The only difference perhaps between the two is that in the - one case the breeder is misled because of an error, while in the other he is misled by design. We cannot, however, in all cases prove that there has been deliberate fraud., Thus quackery and 4 eharlatanism flourish side by side with error. The results of _ fraud and error are essentially the same to the breeder. We cannot hope to aid the breeder in the control of contagious abortion in cattle until we place before him the truth in connec- tion with the nature of contagious abortion. We must discard as Ri rapidly as possible all false standards of measurement and, must Be » teach the breeder as rapidly as sufficient knowledge can be obtained _ the true character of this very destructive disease. When we have ~ done this, the opportunity for the present large volume of quackery _ will disappear. No purveyor of quack remedies can flourish now by offering for sale an alleged remedy for tuberculosis. The peo- 4 ple know better. The quack may prosper for a few weeks, as was recently observed in connection with human tuberculosis, but not for long. The more intelligent breeders, especially the breeders of a pedigreed eattle, in America are beginning to learn something of a ‘the true character of contagious abortion. They have tried all Se the alleged remedies in their sincere desire to escape from the If some eminent veterinarian states that he has assembled a 40 W. L: WILLIAMS enormous toll which this infection is levying upon their herds. They have become thoroughly convinced of the insufficiency of — the standard we have discussed for measuring the disease. The purveyors of ‘‘sure cures’’ for abortion and sterility are not get- ting their principal reward at present from the more progressive and intelligent breeders of pedigreed cattle. Such breeders have Jearned their lesson fairly well. The live stock papers of America have recently taken an ad-— vanced stand and have largely discarded the phenomenon of the death and expulsion of the immature fetus as a measure of the prevalence of contagious abortion in a herd. They are turning with energy to the broader and more comprehensive definition of the disease and are advising permanent measures of breeding hy- iene, expecting to wage perpetual warfare against this great in- fection. It is interesting to observe that, broadly, the more intelligent breeders of highly pedigreed cattle and the editors of the leading ~ live stock publications of America are apparently in advance of the average veterinarian in their view regarding the character of contagious abortion. It is to be sincerely hoped that veterinarians generally will soon see their way to discard the hitherto prevailing standard for measuring the intensity and prevalence of contagious abortion in cattle and adopt a more comprehensive view which will permit the recommendation of practical measures for the control of the most serious disease economically which the dairyman and cattle breeder are now compelled to face. ; A recent government report states that the enrollment of stu- dents at the veterinary colleges of the United States at the last session, 1915-16, was larger than at any time since a record has been kept. There were enrolled nearly 3000 students—an increase of 442 over the preceding session. Of these, 734 completed the course of study and were graduated at the end of the session, or 36 more than were graduated from the previous session. Hot Cee das Su ee oe THE OPHTHALMIC TEST FOR GLANDERS: WITH A Ps. SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF PROCEDURE N.S. Ferry, Detroit, Mich. _ According to the Report of the Special Committee for the De- tection of Glanders* which was presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New York, Sept., 1913, the following methods of testing for glanders ~““Mallein Test. A—Subeutaneous B—Ophthalmic C—Cutaneous 1—Cutaneous 2—Dermal 3—Endermal Laboratory Diagnostic Methods A—Examination of Pus or Nasal Discharge 1—Microscopie 2—Cultural 3—Animal Inoculation B—Examination of Blood. 1—Opsonie Test ~2—Coneglutination Test _ 3—Precipitation Test 4—Agolutination Test rc 5—Complement Fixation Test’’. a) This list includes all of the known tests, that are considered of any value, both for field and laboratory work, irrespective of their relative merits. . . a While it is recognized that some of the above mentioned lab- oratory diagnostic methods are absolutely reliable and should al- a ways be used in obscure cases or for corroborative purposes, yet it is obvious that they can be carried out only in the laboratory by trained workers. _ __. Therefore, for general diagnostic work and for field tests, one or more of the mallein tests must be resorted to 3 a Mallein, the substance found in cultures of the Bacillus mallet which is responsible for the supposed allergic reaction in animals =X fabs ea Se | aR NASAL eof o- ¥ ra wo He OE arate © a \ 42 N. S. FERRY properly sensitized, was first discovered by Hellman and Kalning in 1891. The exact composition of the active principle of mallein, whether it be a toxin or a proteid extract, still remains unknown, — although its specificity has been established beyond a doubt. Raw or concentrated mallein, as it is now prepared, is a dark ‘ brown syrupy fluid possessing a distinct characteristic odor and usually giving a neutral or acid reaction. Originally it was made by extracting potato cultures with water or water and glycerin, but at the present time the method of Roux is followed; namely: by growing one or more tested strains of B. mallet in glycerin pep- tone bouillon at 37.5° for about six weeks. At this stage the eul- ture is usually sterilized by the addition of a sufficient amount of © trikresol or some other preservative and filtered; after which pro- cedure the filtrate is concentrated to one-tenth of its original vol- ume with as little application of heat as possible. During the past few years extensive experiments have been carried on in several countries to determine, if possible, which of the mallein tests would give the most satisfactory results for the general diagnosis of glanders. . According to Mohler and Eichhorn? ‘‘In judging a method which would be the most satisfactory for the diagnosis of glanders, various things have to be taken into consideration, but especially the reliability of the test. It should be convenient, the results should be manifested as early as possible, the reaction should be distinct and well marked, and, probably the most important of all, it should be possible for the practicing veterinarian to apply the test. The last condition must be seriously considered since the standing of the veterinarian in the community and the confidence of the public in his work would be more manifest if in suspected cases he could personally decide on the diagnosis instead of having to depend entirely on the results of serum tests made at some dis- tant laboratory.’”’ It seems to be the concensus of opinion among most of the authorities, both in this country and abroad, that the subeutaneous mallein test is not as reliable as was first thought and that the oph- thalmic test is by far to be preferred. According to Mohler and Eichhorn? ‘‘There is no question but that the subcutaneous mallein test is one of the valuable diagnostic agents for glanders, but no one can any longer deny that failures from this test are more numerous than are desirable. As a matter — / FE SO me Se EO a ! | 3 q aeaanaae THE OPHTHALMIC TEST FOR GLANDERS 43 Cot fact, the uncertainty of the results from this test caused numer- ‘ous investigators to seek some other methods which might replace "the subeutaneous mallein test. Besides the failures resulting in this test, the technic of execution of the test, together with the time required for the conclusion of the test, BO it unpopular for § _ many veterinarians and sanitary officers.’ ie In favor of the ophthalmic test the following authorities are quoted : Mohler and Eichhorn? ‘‘The popularity of the test is & rapidly gaining wherever it has been applied, and among its sup- porters we find at the present time the greatest authorities on the subject of glanders and on clinical diagnosis.’’ “Its practicability is apparent, and its use in the control of glanders appears to be now an absolute fact.’’? The method was thoroughly tried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry and from 5 uniformly satisfactory. im, The test has been officially recognized in several of the foreign o> countries as well as in Canada and in the United States. In a re- port of Mohler and Eichhorn? they say, ‘‘In the United States the ’ Bureau of Animal Industry, in consideration of the favorable results obtained, has pecopmzed the method of diagnosis for interstate shipments of equines.’ Schnurer, probably the greatest authority on glanders, gives the following report :*° _ During the period 1910-1913, 93,352 ophthalmic tests were carried out in Austria (excluding Galicia and Bukowina) ; out of these 341 glandered horses gave positive results in 88.8 per cent of eases, doubtful results in 7.6 per cent and negative results in 3.5 per cent. Out of 75,879 healthy horses 99.6 per cent gave negative _ reactions and 0.34 per cent positive reactions. The negative re- - sults in the glandered horses (3.5 per cent) are attributable in part to the fact that the horses were not only tested once or were tested only a few days before death, and probably in part to errors in | He also says, (1) ‘‘Glanders can be stamped out by the slaughter of clinically affected animals and of animals recognized as diseased by means of a test. Immunization is at any rate, super- fluous. -_ (2)—The most satisfactory test is one that does not involve _ reports in more than 18,000 cases the results from all sources were 44 ; N. S. FERRY a short time (12 to 24 hours) in the hands of persons who are not — tequired to be specialists, is easy to apply and to base a decision upon, is suitable for application on a large scale on the frontiers, — can subsequently be verified, and is comparatively cheap. (3)—The serological tests (agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, conglutination, Abderhalden’s test and anaphylac- tie reaction) do not fulfill these conditions either singly or in com- bination with each ‘other, because they cannot be carried out with- out the intervention of a central authority. . fe (4)—The ophthalmic mallein test (conjunctival reaction) car ried out with a reliable concentrated mallein painted upon the eye with a brush, swab, glass rod, or some other instrument, and not dropped into it with a pipette or drop bottle, satisfies all the condi- tions mentioned.”’ é In the Report of the Special Committee for the Detection of Glanders, mentioned previously, the following may be found: ‘‘In deciding upon a method which would be most satisfactory for the diagnosis of glanders; the simplicity, reliability and trustworthi- ness of the method must be above reproach. : The results should manifest themselves as soon as possible, the reaction should be well marked and distinct and easily appli- cable by the average practicing veterinarian. A test with these requirements places a test into the hands of the practicing veterinarian along with which the standing of the veterinarian in the community and the confidence of the public to the veterinarian is brought into closer relationship, in that it en- ables the veterinarian to personally decide on the results of the test. The ophthalmic test not only meets all these requirements, but is without doubt the most convenient diagnostic method at our command. : ' Its reliability compares favorably with any of the other avail- able tests. , The reaction is usually distinct, and doubtful or atypical re- actions are rather infrequent. The ophthalmic test does not interfere with subsequent serum — or other mallein tests if such are deemed necessary. The ophthalmic test should be recognized by state and federal authorities since its reliability can no longer be doubted. In all atypical and doubtful cases of the ophthalmic test the’ cembined complement fixation and agglutination or subcutaneous eee ae | et sbaioe i rokee thoes vee cial Ald THE OPHTHALMIC TEST FOR GLANDERS 45 mallein tests should be utilized for confirmation. Such a pro- cedure should minimize the failures and assure the best results in : the control of the disease in a single stable or in an entire com- munity.’ a A. comparative investigation concerning the various biological - methods of glanders diagnosis was undertaken, in Russia, by a committee under the direction of Prof. Dedjulin on 245 healthy and _ 6 glanders-infected horses, with the following results: Ophthalmic reaction 0 positive (0% failure in reaction) ce ce ce Complement fixation method 0 as 0% - Agglutination 4 6< 2% GOING anh ac Subcutaneous mallein reaction 4 ae 2% OG BOL Me 30 Precipitation reaction 1 Han A 5% Sav hoes JC % The ophthalmic and complement fixation reactions proved the most reliable methods in healthy horses. In the infected horses all the methods gave positive reactions. Dedjulin thus summarizes the results ‘of his investigation, “That the malleinization (ophthalmic reaction) is to be regarded as the most efficient and for practice the most convenient aid for the diagnosis of glanders.’’ . “Tt apparently yields no more failures in diagnosis than other methods, but it is decidedly simpler, and its execution can take place independently of the laboratory; this latter is of no little practical significance. Moreover, the judgment of results of this reaction seldom offers occasion for disagreement in ‘opinion.’’ The writer, in preparing the material for the simplified oph- thalmic test, followed the work of Foth*, Wladimiroff’, Fréhner’, ed mallein. This was made up by them into a watery solution and used in a similar way to the raw mallein, with like results. _ Comparing the dry purified mallein with the raw mallein, Mohler compared with the other of these forms of mallein for the eye are not marked, as equally good results were obtained from the appli- cation of both forms of this product.’ The usual method of preparing the dessicated mallein is to _ precipitate the raw mallein with several volumes of absolute aleo- _ hol, wash the precipitate with ether and dry in vacuo. Taking this as the point of departure from al! preceding methods, % the writer moulds the purified mallein with milk sugar, which is r a soluble, non-irritating and harmless base, into small tablets, in _ Reinhart’, Meissner* and others who used a desiccated precipitat- - and Eichhorn?, state that ‘‘The advantages of the use of one as- 46 ; N. S. FERRY such a proportion that each tablet shall contain the exact amount of mallein required for one test. Instead of dissolving the tablet in water prior to its application, as has previously been done with desic- — eated mallein, the tablet is placed directly into the conjunctival sac at the inner canthus of the eye and there allowed to remain. The tablet will soon (one to three minutes) dissolve without ap- — parent discomfort or annoyance to the animal and without an irri- | tating effect upon the conjunctiva. The mallein which is thus set free, produces typical reactions similar to those recorded as the result of the instillation of the raw mallein, or the solution of the dried mallein. Soon after this material was first prepared and tested, Meyer?, from the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board, reported his results with desiccated mallein, which was the first report on the use of desiccated mallein, in this country. Meyer prepared his ‘‘Malleim Siccum’’ by precipitating the raw concen- trated mallein with 30 parts of absolute alcohol. The writer, who used a much smaller percentage of alcohol, has found that it is not — necessary nor desirable for practical purposes, to use as much as 30 parts of alcohol. a Meyer concluded after a thorough test of 210 horses with his — desiccated mallein that ‘‘The conjunctival test for glanders is very reliable. It can, in a short time, without large expense, be applied by every practicing veterinarian and will permit the untrained to make a diagnosis of glanders with the greatest possible accuracy.”’ The advantages of the method proposed by the writer, for the general diagnosis of glanders, are evidenced by the fact that it ful- fills the requirements of a most satisfactory test as suggested by Schnurer, Mohler and Eichhorn and others, while the material it-* self, bemg composed of desiccated mallein moulded into a conven- ient form, is extremely stable, can be handled with impunity and — placed directly into the conjunctival sae without a previous solu- tion in water. . OR ee See a Ee r. ‘aliens es oe ee Oe Pee Ley be eee \ REFERENCES (1)—Am. Vet. Rev., 1913-14, Vol. 44, p. 218. (2)—Bull. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, No. 166. (3)—Zeit. f. Inf. und Hyg. der Haust, 1912, Bd. XI, Heft 5. (4)—Zeit. f. Tiermedizin, 1911, Vol. 15, p. 401. (5)—Handbuch der Technik,.u. Methodik der Immun., 1911, Sup. 1. (6)—Monatshefte f. Prakt. Tierk., 1911-12, Vol. 23, p. 433. (7)—Ibid., 1911-12, Vol. 23, page 179. (8)—Centralb. fur Bakt. Orig., 1912, Vol. 63, p. 482. (9)—Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. 12, p. 170. (10)—Proceedings, Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, 1914. y Vall es 4 ' 5; “a “OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF FISTU- Ne LOUS WITHERS* : W. J. WapsworvtsH, Cobleskill, N. Y. a In the treatment of these cases the first thing to consider is — Nie the value of the animal. A horse that a dealer will ask $200 to f $250 for will not as.a rule bring the producer over $150. Generally Sy it takes an extra good horse to sell for $150 on the farms. The : - United States Department of Agriculture has placed the average _ yalue of horses at $90 to $100. Lately they have raised it to $139. wee | Inmy opinion this is far too high. One hundred dollars would be : ? much nearer their sale value. During my first experience in a i er veterinary hospital I was told the desperate treatment necessary iy for the relief and recovery of animals affected with fistulous withers. wee In the eradication of pipes or the walls of old sinuses, the most if severe caustics such as arsenic, mercury, turpentine, chloride of Re - zine, silver nitrate, actual cautery and so forth were recommended % and the saw and chisel for decayed spines of the dorsal vertebrae. % : Also the most thorough washing daily or irrigation with disinfeet- rae re F ing solution or cold water. Most of the hospitals at that time had 5s a ring in a post or stocks, or both, where horses with fistulous oie withers were roped with heavy halters and other means of restraint = = and were cauterized, washed, syringed, probed and tortured ac- 1s cording to the knowledge of each individual veterinarian. WhenIT began practice in my present location I treated just one case follow- iy a ing this line of treatment and promised myself I never would x: os , treat another unless I could find or invent some more successful ‘on : and humane treatment. I have seen these cases under treatment Bi in numerous prominent veterinary hospitals and at the end of a (ie Ke year the lesions were worse than when the treatment was com- aren \ - menced. Every time the cavity was cauterized a pipe could be pulled out the next day or two followed by streams of pus for a_ te week or two when the treatment would be repeated indefinitely — 3 until the patient was a physical wreck and had to be destroyed as _ axe en act of merey. A bill of several hundred dollars was created ’ “iN on a worthless horse; the owner was sore and disgusted and the Ue _ veterinarian was discredited for all time. After getting rid of y _ _—s- *~#Presented at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical ie 3 "Society, Ithaca, N. Y., August 2 2, 1916. et 48 Ww. J. WADSWORTH my first case, I refused to treat any more of them for several years. — Finally, at the solicitation of an owner, I operated on another one on his promise to take care of it himself. I advised him to wash it out occasionally. On visiting his farm in about a month I asked him if he had kept the cavities syringed out. The owner replied he had syringed it out once and it was so much bother he had quit. On seeing the patient I found she had nearly recovered. I im- mediately injected some colored water and, when the patient made a complete and permanent recovery in a few weeks more, got credit from the owner for curing her. Shortly afterwards I saw another case that had been under treatment some time and as a last resort they fastened the horse and poured the cavities full of boiling soft soap. The old horse broke loose, ran back in the woods and as the owners were com- pletely discouraged and thought he was worthless, they left him there. Late in the fall when he came up for something to eat he had made a complete recovery. That same winter while buying a carload of horses at Morrison, Illinois, I saw a big colt in the corn-stalks with extremely large swellings of the withers and asked the owner why he did not get someone to treat it. He replied that a veterinarian would keep it sore forever. He was going to eut it open and pour in a ean of fistula cure and it would be well in short order. On returning there several months later I found the colt had completely recovered and the owner told me he did not have to pay any horse doctor either. It is a very simple matter to realize that the reason these cases recovered was because after they were once opened they were after- wards let alone; there is no especial virtue in soft soap or Flem- ing’s fistula cure. If the owner had had twenty cans or hot soap enough and used them he could have kept them from healing for all time. Likewise the reason the others did not recover was be- cause of the caustics and treatment they received. Drs. Williams and Frost have developed two or more new op- erations which mark a tremendous advance in the treatment of these conditions, from the fact that they eliminate both causties and bacterins. They do, however, describe very complicated, diffi- cult and dangerous operations for the relief of this condition. They also mention a mysterious fluid originating from some cause unknown to them in the fenestrum of the ligamentum nuchae as the predisposing cause. Of the atypical cases which they describe THE TREATMENT OF FISTULOUS WITHERS 49 4 Be a a a SE RAG as constituting about 3% of the whole, I have seen very few, and a ~ they responded nicely and quickly to treatment. ; Very little horseback riding is done nowadays and _ ill-fitting @ riding or harness saddles cause very few fistulas at the present . time. Occasionally we still have some fractured spines of the dor- sal vertebrae to deal with. My experience has been mostly with the elass they describe as typical and I cannot. see why they separate them from the others on the ground that they are not due to me- q chanical i injury. In all the cases I have seen in which I could trace _ the history I considered every one of them due to a mechanical | injury. There is no essential difference that I can determine be- 3 ‘tween a shoe boil, a serous abscess from a collar bruise on the lower 7 part of the shoulder or what they describe as a typical case of _ fistulous withers also caused by an ill fitting hame collar with a heavy tongue hanging on the neck of a soft green horse. All these lesions contain the same serous fluid in the early stages and all of them have the same tendency to spontaneous recovery if the Be ver's bruising and irritating them are eliminated immediately. | In fact it is safe to say all of them will recover spontaneously if | recognized in the early stages and relieved of irritation or bruis- ing at once. All of them, if neglected, contain in turn the pale yellow tough discoid masses and all of them (provided suppuration does not occur) develop into fibrous tumors under sufficient irri- | tation in time. It is possible the fluid in fistulous withers may be _ thicker and darker colored and that some substances from the lig. | nuchae may cause this difference. Not all of them result from collar bruises. I saw two colts against a limb of an apple tree. Also a young team that had a post in the stall between them which they would jam against and each - of them had a fistula on the side next to the post. Most of mine, _ however, have resulted from collar bruises, coincident with the _ working of inferior green and young horses on manure spreaders, - corn harvesters and binders. If you accept these views of the etiology of fistulous withers - the treatment is a simple matter. If recognized in the very early stages, quit working the horse in a hame collar; use a breast collar and bathe with cold water and in a couple of inonths complete re- covery takes place, that developed them from fighting flies and rubbing their necks* Bie / 50 W. J: WADSWORTH If, however, there is any considerable swelling it is best to operate at once. Bearing in mind that you have a horse in most cases that is not worth over $100 if he was sound, a treatment in proportion to his value that will leave the owner some equity in the animal is the first consideration. Also bear in mind that you have neither pipes, sinuses, dead tissue or fistulas to consider in the early stages, but simply a serous abscess and that it makes no dif- ference if the serosity contained therein originates in the fenestrum or gravitates to it; all you have to do is let it out. No expensive - equipment or elaborate technique is necessary. The essentials are a sterilized knife and a nose twitch. Uave an attendant hold the twist, disinfect the shoulder, pick out the most prominent part of the swelling an inch or two above the scapula and about half way from the top of the 5th dorsal vertebrae and anterior angle of the scapula. Plunge the knife in the tumor about two inches and in one sweep bring it down in front of the anterior angle of the scapula into the neck. Repeat the cut on the other side and force your knife through the neck to the first cut. Wash out the fiuid, eal- careous particles and discoid bodies if there are any with any disin- fecting or antiseptic solution and let your wound alone thereafter and he will get well, I believe, quicker and better than from any other operation or method. I may say further that there is never any hemorrhage that will not take care of itsélf. The wounds are usually about three inches in length but may be six inches in some cases and always heal without leaving unsightly sears. If no caustics are used there is very little suppuration. Further the horse can go to work the next day in a breast collar and do his ordinary work. There are two essentials to maintain after the operation. Ist. The wound must be left alone, no meddling by the owner or veterinarian, and 2nd, under no circumstances should a hame collar be used until after all the.swollen, bruised or inflamed tissues have fully recovered. Further, in all scar tissue we have necrosis and secondary abscesses and these locations are no exception to the rule. Occasionally small abscesses will develop in the scar tissue in six months or a year. They are usually superficial, small and break of their own accord and require no treatment. There is one other point I wish to speak about and that is the impatience of the owner. In about a week he wants to know why it has not healed. All serous abscesses are slow to heal and in this THE TREATMENT OF FISTULOUS WITHERS mfipiiy | ' location they are slower than any where else. About the time it is making good progress the owner employes another doctor. In a few weeks the fistula has healed and the owner comes around and - tells you how quickly the patient recovered after he used the other man’s medicine. That if he had employed him-in the first place his horse would have been well in one-third the time. That your treatment was no good and he will not pay you’ but will see his lawyer and decide if he will sue you for damages. About the only safe way to treat these cases is to collect your fee in advance and have the owner post a forfeit in case he does not follow instrue- tions or has anybody else meddle with it in any way. Since adopt- , ing this line of treatment the recoveries in my practice have been 100%. The labor has been not more than 1% compared with a _ previous treatment and most horses have earned $100 in the time in which they would have been in the hospital. No operating ae tables, drainage tubes or packs are required. The exercise these 2 cases get in a breast collar assist the discharge of fluids and hastens __ the healing process. I have seen several of these so-called fistulous _ withers that were left until they broke of their own accord that 7 never had any treatment of any kind that recovered rapidly and permanently. = I wish to call your especial attention to the fact that in my ex- iy : perience the cauterizing, washing and syringing that. I have seen done never accomplished anything but retarded recovery. This pene operation which does not take over five minutes to complete _ has been successful in about 150 cases in my practice and instead of dreading these cases, they now constitute the easiest and most _ profitable operations I have, providing there is no meddling or _ treatment after the operation. We have many recovered patients in this section that the owners will be pleased to show at any time. Ss re, et —_ Bay Baars oF Farm Work Horses. Estimates obtained by the ‘U.S. Department of Agriculture from about 150 owners indicate - that the farm work horse is considered to be in his prime shortly ; after six years of age, and that even though still perfectly sound, he has declined in value about one-half from the maximum when between 14 and 15 years. The estimates were made on a basis of a maximum value of $250 and covered values by yearly steps from bin to 16 years of age, y en oa a vd = E > Cah = re py Os. Ras ee $= ee a wey ent ge” ae A Sgees —— =~ re eat te PRACTICAL DAIRY INSPECTION* F. D. Houtrorp, Chatham, N. Y. —— Although dairy inspection has been in vogue for many years, a satisfactory state of perfection has never been reached. The national state and municipal governments, as well as the dealers and consumers of milk, are realizing to-day more than ever before the necessity of producing clean, wholesome milk, which is almost universally consumed in a raw state. The dairymen’s unsanitary methods, poor equipment, together with the lack of scientific know- ledge have brought about the necessity of dairy inspection. This inspection has been carried out along different lines, among which may be mentioned, an annual inspection tour in which an inspector visited the dairies once each year ascertaining thé existing conditions and possibly scoring them according to some ~ score card or other. No effort at all was made to remedy any un- desirable conditions which existed, no suggestions were offered, the dairymen were rarely consulted and no improvements were there- ~ fore made and surely none could be expected. This method was: soon modified by having the inspector visit the dairies at least once each month, giving suggestions for improvements, going over the score card with the dairymen, pointing out to them the reasons why certain changes in their equiment and methods would be bene- ficial, thereby increasing the quantity of milk and improving the quality thereof. It is wiser that all inspectors of dairy farms should be veterinarians and they should have had previous training in the production and handling of clean milk. Great care should be exercised in scoring dairies giving credit only where credit is due. One of our greatest difficulties now en- countered is the correction of careless or we dare say dishonest scoring where the inspector gives the dairymen credit for some- thing they do not deserve. By such scoring the inspector neither gains the respect and confidence of the dairymen nor does he se- cure improved conditions. In order to be a successful inspector, one should be a judge of human nature, for the secret of success lies in gaining the confidence of the dairymen. It is much easier to lead a man than it is to drive him. _ , Presented at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, N. Y., August 2, 1916, A more practical dairy inspection includes a physical examina- tion of the herds by a competent. veterinarian who is not only honest with himself but with the dairymen. Whenever an animal is ‘detected which is dangerous either to the milk or other animals in the herd, it should be removed as soon as possible and the nature cn of the trouble should be explained to the dairyman so clearly that ee pee. will see the necessity of removing this animal not only for the effect it will have on the production of wholesome milk but also for Ete protection of the remainder of his herd. In this way he will not only feel satisfied that this animal must be removed for his own ¥ benefit but he will also be able to detect the same trouble which 4 might hereafter appear in his herd without the necessity of having a veterinarian call his attention to it. By this method the dairy- man is satisfied, the danger is removed without the slightest fric- that the veterinarian was working for his best interests. ig In order that a dairy‘herd may be brought to a maximum of | efficiency, it is necessary that it should be provided with comfor- : table quarters which are sanitary and convenient. In the first qq place the stable should be located on elevated ground with good natural drainage. Poultry houses, priveys, hog-pens, uncovered -eesspools, manure piles or pits or any surroundings which pollute - the stable air and furnish breeding places for flies, should not be near the cow stable. It is also important that the barn yard should be well graded and drained. An ideal site for a barn yard is on a ' south slope which drains away from the stable. If the barn yard is -_ inelined to be muddy, the cows carry mud on their legs and feet to 4 the stable where it dries and then drops upon the cow beds causing them to become dirty and dusty. When this condition exists, any » Rhoveraent of the cows causes the air of the stable to become satu- rated with dust, thereby exposing the milk to a dirty atmosphere | 3 at the time it is taken from the cow. Ps The floors of the stable should be hard, tight and easily cleaned, ie at the same time they should not be slippery, thereby causing the & cow inconvenience. The gutters should be deep and wide enough to hold all the excrement and should be perfectly tight, not allow- "ing any liquid matter to saturate the ground underneath. Cement seems to be the best material for the construction of stable floors ‘ a and of late years is most commonly used. At the present time some xperiments with a mixture of two parts of sawdust and one part ty “g a Sw 1 ea a ae als ‘ae a - s As, Ai TR A EE Haas Sas g ae ; i , PRACTICAL DAIRY INSPECTION roe - tion or discontent and at the same time the dairyman will feel 54 F. D. HOLFORD mt SS NN ah a es he ee of cement are being tried on the cow beds. This is supposed to have all the advantages of the cement floor and im addition, is warmer because it is a poor conductor of heat and is not so liable to become smooth and slippery. While it is desirable to have ample air space in the stable this feature is not so important as adequate ventilation. Every cow stable should have sufficient ventilation to keep the air fresh and pure and at the same time, not expose the cows to injurious drafts or keep the stable at too low a temperature. Disagreeable odors at any time indicate imperfect ventilation. An abundance of light is necessary, care being taken to see that it is well distributed and not obstructed in any way. Thorough- ly whitewashed stables help to make the stable lighter. In this day and age it is needless to say that an abundant supply of pure, clean water is essential in the dairy. One of the most important parts of the dairy equipment is ‘ the milk house. It should be convenient to the stable but so placed as to be free from dust and stable odors. The ideal place for it ‘is on a well drained spot away from any source of contamination. The floor of the milk house should be properly graded and water tight. There should be sufficient light and ventilation and during the summer months, all openings should be tightly screened so as to make it cat, rat, bug and fly proof. Milk racks should be pro- vided in the milk house for the milk utensils when not in use. 7 All utensils which are used in the handling of milk should be made of durable, smooth, non-absorbent material. Avoid all uten- sils which have roughly soldered seams, complicated parts, crevi- ces or inaccessable places which are hard to clean properly. Milk pails of small mouth design—openings not greater than eight inches, permit the least amount of foreign matter to enter the milk at the time of milking. One of the things most often neglected in the average dairy is the milk stool. During my experience of the past ten years I have seen many varieties used, such as old pails, school-house seats, boxes, kegs, ete., which were invariably in a filthy condition. A metal stool is the most satisfactory type available because this can be readily cleaned and sterilized if necessary but a very cheap prac- tical stool can be made of wood provided that all surfaces are smooth and painted to close the pores in the wood, thereby furnish- ing a seat that is sanitary and easily kept clean, v, Wk eae eh eee Lee Cee \ Sa ONT ae ee oo PRACTICAL DAIRY INSPECTION 55 sf But the equipment as we have discussed it, is not the most im- ~ portant factor in the production of clean milk. The point I wish z to emphasize most in the production of clean milk is not particularly the equipment but the methods employed. It is possible to produce 3 sanitary” milk with a poor equipment and good methods and it is - also possible to produce unsanitary milk with a good equipment and poor methods; of course it is most desirable to have both meth- ae ‘ods and equipment up to a high standard. 4 In the first place whether the equipment is good or bad it must be clean. The interior of the stable must be thoroughly ~ whitewashed, no cobwebs should be tolerated, walls, ledges, windows and floors must be free from dust and foreign matter; in fact the ' cow stable should be a kitchen because we are here preparing an / animal product for human consumption. ee The cows should be clean, all hair on udders, flanks and tail (except the brush) kept short and all visible dirt removed from the oa cow, because it is very difficult to obtain clean milk from a dirty / animal. It has been proven by experiment that a cow will more than repay the dairyman in the extra amount of milk given for ie the time expended on her with a currycomb and brush. Brushing _ and currying a cow stimulates sur face circulation, makes the cow 4 feel better and when she feels good she shows it in the milk pail. : eS Just previous to milking, the udder and teats should be thoroughly _ wiped with a damp cloth. A damp cloth tends to cause the parti- * of dust to become sticky and adhere to the udder, not allowing them to drop into the milk during the process of milking. It is % advisable to discard the first stream of milk from each teat because _ it removes from the teat canal large numbers of bacteria which - might be lodged there and also enables one to detect thick milk. 4 No cow manure should be allowed to accumulate within the cow stable or yard and it is good farm practice to haul it to the = field daily to prevent loss by leaching. ; t ’ fe fe Vey - room with a clean atmosphere and never in-the cow stable. The : milk utensils should always be rinsed with cold water immediately after using and then washed with clean hot water and washing Blation after which they should be thoroughly rinsed with boil- ‘ing water, and allowed to dry without wiping with a cloth or towel. i they are hot they will dry readily. The milk should be strained in a milk house or at least in a 56 FE. D. HOLFORD eee -% f milk is proper cooling. We all know that the number of bacteria inerease very rapidly when milk is kept at a temperature of 60° F. : or above. One of the greatest secrets in keeping the bacterial 4 count low in milk is cooling it at as low a temperature as possible — immediately after it is taken from the cow and keeping at a low — temperature until it is consumed. The most practical way of ac- — complishing this is by constantly keeping a good supply of ice in # the cooling vat, twenty-four hours of the day, protecting it with a — tight wooden cover over the cooling vat. In this way the dairy-— man alwkys has ice water to cool his milk and we know that the — milk is stored at a low temperature. In some localities where there are springs of cool running water, it is practical to properly cool the milk without ice. One of the great fields now opening up to the veterinarian is — along the line of practical dairy inspection. I do not mean simply — the act of making a physical examination of the animals but the — opportunity to recommend changes which should be made to im- | prove the quality of the milk, other than those respecting the cow _ itself. All private practitioners can improve their standing in — their own community by just such practices. Their value to the farmer is not alone in treating his sick animals but also in pre- ventive medicine by suggesting better sanitary conditions. He is also, by not only prescribing for the sick animals but also by ob- serving existing conditions, making valuable recommendations and may be able to impress upon the farmer that he is working for his best interests and thereby gaining for himself an envious — standing in the community. He soon becomes an invaluable fac- tor to the people at large who will soon recognize his ability as 4 a practical man working for their welfare as well as a doctor of a a One of the most essential factors in the production of sanitary be | lft 2 \ sn ‘tae ve Tie 2 veterinary medicine. A veterinarian can greatly increase his value in the community by informing himself along modern agri- cultural lines so that he will be able to talk intelligently about gen- 4 eral farming—a subject in which the farmer is, of course, interested. It seems to me that the local practitioner should assume the responsibility of seeing to it that his community is supplied with milk produced under the best sanitary conditions and impress upon the people the value of having a veterinarian inspect the dairies supplying them with milk, thereby creating a remunera- tive position for the veterinarian as well as doing genuine public end _INTRADERMAL PALPEBRAL TUBERCULIN TEST 57 service. fare has not only created a position which means money to P him but has become a great benefactor which in itself lightens his : tasks and makes him feel that he has been of some real and lasting ~ value—a monument which neither moth nor aoey can corrupt nor rx ruthless man obliterate. BESNOIT AND CUILLE Translated by H. J. WASHBURN, Washington, D. C. TECHNIQUE. We give at first, for those veterinarians who have ee - not yet practiced intradermal injections, the technique which we ~ have employed. It is based upon the intradermo palpebral mallein test described by Drouin and Nandiant, now regularly used in the - army and in no material manner differing from the method of ~ Moussu. -__—*‘The necessary outfit contains: a metal syringe of 1 ¢.c. ca- pacity, graduated to tenths, with visible plunger and furnished with es a fine, short needle; also a supply of tl 1e ordinary tuberculin suffi- % ~ cient to give each animal 1/5 @.c¢. The choice of the needle is a matter of real importance. In - order to overcome the great resistance of the bovine cutis without breaking, it. should be nicely sharpened, short and a little stronger f - than needles used in the mallein testing of horses; the most satis- Bvtory dimensions are 0.7 to 0.8 m.m. in thickness and 15 m.m. or _ more in length. There should also be an extra supply of needles for replacing any that may be broken by sudden movements of the head of the subject. / Except: for cattle which are untamed, vicious, or very strong, % he test may be applied with the assistance of only a single helper. ‘The latter grasps the cow by one of the horns with one hand, and by. E ttie nostrils with the other, and lightly turns the head in such a man- mer as to bring the eye chosen by the operator, to the upper side, thus making everything convenient for the injection. % The injection is made into the dermis of the lower lid at or. ear its middle and 10 to 15 m.m. from the edge of the lid. The to: seizes a fold of the lid at this point, between his left *Translated from the Revue Generale de Medicine Veterinaire, Jan. 1916. 4 : . f- = ree ai ; 58 H. J. WASHBURN oar thumb and the index finger and with the right hand, in which is ~ the syringe, with piston set to deliver one- fifth of a ¢.c., placed : upon the head in such a way that the hand will follow all move- Est ments made by the animal’s head, inserts the needle very super- | ficially into the dermis parallel with the sur face of the skin, and for — ? a depth of 2 to 3mm. The injection is then made with the right _ ‘a index finger while the thumb steadies the syringe; because of the ~ | resistance of the tissues the tuberculin will form a small nodular a woe swelling about the size of a lentil, within the track of the puncture. ~ S) With a very thick lid it is sometimes difficult to grasp a suit- — / able fold. The fingers may in such cases be placed under the lid in ~ such a manner that upward pressure will produce a prominence of the skin along the lower lid, and the injection may be made into ~ Hy this elevation. The injection, in principle, should be strictly intradermal. — However, if the needle passes into the subcutaneous tissues, pro- ducing a subcutaneous injection, no interference with the results — will oceur. Following Drouin and Nandiant, we have confirmed this statement in its relation to intradermal mallein testing, and M. ~ Moussu has made intradermal tuberculin testing the basis of a great variety of tuberculin tests, and it now appears, has given the intradermal method the preference. This detail is a matter of | great importance for it overcomes one of the chief objections of — the adversaries of intradermal testing, who have pointed to the diffi- culty of making the injection within the skin without penetrating the subcutaneous tissues. Altogether the manual operation is simple and may be rapidly — executed, one operator with a single assistant being able to apply the test to one hundred cattle in an hour. The dose to be injected, as we have stated, should be 1/5 of a q c.c. In our first tests we used 1/10 ¢.c. The results obtained were clear, but less reliable probably than those resulting from the use — of 1/5 cc. However, with the latter dose the test approaches the _ classic subcutaneous test, and there is in consequence a risk of pro- — ducing an elevation of temperature with all its inconveniences. he Resuuts. The local reaction appears in about 12 hours after the injection, increases gradually, and attains its maximum at about 2 48 hours. It soon begins to recede, disappearing usually by the — 4th or 5th day. On certain cattle, traces of the reaction may be ; seen as late as the 6th or 7th day. The examination of the eyes for — INTRADERMAL PALPEBRAL TUBERCULIN TEST 59 the determination of the results of the test should therefore take place during the course of the second day. Upon healthy animals no results will be produced; sometimes a slight edematous engorgement of the treated lid may be observed. It appears immediately after the injection but only lasts for a few | hours. With tuberculous cattle, on the contrary, a voluminous | swelling invades the lower lid, and in some cases even extends along ia the sides of the face to the zygomatic arch. The reacting lid is 4 infiltrated, edematous and swollen. Over its surface the skin is - __ tense, and without sensitiveness. The palpebral opening is re- duced 1/4 to 1/3 in size by the edema, and as very correctly stated by M. Moussu, “‘the eye is in a pocket.’’ The conjunctival reaction is less marked than in case of mallein /_ intradermo-palpebral reaction to glanders. The eye sometimes con- = tains a few tears and the conjunctiva may appear injected, but a - purulent discharge, such as is frequently seen in reactions to the ie test for glanders, is rarely observed. 2 It is unusual for the upper lid to participate even feebly in the bs reaction, although such action has been noticed. id The local reaction is sometimes accompanied by a slight thermal ess. rise, which may attain .8 degree to 1.0 degree during the 24 / hours which follow the injection. It is inconstant, but may occa-- be sionally be of use in deciding some questionable result. 33 Incomplete or indecisive reactions are exceptional ; but in case f a of doubt a new test may be applied to the opposite eye. The reac- Fs - tion to such second test is usually more pronounced and occurs 3 more quickly, due no doubt to an increased sensitiveness of the _-—s organism because of the first test. In case of the second intra- __ dermo-palpebral test proving indecisive, one may still resort to the ~~ subcutaneous method, as the small amount of tuberculin used in the . intradermal tests will not have any effect upon the response. to a subcutaneous test. The intradermo-palpebral test may, if neces- _ sary, be repeated at short intervals almost indefinitely. The local: | __ reaction under these conditions occurs more and more quickly but | does not fail to appear. Certain facts, which we have thus far "been unable to study to our satisfaction, seem to show, contrary to ” statements previously made, that a subcutaneous injection with - tuberculin will not prevent a local reaction to a subsequent intra- _ dermal injection, even if made on the following day. It will only cause the reaction to occur much earlier. We purpose to verify g/ apa ty a esa dete Mae (2 27 ‘ oat Soke XY in their relations to tuberculin the claims which Lanfranchi has made in this regard concerning the action of mallein. No difficulty is presented in reading the positive reactions. It is only necessary to examine both eyes to determine the degree of | variance between them through comparison of the swollen ue eyelid with the other which has remained normal. Apvantaces. After the statements just made by us the wae vantages of the intradermo-palpebral tuberculin test over the old subcutaneous method must be evident. They have been shown many times, particularly by M. Moussu, and we know of no better statement of comparison between the two methods than the one made by him. Among the inconveniences of the subcutaneous method, the ones having inherent difficulties are the thermometric readings and their interpretation as well as the conditions material to the test. They are: the great amount of work necessary in reading the tem- peratures; the possibility of making an error in their reading even when well taken, and the results of badly read temperatures; the false results given to results through premature or delayed reac- tions; the classic delays; the uncertain reactions in which the temperature approaches but does not reach the point of condem- nation, leaving uncertainty as to the proper disposition of the animal; the necessity of keeping the cattle stabled during the test even though they are cattle that have been running at pasture, or animals that are kept for work, this change in daily routine being sometimes sufficient to produce unexpected thermal variations; the —_ impossibility of applying the test to feverish animals; the obliga- tion of reading results at exact hours under the risk of making a serious mistake in the test; the effects of outside heat, the drink-. ing of cold water, etc., upon the temperature of the animal during the test. Other objections, less striking, but perhaps more important, touch the interest of the owner; they are: lessening of the flow of milk; danger of producing specific mammitis in the reacting cows; ~ ; H. J. WASHBURN z ; oN t and finally the danger of aggravating the disease in cattle that are — already affected. On the contrary, the intradermo-palpebral method presents “A many valuable advantages. To the veterinarian they are: no necessity of taking temperatures; no chance of error in reading temperatures because the temperature reactions are established — 7 INTRADERMAL PALPEBRAL TUBERCULIN TEST 61 . Patoiatically- no obligation fer operating at any fixed hour; pos- . . _ sibility of testing cattle that are feverish; possibility of repeating test immediately in case of uncertain results ; no time lost in test- ing a large number. To the owrer the advantages are: less dis- turbance of daily routine is required; it is not necessary to move the helpers from place to place; all cattle in a herd may be tested at one time, whether kept at pasture, or in the stable, and may be - injected any moment in the day; little if any check to the flow of x milk; no danger of producing mammitis; no danger of aggravat- ing a tuberculous condition should such be present; possibility of _ retesting at short intervals, a matter which is of great importance in the eradication of the disease from an infected herd. Concuusions. 1. The intradermo-palpebral tuberculin § test has a value at least equal to that of the subcutaneous tuberculin test. 2. It may be executed simply and rapidly and without the the too frequent errors which accompany it. 3. We are convinced that for future research in the di- agnosis of tuberculosis in current practice, it should be substituted for the subcutaneous method, which should be reserved exclusively for the control of uncertain results. These conclusions impress themselves by all of the evidence. Will they be adopted? Alas, they will encounter the indifference, in- ertia and routine spirit which in science as in everything else op- Le ‘poses innovations even those that are most justified. We think Br nevertheless that the experience gained by our brothers in the 1 a army in the use of the intradermo-palpebral mallein test, will con- t vince them of the value of this technique and will act as a power- - ful aid in diffusing a desire to use the intradermo-palpebral tu- Stee - o, 2 DECREASE OF RANGE Stock. Between 1910 and 1914 the govern- ment figures show that the number of live stock in the eleven range _ states of the West decreased thirteen per cent. The opening up of range territory for farm homesteads is responsible for this reduc- tion. Every year sees more ranges pre-emped by homesteaders. enormous labor demanded by the subcutaneous test and without | m THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AN IMPORTANT 3 ; STEPPING STONE TO THE VETERINARY SCHOOL — fm W. H. DauryMPLE, M.R.C.V.S., 2h Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. The writer believes the following statement to be true, in the main, viz., that no system of agriculture can reach the maximum of Ries’: success Ww hich does not include intelligent diversification and rota- tion of farm crops; that no system of diversification can succeed without the inclusion of suitable livestock; and that the farmer is not likely to make the most out of his livestock without the aid of the broadly-educated and intelligent veterinarian. The greater increase and development of the country’s live- stock industry have created the demand for greater assistance from, and call for a more extended field.of information on the part of, the veterinarian, more especially the country practitioner, whose clientele is made up largely of the agricultural class, or those spee- ially engaged in the breeding and raising of the different varieties of farm animals. That which seems much to be desired, in the opimion of the writer, at least, is a stronger bond of sympathy and co-operation between the farmer and the veterinarian, not merely a cold busi- ~ ness connection, but a sense of mutual helpfulness, which does not always appear to exist at the present time. In fact we are aware of instances in which the services of the veterinarian are sought merely as a last resort in cases of extreme emergency; and where the only interest the veterinarian seems to take in the farmer, is the collection of his fee. So long as this lack of mutual interest on the part of the two classes of individuals obtains, the profession is not going to come into its own as it should, nor be capable of as much beneficial influence as it might, if there existed a greater | amount of confidence and friendship on the part of the client, and — a little less of the commercial, and somewhat more of the sympa- — thetic and co-operative spirit shown by the veterinarian, toward his client, concerning the welfare of his livestock in general. There is an old saying in the profession, viz., that it is often much more difficult to treat the owner than it is to treat the ani- mal, and that if one can successfully manage the former, the latter is generally easy. And we believe that, in many eases, this may be ‘ i Pale ab { oe se THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 63 ~ % ee . bir f true. The point, therefore, is, how best to treat the owner so as to gain his confidence and make him feel that the veterinarian is one of his best and most valuable friends, instead of a mere indi- _. vidual whom the farmer often tries to do without just as long as 4 he ean, and if he has to employ his services at all, is glad when the time comes for him to get off the premises. a The writer does not presume to say that the condition alluded gut the country than is commonly suspected. ~-_In our opinion, which we give for what it may be worth, the solution cf this problem will depend largely upon the possession of __ wider information of an alleged character to veterinary science, on the part of the veterinarian. Or, in other words, a more extended _- knowledge of the subject of hygiene, in its wider sense, as applied __ to the livestock of the farm. : The objection may here be raised, as it was by the medical pro- oe _fession in years gone by, viz., that to instruct people in the science a of preserving health and preventing disease, would be ruinous to the profession. But do we find any fewer physicians today, or their having their fees reduced? Rather do we not find a stronger bond of union, and greater confidence established, between the _ family and the physician, who is not only the doctor, but the adviser in matters of family hygiene? =: And so we believe that a similar condition might be brought i about, to a larger degree than at present, between the veterinarian and the farmer and his animal family, and to the greater benefit 4 a of both parties concerned. By True, the subject of zootechnics appears on the curricula of our veterinary schools, but it is a question, we think, whether the = ordinary student entering a veterinary college realizes the full import of the subjects classed under this head, and is more inclined _ to view them as ‘‘padding,”’ and of little service to him in after ' life as a practitioner. Or, in other words, the student’s idea of _ _ the main requirements of a veterinary course is not to study the ys principles of feeding, for example; nor the judging of livestock ; nor yet the various breeds of animals, with which he may be called - upon to deal.in practice; but merely the commoner forms of ani- mal disease, and the sources, actions and doses of the ‘‘pills, po- y i tions and powders,”’ so to speak, usually employed in their relief. Of course it is not the privilege of every prospective veterinary ~~ = 4 ee * to is universal, but it does exist, and may be more general through- 64 WwW. H. DALRYMPLE student to be able to take a course in agriculture at a state agricul- tural college. But to those who may be so privileged, we would certainly commend it as being one of the most valuable stepping- stones to the veterinary college, and, afterwards, to a more success- ful career in practice, particularly in the rural districts, as, after all, the country practitioners constitute the bulk of the profession. Among the subjects taught in our agricultural colleges which might be considered as allied to that of the veterinary science, and which are likely to receive greater attention there than in the vet- erinary school, the following may be mentioned: Zoology; eco- nomic -botany; study of the breeds, and the breeding and judging of farm livestock; the chemistry of feeds, and the principles of economic feeding; topics connected with dairying, etc., and the veterinary course which is included in that of agriculture in most, if not all, of our agricultural colleges. . We repeat, that at least some of the subjects mentioned do ap- pear on the curricula of the veterinary schools, but we are inclined to the opinion that the teaching of them must, necessarily, be more thorough, and the facilities and equipment more complete, m the agricultural, than in the veterinary, college. There can be little question, we think, of greater value, to the farmer and stockowner, of the veterinary graduate who, in addi- tion to his purely professional training, is possessed of a more or less accurate and practical knowledge of other branches which are ‘so closely associated with the well being of the livestock department of the farmer’s business. Consequently, and in order to accomplish greater things for the individual, and for the profession generally, and owing to the constantly improving and developing livestock conditions of the country, the veterinarian should not only be a well-trained practitioner, by which we mean a good diagnostician and a therapeutist, and a more or less expert surgeon, but, in ad- dition, should be an intelligent adviser in other, but associated di- rections. However, to be able to meet the latter requirements suc- cessfully, he must have a reasonably-accurate grasp of the more important of the subjects which we have been pleased to term, allied. The successful treatment of a case of acute indigestion may im- press the owner with the ability of the practitioner in that particular direction ; but he is likely to be more impressed, if, in addition, the veterinarian is able to give him an accurate and intelligent ex- Se SN eT ee) eS Oe Sie ee Suine al * MHA: a 4 4 A + . THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 65 planation of the true causes involved, and, incidentally, put him right on the subject of the rational and intelligent feeding of his animals. Again, the practitioner may successfully inoculate a herd of hogs for the farmer, and so impress his ability as a successful inoculator of hogs, against cholera, which many laymen, also, seem to be. But he is going to make a much more decided impres- sion upon the farmer if he knows, and is willing to take the trouble to explain to the owner something about the different media through which infection of cholera may be carried, and the most effective and practical means by which to sanitate his premises. . The intelligent and economic feeding of farm animals is not generally looked upon by the farmer as a part of the information possessed by the veterinarian; and yet it ought to be, and to some extent is, a part of his education, and a valuable aid in gaining the confidence of the owner of livestock. In other words, the veteri- narian has got to know more concerning the livestock problems of the farmer than the mere curing of individual cases of the commoner diseases and injuries. When that time arrives, and advancing conditions are already hastening it on, there is going to be a most gratifying change in the attitude of the farmer and stockowner toward the veterinary profession generally. The practitioner will not, then, be looked upon merely as an emergency man, but one of the most valuable friends, associates and advisers the farmer can possibly possess in his business. There is a piece of advice frequently given to young men just starting out in life, and which may be applicable here, viz., ‘‘ Always show a willingness to do more than you are asked, or required to do,’’ which is worth bearing in mind, as it is sure to pay in the end. To be able to do this successfully, however, the information possessed by the veterinarian must be increased along the lines which we have attempted to suggest; and we believe we are rea- sonably correct when we say, that the source from which to obtain this broader education, or rather the pre-veterinary college part of it, is the course of study offered to students of agricvlture by our state agricultural colleges throughout the country. ety ee OY eh Pit Ng GT Se Fe ee Alpe CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘« Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. ee It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’’ ‘ for TETANUS DURING LACTATION IN A MARE HE. V. VELD, D-Y.M., Harvey, Tl. On May 11th, 1916, I received a call to Homewood, Hl., and on reaching there was shown a five-year-old black pure bred Percheron mare which was nursing a foal about six weeks old. It did not re- quire a close examination to determine that the mare had tetanus, as her movements indicated general spasms of the muscles of the trunk as well as pronounced trismus. Since the previous day, the owner stated, she had only partaken of fluid nourishment. Ex- amination revealed a neglected suppurating contusion of the frog of the right hind foot, which the mare was said to have contracted about ten days previously. She was not lame. Three thousand units of tetanus antitoxin were administered, the foot was trimmed, antiseptically dressed, thin oatmeal gruel prescribed as nourish- ment, and the mare put in slings. The owner now propounded a knotty question, which I found difficult to answer. Will the foal, if allowed to suckle the mare, contract the disease from the milk, or will the milk be in any way harmful to him? He went on to state that the foal, a pure bred one, was of uncommon value, and he would prefer to wean and hand-raise him rather than take any chance. In discussing this phase of the question, I told him that if the foal were removed from ~ the mare she would fret so that it would diminish any chances she might have of recovering. To help solve the problem, Dr. Joseph Hughes was called in consultation, and the decision was reached — that the colt should remain with the mare, there being no possibility in his judgment, of the foal contracting tetanus from the mare’s milk, and that in all probability the toxins in the milk would be neutralized and rendered harmless by the hydrochloric acid in the stomach of the foal. In about twelve days the mare com- — menced to take solid nourishment, and in four weeks had completely. recovered. During the attack she gave an abundance of milk, of | which the foal partook without any injurious effects being observed. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 67 ‘That the toxins of various infectious diseases are eliminated with the mammary secretion when the gland is active is a well-known - fact, and that these frequently prove fatal to suckling animals is Eso well known. While the case recorded does not definitely set at rest the ~ question as to whether the milk of animals affected with tetanus is 4 ~ innocuous to sueklings, still it may act as a more or less valuable - contribution to the literature of tetanus, for the reason that in this - particular instance the attack was a decidedly severe one. —Chicago Veterinarn y College Quarterly Bulletin. ° m { i. — LUMBAR ABSCESS he { a J. F. Rous, D.V.M., Monroe, Wisconsin. | ——S-' The patient was a dark, bay colt of the heavy draft breed, two years old, weighing about twelve hundred pounds when in good ae flesh. The owner lived eighteen miles from town and like a good ie many others did not care to go to the expense of calling a veteri- _narian to see the animal, but informed me that the colt was getting * thin and had been losing flesh for the last two months. At the ‘owner’s request I prepared a tonie powder for the colt. This was the tenth of March. ~ I heard nothing more of the case until the fifth of May, when the owner called at my office and reported that the colt was a becoming more and more emaciated every day, yet the appetite _ was'fairly good; the colt staggered when walking and appeared _ to be weak across the loins, which gave the owner the impression _ that the colt. was suffermg from kidney trouble. The information that I could get from the owner was not sufficient to enable me to Bee cdc the case, so he concluded to have me call and see the colt. 4 On the following day I went to the farm and found the colt a _ mere skeleton. Careful examination revealed no diagnostic symp- _ toms, the pulse being normal and the temperature 102 degrees F. ES I came to the conclusion that I had some constitutional vrouble to 3 contend with, but decided to make a rectal examination before leay- s ing. By manipulation I discovered what I thought to be two dis- - tinet tumors just in front of the right anterior iliac spine. By ogg my left hand in the rectum and my right externally I was | Oey > “al Seal hs Cm VARs. "45 \ y ae 68 CLINICAL. AND CASE REPORTS able to make out their form quite distinctly. They were heart shaped and placed one above the other, the superior one being the ~ largest and its walls seemingly very thick and hard. At this point I informed the ‘owner where the trouble was and that an operation would be necessary, but was doubtful as to the outcome, owing to the colt’s poor physical condition. Not considering it wise to cast the colt owing to its weakened condition, I proceeded to operate in the standing position. Hav- ing clipped off the hair and disinfected the field and with the left hand in the rectum as a guide, I made an incision through the skin | and passed a trocar into the abscess, evacuating two quarts of © thin, creamy, fetid pus. The second abscess was tapped in a like manner and contained about a quart of the same kind of pus. I next made an incision from the lowest point of tapping upwards — about four inches, thus connecting the openings. This gave me ample room to explore the cavities, which proved to be multilocular. I then washed the cavities out with a three percent solution of car- | bolic acid and gave instructions to inject tincture of iodine once daily. | I had no report from the case until July 8th, when the owner — called at my office to inform me that the colt was gaining in flesh and doing nicely with the exception that a small fistulous opening existed at the lower part of the incision. At the request of the ~ owner | made a second visit and after making a rectal examina- tion I found the walls of the abscess much diminished in size. I cast the colt and made a free incision from the fistulous opening downward and cleansed the parts thoroughly, leaving instructions as before to inject iodine once daily. The colt made a rapid and uneventful recovery. —Chicago Veterinary College Quarterly Bulletin. PURULENT -MYO-PERICARDITIS CLARENCE E. Mock, D.V.M., Ryegate, Mont. On the morning of April 9th, I examined a red Durham cow — en a farm near Ryegate. The animal was 7 years of age, well ad-. vanced in pregnancy and in good condition. The owner said the cow had been noticed to absent herself from the herd and seemingly to try to hide. Her appetite was good. Wat ae CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 69 _ Upon examination the temperature was found to be normal and _ the abdominal organs seemed to be functioning normally. There was an accelerated weak heart action and the cow carried her neck a an odd position, with nose extended and chin nearly on the ground. At that time no definite diagnosis was- made as it was thought the body changes might be incident to the pregnancy The cow was examined again May 5th, about.one week after - she had given birth to a live calf. The cow was down, unable to rise, grunted a little and when placed on her side the condition j seemed to be aggravated. An extensive edematous swelling was noticeable over the brisket region. The temperature was normal, _ respiration 36 per minute and pulse imperceptible. No cardiac sounds were audible over the heart region, no jugular pulse was visible, but the visible mucous membranes showed venous conges- son: There was an enlarged area of dullness over the cardiac region on percussion. Peristalsis was normal and the appetite fair. g A diagnosis of pericarditis and unfavorable prognosis was ~ made. The cow died May 9th and autopsy was held. ; Upon removing the skin, an extensive serous infiltration of the areolar tissue was found over the brisket region, the infiltration extending well up on the neck and on both arms. The abdominal cavity contained a large quantity of straw colored fiuld. The lungs pewere extensively adhered to the pericardial sac and the adhesions were so firm that they had to be cut with a knife. The pericardial "sac was greatly enlarged, its walls being several times their normal ~ thickness. The sae contained fully three gallons of purulent fluid but no foreign body could be found. E So changed was the heart in appearance that the attendants would not believe it was the heart until the large vessels were traced into it. The organ had atrophied to fully one-third its in atural size and had much of the appearance of a human hand which has been submerged in water for some time. The wall was fibrous, a nd one and one-half centimeters thick over the lower three-fourths of ' the organ. The apex of the heart had grown firmly to the pericardial sae = a space of about six to eight centimeters in diameter. From microscopical appearance one might believe this interesting con- ‘d ition. was not caused by the inflammation but had always existed in this particular animal. 3 41 70 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The reticulum contained several foreign bodies such as nails — and staples but careful examination failed to disclose any wounds — or cicatrices on the reticular wall. All organs other than the ones — mentioned were normal. A diagnosis of myopericarditis was made but it is difficult to q account for the excellent condition of the cow at time of death, the continuance of appetite, digestion and circulation up to that ~ time, and the absence of an elevation of temperature——Kansas City ~ Veterinary College Quarterly. om PYEMIC MENINGITIS AND PNEUMONIA FROM CASTRA- 7 TION AND DOCKING IN LAMBS D. H. Upann; Ithaca, Ni: Y¥-: The flock contained about 20 lambs from four to six weeks of ¥ age. About two weeks before trouble was noticed the males were 4 castrated, and the females docked. Before turning to pasture one — was taken sick, and shortly afterwards four others followed in a pasture orchard near the house. It was rather rainy and cold when — the lambs first went to pasture, but they were put in the barn nights. One had already died. The owner stated that about fifteen years” previous his lambs had been affected in a similar manner. ] Symptoms. The mildest cases showed symptoms of paralysis — of one or more extremities (monoplegia). One carried the front ~ legs stiffly, below the fetlocks they appeared to dangle. An- — other knuckled slightly at the knees. A third was affected behind, — walking on the ends of the claws (contraction of the extensors of ~ the toe?) Two of the patients were in bad condition; both were — nales that had been sick about three days. One was down and unable to rise; condition good. ‘Pulse, 180; respiration, 64; tem- — perature, 104.4, Respirations very irregular; slight brownish — muco-purulent nasal discharge; vesicular murmur inereased. Could stand when placed on its es but general paralysis was mee 4 marked. Autopsy. Slight suppuration of the scrotum and spermatic cord; both lungs affected with bronchopneumonia; brain ap- peared to be slightly congested. a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS © 70 # The second of the two severe cases presented striking nervous “Be symptoms. He lay flat on the side unable to rise. When disturbed the-entire body would begin to tremble; this was immediately fol- lowed by extension of the head, curving backward of the neck ey (opisthotonus), sometimes the head would be drawn to the right or left, at the same time the back and legs stiffened (general tetanic Loa contractions). The eyes were very prominent, and were drawn so |, that the sclera alone appeared. After a few minutes the nervous | symptoms would entirely recede, but when the lamb was touched they returned again. Sas Thinking that the second lamb might also have pneumonia, and that ‘‘pneumonia of the new-born’’ might be revealed as the cause of trouble in all the lambs, this one was also chloroformed and | posted, but no pneumonia was present. Like the first, the brain | appeared congested. An examination of histologic sections made | in the department of pathology revealed a purulent inflammation | on the meninges of the brain with many polymorphs in the arach- noid _ tissue. a Before the laboratory report settled positively the true charac- ter of the disease numerous interesting opinions were advanced, ee each reflecting the holders training, experience, or reading. Dovuste Gatt BiLAppER IN A. SHEEP. Philip Bruce, B.Se: Journ. Comp. Pathology and Therapeutics. The specimen was re- moved from the liver of a sheep, and consisted of two filled gall bladders with their ducts. They were of equal size and loosely at- tached to each other. Each had its own duct, which in each case was not more than one inch long, that from the larger vesicle re- ceived one or more hepatic ducts and one common duct was formed to connect with the duodenum. Complete duplication is rare and the origin of such a malformation must, of course, be sought in a bifidity of the primitive bud from which the gall bladder arises. LIAUTARD. Retis Wau ase HisronogicaL EXAMINATION OF PIGMENTED Far IN Hogs. Dr. Olt. Zeitschrift fiir Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, Vol. 26, pp. 97-100, 1916.— In the fatty tissue of the abdominal wall of the hog, pigmentation is occasionally seen in the form of a Slate gray dust and as finely branched twigs against a white back- ground. This condition was described in 1878 by Saake(Arch. f. wissensch. u. prakt. Tierheilk. Vol. 4, 1878, p. 226) and lately by de Jong (Réc. de méd vet. 15, 2, 1896). Dr. Olt examined specimens from a sample of smoked bacon from America; two slaughtered sows, and from an 8 months old wild sow that had not yet farrowed. 5 The pigment was not due to hemorrhages. It. was localized largely in the mammary gland tissue and in its distribution the pigment followed the milk ducts. In these particular cases the glands were not active or had never been active. In the smoked bacon from America, the glandular distribution was noticeable. — The pigment cells pass some of the pigment into the mammary lymph vessels where the pigment is destroyed. : The above described slate gray discoloration of the fatty tis- sue occurs rarely. From the meat inspection standpoint, such dis- colored fat is to be regarded as of inferior value. The losses need be but slight, however, if in removing the fat, it be remembered that the discoloration is localized about the mammary glands. (For pigmentation of fat due to hemorrhage, see Ostertag’s Handbuch der Fleischbeschau, Ed. 6. p. 371 and Edelmann, Mohler and Hichhorn’s Meat Hygiene, Ed. 3, p. 233.) BERG, SPI A IT ng So ae ; * wa Gta) SA Aa - Telia! Cis) - he apt r age ae eee ; : aad AgeaS: tee aa ; is fs ¥ ? Lod - ie eae r ; . \ » * <2 i y ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE rot3 x _Nores on’ Cases—Arthur New, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Rec- _ the penis injured and being unable to serve a cow. With the ani- _ mal cast ‘and secured, the penis was pulled out with tape attached a to it and there was found, about two inches from the end of the organ, a quantity of matted hairs wound tightly around the penis fi Pad causing considerable irritation and some ulceration. The ~ hair was removed, the wound dressed antiseptically and recovery was speedy. - Cramp oF Femorau Muscue.—Chestnut mare was taken ards eniy lame in off hind leg. She dragged the limb and stood with difficulty when the foot was placed in its proper position. There was no displacement of the patella nor indication of any inflam- in slings and stimulating liniment was applied. In two hours re- covery was perfect. - ‘ RuptTurRE OF AURICLE IN A MAre.—A well bred light hack had fallen in the street. She had been working, ate her dinner, and E. after a while suddenly stopped, staggered and fell after having - been drenched with some hot ale and gin. As another similar dose 3 was about to be administered she died with a large quantity of ~ blood running from both nostrils. At the post-mortem the pericar- dial sac was found full of blood and a star shaped rupture existed in the left auricle. LIAUTARD. —_>-_——— he PERFORATION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL WITH PROLAPSE OF THE Intestine. P. Wittmann. Miinchener Tiertrztliche Wochen- rl, Vol. 66, pp. 589-590, 1915.—A stallion ran against a ‘broken shaft and injured the scrotum, the medial surface of the thigh, and in the umbilical region, he sustained a puncture of the 4 abdominal wall 5 em. long. A loop ‘of the small intestine had been a extruded, and was clamped, like a bent thumb, in the opening. Upon my arrival I found that the horse had been driven three- _ a fourths of an hour after the injuries were sustained; he was ex- .. cited and sweating in his stall. For the purposes of operation the - horse was laid on his back. After careful disinfection the at- _ tempt to replace the intestine failed. On account of an incorrect history of the case, I had brought no anesthetic with me and could Z 7 obtain none; under the circumstances the movements of the horse, and especially the straining of the abdominal muscles were very x Ee “Pecuuiar Insury to A Butu—He was reported as having — mation. The femoral muscles were tense and rigid. She was put_ s as Se a ny : 74 . ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE pronounced. A second attempt to replace the extruded intestine failed, although the wound was enlarged. The failure was due to the extrusion of a 50 em. long loop of the intestine. A second en- largement of the wound brought about the desired replacement after three-fourths of an hour’s work. Strong sutures were used to close the wound and bring the musculature together. The other injuries were then treated; they were not serious. Prophylactic treatment against tetanus was administered the next day. The horse received only small amounts of bran mash and was suspended for eight days. Contrary to expectations, the horse made a recovery. I had only the owner to assist me. The principles of antisepsis could not be followed because the horse, in his struggles, filled the air with particles of straw, etc., likewise the field of operation. There ‘was neither fever nor pus and after four weeks the horse was put to work. BERG. A Cask oF STRICTURE OF THE ESOPHAGUS IN A Cow. J. Bouw- man. Veterinary News.—She had never shown any symptoms of illness before,.but for five days she ejected her food a few minutes after eating it. Now and then there was tympanitis. Her appe- tite was good. The symptoms manifested were as follows: No abnormal sound of the gullet by auscultation. After swallowing some food, nothing was observed for a few minutes, then she arched her back, voided some urine and ejected the food. This was quite moist. While ejecting she had no anxious expression. For five minutes she refused any more food, but then her appetite returned and the same disturbance took place. Diagnosis of dila- tation or stricture of the esophagus was made and the animal destroyed. In the thoracic portion of the esophagus there was a dilatation, of the size of two fists. The bulging was in the wall of the esophagus; the muscles and outside wall were intact. On pal- pation, there was found a stricture in the inside of the esophagus. The bulging contained pus. LIAUTARD. INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN IN A Cow. P. Wittmann. Minchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 66, p. 591, 1915. A cow which had strayed from the pasture on to a railroad plat- form, shied at a passing locomotive and jumped off the platform. Several hours later the owner of the animal noticed that she was off feed, moved about with difficulty and was depressed. When I se ¥ ae a ag sf eo nz 4 +A / ; 4 s ' q ’ : | ; — ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 75 Barrived I found the rectal temperature to be 37.5 degrees, heart beat- _ ing very strongly and general debility. Ears and skin felt cold. 3 - Visible mucous membranes were pale. I diagnosed the case as one oof internal injury, and as there was no improvement by the next ~ day, the cow was slaughtered. _ On opening the abdominal cavity, 6-8 liters of partly fluid . _ and partly clotted blood were found. The spleen was enlarged to me 2 or 3 times its natural size, but no injury could be found. On f “incising the spleen, the lymph follicles were found thickened, as ¥ iiree as peas. The spleen pulp was grey, but not softened. The other organs showed no pathological conditions. The bacillus of - anthrax could not be detected in the blood. Probably the inflam- - mation of the spleen was caused by a concussion sustained while the animal was alive. Bera. % PARTURITION CASES WITH DECOMPOSITION OF THE Fetus. J. ~ Bouwman. Veterinary News—Records of two cases in mares which were taken ill some time before the epoch for parturition. One of them was delivered of a dead decomposed fetus, the other __ had two foals, one of which was dead and the other alive. Both | mares were treated with injections of common salt water in the uterus, which were made every three hours. Recovery took place without further trouble. a The author records these cases to show that the prognosis when decomposition is present, is not always unfavorable and that injections of commen salt solution is very effective on such occasions. LIAUTARD. THe Hoa CHOLERA PROBLEM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO Swine TypHow (Ferkeltyphus). R. Standfuss. Zettschrift fiir _ Infektionskrankheiten, etc. der Haustiere, Vol. 16. pp. 459-469, 1915. ~ According to several investigators, there is a widespread disease of hogs i in Germany which Pfeiler has named swine typhoid (Ferkel- ® typhus). The bacillus causing it can be sharply characterized bio- a chemically and serologically. Its cultural characteristics are so different from those of the paratyphoid group that it cannot belong E to this group. a The swine typhoid bacillus is very similar to the typhoid bacil- _ lus in its cultural characteristics. This justifies the term swine _ typhoid. Different strains of the swine typhoid bacillus are agglu- ti nated by the same serum, showing that they belong to the same g oup, but they are not agglutinated by paratyphoid serum, or only at very low dilutions. 76 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE When strains of bacteria of different origins show such identi- — ties in their behavior, an epidemiological fact is established which must not be overlooked. It shows that in all those cases from whieh strains were obtained, the etiology was the same. It consisted of a bacillus which is as different from the paratyphoid bacilli as the typhoid bacillus is. The swine typhoid bacillus is more sharply differentiated from the colon-typhoid group, especially the paraty- phoid bacilli, than for example, the Bacillus enteritidis Gaertner. Clinically, swine typhoid may be differentiated from hog cholera, although statements have been made to the contrary. The differen- tial diagnosis may be based on the general chronic course of the disease. If, in an establishment, the young swine become affected, year in and year out, with out affecting the older animals, hog chol- era may be excluded with certainty. Practitioners know that it is the severe septicemic form of hog cholera which takes so heavy a toll, and the chronic form of hog cholera is the rarer form of the disease. The bacteriological diagnosis can be made more rapidly and with greater certainty than the diagnosis of swine erysipelas, insofar as the cultural tests render a decision in 12 hours. Just why, in some cases of hog cholera, there are septicemic processes, while in others there are diphtheritic alterations, has not by any means been settled. But so much is certain, that the filter- able virus alone can cause acute septicemia or diptheritic alterations. Likewise, it is not yet determined whether there is a separate disease caused by paratyphoid bacilli (suipestifer). In the absence of more definite information it is not advisable to attempt to distinguish between hog cholera, paratyphoid or parapest. Especially because in practice it is not possible to differentiate between virus ae mixed infections. Until further investigations indicate otherwise, it is better to speak only of hog cholera without attempting to give special names to the secondary infections. Swine typhoid should be separated from hog cholera. The above results are of great practical importance. As a disease of hogs, swine typhoid is second only to hog cholera, from which it may be distinguished by its lesser infectiousness. The failure to obtain results in the treatment or eradication of hog cholera is undoubtedly due to the failure to distinguish between swine typhoid and the secondary paratyphoid infections. (See following abstract.) BERG. itcaiaae eh mE eee aii Zs —~ Me see eee aS vite eed / a ; pie &\ p sl / . . ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 77 OBSERVATIONS ON THE Hog CHOLERA PropLem. II. On Swine TypHow. E. Joest. Zeitschrift fiir Infektionskrankheiten, etc., _ der Haustiere, Vol. 16, pp. 470-482, 1915.—In the preceding paper, Standfuss has considered the relations of the swine typhoid bacillus - to the typhoid bacillus (B. typhosus, Eberth-Gafiky) and to the . paratyphoid B. bacillus. In order to properly understand these re- a lations it is necessary to consider the swine typhoid bacillus in its relations to the entire colon typhoid group. If all of the bacteria of the colon typhoid group are arranged in a series according to their biochemical behavior, B. typhosus is at one end, B. coli is at the other, and.midway between the two are the ? paratyphoid B. bacillus and the Bacillus enteritidis Gaertner. A Bacteriological research during the past ten years has brought Be | ~ from veterinary pathology. These new members resemble the end members of the series in some respects, in others they resemble the 4 middle member, the paratyphoid B. bacillus. In this way an almost continuous chain has been formed between B. typhosus at one end of the series and B. coli at the other. The individual members of the group owe their relationship to one another to the fact that although.they have certain biological properties in common, they also have certain differences. In those _ diseases caused by a particular member of the colon typhoid group, _ the human paratyphoid B. bacillus for example, atypical strains of the bacillus are found occasionally. The atypical strain differs from the atypical in a few reactions and this tends to place the atypl- g cal strain of Bacillus paratyphosus B. near another closely _- related typical member of the group. Altered living conditions or continued culture in artificial media may so alter a culture of _a typical strain that in some of its reactions it resembles a closely allied member of the group. The number of varieties in the colon BS typhoid group has become so great that the limits between the members are no longer sharply defined. : From the systematic point of view, the difficulties are in ereased when varieties of an individual member of the group, the human Bacillus paratyphosus B for example, produces the same = - clinical and pathological-anatomical picture as the original typi- cal B. paratyphosus B. If from this general point of view, the swine typhoid bacillus be considered, it is at once apparent that it is one of the many a ” fie -. forth many members of the colon typhoid group from human and of ot SS oa: ra = my *: Ee -- ~ 78 4 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE transition forms in the colon typhoid eroup and that it is closest to, the Bacillus paratyphosus B. The history of the swine typhoid bacillus is an example which shows the correctness of the view that the number of members of the colon typhoid group increases as the methods of differentiation become more numerous and more refined. In 1903 I described certain atypical strains of Bacillus para- tpyhosus B. (Bac. suipestifer), long before any one thought of swine typhoid bacilli. Before the biochemical differentiation had reached its present development, the bacillus corresponding to the swine typhoid bacillus was regarded merely as one of the many sports or varieties of the Bac. suipestifer. The new member was added to the colon typhoid group through the use of more recent methods of differentiation. A sharp biochemical differentiation between the swine typhoid bacillus and other related members of the colon typhoid group cannot be made, and hence, it cannot be regarded as an individual variety of bacillus. Before swine typhoid can be regarded as a distinct disease similar to typhoid, it is necessary to show that in its agglutinating properties, the swine typhoid bacillus of Standfuss is related to the B. typhosus of Eberth-Gaffky. According to Glaesser, Pfeiler- and Kohlstock, there is no serologic relation between the two. The agolutination tests show that the swine typhoid bacillus is no closer to the B. typhosus than it is to B. paratyphosus B (surpestifer). For hogs it has been shown that intestinal necroses and swell- ings are caused by a large number of bacilli of the colon typhoid group; these bacilli belong to that side of the group nearer the B. typhosus. The intestinal alterations described by Standfuss are not different from these and the pathological anatomy of swine ty- — phoid is similar to that due to B. paratyphosus B (B suipestifer) and the Gaertner bacillus. BERG. eT Curontc Inpurative Nepuritis In A Dog. J. Bouwman. Veterinary News—Male dog since he belonged to the present owner had been noticed making a large quantity of urine. His appetite was poor and he had great thirst. He was éasily tired and much emaciated. The pulse was normal, the urie resembled water, was acid and contained much albumin. No sugar. Nephritis was di- agnosed. ‘he dog was destroyed and showed two kidneys much indurated so that the tissue could not be torn with the fingers. - LIAUTARD. Pheer Le we So ee ee ree pe Socsp A aas S e by L Rr ey ee ae a Cee ey ae mele wd Son b tad nd bat ASSOCIATION “MEETINGS AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ADDRESS OF WELCOME Woopsripce N. Ferris, Governor of Michigan . i ‘ Mr. President, Members of the American Veterinary Medical | Association and Ladies and Gentlemen: I can assure you that as Governor of Michigan, I extend to you a most hearty welcome. RL presume an address of welcome has been delivered in behalf of _ this beautiful city of Detroit. If no, such address had been given, _ twenty-four hours in this beautiful city would convince you that Be it is worth traveling across the continent in order to see it. Iam loyal to Detroit, because Detroit is a part of the great State of ie. Michigan. I can assure you that if you had time to go out from et Detroit into the state you would have a still further admira- tion for Michigan. eo . Tam exceedingly sorry that Doctor Dunphy, my friend, has _ gotten me into this trouble. The idea of the Governor of Michi- a gan, or of almost any other state daring to address an association of this kind is really one that ought to.cause alarm. What do I _ know about the matters that you have occasion to discuss? In order that you may be fully convinced in advance -instead of after. T am through, I want to give out just a little bit of my boy- _ hood experience. Fea a Of course, I am aware that you do not devote your attention as practitioners primarily or entirely to horses. When I was first _ invited, I suppose that my idea of the functions of the veterinar- ian was quite different from what it is now. Since I arrived in Detroit, Dr. Dunphy has done the best he could to coach me, and let me down as easy as possible, and still let you have a little re- es spect for the Governor of Michigan. _- LThave changed my view in respect to the work you have to ' do. Prior to reaching Detroit, | supposed that the major part of your work was with the horse. I know that that is all I have ever ie called a veterinarian for in my own home, for the horse, and for the d dog; and I noticed that the veterinarian did not know very much about the dog. Possibly he did know a little sumething about the horse, but I am not sure about that, as I finally had to hire a man to ae oot the horse. t PORES Sr a Neal eR ele es Dad RS Poe RE BSE pom. 8 ay 80 ; ' ASSOCIATION MEETINGS About fifty-five years ago, I was a rather small lad standing 7 at the side of the road in front of the log house in which I was born. Father had driven the ox team up on the other side of the road, and the team was attached to a long wooden sled. I do not expect you will understand very much of what I will say for the next five minutes. I do not presume that half a dozen of you ever saw one of those long sleds. The sled did not have iron shoes. It had wooden shoes, and, as nearly as IL can remember — it was four or five or six feet longer than the longest sleds we now have in use, even in Michigan. Father drove the oxen that were attached to this sled up to the side of the road. They were not oxen, but in this mixed audience I have to speak of them as oxen. To be perfectly frank about the matter, my father never had a pair of oxen during the time that I was on the farm, and I was on the farm until I was twenty-one. I remember their names, which were Buck and Brandy. If father had had anything of the poetical in him, he would have called them Brandy and Buck; then it would have had a meaning, whether you applied it to oxen, or to some other things. He was about to unyoke them, when I suggested to him—I was a pretty small boy by the way—that he had not detached them from the sled. He said, ‘‘Stand back’’, which, translated into English, meant “‘Get out of the way. I know what I am about.”’ These oxen were a little peculiar, particularly Buck. Buck was — the ‘‘nigh’’ ox. Again I suppose you do not understand what I mean. Brandy was the ‘“‘off’’ ox. In unyoking an ox team, or a team akin to an ox team, we always unyoke the ‘‘nigh’’ ox first. I will make this as clear as I can for you—purely a mat- ter of history. Father proceeded to back the oxen as close to the sled as he could, not having detached the sled from the yoke. This ‘“‘nigh’’ ox had the peculiarity when you drew the bow, of backing up suddenly in order to gain his freedom. An ox that was a gentleman when you took the bow out would pass forward and out from under the yoke; and in that way the man holding the yoke would not be in danger of having his hands skinned by the horns of the ox; but, this ox had this trait of always backing up. When father took the bow out from the yoke, the ox plunged suddenly backwards and landed on the sled. He had arranged the sled in such a position that if he went back very far, he would — id A 4 i a s 4 | ne ‘ elon PRY ee ae cet as A," a %. y 1 . P: ae ete = oe . oe my $ . Beye bade Ss i r fC "mit Re ea OG aS | — ae Dae 7 ; a ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 81 ? ep 5 { i Be loaded on the sled, and he succeeded. There the ox was, so et to speak sitting on his haunches; his fore legs out as if they were - his hands ; bellowing the best he could, and my father making the Fy ~ remark, ESN ow. there, take that, damn you!’’ In Michigan that if . ~ language is understood, especially in Democratic audiences. es Then he proceeded to unyoke the ‘‘off’’ ox, who was really a _ gentlemen. After that I remember that whenever he unyoked - that team the ‘“nigh’’ ox glanced to the left, and then to the right, 3 and walked straight forward. In other words, he was ‘‘cured’’. % I am just dropping a hint or two here that is fundamental He a in edueation. Father taught the ox a lesson, and did it in rather rin a erude way. I said to him afterwards, ‘“‘Supposing that this ox Le _ had broken his leg, then what?’’ ‘‘Huh,’’ he said, ‘‘We would I a have had some fresh beef.’’ He said, “‘ We shall never have any ah unless it is through an accident.’’ That was true, too. I am not going to tell you what we had to eat instead of beef, but he ie - was equal to the emergency. a Be _ I only give you this incident to help you understand how re Toad fairly familiar I am with oxen or with creatures akin to oxen. \ : | During all those twenty-one years on the farm, I yoked and un- a yoked; I plowed; I dragged; and did every kind of work that - ould be done with an ox team, and at no time was there ever a _ horse brought on the farm, except that occasionally father would ~ rent a skeleton and have me ride it in plowing out ¢orn. It a wasn’t a horse, just a skeleton. That is all the knowledge I had - of the horse as a boy. I used to hope that the day would come , _when father would have one horse on the farm, that I might do } as other boys did. If I remember correctly, there never was a s _ horse team employed on that farm except in haying time, and that i ~ was during the last year or two that I was on the farm. CRS . Since that time, I have owned two horses, one at a time. All : of my knowledge of the horse has been worked out through those 3 ‘two. I became very fond of both of them; the last one, as I five, have told you, had to be shot. The first one I had to let go at . a ~ almost any price, on account of her peculiarities in insisting on Lig having her own way. But I came to love the horse just the same. be know now Iam dropping a side remar k that is not very com- endable in a man of twentieth century intelligence, but, so ir as I am concerned now, to go about the country for my 4% surely ride of an hour or two a day, I would rather have a good 82 ; ASSOCIATION MEETINGS e horse than the best automobile that is made in the City of Detroit. — = With the last little brown mare I had, we could mosey along all y as : | over Mecosta County; and the most beautiful part of the county really is out from the roads on which the automobile can with some difficulty run. I could go with this horse wherever I ~ pleased, over the roughest kind of roads, comfortably too; see ae © something, get a sniff of the air, and appreciate in some measure | 5 the beautiful things that God Almighty had given to us. Where- — ee as, in an automobile, you see nothing, hear nothing, get nothing — Rotieyt 6 at this season of the year but hot air. You can always get hot — ‘ihe air without buying an automobile and going riding. I pay this tribute to the horse; and if your work were con- ~ fined solely to this animal, you need not worry. We have many — horses in Michigan, and we are going to have more. There is going to be a reaction by and by, and people who have sense enough to enjoy nature, and sense enough to ride, and sense enough to take a little further view of God’s world will insist upon a change by and by, and that change will be a return to the iy - horse. Iam longing for that time to come. 3 | I do not pay this tribute to the horse to be odd or eecentric. — lies I wish I had time to go into the story of the development of the ped horse, and of its usefulness to man, but I have not. I leave that. I have convinced you now that practically I know very little about the horse. Practically I cannot tell you men and women— if there are any women here practicing veterinary science, and f I do not know why in thunder they should not, as they practice nearly everything else—but I have a few other things that I~ o think must apply to veterinary men and women as well as to the medical men. Jam glad to have had a little closer knowledge of some other fields of human effort. xe ; In 1873—I have told it before in Detroit, so if there are any reporters or any here who have heard me, they won’t say, “‘Well, — same old story; the old fellow is getting pretty old, isn’t he? getting in his dotage; isn’t conscious of repetition’’—thank God — I shall probably not know when I am in my dotage; but I do - : know when I have repeated and stated a fact two or three times. — y I have told medical gatherings in the State of Michigan and else- 4 i where that in 1873 I was a student at the University of Michigan — inthe Medical Department. I wasn’t there to become a physician. — Bs I was there in order to fit myself better for the educational field — . \ a a : ago " ASSOCIATION. MEETINGS a3 Ly a = : - alt, “that T have occupied all these years, with the exception of the last an E threo ‘and a half years when I have been Governor of Michigan, a and even my educational equipment has been needed during that P Bs ‘time. How far I have succeeded in doing anything remains for {ote _ history to tell. a uy a At that time, in six months I received my credits for one year ’s work in medicine. Had I returned in the fall of 1874— +a Be: I was there in 1873-4—in six months more I could have received ¥ my degree of doctor of medicine. What is my object in telling Ae - this? You will see presently. vy We had the same lectures the second year that we had the } xed first, without any variation. A considerable number of the students - Bay would matriculate for the first year, and go out and teach school all winter, during that six months, get back in time to get their credits, and then in the second year with a senior’s _ notebook, graduate in medicine, having received a six month’s _ training at the University of Michigan. Don’t forget, of course, 3 ait the second year you had a little dissecting and possibly listened — ‘to a few additional lectures. During the first year, however, _ there was not a single quiz; no roll call, and no record kept. E I am talking of 1873. I know whereof I speak. I attended the lectures, because I was there to see what benefit I could get % ~ from the lectures in order that they might be of some value tome as a teacher. That was only in 1873. And when you received aie 4 your degree, there was no further trouble about practicing ynedi-... es eine. Six months’ training. Now, you have four years of abi least nine months each. Remember it was only six months then, 1th You have thirty-six months now in the poorest medical college ‘ee as against a possible twenty-four weeks boiled down. A revolu- ; tion has occurred. g While I could have furnished academic papers when I ma- _ triculated, I was not asked to supply them. I simply paid my pate, answered a few questions as to whether I had studied Latin ‘or not, as to pursuing certain other studies, and was admitted. "There were in that same class, men who could not write a decent sen- tence of English; and men who could not spell the mest common words men who did not have a common school education. That was in 1873. There has been a revolution since then. = fi Today a boy or girl cannot enter a reputable medical college ec ‘without a high school education. The tendency is to require at sa ; , a , ¢ sak => ‘ ; ASSOCIATION MEETINGS least one year of college work besides; in other medical schools _ two' years; and in some of our great medical colleges a col- lege training. What has been the result? It has been that in the last ten or fifteen years, the number of medical graduates of the United States has been cut in two. Medical colleges have — gone out of existence that never ought to have existed in the first place, and we are having a new era in turning out medical men. We have a sufficient number of medical men now, at least so says the last number of the Journal of the American Medical Associa- tion, wherein you will find a detailed report of all these matters. While I have told this story of the requirements in medical schools many times, what has that to do with you? All the way along these years since 1873, I have met with men who are kick- ing, kicking, kicking, because we demanded some academic train- ing for a man who should enter the profession of medicine. Kick- ing, kicking, kicking, because the requirements were becoming stiffer, stiffer, and stiffer all the time. Thank God we have entered this new era where the medical man must have an aca- demic training; whereby he must have the very best possible medical training; the very best posible clinical training in order that he may go out into the world and do something as a medical man. The same thing has happened to your profession, and I am glad of it. Yes, I venture to say there are men of your profession who are doing this kicking—not in this convention—they don’t come into conventions, they don’t read the recent literature, they use every available opportunity of finding fault when a new law is passed whereby the standard is raised a little higher. I am glad that you are entering upon a new era. I am glad that you are requiring in your best veterinary colleges that the student shall be at least a high school graduate; furthermore that he shall pursue a four year course; furthermore that in many states he should go before a state examining board and prove that he has a right to practice as a veterinary surgeon. : There may be some doubters or sceptics here. I do not say Iam glad of this, because it will lessen the number. Dr. Dunphy tells me that there are not too many veterinary practitioners today. Consequently you have nothing to worry about along that line. But, let me beg of the members of this association, nk heise 3 PP = See ey Wa wise: inc Hwee YH : Bh OV eee bliin s Se Ee ee, eae ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 85 , do a thing by word or by hint that will lower the standard the requirements for training men for your profession. - Gentlemen, you might at first thought say, ‘“‘That is right; it is tter for us,’’ but how much better it is for the animals you prac- tice on. That is where it is. In my thoughts I was thinking of the animals and not of you. ' By the way, since I arrived here, I have gotten another Biden well, I really had this idea—got it coming down on the train—I do not give Dr. Dunphy entire credit for it. I knew I had to say something when I arrived here or try to say something ; so I made my friends who were on the train think I was asleep, so that I might have a chance to run over any thought or eatch ‘ any thought that might be running around loose in my brain. I began to think about your work and the skill that it must require. As I said, I have not had any practical experience in observing 4 ou men to any extent. I do not know whether you have some - of the characteristics of the ordinary family physician or not. aa suspect that you have. I suspect that you cannot be entirely Pe different from the ordinary doctor. You know where the doctor’s "weakness is. We all have weaknesses. We might as well be _ perfectly frank about it, all of us. If any of you men don’t think 80 just ask your wives what they think about it. After a man has been in practice for some time—lI am talking about the regular * Ephysician now—he is likely to go off half-cocked, and say ‘‘This _ is your ailment’’, writes a little prescription, sends you to the ros store. There is no no especial value in very many of your ‘prescriptions, by the way. I was a sceptic when I entered the medical department of the Michigan University and I came out a Ss peptic, and I have been growing, growing, growing in my scep- ticism so far as the use of very many drugs is concerned on human Tieiries, horses, cattle or dogs. ~ Jam not abusing you. It is too bad that some young men ‘start off with putting in their cases twenty-five or thirty remedies, thinking they are armed for anything that may happen. Rub- ish! Just as well throw it in the river and go on and see your ¢ ase and prescribe, —in most eases, not all—I am not talking about s irgery now. I am not careless in what I have to say, but the tendency of the physician is to go off, as I said, half-cocked, and Ww here he thinks a certain epidemic is prevailing, pronounces some testimony from the patient, and the ordinary physician has ’ horses or practices medicine or is in the political game. eh Fe ee fe eat Ene seein ape tS Cie te I he On ea ( oes i at Sas, iF oeiad : 4 N jee ta a Sa, yh een, Ra : Nae Soe al Se: : oes 86 . ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In examining a human being, except a baby, you can get — an advantage over the veterinarian. Very few of the animals — you have to deal with can talk back, very few. Some of them can, | in a language which you understand, but ordinarily they will not } give you a complete account of their condition. Consequently | you have to know accurately and scientifically symptomatology, — or the behavior of the animal in order to know whether he is well or sick and just what that ailment may be. Consequently if the standard for education and for scientific acumen ought to — be high in any profession, it ought to be high in yours and quite 4 as high as in the medical profession. I rank you along with the ~ regular medical profession. IT am aware that years ago they used to say, “‘Oh, he is just a horse doctor.’’ I have known men to get angry when some ~ allusion of that kind was made. I have seen some comment in ~ the newspapers recently that I did not sympathize with in par- | ticular. I could not see any reason why anybody should reply to an innuendo, to a criticism based on the vocation that a man might follow. It matters not what a man’s vocation is in any 4 given position. If he is equal to the job, if he is master of the — situation, it is nobody’s business whether he pulls teeth, cures After all, my friends, there is a change that ought to come over your profession, similar to that which has come over thes medical profession. JI can remember the old family doctor who ~ used to come to my father’s house. He was a caution, in dress ~ and in his want of cleanliness, and his language. There is noth- ing personal about this. I do not want anybody to get sensitive at all. Most of you seem to be as well dressed as the Governor. ~ I have been told that I am entirely out of style. I tried to buy ~ a white vest the other day in Lansing and they said to me, ‘‘Don’t ~ you know that this is a.dry town?’’ I see that some of you under- — stand. In other words some of you men know who must wear — white vests. I have not been at any place in Detroit, consequently — I cannot speak for Detroit, but honestly, I could not buy a white ~ vest in Lansing. I want you to bear in mind how fashions change. I am not going to try to get one here tomorrow before I go. T told Mrs. Ferris I would wear these out, and bid them an eternal — and ever-lasting farewell, “4 os “Az a See : ce) dis SA gee ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 87 a My friends, there were people in that neighborhood, a few of ‘them, who thought that old Dr. Garfield was all the more power- ful because of his superabundance of whiskers, his lack of clean- ‘liness, his unfitting clothes and his never-clean boots. We wore boots in those days. I do not know whether ary of you fellows _ ever saw a pair of boots or not. We wore boots. We never prere shoes.. That was not a shoe age. It was a boot age, and the boot is much more serviceable than tle shoe in some civilized Behcicty. I think in some localities we shall come back to the boot after a while. Go into his office, and it was simply a junk shop. That has all passed and gone now. In even a small com- _ munity let a regular physician come and not recognize the fact ' that the people generally, whatever har dship they may be bear- ing, however humble they may be, or however simple in their — dress, like to see their physician who is supposed to be an illus- tration of some features of sanitakion, in good clothes, clean ~ shaven. If he does not wear ‘‘bushes’’—and I have no objection > to that—that is only a question of style; a man who will wear 4 fur i in Michigan at this season of the year, well—I am glad you are good natured or else I would be thrown out, I am sure. _ drives a Ford, of course. I do not get anything for this remark, but I ought to be paid for it. I prize the little Ford for other - things than simply getting you there. You get Swedish move- : ments thrown in free, when gasoline is 19 cents a gallon I like to get something free. So I have kind words for these institutions - that help a man in more ways than’ one. _ I say that the old-time physician that I am describing as belonging to my father’s day is gone, dead and gone beyond all possible resurrection. He did his work. Just so with the vet- erinarian. The time will come when no veterinarian will feel E that it is imperative that he shall have a junk shop in connection with his livery stable. I understand that is to be handed to horses, but thunder, the largest part of your work is outside of the consideration of the horse, isn’t it? If you are onto your job, if you are really twentieth century veterinarians, your work is immensely bigger than the horse, so it is not absolutely necessary at you should be where you can sleep with the horse and eat Today he drives a good horse; he drives an automobile, he- 88 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In other words, these remarks that I am making do not apply to you. They apply to the people at home. But what can you ~ do? Why, you can wake them up. Go after these people. Show them wherein they fail to get the confidence of the people and be worthy of any especial consideration. I congratulate you men — that you will travel across the continent, that you will come to- gether for several days to discuss the great problems connected with your profession; and I have only thrown in these side hints to show you that you are marching right along fully abreast of all the other professions, and there is not any courtesy that I can think of that they are worthy of that you are not worthy of. ; If you will pardon me I want to appeal to you just as I did to the physicians. I think that your field is simply marvellous. The work that you can do in relation to sanitation, in relation to domestic animals, in relation to the different analysis of food pro-— ducts—why, it seems to me that the field that is open before you is magnificent in the extreme. I had a dream once upon a time that I would be a doctor, but my father handled me the way he handled the ox, so I did not become a doctor at the time I had ex- _ pected to. I am very glad because I would have begun at six- teen. I would have been traveling around the country today with rabbits in my whiskers and probably had fifteen to eighteen ehil- dren, which, of course would have elicited the sympathy of Roose- velt, and he would have made me popular in that way; but never- theless my career would have been quite different and then Michi- gan would have lost immensely. T have paid you high enough compliments and I have been ab- solutely sincere in it, because the animal world has for me a sub- lime attraction. I wrote home this morning, sent a special de- livery to Mrs. Ferris telling her that this morning at four o’clock when I came out of the front door my dog Tot was at the door. I had given her a treatment yesterday, a gentle one, just what any one of you veterinarians would have given her if I had called you and paid you five dollars. I saved five dollars, you see, by my knowledge. I wrote home a special letter. ‘‘Please, while I am gone, take good care of Tot.”’ I do not care what you say about the Governor in regard to his relations to animals. If you have got to whip your dog, just excuse me long enough to get out of hearing. I do not say you should not whip the dog; I do not say you should not whip ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 89 -your boy; I do not say you should not whip your girl. That depends altogether on your knowledge. That depends altogether ~ onyour control. If, however, there is no other medicine in sight, - rather than let the child go to the devil, or the dog or the horse, ~ T would use the rawhide if necessary. I hope the newspaper men will get me correctly, because I have never used the rawhide very much. I have never had oe- — easion to whip a dog; I have never had occasion to strike a -horsea blow. I go to the other extreme. I will say the man who will strike a horse an unnecessary blow, who will strike a dog '- an unnecessary blow, who will strike an ox an unnecessary blow, | __—_will, when the occasion arises, strike his wife or his mother. If ~ ‘there are unmarried women in my audience, | would ask them to be particular to observe the young man whose attentions they have in, relation to their treatment of the horse or dog. You ean - get at the real essence of the brute. } Il expect you men to do something in the future away beyond what you have done in the past in the way of humane treatment of the animal creation. Bless your heart, what is the main thing that you and the doctors have to do? Give dope? No. Cure disease? No. What is the big thing? The greatest thing, the all important thing in this world today is prophylaxis, to pre- vent disease; how to teach sanitation and the laws of health, whereby both men and animals will be free from disease. That is the first thing, the big thing, the everlasting thing. What can you do in your community in that line? We have found out that even hogs thrive best in cleanly sur- roundings. I think the man is in this audience tonight who, when I said to him, ‘‘ How are you getting along in such a county overcoming hog-cholera?’’ He said, ‘‘First rate.’’ “I suppose ' you are doing this magnificent work, in overcoming hog-cholera _ with serum?’’ ‘‘No, no.’’ I said, ‘‘How under heavens are you ing the farmer, the owner of the hogs, cleanliness, cleanliness, cleanliness,’’ so that even the hog thrives in cleanly surround- ‘ings and it is an injustice to the hog, a slander on the hog to think _ that by nature he is a filthy animal. He is a cleanly animal, and ' most animals are cleanly when they have half a chance, even _ human beings. I add that because it is pathetic. So I beg of you men to go out as teachers. doing the great work of overcoming hog-cholera?’’ ‘‘By teach-_ listed or for which we have statistics, about two-thirds is listed, Vi ts eae es a 2 pe te ee CQ Seah arlene GEM ET 7 il Ee Se a ee Moe Sean ct * “ . ‘ mek ha? he fe ut Va a Y ‘cr Re . Sf Wat ete SLi iy see on BY Orn RON 4 YT \ , : al ae : he es “4 = ‘ an \ i . = hae 90 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS eel r Bey: sf The regular physicians are giving from time to time free ox aminations for tuberculosis. Think of it, im ten years by teach- — ing sanitation, by teaching the laws of health, we have reduced | it in the United States, that is for the portion of it that is now we have reduced the death rate in ten years, twenty-five per ‘cent. By curing tuberculosis? No, no. By preventing tuber- . culosis. Likewise in dealing with hogs and cattle and horses, your chief work is in the line of teaching sanitation and inei- ie dentally when you teach sanitation with reference to hogs and — horses, when farmers actually discover that horses need pure air, that in their home they must have lhght, that cows must have light and must have air, and must be cared for and must have — exercise, exercise, exercise, that the simple laws of health that — apply to men apply to animals. Can’t you do something to teach — a the people along that lne? There will come a reaction as simple © as* a,b; ¢. The story is told in the slums of London that one day a little child from a very humble home slipped out into the street and was caught by some woman who was conducting a mission. The little child was taken into the mission, face washed, hands washed, hair combed, made as cleanly as possible, and the little child finally strayed back to his home and when the mother, who was unkempt and unclean, saw the little child, she at once proceeded ~ to put herself in order. I say to you men that we can get from you a reaction in the home; that naturally when farmers and people generally come to understand that hogs and chickens and sheep and horses and all the domestic life must have cleanly surroundings, must have the best sanitation, there will come a reaction in the home and — by and by, slowly, people will, at night, sleep with the windows — open. I am not referring to this particular spell of weather— — and will get the benefit of the simple laws of sanitation. So I plead with you men, and beg of you men to do pase more than wait for a call. Do a little constructive work in your — neighborhood, and that will be the easiest way to shut out the - quack. All over Michigan we have the quack and kicker, the — fellow who ought to be exterminated for the good of the animals of the state in which he resides. It is up to you to do it. When | the people become thoroughly convinced that your function is A TS et ee eo een en oe met ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 91 | - as important as I have described it, it will have a healthy action. t? Lastly, do not forget the human side. It is in your power, a dealing with these dumb animals, to shed a genial influence over _ the boys and girls in the treatment of animals. You have learned already that I am a school master, but I want to say to you that these things are important from the last point I am making tonight, the humane point. 4 I saw a little boy come out of a certain church in Big Rapids on a dark Sunday morning. I was not in the church, of course, I was coming home, probably from the post office, and met him on the sidewalk. I will be perfectly frank with you because naturally you would say, ‘‘How did you happen to be out on this dark morning?’’ This little fellow had just come from Sunday ~ sehool and had under his arms two books, evidently books he was going to read during the week. LTinferred that. At the point where we met there was a stone walk that went out to a horse - bloek and on that stone walk there stood a toad, attending to ‘ his own business. Probably he did not know that it was Sunday ; probably he did not know that there was Sunday school that day ; ; - and he probably did not know that a boy who had failed to learn _ kindness to animals would be likely to come that way. The boy _ stepped out from the walk, out of his way, off the main line of the walk, stepped out and put his heel on the toad and crushed its oo life out. Remember now, he had just come from Sunday school. Me That is nothing against the Sunday school, not at all, but ~ you cannot teach morals, nor you cannot teach religion—I am saying _ this dogmatically—simply by word of mouth; you have got to do it by example. The boy had got to learn kindness to his dog ' _ through the kindness his father renders to his horse, to his mother, ‘ to his sister and to animals on the farm. It is the objective kind- a ness, the objective tenderness that must be practiced towards the » animal world, and you men are in a better position to teach some things that are humane to the boys and girls of this country _ than the preachers, than the school teachers, all because you are _ dealing with animals directly. 4 Pardon me for this personal appeal. I thank -you ever i “ ‘so much for listening to me for fifty minutes. I did not come | here with any special message. The only reason I dared talk a = es is é = . — aoe ae Se oe ne et eee ~< Ps ed 4 —% oo OR - PEAS a - « ae > : Nn Ee - =< -5 t _ Pas ited y st See r ie bog a LE EOE Fez P., Sa 9 > tee $y — ae cS Rare, ENE SE ae So rete Mace ns ke ne ~ c fe x ‘ark Sy Gt Ce ae ee Yel xe a 3 ea one . : : Fed 5 ois : :- : f Y A sey r Y, 3 " a, uj * 7 af = 7 92 Csi ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ok: eee " ae we are looking for a larger degree of kindness towards Be mal kingdom. So The present war in Europe strikes terror to the hearts ofS most men who think at all. They wonder how it is possible that | we could have gotten down to the primitive element, the primi- — tive brute instincts, brought them to the surface, to destroy to | the bitter end. They wonder whether we shall ever get back to — where we can be kind at all, where we can be humane. But it — goes clean down along the line as I have described it and I still have faith, and I still have hope that by and by we shall aetually | come to the conclusion that we are on the right track, and that — we are great in proportion as we are humane. ——$<——— RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME J. G. RUTHERFORD, Calgary, Canada Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Ihave been connected d with the American Veterinary Medical Association for a very — considerable number of years. I have been a horse doctor for ~ a great many more. I have listened during that period, and even in years before that, to a very great many addresses of various kinds. I have from time to time regretted, even after — the passage of years, the time spent in listening to some of those — addresses. During all those years, I have no recollection of evar — having listened to so good, so searching, so intelligent, and so ~ comprehensive an address given by a public man to a special — audience, with whose aims and objects, manner of life, he himself — confessed in his opening sentences, he was altogether unfamiliar. — I will look back to the end of my days with very great pleasure and personal gratification to having been present tonight. ! We in Canada, always friendly to our great big sister south — of the line, have been particularly friendly to the State of Michi-— gan. You know we at one time had proprietary rights in Michi-_ gan, and then when these were lost, they were once more re-— sumed, and again Michigan passed from our hands. ‘‘It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all’’, and we have never lost our love fer Michigan. In the State of Michigan, — there are many thousands, and tens of thousands of people who were born across the line, and who came over here into Michi- <9 t - ’ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 93 gan—and because it is a part of my creed, following the Gover- nor’s principles, I am not going to tread upon anybody’s corns if IT can help it, but I am going to suggest that possibly the intel- ligenece which is by common corsent yielded to Michigan may be to some slight, infinitesimal extent, due to this infusion of Cana- dian blood from across the border. We have always known that the people of Michigan were possessed of good, common sense ; and that that was one of their main characteristics. We knew that they were comparatively, at least, honest. We knew that they were upright. We knew that they were progressive; and we knew that they were, generally speaking, at any rate, a sober people, a sober-minded people. If anybody in this audience ever had any doubt upon that subject, those doubts have been forever set at rest tonight, because a state possessing a people which has shown the common sense that the people of Michigan have shown in electing to the governorship of this state a man possessed of the mind and the ideas, to say nothing of the oratorical powers of our friend the Governor, needs, like the old wine, no bush. We need make no song about the State of Michigan and its common sense, because to our minds it has been justified fully by the selee- tion of its chief magistrate. You and I, ladies and gentlemen, on both sides of the inter- national boundary, have listened to a very great many addresses from public men, who honored us by coming to our various con- ventions. You, as I, have noted, although we did not always re- mark it publicly, a vast difference in the various addresses pre- sented to us by these public men in different parts of this con- -tinent. Some of them were child-like in their simplicity. Others were funny. Some were positively painful. I think I am safe in saying without any unkindness in my heart to the the gentle- men who made these speeches, that. none of them were in any way to us, as a body, instructive until tonight. We have had a sound, practical sermon from a sane, hard-headed man. We who have been in the profession for many years know that everything he said tonight was true in regard to our pro- fession, as regards the humility of its origin, and the social dis- paragement, which is from time to time cast upon it and its progress upward through the years, the decades of progress to which so many of the gentlemen whom I see sitting around me here tonight have contributed in no small degree. The mem- Sas O. * ie i Saat Ok + fried are RN og ce J ha Sed Gal ies “EE es af se ; ne AN aaa : é Pe AS sh oe 4 = Bee Sib 1M . ey , f : é ° Weg iy Ds mn a Bo hae SO An ae ; ey 4 pe Nes fe BD. 5 ; : j ) eat ae 94 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ; 1 ty : pio 8 ee SS ee Jn \ ; a the veterinary profession know every word he said was absolutely true. His speech was true and searching, not only in regard to ~ what I have said, but in regard to the actual work of our pro- | fession. His remarks in regard to prophylaxis or prevention of PEs a ease, were worthy of note by every young practitioner in this room and out of it; and I want to tell you something as one who for many years practiced in a rural community, that there is no” better way to acquire an influence for good under control of public opinion, than to tell these people everything that you pos- sibly can in regard to the cause, as well as the prevention of dis- ease. ; A great many veterinarians, particularly of the older school — q hesitate to tell the farmer what is the reason that his horse, or his cow, or his hog is sick, because they say, ‘“Why, the number of cases that we get will be reduced, and our fees will suffer in proportion.’’ ‘That is the greatest mistake in the world. Keep on educating the owners of the live stock which you are called — to see. Show them the errors which they are making from a | hygienic point of view, from a dietetic point of view; from a point ~ of view of exercise and work, and you gain the confidence of those men just as soon as they find out that you know what you | are talking about, and realize that what you say is true. Once you have the confidence of those men, they come to you with every little ailment, they come to you for advice, and you need not _always charge them for it, if it does not cost you anything to give it to them. It is absolutely true, what the governor said, it is part of the duty of the veterinarian in any community, in a city community, as well as in the country. This is more read- ily seen, and possibly more lasting in the rural community hae ‘2 in the urban community. . Then he grasped what so many people fail to grasp, end that is the fact that the real skillful and conscientious and suceess- ful veterinarian has to be a whole lot better man than the medical — practitioner. He has to be a better man, because he has to find — “ out from a dumb animal what is the matter with it, and the whole A thing is observation. A man must cultivate observation from the time he starts practicing. He has to know what every move a 3 . sick animal makes, means. Lameness they say is the language of ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 95 pain. So it is;-.in sickness, there is a language of pain, and I know there are sitting around me tonight a great many men who understand that language, and who by their ability to read that language can make a correct, sound diagnosis. They know what is the matter with the animal, and consequently they can treat it intelligently. I have often thought and I have often regretted that I did not go into that line of practice myself, when we know the ter- rible mortality among children that there is all over the world. I have often thought that the best possible man to treat young children, would be the veterinarian, the skillful, sympathetie, observant veterinarian. He has become so accustomed to observe and read the symptoms of dumb animals that in nine cases out of ten, he can make a very much better diagnosis in a child than can the physician who is accustomed to asking the patient a whole lot of questions, using the bed-side material, which, of course, is not so necessary in the case of our patients, and must judge for himself as to whether the patient is telling the truth or fabri- eating falsehoods as he goes along. The veterinarian, with sym- pathy and intelligence certainly has the. training to treat the young children. I remember, away up in Manitoba, when I was in practice, there was a young Scandinavian servant girl, and she spoke no English. There were no other Scandinavians in the neighbor- hood, and her employer had no knowledge of her language at all, and the girl took very ill. They called in the physician, and he came and tried to find out from that poor girl what was wrong with her; but he could not speak to her, and she could not speak to him; and finally he turned around and said to her employer, ““There is only one man around here who can tell what is the mat- ter with this girl, and that is Rutherford; you had better send for him.”’ That was just an illustration of what the Governor was re- ferring to tonight. There is not one layman in a thousand who, in my experience, takes enough thought of the veterinary pro- fession, or of the difficulties which attend veterinary practice, to put his finger on that little point, but he did it. Then again, he talks about kindness and humanity to dumb animals. You all know he is absolutely right. You all know how much more you can do with an unruly or fractious patient by 96 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS treating him kindly than you can by treating him roughly. Ing our work, as you know, there comes a point where we have either — to use force or an anaesthetic. Personally, I generally prefer the 4 latter, but long before that point is reached, those of us who have worked in the profession for many years, know how much ean be’ ~ done by patient and gentle handling of our suffering dumb — friends. We also know this: from certain farms the horses come — to us for treatment, and the cows with which we deal are kindly 4 and gentle, docile and friendly; you can do almost anything ~ you like with them. The horses from some other farms are savage, ugly tempered, cranky, vicious, bite and kick, and do all ; sorts of mean things. Why? That is the treatment received at home. You all know that just as well as I do, and the Gover- — nor also put his finger on that, and I reiterate that never in my ~ long life have I listened to a better and sounder address than we ~ had tonight from Governor Ferris of Michigan. I have heard a lot of these public men upon a public plat- form—you know I was ten years in politics myself—and I am on to a good many of their curves,—I was wondering what he was going to get at. When he began discussing the professional — man, the medical man and the veterinarian, it reminded me of — the old story, the scene of which, by the way, was laid in Michi- gan, the story of the farmer, who one very hot afternoon in Aug- ust, was driving along a very dusty road on the spring seat of a lumber wagon chewing a straw. He overtook an individual in somewhat rusty black clothing who was trudging along on-the — dusty grass by the side of the dusty road. He offered him a ride, © and the chap climbed upon the spring seat, and they rode along a couple of miles in silence. Finally the farmer said, ‘‘Say Mis- ter, what might your business be?’’ ‘‘Oh,’’ said the chap, “Friend, I am a professional man.’’ ‘‘Oh,’’ said the farmer. | They rode along for another half mile, the farmer keeping a sly — glance at the visitor, and he said, ‘‘What kind of a professional ~ man be you anyway? You ain’t a preacher, or you would have ~ a collar on; you ain’t a doctor, or you would have your kit; you — aint a lawyer, or you would be talkin; what kind of a profes-— sional man be you?”’’ ‘‘Why,”’ said the chap, ‘‘My friend, I am in politics.”’? “‘Why,’’ the farmer said, ‘‘Polities! That ain’t a profession; that’s a disease.’’ All I can say is that if they get into that disease, politics, a few such doctors as our friend Gover- nor Ferris, the stigma will be taken out of it in short order. “ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 97 — Now, aries: and Gentlemen, I do not propose to occupy any "more of your time. If I were to talk to you for an hour, I could _ not say anything more in appreciation than I have said, and there ig no use rubbing it into you, for you all know that it is true, and _ you all know that I have not overdrawn the picture one word. On behalf of this association, I desire to convey to you, sir, our most sincere thanks for your courtesy in coming to visit us to- 4 - night, for your kindly words, and above all, for the practical sermon which you were good enough to deliver. ——_»——_— REPORT OF THE SECRETARY During the past year many matters have come up which de- serve mention in the report of the secretary :— ; ZZ (1) THe Question oF Dues. At the 1915 meeting in Oak- land, the association voted to increase the annual dues to five dol- “lars. This matter had been proposed at the New York meeting’ in 1913 and referred to the executive committee. At the 1915 meet- ing, the executive committee recommended that the proposed amendment be rejected. The association, however, rejected the _ recommendation of the executive committee and voted the adop- tion of the amendment to increase the dues to $5.00. A study of _ the debate preceding the vote as transcribed by the official steno- | grapher convinced your secretary that it was the understanding of _ those present and voting that the change in dues would not take place until September, 1916. (See Journal of the A.V.M.A., Vol. Be 2, p. 287.) This opinion was endorsed at the special meeting of _ the executive committee held in Chicago, Dee. 3rd, 1915. Acting : ri : _ $3.00 rate but applicants for admission have been charged $10.00 ~ instead of $8.00 and applicants for reinstatement $11. 00 instead of — $9.00. : 3 (2) Fuvanciat Conpirion or tHe A. V.M. A. For several Be years the treasury has been in a somewhat impoverished condition. _ At the 1913 meeting, the financial conditions were such that in publishing: the proceedings of that meeting, it was necessary for the officers of the association to assume responsibility for some $3000. 00. The cancelling of the 1914 meeting, which was to have - been held in New Orleans, resulted in temporarily bettering the 5 ) ir lancial condition of the association by the accumulation in the _ on this ruling, dues during the past year have been collected at the | 98 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS treasury of an entire year’s dues without the expense of publishing — ‘the proceedings of an annual meeting. During the past year, it — has been possible to pay bills, although several times, the balance in the treasury has been reduced to almost nothing. On October Ist, 1915, because of lack of sufficient funds to _ purchase the American Veterinary Review, the sub-committee on oii Journal (Drs. Marshall, Eichhorn and Lyman) gave personal notes amounting to $1500. Only five hundred dollars of this still re- — ~ mains to be paid and this note does not mature until October, 1916. The financial prospects for the coming year are excellent. The acquisition of a Journal was a good financial move. At the pres- ent rate, in less than two years, it will pay for its purchase price of $2500, through the saving over the former cost of publishing the proceedings in book form. The Journal has doubtless been of enough indirect benefit to already pay for itself. The larger num- ber of applications on file, 421, are largely due to the prestige of pub- lishing a journal. With the annual dues at $3.00, the association has been able to meet the obligations of financing the Journal and | to this has paid $5112.35, including $2000 on the purchase price. The coming year, there remains only $500 to pay on the purchase price. All bills presented up to date have been paid and there yet remains a cash balance of $1349.06 in the hands of the treas- urer. The 1916 dues now payable amount to over $10,000. In ease it is decided to continue the dues at $3.00, about $900 of this will either have to be returned to applicants or credited on their 1917 dues. (3) ReEorGANIZATION. It is recommended that the associa- tion proceed to reorganize without further procrastination. The present by-laws are unsatisfactory for conducting the business of the association. In order to conform to the requirements of the U. S. Post Office Department, it has been necessary to change the form of ap- — plication blank. The present method of transacting business causes not only a waste of time but is an undignified procedure for a- national organization such as the A.V.M.A. (4) Incorporation. The Oakland meeting accepted the rec. ommendation of the executive committee ‘‘that this association be incorporated as the American Veterinary Medical Association.”? (See Journal of A.V.M.A., Vol. 1, p. 776.) The President araneem a with his attorney, ee expense to the association, to draw up — @ % i oa ve i <_ A ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 99 tentative articles of incorporation. These were discussed by the President and Secretary. Since the attorney’s advice, after sev- eral conferences, was not to incorporate until after reorganization, it was deemed for the best interests of the association to hold the matter in abeyance. This decision was concurred in by the chair- man of the reorganization committee. During the year, over 25,000 pieces of first class mail have been sent out by the secretary’s office. Your secretary re- grets some mistakes which have occurred in his office. With a limited amount of time to devote to the association work, it has | been difficult to personally attend to some of the details. I would a recommend that a full-time secretary be employed and that a per- manent office be established in some centrally located city. The seoretary.of the American Medical Association recently granted an interview to two of your officers (Dr. Hart and the writer) during which it was suggested that there were certain advantages in es- tablishing the secretary’s office in the state in which the association q 4 shed ‘incorporates. SUMMARY OF SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL REPORT Z . Am’t Ree’d for dues and applications..... $10,150.40 eh Am’t Ree’d from other sources (see items fa. ‘1.91, Say) ieee ie ai ane na eslenths ee ee 3.05 F Wieat staecetyed #1 slo ciciyiniavs. eee ome $10,153.45 2 ; For Debit Acct. see p. 195. e-em. sent Treasurer, Dr. Schneider........ $10,137.45 ____ Debit in acct. checks returned (insuffic. funds) 16.00 ea Sea A es oa ESNIPS SU DG meat aD wie a eR TR R25 $10,153.45 Dy | MEMBERS MEMBERS i OT a eae 2D) EA Wall: (h.re ules hele eee ae ee 8 Meee FIZONa see ee 3. id alior..2 gsc oc ee relate nee 15 BerATISAS ©. 4. Se 3s TERM OIS, ss cers ke eee 121 me California ................ 14)... Bhdiana')>7 77 eee Se ee 110 MeeOlOnTadO 2.005. ee ee 33 LOWS ioe hen ee ee 80 Meeeconnecticut ...(0.......... 31 -KRANSHS oe Sark Mite a Seren 50 Meme elaware 0.2.2. 2.0 oe... 4. Ken tricky? 0, cu ee ae one 22 > District of Columbia....... 40 < Douisiamer coke tues Hh apts MOM 5.55 See ec ee 5. Maine sect. cee nee ee 14 MTT A ae ee 8 8 1h Maryland’s x 220) 3, oes 31 hs SRE eee eRe se 1’. Massachusetis Gal 73 vase. USGA M i : 52, e ; ; “ ree ey x a & : ; Saree : 100 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS a5 ; MEMBERS ; MEMBERS Mioniran S vak whee ooh 69 (Vermont 374 > 2/7 eee pel Bo WMarimesntaset ss, x. 8 ue 57: Virginia” ./. .4 5.2 ieee eee x Mississippi pS 5s Le nee ay 4h PAE Washington ttt ne eae 2 ake we 29 Mises oc sss hee. a es 66. West ‘Virgmia . 2)... 13 . Wo ATT str cls ee. Scene 20. Wisconsin "+. 2.5 geen o9- \ % : | TE CV GEkS Ee Veg eee an 67°. Wyonting 2.2.” = eee ae Tae - Nevada SAMOS em eeore meets us tes 9 CANADA ; New Hampshire .......... o' Niberta = oe git Bg er eTsey) --.wn-- ss 2+ > 88° Veritigh Columbia a aan 14 a New: Wexico 2550 2. b den/e 48 13 Manitoba: 2253-2) +.) ae 22 New York ........++++5+55 149 -New Branswicki.. ae 1 Marin oarolinasc. 2. as ook 16) ony PEE PRIS mes North Dakota (00... 0...°597 Gorn enn Ohio... 0s... sees eee ee ees 99 Quebet: 703. ha. eee uit ae PRS HT giiti rere aa 3 Prince Edward Island ..... 1 POMS VLVAITIA vs 9) oP. ooan oes 144 Sask at hen an rd ae pe Bilippine Islands~:..4... 18 OTHER COUNTRIES EMELOTNICO.>. 23 25... sie. s I. Australia. 7-2) eee 1 Peaodenisland ts. Sys. of es 6 -China-*o2.0 2. See t pouch Carolina: <4... 64... 13°. England .<:)45 323 eee 2 pouimaDaAkota. on. vers oe: 2? URE LoS 226 (a het Ege AR IE Ee ra Coloma, Mich. Rem s leanVick Te, ys on Sie hess os Fredericksburg, Va. >| 07) LET OPE A Pei ec RR ar mie rae East St. Louis, Tl. DI. SUNG Eo i OS ae ee a ee a A CRB Sa Portland, Ore. ee SST PR CR eae el Per oe Memphis, Tenn. RPE SEM POMP Ri) oo oc58 San oe se Saseje oe Oke at tae bee Billings, Mont. RE OTM Oat od sae oe a Ok hak Mile we ay, eR Porterville, Cal. Pee mere NOS AY 2% oscil See cals PR Seles we koe Chicago, Il. 1) SUE ETS SMI Ye eae Rg aa Aa Soc ne ee Chicago, Ill. SIEM EN soe ek hk Sob oes ha geen eee Flint, Mich, Peaemibosh, iv. Does stk Sade. Can Te es eee Toronto, Ont. Memeo lement Ui. ss ev ore. Bigs Ai ORR Towson, Md. ETM. 3 har. ee ce ee National Stock Yards, Ill. REAR Lp rhe FS oS a oy le a ie Petre 8" ee Portland, Ore. emeemere rt ranilins 5. 2S ye sf See Re ee ea Philadelphia, Pa. MreremisaiMas Wh... cls oo oa ed he eee Washington, D. C. 3 GTS Siig 32 ele Cnn tee eA Sr Steen Se aoe Bont Omaha, Nebraska eee NAC TT on NS Sh gio. Sa bse ome Go oa Ag ee Carson, Ia. RE ete esters? re). 2Y, Mac alias Skee ee Sheridan, Ind. Pet Sl Se rete a ene PR A ae ems Revo, Moosomin, Sask. MMMM Mee Ho or Re ER oleae eee Laramie, Wyo. MRR CLIN ATL. 2. 5-2". 4.20% 50 ace 2 heels a 2 wl vinaga ae Vancouver, B. C. TLDS ETE] SS Sg Se eRe na oe Grand Rapids, Mich. RB ASB ssp ao. ¥ hol eee fs sw Dl oho, cae Me Chicago, Ul. rem EN ANT ie By 207 25. ool pac SDS, nal ede = warepeeae Garretson, S. D. Executive Committee, American Vet. Med. Ass’n, Gentlemen : I herewith present the names of the following members for honor roll who, according to the records of the A.V.M.A., have been in continuous membership in good standing for twenty-five years: Ackerman, E, B., 367 Flushing Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Brenton, 8., 121 W. Alexandria Ave., Detroit, Mich. Connaway, J. W., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 102 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Da Se Grange, E. A. A., Ontario Vet. College, Toronto, Ontario. age Hughes, Joseph, 2537 State St., Chicago, Hl. , ae Knowles, M. E., Helena, Mont. i “*MeNeil. Jas. C., 3349 Webster Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. Mayo, N. S., 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, II. Meisner, H. A., 1133 Hartford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Nelson, 8. B., Pullman, Wash. Paige, Jas. B., Amherst, Mass. 1a Peterson, W. E., 16 Lyman St., Waltham, Mass. a Reynolds, M. H., Experimental Farm, St. Paul, Minn. tRyan, J. F., 2525 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. Sollberger, R. J., 1412 S. 8th St., St. Louis, Mo. Turner, J. P., 916 O. St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Whitney, Harrison, 20 George St., New Haven, Conn. i (Five of these members were admitted to the association in | 1890; the others in 1891.) *Delinquent (1910) tDelinquent (1913) C. M. Harine, Secretary. ge eee ¥ NEW MEMBERS ELECTED AT THE DETROIT MEETING @ ALABAMA 4 PRET EELON EEL) Oncaco iy = os a ore ack ap a ao tore. 6 peek Oi Re ie hele concer oe New Decatur EPR SF MORO Co aa enc ctl AVE ma a Wenn tener tenet ote epete) alae ence niet cg ee Wilton — Fowles “Phos: VBlake: :s =)12.00 GAs, 2 co oes ttre tek Rekon ye ee orale et eee Oxford etal EY, A Wan, 3) Pa, es. 28 Go ged Sethe pcre Cee sire eee Cia nee Mobile Menor, SManiel si) Liet 5. =. saan} ae Siege he Pernt es inks ee . Auburn iI Rye: CU Se eee ee renee NRE SSSI ation hte So Glu ay aaa Birmingham _ DULY GE Oishi nad Wier M Gar eters sabe ohare ztat ole anil Nias © Ceotayatele nye gee te) Sec hee veneer Mobile | Sarickier? Don Be... .3 5. sos. Se oA pa Oe ee as eee eee Birmingham ‘ Motmble): JOS xc. Soak ca ses ak meer eae oe oo ete ee ene on ee ae Cullman 4 Wilson oward. GC. c.% ncsigszere segue ts ee ele epee 16 Yancy St., Montgomery ~ CALIFORNIA " Beach we ta yINOHG 21% cate it Notice cg oie pase ere University Farm, Davis . iounikson.s HWarmyab srs 2/0... scree 2250 ol evetts, Soe, the 2226 Parker St., Berkeley _ Rms On Seo fue. oa, a Oa ae aie eee ace oe eee Hollister Caldwell Robert ss. -eac toe aac bote bea ees 6th and Grayson St., Berkeley — Carre Wan! SRS. Seti: o clen aat eok ee ae 816 San Pedro St., Los Angeles a Dardis, = Phos’ Dv. fa. Se ee Stockton Owell Mdgar Cis. cae on rice Ue ak core sok a ee Bishop Kerr, Owenl Wil? Stites osterudie@ ee There Lie ean ee match eee eee Turlock — Weer: ELC. SS ee. i cae te eee 816 San Pedro St., Los Angeles © MeBean.; Wimi.s' Oi .n eos io Se es leh oa ee ee San Mateo Manton wdaerbert, Obi .8..-cgsl chase torres eg oe ...354 Chestnut Ave., Long Beach 4 overson,. beter. D225 oof eins poo eee why oc tenehaat arabe 610 65th Ave., Oakland — Rebold, George Pio. SS ea a eee Stockton — Bydberg,\ August J. ope % «ee = «sm a oe larpiesaaliet gee eet era San Rafael — ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 1038 COLORADO Bryant; ORM E aeR Ue Re OM eM ee wy outa De Be S yeh PY bas Trinidad Carrol, Arthur N...... BES Mt RCL COR ure ON, oe ss Stet S. tladacme g IMP Wa eS Pueblo SETen FEO se VIS Live ieidierei th ols ile ee, 5, slaee eB sod anee ne 404 Post Office Bldg., Denver RENE Ge SSS Late et Pate Pie a slayercye lobe See. gail a ele Dery Englewood . Rare MALE Taib Lito eM RM NNR Mela cit Gla ieientee suetigl a diay agshten ler Meriden f BESO, Mery PTW S25 eos Ata. 5's 3"s nate dean. 62, Oakland’ Terrace; Hartford h ae Meyers, Ghas Ane Ae Cas eros Roa s SPadaarePats ete Ss 100 Berlin St., Middletown fe mR MeL PACT Galt TAS, WV 1/3", at atege a) Cit west ah 0 ay al Gia ellnge alc «1 wiegphe al W lay ef bah ater ene Bristol Ne DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA a fest, EA eS IRE ee once Aid Se 27k ER B. A. I., Washington EE Mrrice CO... 2 foie ae awe ee gue con sees B. A. I., Washington ae FLORIDA MEMO NOH UANVY. Ss. wis oreo aca eye ee eos Lk ca Oe aie on ab alee oedd Tallahassee a GEORGIA IS, AIETER. Je eee pec ee Feces cee elt op pe nee ee ele Box 161. Jackson an IDAHO aed a 405 South 3rd St., Rockford MMP niiofy. We... f.. ev Sok eke cdot nah be eben East St. Louis a Bia rarraloinme Lise len Grvte ke 28sec crus GP) a) sy chos odie aoe vol whanbrrece soi a eres a tc der tre ace aetna Barrington i Relperrelr ayo WOUIS « Gre a8 Stade pate else ere wie the eles 2840 West North Ave., Chicago RETO GEOG Senne Sh cre iLeakcila two ie ve olstsrelenanct sy ayes 4527 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago Ir Halwh hi. % os: 0.). cece eta acca he eee eh ae ae ee Woodhull ; Bu wcempf, Silas. 2... eee ne een ete tee eee iene Roanoke \ TIM ert Ea Ms ccc hi Src ace ous Rava, S aysvbuuoees ecapa oh stehs Walaa poe Stonington MIO OA a oe oe lle oe oe tee baa a 4515 N. Robey St., Chicago a PERU CGR te ig OL LO Ota Noll as wala ¥ wie actitilane: di ptane aaa Quincey RE eaSEMUSSEN, SCL eee ee ee ele ene ie deem deme neme ns Wyanet \S os ERC NO OT Te ea wy nat wee ithe) vs bok ao Welayaes + inches she tele ne ele National Stock Yards In c: Su ltpie, WANG OTR SS ea a ae ee es RCC cca Neto ei ec Stronghurst PS NP oS craks oe ow aes. deg aah sme eee Tolono Sasi, IDRC dB NG A a ee IRE ee ore BR eae Suen L NG Mohamet MMIC, Co) Wee ie ee eee ee ee tae eee eney eaid ols Freeport RM BOI NN Ge Ok an oe ete Pe sides whe dome glee bidet Ne ae . Metropolis MeancOrWwartCOrNelius .. 00. hibit eee ee pee lene tg eses Chicago Heights ATA VOT es 8 a ee i eS Chrisman Memmetiricz iepolito CO... 2). ee eee. ol 4651 Hermitage Ave., Chicago ak ) Walters, Frank A... 1.16... n ete cet ene eee cree tes Lemont » Wright, MUAUMD ORG Misccracalt Foe to 55 /n Y's va 2.4 + sich tnal aoe dein ele. oeieg Che deals Cerro Gordo Peth Woke Yo AS tue. ian nee aen ee Bybee. Orion es Ree MMSE Coa 1D Saget ee age ye ee ae ee b we pt ae a. : r = EAN ee pee Ee de ain EE RL Sem eT 2 ee eae BR eS fs AS ge LAGS FN creed ae ae rai Bt a as pa es aan ASSOCIATION MEETINGS — | Ly eee : INDIANA i e PAlexcamden.) (BraaViswgers. 2 teil ostorn eerie faeiea ere 3309 Park Ave., Indianapolis i BRAT ETS OTD cVi150, < Bs, ty 50: vo sene) state asec ucute atelra sate ekonovera eg teat, ope neyolle eater rere ear eEe Ligonier — of “a9 EGG 2 rises [oye Sie, Eagan ere ees Ph ar eee eR Se a gree an oh Middlebury =r np e PEP ATIC Spo lowe oc se oiisves sta tera Parts neha SPIE ae Bienn ps @ neem Bakes ee Hazelton ee eitisan i iaaiph: He. 3... $5,008 tes Piet Ufo dee ean es ee Avilla ESE Wy Wada) aes iss Bio oe coe c inka s ahssansns's oS sedis pe eae ale 8 = rks oe appanage Arcadia s COSTS i be 2 ane ais eer are ar AMEN OF targa scl 7 North Liberty brine MOHeSt er din, G5 rd oa .u blo ae ya mie se eave > Se ee latae Ae oe ape eene Fremont renee ATMEL LAT VOV ED o8 ye 4 Jey med Lp MRA a t ek ‘ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS MIGHIGAN ' pememionir, ent y Ms. 5). 2 ac sh on se alg eps oie ois eer anes cts Saat aay _ Armstrong, Robert........-- vee e eee eee eee eens Buck, Sie MTrRb el tod & acetone ae Caan” GO Ae Hite Udy rire MERC OPERA cl Y's Ss um ae / Carpenter, Howard .........-2...---+-, ove disses 0.4 GE ae ee ae ae bs Clark, Os Eer ee). ge ee lS ae Rte cakes ncat onal he ee hee oleae MeCords — a Bee William: 5... 0. .ee.esio eee mete deck eneen pee 28 aie eee Mayville oie : Curl, CNET 8L See ak Gee Pe Oa oe | Mie eT Highland Park Mra ISTP, NA Me Sok Bs a coe, a (Kia pre apie heen neve pe ers tpn egal Soe eee ena .... Petoskey — sam i MOU CeyeMOUMy «5. ot. ce ie jee aioli Fie =; eibia cial wheal t oloyeiage oriole aa eb el eone ie ia Freeland Peeey ay Mas cles bets eagle nelagas oar g ac Sauls Ripa,» seas ee Merrill Prim CHAS. Be. ees. s a) So eho there eles ee oe AS Saree ee Mason ID Oia ebay TOLER CIR ee Oe RM EE rEceMmE ye mnie ye eran oad oo 5 Ithaca — le ep EPMTANULULOTIN Jo Se iss pk g.e eh Some ele lena © eae, a lak teva eileen eae ee Croswell ie a 7 ements NVALETCU AL ng yop oad phe eo 8 ayeteeial Spee pela Gee eae eee Jackson : erat senses. cb Laid LET ey oe aise lait, oie ehe cons’ fF ds Aen elo ee ee Allegan Bi : Li Remi Pon ald sh 2 so Ate AS da Sod Sache Wien a eee ee St. Louis Mem eitayer Custay Pe oes aye oak ey Lacie wee tee Pere Elk Rapids | pee , Mend entiatl. WMAMPICe etc e4 ep vie s/c Sisto qe ueleeus ols apiceiee epee a oe Detroit tc IMIG OU vate COTE Cats WON cee cried aclu bade ean Pcie ae eas oc aes ee ",.Mason 4 iS rales A reo coe oho in oie we ole Hab Scene ee Hillsdale City , OTs A MESUT LOM. Ar a dons crave ahs sca ceh 80s. « Teget yee te ese! saree Shape eas eal ee Hastings sc CeO Ts ACO OR soit ole ways Sere tee ohne c Cees ese ete ete Oey she fe ane Mae ae ea Midland CUE SO EEO. Wied Wicd onus Sis title's clone w Deas che Se eens oe eee Quiney Sra eet NLT yas. pret hit) Pee ng ace Ra hue ate oe ve Potliege 717 Watson St., Grand Rapids Perio rear ee We 22 ies ee a alent yates Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit “WCRICTED Re] EM © PM 5 See ee se eI aPin ID CURSOR cohesion ete rerey MeN WRLC: ok Wayland arene Wiledort Powis Ac). sc. si.is dec tls bse dete sede weeps hoon Oe ee Lansing ae MINNESOTA : sate 1 SURGE IYSPSITS a ARS Sih SG Se A ie ne Re PO Lae UL BAY ha Rare dT Barnesville MemmmmprerepfEner Wo. Sd l toe k anew ede reer denen 106 Spruce St., Minneapolis yt PSD ITCS EIN GUISE AN SLI e Sp cycrpre id om re tra a wa a Soca eas Ss asp eee Spring Valley — 4 “) mn EFE ORLA HAT AVY IGEN oct wey cuss ces ok. Sone Blass etey aston eel eee ee Belle: Plaine > Bemmercarpbell, John Noo. i... a... bck) eek dean bee ee Truman Miser Miser fmaavi Dd, wes sso 5 7 kc ck fects SWdg es ae ant, cae ee Cannon Falls Pepe monaideon, Robt. B05. E Sie. a ae ieeehe tee a Argyle i} Elnes, OSM ELS Mer arcnttere oop aia sag We pause, lh ub ehc ett re aa ae ene Eagle Bend oe Rs ites MON ASA W eters. duce oN On eae. ee ee eee Marine Mills Wee werilvenson, Harry, ............. 2.2.4 Re 2 Vass nee eee Sacred Heart cf meitammepene, VATION y: «6 6c Mere’ Ye cis dL Dee eee, ee (Olivia Seam | ERE ALAS ane Rae a MS ys LA SNC >. .......Alberta Lee a ernie, SaGQ Wards or 0 Vd oe eu RG eS RR es oe ae 829 HE. 3rd St., St. Paul — Bex: rs APR OLA AN! WON. Seed oy ohels a ete tpi Eee el Red Wing Ky means Flin ysWVn.) ia aise te dhe cone lek SN RS eg eget ose ee fide Rush City | \ vi BMC PCL ACOTOC MIE. os wes ss Sua ecco CRS 99 Western Ave., Minneapolis a ' AOisons. Liewas sie! 2 a peels © 06 ln eects yee te agt Ae ye ...-MeIntosh ql ee Hyasmuucsen Halmar i poe. se ie hela they cuneate Ts he x Ota! ro see 2 AG St ety ee hoo ee uae bee TS eae. ket ke co ee RR | fae ee Cs oe Ue aii ue) ie ft ; a 7 ays fa at a i a % a ASSOCIATION MEETINGS _ . 107 cs “Pitterua, Ciara 1a ci y ght sar aes otek ne Preston : RRS SS repel: BPR AE Ne ee Ss hae sale PS wide oR EN Vip oye « Triumph Op eS Se oe Sigs eee ar Je as Ae Sr ees ee ee ka Sherburn ia ba CALA E TAS ai ot Ee ag eos Tene Sta ee Sep cer eerie ... Olivia i = MISSISSIPPI | -< Horn, Re ees shen aaa Sea RN Le av Co Se eae saa ons Gene Aa Stratton ot aE Me TLS OL es ey at Me ORs Gece. Nes d vty bn igen oe Cleveland _ Norton, Edwin Seta ye Spa een Aaa) Baa aay me a etre se al ne Greenville ' . MISSOURI * ~ Backus, ARES P30? eo: OA TPL MERE Ne BREN Gs git le Columbia gg ~ Carver, Th) DAT Gs AE ce anette Re eben hig” eee RE Vac ces Higginsville | ME EITIRLESE QW ire ns wn GE Tink es hes SU tiacete ef ieuo is ole sete ae eee eee | NORTH CAROLIN NOW. Gs pit BOLD Y: (> accsty oe 208 0S leita ss oape es EPS pleco aie seen ee : | MOE; RELOMOR Pa 2S SPS ocemigtie ee ae ene agate ieee tira te ce ee pi aero. sranklin Goo. sae k Se sie Ss dao ep hi eee Rocky Mound Z NORTH DAKOTA CR ne 1D BAD a ee ohepee gees ie ce ch eae aa Piggy SRN irene b- eeguee -. Hdsiogel 4 Beecher dV OMT ys. 512 ..cccJatare al cers o thar cuepthecne eee ete ee eee Ne comers McHenry — Mowmsigcbl carry: lay 265 st Sate. cee che stot eee ah ee Agricultural College — Me Niven, Alexander ce. c-- N22. iG -sioke weiases eee Se an a eee Williston Ret I AB.OB ho pc 2500 nisins 4 « See wale Ox elonot oie 5) S eo eee Kenmare Maison, Roy On. 2. fs ai. Oe. Ge ess Konig ate Sa oeuee ae eke Oe Soe ae Stanley RVASOMMSW tc acts A. ihc ade ke oe Ree Do Jaa eee Bowman — : OHIO a PATIL OLSON Leen. ibis clears AS eee ee vee, eee en ae Cedarville — ‘ Backus; Newell: De (3.0. e oe ie obese» Soe eee ee Elyria a GEA Sad | WV. <= oi oS ciaais 3, SRA he oe Se ee Lebanon My PAG AW alter ayes chars Soa nae cent 220 South Champion Ave., Columbus . BR EOrne FB MLS to. ke tt heat) Bs eee ane 840 Seott St., Napoleon “ Dock, Norton). oy so. snk at eee ea Le aad ogee Cincinnati Bowens eths (AAPOW fs v2. 2c. se ye cia wise Poe Mt. Sterling Wrpsty. Charles! Wi Seo 405. A>. AES oa ee. eo ae ee Stryker i ananen, Oe. . nen vette Ps ova dice twee eO en ec : Greenwood, Ross "A. 2.27.2. 4 a ck Se Re eee Painesville iniiley, shmmetp ie oS. Se. one eee *..-738 Market St., Sandusky rs \ J — Are ee ae EEN Sees eR ee re { ‘ eae ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 109 ‘ a ; ; ae eae TOSS Via onl aa ae Se es CIN ae ea eS EN Conway ; ng Bers Howett, Mark Wei... 6.6.0 ee ee ee Se ete eee Brookville ai :: Statins Clarence Ao). bs so .t oe es tin Se ot eee ons ne ee tt Medina i a | 3 ini Ut i rire 3 MUNERRMRN URAL AYN So 2 Soc aco esol Vote ohh ee ag A aA yd Batis + wien inka Me woes deems ater Eaton ; Merron] “Winson O... 22.2. scat cece eee ee eee es 96 Hower Ave., E. Cleveland | Syed . Ree Oar IN.» ee Peed ales gd ra bete vel eG wee Germantown — cel ey adsaworth, Mrancis RR... 2.6... es bee edd ces Sew eg red ge estes Lindsey “Hy BETIS. ee cise ike noo Po. bas ould s + 08911) Perkins’ Aves Cleveland ae os. aN Som ES ectits eee ot greta ery cos tage teachin! ota tePoicbohoto ele niovere) Sieh c| soe waceeie aes Westerville ~ hy Wickham, J. (OL Fim tal sa scac eae Ce RPS a EAR ie Sp eo Se ein Urn: Se? Galion =a 2 ‘Young, TPipe ine ANS Y Sieber enlna wee Site cid Air Je PORE eco Peacoat ear ct ick crc Delphos sic ea ‘OKLAHOMA i fs . MRT AEST tell ste Virgie oso eat oy Secure neresd ae ee yon sw Hone oie a ohn Sroreeata ets pustoge nese Oklahoma City : 5 : IS! AV llicimn) Recs Sesser vols ik ge Se ae g ee es eR Oklahoma City ee MU Nrira sEorbert: K> csc. cle) bo legend esas onde vane lesaseteeeode’ Blackwell Beeler, WaPo ee ee sek re a uric rN: Stillwater ‘ 1S nie TEA x Cia cea ee ee amr ee ae 123 E. Randolph St., Enid + | J OREGON A 4 B epee Pheod ore 96 ean Aisle «2 ge ele ee 1 RS eter Wasco Al ECOL WATE Lusi tc, cha taht picasa mieyote nine ae thee Ve Saree wipe Peano _....Enterprise S | ES CUE FS A Ia aa eee ce SOP ee ST RP a Peete Nee Portland i Srenater, (Francis). . 2.30.2 os.'S... SNe Cech Om ME ea, Ce he MLE Nec t Ast ec Corvallis | MeraeBONS Deter 2). ioe eee et ee tele eee see may SOLO City Hall Portland . a RPM Ce ne sain 28 jG latey sve otra spayngasnie 102 Custom House, Portland ee | of PENNSYLVANIA . Meeroseman, Hdw, Boe. ee eee es 39th and Woodland Ave., Phila. a CIEE yale is are ahs a Bly des Late aoe oo aS Wilkesbarre es RE Elvi hac Uno oi ah Seis a igh i Sh eae ee ae Latrobe “4 BE herron, CTC ee sree hedaai ae methne ak, uris eae 3718 Spring Garden St., Phila. > Gearhardt, ID LCE SA ate Bien reer hears ewe 215 South Saint Clair St., Pitisba ot . RSE eee aE ALIGN): Soe Ste Pcie mio cca tienen Pw Snes wuts goss aeoe Meadville o SUREMENT 5h astra. Sia bick ew a DA at Haverford Ave., Phila. MMII yi WV TC oor aa es oi ROS piovin a's stort ere 110 Market St., Sunherny _ Leinhardt, 1als 10 Sacer See 82th or EA eT See 102 Laneaste: es , Wayne | ME rR CG OTA CT re NGG once as vedjace aston. = or ardivin news ooo wk eee Towanda BP ited, Lint ie Se Slo! i Ne er ee ee ....230 East New St., Lancaster — (ESS ee ny ce re 5128 Chestnut St., Phila. | PTE a ee 200 West North Ave., Pittsburgh > . | Sheckler, WWrrn Bie Sig or taste Meret a one: Yee 39th and Woodland es Phila. : * ' / ay ty Fe Pea oe ae % Kaas om 110° ASSOCIATION MEETINGS < ae : , Peer AWA ie) Gis pace vale = oe settee se ob aie sere epee cs Washington Deir teea testy PMOL AS 23. 2 ies it tere tacks ole Se «SF Bradase whetstone Mulford Company, Phila peGangiman, Wrederick BP. ° 1.) 255.2. bie ss goer eo ieee oie ee ee Commbia, a _ Jacobs, Thos. B. ...... 0... beeen eee eet eee reas Newberry é 7 R SOUTH DAKOTA ) Nr erber: CRGINHO! de 36, were. ob alsee the ay cha aes, be vaiy w ollath anaes We ee ene eee Marion eS BIMMAHATOM. GEOTLE A ELe ty. wi. ee sop. id ote yc cools @ wiclehegee tek ine eee Rapid City | “CHT EFI G1 Gl On Siege oa en ae RI SRS Pc cee Sora Teeny, 2 Rapid ca zr Rrra MOU Y irs Ef. S75. 56.6 s%- ava she uni ole gece ele Meee ae Aroha oe ere ee Mitchell | z: TENNESSEE ~ ; TEENS Ai. 4 eh ee er a rere 610 Broad St., Nach Mirren SW allan) MESH) 2 Los aye often swe eine nana e8a oS te. arp ee eke cg eee Trenton P by PMD Ebg Dish. SEL sale aa), shaohe ose e why a Pike «ves me etaiy AR hee ean ee ea Columbia lempG ne BNL GG 9 ot Nees ceoatocticedtrs ois ep aclp 4 Saiele Mat ona ina eee ee Springfield — INTER R, GHGS ee nee Rey SEM tiy aetna Meee A cra Cisco, Knoxyille “ ENO Wen eR GEL MUS 5 dyn cs cola ce UN els cial svesopeae hares apne 118 12th Avenue, Humbollt — PALE o, NUN etc oe ios ob he Chery gps aeevele sya) e eta uchnine CRUE eyo iaee ae one Nashville | Ryalluse larry, Wk vc8s). els tole e NS eee ao Ninel bia g tS Re ee ee Columbia TEXAS PeBeunell, sBadleye Oni ¢ fe \s:-heip oes k bei tds ts cree raion ts eee ek ae College Sintiee on BTpieke Samuel Get, Oh Oecd Nero oe ee coke REM Oa ee ee ae eee Fort Worth . STB DN(0 Gt R0) 0) fa 3b cD Bre hi Mi ne eae A A net ee Q. M. D., U. S. 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AW ocr. seers ale fi ss oe isl oe ee oe SN ee ee Ogden. ia VERMONT : Bs PROMMTAS Me ert pei tis Phy c attic Sosa Says ote ar oe aR aa. 2 Cee See ge Wells River VIRGINIA a Nga EL R OPE WY 6273 22 whaslor a, «we ec oe: sxgvni bw suv ieiousie hm eee ote le eee Bristol — Biestedan, Ieee Di Sess SP Oy EL apr coe 8 606 East Clay St., Richmond — ~ RS REVEY MRS Mo. eas ofl as tah aids Oe vad pe a ee rr ‘Alexandria env ss mG Lake Perr se. es Scott, SB A, Soak eas no er hak a oe rr Burkeville 4 MG MITes CATIGIS 2X. No. 2:5 os 2 oa Warwick Hotel, Newport News — WASHINGTON ‘a g PMS UNIMOG Moe se wider sie) 2. Ses eaeaee wee Oe 646 Central Bldg., Seattle COAG RS Bad: tae Ao a i NET ORC Se ES THE 38 2 Sa Waterville 4 Pesnbraibh, Alister Bar 5.2... ciewestc ain sane eee Garfield / nig ASSOCIATION MEETINGS “Jones, Charles E.......... Ne oe ARO LER tn as) SR North Yakima >” a Oliver, Reese ee uo AE EN sea ie leg 646 Central Bldg., Seattle = 3 Richmond, Cae! INOS RUBE brat ors aS SO ROE IT onic OIC Molson ‘ WEST VIRGINIA uy ‘Hall, SURES ADS Be oa a 3 ro HS 126 North. Park St., Wheeling y ‘Holt, SAME mete Wear. 5 ee etn te aes ae. ho s.2 cork thea tains oe Charleston # peyohn, (Gigli Tae eas Sa I Co eile a ees Nes i de rg Ma Buckhannon : : WISCONSIN _ j BP Ames, TE Sg SCE es SO ai et eal Soy ae 191 12th St., Milwaukee 5 ‘Bleecker, PASTS ETL TRESS pS Se cca a ace PNM R a gene Sore 'sps ite a ote teceheagdaitel el ™Sbal ee aes Lake Mills. | Eran, PPV ar eaten FN cts eel ml sista ite, Mngt tie ete kay Ft. Atkinson _ MERE TEMPE WHAT a cereals a vroime le Dinclfityohere he ta's,s eas ala] e pidlarabe WMofa pi aie tare rete Chilton Meter A Vivi, rele ye ce Wye eels wacen™ Gist cae al. ge aaa he eae re Clinton INR ee Cres 08 coc) oer wis g laa ae ei eceiete oe alu alhe oe fen ieity naa Cleveland — Lange, PAW cl ich Naess hon Cian atthe cie Vlas adel onquie stb mreys ee eto Shel 2p Lake Mills PEO MVETMOW SS csc sys a 2 oe Us rete Ye oe “ye deed Sa OWE: a eh .Berlin © EE Hee es. hg ar Ae Ps ik AS ea ors ag tA Menomonie MEME TROT ROP Lhe ary Nak Ree isk ees ete a aE Thorp ets DC ee Rice SYD non cde ee ere Re Rene ak pute Cuba City rr, Fisted RS as os Foe Ronee RE ee ee ae Stevens Point Fa GE Sy SER cee eC SO ae SR RR Rea CEE) | Luck Warn, TES hel Se cB AS at Sane aie i Ur amie Us Ra NO Reece Pe ROR A Dodgeville/h4u tascam aS WYOMING eee: VanHoozer, 1s 3 LUN EOE ee re hea ie She Bey WRENS ore SR Laas gC SP gan a Powell Saas ie CANADA . en a & ALBERTA : ya NE eae hoe Ve A Sr a ey AS Cardston eens ‘McCarthy, LS (EF Te Te) IER SA As a eg aa a AIR PN CEA ah ea ein en Or rete Castor pi uk MacMillan, TE Tez lie Pn Ra, ey RRR DE ens Saat nie OP OPE A ALU High River he aS Re eae mete ta eS area re tan Coutts oe, ‘Pinhorn, "ELETEZ AG I 6 II GEE SORE aden MR A na Se SO Sia ie Sor 2 Coutts" eam Wilson, ou cL Se dad RT GUE ie Se cele AMOR ME ACAD Cann OR Ta aS APE vk Carmangay he a BRITISH COLUMBIA aRaEe:,** TEE TEN Se eC ROC PON Site a DOG PRON SCRE WES CoRR Seats Agassiz 3 ae Sleeth, SETSCEXW CGA Bafa 1 Ea 8 tlre RSE Dag ar a a 688-690 Sycamore St., Vancouver wee: Beeempson, 5 AT Pape Ase mae fear, MRK Ho eae ht Te Ce OP See pA: Ut cr OTN, Jey Keremes : Ny : MANITOBA eal,’ ee Bowes LONI} Herel Dei ine Gia? Soe le ee ae be A Na ae RN Laas ete Boisswain | fa ba Ro obinson, BNA NORID Nec tovc ore cease ap ae ak ainda pee Camp Hughes ae Pe. NEW BRUNSWICK ner ME nrience Scie Oy Fa, Pete ke A ee go fh Moncton — \ > ‘So ohnston, De Bred vee eee hence ee teen eee eet ee eee St. John Se AQ "NOVA SCOTIA Me ser, Heywood el peser cache oe et aR Shih: Renee eb Pelee Te New Glasgow oe puen, TD ea eet hater ote ea nee a ean RY ER I OE oe Halifax i an DP eevee Pe SERS OER oF Set PAPE oe NE 118 Falmouth St., Sydney ye 4 AE eaten ek ee Bo etatet Merotai la sie) oe pattem -einta dieiaidata ceed eee & St. Andrews es ; : 2 112 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ee a a ore ONTARIO ; Balivenas Af e535 os nde pee Pau op en hee See ha St. Thom as TEyELLLIP\ 7 ea 8 le Pie te ee net rey a ane Meat eS eg rY 423 Dufferin Ave. , London Bane avid. Bors 2 fhe esotstavone’ a's de Waza tie Sidenrts on owns op mia 900 Bloor St., Toron' ito. 20a ier 8 (2) 12 aay Se Rea, DR Seana cl ae oie mena EAs SEMEL Bronk cms S Ess s Bncnanan- Henrys c 6 oc wwe Ste csc Be neg sree he, oe ee Thames ASO Wye A LANAT ey 2 2 ve sonar tetsPonmel + laces bane Fleas ore sel amen anvils eRe el elle eee ROE iy tee VAC we Dye scthy canes «ee ee ite ONE oe ace 117 Brant Ave., Brantfo1 ds Clapp Waban He, ales aw sass 2 bang Oss Aol ae ae . Dresden a Clegg, Robert ......5)...--.-- 00sec eee eee eee es B16 Indian Grove, Toronto Mum sherbet eb ait (SSS te acepee Oey eee ak eC ie 1127 Keele St., Toronto — Hort Ader t ) Es 25 spans er GTA eED nok ae ae ee Wingham . SreOn ey OM EL Hoes... 1. SS ciie oh tag MO. ede tye i 60 Silverton Ave., Toronto — Tipp treed DBE) ee rete ia eEL thr ae OO ERG Cf arce leap Ua: Sec 1127 Keele St., Toronto © fohemmes Gonrad Os) /. 2. atk st beast tat ye 22 Garfield Ave., Hamilton — GIS TCC WANS i aS orn etc Aiaeye whetene day ch chen eocpetns see tea ae Acaherteyaea B MacMaster, Donald “A. .$4.08 55). chad oes a ssaeeeine Cac ane ware ee Dalkeith — INIT A TENE 7 eel Sega Paes Sek oR eA AO tere ty ct 2 Hartington Place, Ottawa _ MOnSe NASA Hivos ar. totes oye ye ees he Mees cnc ed ree ngs 3 Brock Crescent, Toronto a MiG yar cima, © Writ scee ke esa Sie rel Carte hee bet ede heen eee 135 Wright Ave., Toronto — Murray. Alexander Gi... oc 00. 2. he oh ony ode ele ee Ingersoll Ovitarat beter Ws: Soins 34.5 0 s,c2 Shee ad ee oR eee Manotick | OoFaira, BT foe Re ee eee Maxville — Orchard George Wee hae stem conn? onc ee Se Windsor © ROTH are OS ed Once ape ab ons tecacbeag ees OS rere eve haa Biological Laboratory, Ottawa — Rhody, Prancis’ §: %)..02 5.0) o De. sia ye weg ee . ee Chatham | abertson,. Adlam 2 <2) 3 Ss ol eer ee a ae eee eee 1127 Keele St., Toronto TPG chp 1 GS) one a a ie eat ere eek ated a .143 Park St., Chatham — pause O58 een ic loteeare 5c sen cae ee vss ots see's de aA 4 Spmpling aWias cs. 5.25 hoon pene eS ee ee: eee ee Harrow — ‘SGA 62 ig ed D a ann ae Re gr narra. Ae TM 2 tr 9) -. Ailsa Craig’ AOE WANS ps 5 SG. Saag he eR OE Ct ee Bramptom ~ Merine nite Mavis Ox eiotie,c sis) nr aye yee ee .833 A. Bathhurst St., Toronto F DOTTIE ATEN UME. Ht 2b Aas, « ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 115} tr aposii CHATICS) a2 ot \. So eee oes cies 2 a ucceicrs Fw yee 74 LaSalle Rd., Verdun EAPO) ie soe yh reps ater oe serve Ant iin Gngg ie oe es oe Roe Trois Rivieres - eprenrdas Genrer) aot kes ac ce ene eee es 40 Rielle Ave., Verdun Mmieeiver, Cee Hepp 8. ok baie pine te Soe eimiele ws es owe a ataa eg aes oe St. Lambert CNTR Or Sol GTO TING Ra: Rr ea en er gn lear or ee ae 167 Commissioner St., Montreal a EBVO KGLS, Va ged Be eee be Rare ae i ae In ie 167 Commissioner St., Montreal - PERMANENT COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS Minutes ofr THE MEETING AT Lonpon, Aucust, 1914. % AGENDA. a I. Opening by the President. II. Minutes of the last meeting. Ill. Report of the Secretary on the work of the permanent committee since the last meeting. e, IV. Completion of § 3 of the Bye-laws. 4 It is advisable to add the following sentence 3 ‘““The Executive Committee must present the official Agenda of the Congress before its publication to the President of the Perma- e nent Committee for the purpose of receiving his ee = VY. Amendment of § 8 of the Bye-laws: The following wording was recommended : a ‘““The committee will meet immediately after the closing of the congress and elect the bureau. The bureau consists of a president, : _ two vice-presidents, the secretary and an assistant-secretary. The election of members of the bureau will take place by unanimous % assent or verbal or written voting. A simple majority will decide; in case of equal voting decision will be by drawing lots. --~=«~*The committee has its secretary’s office fixed at the Hague - under the Patronage of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Indus- _ try and Commerce. z When the secretary lives in the Netherlands and does not act _ as treasurer, a veterinary surgeon at the Hague may be appointed as treasurer, if the secretary desires it. When the secretary does not live in the Netherlands, a veterinary surgeon at the Hague shall _ be elected as treasurer and assistant-secretary. The treasurer is ; to be elected by the committee. " _ Focr Nore:—Different circumstances prevented the publication of the minutes of the London meeting at an earlier date. eS The Secretary eiden, April 1916, Prof. Dr. D. A. DEJoNG, Pd ro 7 Eat eae 75° vets Pies ce OR KS ig fe oat ho ABT arth SDS aa ) 4 ; A t% I eas! ; het ig “4% Pg Sah 7 : 7 Me + ‘ Of See at pe i asa By 4, 114 _ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS . a aN : x ee ieee VI. Resolution of the Committee about the report of Messrs. a of maw ay: santle: -waggons. : dad VII. Resolution of the Committee about the report of Maca -———-- Steckman, Rickmann, Hoogkramer and van Es, on the subject off oy oversea-transport of domestic animals. Es yi VIII. Report of Mr. de Jong on the subject Us an internation- a te al commission for combating tuberculosis. i fit IX. Admission of the Italian language as an official language — 5 2M of the congress. a ie X. Place of meeting of the next congress. a ‘ .XI. Propositions by members of the Committee. - Bs Present: Mr. Lyprin, President, Sir Joun M’Fapyean, Sir 8S. ve STocKMAN, Messrs. DectvE, HANGKA, (in place of Mr. BINDER), Houry (in place of Mr. Haum), Happicu, PERRONCITO, Piot- Baya q . and DE JONG, Secretary. ie J. The President opened the meeting by thanking the members who had come to London, and stated that as ten members were Mo ent a quorum for business was available. II. The Minutes of the previous meeting at Lyons were not — read as they had been published and circulated to all the members. : III. The report of the Secretary on the work of the Committee — in the period between the meeting at Lyons and the present one was - approved. The President gave some information about the installation of the Permanent Secretary’s Office at the Hague. He said there were members who feared that the absolute liberty of the Committee — might be menaced, but they forgot that the Dutch Government — stated that the Committee remained independent. ; Mr. Dearve said that for the moment there was no reason for _ fear but only reason for gratitude. For the future the liberty of ; the Committee ought to be guaranteed. nl v Mr. PErRRONCITO said that the members ought to be grateful to the Dutch Government. : . The President remarked that the whole question was threshed _ out and closed at Lyons. The Committee remained free. We know _ now that from the balance of tlre Congress at the Hague, the Dutch — _ Government had given a subsidy of 2626.14 guilders, for the year 1913 1000 guilders, and for future years an annual subsidy of 200 re ~ r " q : “ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 115 = guilders had been promised. There existed no reason whatever to discuss the matter at the Congress. IV. The proposal to amend § 3 of the Bye-laws of the Com- mittee was accepted unanimously. The French translation is, fol- lowing a proposal of Mr. Degive, to read as follows: “T,’ordre du jour officiel des congrés ne peut etre publié qu’apres avoir été approuvé et signé par le Président de la commis- sion permanente des congrés internationaux de médecine vétéri- naire.”’ V. Amendment of §8 of the Bye-laws of the Committee is accepted, but with modification of the German text of the second sentence as follows: ; ‘“‘Der Ausschuss hat sein standiges, unter dem Protektorat des del stehendes Sekretariat im Haag.’’ The French text of the second passage is to read as follows : ‘‘Tja commission a son secrétariat permanent a la Haye sous le Patronage du Ministére hollandais de |’Agriculture, de 1’ Industrie et du Commerce.’’ In English the second sentence reads as follows: ““The office of the Secretary to the Permanent Committee is located at the Hague under the Patronage of the Dutch Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.’’ The German text of the third sentence was accepted without alteration. The French text is to read ‘‘secrétaire suppléant’’ for “‘secrétaire adjoint’’ and the English text ‘‘deputy-secretary’’ for ‘“assistant-secretary.’”’ VI. Sir Srewarr SrockMAN gave information about the re- port on the disinfection of waggons. He regretted the mistake of the English Organizing Committee in connection with this matter, and gave the history of the question. It was difficult to obtain a _ reply from the reporters. Only Mr. Trrze answered by sending his report, but it was impossible to prepare a joint report. There was no reply from the other reporters, and it seemed advisable to post- pone the joint report to the next Congress. : This conclusicn was accepted and was to be commnnicated to the Congress. . ; VIL. Sir Stewart SrockMAN further said that the prelimi- nary report of Mr. HoogkKamMeEr with the remarks of the other re- porters could not be presented as a joint-report to the Congress, be- hollandischen Ministeriums fiir Landwirtschaft, Gewerbe und Han- SP Ne leas he SR, . NR ee eee ere ae ae ee ae ee ee er! < : te EG af) ie aoe i Way's Se Ay, 4 a 's : ~ ake ets ¥ , > » : * $ My oe Sk es Mise 116 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Si at Lee ee cause the remaining time was too short. Mr. pE JoNG said that Mr. — HoocKamer addressed to him (Mr. pE Jone) his report with the re | marks of the other reporters and correspondence about it. He had — \ had it printed and had sent a specimen to the members of the Com- . mittee. 4 ‘a < eae _ Sir. S. SrocKMAN said that these reports would be reproduced pla and distributed to the members of the congress. # VIII. The report of Mr. pE Jone on the subject of the op- _ portuneness of an international committee for combating tubereu- yer ~lesis was printed and distributed to the different members of the mn eg Permanent Committee. The President proposed to present the re- a port for consideration by the Congress. This proposition was -— agreed to. a IX. My. Perroncrro asked leave to address the meeting on the subject of the admission of the Italian language as an official — Congress language. He said that the Italian Government could not send an official delegate if the Italian language were not ac- — cepted as an official one. He thought that in any case the Perma-— ment Committee ought to recommend to the Congress that Italian be an official language for the discussions, and that the relative amendment to § 25 of the Congress bye-laws should be made. In this case he thought that Italy would invite the next Congress. The President and Mr. Pior-Bry referred to the inevitable augmentation of the expenses of the Congress if the proposal of : Mr. PERRONCITO was accepted. That was indeed the difficulty. - Sir STocKMAN said that one language more would cost about £ 1000. / a Mr. DE JonG thought this estimate too high and recommended the proposal. Mr. Happicu instanced the utility of accepting the Slavonian languages. The result would be a considerable augmentation of the members. e Sir S. Srockman said that he would support the proposal to — intreduce the Italian language. : a Sir JOHN M’Fapyean said, as President of this Congress, he ay would allow discussions in the Italian language, but he would pre- 3 fer to delay the question of the alteration of § 25, as at this Con=4m gress the majority of the members are English-speaking. Mr. PERRONCTTO again said that in that case it would be impos- 4 sible for Italy to send representatives to the next Congress. ~~ a a Sb 7 ~ fa x Gyeret: SIP Airc s age ge het ate vs es . ee cede ane at i i ; : : Be hy PS St Ree feataler oes i 4 : Vix i ; H Er ; - ASSOCIATION MEETINGS _ 117 ' The President indicated the great difficulties which would arise 10 the Ttalian language was added to the others. q Mr. Perroncrro asked for a copy of a decision of the Com- mittee, indicating the desirability of introducing the Italian lan- guage. Be Mr. Lyptin said this was impossible. The Committee could 4 pemnly. propose the question to the Congress. : __ -Mr. Prrroncrro said he had heard from Sir 8. SrocKMAN and - Mr. pr Jone that the Congress could accept the proposal without ay x discussion. possible, but that the Congress could not be forced to accept the _ proposal. 4 Mr. Perronciro said that in this case Italy could not invite mm the Congress. her own interests, but that notwithstanding this he would propose : a. Italian language for the discussions and b. Amendment of § 25 = “Mr. Decive thought it possible to reduce the expenses by 5 diminishing the number of reporters.’ He supported the propo- Ss sition of the Chairman, on the understanding that Italy would a. invite the Congress. On this he formulated a proposal. . aa Mr. Happicu said that possibly Russia would also invite the next Congress. ae 4 } Mr. Lyptin said that the Congress ought to be free to vote on the single question, and that the proposal of Mr. DrecivE was dan- ~ gerous in this respect. He maintained his proposal without any addition whatever. This was accepted unanimously. * Mr. Lyprin proposed further that the two parts of the pro- ~ posal should be brought before the Congress by the London Or- _ ganising Committee, indicating that the matter had been approved _ by the meeting of the Permanent Committee. This proposal was also accepted. Mr. Deerve said that now Mr. Prrroncrro could communi- cate with his Government about the next Congress, waiting the decision of the Congress at London. X. The subject ‘‘Place of the next Congress’’ was postponed, a resolution not being possibie on account of the war. Mr. Drive Sir. S. SrockmAN and Mr. pe Jone explained that this was — Mr. Lprin replied that Italy in this case only desires to serve © * - 118 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS however, thought it advisable to undertake non- -official steps re garding the next place. The meeting thought it better to wait. XI. Sir S. Stockman, Honorary Secretary of the London: Congress, proposed two seers tions of the Bye-laws of the Congre The first was the modification of § 7 as follows: : ‘“To assist in the preliminary work of future Congresses standing National Committee of not less than three members sha be formed in each country. The names and addresses of the mem. bers of each Committee, and the name and address of the Secretary of each Committee shall be forwarded to the Secretary of the Perma- nent Committee for record, and each Committee shall advise. the Secretary of the Permanent Committee of any alteration in its con- stitution which may have taken place. The functions of National — Committees shall be restricted to their respective countries.” oa “ ee ed aS a ; ; AS REVIEW VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY: A TREATISE ON THE BACTERIA | YEASTS, MOLDS AND PROTOZOA PATHOGENIC FOR he DOMESTIC ANIMALS ) a Ropert EarL BucHANAN, Ph.D. Professor of Bacteriology in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, and : ie CHas. Murray, B.Sc., D.V.M., ae Associate Professor of Veterinary Bacteriology of the same institution. Second edition thoroughly revised. Philadelphia and London. W. B. Saunders Co., 1916. pp. 590. The preparation of a text book in bacteriology has become ex- — ceedingly difficult because of the voluminous literature on the sub- — ject and further because there are still pronounced differences of | en on many phases of the subject. The authors of this volume | have taken for their task the preparation of a text for veterinary — students covering the technic necessary for the study and identi- fication of microorganisms and a description of those species patho- genic for domesticated animals together with a few somewhat — closely related forms. Fungi, protozoa and filterable viruses are — also discussed. The subject matter is well chosen and the sequence of presentation is good. A commendable variety of bacteriologi- — cal methods including preparation of media and stains is given. The discussion of immunity is quite extensive but that on the baec- teriology of milk is brief. The volume is divided into seven sections which cover the sub- ject matter that would be expected in such a book. They are as 3 follows: Section I. Morphology, physiology and classification of | bacteria. II. Laboratory methods and technic. III. Bacteria and the resistance of the animal body to disease. IV. Pathogenic microorganisms exclusive of the protozoa. V. Pathogenic proto- zoa. VI. Infectious diseases in which the specific cause is not certainly known. VII. Bacteria of water and food. As a text, the details of method and the description of species — tend to be general rather than complete, direct and definite. This is fairly illustrated in the definition of Micrococcus. ‘‘This genus — is frequently defined to include Staphylococcus, just discussed. It 4 may be differentiated generally by its Gram-negative character and 4 the very common production of yellow pigment. Spores are not — produced. The motile species are sometimes segregated under the” heading of Planococcus.’’ It is doubtful if a beginner will obtain — REVIEW 121 ¥ from. this definition a clear conception of just what a micrococcus is and just how it is to be identified. ‘ Although there is given a list of authors, to whom reference ie is made in the text, it is to be regretted that there are no bibhiog- -_raphies or references whereby a student may ascertain the sources of the statements made or to enable him to consult the literature on the different phases of the subject. While the literature is too. extensive to admit of complete references, a text book, which should a be a key to the knowledge of the subject, should contain some of the more important references to the results of original research or in other ways direct the student to the sources of information. The authors have adopted a classification of bacteria that is diffi- cult to account for and which from a scientific point of view seems 4 to have little to commend it. The older and well recognized classi- | fications of bacteria are not mentioned with the exception of Migula’s which is referred to only. The later and more compre- hensive classifications of Fisher are likewise omitted. The authors have adopted a system of grouping pathogenic bacteria. They al refer to the streptococcus group, diplococcus group, anthrax group, dog-distemper group, etc. The somewhat antiquated genera of Diplococcus and Staphylococcus are revived. The statement is made that ‘‘the groupings used in the text will be based on the re- lationships rather than pathogenic resemblances’. It is unfortu- nate that a text book to be used by beginners in bacteriology should ignore recognized scientific classifications without setting forth definite and sufficient reasons for rejecting them and for the terms actually employed. While it is true that in the study of the eti- _ ology of a disease the classification of the incriminated organism x may be of little significance, the fact remains that all there is to _ make bacteriology a science rests in the classification and identifi- 2 _ cation of the organisms, their physiologic, biochemiec, and in ease of _ disease producing organisms, pathogenic properties and the meth- _ ods for their determination. In a broader sense, tissue reactions _ and immunity may perhaps be included but they do not interfere with the basic biologic principle of classifying orgenisms into _ families and genera according to their morphology. Groups of a bacteria (including a species and its varieties) have long been recog- nized but the data are not given to justify the extreme position that _ genera are so closely related as to require group designations such as the blackleg-tetanus group. The difficulty in the classification pee Si rape. ; } = ‘ ie “f \ Bens : ¥ / 5. eee £22 COMMUNICATIONS 4 Paik: species which are determined by their physiologic and biochemic the dues are payable in advance en the Ist of January does not ap- of bacteria does not rest with the generic characters but with the & - properties which may be more or less influenced by environment. - In the methods given for diagnosing infectious diseases by the | aid of their organisms, either directly or by specific tests, there seems to be a lack of discrimination that comes with practical ex- perience. Thus, Konew’s precipitation test for the diagnosis of glanders, which has been thoroughly tried and generally found to be unsatisfactory, is given as one of the important methods of diag- nosis. The authors have not shown as full an appreciation of the responsibility of the makers of text books to the students who use them as most teachers like to see. . The text is illuminated with 209 illustrations most of which are well chosen and instructive. V.A.Mi* 4% COMMUNICATIONS EXECUTIVE BOARD AND DUES To the Editor:—Before this issue reaches the members they will have received a letter enclosing the official ballot for the nom- ination of candidates for the office of District Member of the Ex- ecutive Board, a statement of dues for those in arrears and a membership card for those having paid in full. The letter should be read carefully and its instructions fully carried out to avert unnecessary correspondence and hasten the election of the members of the administrative body. It must be remembered that the retiring secretary did not send out statements of dues during 1916 and that the members are therefore in arrears through no fault of their own. The dues for the years prior to 1916 are three dollars per annum but for 1916 they, are five dollars, the new constitution and by-laws adopted at Detroit providing for the increase of two dollars. It must furthermore be remembered that the quotation: from the by-laws transcribed on the statements and which states that ply to this year. o If your statement seems ‘to be incorrect or can be proven in- ~ correct by receipts in your possession, the Secretary’s office will be pleased to take the matter up with you promptly with the view of eliminating as many errors as possible from the new ledger to which all accounts will soon be transferred. Very respectfully, L. A. Meriuat, See’y. COMMUNICATIONS 123 MODERN REQUIREMENTS IN THE SHOEING OF HORSES —ESPECIALLY IN CITIES New York, September 16th, 1916. Epiror JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEpICcAL As- SOCIATION :-—A popes which I presented to the New York State Vet- erinary Medical Society at its recent meeting in Ithaca, and which you published in, your September issue, on the above subject, seems to have struck a sympathetic chord; the vibrations from which, have reached me here in my office from all points of the compass in the form of letters from readers of the Journal who, having read the article, seem to have beecome very much interested and desire to know many things in connection with the method of shoeing that I proposed. Among others the name of the shoe which I referred, to and from whom it can be procured I started to reply to them personally, and referred others to the firm manufacturing the shoe ; but the inquiries have become so numerous, that | am compelled to reply to them through the Journal, asking to be pardoned for not replying to the letters individually. At the same time I want to express my intense gratification at the interest manifested by my brothers in the profession, in so worthy an object as that of a safe and humane shoeing of our faithful friend and patient toiler, the horse. The two questions in all the letters, the answers to which will be a key to all the information desired, are, the name of the shoe and where to procure it, as ence they have that they can get all the data on the shoe they desire from the manufacturers. The shoe is called the ‘‘Spring Step’’ and it can be supplied and put on at any horse shoer’s establishment. If, however, any difficulty is experienced in getting horse shoers to supply them, they can be procured by writing directly to the Revere Rubber Company, 59 Reade Street, New York. In writing to the firm for them, it will be well to address communications to Mr. Wm. J. Kent, Manager of the New York branch, who is the man who per- fected the shoe, and can give valuable information. Especially as he is an expert on the horse’s foot, having at one time been a shoer of high-class horses. Rosert W. E.is. SHOEING FORGE* Dear sir:—I am sending you herewith a drawing of a field forge fire. We are supposed to do cold-shoeing on battery horses but the shoeing smiths do not appreciate the cold methods. Ne- eessity is the mother of invention and our smiths made a forge from available material. The iron work of the fire-box is made from hammered out cor- -rugated iron, such as is used for roofing store-houses, etc., spindles, “Courtesy of Dr. Torrance, . ai 2 et gears and belts being obtained from old push bikes. - There are COMMUNICATIONS quite a number of these fires in the field now and they apparently - answer the purpose for which they were intended. The Sergeant-_ Farrier has just told me that this fire will melt iron. ris ~The weather has been tropical the past two weeks, and the _/ dust beyond description. Have had a little mange but have man- aged to treat it ourselves without having to evacuate any to the | ia _ hospitals. Watson, Cameron, Vickers and myself are using cal- ~ ‘cium sulphide solution and we make it by boiling over trench fires : , in empty oil drums. About three washings every eight days seem to check the disease nicely. As a preventive I use a mixture of — soap-suds and bichloride of mercury 1-1000. Our apparatus is: ral very rudimentary. It is very difficult to obtain appliances in the AE field. Am very busy now, V. O.’s being compelled to visit all horses ‘‘at least once daily’’—the order reads. My area covers _ eight miles, possibly nine miles, I am not quite sure.Anyhow, I keep two or three horses going. ft Some time ago I found an old farm cart and the engineers have _ painted it up and I am now a ‘‘self-contained unit.”” My men ~ have found, borrowed and stolen sufficient harness and I ean easily get a horse so | move myself (bed and board) from place to place. Lt. Col. J. H. D. Smith has gone to England. I do not know . why and we have Lt. Col. W ilson from Stonecliff as A.O.V. S. for. this Division. I was surprised to learn that Belgium is not more than twice - or three times the size of Carlton County, Ontario and has in peace times a population of six millions. Now I appreciate the intense system of farming which is practiced in this country, practically | _ every foot of available soil being under cultivation. Looks as if we are to experience another winter out here. However, next month will decide that I suppose. (Signed ) T. CHARLES Evans. _ Dr. J.O. F. Price, formerly of Memphis, Tenn., is now stationed — ‘4 at Waterloo, Iowa. Dr. J. J. Frey, formerly of Manhattan, Kansas, has removed to 3400 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Il. . An address on the ‘‘Humane Treatment of Animals ah Spe- cial Reference to Shipping Calves and Poultry”’ was delivered by | Dr. V. A. Moore, at the 27th annual convention of the Societies for _ the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Animals of New Lae State, at its recent meeting at Watertown, N. Y. si ne I \ "Ol / zi/' 9 s(vuvH' bh) . =~ a ¢ ¥ ’ et a es rs an , pow ae AS _ ‘er EN PTT Qe py tee eh ier eo Se EY AT A aigy Os ea emS re ad i eh , Z » - ayaa AF yi SAS ee cas . j ax heat ri \ * i ere a . “State oe { f =, aS r & 4 ‘ ~ v: Ria * hie < ae NECROLOGY WILLIAM LOUIS ROSWELL : dv, Wm. L. Roswell died at his home, 122 Fourth Ave., Corry, — Pa., from an infection in the hand, received while treating a cow. — - | Hewas a member of the A.V.M.A. and an inspector in the Pennsyl- — vania State Livestock Sanitary Board. Dr. Roswell was born in | Brooklyn, N. Y., June 27, 1880. He attended the public schools at ’ Brooklyn and was graduated from the Veterinary Department of — the University of Pennsylvania in 1914; went to Corry, Pa., and started in practice immediately after is graduation and was meet- es ing with success. He established a good reputation in his commun- ity and had brilliant prospects for a useful career as a private prac- * titioner in that community. ss He attended the Detroit meeting and was as well as usual, but- — after his return to Corry developed-a case of septicemia from which — he died on September 13th, leaving a wife and one child. 5 TE ED MISCELLANEOUS VETERINARY LAw IN Kentucky. An act was passed by the last General Assembly and approved March 24, 1916, which regu- lates the practice of veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the State of Kentucky. with Circular No. 7, issued by the Department and must inform the Commissioner at [édat five days prior to its use; the date and pa - where the product is to be used; the name and address of the owner © of the swine and a statement that swine so treated will be isolated / from susceptible animals. ; — Unless for immediate slaughter, swine shipped into publie a stock yards; shall not be removed without special permit from the Commissioner. Swine*coming from herds in which hog cholera has existed within sixty days prior to removal shall be slaughtered under the supervision of a veterinarian and a written report of the conditions - : » ‘ & Swine not intended for immediate slaughter must be trans-_ " ported in disinfected cars or cars not previously used for hauling swine; they shall be kept in pens properly disinfected or nine not pr ev iously used for swine. rd a Carcasses of swine, dead of hog cholera shall be cremated; _ boiled or treated with steam at boiling temperature for two hours — continuously, or buried with quick lime two feet under ground, 100— ” feet away from streams or other source of drainage. =¥ . According to the weekly Roster of the Medical Organizations — of Philadelphia and vicinity, ‘‘The War Department at Washing- ~ ton has made the significant decision that the Government cannot — accept the offer of the services of any doctor as a volunteer surgeon in the Army or Navy who is not. a member in good standing in — oi County Medical Society, and, therefore, of the American Medical 2 Society.’’ Although the above statement refers to physicians it ; would also seem to have significance for veterinarians, > ; i" ie ————Ss——e-eaieeéam- : JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor -ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. TorRANCE, Chairman, A. E1cHHOoRN, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. Buair, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacos, N. S. Mayo, G. R. WuiTe, V. A. Moore, L. FRorH- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H. RoBErTs, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LYMAN, A. EicHHoRN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Fifty reprints, without charge, will be furnished to authors of original articles accepted for publication, if requested in advance. WO N <5: VOR. LL. NOVEMBER, 1916. INOw2i Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merrillat, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. TISSUE FLUID Our usual conception has been to consider what we ordinarily term the lymph as fundamentally concerned in relation to the tis- sue spaces of the body. The colorless fluid of the tissues was called lymph long before the lymphatics. were discovered, and it was therefore natural that the name should apply when the vessels con- taining this fluid were discovered. Tissue fiuid should be differentiated from tissue juice. The latter term refers to the fluid which may be pressed out of the tissue, as for example, the muscle or gland juice, each of which may vary in certain of its characteristics. The tissue fluid is the fluid which is present in the tissue spaces of the living animal, and in- cludes the fluid of the serous cavities, the cerebro-spinal fiuid and the aqueous humor. It has been known for years that the plasma of the blood is constantly exuded from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces, so that the cells of the supporting tissues and the special cells of each organ are bathed in fluid. With the varying activity of the cells, the fluid becomes laden with nutritive and stimulative - substances and waste products so that its composition varies wide- : eo ee Bee oP Prat tes oe’ ¥ FSeoar Ns af Sesh RSE 5 Rati tr spa: ON Figg Ey uP ne 3 pea 5 = Rie fifa Te aid Te e +t EN aS re x. = 130 EDITORIAL ly. In addition to these primary small spaces always containing fluid, there are also special systems of large spaces arising from small spaces by a definite method containing a finid different from the other fluids in the body, as for example, the subarachnoid spaces which surround the central nervous system. It is now known that the cerebro-spinal fluid is secreted by a special organ — and contains certain products of internal secretion. The pia-arach- noid membrane has an interesting structure and development. The arachnoidal villi are lacelike projections of the arachnoid into the dura, lying along the dural veins and lead to the dural sinuses. These villi have been shown to be the main organs of ab- a. / 7 sorption for the cerebro-spinal fluid and are covered with a layer of mesothelial cells which tend to become more abundant at the tips, forming cell nests. Other relatively large systems of spaces are in the internal ear and in the eye. Experiments have shown that the central nervous system has a special system of tissue spaces beginning with the spaces surround- ing every individual nerve cell of the brain extending into the subarachnoid area and are drained, not by lymphatics, but by the arachnoidal villi into the cerebral sinuses. A similar system of ab- sorbents, the pectinate villi, leading to the canal of Schlemm has been shown for the anterior chamber of the eye. When injections are made into the peritoneal cavity the results vary widely. Al- though our knowledge is far from complete, it has been shown that certain true solutions are absorbed by the blood vessels. On the other hand, it is known that granules are in large part taken up by special large phagocytic cells some of which pass into the lymphaties of the diaphragm. This suggests a partial differentiation in ab- sorption between blood vessels and lymphaties. A partial differ- entiation of function of this character is a familiar phenomenon in the intestinal villi where most of the fat passes into the central - lacteal while the carbohydrates pass directly into the blood stream. Investigations have shown that the blood vessels are the primary ab- sorbents, and that subsequently partial systems of absorbents de- velop, such as the arachnoidal villi and the lymphatics which drain ; into the veins. The foregoing statements are based largely on an article on “The Method of Growth of the Lymphatic System’’ by Florence R. Sabin, in a recent number of Science. Much discussion has centered around the lymphatics as to whether they represent an ae EDITORIAL 131 open or Seer system. The older view is that they are an open system and that the lymphatics began in wide mouths in the walls 3 of the various cavities of the body, but these openings proved diffi- eult to find. In the newer view of the lymphatics as a closed Sys- tem, the lymphatic capillaries are regarded as definite vessels com- _ pletely lined by endothelium and related to the tissue spaces just “as blood capillaries are. The study of the conditions in the adult system seems to be in- adequate for a solution of the question. Embryology or the study __ of the development of the structures offers more promise, and Miss -Sabin has.adduced some interesting facts bearing upon the lym- phaties as a closed system. The lymphatic system begins in the human embryo during the - _ sixth week of development. The first lymphatics are blunt buds - which come from the internal jugular veins «at the root of the neck. _ They are filled with blood which backs into them from the vein. _ These buds soon establish connection with each other and form a _ plexus which develops into a large sac. From this sac lymphaties grow out to the skiu of the head and neck, to the thorax and arm q and partially mvade the deep structures of the head. The sac re za self is transformed into different groups of lymph glands which ' might be analyzed as the primary lymph glands of the neck and _ these bear a definite relation to the secondary glands which form a alone the ducts growing out from the sac. . Later stages show the : _ development of lymphatic buds from some of the abdominal veins. The main abdominal lymphatics begin as a retroperitoneal sac _ which develops from a vein connecting the two Wolffian bodies. _ his sac is the key for the study of the abdominal lymphatics. ) _ The retroperitoneal sac and the paired iliac saes become connected 4 “with the left jugular sac by means of the thoracic duct. There is thus formed a primary lymphatic system of sacs connected by the thoracic duct. Ina general way lymphatic vessels from the jugular -Saes grow to the head, thorax and thoracic viscera; those from the _ retroperitoneal sac to the abdominal viscera and in part to the thoracic viscera; and those from the iliac sacs to the abdominal _ walls and legs. The view held by Miss Sabin, based largely upon _embryological evidence, is that the lymphatics arise from the endo- _ thelium of the veins and grow by the multiplication of endothelial cells, as opposed to the theory that the lymphatics arise from tissue sp aces and grow by adding on more tissue spaces, H | : ; : | | e ey a he ~~ as ‘ e Sa hee pa, Me eae een 132 ; EDITORIAL ; REN on Up to the sixth week in the human embryo, the only sorb ents are the veins. Subsequently other systems develop, as lymphatie vessels and arachnoidal villi to assist in the sone absorption. Ta facilitate clearness the term ‘‘plasma’’ should be — restricted to the fluid within the a ees “‘Tymph”’ to the A oe the tissue spaces. P. Alias 5 = THE fice ENS OF STOCK BY LARKSPUR % The U. 8. Department of Agriculture has found that, with the é exception of ied poisoning, larkspur poisoning is the greatest cause of loss in western cattle herds. Losses, it is said, are reported — from all the mountain regions between Mexico and Canada and from the Rocky Mountains on the East to the coast on the West. Experiments indicate that the various species of larkspurs are — poisonous to, cattle and horses, but not to sheep. Except under — unusual circumstances it was found that horses do not eat enough of the plant to produce any ill effect. From a practical standpoimt — it may be said that larkspur affects cattle only. It was found — that a quantity of the weed equal to at least 3 per cent of the weight P of the animal was necessary to produce poisoning. M9 The fact that sheep can apparently feed upon larkspur with | impunity, may be utilized to protect the cattle. The larkspur. in- fested range may be used for sheep rather than cattle; or the grazing on these areas may be arranged in such a way that the larkspur shall be first eaten down by the sheep. : Generally speaking, there are two groups of larkspur—the — tall and the low. The low disappear from the range early in © July and cases of poisoning from them are usually confined to the — months of May and June. The tall larkspurs live through the summer season, making their appearance in the early spring. _ This is the time in which they are most poisonous. After blossom- — ing, their poisonous character appears to diminish. Ultimately — it disappears and the plant dries up, although the seeds remain — peisonous. In Colorado most of the cases of poisoning from the tall larkspur occur in May and June, with sporadic cases in July. In other localities where blossoming occurs later, poisoning See take place as late as August or even September. The first evidence that the animal has been poisoned is vies quently shown by falling down. After a short interyal it will: x EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 133 probably regain its feet only to fall again. As the effect of the poison wears off, the animal is able to keep on its feet for longer and longer periods and finally walks off very much as if nothing had - happened. In severer cases it is unable to regain its feet and dies. Experiments indicate that beneficial results may be obtained by treating the poisoned animals with hypodermic injections of physostigmin salicylate, pilocarpin hydrochloride, and strychnin sulphate. ‘If necessary thesé treatments may be supplemented by hypodermic injections of whiskey. PACK. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bows Jerome. Tue DEFENSE OF THE ORGANISM BY PHAGOCYTES. — Several months ago there was presented at one of the great scientific meet- ings of the Institute in Paris a long communication by Professor Dastre of the Academie des Sciences, on a subject of intense in- terest, viz: ‘‘Wounds of the Battlefields and the Natural Reacting Organism,’’ and Professor Kaufmann of Alfort has published in the Recueil a lengthy review of the original and considered at large the five chapters it contained. Chapter I refers to the danger of wounds of the battlefields and their infection by microbes. The second treats of the defense of the organism by the phagocytes. The third examines the de- fense by the humors (bacteriolysins, antitoxins, vaccines, immuniza- tion, sero-therapy, antigens.) Chapter 4 treats of the mechanism of the immunizing action (hemolysis, alexin, sensitization, devia- tion of the complement,) ete. The last, chapter 5, relates to the treatment of wounds of the battlefields. All these chapters are treated in a masterly way and I regret that their length does not permit me to consider them as they de- serve. j a Chapter 2, however, has appeared to me as the one that would __ interest our readers most, for the practical information it gives and on that account, I extract it from Kaufmann’s review. PHAGOCYTES OR DEvouRING CELLS are cells which possess the _ faculty of moving and adhering to solid objects, to envelop them and if these are sufficiently small to swallow them and finally di- _ gest them and promote their disappearance. If it happens that _ the digestion cannot take place, they carry in themselves, to the pial aor 134 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ‘ intestinal mucous membranes, whatever they have eaten, deposit it or are disorganized and disappear. The principal phagocytes are the white blood corpuscles, the leucocytes. By their movement they can pass out of the blood vessels _ and spread in the surrounding tissues, where there are microbes — more or less infectious, and attract them. This attraction, which vo if takes place in the inflamed tissues, filled with blood and distended, a is due to a chemical substance, produced by the microbe spreading — in the environment, acts on the leucocyte, calls it, so to speak, out of the vessel and guides it towards its prey. The outward motion of the leucocytes from the inflamed blood vessels (diapedesis) takes ¥ place without escape of blood. The white corpuscle does not cut through the vascular walls, it ships between its elements and travels through the interstices and guided by chemiotropism goes towards the invading microbian enemy. For the defense of the organism, legions of leucocytes are ready. They pass to the spot and invade the region contaminated by the microbes. In the wound, covered with serous exudation, the battle is fought between the microbes and the phagocytes. Ordinarily, the latter pass to the bacteria, envelop and swallow them and surround them with their dissolving secretions, digest and absorb them. In ordinary conditions, the leucocytes treat in this manner all foreign particles that are within their reach, when they are sufficiently small or non-resistant to envelopment. If the foreign body is too voluminous to be the prey of only one leucocyte, others come, they associate and attach themselves to its surface, dilute it and finally overcome it. In this way, the minute objects which are aecidental- ly introduced in the fortress of the organism, are treated. The phagocytes destroy their enemies and use them for food. — The number of phagocytes taking part in this fight, must be considerable. Each cubic millimeter of blood contains about 7000: the lymph contains still more and the connective tissue has multi- tudes. In the phagocyte army, the most active class is the polynu- — clears, the migrating cells of the connective tissue form the Te; ; serve, and the territorial mobilization, in case of need, is repre- sented by the fixed cells of that same connective tissue. In the battle between the phagocytes and the microbian infec- tion, the victory depends on several factors, namely: the number 4 of fighters, the strength of the army and the various influences _ which may make the relative force vary, 4 a “ AR ty EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 135 The strength of the microbes is poison: they have no other. The toxic substance secreted, helps to repulse the phagocytes or to paralyze and destroy them after it has been in contact with or has been swallowed. Indeed all is not finished when the phagocyte has swallowed the microbe. It remains to digest it and that is the essential part of the work. Often, it is not accomplished; it is prevented by some microbian poison, and in this case, relieved from its enemy, the microbe comes out. victorious. The seizure of the microbe and its destruction by digestion are two independent and successive acts, separated, however, by a rather long interval. For instance, the spores of the tetanus ba- cillus introduced in the body of a guinea pig are rapidly swallowed, but are not killed and are digested but slowly. This operation re- quires several weeks and during that interval, if the guinea pig is submitted to the action of heat, which has the effect of stimulating the activity of the microbes, these rapidly grow and give rise to fatal tetanus ( Vincent.) The result of the battle between the two adversaries depends on quite a number of circumstances and may take place at ail periods of the struggle; sometimes at the beginning, or much later and under different conditions. When the microbes introduced in a wound are not in too great numbers and have only a moderate virulency, the phagocytes are called ‘by the substances emanated from the microbe, through a kind of gustatory attraction, called positive chemiotachism. The phagocytes may swallow the invading microorganisms, but they do not all sueceed in digesting them. Some filled with too many or too virulent microbes, carry in themselves a cause for death. In- toxicated by the microbian secretions, they gradually undergo fatty degeneration and become pus corpuscles. These are formed es- pecially of dead leucocytes, which have succumbed in the long battle. In the case of a severe infection, the microbes will have the Superiority in number or will secrete a very virulent toxin, able to repell or rapidly intoxicate the phagocytes: then the wound, a true battlefield, is held by the microbes, which develop, and pro- liferate in it without hindrance. The pus, instead of being creamy, is thin, sanious and not abundant. Infection keeps up, fever persists and the patient succumbs. In mild cases, the army of leucocytes wins easily. On its side, there are few deaths, a longer persistence permits fatty trans- 136 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES | 2 formation, that is the formation of yellow pus, but not abundant. : A The wound granulates and cicatrization goes on. = ee ¥ ‘3 ie , ; e oe ; 140 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES from Prof. E. M. Pickens some Instruction in Selecting, Packing | and Shipping Specimens for Laboratory Examination; from Prof. H. J. Milks a report on Verminous Bronchitis in eee also illus-. trated; from Prof. W. E. Muldoon one on Unicinariasis in Dogs and from Prof. 8S. A. Goldberg one on the Structural Changes that Occur in Certain Specific Inflammations of Joints. : The last few pages of the report are occupied by an important article by Dr. V. A. Moore on the Limitations of Tuberculin in De- _ tecting Tuberculous Infected Animals, another from Prof. Pierre A. Fish on Physiologic Relations—Poultry and finally from Prof. Samuel H. Burnett an article on Lobar Pneumonia, So-called, in — Domestic Animals. In presenting such a complete report to the legislature of the — state, the object is evidently to show that all the support given by the state to the institution has been fully appreciated and that no effort has been spared to show that the support was deserved. Simi- lar documents have for years shown the legislature the good work done by the Veterinary College at Cornell University and it is © certain that if this last report finds its way among intending stu- dents there will be no great difficulty in predicting a large increase in the class and in showing how urgent it is for the legislature to grant Director Moore all the financial help he asks and which is needed to keep up the good work. oa L’Asarrorr MopERNE. (The Modern Abattoir.) This is the second edition of a superior work, for which in 1906, was granted to the author prizes from the Academie de Medicine and from the National Society of Agriculture. Doctor A. Moreau, late chief veterinary inspector, can be proud of the success obtained by his work, namely, the publication of a large and complete volume treating of all the various subjects con- nected with abattoirs. When the first edition was published by the good old firm of — Asselin and Houzeau it was my great privilege to call it to the at- tention of Americans interested in the question and it is a great pleasure for me to do the same again. f This book was written and almost under press when the fear- ful events of August 1914 threw the world into the terrific struggle q which has already cost so many lives. Of course the publication — had to be postponed and yet notwithstanding the very xray af : ee ew eee bee ee ee oe an Gye ae Oe SE ee OO og ah | 7 ot. = ate +5 eas ahs pit ON ce ee ee nh ae hil EEF SN Va Sa TSS hd tie ee er ras . ae s) = Eyer obey Ping Wag j as e ie : See Wika y ; fe ry SR - tt . JEUROPEAN CHRONICLES 141 conditions in which it could be executed, today this second edition has come out, revised and considerably enlarged, in the shape of a handsome book that does honor to the editors by its appearance that illustrate the various descriptions. This excellent book of nearly 900 pages has its contents di- vided into four parts. The first under the title of ABATTOIRS gives a general histori- cal aspect of the subject with a concise consideration of the abat- toirs in France and in foreign countries; Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Spain, ete., in fact of all Europe. The second treats of the construction of abattoirs. The proper place for such, the general disposition and then the various types of modern French abattoirs. The third part deals with the interior of the abattoirs, with the disposition and arrangements for killing the various classes of tion of refrigeration and in fact all the various subjects connected with the work carried on at such places. The fourth part is essentially concerned with the services of the administration of the establishment, and of the sanitary inspec- tion with the many attributes of the veterinarians, the laboratory work, ete., ete. _ This concise examination of the contents of the work of Doctor Moreau will scarcely do it the justice it deserves. It is for those who are interested in the subject to fully appreciate its value. The illustrations which are reproduced in ‘detail and the arrange- ment of the abattoirs of the various countries are of great value and will be consulted and advantageously studied by those to ___whom the building of an abattoir is a matter of interest. fe I regret that illustrations of similar establishments in the __ United States are not given but hope that a third edition will in- be x clude the reproduction of the many abattoirs of the large cities of the New World. = ag ——_@——- . Résumf& or REvVIEwS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 4 JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, (June, Be: 1916). — _-—s«-*Cases of Poisoning in Cattle by Feeding on Meal from Soya Bean after Extraction of the Oil. and to its author by the value of its contents and the many plates — animals, large and small; cattle, sheep, swine, horses. The ques- / si + of animals for parasites. 2 i oe . 4 Ahi ia Be ie asc ¥ 4 Rat peas he eae 4 oe 2 : are + . ot f 2 142 “EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Studies in Forage Poisoning. Heat Thrombosis of Pulmonary Arteries and Necrosis of Extremi- — ties in a Bullock. *The Possibility of Amebic Dysentery in the Dog and its ee ment with Emetin. Osteoma of fowls. Dupleation of the Gall-Bladder in a Sheep. Johne’s Disease—The Reaction of Animals to ‘‘Johnin’’ RECUEIL DE MEDICINE VETERINAIRE. *A Case of Aberrant Thyroid Cancer in the Horse. *A Remarkable Case of Tuberculosis of Castration in a Pig. *Adynamic Typhosus in American Horses. BULLETIN DE LA Soc. CENTRALE. *Treatment of Epizootic Lymphangitis. *Novarsenobenzol in the Treatment of Epizootic Lymphangitis. _ _ CHIcAGO VETERINARY BULLETIN (March). Obituary of Doctor Arthur Hughes. r CORNELL VETERINARIAN.—Lead Poisoning in Calves—Roup or Chicken Pox—Contagious Pleuro Pneumonia in Horses. i —_ : : CircuLar No. 58, Department of Agriculture-—Reports upon the Federal Meat Inspection. A. LIAUTARD. Articles marked (*) will be analyzed in other chronicles. Dr. Clifford Ackley, veterinary inspector in the Burean of Animal Industry, stationed at Blaine, Washington, has resigned. He has purchased the plant and business of a weekly newspaper at Winlock, Washington, and intends to take up the management — of this business, together with the practice of veterinary medicine. oa Dr. Maurice C. Hall, a graduate in veterinary medicine from George Washington University, occupying the position of assistant zoologist in the Bureau of Animal Industry, has resigned to take a position with Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, Michigan, as a para 2 sitologist. He will conduct Seen investigations in the treatment — = _ THE BULL AS A DISSEMINATOR OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION* F. B. Hapnny AND H. LoruHeE, Madison, Wis. Inrropuction. Williams’® maintains that once a bull reacts to the agglutina-_ Y tion and complement fixation tests we have no evidence to show _ that the infection is ever eliminated from the animal’s body. He — contends that such a bull conceivably must be capable of transmit- ting the infection by cohabitation, but has carried out no experi- — ments of a scientific nature to sustain his contention. That he is in doubt is evident by the following statement: ‘‘Conclusive evi- dence that abortion bacilli can be readily transmitted by cohabita- tion and that it will rapidly induce abortion in pregnant animals is — wanting.’ PrRacticaL’ OBSERVATIONS. Apparently the abortion disease may be introduced in a previously healthy herd by the bull, if we accept the testimony of practical breeders. Some of these men claim that the only cows to abort during the first part of an epi- zootic are those served by bulls used for infected cows, while other ing the followmg gestation period. This evidence is purely cir- cumstantial so has only limited scientific value. If it could be proved that the infection was contracted from the contaminated bull and no place else, the chain of evidence would be complete and the bull would be incriminated. Unfortunately this has not been possible. There are, on the other hand, breeders whose experience has led them to believe that the bull is incapable of transmitting the abortion infection from cow to cow either by copulation or other- wise. In fact, they assert that the same bull may be used for service in two herds and yet cows in but one of the herds will abort. We have in mind the case of a farmer who purchased some pure bred cows and a bull at a public sale. These cattle were placed in his home herd where the abortion disease had never ex- isted. Shortly the newly purchased cows commenced to abort. Later cows in his original herd started to abort until the infection had become quite generally distributed. This man also maintained a herd of grade cows on another farm a short distance away. The None of these cows aborted, although the disease continued its havoe in the pure bred herd. It should be noted that this bull gave a positive reaction to the complement fixation test for abor- (10) Williams, W. L. The Outlook for the Control of Cattle Abortion. Jour. of the Am. Vet, Med, Assoc., New Series, V, II, p. 199, 1916, i f | / BULL AS A DISSEMINATOR OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 147 tion, and so may be considered to have had a systemic infection, as well as having had every opportunity to act as a mechanical trans- mitter. Additional light is thrown on the question of the influence of the bull in causing abortion by a careful herd record that was kept in a large dairy over a period of three years. During this time 1,238 conceptions-resulted from service by 29 different bulls. There were dropped 1,043 full time calves, while 195 fetuses were aborted. That is, 84 per cent of the cows carried their calves to maturity, while 16 per cent of them aborted. As would be expected in the light of our present knowledge of abortion, it was impossible to incriminate one bull more than an- other for no correlation could be established between the number of abortions and the different bulls. It was found that heifers aborted much oftener than older cows. The cows that had aborted were bred almost without excep- tion to one or the other of two bulls reserved for them. At the same time these bulls were used on virgin heifers. It is interest- ing to note that about 45 per cent of these heifers aborted. This would point to the bull as a very important factor in the trans- mission of the abortion disease, but for the fact that a similar per- centage of abortions occurred in other heifers that were served by another bull that was used almost exclusively on heifers that had never aborted. A careful consideration of these experimental and practical observations makes it apparent that our exact knowledge of the bull as a factor in the dissemination of cattle abortion is meager, to say the least. PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT. In order to shed more light on this highly important veterinary problem, the experiment to be de- scribed was carried out. The plan of procedure was to mate abortion-infected bulls with virgin, abortion-free heifers. This involved the procurement of animals that would meet these requirements. In the first place, it was necessary to find bulls that had been used for service in infected herds and had themselves become infected; secondly, virgin heifers that were free from abortion infection and had never been exposed to the disease. It should be stated that the agglutination and complement fixation tests were relied upon as guides in the selection of these : \! ; 148 F. B. HADLEY AND H. LOTHE animals. Together with the clinical data these tests were also used to interpret the results of the experiment. More reliance was | placed in the fixation than the agglutination test for the reason — that in our experience it has shown itself to be in closer harmony with clinical data. In our opinion both these tests have fully jus- tified our faith in them, cértainly insofar as the heifers are con- -eerned, for none of them aborted or showed other signs of infec- tion during the first gestation period. The chance of error in technique and interpretation of the serum tests on the experimental cattle was eliminated by including serum samples of cattle from other herds, whenever tests were made. An animal has been considered infected when it reacted to one or both of these tests. It is evident that the phenomenon of abortion itself could not be used to determine infection because the cow does not always abort as a result of infection and because the bull cannot be measured by it. In handling the heifers every precaution was taken through- out the entire course of the experiment to exclude all possible sources of infection except the bulls. The animals were pastured by themselves until late fall, when they were allowed the run of a new, closed shed in which cattle had never been kept. During the winter they were turned into the barnyard for daily exercise. Originally there was no thought of carrying the heifers much beyond their first parturition period. With the development of the work it became evident that much valuable information could -_ be gathered by continuing to observe some of the heifers for a longer period. As soon as this became apparent, arrangements were made to transfer them to a herd of cattle that were on re- stricted rations. We hesitated before making the transfer as the rations were of such a nature as to cause abortion and because several of the cows in this herd were infected with abortion. It was thought that the latter would act as sources of infection that could not be controlled. However, it was decided to take these risks. Subsequent developments have shown that this was a fortuitious arrangement, as it gave an opportunity to follow these heifers through a second gestation period in an environment quite differ- — ent from that of their first period. This explains why the data on bulls 3, 4, and 5 is meager. & Histories OF THE ANIMALS. Summaries of the service rec- ords and parturition and abortion test records of the fifteen ani- niet ' a |. ¢ |ot-te-¢ | lonerS.< [9 or-t-2 (26: | or-t-p 8 | ore-g | cecieract lee lle opr ; Feel | | | or-2e-% | s deta-e: | 3. lots. |e _lere-et oe ll cer oret | + I|st-zea-zst| ¢ [st-er-tr| ¢ |oroeorl ¢ [steet | 2 [ster | 2 jprerer| 2 || sax le ee Perel orere ioc. sree: | o< lorie. ton eran, le cece olcan mee wie bee : | | | [ot-et |. » |etpr-er| ¢ letra ¢ |rrecer| 3 rset) 2 ll ter | | =o. a Sigel Ba | cT-08-3.| ¢ | #t-g2-1t| 3 |7t-7-6. | 2 |pt-rt-e | 1 (| roe ; | | Lo plotuen [~¢ erirn =|: lererit | el Prete | eer eon elle eer ; ST-Pe-et | ¢ |st-e-2t | |.ct-s2-or | ¢ |ct-t-or | ¢ |t-se-or| 2 [t-9-0r | 2 lerste |-1 || ew | | | | b | | | | | PL-ot-ot! 3 || 6at ; | | | | [Ge | ter 48g: ee eee | | | | | wed | mMa| 3d |iMa | eed | ing |. 3d | ima} oa jim | ara jig) eva | ime |) sezrer 4 _ STIVIVINY Soke ape es HO $ Sdx00 GY HOIAMHS I WTaVL 2 die Age rs doubt but that he had a systemic infection. Pe 150 F. B, HADLEY AND H. LOTHE mals used in this experiment are given in Tables I and IT. The i in- 4 dividual history of each follows: ey Butt 1. A pure bred, registered Guernsey that had been used for service for two years for cows that had aborted and were eliminating virulent abortion bacilli in their secretions and excre-— tions. He first reacted to the complement fixation test in January, — 1912. Later his blood serum was tested for abortion agelutinitell 7 and found to contain them, but this was nearly a year after cows — which he had served reacted and aborted. There is no nessonabieal }-4 It was the original plan to breed all the heifers to this bull : but on account of his slowness and heavy weight it was found necessary to replace him as head of the herd with a younger bull. This was not done, however, until he had served heifers 127, 448, and 364. The former was the only one of these to conceive to his service. Butt 2. Also a pure bred Guernsey that was purchased. October 1, 1914 from a herd in which the abortion disease was — very prevalent, 80 per cent having responded to the abortion tests. ‘The owner considered him a good sire but wished to dispose of him — | because he believed him directly responsible for the large number of abortions in the herd. This was due to the fact that the first five cows he ever served aborted, as did many of those served later. | The last cow known to-be infected was served by this bull August. 9, 1914. The first experimental heifer to be bred by this bull was 443, on October 6, 1914. She failed to conceive at. this service but did — on October 28. Heifer 129 was served October 10, 1914 and set- — tled at this service. The other heifers were bred subsequently — but most of them required more than one service before concep- — tion took place. So far as the experiment went, the greater num- — ber of services was desirable because they afforded a better oppor- tunity for the heifers to become infected by the bull. Further- _ more, these repeated copulations provided conditions by which any 4 venereal infection would have been greatly increased in virulence, — if the experience gained in the study of other venereal diseases can — be applied to contagious abortion. This is brought out by ig hams" as follows: ‘‘If a bull has acquired in a moderate deem sy (11) Williams, W. L. Researches Upon Contagious Abortion of Cattle. Be port of the N. Y. State Veterinary College, 1914-15, or CONTAGIOUS 4 ABORTION: a 4 tion of contagious soeaae, but not sufficient to constitute en eee to his breeding power, the infection Bee be 4 = sei TABLE IL PREGNANCY AND ABORTION TEST RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Complement Fixation and Agglutination Tests for Abortion” “ea lea | aa | aa fltSa. ¢.a. |] cia. rn Co She cs cade || en: Ga. | Ga. | Ga | aa | a. ei Can [Ga cae Ga. ea | oa. ) bd | alse. Winatecdus) Dabeot-|,-aie—|: 2 | oo oem een, tases ee | OY |e lie Fl Tio ees irene lst | echidile Sex concep to calve | calving 3) S | x a 2 3 EA s oO ON Anes 1S o Fe + ed | 2 a 3 Fa a) tion a . S = Li a1 2 + ies & = a ra + ‘2 Pe Pitts | Yi S | | I I | l | | a aa =| | == | | Kemale 8-14-14 | 5 | | | mae ae SS Ses Female | 10-10-14 5 | — - |== =] j——|— | z ; es z Female | 10-28-14 | 15 = }—— | —— f — = | — oF = | — — I SS a ee ee +++ Female | 11-5-14 5 | — — |-—— =—— jf = — = = — | == Eas ——|[-—|-—— =e Female | 11-28-14 5) — | Re | = a= SSS SS EE — [==] aS eaeee | peperee at | eae 3 Pemale | 12-26-14 b == | SS SS SS Pemale 1-6-15 | 10-18-15 |<10-19-15 | — | — ——s SS US SS = Ss = LU Beeoter | Man SLi Female | 1-24-15 | 11-5-16 | 11-83-15 | — — —— == = = — =—— |*#— +) ++ | z= P| Female | 4-27-15 [| 2-16-16 | 1-28-16 | — {—— SS ; | eel | | Peas ee ea Female | 4-17-16 | 1-23-17 = Ss = | SSS) S25 ees =| S| S= ey [Fare ee ee | | BULL AS A DISSEMINATOR OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION. 151 the infection of contagious abortion, but not. sufficient to constitute any serious menace to his breeding power, the infection may be enormously stimulated and its power for evil uate multi- plied by repeated copulation.’’ bull to infect the heifers if his genitalia were contaminated with or he was giving off living, even if only avirulent, abortion bacilli in his secretions. However, none of the eight heifers that conceived to his service aborted. Buti 3. This bull and bulls 4 and 5 were employed only dur- ing the second year of the experiment. He is a pure bred Hol- stein and has neither never served an infected cow nor given a re- action to the abortion tests. He was bred to 128 in October, No- vember, and Decemberl1915; to 443 twice in October and twice in December, 1915; to 439, 131, and 364 in November and Decem- ber, 1915 (see Tables I and II). Although heifers 128 and 433 later became reactors, there is no direct evidence that this bull in- fected them. In view of the facts that the other heifers served by him remained normal and that he never has given a reaction to either the complement fixation or the agglutination tests, it is more reason- able to attribute the infection of these heifers to other sources than to the genitalia of this bull. Butt 4. > , Le. t 2 t . ‘eis AP ‘ stg. vod os ‘ fi Soci alee oa PEt AR 152 F. B. HADLEY AND H. LOTHE : es es — : these 257 later became a reactor but as she was served by bulls 2 | Bs and 4 a short time before, there is a much greater probability that tn they or the infected cows with which she was in contact infected her 4a than this bull. 3 i Heirer 127. This heifer, the first one to conceive, was bred 4 -August 14, 1914 to bull 1. Like the others, she was tested at regu- — im lar intervals for evidences of abortion infection. The results of — ‘She was sold as a dairy cow shortly afterward, so no further tests ‘the abortion disease. When mated with bull 2 on October 28,1914 ~ ‘She settled and dropped a normal, full-term calf on August 7, 1915. On September 11, 1915 she was transferred to a herd previously — ‘disease and a slight vaginal discharge. She will be, watched with — was transferred to the above mentioned herd. On November. 16.4 ‘bull 4, whose history should be recalled in order to get a clear” these tests are recorded in Table II and show that she never res! acted. She calved normally May 23, 1915. Lack of pasturing — . facilities made it necessary to dispose of her in July, 1915. Heimer 129. This animal conceived to service by bull 2 on — October 10, 1914. Nothing abnormal was noted throughout her B gestation period. She dropped a full-term calf July 20, 1915. — were possible. ee Herrer 443. Service by bull 1 on September 15, 1914 failed to result in conception, but gave an opportunity for her to contract — mentioned that was on a feeding experiment, some of which were — later found to be infected. She was bred twice in October and ~ twice in December to bull 3 and conceived December 24, 1915. — The first- indication of infection was on March 17 when she gave ~ a partial agglutination reaction but did not respond to the fixation _ test. On April 13 she gave typical reactions to both tests. She was removed from the herd May 15, 1916 and placed in an isolated — pasture so that she might be observed from time to time and so that 7 she might have an opportunity to complete her gestation period | without interference. To date, August 14, 1916, nothing abnormal — has been observed except well marked lesions of granular venereal much interest until she aborts or until October 1, when she is due ~ to calve. ee. Herrer 439. This animal after two services by bull 2 had — an uneventful first gestation period. On September 11, 1915 she | 1915 she was bred to bull 3. On January 7, 1916 she was bred to. > understanding of this case. As conception failed to follow these BULL AS A DISSEMINATOR OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 153 = lieved to be pregnant. Throughout her life she has been a con- 4 Peistent negative reactor and promises to remain so and deliver a _ normal ealf early in November of this year. _ Hetrer 364. This heifer was served by bull 1 August 14, a 1914 but did not conceive at that time. After two trials by bull 2 she settled November 28, 1914. She has never shown the slightest sign of abortion infection, although tested regularly. Like 443, 439, and some of the others, she was placed in the herd of cattle on the feeding experiment and bred to bull 3 on December 20, 1915. a nant. No evidence of infection has yet been shown a RY the usual tests. except that her second calf was sired by bull 4. Her serum tests had always been clear, yet very unexpectedly, on June 24, 1916, ae days after last service, she aborted. There are four possible causes of this abortion, viz., (1) bull 3, (2) bull 4, (3) contact-in- fection from other cows, wd (4) the ration which was deficient _ these causes was actually responsible has not been determined. It a three weeks after the abortion, were negative. x Se eiren 257: This heitey was bred to bull 2 in December, 1914 and conceived January 6, 1915. She carried her calf the full ~ term. Two months after calving she w io transferred to the herd on _ the feeding experiment. On January 7, 1916 she was bred to bull 4 and may have been infected by him. re any rate she did not con- “ceive to this service, so was bred to bull 5 on January 29 and Feb- 'tuary 18 respectively. Up to February 25 she had never given the S positive, but the agglutination test was questionable. On M Mech 14 this heifer was killed and her genital organs taken to the le laboratory. for detailed examination. The uterus was found to be no ma in appearance, but was non-gravid. Culture media were eeded with material from the mucous membrane of the uterus, also ( 2) Hart, E. B. The Influence of Certain Natural Feeding Materials « on ae and nas Proc. Wis. Vet. Med. Assn., p. 110, 1916. Heirer 131. This heifer has a history similar to that of 4389 a in certain substances that have been-shown by Professor E. B. | _ Hart * to be required for reproduction. Whether one or more of — - le east sign of abortion infection. On that date the fixation test a small cyst in the left ovary. Although growths pees a services, she was mated with bull 5 on January 27, 1916 and is be- As she has not come in heat since, it is assumed that she is preg- — __is important to note that the last tests made July 13, 1916, about — o. / 154 F. B. HADLEY AND H. LOTHE sae yer. - on and in the media after incubation, none could be identified as abortion bacilli. Heirer 128. This heifer was bred to bull 2 and everything ~ was normal throughout her first pregnancy which terminated No- ; - vember 3, 1915. She was bred three weeks and again six weeks ee 4 later to bull 3 but did not conceive until given service by bull 4 on January 8, 1916. The first intimation of infection was early in | ~ March when she gave an incomplete reaction to the fixation test, — although the agglutination test was negative. On February 29 the herd was tested for tuberculosis and she was the only animal that reacted. A serum test at this time was indicative of abortion infec- tion so it was decided to slaughter her, which was done on April 7, 1916. At the autopsy no macroscopic lesions of tuberculosis were found. The intact uterus was removed and taken to the laboratory for examination. It contained an apparently normal three-months fetus. Culture media was seeded with fluid from the utero-chorioni¢ space but proved to be sterile. No evidence of ‘‘abortion exudate’ was seen. Blood from the fetus was tested for abortion antibodies, but did not react. Heirer 130. This animal did not conceive until April 27, ' 1915, although given repeated service by bull 2. No sign was ever given of abortion infection, all serum tests being negative. She gave birth to a normal calf January 28, 1916, but retained her pla- centa. The second day after calving the badly decomposed placenta was manually removed. Septic metritis set in and resulted in death a few days later. Post-mortem examination revealed a rup-_ ; tured uterus and peritonitis. It should be noted that this heifer was sick for about a week before calving which occurred 17 days before the full 285 day period had expired. However, this case would not be considered an abortion in any interpretation of the term. The blood of the four-day-old calf was tested for abortion and found to be negative. oy Herrer 440. This heifer was the only one of the lot that failed to conceive the first year, although she came in heat quite regularly and was bred to bull 2 many times. If we accept the — opinion expressed by W. L. Williams’ that the cause of heifers fail- ing to conceive is infection of the uterus with abortion bacilli, we — would have expected a reaction at some time during the two-year te (13) Williams, W. L. Loco citato. - ¢ tod hints es) OR lad 73 wae! , is as ae Petite veel 4. ote . - ie loc eae eee eat y . a 4 % ea . ~ i BULL AS A DISSEMINATOR OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 155 period in which she has been under observation, but none was ob- tained. After repeated services by bull 5 she settled April 17, ~ 1916 and is apparently safe in calf. _ Discussion anp Concuusions. In drawing conclusions from ~ these data, an effort will be made to exclude everything that savors s _of prejudice, tradition, and superstition. Nothing will be taken for granted. Only those facts that are capable of scientific proof will be given weight. It is hoped that they will strengthen another link in the chain which is each year being drawn tighter about the epi- g zootiology of the abortion disease, and help, by connecting theory _ with practice, in our efforts to control it. a There is no question but that a bull may acquire a systemic _ infection by experimental inoculation and by copulation with a cow that harbors abortion bacilli in her uterine and vaginal secretions. _ Whether or not such an infected bull is capable of disseminating the infection by cohabitation remains to be conclusively proved. How- ever, the soiled bulls with systemic infections used in this experiment _ did not transmit the abortion disease to the virgin, abortion-free heifers with which they were mated. This confirms the tentative ~ _ conclusions of several other investigators, whose contributions have been mentioned, relative to the bull as a disseminator of abortion. It has been shown that certain bulls are less susceptible to and possess a greater natural immunity against abortion infection than do heifers and cows. In some eases this is apparently a sexual immunity. In other cases it seems to be an individual mmmunity. The reasons for this greater protection may be: (1) A strong con- _ stitution or good conditions rather than specifie bactericidal or 2 other protective properties of their blood-serum; (2) the differ- ~ ence in the anatomic and physiologic arrangement of the repro- 4 ductive organs of the male afforded a less favorable place for the _ propagation of the abortion bacilli than do those of the opposite _ sex. Whatever the reasons are, it is certain that something ope- _ rates to exert a detrimental action on the abortion bacilli that gain entrance to the bodies of bulls which so attenuates them that they 4 are incapable of setting up immediate infection in susceptible heifers. This theory is supported by the fact that the serum re- ; Bastions given by systemically infected bulls gradually become _ weaker until they finally disappear entirely (Bull 2). In heifers and cows this is not the usual course of events. > De & 0 ee WO oS car Tha oe rl ey Bl = ae ve Ty Mee he oh me ee et eee here ee © a a a OMe cS es Sa Sd fa ea ne es ye Ry, eae Sap ae array a er ‘i anf DP % “ © *? Pw : Asean) § cf Se a SNES ae « Ye ae x Vie aes Ae » Pf 4 f 4 ; £ é 5 os \ y y 2 + fe Al 156 F. B. HADLEY AND H. LOTHE phew . re The performance of bulls 1 and 2 afford grounds for the tenta- tive conclusions that a bull acting simply as a mechanical carrier ; of infection, gained as a result of serving infected cows, cannot transmit the infection to susceptible cows which he may subsequent- ly serve, if a period of a few weeks is allowed to elapse between ee a services. infected and at about the same time heifers that never showed the The fact that bulls 3, 4, and 5 served heifers that later became \ ; slightest sign of infection, leads to the belief that under normal _ conditions the abortion disease is usually acquired from other sources than the genital organs of the bull at service. This belief is supported (1) by the previous discussion; (2) by the serum tests of the bulls which were always negative; and (3) by the faet that abortions do not occur in many eases until the seventh month of gestation, which would make the period of ineupation, which is assumed to be the time that elapses between actual infection and abortion, in naturally infected cases much longer than it has been found to be in experimentally infected cases. If a cow aborts it is far more hkely that the source of her in- fection was another cow rather than the bull which served her, as the larger number of cows in all herds increases the opportunity for infection. The methods by which the infection may be trans- ferred from one animal to another are the following: (1) by con- taminated feed and water; (2) by licking of infected cows; -(3) by smearing of infectious material upon the vulva. Summary. (1) Bulls may become infected with the abortion bacilli. (2) Bulls with systemic infections used in the experiments were incapable of disseminating the abortion disease to Virgie abortion-free heifers by cohabitation. (3) Bulls appear te possess a sexual or individual immunity a to abortion infection that renders them less susceptible than cows and: induces a more benign form of the disease. (4) Bulls, when infected, have the ability to attenuate they infecting microorganisms in their bodies in a relatively short time, so that they will be safe for the service of non-infected cows. (5) Cows usually acquire the abortion disease from other sources than the genitalia of bulls at the time of service. { a7 vy Yaa Z A 0M K yt a A - STUDY OF THE: MILK IN BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION* Warp GiLTNER, L. H. CooLepGr AND I. F. HuDDLESON, Laboratory of Bacteriology and Hygiene, East Lansing, Mich. ey _ Great emphasis has been laid during recent years on the eco- - nomie importance of infectious abortion in cattle. Some efforts s have been made to warn milk-consumers unas the possible danger ~ to humans in drinking raw infected cows’ milk. Concerning the bs former matter we doubt if its-importance has been overestimated ; eoncerning the latter we have doubts as to the seriousness of the sit- uation. Whatever the merits of the various contentions may be, it _ isclear that we must study bovine infectious abortion both from the standpoint of the cattle industry and from the standpoint of pub- he health. Investigations have progressed sufficiently to demon- _ Strate the very great importance of milk in either of these lines of practitioner to the points that offer something tangible in his ef- s forts to relieve the situation and the attention of the veterinary in- yestigator to the points that require further elucidation. of The Bacterium abortus occurs in variable numbers (sometimes in enormous numbers) in a large percentage of samples of market milk and consequently in the milk of certain cows has become a » demonstrated fact. Efforts to isolate the organisms are not in- ’ Be variably successful. Both cultural and animal-inoculation meth- _ ods have been employed. The cultural method devised by Nowak takes advantage of the fact that newly isolated cultures require an - atmosphere partially depleted of oxygen. This atmospheric con- _ dition is obtained by growing the agar streaks from suspected ma- ci: terial in a closed jar with Bacillus subtilis, having 1 sq. em. of cul- i ture surface to each 15 ¢@.c. of jar capacity. While one of us (L.H.C.) has isolated Bact. abortus from milk sediment by this method, it is too tedious a process to apply to any number of samples on account of the rapid overgrowth of the plates by fast- parowing organisms of other species. The development of colonies Bact. abortus requires nearly a week. s _ Evans isolated Bact. abortus from milk by plaka on ordi- “nary lactose agar to which 10 per cent of sterile blood serum was ae _ *P¥esented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit, Mich., Aug. 22, 1916. _ } on & 3 Bw a, >> eS De = abe 2 As. -_ study. It is our purpose in this paper to call the attention of the oer ‘ > "p< IH tt Poe ie a ca Re eee SAS PS. SF ets Pe ae ee <= 158 WARD GILTNER, L. H. COOLEDGE AND I. F. HUDDLESON ee added just before plating. After incubating for four days, the colonies which developed were transferred to nutrient broth con- taining 1 per cent glycerin and to tubes of whole milk containmg litmus. It is interesting to note that the organisms developed — more vigorously in the cream layer. Later she has stated that Bact. abortus may be the cause of bad flavors and odors in ripened cream. In this latter paper she reports isolating cultures of Bact. abortus type from 45, or 23.4 per cent of 192 samples and finding as many as 50,000 bacilli per cubic centimeter. The variety occur- ring most frequently in samples of milk is designated B. abortus ar. lipohyticus because of its action on butter fat. Two other varieties were isolated but they all resemble pathogenic strains. This work is very interesting but it means to us that a great deal of work is necessary to determine the true relation of Bact. abortus- like cultures to the true abortion organism, or the organism that is responsible for producing the trouble in breeding cattle. Wil- — liams has already pointed out the probably almost universal dis- —~ tribution of Bact. abortus in breeding cattle. It is time that we considered something more than mere cultural studies of this or- ganism. The other method of study, the inoculation of guinea pigs with milk, while more reliable, is far from satisfactory, owing to the fact that it takes 8 to 10 weeks for the lesions to develop, and it is probable that the organism must be present in large numbers to cause the characteristic lesions with the 5 ¢.c. of milk used for inoculation. We have devised an H tube in one arm of which pure cultures of Bact. abortus from the lesions in the guinea pig can be isolated, while B. subtilis growing in the other arm will lower the oxygen tension to the proper degree if the tubes are closed with rubber stoppers. In order to make the study of the milk more practical sa more applicable to a large number of samples it was found necessary to devise new methods. Knowing that this organism is sometimes, perhaps frequently, present in considerable numbers in milk as it comes from the cow’s udder, it was thought that this might indi- cate an infection of the udder and a consequent local production — of antibodies. Consequently, agglutination and complement fixa-ag 3 tion tests were made using milk and milk serum, instead of blood — serum, and Bact. abortus as antigen. Since the agglutination test was found to give all the data considered valuable this test has A STUDY OF MILK IN ROVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 159 hy been’ adopted in all routine work to the exclusion of the comple- ment fixation test. Dilutions ranging up to 1 to 1000 have been from the use of whole milk except where dilutions less than 1 to 50 are used when rennet. milk serum is substituted. As a result of these experiments it has been shown that a pure culture of Bact. abortus introduced into the milk cistern of a cow’s udder caused the appearance of agglutinins for this organism to appear in that quarter the following day, after which they ap- -_-_ peared successively in each of the other quarters and finally dis- : appeared. It is of interest to note here that we have in no case e” found any evidence to support the belief that Bact. abortus pro- duces any gross or macroscopic lesions in the cow’s udder. We have data which point to the conclusion that there is an increase in the number of leucocytes and antibodies in the strippings over 4 that in the fore milk from those quarters that give a milk highly y E pathogenic for guinea pigs. In other words, there appears to be a antigenic action without pathogenic action. In every case in —_—-which Bact. abortus was found present in the milk by guinea pig by inoculations the agglutinins for this. bacterium were also found, but the bacterium was not found in every case in which agglutinins were demonstrated. Hither of two explanations seems possible. _ The organism may be present in the udder in al! cases, giving as active, local production of antibodies, but in too small numbers to be demonstrated by the animal inoculation method used, or the presence of antibodies in the blood may give rise to their presence, passively, in the milk. The importance of the whole matter rests in the question of the effect of the consumption of such milk on the human being and on the young bovine. Certainly the agglutination test is of value as the simplest meth- od of studying the presence of Bact. abortus in milk, and if the - organism eventually proves pathogenic for humans this test may _ be of value as another means of safeguarding certified and all un- % pasteurized milk. Furthermore, if the milk of certain cows is re- sponsible for furthering the spread of abortion because of its ac- 4 tion on calves, it may prove more profitable for the veterinarian p10 assist the cattle breeders in picking out and rejecting unsafe ~ cows than in advising universal pasteurization or sterilization of fo. milk fed to calves. The agglutination test of the milk may _ prove to be helpful in this connection. So eaee ae Net abe hs ce: ee Sa NA Coe Bye i ase pe ns ee ve Rane aes ‘4 Re “ 2 . y used and no difficulty has been experienced due to the turbidity. EO SEES: Beg Phe eee seg NG pee he Rah ae mn yi ritix eee aE Vaal oe wine es psu: eae: *- . cary aes Pit he a [ids cae ~ ; . c ae: me ve , 7 if ek ae ie ss ‘ ; 3 er : | : 4 an oe Ps a re. ae ae ae Sena CORRE IRE i EERE AE Re ne ; i i ta ed : ( Fi it bins x st Mag et eras tke a “ y’ th 4. Serra ) aK | Pa =e rt A * : 166 WARD GILTNER, L. H. COOLEDGE AND I. F. HUDDLESON © between positive reactions due to the ingestion of tae milk and positive reactions present at time of birth. ‘ The calf fed upon pasteurized, naturally infected milk shee “Ss no positive reactions. No matting of .the sexual hairs occurred — during the time of feeding. The dam of this calf was two years — old. The blood and milk of the dam has never given a reaction, The calf fed upon non-infected milk plus a culture of Bact. abortus gave a negative reaction at the time of birth. A high anti- body index had developed when the blood was tested ‘one week — after the beginning of the feeding of the mixture. The antibody index remained constant for 4 weeks. The reaction began to de- | crease on the 5th week. The blood became negative on the ninth week and remained negative during the remainder of the time the feeding of the mixture was continued. = A The dam of this calf is 4 years old. She has had two normal births and one abortion. The blood and milk were negative before — calving. The cow died of milk fever two days after calving. — There were no-tests made of the blood and milk after parturition. The sexual hairs of the calf did not show any matting or _ staining during the time of feeding and the calf remains apparent- ly healthy to date. ria We feel that we must conclude from the data submitted that # there is no connection, whatever, between the feeding of infected or non-infected milk and the matting and staining of the sexual ~ hairs of new-born calves. fis That Bact. abortus antibodies develop in calves as a result of ingesting naturally infected milk seems to us to be a demonstrated fact, but the cause and significance of the appearance of the anti- _ bodies cannot be explained until further development of the studies ~~ on the calves. The antibodies may be due to an active infection, — they may be due to an active immunity or they may be due to a_ passive transmission of the antibodies present in the milk. : The possibility of infections being acquired in utero seems ‘to — us to be a phase of the abortion question that should be given as much attention as other possible modes of infection. Since we have — found that 16 per cent of the 12 calves used in this experiment possessed Bact. abortus antibodies at the time of birth and that the — antibodies persisted for many weeks after birth, we conclude that the control of the disease must begin with a study of the calf at the time of birth, A STUDY OF MILK IN BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 167 It, occurred to one of us (I. F. H.) that naturally infected milk might be highly bactericidal for Bact. abortus, thus being capable of destroying Bact. abortus after sufficient time has elapsed for bactericidal action to take place. Fs In order to demonstrate this point an experiment was _per- formed in the following manner : A milk which contained Bact. abortus antibodies was heated intermittently for one hour at 60°C. on three successive days in order to destroy all microorganisms present. Two c.c. of bouillon were placed in small sterile test tubes and to these were added in order: .2, .1 and .05 ¢.c. of milk, 24,000 Bact. abortus organisms and .1 ¢.c. of complement serum. Two controls were used, one con- taining bouillon, .2 ¢.c. of milk and 24,000 bacteria, the other con- taining only bouillon and 24,000 bacteria. The tubes were incu- pia bated for 2 hours at 37°C. . 1 «c. of the mixture from each tube —_-was plated out before, and .1 ¢.c. after incubation. The tube that contained .2 ¢.c. of milk contained 1200 bacteria after incubation. The remaining tubes were sterile. The control tubes contained 48,000 bacteria. We, therefore, feel safe in concluding that milk containing Bact. abortus antibodies is highly bactericidal for Bact. abortus. Therefore, milk containing Bact. abortus antibodies that has been heated at a sufficient temperature to kill the organisms and not the antibodies should be looked upon as being beneficial to new-born calvess The milk containing antibodies should give the calf a passive immunity during its early development. = t oe Ame Se a _ Full bibliography may be found in: _ L, H. Cootepce. Agglutination test as a means of studying the presence of a Bacterium abortus in milk. Jour. Agr. Res., Vol. V, No. 19. LL. H. Coonepcr. Is Bact. abortus (Bang) pathogenic for human beings? Jour. : Med. Kes., N. 8... Vol. XX1IX, No.3. Dr. E. M. Nighbert has been transferred from Atlanta, Georgia, _ to Jacksonville, Florida. where he will locate as inspector in charge _ of the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the eradication of ‘¥ cattle ticks in cooperation with the State authorities. The work in Florida heretofore has been directed from the Atlanta office, but Dr. Nighbert will be assigned with a corps of veterinarians to Jackson- _ yille and will devote his entire attention to encouraging the building of dipping vats and supervising the building of such vats for the ~ eradication of cattle ticks in this State. lg FURTHER STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA WITH = REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS* foe Loe: we Water E. Kine anp R. H. Drake, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. Inrropuction. Several reports have been published relative to various studies on Spirochaeta hyos, an organism present in cer- tain hog cholera lesions. The investigation, which is still Icom plete, has been continued since the publication of the first prelim- inary paper in 1912. The present paper has been prepared for the purpose of reporting additional data and presenting a general summary of the investigation. EXPERIMENTAL Notes. Presence of Spirochaeta hyos in blood of cholera infected hogs. The study of spirochaetes found in swine was prompted by the results of early observations on the blood of cholera infected hogs which were reported ' ? as follows: ‘‘In the specimens of blood from all infected hogs, which have been observed by means of the dark field, a relatively large spiro- chete has been found. It averages from five to seven microns in length and one micron in width. The body of the organism is flexible and round at its ends. It presents no knobbed appearance _ at its poles. Actively motile, it revolves about its longitudinal - axis. Its motility is undulating in character and its spirals are fixed. A few of these organisms have been observed dividing longitudinally. In one permanent microscopical mount, prepared by India ink fixation, one of these organisms apparently shows a polar flagellum. On the dark field this spirochete is readily dis- tinguished from bacteria on account of its lack of rigidity and its characteristie motility, and from ‘blood filaments’ by its greater re- fractive properties and characteristic morphology. “This spirochete has not been found in large numbers, in any of the blood preparations. However, in nearly every specimen ex- amined, more than one have been observed and in many cases five or six have been found with little difficulty. As a rule the organ- isms have been found to be more numerous at the height of the disease. The specimens of blood examined have been diluted in the proportion of about one to ten or fifteen with sterile sodium citrate solution, which factor should be considered in contemplating the number observed in a given positive specimen. Moreover, it is suggested that this organism, when observed as a spirochete form, constitutes only one stage of its development. ’’ “Read before the meeting of the Am, Vet. Med, Assn., Detroit, 1916, HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS 169 Since reporting the blood findings resulting from the micro- scopical study on the dark field, no further data on this phase of Ee the problem has been published. Subsequent work dealt with > studies of spirochetes in the intestinal mucosa and local lesions, cul- we tural studies, filtration and inoculation experiments and comple- ment fixation tests. On numerous occasions, however, attempts were made to secure satisfactory stained preparations as well as <2 cultures of the spirochete from the blood. These attempts were = wholly unsuccessful. No growth of the spirochete occurred in such as serum, blood, agar, ascitic and amniotic fluid in various | combinations. A few months ago attention was directed to this = particular phase of the problem because it seemed necessary not 3 only to verify the results of the micioscopical study of the blood, but also to investigate the possibility of securing pure cultures of the spirochete directly from the blood of cholera infected hogs. Pure cultures of Spirochaeta hyos may be obtained from the intestinal ulcers or local lesions of cholera infected hogs by making repeated transfers from the original culture. Owing to the period of time necessary to eliminate contaminating organisms from the ---—s original cultures, the final transfers containing the spirochetes in pure culture, are often unsatisfactory for animal inoculation ex- periments. This is an assumption based upon the probable attenua- tion of the cultures because of long continued passage on artificial . culture media. Since the spirochete had been found in the blood z by means of the dark field, it appeared that by proper methods the __—s organisms might be isolated in pure culture directly from the blood ___ and thus afford unattenuated cultures for animal inveulation and other experiments. Failure to grow the spirochetes from the sg ____ blood in tube media led to the use of mass cultures. CULTURE MEDIA. The culture media used for the earlier blood 2 cultures consisted of a mixture ‘of 100 c.c. of veal bouillon, (5 e.c. of 2% veal agar in a flask containing 4 or 5 small pieces of fresh, sterile rabbit testicle or kidney tissue. Considerable diffi- culty was encountered in putting up this media due to the nature of the ingredients, and the impossibility of sterilizing the mixture. Other formulae, using varying amounts of the same material. with _ and without sterilization, were tried later, cultures made from the blood in -various special deep tube media, — 2 ‘points acid to phenolphthalein) ; 50 ¢.c. sterile ascitic fluid and 25 .— ve Ew et Sc 4 , } a J f : ¥ % & fy te * £ a = - é aah 4 oe e ay it fone OS Ra Ne Y, ‘ = =>. ‘2: is aes fi ’ WA . : \ ~ ts = ie 170 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE = ae ey Owing to the difficulty in obtaining ascitic fluid in a ‘sterile — a condition, attempts were made to replace it with amniotic fluid ob- i ey tained from pregnant sows slaughtered at the abattoir. This was aged both with and without sterilization and in approximately the 28 same amounts as the ascitic fluid. Some promising results were ob- i tained, but it was not found to be as satisfactory as the ascitic es e fluid. Fluid obtained aseptically and used without sterilization, “3 ; gave much better results than that sterilized. 4 a7 The formula determined upon for use in the later cultures was * as follows: : \ ry Asatie: Winid! 25. 4-4 40 c.c. ‘Amniotic? Pinid: i220... 50 e.c. AAT ii hr ha enacts eer 29 €.¢. Bouillon 37. 2. 2 ee 100 ¢@.e a we These ingredients were mixed in a 250 c¢.c. flask to which the _ Je tissue had been added and the whole mixture was autoclaved. * TECHNIC INVOLVED IN MAKING CULTURES. (1) Tail bleedings; the tail was washed carefully with mercuric iodide soap, shaved and treated with a mixture* of alcohol, acetone and coal tar product, possessing high phenol coefficient. The end of the tail was then cut — 4 off and the blood caused to flow in a thin stream directly into the cul ture flask. (2) Aspiration from the heart; the skin over the heart was washed, shaved and painted with iodine. Then by means of a — sterile syringe fitted with a long needle, the blood was aspirated , directly from the heart and forced into the flasks from the syringe. (3) Slaughter bleeding; the animal was stunned by a blow 4 on the head, the thorax quickly opened and the blood sample as- pirated from the pulsating heart by means of a sterile 25 ee. a pipette. : a In all cases, at least 25 ¢.c. of blood were taken, if possible, — , and after mixing with the media a layer of sterile neutral oil was — added. When the blood was drawn, control cultures were made 4 nutrient agar and bouillon, to aid in determining its sterility. ef INCUBATION AND EXAMINATION OF CULTURES. The cult were incubated at 37° for several weeks. Examination by means — oi the dark field were made at intervals of a day or two for some ay el at “ an cs ¢ ‘ so _ aids A aE i nee Pee ei Yi) SH ee mee are a eT 1 A TO a 9 RE RO OS a *See article by McDonald, Jour. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics., va 21, July-1915, p. 82. a BA ay ta Ri TRH Le) SYP POS Mahe ps APR he RR Ag eden AT Webi ER a ere ome he | ual EATS ES END! fe Sie: oh - eae ce % : 4 ‘ ; My ae . eS ‘HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS Wa. Mc time and then at less frequent intervals. Whenever the spirochetes oN _ developed, they were found from four to twenty-nine days after By _ the cultures were made, aeny The contaminating organisms consisted of B. coli communis, B. cholerae suis, B. enteritidis, B, subtilis, staphylococci, streptococci, and several unidentified bacilli and spirilla. mt On When the cultures showed growth of active spirochetes, trans- ‘ fers were made into ascitic agar tubes, containing tissue. In some instances, owing to the presence of very rapidly growing bacteria Wa): with gas production, the spirochetes did not develop and usually ns the purification was most difficult. a . STRAINS OF Virus Utinizep. Four strains of virus have been @ used in these experiments :— Ci "i 1—New York, received from Drs. Moore and Birch of Cornell ; 5 University. i ri 2—St. Louis, received from Dr, Hauk of East St. Louis, rep- rah resenting stock strain built up by mixing together all the iT strains of virus obtainable. ik 3 , received from Drs. Hadley and Beach of the $ University of Wisconsin. : Sane 4—Grosse Isle, obtained from a herd of cholera ambecied hogs at Grosse Isle, Mich. TABLE I. GENERAL DATA. BLOOD CULTURES. a Charae- No. days No. Days ter of after inoe. before | (Mii . Flask Hog No. Strain Virus bleeding when cults, Spirochete ih made observed bie 1 248 N.Y. Heart (1) 15 a oe 2 254 St. L. Tail 8 Bs 3 256 Wis. Tail 8 ) m 4 251 St. L. Heart (1) 16 11 hn 5 254 St. L: Heart (2) 18 9 it 6 261 aay Tail 10 We 7 256 Wis. Heart (2) 18 ane 8 259 Wis. Tail 10 9 ey 9 255 ING Ys Tail 20 rn 10 258 eGe Tail 12 an ae Unies 259 Wis. Heart (2) 13 29 Se 12 257 Geol: : Heart (2) 22 6 r as’ 255 N. Y. Heart (1) 24 ) ay 14 262 St. L. Tail 4 Seat Mei 15 265 Gols Tail 4 Ct ay ze a +t ite geo BS reg * ‘ a n ; P ‘ zn 172. WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE Charac- No. days ter of after inoe. ; 2 No. Flask Hog No. Strain Virus bleeding when eae Spirochete made 16 263 Wis. Tail vf 7, 264 No Tail 7 18 261 i Bp Heart (2) 20 19 258 Ga: Heart (2) 20 20 252 N. Y Heart (2) 36 21 265 GEL Heart (2) 9 22 262 St. L. Tail 10 23 263 Wis. Tail 10 24 263 Wis. Tail 12 25 264 EN oY Heart 12 26 267 St. L. Tail 5 27 263 Wis. Heart 15 28 262 Ste: Heart 17 29 266 NN Tail 10 30 267 Steel: Tail 10 5) 268 Gale Tail 10 32 269 Wis. Tail 10 33 266 IN es Heart 16 34 267 St. L. Heart 16 35 270 St. L. Tail 8 36 271 INA Tail 8 SH/ 273 Gate Tail 8 38 269 Wis. Heart 22 39 272 Wis. Tail 10 40 271 Nias Heart 14 41 273 Gok Heart 15 42 270 She 1a, Heart 16 43 278 Normal Tail 44 279 Normal Tail 45 280 Normal Tail 46 Sy went. Normal Tail 47 272 Wis. Heart (1) 18 48 268 Goa Heart (3) 28 49 277 Gee Heart (1) 3 or4 50 279 St. L. Heart (3) 5 51 281 Normal Tail 52 280 N. Y. Heart (3) 6 53 270 St. L. Heart (3) 23 54 273 Got. Heart (1) 24 55 279 St. L. Heart (3) 8 56 287 Normal Heart (3) 57 286 Normal Heart (3) 58 278 Wis. Heart (3) if 59 281 Gea: Heart (3) 9 60 275 Ney Heart (3) if 61 287 Wis. Heart (1) i:) 62 285 G. I. Heart (3) a 63 286 Sts Ti. Heart (3) 11 64 281 Gor. Heart (1) ko 65 285 G. I. Heart (3) 15 66 286 St. L. Heart (2) 15 67 287 Wis. Heart (1) 18 *Culture not examined after 19 days. on erie : Charac- No. days oa BS ae ; ter of after inoc. before ‘ou > A ‘= made observed te tCulture not examined after 22 days. Blood taken from the heart with 25 ¢.c. pipette after death. Blood taken from the heart with 25 ¢.c. pipette while animal was stunned. Blood aspirated from the heart by syringe while animal was alive. _ Blood taken from the heart by syringe after death. ee A oes of the results shown in Taste I may be expressed e as Riollows: : i No spirochetes could be found in cultures made from the hloed fn See A ent in practically all cases. __No spirochetes were observed in blood cultures made from 1-5 days after inoculation of hogs with the filterable virus. 15.8 per cent of total blood cultures made from 6-9 days after No. Days 2 ne No. Flask see No. Strain Virus bleeding when cults. Spirochete — 284 ING ee Heart (3) ; 12 7 278 ¢ Wis. Heart (4) 20 5 294 Stn dagen: Heart (3) 6 +90 ~ 291 INGE s Heart (3) a oaeprsbls ye Gaels , Heart (3) 8 292 Wis. Heart (3) 9 294 St. L. Heart (3) 12 293 Gaik Heart (3) 12 291 INGE Heart (3) 14 6 293 (Gig dk . Heart (3) 16 6 : 294 eats bp, Heart (3) 16 “6 291 N. -Y. Heart (4) 19 7 300 St. Le Heart (3) 10 6 298 Gene Heart (3) 11 301 IN Ys Heart (3) © 12 299 Wis. Heart (3) 12 300 St. L. Heart (4) 13 299 Wis. Heart (4) 16 5 298 (Gaal Heart (4) 16 15 304 St. L. Heart (3) 9 7 303 G. I. Heart (3) 10 305 INA. Heart (3) 12 302 Wis. Heart (3) 13 13 288 St. L. Heart (3) 23 304 St. L. Heart (3) 16 10 290 Wis. Heart (2) 18 297 Wis. Heart (2) 18 23 295 Wis. Heart (3) 18- 5 306 Stralins Heart (2) 38 17 312 ING Eye Heart (2) 10 8 313 Stole Heart (2) 10 18 311 Geel: Heart (2) 12 12 * . of normal hogs although contaminating bacteria were pres- 174 - WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE 3 inoculation of pigs with the filterable virus resulted posi A tively. ee: 3 4. 50 per cent of total blood cultures made 10 or more days after inoculation gave positive findings. a 5. 53 per cent of total blood cultures made after death from hog cholera contained Sp. hyos. Be 6. Sp. hyos were observed in all positive cultures from 4 to 29 days” 4 after cultures were made, with two exceptions. es It should be borne in mind that the foregoing series includes _ all mass blood cultures since the beginning of the work. Z For the first several weeks considerable experimentation was — carried out for the purpose of developing the most satisfactory _ culture media formula, correcting errors in technique and devising ~ ; the best methods for the elimination of contamination, in so far as _ possible. Notwithstanding these difficulties 40 per cent of the total — blood cultures showed the presence of Sp. hyos. Most of the cul- | tures, especially those in the first part of the series, contained many — gontaminating organisms and it is quite probable that in some in- — stances the spirochetes may not have developed because of over- growth of extraneous forms. It is practically impossible to secure roetinely large blood — specimens from the hog, uncontaminated, therefore undue im- a portance cannot be attached to the foregoing results. However, the general results corroborate those previously reported from the dark field study of the blood of normal and cholera infected hogs. PATHOGENICITY OF SPIROCHAETA Hyos. References have been made in published data * * to the successful production of symp- toms and lesions similar to those of hog cholera by means of inocula- | tion with contaminated and pure cultures of Sp. hyos. A summary — of these reports is presented in Table IT. a 4 TM apias ge | SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED DATA, ANIMAL INOCULATION “ EXPERIMENTS. CHARACTER OF Cut. oF Sp. Hyos No. of Ageof ! Pure . genera-__ trans- or tion on fers RESULTS contam. cult. media days contam, ~ Ist 5 Disease typical of H. C. Check ani- mal inoe. with contam. cults., re- ~ mained normal. Berk. filtered ser-— um. 559 produced disease similar — to H. C. contam. 2nd 57 Mild reaction. oe contam. 2nd 57 Mild reaction. contam. 2nd 22 Disease typical of chronic cholera. Berk. filtered serum. 612 produced _ disease similar to H. C. contam. 2nd 22 Disease typical of H. C. Berk. filtered fe serum. 615 produced same in norm- al pig. 2 contam. 2nd 22 Disease typical chronie chol.. Berk. filtered serum. 614 produced symp- — toms similar to those of mild chol. | contam. 3rd 36 Strong reaction, gained resistance against H. C. contam. 3rd 36 Strong reaction—blood produced dis- ease typical of H. C. contam. 3rd 52 Disease typical of mild cholera. contam. 3rd 52 Disease typical of mild cholera. pure from 2nd 70 Disease typical of H. C. Controlled filtrate by check animal. Pure from 2nd 70 Disease typical of H. C. Controlled filtrate by check animal. ‘ag During the past year 27 hogs have been subjected to imocula-— tion experiments with Sp. hyos. The methods used in conducting these experiments and in controlling the results are illustrated by the following laboratory data: __ Experiment II.—Hog 121 received injections of pure cul-_ tures of Sp. Hyos as follows: : ‘ie Hog 121—5-27-15. Intramuse. Inj. 6 «ec. susp. trans. II 112 ie 6-1 -15. Intramuse. Inj. 5 ¢.c. susp. trans. III 112 6-4 -15. Intramuse. Inj. 414c.c. susp. trans. IIT 112 ; Ste 6-8 -15. Intramusce. Inj. 8 ¢.c. susp: trans. III 112 | Ry. Repeated i inoculations of pure cultures were made for the pur- ie 2 e of comparing results with those from single inoculations. | Ake ner® and his associates found that several intraperitoneal and ¥e hip , : ‘ ee 176 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE eee intraspinal inoculations of monkeys with cultures of the organism which they have isolated from cases of acute anterior poliomyelitis, were required to produce infection. : This animal showed a thermal and constitutional reaction - §-2-15 to 6-6-15, after which it regained ‘normal conditions. Sub- sequent exposure to the filterable virus proved that it was immune to hog cholera. "g Hog 123 received injections of pure culture of Sp. Mes as follows: * * a Intramuse. Inj. 4%c.c. susp. trans. II 112 Intramuse. Inj. 4 ¢.c. susp. trans. IIIT 112 Intramuse. Inj. 5 ¢.c. susp. trans. III 112 Intramuse. Inj. 10 ¢.c. susp. trans. III 112 DAR OF Co He bo ager Orv or Ot Or This animal showed very slight reaction from the cultures in- jected 6-2 — 6-5, on 6-8 exhibited marked symptoms similar tp thoser 4 of the subacute type of hog cholera and died 6-23-15. Fic. 1. Kidney. Hogs 122 and 124 were placed with hogs 121 and 123 at the be ginning of the experiment, 5-27-15. Hog 122 on 6-10-15 developed symptoms typical of H. C. which | proved fatal in 18 days. It is significant to notice that this ani- — mal showed symptoms just 6-7 days after hog 121 exhibited a strong reaction from injection of cultures. Hog 124 remained normal until 6-16, 7-8 days after hogs 12 7 and 122 manifested symptoms, evidently not becoming exposed — from 121 at the same time as hog 122. With the exception of ve all suffered from disease processes typical of H. C. ale a “ e ~] ~] oe = _ HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS , a4 TS V os ux F ioe aie) hee ee "Autopsy Hog 122. - Pericardial sae—ecchymotiec spots. oe Heart muscle—irregular hemorrhagic areas. Oe Lungs—small hemorrhagic areas. ae a 3 Spleen—entarged, soft and engorged. a Glands, mediastinal, inguinal and mesenteric—enlarged and fs ye hemorrhagic. Smee Kidneys—petechiae, ‘‘turkey egg’’. See fig. (1). Ra: Cecum—Mucosa ulcerated around ileo-cecal valve. Small a hemorrhagic areas. See fig. (2). ents WS Es ; money Hog 123. ' ie Lungs—hemorrhagic areas. 4 * es __—~“Spleen—very large and friable. ee ae Glands—mesenteric and inguinal enlarged. HA y Kidney—few eechymotic spots. ee — ——- Ceeum—two small ulcers. ae = Liver—normal. Pa gion 3 Heart—normal. , eae : Autopsy Hog 124. b3 Lesions correspond with those found in hog 122 with the ad-. ’ wi ~~ dition of petechiae on the ental surface of the bladder. EB s - See figs. (3), (4), (5). a P ~ EXperiMenr 12.—Hog 131 received 12 injections of quid cul- ae 3 tures of Sp. hyos during a period from 6-15 —7-25-15. The 5 animal remained in normal condition and was found later to a ____— be immune to hog cholera. e og 132 placed in the same pen as a control throughout the ex- 7 ; periment also remained normal and was found to be immune mee upon exposure to the filterable virus of H. C. ea log: 133—Another control, remained normal or nearly so for al- i most two months and then gradually developed symptoms te eee __ characteristic of the chronic type of hog cholera to which it i succumbed 9-8-15. Autopsy showed characteristic lesions. \ pe 154 received 12 injections of liquid cultures of Sp. hyos dur- | % BN’. ing a period from 6-15 —7-28. As a rule this animal showed iS, = thermal: reactions after each injection, manifested symptoms a EY 8-38-15 and died 9-9-15. The autopsy showed lesions similar to Bae tee. 86 TOE cap . ‘ ¢ A’ Be EGS beeen : ke 178 ; WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE ee ; ee " Hogs 137 and 138 were given 7 7 injections and fed cultures of Sp. a” ies hyos during a period from 6-15—7-12. After about 11 weeks | a big both of these animals manifested symptoms of disease. , os ae No. 137 recovered and proved immune to hog cholera. Ps. a 0% No. 138 died of a chronic type of disease similar to H. C. 9. i 2 S 17-15. The experiments on these animals (137 and 138) — a were controlled throughout by the presence of normal — , hogs (135 and 136) which developed an immunity to the — filt. virus of H. C., presumably through exposure to the Fic. 2. Ceeum. attenuated organisms causing disease in 137 and 138. The ” accompanying photograph (see fig. 6) shows the condition — of the animals included in this experiment on 9-10-15. Hogs 133 and 137 do not appear in the photograph as No. 133 died : on 9-8 and was destroyed while No. 137, in normal condition, — was not in the field of the camera. 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FES Se ee TE Gravy SS SO Gee WALTER E, KING AND R. H. DRAKE ‘ In the foregoing series of inoculations of 27 hogs with cultures of Sp. hyos, each of which was controlled by one or more normal — pigs, except in the case of numbers 53 and 56, the following sum- marized results were obtained: r : A 12 hogs, (45.2%) developed disease typical of hog cholera, the 4 cases terminating Peay oa Fie. 3. Heart and Lungs. 7 hogs, (26%) exhibited reactions after which they were in- — jected with the filterable virus and found to be immune to hog chol- — era. 7 hogs, (26%) were not affected by the injection of cultures — of Sp. hyos, as shown by absence of immunity on subsequent ex- i posure to the ee virus. 1 hog, (3.7%), number 275, gave questionable results, In these experiments nine different culture strains of Sp. hyos » - were used. ae It is a well known fact that Spirochaeta pallida rapidly loses ~ its virulence when cultivated on artificial culture media. In the discussion of ‘‘ Immunity in Syphilis’’ Zinsser® the following statement: ‘*Were it not for the production of lesions with cultures in their early test tube generations by Hoffman, and by Noguchi in a few experiments, one would be almost in doubt as to the identity of the virulent with the culture organisms.’’ Further study may show that Sp. hyos may exhibit the same chayacteristic. The results of animal inoculation experiments indicate that Spirochaeta hyos, when injected into healthy hogs, in some in- stances is capable of producing symptoms and lesions similar to those present in hog cholera. makes Be P Further experimentation is necessary, however, in order that definite conclusions can be drawn as to the specific etiological re- ____ lationship of this organism to hog cholera. At the present time ~ the following tentative suggestions are offered : ‘aes’ 1. Sp. hyos under certain conditions, is pathogenic for swine, producing symptoms and lesions characteristic of hog cholera. 2. Sp. hyos may rapidly become attenuated when grown under artificial conditions and therefore may often become incapable of producing disease when injected into healthy hogs. 3. The injections of attenuated cultures into healthy hogs sometimes sensitize the animals and sometimes confer resistance against infection when subsequent inoculations are made with the filterable virus of hog cholera. | * 4. The results of several inoculation experiments have shown that control hogs confined with the inoculated animals may de-. _ velop symptoms and lesions similar to those found in hog cholera, while inoculated hogs may remain normal or exhibit reactions only. This may be explained by assuming that the attenuated organisms multiply after injection, and, regaining their virulence in a natural habitat may cause disease when ingested by the healthy control _ animals. SUMMARY OF THE INVESTIGATION OF SPIROCHAETA Hyos. The ae trend of results pertaining to this series of investigations ge a continuation of the study of Sp. hyos. Much work re- se —_~ / \ i > : 7 Se 5 ae” Phe! 182 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE . 2 SS mains undone and some of the results which have been reported — await the confirmation of other investigators. However, the find- ings bear some significance and further investigation of this organ- ism is warranted on the part of those interested in the problem of hog cholera, its cause and prevention. Hog cholera is at present classified etiologically as a disease - due to an ultravisible virus. There exists no recognized consensus of opinion regarding the relative importance of the pathological Fig. 4. Mesenteric Glands. changes which take place in cases described as hog cholera and — present literature on this subject constantly revolves around the query, ‘‘What is hog cholera’??? The diagnosis rests entirely upon | history of outbreak, clinical symptoms, autopsy findings and the results following treatment with serum. Preventive treatment de- pends upon the use of anti-hog cholera serum, which during the last six years has been manufactured in large quantities and used ex-— tensively. The value of anti-hog cholera serum has been abundant- ly proven, but the general, practical efficacy of the product, in pro-— ' portion to its cost and certain other disadvantages, has been sub- jected to serious criticism, a ie HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS 183 Students of the hog cholera problem must place more concen- tration upon the study of the filterable virus and the pathology of “the disease in order that a logical basis may be established for the tical prevention. a GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FORMED FROM RESULTS OBTAINED THUS ee rar. During this series of investigations the following phenomena - have been demonstrated : = Y 1. The presence in small numbers, of a spirochete, described ~ as Sp. hyos, in the blood of hogs infected with hog cholera, as * shown by microscopical studies. In the majority of cases, mass - cultures from the blood of animals suffering from Jog cholera yield a growth of spirochetes, usually accompanied by B. coli com- munis, B. cholerae suis, B. enteritidis, staphylococci and other or- ganisms. 2. The presence of Spirochaeta hyos in the intestinal ulcers, -cecal crypts and external local lesions of animals suffering from hog cholera. f 3. The successful filtration of Sp. hyos from suspensions con- taining a variety of contaminating microorganisms, as evidenced in one or two instances by growth of the spirochete in pure culture a in transfers made from the filtrates, and the production of disease % processes similar to hog cholera in hogs inoculated with the filtrates. certain conditions, in normal hogs inoculated with pure cultures of ~ Sp. hyos which have passed through several generations on arti- 4 ficial culture media. The presence of sensitization in some in- _ Stances and, in others, resistance toward subsequent injections of * the filterable virus of hog cholera, in hogs which have received pure attenuated cultures of Sp. hyos. 3 5. The specific antigenic power’ of extracts prepared from pure cultures of Sp. hyos when used in complement fixation tests with sera from cholera. hogs as compared with the results of similar at -¢omplement fixation tests with the sera of normal hogs and those suffering from other disease processes. i ConFirMAToRY Dara. Relatively little work has been re- ported in confirmation of the foregoing conclusions. _ - Arnheim* found spirochetes on dark field preparations made rom eae ee blood of parece hogs, but not from the heart’s successful solution of the problems of accurate diagnosis and prac- ! 2 4. The production of disease similar to hog cholera, under . 184 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE "Gee Connaway and Durant’ have found that an experimental a me : tigen prepared from intestinal ulcer material, which is usually rich in spirochetes, gave encouraging results as a specific reagent ir experimental complement fixation tests. 4 This ps perume ue ulcer extract antigen was prepared in such a a way that it was ‘‘practically free from blood and blood carrying ~ tissue containing any large amount of the circulating alee 4 virus.’ , Connaway and Durant also tested a total of 76 experimental a spleen extract antigens, 10 per cent of which manifested antigenic — Fie. 5. Bladder. properties. Experimental antigens prepared from the blood, kid- — neys and lymph glands yielded negative results. A Ruther”, Betegh"’, Uhlenhuth and Haendel’?, Arnheim® and Dorset’* report the presence of spirochetes in the intestinal uleers — of infected hogs. Uhlenhuth and Haendel state that spirochetes — have been found in the bile of infected hogs. “a In former publications* and *, reference has been made toa a short article published by Riither?® concerning the presence of spirochetes in the intestinal mucosa of cholera infected hogs. In ~ a monograph, “‘Zur Sichtbarkeit des Schweinepest-erregers’’, — printed by Riither in 1910, he reported the observation of spirilla in the blood of cholera infected hogs, referred to the passage of these organisms through a filter and suggested the etiological sig nificance of the spirilla in hog cholera. In this monograph the term “‘spirochaeta’’ was suggested in one instance as syuony ee iS | HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS 185 with the term ‘‘spirilla’’, but no attempt was made to describe a definite microorganism. Criticisms. Some criticisms have been offered concerning the findings summarized in the foregoing. Such have been ex- pressed, for the greater part, merely as opinions and not as facts based upon actual data. While Arnheim® verified the statement that spirochetes may be demonstrated in the blood and intestinal mucosa of cholera infected animals, he expressed the belief that Sp. hyos is a saprophyte. He based this conclusion upon the fact-that treatment of hog cholera _ with salvarsan results negatively and also upon the assertion that spirochetes had not been passed through filters under pressure, at that writing. >a be sil “ ~~ are sis, Scape -T.- -~ 2 Fic. 6. Sick Hogs. Hayes’ states that spirochetes could not be demonstrated on _ the dark field in 12 specimens of blood from cholera infected hogs. ~ Dorset’® reports that he was not able to find spirochetes in the S blood of infected hogs. He states that spirochetes can be demon- v _ strated readily in the intestinal mucosa not only of infected hogs 8 _ but also that ‘‘an extended examination of the intestinal contents Me of healthy hogs has shown that the same spirochetes are present a there in considerable numbers. He therefore believes that Spirochaeta hyos is a ‘‘saprophytie - inhabitant of the hog’s intestine.’’ __- Meyer™’ calls attention to the destructive action of sodium _ taurocholate, saponin and lecithin on spirochetes, while the filter- * able hog cholera virus exhibits more resistance to such substances. ha =. the following suggestions may be offered: tures as reported in this paper. also reported the filterability of Sp. biflera, which they found’ hes 186 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE ~ ‘ aa ae = Referring to the negative evidence which has been advanced a 1. Failure to find Sp. hyos on the dark field in the blood off ae cholera infected hogs is an admission of lack of perseverance in fol- — lowing up the work. The spirochete may be secured in blood eul-— 2. Failure to successfully treat cases of hog cholera with ar- senical or mercurial preparations should not be considered as evi- dence that Sp. hyos is in no way related to hog cholera. The suc- — cessful use of salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis is not uniformly accepted, and moreover syphilis is a disease which shows no clinical | resemblance to hog cholera and the successful treatment with mer- eury and salvarsan depends upon continued application of these substances. 3. Claims of failure to pass spirochetes through filters under pressure cannot be maintained at the present time. Sp. hyos has been passed through the Berkfeld filter**. Wol- bach and Binger’® have described a spirochete, named by them Sp. elusa, which they passed through a Berkfeld ‘‘ V”’ filter. They have fresh water. Todd and Wolbach?® have shown that Sp. duttoni could be = forced through a Berkfeld filter with a pressure of 50-90 pounds — per sq. inch, while they did not pass through the filter under at- — mospheric pressure. It is inferred that the organisms which passed through the filter under pressure represented the ‘‘ granule phase.” 4. The demonstration of spirochetes in the intestines of nor- ~ mal hogs, with the assumption that such spirochetes are identical —~ with Sp. hyos, does not constitute sufficient evidence upon which y . to draw negative conclusions regarding this organism. Y: It is now recognized that Sp. pallidum is the specifie cause of syphilis in spite of the fact that the oral cavity of the healthy in- dividual is the normal habitat of saprophytic spirochetes. Posi- | tive findings of spirochetes in the intestinal mucosa of swine im- — mune to cholera have been reported, but they are found in small — numbers and only in rare cases in the intestines of healthy hogs, a as compared with the findings in the intestinal ulcers and cecal erypts of infected animals. However, granting that spirochetes — may be demonstrated in large Sees in the intestinal canal of © healthy hogs, the assumption is not well founded that all microbi¢ — HOG CHOLERA WITH REFERENCE TO SPIROCHAETA HYOS 187 - forms of the intestinal flora which resemble spirochetes morpho- knowledge of spirochetes, it is impossible to rely upon microscopical characters alone in distinguishing the known forms. As an illus- tration it may be stated that the intestinal tract of normal man phosus microscopically that no differentiation can be made, conse- quently typhoid fever cannot be diagnosed in the laboratory by a morphological study of the organism. in large numbers in the intestinal mucosa of a few animals which had been immunized to hog cholera. It can be assumed that the presence of these organisms in the intestine of immune hogs may — Se ce ~ 9? _ possibly characterize such animals as ‘‘carriers’’ of the disease. a, - 5. The inference drawn from the data concerning the resist- ance of the filterable hog cholera virus to the action of sodium taurocholate as compared with that of spirochetes, like some of the foregoing, represents circumstantial rather than direct evidence. ing the life history of Sp. pallidum and other spirochetes. While little is known concerning the life cycle of this group of organisms Marchoux and Couvey**, Hindle**, Dutton and Todd?’, Sergent and Foley**, Noguchi*’, who have observed the ‘‘granule phase.’’ It is altogether possible that at certain stages of development Sp. hyos and other organisms of this group may be more resistant to various substances and conditions than during the period represented by the morphological form of the organism with which the worker is familiar. GENERAL Concuusion. While much work remains to be done ~ on Spirochaeta hyos, only one important step is necessary to prove _ with certainty whether or not this organism bears any direct etio- i foeical relation to hog cholera. Some means must be developed “ly from the infected animal in order that pure cultures, unattenu- ated by. tedious manipulation in an artificial environment, may be utilized i in a series of animal inoculation experiments. ender such conditions, uniformly positive results, together with data already n hand, would serve as final, conclusive evidence as to the specific “Pathogenicity of Sp. hyos. Until such experiments can be succeess- +2 logically, are identical with Sp. hyos. With our present meagre — _ contains non-pathogenic organisms so closely resembling B. ty- During the course of this investigation, Sp. hyos has been found Much has been written concerning some of the phenomena attend-— there are many well known authorities, Balfour, Fantham??,. _ through which the organism may be isolated in pure culture direct- Fe pete ie eet ey. BI es fin Fe: Ane Se reid 4 2 ’ ae ee gel " ry dass ay 1. Me AE acre Bier ae WASPS PCN Neath aay { * Te ane “> ¢ ree Cre De itty A y as Cm ea eres Tg ey ike a eae : SOE . ' f ? Yas cee eS ae : ‘ ¢ 3 ' > ¥ , Ashes, fhe. k : : ~ ; ‘ : yea : 188 | WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE "ete a is > Sh pele” i 4 ae oe ; : i Soa ae a fully carried out, positive conclusions must be withheld, but, in “: 4 . = the meantime, Sp. hyos, may be regarded as an organism present — in animals infected with hog cholera, possessing certain characters suggestive of its pathogenic nature. i Bers REFERENCES Kine & BAESLAcK. Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 12, No. 1, 1912. Kine, BAESLACK & HOFFMANN. Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 12, No. 2, 1913. Kine & HorrMann. Jour, Inf. Dis., Vol. 13, No. 32 1913. Kine & DRAKE. Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 16, No. le 1915. FLEXNER. Am. Jour. Dis. of Children, Vol. 9: No. De OMe, ZINSSER. Jour. Lab. and Clin, Med., Vol. 1, No. 11, 1916. Kine & Drake. Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 19, No.1, 1916. ARNHEIM. Zeitschr. F. Hyg. u. Infektionskr, 1914, Vol. LX XVI, p. 435. Connaway & DuRANT. Missouri State Agric. Exp. Stat. Bull. 141, 1916. iyi bah i 10. eee Berl. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1911, 27, p. 191. * 11. Berecu. Berl. Tierdrztl. Wehnschr., 1912, 28, p. 968. 12. UntennutyH & HaENDEL. Handbuch d. path. mikroorg., 1913, 6, p. 337. 13. Dorset. Annual Report U. S. Dept. Agr., 1914. 14. Kine, Drake & HorrMann. Zeitschr. F. Immunit. u. Exp. Therap., Vol. 22, 1914. 15. Hayes. Annual Report, Cal. Agr. Exp. Station Report 1914. 16. Dorset. Annual Report, Chief of B.A. I., 1914. ~ » 17. Meyer. Report 10th Inter pat. Vet. Congress, 1914, p. 112. ant Am. Vet. Rev., Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 132. 18. Kine & Drake. Jour. Inf. its Vol. 14, No. 2, 1914. % 19. Wo.usacH & BINGER. Jour. Exp. Med., Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 9 and 23. 20. Topp & WotsacH. Jour. Exp. Med., Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 27. 21. Batrour. Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2, Vol. VII, p. 1268. Third Report. Wellcome Laboratories. ; Fourth Report. Wellcome Laboratories. , —-- 22. ~FantHamM. Annals. Trop. Med. and Parasit., Vol. 8, No. 3, 1914. ; 23. MarcHoux & Couvey. Bull. Soc. Path. Exotigue V, pp. 63 and 796. 4 24. HiInDLE. Parasitology IV, p. 463. > . 25. Dourron & Topp. Lancet., Nov. 30, 1907, p. 1523. | 26. Sercent & Fotey. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., CIVIII, p. 1926. 27. Nocucut. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., VII, part 1, p. 3. / mt S108 US Cea oe bo At the request of farmers and business men in Southeastern Texas, the Bureau of Animal Industry has opened a branch tick eradication office at Houston, Texas, and has placed Dr. J. B. Reidy in charge, with a corps of veterinary inspectors, to conduct a8 the work of tick eradication in that section. The people of this section are especially anxious to have these counties free from ticks BS as quickly as possible so that their free territory will adjoin the — free territory of Louisiana where compulsory state tick eradication promises an early freedom of that state from quarantine. The © $ : _._work of tick eradication now being carried on in Western, Texas ‘ <1 will be directed as heretofore from headquarters in Fort Worth, + De ‘ : i. . 4 aia ae Sat en Fe baat i ah ies F. en : + j ) Pee tel ons ¥ pay < Shek ‘ eheansy e ee rant sae! pate th ee Y ag an ‘ f ; ¥ yeas >. oA eee oda a ae eae a yee ‘ 5 a4. é , 2 shat ie ya Bi 4 es “THE ‘COMBINED AND FOLLOW-UP SYSTEMS OF ae ee TUBERCULIN TESTING* - se G. H. Hart, City Veterinarian, Dept. of Health, Los Angeles, Cal. J. Traum, Veterinary Science Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. ict aa * ia % ot Tuberculin was first reported by Koch in 1890 at the National Congress at Berlin, and introduced into the United States into gen- eral use in the nineties. Thus, in general terms, we may say this | country has had twenty years of tuberculin testing on a large seale. | .. During this time, statistics have been gathered from which in- elec conclusions were drawn; state laws have been passed, worked on for a few years and altered or repealed; municipalities ~ have drawn up ordinances which they could not enforce in spite of “the fact that the highest courts of the land have declared their regu- nid lations constitutional. bd - One state law was passed, but later repealed, going so far as na to prevent the application of the tuberculin test by municipalities asa necessary requisite to ship milk into their borders, and more local and general bitterness of feeling has been engendered in its Mame than any other veterinary police sanitary measure ever ap- _ plied in these United States. And yet, today when we look back ; - over our twenty years of effort, we find results that are somewhat _ disappointing. This is partly due to the fact that the first laws and regulations passed were the result of too much enthusiasm pported by too meager knowledge regarding the limitations of the tuberculin test, so that claims were made which we were not al dle to fully substantiate. a 4 As a result of the early enthusiasm, laws and regulations were assed which were too drastic, and tended in themselves to create t aitted the cattlemen to infer that by the use of tuberculin their he ards would speedily become free from tuberculosis; and history Ndicates that many cattlemen whose cooperation was secured at the eginning of the work have, through their disappointments, become 0 violently opposed to the use of this agent that their claims re- ng the failures are greatly exaggerated. _ The attitude ica held by the profession was not altogether Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit, Mich., August 23, _ Section on Sanitary Science and Police. an mtagonism on the part of live stock owners in general. We per- | 190 ; G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM surprising since larger claims have been made and more enthusiasm | exhibited by ourselves and sister profession over agents that have — not been nearly as valuable as tuberculin. M There are many of us who started our professional life ‘feel ing that tuberculin was practically a sure method of diagnosis, and had we depended upon the impressions we then had, and not found out its limitations by extensive and in some cases, sad experience, — a we would still hold that opinion, in spite of the fact that the limi- 4 tations have been called to our attention, by published articles — from men of international reputation. This opinion is naturally still held by many of those whose a experience in tuberculin testing has not been extensive, or limited to herds where the percentage of reactors was low and therefore, if have not had an opportunity to have the limitations of tubereulin — forced upon them as strongly as those whose experience is exten- — sive, and especially those who are dealing with herds where the percentage of reactors was large. Re In spite of our disappointments, we believe that tuberculin | is the most allergic diagnostic agent that we have today and with-— out its aid, we would be entirely helpless in our fight against bovime — tuberculosis. . To those of us who have used more than one method of diag-— nosis, it has appeared that a combination of the various tests would — reduce the failures considerably. It behooves us in the face of the — responsibility entrusted to us as a profession by the livestock m- dustry to leave nothing undone in ferreting out all cases of tuber- — culosis. We must do all that we can do in a practical way to ac- — complish this end, and the object of this paper is to briefly call at-— tention to the limitations of the various forms of tuberculin test-_ ing, and to point out the value of the combined and follow-up sys- tems. Statistics as to the accuracy of the tuberculin test have bean’ compiled largely from the percentage of reactors which have been | killed and tuberculosis lesions found. This is generally conceded to be high, so that today we recognize that animals which react to — the test, will show tuberculosis on post-mortem examination in near-_ ly 100% of the cases. We are justified in considering for all prae- tical purposes that every reacting animal to a properly performed test is tuberculous. In the control of tuberculosis in ordinary herds the harm done by eliminating one or more tuberculosis fre = SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 191 animals is in no way comparable with that occasioned by leaving ~ in the herd a tuberculous cow that has not reacted. The most dangerous animal from the viewpoint of Ee of tuberculosis is the tuberculous non-reacting cow. Some will argue that by such drastic means of ascertaining ‘reactors we will eliminate so many cows that we will be at a loss to properly handle them. This has been especially true in some Euro- pean countries where so many reactors were found that tubereulin testing was discontinued simply because they could not from an mals. losis is very prevalent is a serious question, but with proper leniency shown, as the gravity of the situation requires, it need not be dreaded, no matter what the percentage. We were able, on account of Los Angeles, who has had a life-time experience in public health work, to prove the practicability of the following system of hand- ling reacting animals in a large dairy. i In the latter part of 1913 the University of California and the A Los Angeles Health Department began regular tuberculin testing of a herd of 825 head of dairy cattle, which were known to be heavily infected with tuberculosis. _ The land occupied by these cattle was divided by a railroad right of way into two distinct ranches. Following the first test, and at each subsequent one made at six months intervals, all re- acting animals were kept on one ranch and all healthy animals on _ the other. Calves from both herds were kept on the healthy ranch, -— raised on pasteurized milk, tested when large enough to turn out on pasture, and the non-reactors used to replenish the great losses to the healthy herd which the first subsequent tests caused. This produced a herd which at the time of its greatest num- _ erieal strength numbered over 500 head of cattle, all tuberculous, which were under constant observation and the milk from which was allowed to be sold in the city of Los Angeles after it had been _ pasteurized. Animals in the reacting herd, as soon as they showed apparent evidence of tuberculosis, were removed, but no special means of ascertaining such cases by ausculation, percussion, or laboratory economic standpoint, condemn for. dairy purposes all reacting ani- The handling of reacting cattle in communities where tubercu- of the broad-mindedness of Dr. L. M. Powers, Health Commissioner. 192 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM By such a system no financial loss was caused to the owner in | spite of the fact that 70% of a herd of 825 cattle reacted to the _ i first test. This system worked sufficiently satisfactorily that dur- ing the following year another herd of 500 head of animals were brought under the same system, the only difference being that in this case the tuberculous dairy was conducted at a distance of i eight miles from the healthy one. . We have had no cause to regret such action on our part from the public health stand-point, since extensive experiments conducted by the writers, and reported in the August number of the Journal of this association, show that milk from one of these herds in the raw state, contained living tubercle bacilli, on every examination, but after it had passed through an approved system of paste 1riza- tion as conducted on a commercial scale in an ordinary modern city milk plant, it then was entirely innocuous to guinea pigs with- out a single exception. We are convinced that in a community © where tuberculosis is prevalent among livestock, it is no worse to allow the sale of pasteurized milk from known tuberculous cows than to allow the sale of pasteurized milk from untested cattle; and infinitely better than to allow the sale of raw milk from untested _ cattle, as is being done in innumerable places in this country. In the two cases cited, this method of handling reactors, which is really a modified Bang system, was easy of accomplishment be- cause the herds were large and the owners controlled two ranches. This same system, however, can be carried out among small dairies by establishing a so-called cummunity herd of reactors, in which all tuberculous animals belonging to several owners will be kept, and the product of which will be pasteurized. There are some diffi- culties to overcome in establishing this community herd of re- actors with several owners, but none which we feel are insurmount- able, although at the present time, we have no working example to _ offer. The same system may be adopted by several pure bred breeders whose herds are in reasonably close proximity to one an- 9 other. “a THe Suscurannous Test. This being the original method of “a administering tuberculin, naturally the largest amount of data and — statistics have been gathered in reference to it. we The Bureau of Animal Industry has gathered valuable stem ¢ tistics on the percentage of reactors in which tuberculous lesions — were found. Thus Melvin reported in 1908 that 23,869 reactors SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 193,/ ef Nes Bee twere. slaughtered with 98.81% showing tuberculosis. This is gen- sa erally admitted and, for practical purposes, we may say that-all = typical reactors are tuberculous. . is A careful search of the literature has been made for failures a of the subcutaneous test to detect tuberculous animals and little : definite data on the point have been obtained. Moreover, it is not |. of extreme importance to know the exact percentage which failed Nf to react, but the all-important fact that there is a certain per- . centage of these failures is forced upon us. pe Eber gathered all available statistics from 1890 to February 1st, 1892, on the accuracy of the subcutaneous test in which reac- 4a tors and non-reactors were slaughtered and found that 10.6% of | the non-reactors were tuberculous. Lignieres states that from 7 cat to 8% of tuberculous animals fail to react to the subcutaneous test. In 1906, Carini reports that in the vaccine institute at Bern, where all animals used for the production of vaccine lymph are i} tuberculin tested, 17.4% of 361 non-reactors were tuberculous. More recent statistics on this include the report of the British Royal Commission on tuberculin testing by Corbett and Griffith. Their animals were artificially infected with bovine tubercle : bacilli and classified as follows: ; Ra Class A. 16 animals with severe progressive lesions $a 31% failed to react. hares Class B. 6 animals with general infection, not of 3 the severest type. 100% reacted. iy Class C. 61 animals general chronic infection not meme: ° apparently progressive. 9.8% failed is, to react. | is Class D. 47 animals minimal or local infection. poe 8.5% failed to react. Rit Berry of Paterson, New Jersey, reports in 1915 that in the " _ course of five years he found 178 cases which failed to react to the +}, : Subcutaneous test, but on post-mortem showed lesions of tubercu- | losis. While the percentage of failures in his report cannot be _ computed from the information at hand, the number indicates that __ it is of sufficient extent to give us a realization of the limits of the =~ _ Subeutaneous test. he _ In our own work, besides the data submitted in tables Nos, 2 AYN. - ‘te - oe evra sy 1 Ste) oad Bo ee ee ONS OLN et . 5 - . ‘ 194 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM Pin «Ay. _ In January 1916, a large herd of 350 animals which had been kept under a semi-annual tuberculin test for several years, alter- — nating subcutaneous with the intradermal, with a very low per- — centage of reactors, was tested by the subcutaneous method, and about 11% of reactors were found—probably resulting from fail- ure of the intradermal test in August 1915, to detect all cases. This necessitated a retest at the expiration of six weeks, which was apphed in March 1916. A combined opthalmo and intradermal test was used and 18% of the remaining animals reacted. While we realize that a good portion of these animals may have been infected after the subcutaneous test was applied in Janu- ary, we nevertheless are convinced that a considerable number of them constituted failures of the subcutaneous test in January 1916. INTRADERMAL Test. This test was originated by Moussu and Mantoux and reported by them in 1908. It has been used and re- ported in this country by Ward, Baker and Longley of California, Luckey of Missouri, Welch of Montana, and thoroughly described by Haring and Bell of California in 1914. The available data does not permit us to draw any definite comparisons as to the accuracy of this test with the subcutaneous. Such data would have to be secured by the coordinate testing of large numbers of cattle under identical conditions as to physical condition, previous injections of tuberculin, ete., after which all animals, both reacting and non-reacting were slaughtered and care- ful post-mortems made. There are, however, the following data to be considered : Jewett reports the summary of results furnished by the applica- tion of the associated tubereulin tests to 225 animals, viz: Ja 1. Negative intradermal and negative subcutaneous 189 218955 2. Positive intradermal and positive subcutaneous 9 a Suspicious intradermal and positive subcutaneous 1 . (All tuberculous at subsequent post-mortem) 10 DOP 3. Positive intradermal and doubtful subcutaneous 10 10 sama (All proved tuberculous at subsequent post-mortem ) % 4. Positive intradermal and negative subcutaneous 9 ae (All proved tuberculous at subsequent post-mortem) z 5. Negative intradermal and positive subcutaneous ei i 4 Negative intradermal and doubtful subcutaneous 1 5 sD (See note marked * in following table) ~ . . . + . Life 6. Suspicious intradermal and negative subeutaneous 2 2. (Not further verified) ee ls a. % 4 In 209 cases the two tests were in agreement (but note that in ____ten of these cases only doubtful subcutaneous tests were he obtained against the positive intradermal ones) ......-.- 209 ‘The intradermal test scored over the subcutaneous test in nine eases” (positive intradermal and negative subeutaneous) . 9 _*The subcutaneous test scored over the intradermal test in five cases (but note that in two of these aninals no tuberculous lesions were found at subsequent autopsy, and in another only calcified lesions were present, non-infective for guinea pigs). One of the other animals was an advanced clinical (ESS12\ Gogh GMB ST RUS at gokaesapmion fet Ohoes Oat res Sect ie ORC mmc ica Onc Sacer io) - The two animals gave suspicious intradermal reactions but negative to the subsequent subcutaneous test, and were not BSG PV CURULE atyeto pho Pik an Giant ot Joists hens, Paesye sty ac woe 2 995 995 This comparison slightly favors the intradermal test. Objec- the subcutaneous test was applied soon after the intradermal. __. M’Fadyean and Sheather have not obtained such a favorable fee» impression regarding the intradermal test. These workers tested a number of calves, artificially infeeted with bovine tubercle bacilli, : applying the subcutaneous, intradermal and conjunctival tests sim- -ultaneously. One explanation for the rather low percentage of re- Gs actors to the intradermal test obtained by these workers is found in : the fact that in all but a few instances, readings were not made later a than 27 hours after the injection. The readings of the intradermal eactions, according to Haring, should be made at the 36th and 72nd hours; if only one reading is made, it should occur on the . nd hour. The advisability of this procedure is supported by a great many field observations. In the intradermal tuberculin test- ‘ing of certified herds around the Bay Region of California this pro- ¢ edure is followed and Roadhouse, who supervises that work re- orts that he finds a number of animals that fail to show reactions on the first observation, but, on the 72nd hour, show definite reac- t} tions. a In a test recently performed under his supervision fifteen lefinite reactors were picked, in a herd of 325 animals, on the 36th 10 Ir, and on the 72nd hour, eleven more definite reactions were re- orded. Such a large percentage of animals to react in that manner S unusual, but the readings in both instances were made by careful and experienced observers. With this test, as with the subcutaneous test, we believe that r all practical purposes a definite reaction is an indication of the “GUE AI ah i g ie M aaatats cara =a — ya fb ict ie ey é ; “to Mas oa ee ‘i ae ~*~ i: D ie . = aay " P *r eat F - , J ‘ SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 195 j Of tne Dapientaletiontes Anita, ee OR Set oe ook ee cae 225 _ tion, however, may be made to this comparison on the ground that — wer , © ge ape 7 +h: t ; AN ey ee ee hee op et lesions and that of 129 non-reacting animals 6, or 4.7% were tu- 196 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM Thus, Luckey reports in 1915: ‘‘To date we have slaughtere as 351 head of cattle which reacted to the intradermal test during 1914. Of these 94% showed lesions. We have good excuses whieh _ we might offer for 17 out of the 20 errors. -As 94% was satisfactory I do not consider it worth while to bother with offering excuses. Haring found that of 73 reacting cattle 69, or 94.5% showed berculous. ce Dell of Los Angeles verbally reported a recent test, with the intradermal method, of 38 head of cattle not previously tested. In 35 of these animals he obtained definite, positive reactions. Grant-_ ing the three non-reactors were tuberculous, the intradermal test was accurate in 92% of the cases. ah From our work we have the following to submit regarding the efficiency of the intradermal test in detecting tuberculous animals. — The owner of the large herd mentioned above thinking that many ~ of his animals in the tuberculous dairy were healthy, insisted on — a retest of the herd. In October 1915, 400 head of these animals — were tested, of which all but fifty reacted. Only one reading was Pi made at the 72nd hour. Following this in February of the preseiaa year the smaller tuberculous herd numbering 145 animals was re- tested and thirteen failed to react at one reading on the 72nd hour. ~ Thus, with a total of 545 animals we failed to get reactions in 63 and granting all these were tuberculous the test was accurate in — 88.5% of the cases. The intrapalpebral test reported by Moussou, Norgaard, Mohler and Eichhorn, is simply an intradermal injection made in the lower — eyelid instead of the subcaudal fold. Various portions of the skin have been used for this test. The skin on the neck has been ex- . tensively used by Europeans. In hogs, the usual and most desir- able point of injection is the base of the ear, but we have given the intradermal test at the base of the heels, and hogs would go lame as a result of a reaction. In fact the tuberculin may give a reac-— tion when injected into the skin on any part of the body. We be- lieve the eye location, while easy to administer, is less practicable than the subcaudal location, because it requires additional help and is often seriously objected to by the dairymen on account of the disturbance caused by working on the heads of the cattle. It is much more difficult to apply to range cattle. While yielding te a. ‘jected eyelid. SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 197 good recognizable swellings in most of the reactors, the reactions are not always distinctly visible and not uncommonly require ac- ~ tual palpation and comparison with the uninjected eyelid. In - eattle where the reaction is not visible nor firm on palpation, it will be difficult to detect a difference between the injected and unin- < In some adult cattle there is a normal puffiness present in the lower lid which makes this comparison difficult. INTRADERMAL INJECTION, SUBCAUDAL AND INTRAPALPEBRAL. 20 E1GHT-MONTH-OLD CALVES, ALL TUBERCULOUS Forty-eight hours. Seventy-two hours. Subcaudal Intrapalpebral Subcaudal 1 Walnut Visible Walnut ' 2 Egg Distinetly visible Egg 3 Walnut Distinctly visible Walnut, large —4%x2 Just visible 2 almonds 5 Egg Distinetly visible Walnut, big 6 Walnut Distinctly visible Almond, diffuse, 2x1 7 Large egg Very distinctly Large egg ts visible 8 % egg Very distinctly % egg visible Walnut Distinetly visible 14% egg Egg Distinctly visible Same ll & egg Distinctly visible Walnut 12 1% egg Distinetly visible Walnut Almond Visible Almond, diffuse Almond Had to be felt Hazelnut 5 Pea, diffuse, 1 x 4% 2 Almonds Walnut Ege: . Thickening 2 | % egg foe to 3 P.M. + / Bees trol of bovine tuberculosis. Visible Had to be felt, large pea Barely visible Distinctly visible Pea, felt Barely visible Above animals injected August 1, 1916, Pea, diffuse, 1144x% Almond 2 almonds Bes. ys Pea size, diffuse 2 almonds Intrapalpebral Visible Same Same Visible Same Distinetly visible Same Same Visible Visible Same Barely visible Visible Had to be felt Visible Had to felt, small (?)* Barely visible Same Had to be felt, pea Barely visible Used .1 ¢.c. 5% sol. of pp. tuberculin. These calves gave positive reactions to the intradermal (sub- caudal} test in the early part of June, 1916. a THe OpurHaumic Test. This mode of applying tuberculin received considerable attention, when first introduced by Wolf- Eissner and Calmette in human medicine and by Vallee in the con- Vallee was the first to recognize the Ta et that repeated instillations of tuberculin into the same eye do t cause it to become insensitive to tuberculin, but on the contrary such procedure would bring forth stronger reactions in animals re- ; Ny, ne ; « 7 . ee 2 u = ea ; : \ % ae * rile v i? z , * 4 " ee ti ‘ - : iy é aoe 7 ee ae a 198 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM Mes a »¥ Ly me ; hee él acting to the first instillation and positive reactions in animals - sf By ‘that failed to show on the first instillation. Non-tuberculous ani- ee, mals, he noted, were not affected by repeated instillations of tu-— ‘ pope oy berculin. ue Pte Foth, Opalka, Jowett, Reinecke, McCampbell and White, ee M’Fadyean and Sheather, Bergman and others have reported on — this test. None of the above, excepting Opalka and Bergman de- © -—--- gided that this test is better or even equal to the intradermal or subcutaneous test. Reinecke obtained very poor results with this — test but his conclusions were based on tests performed on but 25 animals, and we can easily understand how one might be imelined to reach such an opinion when only a small number of animals were tested, especially when a single instillation of tuberculin was ~ made. : In the tests recorded in our tables, the single ophthalmo yielded _ é 26.1% reactions in 172 animals at twenty-four hour observations — , and 36.5% in 85 animals in one twelve and one twenty-four-hour observation. - The secondary ophthalmo yielded 47.8% reactions in 115 ani- ~ mals while sensitized ophthalmo test gave 77.2% reactions in 57 © animals. Our percentage of correct diagnosis would have been 3 higher had we included as reactors, manifestations, which no doubt would have been considered reactors by some. About 1350 animals were tested by the writers and members of the Division of Veterinary Science of the University of California, using the sensitized ophthalmic test, combined with or followed te immediately by the intradermal or subcutaneous method. The oph- thalmic test yielded about 72% reactors among the intradermal and subcutaneous reactors. If, however, we had limited our ob- servations to a particular test made upon 247 animals, from which ~ we selected but nine reactors, and upon intradermal test nineteen — reactors were found, we would have unfairly concluded that the — ophthalmic test is less than 50% accurate. : +t °, We do not believe that this test can replace either the subeutane-_ sa he ous or the intradermal test in routine work. It nevertheless, has a ~ place in the control of bovine tuberculosis. It is of value where ~ ee other tests are not applicable, but its principal value is in com- bination with other tests and as such it has been recommended and 6" used by Vallee, Lignieres, Richter, Morel, Jugeat, one of the writers | (Traum) and others, ~ 4 SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 199 FA Rs none of the three methods of applying tuberculin can be depended upon to detect all cases of tuberculosis, especially where the per- _ centage of infected animals is high and it is only natural that a ~ combination of two or more of these tests should appeal to us. _Lignieres went so far as to use his influence with the Minister of b, Agriculture of Argentine to issue a decree requiring that all ani- - mals at the Quarantine Station at Buenos Aires be tested with the x ophthalmic and subcutaneous tests. With this combined method :; failures were very rare and the percentage of tuberculous animals stopped was multiplied by 3. The result also proves the enormous _ value of associated reactions in diagnosing tuberculosis. ay: Various combinations have been suggested and used by these e men and in practically all of them the ophthalmic test is included. Lignieres recommends the ophthalmic followed by a subcutaneous g injection of tuberculin; first, however, giving a small amount of the tuberculin in the derm before injecting beneath the skin. € Littlejohn, Morel and Jugeat took advantage of the observations cP of Guerin, who noted that by following the ophthalmic test with ¥ ordinary subcutaneous injection, the latter often had the effect of _ reviving and intensifying the manifestations of the eye reaction. i Littlejohn tested 64 head of cattle, 26 of which reacted. to the sub- cutaneous test performed seven days after the ophthalmic test, and ¥. all 26 gave a secondary conjunctival reaction, whereas only six- _ teen gave a reaction to the first instillation. One animal gave an _ eye reaction both before and after the subcutaneous injection which _ failed to give a thermal reaction. | Jugeat and Morel also report very good results with this com- _ bination and all three of these observers claim that the single oph- _thalmic has limited value. On the contrary, our work recorded in tables 2 and 3 does not permit us to agree with these findings re- _ garding secondary reactions. Jowett also failed to get such a large number of secondary ophthalmic reactions. While we have used in a large number of animals a combina- S e i geucunaart SUF a he Di Beal Sh Sahn Peg ; oe From the facts briefly enumerated above, it is observed that 200 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM : # the larger tuberculous herd above described. Six strings of cows were used, totaling 176 animals. All of these animals were given — a sensitizing instillation in the left eye, of concentrated tubereulin. The tuberculin was thrown upon the eyeball from a one e¢.e. glass syringe, from which the needle shank had been removed. No hold-- ing of the animal’s head or assistance of any kind was required. The ease of this means of administration strongly recommends ff, and the fact that we obtained as good a percentage of reactions as is usually obtained from this test shows the efficiency of this tech- nic. A similar technic was used previously in another herd of 373 animals with equally good results. In strings one and two the first instillation was followed by a second instillation into the same eye three days later and at the same time the left subcaudal fold was injected intradermally with 1/10 ¢.c. of a 5% solution of precipi- tated tuberculin. String three was injected in the subeaudal fold with 1/5 e.e. of a 10% solution of precipitated tuberculin four days after the eye instillation. String four was divided, part being injected in the subcaudal fold with 1/5 ¢.c. of a 5% solution of ppt. tuberculin and the remainder with 1/10 ¢.c. of a 5% solution of ppt. tuber- culin, three days after the eye instillation. Two temperatures of these animals were taken before the injection and five afterwards in the same manner as is done in an ordinary subcutaneous test. Strings five and six were given the regular subeutaneous in- jection in front of the left shoulder, using 2 ¢.c. of 121%4% solution of concentrated tuberculin, four days after the eye instillation. The tuberculin used in all these tests was prepared at the University of California and all was made from the same batch of concentrated tuberculin. The precipitated tuberculin was obtained from the — concentrated, 45 ¢.c. yielding 3.57 grams, thus making it approxi- mately 1214 times as strong. Thus the 1/5 ¢.c. of a 10% solution — of ppt. tuberculin, injected intradermally into string three, was — of the same strength as 2 ©. of 12144% concentrated tuberculin J used in our subcutaneous test of strings five and six. a DISCUSSION OF THE TABLES. ‘Tables I, II and III, showing the results of the work were prepared with a view of placing before you our findings in-as tangible a form as possible. The subeutane- ous, intradermal, ophthalmo, or in fact any form of tuberculin: testing will in some cases, bring forth results that are difficult to interpret. In this work the diagnosis on the intradermal and oph- SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 201 _ thalime tests were made in the field and no animal was recorded as positive to either of these two tests which was not a definite reactor. Questionable reactors were recorded as negative. We appre- ciated the fact that, in estimating the value of any test, clearly posi- tive reactions alone are of value. In the control of bovine tuber- e. culosis, however, questionable reactors should be treated as infected until proved to be otherwise. In our diagnosis column to the _ thermal reaction we have included several questionable reactors, but, with the temperature records before you, you can place these aS you may see fit. . ‘fable 1: With a combination of sensitized ophthalmo and 3 intradermal tuberculin tests on 59 tuberculous animals, we obtained distinctly positive results in all but two cases. Cow No. 19 gave a slight reaction to the ophthalmic test, but in our estimation it was not sufficient to be considered as definitely positive. The table is self-explanatory. It might well be stated here that in String No. 1 (animals 1 to 29) there were animals with visible indications of _ the disease which were to be removed from the herd on account of _ the advanced stage of the disease. Cows 6, 15, 23, 25 and 28 were advanced cases of tuberculosis. The general condition of cases 14 and 19, the non-reactors, was found to be good. The negative intradermal reactors recorded in this table were examined on the 96th hour and at that time all were still negative. -A study of our next table leads us to believe that had tem- peratures been taken following the intradermal injection of tuber- _ culin, even better results would have been obtained, since we find that three cows that failed to give positive local reactions gave thermal reactions. Table IL: The combination used upon animals recorded in ~ this table consisted of an instillation of tuberculin into the eye, Re Be stiowea by an intradermal injection four days after the eye in- Stillation in cases 60 to 88 inclusive and 3 days after in cases 89 to 118 inclusive. With this combination we were bringing into play , a local, a thermal, an ophthalmic and a secondary ophthalmic re- action. Haring pointed out, contrary to the findings of Moussu and P Mantoux, that he was able to obtain a thermal reaction as a result of the intradermal injection. In six herds, numbering 273 cattle reported by him, he found 153 cattle that reacted locally, 130 that 4 reacted thermally, 25 that reacted locally, but not thermally, and two that reacted Ueuely. but not locally. In his tests he used — z epee INTRADERMAL AND SENSITIZED OPHTHALMO ‘ 59 ANIMALS ALL TUBERCULOUS + Injected Ho ccf Si ppt tuberculin in Subcaudal fold 3 ss M = el —— an fix Bi [ = +} = ¥ + — + t — ‘yl + = i = ke + Saw Cea aes A fc ix + }o7,=Q|) 2a aan Fl + + + ees 4 “hy pa) [ae [Ee ea Pires Se ee Bip p NE op en NY peel | Se eZ _ i ele Dried wae) EAE 2 Ze <8 ‘a aed! Fae SEA EEE Save NS Yoo ae + a ES 4 ‘te TRY } I/COL WCaAl |Dried ome Pen Eee ies a an t WS COL) S ame | Same + Sa * Za IS BL Bead BL Wegative | | EN ade peo a4 = WEL |Seme Same jamie 2 | i miata A ye ae OCT ST EP Pyare Nd |e ee | -— | + WSECOLISeme Waa! NS pe yas? + , =e 7 magZx| + | IS COL Decreased : 32 peal (a i zal 2 | ; ea < | ee ee Ea a BCLS | Same WTL Dried | Pate Tee PP : 2 br ae 1 IS Be GW Acts Dried 4 z |. ‘ ‘ zt Wegative Megative = ;— 0 . ee + a Pa bear) i SB ; rial a 2a 5 eee ae) oe ee | =e a Pan 72 YEe oul. ree | hel 2 Almond pot Pee ez aed I) Vee pee See fi | eS re | Iecoul = Dred ee aa ae j + te i Negative dega?ve i | ; | | Eee 2 i [Teded\ae account ef cond tren ef eyes 4 re Ean: ae : Same Wyo | sy eRe Seyi: pee sal il | same! Woo ys 1 ae 2a) 2 : } ; es | a Wegative |S! BT Wega? vel /= == = x ACS: i Sn Be ae rer a Zz: # me. 3 | ae? - > sice ive SREY: + =a an : Bee PSE ese wen i - | cay S| t WS Cai Samet |S gme A ee OD Soe} =; 4p | oe kt ¢ fy. | = Wargysils cor. \Same atresia + y pes The t | BOOL: ©) [Same Ques | ae i Wala ae? | WeoL | IScor |S) BF Paar oboe : Key to lekars describing ophthalmo “reaction : Ny Extent ~ S/. = S/ight Character ~ C.= Cream T= Trensluscert was / M = Medium Y.= Yellow O Opaque 7} ea: 5S.= Itron W = Waste F= Flakes < i a VS = Very Sight B= Blue iE: = Lacry mation : G.= Green Se Hj $e IF ee | sl S511 yy a 1 | HEUER |: WHERE KH salad 1% + ETE sh oninrtoal - ep] Siseuboray Ce Piers: Fox a SF =< re ae _? iat ~ —y Gadel UHHH NHI Wainy 4 ¥ = se are Sate ? “= 4 perry a 7-594 — es c | TODS, + + eMES | —swESl TODS {| + + # } ye = ; mi baa, —-}— ; = ee ee 5 3 Sol + =| eer DW OILERS) TO 97 G7} aust TOT "TOFH See 4 Fe ey mm aed rx bra our Pars) 77% F TILE IS 7 ILTH, z bE | oF ee all LaLa br ler or i or ") Ba Wr ore) a ot I i brpte or ia Bia Wy edu ocelncoey + HHAHH UAHA HRA HH | risvubo : i LP ~ ¥ ~ deel ~ ig barvay sy — 2 repel ee ae 3 ath i} gmyparey ; Rh 9 $S ke by KA Me R SY bat) f Table 3 5 cy A a PSE Sah, aie ; ie ee » iy ~% =< | UTANEOUS INJECTIONS THERMAL AND LOCA 58 ANIMALS ALL TUBERCULOUS L REACTIONS & SECONDARY OPHTHALMIC REACTIONS 4) Perens ine er ET, ection k [a agn05i5 \stillatron| lophftalmo | Ophthalmo Secondary Reactions — Diagnosis Subcataneou, ocal Positive to] A 3 LE one or more \Nega RS Fy Sat R Ra wan {us gets fos he 322M BAM YL EM 12.0 iho {24 126 Fac Coser v7a\ ] ] if ‘ee LY Bead! et zal ale 11 [nel £01 S61 4G | LZ ih 0 Aan AEA GAD Lollolzo\Leé Hoiza! Le (PPPOE EYRE if 154152) 44 } G12ZG6 (38 54142 54 136 2 ee in i eleiea pee g_| Lol he $34 136! 54\ 58 | 60 49 FRAT SEC EUS 1B 28 29542 139 4.3140 15% 42 1k SVERUE Z ee ee oe ae pe eam if. 46 ilo ee jolie tag l2claolzeles tz rae ml S q 1 = 1 CS oO} Bw a yA Zo\/o 120126148 44 154 al MEME DR TT TT et - \ it PLE ! Psp ash ie | 54 58 tat 14.0 154 \4 oat ae atios | 14) W Bead | =a s2128 lee lyat x as eS Solsol2t 204 peas Depay Tame 1d [nol20t/ol bee eee = = — 2144 '467261 a ae Wscarbsval wpe stias — O- Py, 132 +34 va | [ae 772g Ae +T#0- | el re ‘ UU : , | i ee 142 i i 3 WEG Ws Ue V2 gir 2: ip pe ee Ig? 3924/8 1221 16 a-L:5| a2 fine Relig 10 she [441 | Lng | i! 2 + ABA TAU 1 WA [Ee tolWoN ys e214 122 | LE Iho avin | | | aa | T+0-L ols ize |s4 lac i pe \L2 120 | = re a o i | 4.7 13.2 13,2 | 2.0 | = + | =9 pts¢ |s¢l2elyz [26 ‘20 ISLB-EL | | aes Ae pom iz tao 2 go 24 26 122 15.601 S00 wes ee A ee ee FIP PAR Ta PAETAEYATIED : | [+ P| 7740-1 6 1/731 2.0 0 [Sp Beem [ieee | a ZA ale laa | ie [Se = 5 gz 5014013 ra os | a 4 Fe cae else $4912. 24'\2.90 [polee | SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING . 205 10% O.T., and 10, 2 and 44% precipitated tuberculin. Our find- ings are in accord with those of Haring. The temperatures re- corded in this table and in table 2 were taken beginning with the ninth hour. We should have liked to begin with the eighth or even the sixth hour, but the owner of the herd was not compelled to have his herd tested, nor did he especially desire to have it done, and it was as an extreme favor to us that he permitted it. Hence, we were glad to have him permit us to handle them as we did. It should also be noted that 3 hours elapsed between the third and fourth post-injection temperature. This was due to the fact that _ _we turned the cattle out and had a little difficulty in bringing them _ 115, where there were slight rises over previous temperatures, an- other temperature was taken at 9:30 with no increase over the temperature of 8:30 A. M. It will be noted that in our interpretations of the secondary ophthalmic reaction we did not demand quite as much as in the yr! case where we gave a second instillation of concentrated tu- -__ bereulin. We took into consideration that the reaction was the re- is - sult of a stimulation of subeutaneous or intradermal injection of tuberculin and the direct introduction of any irritating material R into the eye that may be present in the tuberculin could be elimin- ated and for that reason the secondary reaction, even though it does not give as large a percentage of reactors as the two instillations, has in its favor the fact just mentioned. Foth, Jowett and others have felt that the glycerine present in the concentrated tuberculin (in our case 40%) may in itself have an irritating effect upon the eye and set up a slight inflammation. Foth tested the effect of F 50% solution of glycerine on the eyes of 15 cattle and found that only reddening and lacrymation would result from it and that _ these would very soon disap} 2ar. #4 _ With this combination we had one tuberculous animal (No. 91) in 59 that failed to give a definite reaction to one or more of these tests, and that animal would not have been considered by us a distinct negative, since at the ninth hour it showed a temperature of 103.2 with a gradual decline in the following temperatures. Attention is called to the fact that in animals 106 to 116 inclusive, ; E where the smallest dose of tuberculin 1/10 ¢.c. of 5% precipitated, was used, equally good results were obtained as when four times that dose, 1/5 c.c. of 10% precipitated was used. . *“ in at this unusual time of day. In cases 63, 67, 68, 91, 92, 98 and | ™) 206 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM ce ae From comparison of tables 2 and 3, we may infer that at eas equally good thermic reactions can be obtained by the intradermal | vg as by the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin. Besides, with the intradermal method one has the advantage of more ie and more regularly appearing local reaction. Table 3:* Here we have practically the same combination as in table 2 except that the tuberculin was injected subcutaneously in front of the shoulder. With this combination we had poorest — results. It is to be regretted that in this particular case such an — unusually large percentage of tuberculous animals should fail to react to the subcutaneous injection. The animals in those two strings from outward appearance and from history were of the same type as the other strings, except string: No. 1 where there were several advanced cases. The local swellings recorded in this table are of special in- ' terest since in five cases, 122, 153, 158, 160 and 172, they were pres- ent where the thermal reaction was absent. In all but one of these (122) the secondary ophthalmic reaction was also present. We took the observation on local reaction at the 48th hour and from our experience with the intradermal test we should not take into con- sideration a swelling that is found only while the usual post-injec- tion temperatures are being taken. Our experience with local sub- cutaneous swellings is very limited, but all those recorded as posi- tive were distinct. ; Concuusions. We will not figure the percentage of failures of the various forms of tuberculin testing in detecting tuberculous animals, nor will we compare the various tests. The figures: are before you. The fact that any of these tests will fail in a notice- able percentage of cases has been made evident and it has further — been established that tuberculous animals, while giving negative results to one form of tuberculin application, may give positive re- actions to another form. Therefore, the value of combining two or more of these tests should need no argument and no herd should be accredited as free from tuberculin reactors unless a combination of tests has been performed and then only after such a test is fol- lowed up by a further test six weeks later upon all non-reacting — cattle. The value of the follow-up test is to detect animals in the incubation stage or those which are insensitive to tuberculin for *y 4 *Case 128 recorded as negative is a distinct thermic reactor. ae x as oe Mo, ' A “Si 4 : > SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING PANY eer Me Se : ‘ P. other reasons at the time of the previous test. We have no special "f combination to recommend but it seems that the ophthalmic, either bet sensitized or secondary, together with an intradermal injection, aa - making a record of thermal reactions resulting from such injec- ae tion, is a very satisfactory combination, since with this combina- — - tion; all three forms of tuberculin reactions will be brought into play with the léast danger of making the animals tuberculin in- 4 . sensitive or immune. From our tables it promises to give the best. results, and it should be followed up in 4 to 6 weeks with the sub- cutaneous test upon all the non-reactors. | | i Berry, H. K. Failure of Tuberculin to Cause Reaction in Tubereular Cattle. i F ~ Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, Ohio State University, Vol. III, No. 2, PR | | 50-54 (1915). Ris _ Bereman, A. M. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tuberkulinaugenprobe zur Diag- Ve nostizierung der Tuberkulose beim Rinde. Zeitschrift fiir Infektionskrank- heiten der Haustiere, Vol. XVII. Nos. 1 and 2, Aug., 1915, pp. 37-67. ‘ CarInI, A. Fehlergebnisse der Tuberkulinprobe bein Rindvieh. Arch fiir a — Wissenschraft. u. prakt. Tierheilk., Vol. XXXII. pp. 562-573, 1906. ion “4 CorBert, L. AND GrirFiTH, A. STANLEY. Royal Commission on Tuberculosis E j (Human and Bovine) Part II, Appendix Supplemental Volume: Report on ‘ ; Tuberculin Tests, Jour. of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXVI, pp. 178- a to 187, 1913. 3 Eser A., ZWICK UND TITZE IN KoLLe & WASSiRMANy? Ss Handbuch der Patho- r hs: genen Mikroorganismen, Vol. V, 2nd edition, 1913, p. 704. Foru. Der praktische Werth der Tuberkulin-Augenprobe bei ieee Zeit- schrift fur Tiermed. Vol. XII, p. 321, 1908. GUERIN AND DELATTRE. Guivtaindreaston with Tuberculin. Bull. de la soc. Fr centr. de med. vet., Vol. 84, p. 375, 1907. . 4 ~Harrne, C.M. The Intradermal Tuberculin Test for Tuberculosis in Cattle and . ‘ae Hogs. Calif. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 243, 1914. _ Hastines, E. G. Limitations of the Tuberculin Test. American Veterinary » _ Review., Vol. 42, pp. 384-398, 1912. _ Jowerrr, W. Tuberculin as a Diagnostic Agent. Jour. Comp. Path. and Ae Therap., Vol. XXII, pp. 10-22, 1909. if Jowett, W. Some Observations on the Tuberculin Test. Journal Comp. Path. “ ae ’ and Therap., Vol. XXVII, p. 129-151, 1914. Ni _ JuGeEAT. A Report Presented on Behalf of the Societe de Pathologie Compareé . to the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, 1908. Jour- ‘ 3 nal Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXI, pp. 308-321, 1908. ‘ < rt KLIMMER AND Wo.LrFr-EIsNER. Tuberkulose diagnose mit Tuberkulinpra- paraten. Handbuch der Serumtherapie und Serumdiagnostik in Veteri- :* narmedizin, 1911, pp. 111-122. = Lirttesoun, A. R. The Combined Tuberculin Tests for Cattle. Journal of "4 _ Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXII, pp. 217-237. ° aK ae Otis A. The Intradermal Tubereulin Tests. Mulford’s Veterinary p Bulletin, Vol. IV, pp. 52-55, 1912. js D. F. The Intradermal Test. American Veterinary Review, Vol. _~ XLI, pp. 316-323, 1912. ‘MeLviy, A.D. Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, Vol. IV, ee II, Moorr, V A. Limitations of Tuberculin in Detecting Tuberculous Animals. 208 ' G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM ~— Luckey, D. F. Four Years with the Intradermal Test. Proceedings 24th An- x nual Meeting Missouri Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n. 1915. LigNiERES, J. New Method of Employing Tuberculin in the Diagnosis of Tu- berculosis. Journal of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXII, pp. 237-245, 1909. McCampseLL, E. F. ANp Wuite, D. S. Ophthalmo-Tuberculin Reaction in Cat- tle. Journ. of Experimental Medica., Vol. X, pp. 232-237, 1908. M’FapykANn, Sir JOHN, AND SHEATHER, A. L. Experiments Regarding Differ- ent Methods of Tubereulin Testing. Journal of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXVII, pp. 323-388, 1914. McKenna, J. F. The Intradermal Tuberculin Test. Mulford’s Vet. Bulletin, Vol. V., pp. 5-8, 1913. Section 7 7, page 505. Mouuer, J. R., aND ErcHHoRN, A. Preliminary Report on Intrapalpebral Tu- berculin Test. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. XLVIII, pp. 121.123, 1915 _ Report N. Y. State Vet. College at Cornell Univ., pp. 182-189, 1914-1915. Moret. A Report presented on behalf of the Societie de Pathologie Compareé to the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, 1908. Jowr- nal Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. X XI, pp. 308-321, 1908. Moussu, G. AND Manroux, C. The Intradermal Reaction in Animals. Comp. Rend, Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. XVII. No. 11, pp. 502-504, 1908, Abst. in Ea- periment Station Record, Vol. XXI. No. 6 (Noy. 1909). Moussu, G. AND Mantoux, C. Sur 1’Intra-Dermo-Reaction a la Tuberculin chez les Animaux. Proceedings Siath International Congress on Tuber- culosis, Vol. IV, Part II, pp. 821-835. Movussu, G. The Intrapalpebral and Intradermic Palpebral Tuberculin Tests. Rec. Med. Vet., Vol. XCI, No. 13, pp. 425-434, 1914. The Intradermic Tuberculin Test Applied to the Eyelid. Rec. Med. Vet., Vol. XCI, No. 13, pp. 130-133, 1914. Abst. in Journal Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXVII, pp. 266-267, 1914. Norcaarp, V. A. Journal American Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. XLIX, pp.-351-353, 1916. OpaLKa, L. Uber Beobachtungen bei der Kombinierten Konjunctivalen und subkutanen Tuberkulinimpfung zur ermittlung der Rindertuberkulose. Zeitschr. fiir Infektionsk. der Haustiere, Vol. XI, pp. 388-400, 1912, REINECKE. Ein Beitrag zur cutanen und conjunctival Tuberculinreaction beim Rinde. Berliner Tierartzliche Wochensch. Nos. 18 and 19. 1908. Ricuter, J. Uber Ophthalmo-Kutan-und V aginal- Reaktion bei Tubereulose. Zeitschr. fiir Infektionskr. der Haustiere, Vol. V, pp. 243-288, 1908-09. RoapHouse, C. L. The Success and Failure of Resheleciltie Test in Certified Dairies.. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. XLVIII, pp. 420-429. Traum, J. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Proceedings Calif. State Vet. Ba Assn, June 21-22, 1916, pp. 30-38. VALLEE, i. Kutane und Konjunktivale Tuberkulin Reaktion ‘beim Rinde. Handbuch der Technik und Methodik der Immunitatsf Kraus und Levaditi. Erster Erganzungshand, pp. 381-393, 1911. Warp, A. R. AND Baker, G. S. The Intradermal Test. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., 1910. Warp, A. R. AND Baker, G.S. Experiments with Intradermal Tests for Tuber- culosis in Cattle. Am. Vet. Journ., Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 184-193, 1910. WecH, H. The Intradermal Test in Bovine eS ETLISNS: Montana Agri. Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 105. a “ 5 Pattee x, a, RES PT AS ey, yx. 3 : - > oP - ' wy x ', , . % — SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING < 209 DISCUSSION Dr. Caniuu: I would like to ask whether or not with the intra- . dermal and ophthalmo tests, there was an opportunity to check up results by post-mortem. Also whether or not there 1s any belief that either one of these tests overcome the weakness that we have always recognized in the subcutaneous, by being able to detect by the reaction any connection between the intensity of the reaction, or the intensity of the infection. Dr. Fircu: I would like to ask in regard to the system or method of performing the subcutaneous test particularly in rela- tion to the number of preinjection temperatures, the times at which these were taken and the number of times of taking the temperatures following injection. | < Dr. Krystey: I feel like sympathizing with those of you who are in communities where you must apparently maintain so many tubercular animals. In the central part of our country, we feel that we have taken this situation sufficiently early, and I do not be- lieve that we have to contend with the immense numbers of tuber- cular animals that have been reported here. In Missouri we test 3 * annually several thousand cattle. We have found, apparently, so. _ _ far as future tests are concerned, that we have reduced the number mer of tubercular animals to practically a minimum. We have met with obstacles. : In our state the recognized test is the so-called intradermal method. In testing from the yards, of shipped in cattle for three -years prior to practically a year ago, that is, from 1912 in August, to 1915 in August, we tested something like between ten and eleven a thousand cattle, practically all of them, without indicating more ~~ than one or two out of three or four thousand head that passed _ without reaction. During the past year while the Chicago yards were closed, we received in our yards many cattle from the north of the United States, Minnesota, the Dakotas, northern Iowa, Ne- braska, and some from Illinois. These cattle apparently had a higher per cent of tubercular animals than those we were accus- - tomed to; and apparently these animals had been tuberculin tested and were immune, so to speak, from the action of the tuber- culin. In one instance, perhaps one or two animals went out into a dairy composed of thirty animals and in that dairy we found this ‘spring on re-test, 22 out of 26 animals tubercular; on post-mortem the indications were that they were all recent infections, except one; that had, no doubt, not reacted to the test. = The doctor reported ‘one herd where there was a retest where | por he had_-sixteen reactors, an alleged failure of reaction, or perhaps failure of detection by ‘the intradermal method. I am wondering how many new animals, if any, were introduced into this herd, and 4 pownat means they have of knowing that these introduced animals ~ were not tubercular reactors. We have found this the greatest p> , Ns aS Lt ca oe a A Tn NI dae aE Re ee ¥ , os tes = Sa Pugt yr ; = —<* rg ~ ‘ _ ‘ eee, ps f Vg = meer . f 210 G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM ao source of tuberculosis in our dairy herds. We have apparently — had little trouble in keeping herds free, except where some animals — have been picked up in the country and come in without having been tuberculin tested, and which carried the infection in that way. Tn the lesions that have been mentioned as tubercular, no doubt they have been proven tubercular or as carrying tubercular bacilli. Dr. TuRNER: I would like to ask if any of these animals that were tested within the three months, if the tubercular animals es- — eaped all of the tests. Don’t you think that the subcutaneous test applied before the intradermal test interferes with the intradermal reaction? On the question of retesting subcutaneously, have you tried testing subcutaneously within three or four days or within a week with good results? In connection with the ophthalmic or the double ophthalmic test, or sensitizing, have you ever sensitized and applied the second droppings in twenty-four hours with good re- sults? I would also like to ask in making retests or testing herds semi-annually, whether you do not find that the animals become loaded up and do not respond to any of the tests properly within six months and if your results are bad? Dr. Exvrason: The proof of the pudding is generally in the eating. We have tried out some cases in herds that have had a certain percentage of reactors in them by slaughtering the herd outright. In one case of forty animals in which twenty-five re- acted, the whole herd was slaughtered with the consent of the owner. [very one of the animals showed lesions ‘on the post- mortem. Dr. Harine: Every one of the forty ? Dr. Extason: Every one of the forty. Dr. Hartnc: What method of testing was used? Dr. Exiason: The subcutaneous test. I can cite several cases of a similar nature; and our experience showed that where a cer- tain number of reactors are in a herd, you might as well treat that herd as a tubercular unit. I don’t care what number of tests you apply. They have the infection, and you will get them on a later test if followed up. Dr. Kinstey: How long before that test was the previous test? You don’t know that they were not previously tuberculin tested. Dr. Exiason: They were not previously tested. Just a word | of explanation in reference to this herd. The owner was a tenant on a farm in the western part of the state who had accumulated a : herd of pure bred Holsteins. He made arrangements for a farm. — in Minnesota, and asked for inspection before shipment. I am satisfied from the circumstances that he did not suspect tubereu- losis. When I say that they were not tested, I mean they had ‘not been tested on this man’s premises, and it was some years since he SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING PAL had bought. When there was fifty per cent of reactors the results were reported to Dr. Ward before any further move was made. He informed the owner that he did not wish to have the balance ship- ped into the state of Minnesota. It was then that the owner asked if we would condemn the whole herd, and it was done. We have tried this out in a number of cases, and the results have been about the same. With all due honest attention on the part of the owner and everybody concerned, if you have fifty per cent of reactors in a herd, don’t think for a moment that you can save a certain percentage of them. You can save them for a few years, but they will react some time. We have tied up the publie into a sentiment that you can put-the cattle in a sieve and sift out the well ones. I want to assure you that there is no such process. We should teach the public that the thing to do is to find out which herds are infected, and to keep those animals there and stop the ‘dissemination of the diseased and exposed animals. I want to tell you that you can test cattle from now until doomsday without any results unless we take the bull by the horns and make a universal test. The greatest hindrance to the eradication is the cumbersome- ness of the subcutaneous test. If it had been possible to unite on a test which is as simple as the intradermal, for instance, we might have gotten somewhere, but you will never get anywhere with a system as cumbersome as the subcutaneous test, which we are using now. What we are doing is just about as good as an advertisement in the papers. We are feeding the public with the sentiment that when a man is getting a certificate of health from a veterinarian that he is fully protected, and if he finds that he is not, or in other words, if he finds tubercular animals among his cattle in subse- quent tests, the man who owned the cattle previously, and the man who tested them are promptly designated as crooks. Let us educate the public to be just a little more charitable in the eradication of this disease and not set one man up against an- other in a court over a test which is a test only so far that when an an animal reacts it may be considered tubercular. No test, however searching, can overcome the factor of contamination snortly before test or the dormant case which may show up at any later test. ; The tuberculin test is the best method of protecting a herd against tuberculosis but it must be used regularly in order to pro- eure results. We should also explain to the layman our difficulties and get his cooperation. The application of common horse sense before censure will help a whole lot. Dr. WincuesrerR: I note there has been a good deal of oppo- . sition to the tuberculin test in certain localities. Can the publie come to us and approve the tuberculin test when we present to them the fact that such a large percentage of individuals die from bovine _ tuberculosis? Ought it not to be put to’ them as a matter of con- - servation of human life? 212 ~ G. H. HART AND J. TRAUM 2+) Ce Dr. ErcHHorN: Dr. Hart brought out very strongly the ad- visability of using a combination of tests for the diagnosis of tuber- culesis. It must be realized that in our desire to control the disease and to elhminate possible failures, it would be of advantage to em- ploy a combination of tests, and possibly also to devise other tests which might be applied with satisfaction for the diagnosis of this disease. The application of the complement fixation test for the diag- nosis of the various diseases in human beings and animals suggested also the possibility of this test in tuberculosis. The applications on this subject relative to human tuberculosis are quite numerous, but the results obtained were not uniformly satisfactory. Although it is generally claimed at the present time that when the test is properly applied to human beings, it might be utilized for the de- termination of the course of the disease, especially in progressive cases. In applying this test to bovine tuberculosis, various investi- gators employed different antigens to determine whether it could be utilized as a supplementary test or otherwise for the elimination of such cases which possibly had escaped other tests. We have undertaken in the last year to test a large number of animals by this method, and aimed to determine whether we might not be able to devise an antigen which would be more accurate than any used for the test by previous investigators. For this purpose we have run comparative tests with different antigens used by various investigators for the diagnosis of human eases, and also such as were employed in bovine tuberculosis. In all, about a thousand animals were tested, and we found that an antigen which we have devised, consisting of a combination of tu- berculin precipitate prepared in a manner somewhat similar to the fractionization of antitoxin sera with an emulsion of tubercle bacilli gave the best results; but even at that, with such an antigen which proved superior to any heretofore employed in this test, we could only attain an accuracy of about 82 to 83 per cent. While it is not recommended that this test should be employed in connec- tion with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, at the same time it might be utilized from time to time as a supplementary test, espec- ially where it is desirable to employ a combination of tests. For the present this test is principally of scientific interest, and con- sidering the large number of animals tested, the results obtained might be given due consideration by investigators engaged in this line of experimentation. Dr. Haptry: The question is often asked, what would you do if you tested a herd of cattle and found ten per cent of the cattle to be tubercular according to the intradermal test? That is a very important question from the standpoint of the veterinarians as well as from the standpoint of the owner of the cattle. Personally, I suppose all have had some experience in handling such cases. In my own case | would be very loath to give a bill of health to 90 per SYSTEMS OF TUBERCULIN TESTING 213 — cent of non-reactors. I always feel justified in telling the owner as well as the purchaser, in order to protect myself, as well as them, that in all probability at the next test more cattle, which at the first test appeared to be perfectly healthy, would react. We are not quite fair to ourselves in this tuberculin test, or to the owner or to the purchaser of the cattle. We have relied too much in the past ‘upon the accuracy of the test, and have not taken into considera- . 4 tion its limitations. ; Dr. Harr: The first question asked was whether we checked : the results by post-mortem examination. In the animals repre- sented by the tables thrown upon the screen we did not check the tae results by post-mortem examinations. We have had 750 tubercular animals on this ranch, and we now have 450. There have been ap- e proximately 300 tubercular cattle killed from this ranch; about z half of them have been examined, and there have been only 3 or 4 = a %& be animals killed that did not have tubercular lesions. There are animals at the present time on this ranch in all stages of the disease, those used in this work had twice reacted to tuberculin on previous occasions, and we felt that these animals were all tubereular. If we had had a little longer time to arrange our plans we would have purchased and killed the non-reacting animals which were three in __.the two tests and 13 altogether out of 176. But we considered. and _ we think justly so, that all of the 176 animals in these tables 3 were tubercular. Cis > The intensity of the reaction bears no definite relationship to __~ the degree of infection. This is true also in the combination tests ee no matter which you use. There is no relationship between the in- tensity of reaction and the intensity of infection. b - As to the system used in the subcutaneous tests asked by Doctor oa Fitch. In this case we took two previous injections; one about 1:30 oe to 2:00 in the afternoon and the other about 3:30 to 4:00 in the % afternoon. The cattle in this dairy were put in the stanchions from . 1:30 to 5:00 in the afternoon, and 1:30 to 5:00 in the morning. We started to inject these cattle at 4:30, and we commenced taking tem- peratures at 1:30 A. M. There was a period of nine hours between injection and the first temperature, which we admit was one hour too long. In the second table we missed one animal, and we think if we had gotten her on the eighth hour she would have shown a higher temperature than 103.2. We feel that the first temperature should be taken in eight hours and in some cases, especially where they are advanced, even earlier than the eighth hour is preferable ; but in this particular series of tests we were unable to get at them until the ninth hour, and such conditions frequently arise in rout- ine work. The introduced animals, mentioned by Dr. Kinsley, is the great- est difficulty that we have to contend with in California, the intro- - duetion of new animals. In California, the land is very valuable 5 Tb, 214 MAURICE C, HALL ~eaped the combination tests. In table number 1 we missed two ani- test, Inasmuch as it will produce a thermal reaction, does interfere around the large cities, and dairymen who wish to raise their own heifers, are unable to keep those heifers ‘on their own ranches until they are ready to milk. Thus, after they pass the weaning period, they are sent various distances to mountain ranches where they are mixed with other cattle and are then brought back to the dairies at the time they are fresh and they bring tuberculosis back with them. Auction sales are very frequent in that country, and this introduc- tion of animals is the most serious thing that we have to deal with in the contro! of tuberculosis. Dr. Turner asked if there were any of the animals which es- mals with that combination; in table number 2 we missed one ani- mal; in table number 3 we missed ten animals. The subcutaneous test interferes with the intradermal. I believe that the intradermal with the subcutaneous test, just as the subeutaneous will interfere with the intradermal test given three or four days later. The only test that is not seriously interfered with by other tests is the oph- thalmic test. The ophthalmic test has the great advantage that it can be appled immediately after another test has been given. While the percentage of accuracy is not high, if you test a herd of cattle with the subcutaneous test and do not get any reactors, and yet you suspect the owner, and give the sensitized ophthalmic test and get some reactors in the herd, you will know that something has been done with the cattle to make them immune and that is one great value of the ophthalmic test. A NEW AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TAPE- WORM MULTICEPS GAIGERI FROM THE DOG* MAvRICE C. HALL, Ph.D., D.V.M., tAssistant Zoologist, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, An examination of the tapeworms described by Gaiger (1907) as Coenurus serialis shows that they belong to a new species which is described in this paper and named Multiceps gaigeri in honor of Doctor Gaiger. The parasites of the dog are always of interest as they are to — a certain extent an index of the conditions of human parasitism in the same localities. The presence of certain tapeworms in dogs is indicative of careless and improper methods of disposing of “Presented in abstract. before the A.V.M.A., at Detroit, August, 1916, tResigned September 19, ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TAPEWORM 215 ie slaughterhouse refuse and a corresponding danger to people who ob- tain meats from houses so conducted. The presence or absence of hookworms in dogs, within certain limits, as indicative of meteoro- logical conditions favorable or unfavorable to the extra-corporeal life -eyele of hookworms in general. The importance of the parasites a ated animals, has been discussed at length in a previous publica- _ tion by the writer (Hall,1915). ss Multiceps gaigert Hall, 1916, new species. Symprom.—Coenurus serialis Gervais, 1847a, of Gaiger, 1907, = and Dey, 1909. ‘gs SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.—Multiceps: The head is somewhat piri- form in lateral view and almost square when viewed en face, and : is about 950 » in diameter. The weak rostellum is about 360 » in _ diameter and bears a double crown of 28 to 32 hooks. The large Fie. 1. Multiceps gaigeri. Large and small hooks. _ ture; the handle is nearly straight or only slightly sinuous, with usually a notch, slight or very pronounced, on the dorsal border _ between the middle of the handle and the union with the blade, the : dorsal and ventral borders approximately parallel and the handle E ‘not tapering but. ending bluntly and at times with a sight curv- ¢ ature dorsally at the distal extremity; the guard is approximately ~ cordiform in lateral view, the point of maximum thickness being a short distance from the union with the blade and handle, thus — - forming a meds pee naly and a roundly, conical distal portion, — of the dogs, and their effect on the health iof man and the domesti-~ : hooks (Fig. 1) are 160 to 180 » long. The blade is of slight curva- | : > BS vo oes ge o ay ey LT ane a 5 cf se sis rate ae A? 7 ; ‘Sie =~ rye uw mi 4 =e ~ 0 ng OUTST ys ) os im Fig. 2. Multiceps gaigeri. Young strobila: ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TAPEWORM 217 The small hooks are 115 to 150 p» long. The blade is strongly curved; the handle is long, straight, slightly sinuous in outline, and tapering to a rather blunt tip; the guard is rather oval in lateral view, has a slight median ventral depression without being bifid, and meets the handle at a very obtuse angle, almost a straight angle. The suckers are comparatively large, set prominently at the angles of the quadrate head and with relatively small inter- vals between adjacent suckers, and have a bulb diameter of 310 to 330». The neck is quite distinct, of smaller diameter than the head, and may measure around 690 » in length. The entire strobila may measure from 25 cm. to 1.82 meters, according to conditions and individual development. In well developed strobile, about 40 em. long, the segments become square about the middle of the strobila, being 5 mm. long and 5 mm. wide at a distance of 20 cm. from the head. As the segments become longer than wide they be- come mature. At 30 em. from the head they are 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. At 40 em. from the head the segments are 14 mm. long and 2 to 3 mm. wide. The entire strobila is rather thin, deli- cate, and comparatively translucent (Fig. 2). The genital prim- ordia appear in about the thirtieth segment, between 2 and 3 mm. back of the head, first as deeper staining areas in the median line. These areas become angular, the legs of the angles forming the genital canals. The primordium of the median stem of the uterus is the next thing visible. Calcareous corpuscles are especially large and abundant in the medullary portion of the head and the anterior portion of the neck, where they are elliptical and about 13 by 8 » in diameter, but are elsewhere small, oval, around 4 to 5p in length, and, though numerous, are relatively inconspicuous. The longitudinal excretory canals are quite distinct, the ventral canal situated about 225 » from the margin of the segment and the dorsal canal lying lateral of this. The genital papilla is flat and inconspicuous, an actual papilla formation being lacking as a rule, but is readily observed owing to the translucency of the segments. Male genitalia.—There are between 200 and 225 large, irregu- larly spherical testes, confined principally to the lateral portions of the median field in the vicinity of the longitudinal excretory canals (Fig. 3). There is a wide field about the median stem of ___ the uterus which is free or comparatively free from testes, only an oc- casional two or three occurring here. The field about the vas deferens and vagina is also comparatively free from testes for 218 | MAURICE C. HALL ’ a some distance on each side. The testes press close to and even in~ contact with the lateral borders of the ovaries and also extend to the vitellarium and between the vitellarium and the ovaries. The vas deferens begins close to the median stem of the uterus on the pore side and first extends at an angle posteriorly and laterally. It is very much looped from its origin, the loops extending widely along the longitudinal axis of the worm, even across the vagina, and also back and forth along the general path of the vas deferens, the loops being so numerous as to form a dense wide structure. The cirrus pouch extends to the median border of the ventral excretory * 1mm. Fie. 3. Multiceps gaigert. Mature segment canal. It is piriform to elongate elliptical in shape, often with a concavity on the posterior side, toward the vagina, and about 2604 long by 100 to 125 » wide. : Female genitalia—The ovaries (Fig. 3) are elongated along the longitudinal axis of the strobila, of the same size, and reniform to fan-shaped, the inter-ovarian field varying correspondingly from oval to almost quadrilateral. The vitellarium is roughly triangular in outline, the anterior angle projecting a short distance into the inter-ovarian field and occasionally suppressed at this point tO.93 Ree aeety Tye KO is Higa ha ney yi hae ike, Slee Ae er RAS te Va 1 as vk yo ae, ¥ NPs SON el bh GN Gey ake rs BA cv ! ‘ Lien CLE Lies ae b 2 eel, ile vl ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TAPEWORM 219 form a truncated or even invaginated structure for the reception of the shell-gland. The vitellarium is often irregular or asym- metrical and in some segments may even be elongated along the longitudinal axis of the strobila, a quite distinctive feature (Fig. 4). The vitellarium does not extend laterally as far as the ovaries om + ay r. t Fie. 4. Multiceps gaigeri. Mature segment showing the occasional elongation of the vitellarium along the longitudinal axis of the strobila. do. The shell-gland is comparatively large, at times distinctly in _ the clear near the anterior apex of the vitellarium and at times ap- & edad in contact with the vitellarium or occupying an invagina- % tion at the anterior apex of the vitellarium. The vagina follows _ the general contour of the portion of the cirrus pouch lying nearest ba lateral margin of the segment, being straight when the cirrus Wo 220 MAURICE C. HALL depron Seep Flt SE Be ee ES ES pouch is straight and following the concavity when the pouch is concave posteriorly. It then bends abruptly, usually at right angles, but at times at an obtuse angle or again at an acute angle back toward the margin of the segment. It then turns medially and after pursuing a short wavy course, with usually two crests, or even making another loop, it swings in a wide curve around the nearest ovary to the receptaculum seminis in the inter-ovarian field. In gravid segments the median stem of the uterus is very wide and has from 12 to 15 wide lateral branches which in turn send out wide secondary branches. The median field of the narrow seg- ments is thus reduced to nearly a solid mass of eggs, the space be- tween the wide uterine areas being very small. The eggs are near- ly spherical and are 25 to 30 » in diameter. Hosts.—Primary : Canis familiaris. Secondary : Capra hircus. Location.—In small intestine of primary host. In central nervous system, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, bladder, intermuscular connective tissue, under peritoneum and subcutaneous in secondary host. Locauiry.—India (Punjab, at Lahore, and Bengal) and Ceylon. TYPE MATERIAL.—U. S. National Museum No. 16590. (Bureau of Animal Industry Helminthological Collection.) Lire HIsTORY.—Eggs produced by the adult worm in the pri- mary host, the dog, pass out and are ingested by the secondary host, the goat, in contaminated food and water. In the digestive tract the embryo escapes from its shell and bores into the tissues of the host where it gives rise to a larval form, or coenurus. On ingestion of this larva by the primary host, some or all of the heads attached to it may give rise to strobilate worms in the intestine. Gaiger (1907) first recorded this parasite from the goat at Lahore, India. He had two eases of the larval parasite occurring © in the connective tissue, and because of the site of the worm and the presence of what he regarded as daughter cysts, he concluded that the parasite was Multiceps serialis, the bladderworm commonly found in the connective tissues of the rabbit, rather than the gid bladderworm, M. multiceps, the form commonly found in the cen- tral nervous system of ungulates. He fed some cyst material to a dog and toa rat. The rat died in two days and the hooks were | recovered from the stomach. The dog began passing segments of tapeworm on the fourteenth day and was killed on the thirty-first day. The small intestines were found packed with tapeworms from 1 to 40 cm. long. . - ' om ma EDO eset WE 2 AR SG ENR SIONAL st Fh Se ROW 5; ECONOMIOALLY IMPORTANT TAPEWORM 221 4 ‘ Two years later, Dey (1909) reported this parasite from the goat in Bengal, India. In this case the parasites were found in the . brain, intermuscular connective tissue, in subcutaneous situations, and in the mesenteries and attached to the peritoneum of the ab- dominal wall and the serous covering on the viscera. A dog was first treated with taeniacides and purgatives and then fed some cyst material. In a month and a half the dog began passing seg- ments of tapeworm and was killed two weeks later. Seventy-five y tapeworms, the longest 1.82 meters long, were recovered from the & small intestine, and the scolices found to agree with those of the a coenurus. Be 4 Southwell (1912) reports Coenurus serialis from the goat and — Taena serialis from the dog in Ceylon. The record from the goat ‘4 must be regarded as a record of M. gaigeri and that from the dog *~ A “4 may be. * @ Gaiger (1915) lists it from the goat in India with a note to the © effect. that it is common. ; & In a previous paper (Hall, 1910b), Gaiger’s and Dey’s records a of M. serialis from the goat were provisionally accepted as correct, . with a note to the effect that the parasite would receive further at- . _tention later. Through the courtesy of Doctor Gaiger, specimens __ of the coenurus from the goat and of the tapeworm from the dog were furnished to the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and an ex- - amination of these showed them to be a new species. That there are no rabbits in India, a fact Gaiger (1909; 530) has himself noted, would suggest something of the sort. The specimens of the adult worm are much smaller than the largest specimens noted by Dey, but as the size depends largely on whether fresh material is _ Measured in a stretched condition or preserved material is measured on a flat surface, this is a.small matter. In the specimen which I have designated as type, the segments are mature about 5.5 to 6.5 em. back of the head. The general anatomy of the species is . much more nearly that of the gid tapeworm, M. multiceps, than _ 4M. serialis. The strobila is delicate and the vagina shows a pe- ‘ culiar bend which is strongly suggestive of the condition in UM. _ multiceps. The hooks are also suggestive of M. multiceps. Gaiger _ States that the small hook has a bifid guard, but this statement is _ often made of tapeworms that do not have a bifid guard. In _these cases, as in this species, there is an appearance of bifidity . found on eens which is due to the fact that the lateral mar- Se oe a wy 5 See Gia LES Be er ae ae ee iS lated to the gid bladderworm, M. multiceps, than to M. serialis - towards budding off of daughter cysts, and although actual separa- a 222 MAURICE C. HALL gins of the guard are commonly thickened and the median ventral portion thinned and often slightly grooved, but such conditions must — be differentiated from the condition‘ of true befidity which is found in such hooks as those of Taenia pisiformis. An examination of the larva shows it to be more closely re- morphologically. Placed in a dish with typical specimens of these — ; Species it resembles the former much more than the latter, and the same is true of scolices detached from all three species. Gaiger (1907) states ‘‘There was a very distinct tendency in most cysts tion of a daughter cyst was not seen, in one case there was a dis- tinct neck dividing off a portion of the parent cyst. Internal bud- ding was complete and many of the cysts were floating free. The daughter cysts were never more than 2 mm. broad and 4 long, and were always egg-shaped with one head at the narrow end. The majority of them were attached by a minute pedicle to the parent cyst, but could be easily detached, and often they were present in bunches, both attached and free.’’ I find on examination that a striking feature of this species, so far as the available material is concerned, is the extraordinary ease with which the heads detach from the bladder wall and so come to lie free in the internal fluid. The great majority of the heads in the available specimen are free and lie in a mass inside the bladder, their former position being marked by neat prominent apertures perforating the bladder wall. This is the obvious explanation of Gaiger’s statement regarding daughter bladders. These are deciduous scolices, but they are not daughter bladders. It is interesting to note that we have here a condition suggestive of what must have been the origin of daughter bladders, namely, a deciduous scolex, but it is so recent a develop- ment here that the cyst has not yet developed a reparative process at the site where the scolex separates. This species is apparently intermediate between M. multiceps and M. serialis in this and other respects. It presents an interesting study from a physiological standpoint in that it is capable of development in the central nery-— ous system and also in the connective tissues and on serous sur- faces, thus combining the sites of the other species, and causes the formation of an adventitious capsule, as MW. serialis does and M. ~ multiceps does not, even adhering tightly to the brain, from which M. multiceps slips very easily and with no trace of adhesions. hs in G Pipa’ 4° ie Ea eee ocr hie Bik x BIBLIOGRAPHY _ DEFKE, O. 1891. Die Entozoen des Hundes. Arch. f. wissensch. u. prakt. Thierh., Berl., v. 17 (1-2), pp. 1-60; (4-5), pp. 253-289, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-11. Duy, D... 1909: Coenurus serialis in a goat. J. Trop. Vet. Se., Caleutta, v. 4 Z* (4), pp. 556-560, pl. 24, figs. a-d. § GaAIGER, 8S. H. 1907. Coenurus serialis found in two goats in India. J. Trop. Vet. Sc., Calcutta, v. 2 (3), July, pp. 316-321, figs. 5-8, pls. 15-17. 1909. Linguatula taenioides. J. Trop. Vet. ’Be., Calcutta, v. 4 (4), pp. 528-531, pl. 21, 3 figs. 1915. A revised check list of the animal parasites of domesticated animals in India. J. Comp. Path. and Therap., Edinb. and Lond., vy. 28 (1), Mar. 31, pp. 67-76. GERVAIS, Paun. [1847 |. Sur quelques entozoaires taenioides et hydatides. Acad. d. sc. de. Montpel., mém. sect. d. sc., v. 1, pp. 85-103, pls. 1-2. Haut, Maurice C. 1910a. A new species of cestode parasite ( Taenia balaniceps ) of the dog and of the lynx, with a note on Proteocephalus punicus. pp. 139-151, 9 figs. 8°. Washington. [Issued Oct. 25] (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. (1780), v. 39, "1911). Hauu, Maurice C. 1910b. The gid parasite and allied species of the cestode ae. genus Multiceps. 1. Historical review. Bull. 125, pt. 1, Bureau Animal Indust., U. S. Depart. Agric., Wash., Oct. 10, pp. 1-68, fig. 1. -. ‘ yg 1915. The dog as a carrier of parasites and diseases. Bull. 260, U. S. — i Dept. Agric., Wash., Nov. 23, pp. 1-27, figs. 1-14. =) SouTHWELL, T. 1912. A descr iption of ten new species of cestode parasites = a from marine fishes of Ceylon, with notes on other cestodes from the same =. _ region. Ceylon Mar. Biol. Rep., Colombo, v. 1 (6), Jan., pp. 259-278, pls. ya 1-3, figs. 1-41. oe i a A COMMON OR PUBLIC NUISANCE—THE TUBERCU- 2 4 LAR MILCH COW* s) i foe - Re ~ J. F. WINCHESTER, Lawrence, Mass. ea I have the honor as well as the privilege to call attention to centers of the cause of the most dreaded disease in mankind that is preventable. — **A common or public nuisance is one which tends to the annoy- ance of the public generally, and is therefore to be redressed by forcible abatement, or by an action by the State.”’ --—~—s«- That the tubercular milch cow is a common or publie nuisance . __ has been proven by the demonstration of the bacilli of Koch, or _ the tubercular bacilli, in the milk of such animals. That the milk _ from such animals is an annoyance to the public generally, is shown Be. by the percentage of human beings whose deaths have veen caused _ by. or who have been made cripples by its use. The abatement by a force will not be tolerated, but legislative action can correct the ig nuisance. —- See _ _ *An address presented at fie Massachusetts Association of Boards of feeeaith, Holyoke, Mass., Oct., 1916. i a teh oe 2 2 eta pa es Se en ed sn PN ~ im Te 4 Te ea ee ee Meee Pin. in ul - THE TUBERCULAR MILCH COW 223: 4 224 J. F. WINCHESTER That the bovine type of the Koch bacillus does appear in the human subject, causing death and disability, has been demon- strated by various investigators. Eastwood and Griffith, in Great Britain, have made a report of the relative distribution of the vari- ous strains of tubercle bacilli in human bone and joint tuberculosis. For the investigation, the material examined was removed di- rectly from an affected joint or bone, or from an abscess in the neighborhood of such lesions. Out of a total of 261 patients, 55 or 21% were bovine cases. Of these only 3 were over 16 years of age. 155 cases were examined under 10 years of age, and 45 or 29% were bovines. Dr. M. J. Ravenel, of the University of Missouri, writes, ‘‘The transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to man through milk is no longer doubted by anyone. The danger is particularly great in children under 5 years of age, but is marked in all children from birth to 16 years, apparently diminishing after that time.”’ Dr. Wm. H. Park gives a summary of patients, who have died from tuberculosis, as follows: adults, 16 years and over, 955 cases ; 940 human, 15 bovine; children, 5 to 16 years, 177 cases; 131 hu- man, 46 bovine; children, under 5 years, 368 cases; 292 human, 76 bovine. Dr. Park further states that 10% of the fatal cases of tuber- culosis among children was due to bovine bacilli; that of all the children which were fed with raw dairy products one-half died of bovine bacilli; and that about one-half of all the people, younger children and older children, that had gland tuberculosis, had bo- vine infection. Dr. Delphine says, ‘‘Taking all evidence into consideration, it is possible to say, without fear of exaggeration, that not less than 25% of the children suffering from tuberculosis, under 5 years of age, suffer from tuberculosis of bovine origin, and that this rate is much lower than one based on probabilities would be.”’ Dr. Mitchell, of Edinburgh, examined 72 cases of children suffering from cervical tuberculosis, and of these 65 or 90% showed bovine infection. There were 38 cases under 5 years of age, and of these 35 were infection from the bovine and only 3 from the human. Some of these cases led to death later, but all of them led — to more or less disease and deformity. Infant mortality in this state under one year of age, for 1913, was 10,086 from all causes, while 4,180 deaths are registered as be- 5 5 3 4 a : j THE TUBERCULAR MILCH COW 225 ing due to consumption that year, but the ages of the victims were not recorded in the report. Clinically it is impossible to tell whether a patient afflicted with tuberculosis, is infected with the bovine or the human type of the tubercle bacilli. Professor Eber, Director of the Veterinary Institute Labora- tories at Leipsic, has repeatedly shown that it is possible to so alter the human type of tubercle bacillus, by systematic passage through animals, that; with the means at present at our disposal, they can- not be distinguished from bacilli of the bovine type. His researches furnish abundant evidence that the two types of tubercle bacilli, the human and the bovine, are not types of sub- = species with constant characters, but rather varieties of one and the . same bacillus with relatively variable characters. He recognized — % that the bacilli cultivated directly from human or bovine sources pos- ~ sess certain biological characteristics, which permit of a distine- : tion, in the majority of cases, between the human and bovine type. The law that deals with the detection of tuberculosis in cattle is as follows: ‘‘Tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for the detection of tuberculosis in domestic animals shall be used only upon cattle brought into the commonwealth, and upon cattle at Brighton, Watertown, and Somerville; but it may be used as such diagnostic agent on any animal in any other part of the Commonwealth, with the consent in writing of the owner or person in possession thereof, and upon animals which have been condemned as tuberculous upon physical examination by a competent veterinary surgeon.’’ Tuberculin is used upon foreign cattle, but not upon native or Massachusetts cattle at Brighton, Watertown, or Somerville. In August, 1916, 1,931 milch cows went through the Brighton stock yards, and of that number about 480 were native Massachu- setts cattle or cattle that have been owned at least six months in this state. Each year a physical examination of all cattle in the Common- wealth is made by the city and town inspectors, and if a contagious disease is suspected in any animal, that animal must be placed in quarantine, and a certified copy of the order sent to the Depart- ment of Animal Industry. - Subsequent to his report, an inspector, a veterinarian, or lay- man is sent to examine the animal in quarantine, and if, in his opinion, the animal is not diseased, said animal is released. ~ pir ab Liat ic ep, Sane 226 J. F. WINCHESTER There appears in Public Document No. 98 the fact that. 1,456 native cattle were suspected of tuberculosis by the ispectors— some inspectors are veterinarians—and of that number 194 were Jfficially released. It is recorded in Public Document No. 98 that 49 head. of cat- tle were reported as reacting to the tuberculin test by veterinarians, and they were released as they could not be condemned on a physi- cal examinetion by agents of the Department of Animal Industry. To me it is paradoxical that one department of this state should permit the existence of centers of disease that carry conta- gion to man from diseased cows through milk, while another de- partment should be under great expense, in being constantly sup- plied with patients and using all the energy at its command to re-, store the innocent victims to health. The subject has an economic as well as a humanitarian phase, and should be kept under the spotlight of public opinion until remedied. Since the duty of the Boards of Health is sanitation, and sani- tation stands for prevention, can this organization do a greater service to the Commonwealth than to have corrected and revised Section 31, Chapter 90, of the Revised Laws as amended by Chapter 322, Acts of 1903, thus aiding in the conservation of ‘‘The Common Health of the Commonwealth’’ ? 1 4 F xs ; : @ a Pr FE if Dr. William M. MacKellar, who directed the forces which were successful in eliminating cattle ticks from the entire State of Cali- fornia, has been transferred to Atlanta, and will take charge of the work in the State of Georgia.. The work in Georgia has pro- eressed very rapidly and the Bureau of Animal Industry believes that the ticks will be eradicated from the State in a very short time. crate L ee, i a=. SSL KE BS St ues Es Tick ErapicaTion. Forty per cent of southern territory put under quarantine on account of the Texas fever tick on July 1, 1906, was released from quarantine on this account September 15, 1916, when the recent order releasing additional territory became effec- _ tive. In all, 294,014 square miles have been freed from this pest, and there now remain under quarantine 434,529 square miles. Four states have completely eradicated the tick from their borders. icc $f tia , a - Tag Fe ip Mahl ‘ ~ aT NG CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘ Peienuwledze is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. salt develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’. hee e. ‘THE USE OF ARRHENAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF - TEXAS FEVER J. E. Acuion, State Domaines, Sakha, Egypt. An important disease which affords great interest to veteri- narians of this country at the present time, and which causes con- siderable loss to cattle owners, is Texas fever. The disease is due to the presence in the blood of the protozoan known as Piroplasma bigeminum, which is transmitted from ani- mal to animal by the cattle tick: the piroplasma causes destruction water) occurs. It is not my purpose to give in this short paper, the history, symptoms, or diagnosis of this disease, but simply to state, as brief- ly as possible, how cases of Texas fever are treated, and the results obtained by the use of Arrhenal. In the summer of 1912 the experiment of immunizing cattle against plague was started, in cattle belonging to the Domain’s Ad- serum) was applied. While conducting the said experiment, we were confronted with aserious problem. The development of a severe form of Texas fever made its appearance in some animals after double inoculation ; ‘some cases even succumbed to the disease before the application of confirmed, when slides collected from the blood of diseased animals ‘were microscopically examined. _ For treatment we started giving a hypodermic injection of __ trypanblue in a solution of 1-2%; this dose was to be repeated on the second day, if the temperature of the animal was still high; this method of treatment has, according to some reports, eiaery a 50-60% of cures. ‘In October 1913 my chief, Piot Bey, urged the use of Arrhenal instead of trypanblue. This was used in the form of a 10% solu- tion. One injection containing 10 grammes of the above solution ve and, in: severe cases, two_ doses were sufficient to bring about a of the red blood cells, and as a consequence hemoglobinuria (red — ‘ministration, the method of double inoculation (virulent blood and | any treatment. The diagnosis of Texas fever was generally always TR oR MARIS Ie ey. eee ete aA ey oc RN yt es 228 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS prompt cure. According to Piot Bey, the treatment of Texas fever by means of Arrhenal when the case is properly and immediately at- tended to, and when no complications of other diseases are present, has yielded in his hands 100% of cures. The use of Arrhenal for the curative treatment of Piroplasmosis is well established in this country and has been widely employed ever since 1913 and has, so far, given satisfactory and even excellent results. Cases of Texas fever are now seen quite independently of other diseases. The last cases, I have seen and treated successfully with Arrhenal, were in the northern part of the Delta. Ten head of cattle were examined and found with typical symptoms of Piro- plasmosis. All were treated with Arrhenal and had to be freed from ticks; a change of food was also recommended. Two days afterwards they were again examined and found to be doing better ; the temperature dropped to normal, all were feeding and ruminat- ing. The same treatment and management were again applied. I may just mention that two days prior to my visiting this lot of cattle, the manager of the farm informed me that he had lost five head of cattle presenting exactly the same symptoms. A re- port from the manager, which I received on August 10th, states that all the animals are doing very well and have been working for the last ten days. A LESSON D.Nue: One does not learn all his lessons in college. Here is one I might have learned but did not. It may be of help to some other practitioner. I was called about 8:00 P. M. to see an aged horse that had suddenly gone “‘dead lame’’ while at pasture. A young man who had been hunting started to drive the horse to the barn. The old horse appeared to be frightened at the boy’s gun, galloped a short distance, stopped suddenly and refused to move except on three legs. The owner, an old German, took a lantern and went with me to the pasture. An examination revealed a comminuted fracture of the os suffraginus of the left front leg. The broken pieces would simply ‘‘squash’’ on pressure. It was a hopeless case as the CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 229 horse was at least twenty years old, so I told the owner I could do nothing for the horse and that he should be put out of his suffering, The old man dropped his lantern and throwing his arms about the horse’s neck cried like a child. On my way back to the barn the old man, between sobs, offered to pay me for my visit, but as he was in rather poor circumstances and this was his only horse I had pity for him and made no charge. After I had left he sent eight miles for a non-graduate to see the case. This man confirmed my q diagnosis and prognosis and took his fee. ae I did not like it very well and the next time I met Herman on the road I told him so. He said, ‘‘ Vell, you didn’t charge me nod- EA dinks, so I takes dat money for de odder feller.’ THE INJURY CAUSED TO THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF Py PORTO RICO BY TEXAS FEVER JUAN VARAS CATALA, San Juan, Porto Rico. Native cattle are immune to Texas fever, because when young they have suffered more or less from the disease. The immunization does not necessarily preserve the health of the cattle, owing to the ~ fact that a great number of their owners allow the ticks to continue ___ feasting upon the animals which become and stay weak and anemic ; with the result that the working bull dies and the dairy cow yields a very small quantity of milk. The ticks remain infested with the _ piroplasma, thus inoculating the non-immune valuable Holstein __ or Jersey cows when put on pastures in which native cattle, suffer- - ing from the disease, are grazing. I have attended many epi- Ea zootics of Texas fever: I will cite two outbreaks: Mr. Antonio i: Piza imported seventeen Holstein-Friesian cows from the State of ; _ New York. Prior to this I had advised Mr. Piz4 not to bring cows _ from above the tick-fever line, but he insisted and proceeded to im- ne port them. They were taken to the pasture soon after landing and . q eight days after he informed me that his cattle were urinating blood and that some had died. I went to his farm, made a post-mortem _ of two, made blood smears, examined the latter microscopically, and the coceus form of the Piroplasma bigeminum was seen. No _ treatment did any good. During the short time of three weeks, all _ the cows died. Mr. Pizd lost about five thousand dollars. Dr. lL. Baptista imported sixteen head of Holstein cows also 230 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS : from the State of New York. He was wise; he did not put them in the pasture. He put them in a cement floor stable and everything _ went well for about ten months. Last month he went toacertaintown of Porto Rico to spend his vacation. The attendant of the cows drove them to pasture with the result that nine died from Texas fever. I think the rest will die if not taken good care of, because they are | a more or less infested. These losses of Holstein or Jersey cows cause considerable injury to the dairy industry of this island. The native cows are poorly fed; grass only, and are poor milkers, the best of them giving from eight to ten quarts daily. The-udder has very little glan- dular tissue. The only advantageous condition that the native cow has, when freed from ticks and taken good care of, is the resistance to disease. A great majority of the native cows give birth to their young out in the fields, and if the calves are not healthy from the start, they will succumb. The native cows hardly ever get sick and never suffer from tuberculosis, because they are kept in the open at all times where they are exposed to the hot sun of the trop-— ics and to the cold rains and winds. These factors contribute to their prolonged health. They do not suffer from contagious abor- tion. Their mammary glands are very resistant to the entrance of infection, therefore they hardly ever suffer from mammitis. If we-can succeed in crossing American tuberculin tested dairy cattle with native cattle, then the dairy industry in Porto Rico wil! be considerably improved, because then we may have a native cow with great endurance, free from tuberculosis, and yielding a great quantity of milk. AN EPIDEMIC AMONG RABBITS— THE VALUE OF THE MICROSCOPE JUAN VARAS CATALA, San Juan, Porto Rico. Mr. Alfonso Fernandez, a resident of San Juan, P. R., in- formed me of the loss of forty-four rabbits in the short period of a month and requested an investigation to find the cause of ‘death. I went to his yard where the remaining rabbits, numbering thirty- — two, were kept in cages, three to each cage. In one I saw three e dead. The live rabbits presented a yellowish secretion in their ears. — CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 231 I made post-mortems and found the membranes of the ex- ternal, middle and internal ears very inflamed and covered with dry, yellowish scabs, which examined microscopically, showed the ear mite (Psoroptes communis cuniculi). The rest of the organs were perfectly normal. By the above mentioned findings I arrived at the conclusion that the death of. the forty-four rabbits was due to the irritation produced by the mites. I advised Mr. Fernandez to apply sulphur ointment to the ears of the remaining animals and to disinfect thoroughly all cages. He'did so and a few days later he came to my office 10 inform me that the mortality had come to an end. VETERINARY WORK IN A LUMBER CAMP S. J. ALCALAY, Frazee, Minn. At our graduation banquet, the freshman who represented his class said: the course of anatomy and its beginning osteology was a very dry study for him. Great was his anxiety to reach the threshold of myology. His assumption was that since this branch of anatomy dealt with softer tissue, correspondingly its learning would be easier on his mind. But all his hopes were shattered when he heard the professor in charge of myology say that nowa- days the study of myology is done on muscles hardened ‘‘in situ”’ contrary to the old ways of studying on soft muscles. At this Professor Sisson and the audience indulged in laughter. In order to diverge from this ‘‘via arida’’ the writer begs the indulgence of his readers while presenting this paper dealing with the veteri- nary work on horses ranging from 100 in the summer to 250 in the winter, belonging to the Nichols Chisolm Lumber Co. In the lumber camps and yards the horses not only discharged their ordinary duties but sometimes were also used in road con- struction. The writer had contracted for this veterinary work with the general manager of the firm in June 1915. A summary dentistry. After having the horse’s mouth open and held so by the speculum the rasp was laid flat on the last molar, and with a _ gentle downward pull the sharp points were cut off, that is, those a points that affected the tengue or the cheek. This procedure was 4 repeated 2 or 3 times and the file was next used, also gently to of the work is the object of this paper. The first worl done was. 232 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS f, smooth what sharp points were missed by the rasp. Protrud- ing points were cut off with the molar cutters. Prolonged use of file and rasp was avoided. The next step was to eradicate the itch that affected these horses. Although they were dipped in a warm 4% solution of a dip, the results were unsatisfactory. A salve containing sulphur has given marvelously good results. Another generalized affection was sore necks and shoulders from misfitting collars. Copper sulphate and zine sulphate salves greatly helped in those cases. In previous years these horses were-under the care of the barn boss, who is quite a good feeder and a very reliable gentleman. Due to the lack of proper care while these horses were affected with influenza, they developed a chronic cough or a running from the nose. Phylacogens (P. D.) Fowler’s solution, belladonna, nux vomica in their proper doses entirely checked these ailments, since these horses are young and their affection not very far developed. The drinking troughs were sprinkled with a few drams of copper sulphate. The hay and oats supply was at times obtained from the Dakotas or Montana. Every time some new hay or new oats were fed to these horses, we had our hands full treating colicky horses. The course of treatment, that greatly helped us in those conditions, was Quitman’s colic recipe consisting of salicylic acid 5 ss, and ginger q.s. to fill up a capsule. This was my method of procedure. A dozen or two dozen of these capsules were always handy and the barn boss was instructed to use them in case the veterinarian was out on a call. In some way or another these horses would develop wind colic and also would be unable to void urine. In the latter case, sweet spts. of nitre or turpentine would be used; but I shall not fail to give full credit to the salicylic acid. I am often thank- ful to Dr. Quitman for his kindness in telling me of this treatment in 1914 when he took me out in his auto to see his cases in Borden’s stables in Chicago. This year we are less troubled with colics. Oil meal is being mixed with the oats. We have never had to contend with a case of tetanus as yet. In my estimation the reason is that every time a horse is wounded, whether by a nail or any other offending object, the wound is cleaned with tincture of iodine followed by the required surgical treatment, : CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 233 For corns, contracted heels or any inflammatory affection of the hoof requiring softening ‘‘white rock hoof packing’’ was used with quite good results. This is practically a résumé of the veteri- nary work done on these horses during the summer of 1915. The northern part of Minnesota is yet richly covered with trees belonging to the coniferae, natural order, which are used for lumber. These trees are mostly the white pine or Pinus strobus, the spruce or Picea excelsa and the like. The region in which these trees grow is mostly inhabited by Indians. The white men buy the timber from them or if it has been homesteaded by some white people, lumber companies buy the land and timber or the timber alone. From 500 to 800 men are employed to hew down these trees in the winter season, saw them into logs and carry them down to a lake or river. Camps are built which provide shelter for from 50 to 200 men and the camps are 10 or 12 miles apart. It was the duty of the veteri- narian to drive from camp to camp, attend the cases and instruct the barn boss what ready-made mixture to use in emergency cases. Each barn was supplied with colic medicine consisting of sweet spirits of nitre, belladonna and nux vomica. Another bottle lab- elled cough medicine, contained sweet-spirits of nitre, syrup, bella- donna and tincture of opium. Besides these medicines there was a supply of lysol, tincture of iodin, soap, liniment and a drench- ing syringe. On a bright day with a glowing sunlight the woods are very picturesque. Here is a long lake about six miles in length and a curve at the end of it. This is Elbow Lake, a name given by the Indians. While driving on the frozen waters of this lake one sees on both of its shores the great pines on the slope of the banks. In the lake one sees round areas where the water bubbles just as boil- ing water in a tea-kettle. These are water holes made by under- ground springs. The Indians are very careful to never cut a track close to where these water holes abound. Through the long drives in the narrow Indian trails one can never fail to enjoy the cool breeze that passes through a thicket of balsams, white pines, Nor- _ way pines and the tapering spruces. God and his greatness is re- vealed to that small creature the miser of all beings: the son of Adam. How long this scenery will last is not difficult to guess, as these trees are being cut down very rapidly. . Throughout the whole winter’s work there are about one dozen horses out of 250 head that are destroyed on account of being dis- =~ oi - ‘ CoN ssa Bis : re To: 1 2 c bhi ‘ ; eye eS See Cue & ¢ bee} aie rN ty OT asl Le Ftd shy corer SOF TT) id ; eS 234 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE abled by a heavy log or from some similar accident. What mostly troubles the horses in the woods are cuts from sharp calks, making very deep wounds; also wounds from snags. The hoofs treading on soft or wet snow become very tender and soft, and thus ren-. dered accessible to penetrating snags which are remnants of some bush cleared out to make a road. These wounds are always treated with tincture of iodine followed by the usual surgical procedure. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE MopiFrIcATION OF THE TECHNIC OF THE OPERATION FOR PENE- TRATING STREET Naru. Dr. Cocu. Recueil de Médecine Vétéri- naire, Vol. 91, pp. 184-187, 1916.—The operation for penetrating street nail, as described by Nocard involves such mutilation of the plantar cushion as cannot be repaired by the proliferation of the underlying tissues. Almost always a deformation of the plantar surface results, with a change in the anatomical-physiological re- lations which assure to the horse’s foot, the elasticity necessary for normal function. Later, the retraction of the cicatricial tissue causes a depression which may be very deep and a keratocele may develop in it. The compression exerted on the surface of the cicatricial tissue by this tumor is frequently the point of departure pf inflammatory pneu- monia. This may be followed by suppuration causing sloughing, which in turn necessitates further surgical treatment. These accidents are particularly frequent after operations per- formed on the forefeet of animals doing hard work on city pave- ments. It is probable that in order to obviate these inconveniences, Professor Cadiot, in his ‘‘Lecons cliniques,’’ edition of 1899, ad- vised the utmost sparing of the body of the plantar cushion. It seemed to me that it was possible to still further obviate the mutilation by conserving entirely the plantar cushion and limiting the incisions to the aponeurosis. In January 1915, a horse was brought to me, which gave oc- casion for a trial. The horse had sustained a deep wound in the “middle zone,’’ caused by a hook such as butchers use for suspend- ing quarters of meat. The hook had been brought to the surface of the road by vehicle traffic. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 235 Although the wound was of recent origin, the leg was not used for support, there was incessant pain, abundant effusion of synovial fluid containing lumps, and rise in temperature. These necessitated immediate surgical treatment, which was done the next day. I performed the operation on the horse in the standing posi- tion, after cocaining the plantar nerves below the pastern joint; the foot was held by an assistant as in shoeing. The extremity of the imb was disinfected and hemostasis as- sured by a rubber bandage around the pastern. The sole and frog were carefully pared; I divided the latter into two equal parts by a longitudinal incision which prolonged the central suleus (middle cleft) of the frog to its apex and cut through the entire thickness of the plantar cushion. With the aid of right and left sage knives I loosened the two halves and detached them from the aponeurosis, beginning at the bottom of the median incision and working toward the right and left lateral lacunae. The two flaps were held in forceps and carefully lifted by an assistant. The plantar apo-_ neurosis thus exposed showed, in its internal half, the large per- foration due to the penetration of the.point of the hook. The internal part of the navicular bone was stripped of its cartilaginous covering and had been pitted, near one of its extremi- ties, by the point of the penetrating body. At this level, the substance of the navicular bone was yellow- ish, a trifle purulent, and easily penetrable by the curet. It pre- sented, in a word, a condition of early caries. All of this altered part was most carefully curetted away in such fashion as to leave the cartilaginous layer intact: The two halves of the pyramidal body were then brought to- gether and united at five points by separate sutures, using a Cusco needle and an aluminum bronze wire No. 4/10. The wound was irrigated with cresol solution, dusted with iodoform, covered with several thicknesses of iodoform gauze and a tight compress of cotton held in place by a light. shoe and a sheet iron sole. Following the operation, conditions did not improve as rapidly as expected. The limb was not used for support, temperature re- mained in the neighborhood of 39°, the animal was off feed and became emaciated. The pastern and coronet became engorged, 236 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE aie to abscess formation, and later, to periostosis, which neces- sitated firing with loss of service of the animal. The secondary infection, however, was without influence upon the wound of the operation which healed almost without suppura- tion. On the fifteenth day, I removed the metal wires which united the two halves of the frog. A cicatrization per primam hardly per- _ mitted the detection of the original imcision. “ With regard to the conservation of the frog, the result would have been perfect, were it not for the fact that, not having been used for support, it had become strongly retracted, so ee its point hardly passed the sesamoid. During the early part of March, the wound was entirely cica- trized and covered with horn on the entire surface; slowly the frog recovered its normal length and its point attained its anterior limit. However, painful lameness persisted. This, I believe, was due to the coronary periostitis and strong hoof bound condition due to long disuse of the limb. I then used cauterization followed by a vesicant application. On the 28th of April the horse was dis- charged from the hospital, having completely recovered from the lameness and contracted heels. To summarize: The three following interesting facts have been brought out: 1. The possibility of performing the operation for penetrating street nail and conserving the frog intact. 2. The immediate reunion of the divided frog is easily obtained. 3. The retraction of the body of the plantar cushion is the operating stumbling block; it causes the, separation of the cushion from the adjacent tissues. In the succeeding operations this trouble was avoided by sep- arating only one of the halves of the frog, leaving the other half fixed in place with its normal anatomical attachments. To facili- tate the excision of the flap of the injured fascia, it is separated from the fascia under the fixed half of the frog, with a stroke of a sage knife. The metal sutures which unite the halves of the frog prevent the detached half from retracting_away from the fixed half. Atrophy of the frog does not result from the above described operation. Healing is obtained in three weeks, that is, less than half the time required when the classical technic is used. BERG. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 237 THE RELATION OF STABLE AiR TO SANITARY Mink. Abst. from i an editorial in the Jour. of the Amer. Med. Assoc., p. 746, Vol. a: XLVII, No. 10, September 2, 1916.—‘‘For purposes of comparison it may be recalled that Winslow and Browne found that the average number of bacteria per cubic foot (about 28 quarts) of country air was 56, for city street air 72, for offices 94, for factories 118, and for schools 96. Ruehle and Kulp have ascertained that the number of bacteria found in the air of representative stables dur- * ing such barn operations as milking, feeding hay, grain and the &. like, usually varies between 50 and 200 per liter (quart) of air, i Occasionally much lower results were secured and also a few much x higher, the high record being 825 per liter of air. When sterile _-_-water was ‘‘milked’’ in a representative stable from an apparatus rs _ designed to imitate the exposure of milk in this process in the dairy ey barn, the germ content of the liquid was found to average 12 per Pt cubic centimeter, with a maximum of 73 and a usual range of from “+ io — 85tol5. When the same process was repeated under extreme dusty conditions it was possible to stir up several thousand bacteria per <5 liter of air, so that the water acquired from 30 to 100 organisms per eubie centimeter. Milking under the worst of these conditions, the experimental observers tell us, would, as shown by the results i where an artificial dust was raised, have added from 100 to 1000 or ‘more bacteria per cubic centimeter to the milk. On the other hand, . under the conditions usually found in representative stables, the * number of bacteria added to milk drawn would have been so few as to be undetectable by known methods of analysis. a ““The bacteriologic experts of the New York Experiment Sta- tion reviewing the quantitative facts now available on the subject, State that no cases have preconceived ideas regarding the effect of certain factors on the production of clean milk so overruled the results of actual observation as in this case. They add that dairy- men and sanitarians who have been interested in the production of clean milk have been as badly misled as have surgeons and physicians. This was only natural because of the way in which our air of cow stables in relatively larger numbers than they do in the air of many other places. Occasionally under exceptionally dusty - conditions, the number of bacteria getting into the milk from the _ air may be approximately as high as the number derived from the - udder; but the number so derived under ordinary conditions does i tt 238 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE not increase the germ content of the milk to any important extent. Lest there be any misunderstanding, however, we must emphasize again the other highly significant sources of bacterial contamina- tion of milk. The unsterilized milk pail, frequently contributing many thousands of microorganisms per cubic centimeter affords an illustration of one remediable factor among several others beside stable dust.’’ REICHEL. ——___<.—__—_—_ TREATMENT OF WOUNDS witTH SuGArR. Major Albert Lhoste. Revue Pathol. Compar.—t\st observation. Two horses with badly broken knees were treated as follows: thorough washing with iso- tonic solution of chloride of sodium, heated to 40° and used as a mechanical antiseptic. Closed dressing with ordinary powdered sugar, which was left five days. When it was removed the wound was covered with a brownish crust. It was washed as before and then appeared rosy with healthy granulations. Another similar dressing was applied and left for five days. Then the wound was almost filled with granulations; hairs were growing on the border of the wounds. Continuation of the treatment brought recovery in 20 days. A saturated solution was used in the latter days of the treatment. 2d observation.—Horse had a wound on the coronet of the right hind leg. It had a bad appearance and quittor was likely te oe- cur. A solution of permanganate was used for disinfecting and a sugar dressing applied. The results were surprising. Granula- tions developed rapidly, no suppuration took place notwithstand- ing the exposure of the wound under the conditions of stabling. 3d observation.—Deep scratches on the left posterior coronet. After thorough washing, a dressing of sugar was apphed. On the oth day the recovery was so far advanced that all lameness disap- peared and the wound was almost healed. With salt solution satu- rated with sugar used as a dressing afterwards, the animal was able to resume work on short notice. LIAUTARD. A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF AN EPIDEMIC OF SEPTIC SORE TuHroat. C. Krumwiede, Jr. and Eugenia Valentine. Jour. of Med. Research, 33 (1915), No. 2, pp. 231-238. Abst. Experiment Station Record, Vol. XXXIV, No. 5, April 1916.—An aceount of an epidemic of septic sore throat in a village of 4,250 inhabitants, was found to have its source in the milk supply coming from a cer- tain dairy. =) ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 23 In a bacteriological study it was demonstrated that infection in milk-borne sore throat is of human and not of bovine origin. It is suggested that ‘‘in tracing the source of such an epidemic, the effort should be toward finding cases of sore throat among those en- = gaged in producing the milk, not mastitis in the cow alone. If & human streptococci are found in mastitis, they are most likely see- < ondary agents in an already existing inflammation due to bovine strains. The streptococci in different epidemics differ culturally and those similar culturally differ in their immunity reactions. Cultural similarity of strains from: man and cattle is insufficient to prove their identity. Cultural identity in every detail or immuno- logical identity is essential.”’ M. J. HarKINs. ——————— % PAPILLOMA IN THE BLADDER OF A Marg. Capt. A. S. Leese, 3 A.V.C. Veterinary Journal.—Brown mare, trooper, about 10 years i old, was purged for what was supposed to be the removal of caleuli. She showed bladder irritation by frequent straining and expulsion of a few drops of normal looking urine. Examination through the vagina, revealed the bladder as a solid organ and by urethral manip- ulation a firm growth was detected. Dilation of the urethra with the animal under chloroform, allowed the introduction of three fingers and showed that the tumor was quite large and the attach- ment beyond reach. The sphincter of the bladder was incised so as to permit the whole hand to penetrate into the organ, but the base of the growth was so broad that complete removal was im- possible. Part of it was extracted, however, and this portion es- tablished the papillomatous nature of the growth. The mare was destroyed. The walls of the bladder were much thickened and the -__ growth extended over nearly the whole of the interior. LIAUTARD. , ————————— a FURTHER STUDIES OF BioLocicAL METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS < OF TuBERCULOsSIS. J. Bronfenbrenner, M. H. Kahn, J. Rockman, -» M. Kahn. Archives of Int. Med., April 15, 1916. Abst. Bulletin of the Nat. Assoc. for the Study and Prev. of Tuberculosis, Vol. 11, September, 1916, No. 12, p. 7.—F urther attempts to study the value of biological methods in the diagnosis of tuberculosis led to the following conclusions : The tuberculin of Besredka gives the best results for the com- plement deviation test. The reaction seems specific even though 240 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE the test is positive in a certain number of clinically non-tuberculous cases. In at least 87% of positive tests fixation was confirmed by the © A use of one or more preparations other than that of Besredka. Dif- ferent samples of the tuberculin of Besredka, though apparently identical in the mode of their preparation, may differ among them- selves in their specific value. The most striking variation is in the amount of lipins contained in tuberculin. It is necessary to free each sample of tuberculin of all its lipin fraction before using such tuberculin for the complement deviation test. The lipins may be extracted by fat solvents, but the easiest method was found _ to be that of separation of the protein fraction by precipitation. Precipitation of the antigenic fraction of tuberculin also offers the possibility of using a standard number of units of antigen and thus eliminating variations due to the quantitative differences in specific properties of different samples of tuberculin, without in- creasing the chance of obtaining lipotropic reactions. It seems, however, that different samples of tuberculin may vary also quantitatively. The variation rests apparently on the fact of the existence of strain specificity in the antibody. The existence of strain specificity in tuberculosis may explain why the results obtained by different investigators in ‘the complement deviation test for diagnosis of tuberculosis vary so much. A comparison of the frequency of occurrence of the Weisz reaction and the complement fixation in different stages of the dis- ease, suggests that negative serum findings in the face of the posi- tive Weisz reaction may indicate an unfavorable prognosis. REICHEL. —— LUXATION OF THE FLEXOR PEDIS PERFORATUS TENDON IN A Dog. G. Mayall, M.R.C.V.S.—An Irish terrier was lame in the near hind leg. He had received a recent injury about the point of the hock, which was capped. Seen three days later, after liniment had been applied the dog seemed somewhat better but it was then discovered that the tendon slipped off the point of the hock outwards with a — click and the dog then walked lame for a few steps and then moved all right. The point of the hock was still shghtly swollen. Soap and iodine liniment was prescribed. Improvement followed after — a few days but the dog still continued to carry the leg at various — times. _Lraurarp. a cee tee ae ee Se Teor eid ya WHET TON YL eg oN SE A te aN Se PO Rg on Ot ; “ : r - ois) aaa ; Pas 4 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 241 InFERIOR HorizontaL HEMIANOPSIA IN THE Horse. P. Vauth- rin. Revue Générale de Médicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 25, pp. 246-250, — 1916—Shortly after the first cold nights of November 1915, a horse that had not been sheltered, was brought to our attention. He was troubled with disturbance of vision which was extremely rare, and- probably has not yet been described in our veterinary literature. It was a case of hemianopsia (hemianopia, hemiopia). This word is used in ophthalmology to designate the suppression of the lower visual field and the absence of perception of images formed on the upper half of the retina. The subjects affected can see only those objects situated above a horizontal plane passing through the center of the pupil. The hemianopsia was complete in this case, that is, there was a symmetrical absence of vision in the entire halves of the visual fields of both eyes. The subject was an American horse, black, six years, had been to the front for several months and was acclimated. Symptoms.—The horse moves hesitatingly, staggering and shifting suddenly from one hind limb to the other as is seen in the beginning of azoturia. Conjunetiva a little injected, kidneys very sensitive. z s £ 2 Le < After bleeding 6 liters, and the administration of a purgative, ro the horse was taken to a nearby stable. It was then that attention __was drawn to other symptoms which will be described without fur- ther reference to the paraplegia menace which disappeared the 5 next day. The head is carried high enough; face anxious; fore limbs De raised oftener than necessary and they seem to feel their way; ; they struck the smallest obstacles so that falling seemed almost in- evitable. When led toa trough full of water the horse did not see it and did not stop until his fore-limbs touched it. He remained there without drinking until someone plunged his lips into the water. But he saw whatever was at the level of his eyes: he did = not walk ‘into walls, he lowered his head on passing through a _ door. Menacing gestures executed close to his head did not affect him until they passed the inferior palpebral border; the reac- | __ tion was quick when the finger came near his eyes, even at a dis- _ tance of 3 or 4 meters and at a man’s height. a Brought into a stable without a manger, he did not touch the 242 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ie hay on the ground before him; but went to it eagerly when it was raised to the level of his eyes, even when it was shown to him at a distance. The influence of the sense of smell seemed to be inade- quate or nil. This was not therefore, a case of psychic blindness, i.e., loss of memory of optical images; since merely the sight of ~~ hay, of the door of the stable or a watering bucket, were sufficient and he would recognize them. As with the hay, the horse did not touch oats laid down before him; he would eat them when they were shown to him from a dis- — tance, or when he was obliged to lower his head down to them.- While eating he assumed a very bizarre and characteristic attitude. He curved his neck and gave it a very oblique direction from in front to the rear and from above downward, in such fashion that the forehead was almost horizontal, the nose posed between the forefeet ; behind which the horse would look for hay that had been thrust under his eyes. Picking up oats and bran was very difficult. The ration was put into a movable manger, somewhat narrow and long enough so ‘that Punch (the horse’s name) had one end of it under his eyes while he ate from the other end. He supported the inferior third of his forehead on the bottom of the box and ate in that posture as long as the layer of grain was up to the level of his mouth. When that layer was so thin that only his forehead and nose were buried — in the oats, he continued to make mastication movements with his lips in the air for some time before he understood that by slightly shifting his head he would find what his eyes could not see. Examination of the eyes.—The eyes are limpid, well opened; they present nothing abnormal except a slight injection of the con- junctiva and a slight dilation of the pupils. The elliptical pupils were of the same size in both eyes; at the middle they were 7 to 8 millimeters high. The reflexes were normal. The humors were transparent. During two days these symptoms remained unchanged, but they subsided rapidly during the days following. The first to disappear was the singular attitude adopted while eating. By the sixth day all seemed to be in order. Two months have passed without a re- lapse; the recovery may be considered complete. Diagnosis——Hemianopsia is without doubt very rare among our animals and would easily escape detection because of the ab- sence of information and ophthalmoscopic lesions. One must de- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 243 pend upon a careful study of the animal’s attitudes and the ex- ploration of the visual field. The right or left homonymous hem- -janopsia in which the right or left halves of the visual fields are affected is easily detected by the carriage of the head aside from the median plane. If the right halves of the retina are insen- sible to light impressions the head is carried to the right and con- versely. This form, which is most common in man, always indi- cates a lesion in the optie tract behind the chiasma and on the same side as the blinded halves of the retinas. It is also called lateral, to distinquish it from superior or inferior horizontal hemianopsia. With regard to the crossed forms, bitemporal or binasal, and es pecially the quadrant forms in which the retinas are blinded on ap- proximately one-quarter of their surfaces, these remain practically always unsuspected. (The paper concluded with an interesting discussion of the pathogenesis. The structure of the optic tract, with the results of lesions of the various parts is discussed. Hemianopsia in animals other than the horse is briefly mentioned in Hutyra and Marek’s Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals.) BERG. Se ig Ee UmepinicaL HerniraA—Operation. Arthur Spicer, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record—A yearling filly, foaled all right, showed a week later a hernia which grew to be the size of an orange. Three or four interrupted sutures were applied; but the filly did not do well. The hernia became very large. An operation was necessary and performed by an incision through the skin about three inches from the base of the enlargement. Numerous varicose veins were present and bled freely. The dissection of the skin was rather difficult. The abdominal muscles were divided. The bowels were found adherent to the bottom of the sae and demanded careful dis- section. A portion of the abdominal muscles had to be excised. The hernia was reduced. Six supporting sutures were put in place, passing through the skin and abdominal walls. The abdominal muscles were sewn up, then the skin and finally the sunporting su- tures were brought together and tied. The operation took two and three-quarter hours, fourteen and one-half ounces of chloroform be- ing used. The case did well, the temperature varying between 103° and 104,5° the first week and then dropping to normal, The in- —y/ ~ i a | = = -* rE na See Te 43 “ . te: on, ee WZ oe i Soe He 4! white ee spat Mie Sou ete ker za ee wet ASSOCIATION MEETINGS a AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS ‘‘The Finance Committee, in view of the fact that the A.V. ‘- M.A. has now attained a membership of huge proportions and has ac- quired the Journal of the A.V.M.A., all of which means that a large sum of money will be collected and disbursed annually, and — : in view of the fact that vouchers, books, etc., of the secretary, the ; treasurer and of the Journal should be ¢ carefully audited each year, a we offer the following: “Resolved: That a certified public accountant be employed each year by the committee on finance to audit ae books of, and report on the condition of the A.V.M.A. ek 8 cas) ‘* Whereas, in view of the fact that in many instances vouchers — are not receipted and returned by recipient of checks, be it, “*Resolved: That a voucher check be adopted by the A.V. MsA:?’ aie Bt Ses ‘Whereas, it appears that certain county agents employed in agricultural communities have become active in performing work which properly belongs to the province of practicing veterinarians, be it, ‘“Resolved: That this association regrets the activity in this — line displayed by some county agents in certain states. It is the — sense of this association that such activities are not conducive to — the best interests of agriculture nor to the prosperity of the growers of livestock; that the activities of these agents should be confined solely to educational channels, as it is absolutely unsatisfactory — for them to engage in the treatment of diseases of domestie ani- mals, thereby depriving the veterinary practitioner of his legiti- mate source of livelihood, and be it further ““Resolved: That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to — the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture by the secretary of this association. ”’ Resolved: That the following letter be commended and trans- — mitted to the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. — The American Veterinary Medical Association in session at Detroit, — ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 247 the following facts: ‘‘Tt is a matter of common knowledge that the stock of horses on which this country would have to depend in large part in the event of our being involved in a war is being seriously depleted by the purchase and shipment of the most desirable vavalry and artillery types to Europe. The Horse Boards of England, France, . _ Italy and Greece are buying and shipping geldings and mares alike. This shipment of large numbers of mares naturally cuts down very considerably the amount of breeding stock available - for the future production of remounts in this country. With the _ decrease in the number of geldings available for purchase, owing to the great demand and large shipments, the proportion of mares shipped must increase. **Already it has become very difficult to secure serviceable horses for the regular army and militia service and in the South- west it is out of the question to buy the really desirable type as the amounts offered for the purchase of individual horses are not enough to meet the bids of the buyers of the foreign governments. " x - ‘*TIt is the opinion of this association that this is a situation ~ which is already a handicap to our army and which could be convert- -_ ed into a serious menace by international complications such as have threatened this country a number of times in the past two years. Be - To meet this situation there are two things which this association would respectfully bring to your attention. ‘One suggestion is that the United States Government meet the prices of foreign buyers in purchasing horses. It is not to be expected that owners of horses will sell them to the government at a sacrifice in preference to selling them to foreign buyers at a profit. Not only a regard for the best interests of the country, __ but good business judgment should indicate that when suitable re- _ mounts command increased prices, those prices should be author- a ized and paid rather than permit the purchase of unsuitable and i ‘inferior types of animals. ; _ ‘Another suggestion is that the purchase of mares be author- 4 ized. The old objection that they could not be kept owing to the _ presence of stallions, the property of officers, no longer applies as the use of stallions is not permitted. It is the opinion of the army 4 and militia officers in general that mares are as desirable animals, a pte polo players regard them as perhaps superior in endurance and bo Michigan, August 21-25, 1916, respectfully calls to your attention — 248 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS perception. All of the foreign armies use mares. A new French — contract now being filled, calls for 25,000 horses, of which 20% to 30% shall be mares. At Ft. Riley 40% of the remounts are mares ~ and in the army polo organizations 60% of the ponies are mares. ‘“‘We have the precedent of the purchase of mares for the Native Cuban Cavalry by Q.M. Gen. Luddington during the Spanish-American War on the grounds that these animals would be of more value to them at the close of the war in re-stocking the country with horses. At the close of the present European War, unquestionably many of the mares now leaving this country will be sent to the farms as were the mounts of the Cuban Cavalry and those of the American armies at the close of the Civil War. There could be no objection to this if it were not that the removal of the pick of the American Cavalry horses is already so extreme as to threaten us with serious consequences if our army should need them any time in the next few years. receive such salary and allowance as may be recommended by the Executive Board and approved by the association. He shall give bond to the association in the sum of five thous- and dollars ($5,000), to be approved by the Executive Board. He — shall present a written report at the regular annual meeting. Re TREASURER : Section 5. The Treasurer shall account to the association for all moneys received. He shall give bond to the association in the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), approved by the Executive Board. At the expiration of his term of office he shall account for and turn over to his successor in office all moneys, vouchers and ac- count books belonging to the association. The Treasurer shall pay out moneys only on vouchers counter- signed by the President and Secretary, excepting minor expenses of the Secretary, and such revolving fund allowance as may be placed at the disposal of the Editor and Manager of the ‘‘ Journal”’ by the Budget Committee. The treasurer shall at the regular annual meeting present a written detailed statement with vouchers covering all receipts and _ expenditures. a PROPERTIES Section 6. All officers shall, at the expiration of their terms of office, turn over all property of the association to their successors. / EXECUTIVE BoarD Section 7. The Executive Board shall consist of five members, one from each Executive Board district and one member at large and it shall elect annually its own chairman. Each member of the Executive Board shall hold office for five years, except the district members first elected under this Consti- tion. Those first elected from the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Districts shall hold office respectively for One, Two, Three, Four and Five Years from the date of the election. 4 The Executive Board shall constitute the Administrative Body of the association, and shall make all necessary regulations for _ carrying into effect the provisions of this Constitution and the By- Laws. 5 Unless otherwise provided for, the Executive Board shall se- leet the time, duration and place for holding the annual meetings, - and shall make necessary arrangements therefor. . The Executive Board shall pass upon the eligibility of all can- didates for membership and report their recommendations to the association. Four members of the Executive Board shall consti- tute a quorum for the transaction of business. The Executive Board shall act upon and report promptly on all recommendations of the President of the association and reso- lutions or other matters duly referred to them by the association, or sections thereof. On the written request of at least one hundred members of the association, the Executive Board shall submit any question to the whole membership for decision by mail ballot. All ballots returned to the Secretary shall be signed by the active members voting and said ballots shall be retained by the secretary for at least two years after they have been counted. All mail ballots on date and issue. Ballots not signed, and ballots not returned with- in sixty days after date of issue, shall not be counted. Accurate records shall be kept by the Secretary of the asso- Board deems it for the best interests of the association to tempo- rarily withhold from such publication and distribution such re- cords or any part thereof. Ss Itemized accounts of all disbursements, with the purpose there- -_ of and records of votes shall never be withheid from publication. ‘ The Executive Board shall have full discretion to withhold from the ‘‘Journal’’ in whole or in part any paper or part of pro- ceedings that may be referred to the Board by the association or by the editor. an ‘It shall be the duty of the Executive Board to consider and recommend yearly to the association concerning the selection of an ___ Editor and Business Manager of the ‘‘Journal’’ of the American » EO 0! ks he Tor ee 2) rs XN ote ar! s aa | “wg ‘ te ne we ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 253 ae specific questions, nominations and elections shall be of the same — - ciation of all meetings of the Executive Board. | % | A summary of such records shall be published in the proceed- ings and distributed to the members, except when the Executive 254 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. . \ Veterinary Medical Association. The Editor and Business Man- ager of the said ‘‘Journal’’ shall receive such salary and allowances as may be recommended by the Executive Board and approved by the association. The Executive Board shall have the ‘‘Journal’’ accounts aud- ited by a qualified accountant annually or oftener if deemed neces- sary, and submit annually to the association a financial statement including inventory. : The Executive Board shall be vested with power to hear all complaints filed before it in writing relative to the improper conduct of any member, and shall if thought advisable, summon the member so charged to appear before it at the next annual meeting of the association, to answer the charges and make defense. If the Board find the defendant guilty as charged, said Executive Board shall report at once to the association a summary of the charges and evi- dence submitted on both sides, together with such recommenda- tions as may be deemed wise; but no public report of such charges or evidence shall be made by the Board or any member thereof until after trial by the Executive Board. EXEcuTIVE Boarp Districts > Section 8. There shall be five Executive Board Districts as follows : District No. 1 shall consist of Canada. District No. 2 shall consist of Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, the New England States, New Jersey and Delaware. District No. 3 shall consist of Kentucky, West Virginia, Vir- ginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Cuba, South America. District No. 4 shall consist of Alaska, Washington, Montana, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, Philippines, and Hawaii. Distret No. 5 shall consist of California, Nevada, Utah, Colo- rado, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Central America. VACANCIES AND REMOVALS Section 9. The President shall fill any vacancies in the Execu- tive Board from the district in which such vacancy occurs, and said ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 255 % appointee shall hold office until a special election of the district - ma AY be held. q 2 If a member of the Executive Board removes from his district, — such removal shall automatically cause a vacancy. Vacancies in the office of Secretary or Treasurer shall be filled By by appointment for the unexpired term by the President. Y The Executive: Board may for dishonesty or incompetence, re- fe move the Secretary or Treasurer from office upon approval of the President. | | EXECUTIVE BoArRD MEETINGS . Section 10. The Executive Board shall hold its regular ses- .: sion at the time and place of the annual meeting of the association. Special meetings may be called by the Secretary upon written re- _ quest of 5 members of the Executive Board. a ArticLe VI. ~~ Any amendments to this Constitution shall be proposed in _ writing at an annual meeting, but shall not be acted upon until the next following annual meeting, nor shall it be adopted finally ex- y cept by the votes of at least two-thirds ae the members present and voting. BY-LAWS. ARTICLE 1. ORDER OF BUSINESS oa Be Section 1. The following shall be the order of business, ex- ‘s cept as otherwise provided: 1. Call to order by the President. 2. President’s address. 3. Presentation and adoption of minutes. 4. Report of the Executive Board. 5. Admission of New Members. 6. . Election of Officers. a Reports of Officers. 8. Reports of Committees. 9. Unfinished Business. , 10. New Business. , it Installation of Officers. Section 2. All meetings of the association shall be governed y Roberts’ Rules of Order when not in conflict with the By-Laws. 256 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ARTICLE 2. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP ‘% Section 1. Application for membership in the association shall be made on blank forms approved by the Executive Board. — The application blanks filled out and signed by the applicant in his own hand writing shall be mailed or delivered to the Secretary, who shall present the same to the Executive Board for final action. — An application to be considered must have been endorsed by two a members in good standing, one of whom shall be a resident of his” own state and must be accompanied by the membership fee and one year’s dues. If the applicant is a practitioner he shall have satis- fied the legal requirements for practice in the state in which he ~ resides. 5 Section 2. Except as provided in Seetions 3, 4, and 5, of this Article, only those veterinarians may be admitted to active member- ship who have spent not less than three collegiate years in the study of veterinary medicine and have been duly graduated from an ac- — credited veterinary college conforming to the requirements of regu- lations 1 to 19 inclusive of Bureau of Animal Industry, Cireular No. 150, as printed on pages 175 to 182 of Proceedings of the forty- ninth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A., 1912. Section 3. A graduate of a veterinary college which, at the — time of his graduation, did not maintain an educational standard in conformity with the active membership requirements of this asso- ciation, may upon recommendation of the Executive Board, be — elected to membership, provided he has been duly graduated not. less than five years prior to the date of application, and further, that the college has ceased to graduate veterinarians contrary to — the standards now fixed by this association. y Section 4. Except as provided for in Section 3, only those — veterinarians may be elected to active membership who have spent . not less than 28 months in not less than four collegiate years in the study of veterinary medicine, beginning with the session 1916-1917, and have been duly graduated from an approved veterinary college. Section 5. The matriculation requirements of an approved — veterinary college. beginning with the collegiate year 1914-1915, — shall be one year of high school work or equivalent studies taken — in other preparatory schools. Beginning with the collegiate year 1918-1919, said requirements shall be two years of high school work — or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools, Si aig a ee ica Pee A Te st Wee oe ee bast ins eee tary LS ane “iy Se aS ‘ a ee Bye? & 2 es . ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 257 - Section 6. All candidates for membership favorably re- Sorte to the association by the Executive Board, shall be balloted upon and a three-fourths vote in the applicant’s favor will entitle him to active membership. Bs ARTICLE 3. x Section 1. Notice of the time and place of holding the regu- 4 lar meeting shall be announced at least three months before the date fixed for the meeting. __--—s Section 2.- Notice of the time and place of holding a special or _ adjourned meeting shall be mailed to each active member at least _ twenty days before the date fixed for the meeting. No business ‘s shall be transacted at special meetings which was not clearly and definitely stated in the call convening such meeting. E Section 3. The general sessions of the association shall be held at 2:00 P. M. each day, except the first. On the first day of E- the annual meeting there shall be a session at 10:00 A. M. e. - The sections of the association shall hold their meetings at 9 :00 | | | F bg a ; 2:00 P. M. Night sessions may be convened by consent of the ae ‘< ee erstip of any section. ARTICLE 4. 3 QUORUM Section 1. Twenty-five percent of the members of the associa- tion registered at any meeting shall constitute a quorum for a _ transaction of business. ARTICLE 5. DUES : Section 1. There shal]! be an initiation fee of five ($5.00) dol- E> lars. The annual dues shall be five ($5.00) dollars, payable in ad- _ yanee on the first day of January. Honorary members shall pay no dues. e ARTICLE 6. DELINQUENCY Section 1. Any member who for two years fails to pay his annual dues shall forfeit his membership thirty days a‘ter notifi- cation from the Secretary has been mailed to his last known address. ARTICLE 7. REINSTATEMENT Bseition 1. A member who has forfeited his membership for .on-payment of dues, may be reinstated by the- Executive Board n payment of his entire indebtedness to the association. - A. M. each day, except the first day, when they shall convene at — 258 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ' Section 2. A member who loses his membership for a reason a other than non-payment of dues may be reinstated only by applica- — tion as in the case of new members. ARTICLE 8. NOMINATIONS Section 1. Nominations for office, except as otherwise pro- vided for shall be made orally. A nominating speech shall not ex- ceed two minutes and the nominations shall not be closed until every member present has had an opportunity to present his can- didate. ARTICLE 9- ELECTION OF OFFICERS Section 1. A majority of all the votes cast shall be necessary to elect. If no nominee receives a majority of the votes on the first ballot, the nominee who receives the lowest number of votes shall be dropped and a new ballot shall be taken, and so on until a nomi- nee receives a majority. Section 2. The officers of the association shall be elected at the afternoon session the second day of the annual meeting. ARTICLE 10. ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD Section 1. Six months before the annual meeting at which a member of the Executive Board is to be elected, the Secretary of the association shall send to each member in that district a state- ment that a member of the Executive Board is to be elected and ask for a nomination to be sent to the Secretary at least four months before the annual meeting. The Secretary shall make a list of the names of the highest five, who shall constitute the nominees for membership on the Executive Board in that district. Each mem- ber of the district must send his ballot for the nominee of his choice © to the Secretary two months before the annual meeting. The nomi-— nee shall be voted upon by mail ballot. A plurality only shall be necessary to a choice. In case of a tie the members from the dis- trict attending the annual meeting shall decide by ballot at a meet- ing of the members from the district called by the President. The member at large shall be elected by ballot at the regular annual meeting. ARTICLE 11. INSTALLATION Section 1. The officers of the association shall assume their — duties at the close of the annual meeting at which they are elected. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ) 259 \ ARTICLE 12, SECTIONS Section 1. The association shall be divided into the following sections : . A. Practice and Surgery. B. Sanitary Science and Police. C. Veterinary Colleges and Examining Boards. The Executive Board may make additional sections as deemed expedient. SECTION OFFICERS Section 2. The officers of each section shall consist of a chair- section. They shall serve one year and until their successors are elected and have assumed office. CHAIRMAN OF SECTION : Section 3. The chairman shall preside at all meetings of the - section and shall perform the usual duties belonging to such office. —____He shall co-operate with the Secretary of the section in arranging f ; __ the program and shall see that proper arrangements have been made b. a for the carrying out of the same. -— ° SECRETARY OF SECTION Section 4. The secretary shall keep an accurate record of the proceedings of the section. He shall, in co-operation with the ing. He shall send the program to the Secretary of the associa- tion at least forty days before the annual meeting for insertion in the program of the association. ‘ : LENGTH OF PAPERS . Section 5. A maximum of twenty minutes will be allowed for the presentation of a paper, and five nrinutes for each speaker taking part in a discussion. The author will be allowed a reply to paestions and criticisms at the end of the discussion. Be. Papers ReaD By TITLE ~ ---—*Section 6. No paper shall be published as having been read before a section unless it has actually been read, or un'ess the sec- tion shall vote to have it read by title. ag PROPERTY IN PAPERS Bein 7. All papers and reports of any nature presented as to - Association or to any section shall be the property of the association, if approved for publication, Consent from the Execu- aes ’ art man and a secretary. They shall be elected by the members of the — Chairman, arrange the program of the section for the annual meet-. SI { if iE Bothy ois ee ES rea in ar tee pa Rar get aetna 25 AR Ngee \ etrs " esr Bat eho 2 ben ae iets D 5 Sor . 3 : = * Or. ag Fis. 5 2 a ‘ if : : : : é ote 260 : ASSOCIATION MEETINGS _ : t si Ss SR hs Ee ee eee tive Board must first be obtained to permit the author of any paper to publish his paper prior to its publication in the official Journal. ARTICLE 13. : Eprror AND BusINEss MANAGER =f] . Section 1. The Editor and Business Manager, which posi- tions may be held by the same individual shall perform the usual — duties of such positions in connection with the official organ of the association. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association shall publish the proceedings, transactions, papers, etce., and such other matters as the editor may select. ARTICLE 14. INvITED GUESTS Persons not eligible to membership in the association may be invited by any member to attend the annual meeting of the associa- tion, or the meetings of a section. ARTICLE 15. REGISTRATION Section 1. No member may vote at a regular meeting until he has registered and paid his entire indebtedness to the asso- ciation. ARTICLE 16. Honorary MEMBERS Section 1. Nominations for honorary membership shall be made in writing and submitted to the association not later than the second day of the annual meeting. An interval of at least twenty-four hours shall edapse between the nomination and the election. ARTICLE 17. - STANDING COMMITTEES Section 1. There shall be the following Standing Committees consisting of five members each except as otherwise provided: 1. Budget. 2. Intelligence and Education. 3. Legislation. 4. Necrology. 5. Resolution, 6. Audit. The Committee on Budget shall consist of the President, See- retary, Treasurer and Chairman of the Executive Board. It shall hoe ee eae Ps nah a aD ane nee Me A oe | Pe ei aie ts a Pie) Ra eri i¢ een ale 5 Prensa : “oe ate Sp Ss i Sairacey 2) Mes a ‘ ray aed . *F.~ : et) Z ,: shee” 3 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ; 261 be the duty of the committee to consider the financial resources of the association and proposed expenditures. This committee shall report its recommendations to the association for ratification be- fore the close of the meeting. 3 SS The Committee on Intelligence and Education shall consist of five members to be appointed by the President to serve for a period of five years, except at the outset one member shall be ap- pointed for a period of one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years. This committee ‘f shall elect annually its own chairman. It shall be the duty of the committee to report annually upon the progress and needs of vet- erinary education. It shall inspect veterinary colleges as it may deem necessary or as directed by the association; and shall an- ~ nually recommenda list of veterinary colleges for recognition by the | association. Big The Committee on Legislation shall consist of five members to be appointed in the same way and for the same terms as the Com- mittee on Intelligence and Education. | ARTICLE 18. RESIDENT SECRETARIES % Section 1. Each state, territory, province or country may _ have a Resident Secretary appointed by the President. 5 Section 2. Each Resident Secretary shall co-operate with the Committee on Intelligence and Education and shall aid the Presi- : _ dent and Secretary in such a manner as they may direct. e ARTICLE 19. ErHIcs * Section 1. Members of this association are expected to con- duct themselves at all times as professional gentlemen. Any fla- _ grant violation of this principle shall be considered by this asso- éiation as unprofessional conduct, and on written charges filed with the Executive Board, may subject the violator to suspension or q expulsion as provided in Article 5, Section 7, of the Constitution. ARTICLE 20. ; AMENDMENT TO By-LAws _ Section 1. The By-Laws of this association may be amended a at any annual meeting by the same procedure as provided for _ amending the Constitution. Section 2. The By-Laws may be suspended temporarily by b] ‘ a, aa : sy ee f E ‘ s vite é Yel en dha 7 ae 262 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS a vote of three-fourths majority, but such suspension shall not ap- . Me q ply to Section 1, Article 19, and Section 1, Article 20. Section 3. Officers elected under the old Constitution and By- Laws shall constitute the first set of officers under the new organi-. zation in so far as provided for in the new Constitution and By- ; Laws. : 2 Section 4. The Secretary of the association shall proceed at once to take the necessary steps for the nomination and election of the Executive Board as provided in Section 1, of Article 10, of the By-Laws. ©. A. Cary, Chairman. Tair BUTLER, M. H. REYNo.pDs, JOHN BLATTENBERG, P. A. FisH, Committee on Reorganization. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SALMON, MEMORIAL FUND Dr. J. F. WINCHESTER AND Dr. W. Horace Hoskins Dr. WINCHESTER: Mr. President and Members: At the last meeting in California, as you all know, there was a committee elect- ed to be known as the Salmon Memorial Fund Committee. The ob- ject was, or is, to raise money enough, the income from which will be used for a scholarship for somebody to be selected by this asso- ciation. When that money is raised, probably in the vicinity of | $10,000, the activity of this committee ceases. The money that is received should not, and will not, be used for the expenses of this committee. At the present time what ex- pense we have been put to has been met by us as individuals, and anticipating that this organization would reimburse us for the out- lay up to date. There was no vote taken, as I understand it, or on the records that I can read, that the expenses should be met by the association. You do not feel like giving up your money for an object and having that money used by the committee, and I don’t feel as though I should be a party to that, and I will not. — If the association does not agree to pay the necessary expenses— and they are not large—I for one, will get out. That is the way I a 4 feel about it, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS \ 263 The members composing this committee, you can ascertain, by ne ~ looking at your program. Our friend Hoskins is secretary and treasurer and he has the figures and the data, and there will be an opportunity now for what information he desires to give. I hope _ this association will, before anything else is done, permit or order the expenses of this committee to be paid, and the bills contracted will be approved by a majority of that committee before being pre- sented to the association for payment. I have no right to make that motion, and I shall not make it, [trust it will come from the floor before or after Dr. Hoskins and —__-Dr. Rutherford get through talking. Fan) Dr. Hoskins: I did not know that the report of the Salmon - Memorial Committee would be called for this afternoon, hence, I did not bring the data along which I have prepared of the work so _ far done. You will remember that we started out with the hope in the period of three years of raising the sum of at least $10,000 from the veterinary profession of North America. Unfortunately ____ for the committee, so much of my time was taken up along other lines the first six months that we were not able to get the plans in working order as rapidly as we would have liked. Up to this writ- ing we have raised $3,000 or nearly one-third of the amount. We have the work organized in about fifteen different states. At a very late date the secretary of this association sent out, instruc- _ tions to the state secretaries that they would undertake a part of this work in co-operation with the Salmon Memorial Committee, so that within the last three or four months we have been able to in- voke the activity of the resident state secretaries in a number of the states. At the present time New York State leads the amount in sub- _ seriptions by something over $300. Pennsylvania follows with about $300, and these amounts go down until they reach the sum of $2 from one state. Seven different state organizations have appropriated $100 from ' their treasuries. There has been some little misunderstanding a among some of the state organizations that when this money was i _ appropriated it was necessary to turn it over immediately to the _ Salmon Memorial Committee. As I stated before we planned to _ get this sum of money, $10,000, in a period of three years, so that a State associations which desire to take action need not feel it is in- | ~ cumbent upon them to pay over at once the money that they may __ appropriate from their treasury. We hope and expect that we will = | oe - te Ned APE eR Ts Foes, ap doe Oe a) eee fA reas CG Dag Te PG TASH? Daten a Oe \ \ . = * Tee Last = “ ee eae. ; q ; 4 ; 5 , a ee x3 % $ - Fe v : Pus Oy ‘ , 7 j 2 264 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Fots raise in each of the states of our Union the equivalent of $1 for 4 each veterinarian registered in the state. We believe that the — largest number who may contribute to this fund will add very materially to the success and to the purpose of the fund in me- morializing in the future profession, as it is fixed today very definitely in the minds of those who are living, the wonderful- services of Dr. Salmon, and we trust that when you make your ap- peals in your state you will make them very forcibly for the very smallest contribution that anyone may see fit to make is just as much desired as a large contribution from those who are well able to give. The value and the force and the purposes of this amount will be enhanced by the great number of small contributions rather than by a limited number of large contributors. From one source the committee has received an appropriation of $800, and there is a prospect that this amount may reach $5,000 from similar sources, but this is a source outside of the profession, although one which the work of Dr. Salmon made possible, and made great in our country. I do trust that everyone will interest himself personally in the work of the completion of this fund and co-operate with the com- mittee in making it secure within the next three years, so that the interest of that fund when invested by direction of this association, | may be the means of aiding someone through college or may be the means of carrying out some special work so much of which is de-~ manded today, and is visible to our eyes as needing to be done for the profession and that the good work he has done for 25 long years will be perpetuated through this memorial fund to so good a man of our profession. I will file with you tomorrow, as I stated, in typewriting, a form showing the contributions and the amount we have received and also the sources, as well as the ex- penses that the committee has been put to. I will say up to the present time we have not utilized any money for the expenses that _ have been incurred for this fund, even to the extent of a dollar. = bo for) oO ees ASSOCIATION MEETINGS REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM To on President and Members of the American Veterinary Medical Neo Association, ~ Gentlemen : Sa Immediately following the organization of this committee steps were taken to ascertain so far as possible the desires and sentiments - of veterinarians throughout the country relative to the adoption te of an official emblem by this association, With this object in view letters were addressed to all resident state secretaries and so far as this committee has been able to ob- a tain an expression of opinion, sentiment is in favor of adopting ~ the blue cross as an official emblem. Several modifications have been suggested, such as a white background, gray background, blue cross set in a red V, ete., but all, with few exceptions, included the ss blue cross in their designs. Resolutions have been adopted by sev- ae eral state associations either to adopt the blue cross as their emblem or recommending its adoption by this association. Several individual designs of merit have been submitted; one from Dr. F. A. Crandall, New York, being a circle containing the words ‘‘Fonos habet onus humanum est errare’’ in the center of which are the initials A.V.M.A. A suggestion from Dr. H. J. Ham- mond of California for a combination of the letters A.V.M.A., ar- _ ranged in a manner similar to the emblem of the A.M.A., thus: ie AA. Two designs were submitted from Canada which are in- ¢luded with the various designs forwarded to the committee and a presented here today. With these four exceptions all designs sub- mitted include the blue cross in some form. 3 Frequent reference has been made to the blue cross as used by - veterinarians in the English Army and this committee has made “every effort to gain authentic information relative to insignias be- a ing used by veterinarians on the battlefields in European countries. vit was learned that the International Alliance of Societies to Aid - Animals upon the Battle-Field, organized in Geneva, Switzerland, has adopted as its seal and insignia a Red Star, underneath which are the words ‘‘Inter Arma Misericordia,’’ meaning ‘‘Merey Be- a “tween Arms.’’ The Red Star flag is being used by the Field Vet- es prinary Hospitals of the German and Austrian armies, while on. % he Franco- British lines the Blue Cross is being used by the London So iety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which we under- 266 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS stand, is very active at the front in assisting the British Army Vet- erinarian. | : This information would indicate that both the Red Star and _ the Blue Cross are being used for identical purposes, the Red Star r : as the insignia for an International Alliance of Societies, and the — Blue Cross for a purely local British Society. Since the Red Star has already been adopted by an interna- tional society and bids fair to parallel the Red Cross in popularity and world-wide usage, your committee believes it would not be a suitable emblem for this association to adopt. We, as your Committee on Emblem recommend the Blue Cross as an insignia for this association, the cross to be the same shape and of the same proportions as the Clara Barton Cross, either plain or set in a gray or white circular background. D. M. CAMPBELL, Davip 8. WHITE, O. A. LoNGLEY, Chairman, Committee on Emblem. ATTENDANCE AT THE A.V.M.A., DETROIT, MICH. MEMBERS Alabama—C,. A. Cary; E. D. King, Jr.; W. W. Webb. California—R. A. Archibald; P. H. Browning; B. J. Cady; C. M. Haring; G. H. Hart; O. J. Kron; J. F. McKenna. Colorado—G. H. Glover; I. E. Newsom; C. G. Lamb. Connecticut—H. E. Bates;T. G. Bland; C. L. Colton; A. T. Gilyard; F. A. Ingram. Delaware—H. P. Eves. District of Columbia—D. E. Buckingham; A. Eichhorn; M. C. Hall; F. Hicks; J. R. Mohler; G. M. Potter; J. P. Turner; A. R. Ward. Georgia—W. M. Burson. Illinois—A. H. Baker; T. M. Bayler; F. F. Bushnell; D. M. Campbell; L. E. Day; C. G. Glendinning; J. T. Hernsheim; W. L. Hollister, W. B. Holmes; L. B. Huff; Jos. Hughes; J. V. LaCroix; F. J. Leith; A. R. Luzader; G. B. MeKillip; A. M. Mair; D. G. Marks, N. S. Mayo; L. A. Merillat; W. BR. Michael; W. J. Morgan; J. T. Nattress; E. L. Quitman; Jas. Robertson; J. F. Ryan; H. R. Ryder; W. H. Shaw; Indiana—R. C. Applegate; W. J. Armour; J. Black; F. A. Bolser; D. K. Buzzard; C. V. Connell; R. A. Craig; W. B. Craig; L. DeMott; L. C. Finley; J. O. Greeson; C. E. Heflich; R. C. Julien; H. J. Kannal; T. F. Kryer, J. W. Klotz; B. H. Largent; A. F. Nelson; C. W. Power; J. D. Reardon; G. H. ~~ Roberts; J. C. Rodger; P. Schian; T. A. Sigler; O. G. Whitestone, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Fey tee o Iowa—H. E.,Bemis; H. D. Bergman; J. D. Grossman; W. F. Guard; C. H. Hays; S. K. Hazlet; L. R. Himmelberger; G. A. Johnson; L. W. McElyea; P. Maleolm; H. 8S. Murphey; W. L. Nelson; G. A. Scott; G. M. Williams. Kansas—J. H. Burt; R. R. Dykstra; L. W. Goss; C. B. Kern; J. HE. “McCoy; C. J. Sihler. ; Kentucky—J. K. Ditto; C. A. Miller; F. O. Schneider. Louisiana—W. H. Dalrymple; J. L. Drexler; H. Moore. Maine—W. L. Mebane; W. H. Robinson; H. B. Wescott. ‘ Maryland—G. H. Grapp; G. A. Jarman; T. H. Mackie; C. E. Poe. e: _ | ‘Massachusetts—E. A. Cahill; W. H. Dodge; W. J. Hennessy; L. H. How- - ard; H. Lukes; B. D. Pierce; W. 8S. Plastell; J. W. Robinson; W. M. Simp- * -. son; J. F. Winchester. aa Michigan—T. H. Attridge; W. N. Baerreveane: C. F. Birmingham; F. M. -__. Blatchford; W. L. Brenton; 8S. Brenton; S. Brown; H. T. Carpenter; G. H. . Carter; E. B. Cavell; F. W. (Chamborlsin: W. Coxe; W. R. Cox; C. C. Dauber ; J.S. Donald; J. Drury; G.W. Dunphy; M. E. Elzinga; G. F.Ewalt; W. A. Ewalt, G. D. Gibson; W. Giltner; H. M. Gohn; EK. Hallman; W. Hansen; J. Hawkins; F. H. Hicks; H. P. Hoskins; J. P. Hutton; S. Irwin; J. J. Joy; T. F. Krey; R. P. Lyman; J. S. MeDaniel; A. McGercher; L. A. Maze; M. H. Mendenhall; C. C. Mix; A. H. Moody; C. L. Osgood, H. F. Palmer; E. E. Patterson; R. D. Rice; E. P. Schaffter; H. L. Schuh; A. B. Sexmith; M. J. Smead; F. A. Spach; H. E. States; C. C. Stevens; H. Stevens; B. H. VanBrussel; C. A. Waldron; J. E. Ward; J. C. Whitney; R. H. Wilson. Minnesota—W. L. Beebe; 8. D. Brimhall; C. E. Cotton; M. H. Reynolds; C. 8. Shore; S. H. Ward; M. S. Whitcomb. Mississippi—W. L. Gates; O. M. Norton; F. L. Parse; E. M. Ranck. Missouri—F. M. Cahill; J. W. Connaway; J. G. Eagle; H. Jensen; A. T. Kinsley; F.C. McCurdy; R. C. Moore; C. J. Norden; C. E. Salsbery; J. H. Slater; S. Stewart. Peeirasta J. S. Anderson; A, A. Munn. Nevada—H. W. Jakeman. New Hampshire—A. L. Edmunds; S. T. Law; C. E. Swail. New Jersey—L. D. Horner; W. Runge; G. B. Vliet. \ New York—G. H. Berns; R. R. Birch; W. R. Blair; R. G..Bose; D. B: Comstock; D. W. Cochran; J. F. DeVine; R. W. Ellis; 0. Faust; P. A. Fish ; eos b. Kitch; EB. W. Piteh: aD): ROren Je Brosh: C. E. Hayden; W. __ G, Hollingworth; F. Hunt; W. H. Kelly; W. W. Kennedy; R. F. Knight; F. a E. McClelland; J. A. MeCrank; W. J. MeKinney; H. D. Martin; H. J. Milks; eS: V. A. Moore; C. R. Perkins; E. Rafter; E. Sunderville; D. H. Udall; P. V. ___—*~Weavyer; H. E. Wende; J. L. Wilder; W. L. Williams; J. G. Wills. ae North Carolina—J. I. Handley; G. A. Roberts. 7 Ohio—F. E. Anderson; W. A. Axby; N. D. Backus; J. E. Bard; R. I. _ Benath; G. Biddie; J. H. Blattenberg; W. A. Brown; S. Burrows; C. H. Case; _ W. E. Clemmons; G. W. Cliffe; A. 8. Cooley; A. E. Ghiuinenaan vA. Downs; B. H. Edgington; J, D. Fair; P. Fischer; C. W. Fogle; C. B. Fred- 3 erick ; (cone) Frese; H. Fulstow; J. P. Gardner; P. T. Gillis; B. W. Groff; J. m, Weriber: C. G. Hershey; R. C. Hill; R. Hilty; E. R. Hinkley; M. W. B Howett; A. J, Kline; W. E. Kreeder; aes] Lenfestey; H. E. Myers; J. V. ee Ne A aye Re ee ey i ee a erg \ J a x , . whee vi 4 te ea wos sf ‘e ’ me ae AX 5 % 3, he pet te ; ae Ta ves : Ws, Sat ae 268 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Se ee ae RON + : ‘ Newton; H. B. Ropp; W. H. Redhead; E. J. Renter; R. C. Roueche; €. H-\s9 Sater; W. Shaw; E. H. Shepard; C. D. Turney; W. B. Washburn, D. 8. White at W. F. Wise. = : Oklahoma—G. T. Cole; R. F. Eagle. Oregon—B. F. Simms. Pennsylvania—J. W. Adams; E. P. Althouse; E. L. Cornman; H. B. Cox; G. A. Dick; D. B. Fitzpatrick; J. B. Hardenbergh; J. Helmer; W. H. Hoskins; L. A. Klein; G. C. McLean; C. J. Marshall; I, Mitterling; T. E. Munece; O. G. Noack; E. C. Porter; J. Reichel; W. L. Roswell; C. A. Schaefer ; F. H. Schneider; H. W. Turner; F. Weitzel; W. E. Wight. Rhode Island—J. M. Armstrong; T. E. Robinson. South Carolina—F. P. Caughman. South Dakota—G. A. Edmiston. Tennessee—Tait Butler; M. Jacob. Texas—F. E. Barnes; B. O. Bethell; R. C. Dunn. _ Vermont—E. H. Bancroft; G. R. Welch. West Virginia—J. J. Cranwell; C. L. Hall; S. E. Hershey; H. B. Langdon. Wisconsin—A. E. Behnke; F. E. Burnham; B. L. Clarke; L. 8S. Crump; H. F. Eckert; O. H. Eliason; T. H. Ferguson; H. Greeder; F. B. Hadley; A. N. Lawton; H. D. Pattison; J. F. Raub; W. A. Wolcott; L. A. Wright. Wyoming—S. V. Lewis; H. R. Millard. Canapa. Alberta—J. G. Rutherford. British Columbia—S. Hadwen, C. D. MeGilvray. Manitoba—J. A. Stevenson. New Brunswick—l. 8. Doyle; D. MeCuaig. Ontario—W. J. R. Fowler; E. A. A. Grange; C. H. Higgins; J. B. Hollingsworth; F. Torrance. Quebec—A. A. Etienne. VISITORS Alabama—H. C. Ayer; D. E. Sawyer; H. P. Sims. Colorado—G. H. Oliver. District of Columbig—G. A. Prevost. Iilinois—M. H. Bohreen; J. C. Brenner; F. H. Burt; W. F. Christiansen; J. P.-Dunn; M. E. Gavin; A. Eger; J.,J. Ferguson; G. G. Plorme; R. P: Frans; E. G. McCoy; Elinor McGrath; L. R. McKinley; J. W. Ranson; J. C. Rasmussen; C. P. Shaughenessy; H. C. Schults; D. E. Sisk; P. O. Summers; J: PB. Thiry; C. F. Vincent; W. H. Welch; O. F. West; C. A. White. rh Indiana—O. H. Brubaker; H. E. Bryan; O. A. Carson; W: E. Carter; ~~ O. E. Crossey; J. B. Current; A. J. Devenish; E. Ferree; C. E. Haflieh; “Ds M. Hall; F. V. Hawkins; S. C. Irwin; G. C. Juday; C. P. Kime; F. E, Kling; W. H. Lane; L. Levens; M. H. Tilsbeys ; J. S. McLaughlin; C. T. Meyer; G. W. Musselman ; O. E. Ragsdale: V. O. Redick; J. T. Redman; ss: Sailors; C. E. Sharp; F. W, Silberg; H. Stoffs; E. C. Test; C. C. Wineeaaie Iowa—J. 8S. Barber; W. I. Gutkina- C. H. Hays; T. B. Huff; C..E- Juhl; N. A. Kippen; H. A. McIntire; J. G. Schoenenberger; J. H. Spence; R. D. _ Wall. = Kansas—W. A. Hagan. : , | . Kentucky—H. L. Blackburn; R. L. Pontius. Louisiana—k. I. Smith. Maine—W. H. Lynch. Maryland—G. H. Grapp. Massachusetts—J. A. Viles. Michigan—J. L. Ackerson; F. P. Allen; A. H. Mattay. C. N. Anderson; H. M. Armour; R. Appettong: Jalgniby. hgeualees EK. Austin; L. F. Baldock; 4 A. F. Bartlett; J. D. Bell; 8. H. Buck; J. C. Buckley; C. M. Carl; W. M. Chase; C. H. Clarks W. H. Clark; Hee. Glemiaate J. A. Clements; H. Cornehl; = A. T. Cowell; F. F. Consaul; G. B. Cash; F. E. Coswell; D. D. Cranston; E. ‘a I. Crawford; A. a Curtis; F. H. Davidson; O. G. Davidson; L. Davisson; fe. R. H. Drake; C. B. Dunphy; H. Dunphy; W. H. Erwin; J. Huth; W. H. Re, Ferguson; G. Fitchett; M. C. Fitznate; W. E. Gates; M. J. Gerger; G. H. _ Gorden; C. H. Greenfield; D. M. Hoge; H. H. Halladay; R. 8. Hamilton; P. _ Harrison; W. R. Harper; W. A. Haynes; J. Hooker; W. J. Howden; I. F. _ Huddleston; M. P. Hunt; B. S. Hyman; B. Japink; F. 8S. Kedzie; D, T. _ Kemp; W. Kensler; Wm. Kindig; T. H. Kingston; E. L. Krieger; T. B. Ludington; T. S. McConnell; A. A. McDowell; A. I. MeIntyre; G. D. MeIn- > tyre; H. H. McIntyre; R. S. Marshall; W. B. Massie; A. W. Mebert; G. C. >» Moody; ©. E. Morford; A. W. Moore; H. M. Newton; H. W. Nobles; T. Olinger; Jas. Patterson; L. V. Patterson; B. A. Perry; H. E. Rea; O. Rice; _ H. F. Roberts; Schubel; G. H. Scoville; L. E. Starr; J. B. Stevens; H. E. Stiles; G. R. Switzer; B. N. Thomas; L. Thorburn; W..W. Thorburn; G. M. Thorndike; A. L. Tiffany; C. E. Turnbull; R. ee Vedder; E. J. Walter; W. D. West; L. A. Wileden; W. H. Wilkinson; C, F. Wilson. Minnesota—B. L. Cook; L. C. Huff. Missowi—G. G. Clark; J. B. Gingery; L. R. Harkins; C. F. Hatfield; _C. V. Hover; J. H. MeLevy; A. E. Morrow; C. W. Scott; J. J. Stephens. Nebraska—G. B. Russell. New Jersey—G. F. Harker. __ W. W. Otto; E. J. Soratkin; W. C. Smead; J. A. Wende; W. W. Williams; = FB. E. Wilson; V. H. Zahn. Ohio—W. G. Adams; H. N. Beeman; M. Borsos; F. Brickley; A. Broer- man; H. D. Campbell; E. H. Callander; J. B. Considine; W. L. Cook; S. R.> Craven; G. R. Daunley; E. M. DeTroy; F. H. Detmar; N. Dock; W. A. Fany; _?P. H. Fulstow; R. H. Gittins; R. A. Greenwood; A. C. Hart; R. D. Heller; 2 T. B. Hinkle; S R. Howard; C. E. Hanawalt; C. E. Inskeef; E. H. Jewett; C. A. Johns; M. J. Jones; T. L. Kelly; N. W. Kreuder; T. F. Kimball; G. H. ¢ Lasher; R. R. Laughlin; W. O. Longfellow; D. M. means F. C. Mecks- _ troth ; A. E. Metzger; = W. Miller; O. F. Nugent; C. B. Perkins; D. R. = Snook; Bes EL: ue ©. D. Turney; F. M. Vosburgh; C. C. Wadsworth; Ds, ee Oklahoma—W. P. Shuler. — _—- Pennsylvania—E. E. Bittles; C. W. Brown; J. C. Elviage; J. O. Eyman: - Hauptfuhrer, Jr.; A. McCloskey; L. J. McCloskey; T. F. Nugent; H. F. gan ; W«. mabenwald: R. Reynolds; J. P. Schmidt; A. C. Wight; H. K. : og te =: Pe > aL a & A we! e eRe &: oe Ny , 2 ‘ 7 } $3 *s) ad ~ y ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ~ 269 New York—F. E. Cleaver; H. W. Hawley; J. F. Kane; G. C. Kesler; hy Powell; J. W. Reeder; G. L. Schneider; F. W. Seebert; A. Slough; J. H. 270 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS NY Ate Oe South Carolina—W. F. Burleigh. | Tennessee—W. M. Bell. i. Texas—P. P. Starr. : Vermont—J. Thomas. y West Virginia—J. Challander; E. Jones. Wisconsin—L. H. Allen; H. A. Arpke; W. W. Arzberger; G. B. Bleecker; EH. C. Humke; E. J. Pease; L. C. Taube. Canapa. Manitoba—A. T. Folger. a Ontario—T. S. Biggar; H. Boyd; L. A. Brown; J. C. Buchanan; C. Elliott; L. H. Eckert; C. J. Johannes; B. D. Kennedy; C. N. Kramer; G. A. MeLevey; J. A. MeNish; G. W. Orchard; J. N. Pringle; W. W. Stevens; W. Sweet; A. M. Wilson. Nore:—A separate list of the ladies was incomplete. According to our count, — there were 321 ladies in attendance. -_ eo SECRETARY’S OFFICE, A.V.M.A. The following presidential appointments have been made dur- ing the month of October :— Executive Board—(To serve until their successors have been elected). EF. Torrance, Ist District; Jos. Hughes, 2nd District; J. R. Mohler, 3rd District; H. E. Bemis, 4th District; R. A. Archi- bald, 5th District; V. A. Moore, member-at-large. Acceptance lacking from Dr. Hughes. Committee on Intelligence and Education—(Chairman to be— elected by the committee.) S. H. Ward, Louis A. Klein, George H. Hart, R. C. Moore, and N. S. Mayo. The members of this com- mittee are appointed to serve from five years to one year in the order named. es Committee on Legislation—(Chairman to be elected by the Committee. W. Horace Hoskins, J. P. Turner, S. J. Walkley, M. Jacob, A. T. Kinsley. The members of this committee, like the preceding, are appointed to serve for five years to one year in the order named. Committee on Resolutions—John Reichel, Chairman, Adolph Eichhorn, Charles G, Lamb, W. G. Hollingworth, C. H. Stange. To serve for one year. Audit Committee—A. 8S. Cooley, Chairman, George B. Me- Killip, H. Jensen, W. H. Robinson, Edward M. Ranck. To serve for one year. 7 Necrology Committee—Edward A Cahill, H. Fulstow, H. R. _ Ryder, C. C. Mix, C. D. MeGilvray. To serve for one year. E Section on Sanitary Science and Police—(To serve until their — successors are elected at the next annual meeting). J. G, Wills, — Chairman, T, Edward Munee, Secretary. i aN, Pe mt ee ry NIN yk ke ig by Jae Gal ore eortrc PA: ANS Reape de ALN aN me Ne Se aru a Beas ta yoy ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 271 Section on Genveal Practice—Thos. H. Ferguson, Chairman, ike Edt Hi. Blattenberg, Secretary. *, Budget Committee—(Ex-officio membership). Charles E. a Wotton; L. A. Merillat, F. H. Schneider, and the Chairman of the ik _ Executive Board. The Chairman of the Executive Board will be ie 7 elected by the Board at its meeting in December at Chicago. ie The greatest number of complaints about not receiving the Journal and other mail sent to them, comes from veterinary in- Beiectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the cause is usually \ traced to changes of address not reported to the Secretary’s or Journal office. If members who move, even temporarily, will ad- ___vise us promptly as to their where-abouts, the complaints will be- come exceptional. | Registrations due to the increase of annual dues from three ; @ dollars to five dollars are surprisingly few. a The cost of the postal-ballot for the election of the members ny of the Executive Board will be about thirty cents per member. A. - saving of fifty-one dollars, however, was made by enclosing the ihe: pill for dues with the ballot. \ a When the present administration took over the affairs of the association there were outstanding bills amounting to more than j a $2500.00 to meet on demand. This fact shows plainly that the perfunctory audit of the association’s affairs that does not include a: a careful inquiry into the liabilities is worthless and dangerously lap deceptive. 0G loa "8 4 _ The ballots for the nomination of candidates for the offices of er District Member of the Executive Board, created by the new con- : stitution, are dropping into the office in large numbers. The Ni ‘ Ww p atee number of scattering votes shows the need of concerted ac- tion on the part of the membership. Municipal, state and other - local associations should take a hand in this election by recommend- x pe: ing a candidate to their members. me In order to save a great amount of useless correspondence, it _ seems necessary to announce that the secretary is but the clerk of x this election and cannot act as adviser to the members as’ to the ~ _ qualification of candidates. a The voting for the nomination will close on November 27th, HW instead of November 20th, as stated on the ballots. This change | fi is due to an unavoidable delay in mailing the ballots after the 3 _ latter date had been printed upon them. a) of I L. A. Merit, Secretary. ually _ agitated in the last few years. ae 7 ' ? ; fe tS “18 Wes ork ee ; phe 272 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Sica = MEMBERSHIP DATA a (Revised to September, 1916) ; ; 1. Members who have paid dues of 1915 or 1916........ -1716 3 2 AN GW. MGM bers, “LIC ens bites scree takes ba eee 450 “i : > Ss aig Total members in good standing............. 2166: oa sderor Roll meludine 1916. 27.2. - 01. epee 59 - aa 4, Members who have paid dues for 1914................ 60° 3 5. Delinquents who should be suspended................ 134 8 stelle cty Gr. eae ee ae Sie ie eae 2419. 6. Members whose names are in 1916 Directory but not ae found: sted’ im-Card- Index: edveric2es 7). tee 19 ie Grand, ‘fotalecch 2% Oe os are ey een ete ee 2438 L. A. MERILLAT, Secretary. SAS LES New York Ciry VETERINARY MEpDICAL ASSOCIATION May, 1916. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the President, Dr. Goubeaud, at 8:45 p. m. The reading of the minutes, owing to the lengthy program, was suspended. Dr. Cassius Way then read a very instructive and interesting paper entitled ‘‘The Production and Handling of Clean Milk.”’ Dr. Way’s address was illustrated by moving pictures which ~ vividly portrayed the modern way of producing and handling milk through all the different stages from the cow to the consumer. Dr. Way said in part that the milk question had been greatly _ It constitutes 16% of the daily diet. It is a food produet which spoils quickly and is a very important one on account of its_ price. One quart of milk has a food value equivalent to 34 |b. of sirloin steak, 2 Ibs. of chicken, eight eggs, one pound of halibut, or one pint of oysters. _ Dirty milk is due to negligence, as dirty cows and improper _ handling. The veterinarian is best qualified for dairy inspection and many — “ of the largest and best equipped milk corporations employ a com- petent corps of veterinarians. These men are valuable not only for their knowledge of proper sanitary conditions, but also in the J ma F ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 273 ~ eontrol and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, various acute infee- tions of the udder, diseases of the genito-urinary tract, such as te - metritis and contagious abortion. Transmissible diseases such as scarlet fever, diphtheria, sep- Pi tie sore throat, typhoid and tuberculosis 1 in children, may be carried through milk. H. E. Cook, Dean of the St. Lawrence School of Agriculture, Canton, N. Y., was then introduced and gave a very interesting address on ‘‘The Veterinarian, the Clean Milk Produeer.’’ Dean Cook said that he had been interested in the production of milk all his life and the milk business as a whole is one of the most complicated. Milk is the most important food product and still if, for any reason, a small advance in the price of the same is made or even suggested there is a general popular. protest. Not one quart in ten can have the whole cost of production charged against it or it would bankrupt the producer. Milk ‘is generally the product of the work of the whole family. Believes that the dealers are working on a small margin and the natural conclusion is that the consumer must pay more or new economies be discovered. Cheaper methods of distribution are ' possible but cheaper production would be difficult. Is trying to determine if the railroads are getting too much for transporting milk. : _ Dean Cook went into this matter very thoroughly. (His ad- ee dress was published in the Journal of the A.V.M.A., September et _ 1916). ae Dr. Harris Moak of the Brooklyn Certified Milk Commission, was then introduced. . The doctor said, in part, that in reviewing the milk situation in twenty cities he found the veterinarians doing excellent work in the production of clean milk and have taken a leading place in this important work. ; Mentioned that in a great many stables dry methods are now being used in preference to scrubbing and flushing with water. _ Cornstalks and shavings are used for bedding and lime stone used to absorb moisture. a Condemned the common manger and watering trough as a _ Means of spreading tuberculosis. Also discussed garget at some length and recommends dipping the teats in mild antisepties after > milking. phe = Pr a vi 274, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS “aa Dr. Jas. McDonough of Montelair, N. J. spoke of portesunea the system of delivering milk and explained the method employed in New Jersey. a Dr. W. H. Hoskins of Philadelphia was present and stated f ‘a that he took a deep interest in the milk question. ie He quoted the late Dr. Leonard Pearson as saying twenty s years ago that the milk supply of Philadelphia, to obtain the best results, should be in the hands of a very few large companies and not handled by the many, and should be under municipal control. Dr. H. D. Gill spoke in favor of subduing dust by moisture and stated that the bacterial count is lowered by plenty of washing. — Also said that animals that fail to show post-mortem lesions, that have been reactors to the tuberculin test, does not prove that no disease exists. The proper and safe method to keep a herd free from tuberculosis is to maintain a breeding herd. Purchasing animals to replenish a herd is the principal source of infection. Dr. E. B. Ackerman spoke of moisture in stables and was of the opinion that heat and moisture would help to produce the tu- berele bacilh. Indorsed the individual trough and pail. Dr. J. F. DeVine, of Goshen, N. Y., also took part in the dis- cussion. Dr. J. G. Wills, Chief Veterinarian, Dept. of Agriculture, N. Y. State, referred to Dean Cook’s allusion to the producer and the labor involved and said that if the dairy man sees a fair cash return for his labor and outlay it will stimulate him to produce a clean, wholesome milk. ‘" Considers the common drinking trough a great source for distributing disease and cited a case of a virulent spreader in sup- port of his statement. Referring to the statement of Dr. Moak, that animals suffer- ing from garget simulate a tuberculin reactor, he said that this — simply emphasizes the necessity of making a careful physical ex- — amination. It is also important to give the complete data on the charts submitted to the authorities. The Program Committee reported that they had decided to a withdraw the motion to change the dates of the meetings. This report was duly accepted. wa P Dr, Griessman submitted a resolution on preparedness, which @ after some discussion was, on motion, laid on the table, ; y ies Rg Re De ret SO eK en Pee yy eee Oe a oe eee ee ae sts aah 3 cet ; ne hes ; i % a ; is hing avn Pre oa = Pais m an Res ; ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 275 ; an CER | a A letter from Dr. W. H. Kelly of Albany, relating to pend- Ate ‘ing legislation, was read. 3 4 : It was regularly moved, seconded and carried that a commit- . Re _ tee draft a letter to me Governor and Board of -Regents opposing if a _ the passage of this bill. = 4 fe Dr. Hoskins stated that it was a source of pleasure and satis- BA faction to him to be able to report that on the 17th day of April iM the Army Bill had become a certainty and the rank of Major i , ~ recommended for the veterinarians in the army. i a A hearty vote of thanks was extended to Dean Cook, Dr. Way it Be: and all others who took part in the program of the evening. Ad- Pe 2 — journed. ih ba“ Rosr. S. MacKeuuar, Secretary. saa oe BriTIsH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION Di The annual general meeting of the British Columbia Veteri- _ ki : pEary Association was held at Vancouver, B. C. September 20,1916. a > The President, Dr. S. F. Tolmie, expressed his regret at not Ber te _ being able to be present, having to appear on that date before the vA Be oy at Commission on the Resources of Canada, but he forwarded i his address which was read by the secretary. (ea Sf. In it he briefly reviewed the activities of the association for y _ the past year, complimenting the secretary in his work, stating | (3 be a - that action had been taken under our Act against members more iy hee _ than four years in arrears, and that 14 members were at the front, ioe ae fees were remitted while away, and that a committee had oan been appointed to bring a recommendation before this meeting to— ME: o amend the by-laws to admit honorary and associate members to fic _ the association. at s The President also stated that five candidates had been ad- a _ mitted to membership during the past year, and that two very ae successful public meetings had been held in Vancouver and Vic- — ee ~ toria on matters relating to Public Health, the speakers at both 5 ee Meetings being veterinary surgeons, members of this association, a _ mentioning Dr. Jervis for the active part he had taker, and ex- iy A) ne a wish that more would be held during the coming year. v Also a number of stock owners had made application to the secre- * lary that veterinary surgeons be sent to their districts, which re- i ests had been complied with. The address concluded with the 4g sident’s best wishes for the success of the association for the fe oyu. : : | 276 _ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS pe After the reading of the address various matters were dis- — cussed by the members present and adjournment was taken for — lunch at the Castle Hotel. On reassembling an interesting ad- _ dress was given by Dr. L. D. Swenerton of Vancouver describing the work in general of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps in Eng- land and France, and the various hospitals there, and his work in particular, having just returned from France on leave. Veteri- nary surgeons in the British Canadian Forces rank as Lieutenants and are promoted to Captains after one year’s active service. Dr. Taylor of Ladners, B. C. read a newspaper clipping of a speech of Senator Cummings, given in the United States Senate in support ef the bill to make veterinary surgeons rank as officers in the United States Army. Dr. Bruce of Agassiz, B. C. then gave a very imstructive ad- dress on ** Poisonous Plants of British Columbia’’, illustrated by specimens prepared by himself. Election of officers then took place, resulting as follows :— President, Dr. S. F. Tolmie; Vice-President, Dr. George Howell; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. K. Chester; Council :—the above officers together with Drs. Alton, Pickering, Jagger, and Jervis. A resolution was passed that as most of the annual meetings had been held at the coast it would be a good thing to hold the next annual meeting in the Upper Country and the secretary was instructed to write to the Upper Country members and ask them to get together and choose a suitable town convenient to all and the coast members will come up and attend. The social committee was appointed by the Vice-President, In the absence of the President, as follows:—Drs. Jervis, Jagger and Swenerton. This brought a very successful meeting to a close. KENNETH CHESTER, Sec.-Treas. MAaAssACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The October meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Asso- ciation was held in Springfield on October 18. The meeting was held in conjunction with the National Dairy Show, and as was ex- pected, the combination of the two proved a very great attraction. After the arrival in Springfield, all journeyed toward the — Eastern States Exhibition, where the National Dairy Show was — being held. After registering at the temporary headquarters of | the association, which were in the Coliseum, the members spent _ * “ a nee ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 277 the day according to their own inclinations, endeavoring to see some of the many attractions which were presented. All were - agreed in declaring it the greatest event of its kind that they had ever seen, and we were forcefully impressed with the beauty and permanency of the buildings which had been erected to house this show. We. were considerably interested after forming this opin- ion, to hear the opinion of some of the prominent western veteri- _ narians who were in attendance, and who have always attended the show which heretofore had been held in Chicago. They seemed to be agreed that it was the greatest Dairy Show ever held in this _ country, and greatly surpassed the previous shows at Chicago. It was impossible to see more than a few of the many attractions of the different places as they were being exhibited. However, the time spent there was very profitable to all of us. Th: At seven o’clock, members and friends met at the Hotel ; _ Worthy, where an unusually good banquet was served. Follow- ing: the banquet, a short business meeting was held, during which eighteen applications for membership were received. One hun- _ dred fifty-two members and guests partook of the banquet. After dinner, and before the speeches began, fully twenty more arrived -_who were unable to be present at the banquet. Dr. James B. Paige of the Massachusetts Agricultural College acted as toastmaster. The first speaker of the evening was Dr. _ Y. A. Moore, Dean, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell eee Dr. Moore’s subject was ‘‘The Practical Application of the Tuberculin Test’’. It proved to be one of the best ad- _ dresses to which the association has ever had the pleasure of listen- ing. It was exceedingly practical, and at the same time included _ many scientific aspects of the disease. Many of the common errors _ which are made in applying the test were spoken of, and many ot mistaken ideas regarding the disease and its control were dis- cussed in detail. It was indeed a scholarly presentation of the % _ entire subject, and was listened to with rapt attention by all per- sons present. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa., was the next _ Speaker, and forcefully addressed us on the subject of ‘‘Associa- _ tions and Association Work’’. Dr. Hoskins was, as is always the ase, very well received by the members, who thoroughly enjoyed f z his remarks. He impressed us with the advantages of associations ps a nd of some of the present aspects of the association work, to- 278 REVIEWS gether with a wonderfully brilliant review of the profession in this country. Dr. Thomas Maloney of Fall River responded to the toast ‘‘ The Ladies’’, in his usual skillful manner, and needless to say he made a wonderful impression, particularly on the ladies, in spite of the fact that he admitted several things which we have always sus- pected him of, but of which we were.never certain. The last speaker of the evening was Dr. E. C. Schroeder of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Dr. Schroeder’s paper was on ‘‘Infectious Abortion’’, and proved to contain all that was new and interesting on this very important disease. It is doubtful if any two subjects could have appealed to those present more than the ones presented by Dr. Moore and Dr. Schroeder. Dr. Schroeder most successfully extracted from the maze of misunderstanding and uncertainty which surrounds in- fectious abortion, the factors which are known to be of practical and certain application, so that we were able to discard much of the unimportant. His entire paper was masterful, and was great- ly appreciated by all present. Our chief regret was that the hour had become so late that we were unable to hear from the many noted veterinarians who were present. There were many present from other states whom we greatly respect and seldom see, and from whom a few remarks would have been greatly appreciated. A large number of veteri- narians were present from New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Vermont, and Maine. Epwarp A, CAHILL, Secretary. REVIEW SHEEP DISEASES EK. T. Baker, D.V.M. Published by the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Il. This book of 228 pages is published as No. 12 of the Veteri- nary Medicine Series, edited by D. M. Campbell. It contains the following sections or chapters: History of the Breeds; Anatomy; — Hygiene; Medicines and their Administration; Acute Infectious Diseases; Diseases of the Blood; Diseases of Metabolism; Dis- eases of the Urinary Organs; Diseases of the Circulatory Organs; REVIEWS 279 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs; Diseases of the Digestive Sys- ; tem; Diseases of the Liver; Diseases of the Peritoneum; Diseases __~ of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Diseases of the Organs of Locomo- £ tion; Non-Parasitic Diseases of the Skin; Diseases of Obscure x & ad Pr t a - — Origin; Diseases of the Lamb; Diseases of the Ewe; Diseases of Rams and Wethers; Surgical Diseases; Parasitic Diseases; Poi- sons; Predatory Animals; Quarantine and Transportation Regu- lations. The above classification indicates the comprehensive list of subjects treated. In a book of this limited size, conciseness is a matter of necessity. Some of the chapters are only a page or two in length. So long as the essential facts are given, conciseness is a virtue which the busy practitioner readily appreciates. Of particular importance are the internal diseases, parasites and, in some localities, poisoning by plants. These subjects are dis- cussed more extensively. The author states that larkspur does not cause so much loss among sheep as among cattle, and among the symptoms notes a stiff and trembling gait with frothing at the mouth, and that the victim often dies before reaching the nearest watering place. SSS, a POS Pa eg en a ee Maes ae = SEBS SANG THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION* A. EICHHORN AND G. M. PoTTEeR Washington, D. C. The great and ever increasing importance of abortion and the confusion which exists, not alone in the lay mind, but also among veterinarians, concerning this disease renders this topic a fruitful one for our consideration. Abortion, if it has not yet reached first place in point of economic loss, is fast approaching that bad preeminence. A few years ago an annual loss of $20,000,000.00 was attributed to it, but when one has access to the correspondence from all parts of our country, as have the authors, and can see how ex- tensive the disease has become, then that estimate seems altogether too small. Our knowledge concerning its distribution has rapidly increased, but its spread outruns our knowledge, and when view- ing the whole field, one is appalled at the loss inflicted on the animal husbandry of this country. -It has been the habit of investigators to write only of their local situation, and of dairy cattle, kept under intensive conditions, but the disease has already extended to the range cattle, where it is proving even more destructive than among the former. Losses of 50% or even more of the entire calf crop are frequently reported. and in beef production the calf represents all. In general the losses are both direct and indirect. The direct loss is of course represented by the dead fetus, and in dairy cows the consequent loss of milk. The indirect losses, however, are probably just as great. The attendant conditions of sterility, and retained after- birth, and of white scours and calf pneumonia, matters which can- not be discussed in this paper, together with the cost of combating these affections, and the interference with cattle traffic must repre- sent an enormous loss. The existing confusion in regard to this disease results from the many conflicting theories, few of which in the present state of our knowledge can be verified. Different groups of organisms, causing abortion in the various species, add their share to this con- fusion, and then the fact that there is no generally accepted line of treatment makes confusion worse confounded. Each investigator *Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Aug. 22, 1916, Detroit, Mich. ae De ns OI \ 296 A. EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER ? advances a treatment, and insists that his is best; there are number- less antiseptics, bacterins, the carbolic acid and methylene blue treat- ments, and worst of all the proprietary remedies for which unwar- ranted claims are made. It is not to be wondered at that the busy practitioner, who has no time to investigate these things for him- self is unable to decide on the best course. Dirricuuties oF Investigation. The difficulties connected with the study of abortion are many and varied. The chief diffi- culty lies in the fact that the disease is chronic, requiring, where abortions occur, an incubation period varying from a few months to almost the full term of pregnancy, according to the time and method of infection, and the virulence of the infecting organism. If acute, the affection would be more readily recognized and pos- sibly more easily controlled. Abortion is very indefinite in its manifestations. The pregnant animal may and usually does ap- pear to be in perfect health, and without any very noticeable pre- monitory symptoms the fetus may be expelled. On the other hand, abortion may be preceded by the usual signs of parturition, ac- companied by a more or less characteristic discharge. The name ‘*Contagious Abortion’’ is somewhat of a misnomer, as the affected animal does not necessarily abort. The disease may manifest it- self as retained placenta or as sterility, or the calf may be born weak, and succumb later to white scours or pneumonia. Further- more, it is not at all unusual for an animal to harbor the infection and be a disseminator of disease, yet show no symptoms whatever. The name ‘‘ Abortion Disease’’ would seem, therefore, to be a more appropriate designation. The Bacillus abortus of Bang, which is generally conceded to be the cause of the disease, itself adds to the difficulty of investi- gation. Requiring as it does from three to six days to produce an appreciable growth, even after having been accustomed to growing on artificial media, and being fastidious as to its oxygen require- ments, it is easily outgrown and overwhelmed by other organisms. Its growth is very tardy and sparse when the attempt is made to transplant it from tissues to media and when contaminating organ- isms are abundant, this attempt usually results in failure. Mutation Forms. An additional perplexity has recently been added, in that there is a possibility of mutation forms. Alice C. Evans of the Dairy Division has discovered, in the milk of certain cows, an organism which culturally and morphologically seems to PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION 297 be the B. abortus. But when these organisms were tried in our laboratory against pathogenic strains by the agglutination and complement fixation tests, they failed to react. Feeding and inocu- lation tests were also inconclusive. These organisms possess the power of decomposing butter fat, and therefore have been given the name ‘‘B. abortus, var. lypolyticus.”’ The most interesting of Evans’ findings, however, is that a strain of B. abortus from pathogenic sources, furnished by the Pathological Laboratories, after having grown from nine and a half months in a medium containing butter fat has acquired the same fat-splitting property. Limited space prevents a detailed discus- sion, and a report at this time would be premature, but the work will be continued and important results are hoped for. These findings by Evans and the subsequent work, raise seve eral interesting questions. Several herds where abortions occur oc- easionally, are under observation of the Pathological Division, but repeated serological tests fail to demonstrate the presence of B. abortus. Can it be that these organisms play a causative role in such cases, or are they entirely harmless? Are they attenuated forms of the pathogenic variety, which have lost some of their characteristics as they acquired the fat-splitting property? If this is so, may they not, under certain circumstances, regain their path- ogenic properties? Are they detrimental to human health? The statement has been made, in advertising matter of firms who manufacture biologic products, that 5% of abortions are nor- mal or natural. Abortion is an unnatural phenomenon, for which there is a definite cause, and therefore any abortion from specific causes cannot logically be considered normal. There can be no doubt that the Bang bacillus is responsible for by far the largest percentage of cases, and 5% of non-specific abortion would seem excessive. Our experience, however, would lead us to believe that there may be some other organism, of which we know nothing at present, which may eventually be found to cause abortion in at least part of these cases. For this reason, importance is attached to Evans’ findings, and this possibility will have to be considered in future work. Immunity. The question of immunity is of the utmost im- portance, and when a working knowledge concerning its principles and means for inducing it artificially shall have been obtained, a great step toward the control of the disease will have been taken. 298 A. EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER Some investigators claim that no immunity is established and one claims that whatever of immunity there is partakes of the nature of age immunity. But the literature records numerous instances where cows as old as fifteen years have aborted, and if there is an age of immunity, they surely should have been protected. In favor of this contention is cited the fact that heifers in first pregnancy most frequently abort. One would naturally expect the heifers to abort when placed in an infected environment, just as older cows do. In an infected herd, the older cows have doubtless already acquired immunity, leaving the oncoming generation as the only susceptible material, and for this reason the higher percentage of abortion in the young animals is more apparent than real. It is moieover a very significant fact that even among young cows abor- tion occurs but once in much more that 50% of the cases. Whether this be called immunity or by some other name, there is unques- tionably some protective agency, and for all practical purposes we ‘must recognize this condition as an acquired resistance against the disease. For the above reason, therefore, there is a constant ten- dency for the disease to die out in an infected herd, provided sus- ceptible material is not introduced into the infected environment. A striking illustration is furnished by the herd at the Government Hospital for the Insane, at Washington. Dr. J. P. Turner has had charge of the veterinary work for sufficient time to make his observations valuable. While cows were being purchased, and sus- ceptible material thus added abortions were frequent, but as this practice was discontinued and the calves born in the herd were raised, the disease progressively decreased, until at the present time abortion is rare. A definite herd immunity seems to have been established. This has an important bearing upon control measures, and is the principle underlying one of our recommenda- tions which will be referred to later. Moreover, the work of the English commission has shown that a serviceable degree of immun- ity can be induced by the injection of living organisms several weeks before breeding. SEROLOGICAL Tests. The agglutination and complement fixa- tion tests are to-day accepted as the only reliable means for de- tecting in a routine way the presence of the infective agent. Bac- teriological examination and guinea pig innoculation may be used, but negative findings in the one are inconclusive, and the other re- quires too long a period for the development of lesions. The lat- CHER PRT AE EI 1 Tire Es e a die er o? PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION 299 ter are useful, therefore, only in experimental work. The sero- logical tests are not infallible. The difficulty lies in the fact that both the infected animal and the immune one, which no longer harbors in its body the causative organism, may react. Nor does a reaction indicate that an animal has aborted or that it will abort. Immun- ity may have been acquired, without the occurrence of any visible manifestations. Also an aborting cow may sometimes fail to re- act. The use, then, of these tests as diagnostic agencies for detect- ing the presence of the infection in individual cases, for the pur- pose of sanitary police control, cannot be relied upon. They are valuable as an indication of the presence of the disease in a herd, and in experimental work, but all other factors must be considered in arriving at a correct diagnosis. The part played by the bull in the dissemination of the dis- ease is at the present time a very vital question. The papers pre- sented this afternoon have undoubtedly shed some light upon this subject, but much remains to be discovered. Mechanical trans- mission is accepted, but whether a bull with systemic infection, i. e., assuming that a bull which reacts to the serological test is sys- temically infected, is capable of injecting the organism with his semen must be determined not only with a few experimental ani- mals, but by extensive breeding experiments. Time AND MerHop or INFEecTION. The time when infection takes place, whether in calfhood, before, or after conception, is also important, and some light may be thrown on the subject by a study of results obtained by the Pathological Division in testing large numbers of animals. A report of the examination of a herd consisting of more than two thousand head of Jerseys may be of interest. It is a mixed herd consisting of approximately one-third purebreds and the re- mainder grades. An office force is maintained and careful records of pedigrees, breeding, calving, ete. are kept, all of which facili- tates investigation. The owner called on the Bureau for assistance in combating abortion, and placed his herd at our disposal for ex- perimental purposes. The herd is located in the southwest and is kept under semi-range conditions. It is divided into units, each unit having a pasture of severdl hundred acres. The cows are kept in the open except when driven to the milking sheds twice a day. Pasturage is supplemented by ensilage and cottonseed cake. Blood samples were taken from all female cattle of breeding age, the 300 A. EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER Oe Se aga serum poured off and carbolized to one-half of 1% and forwarded to the pathological laboratories at Washington, where the agelutina- tion test was applied. In addition a study was also made of the fe herd records to determine such points as the number of abortions, _ difficulty in breeding, number of live-calves, etc., and the follow- ing is a résumé of the results noted: ae Of the 413 cows which have produced calves, 159 or 38.5% aborted, and of these, 120 aborted once, 35 twice, and four three —~ times. An explanatory statement should be made here. Fifty- one of these cows were of an age to have produced one ealf, 56 two. calves, and 53 three calves, so that there has not been opportunity in all cases for repeated abortions. Fifty-eight of the 120 cows which aborted once gave a positive reaction and eight were ques- — tionable, and of these 66, nine showed difficulty in breeding. Fifty- four aborters gave negative reactions and three showed difficulty — in breeding. Thirty-five aborted twice, 27 being positive and three questionable, and of these, two showed difficulty in breeding; five gave negative results and showed no difficulty in breeding. Four — cows aborted three times, three of these reacting positively and one negatively, but no difficulty in breeding was recorded. Twenty-_ five cows showed difficulty in breeding without aborting, and of this number ten gave positive reactions, 12 negative and three ques- ticnable. Sixty-six reacted positively without showing other evi- dence of infection. These figures are not absolutly accurate, as, according to our custom in infected herds, all difficulties attending ~ parturition, whether they be premature birth, weak calves which — died a short time after birth, ete. are classed as abortions. Fur- thermore, these cattle are tick-infested, blackleg prevails, and con- ditions which are found in arid regions may have had an influence, so that if each individual case could have been investigated by an expert, some would doubtless have been attributed to these causes, rather than to the infection of abortion. These factors would also account for our failure in numerous instances to get positive reac- — tions in cases classed as abortions. In many instances the negative — reactions are doubtless due to the long period intervening between ~ E the abortion and the application of the test. A study of records of aborting cows which reacted negatively shows that much the larger oa percentage aborted at from one and one-half to four or five years _ before the application of the test. Evidently the agglutinins have uy disappeared from the blood, but this is not a constant occurrence, — aS Some give a reaction even after three and a half years, “ \ PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION 301 In regard to time of infection, particularly in reference to in- fection shortly after birth, the cows born during 1911 offer inter- } esting information. It is the practice on this ranch to separate é thie heifer calves from the herd as soon as they can sustain them- ‘ selves, and thereafter they are kept in pastures apart, where they are bred. They do not rejoin the herd until they are about to 4 calve. They are thus kept in an environment free from the in- fection of abortion. after having had ample opportunity to acquire it by association with infected mothers and the ingestion of infected milk. There were 41 in this group and 15 aborted. Nine of this number aborted in 1915, after having produced two normal calves each and one three calves. One aborted twice, having produced one calf, and one aborted three times, and one once, without living offspring. Three aborted in 1914, after having calved normally. If it is a fact that calves acquire the infection shortly after birth, and the organism remains latent in the animal’s body, awaiting the period of pregnancy to produce its specific action, it is strange indeed that abortion should not have occurred before the second, third or even the fourth pregnancy. These facts seem to contradict strongly the contention that infection is to a considerable degree ac- quired during calfhood. If additional evidence is desired on this point, it is furnished by the results of the agglutination test applied to other young animals of the herd raised under the same conditions. Beginning with those born after July 1st, 1913, which were there- fore not old enough to have produced living calves, and had not re- joined the producing herd, 163 were tested, of which only eight re- acted and five were questionable. In addition, there were five abortions. All of these reactors but one had been served by bulls which were not known to be clean. Approximately the same ratio of reactions occurred in the larger herd of young grade animals. The question of time of infection having been considered, the figures may give an indication of the avenue of infection. The young animals, bred to infected bulls, reacted and aborted to but a limited degree, and even after the second copulation with bulls which had been serving infected cows, abortions seldom occurred. On the other hand, it would seem that cohabitation for a consider- able period, where opportunity for ingestion is afforded, is neces- sary for the maximum production of abortion. The question of the infection of calves and of bulls, being con- sidered very important, yet another attempt was made to obtain OG TIES FE a SS ae 2 pe 302 A, EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER information. Numerous samples of blood were collected from — calves and bulls at the abattoirs of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wash- ington and Richmond. Instructions were given to choose animals of dairy breeding only, and from-nearby points so far as possible, in order to get material from infected areas. ; One hundred eighty-two bulls over one year of age were tested, of which 10, or 6%, were positive and six were questionable. Out of five hundred twenty male calves, up to one year of age, seven gave — positive and four gave questionable reactions, while of 299 female calves of like age, two positive and two questionable reactions were obtained. The fact is recognized that these animals were from un- known sources, yet in view of the wide distribution of the disease in those sections, it is assumed that most of the animals had come” _ into contact with the infection. The results of the test therefore gave an indication of the degree to which those classes of animals harbor the infection. IMMUNIZATION. For many years efforts have been made to de- vise means by which animals may be immunized against this dis- ease, and Bang, Jensen, Holth, M’Fadyean, and Stockman have ex- pressed the view that it is possible to establish an immunity against abortion infection by artificial inoculation. A large amount of experimental data has failed to establish a definite result. The injection of live abortion organisms either intravenously or subcutaneously gave promise of effective immunization, espec- ially when the same had been administered weeks or months before impregnation. If intravenous injections are made less than two months before breeding such treatment may become dangerous, since the animal may become infected to such an extent as to cause an abortion. The intravenous injection is usually accomp- anied by a febrile reaction, which lasts for several days. The sub- cutaneous injection has a much milder action, and experience has proved that the subcutaneous injection is not sufficient to protect the animals against heavy feeding of infectious material. Neither of the methods proved effective in immunizing animals to such a degree that they would resist an intravenous infection, but it must be recognized that under natural conditions the animal does not become so heavily infected. In considering the literature on the results of immunization the reports are very conflicting, although more recent investiga- tions in immunizing with live cultures are especially encouraging, PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION 303 and it is understood that this method is now being employed on a y large seale in England. It must be recognized, however, that the > injection of live cultures would be advisable only in more or less severely infected herds, since the animals injected may possibly be- come disseminators of the infection, at trmes even for a period of z years. This is the main reason why the treatment with live organ- : isms should be cautiously undertaken. It appears that if the dis- ease in a herd is thoroughly established, and the number of abor- t - tions, together with the serological tests of the animals show a great Bs proportion of infection, the treatment with live organisms might a be justified. On the other hand, where abortion makes its first ap- pearance, and good results might be obtained by isolation of abort- ing animals, together with the enforcement of strict sanitary pre- : cautions, this procedure should be preferred. At any rate, our knowledge as to the effect and results from the injection of live cultures is not sufficient to warrant its unrestricted application. Immunization with abortion bacterins is now being widely ad- vocated by manufacturers of these products. The results obtained do not warrant the confidence which is expressed in the literature and advertising matter. Considerable experimental work has been =; conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry on the effectiveness of bacterin treatment, and while the results were somewhat en- couraging, nevertheless generally good results cannot be claimed for such a procedure. In view of our findings, and also those of other investigators, the claims made for the bacterins are unwar- ranted, and will not serve any good purpose in the control of the Cd disease. Veterinarians will be prone to accept the statements made e by the manufacturers at their full value, and possibly disregard a: other effective means by which the disease might be combated. It ii is possible that further investigations will establish a more effective method of immunization, but at present thé bacterin treatment should be regarded as second in impertance to proper sanitation. We are also preparing immune serum with a view to applying the same in infected herds, either in the form of a simultaneous treatment with dead and living organisms, or in other combinations. From. time to time, medicinal preparations are exploited as effective cures for abortion. Thus carbolic acid has been widely recognized as an efficient remedy, and more recently methylene blue was also heralded as a certain preventive and cure. Proprie- tary remedies are also extensively advertised, both for prophylactic fe; Cat Fre Tae eel 304 A, EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER and curative purposes, accompanied by glaring testimonials from veterinarians and stock breeders. Up to date there is no supporting evidence available for any of these preparations, and it must be ac- - knowledged that there is no therapeutic treatment known at pres- ent, which would either prevent or cure infectious abortion. Ac- - cordingly attention should be primarily directed towards preven- _ tion by sanitation. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF ABorTION. The herd should be tested and all reactors should be kept under special observation. ‘Any animal showing signs of abortion should be immediately re- moved from the herd and kept under strict. isolation until all evi- dence of uterine discharge has ceased. The disinfection of animals is performed as follows: To pre- vent the bull from carrying the infection from a diseased cow to a healthy one, first clip the tuft of long hair from the opening of the sheath, then disinfect the penis and sheath with a solution of one- half per cent of liquor cresolis compositus, lysol, or trikresol, or 1 per cent ereolin or carbolic acid, or 1 to 1000 potassium perman- ganate in warm water. The only apparatus necessary is a soft rubber tube with a large funnel attached to one end, or an ordinary fountain syringe and tube would serve the purpose. The tube should be inserted into the sheath and the foreskin held with the hand to prevent the immediate escape of the fluid. Elevate the funnel as high as possible, and pour in the fluid until the prepu- tial sack is filled. In addition to this, the hair of the belly and inner sides of the thigh should be sponged with the antiseptic. This disinfection should invariably precede and follow every service. The aborted fetus, membranes, and discharges are particular- ly dangerous and should be gathered up and destroyed immediately by burning or burial in some safe place, and this followed by thor- oughly disinfecting the stall. The uterus of the aborting cow should be irrigated daily with one of the antiseptics mentioned for the bull, using the same apparatus, and the irrigation should be continued until the discharge ceases. Irrigation which does. not cleanse the uterine cavity is useless. The irrigation should be discon- tinued, however, when the os uteri becomes firmly closed, as forcible — entry may do more harm than good. In addition, the external genitals, root of tail, escutcheon, ete., should be sponged daily with a solution twice as strong as that used for irrigation. Should the preliminary symptoms of abortion be detected, the animal should be removed from the herd and treated as above. BRIN, 7 ph ERAN BILE SS hee eee are 2 . ~~ om j ORIEN \ \ PRESENT STATUS OF THE ABORTION QUESTION 305 After abortion, breeding should not again be attempted within two months, or until the discharge shall have ceased, as the uterus would not be normal and the animal would either not conceive or would abort again in a short time. Great care should be used in purchasing cattle, and cows not known to be free from the disease should be kept in separate quarters until this point is determined. If a herd bull is not kept, then great care should be exercised to know that the animal used is free of disease and to see that he is properly treated both before and after service. Whenever it becomes necessary to separate diseased and healthy animals, it is especially important that different attendants and utensils be provided for the two groups. f It is not advisable to dispose of cows which have aborted. Such a practice, aside from spreading the disease, is economically un- profitable in view of the fact that the proportion of second abor-— tions is relatively small, and because the animals which have aec- quired a resistance are more valuable, in an infected herd, than newly introduced, susceptible animals. Should an aborting animal prove unprofitable as a result of sterility, repeated abortion, or otherwise, it should be utilized for food purposes. With our present knowledge of the disease, the mauguration of restrictive measures with regard to interstate or intrastate move- ment of affected cattle for breeding purposes, is not practicable, but . such movements of cattle should be discouraged by veterinarians. DIsINFECTION. Premises known to be infected should be peri- odically and thoroughly disinfected, and this practice should also be repeated after each abortion. The following procedure is sug- gested: 1. Sweep ceilings, side walls, stall partitions, floors, and other surfaces until free from cobwebs and dust. 2. Remove all accumulations of filth by scraping, and if .wood- work has become decayed, porous, or absorbent, it should be re- moved, burned, and replaced with new material. 3. If floor is of earth, remove four inches from the surface, and in places where it shows staining with urine a sufficient depth should be replaced to expose fresh earth. All earth removed should be replaced with earth from an uncontaminated source, or a new floor of concrete, which is very durable and easily cleaned, may be laid. 306 A, EICHHORN AND G. M. POTTER 4. All refuse and material from stable and barnyard should be removed to a place not accessible to cattle or hogs. The manure should be spread on fields and turned under. 5. The entire interior of the stable, especially the feeding troughs and drains, should be saturated with a disinfectant, as liquor cresolis compositus (U.S. P.), or carbolic acid, six ounces to every gallon of water in each case. After this has dried, the stalls, walls, and ceilings may be covered with whitewash (lime wash), to each gallon of which should be added four ounces of chloride of lime. The best method of applying the disinfectant and the lime wash is by means of a strong spray pump, such as those used by orchard- ists. This method is efficient in disinfection against most of the contagious and infectious diseases of animals, and should be ap- plied immediately following any outbreak, and, as a matter of pre- caution, it may be used once or twice yearly. 6. It is important that arrangements be made to admit a plen- tiful supply of sunlight and fresh air by providing an ample num- ber of windows, thereby eliminating dampness, stuffiness, bad odor, and other insanitary conditions. Good drainage is also very nec- essary. Recent investigations on the germicidal value of various dis- infectants on the abortion germ demonstrated that a combination of hydrochloric acid and salt solution in a concentration of one part ~ of hydrochloric acid, eight parts of salt to 100 parts of water, proved most effective. This combination kills 48 hour agar cultures of the Bang bacillus in one-quarter of a minute, whereas other disin- fectants are much slower in their action. A proper and careful execution of the outlined procedure will, in most instances, insure the eradication of abortion from infected premises. In this regard, however, it should be emphasized that spasmodic efforts are of no avail, and a persistent systematic atten- tion to details is essential in the effort to subdue this great scourge. Veterinarians should direct their most earnest efforts towards giv- ing stock owners proper advice for the control of the disease, and they should especially instruct owners of infected herds of its dangerous character, and urge them to spare no efforts in carrying out minutely all sanitary measures which with our present scien- al PP ore Deca x FRR INT 5a pte aca TRG, EMS MEQ ap ee OF a RT Ieee ee ped «es, cain has am ee en? DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 307 tific knowledge of the disease have proven the effective weapons against this contagion. Summary. Abortion is one of the most destructive of animal diseases. It is spreading rapidly and has extended to the open range, where its control is especially. difficult. The difficulties connected with its investigation have prevented the solution of many questions which must be settled before fur- ther progress can be made. The question of immunity and methods for inducing it is attracting most attention at this time. There seems to be a definite tendency toward herd immuuity where the increase is drawn from the herd itself and susceptible animals are not introduced. The serological tests are our most reliable diagnostic agencies for routine work, but they are not infallible and in the present state of our knowledge cannot be used in sanitary police control. The part played by the bull and the time at which infection takes place are problems which have not been solved satisfactorily. The infection of female calves shortly after birth, and the per- sistence of this infection until parturition, seems to be a negligible factor. The use of biologic products is still in the experimental stage, and veterinarians employing them should not neglect proven methods. Claims made for so-called curative and preventive preparations are largely unfounded and extravagant. Sanitary measures and control of breeding are still our most reliable means of overcoming the disease. <2 ae DISCUSSION OF THE PAPERS ON ABORTION Dr. V. A. Moore: I feel very sure that what you need at this time is either a philosopher or a prophet to interpret the results and the findings that have been so carefully presented to you this af- ternoon. I do not believe that it is desirable to attempt to sum- marize the very large amount of data that has been presented, the _ results cf observations and experiments that have simply tended to accumulate information bearing on the phenomena of infectious abortion. This disease certainly is one of the most important that the veterinarian has to meet. It is one of the most serious diseases of cattle, and the one that threatens the cattle industry of the country most of all. 308 : DISCUSSION ON ABORTION I am sure, from what has been said, that a large amount of careful observation has been made, but I confess that I am still inv doubt as to the interpretation of much of this experimental data. I have worked with this disease myself. I came to feel confident through experimentation that I knew how to produce abortion, then — l repeated the experiments only to find it could not always be done. — I believe after all that the questions before us are to deter- mine first the general distribution of the, abortion organism. We have a tremendous number of hypotheses concerning this disease and its etiology. Is the germ of infectious abortion a widely dis- tributed organism, infesting large numbers of places in such a mild and attenuated form that its presence is unrecognized for long periods of time? Do the outbreaks that occur come from the in- troduction of virulent organisms at that particular time or have they been lying dormant for a longer period? This is a great bio- logical problem that can only be solved by a long series of careful and fundamental bacteriological investigations. The next question that we have to deal with is the virulence of the organism. From different outbreaks apparently different strains of the organism are isolated, some being more virulent than others. What are the influences that tend to its acceleration or to its attenuation? These are questions of which we have very - little knowledge. Then there is the method of infection, How are the animals infected? We have heard much of the various meth- ods today, but which is the one, or is there the one? Is this organ-~ ism introduced through the generative tract solely, and if so, at what time? Is it introduced through the digestive tract solely, and if so, when? The experiments with the feeding of milk are most interest- ing. The observation Dr. Williams has made that calves fed upon milk from cows that have aborted, abort in their first pregnancy is significant. These are phenomena that have been observed. What is the interpretation of them? Then there is the question of the bull. When I hear this topic mentioned I am always reminded of the farmer who lives in our vicinity and who comes to see me once a year to discuss this disease. He has a herd of cattle, and his brother on an adjoining farm has a herd of cattle. He does not have abortion in his herd, but his brother is constantly troubled with it, and yet they use the same bull for both herds. More knowledge is needed on this part of the subject. Then we have the question of immunity. Do animals possess an immunity to this disease? Do heifers that abort in their first pregnancy and perhaps, second one also, cease to abort? If they do, has immunity been established by means of or through the agency of infection, or is it an age immunity? It does not make much difference which position we take on this subject for we can find plenty of data to support it. However, these are the ques- ) ¥ wae DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 309 tions that are before us; and it seems to me that, serious as the problem is, the work that must be done must be basic and funda- mental in connection with the etiology of the disease, and with the reaction of the animal body to the infection. I do not believe that I am able to give you any further informa- tion on this subject or any interpretation of the many facts that have been presented in the excellent papers that you have heard this afternoon. We are simply confronted with a very serious phenom- enon and with a-large amount of data. The solution of the problem rests in the united effort and cooperation of clinicians and labora- tory workers. Dr. Roserts: The problem is with the practical side. For three years we have been investigating this subject in our state of North Carolina. We have been hearing of a few abortions, of a few retained placentae, and a few sterilities. If a maximum quan- tity were in one herd then the owner would be sufficiently interested, and would try to do something for it. He is unable to associate these different entities belonging to the same trouble. Therefore, he is not willing to undertake any means of control On the other hand, in many instances, we believe it would be wise for him to do so from a financial standpoint. We recognize that it is very hard in our State to control these things. Some abortions we believe are due to the specific infection of the abortion organism. In most in- stances the limited numbers of cases are such as to make it of finan- cial importance for him to let it alone; because if he undertakes to treat it and go through with what has been and what is recom- mended, it will be of more financial loss to him, in many cases, than will the abortion and the retained placentae and the sterilities. This is not speaking for all, but this is the general average. We have some of our veterinarians actually reporting from 50 to 75 per cent of their herds as temporarily or permanently sterile. In such cases, they are necessarily interested. Likewise, there are others having from 50 to 75 per cent of their offspring abort, and they are sufficiently interested to do something for it. But the biggest percentage of our people are having the limited number of abortions, retained placentae or metritis, and sterilities. From a financial standpoint, it is a question with me as to how far we could go in advocating what has been stated here, and what has been given before along the line of cleaning up the premises and clean- ing up the animals that are themselves infected. Dr. WiuuiAms: I would like to explain the use of one word in which Dr. Hadley has apparently misunderstood me. In my writ- ing I have said that cohabitation does not readily cause the spread of the infection of abortion. In the use of that word I have taken it in its fundamental and etymological significance, as the cohabita- tion of animals in a given stall or in a given enclosure, and has nothing whatever to do with sexual contact. Dr. Hadley has mis- interpreted the meaning which I attached to the word. 310 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION There has been much said during the discussion this afternoon, and there is much said in our literature regarding the reaction of the serological tests. I would like to ask Dr. Hadley what con- stitutes a positive reaction ? Dr. Haptey: I mean that the blood serum of the animal under test, in the case of the agglutination test, agglutinates the corpus- cles, used as an antigen. In the complement fixation test, I mean fixation of the complement by the specific antibodies. Dr. WituiAMs: You did not get my question. In speaking ‘of the reaction of the agglutination tests, what is the proportion that you consider a positive reaction? Dr. Haptey: We have interpreted the positive reaction in the agglutination test when one-thousandth c¢.c. of undiluted serum ag- glutinates one cubic centimeter of the suspension or agglutinated antibody. Is that your understanding, Dr. Eichhorn? How. do you interpret it? Dr. EicuHorn: The quantity presented by Dr. Hadley is somewhat higher than the one they accept. Dr. WinuiaMs: I would like to follow that with another ques- tion. What scientific foundation have you for fixing that basis? Why is it not just as good evidence, why is it not just as positive a reaction if you get a reaction at one to ten, as if at one to one-thou- sandth? What is the difference? What scientific basis have you for differentiating ? Dr. HAaputey: As in other cases of this kind, I think it is large- ly the result of experimentation, not altogether I am frank to say on my part, but on the part of the pathologists of the Bureau of Animal Industry; and men like Drs. M’Fadyean and Stockman and investigators of the New York State College of Veterinary Med- icine. I think it is generally accepted that the reaction is positive when we get a certain agglutination with a certain amount of serum. I have no specific information to show that a smaller or a larger amount would not be accepted as a positive reaction any other than that based on experience. . Dr. EicHHORN: I would lke to answer the question of Dr. Williams as to the titre which is considered as a positive indica- tion of the infection; I think we have to accept the word as ap- plied to other infectious diseases. For instance, in glanders, we know that an animal normally will give an agglutination titre of say .125 in glanders, or somewhat higher; and only in exceptional cases will this titre exceed or approach 1—2000. In the same way the normal agglutination titre for the other organisms is also de- termined. And for abortion, we generally concede that an agglu-— tination titre of 1 to 50 is highly suspicious of the infection, and 1 to 100 is considered invariably as indicating abortion. This is, of course, determined by thousands and thousands of tests not only in A cae Se mt ee DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 311 one laboratory, but by all other investigators throughout the world. _ We ought to accept the data which amounts probably, by this time, to many millions of cases as satisfactory for the determination of a titre which should be accepted as an index. Dr. Meritiat: | have nothing to say on this question par- ticularly, except, as one of the promoters of this symposium, I want to suggest, at this time, before the discussion closes that these papers, which are too volumnious to digest in a few moments, be published in one or at least two consecutive numbers of the Journal. Then they would be more available for reference by those who are here, as well as the 1700 members of the association who will want to analyze very carefully all of these splendid papers and discus- sions that will follow them. Dr. J. P. TuRNer: After hearing this discussion, from a bae- teriological standpoint, and from the standpoint of the investi- gators, it has seemed to me that the average practitioner will go IER OS BN a8 - SSE a Fe home with the most pessimistic ideas and that he had better lay down on this question; that contagious abortion has really beaten % him. It occurred to me just prior to my departure from home to x look up the records of a herd that I have had under observation for 16 years, a herd of about 200 grade cows, the herd from which 3 Mohler and Traum made their original investigations of conta- < gious abortion, and the herd from which Schroeder and Cotton _ made their experiments along the milk limes. That herd did not breed its own calves and did not raise any heifers until 1908; and from 1900 to 1908, cows were purchased each year. Each June, at the end of the fiscal year when money was available, about 25 to 30 cows were purchased. Those cows were close springers or fresh. Those cows would abort about March or April. They would be bred the following September, and abort in April. At that time, we had 25 to 35 abortions a year, and with the usual ac- = companiments of retained placenta, septic metritis and scours in 4 calves. The high price of cows, and the searcity of good milch cows e ay. forced us in 1908 to begin raising our own heifers. We immedi- ately proceeded to raise every heifer that was born healthy, and used full blood bulls, of course. At that time the herd consisted of about 150 cows and it now consists of about 200 cows and about 100 heifers. I will say that abortion has existed in this herd for - over 20 years. It is interesting to note that in 1910, we had 18 abortions. Most of these were tested by the Bureau, that is, the blood was tested, and in all those cases we considered them as con- tagious abortion cases, and so treated the cows. In 1911, we had 14 abortions, and it is interesting to note that 1911 was the last year - we purchased any cows for increasing this herd. In 1912, we dropped to 13, just one less in our abortions. In 1913, we had 9 abortions. In 1914, 6 abortions. In 1915, 3 abortions; the herd _ gradually increasing until it has reached its maximum of about or 312 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 200 cows and about 100 heifers of all ages. Up to the date of ny 4 departure this year with 200 cows and "100 heifers we have had 3_ abortions; 2 of those three were cows aborting at eight and a half — months. The calves were both alive, but died. One of them was a three and a half months abortion. Blood was drawn from all of those — cows, those three by Dr. Potter, and put through the complement ol fixation, with negative results. That is interesting from the standpoint that I believe we will — always have abortion in a herd as long as we continue to bring in < : fresh material. s As to the abortions among the heifers which we have raised. — We have raised now 168 heifers which have been in milk from the ~ first calf to the sixth. Contrary to the opinions offered this after- — noon, our abortions among those cows raised in the herd have not — oecurred with the first calf. We have had 14 abortions among — these 108 heifers raised with the herd, and of those 14 abortion three occurred with the first calf. Of these three, all have calved — successfully since, and none of these three have been sold. They ~ have turned out to be very good: milch cows. With the second ealf we had four abortions. One of these had a live calf before — this abortion, and after it aborted the second calf was sold as un- — profitable; that is, we figured that unless they make two and a half to three gallons after the abortion, we had better sell them. An- other one of those four has been sold as unprofitable, but the other two have been kept as profitable cows. With the third ealf, five 3 have aborted. All of these five have been retained m the herd as profitable cows. With the fourth calf we have had one abortion. | With the fifth calf none, and with the sixth, we have had one abor- tion. This cow was unprofitable and sold. This has absolutely no scientific interest, except to draw out — these conclusions which have alw ays obtained with me that the con-- trol of abortion in a herd lies in just these facts, that as long as a we buy cows we will have abortions. New cows will always keep _ the disease in your herd. It is also interesting to note that all © these heifers received and were raised on abortion’ milk. Certainly id Schroeder’s and Cotton’s experiments showed that the herd was a permeated; that all of the samples of milk showed contagious — abortion. Ten years ago when we were raising heifers, we had’ five or six aborters at one time in the quarantine pens. We could — not throw that milk away. We fed it to the heifers; and whether — or not we got a self immunization of that herd, I do not know, bo we do not have any more abortions. We have not used any of — these radical measures of disinfecting cows for a month or so before — breeding. I dare say that some of you would think these cows were not cared for very well. They have been brought in, some of them, in a rather dirty ‘condition, but we have paid special attention — ; to cows which have aborted. We have burned the abortions; we have — separated the cows; we have kept them separated in concrete ~ DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 313 yards for a month or two, sometimes three months; we have disin- fected them thoroughly; we have disinfected the stables. We have not paid any attention to disinfecting the bull. We kept one bull for that purpose, because it was too much bother to keep constantly disinfecting this bull. This old bull ts now ten years of age, and this last year, after cleaning him up thoroughly and disinfecting him, I put him back into the herd, and his impregna- tions have been coming along regularly. I have bred him to these aborted cows. It has ‘impressed me that we may get some self im- munization in our cows in these herds. Another “thing which has impressed me is the fact that, when we raise our own heifers, those of us who do not have to depend upon the market, we will certainly solve this question. I believe that it is necessary to thoroughly dis- infect and keep a place clean in order to produce these results. Dr. Rorerts: In that particular herd in North Carolina, the big thing with us is that sterility more than anything else is the cause of 99 per cent of our losses. Dr. TurNk: As I said, you notice the figures of the 14 which had aborted. I sold three because they were unprofitable. We have had some sterility, but as the herd has disappeared from the - purchased herd into the raised herd and they are young cows now, we have had very little sterility. Another interesting fact. Dr. Williams is well acquainted with the herd; and we have no abortion at the present. I believe we had one case last year. Dr. Potter drew 115 samples of blood recently, and found one positive reaction. It is interesting to. note that that cow was purchased in New York 8 years ago; had a calf about four or five months after being purchased, and has since pro- duced a live calf each year; and, since the sample of blood was drawn, has had a good, big, husky calf, which has been sold for $150. We are very well pleased with the situation as far as con- tagious abortion is concerned in these two herds. We, have had some other trouble which goes along with con- tagzious ‘abortion, one or two outbreaks of infectious metritis, with the loss of five or six cows, but in this herd we have had very little sterility. The sterility last year was practically nil. I think that 72 calves, in the one fiscal year, out of 82 dams is a fairly good record of production. I think it can be said that we have not very much sterility; and I feel very well satisfied that if the veteri- narian has absolute charge of veterinary matters in a herd, and if he is not interfered with by the herdsman, or by owners with super- ficial ideas, he will be successful; but, if the veterimarian is simply called in by the visit, or if he is simply paid a little sum by the month, and little or no attention is paid to his efforts, there will be no success. If owners: of fine herds wish success, they must put this matter entirely into the hands of their veterinarian and get the proper results. \ 314 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION Dr. Merinnar: One author in this paper, recommended the immediate removal of the placenta when it was not too stubbornly attached. I would like to know what is his mannagement of thea stubbornly attached placenta? I do not remember “which one of the papers stated that, but I think it was Dr. Cotton’s. ; Dr. Corron: I made that statement. I think I am the euilty man. We all know that in contagious abortion, the afterbirth is 4 retained ; oft-times it is almost impossible to remove the placenta — a except by severe traction, pulling and separating of the cotyledons ; — and when we do that, we leave trouble with the uterus afterwards; pe. and I think we have all been a little bit too anxious in the past to tear and pull at the placenta. I know I have been. Sometimes” we wait for a week, and then undertake to remove it. I think this is. a mistake, because the cervix contracts, the walls of the uterus — remain flaccid, and we cannot get at it. But, I do beheve if we ~ can take it away without too much force, we should do it. y When we are unable to remove it, in order to prevent any in- — crease of infection, I think we should flush the uterus and continue — it weekly at least, oftener if possible, until such time as the placenta — separates itself and comes away with the discharges. I think it — is wrong to put too much traction on it. Dr. ———: (Utah): A word might be added in reference to the placentae that are retained and will not come away with or- dinary tracticn. I think the same holds true here, as with the hand- ling of the proposition as a whole, that there is no one rule or pro- cedure that will apply by any means. ‘There is no one rule that will apply in regard to the strength of the disinfectant, or the times — of disinfecting. One disinfectant seems to work marvels in one case, and dees not in the next. If it does not irritate one cow, it dees another. It works better on one cow than it does on another cow. Where the placenta does not come away, we find, in our ex- perience, that it is best to leave it alone, unless it will come away very easily. Where it is retained, place an iodoform capsule in the uterus, and leave it entirely alone; it will come away and take — care of itself. That has been our experience in a few cases, and I am inclined to think that we will have no oceasion to change the procedure. I am not certain but that it is the best way to follow — where they do come away easily, simply insert an ordinary ounce capsule half full or full of icdoform; that seems to prevent putre- — faction; and you go back in three or four days or a week, and have no evidence of putrefaction existing. We did that the other — day with a cow that had a fetid fetus, which was removed, and — there was no irritation whatever. The iodoform capsule was in- troduced and in about four days afterwards the cow was in good — condition. There was no dropping off of the milk, no evidence of — any bad effects from infection. We have had some extremely bad results from filling up the uterus with a disinfectant with the idea — DISCUSSION ON ABORTION Sp | ‘that this liquid disinfectant would take care of it. It does take ie care of it in a great many cases, but in some cases the uterus 1s so é- flaccid, so torpid, and the cavity is so great that the fluid seems : to stay in there, and something happens, I don’t know what; cases — treated that way go on to a fatal termination in a short time. Whereas, since we have used the iodoform method alone, without any introduction of fluid, except that which was removed immedi- ately, these unfavorable results have not followed. Dr. TuRNER:,When you introduce this 1odoform capsule, do you open the capsule or spread it out? Dr. ———: (Utah): As a rule we just put it in, as far down as we can reach. Dr. TURNER: That was my practice. I don’t do it any more. I had a cow die last year that had a capsule—we had three capsules put in the cow, and I found all three of those capsules accumu- lated in one corner of the uterus. Some mucus had gathered them together. There was no spread at all. The gelatine had not dis- solved. Since then I have decided unless I can spread the iodoform through the cow’s uterus, it is rather foolish to use the eapsules. Contrary to the ideas of most practitioners the uterus is not an in- testine that twists and spreads and turns. It is an organ that stays in place, and your capsule stays right there. Dr. DEVINE: It seems to me that pure bred cattle. have be- come such an important factor in our agricultural sections, that this very topic is just as important to the young men as any one thing I know of. Some 7 or 8 years ago I wrote an article for fie Rewmew. Dr. Turner wrote me about it afterwards, as did several others, deplor- ing the fact that our colleges turned out young men who would go out and manipulate the interior of the uterus of a pure bred cow the same as they had been accustemed to do on a scrub. To every man [| got as an assistant after that, | said in big type that was one of the things he should not do. It cost me a great many nights’ sleep, and a good bit of criticism until I found cut that men were apt to do that unless I cautioned them otherwise. I want to say from experience among thousands and thou- sands of pure bred cattle, and I was built for that business, that any man, who would attempt to manipulate or put traction upon the fetal membranes of a pure bred cow, where there was already infection, is making a serious mistake. If he ruptures one eapil- lary, 99 per cent are liable to go off feed, go down in their milk, and get hemorrhagic septicemia in a more or less developed form, and probably die from it. Any procedure that has ever been suggested to me, or that I have read of, including Dr. Williams’ iodoform capsule, has been unsatisfactory in general practice. As Dr Turner says, we find the capsule undissolved after making the exam- ination. You want to remember that where the membranes are re- ere * ; ~< ~ ‘ aa REY 316 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION tained, the uterus does not have its normal contraction, and you can readily introduce your hands two or three or four days afterwards into the uterus, and examine and see what your capsule has done, or has not done, about dissolving. In some eases it has dissolved — beautifully, where there has been an amount of serum in there. but in some cases it has not. On the other hand, where it has dis- solved most beautifully, it has been objectionable in high class stables because of the odor which comes with it, so I had to aban- don it. As to irrigation, some say a week, some say three or four days, but to my mind, that amounts to nothing. A cow with a fetid membrane which is decomposing, needs to be douched at least three times a day, in order to keep down infection and lessen the decom- position, and bring away the membranes; get them out before drip- ping commences. Another serious thing is that we are all apt to make our disinfectants too strong. You can burn the inside of the uterus very easily. As a matter of fact, if you use only a common salt solution, often enough, perhaps you would get along just as well. But the important thing is to keep the exterior clean with — disinfectants, and then when you attempt to irrigate, or teach others to irrigate, be sure vou are clean, that they are clean, before they attempt to introduce the solution. I think Mr. Smith’s records will show you that I have bought some six or seven dozen stomach pumps within the past four or five years. On every farm I attempt to have one and I attempt to show the herdsmen how to use it. I am not afraid that he will steal my business. If he will irrigate those cows regularly, conscientiously and scientifically, he will do a great service to me and my profession, as well as his own. Dr. CoONNAwaAy: As Dr. Turner remarked, it seems that at a certain stage, we are all up in the air. I think the report which Dr. Turner gave of his experiences teaches us a very important lesson, one we can take home and apply, and one which the farmers and many of the breeders would like to hear. It is this: Don’t disperse a herd that is infected with contagious abortion. The practice in the past has been, when this disease gets into a herd, to hide it, not let anybody know anything about it at all, but pro- ceed to get rid of those animals which have aborted one by one, or later on if it got bad, to hold a sale and disperse the whole herd. [ have known many men to do this who ought to be in the pure bred business today, and would be if they had had the proper ad- vice at the right time. I did not know what to advise them, nor did any other veterinarian at that time. Investigations have shown this, cbservations have shown that this is a disease that tends to im- munization of the herd, and-if we don’t do anything, bye and bye we will have a herd which will raise its calves, and that is what the breeder wants; that is what the dairyman wants; he wants a herd that will raise calves.” I know of herds that have had this EB | s DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 317 5 4 disease for 15 or 20 years which at the present time are not losing be very many calves. Those old cows still respond, and will show a com- plement fixation reaction, whatever that may mean, or however little faith Dr. Williams may have in this test, or our methods of apply- ing it. I believe that is a good test, and that we ought, our experi- ment stations ought, to make this test useful to the breeders to de- tect the infected herds of the state; to detect in infected herds those individuals that are infected, so they can apply these sanitary measures, segregating these animals and applying those old time remedies, which Liautard and others of his day, 25 years ago, rec- ommended, and which have been recommended here today. I think finding out where the disease is, the isolation of infected animals, the isolation of the calves, and thorough disinfection of the premises or buildings where they are housed, that by these methods bye and bye we will get rid of this disease. I am quite PEEL ae Pe Oe I ¢ sure of it. I know of herds that do not have the disease, and the = disease has been kept out of those herds simply by being careful in ¢ buying the bulls, or probably not so much that, as not introducing any new females into it. That was brought out here, I think by Dr. Turner and probably by others. I think we are making progress along this line. I believe these scientific investigations, although we have not enough facts established yet, and our interpretations may be at fault, should go. on until we find enough facts, and presenting those facts before this association where another man can get up and say that his ex- perience is different, and he does not believe that is a fact; why, we may be convinced bye and bye that some of the things that we think are facts, are not facts; these discussions will help us to get at the whole truth of this matter. Let these investigations go on. Let us come here with our facts or what we think to be facts, and swap them with the other fellow; set them up and let the other fellow knock them down, if he can. I believe this to be a fact in regard to contagious abortion, a scientific fact of which we have some evidence; that much of this disease is transmitted through the calf. We know that fetuses from cows that abort contain the germs of that disease. We get the cultures from these sources. We also know that some of these calves that are dropped are under-sized; some of them have been carried longer than their due time, and dropped as little, runty calves. Those calves, I have no doubt, carry the germs of that disease. We know that they will show the complement fixation re- action before they ever drink any milk. So I think there is pretty good evidence that the calf has it. We know this in some experi- ments that have been made at the Missouri Experiment Station, and probably have been made at other experiment stations, that those calves will retain that infection, or at least the antibodies, for 100 days or longer. We have had some that reacted 180 days after birth. Of course, there is a possibility that some of these may have kept up that infection by drinking infected milk, but we SAE ROR LATION BAIN BE MODE ge Ape 318 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION know that they had the infection at birth, and we know that many of them have lost it in five or six weeks, and that some of them will lose that reaction in about 180 days. I think the average on some 15 or 20 calves that were tested was about 120 days. The ques- tion is, has that calf lost that infection, or is it simply lying there in a dormant condition awaiting the period of gestation in the case of the female, when the breeding period comes on? In the case of the bull, some of these little bull calves will show that reaction at the time of birth. They lose it. The question is, does the bull re- tain that infection in its body in a dormant condition, and later on at breeding time, does it creep out again? We had in some of our experiments this peculiar circumstance. We bought a bull in Massachusetts for an experiment, to breed to some non-reacting heifers; and after we bred him a time or two to cows that had never been bred before, he showed a positive re- action. Where did it come from? This bull had never been bred to any infected animal; never had been bred to an animal that had been served before, and was kept isolated away from infection. So there is this possibility, that it may hold the infection in some or- gan of his body, possibly in the sexual organs, and along at the breed- ing period it will break out again. We have much to learn about this, but let the good work go on; and Jet us bring our facts or supposed facts here and discuss them. One word as to the question of ster- ility. Here is one of the big questions that is up to the farmers and breeders today. I know of one herd where the man is not raising many calves, and he has no abortion in his herd. His cows simply won’t conceive. What are the reasons? I think the work which Dr. Williams has done along this line is going to help us out a great deal on this matter; and that some recent work done in Chicago along human lines may lead us in the right direction. Other in- fections may be responsible for sterility. In the work of Rosenau and one of his men in one of the hospitals in Chicago, you may re call, they found in cystic ovaries in the human a certain coceus quite constantly along with other bacteria; and they came to the conclusion that these things may have something to do with the sterility in women. One important case was a virgin that had an imperforate vagina, and consequently could not have received the infection through the vaginal-tract; on an operation for the re- moval of the ovaries in that case they found a certain condition— I don’t just recall it exactly, but they found some streptococeus in these organs. They made some experiments with these, repro- ducing the same trouble in rabbits. I brought this up because it is in line with some observations I have made on sterile cows. In one herd where four cows did not conceive, one never -had raised a calf, although she had been bred many times. The other cows hdd raised a few calves and had quit. In every one of these cows we found nails in the recticulum. It is not an uncommon thing to~ find them frequently in the reticulum. But we found in those four cows evidences of pus infection, perforations in the liver, or DISCUSSION ON ABORTION 319 ‘in the diaphragm, and abscesses formed in different parts of the body. So it is possible that we may have in this case the trans- ference through the blood stream to the ovaries, some selective or- ganism that finds its habitat for growth best in the ovaries and in the ovarian cysts. We may have some of these cases of series due to organisms that get to these organs through the blood stream, just as Rosenau and his men haye found in the case of the human. Dr. Roberts has asked a question and nobody wanted to answer. The doctor lives down in a region where they feed a large amount of cotton- seed meal. Another man from down south told me this story just last night, so I am going to tell it to you now. He said an ae- quaintance of his up north told him to send up a sack of cottonseed meal. He said he got it and sent it up. The lady of the family eround that up into an emulsion and drank it. The result was an abortion in that case, and with serious results. There is an old notion down south regarding the cotton root. They say old nigger mammies used to use that for abortive purposes. I do not know what success it gave. ‘Dr. Roperts: It hasn’t any effect on them down there. Dr. CoNNAWAy: I think the question of feed is one that we must investigate in relation to sterility. Dr. Porrer: There is one question in reference to this abor- tion proposition which has not been sufficiently emphasized, and that is, that the man who has no abortion in his herd should be in- structed in methods which will keep his herd clean. I believe that this information should be disseminated as widely as possible in order to prevent the dissemination of the disease. The fellow who has it extensively in his herd will take the necessary means of get- ting rid_of it, but we ought to instruct the man who does not have it, how to keep his herd clean. Dr. Case:—I would like to ask Dr. DeVine a question. He spoke about irrigating the placenta two or three times a day if it is not taken away. I want to ask him how much fluid he injects into a uterus, and whether he has that fluid withdrawn. It has been my experience when I put fluid into the uterus and left the placenta in, that I could not get that fluid out, and I have had sev- eral fatal results. I would like to ask how much fluid he puts in there, and whether he tries to get it out again. Dr. DEVINE: I have had that question asked before. One young man last night told me that he feared that from douching a cow he had ruptured the uterus. I would like to see the man that could rupture a normal cow’s uterus by simply pumping in water. That simply cannot be done. As to taking out the fluid, that depends. If you have occasion to see a cow that has a mucous membrane that has been held two or three days perhaps, you find it pretty ripe. Of course, we irrigate that, irrigate it and siphon it out until we think we have it clear, or until it repairs. It doesn’t matter whether it takes one pailful or ten pailfuls, If there are ~ 4 re, 320 DISCUSSION ON ABORTION any shreds in there, we take them away with our hands. Some- times the membrane is ready to come out, but we don’t attempt to pull it. I say, use just as much water as you choose. I have some- times used six or seven ordinary bucketfuls. pumped in and then siphoned out. In case, of course, where you have putrefied mem- branes, you use disinfectants, making each pailful perhaps lighter and lighter. Then finally in such cases you always try to leave in a pretty fair bucketful of normal salt solution, carry those ordi- nary salt tablets, put them in the pailful, let it stay in unless she rejects it; of course, she does more or less. But we like to leave it in there some time for the purpose of observation. I have never seen a case, and I cannot conceive how clean, sterile water, or water of normal salt solution, or water with a mild antiseptic, can be ac- _cused of killing a cow. I cannot conceive of a condition that would lead a man to suspect it. Dr. ———: It has been our experience that they generally die. I do not know why it is. Dr. Corron: Ido not want to see the practitioners leave this meeting today with the understanding that, if they have infectious abortion in a herd, all that is necessary is to advise the owner not to buy any more cattle and leave it alone and they will get a natural immanity and the disease will subside. I do not want them to go away from here with the idea that within a week or a few days after an abortion has occurred, that they can give a stomach tube to the herdsman of a high class, high priced herd of breeding dairy ecat- tle and tell him he can continue to flush the uterus with impunity or immunity. I have killed cows by introducing a hose into the uterus to try to flush it. I want to tell you again that when four days to a week have elapsed after an animal has aborted, the cervix is so contracted, that it is dangerous to give to a layman any instrument to intro- duce into the uterus. I also want to state that in my opinion all fluids that are put into the uterine cavity under those conditions should be siphoned out, and if you are unable to get them out that way, put your arm into the rectum and see that you get all of the fluid out of the uterus before you leave it. Dr. DEVINE: I would like to say to Dr. Cotton that no man ean get his tube or his hand into the uterus four or five days after the placenta has been removed or has come away without tearing the os open again. Dr. Corron: Even when the placenta is retained, and the cervix is contracted, I want to still insist that it is bad practice to give a stomach tube to a herdsman with the idea that he will flush the uterus out two or three times a day, or even once a month or — once a week. It is dangerous: ) a re. ad Pn he bg (OR we OW ee he + im x : = Ee = , 4 ot SOME FACTS ABOUT ABORTION DISEASE* E. C. Scuororper, M.D.V., anp W. E. Corron, D.V.M. The B. A. I. Experiment Station at Bethesda, Md. . Most bacterial diseases have two prime or main factors, a patho- --—s- genie microparasite.and a susceptible host, but infectious abortion disease of cattle is more complex; it has three prime factors, a pathogenic microparasite and two hosts. How imperfect our knowledge about this perplexing evil has remained at once becomes apparent when we stop to think that it has not been certainly deter- mined which of the two hosts, the cow or the fetus, is primarily attacked by the microparasite. That is to say, we do not know whether the abortion bacillus primarily causes a disease of the cow’s uterus which leads to the expulsion of the fetus, or whether, in the first place, it causes a disease of the fetus which subsequently impels the uterus to expel its contents. One of the superlatively important facts about abortion disease is that cows often remain carriers of abortion bacilli long after they have ceased to abort, and that cows which have never aborted and regularly and normally produce seemingly healthy calves, may be chronic carriers and disseminators of abortion bacilli. As far as we have been able to learn, the abortion bacillus is an obligatory parasite. It may live and retain its virulence a long period of time, as this can be measured through bacteriological cul- tivation and guinea pig inoculation tests, in infected material ex- pelled from the uteruses of infected cows, but we have no data to support the belief that it can maintain itself or multiply under natural conditions as a saprophyte. Hence, the chronic persist- ence of the microparasite in the bodies of infected cows probably is the most important among the causes responsible for the propa- gation, the perpetuation and wide prevalence of the disease. Another fact is that the favorite habitat of the abortion ba- cillus in the bodies of cows is the udder, and that the udder is seemingly its only habitat in the bodies of non-pregnant cows. Our work regarding this fact includes hundreds of carefully made tests with milk from numerous cows. Some of the cows had aborted and others had not; the milk of some was infected with *Presented at the meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinar y Medical Asso- ‘ciation, Springfield, Mass., October, 1916. - 322 E. C. SCHROEDER AND W. E. COTTON abortion bacilli continuously and that of others intermittently ; that of some cows remained infected year after year and that of others shorter periods of time. In one case, a cow that remained under observation seven years, periodic tests proved the milk to be infected continuously. There is a fact, related to the expulsion of abortion bacilli with milk from the udders of cows, which is interesting and impor- tant not only on its own account, but also because it serves as strong circumstantial evidence to prove that our work on the occurrence of abortion bacilli in the milk of cows is trustworthy. The fact is this, in the numerous tests made, with milk from many differ- ent cows, the abortion bacillus was never found in the milk of a cow unless both her milk and her blood serum possessed agglutinat- ing properties for suspensions of abortion bacilli. This does not mean, however, that the milk of all cows which react with the ag- glutination test for abortion disease is infected; as we have re- peatedly tested milk from reacting cows without detecting abor- tion bacilli. Regarding reacting cows with uninfected udders we may say, though we wish to have the statement taken cautiously as the evi- dence behind it is not yet sufficient to give it the rank of a proved — . fact, their blood serum gradually loses its power to agglutinate suspensions of abortion bacilli. If this statement on further study should prove true, it, to- gether with other facts, will justify the conclusion that the per- sistence of agglutinating and complement fixing substances in the blood of cows, relative to abortion disease, is intimately associated with the abortion bacilli that enter the body through the lymphaties from infected udders, as abortion bacilli do not maintain them- selves in the bodies of cows elsewhere than their udders and gravid uteruses. That abortion bacilli do not maintain themselves in the bodies of cows elsewhere than the named regions, is a fact for which we have obtained fairly convincing proof. It was found that abor- tion bacilli injected into the veins of normal, non-pregnant cows disappeared from their circulating blood in the course of a few hours, and when such cows were killed sometime afterwards, thougn their blood had become positive with agglutination tests, the germs could not be found in their bodies unless it was in their udders and associated lymph glands. One case in our records of experiments eS SOME FACTS ABOUT ABORTION DISEASE 323 is remarkably impressive as an illustration of the tendency of abor- ‘tion bacilli to lodge in the udder. The ease is that of an adult, virgin, female animal, a heifer approximately four years old, which was given an injection of abortion bacilli into one of her jugular veins. Later it was found that the infection had established itself in her virgin udder, which was not functioning and never had fune- tioned. We use the term infection here and elsewhere in this paper as signifying the discoverable presence of abortion bacilli, and not as implying the development of observable lesions of disease. Another series of tests, probably even more convincing than the foregoing, was a careful search for abortion bacilli in the bodies of naturally as distinct from artificially infected cows. The cows were killed and their blood, spleens, livers, kidneys, brains, ovaries, uteruses, udders, milk, synovial fluid from various joints, nerve tissue, lymph glands from all portions of the body, ete., tested for abortion bacilli through animal inoculation and cultural methods, with the following results: In all cases two or more quarters of the udder, the milk from the infected quarters, and one or more supra-mammary lymph glands, and in one instance some of the pelvic lymph glands were infected. All other organs and tissues were invariably free from infection. When we inject abortion bacilli into the non-pregnant uterus of a cow they disappear in the course of a few days; when we test the discharge from the uterus of a cow which has aborted we may find abortion bacilli for twenty, thirty or even forty or fifty days, but they eventually disappear, and it is our impression that their abundance and period of persistence is intimately related to the magnitude of the lesions in the uterus attendant upon an abortion. It is our belief that the evidence we have supplied is sufficient to prove the two facts, one, that the udders of cows are a common habitat of abortion bacilli and, two, that abortion bacilli do not maintain themselves in the bodies of non-pregnant cows elsewhere than in their udders. This occurrence of the bacilli in the supra- mammary, and in one instance in pelvic lymph glands, and ne further into the body, merely proves that the germs tend to pene- trate into the body from the udder through the lymph channels, but that they cannot go very far before they are destroyed. When we inject abortion bacilli into the udder through the teat, using a method which avoids trauma, we establish the bacilli in the udder, and the cow, according to all available tests, becomes an infected cow. ~ 324 E. C. SCHROEDER AND W. E. COTTON ~ eee Now, we have a remarkable and truly important fact concern- ee ing the production of calves by cows with infected udders. Such ‘¥ cows, irrespective of whether they have at some time in the past aborted or not, may give birth to seemingly normal calves in a seemingly normal manner associated with the occurrence of abor- | tion bacilli in their uteruses and the afterbirth. We have quite a number of records to prove this; it does not occur every time a cow with an infected udder calves, but is far from uncommon. As we have stated, it may occur with a cow which has never aborted, and it may occur with the third seemingly normal parturition after an abortion. In our experience, though we have made quite a number of tests, this remarkable fact has never been observed in connection with cows which react positively with the agglutination tests but the udders of which were free from infection, and the fact becomes all the more remarkable when we view it in the light of another fact, namely, that numerous careful tests of the uteruses of non-preg- nant cows, irrespective of whether their udders were infected or not, tests made both between and during periods of oestrum, in no instance revealed the presence of abortion bacilli. 2 Another fact which merits consideration in this connection was derived from tests with newly-born calves. A number of calves produced by cows with infected udders, were killed immedi- | ately after they were born and their bodies tested for the presence of abortion bacilli through guinea pig inoculation methods. These calves were not permitted to come in contact with their mothers or other sources of infection that would tend to introduce germs into their bodies not present at the moment of completed parturition. It was found that such calves, and we are speaking about calves that were delivered alive and seemingly vigorous and healthy, may harbor abortion bacilli in their stomachs and gastro-hepatic lymph glands, but, invariably, when the calves were infected the after- birth and the uteruses of their dams were also infected. In aborted fetuses the stomachs, intestines, lymph glands, spleens, livers and blood and subcutaneous extravasations of serum may contain abor- tion bacilli. ‘ One of our records concerning the injection of abortion bacilli into the udder of a cow, through the teat without trauma, is par- ticularly interesting. The cow was well advanced in pregnancy and according to all tests that could be made was free from abor- tion disease prior to her injection. We will give this record with we SOME FACTS ABOUT ABORTION DISEASE 325 -considerable detail, because it impresses us as being very instruc- tive and may, moreover, illustrate the laborious application the in- vestigation of abortion disease requires. Cow No. 1154. Sept. 9, 1914. Received at the Experiment Sta- tion from an abortion-free herd. About 8 years old. Was negative with all tests for abortion disease and was carefully protected against exposure to infection. Sept. 21, 1915. ‘Served by bull No. 1150 and conceived. The bull was received at the station on the same day on which the cow was received, and was and is now negative with all tests for abortion disease, and has been carefully protected against ex- posure to infection. ; Dee. 10, 1915. Agglutination tests with blood serum from the cow and the bull were made. Negative in both eases. Mar. 27, 1916. Agglutination tests with blood serum from the cow and the bull were made. Negative in both cases. You may observe that we speak of the agglutination test over and over again and say little or nothing about the complement fix- ation test for abortion disease. The reason for this is quite sim- ple. We convinced ourselves that the agglutination test for abor- tion disease is fully as reliable as the complement fixation test, but — far less complex, and, hence, in the hands of those who have many and varied duties, more reliable. Mar. 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31, 1916. On each of the five days mater- ial was obtained from the udder of the cow and injected into guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were subsequently killed and ex- Ae. amined post-mortem and found to be free from lesions of the e kind caused in guinea pigs by abortion bacilli. In fact, they > 3 had remained perfectly healthy and showed no lesions of any kind. Apr. 3, 1916. The growth on two culture tubes of abortion bacilli was scraped off and suspended.in 30 ¢.c. of sterile normal salt solution and injected into the right front teat of the cow. The method of injection was through gravity, and the pressure used did not exceed that exerted by a column of fluid 12 inches high. Two guinea pigs were injected with samples of the sus- pension, and both later showed typical lesions of the kind eaused in guinea pigs by abortion bacilli. Apr. 8, 1916. Five days after the injection, agglutination tests with blood serum from the cow were negative. Apr. 17, 1916. Two weeks after the injection, agglutination tests with blood serum from the cow were positive with dilutions of 1 to 400, which must be regarded as a very strong reaction. 326 E. C. SCHROEDER AND W. E. COTTON Apr. 22, 1916. Material from the infected quarter of the cow’s udder was injected into guinea pigs, which subsequently de- veloped typical abortion bacillus lesions. May 3, 1916. Material from each quarter of the cow’s udder was injected separately into guinea pigs, all of which subsequently developed typical abortion bacillus lesions, showing that the infection originally introduced into one quarter had spread to the other three quarters. On the same day material from the udder agglutinated suspensions of abortion bacilli in the following dilutions: Right front, or injected quarter...... 1 to 6400 Weft; iront quarter: eet 214)./. eens 1 to 1600 Tish? hind -quarter>s-< x25 7 eke 1 to 800 Left hind: quarter yecise ih ec Veta 1 to 1600 It is interesting to note how much higher the agglutinating value of material from the injected quarter is than from the other quarters. We do not speak of material obtained from the cow’s udder as milk, because the cow was practically dry, and it is ques- tionable whether the material which can be stripped from a prac- tically dry udder shortly before parturition can reasonably be looked upon as milk. | On May 9, the agglutinating value of material from the injected quarter of the udder was positive in a dilution of 1 to 12,800, and on May 15, 19 and 24, in a dilution of 1 to 25,600. On | these days the agglutinating value for suspensions of abortion bacilli of material from the other quarters of the udder re- mained constant for a dilution of 1 to 1600, and that of the blood serum of the cow for a dilution of 1 to 400. May 26, 1916, or 279 days after service by the bull, the cow pro- duced an undersized, weak calf, which, however, rapidly gained strength and is now a normal healthy, vigorous animal. On the day of parturition the following agglutination tests were made. Colostrum, injected quarter of udder, positive, dilution 1 to 25600 Colostrum, other 3 quarters of udder, positive, dilution 1 to 1600 Blood serum cow, positive, dilution......... fedens Rot cee 1 to 400 Blood serum: calf, positive dilution: =~... 22s: =o. oe 1 to 400 It is common for newly-born calves of infected cows, when agglutination tests are made with blood serum to react in the same dilutions or quite as strongly as their mothers, but this power to react does not persist, it is a rapidly declining phenomenon, as is — well shown by the following tests of the blood serum of the ealf concerned in this record. oe ARETE EES Aye eR “ad He ps BE AT PRE ER + ee ee Saas p> SOME FACTS ABOUT ABORTION DISEASE 327 On the day of its birth, as we have recorded, the agglutination value of the calf’s blood serum and that of its mother were iden- tical; positive in dilutions of 1 to 400. June 2, the agglutinating value of the calf’s blood had already declined to positive in dilu- tions no higher than 1 to 200; June 7, it had fallen to 1 to 100; June 9, it was still at 1 to 100, but on July 10 all agglutinating power for suspension of abortion bacilli had disappeared. Contrary to this, the agglutinating power of the cow’s blood serum remained constant for dilutions of 1 to 400. Not so, how- ever, with the agglutinating power of material from her udder. Colostrum, we have seen, agglutinated in dilutions, injected quarter, 1 to 25600; other quarters 1 to 1600. The milk, as early as June 8, a little more than two weeks after parturition, was positive in dilutions no higher than, injected quarter, 1 to 200, and the other quarters, 1 to 50, at which points it remained fairly constant. Now for the most interesting fact about the cow. Parturi- tion was associated with retention of the afterbirth, which, on re- moval, was found to contain much abnormal material of a yellow- ish color, and this was proved to be infected with abortion bacilli. Vaginal discharge from the cow was also proved to be infected with abortion bacilli on June 1, 3, and 12, and free from infection on and after June 20. This one cow illustrates a number of abortion disease phenom- ena. First, we see that the introduction of abortion bacilli into the udder through the teat, though a method of injection was used which almost certainly precluded mechanical injury, positively in- fected it and caused the gradual development of agglutinating power for suspensions of abortion bacilli in the blood serum. In other words, the udder is a possible channel through which abor- tion bacilli may penetrate into the body. Secondly, we see that the passage of abortion bacilli from the udder to the uterus is an experimentally demonstrated fact. We have already stated that, in all cases in which we found abortion bacilli in the uterus after seemingly normal parturitions, it was in cows with infected udders, and it is only necessary to add, in prae- tically half of the cows with infected udders we have examined relative to this matter, we found the uterus and placenta infected with abortion bacilli. One is almost inclined to ask whether abortion disease may not perpetuate itself through abortion bacilli that enter the udder ( 328 E. C. SCHROEDER AND W. E. COTTON through the teat. If you will stop to think how cows are milked, om and how the milker goes from cow to cow without disinfecting his — hands, and that the udders of cows are the commonest and a very common habitat of abortion bacilli, you will not regard the mode of infection suggested by the question too lightly, or as an untenable supposition. We are in no position to claim that a question of this kind is likely ever to receive an affirmative answer, but it is now equally far from a negative answer, and serious investigation must consider all possibilities. The record of cow No. 1154, in the third place, illustrates another fact; namely, the high agglutinating power of colostrum ~ from cows with infected udders. This phenomenon, together with the rapid decline of agglutinating power of material from the udder as milk takes the place of colostrum, has been repeatedly observed. In the fourth place, the rapidly declining agglutinating power of the blood-serum of the calf of an infected cow is shown, and this also is a repeatedly observed phenomenon. We have found that we can engender agglutinating properties in the blood of calves by injecting them with abortion bacilli, but such injections must be repeated from time to time otherwise the agglutinating proper- ties of the blood serum disappear. In the fifth place, as the calf was suckled by its mother, whose udder we know was heavily infected, we may judge from the rapid- ly declining agglutinating value of its blood that abortion bacilli in ingested milk do not seem to penetrate deeply or abundantly into a calf’s body. The records of other cows and calves give sim- ilar data. But we must not impose too much on your patience and good nature by multiplying our presentation of phenomena which, whatever of economic importance they may eventually lead to, still require the most careful study, sngly and in their bearing on each other, before they can be woven into a clearly understandable entity. But there is one other matter to which we wish to call a few “moments of attention. We know that it is rare for male and virgin cattle to react. positively with abortion tests, and it has been pointed out that the bodies of cows do not harbor abortion baeilli elsewhere than in their udders, associated lymph glands and preg- nant uteruses. It does happen occasionally that bulls do react ae SOME FACTS ABOUT ABORTION DISEASE 329 . when they are tested for abortion disease, and what such reactions may signify remains decidedly questionable; hence, the two fol- lowing cases, may be both instructive and interesting. 4 Sometime ago we found two bulls which reacted when their blood serum was tested with suspensions of abortion bacilli. In | one case the reaction was positive in a dilution of 1 to 200 and in _ the other in a dilution of 1 to 100. Where the bulls got the infee- Pg tion our knowledge of their history does not reveal. 4 One of the bulls, the one with the higher reaction, was im- _ mediately killed and examined post-mortem. The only lesions ~~ found in his body was an abscess’ involving the epididymis of one “3 testicle, and this abscess was definitely proved to be infected with ie abortion bacilli. Tests, including all other portions of the sexual we organs and various other organs of the body, failed to reveal abor- ae tion bacilli. -_ \ Was this apparently healthy bull qualified to serve as an ac- tive disseminator of abortion disease? We leave you to answer the question, we are not ready to do so. The other bull was permitted to serve a cow which, according to her history and all tests we could make, was free from abortion disease. Immediately after the service seminal fluid was reecoy- re ered from her uterus and injected into a number of guinea pigs, one Ets of which subsequently showed abortion bacillus lesions. We still a have this bull and are testing whether he will introduce abortion ae disease into a small herd of non-infected cows which is being eare- a fully guarded against all other sources of infection. “sf A few years ago one of us, on the basis of our work on abortion Ps : disease, expressed the view that the abortion bacillus seemed to have a peculiar affinity for embryonic tissue. Today we are still a inclined to this view, which brings with it the question whether the a disease is not in fact primarily a disease of the embryo or fetus rather than of its mother. The mother, to be sure, is the source of *y infection, and possibly, if a large enough number of virulent abor- tion bacilli are poured into her body from her udder, antibodies of sufficient potency may develop in her blood to protect her fetus. % Should this prove true, good results in the treatment of infected herds may be expected from injections, into the mother, possibly a Short time before she conceives or early during pregnancy, of cul- ~ tures of abortion bacilli, and it is possible in this case, that the more virulent the cultures are and the more abundant the material 330 E. C. SCHROEDER AND W. E. COTTON injected, the better the results will be. But we must not wander off into hypothetical speculations. For the time being, from our standpoint, the best we can do to prevent the further spread of abortion disease is to teach owners of uninfected cattle to have careful agglutination tests for abortion disease made of all cattle they propose to introduce into their herds, and owners of infected herds must be taught that aborted fetuses, and the afterbirths and discharges from the vaginas of in- fected cows, are infected with abortion bacilli and must therefore be disposed of with care. The treatment of individual cows which have aborted or failed to clean properly after parturition must be left largely to the good judgment of the practicing veterinarian, but we would like to make one suggestion regarding the douching of cows’ uteruses. If the uterus is given a proper chance to heal after it has been damaged by an abortion or a retained afterbirth, the abortion bacilli in it need occasion little worry, as they will rapidly disappear of their own accord, and it is very questionable whether reparative processes are not retarded rather than facili- tated by douching with germicidal solutions which are~ strong enough to kill bacteria in a reasonable length of time, or the length of time during which they may remain undiluted in the uterus. Douching is no doubt good practice, but the object we should have in mind is a flooding out, a washing out, a real physical clean- ing of the uterus, and this can best be done with solutions which are healing rather than germicidal, soothing and not irritating. It is reported that the Veterinary Examining Board of Ken- tucky has already examined more than 250 applicants for licenses in that state and that another meeting of the board will be held at Frankfort early in December, in order that those who have passed the examinations may obtain licenses before January 1. At the September meeting of the Northwest Iowa Veterimari- ans’ Association at Sioux City, Dr. C. F. Nord, of Onawa, was elected president; Dr. Charles Parks, of Moville, vice-president: Dr. W. F. Hodam, of LeMars, secretary-treasurer. A clinie was held at the hospital of Dr. G. P. Statter. The annual meeting of the B. C. Veterinary Association was held September 20, at Vancouver, B. C, VACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS OF FOALS DUE TO B. ABORTUS EQUI* J. B. HARDENBERGH ; (From the Laboratory of the Pa. State Live Stock Sanitary Board) Philadelphia, Pa. Enzootic, epizootic, or as at present more commonly termed in- -_ feetious abortion has been recorded since the earliest time, but far more has been written regarding infectious abortion of cattle than concerning this disease in other ariimals. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, various foreign authorities and our own in- vestigators noted severe outbreaks among the mares in different studs, in many cases spreading over and affecting a large percentage of the mares in certain localities. Most notable among these out- breaks in our country is that which oceurred in the Mississippi Val- ley in 1866, the infection spreading and increasing in virulency to the extent that it caused enormous losses with a remarkably high percentage of abortions in some of the affected districts. 3 The horse-breeding areas in Illinois and adjoining states suf- fered the most, while in Kentucky in 1892, it is reported that seven- ty-five per cent. of the trotting and thoroughbred brood mares were either barren or had lost their foals. Bourbon County sustained a loss of over $50,000, Fayette County even greater losses, and Madi- son and other counties experienced similar misfortune. The disease also inflicted much damage on the horse ranges in Montana in the same year. The infection was first observed in South America in 1891 in the State of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic where the outbreak was described as the most destructive of any that had hitherto been observed in any part of the world and where the losses were incalculable. At the time of these earliest outbreaks the cause was not known. Twenty-three years ago, or in 1893, following an out- break of abortion among mares in a large stud in Pennsylvania, Kilbourn & Smith, (1) sueceeded in the isolation, from one of the mares which had aborted, of an organism closely resembling the hog cholera bacillus and classified as such by Smith. See op ot oe te 4 a Py Te ¥ AD WBE LP ah *Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Detroit Mich., Aug. 21-25, 1916, } \ i : Tae 332 J. B. HARDENBERGH , 5 ce The transmission experiments on pregnant mares and sows, “oi although producing a catarrhal discharge from the vagina for a time, were not successful, the experimental animals dropping healthy offspring. Turner (2) in 1894, with a bacterium isolated from the pla- -centa and aborted fetus, succeeded in producing abortion in preg- nant mares with inoculations of the cultures and the living foals showed typical joint affections. In 1901, Ostertag (3) reported the isolation of a Gram nega- tive streptococcus from the heart-blood, thoracic cavity and the in- testinal tract of a fetus, but was successful in producing only a small percentage of abortions in artificially infected animals. Numerous other investigators, including Lignieres and Zabala (4), Good (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), Van Neelsbergen (10), de Jong (11), Dassonville and Riviere (12), Meyer and Boerner (13), and Scho- field (14, 15), working over a period from 1897 to 1915, have all succeeded in isolating and have reported a bacillus belonging to the para-typhoid-enteritidis group and inoculation experiments on different animals were, with few exceptions, successful. The work of Goed, and Meyer and Boerner, working independently in their bacteriological investigations was exceptionally thorough and added much to our knowledge concerning the biology of the organism, designated by them as Bacillus abortivo-equinus and B. abortus equi, respectively. It was not the idea of the writer to report fully the work done by the different investigators in connection with equine abortion, nor do we have anything new to report regarding the biology of the organism. Our work in the outbreak herein reported, estab- lished the causative agent as identical with the before-mentioned B. abortus equi. We desire, however, to report certain findings in connection with an outbreak of abortion in a stud containing a large number of thoroughbred mares, which was brought to our attention by reason of the fact that several mares had dropped premature dead foals. Some of the other foals, which were carried to full time devel- oped when from twenty to twenty-three days of age, typical cases of arthritis or joint evil, which did not yield to treatment by the veterinarian in charge, employing anti-streptococcie and anti- staphylococcic bacterins, ‘ Se ee ee ee deine cbt Mectesiny ome ae SGOT EON ARPES (FERS ER nice SPE DIE ais 43 as “ye #n VACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS 333 On January 27, and on February 4, 19, and 27, respectively, four mares in a brood stable containing thirty horses dropped dead fetuses; three of these were abortions which occurred between the ninth and tenth months, and the fourth was carried over eleven months. No report of these were received at the State Laboratory at the time and consequently we were unable to hold autopsies. Following the dropping of the fourth fetus at the ninth month, however, a very small piece of placenta was forwarded for exam- ination and diagnosis. This was, of course, badly contaminated with numerous rapid-growing microorganisms and it required sev- eral platings before we were able-to isolate and identify the Baci- lus abortus equi. In the meantime other foals were beginning to develop joint affections and as we were reasonably certain that the abortions were of an infectious nature, blood samples were col- lected from fifty-four animals, including the thirty brood mares. Twenty-four of these were thoroughbred brood mares, twenty-two were light harness mares, five were stallions, and three were draft mares. Hight of the thoroughbred mares from the brood stable gave reactions to the complement-fixation test. Table No. 1, shows results of serum tests on all the animals in the various stables, excepting ten yearlings which were in distant stables and from which blood was not collected for the first test. Serum in the amount of 0.2 and 0.1 cem. only were used. The plus marks indicate complete fixation, and the minus marks indicate 25%, 50% or 75% hemolysis in the tube containing the amount in- dicated. The antigen used (0.25 cem.) was a forty-eight hour bouillon culture of B. abortus equi, destroyed by heating in the water bath for one-half hour at 60 degrees C. and preserved by adding 0.5% carbolic acid. The hemolytic system was freshly titrated to the complement. The control tube carried on each horse and the positive and negative controls used to check the tests were all correct. The same numbers given these mares are carried throughout the test and correspond to the same horse when men- tioned in other charts. In order to arrive more definitely at some idea regarding the agglutination of B. abortus equi by normal horse serum, we car- ried out an agglutination test on a number of sera received for elanders diagnosis. These sera were collected in city stables and horses most unlikely to have been used for breeding or exposed to abortion infection for years. Results on over 100 of these tests 3384 : J. B. HARDENBERGH TABLE No. 1 = | | = ~ 2 2 se. S ; S 4 3 an a ss e a 3 D a a | ge | ge) 2 | = es abe ~ = = ’ - a+ = plcee | ee] BE | ek ee ee ss S & <& eee | ces 3S & a9 a) 1 N N N | 38 0.1+ 800— Pos. 2 N N N 39 0.1+ 500— Pos. 3 N N N 40 | 02= N Bae: 8 N N N 41 0.1+ 1-1000+]| Pos. 15 N N N || 42 N 500— Ss 16 N N | N 3 N N N 17 N NGG |e 44 | N N N 18 N hs eg gens 45 N N N 19 N N N | 46 N N N 20 N Ne ea pe ty pe N N N 21 N N eae 48 N N N 22 N Neg Se 49 N 500— op 23 N N N 50 | N* 500— s 24 0.1+ 1-1000+| Pos 51 N N N 25 «| N N N 52 N N N 26 N N N 53 N N N 27 N Nal eN | 54 N | N N , 28 N IE shag 55 N N N 29 N N oN | 56 N | N N 305 } > +0.1-4 500— Pos 57 | N N N 3 N N N 5804 N Nee 3 N 500— Ss 59 | N N N 33 N N N 60 | N N N 3 N N N 61 | N N N BOR | a0} soo+ Pos. || 62 | N N N 36— | N N N 63 | N N N 3 0.2+0.1= N Pos. || 64 | N N N N.—Negative Pos.—Positive. S.—Suspicious. V. S.—Very Suspicious. emphasize the fact brought out by others workers along this line; namely, that normal horse sera but rarely gives an agglutination to B. abortus equi of over 1-300, the majority agglutinating Jess than 1-100. Table No. 2 shows the results of the serum test on the mares in the brood stable, and it will be noted that of the eight reactors, four had dropped dead foals, two were barren, one of the mares, No. 35, (also a reactor) dropped a living foal which had a bad joint affection at the time of the test and the eighth, No. 30, had not foaled at the time of the test. In addition to showing the results of the serum tests on these mares, the table also gives other data be VACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS 335 _ collected, including age, breed, year of first foal, and breeding re- sults of the past two years of 1915 and 1916. It was in the stable * holding these mares that all the reactors were found, here also it ’ was that the foals developed the joint inflammation. Mares re- _corded as barren are those which failed to conceive after being re- __—— peatedily covered during the given year. ; : Of the thirty mares, ten failed to foal during the Spring of 1916, of these ten, seven were thoroughbreds, two were three- quarter bred Hackneys, and one a pony mare. Six of these thirty a. mares dropped healthy foals that have never shown joint affections a TasLE No. 2 io | | 1st Compl. Fix. test Agel. test 48 hours it iS 5 oa Nes | 1S iro) | Wo) ne) 2 Be} = | 2 |22| 82 gS | s8 | 82 |e eee) Oke) An =e aS eS al Se . ve | q | 1909 me 23-/ 1903! T. |190f] 5-16 5-16 Barren | Barren | Twins N. N. mee 24 }1903| T. | 1906} 3-25 | 3-28 3-29 2-29 |Dead | 9.44 1000-4 Mm 25 |1898| T. | 1911} 2-25 5e7 2-93 3-19 N. N. meeeeco | 1904) T. | 1912} 4-1 | 4-12 4-8 4-12 N. N. we 2? | 1906 | L.H. | 191-] Barren | Barren 3-29 4—4 N. N. ee 28 | 1904 | L.H. | 1911} 4-7 4-7 3-16 3-16 N. N. 7 29 |1906; T. |— | 46 | 4-9 Barren | Barren N. N. > 30 /|1909| T. | 190:] 4-30 | 46 3-15 3-15 Cre 500— Mest }1909| T. (|191F} 3-29 | 42 Barren | Barren | 1915 N. N. Senos | 1904) T. {1908} Not | bred 3-13 3-28 N. 500— meeess | 1912) T. Not | bred Barren | Barren N. N. — 34 |1895| T. | 1906) Barren | Barren 3-22 3-17 N. N.: feed | 1906) T. 1916} Barren | Barrer 1-22 2-9 0.1-+ soo+ » 36 )1905| T. {1911} 3-28 3-28 2-2 2-12 N. Nix: ee 3? | 1900) T. | 1905} Not bred | Barren | Barren {eee = n= N » 38 |1905| T. | 1909} Barren | Barrer: 1-17 | 2-4 1916} 0.1+ 800— — 39 |1907) T. | — 3-14 1-22 1916} 0.1+ 500— 40 /}1912; T. |——| —— — Barren | Barren 0.2 = N. mest 11907; T. | 1916) —— ~~ 5-1 2-27 1916} 0.1+ 1000+ » 42 | 1905 | L.H. | 1914; —— -- 5-21 O.K. N. 500— _ 43 | 1900 | L.H. | 1908 aa 4-7 O.K. N. N. _ 44 |1899; T. | 1906) Barren | Barrer | 3-23 O.K. N. Nu Beato | 1912) L.H. | —— 3-1 3-5 N. N. ~ 46 | 1903 | L.H. | 1908} —— aa d-dh BO} N. N. AT ? | Pony |——| —— -- “= —— N. N. © 48 | 1909 | L.H. | 1913} —— —— — — N. N. 49 |1896/L.H.| ? ? —— 9 | ? N. 500— 50 : eel val ro Oem ae 2 — 1-23 1-26 N. 500— —| tT. |—| — aan Barren | Barren N. N. —| T |—| — oe 3-21 3-23 N. N. N_ Negative. + Complete Fixation or Agglutination. — 20, 50, or 75% hemolysis or incomplete agglutination, ~ 336 J. B. HARDENBERGH and of these six it is interesting to note that but one was a thorough- bred mare and foal. We may also mention here that the foal from this mare, No. 44, has not done so well nor attained the growth of other colts of the same age. Subsequent serum tests shown in Chart No. 3, show suspicious reactions in both mare and foal. As al- — ready mentioned, four mares, Nos. 24, 38, 39 and 41 dropped dead foals. The problem therefore was not as to what might be done for the reacting niares and their offsprings, but rather what was to i be done for the other foals which had at this time or were later expected to become affected. iy VAccINATION ExpeRIMENTS. On March 23, we forwarded to — the veterinarian in charge of this farm a vaccine. This vaccine was prepared from agar cultures of B. abortus equt, grown in the incubator for forty-eight hours at 37.5 degrees C. The cultures were washed off in normal saline solution and killed in the water bath for one hour at 60 degrees C., then shaken rapidly for thirty minutes in a bottle with glass beads to break up the growth. The thermal death point as determined by Meyer and Boerner was re- ported to be 60 degrees C. for eight minutes. To this killed vaccine was added 0.5 ccm. carbolic acid as a preservative. Sterility tests of the vaccine showed no growth in three days. The approximate number of organisms per ccm. was estimated to be about eight million. Case No. 1.—(Thoroughbred). The first foal treated was from mare No. 30, which table No. 1 shows as having given a posi- tive reaction to the serum tests. This foal was dropped on March 15th, and received on March 31st, April 1st and 2nd, 1 cem. injec- tions of the vaccine, subcutaneously. On April 3rd, 2 cem., and on April 5th and April 6th, 3 cem., a total of eleven eubie centimeters, or 88,000,000 killed organisms. This foal showed no local or sys- temic reactions following the injections; the temperature remained normal, varying from 102. to 102.8 and to date shows no indica-_ tions of joint evil. Case No. 2.—Foal (thoroughbred) from mare No. 25, was dropped on March 19th, received on March 31st, April Ist and 2nd, respectively, 1 cem. injections of the same vaccine subcutaneously. On April 3rd and 5th, two more injections of 2 cem.—a total of. 7 com. or approximately 56,000,000 killed organisms. As in case No. 1, this foal showed no severe local reactions, or systemic dis- turbances, and has not to date developed any joint inflammations. ~ F Case No. 3. Foal (Thoroughbred) from mare No. 26, dropped _ April 12th, reeeived when three days old 5 ccm. and when 5 days old 5 cem. of the vaccine. Had no swelling at point of injection nor | rise in temperature, nor has it developed joint affections. Casz No. 4. Foal (Thoroughbred) from mare No. 45, dropped March 5th, received on March 31st, April Ist and April 2nd, three injections of 1 cem. each, and on April 3rd and Sth two injections of 2 cem. each, subcutaneously. The foal to date has been abso- lutely O. K. in every way, and never showed local reactions to the - vaccine. Ss Case No. 5. The foal front this mare, No. 50, a light harness mare, showed rheumatic symptoms in the front quarters and in the neck some days prior to the first injections on March 3ist, April Ist and 2nd of 1 cem., subeutaneously. On April 3rd and 5th two more injections of 2 ccm. each were given. Im this ease the injections were followed by local swellings, increased stiffness and accentuated rheumatic symptoms to such an extent that they were discontinued, but within ten days the colt was again all right. the stiffness having left the forelegs and neck and it has never shown further indications of joint affections. Case No. 6: Thoroughbred foal from mare No. 32, dropped March 28th, received on March 31st, April Ist and 2nd—1 eem. injections and on April 3rd and 5th, 2 cem. injections. On May 12th, 45 days after the first injections, or double the period of in- - eubation for foals showing affections before treatment, this colt developed symptoms of infectious arthritis, with swellings on the _ near shoulder. Injections of 2 ccm. were again mad2 on May 16th and 17th, with 3 cem. injections on May 18th, 19th and 20th. All these injections caused severe local swellings. The colt was so stiff that only with difficulty could it get up to feed and it is hard to say that the vaccine increased the stiffness, although this ap- peared to be the case. For several days it was helped to its feet regularly for its milk; the swellings were not opened and began to _Subside within a week, with the result that it fully recovered and is today healthy and apparently none the worse for this severe at- tack. % Case No. 7—Thoroughbred foal faa mare No. 36, a non-re- . actor stabled between two positive reactors. This colt was foaled on Rebruary 12th and 21 days later developed hot, painful inflam- bt ° sar s8 sah a "ee tes te a Whe ait ag as ot we. ry Saas A: ¥ . A a a . iy 4 nf * : < ee ita ae ee Ea me” = a4 : ; a al ae a pe iy a - =, * = ‘ae al . ; és Mat Z eis. 4 SS cities Fe J n wok t.> i Se 7 ; Ss! _ = YACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS 337 near stiie and immediately following in both hocks and on the 338 J. B. HARDENBERGH matory swellings of both hocks, the right stifle, left shoulder, fore- arm and knee. After developing the first symptoms and before our vaccine was prepared the veterinarian gave this foal two in-— jections of anti-streptococcie vaccine and reports that the colt con- tinued to grow worse and appeared to have but little chance for recovery. On March 24th he received the vaccine prepared and gave an injection of 1 cem., continuing injections of this amount daily to and including April 2nd, getting severe local swellings at the point of injection and increased stiffness in the legs; but as the colt seemed brighter and had a good appetite they were not dis- continued. After injections of 2 cem. on April 3rd and oth, the in- jections were stopped, the colt having received 14 cem., or approxi- mately 112,000,000 killed organisms. The veterinarian’s report of April 15th showed much improvement, the swelling leaving the hock and stifle, temperature and appetite normal, and it continued to improve until by July Ist he was in good shape. Today the joints show no increased thickness or swellings whatever. Case No. 8—Thoroughbred foal from mare No. 35, dropped Feb. 9th, developed twenty-one days later, joint affections in the hock, stifle and one knee, and later a diarrhea. It received two in- jections of anti-streptococcic vaecine, but continued to grow worse, and on March 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th, after having been sick for over three weeks, received four 1 cem. injections of B. abortus equi vaccine subeutaneously. These injections caused severe local reactions and on March 24th the swelling on one stifle broke and discharged a thin, flaky exudate. This foal died on the night of March 27th. Owing to a misunderstanding we did not receive the carcass until the evening of March 28th, 24 hours after death, and the autopsy consequently showed decomposition changes. Notes taken at the autopsy table were as follows: Carcass emaciated; anus, tail and hind quarters stained with feces. Both hock joints swollen, the left one greatly enlarged ; over the right hip a discharging abscess; slight rigor mortis present; blood coagulated and showing traces of hemolysis due to decompo- sition. Both body cavities free from fluid. Heart: Myocardium presented a cooked appearance, auricles and ventricles filled with blood. Lungs: hypostatic congestion, sight edema, no petechiae. Liver: Congestion of blood vessels, cloudy swelling, parenchymatous degeneration, capsule stripped easily, friable, decomposition. Spleen: Capsule wrinkled, trabe- x 4 3a # : : } % ~ ¥ a ‘ ‘ 2 B4 4 é ; ; = VACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS 339 culae prominent, pulp soft, decomposition changes. Intestines: presented a greenish discoloration throughout, catarrhal enteritis, yellowish semi-liquid content with considerable mucus. Mesen- terie and body lymph glands greatly swollen, soft and edematous. Kidneys: Soft, friable, parenchymatous degeneration. In the ab- dominal cavity, directly over the xyphoid cartilage, an abscess about two inches in diameter, contained a yellow, creamy pus. Cultures were taken on plain and glycerine agar and in bouillon from the heart-blood, axillary arteries, spleen, liver, kidney, lungs, intestines, hock-joints, coxo-femoral articulation, hip abscess, and supra-sternal abscess. Pure cultures of B. abortus equi were ob- tained from the spleen, liver, kidney, hock-joints, coxo-femoral, ar- ticulation, and supra-sternal abscess. The organism was also present from the heart-blood, axillary arteries and lungs, but was contam- inated with other organisms and had to be replated before it was ob- tained in pure cultures. Case No. 9—Thoroughbred from mare No. 34, dropped March 17th, developed when 23 days old swellings of the hock and knee joint. On March 31st, April Ist and 2nd received 1 cem. injec- tions of vaccine. On April 3rd, 5th and 30th, it received injec- tions of 2, 2, and 4 cem. of the vaccine, respectively. From the very first injection on March 31st, or nine days before the joint swelling ~ appeared, this colt showed local swellings at the point of inocula- tion, stiffness of the neck and all joints. This stiffness continued to such a marked degree that the vet- erinarian-in charge discontinued the vaccine after the fifth injee- tion, and although the stiffness disappeared, joint swelling appeared — and increased until the right hock was about the size of a man’s head. In the meantime the colt developed a prolapse of the rec- tum and a bad diarrhea which was hard to control, and died on May 10th, receiving during this time but one further injection, 4 cem. on April 30th. é Autopsy Nores:—Carcass emaciated, right hock greatly en- larged, when opened showed pus sae containing chocolate-tinted fluid with honeycombed tissues. Interior of joint filled with choco- Jate-tinted fluid, synovial membrane highly congested. Large amount of connective tissue around the epiphyses of bones; yellow- ish, gelatinous infiltration along tendon sheaths to stifle joint. Right stifle joint shows abscess cavity just anterior to joint and holding about one pint of chocolate-colored fluid with flakes of 340 J. B, HARDENBERGH : f- fibrin, some fluid within joint, cartilage of condyle excoriated and chain of abscesses along muscle which attaches to internal tuberos- ity contained creamy pus. Left carpal joint; synovial membrane congested and fluid increased in amount, mass of connective tissue around joint with fistula leading into lower end of ulna, bone honey-_ combed and purulent. Third rib enlarged at cartilege, and on cross section swelling is soft and filled with creamy pus. Lungs: Small petechiae well distributed, anterior parts of both principal lobes pneumonic, show on section abscesses well encapsulated and size of pea. Heart: Vessels congested, myocardium pale and friable, no petechia. Liver: Congested, dark in color and very friable. Spleen: Size 5144” by 10”, capsule speckled with pete- chiae. Kidneys: Capsule attached, friable. Intestines: Catar- rhal enteritis, mesenteric lymph glands swollen, soft and edematous. Numerous cultures from the various organs and joints enabled us to isolate easily B. abortus. equi. Case No. 10.—Foal (Thoroughbred ) fot mare No. 52, foaled — March 23rd. On March 31st, April Ist, 2nd and 3rd, received 1-, 1-, 1- and 2-cem. injections, subcutaneously, and showed severe local reactions. Thinking to use this as another control on the vaccine in small amounts, the injections were discontinued and when forty days old the veterinarian reports a development of well-defined swellings of one knee and hock and within two or three days a bad diarrhea. The foal grew gradually worse, developed another swelling on the right shoulder which was hot and painful, both stifles were swollen and on the inside of the left thigh a cold abscess developed and was opened. The discharge was thin, blood-stained, slightly flaky fluid in large amounts. The right front leg and shoulder con-_ tinued swollen and very painful and on May 31st the foal died. Autopsy Notres.—Both hocks, stifles, knees and elbow joints were swollen, the right shoulder was enlarged, synovial membrane, highly congested, joints filled with chocolate colored, reddish brown fluid. The tendons and muscles at points of attachment were thickened, the muscles were degenerated and the bones, especially at joimts, were soft and readily cut with a knife. Straw-colored gelatinous edema in the subcutis over the elbow of the right shoulder and half way up the neck. The right knee slightly enlarged, syno- viai fluid greatly increased and thickened. Synovial membrane highly congested. The left elbow was enlarged, synovial fluid of VACCINATION AGAINST INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS 341 ‘reddish brown content, edema between muscles extended up the shoulder and part way down the knee. The left knee was apparent- ly normal, with the exception of a deep redness of the synovial mem- brane. Both hocks were enlarged with connective tissue formation surrounding the tendon attachments. Muscles of cooked appear- ance, lymphatics greatly enlarged, edematous and in places puru- lent; reddish fluid in excess in both hocks, synovial membrane thi¢ékened and reddened. Both hips affected, the left to a greater extent than the right, with pus cavity size of an egg, just anterior to joint and between the musculature. Pus of creamy, yellowish color. The lymph glands throughout the whole body were greatly enlarged, edematous, in the majority of cases filled with purulent material; the most notable of these enlarged glands were the pre- cural which were the size of an egg, the sub-lumbar the size of a walnut, and the mesenteric, the most pronounced of all, resembling a mass of tumors throughout, the size of walnuts. Heart: Cooked appearance of muscles, very friable, few pericardial hemorrhages. Lungs: Passive congestion. Liver: Enlarged, friable, rich in blood, light patches on right lobe resembling fatty degeneration. Spleen: Swollen, congested, trabeculae prominent, pulp protrud- ing, capsule studded with few petechial hemorrhages. Kidneys: Friable, capsule adherent, alternating red and yellow streaks throughout the medulla. Intestines highly congested, catarrhal and face of the mucous membrane of large colon. OTHER INvESTIGATIONS. Unfortunately, the laboratory force was exceptionally busy on a large amount of necessary routine work during the months that this experiment was conducted and we were unable to follow many details as we had hoped to do. For ex- ample, serum tests on all the affected colts, which should have been made at regular and frequent intervals, to show the appearance and duration of immune bodies produced, were not carried out. On April 6, the agglutination and complement fixation tests were applied to the serum of foals from mares Nos. 36, 44, 45, and 50. Both foals from mares Nos. 36 and 50 were infectec at the time and gave complete fixation of complement with 0.1 cem. of serum. No. 44’s foal, given special mention earlier in this article, showed no reaction to the complement fixation test, and No. 45’s foal, showed no fixation to the complement after three injections of 1 cem. of the vaccine, which, of course, was to be expected. None of hemorrhagic in places, small hemorrhagic suffusions over the sur-_ 342 ; J. B. HARDENBERGH these foals agglutinated at a dilution of 1-500, which was the lowes dilution run in the test. Bacteriological examination of cultures from vagina of mares Nos. 24, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41, failed to show in any instance B. abortus equi. Only two of these mares, Nos. 39 and 41, were showing traces of the typical chocolate-colored discharge which had existed. Milk specimens were collected on March 30th from mares Nos. 35 and 36, both of which had badly affected foals. The bacterio- logical examinations of this milk were negative to the specific or- ganisms. Sera from three mares, Nos. 24, 38 aad 39, were included in a test. of sera from a dairy stable, suspected of harboring B. abortus Bang, and in all the instances were entirely negative to this antigen. Thinking to possibly trace the source of this infection, and also determine whether or not outside mares might have been infected on the farm, the owner wrote to various breeders who had shipped. mares to him within the past year for service and asked to have blood specimens submitted to us. Twenty-five different sera from mares and stallions were collected in this manner and all gave en- © tirely negative reactions when subjected to the serum tests. On August 3rd, the ophthalmic test was applied to all animals on the place and at the same time blood was drawn for serum re- tests. The ‘‘abortin’’ was made from a bouillon culture of B. abortus equi, grown for several weeks in the ineubator at 37.5 de- grees C. After killing by heat it was concentrated to one-tenth of its volume and the concentrate precipitated by adding twenty parts of absolute alcohol. The precipitate was removed from the filter paper, dried in a desiccator on porcelain plates, ground to a fine powder and when used made into a five per cent. solution with normal saline solution. Table No. 3 shows the results of the serum tests and ophthal- mic reactions. Comparison of the first and second serum tests demonstrates the fact that the anti-bodies produced by B. abortus equi are not as stable as those found in cattle infected with B. abortus Bang, or those found in horses infected with glanders, ap- proximately five months only having elapsed since the first test. The work done on this, the second outbreak of infectious abor- tion in mares in Pennsylvania brought to our attention since 1913, we regard as pointing to the following conclusions: “Hl Suk, ee) Soa Ser ae ‘ ; Te ae Sa Pe eae nee ee eee oe ne eS “ 5 aw aes. : Sea £05 pats we ae el : ae cel ae oy; % ¥ ve ge Pappas No, 37 - OpHTHauMic Reactions Mars ; . cy Sp a > 5 on oe 5p iS) & eae SMS: Ra ERE ee Oy . Bis = es Ms ne 3 SA lastey = “PRs = = -S) a + Ze) =) oO oS ee SE eee Sa ies oR GE NL P's N N N Noa So N x 15 N N N N N N N x 16 N N N N N N N x 19 N N N Nr Nee N a 20 N N N N N N N x . 23 N N INES} N L Ss N x 24 0.1+ 1-1000+ 0.1+- 400— N N N D.¢ 25 N resaials| N N N N N x 26 N N N N N IN N x 27 N N N N N N N x 28 N N N NW. 2 Risse N Xx 29 N N N N N N N x 30 0.1+ 500— N N N N N xe 32 N 500— N N N 12 12 eX 33 N N N N N N N x 34 N = N N N N N N xX 35 0.1+ 800+ 0.2— N N N N IE 36 N N N N N N N x oie 0.24--01= N N Ny AN N 5 38 0.1+- 800— N N N N C xX) 39 0.2= 500— 01+ N N N N EXas 40 0.1+ N N N N N SC xX 41 0.1+- 1-1000+ 0.1+ N N N N De 42 N 500— N N N N N xX 43 N N N N N N N x 44 — N N 0.2—,0.1 N N N N Xi 45 N N == N N N N BX. 46 N N N RUA Ran ACI ce MBAR Kis 47 N N N N N N N xX 48 N N N N N N N x 49 N 500— N N N INFO eeeeN: Ee Eyes gummy and suspicious 50 N 500— N N C C C xX 57 N N N Ne. NN N x 58 N N N N N N N x 59 N N N N N N N Xt 60 N N N N N N N x 61 N N N N N N N x 62 N N N WW. tou een N xX 63 Nac? N N No UNE a N aK 64 N N N N N N N >.§ 65 (65 to 70 yearlings N I N N N x 66 not in first test) 0.1+ N N N N Xs 67 N- N N N N X 68 N N N N N xe 69 0.2+, 0.1= AY (or NeS ae a x 70 N N N N) N ixé “71 (See Case No. 7) 0.2—, 0.1— N* oo N C&P. x 72 (See Case No. 6) S. R. N Ss Pp N XXX 73 (See Case No. 1) 0.1+- N N N N X 74 (See Case’ No.2): 0.1-+ N N N N x 75 (See Case No.3) N N N N N 4 76 (See Case No. 5) 0.2—, 0.1= N N N N xX 47. (See Case No.4) - 0.2— Ney, N N D.¢ ‘ SUPPLY IN PENNSYLVANIA ?* Louts A. KuerN, V.M.D., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. My acceptance of the invitation of your president to present a paper on ‘‘What Can Be Done to Improve the Milk Supply in Pennsylvania ?”’ is not to be construed as an indication that I think — I possess the only solution to this problem but rather as evidence of a willingness to enter into a discussion of the subject in the hope of bringing out useful facts and helpful suggestions. — It is encouraging to know that those who are familar with the conditions previously existing on dairy farms and iu distributors’ plants in Pennsylvania are of the opinion that in general there has been a considérable improvement in the methods of producing and distributing milk in, the last 10 or 15 years. Stables and cows are more generally cleaned, herds containing clinically tuberculous cows are less common, more attention is given to cleanliness in milking and to cooling the milk, distributors are better equipped to care for and deliver milk, there are fewer arrests for skimming, watering or the addition of preservatives, and samples of muiik collected in cities and towns test better as a rule in regard to the number of bacteria and the presence of pus cells and streptococci. All this is very encouraging, but there is still need for further improve- ment. During the years 1911, 1912 and 1913, about one-fifth of the 190,000 dairy farms in Pennsylvania were visited by agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, who made an examination of the cattle for health and cleanliness and inspected the sanitary con- ditions of the premises and the methods of producing and caring for the milk. (No inspections could be made in 1914 and 1915 be-~ cause the resources of the Board were taxed to the limit by the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease [aphthous fever]). The farms inspected were classified, according to the conditions found, into.four groups: ‘‘excellent,’’ ‘‘good,’’ ‘‘fair,’’ ‘‘bad.’’ A few farms were classed as ‘‘excellent,’’ from 30 to 40 per cent. were classed as ‘‘good,’’ 50 to 58 per cent. were scored ‘‘fair’’ and 8 to 15 per cent. fell into the ‘‘bad’’ group. On the dairy farms classed “Read before the Pennsylvania State Medical Society at Scranton, Pa., Sept. 21, 1916, THE MILK SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA 351 ‘excellent’? or ‘‘good,’’ the conditions were favorable to the pro- duction of milk of good hygienic quality; on those classed as ‘‘bad’’ the conditions were quite the opposite, while the farms classed as ‘‘fair’’ stood on the border line between these two classes. A1- though these figures cover only a small portion of the dairy farms of the state, they can probably be accepted as representative of the conditions in general throughout Pennsylvania because the farms By. inspected were located in all parts of the state. a’ ‘“What Can Be Done to Improve the Milk Supply in Pennsyl- fe vania?’’ is therefore a very pertinent question. Three groups of individuals are involved in this question, namely: (1) the pro- ducers and distributors, (2) the public health officials, and (3) the consumers. What is the attitude of these different groups toward the proposition under discussion ? Producers who are really dairymen, i. e., those whose chief business is the production of milk, have changed their attitude toward dairy inspection in recent years. They have discovered that many of the methods recommended for sanitary reasons are also good economically. Brushing the cows, wiping the udder, remov- ing the manure from the stable, ight and ventilation in the stable, sterilizing the milk vessels, and ceoling the milk are all now re- garded as good dairy practices, and are taught in the dairy schools, because experience has demonstrated that they increase production, help to maintain the cattle in health, facilitate the work, and avoid losses and complaint on account of spoiled milk. These discover- jes have overcome to a considerable extent the prejudice and sus- picion which formerly existed in regard to dairy inspection, but there are other conditions which do not meet with the approval of dairymen. The most important of these are duplication of inspec- tions by different municipalities or by different departments of the state government, multiplicity of regulations, untrained inspectors, frequent changes in regulations involving alterations in buildings or equipment, requirements in regard to buildings or equipment which are expensive and not absolutely essential, careless or ill- founded statements regarding the effect of milk on the health of the consumer, and the drawing of regulations by men who have no practical knowledge of the dairy business. Finally, the dairyman considers it an injustice that he should be required to adopt meth- ods which involve additional work or added cost for labor or ma- terial without a corresponding increase in the selling price of his LOUIS A. KLEIN se) On Ry product. He points out that while sanitary requirements have in recent years increased his cost of production, everything he buys. has also advanced in price. Statistics compiled by disinterested men show that this is true. In the last 5 years, the cost of farm labor in Pennsylvania has advanced 12 to 17.5 per cent., and the price of milk cows has increased 38 to 52 per cent. By-products like cotton seed meal, dried brewers’ grains, dried beet pulp and malt sprouts, which are used for feed, are from 20 to 40 per cent higher today than 10 years ago and the prices of other feeds have advanced from 10 to 15 per cent. The market value of home grown feeds has also increased very much. Clover hay has shown an advance of 58 per cent. since 1906. Within the last 8 years the freight rates on milk shipped into Philadelphia, which the dairy- man usually pays, have increased 50 per cent. in general and in some instances 77 per cent. And during this same period the price which a dairyman receives for his product has remained stationary or advanced very slightly. The position of the distributor is similar to that of the pro- ducer. Sanitary regulations requiring the bottling of milk, pas- teurization, etc., have added to his expenses, while wages and the cost of horses, feed, wagons, etc., have also increased, but in most cities and towns the retail price of milk has remained the same. The economic conditions affecting the production of milk have driven many general farmers, with whom dairying was a side line, out of the business. At the same time, an undesirable foreign ele- ment has taken up dairying in the neighborhood of some of the large cities. These people are able to produce cheap milk at a profit because they occupy a small piece of land with very cheap and inadequate buildings in districts where they can graze their cows ‘on vacant lots; in some cases they feed their cows on various kinds of refuse, and they usually have large families, all of whom work in the dairy. Their standard of living is low and they have little or no conception of cleanliness. The attitude of local health officials toward the milk supply of their own town is very variable, ranging all the way from total indifference to over-zealousness. The attitude may also change very suddenly. A local health board which has for years entirely ignored the conditions of the milk supply will sometimes be stirred up by some unpleasant occurrence and will then adopt the most stringent regulations for the guidance of dairymen and expect con- Bs ze ea en ks oF er: t ' i 2° i \ Y a = ~ 7 THE MILK SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA 353 ditions to be changed at once from the undesirable to the ideal. Sometimes, elaborate regulations are promulgated without any means of enforcing them. In such cases, the dairymen who obey them are likely to think that the men who ignore them are being favored by the health officials. The consumer is also given a false sense of security. Regulations are sometimes adopted requiring expensive alterations or equipment which are not absolutely es- sential to the production of wholesome milk. Very few local health boards seem able to employ properly qualified men as dairy in- spectors. Dairymen very naturally resent being advised in regard to their business by one who knows lttle or nothing about it. Local health officials do not always show sympathy for the diffi- eulties of the dairyman. This is not due to any disposition to be inconsiderate but rather to an inability to appreciate the technical and economic problems with which the dairymen have to contend. Perhaps the principal cause of the errors of local health boards is the absence from the membership of any one with a practical know- ledge of the dairy business. : Consumers in general seem to be less interested in the condi- tion of the milk supply than the individuals in the other two groups concerned. Many consumers do not recognize hygienie quality in milk. They seem to be interested only in the price and the amount of cream. If these are satisfactory and the milk holds together until it is used, they are usually contented. People who buy the best grades of other articles do not usually buy the best grade of milk. Comparatively few wealthy people buy certified milk. A Philadelphia milk dealer states that he has been told by well-to-do physicians and other people in comfortable circumstances that they would not pay the price of certified milk. The bulk of this grade of milk is sold to people who purchase it for their children on a physician’s order and they usually buy it only as long as this spec- ial need exists. This general indifference of consumers in regard to the hygienic properties of milk has made it possible for the care- less or ignorant producer with unsuitable equipment to compete with the careful dairyman who is trying to produce a high grade of milk. Consumers are being slowly but steadily educated, however, in re- gard to the hygienic properties of milk and the demand for a safe milk supply is gradually growing. The ability of the general pub- lic to distinguish between good and bad milk is limited. Milk | which spoils or which has an abnormal taste or odor can be read- 354 LOUIS A. KLEIN ily recognized but milk may be possessed of some very undesirable | properties and still have the appearance and taste of good milk. The consumer alone cannot always distinguish between good and bad milk or between milk of good or poor hygienic properties. His city or state government must do this for him, or help him to do it himself. Some of the indifference of milk consumers to the hygienic properties of milk may be only apparent and may be due to this fact. These are the conditions as they exist today. How can they be improved ? One of the requirements indicated by the present conditions is a single uniform system of inspection, directed and carried out by men who are qualified by training and experience for the work. This would avoid duplication of inspections and multiplicity of regu- lations and would also provide the means for efficient but reason- able regulations. At the same time, it would prevent a producer whose milk is shut out of one municipality from sending it to an- other; it would provide small as well as large communities with competent inspectors, and would overcome many other defects of the present system. A uniform inspection system could be most readily estab- lished by placing the work in charge of one of the departments of the state government. The department which appears to most fully meet the requirements of the situation is the State Livestock Sanitary Board. This Board consists of the Governor, the Secre- tary of Agriculture, the Dairy and Food Commissioner and the State Veterinarian. All of the groups of individuals concerned in the problem of a good milk supply are represented in its member- ship except the public health officials, but thé work of inspecting the dairies would necessarily have to be taken up in consultation with the local health officials of the municipality in which the milk is sold, so that this group would also be represented. Another requirement which seems to be indicated is the grad- ing or classification of milk, i. e., certain well-defined grades should be established by state authority, based on the conditions existing on the dairy farm and the bacterial count, and all milk offered for sale should be labeled according to this classification. At the pres- ent time in Pennsylvania there is no official definition of the names under which milk may be sold except in Philadelphia and even in that city the indiscriminate use of terms like ‘‘baby’s milk,”’ “nursery milk,’’ ete., is not prohibited, sista PB AE ties ts 4 ¥ Pa) i i] a er ie tate & eeesataaS and ) THE MILK SUPPLY OF PENNSYLVANIA (355° Under the present conditions, outside of Philadelphia, milk produced under good sanitary conditions is sent to a distributor who also receives milk produced under objectionable conditions and the two kinds of milk are mixed before delivery to the con- sumer. The entire milk supply is reduced in hygienic quality to the level of the lowest. There is no incentive for a dairyman to produce good milk under these conditions. The grading of milk, if properly carried out, is just and equi- table to all parties concerned. The product, of the careful, con- scientious dairyman will be graded higher and can be sold for a higher price than the milk produced by the careless and indiffer- ent man. Milk consumers will be able to distinguish between good and bad milk; those who desire good milk and those who are satis- fied with milk of a low grade at a low price will find it convenient to purchase the kind of milk they prefer. The distributors who deal in a high grade of milk and those who deal in a low grade will be classi- fied accordingly. Milk will be sold according to quality, like other commodities. Grading milk is not an untried proposition, but has been in operation for several years. In New York City, where the system has been in use since 1912, the results have been entirely satisfac- tory. It has stimulated dealers and consumers to put forth greater efforts to produce a high grade of milk and has improved the gen- eral character of the city’s milk supply. A law which went into ~ effect in November 1914 requires that all milk sold in the state of New York shall be labeled according to certain specified grades. This law has brought about a very marked improvement in the — milk supplies of the various communities of the state, especially in cities having a population of over 10,000. Milk has been graded in Philadelphia since 1914 and has brought about a general improve- ment in the milk supply of the city. Under the Board of Health of -» Radnor Township, Delaware County, the grading of milk has im- proved the dairies in that district, bringing about improvements which placed dairies formerly scored ‘‘poor’’ in the ‘‘fair’’ and ‘“‘oood’’ classes. perk: In some of these places, the producers and distributors were at first hostile to the grading of milk but after they became acquainted with the operation of the system they regarded it with favor. There was also some difficulty in regard to labeling the different grades of milk until the distributors became familiar with the regu- 356 MAURICE C. HALL lations and had an opportunity to arrange to comply with them. At the present time, everybody concerned seems entirely satisfied, although in some localities consumers are indifferent. It is not possible, within the time allowed for this paper, to enter into detail regarding the specifications of the different grades of milk. In conclusion, therefore, in answer to the question, ‘‘ What Can Be Done to Improve the Milk Supply of Pennsylvania?’’ [ would say establish a uniform system of inspection under state control and require milk to be graded and sold according to an officially defined classification. A SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE ADULT TAENIOID CESTODES OF THE DOG, CAT, AND SOME RELATED CARNIVORES Maurice C. HA, Ph.D., D.V.M., tAssistant Zoologist, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. It is believed that this key will be of value to students who have occasion to make identifications in this group, perhaps the most economically important group of tapeworms known, more im- portant even. than the strobilate tapeworms of man. While there have been some excellent studies dealing with one or a few of the dog tapeworms, notably that of Deffke (1891), it is nevertheless difficult to identify, with any certainty, the various tapeworms of the dog without consulting a number of papers. Matters are nat- urally even worse as regards the parasites of wild carnivores, al- though these are also of considerable importance,, since the dog tapeworms may be found in wild carnivores, and tapeworms of wild carnivores may be found in the dog, as in the case of Taenia balaniceps, which was reported by Hall (1910) from the dog from the lynx. SYNOPTICAL KEY The tapeworms of the dog, cat and some related carnivores may be separated into groups and identified by the use of the ap- pended key, which is intended to designate the relations and im- tResigned September 19. s 7 g . 3 a 3 j a ore ea lr n ao KEY TO THE ADULT TAENIOID CESTODES 357 portance of the tapeworms as well as to distinguish them from one another. The key does not cover the species in the family Diphyl- _lobothriidae. 1. Head provided with two slit-like suckers, and segments with a rosette- shaped uterus having a special aperture in the midventral line for the , discharge of eggs. Larvae in fish. Rare in the United States and of little economic importance here .........-....-- Diphyllobothriidae lea wiuh 1OUT, CUp-Shapede SUCKELS At. 9 ou pis ed oil ie)end Shaves «! 0,6 ' 5. vin see or hea 2 2. Follicular yolk glands in the lateral fields. Accidental parasites reported ROMs thes CO Oy ONLY NONCG Ee seerem qetsy cin Mh ism toreis hee Ophiotaenia punica. Yolk glands in median field, never in lateral fields...................... 3 3, Genital pore located on the ventral surface near the median line. Eggs in gravid segments contained in a single thick-shelled egg capsule. Life history unknown. Rare in the United States and of little economic HIT OL GAIL COP. cey es tore icin Mesocestoides lineatus, Mesocestoides litteratus (probably identical species). ; Genital pore lateral. Kggs in gravid segments contained in a uterus or in AUNHEFOUR “PEE. CAPSUIES. cide ook edb aaa Ne oe ar Vytactoneae seen a 4 4. Usually large forms. Genital pores irregularly alternate. Rostellum us- ually well developed and usually armed with a double crown of hooks, rarely with a single (?) crown of hooks or unarmed. Suckers unarmed. Uterus with a median stem and lateral branches. Eggs thick shelled. Sie ts Peeks GR Sets cya Ws) Lares Vain ts het od soe Dae nae moe Usually small forms, Genital pores single or double; if single, regularly or irregularly alternate. Rostellum present or absent; if present, armed with one to numerous rows of hooks. Suckers armed or un- armed. Uterus sac-like and persistent, or a single or double uterus with one or several parauterine organs to which the eggs pass in the final stage of development. Eggs with thin transparent shells....... ORT eC Se Aertel ict ae hog octet ane Mes Hymenolepididae. 19. 5. Strobila less than 1 em. long and composed of a head and 3 segments, only one of the segments being gravid at a time. Lateral uterine branches often quite indistinct. Yolk-gland globular. Larval stage an echin- ococeus with thick laminated wall, and developing brood capsules con- taining the larval scolices. Of considerable medical and economic im-— [aac nan avee Nae eines bier 4 ora yoamearesel Soars 2 Echinococeus granulosus. Strobila at least several centimeters long and composed of a head and num- erous segments, from 10 to hundreds, with a number of segments usual- ly gravid at one time. Lateral uterine branches usually distinet, at least in early stages of formation. Yolk gland posterior of ovaries and elongate or triangular, with one side parallel to the posterior mar- gin of the segment. Larval stage a bladderworm with thin walls and MeveMmcom airing WLOOG: CAPSUTCS, © 2S os-se aie nie o's MmedMiidieiecgiene oot rina ean 6 6. Strobila without a neck and with a double circlet of many and very large hooks, the large hook over 300 ,, long, or with only a single circlet of hooks (?). Bladderworms, so far as known, with a small caudal blad- der and with a long segmented structure connecting the bladder and 358 =I . 10. ine 12. oo ae ’ ‘ oat . k c % . Lee , sted ‘5 ae Z, MAURICE C. HALL ru £ ! headkieParasitiesin=Belidaet: 20. Sek cee 5 als etnies eee ook 7h Strobila with a neck and with a double circlet of hooks, the large hook less than 300 ,, long. Bladderworms with a caudal bladder, a head and a moderate sized neck. . Parasitic im’ Canidae’). . 2...) 2. jets eee 10 Rostellum with a single circlet of hooks of rose-thorn shape. Reported LFOMELYNT LYNG CH CUSLYNGD)) .).hi211~ Ge = qe eee Taenia monostephanos Rostellum with a double circlet of hooks, the large hooks over 300 bp long. Large hooks 60 to 75 in number; 320 to 359 y, long; the large hooks ar- ranged so as to form in effect 2 circlets of large hooks, being alter- nately nearer to the center of the rostellum and farther from it..... eGR crete cby otek © Cute FNS te MANU S07. Een eae aaa Taenia macrocystis. Largechooks not-over 601m mumber .<2 2.2. 52 secs cs oe eee eee 9 Hooks 26 to 52 in number. Well developed sphincter vaginae............ SAAN sap da co weg he age Sass Rebate gic Rie a aE Taenia taeniaeformis Hooks 38 to 60 in number. Probably identical with the preceding species. POE aE Tr ae IWhafutanecehstwts dha ashes ayasetatia stat naetdl ay Soke MeO clef, ee PCT Om nn eer Vagina with a reflexed curve near the lateral excretory canals. . Large hooks 135 to 180 ,, long and usually with a sinuous handle........... SE Se SER RS ES ARO OS ARS SSR cdo ent 2 Multiceps spp. 11. Vagina without a reflexed curve near the lateral canals....Taenia spp. 13. Mature segments wider than long; the lateral margins of each segment often scalloped as a result of a number of constrictions or furrows passing around the segment transversely; the posterior margin of each segment prolonged posteriorly to overlap the anterior margin of the succeeding segment like a cuff. Small hook with short, blunt curving handle. Genital papilla very narrowly conical and in posterior half of segment, often near posterior margin. Larva a coenurus with daughter bladders, found in the connective tissue of rodents (including the: baromorphaeise s- ts ft viieecte tp ieraeee ster Multiceps serialis Mature segments longer than broad; the lateral margins of each segment smooth and not scalloped; the posterior margin of each segment pro- longed very little or not at all to form a projection over the following segment. Small hooks with long slender handle. Genital papilla posterior of middle of segment but never near posterior margin. Larva a coenurus without daughter bladders found in ungulates, es- pecially :rumandnts: oie 2s in ospae o's oz acs neko ds bo oe ice he 12 Small hooks with long curving handle terminating in a blunt distal ex- tremity. Large hook with tapering handle with sinuous outline. Testes do not extend posterior of the ovaries to the vicinity of the vitellarium or between the vitellarium and the ovaries. Larva a coenurus in the central nervous system of ungulates, especially ruminants, and of con- siderable economic and medical interest........... Multiceps multiceps Small hook with long straight handle terminating in a blunt distal ex- tremity. Large hook with the handle not tapering, and either straight and blunt or bent dorsally just at the tip. Testes extend posterior of the ovaries almost to the vitellarium and between the vitellarium and the ovaries. Larva a coenurus in the central nervous system, paren- — aI KEY TO THE ADULT TAENIOID CESTODES 359 chymatous organs and connective tissue of ruminants ....-.--..+.+- Mere Se ie Re 7 eter CN On ai Be SAE Multiceps gaigeri. 13. Forms in which the vagina crosses the ovary on the pore side in some seg- ments, and other forms in which the very large genital papilla is prac- tically as long as the margin of the narrow segments. Tapeworms of comparatively restricted geographic distribution and occurrence, not cosmopolitan. Bladderworms in the edible musculature of important food animals. Parasites of some economic importance ........... 14 Forms in which the vagina does not eross the ovary on the pore side, and in which the genital papilla is never nearly as long as the margin of RS REP TRCDER 0S in a8 dene Matched (nase ovata Ae oh aahs ie sage ce sia? had 15 14. Gravid uterus with 20 to 25 lateral branches on each side of the median stem. Vagina crosses the ovary on the pore side in some segments. Genital papilla much shorter than the segment margin. Bladderworm PMNS COM GUNCLOLsSHECD! &bae-as sisiers «shad ocean ee *.. Taenia ovis. Gravid uterus with not over 10 lateral branches on each side of the median . stem. Vagina does not cross the ovary on the pore side of the seg- ment. Genital papilla practically as long as the lateral margin of the narrow segments. Bladderworm in the musculature of reindeer... . Sa epee ee RAM Sats Lorne poy ens reta hat steictae ae ane. waa aaa IER, aps Taenia krabbei. 15. Forms with the large hooks from 170 to 294 yy long. Tapeworms of cos- mopolitan distribution and common occurrence. Bladderworms at- tached to omenta, mesenteries, or peritoneal serosa................ 16 Forms with the large hooks 135 to 145,, long. Rare tapeworms only re- f ported once and under conditions indicating that they are accidental parasites of the dog. Life histories unknown.................... 17 16. Large hooks 225 to 294 p long. Testes extend posterior of the vitellarium. Mature segments approximately square. Gravid segments with 8 to 14 lateral branches on each side. Vagina only slightly dilated and curved near margin of segment. Bladderworm in rabbits, rarely in PMO USOMOT CDCAVCE Wyo a rsel lala tence ee ate Seles Ob bane see Gh Taenia pisiformis. Large hooks 170 to 220 , long. Testes do not extend posterior of the vitellarium. Mature segments distinctly wider than long. Gravid segments with 5 to 10 lateral branches on each side. Vagina forms a sort of crescent by dilation and curvature near lateral margin of segment. Gravid segments with a median longitudinal groove termin- ating in a notch posteriorly. Bladderworms Side) in ruminants, also reported from monkeys and rodents... .Taenia hydatigena. at. . Seeecd of small hooks twisted so that its flat surface tends to lie in the plane OLnhe lade Ape NAAGe rng HPI. 7 ok eiteareiie ~ercuee ete Taenia brachysoma. Sareea smiall hook Nob: SOstwished iiss si. 5.< chemi ete s => +) Roe bae tel ales 18 _ 18. Head acorn-shaped, with hooks far anterior of the suckers. Mature seg- ments approximately square ....................- Taenia balaniceps. Head not acorn-shaped, and hooks not far anterior of suckers. Mature ‘segments distinctly broader than long ................ Taenia brauni. 19, Strobila not over 25 mm long; rostellum with 4 circlets of hooks, the a ‘hooks 45 pe long and with a handle and guard; the cirrus pouch opens a Bos ' a7 RF) 360 MAURICE C. HALL (ee 1 oa eae ventral of the vagina; 1 egg to each egg capsule............... 7 Rh eee A oicR a Tet at oe Se RARE Oro Dipylidium trinchesei. — Strobila 5 em. long or longer; hooks rose-thorn-shaped ............... 20-8 20. Head with 16 cirelets of hooks; strobila 12 to 20 em. long; 45 to 50 small testes; cirrus pouch 250 to 260, long and crossing the longi- é tudinal excretory canals; vitellarium roughly spherical and smaller — than the ovarian lobes; 1 large egg, 52 to 53, in diameter, in each each ego! capsule. 2 a. .:. sjsu ee ak Ct ein ae kee ot 21 21. Heads with 6 circlets of hooks; strobila 10 to 23.5 em. long; 130 to 140 a testes; cirrus pouch extends to the longitudinal excretory canals; — the median ovarian lobes crescentic, the lateral spherical; the vitel- larium reniform and as large as an ovarian lobe; egg capsules with 2 to 15 eggs and at times extending Jateral of the longitudinal exere- boryccamala’ s/o 4 MeN. scp see eee Dipylidium sexcoronatum. — Heads with 3 to 5 cirelets of hooks; cirrus pouch extends across the ex- cretory canals regularly or occasionally; vitellarium smaller than the ovarian lobes or smaller that the median ovarian lobes............ 22 22. Head with 5 cirelets of hooks; strobila 5 to 11 em. long; 90 to 100 large testes; cirrus pouch curved, convex posteriorly and extending dis- tinctly across the longitudinal excretory canals; vitellarium smaller — than the ovarian lobes; spindle-shaped receptaculum seminis present; é vagina opens posterior of the cirrus pouch aperture; eggs 25 p in 9 diameter =~. toe Chm ee ete: oe ep ae: aie ee Dipylidium oerleyi. — Head with 3 to 4 cirelets of hooks; strobila 15 to 40 em. long; 100 to 200 testes; cirrus pouch piriform and extending to and occasionally across the longitudinal excretory canals; no receptaculum seminis present, the oviduct showing a compensatory dilation; vagina opens ventral of the cirrus pouch aperture; eggs 43 to 50 , in diameter........... Meriarias: idee Shor fo ccbe es towed + een wt sews DUpYylidiammns” Camm Very successful reports are given of the Practitioner’s Short Course in Veterinary Medicine, held at Ames, Ia., September 4 to 9. Aside from the local faculty, assistance was rendered by Dr. J. W. Adams of Pennsylvania and Dr. D. S. White of Ohio. The meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation was held at Springfield, Mass., October 18, during the Na- tional Dairy Show. Among the speakers were Doctors V. A. Moore, E. C. Schroeder and W. Horace Hoskins. A very successful meet- ing was reported. Dr. Percy Lamb of Englewood, Colorado, is planning a trip — to England. i NI ARE UNIFORM REGULATIONS FEASIBLE AMONG THE DIFFERENT AMERICAN COUNTRIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE INTRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATION OF DISEASES OF ANIMALS? Abstract of paper by Dr. A. D. MELVIN, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. - The growth in commerce in live stock and animal products has greatly increased the danger of the spread of contagious ani- “mal diseases. The need for protection against this danger has led to the formation of live stock sanitary police organizations in most ~ countries where the live stock industry has been developed. The object of such organization is (1) to protect domestic live stock from foreign contagion, (2) to prevent the spread of animal dis- eases within the country, and (3) to eradicate such diseases as may be present. The nations of the western hemisphere are being drawn closer together by ties of common interest and growing commerce, and it seems very desirable for them to enter into some kind of coopera- tion for the exchange of information with regard to contagious diseases of animals, and so far as practicable to adopt uniform regu- - lations for preventing the spread of such diseases. The different conditions in the different countries would prob- ably make an absolutely uniform set of regulations for all Ameri- can countries impracticable. It should be possible, however, to have uniformity in certain fundamental features. Without at- tempting to formulate an exact plan we may point out certain funda- _ mentals that should and doubtless can be followed. 1. As a first step, each country engaged in commerce in ani- ~ mals and animal products with other countries, or that wishes to engage in such commerce, should organize a competent veterinary - sanitary service, if not already provided with such a service. 2. The veterinary service should make a thorough survey of _ the country so as to determine what contagious diseases of animals _ are present and the regions where they prevail. The collection of such information should be continued as a routine feature so that the service may be constantly informed of live stock sanitary con- - ditions throughout the country. ; ¢ ; F t * 362 JULIO BESNARD ; : % 3. Laws and regulations, if not already in existence, should be carefully framed and adopted with the object of preventing the spread of contagious diseases within the country and preventing the transmission of such diseases to other countries with exported — a live stock. If meats are to be exported there should be regula-_ a tions and an inspection system insuring their wholesomeness. | -4 There should also be laws and regulations for the inspection and quarantine of imported animals to prevent the introduction of dis- — eases and parasites. The foregoing features are already in effect to a greater or a less degree in many countries. q 4. A further very desirable step would be a system for the interchange between the various governments of information re- garding the presence or absence of contagious diseases of animals. In order to establish such a system, as well as to bring about greater — uniformity in regulations, it would be well to have a commission of — representatives from the various countries. Such a commission might endeavor to formulate regulations that would be generally applicable and serve as a model for adoption by the several gov ernments. Such a draft of regulations should be as brief and sim- ple.as practicable and should deal mainly with fundamentals or essentials, leaving details to be developed according to local con- ditions in the various countries. The veterinary service of each country should endeavor to eradicate the diseases existing there. The proposed plan for the interchange of information might very well include the exchange of information as to methods successfully followed in combating animal diseases. —o— Dr. JULIO BESNARD, Chief of the National Veterinary Service, Chile. There are no reasons within our knowledge which oppose them- selves to the establishment of uniform general regulations to be adopted by the different American countries with the object of im- peding the penetration of contagious diseases of animals into ter- ritories up to this time protected against one or the other of such diseases. If there are any American countries which owing to certain reasons of a special nature are particularly menaced by one or more | of its neighbors with the invasion of diseases which it specially fears, that country can conclude an agreement with such neigh- = tke ea f 4 7 A ae) Es f < 4 ‘ R. M. JIMENEZ 363 por or neighbors with the object of making the existing regulations more severe. We will explain with more precision this idea, applying it es- pecially to Chile. There is no treaty between this country and-Chile in ‘the matter of sanitary police, and for that reason general regulations are ac- ceptable to-day without impediment. We avail ourselves of this — opportunity to declare that we are certain that we interpret the opinion of the Chilean Government and of the Chilean farmers when we say that they would experience the greatest satisfaction if given the opportunity to collaborate in the adoption and appli- cation of such important measures of mutual protection. The Republic of Chile has only three neighboring countries— | _ the Republies of Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The first two are not producers of cattle in the more or less arid regions which form their frontiers; only the Argentine exports animals to Chile by the land route across the Andes. All the others make their impor- tations by way of the sea. ——~——s Tt would therefore be in accordance with our suggestion to es- R . tablish a special convention between these two Repubhes at the he same time that both of them adhere to the general regulations. a ConcLustion. We may admit that Chile would enthusiastical- ly support an American convention which had for its object the pre- __ vention of the introduction and propagation of the diseases of ani- mals. 0 Dr. RAFAEL MUNOZ JIMENEZ The importance of the stock industry in the American coun- tries and the increased number of diseases which tend to destroy the source of wealth have obliged the majority of nations of the continent to pass laws to prevent the introduction and propaga- tion of animal diseases. But in order that such results may be ob- tained, a harmonious plan of continental scope should be adopted. Such uniform regulation would bring not only advantages of — a Sanitary nature, but would contribute also to the freedom of — commercial exchange; for confidence in such measures would re- sult in the removal of restrictions on the free importation of live stock. Moved by these considerations, the Republic of Uruguay con- vened an International American Conference of Veterinary Police s* 7 Bs, PY 564 F, ETCHEGOYEN which met in the city of Montevideo in 1912, and in which the Govy- ernments of Uruguay, Argentine, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay took | part. A convention was signed by the representatives of the sey- eral countries mentioned, providing for the organization on their borders of a veterinary police sufficient to prevent the passage of diseased animals across their respective frontiers. In this conven- tion we have the beginnings of a system of regulation. But the regulations adopted at Montevideo ought to be improved and ex- tended. The adoption of such a project as the author’s, presented by the delegation of Uruguay, to the conference of 1912, and meet- ing with the general approval of that body, would effect the desired result. ; The project. of regulation proposed by Dr. Rafael Munoz Jim- enez is set forth in great detail under the following heads: (a) Sanitary measures to be employed on the frontiers, (b) imternal police regulations, (¢) special police measures of an international character. : In order that the extensive scheme proposed should be carried into effect, the author suggests that a second international con- ference should be held, in which all or at least a majority of the American nations should be represented. 0 Dr. FRANCISCO ETCHEGOYEN Veterinary medicine has enjoyed great progress in American countries. Their action, however, is impeded when the apprecia- tion of the Governments is lacking in matters relating to sanitary police. In Cuba the subject began to receive attention in the first American intervention, and much progress has been made since then. The tendency of the human race to multiply faster than the means of subsistance imposes the necessity to conserve, augment, and improve the breeds of cattle. It is not sufficient to line the frontiers with inspectors to refuse admission to diseased cattle. The avoidance of disease is not solely a question of sustaining health; it is the most important factor in the propagation of species. Thus considered, the cattle problem is the great problem of the world. Is it possible to realize the solution of this problem by cooperation between the Pan American countries? No, if each country simply confines itself to defending itself behind a Chinese wall against infection from the outside. Yes, if the different coun- eg i a 2", a oe Pe es ot ae yo a in FS s lg he a als aa a ete fee ag 234 ACD tei an Sie Lore = A UNIFORM REGULATIONS 365 > 3” - tries can arrive at an agreement about sanitary methods of develop- ‘ing and breeding domestic animals. Something similar to this has been done in human medicine with yellow fever. Yellow fever has ceased to be a source of anxiety in the United States, and our population has duplicated in a short time. The same campaign against other epidemics would arrive at = identical results, and applied to zoology the effects would be more ‘rapid. + In the present advanced state of medical science we can say that theré is not a human pathology and a veterinary pathology, _ but a comparative pathology. The same diseases attack both the lower animals and man, their action being determined rather by the regions than by the animal species. From the time that the germ theory of disease has been ac- ___ cepted, not all the contagious diseases have been listed. There are lacking some diseases transmissible to man, many others contagious among animals, and others which, without being transmissible from animal to animal, produce great mortality in them. Lack of agree- ment concerning the cause and modes of transmission of diseases among animals, including man, implies lamentable carelessness in _ the prophylaxis and extinction. Action should be extended to all those diseases which produce abnormal states in the same species or distinct species. Each country will have to revise a study of these diseases and consider the methods convenient for combating. them, submitting the result of their investigations to a directive international committee charged with the duty of unifying the re- sults. The author then gives a list of the diseases of his country, Cuba, transmissible by parasites, microbes, and filterable virus. The endozoarians and ectozoarians indicated are identical with those of Europe and America where our cattle originated. What measures do we oppose to so many ravages? The most efficient is that employed against glanders. Anthrax is combated with vaccination, hog cholera with the simultaneous use of virus 3 and serum, rabies with the Pasteur treatment in the human species. These sole prophylactic means are not sufficient to destroy the foci. The medico veterinary body of Cuba would see with pleasure _ that the Pan American Congress recommend uniform methods for the defense of cattle. : The author concludes that the importance of the subjects of the breeding of cattle and their defense against disease merits the 4 * ~~ 366 “BERNARD GALLAGHER consideration of a treaty concerning joint sanitary action. These — commissions would realize experimental investigation and send re- sults to the directive committee. It should be the obligation of ce such committee to formulate the prophylactic and curative regu- lations. The author quotes from Dr. Monlau, finally saying, ‘‘Sani-- tary codes *** are as urgent and important as civil and criminal codes, with which they have more than one point of relation and po! contact.”’ ions piichiludeisiineiaiileneil Sdn srb aah hdr nN » EPITHELIOMA CONTAGIOSUM OF QUAIL BERNARD GALLAGHER From the Pathological Division, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. > ai Epithelioma Contagiosum Avium or bird pox is an infectious epizootic disease, which has been shown by recent investigators to be identical with avian diphtheria, the causative organism being capable of producing either the hyperplastic epithelial nodules characteristic of the former or the croupous and diphtheritic pseudo-membranes on the mucous membranes of the head associated with the latter. The disease is one of the most common and de- structive affections of fowls, and occurs to a lesser extent in turkeys, pigeons and several other species of birds. The writer has failed to find pox or diphtheria of quail recorded in the literature, and reports this case because of the large number of birds affected and the severity of the attack. Four hundred birds were under obser- vation, and the mortality during a period of five weeks amounted to 85 per cent. Approximately 15,000 live quail were received from Mexico during December, 1915, and January and February, 1916, prin- cipally for the purpose of stocking game preserves. Each ship- ment is quarantined at a designated point on the border for a per- iod of ten days under the regulations of the Bureau of Biological — Survey, of the Department of Agriculture, and under the direct supervision of a veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal In-~ dustry. The lot of 400 referred to in this paper were received during January, and showed no indication of pox during the per- iod of quarantine. They were shipped to Kansas City, where they | developed a condition which made them unsalable, and were for- ea dre nti _ EPITHELIOMA CONTAGIOSUM OF QUAIL 367 warded by the importer to the Pathological Division for diagnosis, “and experimental purposes. Quail are found in large numbers, in the wild state; in Mexico, and are captured by Mexican trappers. They are shipped in erates holding about 75 to 80 birds, and although these crates are special- ly designed to guard the birds against injury, frequently a large | percentage of the shipment will show skinned heads from jumping against the roof and sides of the crates when frightened. In the present instance a great many had lost feathers and skin from the top of the head, and had also injured the flesh at the tips of the wings. Frequently, the top of the head was completely denuded of skin, the surface of the skull being exposed over an area as large as a dime. The abnormal conditions to which the birds were sub- jected, especially the close confinement during transit and change of climate during the winter season, no doubt lowered their vital- ity and rendered them more susceptible to disease. Also the areas where the skin was lacerated served as good points of entrance for the virus of bird pox. . : Symproms AND Lesions. All manifestations of the disease were exhibited during the course of the outbreak. In some cases the eyes alone became affected, in others the diphtheritic exudate was found in the nasal passages and in the mouth. In the major- ity of the birds typical bird pox lesions were observed on the skin of the body, especially on the wings and around the lacerated skin of the head. In many eases all lesions mentioned were present in the one individual. ‘Externally the disease was manifested by the presence of - nodules similar to those found in chicken pox, but with a tendency to spread out over the skin to a greater extent. The upper sur- face of the head and the tips of the wings showed the most severe involvement, due to the previous traumatic injuries sustained by the skin at these points. In some cases where no injury was pres- ent about the head, no wart-like process had developed. The scabs were closely adherent, and on removal left an abraded surface, -_— except in the event that the nodules were old when the scab came away readily leaving a well formed scar. In a fairly large per cent of the birds, one or both eyes were the seat of cheesy deposits beneath the eyelids, the pressure being so great in some instances : as to destroy the eye. 568 BERNARD GALLAGHER Internally marked diptheritic patches were present on the — hard palate, around the base of the tongue and on the wall of the pharynx. Small patches, the size of a pin-head, were distributed over the mucous membrane of the mouth. The nostrils were often — closed by necrotic material, necessitating breathing through the mouth. Also the infra-orbital sinus was occasionally involved, the accumulation of cheesy exudate giving the head a swollen appear- ance. The croupous membranes in the mouth were usually closely adherent to the mucosa and when removed left uneven inflamed surfaces. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS. Non-Filtered Virus. A num- ber of animal inoculation experiments were carried out to deter- mine the relation between bird pox as observed in quail and bird pox of chickens. Quail pox nodules and also quail diptheritie material from the mouth were rubbed into emulsions with small amounts of normal salt solution. In one series of experiments, the emulsions were spread on slightly searified surfaces of the combs and wattles of young fowls. In,each case characteristic pox nodules developed at the points of ioculation after a period of six to eight days. It was noted, however, that the lesions were not as extensive or as pronounced as those which the writer has produced by artificial inoculation of chicken pox from fowl to fowl. This would suggest that the virus was more highly specialized for quail, although it may have been originally derived from fowls and become attenuated by passage through the quail. In a second series of experiments the pox and exudate emul- sions were rubbed on slightly scarified areas of the oral mucous membranes of half grown fowls. Typical croupous patches ap- peared after a period of seven days. In a third experiment two fowls were given 0.5 ¢.c. of each of a diluted emulsion of pox and diptheritic exudate intravenously. No results followed the injection, possibly as a result of the diluted virus, or a natural degree of resistance on the part of the birds to this method of inoculation. Filtered Virus. To determine whether the causative agent of — quail pox is a filterable virus as has been demonstrated for the — causative agent of chicken pox, a highly diluted emulsion of pox lesions and oral exudate was passed through a Berkefeld filter by vacuum aspiration. The resulting filtrate was determined to be iS EPITHELIOMA CONTAGIOSUM OF QUAIL 369). = \ ! ; - free of visible organisms by microscopic examination, and cultural media inoculated with the filtrate remained sterile. A series of experiments similar to those conducted with the non-filtered emulsions were carried out. No results followed in- © oculations of comb and wattle, or intravenous injections. In one of ia ‘the fowls which received an oral inoculation two patches about the Pa % size of a pin head appeared on the mucous membrane of the phar- ynx after an eight day intermission. It is quite hkely that these * lesions were due to intercurrent causes as a result of the slight scarification of the membrane. Assuming that the virus of quail - pox is identical with that of chicken pox, failure to transmit the disease to fowls with a Berkefeld filtrate of quail pox material may be due to the high dilution which was used to facilitate the passage of the fluid through the filter and to a greater resistance on the part of fowls to a virus which was more or less specialized for - quail. Further experiments with filtered and non-filtered emulsions of quail pox material were attempted with material which had been kept in the dried condition, and also in glycerine, for a period of six months. No results followed and it is concluded that the virus had become greatly attenuated or destroyed during that time. Dr. R. F. Eagle, superintendent of the Oklahoma City. plant of the Wilson Packing Co. has been promoted to be assistant gen- eral superintendent of the whole Wilson Packing Company with headquarters at Chicago. Dr. Eagle attributes his success to his veterinary training. The veterinarians of the United States con- gratulate Dr. Eagle and wish him continued success. re Toronto Man Wins Crorx dE GUERRE. Flight Sub-Lieut. Rochford Grange Decorated by French Government. The news that Flight Sub.-Lieut. Rochfort Grange, Royal Naval Air Service, has been awarded the Croix de guerre by the French Government has been received by his father, Principal E. A. A. Grange, of the Ontario Veterinary College. Lieut. Grange was graduated from the School of Practical Science in 1915. He underwent a course | of training at the Curtiss School of Aviation at Long Branch in the summer of 1915 and left for England in October of that year. He completed his preparation for service with the Royal Flying _ Corps in England and was sent to France in February, 1916, ‘AMERICAN RECORDS OF DIOCTOPHYME RENALE By Maurice C. Haun, Ph.D., D.V.M. Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. Just recently Riley (1916) has compiled the record of Amer- ican cases of the giant kidney worm, Diotophyme renale, from the dog in connection with the publication of some new cases which came under Professor Riley’s observation. On looking over my © reprints I find two other records which were published in places where Professor Riley would hardly be- likely to find them. In order to complete his list—if this does complete it—the two records noted are summarized here, and another case recorded. Halsted, (1909) in an article on transplantation of parathy- roid glandules in dogs, covering work done at Baltimore, Maryland, notes in the case of one animal, an old dog, the following: ‘‘ Autopsy. Made and dictated by Dr. Hennington. Heart and lungs normal. On opening the peritoneal cavity an extrava- sation of blood into the omentum was observed and, on more com- plete exposure, a large round worm (EFustrongylos gigas or Diocto- phyme renale) (?), 90 em. long and 1 em. in diameter, presented itself free in the peritoneal cavity in the neighborhood of the spleen. It was still alive and on being placed in warm water, executed sight movements. The intestinal peritoneum was thickened and granular looking. The parietal peritoneum presented in places small, indefinitely circumscribed, roughened areas. More careful examination of the omentum showed that the extravasated blood followed the ramifications of the blood vessels. The liver present- ed on its surface whitish nodules one to three millimeters in diam- eter. ***The surface of the spleen was slightly roughened. *** Kidneys quite normal in appearance.’’ When females of D. renale occur in the kidney of the dog, the eggs produced by the worms pass out in the urine. On the other — hand, when these females oceur in the peritoneal cavity, and Hal- sted’s case is undoubtedly such a case, the eggs are passed to the peritoneal cavity where they act as irritants and become attached to the peritoneal surfaces by small adhesions which are visible _ macroscopically as roughened areas. It is probable that the rough- | ening of the parietal and visceral peritoneum noted by Halsted was due to this cause. ae 7 aa RECORDS OF DIOCTOPHYME RENALE A tot eee ' The other record of D. senate from the United States is that of E Baker (1916) and consists of remarks made before the Twentieth - Annual Convention of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association “as follows: “That suggests an interesting discovery that we made in our ¥ ‘ _ dissecting room a few days ago. We sent over to the dog pound for ae BaD « a PS sat r - om ae itt cae = a *; * thirty-six dead dogs for the juniors to dissect. Floating free in the abdominal cavity of one was the longest specimen of the Eustrongylus visceralis I ever saw. It was about 5¢ of an inch in diameter and twenty-nine inches long and blood red. I measured ‘it myself. Twenty-five years or more ago I found two on _post- mortem in the same place, in the abdominal cavity of a dog. One -was about 12 inches long and the other was 14. The short one was - _°% of an inch in diameter and the other was 34 of an inch in diam- eter and blood red. You will find it described in the books.”’ Baker’s records undoubtedly deal with cases of D. renale. Riley has noted that not all of the published cases listed by him ean be accepted. He very properly rejects all the human cases. Breed- er’s case must be listed as doubtful. The number of worms pres- ent, 21, and their length, 9 to 12 centimeters, is more suggestive of lumbricoid worms present in the abdominal cavity as the result of a perforation of the intestine. The kidney lesions are puzzling. _ They are not the typical lesions due to D. renale, but in the absence — of adequate data as to the worms themselves, it is perhaps as well to regard the case as unproved one way or another. An unpublished case of the occurrence of D. renule has just come to my attention. While at Ann Arbor, Michigan, recently, Doctor La Rue of the University of Michigan showed me a large male of this species which had been collected at Ann Arbor about a year previous. ’ PAPERS CITED Baker, Dr. 1916. [Eustrongylus Visceralis in dogs.] ,Proe. Indiana Vet. Med. Assn., 20th Ann, Convention, Dee. 8-9, 1915, p. 91. Haustep, W. S. 1909. Auto- and isotransplantation, in dogs, of the para- thyroid glandules. Jour. Exper. Med., v. 11 (1), pp. 175-199, pls. 3-4. Rivey, Wittiam A. 1916. The occurrence of the giant nematode, Dioctothyme 2 renale (Bustrongylus), in the United States and Canada. Jour. Am. Vet, Med, Assn., n.s., v. 2 (6), Sept., pp. 801-809, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS . ‘* Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. _ ¥ 7 fi It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’? — ' ‘ TABULATED RECOMMENDATION FOR METHODS OF CON- TROL OF WHITE SCOURS (DYSENTERY NEONATORUM) IN CALVES. A. T. Kinsey, Kansas City, Mo. White scours is the name of a fatal disease of new born ani- mals, the principle symptom of which is diarrhoea in which the discharge is white or whitish in color. This disease affects all animals, but is most common in calves. It has been investigated — in Denmark, Holland, Germany, Belgium, Italy, France, England, Ireland and America. All investigators agree that the disease is of bacterial origin. The following bacteria having been identified with this disease: B. coli communis, B. aerogenes, B. paracoli, B. pyocyaneus, B. pro- teus, B. bipolaris and various pyogenic micrococci. The B. colt com- munis is the most common bacterial invader in these cases. All of the bacteria before mentioned are found in the discharges of cat- tle and other animals and therefore infection of the new born is easily accomplished. The most common avenue of entrance of in- fection is through the digestive tube or the umbilicus, more rarely through other channels, as respiratory or genito-urinary organs. Knowing the causative agents and the avenue of infection it would not seem to be difficult to control this disease, however, its ravages have continued almost unabated. The following sugges- tions are offered as a possible means of combating this disease : A. Sanitary measures. 1. Properly located barns and yards in order that there is good drainage. ta cleaning and keeping clean. 3. Frequent hauling out and proper disposal of manure. 4. Clean wholesome water provided. 5. The cow maintained in a cleanly condition prior to and for some time after parturition. 6. Cleaned and disinfected stall or pen for parturition and for occupancy of cow and calf for from 1-3 days thereafter. a cat ae | Cleaned and disinfected stall or pen for calf if pasture Jand is not available until the calf-is one month of age. — Construction of barns and other buildings that facilitate © ee Pe to ae 1 atl r Hy ” 7 Sila, URGE Beas Ne Nae ES, ; - a : Wy Y a hia \ i Joie Bee bs : a | / ~ ‘ } - CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS . 373 8. Diminish possibility of infection of suckling calves by keep- ing teats and udder of cow clean. 9. Prohibition of infection of hand fed calves, by preventing infection of milk. 10. Quarantine of all affected animals. B. Preventive measures. 1. Immunization of cow just prior to parturition by the in- jection of two or more doses of a mixed bacterin. Immunization of calf with mixed bacterin first day of life. Provision of colostral milk for new born calf. Provision of proper food and feeding at proper intervals. Use of intestinal antiseptics persistently. Isolating of animals at the first indication of disease. G. Curative measures. 1. Production of temporary immunity by use of polyvalent serum. This has not given universal satisfaction. Immunization by use of mixed bacterin. This line of treat- ment has proven of value in all except very acute cases. 3. Using of intestinal antiseptics and when indicated, laxatives, stimulants or other medicaments. 4. Careful regulation of the diet. baie ee ARTERIO-VENOUS ANEURISM OF THE SPERMATIC CORD IN AN OX. BESNOIT AND CUILLE Arterio-venous aneurism, characterized by a permanent communication between an artery and a vein, though not. al- together exceptional in domestic animals, is not by any means of frequent occurrence. Interesting reports on this subject have | been made by Chauveau (1863), Collin and Lesbre (1881), Moreau (1895), Dubois (1907) and others. In bovines the lesion is usually located on the face, near the vessels of the forehead; frequently on the limbs, at the level of the collateral vessels of the cannon. It may be found almost anywhere, especially where the vesssels are exposed to trauma, contusions, etc. It has frequently been found in the scrotal region and Collin and Lesbre especially, have de- scribed a very remarkable example of typical arterio-venous aneu- rism of the spermatic cord. A recent case which we describe is practically identical with that of Collin and Lesbre. _ The affected animal was four years old. It puzzled the at- tendants greatly and because of certain symptomatic peculiarities, was nicknamed the ‘‘motor ox.’ On the right, at the level of the 374 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS x ; scrotum, there was an enormous pulsating tumor, animated by strange, violent, rhythmical movements, which recalled to the eyes of the ‘‘vulgar’’, the regular shocks and trepidations of the motor of an automobile. The symptoms were those of the classical arterio-venous aneu- rism. There was a scrotal tumor, of the volume of two fists, al- most cylindrical in form, about 30 centimeters long, hanging ver- tically between the posterior limbs, like the testes in a bull. It was not sensitive, but soft, very elastic and reducible to the pressure of the fingers. It was animated by violent pulsations, synchronous with the cardiac systole, which were perceptible even to the eye, — and shook the entire scrotal mass. Palpation disclosed the char- acteristic, almost pathognomonic sign of arterio-venous aneurism; the vibratory trembling of the French writers, or the thrill of the English writers. This sign is composed of two sensations; the one a tactile, giving the hand the impression of a fine and rapid vibra- tion, similar to the shaking of windows by the passage of a heavy vehicle; the other, auditory, like the humming of bees or a spin- ning top. It was continuous, but with a considerable reinforce- ment, corresponding to the cardiac systole. Attaining its maximum intensity at the base of the scrotal sac, it was propagated through the entire height of the lesion, and was still distinctly perceptible at the inguinal ring. Finally, compression exercised at the base of - the sac diminished the concussions and trembling, but they did not disappear entirely. An anatomical study of the lesion was made, post mortem. The animal, in remarkably fine flesh, did not seem to have suffered from the lesion. A minute dissection of the scrotal region entirely confirmed our diagnosis, and disclosed the following: The lesion was limited to the spermatic cord and involved only the spermatic artery and vein. The two vessels were not equally affected. The artery, very dilated, had an average diameter of a small finger; its walls seemed to have conserved their normal resistance and. were not thinned. The vein, on the other hand, was profoundly altered. When injected with water it seemed stretched, sinuous, and extraordinarily dilated. Its diameter varied from 3 centi- meters at the narrowest parts up to 6 and 8 centimeters toward the lowest parts of the scrotum, where it formed two enormous am- poules separated by a slight constriction, and which contributed in forming the large cylindrical tumor, observed in the living animal. \ CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS (375 “a “The dilation was not limited to the scrotal part of the vein, it was 4 centimeters in diameter 50 centimeters from its extremity, it could be noticed in the abdominal cavity and sublumbar region. The walls of the vein were not thinned, they were, perhaps, some- what reinforced by a thin layer of sclerotic connective tissue. In 2 _ order to demonstrate the communication between the two vessels water was injected into the artery, instantly the liquid passed into the vein and dilated it to its former dimensions. PATHOGENESIS. There can be no doubt about the aneurism originating from castration. The -cicatrices on the scrotal sae showed that castration by the “‘bloody method’’ had been performed, although castration by torsion is the usual method in Central France. The pathogenesis is easily understood. After the castra- tion, a small quantity of arterial blood diffused into the intra- scrotal connective tissue, forming a small hematoma which formed a cavity with which the open ends of the cut vessels communicated. Then, by the progress of the cicatrization and the retraction of cicatricial tissue, the connecting cavity became smaller and smaller, until it finally disappeared, bringing about the adjustment and finally the union of the two neighboring vascular trunks. In this way three regular anatomical stages of arterio-venous aneurism succeeded one another. First—in the beginning, the varicose aneurism, characterized by the presence, between the artery and vein, of a newly formed sac developed dround a clot. Second—after the disappearance of the sac by cicatricial retraction, the simple phlebartery or aneurismal varix, an arterio-venous fis- tula; characterized by the absence of the sac and the approxima- tion of the artery and vein at the level of the orifice of communi- cation. Third, and finally—as the result of the progressive dila- tion of the venous walls under the influence of the augmented venous blood pressure due to the incessant pounding of the arterial _ blood, there results a varicose aneurism by dilation, in which the sae is represented by a distension, more or less pronounced, of the vein. This was the last term in the curious process that took place in our patient. ‘ What should be done in such a case? The lesion had existed for several years and seemed to exert no untoward effects on the animal. Undoubtedly, it would have remained stationary indefi- _ nitely, and even if it had developed very slowly, its progress would - have had no serious consequences. No intervention is indicated, 376 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS although ablation has been performed successfully on bovines, < . vm , : . 5 >, Ae it is perfectly useless —Revue Générale de Médecine Veterinaire XXV. 1916. em Bere. a Ba AN UNUSUAL CASE a C. B. PERKINS E: ee F February 6th. Was called at noon to see a nine year old evay ee Fee mare which was too lame to be backed out of the stable and had | fallen once in the attempt. aa History—Owner said that the mare had been in the best of health the day before, was not lame and ran and played when turned out to water. On going to the farm February 6th, he found her too lame to be backed out of the stall. He remembered that on February 4th he had made her jump forward quickly to start a gaso- line tractor to which she was harnessed but no lameness was noted to follow the attempt. _Z Symptoms—Temperature 101.2, pulse 60, respiration 16. Skin — showed patches of sweat and was very wet and cold. When urged ~ to move she exhibited great pain. After a great deal of effort we were able to get her out of the stall. She walked to the water tank but with great pain and effort. Most of her weight was thrown on the left leg. I made a close examination of the foot but found it in good condition. Examined the entire limb and found nothing until reaching a place on the inner aspect of the thigh at a point on a line with the patella. Here the mare exhibited sen- sitiveness. There was some heat and swelling but very little [ next made a close examination of the pelvis per rectum but found ; nothing. The mare then walked into a shed and began to eat hay, resting on the right toe’ on the ground. I again felt of the tender spot which caused her to flinch and hold up the foot. I instructed the owner to bathe the part well and left some white liniment (strong) to apply after the hot water. I left di- rections to be called if there was no improvement. February 8th. The owner called me and reported improye- — ment, so I dismissed the case. ; February 15th. The owner again called and said the mare was down and worse. I put in slings and drove out. When I ar- rived I found her up eating. She had evidently laid down to rest CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 377 and got up unassisted. I made a second rectal examination and as before found nothing. The spot on the thigh was still sensitive but not more so than before and she was not quite so lame. Temperature 100.5° F., pulse 42, respiration 12. Stood eat- ing hay although she would at times raise her right foot up and look around at it. I examined the foot again but found nothing. Left @ liniment as before and as condition was good gave no internal medi- ~ cine. k y February 28th. Owner called and said mare was down and could not get up. Took out slings and tried to raise her but could :; not. Temperature 101° F., pulse 42, respiration 12. The mare 2 2 was greatly reduced in flesh and the entire right limb had become ereatly atrophied; the lower portion was cold and slightly swollen. —__L endeavored several times to raise her but failed. She would not bear any weight on her right leg and seemed to have no use of it. and the left was but little better. * Diagnosis—| made none the first trip but offered the opinion that there was a ‘‘strain of the group muscles about the stifle.”’ On the last trip I decided that there must be a thrombus in the iliac arteries, as the arteries on rectal examination seemed to have a pe- euliar feel, the pulse in them was weak, feeble, and the condition of the limb cold and swollen. I had not taken into consideration that she had laid on the right leg for twenty-four hours. | -Prognosis—I told the owner on the last trip that I could do nothing and asked for a consultation. He said he had faith in me -__ and would destroy her the next day if I advised it. I insisted that he eall another man, some legal practitioner. Dr. R. was called and his diagnosis was ‘‘fracture of the distal 4 end of the femur just above the stifle joint.’’ Some crepitation could be heard we thought. ‘The mare was destroyed and the findings were as follows: % ‘There was no pus in the stifle joint although it contained a bloody, brownish fluid which filled the joint capsule. I found ne fragment of bone or even sediment which might have been broken a off. There was apparently very little congestion or inflammation about the jot. Post morten diagnosis was ‘‘ Acute Gonitis.’’ es —The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, O.S.U. ’ ‘ 378. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS POISONING WITH SOLANUM DULCAMARA? BITTERSWEET D. H. UDALL AND F. F. Koernic, Ithaea, N. Y. During the past year a small farmer has lost two cows anda = horse after a sickness of about two weeks, with symptoms of fetid bloody diarrhea and prostration. According to the owner the present case, a grade milch cow, \ E ‘had been eating bushes at pasture. On examination these were found to be Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet; blue nightshade). She was taken sick on the 17th, showing depression, stiffness, anid diainished milk secretion. Symptoms. Depression, good condition, skin normal. Pupil dilated; mm. pale. P. 45-50. R. 30. T. 100.6 Dig. Sys. No appetite for food or drink; salivation present; peristalsis normal; percussion painful over right abdomen, left normal; feces con- tained numerous gas bubbles; grunting with each breath. Treat. Ammon. carb. 5 iv, ol tereb 5 1, creolin 51. Prescribed R Liq. acidi arsenosi, liq. strychninae aa xii, tr. ferri chlor. i. M. Sig. 5 i three times per day. Acid tannic 5 iv daily. Creolin 3 iv -once daily in a quart of water. July 20 owner reported a marked improvement. An infusion of a small bush given to a cow as a drench proved negative. Further experiments are contemplated. = Discussion. The symptoms of enteritis in this case—diarrhea, pain, pain on percussion in region of abomasum, harmonize with the usual form of enteritis due to faulty feed. The past history of similar cases in animals having access to blue nightshade in the same pasture, combined with the knowledge that this cow ate the nightshade is very suggestive. Our literature on the subject is brief. Halsted’ mentions its relation to black nightshade, and states that it abounds in solanine, the narcotic poisonous principle. No reference is made to its effect upon stock. A similar brief de- scription is found in Farmer’s Bulletin No. 86, by Chestnut. Lander* refers to poisoning in sheep with symptoms of a small inter- mittent pulse, temperature 104° F., quickened respiration, dilated pupils, staggering gait, and greenish diarrhea. Frohner* states _ 1. The Poisonous Plants of New Jersey. 2. Veterinary Toxicology. 3. Lehrbuch der Toxicologie, ° e a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 379 that animals are poisoned with solanin obtained from eating potato Bx “vines, and that Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) is also a cause of poisoning, but that poisoning has not occurred from eating Solanum dulcamara (blue nightshade).—Cornell Veterinarian. —EE——E A SUGGESTION IN CONNECTION WITH THE OVAR- IOTOMY OPERATION ON THE BITCH AND CAT HARRY FREDERICK, Suffern, N. Y. The procedure I describe here has no doubt been used by many beside myself, but as there are probably many others to whom it has not occurred, I feel certain it will do some good. If you have had the misfortune to have a nice operation set back several days by the stitches being torn out and the wound breaking open, rH can easily prevent this by a simple method. mes: You may say at this point— By ‘ but it is not enough to bandage, unless you use the right kind of | bandage. The ordinary bandage we used at college, before I graduated, I have never found sufficient. g Here is what I do. Procure a piece of clean white linen, muslin, or any cloth for that matter. Just before the operation, ae cut it to fit the animal by measuring from its head to the lumbar -—_— region, for the length and have it wide enough to a little more than S go around the body. Cut out two holes for the front legs and it is ready to use when the operation is completed. When in place, a it ean be fastened over the back, either by safety pins or by tearing it into several tails and tied as any ‘‘many-tailed’’ bandage. I mE place a liberal sized piece of cotton with powdered boric acid upon it, next to the wound and when the bandage is drawn up against it, a i. much strain is taken off the stiches, and the wound kept clean. The te animal cannot get at the stitches. ez xe If anyone has tried some other method that he considers bet- Ss ter, I would be glad to hear from him through the Journal. Dr. H. W. Willis has removed from Columbia, Tenn. to Rich- n ec _ mond, Ind. Dr. T. M. Bayler has removed from Chicago to Perry, ipa . ~ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE TREATMENT OF STRANGLES, ANASARCA, AND INFLUENZA BY IN- TRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF PHENOL AND GUAIACOL. Poret. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 92, pp. 261-267, 1916.—There is a ten- dency to proclaim the uselessness of antiseptics. I cannot believe this in view of the clinical results, and furthermore, because of the considerable difference in the action of a medicament m vitro and in close contact with the organic elements where it is brought by — the blood circulation. For this reason, the following observations are communicated, confirming the good results obtained by-the intravenous injections of solutions of phenol and guaiacol. . What is guaiacol? It is a constituent of creosote, four times as active as phenol, less toxic, sparingly soluble-in water, soluble in alcohol and in glycerin; the last of these seems to remove its antipyretic action. The therapeutic doses of guaiacol per os, are 5 to 10 grams for a horse; 5 to 15 grams for cattle. None of the horses that re- ceived guaiacol showed symptoms of poisoning. All that I could notice was a slight sleepiness during the injection; frequently this occurred shortly after. In only one case, a horse had diffi- culty in getting up on the night following the first injection; I suspect this to be a case of founder. Guaiacel is more easily handled in intravenous injections than phenol; no inflammation results, if, by error, it passes under the skin or over a vein. It does not cause muscular tremors like phenol does, when injected for the first time. It may be stated, in passing, that the phenol injection did not cause syncope; probably because of the very small dose used. (40 e.c.) Insofar as guaiacol lowers the internal temperature, even when applied externally, is it not probable that this action will be accen- tuated when it is in contact with the pulmonary mass? Veteri- narian Desjacques noticed a drop from 41 to 38.5 degrees, in Mare 25,733, following an injection of 400 grams (of guaiacol solution), the change taking place in an hour. In similar injections, lower- ing of the temperature to 38 was noticed, but the temperature in no case fell below 38. If it had, glycerine would have been added to the guaiacol water or guaiacol serum. . With regard to the analgesic action, I believe that this is ex- : ox SEE > Me eee Ba Sm Oe ne WOR Pleat PE ET VOR Ls Te ROE Ie te |S OE ES rr 24 pt moa Pee acre Rs oeey = =~@ : ee ae . $3 —— Fi ee Pee Rese ar eae et Se Le rete at ee cs on eer Mee ot, age ea - . tei ~ ae SE cary eee od ‘ td é ? = - ee } i a , 4 : 4 . ; cae ee ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 381 Ling __erted in intravenous injections, for in all the Pee cases ~ = treated, coughing was rarely heard. ai Guaiacol—10 to 15 grams to 1 liter of eee 2526. Pneumonia— Aug. 18. Nasal discharge red. Tubular x breathing, groans. T. 39.7; P. 64; R. 40. 420 grams of ~§ :! guaiacol water. - Aug. 19. 1.39.8; P. 72; R. 40. — Aug. 20. T. 38.6; P.58;R. 24. In afternoon received 250 grams zs guaiacol water. Bs. T. 39.7; P. 64; R. 38. Aug. 21. T. 39.4; P. 68; R. 34. . 300 grams guaiacol water. > — Aug. 22. 7.38. ;P.54;R.30. 200 grams guaiacol water. Aug. 23. -T. 37.5; P. 54; R. 24. Crepitant rales; nasal discharge pale. Aug. 25. T. 38.2; P .44;R.40. i mes 25. . 1: 4d. -. P82: at-2 P.M. 400 grams of guaiacol water, and mustard friction. T. — 37.8 three hours later. sige Aug. 26. TT. 38.3; P. 44; R. 18, in the morning. No treatment. Aug. 26. 1.39.5; P.56;R. 26, inthe afternoon. 200 grams guaia- e: col water. Te Aug. 27. TT. 38.7; P. 66; R. 28; nasal discharge red; groans; re- : ae ceived 500 grams of guaiacol ser- ca um (15 parts per 1000). means, 27. T.39.5;P.7 . 46, in the afternoon. feeaue. 23. T, 38.3; P. 58. 28. 300 grams of guaiacol water and 3. 10 grams of camphorated ether in- oa travenously. No treatment on the days following Sept.6. T. 38.2; P.56;R.13. Nasal discharge normal. Gaakseal and phGnel; Bett, 2593. Anasarca. —Aug. 29. Morning, edema of the limbs, es- ; _ pecially the posterior; petechiae on the Schneiderian membrane. Received 250 grams guaiacol water in the morning; 400 grams in the evening and 8 grams of camphorated ether intravenously. be aH 382 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE : \ easy Aug. 30. Engorgment reaches the elbow and patella. San- mo: guinous serous transudate from pastern joint. 400 grams guaiacol water in the morning, 600 in the evening. Aug. 31. Edema less pronounced. Enormous tumefaction of © ao the nose. Received 500 grams phenol water (pure phenol Ze parts per 1000) and 400 grams more in the evening. . Sept. 1.. Edema of nose and lips less Sue eee rendering petechiae more visible. Received 500 grams phenol water; evening; T. 40.3; 88 feeble pulse. Artificial serum, caffemm.—Dead. ‘ Autopsy showed hepatization of the anterior pulmonary lobes — and small purulent collections in the left lung. Phenol water (pure phenol 25 parts per 1000). 2530. Anasarea. Aug. 15. Schneiderian membrane strongly injected; engorgement reaching to the stifle joints and metatarsus. | Few drops of bloody transudate from posterior pastern joint. T. 39. Received 440 grams phenol water in the morning and 250 grams in the evening. Aug. 16. Petechiae more pronounced; 500 grams phenol water in the morning; 800 grams in the evening. Aug. 17. Petechiae attenuated; 500 grams phenol water. Aug. 18. 0.05 gram ecaffein ; 25 grams potassium nitrate. Aug. 19. 0.05 gram eaffein; 25 grams potassium nitrate. Aug. 20. Engorgement disappeared. Schneiderian membrane clean. T. 39. P. 44. . (Several other cases are given in detail. The above are typi- eal. Intravenous medication seems to be more practised abroad than here. For intravenous injection of chloral hydrate, see this Journal, May, 1916, p. 268. For intravenous injection of camphor in diseases of the respiratory tract, see this Journal, July, 1916, p. 528; both from foreign journals. ‘Recently Meltzer (New York) produced generalized anesthesia by intravenous injection of mag- nesium sulfate solution. See abstract following.) BERG. ANESTHESIA IN Human Bernes By INTRAVENOUS INJECTION or Macnesium Suurare. C. H. Peck and S. J. Meltzer. Journal American Medical Association, Vol. 67, pp. 1131-1133, 1916.—In this preliminary communication we wish to report briefly the course of anesthesia in three operations performed on human beings ex-' clusively under the influence of an intravenous injection of mag- “aed ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 383 nesium sulfate. Some of the writers insisted that magnesium ex- _ erted only a curare- like action, that is, the salts paralyze the motor nerve endings to such a degree that the animal is incapable of re- sponding to any stimulation; in other words, that the animal which appears to be anesthetized is actually conscious during the opera- tion and feels all the pain inflicted on it, but is incapable of mani- festing its sensations on account of the complete paralysis. The operations performed clearly demonstrated that the magnesium so- | lution exerts a genuine central effect which is entirely independent of any peripheral action which may or may not be present. The state of anesthesia produced is ‘actually anesthesia, that is, sensa- tion as well as consciousness is temporarily more or less complete- ly abolished. In one operation on a 160 pound man, 180 ¢.c. of a 6% mag- nesium sulfate solution were infused into the eubital vein in 45 minutes. BERG. PoIsoNING witH STRYCHNINE. By Country Vet. Veterinary Record.—A big, strong, cross-bred cow, heavy milker, was suffer- ing with impaction of the rumen, loss of appetite, constipation and — difficulty in getting up. A purgative was given, which operated well, and the next day the animal was convalescent. She then re- ceived hypodermically 2 grs. of strychnine hydrochloride, which were repeated the next day. It was observed that each time about an hour after the injection, she showed muscular tremors which soon passed off. On the following day her appetite was good, ru- mination regular, bowels acted well and the animal moved normal- ly. Two more grains of strychnine were administered with the re- sult that violent tetanic spasms took place and she died in ten min- utes. The writer says that he has used strychnine in such dose for years and even in larger quantities but has never met with such un- _ pleasant experience before. LIAUTARD. . —_~.___—_ Unsuspectep Dentan Trousie. Charles A. Squair. Vetert- nary Record.—An aged short horn cow had calved; two days after she could not get up. Yet she was in perfect health, eating and drinking well. She had no milk fever, but could not raise herself. A, Purged, liniment over the spine and the udder was inflated. In two oe hours she was up and well. Six weeks after, the writer was called ‘to see her again, She was unable to eat. Anxious for her food, 384 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ses she took it in her mouth but immediately dropped it. She salivated abundantly. The mouth was carefully examined for an offending __ molar or a foreign body, but nothing was detected. The molars, the tongue and the pharynx were explored as far as possible and __ everything was normal. Even a probang was resorted to and pushed into the stomach. Notwithstanding renewed exploration, no explanation was found. A blister was applied over the pharyn- geal region without improvement. Finally another exploration of the mouth was decided upon and in placing the gag to keep it open a congested appearance was noticed around an incisor, which was’ loose. It was pulled out and a teaspoonful of pus escaped. The next tooth was also diseased and extracted. Immediate recovery resulted. LIAUTARD. EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMMUNIZATION OF HorSES AGAINST GuaNpDERS. W. Pfeiler. Berl. Tier: Woch. Year 31, No. 45, pp. 532-533, Nov. 11, 1915. Abst. International Review of the Science and Practice of Agric., Year VII, No. 1, January 1916, p. 97.—The object of the writer was to obtain experimental evidence as to the possibility of rendering horses immune-to glanders, thereby dis- proving the majority of German veterinary practicians. Of the six animals (horses and donkeys) employed, two were inoculated as controls with cultures of the specific bacillus (1/2400 Oese). Both contracted the disease. The remaining four animals were first rendered immune by means of a special vaccine and subse- quently injected with the same amount of the culture as had been introduced into the control animals. In no case was the disease — produced. The same negative result was obtained on injecting the same four horses with an amount of the culture 2, 4, or 8 times stronger than that used in the first experiment. The writer concludes that it will be possible to confer immunity against glanders and intends to continue his experiments. REICHEL. So er Jomst Inu in Foaus. F. W. Schofield. Second Report on the Investigation Into Joint-Ill in Foals Existing in the Province of Ontario.—In a previous investigation no specific organism was 1so- lated to which the disease could be aseribed. Several organisms were found that might be the cause. Streptococci were the organ- — isms most frequently isolated from the lesions except in the re- fe : ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 385 a gions where contagious abortion was prevalent. There the Ba- —__—_ / On CerTAIN RELATIONS OF THE, LOWER ANIMALS TO HUMAN Centennial of the University of Chicago, Departmental Conference ai ‘in Pathology, June 6, 1916. Abst. from Science, Vol. XLIV, No. 1182, Sept. 8, 1916, pp. 337.—‘‘ The study of comparative pathology, it would seem, should occupy a more prominent place in the eurri- _ cula of our universities and medical schools than it has in the past. When we consider the fundamental character of the studies in this field of pathology—the work of Jenner, of Pasteur, of Koch, of _ Theobald Smith and especially of a great group of investigators | in recent years on cancer and on tropical diseases in man and ani- oa mals—the truth seems evident that in the study of disease and in its presentation to students, such an important field should not be slighted. Our study of disease in medical and veterinary institu- tions should be at least as broad and as comparative as is the study of zoology or botany. In order to understand the natural history of many diseases comparative studies are absolutely necessary. It would undoubtedly be advantageous both from a human as well as en a scientific standpoint if our medical schools and hospitals, _ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 387 could be easily detected. Some of these tumors were hard and Disease. David John Davis, Chicago, Ill. Read at the Quarter-_ our veterinary hospitals and even our cat and dog hospitals and 388 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ie Be ANS Rg Bs Go eg Ei other places for the care of sick animals could all be concentrated in one institution for the broad study of disease. This indeed is now being attempted in certain institutions and no doubt will re- sult in a broader conception of pathology.’’ Modes of transmission are summarized as follows :— ‘1. Infection in man may occur through simple contact with diseased animals. “TT, The infectious agent may be carried mechanically from person to person or from animal to person through food or other- wise by a second animal. “TTT. The animal may, through a bite, produce a lesion into - which the infectious agent is transferred, as in rabies and especially in the blood-sucking insect diseases. ‘‘TV. The parasite may be transmitted to man through the meat of lower animals used as food. ‘“‘V. The infectious agent may be transmitted to man through the secretions of the lower animals. ‘‘VJ. The infectious agent may enter one of the lower animals in which it passes through a regular phase or completes a cycle and then, usually through a bite of the animal, is transmitted to man.”’ HuMAN DISEASES CARRIED 1. By the dog: Rabies. Foot-and-mouth disease. Helminthiasis. Flukes. Tapeworms (especially Taenia echinococcus) Infantile splenomegaly (from dogs through fleas). Trypanosomiasis (T. gambiense). Mange. Fleas and ticks. Ringworm. Favus. 2. By the cow: Tubereulosis. Actinomycosis. Anthrax. Cowpox. Tetanus (through vaccine). Foot-and-mouth disease. Septic sore throat. ~ Rabies. Pus infections. ! Ps sur rma we t et \ _ = te eee eS eek apd Ca eo ae Oe ee! oh wee a _ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Tenia saginata. Milk sickness . = _ Paratyphoid fever. 3. By the horse: > Glanders. Rabies. Tetanus. Sporotrichosis. Anaphylaxis. Serum disease. Odor of horses. 4. By swine: Trichiniasis. Tuberculosis. Anthrax. Cestodes (especially T. solium). Trematodes. 5. By sheep: Anthrax. s Tuberculosis. 6. By goats: Malta fever. ‘ Tuberculosis. By the antelope: Sleeping sickness. ~~ 8. By the eat: Rabies. Cestodes. Trematodes. Favus. Ringworm. 9. By rats: Rat bite fever. Bubonie plague (through fleas). Trichiniasis (through hog to man). 10. By ground squirrels: : Bubonie plague. 11. By birds: : Psittacosis (from parrot). 12. By fish: Tape worms. 13. By arthropods, chiefly insects: _ Mosquitoes: Yellow fever. Malaria fever. _ Dengue fever. Filariasis. 390 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE MeN: Fleas: \ Bubonie plague. Infantile splenomegaly. Ticks and mites: Rocky Mountain fever. Relapsing fever (African). Tick fever of Miana. Japanese flood fever. Lice: Typhus fever. Relapsing fever (Spirochaeta obermeiert) Bed bugs: Kala azar. ae Flies: ~ Sandfly fever. Sleeping sickness (tse-tse fly). Typhoid fever and other infections carried mechanically. — Crustaceans (water flea) : Guinea worm infection (dracunculosis). Oysters, clams, ete.: Typhoid fever. Snails: Trematode infections (especially bilharziosis). The control of diseases transmissible from the lower forms of life to man must include a careful consideration of the following | points :— ‘1. A lower animal may be the only agency in the spread of a — disease. ‘*2. Several different species of lower animals may be con- cerned in the transmission of the disease. “3. The lower animal may be a ‘‘healthy’’ carrier. That is, the infectious agent though perhaps highly virulent to man may not cause the animal to become sick. ‘‘4. The lower animal may be a diseased ‘‘carrier’’; that is, the infectious agent may cause the lower animal to become sick.”’ REICHEL. Dr. S. O’Toole has removed from Agricultural College, N. D. to Atlanta, Ga. Dr. C. Hays has removed from Burkeville, Va. to 301 Douglas Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich. Dr. F. F. Meads has removed from Enid to Cherokee, Okla- homa, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION During the term of this committee the consummation of the hopes oe labors of paemy years was realized, and the granting of “Army after a struggle of many years. 5 The Army Reorganization Bill became a law and was approved A June 3, 1916, and the Act is now officially known as the National Defense Act. It became operative on July 1, 1916, and provides Le for a Veterinary Corps which shall be a part of the Medical De- partment of the Army. It also provides for rank, pay and allow- ances of veterinarians from 2nd Lieutenants up to and ineluding Major, and it further provides for those veterinarians now in the army, giving them active rank as high as Captain and retiring with Major rank. At least that is the way it is supposed to be, and will be decided by the first veterinarian to retire under the new law. For four years more the U. 8. Army in all its branches will be increased one-fifth until the new strength provided for by the De- fense Army Act is attained. The great rush of business and the concentration of our B* troops on the border have partly prevented the rapid change that -_-was generally expected to take place in the management of veteri- nary affairs of the Army, but the Medical Corps by which we are to be controlled and directed called for an examination of candi- dates to be held by the U. S. Civil Service Commission, July 17, 1916. This examination was prepared by the Surgeon General, siti Th. S. Army. A board of Medical Corps officers was convened at I - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, August 17, 1916. It was - composed of Capt. Thomassen, presiding and two medical officers and veterinarians, Griffin and Schwaritzkopf. Successful candidates will be ordered to report before the __ board for physical examination and if passed will then go into the , army veterinary corps as second lieutenant. . The great help given by the members of the A.V.M.A., through _ their congressmen and senators, is hereby acknowledged. The com- mittee desires to show its appreciation to the invaluable assistance _ and unchanging loyalty of Chairman James Hay of the House Be } Committee on Military Affairs. Through his efforts and masterly 392 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS / Cee direction, the veterinary clause of the Army Reorganization Bill was twice passed unanimously by the United States House of Rep- resentatives and this committee urgently recommends that proper recognition be given to Chairman Hay of Virginia by this as- sociation. D. E. Buckrinenam, Chairman. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION All the veterinary colleges on the accredited list of this as- sociation have been visited by one or two members of the committee with two exceptions. These are the Veterinary Department of the State College of Washington and the Veterinary Division of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. On account of the expense in- volved, arrangements were made with Dr. E. T. Baker of Moscow, Idaho, to visit and report upon the Veterinary Department of the Washington State College; and with Dr. H. C. Hutchins, Assist- ant State Veterinarian of Georgia to visit the Veterinary Division of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. There are approximately 20,000 practicing veterinarians in the United States and Canada. During the past year, there were in the veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada 3160 students, of whom 835 were seniors. America is now fairly well supplied with veterinarians. The demand is not for more, but for veterinarians with a more thorough training, not only in strictly professional lines, but in related lines that shall not only make him more efficient as a professional man, but more useful to hu- manity. The importance of veterinary science to the welfare of the people has never been so evident as at the present time, and realizing this, there is a demand not only within the profession, but also from the public for thoroughly and broadly trained vet- erinarians. Most of the veterinary colleges are making an earnest effort to stengthen their courses, by adding new subjects to the curricula, by giving more laboratory work, and by newer and more efficient methods of teaching. The training given veterinary students is better now than it has ever been before, but there is still room for improvement in all, and in some eolleges the. need is great. As a rule, the greatest weakness is in the smaller private schools. This _ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 393 : is natural as their income does not permit the development that they desire or need. The committee believes that it is the desire of this association to increase the efficiency of veterinary colleges and the suggestions made are intended to be constructively helpful. Consequently, we shall emphasize only a few points where improvement is most needed. . . The greatest defect in veterinary education at present is the lack of a thorough preliminary education upon which to build the professional training. This is necessary, not only that the student shall be able to get the full benefit of the veterimary training, but to meet the demands that come to professional men. At present. there is a wide difference of opinion in the different colleges as to what our present entrance requirements mean. Prospective stu- dents who fail on the entrance examination at one college go to an- other and pass the same, or a similar examination. Most of the entrance examination questions are simple, and the grading too hberal. The Dean of the St. Joseph Veterinary College informed us that all of the seventy applicants for admission passed, and that no students had failed to pass their college examinations the previous session. This variation in entrance requirements is most marked in the private veterinary schools, but the veterinary department of the Kansas State Agricultural College admits students to the vet- _ erinary course who have not passed the standard college entrance re- quirements of fifteen units. Such students are called ‘‘speeials’’, and are required to pass the regular class examinations. On the com- pletion of the course, they are granted a ‘‘veterinary certificate’’, instead of a degree. No certificates have yet been granted, but in the class of 1917 there are nine ‘‘specials’’, and in the class of 1918 ae four. In the freshman class there are twelve specials, one with 13 units one with 10; two with 8; one with 7; one with 5; one with 414; five with none. Nine students have dropped out. Four of these had no units. The indications are that the other one with no units will go in the near future, as his work is poor, This association has adopted certain requirements that are = susceptibile of widely different interpretations. To overcome this ; difficulty and secure uniform entrance conditions, we recommend that the Committee on Intelligence and Education be authorized to confer with the deans of the private veterinary schools and ar- 394 ' ASSOCIATION MEETINGS (eee \ ' oy Se by range a plan by which entrance examination questions shall be | prepared, the examinations held, and the papers graded to meet the requirements of this association. We also recommend that this association urges the inauguration of short courses for graduate veterinarians that shall enable prac- titioners to become familiar with the latest and best methods of veterinary science and practice. These courses to be conducted by veterinary colleges or veterinary associations. cya an We also recommend that the Committee on Intelligence and __ Education be instructed to correspond with the examining boards ~ of the various states and provinces to urge upon them the impor- _ tance of thorough examinations conducted so as to place each can- didate upon his own responsibility, and that the committee render to state examining boards all the assistance possible to secure uni- 4 formity and efficiency. With uniformity of state and provincial examinations, the question of reciprocity between them will be ad- vanced. ee We also recommend that the committee prepare an outline schedule for a four-year veterinary course that can be used as a guide by the various colleges. Your committee wishes to emphasize the importance of es-— tablishing what may be called an ethical professional atmosphere in some of the private veterinary schools. This can be done by those in charge and practically at no expense. There is a tend- eney among some to pose as bold rough veterinary students. A profession is judged very largely by superficial impressions, hence it is very important that the veterinary schools train students in 3 social and ethical lines that are so important in elevating’ our pro- | a fessional standards. ‘ There is much work to be done for the improvement of veteri-— nary education in America. The veterinarian of the future must have a thorough technical and broadly human training. Calling ours a learned profession does not make it so. We are judged by the public, and we shall only be recognized as a learned profession when we meet the standards set by similar professions. N. S: Mayo, Chairman; A. 8. Cooley; F.-Torrance; S. Hi og@ Ward; W. B. Mack. ah oN NS : A ih Ga cata a fi ie PAS A) ae aa) a ¥ ; > Oe ee , vA ; at v7 , j i ae , y ths Ae See vi i ~ rar ¥ i an ‘ASSOCIATION MEETINGS =~ 395 as te , Sees REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN ‘Mr. President and Members: The report of the Librarian cs covers the period from August Ist, 1915, to August 8th, 1916. a ~The number of copies of the proceedings on hand August Ast, 1915, together with those distributed and those now on hand ___ is shown by the following table: i y 204 2OSRLNG SOT COB OO O10 21d 12) kee om On Hand . Tit) 82. 84-150! alaOss LiGs 245% Bb7;a90 Copies Returned 2 mercopies Distributed 1. 1° 1-1) 1 Leno Bas Books on hand oan August 1, 1916 GO Ty Bike Sia 149 ABH LTA Sao. a eae o) I believe at the meeting last year someone suggested that the editor of the Journal take over the office of Librarian. 1 think that = is a very good suggestion, as from now on the editor of the Journal has practically all of the work of the Librarian to do. I think it would be a good suggestion for you to act upon. J. N. Frost, Librarian. ——_+—_—— > REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION IN THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. . > A meeting of this commission was held at Chicago, December 3 ” oe 1915, in connection with the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. Careful consideration was given to available in- a - formation concerning the newer tuberculin tests. It was the unani- q mous conclusion of the commission at this meeting that public a statement endorsing either of the newer tests or the simultaneous ~ (thermal and intradermal) was at that time inadvisable, because : 4 available information was inconclusive and because of official diffi- culties that would arise in public work from premature statement. Be. A committee of three, Torrance, Mohler and Moore was ap- ie pointed to compile data and make a critical study of available evi- a - dence as to the reliability of the newer tuberculin tests. Another meeting-of this commission was held in Detroit on August 23, 1916. The special committee previously mentioned reported a considerable amount of data concerning the newer tu- berculin tests which appeared to show that the intradermal test 396 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS me ze has no advantage in accuracy over the usual thermal test under or- (=} e dinary conditions, but may have important advantages under special conditions. A limited amount of data was reported on the complement fixation test which showed an average accuracy of ~ 81.6 per cent. Careful consideration was given to the future work of the commission. It was the unanimous opinion that its future work should be that of correlating more closely the technical knowledge 5 of this disease with the practical work of control. This commission feels that there are possibilities of important constructive action along the line of working out a practical scheme of co-operation between federal, state and other authorities in fol- lowing to the poimt of origin tuberculosis infection discovered by _ official inspection of meat animals before or after slaughter. This commission also recognizes the possibility of important service in furthering such lines of work as official recognition and registra- tion of tuberculosis-free herds of pure bred cattle. This commission deems it important that in this work and in kindred lines of effort, the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion should take a prominent part. While the commission feels that there is at present but little benefit to be derived from its further study of bovine tuberculosis from the strictly technical or professional point of view, its mem- bers are convinced that much good may result from an endeavor to correlate the practical with the scientific aspects of the problem. The commission would therefore suggest that the association should make such provision as may be necessary to undertake this new and promising line of' work either by continuing the commis- sion as at present constituted, or with such changes in the person- nel as may be considered advisable. J. G. RurHerrorp, Chairman, M. H. Reyno.ps, Secretary. ——— REPORT OF THE JOURNAL COMMITTEE In accordance with the action taken by the American Veteri- nary Medical Association at its meeting in Oakland, California, to establish a Journal for the association, the sub-committee on Journal, carrying out the arrangements already made with Dr. Ellis by the Committee on Journal, Doctors C. J. Marshall, R.-P. s. ao 33> ( Se ee re ee ee ee ds re 4 - ra ~ h PECL tie Lea slat a4 te 3 j ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : 397 - Layman and Dr. A. Eichhorn, met with Dr. Ellis and his attorney ‘F. L. Mayham, at Dr. Ellis’s home September 25, 1915. Dr. P. A. Fish was present by invitation. Arrangements were made for the taking over of the American Veterinary Review as the official Journal of the American Veterinary Medical. Association, for the sum of $2500.00 Dr. Fish was appointed editor. The Review became the property of the association, October 1, 1915. The Oc- tober number was prepared and published by Dr. Ellis at New York City. The subsequent numbers have been prepared by Dr. Tish at Ithaca, N. Y. The expenses of the J ournal have been paid from its earnings outside of the association so far as possible. When these have not sufficed the membership subscriptions have been drawn upon through the treasurer. Approximately one-third or slightly less of the circulation is among non-members. The postal,regulations require that members must be bona fide subscribers and that a por- tion of the dues must be used for the payment of the subscription. On this basis, there should be a fund for the Journal in the hands of the treasurer, which can be drawn upon as needed. The following is a statement of the receipts and expenditures of the Journal for ten months ending July 31, 1916. Receipts and expenditures. 10 months, ending July 31, 1916: RECEIPTS Renewals and Subscriptions .......... $2110.02 bay ELE Sn Fo Seen ar a ae ai 2327.76 MISE MIPEOUS 62 2S = oan tcc sche boxteaed ond’e) sade a 116.89 Rep atnth ee ee I errs ens hace nl Secu ee 23.00 Sundries (unaccounted for) ........... 95 Jourwal Mund from’ Treasurer: 2. ..°.. 1860.34 $6438.96 EXPENDITURES Ermine sourtial to Awe... ..-s 230% « x $4363.60 Miscellaneous for Journal .. 2725.) 02s. 194.48 WMC ea aici. 22 glia t «snl a, abe iets 455.88 eeeranid “ASSIStAICE <<< .:5/<0+ «bao elorece ae 427.15 ECE NATICU US) Jo cskle erases Wee see UES Miscellaneous paid by Treasurer........ 15.56 ; $5628.40 eccnat Gl TCO DIS as 2 LP. DS aes 810.56 $6438.96 398 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS There are 1726 members whose dues have been paid. This means a fund of $3452.00 for the Journal from subscriptions of the members. In addition to this should be considered the subserip- tions from applicants for membership of which, there are 421. This means a further addition of $842.00 to the Journal fund. From the members and applicants’ subscriptions, there should be a total of $4294.00 to the credit of the Journal. From this there should be deducted the $1860.34 already received from the treas- urer, leaving a balance of $2433.66. There should be a still further reduction for the items of salary and the $150.00 paid Dr. Ellis for members’ copies of the October number of the Journal. This would reduce the amount to $1283.66. While the previous itemized statement of receipts and expendi- tures refers only to the Journal office, there should be considered, from the association’s standpoint, the item of $150.00 paid by the treasurer to Dr. Ellis for the additional copies of the October 1915 number. This, with the editor’s salary, paid by the treasurer, would bring the total of the expenditures for the ten months to $6778.40. While we cannot assume the accuracy of the figures outside of our own office, our records and general information indicate that the following general statement would be conservative and approximately correct : ; JOURNAL OFFICE Receipts, 10 months ........$4578.62 | Expenditures, 10 months... . $5628.40 Receipts from Treasurer.... 1860.34 | Paid by Treasurer to Dr. Ellis Journal Fund still with Treas. | for Oct, 9d) Notices 150.00 (paid by members) ...... 1591.66 | Salary paid by Treasurer.... 1000.00 Journal Fund still with Treas. SSS applicants) grasses eee 842.00 $6778.40 ——— | *Excess of Receipts ........ 2094.22 $8872.62 | = | $8872.62 *Made up of balance of $810.56 in Journal office Aug. 1, 1916, and $1283.66 estimated balance with treasurer. Considered in the expense to the association should be reckoned the price of $2500.00 paid to Dr. Ellis for the American Veterinary Review. At the close of the year ending September 30, it would appear that there will be a balance which might be appled upon the original cost of the Review. In this event, it would appear ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 399 that the Journal has paid its own expenses, the salary of the editor and a portion of the original cost of the Review. The amount paid for the Review is materially less than that paid, of late years, for the publication of the former proceedings which brought no direct financial return to the association. During the year there were 266 subscribers who, up to date, have failed to renew their subscriptions. To offset this, there have been 159 new subscribers, not members of the association, and 421 new applicants for membership in the association. The average circulation of the Journal for ten months has been 2770. The mailing list for August was 2936 and on August 12, reached 3,003. It is hoped that the Journal has been a factor in bringing new members into the association and that it may grow in usefulness to the profession at large. It is also hoped that it may grow in usefulness in the advertising field; that advertisers will apprecti- ate an impartial and uniform rate for space and that there may be a spirit of cooperation between advertisers and members in that the advertisers are contributing to the support of the association and members by patronizing them, are also contributing to a cer- tain extent to this end. Members may cooperate by contributing articles to the Journal, by helping to increase the membership, sub- scribers and advertisers and build the Journal into one of the strongest veterinary periodicals in the world. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the association subscribe for the Journal at the regular membership rate for the honorary members. That the members of the Honor Roll shall pay the subserip- tion price of the Journal if they continue to receive it. That the business proceedings of the association together with the constitution and list of members be printed in a supplementary number of the Journal. That when an article is accepted for publication in the Journal, the author be notified and 50 reprints will be furnished free of charge, should he express a desire to have them. Additional copies at the regular rate. That the editor be allowed $75.00 a month for assistance and office expenses. 400 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS The members are to be congratulated upon the success of the operation of the Journal and urged to do all in their power to pro- mote its welfare. F. Torrance, Chairman. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY During the past year the following named members have been taken from us. We have, in preparing this lst, endeavored to get every one in. Sometimes we have not been able to get the names until after the convention. We have, from the publishers of the various journals, endeavored to get in touch with the names that they knew of, and I trust that the list is complete, and that no one has been omitted. After reading this list, if any person should be familiar with the death of others, we desire to know about it. The following is the list: Dr. Francis Abele, Jr., 18 Spear St., Quincy, Mass. He gradu- ated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1893; admitted to membership in this association in 1900; and died March 26, 1916. Dr. Fred Barclay Carter, 21 W. Fornanee Street, Norristown, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1912; was admitted as a member of this association the same year; and was killed in the spring of 1916 in an automobile accident. : Dr. J. B. Desmond, 77 Currie Street, Adelaide, South Aus- tralia; died during the year. He was a graduate of the Melbourne Veterinary College in the year 1887; was admitted into this asso- ciation in 1908. Dr. Desmond was quite a familiar character to this association, at least his writings on this side of the water are. For a number of years he contributed articles to the American Veterinary Review; I think also to Dr. Campbell’s journal and others. He was a member of this association, although he lived quite a distance from us, and he was quite interested in the work going on in this part of the country. Dr. B. G. Dill, of Charleston, South Carolina was a graduate of the Kansas City Veterinary College in the year 1908; was ad- mitted to membership in this association in 1910 and died on the 17th of September, 1915. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 401 Dr. Roy N. Drake of Reno, Nevada; a graduate of the Ohio Veterinary College in 1896; admitted to membership in this asso- ciation in 1909; died April 11, 1916. Dr. John J. Gallagher of Lovelock, Nevada, was a graduate of the New York State Veterinary College in 1904; was admitted to membership in this association in 1915; and died on July 22, 1916. Dr. W. C. Holden, of Delphos, Ohio, graduated from the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1880; was admitted to membership in 1902; and died on the 16th day of April, 1916. Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, of Chicago, Illinois, was a graduate of the New York State Veterinary College in 1903; was admitted to membership in this association in 1904; and died on the 15th day of February, 1916. I believe that it is pretty generally conceded that in Dr. Hughes we lost one of our very prominent members. He was a gentleman of rare literary attainments, an ardent worker for the uplift of the veterinary science, and I presume that I am safe in stating that he was one of the most active men in the as- sociation, and in the general uplift of the veterinary profession in this country. Dr. David McKibbin, Jr., of Philadelphia, Pa.; a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1906; admitted to membership in this association in 1910. I have not the date of his death here, but he died in California. I received from Dr. Klein a copy of a San Francisco paper, and from that I inferred that Dr. McKibbin was one of the very prominent men on the Pacific Coast, and a gen- tleman of very wide experience. He had traveled a great deal in foreign lands; had been to China; and had been investigating diseases of cattle. He had also been to the Philippine Islands and had made a great name for himself. A great deal more about the achievements of this good doctor could be mentioned, but I have not the copy here. Dr. W. H. McKinney, 308 Bumbel Building, Kansas City, Missouri; graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College; admitted to membership in 1891; died on the 23rd day of February, 1914. He should have been included in last year’s report, but through some oversight was omitted. Dr. W. F. Meyers, of Fort Wayne, Indiana, was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College in 1889; was admitted to member- 402 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ship in this association in 1900; and died on the 17th day of Janu- ary, 1916. Dr. Harry W. Rike, 735 Lincen Avenue, Burlingame, Cali- fornia, was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1889; was admitted to membership in 1909; and died on the 6th day of April, 1916. Dr. U. S. Springer, of Grand Rapids, Mich. We have been unable to ascertain the date of his death. Mail was returned marked deceased. Dr. F. D. Weisse, 46 W. 20th Street, New York City, was a graduate of the New York Veterinary College, and was admitted to membership in 1871. He was an honorary member of this as- association or rather on the honor roll. He was once upon a time a member of the faculty of the Veterinary College of New York. The doctor died in 1915. This is another case that was overlooked at the last meeting. Dr. John Scott, of Peoria, Illinois. I have no data further than that. Dr. Theodore Kitt of Bavaria, Germany. I presume we are all more or less familiar with the great work that this man has done. He was perhaps one of the foremost pathologists of Europe. I have no dates on the ease, although I can say that Dr. Kitt was an honorary member of this association. H. JENSEN, Chairman. SECRETARY’S OFFICE A.V.M.A. Resignations due to the inerease of the annual dues to five dollars are surprisingly few. In the November issue this announee- ment read ‘‘registrations’’ instead of ‘‘resignations’’. There will be a meeting of the Executive Board at the Secre- tary’s office on the evening of December 5th, 1916 to consider some questions that have arisen under the new Constitution and By- Laws. It was thought advisable to convene a session at this time because a quorum will undoubtedly congregate in Chicago to at- tend the annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. : In order to complete the working organization of the associa- tion at an early date the Resident State Secretaries appointed by ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 403 President Cotton are again requested to accept their respective ap- pointments as soon as possible. The following prominent veterinarians have recently visited the Secretary’s office—Robt. Prior, North Yakima, Wash.; J. H. Crawford, Harvard, Ill.; John H. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio; J. A. Anderson, Seward, Neb.; Adolph Eichhorn, Washington, D. C.; E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn, N. Y.; O. E. Dyson, Springfield, Ill. ; A. C. Worms, Chicago, Ill.; A. C. Tillman, Earlville, Ill.; and Thos. H. Ferguson, Lake Geneva, Wis. The president has been requested to appoint tellers to count the ballots for the nomination of candidates for the several offices on the Executive Board. While the Constitution leaves this matter solely to the Secretary, the importance of this particular election which includes the whole Board, places a responsibility upon the shoulders of one officer that is great enough for a whole committee of tellers to carry. As the day for closing the nominations draws near (Nov. 27th) it is becoming apparent that only a small vote will be cast. Less than 25 per cent of the electors have voted to date (November llth). The cause seems to be due to the fact that this sudden change of the Constitution is little understood and the impor- tance of these offices is under-estimated by a majority of the members. Se Tue SouTHEASTERN StaTES VETERINARY MeEpICAL ASSOCIATION MEETING, ATLANTA, GA., DECEMBER 27, AND 28, 1916. wf The nucleus of this new organization was formed at Detroit during the recent A.V.M.A. meeting. The need of such an organization is apparent when it is realized that a very large per cent of the veterinary practitioners of the sec- tion included will seldom have opportunity to attend meetings of the A.V.M.A. It should, however, be one of the numerous feeders of the latter organization. Again, it is felt that such an organization will give opportunity to develop much latent force in many of our better but more reserved practitioners. It will serve to bring the veterinarians of the section together and to get acquainted and it is hoped it will tend to popularize and elevate the profession in the eyes of their clents and public. 404 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS The size of the territory included in this organization is to be such that all veterinarians within it can easily attend by holding the meetings near the center of it. It has been thought best to hold the meetings in the most central state and ask those to join which bor- dered on this state or are no further off than bordering states. A glance at the map will show the Southeastern territory logically to include Georgia as the center surrounded by North and South Caro- lina, Florida, Alabama, and Tennessee with Mississippi being no fur- ther away than parts of Tennessee. Others wishing to join, how- ever, will not be barred. Temporary officers elected at the Detroit meeting were Drs. Tait Butler, Chairman; G. A. Roberts, General Secretary and Resi- dent Secretary for North Carolina; C. A. Cary, Alabama; Dr. W.H. Burson, Georgia; Dr. F. P. Caughman, South Carolina; and Dr. F. W. Porter, Florida. . A splendid program for the Atlanta meeting is being arranged, at which time also the permanent organization will be formed. _ All qualified veterinarians of the Southeastern States are urged to attend and support their new organization. G. A. Roperts, Temporary Secretary. —————— OKLAHOMA STATE VETERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION The first meeting of the O.S.V.M.A. was held at Oklahoma City, October 23, 24, 25, 1916. The association was assisted in the program by several of the leading veterinarians of the United States, which gave the members a chance to learn of the progfess made in the control of infectious diseases. One of the things which the association regretted was that the president, Dr. R. F. Eagle was leaving the state, having received a promotion and will now be located in Chicago as assistant sup- erintendent of all of Wilson & Co. Packing Establishments. To fill the vacancy made by the withdrawal of Dr. Eagle, Dr. J. S. Grove, inspector in charge of the U.S.B.A.I., was chosen as presi- dent. This was the initial meeting of the O.S.V.M.A., and thanks to the assistance of those veterinarians who came to assist us in get- ting it started right, we have the prospect of becoming one of the best state veterinary associations in the United States. The program opened with an address of welcome by Mayor peered, ‘ise ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 405 -Overholser of Oklahoma City, to which an able response was made by Dr. J. A. Kiernan of Washington, D. C. Following the presi- dent’s address papers were given as follows: “The Control of Animal Diseases from the Viewpoint of a Layman’’—John Fields, Editor Oklahoma Farmer; ‘‘Live Stock Sanitary Control Work from the Viewpoint of a Financier’’—T. P. Martin, Jr., President Oklahoma Stock Yards National Bank; Address—F’. M. Gault, President Oklahoma State Board of Agri- culture; ‘‘Legislation Necessary to the Proper Control and Eradi- eation of Infectious Animal Diseases—N. 8. Mayo. “The Veterinarian’s Part in Live Stock Sanitary Control Work’’—D. F. Luckey. ‘‘Cooperation of Practicing Veterinarians with the U. S. Burea in the Control and Eradication of Contagious Diseases in Live Stock’’—J. A. Kiernan. | ‘A Résumé of Various State Live Stock Sanitary Regulations Found to be Effective in Control of Hog Cholera’’—Diseussed by Non-resident Veterinarians. Night Session with Oklahoma Co. Medical Society. Address— J. W. Duke, President Oklahoma State Board of Health; ‘‘Infant Mortality a Result of Contaminated Milk Supply’’—M. E. Gil- more; Standardizing a Municipal Milk Supply’’—Lewis Crabb; ‘‘Meat Inspection in its Relation to Public Health’’—J. 8. Grove; Hemorrhagic Septicemia’’—W. P. Schuler; ‘‘Bovine Tuberculo- sis and Proper methods for its Control’’—D. F. Luckey;. ‘‘The Prevalence of Cattle Abortion and its Economic Relation to the Live Stock Industry’’—A. T. Kinsley; ‘‘Relative Merits of Intra- dermal, Ocular and Subeutaneous Tuberculin§ Tests’’—Lewis Crabb; ‘‘Glanders and its Control’’—C. C. Hooker; ‘‘ Diseases Common to the Canine’’—J. E. Nance; ‘‘The Value of Biologics as Therapeutic Agents’’—A. T. Kinsley; ‘‘Requisites Necessary to Successful Veterinary Surgery ’’—R. C. Moore; ‘‘The Newer Thera- peutic Agents’’—H. Jensen; ‘‘Reports of Cases’’—Drs. Anthony, R. C. Smith, C. R. Walters, Geo. Pugh; Display of Pathological Specimens, U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry; ‘‘Technique of Swine Vaccination’’, Hospital of Dr. C. C. Hooker—Drs. D. W. Gurber and J. G. Eagle; Clinic at Hospital of Dr. C. C. Hooker—Dr. R. C. Moore in charge. - The following men in addition to those on the program were present and entered into the discussions: Dr. G, Ditewig, Washing- 406 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ton, D. C.; Dr. A. O. Lundell, Fort Worth, Tex.; and Dr. John Eagle of Kansas City, Mo. About twenty new members were taken into the association at this meeting. R. C. Smiru, Secretary. —_>_—_ New York Ciry VETERINARY Mepicau ASSOCIATION—J UNE MEETING The regular monthly meeting of the N. Y. City Veterinary Med- ical Association was called to order by the president, Dr. Geo. Gou- beaud, at 9 P. M. The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. : The committee on legislation reported that they had written the Governor and asked for a hearing on the Bill before he signed it. Reported that the Bill had been signed. The Prosecuting Committee reported progress. The Judiciary Committee also reported progress. The Prosecuting Committee, on request, amended their report. Dr. Cochran said that $640 had been subscribed to the prose- euting fund. Dr. Gannett stated that eight arrests had been made. All had pleaded guilty and were held for Special Sessions. More money is needed to carry on the work. This report was duly accepted. Dr. J. G. Wills, Chief Veterinarian, Department of Agricul- ture, State of New York, then presented an able and instructive paper entitled ‘‘State Veterinary Police Work With Special Ref- erence to Laws Governing the Control of Infectious Diseases.”’ Dr. Wills spoke of the countries and states which have been lax in taking up veterinary control work. The authority of a state is confined to its own borders. Fed- eral control is under the Bureau of Animal Industry. Veterinary control work affects not only the health of the peo- ple but the economic conditions as well. Said that a state meat inspection service would be of great value and it is to be regretted that New York State has no such service. Formerly the control of animal diseases was vested in the State Health Department but is now handled by the Veterinary Bureau of the Department of Agriculture. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS A0T The co-operation of stock owners is a great help especially in a sudden outbreak of some disease. The head of the department should be allowed a certain amount of laxity to meet special cases. A meat inspection law would aid in the detection of conta- gious diseases. The present Agricultural Law is in certain ways unsatisfactory. There should be laws regulating the use of bio- logic products especially the virus of hog cholera. Also mentioned the proposed registration of herds free from tuberculosis. — It is difficult to obtain sufficient funds to reimburse owners whose stock has been destroyed under the provisions of the agri- cultural law and this may make it necessary to curtail the work. Great good may be done by the profession at large in the line of. Veterinary Police work and regrets that there is not better or- ganization along these lines. Our legislators as a rule are not conversant with conditions and it is therefore necessary to educate them before favorable and in- telligent action can be had. Mentioned the movement to replace the Chief of the B. A. I. with a layman which would have proved disastrous to the interests of the country. Dr. W. Reid Blair, eulogized Dr. Wills’ paper and in part said that it is essential that the State Department have the support of the owner and veterinarian to obtain the best results. The education of the legislators has to be repeated often as changes are frequent. Dr. H. D. Gill stated that he considered this paper the most -important that had been presented in some time and that also the legislators should: be educated, along certain lines, by the veteri- narians. Dr. E. B. Ackerman said he was highly interested in Dr. Wills’ paper and regrets that there is no state meat inspection law. Dr. T. E. Smith of Jersey City said that Dr. Wills had cov- ered the subject very thoroughly and that administrative officers should have the support of the practicing veterinarians. The prac- titioner should prepare the way and educate the owner to co-op- erate. Mentioned the glander quarantine law as being of great bene- fit to the State of New Jersey. 408 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ~ Dr. Goubeaud, in speaking of Dr. Wills’ paper, advocated a plan to establish a fund to reimburse owners of animals condemned by the State Department of Agriculture, viz: a tax of one dollar per head on horses, fifty cents on cattle and twenty-five cents on sheep and hogs. Advocated the establishment of a Veterinary Bureau with county veterinarian in each county. : Dr. Chase said that he was deeply interested in this subject — and commended the work of the state veterinarians. There are too few state veterinarians in certain localities and in support of this statement cited a case in which hogs had been brought to Long Island from one of the best up-state hog farms with the result that hog cholera was introduced to a previously un-infected district. All stock before being moved should have veterinary inspec- tion and there should also be a State Law requiring the inspection of all animals killed for food purposes. In the rural districts there is no meat inspection. ‘ Also mentioned tuberculin testing, stating that there are a million and a half of cattle in the state to be tuberculin tested, and recommended that a competent person under the supervision of the qualified veterinarian be allowed to take temperatures as in most instances it is difficult or impossible to obtain the assistance of qualified men. ° Dr. Gill said in answer to this that it was imeonsistent to have a layman do part-of the test and the state will not allow it. Dr. Wills, in closing the discussion, also said that he would not ask the Commissioner of Agriculture to change the rules regu- lating the test as official and accepted tests must be made in con- formity with the rules of the department. Letters from Dr. Hoskins were read regarding the Army Bill’ and the Salmon Memorial Fund. Copies of Senator Hughes’ speech in support of the Army Bill were distributed to the members. The secretary was instructed to write the Hon. Wm. Hughes and express the appreciation of the association for his efforts in behalf of the Army Bill. The same action was directed in the case of Hon. Julius Kahn of the House Military Committee. Dr. Slawson made an unqualified denial of any connection with the bribery charges recently made by the Dept. of Health. He tendered his resignation and was suspended May Ist, 1916, Bi -— ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 409 Dr. Smith announced the Alumni dinner to be held at the Hotel Astor, June 15, 1916. A vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Wills for his valuable paper. The following delegates were appointed to represent this as- sociation to the A.V.M.A.: Dr. D. W. Cochran, Dr. E. B. Acker- ‘man, and Dr. W. Reid Blair. To the N. Y. State V.M.S.: Drs. R. W. Gannett, H. D. Gill and Cassius Way. The program committee announced that at the next meeting, in October, a surgical clinic would be held and it was expected that Prof. Adams of the U. of P. would be present. No further business appearing the meeting adjourned. Rost. S. MacKeuuar, V.S., Secretary. Unrrep States Live Srock SANITARY ASSOCIATION TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING This meeting will be held at Hotel La Salle, Chicago, Decem- ber 5, 6, and 7, 1916. This association includes leading Federal and State Live Stock Officials, farmers, stockmen and many persons interested in various lines of Live Stock work in this country. The program for this meeting combines a variety of topics of the greatest interest and importance to everyone concerned in the prosperity of the Animal Industry of the United States. The regular sessions of the meeting will be open to the public. Farmers and stockmen are especially invited to attend. Anyone desiring additional particulars regarding the meet- ing or program should write the Secretary, John J. Ferguson, Union Stock Yards, Chicago. —— CHICAGO VETERINARY SOCIETY At the annual meeting of the Chicago Veterinary Society, October 10, the following officers were elected: Dr. John B. Jaf- fray, president; Dr. George Frost, first vice-president; Dr. C. A. Zell, second vice-president; Dr. James Robertson, treasurer; Dr. A. A. Leibold, secretary. Board of Censors: Dr. A. C. Worms, chairman; Dr. L. A. Merillat; Dr. E. L. Quitman. 410 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS A very successful meeting was held November 14, the annual banquet being given at this date, the attendance numbering twenty- seven. A. A. LEIBoLD, Secretary. TENNESSEE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION As retiring secretary of our association, I wish to make a re- port of our meeting which was held at Humboldt, Tenn., November 8th and 9th. We had the greatest meeting in the history of the association, taking in twenty new members, many valuable papers and an en- tire day clinic. A theatre party and a dinner was given the mem- bers by the local veterinarians. Our next meeting will be at Columbia, Tenn., in the early part of November. Officers elected and appointed as follows :— Orricers, 1917 :—President, Dr. F. W. Morgan, Chattanooga, Tenn,; Vice-President, Dr. J. M. Jones, Lewisbyrg, Tenn.; Sec- ond Vice-President, Dr. G. W. Shaw, Knoxville, Tenn.; Secretary, Dr. F. R. Youree, Lebanon, Tenn.; Treasurer, Dr. A. C. Topmiller, Murfreesboro, Tenn. ComMITTEES :—-Executive Committee, J. H. McMahon, J. W. Scheibler, S. H. Woods. Legislative Committee, M. Jacob, F. R. Youree, Geo. R. White. Finanee Committee, Wm. Murray, L. D. Nowell, A. J. Brown. Resolutions Committee; C. D, White, G. A. Metealf, ©. E. Kord.. Ethics Committee, Geo. R. White, G. B. Giltner, A. C. Topmiller. The following program was given. Hog Cholera and its Technique as a Standard Adopted by the State «.c.. Genes Mie Wee ease eee renee C. Dillon White The Production of Serums, Distribution and Results.... ead bs o's = Whey sikh coe Ca oe eer olen oie ees ee G. B. Blackman The Relation between the Division of Extensions and the Veterinary, Protessign see cones ie eee ee C. D. Lowe Transmissible Diseases Among Live Stock in Tennessee... rR poe Se) SR Nn a Ae -...... M. Jacob The Value of Meat and Milk Inspection............ J. A. Austin Castration of Cryptorchids and Restraint............ G. R. White COMMUNICATIONS 411 Infectious Stomatitis in the Dog ................ J. W. Scheibler TNS) TELS GS Ga Bee eek er OR R. J. Landis _ The second day was devoted to the elinic. Among the oper- ators were: M. Jacob, G. R. White, G. B. Giltner, W. M. Bell, J. W. Scheibler, J. H. McMahon, C. Dillon White, G. B. Blackman, C. D. Lowe, F. R. Youree. F. W. Morgan, Secretary. COMMUNICATIONS The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Ass’n, finaca,N.Y < The Veterinary Division of the North Carolina Agricultural College will offer a One Week’s Course for Graduate Veterinarians January 8-13, 1917. The success of the course last year was such as to warrant giv- ing it again. It will probably become an annual event. The college force is expected to be supplemented by Dr. R. C. Moore, President of the St. Joseph Veterinary College; Dr. N. 8. Mayo, of the Abbott Laboratcrics; aid Dr. T. B. Carroll, practi- tioner and horse shoer, of Wilmington, N. C. Yours very truly, G. A. ROBERTS. CorrREcTION: In my paper on ‘‘The Bull as a Disseminator of Contagious Abortion’’, published in the November number of the Journal cf the A.V.M.A., page 146, in my reference to Dr. W. L. Williams’ article, | inadvertently connected a paragraph on cohabita- tion as a factor in the transmission of abortion infection with one just preceding it relative to the bull as a disseminator of the dis- ease. F. B. HaApuey. NECROLOGY Dr. John A. Boyd, Mason City, Nebraska. MISCELLANEOUS Nore :—For the sake of accuracy and the convenience of the Editor’s office, it is requested that each subscriber scrutinize care-— fully the name and address upon the wrapper of his Journal and report any inaccuracy at once to this office. Dr. Frank Bowne has removed from Hazleton, Ind. to Paris Crossing, Ind. . Dr. Alexander Plummer has removed to 1215 West 37th St., Los Angeles, Cal. Dr. R. S. Whitney is working with-the Department of Health at Albany, N. Y. Dr. Earl S. Pickup has removed from, Cattaraugus, N.Y. to Union City, Pa. Dr. H. L. Tate has removed from Portland, Ore. to Stock Yards Sta., Sioux City, Ia. Dr. H. S. Gilliland of Marietta, Pa. has removed his office to the Widener Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. G. S. Weaver has removed from Olivia, Minn. to Mitchell, South Dakota. Dr. G. A. Hawthorne has removed from Blanchard, Ia. to 1322 Tracy St., Kansas City, Mo. Dr. R. E. Christopher has removed from LaCrosse, Wis, to Mason City, Ia. Dr. I. R. Rodgers, for eighteen years a practicing vetermarian at St. Joseph, Mich., has retired from active practice. Dr. E. C. Goodrich, who has been associated with him the last two years, will continue the practice. The meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical As- sociation was held at Syracuse, November 28. Mr. Louis R. Curtis, formerly of St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago, has been elected president of the Frank 8. Betz Company of Ham- mond, Ind. He has had wide experience among hospitals and medi- calmen. Mr. Frank 8. Betz will continue as chairman of the board of directors. Other interests are given as reasons for his retiring as active head of the company. te _ MISCELLANEOUS 413 The Western New York Veterinary Medical Association will hold its next meeting December 15, 2:30 P. M. at the Erie Co. 8. P. C. A. Building, 121-123 West Tupper St., Buffalo, N. Y. The next meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical As- sociation will be held at the Hotel Garde, Hartford, Conn., Feb. Blot: James Gordon Bennett of New York City has presented a sum for the benefit of the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y., the income of which is to be used as a prize for the best work done in veterinary anesthesia. A VETERINARY FIELD FOR CHRISTIAN SCIENCE.— ‘The poor little kittens were all born blind, but I prayed and I read Science and Health, and after ten days every little kitten got his eye-sight just as good as anybody’s.—Glory be to Mother Mary Baker Glover Patterson Eddy.’’ (Quoted by Dr. E. C. Hill in NW. Y. Medical Journal). PRACTITIONERS’ SHORT CoURSE IN VETERINARY MeEpIcIne. Uni- versity Farm, Davis, Cal., Dee. 27-80, inclusive. The following schedule has been approved by a committee of the California State Veterinary Medical Association, in cooperation with the Division of Veterinary Science of the University of California: qr Wednesday, December 27. 1:15 to 1:30. Address by an officer of the University. 1:30—1:45. Address by a California Practitioner. 1:45—3 :30. Lecture and demonstration in judging farm animals. A rapid survey of breeds and types of the vari- ous species of farm animals. Professor Gordon True and assistants. 3 :30—5 :30. Lecture: Abortion in Cattle. Dr. W. L. Williams. 7:30—8:15. Illustrated lecture: Sterility in Cattle. Dr. W. L. Williams. 8:15. The Bacteriology and Pathology of Infectious Abor- tion. Dr. K. F. Meyer. Thursday, December 28. 9:00—10:30. Lecture and laboratory demonstration on biological phenomena’ as re- lated to immunity and infectious abortion, in- cluding methods of obtaining pure cultures, ag- glutination, complement fixation and anaphy- laxis. Dr, Jacob Traum and assistants. 414 MISCELLANEOUS 10 :30—12:00. Lecture and demonstration: Recent Developments in the Prophylaxis of Anthrax, Blackleg, and Septicemia Hemorrhagica. (Speaker to be an- nounced). 1:30—2:45. Lecture and demonstration in judging dairy cattle. ; Professor True. 2 :45—4:30. Clinical demonstration upon handling of Sterility m Cattle. Dr. W. L. Williams. 4 :30—5 :30. Lecture and demonstration on Diseases of Poultry. Dr. J. R. Beach. 7 :30—8:15. Paper on the occurrence and importance of abortion and sterility in California eattle. Dr. C. M. Haring. Sci: Lecture and demonstration: The Prophylaxis and Therapeutics of Calf Secours and Pneumonia. Dr. Williams. _ Friday, December 29. 9:00—10-:30. Lecture and demonstration of chemical and bacteriological tests of interest to vet- erinarians as used in public health work. Drs. Haring, Roadhouse and Traum. 10 :30—12:00. Lecture and demonstration on hog cholera. Dr. B. J. Cady. 1:30—4:00. Lecture and clinical demonstration of surgical technie illustrating recent developments in surgery with operations or anaesthetized animals. (Surgeon to be announced). 4:00—5 :30. Demonstration of a thorough post-mortem on a large animal. Dr. K. F. Meyer. La0 5 Smoker, with program consisting of shares talks on how the veterinarian can adv ance his interests in the future. Saturday, December 30. 9:00—10:00. Lecture: Suggestions on the Treatment of Diseases of the Digestive Tract in Cattle. (Speaker to be announced). 10 :00—12 :00. ~The Specific and Nonspecific Treatment of Infec- tious Diseases, illustrated by demonstrations of biological phenomena. Dr. K. F. Meyer. 1:30—2:30. Lecture and demonstration on parasites of animals. Prof. W. B. Herms. 2:30—5 :00. Clinic: (The subjects treated will depend on the material available.) Special features already ar- ranged include demonstrations of intradermal, intrapalpebral and ophthalmic tests on. reacting cattle, cattle surgery and the operation for the re- hef of roaring in horses. “ye POR MISCELLANEOUS 415 Accommodations are ample and expenses moderate. Consid- erable interest has been manifested and indications point toward a good attendance from California and adjacent states. ENROLLMENT OF STALLIONS IN NEw YorkK State. The veteri- nary bureau of the Department of Agriculture has sent out blanks for the Enrollment of Stallions in New York State. The new law provides for the examination of alt stallions offered for service, by a veterinarian who must certify to the Commissioner of Agricul- ture concerning the animals’ soundness and freedom from infec- tious incurable diseases. It is required that the owners shall ob- tain a certificate of the condition of soundness of their stallions, signed by a veterinarian who is approved by the Department of Agriculture. The veterinarian must take an oath before a notary, attesting the certificate. The owner of a stallion must post the certificate of enrollment in a conspicuous place in his stable. Cir- culars advertising stallions must copy the certificate issued by the Department of Agriculture. The charge for enrollment is $3, for renewal $1, and for transfer 50 cents. After Jan. 1, 1917, no stal- lion shall stand for service in New York State which is not enrolled and certified by the department. The law prohibits the collection of fees for the service of unenrolled stallions. An important article on the Municipal Abattoir by Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La., appeared in the Breeders’ Gazette for November 2. The marriage of Miss Jennie Bertha Kelly of Lyons, Mich. to Dr. James F. Shigley occurred October 25. After December 1, they will be ‘‘At Home’’ at Kenmare, N. D. The National Association of Bureau of Animal Industry Em- ployees has again selected Secretary Walkley to act as legislative representative at Washington this winter. Other representatives will be sent if future developments show that they are needed. The next meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Association will be held at the Iowa State College at Ames, Iowa, Jan. 9, 10 and LT, 11917. Dr. J. H. MeNeil of the Brazil Land, Cattle and Packing Co., Sao Paulo, Brazil, will leave for the United States after January 1. 416 MISCELLANEOUS A New VETERINARY PuBLICATION. Arrangements are being made by Dr. O. Charnock Bradley, of Edinburgh, to publish a periodical review of Veterinary Literature, from which the prac- titioner and scientist will be able to obtain information of the ap- pearance of important papers in the veterinary and allied press of the various countries. Dr. L. McLean of Brooklyn, N. Y. has given to the Museum of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, his interesting collection of pathological specimens of bone diseases, a number of instruments that were used in surgery more than fifty years ago in Scotland, and also the bones of the head and pelvis of a very distinguished elephant. This collection will be designated as ‘‘The McLean Collection’’. The United States Meat Inspection Service certified to the wholesomeness of 11,220,958,000 pounds of meat from 61,826,304 animals during the last fiscal year. It condemned 348,945 ani- mals and 738,361 parts of animals, equivalent to about 84,320,000 pounds of meat. Of 16,700 cows tested through 47 Wisconsin cow-testing asso- ciations last year, 3,375 were disposed of as unprofitable. Dr. I. D. Wilson of Blue Earth, Minn., has been appointed as an instructor in animal husbandry at the Pennsylvania State Col- lege, State College, Pa. He will have charge of the veterinary sub- jects required of the students. Dr. Wilson is a graduate of the Veterinary College at Ames, Ia. with the class of 1914. Dr. S. B. Elliott of Bell Meade farm, in Fauquier County, Virginia has imported a herd of Welch ponies from the mountain- ous region of Wales. The New York Convention of the National Association of Bureau of Animal Industry Employees authorized its executive committee to arrange for the publication of an official organ to be known as ‘‘The Inspector’’. It is to be published monthly. The Report of the Chief Veterinary Surgeon for Southern Rhodesia, Africa, states that African Coast Fever occupies the largest place on the record. Trypanosomiasis is a constant men- MISCELLANEOUS 417 ‘ace. The number of dipping tanks has increased 168 over the previous year. Contagious abortion was first discovered in the territory in Oc- tober 1914. Since then several additional centers of infection have been discovered in certain districts. The disease apparently exists in a less virulent form than in England. Parasitic gastritis of cattle due to Hemonchus contortus is a greater cause of loss than is generally realized. No cases. of tuberculosis occured during the year. The tuber- eulin test was applied to 78 imported bulls and heifers. The territory continues free from glanders. In the Eastern districts very heavy losses among sheep were sustained through an exceptionally severe visitation of blue-tongue. UNSOUNDNESS IN STALLIONS. Reports received from 13 of the States having laws regulating the public service of stallions show the following percentages of unsoundness in stallions out of 2,640 reported cases: PER CENT SIG IEE 00) 0s gee nee ne EERE Oe ae 35 Laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring) ............ 12 ORGIES PAWAlbr sees oats co voles aidie oe ae ane see cke Detectiveor curby Mocks '..82 132/52 /sm. deen betes fi Peniodic opkbialmia. 5 Sie. <..arct + se & oiee are 6 GrbaTaG ies. ents circ aie cine os clo eee s 2h Ce 4 Spavim (not classified 0... . 2c iss tha. sete in oe 3 EOE SISA MIDNSS iste che dk Sich Sha bob wl eae tame 6 UBD WOM neee Ae ceases oie SaPaavereh hatte nae 4 Serinehaliy 22% sis 4. eee. s PRR Crane gv es arts 3 The remaining 9 per cent consisted of such defects as chorea, general unsoundness, faulty conformation, and scattering imper- fections. These figures do not represent individual stallions, but indi- cate the number of cases of unsoundness. For instance, a single stallion may be affected with two or more physical defects and others with but one. A report from all the States having stallion license laws could not be secured, as in several no record is kept, but the figures given may be expected as reasonably offering an in- 418 _ MISCELLANEOUS dex to the most common physical defects among public-service. stallions. In some of these States certain diseases and unsoundness dis- qualify a stallion for service, while in others the stallion may stand, but the condition of soundness must be’noted on the license certificate, a copy of which is required to be posted at the place where the stallion is being stood for service—The Rider and Driver. Dr. H. W. Graybill, who was recently appointed to a temporary position as research parasitologist in the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, has resigned to accept a position in the Rockefeller Insti- tute for Medical Research, Department of Animal Pathology, at Princeton, N. J. He will work under the immediate supervision of Dr. Theobald Smith, who is Director of the Department of Animal Pathology. Drs. W. R. Van Ness, L. B. Ernest and A. A. Crosland have been transferred to the Quarantine Division of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry with headquarters at Washington, D. C., They will be assigned to duty in connection with the tuberculin testing of dairy and breeding herds of cattle in the vicinity of Washington and in adjoining states. A meat inspection station of the Bureau of Animal Industry has been established at Jacksonville, Florida, and Dr. Elmer F. Haven, from Nebraska City, Nebraska has been assigned as in- spector in charge. Dr. 8. A. King has been designated as inspector in charge of B. A. I. meat inspection work at Waycross, Georgia. Foor-Anp-MoutH. Disease. An Associated Press dispatch under date of November 27; states that the stock yards at Chicago and East St. Louis have been closed against the shipment of cattle, sheep and swine because of news of a suspected outbreak of foot-and- mouth disease in Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri. A conference for Veterinarians will be held at the N. Y. State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y., January 16 and 17. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. 2 Chairman, A. EICHHORN, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. BLAIR, lrg ARCHIBALD, M. JACOB, N.S. Mayo, G: R. WHITE, V. A. Moore, L. FRrorH- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, ee JENSEN, Ge H. ROBERTS, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. Lyman, A. E1cHHOoRN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. a : Fifty reprints, without charge, will be furnished to authors of original articles accepted = for publication, if requested in advance. % VoL. b.N.S. Vor: ITI. DECEMBER 15, 1916. No. 4. & y, 0 =—— = SS == ke Communications relating to Se eriberahit and matters pertaining to the American Veter- M inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merrillat, 1827 S. 4 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. THE EXTRA NUMBER At the Detroit meeting, it was recommended by the Journal committee, and ratified by the association, that the proceedings with oe constitution and by-laws and directory of members should be published in a separate number, if possible. In acquiring a Journal _as a substitute for the old method of printing the papers and pro- ceedings of the association in a single volume, it was necessarily a matter of experiment. During the first year the proceedings were published in installments in eleven numbers of the Journal. This plan involved delay and more or less inconvenience. The present plan enables the proceedings to appear in a reasonably prompt period and should be of greater convenience to the members of the association and others interested in it. PALE: THE EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING A meeting of the recently appointed executive board was held at Secretary Merillat’s office in Chicago, December 5, to consider various matters which have arisen in connection with the new con- stitution and by-laws and the Journal. Dr. V. A. Moore. was elected chairman of the board. Arrangements were made for re- 420 EDITORIAL muneration for the secretary, treasurer and editor for the services they render. In connection with the work on legislation, the Lobeck bill for the interest of the U. S. Veterinary Inspectors was discussed. This matter was considered by the executive committee at the Detroit meeting, but through some inadvertence escaped final action. The executive board therefore favored an appropria- __ tion of $500 to promote active assistance for the benefit of the in- spectors. The deserved needs of this body of men and the in- creased value to the service is self-evident. The committee on Journal, consisting of a former executive committee of the association, is replaced by the present executive board, from which a subcommittee on Journal was appointed. It © consists of Doctors Torrance, Mohler and Archibald. The question of the place for the next meeting of the associa- tion was decided in favor of Kansas City, Mo. The time is set for the week beginning August 19, 1917. Earnest efforts have been made by many members throughout the Missouri Valley to have the association again meet within its boundaries after a lapse of — ten years. The success of the former meeting at Kansas City and the :vell known energy and enthusiasm of the veterinarians of the | middle west are favorable omens that the next meeting will be one of the most successful yet held. It is none too early for each mem- ber to cooperate with the officers and local committee to make this a banner meeting; to arrange individual plans to attend and to interest others who are not members to enter the ranks of the asso- ciation and join effort, in every worthy way, to promote and strengthen the veterinary profession of this continent. PA The Report of the Ontario Veterinary College for 1915 states that the new college building has been completed and equipped and work of instruction carried on there. At the opening exercises of — the college addresses were delivered by Dr. C. C. James and Dr. W. | Cowan. The total number of students registered for the year was 290 of which 115 were from Ontario. During the year 87 students were graduated. ; Dr. W. H. Hurst has removed from Chadron, Neb, to Sioux Falls, So. Dakota, FISTULA OF THE WITHERS H. E. Bemis, Ames, Ia. It would seem that there should be nothing new to say upon this time old subject of fistula of the withers but from the number of recent inquiries there seem to be some who think that the writer has an operation which is new and successful. If experience in operating fistulas has anything to contribute toward success, we here in Iowa surely ought to be successful. Before proceeding with a description of the operation, I should like io say a few words about the difference in the nature of con- ditions which are found causing enlargements in the region of the withers and all too commonly grouped under the one term ‘‘fistula”’ a good deal as all indigestions are called ‘‘colic’’. I believe the primary condition in the process of fistula formation is in most eases a serous bursitis of the supra-spinous bursa which underlies the ligamentum nuchae at the second, third, or fourth thoracic spine. This bursitis usually develops rapidly and appears as a uniform, rather soft, hemispherical-enlargement on one or both sides of the neck just in front of the scapulae. At this stage, the walls are thin, the contents uniformly fluctuating, little evidence of heat or pain, and the surrounding tissues little involved. If such a process is opened, there escapes a thin watery fluid and some co- agulum. In this stage there is no tendency toward perforation, although the process may become of considerable size. If the distended bursa does not become infected, the process develops to a certain point and then remains unchanged for an in- definite period. The fiuid may become largely absorbed and the region permanently thickened due to the development of connec- tive tissue around the process. If the process becomes infected, then an abscess develops with the usual acute symptoms and thick- ening of the walls around the periphery but thinning and perfora- tion at certain high points. This is the only stage which can truly be called a fistula of the withers. Finally one sometimes sees a permanent thickening of the entire region after one of the previous stages has subsided. In this stage the enlargement is the only symptom. The next question is, what should be done for this condition in the various stages? We have, in a number of cases of bursitis at- ” i | 422 H. E. BEMIS tempted to secure resolution following the application of blisters or tincture of iodin to the surface, or by aspiration of the contents and the injection of iodin into the cavity but all to no avail. We have come to the conclusion that these processes must be treated by giving drainage the same as in the true fistulas but with this differ- -ence. The animal should first have its resistance raised by a course of bacterin treatment and the operation at first should be mere drainage through a linear incision for this reason. The process not being infected, nature has walled it off from the rest of the body but little. As soon as it is operated, infection gains entrance from the exterior and if the opsonic index is low and the wound surface large rapid absorption of toxic products takes place from the wound’s surface causing extensive swelling in the region and a sep- ticemic condition of the animal. After this stage is passed a more radical operation can then be used if necessary. If a fistulous process has abscessed but not yet perforated, I prefer again to drain it for several days through mere incision before. operating extensively to prevent the great infection of the fresh wound surface which will take place if we operate through pus. pockets. For the radical operation, I claim no originality. I got the form of incision at least from Dr. Adams at Pennsylvania Uni- | versity. I always precede the operation by thorough control of the animal, including general anaesthesia, and thorough prepara- tion of the field, hands and instruments. No matter where the fis- tulous opening may be, the center of the process and the necrotic base which must be removed is usually over the second to fourth thoracic spine and consequently drainage must be secured in front of the scapula. In this region, make a triangular incision with the base of the triangle uppermost, three or four inches from the top of the neck and two to four inches in length. The apex of the triangle should be shghtly below the lower border of the rhomboideus muscle so that. the sides of the triangle may be five to six inches in length. The in- cision passes through the skin, trapezius, and superficial fascia. When the triangle is removed the rhomboideus is exposed. The operator can now work over the superior border of the rhomboideus iuto the cavity to trace out fistulous tracts, remove necrotic lga- ment and determine the depth of the process. If there is extensive -* FISTULA OF THE WITHERS 423 ae Bi ‘swelling and necrosis an incision may also be made exactly on the 4 median line and tissue removed through both openings. § When all has been cleaned up the next consideration is proper | drainage and here is one of the most important steps in the opera- ie tion. The deep cervical fascia underlies the rhomboideus and over- a lies the splenius and trachelo-mastiedeus. Drainage over this re structure is sufficiently low to drain the region of the bursa. Tf is g of great importance, therefore, to leave the deep fascia intact so as to conduct secretions toward the exterior and to prevent their migration between the deeper layers of muscle. To accomplish this, a blunt instrument should be passed under the lower border of the rhomboideus, along its inner surface directly into the pocket above. The passageway can then be enlarged from before to behind and if necessary the muscle partially divided from below outward and a large drainage tube inserted. Sometimes the lowest part of the pocket will not fall in the triangular area. If not, then a linear incision can be made down upon the lower border of the rhom- boideus in front of the triangle and drainage provided in the same way. If the process extends far back, counter incisions may be made where needed. In a few cases, deep tracts will be found between spines at the top of the withers. These in our hands have remained incurable The third class of enlargements in this region where there is gen- eral thickening without discharge, heat, or pain should not be dis- turbed. | Dr. F. N. Davidson has removed from Petoskey, Mich. to Buhl, Idaho. The next meeting of the Colorado Veterinary Medical Associa- tion will be held at Denver, Col., on Thursday, Jan 25, 1917. The mid-winter meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical Association will be held at Missoula, Mont., Jan. 5 and 6. An in- teresting program is assured. The next meeting of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation will be held at Hopkinsville, Ky., Jan. 10, 1917. Dr. J. W. Randall has removed from Wauconda, Ill. to East Lansing, Mich. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY 4 MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Detroit, Michigan, Monday, August 21, 1916, A. M. The Fifty-third Annual Convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association was formally opened at the Auditorium of the Detroit Board of Commercée, Monday, August 21, 1916, at 11 A. M., by the President, Dr. R. A. Archibald, who introduced the first speaker as follows. THE PRESIDENT: The time has come to call the fifty-third meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association to order. We had anticipated hay- ing the Governor of this state, the Honorable Woodbridge N. Ferris, here to welcome us this morning; but it has proven impossible for the local committee to have him here. They anticipate, however, having him here later, and we will have the pleasure of hearing from him then. We have with us a representative of the Municipal Government of this splendid city of Detroit, who comes here to represent the Mayor, and to give us an address of welcome. I have the honor to introduce to you, Mr. James H. Lee, of Detroit, Michigan. (Mr. Lee’s address was published in the September number of the Journal.) THE PRESIDENT: Ladies and gentlemen, it seems fitting that a proper re- sponse should be made to this splendid address of welcome; and your local committee on arrangements has chosen one of our silver tongued orators who can be depended upon to do it right. I have great pleasure in calling upon Doctor Tait S. Butler from Tennessee to respond to the address of welcome. (Dr. Butler’s address was published in the September number of the Journal.) THE PRESIDENT: Ladies and gentlemen; the next in order on our pro-- gram for this morning’s session is the President’s address, which I shall read to you. (The President’s address was published in the September number of the Journal.) THE PRESIDENT: Ladies and gentlemen, the next order of business, ac- cording to our program this morning will be the roll call. Dr. QuitmMAN: Mr. President, I move that the registration, which has been taken at the door, be substituted for the roll call. Dr. MARSHALL: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that we sub- stitute the registration at the door for the roll call. You have all heard the motion, are you ready for the question? All those in favor of this motion will signify by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. (The motion unanimously prevailed). The next item on the program is the submission of the minutes of the previous meeting as published in the Journal. ? <2 A PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. 425 _ Dr. Marswati: Before the minutes of the last meeting are acted upon, I would like to make an explanation with reference to the way the dues were raised from three dollars to five dollars. There is a possibility that this is not entirely clear, and my attention has been called to the matter since I arrived in Detroit. I would therefore like to make a statement of the way I under- stand the matter before the minutes are accepted. It appears that the proposition was made at the New York meeting to raise the dues from three to five dollars. At the Oakland meeting the question eame before the executive committee, and the executive committee voted not to recommend to the association that the dues be raised. It went before the association and it was voted to raise the dues from three to five dollars a year. My attention has been called to the fact, since I came here, that it re- quired a two-thirds vote to raise the dues or to amend the by-laws. I have been asked if we had a two-thirds majority. It has been a year, and I do not remember. I am of the opinion that it was just a majority vote and not a two- thirds vote. At the San Francisco meeting there was not a very large attend- ance, and I do not wish any action that is not absolutely right. Some of you have probably been disappointed because you have not received your bill for dues. This is the reason the bills have not been sent. I think, before the final step is taken in regard to this proposition of raising the dues from three to five dollars a year, that it should be resubmitted. I would like to have you all _ satisfied that the thing is done regularly. Therefore I would like to make a motion to refer this matter again to the executive committee for their recommendation as to what should be done with this proposition. eT Pr ery sail ys elm. MRD “‘ Dr. Hart: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that this matter be re- ferred to the executive committee; are you ready for the question? All those in favor of this motion signify by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded ‘*No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. The next order of business is the report of the executive committee. Is the chairman of the executive committee ready to report? Dr. MarsHaLL: I should have included in the motion before the request that the report of the executive committee be deferred until the question of dues be taken up. THE PRESIDENT: I think that was understood. The executive committee is not ready to report now. SEcRETARY Hartine: I move that we adjourn to meet in the ball room of the Hotel Statler at 2 P. M. THE PRESIDENT: . Before that motion is put I wish to say that the chair- man of the local committee on arrangements has an announcement or two to make. Dr. DuNpHY: As the secretary has informed you, all the rest of the meet- ings will be held in the ball room and parlors of the Hotel Statler. There will be no more meetings in this hall. We believe that everybody can be nicely taken care of at the Hotel Statler. 426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V.M.A. | ! Any persons wishing dinner can get it in the dining room of this building, nice meals are served there a la carte, at reasonable prices, and those who do not wish to go any further to the restaurants or hotels can get their dinners served here. I think the general program covers any other announcement which it might be necessary to make. Dr. Krey has arranged for the entertainment of the ladies; I think the first general entertainment will be tomorrow afternoon, with the exception of a shopping tour which will be made in the morning. There is another matter I wish to bring before you. Honorable Wood- bridge N. Ferris, the Governor of this State, was to be here this morning to welcome us to the state, but certain business in connection with the executive office kept him away. He has called me up by telephone and informed me that if it is the pleasure of this association he would like to meet them Tuesday evening, any time from seven or seven-thirty on; he will be glad to meet you in the assembly room of the Hotel Statler, and if it is the wish of the associa- tion, the Governor will be glad to deliver a short address of welcome. That is the earliest time the Governor can reach Detroit. If it is decided to meet the Governor, I would like as large an attendance as possible. It is rather a rare thing to get the Governor to leave the cares of the state long enough to- recognize us and bid visitors welcome to the state. Dr. QuITMAN: Doctor Dunphy got me a little mixed when he announced that the rest of the meetings would be held at the Hotel Statler. Then he spoke about getting dinner down here, implying that there might be a further meeting in this hall today. Will you kindly make that plain, as there are others confused on the matter too. THE PRESIDENT: We do not come back to this hall. The further meet- ings of the association will be held at the Hotel Statler. Dr. Mayo: I move that this association extend a special invitation to Governor Ferris to address us tomorrow evening at a time to be fixed by the committee. Dr. Hart: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that we invite Governor Ferris to address us tomorrow evening at a, time to be fixed by the executive committee. You have heard the motion, are you ready for the question ? All those in favor of the motion will signify so by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Con- trary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Krey- has an announcement to make. Dr. Krey: I just want to say to the ladies that we wish to get them organ- ized so that we can carry on our entertainment without any confusion. If the ladies will be kind enough to meet in the small banquet hall just after luncheon at about one or one-thirty o’clock, we will take this matter up and let them go as soon as possible. I would like to say that through an unfortunate condition in this ae at the present time, owing to the excessively long period of heat, the ice condition is bad. The hotel therefore finds trouble in getting vegetables and provisions enough, so they have to send out of town for them. They have impressed it on “ay + * 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. 427. ’ ‘ . the committee that it is absolutely imperative to know immediately how many will be at our banquet. That is the reason we have been very active this morn- ing trying to sell banquet tickets. It is not that we want to separate you from your money so quickly, but we want to work in cooperation with the hotel to make the banquet a success. In connection with that, I want to say that the banquet is going to be absolutely informal. We want you to come to the ban- quet and enjoy yourselves. We are going to have a good banquet and we want everybody to come. I would like to say in regard to the excursion on Thursday that it is planned to have an all day sail. We are going to Algonac, Michigan, which is about forty miles from Detroit. I don’t know where you could find a nicer place. We would like to have everybody on the steamer by nine o’clock. The steamer. is scheduled to leave the foot of Bates-street at nine o’cloek in the morning. If some of you happen to be late we will make some arrangements to take care of you, but I simply want to request you to be there in time if you can. We know you are going to enjoy it. We know you will find it very much cooler up there. Dr. I would like to ask what time we are going to go by here? Dr. Krey: You go by Detroit time, which is Eastern time. All clocks in. Detroit are set by Eastern time, and everybody runs by Eastern time with the exception of the railroads. I think that is all I have to announce. THE PRESIDENT: I will entertain a motion to adjourn. SECRETARY Hartine: I move that we adjourn until two o’clock this afternoon. 3 (This motion being seconded and put to vote prevailed). Hotel Statler, Detroit, Michigan, Monday, August 21st, 1916, P. M. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, you will please come to order. Have we any unfinished business? SECRETARY HarING: There is the executive committee. THE PRESIDENT: Are you ready to present the report of the executive committee? Gentlemen, listen to the report of the executive committee. SEcRETARY HarinG: On account of the large number of applications for membership in the American Veterinary Medical Association, the executive com- mittee has decided to deviate from the usual custom of reading the names and addresses, the colleges and vouchers of the applicants. Instead, they had a list printed and we have here a list of 414 names. And there is an additional list, I cannot tell you how many, but somewhere between 25 and 100, which will be presented later. This gives the names of the applicants, their addresses, the college and’ vouchers. The names are on this printed list, and they are recommended to you by the executive committee for election to membership in the A.V.M.A. They are arranged by states, and you are requested to take these _ Sheets and look them over carefully, particularly the names of those in your respective states. If you find any fault with this list we want to know it. 428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. I have canvassed the country for the membership in the A.V.M.A., and I did not take any particular pains to select the men, any veterinarian was good enough so far as literature was concerned; but, when it comes to election for membership, I look to you to protect the association from undesirable members. The secretary or the executive committee cannot know all of these men so we will distribute these printed lists and leave them in your hands until tomorrow morning. There are additional sheets here for any who may come in later. THE PRESIDENT: They will look at them for an hour. As I understand it, you will have lots of time to study this list between now and tomorrow morn- ing. If there is no objection, we will pass the executive committee’s report and go on to the next item on the program. This calls for the report of the secretary. -(Published in the October number of the Journal). THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, what will you do with the report of the sec- retary? Dr. W. Horace HosKINS: I move that the report be received and referred to the Journal for publication. Dr. Hiceins: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. The motion is that the secretary’s report be received and referred to the Journal for publi- cation. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. It is so ordered. The report of the treasurer. Is Dr. Schneider present? Dr. SCHNEIDER: I would like to present my report as printed; you will find copies all over the room. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, do you want to act on this report now? If so, what is your pleasure? Dr. W .Horace Hoskins: I move that the report be received and referred to the finance committee. Dr. MoHLER: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that this re- port be received and referred to the finance committee. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered. The next in order on the program will be the report of the Librarian, Dr. Frost. Is Dr. Frost present? (See Journal for December 1916). THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the report of the Librarian; what is your pleasure? Dr. W. Horace Hoskins: I move that the report be received, and the recommendation of the librarian be referred to the executive committee. Dr. Hiceins: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that this re- port be received, and that the recommendation be referred to the executive com- mittee. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘ ee ) Dr. Hiecins: I move that the report be read by the secretary. : Dr. MonLer: I move that it be read by title, and referred to the com- ____ mittee on Journal for publication. SECRETARY Harine: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the paper be read by title and referred to the committee on Journal for publication. All those in favor of the motion signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, > **No”’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it and it is so ordered. , The other member of the committee will read his paper during the sym- _ posium on contagious abortion. The report of the committee on diseases is now before you; what is your pleasure? _ Dr. MouuEr: I move that the report be received and referred to the com- mittee on Journal. Dr. Hoskins: Second the motion. e THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the report of x the committee on diseases be received and referred to the committee on Journal. _ All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. > The next item on the program is the report of the committee oa intelligence Kes x and edueation. Dr. N.S. Mayo. >” Dr. N. S. Mayo: Mr. President, that committee is not quite ready to re- : port. We need a little more time. g THE PRESIDENT: ‘The next item on the program is the report of the com- ‘ a mittee on Reorganization. I am informed by the chairman of that committee ee that it is not ready to report. 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. ; ey a According to our program that completes the work of the afternoon. Have you anything that you wish to take up, Mr. Secretary? ry . = / SECRETARY HarinG: We could get rid of some of these committee reports ; that would leave us more time for a later session. THE PRESIDENT: What is the pleasure of the members? If there is no objection I will call for any report that may be ready at this time. Is there any chairman of any committee ready to make a report? We have quite a’ little time on our hands. é Dr. J. F. WINCHESTER: I can make a report on the Salmon Memorial Fund if you desire. THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection, that will be next in order. Dr. Winchester. (The report of the Salmon Memorial Committee was published in_ the November Journal). THE PRESIDENT: Io you desire that the matter go over until tomorrow be- fore we receive it? Dr. Hoskins: I would rather refer that to the executive committee or upon the recommendation of the chairman to Dr. Winchester as to the question : of expense. Dr. N.S. Mayo: Isn’t it understood that the expenses of the committee appointed—I mean to say, the necessary expenses of a committee appointed by this association are to be borne by the association ? THE PRESIDENT: It is customary. Dr. Mayo: It seems to me it follows necessarily that, where a committee is appointed to do a certain work, the necessary expense of this committee is to be borne by this association, but in order to bring it before the association clearly, I move that the necessary expenses of the committee on the Salmon Me- morial Fund be borne by this association. Dr. MouuEr. I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the association — bear the expense of collecting the fund for the Salmon Memorial. Are you ready for the question? nm Dr. Tair S .BurTLER: Can he give some estimate of the amount of the ex- penses? I think that in passing a resolution for the purpose of appropriating money, we ought to have some idea of the amount of the expenditure. I think it would be better if Dr. Mayo would indicate some figures, the maximum figure —not that we anticipate that the committee will spend too much, but Insts as a matter of business. I think we ought to know. Dr. Hoskins: I do not think it is necessary for Dr. Butler to recommend that. I believe that the expenses which I turn in tomorrow are simply expenses of postage and of printing. All the clerical work has been done in my office by my own clerical force, and I will present no bill for that at this time, but it involves a great deal of work, and I would like some limit on it so that I might feel that some part of this expenditure would be borne by the associa~. tion. The amount of expenditures that I turn in tomorrow morning will be solely those of printing and postage. ee oy was Say Paes ~~" . a 2 : * es a" y x ey 2 “8 ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 431 be / Dr. BuTLeR: I am heartily in favor of the association bearing the ex- _ pense ; I think that certainly all will agree that in work of that sort the asso- ce ciation ought to bear the expense. I think in passing the resolution that we 4 ought to put in a limit to the amount, whether they use that amount or as much thereof as is necessary. Ss THE PRESIDENT: Woula the committee be able to give us some idea of _ what would be the proper amount? a Dr. Hoskins: I: believe if it were not to exceed $300 it could be con- a ducted on that for the year. I would like to bear some part of the clerical pexpense, but I don’t feel that the committee ought to bear all of it individu- ally. I will say not to exceed $300 to pay the items of postage and printing a eat the work is completed. . \ THE PRESIDENT: Is there any further discussion on the matter? / Dr. QuITMAN: We could not hear the estimates that were stated. , THE PRESIDENT: He said $300 might be the maximum amount that would 3 be allowed to cover some part of the clerical expense as well as printing and postage. SS Dr. Hoskins: But it takes a very large part of one man’s time. Dr. L. A. MERILLAT: = I am rising to ask whether this is the final report _ of the committee. ' THE PRESIDENT: I understand so, Dr. Merillat. _ Dr. Hoskins: This matter seems to be one that involves the status of a number of committees, and so we have on our list, and have had for a great e, a many years a finance committee. Wouldn’t it be better if all of these appro- priations were to go through the finance committee and have everything come through it? Let it make an estimate as to what would be required for each com- : na mittee during the year, and set apart, if necessary, say $1,000 for things to on allocate to the various other committees. It seems to me that this is the basis ‘ upon which this ought to be done, with this committee or any other committee, that is the general policy. Dr. QUITMAN: memorial fund, but I would like to ask the chairman of that committee, or per- haps the president can inform me, whether any definite plans have been made, ia or any in view, as to show how the fund is going to be distributed; how the selection is going to be made as to where the intending students are to be selected; as to what college or what class of colleges, by that I mean state universities or private schools. I wish to say to the chairman of that committee that, if that question is ever made plain in this association, the American Vet- _ erinary Medical Association pledges itself in regard to the unprejudiced dis- _ tribution of these scholarships, they will get this fund together very, very much quicker than if it is kept in the background as it has been in the past. _ I have been asked that question by practitioners time and time again, who 4 are ready to send in a check for various amounts and they want to know whether any one kind of a school is going to be favored. I, personally, am ignorant _ about it; perhaps the association has some such plan. If they have I would ~ like to know it. If they haven’t, I would suggest that before any further I would like to say that I am heartily in accord with this ’ * 4 IT SS TB Be Sy 9 a RR oat PIR ec a 5 be “* iy: =x % ie g “ Sait t 432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ie ‘steps are taken in this matter that this association pledge itself to the veteri- nary profession of America as to how this fund is to be distributed, how the — selection is to be made, and by whom. This is an A.V.M.A. matter and i . would like to get some illustration of this. Dr. WINCHESTER: That is a point that I am glad to have brotene up. I answered that indirectly when I was up before. This committee was ap- — pointed to raise this fund, the interest of which would be ‘sufficient for a a scholarship. When that fund is raised this committee ceases to exist. It is sa the business of the A.V.M.A. then as to how it shall be disposed of. We have nothing whatever to do with that and I am glad that you brought the matter — 2 up at this time. The association certainly will be broadminded and liberal enough not to be narrowed down to any one thing, except, as I understand it, it will be confined to the North American Continent. Dr. Mayo: I am very glad I heard this statement. I labored under a wrong impression. The greatest obstacle I have found towards the contribution __ to this fund, (and I have made some efforts along this line through the urgent request of Dr. Hoskins) has been that this committee is a continuous committee. he members being appointed from time to time to fill the vacancies, the ex- penditure of this money would be in the hands of this committee. I had con- fidence enough in this committee to be satisfied on that point, but the average — contributor over the country is not so well acquainted with these gentlemen as some of us are. That has been one great obstacle standing in the way of get- — ting contributions. If that could be set aside so that we will know positively — that the A.V.M.A. is going to spend this money according to the vote of the association from time to time, I think it will give us a good deal of leverage in raising this money. Dr. Hoskins: At the meeting in Oakland, in the report of the committee one year ago it was stated that it was the opinion of the committee that any one obtaining this sum of money for a scholarship would have the selection of a school himself as to where he will go. We did suggest that if the money was given for a scholarship for a post-graduate course that that post-graduate course would not be in the school in which he was a graduate, and that whether it was a scholarship or a fellowship it should be in a veterinary school of North Amer- ica; and that the money was to be appropriated on your recommendation for the purpose of doing some special work. It was to be your province to select a man to do that special work and bring back the results of his work to this association. So far as the committee is concerned it has no other province than the raising of this amount of money. Dr. QuirMaN: TI still insist that the A.V.M.A. should go on record in line with what Dr. Hoskins has just stated. He stated that there was a statement — made by the committee in answer to a simple question, he admits, or the com- mittee admits, that when they collected this fund they will have nothing more to say about it. I still maintain that the association ought to go on record — along the lines as mentioned by Dr. Hoskins, that the student or the intending . student be allowed without prejudice, to choose his own college. Furthermore, — some definite plan should be worked out by which that student shall be chosen. — We don’t want, perhaps, a favored few in this association to have the say as 4 ¢ he” boats * = - fi . > “3 a ns ei 3 i .*; te pe a S Pat ‘Me PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 433 - to who shall receive that fund. Some definite plan should be worked out, and that should be stated in the literature of the committee. When that is made public, the committee can take my word for it, they will get many a contribu- tion that is now being held up, because the graduates of certain colleges say, ‘ '« adoption of the recommendation of the executive committee as amended. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. The next recommendation, Dr. Marshall. Dr. MarsHALL: The next recommendation is in reference to paying one- half of the actual expenses incurred by the secretary in attending the meeting in Chicago on December 3, 1915. Dr. Hoskins: I move its adoption. Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that this rec- ommendation be adopted. All those who are in favor of the motion will sig- nify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. The next, Dr. Marshall. : Dr. MARSHALL: The next is some additional applications for membership. Have you acted on these that were already printed? THE PRESIDENT: No, not as yet. Dr. MarsHaLL: Then shall I read these first? THE PRESIDENT: I think not. I think we had better act on the printed list first. Unless there are objections that will be the order. What is your pleasure in regard to the printed list of applications? Dr. Hoskins: I move that they be elected to membership, and that the s secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of this association in that respect. Dr. Mayo: Seconded. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the gentlemen whose names are printed in the list submitted yesterday, with the exception of ’ the one which was challenged by Dr. Haring, be elected to membership, and _ that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot. ie, Dr. 8. Stewart: I want to object to the election of one man by the name _ of Hudson Chadwick of Mississippi. Hudson Chadwick has been applying for ie membership for three consecutive calendar years. He is ineligible on that ac- count. Another point, he is dishonest. He has not paid his college fees in two different colleges. I don’t think he is a fit man for membership in this 438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.Y. M.A. THE PRESIDENT: In this connection, in order to facilitate matters, I would suggest that if any of these names are challenged, that they be withheld for the time being, and be acted on separately. If there is no objection, that will oe the order. Are there any other names that are challenged? I believe that — makes two names of those on this list. I think this is a very important matter, _ and I hope that all of you gentlemen have very seriously considered and studied this list. The executive committee worked on these names for about twelve — hours more or less. Are you ready to vote on the motion? All those in favor of the motion, will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ““No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. The secretary will cast the ballot of the association for these men, electing them to active membership. — SECRETARY HARING: I have done so, Mr. President. Dr. 8. Stewart: I now object to the name of Hudson Chadwick. I move that he be rejected. 2s Dr. CAMPBELL: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that Dr. Hnd- son Chadwick of Jackson, Mississippi be rejected. You have heard the motion. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Secretary Haring: And Braxton M. Weston of Swanquarter, North Carolina. THE PRESIDENT: Yes. This completes the recommendations of the first report of the executive committee. Dr. MARSHALL: Here are some more names in addition to the printed list. THE PRESIDENT: The chairman of the executive committee has some more names to submit to you. Dr. MARSHALL: These names were not submitted in time for printing in the list. I will read the name of the candidate, his address, the college from which he graduated, the date, and his vouchers. Unless there is objection, I will read on until I complete the list. If any of you wish to object, speak dur- ing the time I am reading the name of the particular candidate. (Dr. Marshall read the list; there was no objection to the names as read). THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the report of the executive committee. ; What is your pleasure? ; Dr. Hoskins: I move that they all be elected to membership in this as- a sociation, and that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot. sotee THE PRESIDENT: Wouldn’t it be better to accept the report first, Dr. Hoskins? Dr. Hoskins: I move to accept the report of the executive committee. Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. : THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the re- port of the executive committee be accepted. Are you ready for the question? — All those in favor of this motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. — Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. What — will you do with the recommendation? ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 439 Dr. Hoskins: I move that those men be elected to membership, and the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot therefor. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the names read by the chairman of the executive committee be elected to member- ship, and that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot. All those in favor of that motion will please signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Is there anything further from the executive committee? Dr. MarsHALL: Nothing. THE PRESIDENT: Is the committee on intelligence and education ready to report now? Dr. Mayo is the chairman of that committee. Dr. N. S. Mayo: Mr. President, and members of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, the following is the report of the committee on in| telligence and education: (See Journal, December 1916.). THE PRESIDENT: What is your pleasure in regard to the report of the committee on intelligence and education? Dr. Hoskins: I move that it be accepted. ~ Dr. Hicctins: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the re- port of the committee on intelligence and education be accepted. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘*No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Is the committee on reorganization ready to report? I am afraid not. The next item on the program is the report of the committee on finance. Is that committee ready to report? Dr. E. L. QUITMAN: We are not ready. THE PRESIDENT: Then we will pass that for the time being. The next will be the report of the committee on necrology. Dr. Jensen, are you ready to report? (See Journal, December 1916). THE PRESIDENT: What will we do with the report of the committee on necrology ? } Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report be received. THE PRESIDENT: What was your motion, Dr. Hoskins? Dr. Hoskins: My motion was that the report be received, and that the usual record be made upon our minutes of the deaths of these members. THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second? Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the re- port of the committee on necrology be received, and referred to the committee on Journal for publication. All those in favor will signify by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Dr. Hoskins: I do not feel that I should hesitate or fail to say a word in regard to the death of Dr. D. Arthur Hughes of Chicago, Dr. Hughes was one of the very strong men of our profession, one who al- ways had a very deep interest and concern for its advancement, and its wel- ' 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. fare. No man was a greater factor in bringing to your attention why the vet-— erinarians of our country should receive recognition at the hands of our Federal Government in the army veterinary service. I am quite sure that there is not — one within the sound of my voice but has received some circular or some pamph- let under the nom de plume of Garrison Steele which he prepared incident to the work of interesting Congress in this recognition. They were printed in al- most all of our veterinary Journals under that nom de plume, so those of you who read them earefully will recall with what earnestness, with what great sincerity he appealed to you to support this measure, that our profession might be recognized at the hands of our Federal Government. His loss was a great loss to the veterinary literature of this country, for he was almost a daily writer for our veterinary journals, and always con- _ tributed something that was well considered, well thought out and of the great- est importance to the real true advancement of the profession. THE PRESIDENT: Are you ready to vote on the motion? All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘“No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. SECRETARY HartnG: Here is a telegram from Dr. S. J. Walkley, Secre- tary of the Association of the Bureau of Animal Industry Employees: ‘* Greetings and best wishes for a successful meeting from Na- tional Association of Bureau of Animal Industry Employees. Lobeck Bill, H. R. 16,060, now before House on Union Calendar 258 provides for all veterinary inspectors in U. S. Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, entrance salary $1,400 per annum, with $100 annual increase until salary is $2,400. This bill will be reached for vote during short session of Congress next winter. Approximately 1,250 Bureau Veterinarians affected, many being members of your association; now appeal to your association for financial aid in boosting Lobeck Bill.’’ Dr. Mayo: I move that the communication from Dr. Walkley be referred to the executive committee. Dr. Hoskins: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: -You have heard the motion. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of referring this matter to the executive com- mittee will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The- ‘* Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Is the committee on the Salmon Memorial ready to complete its report? _ Dr. Hosxrns: There was called for yesterday some specific recommenda- tion as to how this money was going to be utilized. That was offered at Oak- land a year ago in the following language, and was accepted and indorsed by the association at Oakland: First, that the Salmon Memorial Fund shall be undertaken by this body and that a stated committee will be appointed by this organization for the earry- ing out of the purpose of this movement. Second, that the form of testimonial shall be of an educational character, that may cover a scholarship, a fellowship, or some advanced or special work PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. 441 ‘of interest or import to the veterinary profession, as may from time to time be recommended by this committee for action of the association, Third, that to this end a sum of money not less than ten thousand dollars be raised by popular subseription from the upwards of seventeen thousand vet- erinarians in North America; this money to be invested under the direction of this association so that the income of four or five hundred dollars may be annually awarded to some one or more along the lines above referred to, Fourth, that said scholarship or fellowship shall be in an American Veteri- erinary College, and if a fellowship, not to be taken in the college of which the suecessful person awarded the same shall be a graduate thereof. These were offered at Oakland, and were approved by the association. I do not know whether there is any need to go further than that, because the time is not ripe yet as to just how we shall reach the decision in the selection of these men. That is a matter for you to think about when the fund is com- pleted, or by the time that the fund is completed. I did not have the exact figures yesterday, but there is a total of $3,007.00. the contributions have been as follows: from New York, $382; from Penn- sylvania, $298; from Massachusetts, $209; from Michigan, $190; from Ili- nois, $150; from Ohio, $135; from New Jersey, $131; from the District of Columbia, $120; from Wisconsin, $106; from Virginia, $51; from Canada, $26; from Louisiana, $25; from Minnesota, $25; from Missouri, $25; from Washington, $25; from Mississippi, $20; from Connecticut, $71; from Iowa, $131; from Maine, $5; from South Carolina, $5; and then one special sub- scription of $800; making a total of about $3,007. THE PRESIDENT: What will you do with the report of the committee on the Salmon Memorial? Dr. QoITMAN: I move that it be accepted. Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the re- port of the committee on the Salmon Memorial be accepted. All those in favor will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. We are now ready for the report of the committee on selection of emblem. Dr. Otis A. Longley is chairman of that committee, but he is not here. Dr. Campbell, I think, has the data. Are you ready to report, Dr. Campbell? Dr. CAMPBELL: Most of that data is in the hands of Dr. White. He will be here. I could not give you a complete report at this time. I think if you _take it up a little later, it will be better. THE PRESIDENT: We will defer the report for the time being. Dr. CAMPBELL: The report has been prepared, but it is in the hands of Dr. White. THe PRESIDENT: Tuen if there is no objection, we will defer the report on this matter until later, The next is the report of the International Tuber- eulosis Commission. Dr. J. G. Rutherford is the chairman of that committee. Dr. J. G. Rurwerrorp: Our report is not ready as yet. We hope to be able to present it tomorrow, 442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. THE PRESIDENT: I fear you will not have an opportunity to present it tomorrow. As I understand it, the program provides that tomorrow will be devoted to the section meetings, and we will not meet in joint assembly. The only opportunity you will have to submit the report would be on Thursday evening. Dr. RUTHERFORD: We have not met yet. Our meet ng is set for this -afternoon. It is rather a difficult thing to get the members of this committee together, because they are not all members of the association. THE PRESIDENT: Might it not be possible to get the report before the ‘association this afternoon? : Dr. RUTHERFORD: No, I am afraid not. THE PRESIDENT: The next is the report of the committee on Journal, of which Dr. Torrance is chairman. Are you ready to report, Doctor? (Dr. F. Torrance here read the report of the Committee on Journal.) (See Journal of December 1916). THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the committee on Journal. What will you do with it? Dr. HosKINS: I move that it be received, and referred to the committee on publication. Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that we ac- cept the report of the committee on Journal, and that it be referred to the com- mittee on Journal publication. Are you ready for the question? Dr. Mayo: Is this a proper place to make a few remarks on this re- port now? THE PRESIDENT: I see no objection. Dr. Mayo: It seems to me that this is a very important problem for the association to consider. I feel it so because it was a favorite plan of mine, and I was very much interested in seeing it carried to a success. I think we owe a great deal to Dr. Fish for the work he has done this past year. The point I wish to emphasize, or bring home to every one of you is that _ this Journal is your Journal. It is not the Journal of any one individual, and its success will depend very largely upon the support and the assistance that _ you give to the editor, in making it the Journal that we want it to be. I think that every member of this association should feel it his duty to furnish brief case reports and practical things that every practitioner is in- terested in, and that appeal to him in his every-day work, and to send this to the editor of the Journal. He cannot get those facts himself; they must come from the men in the field, and every one of you should make a special effort along this line to help make this Journal as useful to every individual member of this association as possible. f Another thing: We ought to double the subscription list of this Journal during the next year. 1 think every member of this association ought to make a pledge to himself and to the association that he will get at least one new member, outside of the membership of the association; get a member for the association if he can; but if he cannot, to get a subscriber to the Journal out- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. 443- side of the association. This means a good deal to the association in a finan- cial way. You have just heard this report and know now that instead of ex- pending four or five thousand dollars for the publishing of the proceedings of ‘this association, as they have in years gone by, that we have published them, and we have had a monthly Journal, and a good Journal, and we have a little money to the good. If this association is going to do the work that it ought to do in all lines, it must have money to do it with; and here is a good place for you to help us to increase this Journal; help further the work of the association in all lines, and help to make it a representative Journal of this great association, that will be recognized, as the committee has said, outside of this country, as one of the leading veterinary Journals of the world. It is up to you to help do this. Dr. Fish is doing his work nobly. THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further remarks? The question is on the acceptance of this report. Dr. MurpHey: I would like to know whether the acceptance of this re- port means the adoption of the recommendations of the committee? THE PRESIDENT: No; they will have to be taken up later in the meeting. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Con- trary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. HOSKINS: I move that the reeommendation of the committee that the association charge itself with the expense of sending the Journal to honorary members be adopted. Dr. Mayo: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it will be so ordqered. What is next? Dr. Hoskins: I move that we accept the recommendation of the com- mittee that those who are on the honor roll shall pay the annual subscription fee for the Journal. The motion was seconded. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the motion. What is your pleasure in regard to it? Are you ready for the question? Dr. QuITMAN: What is the subscription? THE PRESIDENT: Three dollars per year. Dr. QuITMAN: Do the dues remain at three dollars? Dr. Hoskins: The honor roll members do not pay anything. Dr. QuITMAN: I understand that if they want the Journal it is at their dis- cretion. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the motion that the honor roll members be required to pay the regular subscription price for the Journal. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation that seventy-five dollars per month be allowed for clerical expenses in connection with the office of the editor be approved. 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. THE PRESIDENT: That is in addition to the salary? Dr. HosKINS: Yes. THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second? The motion was seconded. ~ THE PRESIDENT: Are you ready for the question? The motion is that we allow seventy-five dollars a month to pay the office expenses of the editor. All those in favor of this motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Are -there any further recommendations of this committee we should act upon? Dr. MurpHey: I move that a recommendation allowing fifty reprints to be furnished contributors be adopted. THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second to that motion? The motion was thereupon seconded. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the motion. Are you ready for the question? That fifty reprints be allowed the contributor of original articles, — and for any number after that they will have to pay the regular cost. All those in favor of that motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Are there any further recommendations, Dr. Torrance? Dr. ToRRANCE: No, I think that is all. THE PRESIDENT: The next in order on the program is the report of the committee on advertisements of veterinary remedies. Dr. M. JAcos: That committee is not ready to report. THE PRESIDENT: The next is the report of the special committee on agri- cultural colleges investigation. Dr. F. B. Hadley is the chairman of this com- mittee. Are you ready to report, Dr. Hadley? ; Dr. F. B. HapLey: The report which I will read now is the report of the committee on agricultural college education. It is a special committee ap- pointed by this association some years ago. (The report was read by Dr. Hadley). (See Journal.) THE PRESIDENT: What is your pleasure in regard to this report? Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report be received and referred to the Journal. Dr. HigGIns: I second the motion. Tur PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the re- port be received and referred to the Journal. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘« Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Porrer: I think this is a good time in connection with this report to — bring forward a few points. That is, the credit which is allowed agricultural graduates when they enter veterinary colleges. As I understand it, they are ~ allowed one year’s credit, that is, the first year’s credit. I think that isa great mistake. From my own experience in entering veterinary work, and from ob- servation of students who have entered veterinary colleges on one year’s ork Dee ae nee 5 2 ws ae t2 + $e * i at e ee, 4 ‘ ae ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M.A. 445 essential. They need more than anything: else the training in anatomy, phys- iology, bacteriology and such subjects which are usually given in the first year. If they are allowed those things to begin with, they go through the course with an inadequate preparation. I believe that this practice should be discontinued, and if it is necessary to give them credit, give them credit in animal husbandry, milk inspection and agricultural bacteriology, and things of that kind in which they are proficient, but make them get in the very beginning those things which are essential. THe PresipeNr: Are there any further remarks on this subject? Dr. HapLEY: The remarks made by Dr. Potter just now are certainly to be commended, but they have nothing in particular to do with this report. I should like to hear the recommendations which our committee has made dis- cussed. They have to do with agricultural students, and not with students who want to take a thorough course, because there isn’t one out of a hundred that does that. The question is, are we satisfied with the character of the work as recommended for agricultural students? THE PRESIDENT: Is there any further discussion on this report? If not, I will refer back and call upon the committee on emblem, as I understand that Dr. Campbell is now ready to make a report. Dr. T. F. Krey: Will you pardon me, if I make an announcement or two here? THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Krey has some announcements to make. Will you give him your attention, Gentlemen? (Dr. Krey made announcement as to ‘the official photograph;- securing tickets for the banquet and various meetings of the alumni of different colleges.) THE PRESIDENT: We will now hear from Dr. Campbell in regard to the emblem: (Published in the Journal, November, 1916). THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the report of the committee on emblem. What is your pleasure? Dr, MARSHALL: I move that the report be received. Dr. Hoskins: I second the motion. Dr. MarsSHALL: Be received and referred to the executive committee. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that this re- port be received and referred to the executive committee. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded, **No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. 8. Stewart: Mr. President, may I make an announcement here? THE PRESIDENT: Certainly, Dr. Stewart. Dr. Stewart: J have an announcement to make to those who are inter- ested in the State Examining Boards and Faculty meeting. The meeting ad- journed to meet at the call of the president, and the call to meet is given for Wednesday afternoon, at five o’clock. The meeting place will be in Parlor Henri II. This parlor is around the end of the passageway as you go out. Kindly remember, Wednesday afternoon, at five o’¢lock, 446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. =: THE PRESIDENT: The next to be heard from is the committee on glanders, Dr. E. B. Ackerman, chairman. Dr. Mayo: Before that is taken up, I would like to present a short matter to the association, at the request of Secretary Haring, which is quite closely associated with the Red Cross emblem. It will take but a moment. THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection, that will be the order. Pro- B. 4 ceed, Dr. Mayo. Dr. Mayo: At the meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa- tion in Kansas City last winter, Dr. R. Vans Agnew of the United States Army Veterinary Service brought the subject to the attention of the Missouri Valley Association, and the following resolution was adopted: “*Report of the Special Committee on Army Veterinary Ser- vice: In view of the difficulties experienced by and to facilitate the work of the Quartermaster’s Department of the United States Army, the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association recommends that the American Veterinary Medical Association prepare for the use of the Quartermaster General a list of qualified veterinarians avail- able for army service in case of emergency; such a list to indicate the branch of the service for which the veterinarian is best adapted. ’’ I would also say that I have some other correspondence from Dr. R. Vans Agnew in this connection. It has been the experience of the Quartermaster’s Department of the United States Army, that in an emergency they were not able to get as well qualified veterinarians as they needed. They had to take anybody that turned up, and it is expected that this will be of valuable as- sistance to the Quartermaster to have this list of veterinarians recommended by this Association. Dr. Vans Agnew says this will be a great step towards obtaining veteri- nary efficiency; for at the present we are top heavy, having only commissioned officers, and no enlisted strength. I also have been in correspondence with Dr. Stillman, the President of the American Humane Association with regard to aiding animals in war. I would also state that there has been founded the American Red Star Animal Relief Association, a civilian association for the purpose of giving relief to animals in war. I have here a bulletin regarding it which I shall not read. It has been the experience of the nations engaged in the present war that _ it is absolutely essential that civilian organizations shall be subservient to the 3 military organization. There can be only one military organization, and it is necessary that the civilian association co-operate with that. It is impossible to have two different and separate associations working for the same cause. I have very little information as to what is in this correspondence, which I have not gone through, and I will ask Dr. Buckingham to say a word in regard to the details of this work with which he is familiar. Dr. BuCKINGHAM: Living in Washington, I naturally took an interest in what might be transpiring in the War Department in regard to this veterinary reserve list. I offered my services personally to the Chief of Personnel, —— Captain Saxton, who asked me if I would serve on the Remount Staff work for = oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 447 a short time, to which I consented. I did not altogether care to serve in that capacity, so I asked the Captain how about the veterinary reserve list. ‘‘Oh,’’ he said, ‘‘ We are so busy that we will not get to that for a year.’’ I said, ‘‘Have you a list of veterinarians who have already offered their services?’’ He said, ‘‘ Yes; it is on file, but I have not tackled that as yet.’’ He said, ““We are very, very busy.”’ That was true. He was busy. My secretary in Washington happens in the day time to be the secretary to the Chief of the Reeruiting Division in the War Department. He came to my office one night to do some work, about ten o’clock, having worked all day, slipped out for his dinner, and gone back to the War Department to work. I said, ‘‘What is the matter with you? You look depressed.’’ He said, ‘«There have been telegrams on my chief’s desk since last Thursday’’, and this was Tuesday. He said, ‘‘Those telegrams concern the movement of regi- ment troops at various places throughout the states who expect to go to the border. Just think of it, Doetor; they have not been acted on for four or five days. It makes me feel humiliated.’’ I said, ‘‘ How many clerks have you in your office?’’ He said, ‘‘ We only have five or six clerks to do the work of fifty or sixty.’’ I said, ‘‘ What is the matter?’’ He said, ‘‘ Unless the Presi- dent declares war, the chiefs of divisions and Secretary of War will not appoint extra clerks to do this tremendous amount of work.’’ That is an accurate con- dition, or rather an aceurate story of the conditions as they exist in the War Department at Washington. After my short detail to the front on the Remount Staff, I was then called back to headquarters, and asked if I would go to the Department of the South, General Funston’s headquarters. I said, ‘‘No; not as a veterinarian.’’ They asked for my reasons, and I said, ‘‘I understand the chauffeurs of the trucks are paid one hundred dollars and given their lodging and their board. The contract veterinarian of te army today is given one hundred dollars a month, and nothing other than his transportation from place of hiring to place of work.’’ ‘‘ Well,’’ they said, ‘‘ We can readily see why a man of your age and ex- perience, having had experience in the Spanish-American war, would not care to place himself in that position of being a similar employe as a chauffeur.’’ He said, ‘‘ Doctor, I can make you Quartermaster Corps Inspector. Will you accept that?’’ I said, ‘‘It isn’t the matter of money, but I do not care for the humiliation that you place before veterinarians. How about this reserve list? Are you sure you haven’t got that list right close at hand so that the veterinarians in Washington who are interested in the A.V.M.A. can act with the War Department as a personal board, and help you to pick out the right kind of men, the men who have te profession most at heart?’’ No, nothing could be done. A great many were already sent to the border, and more were being sent all the time. I was curious to see the class of men that had been appointed. Therefore, I accepted the Quartermaster Corps Inspection position. I was sent to Fort Sam Houston. When I arrived there, of course, I felt that I would like to have the Captain Quartermaster, who was going to detail me, know just what I was in civilian life, so I gave him my professional card. He shook hands, and said, ‘‘Indeed I am glad to see you, doctor.’’ He said, ‘‘We have had some men come down here professing to be veterinarians who could hardly write 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. f their names.’’ Men who could hardly write their names. Think of it! I said, ‘‘ From where did they come, Captain?’’ He said, ‘‘ From Washington.’’ What would you think of that? He said, ‘‘I suppose they are political ap- pointees, and they just worked in.’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ I replied, ‘‘They are men who could not make a living perhaps practicing their profession, and this concen- tration of troops at the border has given them a chance to get in. I am very sorry indeed. Are there many of those men here?’’ ‘‘ He said, ‘‘ There are.’’ Of course, every man there wasn’t of that kind. There was a great quartermaster corral when I left there about a week ago. It carried 11,000 public animals. Dr. Gerald Griffin of the Regular Army, a veterinarian, is in charge, and under him are ten younger veterinarians. Horses are scnt there from all over Texas and the bordering states which have been purchased by the board. They are kept for twenty-one days quarantine; put | through the glanders test by these young veterinarians, under the charge of Dr. Griffin; and if everything is favorable, they are shipped out again in the course of twenty-one days. The purchasing, which first eaHed for about 47,000 animals for the South- ern Department, is now about finished. There still remains about 10,000 ani- mals there at the Quartermaster corral at Sam Houston. The work has gone along very well, but there have been a great many discharges among the veteri- narians who have been unqualified men. The War Department has not at any time called on our men. Dr. Mohler and Dr. Turner, and others in Washing- ton who are qualified to act as a personnel committee have been consulted, though. The Medical Corps has asked for some information which has been very gladly and cheerfully given. That is about the only assistance we have offered which has been accepted by the War Department. I have had to hold my head in shame at the class of men who have gone forward, especially down on the border. After finishing with the inspection and purchase board, an outbreak of glanders was reported in the first New York Cavalry. It happened that Colonel Charles ——-———, the Colonel of the lst New York Cavalry was my superior officer on this purchase board, and right away he said to me, ‘‘I am retiring now, doctor, but I know you after five weeks of close contact, and I am going to im- press you into the service, and get General Funston and the Quartermaster to send you down there to investigate glanders. I have two young men whom I ‘know nothing about. They were examined by my officers.’’? ‘‘ Examined by my officezs,’’—mnote that. And he said, ‘‘They were taken in as veterinarians.’’ Now, this was the crack cavalry troop of the New York Militia. I arrived at Fort McAllen on Saturday afternoon. The day before, four horses had been killed, supposed to have been suffering from glanders. The diagnostic symptoms were nasal hemorrhage and general cachexia. There had been an irritating conjunctivitis, but the ocular test had been more or less massed; and the young men had made their diagnosis positive by the charac- teristic reaction. The animals were posted, but they, were buried so deep that I was not able to resurrect them and have another look. The next morn- ing at breakfast, another horse was reported dead with the characteristic symp- toms supposedly of glanders. I said, ‘‘Now, Gentlemen, we will hold a post mortem.’’ I said ‘‘Get your instruments, please, as you will go along to as- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. 449 sist.’’ They said, ‘‘ Why, doctor, we haven’t any instruments. The only in- strument we have is this dissecting scalpel.’’ Just think of it! Nine hundred horses in the Ist New York Cavalry, and the veterinarian only supplied with a little sealpel. They had a few medicines which they had brought through from New York, but nothing, absolutely nothing had been furnished in the five weeks they had been there by the depot quartermaster at Sam Houston; no instru- ments at all. However, we did hold the post mortem, and all we found was the pneumococcus; microscopically there were no lesions of glanders whatso- ever. This animal had not been posted for glanders at all, so I turned to the young men and said, ‘‘Gentlemen, I cannot confirm your diagnosis of the pre- vious days on this examination; you could hardly expect me to.’’ I turned in a pnevmonia report to the Colonel and the headquarters at Sam Houston, say- ing that there was no glanders as far as could be determined by post mortem examination in the camp of the Ist New York Cavalry. I then looked over the medical supply list, the veterinary supply list, and the instrument list. The Colonel excused me, and I went right back to Sam Houston, went to the Quartermaster’s storehouse, drew all the instruments that were necessary; likewise two great big chests of drugs. They are now in place, and being used. But in this list of supplies, there were but two of the double action injection pumps; large pumps that would be so necessary for use in the treatment of sand clots which are quite common on the border, due to the horses eating off the ground and taking up so much sand in their food. There were very, very few surgical implements, and the list was generally a very meagre one. I asked the stoorkeep, ‘‘ Have you no regular list of what is allowed the regular regiment cavalry?’’ He said, ‘‘No, not here.’’ He said, *‘T wish you would talk to the Captain Quartermaster and see if you can’t make up a list.’’ I said, ‘‘No, I will not. I have done that before. I was paid quite a neat sum for writing a veterinary supply list for the army just after the Spanish-American war. I don’t write any more of them unless I am really an officer, because my list was revised by two young West Pointers, who went right back to the old status and none of the new drugs were accepted that we had suggested,’’ I had an army veterinarian help me on that list, and I was sure it was a good one. That is a true condition of affairs as they exist at the border. They are not well supplied with veterinarians of our own class; they are young men who have slipped in as political appointees. The contract veterinarians are receiv- ing less than the Packard chauffeurs, and altogether the condition is one that ealls for attention. Tomorrow afternoon I believe the remount service is going to be discussed, and at that time I will take it up more in detail. * aaa ». ste ey er , 4 - Rites eB 1 aes 7? a wy, Bote tae a San 2 ee ste) eg a § bates Ss * Se ¥ THE PRESIDENT: The secretary has an announcement to make. Dr. Mayo: Pardon me, Mr. President, I would like to move that the reso- lution be referred to the executive committee; the resolution which I presented. Dr. Hoskins: I second the motion. Dr. CAMPBELL: What was the resolution, Mr. President? Dr. Mayo: The resolution was that the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation be requested to furnish to the Quartermaster’s department of the 4 ; . pS aie | es 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. : ie Army a list of veterinarians who would be eligible for army service in case of an emergency in the branch of the service to which they are best adapted. am Dr. BUCKINGHAM: I want to second that motion, Mr. President. Sai, THE PRESIDENT: The motion has been seconded. Are you ready for the 4 “question ? a Dr. TurRNER: Before the motion is put, I would like to make the state: ment that this condition of affairs stated by Dr. Buckingham, and brought out a by Dr. R. Vans Agnew is absolutely obsolete from now on. We are going to have a reserve of army commissioned veterinarians within a month or two. — We won’t be the quartermaster’s employees any more. We won’t be political — free agents. We are going to be officers and veterinarians in the United — : States Army. I want to appeal to you men of this association who are present a here this morning, to get some enthusiasm among the younger veterinarians” ae in your districts under the age of 27 who have a properly thought-out and a proper conception of the military veterinary work. I was rather surprised that so few young veterinarians of America took the examination last month. They were not aware of the conditions which now exist in the army, thanks to our good friend Hoskins and Bolser and the other old warriors who have been fighting for fifteen or twenty years. Another one I saw from Cleveland, Ohio, said that veterinary schools have _ been asking their men not to take up army service, and very correctly; but, — gentlemen, all this condition is changed today. Dr. Mayo’s resolution should eS be out of order, because there will be no more quartermaster’s veterinarians. After this examination is corrected by Dr. Griffin of the Medical Board, there — will be a list of reserve veterinarians from which those gentlemen passing the high examination will be drawn into the regular service. Therefore, we will not be humiliated any longer by this quartermaster and that quartermaster, through the influence of this senator and that representative, picking up tramps from all over the country and throwing them promiscuously into the army vet- erinary work as they have been doing for thirty or forty years. From this time on we will have regularly commissioned lieutenants attached to the medi- _ cal department of the United States Army, and by that great department as- a signed to duty in the quartermaster’s department, in the cavalry, in the artil- lery and at the mounted service schools. This action is unnecessary. Dr. Vans Agnew had a proper conception of the conditions and the requirements _ at the time this was written; but as I say this bill passing Congress, this ex- x amination held last month throws it all into the background; it is unnecessary, — and we will not be humiliated any longer by any such conditions. Within a ie month or so we will have a properly constructed and properly organized vet- erinary corps in the medical department, not what we want, gentlemen, but we had to take the best we could get. I have no.doubt that the high morale a existing in the medical department of the United States Army will be reflected by the veterinary service. I have no doubt at all but that this branch of our — service, which is the best educated branch of our military service, the best — organized, I dare say, will take the veterinary service in hand and straighten — it out and bring it up to its own high level. I have the highest opinion, of — the prospects in view of this new veterinary organization which will be in our 7s ‘_- 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 451 army. I think myself that instead of having a few applicants, as we had last month, that the next examination, which will probably be held this fall, should draw the very best element of our young men into the army, so that we can prove to the army, as we have been stating to them for thirty or forty years, that we really have good veterinarians in this country, who will make proper commissioned officers. Therefore, I move that the resolution be floored. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I think it would be better to aves this to the executive committee and let them kill it. THE PRESIDENT: The question is on referring the resolution to the execu- tive committee; are you ready for the question? Dr. Hoskins: I would like to make one statement that Dr. Turner over- © looked and that is, that before the present congress adjourns the age limit will be extended from twenty-seven to thirty. I am sure that that will undoubtedly pass so that men may take the examination up to the age of thirty. SrcreTary Harine: I would like to explain that your secretary has written many letters to Washington to the War Department, to the Surgeon General, even to the Civil Service Commission, and to the Adjutant General, Quartermaster’s Department to get this information which we have just re- ceived this morning. Usually I received no reply; lately I have been receiving letters stating that the matter has been referred to the Surgeon General. Just before starting to this meeting I received a letter from the Surgeon General stating that my inquiry had been received and that the information was be- ing prepared and would be printed and a pamphlet would be sent out in due time. I regret very much that we haven’t had this information before, be- cause a great many inquiries come into the secretary’s office concerning army veterinary matters. _ Here is an announcement: The Alumni of the University of Pennsyl- -yania will meet at dinner tonight at 6:30 at the Alt Heidelberg Cafe, 25 Broadway. Those who intend to be present will please notify Dr. States, Dr. Marshall or Dr. Klein by 2 P. M. DR. :—— I want to make an announcement to all Ontario graduates, that there will be a meeting of the graduates of the Ontario Veterinary College Graduates in the Henri II room at 9:00 P. M. We want every gradu- ate of the Ontario Veterinary College at that meeting if it is possible. There is something of importance that we want to bring up. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, will you listen-to the report of the glanders committee, of which Dr. E. B. Ackerman was chairman. Dr. CHARLES E. Corron: Mr. President, the chairman of the glanders committee, Dr. Ackerman, is not present, and the members of the committee have requested me to read the report. (Dr. Cotton read the report.) (See Journal). THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, what is your pleasure? . Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report be accepted. Dr. QUITMAN: I would like to ask Dr. Cotton a question. I may have misunderstood him, but do you say the same brush or cotton swab would be used on a number of horses without— 452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. t Dr. Cotton: In the same stable. Dr. QUITMAN: I understand that, but without any treatment of it? Dr. Corron: I think so, yes, sir. Dr. QuITMAN: Personally I would like to see you strike that out of your report, Doctor, it is not ordinary cleanliness, let alone hygienic or safe. I think that should be stricken out of your report. This will go in print, and © personally- I would hate to have some of my medical friends read that. Don’t you think so, Doctor, on second thought? Dr. Corton: This is the report of the committee. Dr. QUITMAN: I understand that, Doctor, and I don’t care who may back ~ it up; it is not ordinary cleanliness. With absorbent cotton one can use swab sticks which you can procure all the way from thirty-five to sixty-five cents per thousand. You can put a little piece of absorbent cotton on them or use sterile gauze upon them, between that and your fingers if you are in a stable ia where you cannot sterilize your hands and you can go ahead then and test a thousand horses and the cost of swab sticks will not be over a dollar all told. There is no good sense for using the same camel’s hair brush or the same swab sticks. It is not scientific. Dr. REICHEL: I would like to refer back to that portion of the report (reads report). THE PRESIDENT: The question is on the acceptance of this report. Dr. QUITMAN: I move that it be accepted with that exception. THE PRESIDENT: You make that as an amendment? Dr. QuITMAN: I think the suggestion ought to be considered. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report be received and referred to the committee on Journal for publication. : The motion was seconded. Dr. QUITMAN: With the exception? Dr. HosKins: I am not excepting anything. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that this re- port be received and referred to the committee on Journal for publication. All those in favor of the motion signify the same by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Gentlemen, what is your pleasure with regard to continuing this session? Dr. Hiccins: I move that we adjourn. THE PRESIDENT: It is twenty minutes to one o’clock and we have one more item on the program. Dr. Hoskins: I move that we adjourn till two o’clock. THE PRESIDENT: We have a big afternoon’s work to perform and in order to perform it we must get at it sharply at two o’clock. So try and be here on time if you can. Dr. Corron: Wouldn’t it be perfectly proper to accept this report and dis- charge your committee? the ess : ig a ae x ec i" | i . , 4) y : ae: we 2 s nad x i ‘3 5 ; h : ae pin a: ‘ x x ah PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 453 y THE PRESIDENT: I don’t think so. The chair will entertain a motion to adjourn. 2 Dr. Hoskins: I move that we adjourn to meet at two o’clock. This was seconded and on being put to a vote prevailed and the adjourn- “2 ment was ordered. Thursday, August 24, 1916, 8:30 P. M. Hotel Statler Ball Room. : (The meeting was called to order with President R. A. Archibald in the chair.) . THE PRESIDENT: Will you please come to order? We have a great deal of work to do, and I will ask your assistance in expediting matters. I will ask first, for the report of the executive committee. The chairman is not here, the secretary will make a report. THE SECRETARY: The executive committee recommends an amount not to exceed $100 to be appropriated by the American Veterinary Medical Associa- 5 tion to defray expenses of the association faculties and examining boards. a The matter now to be brought up consists of a list of names, recommenda- Re tions for appropriations, charges against the members of the association, and a would suggest— a Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the executive com- ‘mittee, appropriating $100 for the association of faculties and examining boards, be approved. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved that the recommendation of the ex- ecutive committee in this respect be approved. Do I hear a second? _ ~~ ~AVorce: Isecond the motion. THE PRESIDENT: All those in favor of this motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Those contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. (The motion prevailed.) THe SECRETARY: The executive committee recommends the payment of a Beh one-half of the railroad fare, and a portion of their hotel bill, also a bill for _ Stenographie assistance amounting to $3.50. x Dr. Hoskins: I move that we approve the recommendation. _ A Voice: TI second the motion. Te THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the recommenda- tion of the executive committee be adopted. Are you ready for the question? - All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. ‘THE SecreTary: The executive committee recommends the election of the : a following applicants for membership. (A list of names was read by the secretary.) Dr. Hoskins: I move that we accept the proposed names for member- ship, suspend the rules and have the secretary cast the ballot of the association. Ae ____ miscellaneous lot of material, which would not make very smooth reading, and I~ \ s i 7 = ‘ , 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Dr. —————: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It is regularly moved that we suspend the rules and elect these applicants to regular membership, and that the secretary be in- — structed to cast the ballot. You have heard the motion. Are you ready for the question ? All those in favor of the motion as stated will signify it by saying «Aye? Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Marshall, will you continue the report, please? Dr. MARSHALL: ‘The executive committee reports the expulsion of J. Harvey Slater of Charlestown, Illinois, now of Kansas City, Missouri, the charge being unprofessional ethics. The advertisement submitted here is evidence, ‘‘Learn to Vaccinate your own hogs’’. I will read the advertisement. Dr. J. Harvey Siater: Is it necessary for the committee to read that? They have all read it, I presume, and this is taking up time. THE PRESIDENT: Does any one of the members present desire to hear this advertisement read? Voices: Yes, yes, yes. THE PRESIDENT: It is so ordered. Proceed. Dr. MARSHALL: (Reading): ‘‘Learn to vaccinate your own hogs. We manufacture hog cholera serum, and operate under government supervision; sell it direct to the farmers and teach them to vaccinate free; costs 22 cents to make your pigs permanently immune; 100 pounds cost 42 cents. Syringes supplied at wholesale price. Will vaccinate your hogs under written guaran- tee to be immune for one year. Have your banker write Southwestern National Bank of Commerce of Kansas City, Missouri, to ascertain if we are financially responsible. If not convenient to pay cash, we will take your note at 6 per cent. listen to this offer. We will vaccinate twelve shoats free, if the owner will put three of them with sick hogs on various farms where cholera exists, sleep and eat and run with sick hogs, and if they die we will pay for them. Slater Serum Company, Kansas City, Kansas. U. 8. Veterinary License Num- ber 93. Write for free booklets, list of satisfied users, and copy of guarantee, branch 6, address Dr. J. Harvey Slater, Lock Box 122, Charlestown, Illinois.’’ There is a similar ad. in the paper called the Marshall Herald, Marshall, Hli- — nois, of Wednesday, March 29th, 1916. Dr. Hoskins: I move that we receive the recommendation of the ex- ecutive committee. Dr. —————: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved that the recommendation of the executive committee in regard to this case be adopted. This motion has been seconded. Dr. R. C. Moore: I do not believe there is a man in this house who re- grets the actions of Dr. Slater more than I do. I have known the doctor for a good many years. He has been an exceptional member of our Western Asso- ciation, and the Middle West Association, and up to this time I have never heard a word of complaint against him from a professional standpoint. Drag Slater tells me that he has been misled, and did this matter without due con- ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 455 sideration; and that he has asked the association to give him a year’s time, to show that he will completely withdraw from all such conduct in every way, shape and form; and if at the end of a year he is not entirely acceptable, he will ‘make no objection to his expulsion. I am not making any fight in this matter, but I am simply stating what Dr. Slater has told me, and because we have recognized him as being a worthy member of the profession in the past. We all make mistakes. I believe if the association sees fit. to extend to him this clemency he will make good. Dr. J. Harvey SLATER: I admit that I have erred against the code of ethics in this association. I feel keenly the humiliation. I ask for a suspen- sion in this case, that it be for a year. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, is there any further discussion on this matter? The matter or the question to adopt the recommendation of the ex- ecutive committee. * 4 7) Dr. 8. Stewart: This association has tried a considerable number of men in the past for violation of the code of ethics. Most of the trials have not been made public, because the individuals have seen their error, acknowledged it, and stated that they would rectify the error, and abide by the code. This man, I believe, understands his error and will do that. The doctor acknowledges his error and promises to rectify it as far as possible, to rectify his violation of the code, and to immediately cease if we shall suspend judgment in his ease for a year; and he hopes during all of that time, and thereafter to confine his liv- ing absolutely up to the spirit of the code, as well as the letter. I believe that it would be wise to accept his acknowledgement, and give him this chance to prove his desire to be a good member. tn sath ry 4 eB re ery Te pees =) oS. ~ Dr. Hinty: I did not understand whether the man promised to quit selling the serum direct to the farmer or not. THE PRESIDENT: Do you care to answer that question, Dr. Slater? (Dr. A. F. Nelson of Indianapolis, Indiana, spoke in favor of adopting the recommendation of the executive committee.) ‘east ~ Dr. HuenEs: I wish to ask whether this man is willing to make an hum- ble and abject apology to the members of the executive committee for his con- duct while in attendance at the meeting. = . . inca Sar ‘ en Dr. SLATER: I am willing to apologize to the executive committee. I felt that this case was being railroaded, but any errors that I have made, I am wil- ling to admit, and apologize for any misconduct on my part. TIS " ¢ THE PRESIDENT: Is there any further discussion? ’ Dr. Hiwry: My question has not been answered. THE PRESIDENT: What was the question? Dr. Hintry: As to selling serum direct to the farmer. THE PRESIDENT: I understand he has already said so, but if you would rather have him make a direct answer to the questicn, I will propound it to him. Will you please answer the question, Doctor? Dr. SLATER: “Yes sir, I will agree to that, yes sir. THE PRESIDENT: Does that satisfy you, Dr. Hilty? 7 : a Dr. ——————-:_ | will ask for a division. THE PRESIDENT: The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it ,and it is so ordered. Are there further nominations? | Dr. Hoskins: I would like to offer the name of Dr. E, M. Ranck, of Mississippi. . (? THE PRESIDENT: Dr. E. M. Ranck has been nominated. a Dr. Tarr S. Butter: I would like to place in nomination the name of oe, Dr. G. A. Roberts of North Carolina. ae «Dr. E. M. Ranex: I would like to withdraw my name, and move that the ___—“ nominations be closed. | . Tue Presipent: Dr. Ranck wants his name withdrawn. Are there any further nominations. Do I hear a second to the motion that the nominations be closed? is e (The motion was seconded.) 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the nominations be closed. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Ayes’? have it, and it is so ordered. If you will give us your attention for the moment, I will have the secretary read the names and read them slowly, so that you will understand who has been nominated. It is unfortunate that the blackboard cannot be placed in a position where everyone can see it. THE SECRETARY: (Reading from blackboard): Dr. F. A. Bolser, In- diana; Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Missouri; Dr. L. Howard, Massachusetts; Dr. David Buckingham, District of Columbia; Dr. S. Hadwen, British Columbia, Canada; Dr. T. J. Heer, Wisconsin; Dr. V. A. Moore, New York; Dr. G. W. Dunphy, Michigan, and Dr. G. A. Roberts, of North Carolina. THE PRESIDENT: Will you please prepare your ballots, and I assume that the usual custom of depositing your ballots is the best possible to observe. Dr. Hoskins: May I ask that Dr. Haring read them again? THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Haring, will you please read them again? Some of the members evidently did not get them all. (The names were again read by the secretary.) THE PRESIDENT: I will ask that, in depositing your ballots, the various sections will come forward as they are divided in this room, and pass in single file by the platform here. I assume that no one will vote who has not a right to vote. The question has been asked, and I will answer it, we are required to elect five vice-presidents, and the custom has been that the five men who receive the highest votes will be elected. Unless there is objection, each man will pass ~ in front of the tellers and the secretary will use his best judgment as to whether the man who is voting is a member in good standing or not. If that is not satisfactory, now is the time to make objections. The question has been asked whether newly elected members have the right to vote. I assume they have, and it is so ordered, unless objection is made. A Voice: Do we vote for one or five? THE PRESIDENT: You ean vote for as many as you want to up to five, from one to five. I wish to repeat the by-laws or the constitution require that we elect five vice-presidents. There are more than five nominated. To vote correctly, you should vote for five men. You are not compelled to vote for five, you can vote for one, two, three or four or five, just as you please. When the 4 ballots are counted, the five men receiving the highest number of votes will be declared elected as vice-presidents of this association. Are you ready to. vote? ; Dr. R. C. Moore: I think the members should be made to vote for five. Sup- pose I vote for myself, and do not vote for any other nominees, my own ticket would be four times as much as the man who voted for five names. I think that every member should be compelled to vote for five members for vice-presi- — dents. THE PRESIDENT: I see no way of enforcing that, Dr. Moore, > W > ?: PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 463 — I move that every ballot that does not contain the full five names be dropped out. (This was seconded.) Dr. Hosxins: Iam opposed to that. If a member wants to vote for one man only, that is his privilege. The only ballots that you can throw out are those where a man has voted for six or more. THE PRESIDENT: I will declare the motion out of order. Are you ready to vote? ' Dr. Kurrn: What arrangements are there for choosing the different vice- presidents? Who will be the first vice-president? THE PRESIDENT: The man receiving the highest vote will be the first vice- president and so on. Are you ready to vote? If so, I will declare the ballot open for voting. Voice: Who are entitled to vote? THE PRESIDENT: Members. Voice: How are you going to tell them? THE PRESIDENT: With the assistance of these gentlemen who are going to try to determine that. Dr. KuEIN: Members in good standing. THE PRESIDENT: I will ask that this first section come forward and east their ballots. (The voting was done.) THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection, we will proceed with the nomina- tion and election of other officers. The next office is the one of secretary. Nominations for secretary are in order. Gentlemen, whom do you desire to have for your secretary for the ensuing year? Dr. GILTNER: I nominate Dr. C. M. Haring for secretary. (This was seconded by several members). THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further nominations? SECRETARY HartnG: Mr. President, I wish that my name be withdrawn. Dr. JoHN ADAMS: The office of secretary of this association is the most important one in this association. The secretary has much more to do than any other man; and the work to be accomplished by this association depends en- tirely upon him, upon the ability and the pep that the secretary puts into the work. I realize that there are many men in this association perfectly qualified to make good secretaries, so far as ability is concerned, and so far as the in- clination is concerned, but this work will take a great deal of time. A man who has the ability and the acquaintance of the membership, and the ideal as. to what ought to be presented at these meetings must also be so peculiarly situ- ated that he can give a large share of his time to it, for a very small remuner- ation. I am going to put in nomination to-night a man who, in my opinion, has all of these qualifications. He is not an old, old friend of mine, but I know him intimately, although he does not reside near me at all. That doesn’t make any difference, because he is a good, loyal member of this association. I nominate Dr. Merillat of Chicago. — 4 7, ~ Ry - Ae) . e | aay ~« bi a 464 : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. es i " ae 5 s By Dr. ———————-:_ I have listened to the remarks of the nominator with a aa great deal of pleasure, and I can endorse them very thoroughly. I have known a Dr. Merillat for some years, and I know what an energetic worker he is, and — what a conscientious man he is. I think he will make a first class secretary of this association. Therefore I take great pleasure in seconding the nomination. — THE PRESIDENT: Dr Merillat has been nominated for secretary. Are there any further nominations? i 2 A Voice: I move that the nominations be closed. Dr. DEVINE: I agree with the remarks of the other speaker as to the im- portance of this office. But, we have in our membership a man who has done — yeoman service to this association for a quarter of a century; a man who is centrally located; a man who has wide experience with veterinary matters; who has served as secretary before, and has proven most capable; a man who has ever been ready to work for the cause. I wish to place in nomination the — name of Dr. N. S. Mayo of Chicago. Dr. Hartne: I would like to second Dr. Mayo’s nomination. \ THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further nominations? Dr. Hosxrns: I move that the nominations be closed. a (This was seconded.) : THE PRESIDENT: It has been regularly moved and seconded that the nom- inations for secretary be now closed. All those in favor of the motion will sig- nify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, » and it is so ordered. I will appoint as tellers Dr. Hadley, Dr. Jacob, and Dr. Hart. The tellers will please prepare the ballots. If you are ready to vote, we will proceed in the same manner as we did in voting for vice-presidents. (The voting took place.) THE PRESIDENT: Nominations for treasurer are now in order. Dr. McKiiire: I would like to place in nomination the name of a man who has proven himself a great credit to the association in past years, Dr. F. H. Schneider of Philadelphia. . (This was seconded by several members.) Dr. JOHNSON: I move that the nominations be closed. ; me f (This was seconded.) Dr. JOHNSoN: And further that the rules be suspended and the secretary cast the vote of this association for Dr. F. H. Schneider as treasurer. THE PRESIDENT: The motion has been made and seconded that the nom-— inations be closed, and that we suspend the by-laws, and that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of this association for Dr. Schneider for treasurer. a Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it unani- mously, and it is so ordered. The secretary will please cast the ballot. The nominations for librarian are now in order. = sigh as Dr. Hoskins: I nominate Dr. J. N. Frost, our present librarian. z rae Ps THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Frost has been nominated. *y (The nomination was seconded.) i. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 465 THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further nominations? Dr. HoskKINs: I move that the nominations be closed. THE PRESIDENT: What is your pleasure, gentlemen? Dr. JOHNSON: I wish to move that the nominations be closed, the by-laws suspended, and that the secretary cast the vote of the association for Dr. Frost. Dr. Hoskins: I will second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the motion, that the nominations be closed, that we suspend the by-laws and that the secretary be instructed to east the ballot of the association. All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contraryminded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Gentlemen, the secretary has something to bring before you. THE SecreTARY: Dr. J. B. Schmidt of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, filed an application with the secretary last spring, but I did not find the application among those which I brought with me to this city. His name has now been passed by two of the prominent members of the A.V.M.A., and I would appre- ciate it if you would consider the matter at this time. The name is Dr. J. B. Schmidt, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Ohio State University, Veterinary Depart- ment, 1906, vouchers, C. J. Marshall, Henry Turner. Dr. Schmidt is from | Pittsburgh. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation be approved. (This was seconded.) Dr. Mruuarp: I would like to ask Dr.-Haring if he has the name of Dr. Van Husan of Howell, Wyoming? THE SECRETARY: I have no recollection of that name. I might say that on account of the large number of applications that have come in, I have tried to list them carefully, but many of them coming in late have been either held up on account of defects in the method in which the application has been made out, or possibly, as in this case, have been overlooked. I do not recollect the name of Dr. Van Husan. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the recommenda- tion be approved, and the gentleman whose name has been read be elected to active membership. You have heard the motion. Are you ready for the ques- tion? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Con- trary minded, “‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. While we are waiting for the tellers, J am informed that there are one or two gentlemen here who wish to speak a few words in connection with the next place of meeting. I wish to say that if there are any who wish to speak on the subject, I will, unless it is objected to, give them a very few minutes. Dr. Kine: Mr. President and gentlemen, I have asked for five minutes to speak to you on this subject, but I think I can finish in about two. As a repre- sentative and member of the Chamber of Commerce of Mobile, I am directed to extend to you an invitation to hold your next meeting at Mobile. The Battle House has offered its assembly room, with a seating capacity of about 800 to 1000. We have other things down there, the oyster business, and a great 466 : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. many other branches of industry which Dr. Correll can tell you about better than I can. Dr. CorreLL: Mr. President and gentlemen, I assure you I appreciate the great compliment that you have paid me by allowing me to extend an in- vitation to you, which, however mild it may be, comes from the heart of the * entire south. In looking into the faces of this organization, I want to say, a not in the way of flattery, but as coming from a man who is old enough to be ; sincere, that I am surprised that the nation which you so ably represent has not long ago recognized your worth, in the community in which you live and prae- tice. I look upon your organization as of more value to the health of this country than any other organization on the face of the globe; and I do not believe that it will be long until every one of you receives the recognition which you absolutely deserve. I wish to say a word to you about Mobile. It is a beautiful city, at the jumping off place into the Gulf of Mexico. The finest oysters in the world. The most beautiful women in the world. The most beautiful flowers in the world; the most hospitable people in the world, and a country that needs as- sistance very much, because it will be very soon the feeding ground in that country for the grazing stock of the country. In inviting you to Mobile, we can do double duty for you, we can take you to California at the same time, and at the same place. We have everything in — Mobile that they have in California. We can take you through orange groves; we can take you through pecan groves. We can take you through the live oak groves. In fact, we can take you through this, the only city on the American continent that has been under five flags, and is today the pride of the entire south, and the only seaport in this great state of Alabama,—and it is dry. Gentlemen, if you will come with us to Mobile, we will give you a touch of southern hospitality. Our homes and our hearts will be open to you. We will drive you through the most beautiful orange groves in the world, over the most beautiful roads you have ever seen. We will take you in bathing where the water is always 72 degrees, and where it is very salty. We will give you the best fish there is in the world, the best oysters, and best of all, we will give you the right hand of friendship, which I assure you is sincere, and everybody — south of Mason & Dixon’s line, the railroads and the official organizations, and cities, all join in this invitation to you gentlemen, and your good wives to come to Mobile in 1917. I have a little book up here, not an advertisement, but just a statement of facts about Mobile which I will leave with the presi dent, and if you gentlemen want any, you can help yourselves. THE PRESIDENT: Any others? Dr. A. T. Krnstey: Mr. President, and Members of the Association, I — come as ong of a committee from the next largest veterinary organization in — America, to invite you to meet in Kansas City in 1917. : We have not, perhaps, all of the scenery and tle oysters to show you, and to treat you to in Kansas City. A great many of you were in Kansas City in 1907. We can show you the advancement of that city in 1917, or ten years’ — progress. Will you come back in 1917? a ” Ba = PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 467 We will show you the Missouri River, the muddiest water I believe of any river in the country. We will promise to take care of you properly, house you, and look after your comforts in every way. Will you decide to come to Kansas City in 1917? The little slips which each of you found on your chairs when you came into the hall this evening will give you an insight of where the meetings have been held the last few years. We eall your attention to the fact that you have not been near Kansas City; and we further call your attention to the fact that the veterinary population of that section of the country has not had ample op- portunity to attend the meetings of this association in the last ten years. / payee Dr. GLOVER: As another member of the committee from the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical Association, I wish to sanction and endorse the in- vitation of Dr. Kinsley in respect to Kansas City. Kansas City is centrally located. We can have the largest and best meeting that we have ever had. Kansas City is wet. If it is in order, and to the end that the executive com- mittee may know the wish of the majority, I am going to move you that it is the sense of this meeting that the next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association be held in Kansas City. (This was seconded by several members.) Dr. Hoskins: Mr. President, we have journeyed out here to Detroit with the intention of presenting the claims of Philadelphia. We have been persuaded by the men in the Missouri Valley that their claims are paramount to ours for the time being. So, I will not present an invitation from Phila- delphia, as we had intended for 1917, but will join with those who will vote for Kansas City, but give notice now that Philadelphia will be in the field for 1918. Dr. R. C. Moore: Mr. President, I do not live in Kansas City. I live in a neighboring city, and am a resident of the Missouri Valley. As a resi- dent of St. Joseph, Missouri, I wish to also extend to this association a hearty welcome to come to Kansas City, and to assure you that the Missouri Valley will turn out to give you a good time. THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, it has been moved and seconded that it be the sense of this meeting, and that the executive committee be so informed, that we select Kansas City as our meeting place in 1917. Are there any remarks on this motion? Are you ready for the question? Dr. QUITMAN: Couldn’t we defer that for the postal card vote, the same as we did before? While I personally have no objection to Kansas City— and the fact of the matter is that at the present time I favor it—it has not been long since a meeting was held in Kansas City. The fact that the Missouri Valley Medical Association holds their meetings there, and that perhaps many members prefer going to strange places, places they have not visited repeatedly, that fact, I say, may keep away as many members as might attend from the Missouri Valley. While I do not believe that a vote taken tonight will be binding, I do not believe it would be good practice. I think the thing should be deferred, and the invitation from the cities carefully weighed by the execu- tive committee as in the past, and a postal card vote taken of the entire mem- - 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. bership of this association, which is not here tonight. I do not believe it would be good practice to take that vote tonight. : THE PRESIDENT: Asa matter of fact, and for the benefit of those who are me not familiar with our set of by-laws which affect this matter, the vote that you are about to take, whichever way it may go, has no effect upon the selection of the meeting place. That is entirely within the province of the executive committee, and the individual member has nothing to say about it. I am simply allowing this motion to go before you so that we can expedite matters and get on with our business. Are you ready for the question, gentlemen? Dr. BAKER: Before this motion is put, I would like to say a word in favor of Mobile. I think we should meet there, and it would be an act of courtesy to the south, if we accepted their invitation. We accepted an invitation once to meet in New Orleans, the meeting you will remember for 1914. New Or- leans was cheated out of the meeting. As a recognition of their invitation and the courtesy which has been extended to us, I do not think it is fair to put the motion that Dr. Glover requested. It is not a fair way to get at it. Suppose you do put the motion. What will be the result?’ Are we giving Mobile any show? I move you, sir, as an amendment to Dr. Glover’s motion, that a postal card vote be taken the same as we did for San Francisco. Dr. ScHMiptT: I second the amendment. THE PresipeENT: An amendment has been offered. I am inclined to think : that the chair will rule this entire matter out of order. I think it is the general — sentiment here that this procedure is entirely irregular, and I think I am sup- ported in that idea, by the majority of the members here present. I shall de- clare this entire procedure out of order. I might say that these matters which have been brought to our attention will be referred to the executive committee. I will call upon the committee on legislation to make a report at this time. Is Dr. Buckingham present? Dr. BUCKINGHAM: Your committee on legislation has the following re- port: (See Journal, December 1916.) THE PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, what will be done with this report? Dr. Hosxins: I move that we accept this report of the committee on legislation, that it be received and referred to the Journal. : (The motion was seconded.) THE PRESIDENT: All those in favor of the motion will signify it by say- ing ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Are the tellers ready to report? Dr. KLEIN: I would like to make a motion Mr. President. The committee on legislation and Dr. Hoskins have rendered invaluable assistance in this work, and I move that they be extended a rising vote of thanks by this association for the services they have rendered. Dr. HuGHES: I second the motion. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the committeg on legislation and Dr. Hoskins be tendered a standing vote of thanks by this Skt SY dvibaleait a cos Ck aca sa ail BS Fer ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 469 association for their work along legislative lines. Are you ready for the ques- tion? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by rising. (The assembly rose.) Dr. MarsHatu: If it is in order, I would like to move that Congressman _ Hay be made an honorary member of this association for the yeoman work that ug he has rendered to our profession. ——sS&Dr. Quitman: I second the motion. . THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we elect Congress- man Hay to honorary membership in this association. Dr. MarsHaLtt: I think it will be necessary to suspend the rules to have _ that done. I move that the rules be ee ass That can ie done by unani- mous consent. __. Are you ready for the question? Dr. Mower: I would like to know how many honorary members this con- vention has elected this year. be, THE PRESIDENT: None. All those in favor of the motion will signify it | by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. _ Are the tellers who canvassed the vote on vice-presidents ready? Dr. HApLEy: TI can report on the election for secretary. . ie THE PRESIDENT: The tellers who were appointed to canvass the vote on _ the secretary are now ready to report. I hear no objection to receiving the report at this time, so, Dr. Hadley will you give us the report? a Dr. HADLEY: There were cast 253 votes. 141 votes were for Dr. Merillat and 110 for Dr. N. S. Mayo, and 2 for Dr. Haring. : Dr. Mayo: I move that the rules be suspended and that Dr. L. A. Mer- ___ illat be elected as secretary of this association, and the secretary be instructed _ to east the ballot. | a THE PRESIDENT: That we suspend the rules in order to permit this. i (The motion was seconded.) “a ' THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we suspend the a rules, and the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of this association for - Or... A. Merillat as secretary for the ensuing year. . he SECRETARY Harine: It has been cast. ‘THE PRESIDENT: I am informed by the secretary that this ballot has been east. Therefore, I declare Dr. L. A. Merillat duly elected as secretary of this organization. : THE PRESIDENT: We will now listen to the report of the committee on resolutions, Dr. Adams. Is Dr. Adams ready to report? ‘ Dr. JOHN ADAMS: The committee on resolutions is unable to report tonight ___ for the reason that several very important resolutions were introduced here this evening; resolutions that cannot be temperately considered tonight. Unfor- tunately, only two members of this committee are present, and it has been neces- sary for me, in consultation with some of the older and wiser heads, to appoint ____ three members to fill vacancies. That has been done, and we have talked the Hie. “ p: a ‘ is sage d sa Mice 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. - A matter over, and tomorrow morning we expect to decide upon these resolutions I move that the report be presented under the head of unfinished business in this room tomorrow morning. & Ter PRESIDENT: There is some doubt as to whether we wili mect hore 2a tomorrow. a Dr. ADAMS: There are some of these resolutions that have to be coa- sidered very carefully; otherwise, toes are going to be trod upon. We have me tried to get a representative, temperate committee, and we do not propose to rush through undigested resolutions before you tonight. They came in so late — that they cannot be handled, cannot be considered tonight. * THE PRESIDENT: What is your pleasure, gentlemen? ae SEcreTARY Harine: We will probably be in session for an hour, or per- a haps two or three hours this evening considering the reorganization matters. Could not the committee on resolutions retire to the parlor and get busy and — : report tonight? Dr. ADAMS: If we have an hour, that will be sufficient. gel THE PRESIDENT: The proposition is this, tomorrow we have the elinie; * a the clinie starts at 9:30. If that is the case, you will not have a corporal’s guard here in the morning. It is not for the chair to decide. I would like to hear from the members of the association on that question. I think it would os be a very good plan at this time to settle the question of whether we will meet here in the morning, or conclude our labors tonight. j | Ps Dr. E. L. Quirman: I move, if such a motion is in order, that the body sit in session tonight until all business is finished; because, as the chairman has already stated, if a meeting is called in the morning, the chances are that there will be few present. I understand that the local committee has provided P a large and interesting clinie that will require the entire day; and if anyone — has ever had any experience in getting clinics together, they know it is very — disappointing to have to send half of the animals home without having been \ operated on or viewed by the veterinarians. As an act of courtesy to the local ae committee, on arrangements, and the committee on clinic, we should get down there at the appointed time, and give them our support. At the same time, I BS. iy want to back up Dr. Haring in the hope that the committee on resolutions will \ bring in their report tonight. If a motion to that effect is in order, I move S that this body stay in session until all business is completed. SECRETARY HarinG: I second the motion. eae THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we complete the — work of this session this evening. Are there any remarks? Are you ready for o the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by saying ‘‘ Aye’’, — 4 Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. — Adams, will you retire, and try and bring in a report later in the evening? Dr. QuITMAN: Will it be in order for me’to read a proposed amendment _ to the by-laws at this time? z Pe b ys \ ‘ Fp AS ae Lats ~ “ he neo oy i 4 - » 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. . io : ue Dr. Stewart: They elect their chairman. Three for, and three against, ‘< b nd there is a tie. That is a small matter, as far as I am concerned. rete. This matter of the state boards is a very large one. We had in the dele- a gation here in session nearly twenty state boards represented. The boards which we most needed to get in touch with were not here. We ought to have them in this association, and have their good influence spread over their terri- _ a tory, or we will come far short of our obligation if we do not make provision, __ when we can so easily. I believe we should authorize a modification of this, to an honorary member, or an associate member, and provide a section which shall describe the privileges of that associate member, that he shall be an as- sociate member by virtue of being a member of a board, but not with power to vote, but to have an active part in that section, and then we will get his ~ influence. . : — Dr. Hicerns: As far as this particular objection is concerned about vet- erinary colleges and examining boards, I agree with Dr. Cotton that we want all these men as members if they are eligible, and that provision is now made, with any section; and that provision has been carried out in the past few years; in any section, a man is permitted to take the floor, if he is not a member of the association. There is no doubt but that we could go along and continue to — pick holes in what bas been prepared. This has been prepared with a great deal of care, and a great deal of thought by a number of men. It seems to me that it is our duty at the present time to accept this, and if we find by to- morrow morning anything is wrong, that can be overeome by giving notice, or motion, handing it in, and it will be voted on next year, really before this becomes effective, as far as it affects any particular individuals, either in the association or out. Dr. R. C. Moore: I do not believe that Dr. Higgins’ argument is very good on that point. A majority vote now will adopt this constitution and by- laws. A year from now it will take a two-thirds or three-quarters yote to change the by-laws and constitution. Dr. Higcins: I think that is a very wise precaution. THE PRESIDENT: As I understand it, Dr. Moore, it takes a two-thirds vote of the members present to adopt this instrument. Dr. REYNOLDS: I have to hurry away to a train, but I have heard a great deal, and I would like to say for Dr. Campbell, I think there is not a single proposition, not a sentence in that little pamphlet which he has just distributed here which was not before the committee, and carefully considered. THE PRESIDENT: Is there any further discussion? t Dr. GRANGE: I would like to ask when this constitution goes into effect? If it take immediate effect, it puts me in a very awkward position, because [ ~ had my calendar or catalogue issued, and we are still a three year college this — year. I had no idea that this requirement of a four year course would go into effect or be required this year. I was informed yesterday Dr. Cary: This does not apply until it is adopted next year. THE PRESIDENT: That does not affect you, doctor. Dr. Cary: Until next year. 4 Dr. Butter: I just want to say to Dr. Grange that that is provided for, in this original motion, it would not become effective, but as I understand _ Dr. Kiein’s motion, he is affected. We have passed an amendment to this which will interfere with your catalogue that has already been issued. But, the report of the committee took care of that, recognizing that that situation __ already existed. Dr. GRANGE: Well, what is the condition now? Dr. Butter: It does interfere with your catalogue already See: because the association amended the report here in Dr. Klein’s motion. q Dr. GRANGE: Isn’t there some way of getting out of that difficulty ? I ‘move a reconsideration of Dr. Klein’s motion, or vote, on this 1916-1917 matter. 4 Dr. QuITMAN: I will second that. THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that we reconsider the action whereby the amendment offered by Dr. Klein was passed. Are you ready for the question? Dr. Kuetn: I hope this motion will not prevail, because as I stated when I offered my amendment, every veterinary college in the United States but one has increased its course to four years, and the other one is waiting the action of this association.. Dr. Mayo: Are you correct in that statement? Dr. KLEIN: Absolutely correct. Dr. Mayo: I think that I can name three that have not gone to a four year course. , Dr. Mounier: I think Dr. Klein is mistaken in saying that there is only one in this country. There are three of them. All the rest have signified their _ intention of going into the four year course. - Dr. Kurtn: Are those three in this association ? Dr. MOHLER: Yes. Dr. Kuen: I am corrected to this extent that there is one college which has been giving a three year course and which has not yet announced the four “year course, and that college is awaiting the action of this association. If we approve the four year course beginning in 1916, they will go under a four year - course. If we do not, this college will retain a three year course. I did not _ know that there were two other colleges in this country on the approved list a of this association that had not gone to the four year course, because I was informed that all colleges but this one, informed by a man connected with this college, that all colleges but his had gone to the four year course. > THE PRESIDENT: Is there any further discussion on this? a, Dr. FisH: The committee, I know, wanted to be as fair as possible toward the colleges, and they considered very carefully the points involved in ; regard to this matter. It does seem to me that it would work a hardship in the case of Dr. Grange, where the announcement has already been made, and _ where it is too late now to make any provision. In order that justice should be done, I should be in favor of the reconsideration of that motion, and ikea a it, as it read originally, take effect in 1917-1918, * ” z%, ate E ty < he 7 he wy ig Wy ya ; ‘ An era oiX : pe a aa pias : ak £ % - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. ; 485 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. TTE PRESIDENT: Anything further? Dr. Mayo: At the New York meeting, this association adopted a regula- tion requiring students to be graduates of four year courses, that is, for admis-— sion to this association beginning with the year 1916-1917. I thought it was a sort of a compromise then, and the colleges with three exceptions in the — United States have gone to the four year course, and it seems an injustice to those institutions who have come up and met the requirements of this asso- ciation as to the requirements for membership, to put this off another year, on ‘account of three. It is a mistake. I fully concur with Dr. Klein’s stand in this matter. ~ THE PRESIDENT: The question is upon the motion to reconsider. Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion will signify it by say- ing ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘ Noes’? appear to have it; the — ““Noes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Stewart: I wish to talk to the original motion again. In the by- laws, Article II, Section 5, I find a condition there which is going to lead us into considerable trouble, I believe; going to involve quite a considerable num- ber of schools. That section, if amended by striking out the words ‘‘ Studies taken in other preparatory schools’’,—two places in that section, and substitute the words ‘‘Education in previous schools, accepted’’. I make the suggestion of the proposition—I think I had better read it all. This is Section 5: ‘‘The matriculation requirements of an approved veterinary college, begin- ning with the collegiate year 1914-1915’ ’—that is going back two years—‘ shall be one year of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other prepara- tory schools’’. That is not the way the old one read. It read, if I remember right, ‘‘Or equivalent training’’. Now Dr. QUITMAN: It read, ‘‘Or its quivalent’’, Dr. Stewart. : Dr. Stewart: The question of what shall be considered as one year of high school work is a very indefinite thing in our section of the country. — Many a fellow does high school work that he does not get any eredit for. This does not say anything about credit. It is indefinite. I propose that we sub- stitute the word ‘‘ Education’’ for the words ‘‘Studies taken in other prepara- tory schools’’, to pave the way for an agreement, or to pave the way to sup- port this proposition. Dr. Mayo: TI hope that this motion will not prevail. As a member of your committee, we visited the colleges this last year, and have looked over the questions that have been put in as a substitute, as an equivalent. It is appall- ing. I think this ought to read that they should have the equivalent of the amount of high school for two years—or for one year of high school, or four units. We must put something in there to do away with the equivalent, or they will put in blacksmithing or carpentry, or almost anything. There is where the difference of opinion comes, as to what is an equivalent. You must have ~ some sort of a standard, even if it is an arbitrary standard. ; I hope this change will not be made. TI think it will be a setback, and I — ; think in this day and age where we have schools everywhere, that an individual ought to have one year’s high school, or four units, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 487 Dr. Stewart: In our state, hundreds of high schools teach blacksmithing, teach carpentry and a number of other vocations, and give students units on that sort of teaching in the high schools. They do in our schools in Kansas _ Gity. Furthermore, in Oakland last year, this association adopted a proposi- tion, accepting the Bureau standard for admission, which advanced the old standard from the second grade to the first grade civil service examination. I _ have read the report over and over again, and they still make that imterpreta- e. _ tion, though there are others who think they did differently. I have submitted this question of a first grade civil service examination to several people, and they give me the opinion that it is more than the equivalent of one year of high school, or four units. If the civil service first grade examination is not an equivalent, we still have at our disposal another means. This association may appoint a committee to provide a.set of questions which this association will consider equal to four high school units; and the man who has not been to a high school, but has advanced his education in other ways, has a chance for admission into a college; not confining it to a high school preparation, because high schools are high schools. If you will go into a study of what is going on in the educational world of this country, you will find that educators ‘are com- plaining seriously of the work being done in high schools, and that they are not the equivalent one of the other by a long way. Some of them repre- _. sent little or nothing, and some of them represent a very considerable training. There is not anything standard or definite under the unit system. That is not alone true of the academic high schools. If you will go into the further fields, you will find that the presidents of colleges are complaining seriously, because a degree from one college does not represent the same as a degree from another college. I do not believe that we shall do wisely to exclude a man from entering a veterinary college who has an education equal to that of one year in high school, if there is any way of demonstrating it. It should be up to this association to make a provision for that fellow, not to keep him out because he is not a gradu- ate from a high school. The language of this section says, ‘‘One year’s high school work.’’ You could not have had one year’s high school work and not get at least one credit. I think that is very weak, and I think that that substitu- tion should be made, and give the other fellow a show. Dr. Hoskins: May I ask Dr. Stewart, when it goes on to say, ‘‘or equiv- ‘alent studies taken in other preparatory schools’’, doesn’t that cover it very thoroughly ? Dr. STEWART: No sir. Dr. Hoskins: I think so. Dr. KLEIN: I believe there is some justice in Dr. Stewart’s presentation. If this clause, or this section is adopted as it stands, it may not be possible in all cases for a college to give entrance examinations, because it reads that the student must have ‘‘one year of high school work, or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools.’’ Under certain conditions a student, or a candidate for admission must have an opportunity to take the entrance ex- aminations; but in nearly all colleges and universities where entrance examina- tions are given, they are given only on condition that the candidate for exam- 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Wry imation will present a certificate from a tutor that he has prepared himself for 3 the subjects on which he is going to take the examination. I will say to Dr. 3 Stewart, that if he will add that clause to his amendment, that I think wilt a3 put the matter in very good form. I do not think that any young man should be permitted to come in and take entrance examinations; he should be re- — quired to present evidence that he has prepared for those examinations. a THE PRESIDENT: Is there-anything further gentlemen. The hour is get- ting late. a Dr. Mayo: I do not want to be misunderstood in this matter. The point I wish to make is to avoid such wide interpretations of ‘‘equivalents’’. In the committee report which I had the honor of presenting, we recommended that a7 this association provide a set of questions that should be satisfactory to the association, and which I believe will meet many of Dr. Stewart’s objections in this matter. Just as soon as you put in an equivalent, unless it is carried out by this association, it leaves the individual who holds that examination to say what the equivalent is; and in some cases their judgment on that point is exceedingly weak, in my opinion. Dr. MurPHEY: I want to offer a comment or two on some of the state- ments that have been made. One of them is in regard to the objection to the clause providing for the association section of faculty and examining boards. I want to explain the difference between the psychology of one man and the majority of the vote of that association which was taken to ask for member-— ship in this association. One man who opposed it, who had the psychology in himself against it, maintained that for several years the idea was to have as- sociate membership, and not membership. There is a difference between the wishes of the members as expressed by vote in asking to become members of this association some three years ago, and the opinion that one man has of what they did. The objections that Dr. Stewart raises, were raised before, but in spite of that, the association of faculties and examining boards asked for membership without any qualification, and the minutes do not show that it was so presented to the A.V.M.A. when it came on the floor. The term ‘‘high school’’ has been used a number of times very indefinitely. High schools are graded, first, second, third and fourth grades, and if a man - says ‘‘high school’’, he ought to say whether he has taken the first, second, third or fourth grade. Of course, it is certain that certain high schools can be criticised; so can any school be criticised. The difference between the car- pentry that is done in high schools, and that which is done outside, and the blacksmithing that is done in high schools and that outside is this, the funda- mental, psychological principle is that the student is being taught principles and not the art. I think it is the principle that ought to be counted, so that the point that Dr. Klein raises that it must be definite means something. The veterinary student is going to do mental work, and he ought to have some mental training before. You men know something about horses, and horses on the track. You do not think that you are going to put a horse on the track to enter the race unless he has had some preparation, putting him into a condi- tion to run, so that he will have the wind. That is the principle that applies to education just as well. Instead of fooling around with equivalents, let us make some progress, BT Oe WEE PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 489 Dr. QuITMAN: A point of information. I would like to ask some member of this committee on revision or Dr. Mayo to make this point clear to me. It other preparatory schools.’’ Suppose you have a student come to a sehool, : “y have him prove that he attended one year in high school. work, and suppose that he fails in his year’s work, either in a minor percentage, or in every study. ; It does not say anything about his having to have a certificate for that year’s Ss _ work, or having to show that he graduated from the year’s work, the first year’s aM work, and being entitled to take up the second year’s work. I may be dense on that point. It may be by one year’s work that he has really graduated from the first year to the second year, but it doesn’t say so. You should make this 4 point perfectly plain. I would like to know just what construction you are go- z _ ing to put on that. 5 : Dr. Cary: There isn’t any doubt about what a high school year means to a high school man. We did not put that very. definite, because we wanted to leave some liberal construction, on account of the fact that if we put in there four high school units, which constitute a year, some one would say that we wanted to be too exact. It seems to me this is liberal enough. A year means four high school units. There isn’t any question about that among high school men at all. If you want to put the high school units in there, we can substitute that. It was my idea that we would be a little more liberal with you. It looks to me as if this is liberal enough. THE PRESIDENT: Is there anything further? Dr. CAMPBELL: It seems to me that it is advisable to be very definite in that matter. As stated, that may he a little too inflexible, and it might also be as Dr. Cary suggested what it was. I amend that to read, ‘‘Four high school units or an equivalent education, as outlined by the committee on intelli- gence and education, and approved by the association.’’? It seems to me it _ would be going a little too far to put the outline in the constitution, and do it what this equivalent and these four units are, and present that to the asso- ciation. Dr. Hiccins: It would seem to me that the more the attempt is made to make any alteration in this constitution and these by-laws, the worse off we get, and I think that will be the case on every objection that is brought up. We cannot here in a meeting properly consider any particular change in any part of this revised constitution and by-laws unless we will take the time to de- _ termine what that change means to some other portion. We have not con- sidered it as a whole. not said anything on it before, a high school in the States and a high school’ in Canada are two different things. What we call a high school in Canada is al- together different from what you eall a high school here. I overlooked that fact, because you have the word in there ‘‘Equivalent’’. If we are going to say that one year’s high school work means that a man goes in the front door, stays there a year and goes out the back door without passing any examina- tions, I do not think we need to look at that man. If any school has men of 3 we says, ‘‘Shall be one year of high school work, or equivalent studies taken in right here; but for the committee on education, let them outline just exactly — As far as this particular question of units is concerned, although I have. tA 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 7 that character at the present time, they are not men we want to recognize. I believe, as Dr. Cary does, that any man who has done any teaching knows what one year’s high school work means. I think we are just wasting time in try- ing to pick flaws in small matters. It seems to me that one year’s high school work, as I understand it here in the United States, is little enough to ask of any man going into a professional course. Is there at the present time any other profession called a learned profession that has requirements lower than - “a this, and it is highly questionable if we permit this last amendment to go, whether we can call ourselves learned in that particular term. Therefore, Mr. President, I call for the question. THE PRESIDENT: The question is called for. The question is on the adop- tion of the revised constitution and by-laws as amended by Dr. Klein’s amend- ment. All those in favor of adopting the constitution and by-laws as amended — will signify it by saying ‘‘Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. CAMPBELL: I wish to offer here a plan of reorganization and revision as an amendment to and revision of the constitution which has just been adopted, to be considered at our next meeting. THE PRESIDENT: It will take the usual course. THE SECRETARY: This plan that was offered is the printed constitution and by-laws which have been distributed. I trust it will be permissible to read it by title rather than to read the whole document. THE PRESIDENT: If there is no objection, such will be the order. Is Dr. Adams ready to report? Dr. Craic: There is a gentleman to whom the association, I think, owes a vote of thanks. A man who has always stood for the profession both as indi- viduals and as a body; a man to whom you can always go and always get con- sideration; a man who was very helpful in the passage of the bill, and that man is Senator Taggart. I would propose the name of Senator Taggart as an honorary member, but I do not believe in that. I think it is due Senator Tag- gard that this association tender him a vote of thanks. I make a motion to _ that effect. 3 Dr. BUCKINGHAM: I second the motion. Dr. Hoskins: I would like to second that motion most heartily. No man I know of who worked in the interest of the passage of the Act creating a veterinary corps in the army, gave more helpful service than Senator Tag- gart of Indiana. : THE PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that the association tender a vote of thanks to Senator Taggart for his interest in our legislative ~ cause. All those in favor of the motion will signify the same by saying ‘‘ Aye’’. Contrary minded, ‘‘No’’. The ‘‘Ayes’’ have it, and it is so ordered. Dr. Adams, are you ready to report? Dr. ADAMS: The resolution committee has the following report: (See Journal, November 1916.) (Each resolution was voted upon and passed, as read.) / PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 491 EINE TON Gotti, aes ta Sree RAEN ore eg ST a The following discussion was offered in connection with the resolution on county agents: Dr. MouuER: Before the question is put on this motion, Mr. President, I would like to say a few words in explanation, with the view of showing that the Department of Argiculture has already arranged to adopt the suggestions contained in the resolution. There has been considerable difficulty in outlin- ing the proper and legitimate field of the county agent. Unquestionably the county agent in certain states has done a great deal more than he should in treat- ing diseases of live stock and more than was ever intended by any legislation or by the Department of Agriculture. It has been only recently that the States Relation Service of the Department and the Bureau of Animal Industry have gotten together on common ground for the purpose of outlining the limitations of the county agent along this line. Heretofore, the work of this official has been a question of evolution. He has performed his duties as an individual and has not been limited by any definite regulations or restrictions. Only a few weeks ago this subject was taken up and adjusted promisingly by the States Relations Service and the Bureau of Animal Industry so that at the pres- ent time there is an agreement or memorandum of understanding signed by the head officials of these two bureaus as well as by the Secretary of Agriculture by which county agents in the future will be prevented from doing certain work that they have done in the past,—work in tuberculin and mallein testing and other activities which the Government calls regulatory, but which is really veterinary police work. This is not advocated by the Department and it is not the desire of the Department to have county agents perform this character of work, except where they have been authorized to do so by the State regulatory authorities. If the State Veterinarian wishes this work done in this manner, then there is a clause in the memorandum of understanding, which will permit of such action. So it seems to me that this question is now very largely in the hands of the State Veterinarians or live stock sanitary boards. I know in one state that certain county agents have done tuberculin testing where the State Veterinarian has specific regulations controlling this matter and he does not wish to delegate his authority to county agents. I know that in another state the State Veterinarian wishes the county agents to perform the serum simul- taneous vaccination for hog cholera. Under the latter condition, of course, the Department will not interfere. But the agreements which I speak of spe- cifically states that in hog cholera work the Department of Agriculture, the States Relations Service and the Bureau of Animal Inustry do not wish county agents to demonstrate anything but the serum treatment on account of the danger involved through the promiscuous use of the virus and in no ease is the serum-virus treatment to be applied except as authorized by the State Veterinarian. While the serum alone treatment may be demonstrated as a part of the agent’s educational work, it is not intended that he shovld apply even hog cholera serum in a wholesale manner, but only for the purposes of demon- stration and education. Dr. Apams: = ~ NG et ’ y = ~ a elses JER 8 , eu ‘¢ ot eS eee - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 503 + ~ 7 t / By ARTICLE 5. ies DUES Section 1. There shall be an initiation fee of five ($5.00) dol- ; lars. The annual dues shall be five ($5.00) dollars, payable in ad- % _ vance on the first day of J aURTY: Honorary members shall pay no dues. = ap ARTICLE 6. Be DELINQUENCY —_- ‘Section 1. Any member who for two years fails to pay his aa _ annual dues shall forfeit his membership thirty days after notifi- cation from the Secretary has been mailed to his last known address. 4 ARTICLE 7. eS: REINSTATEMENT Section 1. A member who has forfeited his membership for Ss non-payment of dues, may be reinstated by the Executive Board - upon payment of his entire indebtedness to the association. Section 2. A member who loses his membership for a reason _ other than non-payment of dues may be reinstated only by applica- 4 tion as in the case of new members. ARTICLE 8. NOMINATIONS Section 1. Nominations for office, except as otherwise pro- 9 - vided for shall be made orally. A nominating speech shall not ex- ® ceed two minutes and the nominations shall not be closed until . Se member present has had an opportunity to present his can- _ didate. 7 ARTICLE 9. a ELECTION OF OFFICERS 4 vay Section 1. A majority of all the votes cast shall be necessary _ toelect. If no nominee receives a majority of the votes on the first y: ballot, the nominee who receives the lowest number of votes shall be dropped and a new ballot shall be taken, and so on until a nomi- Binge receives a majority. a Section 2. The officers of the association shall be elected at ae the afternoon session the second day of the annual meeting. - ARTICLE 10. ae ELection or MempBers or Executive Boarp | *Section 1. Six months before the annual meeting at which _ a member of the Executive Board is to be elected, the Secretary of a 504 | - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. the association shall send to each member in that district a state- — ment that a member of the Executive Board is to be elected and ask _ for a nomination to be sent to the Secretary at least four months before the annual meeting. The Secretary shall make a list of the names of the highest five, who shall constitute the nominees for membership on the Executive Board in that district. Each mem- ~ ber of the district must send his ballot for the nominee of his choice ~ to the Secretary two months before the annual meeting. The nomi- nee shall be voted upon by mail ballot. Vy - Be ss ) k eae a tia \ Pe . ‘ ‘ . re i rie Ss is < t ; / } Reva cs bir : ' BY joi | aa f PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ye), SECRETARY OF SECTION aa Section 4. The secretary shall keep an accurate record of the eo Be sctings of the section. He shall, in co-operation with the ; a Chairman, arrange the program of the section for the annual meet- ing. He shall send the program to the Secretary of the associa- the program of the association. LENGTH OF PAPERS Section 5. A maximum of twenty minutes will be allowed 3 _ for the presentation of a paper, and five minutes for each speaker taking part in a discussion. The author will be allowed a reply ___to questions and criticisms at the end of the discussion. Papers READ BY TITLE % before a section unless it has actually been read, or unless the sec- tion shall vote to have it read by title. «PROPERTY IN PAPERS Section 7. All papers and reports of any nature presented association, if approved for publication. Consent from the Execu- tive Board must first be obtained to permit the author of any paper ay _to publish his paper prior to its publication in the official Journal. ARTICLE 13. Epitor AND BusINess MANAGER ee.) Section 1. The Editor and Business Manager, which posi- Bes duties of such positions in connection with the official organ of the association. >. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association shall publish the proceedings, transactions, papers, ete., and sich 4 4 other matters as the editor may select. ARTICLE 14, i InviTED GUESTS Ff eae not eligible to membership in the association may be invited by any member to attend the annual meeting of the associa- tion, or the meetings of a section. ; Section 6. No paper shall be published as having been read tions may be held by the same individual shall perform the usual ~ . b> tion at least forty days before the annual meeting for insertion in © to the Association or to any section shall be the property of the — 506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. ARTICLE 15. REGISTRATION Section 1. No member may vote at a regular meeting until he has registered and paid his entire indebtedness to the asso — ciation. ARTICLE 16. Honorary MEMBERS Section 1. Nominations for honorary membership shall be made in writing and submitted to the association not later than the second day of the annual meeting. An interval of at least twenty-four hours shall elapse between the nomination and the election. ARTICLE 17. STANDING COMMITTEES Section 1. There shall be the following Standing Committees consisting of five members each except as otherwise provided: 1. Budget. Intelligence and Education. Legislation. Necrology. Resolution, 7? Audit; The Committee on Budget shall consist of the President, See- retary, Treasurer and Chairman of the Executive Board. It shall be the duty of the committee to consider the financial resources of the association and proposed expenditures. This committee shall report its recommendations to the association for ratification be- fore the close of the meeting. The Committee on Intelligence and Education shall consist of five members to be appointed by the President to serve for a period of five years, except at the outset one member shall be ap- pointed for a period of one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years. This committee shall elect annually its own chairman. It shall be the duty of the committee to report annually upon the progress and needs of vet- erinary education. It shall inspect veterinary colleges as it may deem necessary or as directed by the association; and shall an- DOP oo bo nually recommend a list of veterinary colleges for recognition by the association, eee aC REN SY oe eR ae eT ee Pea ENR ee % © ANS A adn WSR patna ek . EN Roy Te ee SRI RecA iis ard dy ao eh PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. 507 : The Committee on Legislation shall consist of five members to be appointed in the same way and for the same terms as the Com- mittee on Intelligence and Education. ARTICLE 18. RESIDENT SECRETARIES Section 1. Each state, territory, province or country may have a Resident Secretary appointed by the President. Section 2. Each Resident Secretary shall co-operate with the Committee on Intelligence and Education and shall aid the Presi- dent and Secretary in such a manner as they may direct. ARTICLE 19. ETHICS Section 1. Members of this association are expected to con- duct themselves at all times as professional gentlemen. Any fla- - grant violation of this principle shall be considered by this asso- ciation as unprofessional conduct, and on written charges filed with the Executive Board, may subject the violator to suspension or é expulsion as provided in Article 5, Seétion 7, of the Constitution. ARTICLE 20. AMENDMENT TO By-Laws Section 1. The By-Laws of this association may be amended at any annual meeting by the same procedure as provided for amending the Constitution. Section 2. The By-Laws may be suspended temporarily by a vote of three-fourths majority, but such suspension shall not ap- ply to Section 1, Article 19, and Section 1, Article 20. Section 3. Officers elected under the old Constitution and By- Laws shall constitute the first set of officers under the new organi- zation in so far as provided for in the new Constitution and By- Laws. Section 4. The Secretary of the association shall proceed at once to take the necessary steps for the nomination and election of the Executive Board as provided in Section 1, of Article 10, of the By-Laws. eee te OR Be a ae NN Se We ae eee Dee ACR we A ON es | aN CS aS Nk , « A eee an! yey YAR ie “=? oe =rgan it ee cg ba eed cote * ah ‘yap eRe iis ce Sg a 508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. yi ves MEETINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. a 1863. First Meeting, New York, N. Y., June 9 and 10. SF a 1864. Semiannual (comitia eae Rae York,'N:_Y., Janzig Annual—New York, N. Y., September 6. — a : 1865. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., March 7. Annual—Boston, Mass., September 5. 1866. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., March 5 and 6. =e Annual—New York, N. Y., September 4. 1 om 1867. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 5. 4 Annual—New York, N. Y., September 3. 1868. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., March 5. - Annual—Boston, Mass., September 1. 86 1869. _Semiannual—Boston, Mass, March 16. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. + 1870. Semiannual—Philade! phia, Pa., March 15 (no quo aa Annual-—New York, N. Y., September 20. a 1871. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., ‘September 19: | 1872. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March°16. \ Annual—-New York, September 17. 1873. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. f ~ 1874. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. a _. Annual—Not held, owing to error in date of notices sent cuit Yaa 1875. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 25. a Annual—New York, N. Y. _ September 21. “a 1876. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. ers Annual—New York, N. Y., September 10. | “% 1877. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20. (3 Annual—New York, N. Y. , September 18. 1878. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 19. Annual—New York, N. Y., September LT: 1879. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. ; a 1880. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. 1 ee Annual—New York, N. Y., September 1. a 1881. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 13. - Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. 1882. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 19. 1883. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20. Annual—New York, September 18. an 1884. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. ‘7 Annua!—Cincinnati, Ohio, September 16. - 3 3 1885. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. ba y Annual—New York, N. Y., December 15. . 1863-1864. 1864-1865. 1865-1866. 1866-1867. _ 1867-1869. 1869-1871. 1871-1875. - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 509 1 . Semiannual—Boston, Mass. No legal meeting held (no quorum). Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. Semiannual—Philadelphia, Pa., March 15. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. Semiannual—Baltimore, Md., March 20. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 19. Annual—Brooklyn, N. Y., September 17. Chicago, Ill., September 16 and 17. Washington, D. C., September 15 and 16. Boston, Mass., September 20, 21 and 22. Chicago, Ill., October 17, 18, 19 and 20. Philadelphia, Pa., September 18, 19 and 20. DesMoines, Iowa, September 10, 11 and 12. Buffalo, N. Y., September 1, 2 and 3. Nashville, Tenn., September 7, 8 and 9. Omaha, Neb., September 6, 7 and 8. New York, N. Y., September 5, 6 and 7. Detroit, Mich., September 4, 5 and 6. Atlantic City, N. J., September 3, 4 and 5. Minneapolis, Minn., September 2, 3 and 4. Ottawa, Canada, September 1, 2, 3 and 4. St. Louis, Mo., August 16, 17, 18 and 19. Cleveland, Ohio, August 15, 16, 17 and 18. New Haven, Conn., August 21, 22, 23 and 24. Kansas City, Mo., September 10, 11, 12 and 13. Philadelphia, Pa., September 8, 9, 10 and 11. Chicago, Ill., September 7, 8, 9 and 10. San Francisco, Cal., September 6, 7, 8 and 9. Toronto, Canada, August 21, 22, 23 and 24. Indianapolis, Ind., August 27, 28, 29 and 30. New York, N. Y., September 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. No meeting. Oakland, Cal., August 30, 31, September 1 and 2. Detroit, Mich., August 21, 22; 23, 24 and 25. PRESIDENTS H. Stickney, Massachusetts. . 8. Copeman, New York. M. Wood, Massachusetts. . H. Curtis, New York. . Wood, Massachusetts. . F. Thayer, Massachusetts. . Large, New York. . Liautard, New York, b> WO e 510 1877-1879. 1879-1881. 1881-1883. 1883-1885. 1885-1886. 1886-1887. 1887-1889. 1889-1890. 1890-1892. ~ 1892-1893. 1893-1896. 1896-1897. 1897-1898. 1898-1899. 1899-1900. 1900-1901. 1901-1902. 1902-1903. 1903-1904. 1904-1905. 1905-1906. 1906-1907. 1907-1908. 1908-1909. 1909-1910. 1910-1911. 1911-1912. 1912-1913. 1913-1915. 1915-1916. 1916-1917. 1863. 1864. 1865-1867. 1867-1869. - « 1869-1874. 1874-1877. 1877-1880. 1880-1888. 1888-1893. 1893-1894. 1894-1895. 1895-1902. 1902-1906. 1906-1910. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. . P. Lyman, Massachusetts. ion Robertson, New York. . Bryden, Massachusetts. . B. E. Miller, New Jersey. _ McLean, New York. ii autard, New York. . 8. Huidekoper, Pennsylvania. . B. Michener, New York. . S. Huidekoper, Pennsylvania. . L. Williams, Indiana. . Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania. F. ‘iL Osgood, Massachusetts. D. E. Salmon, District of Columbia. A. W. Clement, Maryland. Leonard Pearson, Pennsylvania. Tait Butler, Indiana. J. F. Winchester, Massachusetts. S. Stewart, Missouri. R. R. Bell, New York. M. E. Knowles, Montana. W. H. Lowe, New Jersey. James Law, New York. W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana. J. G. Rutherford, Ontario, Can. A. D. Melvin, District of Columbia. G. H. Glover, Colorado. S. Brenton, Michigan. J. R. Mohler, District of Columbia. ©. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania. R. A. Archibald, California. C. E. Cotton, Minnesota. See oec ee SECRETARIES. A. Liautard, New York. R. Jennings, New York. C. Burden, New York. J. F. Budd, New York. J. L. Roberston, New York. J. D. Hopkins, New Jersey. A. A. Holeomb, New York. C. B. Michener, New York. W. Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania. T. J. Turner, Missouri. Leonard Pearson, Pennsylvania. S. Stewart, Kansas and Missouri. John J. Repp, Iowa and Pennsylvania. Richard P. Lyman, Connecticut and Missouri, fier ea nyt een ease ‘ =F 4 x: ae, 3 Gal ; Be - bth) ee a tay r Wt (mon x \ / ~ "Tre / z ' : c - Saas PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 31a: : 1910-1913. C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania. 1913-1915. Nelson S. Mayo, Illinois. 1915-1916. C.M. Haring, California. 1916— L. A. Merillat, Illinois. OFFICERS, 1916-1917. PRESIDENT C. E. Cotton Minneapolis, Minn First VICE-PRESIDENT G. W. Dunphy East Lansing, Mich. SEcoND VICE-PRESIDENT F. A. Bolser E New Castle, Ind. THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT Seymour Hadwen Agassiz, B. C. FourtH Vick-PRESIDENT V. A. Moore Ithaca, N. Y. FirtH VICE-PRESIDENT L. H. Howard Boston, Mass. EXECUTIVE BOARD (To serve until their successors are elected). F. Torrance, Ist District; Jos. Hughes, 2d District; J. R. Mohler, 3d District; H. E. Bemis, 4th District; R. A. Archibald, 5th Dis- trict; V. A. Moore, Member at large. SuB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL F. Torrance J. R. Mohler R. A. Archibald COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION S.H. Ward, L.A. Klein, G. H. Hart, R.C. Moore, N.S. Mayo’ a, COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION W. Horace Hoskins, J. P. Turner, S. J. Walkley M. Jacob, A. T. Kinsley COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS John Reichel, chairman, A. Eichhorn, ©. G. Lamb W. G. Hollingworth, C. H. Stange AvupIT COMMITTEE A. 8S. Cooley, chairman, G. B. McKillip, H. Jensen W. H. Robinson, E. M. Ranck CoMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY KE. A. Cahill, H. Fulstow, H. R. Ryder C. C. Mix, C. D. McGilvray SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE ! r a . G. Wills, chairman T. EK. Munee, secretary ae SECTION ON GENERAL PRACTICE T. H. Ferguson, chairman J. H. Blattenberg, secretary Bupcet COMMITTEE : (Exofficio Membership) C. E. Cotton, L.A. Merillat, F.H. Schneider, V. A. Moore - ‘ en) al ee Re _ Smith, Prof. Theobald, Rockefeller Institute, Princeton, N. J. DIRECTORY OF MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN gi. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION HONORARY MEMBERS + Adami, George J., Montreal Que. Bang, Prof. Dr. B., Royal Vet. College, Copenhegen, Denmark. Biges, Proty, El: M., Bellevue Med. College, New York, N. Y. Chauveau, Prof. A., Lyons, France. Dorset, Marion, Bio-Chemic Div., B.A.L., Washington, D. C. Evans, W. A., 906 Tribune Bldg., Chicago, Il. Hay, Hon. James, House of Rep., Washington, D. C. Hoard, Hon. W. D., Fort Atkinson, Wis. Hoare, E. Wallis, 18 Cook St., Cork, Ireland. Hobday, Prof. Frederick, 165 Church St., Kensington, W. “Tondo % England. Hutyra, Prof. Francis, Royal Vet. High School, Budapest, Hungary. LeClainche, Prof. E. . Toulouse, France. Liautard, A. 14 Avenue de l’Opera, Paris, France. McEachran, D., 6 Union Ave., Montreal, Que. M’Fadyean, Prof. Sir John, Great College St., Camden Town, . AS London, England. Moller, Herr Prof. H., Thierarzlichen Hochschule, Berlin, Germany. Ostertag, Prof. Robert, Imperial Board of Health, Berlin, Germany. Perroncito, Prof. E., Royal Vet. College, Turin, Italy. Ravenel, Mazyck P., University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Raymond, J. H., Polhemus Memorial Clinic, Brooklyn, N. Y. Schmidt, Mr. I. I., Kolding, Denmark. Stockman, Sir Stewart, Board of Agriculture, London, England. Tsuno, Dr. K., Vet. Dept. Imperial Uniy., Tokio, Japan. Vallee, H., Alfort France. Welch, W. H., Johns-Hopkins, Univ., Baltimore, Md. Wilcox, E. V., Dept. of ‘Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii. Woodward, William C., Health Office, Washington, D. C. ACTIVE MEMBERS FELLOWS. Ackerman, E. B., 367 Flushing Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Allen, F. S., 221 Main Street, Nashua, N. H. Ambler, H. B., Chatham, N. Y. é Baker, A. H., 2537 South State Street, Chicago, Ill. Bath, H. W., 270 Lafayette Avenue, New Brighton, Staten Island, INO Y Berns, George H., 74 Adams Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bland, Thos., 74 Phoenix Avenue, Waterbury, Conn. Brenton, S., 121 West Alexandrine Avenue., Detroit, Mich. > - r 7 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 513 Butler, Tait S., 323 Falls Building, Memphis, Tenn. periGary, C.x., Alabama Pol ytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. Coates, W. eb 110 West 130th Street, New York, N. Y. a S Connaway, in W., Columbia, Mo. Bb a _ Crowley, CAW3 2912 Sheridan Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. » Curtice, Cooper, United States Sheep Farm, R.R. No: 2, Vienna, Va. Emerson, Daniel, 16 Barkers Court, Lynn, Mass. ma Eves, H. P., 301 West 18th Street, Wilmington, Del. @ Fair, J. D. , Millersburg, Ohio. ’ Grange, E. A. A., Ont. Vet. College, Toronto, Ont. Harrison, Robert H., 309 Wilder ‘Avenue, St. Paul, Minn. _ Hickman, R. W., 2329 First Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. BS Hollingworth, W. G., 54 Lafay ette Street, Utica, N.Y. - Hoskins, W. Horace, 3452 Ludlow Street, Philadelphia, Pa. -— Howard, L. H., 187 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Mass. Hughes, Joseph, 2537 South State Street, Chicago, Tl. Jacobs, J. H., 549 West 49th Street, New York City. , Johnson, George A., Exchange Building, Sioux City, Ia. a Knowles, M. E., Helena, Mont. - Lowe, W. Herbert, 117 Trenton Av enue, Paterson, N. J. a Lyford, C. C., 821 Third Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn. McInnes, Benj., 57 Queen St., Charleston, S. C. McLain, C. Courtney, 1001 Water Street, Bridgeport, Conn. MeLellan, F. W., 165 Noble Street, Bridgeport, Conn. ~ MeMurdo, C. D., Tenth Cavalry, U.S.'A., Hauchuca, Ariz. — Mayo, N. S., 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, Ill. Zo Me_sner, H. oN 1133 Hartford Avenue, Baltimore, Md. _ Melvin, A. Dy, Chief, Bureau of Animal Indusiry, Washington, D.C. .,” Meyers, J. C., Jr., 1111 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nelson, 8. B., Pullman, Wash. Paige, James B., Amherst, Mass. Peters, Austin, R.F.D., Harvard, Mass. _ Peterson, W. E., 16 Lyman Street, Waltham, Mass. Pierce, B. D., 47 High Street, Springfield, Mass. _ Reynolds, M. H., Experimental arm, St. Paul, Minn. ~ Richards, W. H., Emporia, Kans. Ross, E. C., 11 Orange Sireet, New Haven, Conn. Ryan, John F., 2525 Indiana Avenue, Chicago, Hl. g Scheibler, J: W., 271 Court Avenue, Memphis, Tenn. Shaw, Walter, 114 East 2nd Street, Dayton, Ohio. : Sherman, W. ‘A. 340 Central Street, Lowell, Mass. ~ Sollberger, R. a 1412'S. 8th Street, St. Louis, Mo. - Stewart, Sesco, 1336 East 15th Street, Kansas City, Mo. _ ‘Strange, A., 322 West 15th St., New York, NeY¥e Turner, J. P., 916 O Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. — Vozt, A. Ge 92 Clinton Avenue, Newark, N. J: Waller, H. N., St. Josephs, Chiswick, W. England. | Waugh, James A., 1100 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. S14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. 4. Weber, S. E., Lancaster, Pa. White, T. E., 1001 West Broadway, Sedalia, Mo. Williams, W. L., New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. Winchester, J. F., Bay State Building, Lawrence, Mass. . Wray, W. H., Red Gables, Speen, Princess Risborough, Bucks, England. MEMBERS (The figures indicate the year in which the dues were last paid.) Abbott, Andrew J., 209 E. 4th St., Marshfield, Wis. 1916. Abercrombie, Henry E., Cambridge, Ill. 1915. Achen, F. W. B., 118 Market St., Kenosha, Wis. 1916. Acres, George Henry, Grand Forks, British Columbia. 1915. Adair, Hugh H., Bristol, Va. 1915. Adams, Franklin, 224 W. Washington St., Paris, Il]. 1915. Adams, John Dawson, Genesee, Ida. 1916. Adams, John W., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Ahlers, F. R., Lamotte, Ia. 1916. Ahnert, Ernest F., 646 Central Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 1915. Aikenhead, J. P., Easton, Md. 1915. Albershardt, August H., Indianapolis, Ind. 1913. Alcorn, Harvey Alex., Adair, Ia. 1915. Alexander, E. V., 3309 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Alfort, Simon Wayne, State Farm, Lincoln, Neb. 1916. Alkire, Charles N., Big Sandy, Mont. 1918. Allen, George H., care B.A.I., South St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Allen, John F., 4 Broadway, Greenwood, Ind. 1913. Allen, Rolin M., 412 N. First St., Marshalltown, Ia. 1916. Allen, Stanley W., 115 First St., Watertown, S. D. 1916. Almeida, Anton S., Dixon, Cal. 1915. Althouse, E. P., 809 Market St., Sunbury, Pa. 1916. Ames, C. H., 191 12th St., Milwaukee ,Wis. 1915. Amling, Henry, 4228 Park Ave., New York N. Y. 1916. Anders, T. O., care Health & Sanitation, Seattle, Wash. 1915. Anderson, Cecil S., Simeo, Ont. 1915. Anderson, F. E., 130 E. Crawford St., Findlay, Ohio. 1916. Anderson, F. J., Grand Forks, N. D. 1914. Anderson, George Guild, 417 West 49th St., New York, N. Y. 1915. Anderson, Herbert, Dickinson, N. D. 1916. Anderson, Jas E., Ligonier, Ind. 1915. Anderson, John P., 403 South Main St., Rochester, Minn. 1915. _ Anderson, J.8., Seward, Nebr. 1916. Anderson, L., Cedarville, Ohio. 1916. : Anderson, Leo J., 2228 California St., Berkeley, Cal. 1915. Anderson, Melancthon O., Exchange Blde., So. St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. — Anderson, eer, Bedford, Ta. 1916. Anderson, W. A., Sleepy Eye, Minn. 1915. 7 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 515 . Andrade, John S., Huntsville, Ala. 1916. Andreassen, S. K., Barnesville, Minn. 1916. Andrews, Frederick W., Box 655, Mt..Kisco, N. Y. 1915. Annand, J. G., 11514 W. First St., Duluth, Minn. 1915. Arbeiter, Reinhold, Marion, 8. D. 1916. Arburna, Joseph M., Hanford, Cal. 1916. Archibald, R. A., N. E. Cor. 24th & Broadway, Oakland, Cal. 1916. Armour, H. M., Chelsea, Mich. 1915. Armour, W. J., 114 So. Third St., Goshen, Ind. 1916. Armstrong, James A., 1767 Broad St., Regina, Sask, Can. 1913. Armstrong, J. M., 15 1st St. E. Providence, R. I. 1915. Armstrong, Robert, 641 Field Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Armstrong, Walter N., Concord; Mich. 1915. Arnold, John W., 777 W. 10th St., Riverside, Cal. 1916. Asbill, Archibald Ruff, State Capitol, Sacramento, Cal. 1915. Ashbaugh, Frederick M., War Dept,, Washington, D. C. 1916. Asheraft, Watt, 310 Hayne St., Monroe. No. Car. 1915. Ast, Jacob F., 1331 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. 1915. Atherton, Ira K., Box 403, Fort Dodge, Ia. 1916. Atkins, Chas. Edw. C., 209 John St., Bridgeport, Conn. 1916. Austin, J. A., 223 Main St., Fulton, Ky. 1916. Axby, Wm. A. Harrison, Ohio. 1915. Ayer, Hobart Ce New Decatur, Ala. 1916. Ayers, Admiral Taw, 1966 Kaelin Ave., Louisville, Ky. 1915. Aymond, Sidney Clay, Bunkie, La. 1916. Babb, Geo. F., 310 Federal BI dg., Oklahoma, Okla. 1916. Babbitt, Frank J., 146 Oxford St., Lynn, Mass. 1916. Babeock, Charles see New Bocitiord: ND. 1916: Babson, Elmer W., 341 Washington St., Gloucester, Mass. 1916. Bach, Glenn R., Medicine Lake, Mont. 1916. Backus, Newell D., 845 2nd St., Elyria, Ohio. 1916. Backus, L. S., Columbia, Mo. 1916. Bacon, Richard M. (Mail returned). 19138. Baddeley, Joseph C., Touchet, Wash. 1915. Bailey, Hugh W., Orion, Ill. 1916. Bailey, Leon l., Lowell, Ind. 1915. Baird, Paul R., Waterville, Me. 1916. Baker, Bennie J., Mitchell, Neb. 1916. Baker, Eustace, Moscow, Idaho. i916. Baker, Frank H., Gardnerville, Nev. 1916. Baker, Guy G., 514 Main St., Spencer, Ia. 1916. Baker, Horace Morgan. (Mail returned). 1913. Baker, M. G., 6 Union Ave., Montreal, Que. 1916. Baker, Robert Ernest, Morristown, Tenn. 1915. Baker, S. S., 2220 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Baldwin, Arthur, Creston, Ia. 1916. Baldwin, Boyd, 405 So. 3rd St., Rockford, I. 1916. Bales, Harold W., Box 144, York, Ala. 1916. 516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M.A. Balke, Ernest J., Adam, Nebr. 1916. Ball, Chas. H., St. Thomas, Ont. 1916. Ballard, Fred S., Sibley, Ia, 1916. Ballean, Ralph W., 53 Whiting St., Springfield, Mass. 1916. Balthaser, Harry Becker, 762 N. Brooklyn St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Bamberger, George E., 30 California Ave., Reno, Nev. 1916. Bancroft, Ernest, R. F. D. No. 3, Barre, Vt. 1915. Banister, Raymond, R. F. D., Letts, Ind. 1916. Bannister, H., 11 E. Luck St., Roanoke, Va. 1916. Barber, James L., Pierre, S. D. 1915. Barber, Lebbens Blair, Experiment Station, Island of Guam. 1915. Bard, J. Eldoras, City Hall, Warren, Ohio. 1915. Barker, Frederick Arnold, 274 8. Main St., Bowling Green, Ohio. 1915. Barker, Mark, Box 463, Saskatoon, Sask. 1916. Barnes, Clarence L., 828 LaPorte St., Fort Collins, Colo. 1915. Barnes, Frank E., 107 Jackson St., Waxahachie, Tex. 1916. Barnes, James F., 1715 Broadway, Toledo, Ohio. 1916. Barnes, Miller F., 11th and Buffalo Sts., Franklin, Pa. 1916. Barnes, Robert, 237 4th Ave., Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Barnett, Enoch, Agricultural College, Miss. 1914. Barnett, Frank E., 527 S. State St., Painesville, Ohio. 1915. Barnett, William A., Clemson College, S. C. 1916. Barnhart, Emmett P., 3292 West 98th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1915. Barr, Frank H., 112 8S. Broadway, Albuquerque, N. M. 1916. Barr, Oreste Edward, 12 Cottage St., Barre, Vt. 1915. Barrett, Chas. W., 976 N. Chester Ave., Pasadena, Cal. 1915. Bartholomies, George Ernest, Sheldon, Mo. 1913. Basinger, H. P., Mitchell, S. D. 1914. Bateman, John A. F., Webster & Dana Sts., Berkeley, Cal. 1918. Bates, Elbert M. (Mail returned). 1913. Bates, Harry E., P. O. Box 682, South Norwalk, Conn. 1916. Bauman, Samuel H., Birmingham, Ia. 1913. Baxter, Jos. M., 850 Connecticut St., Gary, Ind. 1916. Bayler, Theodore M., Perry, Iowa. 1915. Beach, Burr A., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 1918. Beach, J. R., University Farm., Davis, Cal. 1916. Bear, Fred Louis, Effingham, Ill. 1915. Bear, Harry H., 26 W. Main St., Mt. Joy, Pa. 1915. Beattie, Joseph Gilmore, Box 39, N. Portland, Ore. 1915. Beavers, Glenn R., Arlington, Ia. 1916. Beavers, Joseph A., Canton, Miss. 1915. Beck, Walter H., Wray, Colo. 1915. Becker, Chas. J., Room 1108, Jefferson Co. Savings Bank Bldg., Birmingham Ala. 1916. Becksham, Louis Edgar, 2221 Seventh St., Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1916. Beckwith, Joseph W., Shullsburg, Wis. 1916. ie nig RC ue SP) RNG HE ae ei PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 517 Beebe, Ward L., Beebe Laboratories, St. Paul, Minn. 1916. Beechy, Levi P., 48 Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. 1915. Beere, Chas. H., Brown Place, Waterbury, Conn. 1916. Behler, Clayton R., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. 1916. Behner, Christian Frederick, 414 Main St., Marshall, Ill. 1915. Behnke, A. E., Federal Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. 1916. Behrens, Edward Elias, 2121 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Behrens, Grover J., 610 South 3rd St., Evansville, Ind. 1915. Beletski, Theo., Wasco, Oregon. 1916. Bell, John Benson, Pasadena, Cal. 1916. Bell, Ralph Mack, 1102 Hilton Ave., Utica, N. Y. 1916. Bell, Wm. M., 609 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn. 1916. Bell, Wm. R., 423 Dufferin Ave., London, Ont. 1916. Belloff, L. J., 65 Peace St., New Brunswick, N. J. 1916. Bemis, H. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. 1916. Bender, Harry Ellsworth, Lititz, Pa. 1915. Benjamin, Frank H., Federalsburg, Md. 1913. Bennett, 8. E., Woodworth, Wis. 1915. Benson, Eugene R., No. 710 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. 1915. Benson, Lester A., Rolette, N. D. 1916. Berg, Adolf, Doylestown, Pa. 1913. Berg, Elmer W., No. 106 Spruce Place, Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. Berg, John A., Lock Box 34, Pender, Neb. 1916. Berg, Wm. N., B. A. I., Washington; D.C. 1916. Bergh, Henning E., Suisun, Cal. 1915. Bergman, H. D., 711 Hodge Ave., Ames, Ia. 1916. Bernath, Robert I., Wauseon, Ohio. 1916. Bertram, E. L., National Stock Yards, Ill. 1915. Bescoby, Bernard A., Emerson, Man. 1915. Best, W. R. L., Bureau of Agri., Manila, P. I. 1915. Bethel, Bailey O., College Sta., Tex. 1916. Betts, Roy S., Lost Nation, Ia. 1916. Biggs, Anson W., Bentley, Kans. 1915. Birch, Raymond Russell, R. F. D. No. 8, Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Bird, Robert H., Greeley, Colo. 1916. Birmingham, Charles F., Ovid, Mich. 1916. Bittick, Samuel G., 810 Main St., Fort Worth, Tex. 1916. Black, Judson, Richmond, Mich. 1915. Blackstock, M. R., Spartansburg, S.C. 1916. Blackwell, John E., care Hull and Dillon, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915. Blackwood, Allister Chester, No. 1309 11th St. W., Calgary, Alta. 1916. Blair, Bruce, 350 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y. 1915. Blair, Wm. Reid, New York Zoo Park, New York, N. Y. 1916. Blakeley, Chester L., 306 Main Ave., Gardiner, Me. 1915. Blanche, George W., Belle Plain, Ia. 1915. Blatehford, Frank M., Brighton, Mich. 1915. Blattenberg, J. H., 128 South Union St., Lima, Ohio. 1915. 518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Bleecker, Arthur B., Lake Mills, Wis. 1916. Boerner, Frederick, Jr., 5632 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Bohaboy, Anton W., Prague, Neb. 1916. Bolender, Fred Jourette, Brownwood, Tex. 1915. Bolger, David L., 35 Ash St., Cambridgé, Mass. 1916. Bollinger. A. F., 2218 Albermarle Road, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1915. Bo'ser, Felty A., 1200 Race St., New Castle, Ind. 1916. Bond, James Ralston. Cheyenne, Wyo. 1915. Bone, David R., 990 Bloor St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Bonnikson. Henry P., 2226 Parker St., Berkeley, Cal. 1916. Boor, Orville L., 110 N. Walnut St., Muncie, Ind. 1916. Borden, C. R., 7 Adams St., Taunton, Mass. 1915. Bose, Robert G.. 414 Grand Ave., Troy, N. Y. 1916. Blossenberger, W. P., Williams, Ia. 1916. Bosshart, John K., 11 Main St.. Camden, N, Y. 1916. Bostrom, A., Lincoln, Nebr. 1916. 2 Botkin, Gilbert E., Mooreland, Ind. 1916. Bott, Anthony E., 215 Winstanley Ave., East St. Louis, Tl. 1916. Boucher, W. A., 28 Valley St., Pasadena, Cal. 1916. Boucsein, Gustav L., Spring Valley, Minn. 1916. Bourne, Richard F., 1336 East 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Bowes, Elliot D., Boissevain, Man. 1916. Bowker, Geo. W., Van Horn, Ia. 1916. Bowne, Frank, Paris Crossing, Ind. 1916. Boyce, Walter, 20 P. O. Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. 1916. Boyd, Benj. W., Shirley, Mont. 1916. Boyd, Chas. W., 825 North Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 1915. Boyd, Henry, Essex, Ont. 1916. Boyd, H. W:.,; Nyack, N: Y. “195: Boyd, James, 505 S. 2nd St., San Jose, Cal. 1916. Boyd, Ralph H., Avia, Ind. 1916. Boyd, Robert, 8th U. S. Field Artillery, Ft. Bliss, Texas. 1916. Boynton, William H., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1915. Brach, M. W., Hales Corners, Wis. 1916. Bradley, Chas. A., Marion, Ia. 1916. Braginton, Fred; 1934 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. Brainard, E., Memphis, Mo. 1916. Braisted, William, 150 Prospect Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1913. Brandenberg, T. O., Lakota, N. D. 1916. Branson, Roscoe Arthur, R. R. 1, Wichita, Kans. 1915. Brashier, Earl S., 2533 State St., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Bratten, J. W., Lebanon, Ohio. 1916. Brawner, H. K., Livingston, Mont. 1916. Bray, F. O., Arcadia, Ind. 1916. Bray, Thomas A., Box 354, El Paso, Tex. 1915. Brazenall, Thomas, Bury, Que. 1916. Brazie, F..E., Harlan, Ia. 1915. Breed, C.S., 645 West 160th St., New York, N. Y. 1915. ? PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 519 Breed, Frank, 1320 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Brenton, Willis L., 224 W. Alexandrine Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Brett, Geo. W., 1636 30th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 1915. Bretz, S. E., Nevada, Ohio. 1914. Breuner, Sam’! E., Live Stock Sanitary Brd., Harrisburg, Pa. 1916. Brill, Jos. A., Dow City, Ia. 1916. Brimhall, 8. D., Mayo Clinie Bldg., Rochester, Minn. 1916. Brod, Wm., 22 E. Ross St., Lancaster, Pa. 1916. Broderick, Wm. H., 2475 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 1916. Bromaghin, Walter, Belle Plaine, Minn. 1916. Bronson, Ely M., 2946 N. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1918. Brookbank, Roscoe E., Seville Apts., Washington, D. C. 1915.” Brooks, C. S., Hollister, Cal. 1916. Brooks, 8. S., Hamilton Ave. & 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1915. Brossard, G. J., 2 Fiefield Row, Ashland, Wis. 1916. Broswan, Edward E., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Brotheridge, H. J; 3 16th St., Brooklyn, N.Y. 1913. Broude, Harry F., 516 E. State St., Harrisburg, Pa. 1913. Brower, Geo. W., Q. M. Dept., Manila, Paks SiG; Brown, Arthur, Sarnia, Ont. 1916. Brown, F. F., 13836 HE. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Brown, Frank H., Fortville, Ind. 1915. Brown, Herbert Austin, Box 428, Victoria, B. C. 1915. Brown, Lyman D., 8. Broadway, Hamilton, Mo. 1916. Brown, Peter B., Meriden, Conn. 1916. Brown, Sylvester, = S. Union St., Traverse City, Mich. 1915. Brown, Walter A., 220 South Champion Ave., Columbus, Ohio. 1916 Brown, W. W.., perce dace 196: Brownlee, Wm. F., Kirkwood, Il]. 1916. Browning, George W., Box 399, La Grange, Ga. 1915. Browning, P. H., 66 N. San Pedro St., San Jose, Cal. 1916. Bruce, Edward A., Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B. C. 1916. Bruns, George I., ‘4 Live Stock Record BI de., Chicago, fie L9WG: Bryans, Joseph W. E., Lansford, N. D. 1916. Bryant, Albert E., Menomonie, Wis. 1916. Bryant, John B., Trinidal, Col. 1916. Buchanan, Henry, Thamesville, Ont. 1916. Buehtel, John T., Lockhart, Texas. 1915. Buck, John M., B. A. I., Washington, D.C. 1915. Buck, Samuel H., Marquette, Mich. 1916. Buckingham, David E., 2115 14th St. N. W., Washington, D. C. 1916. Buckley, John M., 600 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1915. Buckley, John S., College Park, Md. 1915. Buckiey, Samuel 8., College Park, Md. 1915. Buenecamino, Victor, 2929 Azcarraga, Manila, P. I. 1915. 620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. Buller, John J., 944 4th St., Santa Monica, Cal. 1915. Bullivant, James, Spokane, Wash. 1914. Bullock, John L., Creedmoor, N.C. 1915. Bundy, Edward A., 2346 Hudson Ave., Ogden, Utah. 1916. Burdett, Cyril H., 5th and Commercial Sis., Centralia, Kan. 1916. Burkland, Herman W., 475 N. Boulevard Ave., Atlanta, Ga. 1915. Burley, Arthur James, Highland House, East Central Ave., Al- buquerque, N. M. 1916. Burnett, Samuel H., 410 University Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Burnham, F. E., 728 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. 1916. Burns, Albert H., Hepler, Kans. 1916. Burr, Alexander, Old Court House, Boston, Mass. 1914. Burrows, Samuel, 2317 East 89th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1915. Burson, W. M., Athens, Ga. 1916. Burt, James Henry, 800 Poyntz Ave., Manhattan, Kans. 1915. Bushnell, Fred F., Box 362, Harvard, Ill. 1916. Bushong, J. P., 603 Roumania Bldg., Baton Rouge, La. 1916. Busman, Herman, P. O. Bldg. S. S. Station, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Butin, George E., 1612 W. 16th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Butler, George W., 315 Federal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Butterfield, Orlin F., Libertyville, Ill. 1915. Butters, S. J., Box 335, Renville, Minn. 1916. Butz, Frank R., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. Buzzard, David K., Nappanee, Ind. 1916. ‘ Byerrum, Roswell O., 400 E. 2nd St., Muscatine, Ia. 1916. Byers, M. V., Broken Bow, Nebr. 1915. Byrd, Atville, 2406 E. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Cady, Bert J., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. 1915. Cady, Henry, 23 Washington St., Gloversville, N. Y. 1915. Cady, P. L., Fremont, Nebr. 1915. Cahill, Edward A., 561 Westford St., Lowell, Mass. 1915. Cahill, F. M., 9th and Mary Sts., St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. Caldwell, J. H., 16 4th St. S. E., Medicine Hat, Alta. 1915. Caldwell, Robert A., 6th and Grayson Sts., Berkeley, Cal. 1916. Caldwell, Wm. A., Edgewood, Cal. 1915. Calkins, R. C., Fairbury, Il. 1915. Calldemeier, Edwin, 2121 W. Broadway, Louisville, Ky. 1916. Callicote, J. K., 2 East 4th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1914. Cambon, Ferdinand J., 303 Perrin Bldg., New Orleans, La. 1916. Cameron, Alne Edward, Lethbridge, Alta. 1915. Cameron, H. M., Springville, Ia. 1916. Campbell, Delwin M., 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Campbell, John N., Truman, Minn. 1916. Cant, Wm. John, Erie, Ill. 1915. Cardona, Hipolito, Fort Valley, Ga. 1916. Carley, A. A. H., 177 Brant Ave., Brantford, Ontario. 1916. Carlos, Tixto A., 2112 Azcanaga St., Manila, P, I. 1916. Carmack, Ralph W., Dana, Ind. 1915, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. 521 Carney, Stephen J., 745 Northrup St., Sta. E., Portland, Ore. Carnrite, James Schuyler, Fort Plain, N. Y. 1916. Carpenter, Howard, Detroit, Mich. 1916. Carpenter, Ira V., North Liberty, Ind. 1916. Carr, Wm. R., 816 San Pedro St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1916. Carroll, Arthur N., 301 W. 3rd St., Pueblo, Colo. 1916. Carroll, Thos. B., 106 N. 2nd St., Wilmington, N. C. 1916. Carson, Geo. W., Lake Mills, Ia. 1916. Carson, James R., Cicero, Ind. 1914. Carstenson, L. P., Columbus, Nebr. 1915. Carter, Alva B., Elkhorn, Wis. 1915. Carter, E. B., Austin, Minn. 19165. Carter, Geo. H., 219 Tuscola St., Saginaw, Mich. 1915. Carter, Joseph E., 70 4th St., N., Fargo, N. D. 1914. Carter, Rolla E., 619 Ohio Ave., Long Beach, Calif. 1915. Carter, R. W., Rancocas Stock Farm, Jobstown, N. J. 1916. Carver, Hubert C., Higginsville, Mo. 1916. Case, C. H., 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. 1915. Case, Leonard N., Honolulu, T. H. 1913. Casey, Charles M., 307 Fabius St., Syracuse, N. Y. 1915. Cash, Geo. B., 464 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Casper, George T., 419 W. Fruit Ave., Albuquerque, N. Mex. 1916. Castor, Thos., 4914 Frankfort Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Caughman, Fred P., Columbia, So. Car. 1916. Cavelle, Edwin B., Northville, Mich. 1915. Cawley, A. O., Lewisburg, Pa. 1916. Cecil, Joseph D., Box 284, Waterloo, Ia. 1916. Chamberlain, Frank W., Box 1022, East Lansing, Mich. 1916. Chamberlin, Leroy Mylton, 2503 Hamlin St., N. E., Washington, eC: 1915. Channing, Charles E., Q. M. Dept., Washington, D.C. 1916. * Chapin, Chester E., Fremont, Ind. 1916. Chapman, George W., Webster, 8S. D. 1915. Chase, Charles S., Bay Shore, Long Island, N. Y. 1916. Cheney, Alonzo Henry, Polson, Mont. 1916. Cheney, Bailey E., Health Dept., Corpus Christi, Tex. 1915. Cheney, George Leroy, 265 Park Ave., New Haven, Conn. 1915. Cherry, Allen E., Manila, P. I. 1916. Chesley, G. E., 215 Huntington St., Rochester, N. H. 1915. Chesterman, R. L., 606 E. Clay St., Richmond, Va. 1916. Chisholm, Joseph P., Lisbon, N. D. 1915. Chrisman, Wm. G., Blacksburg, Va. 1916. Christian, Robert V., 1018 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. 1916. Christiansen, Oren A., 4819 Calumet Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Christie, Norman Douglas, Box 616, Regina, Sask. 1916. Christie, Victor, Cardston, Alberta. 1916. Christopher, Ralph E., Mason City, Ia. 1916. Church, Harry R., Wilkesbarre, Pa. 1916, 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Churchill, Thos. W., Care of J. T. Milliken & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1916 Clancy, J. B., Amberston Farm, Edgemont St’n., East St. Louis, fe A916: Clapp, Walter H., Dresden, Ont. 1916. Clark, Chas. H., % E. Clark, McCords, Mich. 1916. Clark, Clarence W., Rice Lake, Wis. 1915. © Clark, Curtis Alfred, College Corner, Ohio. 1915. Clark, David Bert, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 1915. Clark, Henry D., 69 High St., Fitchburg, Mass. 1916. Clark, Roy Ralph, Theo. N. Vail School of Agriculture, Lyndon Center, Vt. 1916. Clark, W. G., Box 196, Marinette, Wis. 1916. Clark, Burnett L., Monticello, Wis. 1916. Clawson, C. A., 2445 Talbott Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Clayton, Chas. E., 207 West 55th St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Clegg, Robert, Woodbridge, Ont. 1916. Clemons, W. E., Granville, Ohio. 1916. Clere, Ralph W., East Syracuse, N. Y. 1916. Cleveland, Edgar Charles, Jr., Cattaraugus, N. Y. 1915. Cleveland, Walter J., Havelock, Ia. 1915. Cliffe, G. W., 119 West Johnson St., Upper Sandusky, Ohio. 1916. Cline, Clifford M., Box 298, Maryville, Mo. 1916. Cline; J. D., Clarion, la: 1916. Close, F. W., Lewiston, Ida. 1915. Closson, Gardner W., 131 Philadelphia St., Anaheim, Cal. 1915. Cochran, D. W., 19 Vestry St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Cochran, Willard N., Trenton, Tenn. 1916. Cochrane, Robert E., 450 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis. 1916. Coffeen, Robert J., 225 North 2nd St., Stillwater, Minn. 1915. Cole, Guy T., 2235 W. 14th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1916. Collett, Howard Barker, care of Burns & Co., Calgary, Alta. 1915. Collins, Frank, 320 N. 6th St., Monroe, La. 1916. Collins, Fred W., Madison, Nebr. 1916. Collins, George J., West Point, Nebr. 1916. Collins, Leonard, Stanton, Nebr. 1915. Collins, Robert E., 256 Monroe St., Memphis, Tenn. 1915. Colton, Chas. L., 99 Ann St., Hartford, Conn. Commins, Frederick E., 119 Cortland Ave., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Comstock, David B., 175 Jay St., Albany, N. Y. 1915. Cone, Michael, Pittsfield, Mass. 1916. Connell, Clare V., N. 2nd St., Decatur, Ind. 1915. Conrad, Burton W., Sabetha, Kans. 1914. Constable, G. W., Fort Bliss, Tex. 1916. Cook, B. L., Lake City, Minn. 1916. ‘ Cook, F. G., 220 S. Main St., Paris, Texas. 1916. : Cook, J. W., Brownsville, Ore. 1915. = PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 523 Cook, L. P., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. Cook, Robert H., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1915. Cooley, A. S., State Veterinarian, Columbus, Ohio. 1916. Cooper, Edward, R. F. D. No. 3, Sunman, Ind. 1915. Cooper, J. M., 711 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. Copithorn, Harry K., Chelsea, Mass. 1916. Coppess, 8S. A., Waterville, Wash. 1916. Corbin, Cecil J., Pawling, N.Y. 1915. Coreoran, Michael, Box 142, Augusta, Kans. 1915. Corn, Samuel, 5518 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1918. Cornman, Ernest L., Marietta, Pa. 1916. Corwin, George E., Canaan, Conn. , 1916, Corwin, Willis T., Pine Island, Minn. 1915. Cosford, Samuel E., Box 322, Beatrice, Nebr. 1916. Cotton. Chas. E., 615 4th Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. Cotton, Wm. E., 3242, 38th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Cotirill, H. B., Sand Fork, W. Va. 1915. Coughlin, John G., Edina, Mo. 1916. Courtright, John M., Lathrop, Mo. Couture, J. A., 49 Garden St., Quebec. Que. 1916. Couture, Jas. N. i s65 Walker St., Montreal, Que. 1916. Cowgill, Daniel L., Rio, Wis. 1915. Cox, Abraham G., ‘Carlisle, Inds 195. Cox, Harry B., 1516 Snyder Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Cox, Walter P., 7 N. Carey St., Baltimore, Md. 1915. Cox, Walter R., Clio, Mich. 1916. Cox, Wm., Mayville, Mich. 1916. Coxe, S. A., 140 9th St., Brandon, Man. 1915. Cozier, Carl, 320 Prospect St., Bellingham, Wash. 1916. Crabb, Lewis C., Fort Worth, Tex. 1916. Craig, D. E., Edmore, N. D. 1916. Craig, Robert A., 621 Owen St., Lafayette, Ind. 1915. Craig, Thomas F. , Hampden, N. D. 1915. Craig, W. B., 216 North Meridian St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Cranwell, John James, 642 West Pike St., Clarksburg, W. Va. 1916. Crawford, Harry C., 38 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. 1916. Crawford, James E., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. 1916. Crawford, J. H., Harvard, Ill. 1916. Creamer, J. M., 5th and Taylor St., Portland, Ore. 1915. Creech, G. Tinsley, 4303 9th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 1916. Crewe, W. F., Bismarck, N .D. 1915. Crisler, Lewis H., Covington, Ky. 1916. Crisler, Otto S., Agr. Exp. Station, Lexington, Ky. 1916. Crocker, Walter James, 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pea. 1915; Crump, Leroy S., Ft. Atkinson, Wis. 1916. Culver, Frederick W., Longmont, Colo. 1915. Cummins, Wm. M., Eagle Pass, Tex. 1916. §24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. Cunningham, A. E., 3826 Carnegie St., S., E. Cleveland, O. 1915. Cunningham, Elmer E., 106 Indiana Ave., Va!paraiso, Ind. 1915, Curl, Chas. M., R. R. No. 1., Highland Park, Mich. 1916. Curran, Matthew John, 67 Willis St., New Bedford, Mass. 1916. Curry, J. M., 995 Main St., Hartford, Conn. 1916. Curtis, Wilbur A., Iloilo Dloilo, P. I. 1915. Cusack, Frank L., Carrington, N. D. 1915. Custis, Howard H., La Jara, Colo. 1916. Dallas, John T., Provo, Utah. 1916. Dalrymple, W. H., Baton Rouge, La. 1916. Damman, Arthur J., 749 12th Ave. E., Vancouver, B. C. 1916. Danforth, Arthur L., 103 Orchard St., Watertown, N. Y. 1916. Danielson, Leopold A., Madera, Calif. 1916. Darby, R. N. G., Barrington, Ill. 1916. Dardis, Thos. L., 505 So. Sutter St., Stockton, Calif. 1916. Darrah, George D., 648 Hall St., Manchester, N. H. 1915. Darrow, John Henry, Jr., 78 N. Hamilton St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 1915. Dauber, Chas. C., 107 N. Clay St., Sturgis, Mich. 1916. Daubigny, F. T., 12 Rue St. Denis, Montreal, Que. 1914. Daugherty, T. E. Danville, Ind. 1913. Dauth, Albert, Coteau Du Lac, Que. 1916. Davenport, Miles L., Fergus Falls, Minn. 1916. Davidson, F. N., Buhl, Ida. 1916. Davidson, George H., Rugby, N. Dak. 1916. Davidson, Wm. A., Exchange Bldg., 8. St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. Davis, Benj. F., Box 509, Douglas, Wyo. 1915. Davis, Harry Emerson, Arlington, S. Dak. 1915. Davis, William L., B. A. 1, So. Omaha, Nebr. 1914. Davison, Elwin T., Athenia, N. J. 1916. Davitt, M. H., 525 N. Main St., Palmer, Mass. 1915. Day, Frank J., 50 Rhode Island Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. 1915. Day, L. Enos, 4193 S. Halsted St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Deadman, Chas. A., 311 E. Main St., Madison, Wis. 1915. Decker, E. J., 16 William St., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. 1915. Deiling, N. J., Dallas Center, Ia. 1916. Dell, Jesse Applin, 16 and Pacific Aves., Los Angeles, Calif. 1916. Dellert, R. B., 568 Banning St., Winnipeg, Man. (Mail returned). 1915. DeMilly, J. W., Tallahasse, Fla. 1916. Deming, Chas. W., 2040 Knoxville Ave., Peoria, I]. 1916. Deming, 8S. A., Ida Grove, Ia. 1915. DeMotte, Lee, Petersburg, Ind. 1915. Denison, Wm. K., Bemidji, Minn. 1915. DeRonde, John D., 72 E. 82nd St., New York, N. Y. 1915, DeSerpa, John A., Box 614, Oxnard, Cal. 1916, ; . 4 4 DeTray, E. M., 840 Scott St., Napoleon, O. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 625 Deubler, Ernest C., Wayne, Pa. 1915. Deubler, Ezra S., Narberth, Pa. 1916. Devereaux, John L., 20 Brook St., Waterbury, Conn. 1915. DeVine, John ine Goshen, NOY 1916. Dick, George A., "Kane, Paes 1915: Dickey, Geo. W., 319 N. Weber St., Colo. Springs, Colo. 1916. Dickson, John, 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1915. Dillahunt, Peter A., R. F. D. No. 7, Springfield, Ohio. 1916. Dillon, L. Ray, 107 N. Grand Ave., Pueblo, Colo. 1915. Dimock, Wm. Wallace, Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. 1915. Dingley, Ernest C., 53835 DeLancey St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Dinse, Alfred J., Box 161, Jackson, Ga. 1916. Dinwoodie, John T. E., Brookings, S. D. 1916. Ditewig, George B., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1915. Ditto, John K., Pleasureville, Ky. 1915. Divine, John P., Ballston, Va. 1914. Dixon, C. Price, Old Fire House, Charlottesville, Va. 1915. Dixon, H. L., Box 616, Regina, Sask. 1916. Dobbins, Quincey C., Bedford, Ind. 1915. Dobson, Charles C., Muncie, Ind. 1916. Dock, Norton, 515 Ludlow Ave., Cincinnati, O. 1916. Dodge, Wm. H., Leominster, Mass. 1915. Dolan, Francis F., Willow City, N. Dak. 1916. Donald, James 8., 213 South Catherine St., Bay City, Mich. 1916. Donaldson, Robert R., Argyle, Minn. 1916. Donnelly, George J., 833 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Cal. 1915. Donohue, Robert John, 506 Alaska Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 1916. Doran, John Thomas, 200 Market St., Beatrice, Nebr. 1915. Dorian, Frank P., 35 Franklin St., Yonkers, N. Y. 1916. Dorweiler, Philip O., West Bend, Ia. 1916. Douglass, Frank J., 1235 St. Andrew St., New Orleans, La. 1915. Downs, Aaron E., Mt. Sterling, Ohio. 1916. Doyle, Lawrence 8., Moncton, N. B. 1916. Doyle, Simon A., 1764 Mission St. San Francisco, Cal. 1913. Drake, Edw. J., Toledo, Wash. 1914. Drake, M. W., 13808 Morris St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Drake, Wm. C., care of Y. M. C. A., St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. Draper, James Powell, Lowell, Mich. 1915. Dreher, Wm. Henry, Box 1438, Oregon, Wis. 1916. Dreppard, Samuel G., Flora, Il. 1916. Drexler, Joseph L., Thibodaux, La. 1915. Drown, Frederick A., Kellogg, Ia. 1916. Drury, James, 218 Michigan St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 1916. Ducey, John, Newberry, Mich. 1916. Ducey, M. D., L. Box 148, Merrill, Mich. 1916. DuF rene, Alfred J., Glendive, Mont. 1916. Dufresne, A. A., Longueuil, Que. 1915, 526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. DuJardin, Guillaume, 270 Craig St., E., Montreal, Que. 1915. Duncan, Francis, Ithaca, Mich. 1916. Dunleavy, M. J., 18324 Acoma St., Denver, Colo. 1915. Dunn, Ralph C., College Station, Tex. 1916. Dunphy, Chas. B., Mason, Mich. 1916. Dunphy, G. W., East Lansing, Mich. 1915. Dustan, Henry W., 25 De Hart St., Morristown, N. J. 1916. Dykstra, Ralph R., 714 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. 1916. Dyson, Orion E., State Veterinarian, Springfield, Ill. 1916. Eagan, Paul Herman, 422 4th Ave., N., Nashville, Tenn. 1915. Eagle, Alex. F., 725 San Jose Ave., San Francisco, Cal. 1915. Eagle, John G., 3924 Morrell Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Eagle, Richard F., 449 Englewood, Chicago, Ill. 1916. Eagle, Wm. W., 308 Central Ave., Kansas City, Kans. 1915. Eastman, O. R., Gadsden, Ala. 1915. Ebbitt, Richard, Grand Island, Nebr. 1915. Eckert, Henry F., Markesan, Wis. 1916. Edelin, Allen Alfred, 1602 Lagonda St., Fort Worth, Tex. 1915. Edgington, Bruce H., Reynoldsburg, Ohio. 1916. Edmiston, Geo. A. H., 431 Sixth St., Rapid City, S. Dak. 1916. Edmonds, Elmer V., 603 Lincoln Ave., Mt. Vernon, Wash. 1916. Edmunds, Arthur L., Franklin, N. H. 1916. Edwards, Frank, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1915. Edwards, W. R., Box 216, Vicksburg, Miss. 1915. Egan, John Milton, 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Calif. 1916. Egan, Peter J., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Calif. 1916. Egan, William F., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Calif. TOMG: Eichelberger, A. Martin, Box 884, Shreveport, La. 1916. Eichhorn, Adolph, Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, Pearl River, IN Yee L916: Eiseman, Frank T., 222 E. Main St., Louisville, Ky. 1918. Eisenhower, Elmer C., Gypsum, Kas. 1915. Eisenhower, James M., Schell City, Mo. 1915. Eisenlohr, Herman M., Larimore, N. Dak. 1916. Elery, Wilton, Audubon, Ia. 1915. ; Eliason, Oscar H., State Veterinarian, Madison, Wis. 1916. Elkin, Albert F., R. F. D. No. 1, Smicksburg, Pa. 1915. Elkin, Joseph Homer, Smicksburg, Pa. 1915. Ellenberger, W. P., 1359 Parkwood Place, Washington, D. C. 1916. ; Elliott, Adam F., Milton, N. Dak. 1915. Elliott, Chas. M., Seward, Nebr. 1915. Elliott, Clarence L., 5434 S. 3rd St., So. St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Elliott, Edward W., Park River, N. Dak. 1916. Elliott, Harold B., P. O. Box 167, Hilo, Hawaii. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 527 Ellis, Perey L., Box 272, Merrill, Ia. 1916. Ellis, Robert W., 509 W. 152nd St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Elmes, Jos. H., Eagle Bend, Minn. 1916. Elsey, Mark A., Marion, O. 1915. Elwell, Fred N., National Stock Yards, St. Claire Co., Ill. 1915. Elzinga, Martin E., 349 LaGrave Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1916. Engle, Frank Phillip, Fort Worth, Tex. 1915. Erickson, Chas. W., Marine Mills, Minn. 1916. Ernst, John, Jr., 125 KH. 4th South St., Salt Lake City, Utah. 1915. Essex, John J., Chevy Chase, Md. 1916. Estey, Cyrew B., Box 287, St. Cloud, Minn. 1916. Etienne, Albert A., 67 Drummond St., Montreal, Que: -1916. Evans, C. E., 719 Wisconsin St., Racine, Wis. 1915. Evenson, Harry, Sacred Heart, Minn. 1916. Everett, A. T., 24th and North Sts., So. Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Ewalt, W. Austin, 22 Grand Ave., Mt. Clemens, Mich. 1915. Exline, James C., 311 Live Stock Exch. Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1915. Fabian, Arthur H., 421 Walworth St., Lake Geneva, Wis. 1916. Faivre, Clovis F., Latrobe, Pa. 1916. Fake, Charles Thompson, Granville, N. Y. 1915. Faleoner, Thomas, Box 303, Alexandria, Minn. 1915. Fallon, Edw. J., 3372 A 16th St., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Farley, A. J., 47 Palm Pl., Pomona, Cal. 1916. Farley, Edwin P.,'1800 Mevers St., Paducah, Ky. 1916. Farmer, Albion C., Berlin, N. H. 1915. Farmer, Thomas, Grand Blane, Mich. 1916. Farrington, A. M., 1436 Chapin St., Washington, D. C. 1916. Faulhaber, Louis G., 2840 W. North Ave., Chicago, Tl. 1916. Faust, Otto, 209 Union Ave., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 1916. Paville, G. C., North Emporia, Va. 1913. Feeley, Robert O., Clemson College, South Carolina. 1916. Feist, Arnold Andrew, 156 Aurora Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 1915, Ferguson, Chas. W., Auburn, Ala. 1916. Ferguson, Thomas H., 421 Broad St., Lake Geneva, Wis. 1916. Ferguson, W. P., 316 Second St., Grenada, Miss. 1916. Ferneyhough, James G. (Mail returned). 1914. Ferneyhough, R. E., Lee St., Warrenton, Va. 1915. Fernsler, Frank U., 32 South 7th St., Lebanon, Pa. 1916. Ferrand, William S., Gilmore City, Ia. 1916. Ferro, R. B., Gordon Hotel, Lafayette, La. (Mail returned). IBS Ferron, Eugene, 3718 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Fetherolf, Geo. R., Reading, Pa. 1914. Finkle, Ray C., Seymour, Wis. 1915. Finley, Lester C., Lapel, Ind. 1916. Fischer, Carl F., Garden City, Mo. 1916. Fischer, Paul, Reynoldsburg, Ohio. 1915. Mish, Pierre A., N. Y. State Vet. Col., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. §28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Fisher, Adam, 9 West 4th St., Charlotte, N. C. 1915 Fisher, Carl W., 420 A St., San Mateo, Cal. 1916. Fisher, D., Grandin, N. Dak. 1919. Fisk, Alexander G., 815 Willow St., Trinidad, Colo. 1916. Fitch, Clifford Penny, 107 Brandon Place, Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Fitch, Earl W., care of Merrill & Soule Co., Arcade, N. Y. 1916. Fitch, Edward Henry, McHenry, N. D. 1916. Fitzpatrick, Dennis B., 3225 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Flack, Edward R., Enterprise, Ore. 1916. Flaherty, James J., 127 Meadow St., New Haven, Conn. 1916. Flanary, W. F., St. Charles, Minn. 1916. Fleming, Jas., 23 Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kan. 1916. Fleming, W. R., 25 Live Stock Exchange, Buffalo, N. Y. 1918. Flocken, Charles F., Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. 1916. Flowe, Berry B., Raleigh, N. C. 1916. Flowe, Homer P., Raleigh, N. C. 1916. Flower, E. Pegram, Box 24, Baton Rouge, La. 1916. Flowers, Royal G., 8rd and Main Sts., Ft. Worth, Tex. 1916. Fogle, Charles W., Leipsic, Ohio. 1915. Folse, Charles D., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Folsom, Edward Graham, Room 503, Watson Bldg., Fairmount, W. Va. 1916. Foltz, Wm. C., care City Health Dept., Lincoln, Neb. 1916. Foos, Arthur C., 126 N. Laurel St., Hazelton, Pa. 1916. Forbes, 8. D., 301 Cameron St., Alexandria, Va. 1915. Ford, Albert T., Wingham, Ont. 1916. Forge, Louis A., 561 Washington St., Burlington, Wis. 1916. Formad, Robert J., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1915. Fosbinder, Harry R., 6403 Hollywood Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. 1916. Foster, Allen A., 8813 Ross Ave., Dallas Tex. 1915. Foster, J. D., 126 N. State St., Newtown, Pa. 1916. Foster, Joab P., Selby, S. D. 1915. Foster, Lloyd E., Greenfield, Ia. 1916. Foster, Robert J., 9th U. S. Cavalry, Manila, P. J. 1915. Foster, Samuel B., 927 Union Ave., Portland, Ore. 1915. Foster, Thomas J., Monticello, Ill. 1915. Foust Harry L., Agricultural College, N. D. 1916. Fowler, W. J. R., 52 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Fox, David F., Room 423 First Nat’] Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. 1916. Fox, Leroy B., Bartlesville, Okla. 1916. Francis, M., College Station, Tex. 1916. Francoise, Wm. I., 605 East Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich. 1914. Frank, John Williamson, Box 291, Nelson, B. C. 1916. Franzman, Peter A., 5966 Lowe Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A, 529 Fraser, J. Heywood, New Glasgow, N. 8. 1916. Fraser, Thomas, 316 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. 1915. Fraser, Walter, 13th U. S. Cavalry, Columbus, N. M. 1915. Frazier, Chas., 5052 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Frederick, Charles B., 412 N. Walnut St., Canton, Ohio. 1916. Frederick, Harry, Box 584, Suffern, N. Y. 1915. Frederick, Hyram J., College Hill, Logan, Utah. 1915. Freed, B..M., 12 South Dock St., Sharon, Pa. 1916. Freeman, Car] E., Carrizozo, New Mex. 1916. Freeman, F. E., Buhl, Ida. 1915. French, Alex. W., Cheyenne, Wyo. 1915. French, C. F., Rockland, Me. 1916. French, Wm. Harold, Redfield, S. D. 1913. Frese. George L., 309 11th St., Toledo, Ohio. 1915. Frey, Charles T., Box 106, River Point, R. I. 1915. Frey, Jesse J., 3400 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Fridirici, Ulysses, 204 Pine St., Tamaqua, Pa. 1915. Friedheim, Louis, Box 108, Rock Hill, S. C. 1916. Frost, Charles E., Stryker, Ohio. 1916. Frost, Geo. P., 4527 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Frost, James N, 919 East State St., Ithaca, N. Y. 1915. Frost, Roy C., 1513 U St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 1915. Frothingham, Langdon, 335 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass. 1916. Fry, Hugh L., 125 E. Rush St., Kendallville, Ind. 1916. Fuller, Claude E., Beach, N. D. 1915. Fuller, George S., 170 Common St., Lawrence, Mass. 1915. Fuller, George S., 1715 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Fuller, John Russell, 101 W. Commercial St., Weiser, Ida. 1916. Fullington, Harry C., 6047 Greenwood Ave., Seattle, Wash. 1913. Fulstow, Harry, Norwalk, Ohio. 1916. Funkhouser, George M., 410 Main St., Lafayette, Ind. 1915. Gain, J. H., State Farm, Lincoln, Nebr. 1916. Gaines, Chas, H., Chilhowee, Mo. 1915. Galbraith, Alister R., Garfield, Wash. 1916. Gall, Wm., Mattawan, N. J. 1916. Gallagher, Bernard A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1916. Gallivan, Michael V., Box 567, Lethbridge, Alberta. 1916. Galloway, Peter F., 318 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. 1915. Gamble, Henry S., 1329 Gallatin N. W., Washington, D. C. 1915. Gamrath, Carl L., 52 E. Washington St., Fairfield, Ia. 1915. Gannett, Ray Willard, 74 Adams St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Gardner, Chas. M., 331 Clackmass St., Portland, Ore. 1916. Gardner, Chennie A., Morris, N.Y. 1916. Gardner, J. P., Kingston, Ohio. 1916. Garside, Peter, Bourbon, Ind. 1916. Garvey, Jas. J., Alexandria, Va. 1916. Gates, Wm. L., Clarksdale, Miss. 1915. Gay, Carl W., University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 1915. 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. Gearhart, D. C., 215 8. St. Clair St:, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1916: Gearhart, Frank C., Bureau of Agriculture, Box 1362, or Pa 1915. Geiger, Milton J., Croswell, Mich. 1916. Gemmill, A. D., 220 E. Livingston St., Celina, Ohio. 1916. Genereux, D., 488 Amhurst St., Montreal, Que. 1916. George, Harrison H., 235 Federal Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. 1916. George, Herbert H. S., P. O. Box 521, Kamloops,.B. €. 1912. George, John H., 60 Tiverton Ave., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Gerber, D. W., 1207 N. Broadway, Oklahoma City, Okla. 1916. Gerlach, G. H., Morenci, Mich. 1913. Gibson, A., 1617 2nd St., North Birmingham, Ala. 1915. Gibson, G. D., Adrian, Mich. 1915. Gibson, Howard Renwick, Algona, Ia. 1915. Gibson, James Irvine, State House, Des Moines, Ia. 1915. - Giffee, Joe W., 1816 Missouri Ave., South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Gilchrist, Wm. T., 410 Chureh St., Norfolk, Va. 1915. Giles, Walter M., Franklin, Tenn. 1915. Gil) H. D. 330 Ei Sith st., New? York, N. Yo" 1916; Gillespie, John F., 446 Hudson Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Gillie, Peter T., 22 E. First St., Mansfield, Ohio. 1915. Gilliland, S. H., Widener Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Giltner, L. T.,.B. A. J., Washington, D.C. 1916. Giltner, Ward, East Lansing, Mich. 1916. Gilyard, Arthur T., 74 Phoenix Ave., Waterbury, Conn. 1916. Gimper, W. S., 1616 Boas St., Harrisburg, Pa. 1916. Gleason, Matthew E., Folwerton, Tex. 1916. Glendenning, C. G., 115 W. Washington St., Clinton Ill. 1916. Glennon, Henry J., 148 Second St., Newark, N. J. 1915. Glennon, James T., '27-Cl ay St., Newark, N. J. 1915. Glover, Albert D., New ark, Mo. 1916. Glover, George fe State Agri. College, Fort Collins, Colo. 1916. Glynn, Lawrence L., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1916. Gohn, ‘Horace M., St. Johns, Mich. 1915. Goldberg, Samuel A., N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. 1916.7 Golding, Cyril, Tulare St., P. O. Box 582, Dinuba, Cal. 1915: Goodwin, Jas. Arthur, Lock Box 584, New Iberia, La. 1916. Goodwin, Percy W., Wrights, Cal. 1916. Gordon, George, Hanford, Cal. 1916. Gordon, George, Gibson City, Ill. 1915. Gordon, W liam D., 268 West Santa Clara St., San Jose, Cal. 1915 — Gore, Truman E., 111 W. Pike St., Clarksburg, W.Va Sons Gor such, Dickinson, Glencoé, Md. ODay . Goss, Leonard Ws Argicultural College, Manhattan, Kans. 1916. Gould, J.H., 2nd F. A., Manila, P. I. 1915. ‘¢ Gould, JauN Worthington, Minn. 1916. vem PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 531 Gow, Ronald M., State Veterinarian, Old State House, Little Rock, rk, 1.915; Grady, William J., Lankin, N. D: 1914. Graf, John, 2nd Ave. W., Cresco, Ia. 1915. raft, Car] L. P., Bisbee, N. D. 1916. Graham, G. G., 1820 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Graham, James, 115 Queen St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Graham, John J., West Queen Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. 1914. Graham Leroy B., 369 S. 18th St., Cedar Rapids, Ia. 1915. Graham, Oswald Hood, Clinton, N. C. 1915. ; Graham, Ralph, Sedalia, Mo. 1916. Graham, Robert, Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. 1916. Grapp, Gustav H., Port Deposit, Md. 1916. Grau, Jeppe Andrew, Box 124, 8S. Auburn, Nebr. 1916. Graves, Henry T., E. 201 15th St., Olympia, Wash. 1915. Gray, Fred Sumner, Box 561, Miles City, Mont. 1916. Graybill, Guy M., Milford Square, Pa. 1915. Graybill, Harry W., 1021 Daisy Ave., Long Beach, Cal. 1915. Greeder, Herman, Janesville, Wis. 1916. Green, Benj. F., Cumby, Tex. 1916. Green, L. Kenneth, 37 Knight St., Auburn, Maine. 1915. Greenwoed, E. S., Laurens, Ia. 1916. Greenwood, Ross A., Phelps St., Painesville, Ohio. 1916. Greer, John, Saranac Lake, N. Y. 1916. Greeson, J. O., Kokomo, Ind. 1916. : Gregory, Wm. G., Riverside Pharmacy, Fort Worth, Tex. 1916. Griffin, Will C., South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Griffith, J. W., Cedar Rapids, Ia. 1916. Griffith, Roscoe C., Jamestown, Ohio. 1916. Groff, Benjamin Warren, 20 North St., Massilon, Ohio. 1916. Grogan, Joseph P., 909 Ashland Ave., Baltimore, Md. 1916. Gross, Jno. L., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1915. Gross, R. C., Elizabethtown, Pa. 1915. Grossman, James D., 117 Ash Ave., Ames, Iowa. 1916. Grove, Jno. S., 310 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. 1915. Grover, Arthur L., 65 9th Ave., New York, N. Y. 1914. Groves, John W., 40 York St., Hamilton, Ont. 1915. Grubb, Chauncey, M., Box 202, Rockville, Md. 1915. Gruber, John N., Lexington, Nebr. 1916. Gruber, John T., 316 N .Main St., Marion, Ohio. 1916. Gruenwald, Geo. J., 1429 West 56th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1916. Grutzman, Walter R., 8th Cavalry, Ft. Bliss, Tex. 1916. Guard, Willard F., Iowa State College, Ames, [a. 1916. Guldager, Fred Howard, 304 Ridge St., Sacramento, Cal. 1913. Gunn, Nelson T., 528 W. Granite St., Butte, Montana. 1916. Gunster, Francis, Corvallis, Ore. 1916. 582- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Guyselman, P. C., Ist Ave., Monte Vista, Colo. 1916. Gysel, Robert, 9333 Escanabe Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Hadley, Frederick B., Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. 1916. Hadwen, Seymour, Agassiz, B. C. 1915. Haffer,, John W., 49 Pearl St., Paterson, N. J. 1915. Hagin, W. A., N.Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Yi 1916: Haines, Albertson, W..;, Bristol; Pa. 749115: Hall, Arthur G.., Early lev Ve seOiiGs Hall, Clifford L., 126 North Park St., Wheeling, W. Va. 1916.: Hall, Maurice C., care Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Hall, Orlan, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa, Ont. 1915. Halliday, Robert J., 21 West 32nd St., Bayonne, N. J. 1915. Hallman, Elam T., 383 Sunset Lane, East Lansing, Mich. 1915. Halloran, John L., Broad St., Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y. 1916. Hallquist, Ralph A., Box 182, Oslo, Minn. 1915. Halstead, William E., 19 Judson St., Binghamton, N. Y. 1915. Halton, John H., 123 G. St., Salt Lake City, Utah. 1915. Halverson, Harold M., Box 354, Yankton, S. D. 1916. Hamblet, C. A., 495 Varnum Ave., Lowell, Mass. 1916. Hamilton, George W., 604 N. 10th St., E. St. Louis, Ill. 1915. Hamilton, Herbert B., 79 Hillman St., New Bedford, Mass. 1915. Hamilton, Howard M., Paris, Ky. 1916. Hamilton, M., 364 Main St., Delhi, N. Y. 1916. Hamilton, Robert, 689 Broughton St., Victoria, B. C. 1916. Hammond, Harry J., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. 1915. Hammond, Wm. h., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1916. Handley, John Isaac, Box 8, West Raleigh, N. C. 1915. Handley, Jno. M., Woodworth, Wis. 1916. Haney, W. F., 1518 Ninth St., Modesto, Cal. 1916. Hansen, Hans P., 216 E. Mill St., Austin, Minn. 1915. Hansen, James W., 511 N. Lafayette St., Greenville, Mich. 1916. Hanshew, E., 125 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Hanson, H. D., Darien, Conn. 1915. Hanson, Peter, 310 City Hall, Portland, Ore. 1916. Hanvey, George A., Remount No. 2, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 1916. Hardenberg, James Ball, 39th & Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Hardman, Russell T., Kyger, W. Va. 1916. Hargrave, J. C., Dominion Vet. Inst., Medicine Hat, Alta. 1916. Haring, C. M., Div. of Vet. Science., Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal. 1916. Harkins, Malcome J., Care H. K. Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. 1915. Harries, Thos. B., Saloniki Expeditionary Force, via England. AOS, Harrington, E. T., 873 Broadway, S. Boston, Mass. 1916. Harris, A. W., 78 Fourth Ave., Ottawa, Ont. 1915. Harris, E. D., Casselton, NU Des aloiG: Harrison, W. F., 329 Broad St., Bloomfield, N. J. 1915. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 533 Harry, Charles Edward, Anita, Ia. 1915. Harsh, Francis A., 326 Murray Ave., Minerva, Ohio. 1914. Hart, Charles Henry, Hankinson, N. D. 1915. Hart, George H., Health Office, City Hall, Los Angeles, Cal. 1916. Hart, John P., Winchester, Ind. 1913. Hart, Wm. J., Wetmore, Kans. 1915. Harthill, Alexander, 707 Green St., Louisville, Ky. 1914. Hartman, Wm. J., State College of Agriculture, Bozeman, Mont. 1916. Haskins, Albert B., 321 East 3rd St., Davenport, Ia. 1916. Hasselbaleh, A. E., Edward, Nebr. 1914. Hassloch, August, 400 West 50th St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Havreberg, Arne H., Olivia, Minn. 1916. Hawke, Walter L., Vet. Research Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alta. Hawke, William Richard, Medicine Hat, Alta. 1912. Hawkins, Joseph, 184 Stanton Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1913. Haworth, Charles C., Donnellson, Ill. 1915. Haxby, J. W., 6th St. & 3rd Ave., Clarinda, Ia. 1915. Hay, Leopold, 5th & Ist Ave., Faribault, Minn. 1915. Hayden, Charles Ernest, 108 Irving Place, Ithaca, N. Y. 1915. Hayes, Fred M., Univ. Farm., Davis, Cal. 1916. Hayes, Jesse, Alexandria, Va. 1915. Hayes, John J., 7 E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Haynes, M. C., Springfield, Tenn. 1916. Haynes, Wilford A., Jackson, Mich. 1916. Hays, Clark H., P. O. Bldg., Kalamazoo, Mich. 1916. Hazel, George A., Pleasantville, N. Y. 1913. Hazlewood, Robert V., Bessemer, Ala. 1916. Hazlet, Samuel K., Oelwein, Ia. 1915. Heacock, Clyde C., Carlsbad, N. M. 1918. Head, Cage, Wilton, Ala. 1916. Head, Charles, Regina, Sask. 1918. Healey, Thos. W., 461 North 2nd St., San Jose, Cal. 1916. Heath, Warren E., Columbus, Mont. 1916. Hecker, Frank, 1108 Jefferson Co. Savings Bank Bldg., Birming- ham, Ala. 1915. Hedley, Clark, Marion, S. C. 1915. Hedrick, Horace A., 2606 Gilford Ave., Baltimore, Md. 1915. Heer, Rufus S., 115 4th St., Platteville, Wis. 1916. Heiney, Edgar, Hattiesburg, Miss. 1915. Heller, Edward, Chilton, Wis. 1916. Helmer, Jacob, 327 Madison Ave., Scranton, Pa. 1915. Hemphill, John F., 428 Dexter St., Clay Center, Kans. 1916. Henderson, E .P., Houlton, Me. 1916. Henderson, Levi C., Box 666, Twin Falls, Ida. 1915. Hendren, Oliver T., 6645 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Hendren, S. G., 17 E. Market St., Lewistown, Pa. 1916. Hendrick, M. Parks, 470 Walnut St., Meadeville, Pa. 1916. §34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Henneberger, W. B., Box 48, Oakland, Ore. 1916. Hennessy, William J., 126 Front St., Worcester, Mass. 1915. Henrich, Leo O., Vacaville, Cal. 1916. Herbott, Julius W., 1336 N. Marshall St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Herndon, Franklin C., Rocky Moun+, N. C. 1916. Hernsheim, J. T., 6229 Lakewood Ave., Chieago, Ill. 1916. Heres. Jeu B. 83rd St., New York, N.Y. 1915. Herring, Lawrence James, Wilson, N. C. 1916. Herrold, Wm. C., South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Herron, Moore Bryant, 1282 Pike St.. Cannonsburg, Pa. 1915. Hershey, Chas. E., Tiffin, Ohio. 1916. Hershey, Samuel E., Lock Box 283, Charleston, W. Va. 1916. Hess, Orlando B., Bio Chemie Div., Dept.-of Agriculture, Washing- fon Ce wigs: ; Hickman, D. Elwyn, 333 W. Union St., West Chester, Pa. 1915. Hickman, Thomas S., 1818 Cherry St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Hicks, Floyd H., Allegan, Mich. 1916. Hicks, Hazen H., 105 Custom House Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Hicks, Tunis, 642 Irving St., Washington, D.C. 1916. Hiday, John L., Fortville, Ind. 1916. Higbee, M. R., Albert Ten: Minn. 1916. Higgins, Charles H. , Experimental Farm, 196 Cartier St., Ottawa, Ont, 1916. Hill, George H., Atkinson, Ill. 1916. Hill, James, Tarlac, Tarlae Province, P. I. 1915. Hill, Joseph G., Skaneateles, N. Y. 1913. Hill, Robert C., West Alexandria, Ohio. 1915. Hilliard, William A., 630 McMillan Ave., Winnipeg, Man. 1916. Hilton, George, 126 Lewis St., Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Hilton, Wm., 615 Spence St., Winnipeg, Man. 1915. Hilty, Reuben, 619 Walnut St., Toledo, Ohio. 1916. Himmelberger, Leo R., Fort Dodge Serum Co., Fort Dodge, Iowa. 1916. Hinebauch, T. D., Tower City, N. D. 1915. Hinkley, C. J., Carthage, 8. D. 1915. Hinkley, Emmet R., 738 Market St., Sandusky, Ohio. 1916. Hoehn, Alvy M., Ottoville, Ohio. 1912. Hoekzema, Otto Frederick, McBain, Mich. 1916. Hogarty, John J., 1724 Webster St., Oakland, Cal. 1916. Hogg, Edwin, 29 Butler Ave., Wilkes Barre, Pa. 1916. Holden, E: H., 23 Sanford St., Springfield, Mass. 1916. Hollander, Ferdinand, 4616 Corondelet St., New Orleans, La. 1915. Hollingsworth, Frederick H., 39 4th St., Council Bluffs, Ia. 1915. Hol lingsw orth, J. B., 105 Cambr idge St., Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Hollister, A. V. _ Clinton, Wis. 1916. Hollister, Wm. ive Avon, Tike 1906: Holmes, W. B., 225 E. Washington St., Springfield, Il. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 535 Holt, A. H., Charleston, W. Va. 1916. Holt, Campbell L., Box 465, Norfolk, Va. 1915. Hood, Archibald J., 910 Clauranald Ave., Montreal, Que. 1915. Hoopes, Herbert, Bel Air, Md. 1915. Hoover, Lee C., 11 So. 9th St., Richmond, Ind. 1916. Hope, Frederick 8., 134 N. Paxton St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915, Hopper, John B., 74 Maple Ave., Ridgewood, N. J. 1915. Hopper, John G., Chesapeake City, Md. 1914. Hornbaker, Jos. N., Front Royal, Va. 1916. Horne, 8. J., Stratton, Miss. 1916. Horner, Glenn W., Westminster, Md. 1916. Horner, Lewis D., Cor. Main St: & Bowen Ave., Woodstown, N. J. 1916 Horstman, Edward, Newton, Miss. 1915. Hoskins, Cheston M., 3452 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Hoskins, H. Preston, 30 Tireman Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Houchin, A. 8., Newark, Del. 1915.: Houck, U. G., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1916. Hover, E. V., Convoy, Ohio. 1916. Howard, C. H., 271 Sheldon St., Houghton, Mich. 1915. Howard, Clarence T., 11 N. Main St., Sullivan, Ind. 1916. Howard, W. K., Houston Pk. Co., Houston, Tex. 1916. Howe, Ivan G., Angelica, N. Y. 1916. Howe, Walter E., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1916. Howell, Edgar C., Bishop, Cal. 1916. Howett, Mark W., Brookville, Ohio. 1916. Howle, Thos. Blake, Oxford, Ala. 1916. Hoylman, John L., Franklin, Nebr. 1915. Hoyman, Harry J., Livestock Exchange Bldg., So. St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. Hubbell, Arthur D., 318 E. 2nd St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1916. Hudson, Bentley F., Moweaqua, [ll]. 1915. Hudson, Perey Wilbur, Americus, Ga. 1915. Hueben, Frank W., 1131 Riverview Ave., Kansas City, Kans. 1915. Huebschmann, John, 625 S. 3rd St., Baltimore, Md. 1916. Huelson, J., 348 W. 118 St., New York City, N. Y. 1916. Huff, Logan B., Box 227, Aurora, Ill. 1915. Huff, Wilson, 401 West Liberty St., Rome, N. Y. 1916. Huffman, Lindney R., R. R. No. 7, Paris, Ky. 1916. Huffman, Pleasant J., 104-5 Livestock Exchange Bldg., Fort Worth, Pex, 1913. Hufnal, William Thomas, City Food Inspector, Port Arthur, Tex. Hugins, Frank Almon, P. O. Bldg., South Side Sta., Omaha, Nebr. a 91D:; Hull, Martin, 20 Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. 1915. Humphrey, Earl H., Santa Maria, Cal. 1914. Humphreys, J. C., Chula, Mo. 1915, - 636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Hunt, Frank, 214 Washington St., Jamestown, N. Y. 1916. Hunt, J.C. 84 N. Union St., London, Ohio. 1915. Hurd, Ray B., 11th St. and 2nd Ave., Payette, Ida. 1916. Hurst, Dan W., Box 218, Tecumseh, Neb. 1916. Hurst, Wilbur H., Sioux Falls, S. D. 1916. Hurt, Leslie M., 665 N. Fair Oaks Ave., Pasadena, Cal. 1916. Husband, Aubrey G., 4th St., Belmont, Man. 1915. Hutchinson, John, 7045 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Huthman, G. H., 415 E. 7th St., Portland, Ore. 1915. Hutton, John P., 350 Nold Ave., Wooster, Ohio. 1915. Huyett, Walter G., East Market St., Wernersville, Pa. 1916. Hyde, Thomas F., Brookville, Ind. 1916. Hyland, Eugene H., Schuyler, Neb. 1915. Hylton, Floyd D., Box 612, Longmont, Colo. 1916. Ide, Almond H., 28 E. Elm St., Lowville, N. Y. 1916. Imes, Marion, Room 22, Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. 1916. Ingram, F. A., Com. of Agriculture, Hartford, Conn.. 1916. Ingram, William L., Florence, Ala. 1916. Irvine, D. A., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Irwin, Ivan B., Stonewall, Man. 1912. Irwin, Samuel, 24 W. Jackson St., Battle Creek, Mich. 1916. Irwin, W. G., 336 W. Main St., Carlisle, Ky. 1916. Isbell, George P., East 9th St., Hopkinsville, Ky. 1914. Ivens, Wm. H., 5328 Haverford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Iverson, John P., Box 287, Sacramento, Cal. 1915. Jackson, C. C., East Villard St., Dickinson, N. D. 1916. Jackson, Frank B., Camden, Ohio. 1915. Jackson, W.-P., 429 Salem St., Chico, Cal. 1916. Jacob, M., 312 W. Church Ave., Knoxville, Tenn. 1915. Jacobs, Thomas B., Newberry, 8. C. 1916. Jaffray, Davis S., Jr., 209 N. Des Plaines St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Jago, Thomas E., Athens, Ga. 1916. Jakeman, Harry W., University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 1916. Jakeman, Wm., Glace Bay, N.S. 1916. Jakeman, W. W., Halifax, N.S. 1916. James, Thomas D., 1123 Washburn St., Seranton, Pa. 1915. James, Wm. H., 557 LaSalle Rd., Verdun, Que. 1915. Jameson, John W., 817 Pleasant St., Paris, Ky. 1915. Jarman, G. A., Chestertown, Md. 1915. Jefferies, Jos. R., Columbus, N. M. 1916. Jefferson, Joseph H., Chicago Jet., Ohio. 1915. Jeffrey, Fred M., 1890 N. 12th St., Toledo, Ohio. 1915. Jelen, Frank, Box 734, Cedar Rapids, lar 1915, J enkins, Elbert A., 2027 Morgan St., Shelbyville, Ill. 1915. Jenks, Ralph C., 78 Croton Ave. , Ossining, N. Y. 1915. Jennings, C. G., Morris, Minn. 190g Jensen, H., 1320 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Jervis, Horace B. F., 1205 Lady St., Columbia, S.C. 1916, * PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 537 Jervis, James G., 3694 Victoria Drive, Vancouver, B. C. 1916. Jessen, Julius A., Shelby, Ia. 1916. Jewell, Charles H., 4th Cavalry, Schofield Barracks, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1916. Johannes, Conrad J., 22 Garfield Ave. 8., Hamilton, Ont. 1916. John, Carl E., Buckhannon, W. Va. 1916. : Johns, Clarence A., 120 W. Washington St., Medina, Ohio. 1916. Johnson, Aaron V:, 103 E. Oat St., New Albany, Ind. 1915. Johnson, Homer, Bussey, Ia. 1916. Johnson, Howard C., Brighton, Ia. 1916. Johnson, Joseph, Union Stock Yards, Laneaster, Pa. 1915. Johnson, Levi E., 429 Pecks Ave., San Antonio, Tex. 1916. Johnson, Oscar Joseph, Box 661, Miles City, Mont. 1916. Johnson, Philip E., Dayton, Ia. 1916. Johnson, Ralph H., Woodhull, Ill. 1916. Johnston, J. Fred, St. John, N. B. 1916. Johnston, Nerls A., 21 Loren St., Wetaskiwin, Alta. 1916. Joly, A, 60 Silver St., Waterville, Maine. 1915. Jones, Albert C., 108 W. Washington St., High Point, N.C. 1915. Jones, Chas. A., Nort! h Yakima, Wash. SHG. Jones, F'rederi ie S., Rockefeller Institute, 66th and Ave. A., Néw York, INNS: Jones, George Andrew, Box 102, Sedro Wooley, Wash. 1915. Jones, George B., Sidell, Ill. 1915. - Jones, James M., Lewisburg, Tenn. 1916. Jones, Philip K., 5604 Harvard St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1913. Jones, W. F., 311 Second St. E., McCook, Nebr. 1916. Jopling, William, North Star, Mich. 1915. Joss, Jesse M., Room 3327 Federal Bldg., Lincoln Nebr. 1915. Joy, James J., 243 Collingwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1915. Joyce, C. O., R. R. Box 406, Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. Juckniess, Paul, 617 N. 23rd St., So. Side Sta., Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Juhl, Chris E., Osage, Ia. 1916. Julien, Ren C., Delphi, Ind. 1916. Jung, Otto E., 1514 West 30th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1915. Jungerman, George T., Morrill, Kans. 1915. Kaiser, A. J., Kingsburg, Cal. 1915. Kalkus, Julius, 805 Linden Ave.,Pullman, Wash. 1916. Kammerer, R. A., 700 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo. 1915. Kann, R. L., Mechanisburg, Pa. 1915. Kannal, Harvey J., Rensselaer, Ind. 1916. Kartrude, Eilert H., Jasper, Minn. 1915. Katsunuma, Tomitzo, U. S. Immigration Service, Honolulu, Ee. 1915. Kaupp, B. F., West Raleigh, N. C. 1916. Kay, Gustav A., B. A. I., South Side Sta, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Kaylor, James M., Barry, Ill. 1916. Kean, Thomas J., 1630 W. Suydenham St., Philadelphia, Pa. _1916. 538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. Keane, Charles F., State Capitol, Sacramento, Calif. 1916. Keefe, E. M., Winters, Cal. 1915. Keehn, Wm. G., 2537 State St., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Keeley, Peter T., 238 N. Elm St., Waterbury, Conn. 1915. Keelor, J. R., Harleysville, Pa. 41915. Keene, Chas. A., 25 Beacon St., Fitchburg, Mass. 1916. Keene, Harry L., Shabbona, Ill. 1916. Keepers, Robert W., Greencastle, Pa. 1915. Keller, T. O., Ridgeville, Ind. 1915. Kelly, James S., 31 Exch. Bldg., Wichita, Kans. 1916. Kelly, Thomas, 1204 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Kelly, Wm. Henry, 233 Western Ave., Albany, N. Y. 1916. Kelpe, Henry O., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. M. 1916. Kelser, Raymond A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1916. Kelsey, Harry R., 1344 23rd St., Newport News, Va. 1916. Kemp, Donald T., St. Louis, Mich. 1916. Kempf, Silas, Roanoke, Ill. 1916. Kendrick, A. D., Homer, La. 1916. Keneley, Frank Thomas, Twin Falls, Ida. 1916. Kennedy, E. D., Ogden, Utah. 1916. Kennedy, James F., Bloomington, Wis. 1916. Kennedy, R. T., Bucyrus, Ohio. 1916. Kennedy, W. W., 74 E. First St., Fulton, N. Y. 1915. Kenney, Thos. G., Bismarck, N. D. 1915. Keresey, Dennis L., 15 Bridge St., Danbury, Conn. 1915. Kern, Charles B., Beloit, Kans. 1915. Kern, Harry F., 1208 Heard Nat. Bank Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. TOM Kernkamp, Howard, 829 East 3rd St., St. Paul, Minn. 1916. Kerr, Owen, Turlock, Cal. 1916. Ketchum, F. D.,S. St. Paul, Minn. 1915. Kettlehorn, A. H., Broadway, Columbus, Wis. 1916. Keyes, Burton, 118 Falmouth St., Sydney, C. B., N.S. 1916. Keys, Archibald A., 117 N. 10th St., Minneapolis, Minn. Kickbusch, Frank O., B. A. I., Grand Rapids, Wis. 1916. Kielsmeier, S. G., Plymouth, Wis. 1916. Kiernan, John A., B. A. I., Birmingham, Ala. 1915. Kigin, Lawrence C., Lafayette, Ind. 1915. Kigin, Thomas F., 102 No. Green St., Tipton, Ind. 1916. Kille, Wilmer B., 127 Grant St., Salem, N. J. 1915. Kineaid, Albert R., Stonington, Ill. 1916. King, D. Edward, Jr., Box 1299, Mobile, Ala. 1916. King, John, Carlisle, Sask. 1916. King, Paul R., Remount No. 2, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas. 1915. King, Samuel A., 77 Albany Ave., Waycross, Ga. 1915. King, William M., 1671 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Kingman, Harry E., State Agri. College, Fort Collins, Colo. 1916. Kingman, H. W., 19 West Canton St., Boston, Mass. 1915. ai PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 639 ‘Kingston, Richard H., 41 Convent Ave., New York, N. Y. 1946. Kinney, William M., 133 So. Grant St., Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio. 1916. Kinsey, George W., 931 Market St., Wheeling, W. Va. 1916. Kinsley, A. T., 1836 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Kinsley, C. C., Oakley, Kans. 1916. Kinyon, B. F., Ladysmith, Wis. 1915. Kippen, N. A., Independence, Ia. 1916. Korby.A.C., Page, N. D. 1916. Kirby, Bassett, 85 Cooper St., Woodbury, N. J. 1919. Kjerner, Rudolph, Chatfield, Minn. 1915. Klein, Louis A., 39th & Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Kline, A. J., Fulton St., Wauseon, Ohio. 1915. Kliphardt, Wm. A., 3537 A. Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Klotz, Joseph W., Noblesville, Ind. 1915. Knapp, Anton E. (Mail returned). 1913. Knapp, Albert C., 2414 North Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. 1916. Knapp, G. A., Millbrook, N. Y. 1916. Knapp, V. M., 37 New St., Danbury, Conn. 1916. Knight, Ralph F., 109 W. Henley St., Olean, N. Y. 1915. Knowles, Albert D., 302 8S. 4th St., W., Missoula, Mont. 1916. Knowles, Virgil W., 305 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. 1916. Knutzen, Virgil H., Cleveland, Miss. 1916. Koch, Julius, East Second St., Downey, Cal. 1916. Kocher, Frank T., Marietta, Pa. 1916. Koehler, Edward F., 6th and Church St., Easton, Pa. 1916. Koen, John Stratton, Room 18, Federal Bldg., Des Moines, Ia. 1915. Koon, George H., 12th Cavalry, Hachita, N. Mex. 1916. Koonce, Lafayette F., 324 S. Blount St., Raleigh, N.C. 1915. Korb, Walter A., Dept. of Agriculture, [loilo Dloilo, P. I. 1915. Kragness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Kreamer, Wilbur C., 1010 Market St., Sunbury, Pa. 1916. Kreider, W. E., Wadsworth, Ohio. 1916. Kreuziger, Martin W. Hotel Rudolph, Bowman, N. D. 1915. Krey, Theodore F., 451 Sheridan Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Krohn, Lester D., 1465 60th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Kron, Oscar Jacob, 1886 Goldengate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Kubin, Edison F., McPherson, Kans. 1916. Kuhn, J. M., Mercersburg, Pa. 1916. Kulp, A. I., Box 349, Adel, Iowa. 1915. Lacroix, J. Victor, 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Ladson, Thomas Arthur, Hyattsville, Md. 1915. Lamb, Charles G., 1140 Corona St., Denver, Colo. 1916. Lamb, Percy, care Ernest Lamb, Worting Basingstable Hants, Eng. 1916. Lambert, F. A., O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. 1916. Lambert, F. W., Box 29, New Windsor, Md. 1916. Lambrechts, T., Box 71, Montevideo, Minn. 1916. 640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. Lames, G., Dysart, Ia. 1916. Land, L. M., Limestone & Short Sts., Lexington, Ky. 1916. Landon, Frank D. M., 16 Pleasant St., Great Barrington, Mass. 1915. Langdon, Harry B., Charlestown, W. Va. 1916. Lange, A. W., Lakemills, Wis. 1916. Langevin, J. O., Hull, Que. 1916. Langford, Samuel M., College St., Martinsburg, W. Va. 1916. LaPointe, R., St. Peter, Minn. 1915. Lapple, Edward, 1382 Exch. Bldg., care Northern Serum Co., Sioux City, las B19: Largent, Bert H., Battle Ground, Ind. 1915. Larson, Louis N., P. O. Block, Whitehall, Wis. 1915. Larson, Vernon S8., Berlin, Wis. 1916. Lash, Cris. D., B. A. I., So. St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Lasher, Geo. H., Rutland, Ohio. 1916. Lassen, Christian W., 516 Bush St., Pendleton, Ore. 1916. Latshaw, Joseph B., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Law, James, 3 The Circle, Ithaca, N. Y. 1915. Law, Samuel T., Colebrook, N. H. 1916. Lawton, A. N., 2 Clinton Ave., Broadhead, Wis. 1914. Lawton, Fletcher E., 110 Madison St., Greencastle, Ind. 1915. Layne, Ernest, Huntington, W. Va. 1916. Leach, E. D., 333 Clinton St., Ft. Wayne, Ind. 1916. Leckie, Andrew A., Charlottetown, P. E. I. 1916. LeClaire, Thos. Edw., P. O. Box 501, Calgary, Alta. 1916. Lee, Daniel D., 549 Albany St., Boston, Mass. 1915. Lee, J. D., Menomonie, Wis. 1916. Lee, W. H., Brundidge, Ala. 1915. Leech, G. Ed., 322 Main St., Winona, Minn. 1915. Lees, Arnold F., Red Wing, Minn. 1916. Legenhausen, Adolph H., Weldon, Ill. 1913. Legner, Arthur J., Leland, Ill. 1916. Leibold, A. A., 4515 North Robey St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Leigh, Beverly M., 411 20th Ave., Meridan, Miss. 1913. Leininger, Daniel B., 7th Cavalry, Douglas, Ariz. 1916. Leith, Fred J., 1401 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Leith, T. L., Ames, Ia. 1916. Lemley, Geo. Grant, 2106 Cumming St., Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Lenfestey, John H., Lyons, Ohio. 1916. Lentz, Wm. J., 39th & Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Leonard, Milton M., 18 South Park Square, Asheville, N. C. 1915. Leslie, Chas. A., 10 Masonic Temple, Deadwood, 8S. D. 1915. Lett, Haskell, 111 W. 8rd St., Seymour, Ind. 1916. Letteney, James T., 42 Charles St., Rochester, N. H. 1916. Leutholt, Henry, 250 Main St., Taylor, Pa. 1915. Lewis, Harold M., 20 Railroad Sq., Nashua, N. H. 1916. Lewis, Henry 8., 110 Washington Ave., Chelsea, Mass. 1916, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 641 Lewis, James, Greenwood, Miss. 1915. Lewis, Seymour V., Glenwood City, Wis. 1915. Lewis, Watson F., Waseca, Minn. 1916. Lewis, Walter K., 901 Union Nat’l Bank Bldg., Columbia, S. C. 1916. Lichenwalter, H. W. C., 1215 15th St., Sacramento, Cal. 1916. Lichty, Wm. W., Woodstock, Ill. 1915. Leinhardt, H. F., 102 Lancaster Ave., Wayne, Pa. 1916. Likely, Chas. W., Ankeny, Ia. 1916. | Linberg, John W., 228 N. 58rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Linch, Charles, 123 North Allen St., Albany, N. Y. 1915. Lincoln, Willis B., Neuhoff Abattoir-& Packing Co., Nashville, Tenn. ig iby Lindburg, O. Enoch, Union Stock Yards, Sioux City, Ia. 1915. Lindley, Paul S., Paoli, Ind. 1915. Lipp, Carl Frederick, 4040 Prairie Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Lipp, Charles C., Brookings, S. D. 1915. Lipp, George A., Box 818, Roswell, N..M. 1916. Lobdell, Stephen 'C., 6 S. 38rd St., LaFayette, Ind. 1916. Locke, George H., Lockford, Cal. 1915. Lockett, Stephen, Univ. of Nev., Reno, Nev. 1916. Lockhart, Andrew A., Box 131, Carnduff, Sask. 1916. Lockhart, Ashe, 1336 East 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Logan, Edward A., 3209 Mitchell Ave:, St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Logan, James A., Oakes, N. D. 1915. Lollar, Ernest E., Red Cloud, Nebr. 1915. Lombard, Charles M., 4502 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Longley, Otis A.,24th and Broadway, Western Laboratories, Oak- land, Cal. 1916. Longnecker, Allen G., Hickman, Ky. 1916. Lothe, Herbert, Waukesha, Wis. 1915. Louck, Rex Clark, Clarence, Ia. 1915. Love, Grover V., Main St., Chalmers, Ind. 1916. Lovejoy, J. W., Federal Bldg., Augusta, Ga. 1916. Loveland, Grove W., 49 East Main St., Torrington, Conn. 1916. Lovell, Roy, 200 W. 5th St., York, Nebr. 1915. Lowe, J. Payne, 171 Jefferson St., Passaic, N. J. 1915. Lowrey, Frederick H. S., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Lueas, Clinton E., Olney, Ill. 1916. Lueder, Charles A., 752 North Front St., Morgantown, W. Va. 1916. Lukes, Harry, 441 Sumner Ave., Springfield, Mass. 1916. Lull, Elmer L., Parma, Ida. 1916. Lundell, A. O., 218 Livestock Exchange, Fort Worth, Tex. 1916. Luther, W. H., Boonville, Ind. 1915. Luzador, Roy A., Morrisonville, Ill. 1916. Lyman, Richard P., P. O. Box 1018, East Lansing, Mich. 1916. Lynch, John E., 124 West 22nd St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916, Lyon, H. C., Hutchinson, Minn. 1916. 542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. Lytle, Harrison W., Salem, Ore. 1916. MacCormack, Douglas C., North Baltimore, Ohio. 1915. - MacIntosh, Robert Duncan, 296 Danforth Ave., Toronto, Ont. 1914. Maclsaac, D. A., St. Andrews, N.S. 1916. Mack, C. A., Gilbert Plains, Man. 1916. Mack, James F., River Falls, Wis. 1916. Mack, Winfred B., University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 1916. MacKellar, Robert S., 8351 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. 1916. MacKellar, Wm. M., 211 Federal Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. 1916. Mackie, Clement L. (Mail returned,) 1913. Mackie, Cyril, N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Mackie, F. H., 1035 Cathedral St., Baltimore, Md. 1916. MacMaster, Donald A., Dalkeith, Ont.” 1916. MacMillan, Donald, Box 74, High River, Alta. 1916. Madson, Wm., Appleton, Wis. 1916. Maguire, Francis X., Hotel Warwick, Newport News, Va. 1916. Mahaffy, Thomas J., 903 W. Forsythe St., Jacksonville, Fla. 1916. Mahon, James, 40514 Main St., Irwin ,Pa. 1915. Mair, Alexander M., 131 8S. Bloomington St., Streator, Ill. 1916. Major, John P., City Bldg., Anderson, 8. C., 1916. Makins, E., Jr., Box 445, Abilene, Kans. 1915. Malcolm, Peter, New Hampton, Ia. 1915. “Malone, William J., Mt. Horeb, Wis. 1916. Maloney, Thos. E., 1095 N. Main St., Fall River, Mass. 1916. Mangan, Daniel J., 2557 Third Ave., Bronx, New York, N. Y. 1916. Mansfield, Charles M., 1344 Newton St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 1916. Mantor, Herbert O., 354 Chestnut Ave., Long Beach, Cal. 1916. Manuel, Edward A., 232 Park Pl., Des Plaines, ll. 1915. .- Marks, Daniel G., 548 West 12th St., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Marquardt, S. J., Barnesville, Ohio. 1915. Marquis, Francis M., French Camp, Cal. 1916. Marriott, Wm. H., 2 Harrington Pl., Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Marsh, Hadleigh, 3401 16th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 1916. Marshall, Charles W., Main St., Brewster, N. Y. 1915. Marshall, Clarence J., 39th & Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Marshall, Freeman A., Barberton, Ohio. 1916. Marshall, Henry, 202 Federal Bldg., Richmond, Va. 1916. Marshall, Herbert, Mechum River, Va. 1916. Marsteller, Ross P., College Station, Tex. 1916. Martin, Harry D., 481 Rhode Island Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. 1916. Martin, Robert D., 1192 Broad St., Bridgeport, Conn. 1916. Martin, Stanley T., 281 James St., Winnipeg, Man. 1916. Martin, W. E., 281 James St., Winnipeg, Man. 1916. Marvel, Alex. L., Owensville, Ind. 1915. Mason, A: L., Oahu, Hoi 13 Mason, William D., Box 488, Elko, Nev. 1915. eal PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 543 Mathews, E., 187 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J. 1916. Mattrocce, Daniel L., ‘‘J’’ St., Los Banos, Cal. 1916. Mauldin, Columbus E., Jeanerette, La. 1915. Mawer, George C., 9219 Clifton Blvd., Cleveland, Ohio. 1916. Maxon, Fay I., 62 Oakland Terrace, Hartford, Conn. 1916. Maxson, Wilbur B., Flemington, N. J. 1915. Mayer, Gustave P., Elk Rapids, Mich. 1916. Maynard, Lee H. P., 1937 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Maze, Luther A., care Parke, Davis & Co., Rochester, Mich. 1915. McAdory, Isaac S., Auburn, Ala. 1915. McAlister, Rancie G., 1259 Fillmore St., Corvallis, Ore. 1916. McAlpine, D., Box 696, Brockville, Ont. McBride, Wm. J., Amherstburg, Ont. 1916. McCaffrey, James, Lock Box 83, Red Bank, N. J. 1915. McCall, Wm. R., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1916. MeUarthy, H. H., 317 N. 3d St., Pottsville, Pa. 1915. McCarthy, Henry J., Arlington, Md. 1915. McCarthy, Nathaniel, Castor, Alta. 1916. McCarthy, Thos. A., Santa Fe, N. M. 1914. McCartney, John, Middletown, N. Y. 1916. : McCaskill, Alexander W., Weyburn, Sask. 1915. _MeCaughey, N. W., Church St. Veterinary Hospital, Presque Isle, Me. 1915. McClellan, Milton P., 222 Hongus Crescent, Regina, Sask. 1915, McClelland, Alfred H., Walton, N. Y. 1916. McClelland, Frank E., 455 Ellicott Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. 1916. McCloskey, Anthony J., Chestnut Hill, Pa. 1915. McCord, Frank A., 215 Queens Ave., Edmonton, Alta. 1915. McCowen, D., Edgeley, N. D. 1915. McCoy, Ellis E., Canton, Miss. 1916. McCoy, Franklin C., 1623 South I. St., Bedford, Ind. 1916. McCoy, John E., Lock Box 21, Cawker City ,Kans. 1916. McCrank, J. A., 79 Sailly Ave. Plattsburg, N. Y. 1915. MecCuaig, D., McAdam Jct., N. B. 1916. McCulley, Robert W., 38 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. 1915. McCullough, Edw. Alex, 219 McDowell St., Delavan, Wis. 1916. McCurdy, Frank C., 616 N. 10th St., St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. McCushing, Francis P., 104. High St., Keene, N. H. 1915. MeDaniel, J. C., 1319 S. A. St., Elwood, Ind. 1915. McDaniel, John S., East Lansing, Mich. 1915. McDonald, D. M., 3932 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. McDonough, James, 47 Portland Place, Montclair, N. J. 1915. McDonough, John F., 1707 S. 22d St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. McDowell, Harris B., Box 77, Middletown, Del. 1916. McElyea, Lewis W., Ames, Ia. 1915. McFarland, C. M., 230 Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Ia. 1916. McFatridge, Howard S., 30 Argyle St., Halifax, N. S. 1915. McGillivray, George, Box 303, Roseau, Minn. 1916. 544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. McGilvray, Chas. D., Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Man. 1916. - McGinnis, Ralph W., 724 Washington Ave., Ogden, Utah. 1916. McGrath, Miss Elinor, 3217 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. McGroarty, Bernard, Boothwyn, Pa. 1913. McGuire, W. C., Pitt & Second Sts., Cornwall, Ont. 1915. McInnes, Benjamin K., 57 Queen St., Charleston, S. C. 1916. MeIntosh, Chas., 74 La Salle Road, Verdun, Que. 1916. McIntyre, John S., Foam Lake, Sask. 1916. McKay, Alexander M., 527 4th Ave., Calgary, Alta. 1915. McKenna, John F., 616 Eye St., Fresno, Cal. 1916. McKenzie, K. J., Northfield, Minn. 1916. McKercher, Arthur, 115 Ionia St. E., Lansing, Mich. 1915. McKey, John, 1926 W. 1st St., Duluth, Minn. 1915. MeKillip, Chester A., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. MecKillip, George B., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. McKillip, Matthew H., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1915. McKillip, Walter J., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. McKim, Charles A., 2510 P. St., Lineoln, Nebr. 1915. McKin, H. C., 665 N. Fair Oaks, Pasadena, Cal. 1916. McKim, Orville K., 338 West 56th St., New York City. 190 McKinney, Wm. J:, 585 Driggs St., Brooklyn, Ne o¥o-n 1905) McKinnon, John ie Land Transportation, Manila; P; Tear MeLain, John H., Inkster, N. D. 1916. McLaughlin, Wm., Rush City, Minn. 1916. McLean, Adam T., Truro, N. S. 1915. McLean, Wm. C., San Mateo, Cal. 1916. McLeay, John D., Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. McLeod, J. H., Charles City, Ia. 1915. McMullen, Robert H., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1916. MeNair, Frederick H., 2126 Haste St., Berkeley, Cal. 1916. McNally, Michael, 1412 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. 1914. McNamara, W. F., 8 Green St., Worcester, Mass. 1916. McNaughton, D. D., 717 Kelly Ave., Devil’s Lake, N. D. 1915. McNeal, Harry T., Lancaster, Pa. 1916. MeNeal, Neal, Burkettsville, O. 1916. MeNeil, John H., 39th and Woodland Ave. , Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. MeNiven, Alexander, Williston, N. D. 1916. McPike, Clarence, Cando, N. D. 1916. Mead, R. N., 301 Federal Bldg., care B. A. I., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. ; Meador, Daniel J., Auburn, Ala. 1916. Meadors, W. H., National Stock Yards, E. St. Louis, Ill. 1915. Meads, Frederick F., 477 Cherokee, Okla. 1916. Mebane, Wm. Long, Rockwood, Maine. 1915. Megowan, Claude L., 1021 J. St., Sacramento, Cal. 1916. Meiners, R. F., Boonton, N. J. 1914. Meixel, Earl J., Rapid City, S. Dak. 1916. Mendenhall, Maurice, Detroit, Mich. 1916. lintel PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. §45 Merillat, Louis A., 1827 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Merriman, Cecil M., Mt. Pulaski, Ill. 1916. Metcalf, Glenn A., Knoxville, Tenn. 1916. Metcalfe, A. R., Van Kleek Hill, Ont. 1916. Metzger, Geo. E., 99 Western Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. Meyer, George W., 528 Washington St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Meyer, Karl F., 2d and Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, Cal. 1916. Meyst, Frederick W., 144 Bryant St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 1915. Michael, Leo B., East Main St., Collinsville, Tl. 1915. Michael, Wm..R., Highland, Ill. 1916. Michner, Hiram M., North Wales, Pa. 1914. Middleton, Asa C., Grundy Center, Ia. 1916. Milks, Howard J., N. Y. State Vet. Col., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Mill, Benj. F., Denison, Ia. 1916. Millard, Hugh R., 2507 Central Ave., Cheyenne, Wyo. 1916. Millen, Charles J., care Jacob E. Decker & Sons, Mason City, Iowa. 1916. Miller, A. W., Box 162, South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Miller, C. A., 411 S. Jackson St., Louisville, Ky. 1916. Miller, Chester, Elliot & Co., Duluth, Minn. 1915. Miller, Dale A., 29 Vine St., Dayton, Ohio. 1913. Miller, Daniel S., 1017'S. 47th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Miller, Frederick A., Fitchburg, Mass. 1916. Miller, Harry K., 128 W. 53rd St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Miller, John F., 24 New Scotland Ave., Albany, N. Y. 1915. Miller, John M., 152 Louis St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1916. Miller, John P., 46 Reed St., Reading, Pa. 1913. Miller, Melvin W., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. M. 1916. Miller, Thomas C., 600 Tribune Bldg., Winnigep, Man. 1916. Miller, W. J., Indianola, Iowa. 1916. Mills, C. C., 355 E. Main St., Decatur, Ill. 1916. Mills, Lee H., 118 Pear] St., Burlington, Vt. 1913. Miner, George H., 180 Claremont Ave., Buffalo, N.Y. 1915. Missall, Frank C., Cor. Mill and Pine St., Santa Maria, Cal. 1916. Mitchell, Adrian J., Sr., 1219 Peach St., Erie, Pa. 1916. Mitchell, Aquila, 3rd Artillery, U. S. A., Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 1916. Mitchell, George C., Kalmath Falls, Ore. 1915. Mitchell, Harry B., R. F. D. 2, Wellsboro, Pa. 1915. Mitchell, James F., 212 East 8th St., Anaconda, Mont. 1915. Mitterling, Ira, 302 Montgomery St., Hollidaysburg, Pa. 1916. Mix, C. C., 110 W.- Jackson St., Battle Creek, Mich. 1916. Mock, C. E., Ryegate, Mont. 1916. Mock, Wm., 53 North Fourth St., Easton Pa. 1916. Moegling, Richard E., 3017 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1913. Mohler, John R., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 1916. Molgard, Peter C., Ruskin, Neb. 1916. 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. Molt, Fred 8., Big Spring, Tex. 1915. Moody, Arthur H., 402 Armitage St., Three Rivers, Mich. 1915. Moody, Geo. C., Mason, Mich. 1916. Moody, Robert P., 111 Sutton St., Maysville, Ky. 1916. Moore, A. E., 175 Waverly St., Ottawa, Ont. 1915. Moore, Charles S., 5 Oak St., Danvers, Mass. 1916. Moore, Hamlet, 610 N. Rampart St., New Orleans, La. 1915. Moore, Herbert K., 4300 Ellis Ave., Apt. D. 2, Chicago, Ill. 1916. Moore, Hubert O., Box 299, Hattiesburg, Miss. 1915. - Moore, Robert C., St. Joseph Vet. College., St. Joseph, Mo. 1916. Moore, Robert G., Dunlap, Ia. 1916. Moore, Sheard, 608 Iberville St., Donaldsonville, La. 1916. Moore, Veranus A., 914 E. State St., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Moorehouse, Wm. B., 37 Main St., Tarrytown, N. Y. 1913. Morehouse, Walter G., 746 Mill St., Salem, Ore. 1915. Morey, B. Franklin, 235 8. Main St., Clinton, Ind. 1915. Morgan, Frank W., 6th & Cherry Sts., Chattanooga, Tenn. 1916. Morgan, Ray, Skidmore, Mo. 1916. Morgan, Samuel 8., Richmond, Mo. 1916. Morgan, Wm. Jerome, Seaton, Ill. 1916. Morin, C. L., 9 Messenger St., St. Albans, Vt. 1915. Morris, Edward H., 221 Main St., Derby, Conn. 1915. Morris, Harry, Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La. 1915. Morrow, Albert C., Dillon, Mont. 1915. Morse, Jas. E., 3 Brock Crescent, Toronto, Ont. 1916. Morse, John H., Box 377, Sumter, 8. C. 1915. Moss, Harry T., 710 W. Third St., Dayton, Ohio. 1916. Mount, Willet C., 825 Crittenden St., Red Bluff, Cal. 1916. Moyer, Calvin W., Quakertown, Pa. 1915. Moyer, Frank Leonard, Carey, Ohio. 1916. Moyer, Vincent C. 1914. Moyniham, William, 135 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Mueller, Ferdinand A., 459 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Muller, Herman J., Long Green, Md. 1916. Mulvey, Charles J., Mooers, New York. 1916. Munce, Thomas W., care H. K. Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. 1915. Munee, Edward T., State Livestock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. 1915. Munger, Grant B., 2226 N. Illinois St., Indianapolis Ind. 1916. Munn, Albert A., Kearney, Nebr. 1916. Munn, Ahizah J., Fayette, Mo. 1915. Murch, Alfred Littlefield, 17 Boynton St., Bangor, Me. 1915. Murison, James J., Manor St., Arcola, Sask. 1916. - Murphey, Howard Sylvester, 519 Welch Ave., Ames, Iowa. 1916. Murphy, Bernard W., 604 N. 11th St., St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Murphy, Daniel E., Prairie du Sac, Wis. 1916. Murphy, Francis P., 1813 N. 2nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1914, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 547 Murphy, Joseph Whitmore, 901 Union Bank Bldg., Columbia, S. C. 1916 Murray, Alexander G., Ingersoll, Ont. 1916. Musselman, S. F., Frankfort, Ky. 1916. Mydland, Gustav Herman, Everest, Kans. 1916. Myers, Chas. H., 100 Berlin St., Middletown, Conn. 1916. Myers, Harry E., 140 S. Main St., Fostoria, Ohio. 1916. Myers, Sidney D., 215 Walnut St., Wilmington, Ohio. 1916. Nance, Joseph E., Anadarko, Okla. 1915. Nash, Elmer Dennett, 717 Sixth Ave., Helena, Mont. 1915. Nattress, Joseph T., Delevan, Il. 1915. ° Naylor, Ralph Edelen, Box 397, Cheyenne, Wyo. 1915. Neidig, C. C., Luck, Wis. 1916. ~ Neilson, Norman, 345 Market St., Colusa, Cal. 1915. Nelson, Amos F., 656 E. 21st St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Nelson, Charles A., 224 Front St., Brainard, Minn. 1915. Nelson, Conrad L., 810 S. 16th St., St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Nelson, Nelson L., Box 295, Ames, Ia. 1916. Neuhaus, Charles O., Union Stock Yards, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915. Newburg, Louis, 2442 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Newcomb, Harrie H., Salem, Mass. 1916. Newcomer, E. W., Mt. Joy, Pa. 1916. Newgent, Ottaway C., 1448 Sycamore St., Terre Haute, Ind. 1916. Newhard, Irwin C., 400 Center St., Ashland, Pa. 1916. Newman, Lloyd V., 800 Lincoln Ave., York, Nebr. 1915. Newsom, I. Ernest, Colo. Agricultural College, Ft. Collins, Colo. 1916. Aeon Newton, J. V., 619 Walnut St., Toledo, Ohio. 1916. Ney, William O., Michigan City, Miss. 1914. Nice, Frank K., 3514 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Nicholas, George B., 1404 Homes St., Kansas City, Mo. 1914. Nichols, Abner Z., Hillsdale, Mich. 1916. Nichols, Percival K., 107 Harrison Ave., Port Richmond, Staten sland, N.¥= 1915. Niday, C. Ross, 805 2nd Ave., Gallipolis, Ohio. 1916. Nighbert, E. M., 1208 Heard Nat’! Bank, Jacksonville, Fla. 1915. Nighbert, James D., Pittsfield, Il. 1916. Niles, W. B., Box 927, Ames, Ia. 1915. Nissley, Solomon M., 18 Spring St., Bellefonte, Pa. 1916. Niven, Andrew B., Crawfordsville, Ind. 1914. Nixon, Robert B., Demopolis, Ala. 1915. Noack, Otto G., 54S. 6th St., Reading, Pa, 1915. Noback, Charles V., Otisville, N. Y. 1916. Noble, Geo. Edw., 1312 Grove St., Boise, Idaho. 1916. Nolechek, Wm. F., Thorp, Wis. 1916. Noonan, Albert J., Bernard, Ia. 1913. Norden, Carl J., 1518 Paseo St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. Norgaard, Victor A., Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu, Hawaii. Norris, Clarence L., 4 L. 8. Record Bldg., U. S. Stockyards, Chicago, TES Si eS: Northrup, Leonard E., 105 N. Davidson St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916 Norton, Edwin S8., Greenville, Miss. 1916. Norton, J. C., Cor. Washington & Ist Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 1916: Norton, Oscar M., 109 Main St., Greenville, Miss. 1916. Norton, Robert S., Velva, N. D. 1915. Nowell, Luster D., 118 12th Ave., Humboldt, Tenn. 1916. Noyes, Orrin W.. Valentine, Nebr. 1915. Nulph, Pearley E., Crosby, N. D. 1916. Nulty, Nathaniel S., Nevada, Ia. 1916: Nunn, Henry, Box 337, McMinnville, Ore. 1916. O’Banion, Archie L., 1209 W. 54th St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1915. O’Bryan, Sherid, Pesotum, Ill. 1916. O’Connor, Joseph, West Hope, N. D. 1915. Odell, Edwin O., Central City, Nebr. 1916. O’Donnell, Michael J., 241 Grove St., Blue Island, Ill. 1915. Oesterhaus, J. H., 465 Livestock Exch., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. O’Hara, Peter W., Manotick, Ont. 1916. O’Hara, R. T., Maxville, Ont. 1916. O’Harra, William G., Galloway, Ohio. 1915. Ojers, Samuel P., Box 454, Crete, Nebr. 1916. Oliver, Walter Gordon, 905 1st St., San Diego, Cal. 1916. Oliver, Karl M., 646 Central Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 1916. Olsen, Luther E-, eare U.S. B. A. I., St. Paul, Minn. 1915. Olson, Louis, McIntosh, Minn. 1916. Olthouse, Martin, Grass Lake, Mich. 1915. O’Neil, Wm. R., L. B. 494, Newman, Cal. 1916. Orchard, Geo. W., Windsor, Ont. 1916. O’Reilly, James M., 508 E. 3rd St., Merrill, Wis. 1915. Orme, Thos. Whitfield, 260 5th St., San Bernardino, Cal. 1916. O’Rourke, John Michael, 720 Valencia St., San Francisco, Cal. 1915 Orr, William Crosby, Dillon, Mont. 1915. Ortiz, Carlos, 26 Villa St., Ponce, Porto Rico. 1913. Osborn, Orin H., Paynesville, Minn. 1915. O’Toole, Stephen, Atlanta Board of Health, Atlanta, Ga. 1916. Outhier, C. B., Salinas, Cal. 1916. Pace, John C., Box 597, Calexico, Cal. 1916. Paine, Harold, Rosetown, Saskatchewan. 1916. Palmer, Clinton Budd, No. 15 N. 2nd St., Easton, Pa. 1915. Palmer, Donald B., Livestock Sanitary Board. St. Paul, Minn. 1916. Palmer, Floyd Elbert, Owatonna, Minn. 1915. Palmer, H. F., Brooklyn, Mich. 1916. Paquette, J. D., Cuba City, Wis. 1916. Paquin, Charles Henry, 17 Fiske St., Worcester, Mass. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 549 Paquin, Leon A., Box 225, Webster, Mass. 1915. Parker, Chas. S., Fayette, Ia. 1916. Parker, John Clarke, 28 Pearl St., St. Albans, Vt. 1915. Parker, Leon L., 439 Main St., Catskill, N. Y. 1916. Parkinson, George H., Box 799, Middletown, Conn. 1915. Parrish, Roscoe Damron, 1724 Davenport St., Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Parrish, William Waller, 2808 Central Ave., Tampa, Fla. 1915. Parse, Franklin L., Columbia, Miss. 1916. Patric, Lewis A., 132 Cedar St., Snohomish, Wash. 1915. Patrick, Murray E., Keystone Hotel, Penn. Ave., Greenburg, Pa. 1915, Patterson, Elijah E., 650 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Patterson, E. I., Box 34, Savannah, Ga. 1915. Patterson, Henry G., 915 Gravier St., New Orleans, La. 1913. Pattison, Homer D., Lock Box 40, Beloit, Wis. 1916. Patton, Wm. T., Coutts, Alta. 1916. Paul, Arthur, Box 291, Portersville, Cal. 1915. Paxson, Wm. H., Marietta, Pa. 1916. Paxton, Irving B., Box 562, Red Bluff, Cal. 1915. Pearce, Charles D., 10 Carhart Ave., Binghamton, N. Y. 1916. Pearce, Dee, Box 222, Celeste, Tex. 1916. Pearce, Frank H., Carson, Ia. 1915. Pearson, Charles, Amarillo, Tex. 1916. Peck, Sanford Artisan, Oak Grove, Mo. 1915. Pederson, Gunerius M., Hamler, Ohio. 1916. Pedigo, George W., Glasgow, Ky. 1916. Peirce, Harrie W., 83 Playstead Road, West Medford, Mass. 1915. Peirce, Lawrence L., 452 Robbins Road, Arlington Heights, Mass. 1915. Pendergast, Walter M., 316 West Willow St., Syracuse, N. Y. 1916. Penniman, G. P., cor. Exchange & Commercial Sts., Worces-er, Mass. 1h iae Perkins, Chester R., 19 Hillside Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. 1916. Perrin, Floyd, Spencer, Nebr. 1916. Perry, Burton A., Hastings, Mich. 1916. Perry, Chas. H., 82 Park Ave., Worcester, Mass. 1915. Perry, F. M., Edgell St., Framingham, Mass. 1915. Perry, James G., Box 294, Ennis, Tex. 1915. Peters, A. T., Box 43, Peoria, ll. 1916. Petersen, Theodore J., Ukiah, Calif. 1914. Peterson, Peter T., 5618 E. 16th St., Oakland, Calif. 1916. Pethick, W. H., Charlottetown, P. E. Isle. 1915. Petty, Clarence C., Lake Odessa, Mich. 1915. Pfarr, Albert Wm., 4623 Friendship St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1916. Pfersick, Jacob G., 3 Leonard St., Greenfield, Mass. 1915. Phelps, Chas. D., Fifth St., Clear Lake, Ia. 1915. Phelps, Oliver Jay, Mill St. Y. M. C. A. Bldg., Lexington, Ky. 1916. Philips, Chas. 8., Mt. Vernon, Wash. 1916. ‘550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Phillips, J. M., 3732 W. Pine Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 1915. Phillips, 8. C. 1914. Philp, F. W., Lock Box 204, Mineral Point, Wis. 1915. Phyfe, Walter H., 9 Grove St., Middletown, N. Y. 1915. Piatt, D. A., 1706 2nd Ave., Birmingham, Ala. 1915. Piatt, Harry B., 3618 N. 9th St., St. Louis, Mo. 1916. Pickens, Earl Max, 106 Cook St., Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Pielemeier, Henry, R. D. No. 1, Solsberry, Ind. 1915. Pierce, Foster H., Faulkton, 8. D. 1915. Pine, Henry E., Carrizoza, New Mex. 1916. Pinkham, Gerald 8., Coutts, Alta. 1916. -Pinkross, Rolf D., Camp Denison, Ohio. 1913.. Pirie, Leslie D., 172 Garfield St., Santa Cruz, Calif. 1915. Pistor, Adolph J., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1916. Plantz, John Frank, 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. 1915. Plaskett, Wilford S., Clinton, Mass. 1916. Platt, Robert M., Coldwater, Kas. 1915. Playdon, C. H., Reading, Mass. 1916. Plumer, Myron L., Branchville, N. J. 1916. . Plummer, Alex., 1215 W. 37th St., Los Angeles, Calif. 1916. Poe, C. E., 113 E. Franklyn St., Hagerstown, Md. 1916. Poirier, J. O., Trois Rivieres, Que. 1916. ; Pollard, John Saml., 183 Harrison St., Providence, R. I. 1916. Pomfret, Henry, 158 Athol St., Winnipeg, Man. 1914. Pooley, John R., 820 S. 14th St., Cedar Rapids, Ia. 1915. Pope, George W., 1349 Meridian Place, N. W., Washington, D. C. OS: Porter, E. C., 120 N. Mercer St., New Castle, Pa. 1916. Porter, Fred W., 104 W. Ross Ave., Tampa, Fla. 1916. Pote, Thomas B., 4925 Park View PIl., St. Louis, Mo. 1915. Potter, Geo., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1913. Potter, Jasper S., 326 8. Capitol St., Iowa City, Ia. 1915. Pottle, Leshe G., Quiney, Hl. 1916: Poucher, M. M., 132 W. 8rd St., Oswego, N. Y. 1915. Powell, E. W., Box 61, Bryn Mawr, Pa. 1915. Power, Clinton W., 218 Perry St., Attica, Ind. 1916. Powers, Maurice Ray, Norwalk, Conn. 1915. Presler, H. A., Fairbury, Ill. 1916. Preston, Marvin James. 1914. Price, John O. F., care Rath Packing Co., Waterloo, Ia. 1916. Price, Leo, 1309 Carroll St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Priest, Benj. H., 501 Flowers St., Kern Branch, Calif. 1916. Prior, Robert, 214 S. 2nd St., North Yakima, Wash. 1916. Pritchard, John W., Fessenden, N. Dak. 1916. Pritchard, Wm. T., North Platte, Nebr. 1915. Pritchett, Lamar F., Auburn, Ala. 1915. Prouse, Harvey Lee, Allen, Nebr. 1915. Prouse, Wm. C., 615 4th Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. | . . | | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 551 Prowett, H. L., Fullerton, Nebr. 1916. Prucha, Joseph V., care Dr. Howe, Denver, Colo. 1915. Pugh, Walter Maurice, Powers Lake, N. Dak. 1915. Pugh, Wm. T., 57 Elm St., Southbridge, Mass. 1916. Pullam, John H., Santa Ana, Calif. 1916. Pulver, Wm. A., Wamego, Kan. 1915. Purcell, Jno. T., Federal Bldg., Rapid City, S. Dak. 1916. Purdy, Marion Alexander, 621 10th St., Shelbyville, Ky. 1915. Pyper, Samuel T., 1221 Superior Ave., Dayton, Ohio. 1916. Quigley, Roscoe Murphy, Logan Ave. and Herold St., Tyrone, Pa. 1914. Quin, Abner H., Creston, Ia. 1915. Quinn, James E., Antioch, Calif. 1915. Quinn, P. E., 632 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. Quitman, E. L., 1514 W. VanBuren St., Chicago, Ill. 1915. Radeliff, Burdett D., 108 Franklin Sq., New Britain, Conn. 1916. Rafter, Edward, Hamburg, N. Y. 1916. Ragan, James A., 510 Liberty St., Morris, Ill. 1915. Ragland, Marcus J., Salisbury, N.C. 1916. Ramsey, R. A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1915. Ramsey, Samuel A., Jr., 234 Third St., Terre Haute, Ind. 1913. Ramsey, Samuel V., 2348. Third St., Terre Haute, Ind. 1916. Ramsey, Wm. J. C., Box 481, Watsonville, Calif. 1915. Raneck, Edw. M., Agricultural College, Miss. 1916. Raque, Chas. A., 219 Federal Bldg., Spokane, Wash. 1916. Rasmussen, Hilmar,, Box 13, Tyler, Minn. 1916. Rasmussen, J. C., Wyanet, Ill. 1916. Rathbun, R. A., East Scobey, Mont. 1916. Read, H. W., 27 Court St., Freehold, N. J. 1916. Readhead, Wm., Lenox, Ia. 1915. Reagan, W. J., 606 River St., Patterson, N. J. 1916. Reardon, John D., 109 8. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Reber, Abram N., 2104 N. Fremont St., Kansas City, Kans. 1916. Rebold, George P., Stockton, Calif. 1916. Records, Edw. J., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 1916. Redhead, Wm. H., Dept. of Health, Cleveland, Ohio. 1914. Redman, Jos. F., Covington, Ind. 1916. Reed, J. O., 230 E. New St., Lancaster, Pa. 1916. Reed, Raymond C., Newark, Del. 1915. Reefer, Leon N., 1405 Chapline St., Wheeling, W. Va. 1916. Reichel, John, care H. K. Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. 1916. Reichmann, Andrew Francis, Armour, 8. Dak. 1916. Reichmann, Ferdinand.A., Geddes, S. Dak. 1916. Reid, Jos. C., Biological Laboratory, Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Reid, William, Yorkton, Sask. 1915. Reidy, Jno. B., 1108 Jefferson Bank Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. 1916. Reifsnyder, Irvin S., Collegeville, Pa. 1915. Reihart, Oliver F., 4932 South 24th St., Omaha, Nebr. 1915, 552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. - Rein, E. A., Lewiston, Mont. 1916. Reno, John S., Southport, Ind. 1915. Renter, Elmer J., 767 Delhi Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. ~ Renter, Walter W., 1117 Overlook Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. Rentschler, Mandon D., 232 N. Front St., Punxsutawney, Pa. 1916. Revercomb, Geo. Archie, Lewisburg, W. Va. 1915. Rey, Charles R., Tulare, Calif. 1916. Rey, George S., S. Court St., Visalia, Calif. 1916. Reynolds, Francois H. K., B. A. I. Quarantine Div., Washington, DACs 41916: Reynolds, Howard C., Factoryville, Pa. 1915. Rhea, R. Lee, Houston & Bowie Sts., San Antonio, Tex. 1914. Rhoads, Warren L., Lansdown, Pa. 1914. - Rhodes, C. J., Beloit, Wis. 1915. Rhody, Francis 8., Chatham, Ont. 1916. Rice, Chas. D., Ames, Ia. 1916. Rice, John M., Cambridge St., South, Lindsay, Ont. 1915. Rice, Ray D., Maple Rapids, Mich. 1915. Ricebarger, Benjamin I., 200 W. Main St., St. Charles, Ill. 1916. Rich, Frank A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. 1915. Rich, Theodore S., 1477 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Richards, L. J., Delaware, Ohio. 1916. Richards, Thos. H., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1915. Richards, Wm. R., care W. N. Neil, S. Omaha, Neb. 1914. Richards, William Wilson, Box 950, Manila, P. I. 1916. Richmond, Harry A., Molson, Wash. 1916. Riddell, Robert, 460 Chester St., Victoria, B. C., 1915. Ridge, Wm. H., Maple Ave., Somerton, Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Riedel, Philip H., 1401 Roache St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. Rietz, J. H., 633 Crawford Ave., Ames, Ia. 1916. Riley, Edw. H., Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. 1916. Riordon, J. J., Beverly Farms, Mass. 1915. Riordon, Wm. F., Gilroy, Calif. 1915. Rishel, Albert E., 215 Custom House, New York, N. Y. 1915. Risley, Harry B., 74 Adams St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Ritter, Philip, 1609 E. 37th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Ritter, Roy W., Holtville, Calif. 1916. Rivers, Reuben N., Lansdale, Pa. 1913. Rives, Robert, National Stock Yards, Ill. 1916. Roach, Frank, Box 489, Pendleton, Ore. 1915. Roadhouse, Chester L., College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Calif. 1916 Roberts, Geo. H., 2242 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 1915. Roberts, Guy A., Agricultural Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N.C. 1916. Roberts, J. H., 64 King St., Northampton, Mass. 1915. Roberts, James William, Davis Creek, Calif. 1916. Robertson, Allan, 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1916, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Robertson, James, 735 E. 44th St., Chicago, Il. 1915: Robertson, James E., Monona, Ia. 1915. Robinson, Beal A., 310 N. 8th St., Independence, Kans. 1916. Robinson, Edwin A., 214 Bollingsbrook St., Petersburg, Va. 1916, Robinson, John W., Garrison, N. Dak. 1915. . Robinson, John W., 3 Lincoln St., Natick, Mass. 1916. Robinson, Major 8., Camp Hughes, Man. 1916. Robinson,. Paul L., 585 Public Ave., Beloit, Wis. 1913. Robinson, Thomas E., 65 Main St., Westerly, R. I. 1916. Robinson, Wm. B., 72 Maysville St., Mt. Sterling, Ky. 1916. Robinson, W.-H., 87 Leland St., Portland, Me. 1916. Rockwell, Archie Merritt, Eleanor, Ill. 1916. Rockwell, C. 8., 5128 Chestnut St.; Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Rodgers, J. C., 715 Jackson St., Anderson, Ind. 1916. Rogers, Arthur B., Live Stock Exchange, Sioux City, Iowa. 1915. Rogers, Burton R., St. Joseph Veterinary College, St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Rogers, Howard P., 68 Cochituate St., Saxonville, Mass. 1915. Rohrer, C. G., 128 W. 53rd St., New York, N. Y. 1915. Roig, Chester A., 173 Carroll St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 1915. Rome, John, Germantown, Md. 1915, : Ropp, Harry B., Cor. Church and 2nd Sts., Ashland, Ohio. 1916. Rose, Thos, P., Gresham, Nebr. 1915. Rosenberger, Arthur C., Box 1019, Stockton, Calif. 1916. Rosenberger, Guy W., San Diego, Calif. 1916. Rosenberger, Maynard, 306 Federal Bldg., San Diego, Calif. 1916. Rosentiel, Chas. H., 125 Wyandotte St., Freeport, Ill. 1916. Roshon, Harry Brown, 1131 Greenwich St., Reading, Pa. 1916. Ross, Crittenden, 370 Convent Ave., New York, N. Y. 1916. Ross, Harry H., 1127 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Ross, H. H., 4 Resson Bldg., Brandon, Man. 1916. Ross, James D., 796 William Ave., Winnipeg, Man. 1915. Ross, Roy G., Estherville, Ia. 1916. Roub, J. F., Monroe, Wis. 1916. Roueche, R. C., 1882 W. 73rd St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1915. Rowe, Wm. B., 143 Park St., Chatham, Ont. 1916. Royeroft, W. C., 551 So. Wilkinson St., Mobile, Ala. 1916. Royer, B., Franklyn St., Shawano, Wis. 1916. Ruble, Jerry L., Remount Station, Fort Bliss, Tex. 1916. Ruffner, Fred J., Beloit, Kans. 1916. Rumbaugh, George A., Millersburg, Ohio. 1916. Rundle, Thomas Theodore, 435 First St., Oxnard, Calif. 1916. Runge, Werner, 130 Union St., Newark, N. J. 1915. Runyon, Peter F., 24 E. Main St., Freehold, N. J. 1916. Russell, E. Everett, 69 Perham St., Farmington, Maine. 1915. Russell, Fay Franklin, 214 Washington St., Jamestown, N. Y. 1916. Rustad, Alvin O., 303 Bismarck St. E., Fergus Falls, Minn. 1916. Ruth, Thomas H., DeSmet, 8. Dak. 1916. 554 ° PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Rutherford, J. G., Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Calgary, Alta. 1915. Ryan, Edw. T., 83 Washington St., Brookline, Mass. 1915. Ryan, Frank C., Middletown, Md. 1915. Rydberg, August J., San Rafael, Calif. 1916. Ryder, Herman R., 5719 W. Superior St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Ryder, J. E., Forest Hills Inn, Forest Hills Garden, L. L., N. Y. 1916. Sadler, Ernest D., Wagner, 8. Dak. 1916. Sallade, J. W., Auburn, Pa. 1916. Salsbery, C. E., 4220 Chestnut St., Kansas City, Mo. 1916. Salsbury, Jos. E., Western, Nebr. 1916. Salter, W. R., Stronghurst, Ill. 1916. Sanders, Alfred E., 1033 Shelby St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1914. Sanderson, William, Sidney, Ohio. 1915. Sanford, E. F., 117 Sterling Pl., Brooklyn, N. Y. Sapp, Chas. F., Hampstead, Md. 1916. Sater, Clinton H., Hamilton, O. 1916. ; Savage, Arthur J., 414 E. Pikes Peak Ave., Colo. Springs, Colo. 1916. Savage, Willard A., Box 527, Tucumcari, N. Mex. 1916. Sawyer, F. N., Bakersfield, Calif. 1915. Sayre, B. Harry, Brookings, 8. Dak. 1915. Schader, Curtis H., Sunnyside, Wash. 1915. Schaefer, Edw. H., 3215 Anderson Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1914. Schaefer, G. L., Tekamah, Nebr. 1916. Schaefer, Valentine, Tekamah, Nebr. 1916. Schaffer, Geo. R., Midland, Mich. 1916. Schaffter, E. P., 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Schafstall, A. C., New Washington, Ohio. 1916. Schalk, Arthur F., Fargo, N. Dak. 1916. Schaufler, Chas. A., Hunting Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Schermerhorn, Robert J., 106 East Citrus Ave., Redlands, Calif. 1916. Sehleich, Fred Harrison, Williamsport, Ohio. 1915. Schlingman, A. S., Eaton, O. 1916. Schloemer, Chas. C., 602 River Terrace, Hoboken, N. J. 1915. Schmidt, Hubert, College Station, Tex. 1915. Schmidt, John P., 200 W. North Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1916. Schneider, Ernest, Kulm, N. Dak. 1916. Schneider, Francis, O., Box 504, Nicholasville, Ky. 1916. Schneider, F. H., York and Erie Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Schneider, Frederick L., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. M. 1916. Schoenenberger, John Guy, Winterset, Ia. 1916. Schoening, Harry W., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1915. Schoenleber, F. 8., 805 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. 1915. Schreck, Oscar, 94 William St., New Haven, Conn. 1916. Schreiber, R. J., Monticello, N. Y. 1916. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 555 Schroeder, E. C., B. A. I. Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md. 1916. Schubel, Otto W., Quincy, Mich. - 1916. Schucengost, Robert Hunter, Swea City, Ia. 1915. Schuh, Herman L., 152 Louis St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1916. Schulz, Carl A., Independence, Mo. 1916. Schultz, Chas. H., Box 84, Seattle, Wash. 1916. Schumacher, Wilhelm, 1450 Park Ave., Durango, Colo. 1915. Schwarze, Herman R., 500 8S. Douglas Ave., Springfield, Ill. 1916. Schwarzkopf, Olaf, 3rd U.S. Cavalry, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 1916 Schwein, Payson E., Elkhart, Ind. 1915. Scott, Carl J., Knoxville, Ia. 1915. Seott, Geo. A., 315 E. 6th St., Waterloo, Ia. 1916. Scott, John A., Waverly, Minn. 1915. Scott, M. W., 24 8. 6th St., Vincennes, Ind. 1915. Seott, Wm. A., 1407 1st Ave., Columbus, Ga. 1916. Sebright, Melvin R., Crofton, Nebr. 1916. Seeley, James T., 1101 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, Wash. 1916. Seibert, Walter D., 808 Howard St., Petoskey, Mich. 19138. Selby, Orval C., Worthington, Minn. 1916. Selby, Stephen A., 429 W. 43rd St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Self, Presley M., Farmersburg, Ind. 1916. Senseman, Benj. F., 1723 N. 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Sevenster, John, Washington St., Hamburg, Ia. 1915. Severecool, Lucius A., 217 Lake Ave., Elyria, Ohio. 1915. Severin, John R., care B. A. I., Room 230, Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Heys 1915: Severovic, Mirko F., 1821 W. 22nd St., Pilsen Sta., Chicago, Ill. 1915 Sexmith, A. B., Charlotte, Mich. 1916. Sexton, Michael J., 819 Marquette Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 1916. Shand, James Reid, U. S. Army, Tientsin, China. 1916. Sharp, Charles E., Greenfield, Ind. 1916. Sharp, Walter E., Newton, Ia. 1915. Shartle, Walter W., 413 New Jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1916. Shaw, Charles W., 200 W. 78th St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Shaw, Clarence E., 115 Sterling Pl., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1916. Shaw, W. G., Knoxville, Tenn. 1916. Shaw, Wm. Harvey, Pawnee, Ill. 1916. Shealey, Alonzo S., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P.I. 1916. Shearburn, Thos. O., Walnut, Il. 1916. Sheckler, Wm. E., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Shelton, J. E., Box 308, Arkansas City, Kan. 1916. Shepard, E. H., 2027 E. 105th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1916. Sheppard, Wm., Neck Rd., Sheepshead Bay, Long Island, N. Y. 1916. Sheridan, George, Ashland, Nebr. 1915. Sherwood, Arthur M., Naperville, Ill. 1915. Shevalier, Eugene D., Escanaba, Mich. 1915. Shigley, J. F., Kenmare, N. Dak. 1916, 556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Shigley, Ralph E., Kenmare, N. Dak. 1916. Shikles, Ernest Adair, Dearborn, Mo. 1916. Shillinger, Jacob E., Easton, Md. 1915. Shipley, Levi U., Sheldon, Ia. 1915. Shipley, Trajan, Live Stock Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Ia. 1915. Shipman, Oliver B., Hilo, Hawaii. 1915. Shonyo, John Howard, 711 Boyd Bldg., Winnipeg, Man. 1916. Shore, Chalmers S., Lake City, Minn. 1915. Shore, Howard J., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 1916. Shreve, Raymond M., Vine & Church Sts., Panora, Ia. 1916. Shuler, C. C., Eaton, Ind. 1915. Shuler, W. P., Stillwater, Okla. 1916. Shumway, Daniel G., B-4, Carlton Court, Buffalo, N. Y. 1915. Shutte, Vernon D., Volcano House, Kau, Hawaii. 1916. Siders, Roy A., Moran, Kans. 1916. Sigler, Thos. A., 114 N. Jackson St., Greencastle, Ind. 1916. Sigmond, Chas. J., Box 80, Pipestone, Minn. 1916. Sihler, C. J., 7th and Everett Ave., Kansas City, Kan. 1915. Silberg, Frank W., Spencerville, Ind. 1916. Silfver, Oscar, 302 S. Jefferson Ave., Peoria, Ill. 1916. Silverwood, Herbert, 331 Clackmas St., Portland, Ore. 1916. Simmons, Wm. Herbert, 2344 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. 1916. Simms, Bennett Thomas, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore. 1916. Simpson, C. Rowland, 123 N. Broadway, Los Angeles, Calif. 1915. Simpson, Hal. C., Box 69, Denison, Ia. 1916. Simpson, Wm. H., 45 Dartmouth St., Malden, Mass. 1916. Sims, Frank C., Aurora, Nebr. 1915. Sims, Thos., Woodburn, Ore. 1916. Sisk, David E., Seymour St., Mahomet, Il]. 1916. Sisson, Septimus, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1916. Skerritt, Wm. Henry, 315 Columbia St., Utica, N. Y. 1916. Skinner, John Frederick, Box 167, Morris, Man. 1915. Slater, Leroy E., 1115 Prospect Se Indianapolis, Ind. 195: Slawson, Alexander, 24814 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, N. Y. 1915. Sleeth, Trewelyn E., 688-690 Seymour St., Vv ancouver, B.C. 1916. Smead, Morgan J., Parkdale Farm, Rochester, Mich. 1916. Smellie, James, Eureka, Ill. 1916. Smillie, E. W., Rockefeller Institute, Princeton, N. J. 1916. Smith, ‘Arthur L., Mechanicsville, N. Y. 1916. Smith, A. W., Farmer City, Ill. 1915. Smith, Bert G., Brigden, Ont. 1915. Smith, Clarence 5, Dept. of Public Health, Greenville, S. Car. 1915. Smith, Eldon, 717 Watson St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1916. Smith, Ernest I., Baton Rouge, Lia.) V1916: Smith, Fletcher Eugene, 4801 Evanston Ave., Seattle, Wash. 1916, Smith, George A., Rigby, Ida. 1916, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 657 Smith, George F., Vicksburg, Miss. 1914. Smith, George W., 157 6th St., Hoboken, N. J. 1915. Smith, Henry V., 90 Wildmere Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1915. Smith, Herbert M., 407 Federal Bldg., Providence, R. I. 1915. Smith, Jesse P. F., 2310 Central Ave., Kansas City, Kans. 1915. Smith, Robert P., Wendell, Ida. 1915. Smith, Roy C., 123 East Randolph St., Enid, Okla. 1916. Smith, R. V. 17 Court St., Frederick, Md. 1915. Smith, Stanley We i2 College Ave., Columbus, Mo. 1915. Smith, S. P., Cando, N. Dak. 1915. Smith, T. E., 309 Barrow St., Jersey City, N. J. 1916. Smith, W ilbur C., Fairfield, Ia. 1916. Smith, Wright J., 260 Clinton Ave., Kingston, N. Y. 1916. Smythe, Frank R, , 1533 Groesbeck Rd., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1915. Snyder, Rudolph, 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. 1916. Soeckman, Clifford Clyde, Deshler, Ohio. 1915. Solt, C. H., Arlington, Ohio. 1915. Songer, Lee C., Dept, of Agriculture, Olathe, Kans. 1915. Sorenson, Andreas I., R. F. D. No. 6, Stockton, Calif. 1916. Sorrel, Warren, Willard, N. Mex. 1915. Spade, Fred A., Constantine, Mich. 1916. pede, N. C., Castle Gate, Utah. 1915. Sparks, H. C., Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Sparling, Ww m., Harrow, Ont. © 1916: Spear, Wm. H., 122 Cumberland Ave., Portland, Me. 1915. Spencer, H. H., "429. W. Adams St. , Jacksonville, Fla. 1916. Spencer, Tracy N., 7 W. Depot St., Concord, N.C. 1916. Sprague, John D., Seward, Nebr. 1915. Springer, C. W., 48 Morgantown St., Uniontown, Pa. 1915. Springer, Samuel E., B. A. I., South Side, Omaha, Nebr. 1916. Sprink, George F., care Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. 1916. Staab, John J., 1422 W. 65th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1915. Stahl, Benton M., 4061 Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Staley, Raymond M., Camp Hill, Pa. 1915. Stamp, Ashley G., 198 Candler Ave., Highland Park, Mich. 1915. Stanclift, Ray J:. 15th Cavalry, Fort Riley, Kan. 1916. Stange, C. H., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. 1916. Staples, Wm. D., 1813 Quintard Ave., Anniston, Ala. 1916. Starnaman, George W., 340 Rielle Ave., Verdun, Que. 1916. States, Harry E., 93 Bagley Ave., Detroit, Mich. 1914. Steddon, R. P., 1468 Harvard St., Washington, D. C. 1916. Steel, Edw. R., Chester, Nebr. 1915. Steele, Harry F., Ft. McIntosh, Laredo, Tex. 1915. Steele, Joseph G., 217 Exchange Bldg., Ft. Worth, Tex. 1915. Stehle, Frederick, Jr., 5145 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Steigley, Raymond W., LaPorte, Ind. 1916. Steinbach, G. Frederick, Oak & Pacific Ave., Wildwood, N. J. 1916. 558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Stephens, George, 18 Maplewood Terrace, White River Jnect., Vt. 1915. Stetson, Henry G., 24 Cliff St., St. Johnsbury, Vt. 1916. . Stevens, Cecil H., Box 106, Stevensville, Mont. 1916. Stevens, Guy G., 20 Park St., Groton, N. Y. 1915. Stevens, Herbert L., 192 Limerock St., Rockland, Me. 1915. Stevenson, George T., Burlington, Vt. 1913. Stevenson, James A., Gretna, Man. 1916. Stewart, A. D., Ailsa Craig, Ont. 1916. Stewart, C. E., Chariton, Ia. 1915. Stewart, H. L., Chariton, Ia. 1916. Stewart, Saml. L., 3335 Brooklyn Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Stewart, Walter ee West Union, Ia. 1916. Stewart, Walter J., 4352 Montgomery St., Oakland, Calif. 1916. Stickel, William E., Etna Mills, Calif. 1915. Stiner, "Jarvin (Ob: Lindsay, Galt) 1915: Stokes, Wilfred J., Ft. Riley, Kan. 1915. Stone, Garry T., Sidney, N. Y. 1915. Stott, R. O., 205 Commmercial Place, Mason City, Ia. 1916. Stouder, Kirk W., Ames, Ia. 1916. Stouffer, David F., Bellevue, Nebr. 1915. Stork, Wm. W., Brampton, Ont. 1916. Stover, John Price, Shady Grove, Pa. 1916. Strayer, Joseph Edw., Hartington, Nebr. 1916. Street, Jno. James, Box 87, Ventura, Calif. 1916. Stribling, Wm. E., Clarence, Ia. 1916. Strickler, C. M., 25 Elm Lane, Greencastle, Pa. 1916. Strickler, Don B., 1108 Jefferson Bank Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. 1916. © Stroup, Wm. L., Corinth, Miss. 1915. Stubbs, Evan Lee, State Farm, R. D. 3, Media, Pa. 1915. Sugg, Redding 8. 1915. Sullivan, E. J., 233 Union Ave., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 1916. Sullivan, Walter A., Box 666, Twin Falls, Ida. 1915. Summerfield, Jas. J., Main and First Sts., Santa Rosa, Calif. 1916. Summer, C. O., Tolono, Ill. 1916. Sunderville, Earl, Forest Home, Ithaca, N. Y. 1916. Sutherland, Arthur W., Bristol, Conn. 1916. Sutter, Erro!d, Beach, N. Dak. 1913. Sutton. Otis L., 1701 Kinney Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1916. Swail, Clark E., Dixville Notch, N. H. 1916. Swan, Wm. R., Stevens Point, Wis. 1916. Swenerton, L. Daniel, 500 8th Ave. E., Vancouver, B. C. 1913. Swenson, Sigwart R., Maddock, N. Dak. 1916. Swingley, C. W., Freeport, Ill. 1916. Switzer, Wm. B., 50 E. 7th St., Oswego, N. Y. 1916. Sylvester, John Fletcher, Langdon, N. Dak. 1916. Tade, James M., 518 N. Ist St., Vincennes, Ind. 1915, oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Talbert, Joseph F., 721 W. 8th St., Kansas City, Kans. 1915. Talbot, Percy R., Box 703, Edmonton, Alta. 1816. Tamblyn, David 8., Box 616, Regina, Sask. 1914. Tansey, Edw. J., Monrovia, Ind. 1916. Tate, H. L., 230 Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Ia. 1916. Taylor, Chas. H., 632 Sycamore Rd., DeKalb, Ill. 1916. Taylor, Geo. C., Redding, Calif. 1915. Taylor, Lawrence,.L., Condon, Ore. 1915. Taylor, Walter J., Cristobel, Canal Zone. 1915 Teague, B. B., Bode, Ia. 1916. Teckenbrock, W. G., Metropolis, Ill. 1916. Teie, John A., Hatton, N. Dak. 1915. Tennent, David C., 853 A. Bathurst St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Tennent, J. H., 275 King St., London, Ont. 1915. Thacker, Thomas, Renfrew, Ont. 19138. Thayer, Warren L., 598 Pleasant Ave., Worcester, Mass. 1916. Thomas, John, Wells River, Vt. 1916. Thomas, Raymond F., Canton, Miss. 1914. Thompson, John A., Edwardsville, Kans. 1915. Thompson, John B., Harvey, N. Dak. 1916. Thompson, John §., 903 E. 5th St., Moscow, Ida. 1915. Thompson, Mulford C., Box 145, Sharon, Conn. 1915. 559 Thompson, Warwick M., 1210 Main St., Red Bluff, Calif. 1916. Thompson, William, Box 145, Laredo, Tex. 1916. Thomsen, Jacob J., Gladbrook, Ia. 1916. Thomson, John T., Armstrong, Ia. 1916. Thomson, Wm., Keremeos, B. C. 1916. Thornton, Edw. L., Fort Kent, Me. 1913. Tiffin, Chas. H., Frankfort, Ky. 1916. Tillman, Albert C., Earlville, Ill. 1916. Tillson, Hobart W., Oneonta, N. Y. 1916. Timmons, Wilfred H., Box 254, Madison, Ind. 1915. Tipton, Wm. B., Emporia, Kans. 1915. Titterud, Oscar H., Preston, Minn. 1916. Todd, Robert 8., New Milford, Conn. 1916. Tolmie, 8. F. Box 1518, Victoria, B.C. 1916. Tomlinson, W, J., Williamsport, Pa. 1914. Tompkins, Leland J., Hobart, N. Y. 1915. Tooley, James William, 38 Fourth St., Fond du Lae, Wis. 1916. Topmiller, Alexander C., Murfreesboro, Tenn. 1916. Torgerson, Henry E., 3419 Crore St., Oakland, Cal. Torrance, F., Veterinary Director-General, Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Torrie, Arthur R., 17 Hepbourne St., Toronto, Ont. 1916. Totten, G. E., 410 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. . 1916. Tow, Edward, 1415 J St., Sacramento, Calif. 1915. Towne, George V., Box 54, Thompson, Conn. 1916. Towner, Albert N., Towners, N. Y. 1915. Townsend, George, New Glasgow, N.S. 1916. 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. Townsend, Norris l., 104 W. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Tracy, Angus W., Sherbrook, Que. 1915. Trainor, Peter F., 42 Mercer St., Jersey City, N. J. 1913. Traum, Jacob, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 1915. Treadway, Charles R., 2438 Prospect Av., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Trickett, Arthur, 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1915. Trigg, William Stark, Beaufort, S. C. 1916. Trippeer, H. A., 219 Newell St., Walla Walla, Wash. 1915. Trone, Winson, 96 Hower Av., E. Cleveland, O. 1916. Troutman, W. A., Port Trevorton, Pa. 1916. Truax, Blair W., Burr Oak, Kansas. 1916. Tumbleson, Benj. F., Genoa, Nebr. 1916. Turlington, John A., Melfa, Va. 1915: Turner, H. A., Rose Ave., Pleasanton, Calif. 1915. Turner, Henry W., New Hope, Pa. 1916. Turner, John E., 204 8S. Detroit St., Kenton, Ohio. 1915. Turney, Carl D., Germantown, O. 1916. Tuttle, Lyford E., Grafton, N. H. 1915. Tuxill, A. J., 5 Lincoln St., Auburn, N. Y. 1915. Twitchell, J. M., 24 Bridge Ave., Nashville, Tenn. 1916. Tyler, John Lou, 125 8. Main St., Pomona, Calif. 1916. Tyner, Alpheus L., Goldsmith, Ind. 1916. Udall, D. H., N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaea. N. Y. © 1915. Underhill, B. M., 3 West 3rd St., Media, Pa. 1916. Utt, James Garfield, 1000 G. St., Sacramento, Calif. 1916. Utter, B. A., Triumph, Minn. 1916. Utter, J. W., Sherburn, Minn. 1916. Vail, Irving Roe, 20 George St., New Haven, Conn. 1915. Vail, Wallace F., Havemeyer Place, Greenwich, Conn. 1915. Van Brussel, O. H., Wayland, Mich. 1916. Van Cleave, Walter B., Chrisman, Tl. 1916. Van de Ere, Jacob, Sherwood, N. Dak. 1916. Vanderwarf, Cornelius, 1343 Vincennes Ave., Chicago Heights, Il. 1915. Van De Woo, H. J., Jr., Orange City, Ia. 1916. Van Hoozer, A. L., Powell, Wyo. 1916. Van Es, L., M. D., Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. 1916. Vans Agnew, Robert, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. 1916. Van Vraken, Harvey S., Story City, Ia. 1916. Vara, J. J., 211-213 Federal Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. 1916. Veit, Wm., 240 N. 52nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Veldhuis, Zachary, 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 1915. Venable, Jos. W., Cullman, Ala. 1916. Vermilya, Ralph F., 2099 Shelby Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 1915. Viers, Silas B., Dilles, Nebr. 1916. Vigneau, Joseph H., Union Mkt. Hotel, Watertown, Mass. 1915. Vliet, Geo. B., 202 Baldwin St., Hackettstown, N. J. 1915. Vollmer, Car] G., Bryan, Ohio. 1915, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 561 Vorhees, E. R., 87 E. Main St., Somerville, N. J. 1916. Vulliamy, H. F., Plaqueimine, La. 1914. Wadsworth, Francis K., Lindsey, Ohio. 1916. Wageman, Grover M., 210 W. Superi ior St., Kokomo, ind. L915; Waegner, Charles Os Elkton, Key. Ao 5: Wagoner, C. Otto, 212 8 10th St., Richmond, Ind. 1916. Walch, Chas. Ira., 4823 King Hill Ave., St. Joseph, Mo. 1915. Walch, Clemence C. B.A.I. Exchange Blde., S. St. Joseph, Mo. 1915 Walker, R. G., 238 Aberdeen St., Chicago, ‘Til? 1946: Walkley, Seymour J., 185 Northw estern Ave. , Milwaukee, Wis. 1916. Wallace, Chester ie 381 Dundas St., Toronto, Onis Loa: Wallace, W. B., 220 W. 2nd St., Marion, Ind. 1915. Walmsley, F’. D., 924 Rutger St., Utica, N. Y. 1915. Walsh, Ernest J., Minot, N. Dak. 1915. Walsh, L. S. N., 4225 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 1915. Walters, Frank A., Lemont, Il]. 1916. Walters, Percy Knight, Suite 11, Argyle Court, Calgary, Alta. 1915. Walther, Wm. A., Moorefield, Nebr. 1916. Ward, Archibald R., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 1915. Ward, George R., 494 Persia ‘Ave., San Francisco, Cal. 19S: Ward, Harry (om "Fulton, Mo. 1915. Ward, John E., 12 E. Crescent St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1915. Ward, Seu be State Capitol, St. Paul, Minn. 1916. Ward, Victor, Paso Robles, Calif. 1915. Warn, Chas. C., Dodgeville, Wis. 1916. Warner, Chas. G., 701 S. 4th St., Paducah, Ky. 1913. Warnock, David, House of Commons, Ottawa, Ont. 1916. Washburn, Henry J., 704 B. St.,S .W., Washington, D.C. 1916. Washburn, W. B., 172 E. Market St., Tiffin, Ohio. 1916. Waiters, R. E., 28 Village Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1915. Watson, Edw. A., Box 567, Lethridge, Alta. 1915. Watson, Thos. E., 23 North Main St., Niagara Falls, Ont. 1916. Watson, Thos. W., Kerens, Tex. 1916. Waugh, Wm. J., 111 W. Wheeling St., Washington, Pa. 1916. Way, Cassius, 108 Hudson St., New York, N. Y. 1916. Way, R. D., 3911 Perkins Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. 1916. Weaver, Cecil H., St. Lambert, Que. _ 1916. Weaver, Gilbert S., Mitchell, S. Dak. 1916. Weaver, Phillip V., Glen Cove, N. Y. 1916. Webb, A. J., 2347 Hudson Ave., Ogden, Utah. 1915. Webb, James Cleveland, Piedmont, Ala. 1915. Webb, Wm. T., Quarryville, Pa. 1915. Webb, W. W., Auburn, Ala. 1915. Webber, Carr R., 135 Crossman Terrace, Rochester, N. Y. 1916. Webber, Orrin B., 69 Front St., Rochester, N. Y. 1915. Weber, Henry Stanley, 6128 Park Ave., Weehawken, N. J. 1915. Weber, John H., Boise, Ida. 1915. Websier, John H. L., Y. M. C. A., Reno, Nev. 1916. 562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Webster, Wm. Owens, Utica, Ohio. 1916. Weeks, Cornelius C., 309 3rd St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 1916. Weener, Earl Edward, Pullman, Wash. 1916. ’ Wehle, Frank A., 586 Sayre Ave., Lexington, Ky. 1916. Weigel, Marion 8., Cromwell, Ind. 1915. Weinman, Joseph E., Arcadia, Nebr. 1916. Weir, Robert, 84 Grove St., Rutland, Vt. 1916. Weitzel, Fred, 100 Parkway West, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915. Welch, Guy Noble, 39 Union St., Northfield, Vt. 1916. Welch, Wm. B., 353 W. Arrow St., Marshall, Mo. 1915. Wells, Frank E., Westerville, Ohio. 1916. Wells, Thomas Grover, Arthur, Ill. 1914. Wende, Bernard P., 101 Florence Ave.; Buffalo, N. Y. 1915. Wende, Horatio S., Tonawanda, N. Y. 1914. Werntz, Harvey Grant, E. Liberty, P. O. Box 321, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915. Wershow, Max, Veterinary Clinie Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. 1915. Wertz, Sidney 8., Kenesaw, Nebr. 1916. West, Jay P., 121 Monona Ave., Madison, Wis. 1916. Westcott, Geo. F., 1008 Congress St., Portland, Me. 1915. Westcott, Henry B., 1008 Congress St., Portland, Me. 1915. Westgate, Saml. S., Box 1763, Grafton, N. Dak. 1916. Westmoreland, Dewey E., Owensboro, Ky. 1916. Whallon, E. A., Akron, Ind. 1916. Wheeler, A. S., Biltmore Farms, Biltmore, N. C. 1915. Whitcomb, Morton S., Live Stock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn. 1915. White, C. D., Nashville, Tenn. 1916. White, D. S., 1656 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio. 1916. White, Ernest A., 1233 Dryade St., New Orleans, La. 1916. White, Geo. R., 1314 Adams St., Nashville, Tenn. 1915. White, John L., 5327 Union St., Chicago, Ill. 1916. White, Logan A., Sioux Rapids, Ia. 1916. White, Stephen A. K., 114.St. Andrew St., Victoria, B. C. 1915. White, Timothy P., B. A. 1., Washington, D.C. 1916. White, V. C., Blackfoot, Ida. 1915. White, Wm. T. 4 Edinboro Pl., Newtonville, Mass. 1915. Whitehouse, Arthur W., Ft. Collins, Colo. 1915. Whiteman, Harry Johnson, 1301 Ligonier St., Latrobe, Pa. 1916. Whitesell, Roy B., 1417 Center St., Lafayette, "Ind. 1915. Whitestine, Orville G., 47 E. Washington ‘St., Huntington, Ind. 1916 Whiting, Rex A., West Lafayette, Ind. 1916. Whitney, A. Homer, Narka, Kans. A915: Whitney, Clifford C., College Station, Tex. 1916. Whitney, Harrison, 20 George St., New Haven, Conn. 1915. Whitney, J. C., 3 West St. N., Hillsdale, Mich. 1915. Whitney, John Gregory, 26 Summer St., Montpelier, Vt. 1915. Whyte, John D., 315 Sixth Ave. East, Calgary, Alta. 1915. Sea a Riise reer nen etnias PEPE RTT LEIYD Mind ler EA COONS pment NOIR UTL ESL RRP ACR eum peel ry wig amg PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. 563 Wickham, J. C., Galion, Ohio. 1916. Wicks, A. G., 23 N. College St., Schenectady, N. Y. 1915. Wight, W. E., 237 McKee PI., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1916. Wilder, Jos. L., Akron, N. Y. 1916. Wileden, Louis A., Lansing, Mich. 1916. Wiley, Morris C., B. A. I., Trinidad, Colo. 1915. Wilkins, John E., Johnson & Jordan Sts., Greenville, Tex. 1915. Will, Evan.J., Harrisonburg, Va. 1915. Willett, Frederick C., Henry, Ill. 1915. Willey, Lewis E., Ames, Ia. 1916. Williams, Geo. M., 611 College St., Boone, Ja. 1916. Williman, Earl Leroy, Ohio City, Ohio. 1915. Willis, Harry S., Orange, Va. 1915. Willis, Harry W., Richmond, Ind. 1916. Wills, J. G., 27 Matilda St., Albany, N. Y. 1916. Wilson, Louis A., 167 Commissioner St. W., Montreal, Que. 1916. Willyoung, Lester E., 11th Cavalry, Dodge P. O., Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga. 1915: Wilson, A. F., Carmangay, Alta. 1916. Wilson, Arthur M., Wheatley, Ont. 1916. Wilson, Claud, 113 So. State St., Greenfield, Ind. 1915. Wilson, Fred O., 314 Madison St., Greenbay, Wis. 1915. Wilson, Howard C., 416 Yancey St., Montgomery, Ala. 1916. Wilson, John Oscar, Box 714, Miles City, Mont. 1915. Wilson, Robert H., care Parke, Davis & Co., Rochester, Mich. 1916. Wilson, Roy O., Stanley, N. Dak. 1916. Wilson, W. S., Bowman, N. Dak. 1916. Wiltrant, Frank Adam, 16 Washington St., Wilkesbarre, Pa. 1916. Wing, Casper L., Van Wert, Ia. 1916. Wing, Charles C., 605 City Hall, Oakland, Calf. 1916. Winsloe, J. A. H., Cooperstown, N. Dak. 1916. Winslow, C., Rockland, Mass. 1915. Winslow, Joseph H., Lamoure, N. Dak. 1915. Winstanley, John H., 119 S. 37th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Winter, Howard E., 132 E. Second St., Plainfield, N. J. 1916. Winteringham, Harry Barker, 118 Western Ave., Petaluma, Calif. 1916. Wipf, J. D. C., Belgrade, Mont. 1915. Wirt, Frederick G., Box 4, Napoleonville, La. 1916. Wise, Wm. F., 246 W. Liberty St., Medina, Ohio. 1916. Wisner, Scott, Omega, Nebr. 1915. Witmer, Hervey W., Bradentown, Fla. 1915. Witte, Charles R., 852 East St., New Britain, Conn. 1915. Wolcott, Leroy B., Shelton, Nebr. 1916. Wolcott, Walter A., 713 E. Johnson St., Madison, Wis. 1916. Wolf, Ortho C., West 7th St., Ottawa, Kans. 1915. Wood, A. L. Hampton, Ia. 1916. Wood, Ezra P., 415 Market St., Charlottesville, Va. 1915. lita why Stes a nae, 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Wood, Frederick Wm., 6th & Grayson St., Cutter Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif. 1916. Wood, Wm. R., 167 Commissioner St. W., Montreal, Que. 1916. Woodliffe, Mark J., 637 E. 20th Ave., Denver, Colo. 1916. Woodside, Jas. H., Groton, N. Y. Woodward, B. T., Naval Academy, Annapolis, Ind. Woolfolk, Geo. H., Pottsville, Pa. 1916. Worcester, Harry, 118 W. 3rd St., Middletown, Ohio. 1915. Worms, Albert C., 2932 Broadway, Chicago, Ill. 1916. Wray, A. M., Wiggins, Colo. 1915. Wright, C. C., 310 City Hall, Health Bureau, Portland, Ore. 1915. Wright, Carlton J., Cerro Gordo, Ill. 1916. Wright, David Edwin, 323 Ralston St., Reno, Nev. 1916. Wright, Harmon K., care Mulford Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 1916. Wright, Leslie A., Water St., Columbus, Wis. 1915. Wright, Norman, 137 20th St., West Saskatoon, Sask. 1915. Wright, W. Dean, 1701 Ressigue St., Boise, Ida. 1916. Wurm, John E., Pigeon, Mich. 1915. Yancey, Wm. E., 864 8. Virginia St., Reno, Nev. 1915. Yards, Wm. W., Hotel Ayers, Denver, Colo. 19138. Young, Frank A., Delphos, Ohio. 1916. Young, Geo. D., 9945 8. Irving Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1916. Young, G. R., 4602 Center St., Omaha, Nebr. 1915. Young, Hulbert, 515 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Md. 1915. Young, John M., 419 6th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1915. Young, Wm. A., Prospect, N. Y. 1915. Youngberg, Stanton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1915. Yunker, Elkan H., 2344 N. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1915. Zeiler, John Lewis, Orosi, Tulare, Go., Calif. 1916. Zell, Chas. August, 4362 Kenmore ’Ave., Edgewater Station, Chisago: Til. 1915. Zickendrath, Ernest G., 101 Middlefield Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 1916. —Dr. A. E. Rishel has returned from Liverpool, England, and is stationed at the Custom House in New York City. He will have charge for the port of New York of the importation of hides, ete., under the Joint Order No. 1, issued by the United States Treasury Department and the Department of Agriculture. These regula- tions governing the certification and disinfection of hides, flesh- ings, hide cuttings, parings, and glue stock, sheepskins and goat- skins and parts thereof, hair, wool, and other animal by-products, hay, straw, forage, or similar material offered for entry into the _ United States, will be effective beginning January 1, 1917. MISCELLANEOUS —Dr. EicHHoRN LEAVES THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.— Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, for a number of years connected with the Bureau of Animal Industry, has resigned to accept a position as Director of the Veterinary Department of the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, with headquarters at Pearl River, N. Y. Dr. Ejich- horn is so widely known among the profession and has devoted so much energy to investigation that the following brief biographical sketch should be of interest: Adoplh Eichhorn was born at Lipto Szt., Miklos, Hungary, May 27, 1875. Attended the Royal Veterinary College of Budapest, Hungary, 1892 to 1895. Graduated from the New York Veterinary College in 1900, receiving the de- gree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery. In 1900-1901 he acted as Assistant Surgeon in the American Veterinary Col- lege Hospital, of New York. Engaged in teaching as Professor of- In- fectious Diseases and Meat Hygiene in the Veterinary Department of the George Washington University, 1910-11. Appointed to Meat Inspection Service, B.A.I., March 25, 1901; transferred to Pathological Division at Washington, D. C., May 1, 1906. Appointed Chief of the Pathological Division, B.A.I., July 1, 1915. Research Work, Papers and Translations-—In cooperation with Dr. John R. Mohler, translated Edelmann’s ‘‘Meat Hygiene’’; Hutyra & Marek’s ‘(Special Pathology and Therapeutics of Domestic Animals’’; and Ernst’s ‘‘ Milk Hygiene’’. Articles —‘‘ Production of Hog Cholera Serum in Hungary’’; ““Complement-fixation Tests in the Diagnosis of Dourine and Glanders’’; ‘ wall SHIPPING FEVER FROM AN ARMY STANDPOINT 595 That the buyer does not suffer equally with the seller is only because there are more of him, he does have to stand his propor- tional loss. In normal times (some of you may recall them) our army is the largest individual buyer of horses and mules in the country, requiring in the past, something like three to four thou- sand remounts of all classes per year, hence our proportion of the risk of loss, of the grand total, is the largest; we have been super- seded on this point, however, during the past two years. By virtue of the army being the largest consumer, the army veterinarian, has no doubt, more.‘‘shipping fever’’ in the form of influenza, epizootic cellulitis, pink eye, catarrhal fever, typhoid pneumonia, pleuro pneumonia, strangles, ete., ete., to contend with than the average practitioner. In making this statement and assuming that you gentlemen will concede the point, it should naturally follow that some of us should step forward with at least a few helpful suggestions, but even after more than twenty years’ service, a large portion of which was spent on the shipping end, with little more than a year on the re- ceiving end (Chickamauga Park), I am afraid that, personally, I have little, if anything, to offer as a practical remedy that is new. In saying remedy, preventive remedy of course is what is meant. The only allusion I would beg leave to make, to the treat- ment of shipping fever (all of them) is to urge a maximum of san- itation, hygiene and nursing, with a minimum of medication: —serum therapy may be. I have long held the opinion that the real exciting cause of shipping fever is the actual shipping, the railroad ride; of course, there are other contributing influences, many of them. Let us say for instance that a car load or more of horses, usually young ones, are assembled at a country point. They are loaded in the even- ing—you know all ‘‘stock trains’’ come to all points in the even- ing; that means the horses must be loaded between five and seven o’clock for the fast?? freight which is due at 7:21, but ‘‘unavoid- ably detained’’ until about midnight. In the meantime the twenty to twenty-five horses loaded in what is called a common stock car (of the open work variety) arranged snugly that they may ride bet- ter and with less liability to injury, gradually become nervous, restive, and irritable from the close confinement, the strange sur- roundings and the excitement of passing trains (going the other way) and by the time the freight train does arrive and the crew 596 . W. G. TURNER switches the stock into the train (gently of course), the horses are in a profuse and frequently a dripping sweat. In this condition they are hustled along across the country at a thirty to fifty mile per hour rate, into and through the variable currents: of wind, a probable rain, sleet or snow, thrown in for good measure, with the in- evitable result that they are immediately chilled to the proverbial marrow. This is shock number one, and succeeding shocks are limited only by the distance traversed. Stops at division termin- als are, it seems, necessarily long ones, the car or cars are frequent- ly stopped, with a long warehouse or other such building on the one side and a row of freight cars on the other, when the Turkish bath process again becomes active and when ready for the ‘‘drying room’’ they are, instead, whirled out through the country and once more exposed to the cooling influences of the omnipresent breezes. This process continues throughout the journey with the result that thus enervated and more or less exhausted from the over-taxing of the heart to accommodate the extreme sudden changes, the ani- mals seem to become a veritable incubator for the multitudes of bae- teria, which we know are constantly on the lookout for just such susceptible prey as these animals have become, and upon or soon after arrival at their destination from ten to ninety per cent of the number develop some phase of shipping fever, which may prove to be strangles, pleuro-pneumonia, or any one or more of the formid- able list of respiratory diseases. Then we have the horse or. mule procured at the big commer- cial horse centers; these animals, probably purchased by the coun- try buyer, are shipped to one of the numerous smaller markets, are then purchased by the fellow from the larger centers and re-ship- ped to his commission man. The next purchaser gets his horse or mule with at least two shipments to his credit (or discredit) plus the further possibility, yes probability, of having come in contact with animals in which ‘‘shipping fever’’ had already developed. Through the insistence of the Quartermaster General and in one or more instances with the co-operation of the state veterinar- ian, strenuous methods were adopted in a thorough cleaning up of the entire plant of at least two of the big markets. The dealers entered into the scheme enthusiastically, and after seeing the good results attained, have since set aside one day per week for clean- ing and sanitation. SHIPPING FEVER FROM AN ARMY STANDPOINT 597 I believe, as a general proposition, that the sanitary conditions obtaining in sales stables and markets—large and small—through- out the country are much better than they are usually given credit for. The one outstanding, crying deficiency in practically every horse or mule stable or barn that I have seen, is the ventilation. Allowing that a well horse requires about one hundred and twenty eubie feet of fresh air per hour and a sick one at least one-third more, if one were asked to estimate the quantity of fresh air avail- able in these places per animal, with an average run of stock, stabled, I think, they would have to divide the allowance by four; and then be plenty high in their estimates. We all know the contaminating influence of such a condition and in my opinion, it is a big factor in the propagation and in- tensification of ‘‘shipping fever’’ The army always insists upon having its stock cars in a state of good repair, free from nails or other projections which might injure an animal. The cars must be scrupulously clean, disin- fected and bedded with sand. These are precautions that would return good interest, for the effort, to every shipper, but it is too often entirely neglected. It is with genuine regret that after having vaccinated thou- sands of horses and mules, using several of the best known equine serums and anti-toxins, I am unable to submit any data as to the results, on this most important subject, for the reason that I was on the shipping end and returns from the various points are spas- modic, incomplete and frequently unofficial. During my connection with the remount service we requested and were granted authority to vaccinate nine horses in each car of eighteen (at that time we were using the stalled car) and allow the other nine to go untreated; but owing to the difficulty of provid- ing for the profes;/onal and official observation of these animals for the period of not less than thirty days after arrival at their respective posts, the plan was abandoned. Had it been possible to carry out this scheme on three or four hundred animals, it would have furnished the most practical and in fact the only tan- gible data of its kind that I know of, on the real value of preven- tive serum-therapy, but alas, ete. Occasionally we would hear from a shipment that had gone a long distance under adverse weather conditions, and landed in fine shape, we would immediately wax enthusiastic over the particular serum we were using at that time, 598 WwW. G. TURNER Again I recall on one occasion we sent a fine load of horses to a Post, treated with the same serum, and while they were on the road, some four or five days, the conditions were normal, yet the verdict came back of ‘‘contagious’’ pleuro-pneumonia in three horses upon. ar- rival, developed en route, and some-five or six more in the following few days, several of which died. Then we wondered whether we had vaccinated or inoculated. I am firmly of the opinion that like the sanitation of the stock ear, particularly for the initial shipment of the fresh country horse, if the maximum of prophylaxis is to be attained, his vaccination should also begin with leaving the farm and not to be deferred until he has been subjected to the discomforts of shipping, exposed to infections, and surcharged with disease before receiving the prophy- lactic treatment. Of course subsequent injections of serum should be administered when indicated. We have on several occasions had young horses (three and four years old) gathered from a neighborhood and led, not shipped, to a clean, sanitary farm stable furnished by the contractor, we would select our load of colts, ship them and the contractor would proceed to assemble another bunch for inspection at a later date. So long as he was able to procure his horses within a leading radius there were no signs of disease, but just as soon as he got far enough away from his rendezvous to necessitate his shipping by rail, just so soon did the inevitable shipping fever (in some form) make its appearance. There is another great element of probable infection, and that is the feeding yard or pen, provided and mismanaged by the rail- roads. The legislators, no doubt, enacted wisely and humanely when they wrote into the statutes the law requiring the unloading of stock in transit, at least once in every 24 to 36 hours for recrea- tion, rest, etc., but they should have gone a step further; and this without embarrassment to our great common carriers (not the kind you are thinking of) and insisted upon a clean, sanitary, unin- fected and covered pen or yard in which to unload stock, and not the quagmire of filth and contamination too often found. These conditions can and should be overcome. In this connection a thought suggests itself :—Would the horse- express-car with its extra capacity (from 28 to 30 horses) its greater likelihood of always being clean, its scheme for ventilation, without exposure to wind and weather, the elimination of laying on sheltered SHIPPING FEVER FROM AN ARMY STANDPOINT 599 side-tracks, as well as the avoidance of the feeding yard, and the cutting down of the time in transit by two-thirds, deliver these young fresh recruits to their destination free from shipping fever? There is a strong probability that it would, and I believe it is worth a trial. Many eastern shippers use this system exclusively in shipping horses from markets, having had all of the exposures mentioned and still they do it because it pays them, no doubt. The proper kind and quantity of feed to be fed en route is a much mooted question, but I want to hazard my opinion, never- theless. I believe as a rule they are over-fed rather than the con- trary, that grain of all kinds should be eliminated entirely from the ration, except in specific instances, and whenever possible, alfalfa hay (leafy and well cured) should constitute the main sustenanee ; ‘it is a laxative and diuretic, hence is a febrifuge; and in a wide ob- servation of its feeding I have never seen any of the ill effects so erroneously ascribed to it. The foregoing has reference to re- mounts only; of course fresh clean water should be given ad libitum. In peace times, the buying of horses and mules for our army is done largely from March to November; and wisely too, for the months of December, January and February are the least desir- able in which to make shipments, especially of long distances, ow- ing to the weather conditions; besides by staying out of the big markets,—where after all we must go for large numbers within specified periods—we avoid the competition of the southern buyers whose season this is, and his ‘‘sugar’’ mule and ‘‘turpentine’’ mule is our best wheeler, his ‘‘cotton’’ mule is our best leader, his ““miner’’ is our best pack mule and the best of his horses known commercially as the ‘‘top southerner’’ is the class that furnishes a large number of our cavalry and riding horses. It is not surprising that our old troop horse—he of a year or more service—rarely, if ever becomes a victim of shipping fever. In the first place he is largely immune, having had his ordeal as a recruit, secondly he is more or less of a traveller, does not get ex- cited about it and knows how to travel. Latterly and paramount, he comes from perfectly appointed stables, so far as sanitation, fresh air and highly efficient stable management are concerned; in fact is a seasoned and conditioned horse. He is usually trans- ported in numbers great enough to warrant one or more trains, he is accompanied by the troops, who are commanded by efficient ‘600 H. JENSEN officers, none of whom will permit of his abuse by being walled in on some side-track, with all fresh air excluded, nor will unnecessary delays be countenanced. In conclusion may I hope that somewhere in this conglom- erated thesis, essay, paper or what-not, that my earnest effort, though ever so feeble, may carry some message, suggestion, word, or thought, original or otherwise, that will in some way inure to the benefit of the Army Remount Service, to our chosen profession and to man’s best friend, the horse (and mule). TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY* H. JENSEN, Kansas City, Mo. In the present day and age when so much pro and con is said concerning medicinal agents, when drugs are either ridiculed as worthless or worshipped as miraculous, it is high time that the underlying causes be ascertained and the remedy applied. Pharmacology is as definite a science as any other branch of our professional studies, and it is a topic that should engage our most careful study and attention, in view of the fact that the prac- titioner is daily brought face to face with conditions where medi- cinal agents are called for, and it is our observation that he who denounces medicinal agents most is the one who has not paid the proper attention and study to the subject, but is ever ready to note down formulas and receipts of the most ridiculous kind and being unable to analyze these combinations, as well as not knowing the action of the individual drug, the whole matter becomes a faith cure. I feel that no man should give medicine without knowing and understanding its action. The existing erroneous ideas with reference to drugs must have a cause and you are entitled to inquire the reason for this. As a whole, we are agreed on the main facts pertaining to pathology, bacteriology, physiology, but when it comes to medicine and thera- peutics, then the existing ideas are vague, erroneous and antago- nistie. After carefully looking into this matter for a number of years, *Presented at the meeting of the A.V.M.A., Section on Practice, August 21-25, 1916, Detroit, Mich. eel ce like S t= re. tyeige v7 a oP aaieg _—" ore a daeatgacrpe) ve rr 4 S TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY 601 ne a UUy a En Enns SI SnENEERINRIRE SnD eneenenennnenenememnea I have arrived at the conclusion that incompetent and indifferent teaching methods are the primary causes. How many instructors have we who have paid any special attention to pharmacology? Is it not a fact that in many cases, an instructor is selected, not with special reference to his fitness, but because his services can be ob- tained at a very low rate? And, for the reason above stated, the recent graduate is usually selected and fortified with no more prep- aration or special training to teach the subject of medicine than was handed the new ‘‘Prof.’’ by his teacher. He starts in to impose upon the unsuspecting student. The student, before entering college, must, by some sort of an examination, give evidence of his fitness to take up the work, but what is there to protect the student against the unfit teacher? Much of the teaching of medicine lacks detail, the student is informed there is a drug named ‘‘thus and so’’, the preparations and the dose are alluded to in a general way, followed by a tirade of personal experiences of wonderful cures, the blackboard is cov- ered with fanciful prescriptions, and all the student has retained is the drug, the cure and a selection of specific prescriptions, but left absolutely without any foundation that enables him to reason for himself. I feel that any information that cannot be reasoned out is, in many instances, absolutely worthless, although it is conceded that many drugs in common use are prescribed purely on clinical evidence. Another reason that, in a measure, excuses the condition just alluded to, is lack of time. It is absurd to think that only fifty hours during the school term should be given to this subject, a subject that in spite of criticism and superstition, must be mastered to prac- tice successfully. Laboratory work has, in many eases, been entirely ignored and I believe it is generally conceded that one obtains a more thorough knowledge by actual demonstration than by the lecture method alone. If this is not true, why laboratory anatomy, bacteriology and pathology? We consider laboratory work in materia medica, pharmacy, pharmacodynamics, incompatibility, not only essential but absolutely necessary, in that it gives the student a degree of fa- miliarity with medicinal agents that cannot be obtained otherwise, and should also prove intensely interesting. 602 H. JENSEN To understand a drug means a great deal. It means first of all to know its source; is it a plant or is it a chemical combination? In the former case, the plant should be thoroughly described; in the latter case, the physical and chemical properties should be thoroughly studied. Again, if a plant part is used, it should be made clear to the student that the plant contains certain active con- stituents and that the United States Pharmacopoeia demands a definite percentage of strength present. The official preparations and dosage, the action throughout, the question of absorption and elimination, the toxic action and anti- dotes, question of incompatibilities, ‘chemical, physiologic and pharmaceutic, the indications for use and training in prescription writing; all these points must be considered. In the study of drugs, I feel that the student should have free access to the drugs under consideration, or better still, be in pos- session of the same. In case of plants, I have not gone beyond the general appearance as I consider plant histology superfluous, how- ever, in the study of the inorganic drugs, such as the various salts, a more thorough method was insisted upon. The student is supplied with blanks and the following outline is followed: Observe appearance as to color, form, ete.; note its odor and taste, observe its behavior in the presence of air, as to whether it remains unchanged, hygroscopic, deliquescent or, ef- florescent. . The question of solubility is ascertained and the reaction is noted by means of litmus paper. It is my experience that by insisting upon the student working out these problems for himself, it gives that intense degree of fa- miliarity that simply lecture work will not give, and enables the student to identify the drug. If, however, the student is not posi- tive as to the character of the drug, a simple chemical test should be given. The question has arisen in the minds of the students, why all this? I will get familiar with this as I go out in practice and handle these drugs, and I will know all about them. If that instructor will only tell me what that drug is good for and how much to give of it, that is all the information I desire. Our reasons for insisting upon this work being carried out are not alone because of the scientific value but because of the actual practical necessity of it. Supposing a label should accidently be removed from a con- TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY 603 tainer, it would mean that unless we had some way of getting at the contents, it would be lost. It is true that in many instances, a drug can be recognized by its appearance, but many cannot; it is true that the crystalline forms of magnesium sulphate and zine sul- phate are quite similar in appearance, but when a student, a few years ago, took a dose of zine sulphate instead of magnesium sul- phate he knew the. difference, hence the appearance is not enough to know, but if the student had stopped to taste of it he would have known the difference. The odor very often enables us to identify the substance. The question of odor should also be considered in dispens- ing as no mal-odorous drug should be dispensed in powder form if you want the animal to eat it. Permanency of the drug is of practical importance to remem- ber as it would be rather embarrassing to the practitioner if he should forget himself and prescribe a deliquescent substance in powder form. We cannot prescribe intelligently unless we know something about the solubitity of the substance and the reaction has many im- portant sides and should be known. If we are not familiar with the reaction and we prescribe alkaline salts with alkaloidal salts, dangerous precipitation may occur; again the reaction of the salts is of practical importance as this has everything to do with the physiologic action. As an example, potassium nitrate, potassium bicarbonate and potassium acetate are all classified as diuretics and yet there is a great deal of difference in the action, due to the difference in reac- tion, thus your nitrate is neutral, the bicarbonate, alkaline and the potassium acetate, neutral.. The bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acidity, is absorbed as a carbonate, increasing blood alkalinity as well as increasing the alkalinity of the urme. The potassium ni- trate, on the other hand, is a neutral salt and is broken up into am- monia and urea. It does not increase blood alkalinity nor does it influence the composition of the urine, but rather increases diu- resis through irritation and possibly through dilation of the renal artery. Potassium acetate being neutral, does not affect the stomach but is converted into carbonate in the bowel and after this its ac- tion is identical with the bicarbonate. Much more could be said about the importance of reaction. 604 H. JENSEN As a pre-requisite to the study of organic drugs, the student should be familiar with the fundamentals of botany, at least enough to read and understand the botanical terms used, so that by means of a text book on botany, they might be able to identify a plant. The necessity of this should be especially evident when we consider the annual losses from live stock eating poisonous plants. We should be thoroughly familiar with the active constituents of that plant, whether an alkaloid, glucoside, resin, gum resin, oleoresin, oil, fixed or volatile, or a mixture of several of these. They should not consider it sufficient to merely know the active in- gredient but to be thoroughly familiar with the physical and chemical characteristics of each of these. Just a practical point or two in this connection; do not buy any acetic extracts, the active principle of which is a glucoside, as glucosides are broken up by acids and made inert; equally ridi- culous is an acetic extract of cannabis indica, inasmuch as the ae- tive principle of this plant is a resin and resins are not soluble in acetic acid. Lobelia, the active principle of which is lobeline, also contains an inert resin. Some time ago we were consulted by a practitioner as to the cause of sticky lumps occurring in a syrup after adding fluidextract of lobelia; simply a precipitation of the resin. I have endeavored by just a few practical suggestions to show the necessity of knowing intimately the plant constituents. The official preparations should be thoroughly familiarized, with special reference to their character, strength, manner of prep- aration, etc.; this latter work should be demonstrated in the pharm- acy laboratory or better yet, each student should be required to make one or more of the official preparations in common use. In the pharmacy laboratory the student should also be thoroughly familiarized with the various pharmaceutical processes such as distillation, sublimation, filtration, precipitation, maceration, per- colation, ete. Work of this kind gives the student a better insight and understanding of medicinal agents. I do not mean to infer that this should constitute the entire pharmacy course. Dosage, perhaps is the most difficult problem we have to solve in view of the great difference of opinion. German writers advo- cate enormous doses compared with ours, but by adhering to the average dose advocated by American writers, taking into consider- CPA Cher Re ae atat ton Zee ene io ae! TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY 605 LLL LLL LLL ation the age, breed, sex and general condition of the patient, you will not go far astray. Again, it should be borne in mind that in acute conditions, maximum doses are required to a certain point, whereas in subacute and chronic conditions, the smaller dose should be selected. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the physiologic action of medicinal agents and a topic that has been a great stumbling block in teaching medicine. The methods pursued in the past have been inadequate and superficial. The student has, in most cases, only been told that a drug does ‘‘thus and so’’ and this meager information followed by flowery tales of miraculous cures, and as a result of such informa- tion, there is absolutely no foundation laid in the mind of the stu- dent that enables him to think for himself. The action of every medicinal agent discussed should be con- sidered in the following order: first, its action if applied to the skin, then being administered by the mouth, its action in the di- gestive tract and any changes it might undergo there. The question of absorption and elimination is of special im- portance as the time taken to absorb and eliminate a drug is the only guide the prescriber has to govern him in directing how often the medicine should be repeated. Our drug is now absorbed and circulating in the blood, it unites with certain nerve centers, in the brain or spinal cord, and thus by either stimulating or depressing, the drug action is ob- tained, thus strychnine especially stimulates the motor portion of the cord and as a result thereof stimulates the heart’s action, in- ereases blood pressure, stimulates respiration and practically all functional activity of the various organs and tissue. The question has often been raised, how does this selective ac- tion on the part of the drugs take place? The action is purely a chemical one and may be simply stated to be one of chemical at- traction. We have stated what the drug is doing but this is not sufficient, it must be clearly brought out in every instance possible how this action is brought about. After the drug has circulated a certain length of time in the blood stream and its energy spent, the body throws it off. Some drugs are completely oxidized in the body but most of them are eliminated unchanged or in some other form. ‘The channel through - 606 H. JENSEN which the drug is eliminated as well as the form in which it is eliminated are of the utmost importance. As many of our medicinal agents exert their most valuable in- fluence during elimination, this particular phase of our study must be borne in mind, thus hexamethylenamine, being broken up in the kidney into formaldehyde and ammonia, exerts its action only dur- ing elimination, as a disinfectant to the urinary canal. Galactagogues, such as anise, fennel, juniper, ete., are elim- inated in part through the mammary gland, thus stimulating the glandular activity and increasing the milk flow. Camphor, creosote, etc., being eliminated through the lungs, bring about a most valuable disinfectant, antispasmodic, expector- ant action during elimination. We have now followed the drug from the time it enters the body until it is eliminated; we have stated just how each action is brought about. We have, however, several medicinal agents in common use, the physiologic action of which has not been worked out and has simply gained recognition purely from clinical obser- vations. These drugs are, however, in the minority. This work on physiologic action should also be demonstrated in the clinic on dissecting subjects as well as in the physiologic lab- oratory and no opportunity along this line should be overlooked. Toxicology is not alone of importance insofar as recognition of symptoms of the toxic action of medicinal agents are concerned but it should also include a thorough study of poisonous plants, such as equisetum, cockleburr, larkspur, digitalis, ete. g Again, the toxic action of drugs in common use can be advan- tageously demonstrated on dissecting subjects, and while the proper antidotes should suggest themselves to the student, thoroughly conversant with the action of the poison, yet a thorough under- standing of the fundamentals should be presented. We should know the value of the chemical antidotes as well as the physiologic antidote and a good point to always bear in mind is that in many cases where depression is evident, the application of hot blankets is as useful as medicine. The indications for use undoubtedly furnish the most inter- esting chapter of pharmacology for the student, but the usual meth- ods pursued are open to criticism, in that the personal views of the instructor are forced upon the student. A better method that calls upon the student to think for himself and make use of TEAOHING PHARMACOLOGY 607 the facts presented, is to bring out the individual ideas in a quiz by the following method: In view of the facts presented with reference to the action of this drug, calling upon the students, the instructor requests that one or more indications for its use be given, also demanding that the reason for this statement be given. This method evokes much interest and stimulates the student to think for himself. I think it is exceedingly helpful that occasional suggestions be made by the instructor, but at all times, let the student think for himself. Prescription writing should be limited strictly to proper form and combination and all pet prescriptions and formulas entirely omitted. Incompatibility, chemical, physiologic and pharmaceutical, should be considered in the class and also demonstrated in the lab- oratory. Give the student an opportunity by giving him a good funda- mental knowledge of pharmacy, materia medica, then with the proper presentation of pharmacodynamics and the other subjects alluded to, at all times making this subject interesting, plain and reasonable, giving practical demonstrations wherever possible, and he will soon observe that there is nothing superstitious or mystify- ing about medicinal agents and much of the present indifference, ridicule and criticism will soon pass away. —_>—_—_—_ Dr. Quitman: Unfortunately, I came in late, but I want to compliment Dr. Jensen on his careful preparation and his well thought out plan. Judging from what I heard, what he proposes is an ideal plan. Just as soon as private veterinary schools can furnish all the facilities, I certainly would advocate taking up every one of the plans. All teachers, I think, that are honest and sincere in their teaching endeavors, realize that we should have more time and more laboratory work in the teaching of pharmacology. CHAIRMAN Merimuuar: One thing that occurred to me in con- nection with this paper, is how a man could learn all that in an ordinary lifetime. I want to compliment Dr. Jensen very much on his paper. THE MEDICINAL TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DIS- EASES—AN UNDEVELOPED FIELD OF | VETERINARY MEDICINE Maurice C. Hatt, Ph.D., D.V.M., Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co. With the exception of those parasitic diseases which are of in- terest from the standpoint of quarantine regulations (Texas fever and scabies) or of meat inspection (hydatid, ‘‘beef measles’’, ‘‘hog measles’’, etc.), the diseases of stock due to parasites receive entire- ly too little attention from the veterinarian. One reason for this is that such animals as sheep and swine, which animals most commonly suffer from parasitic infestation, are species with which the veterinarian has little to do, aside from dipping sheep for scabies and injecting hogs with serum. against hog cholera. That veterinarians treat sheep and hogs so little is due to a combination of circumstances. From the farmer’s stand- point, the value of the individual sheep or swine commonly does not warrant the expense of paying a veterinarian. From the vet- erinarian’s standpoint, the compensation to be expected from treat ing the individual sheep or swine does not warrant an interest in this field. For years veterinary practice in the United States con- cerned itself primarily with horses and secondarily with dogs. Today cattle practice is coming into its own, but aside from hog cholera work, sheep practice and swine practice are lttle known quantities in the United States. The field of sheep and swine practice is one that deserves a tention. The diseases that attack these animals are commonly epizootic or enzootic, and the aggregate value of the stock involved is usually considerable, even though the value of the individual animal be comparatively small. At the present time the value of even the individual sheep or swine is no small matter. Sheep, swine and dogs are commonly infested with worms, Sheep, especially, are affected but little by bacterial diseases and suffer principally from parasitic infestation. Quite often the ani- mals suffer from massive infestations with the usual damage due to irritation of the digestive mucosa from the movement and pres- sure of the worms, from occlusion of the lumen of the digestive tract, from enterospasm, from abstraction of nourishment, from — OPTED LN ONE Ming TS EEE OO 1 il MEDICAL TREATMENT OF PARASITIO DISEASES 609 absorption of toxic products, and from hemorrhage and traumatic injury occasioned by some species of worms. The damage is most pronounced in young animals. In these animals the digestive tract is more sensitive, the mucosa more tender, the reflexes perhaps more acute. Infestations that give rise to little or no apparent injury in old animals often appear to occasion considerable injury to young animals and in some cases are the cause of death. One of the most important features in the case is the fact that young animals that are heavily parasitized commonly suffer a serious setback and fre- quently are permanently stunted in growth. They become un- thrifty adults—‘‘runts’’. ; Clinically, parasitic infestation does not present a sharply de- fined, well characterized picture, but in a general way, one may suspect parasitism when dealing with an afebrile disease, with un- thriftiness grading into emaciation and commonly accompanied by anemia and edema. Gastric and intestinal parasitism is often accompanied by more or less diarrhea or constipation. These features should be considered in relation to other facts; that para- sitic worms are most prevalent in warm climates and moist local- ities or in wet years; that they are, therefore, more apt to be of importance in the South and along the coast than in the Rocky Mountain states or in such dry climates as parts of Arizona; and that continued use of closely cropped pastures will favor massive infestation. As a rule there is opportunity for post-mortem ex- amination to confirm the suspicion of parasitism as the cause of trouble, for the veterinarian is not apt to be called in until the death of at least one animal makes it seem desirable to have advice. Of course, it is possible to confirm a suspicion of parasitism by micro- scopical examination, but at the present time there are compara- tively few practicing veterinarians sufficiently experienced to make a satisfactory diagnosis in this way, especially when it involves the question of passing on whether the fecal findings indicate a common and light or moderate infestation or a massive and dangerous infes- tation, a rather difficult point to settle. To be sure, the presence ‘of parasites would warrant treatment from many standpoints, but it would not necessarily settle the question as to whether they were responsible for the condition the veterinarian was called in to treat. Most of the work on parasitic diseases of live stock in this country has been done in the federal bureaus. From the very 610 oO. M. HALL nature of things they have, heretofore, laid most of their emphasis on prophylaxis, something that could not well be over-emphasized. They have, however, noted the necessity and desirability of medi- cinal treatment, and it is well known that there are times when such prophylactic measures as pasture rotation are, for one reason or another, not feasible. An illustration of this fact that came to the writer’s attention lately was in the case of two flocks of goats — used as brush cleaners on Virginia farms. It was necessary that the goats feed down the brush to the point where it would die, a feature which made it undesirable to rotate pastures and give the brush which had only been lightly pastured a chance to recuperate. In cases like this the repeated use of proper medicinal treatment might reasonably be expected to gain all that pasture rotation would gain in the way of keeping infestation down to a negligible minimum. There is an excellent opportunity at the present time for the veterinarian to educate the owners of sheep and swine in regard to the desirability of employing veterinarians to treat their stock for parasitic diseases. Live stock values are especially high at the present time; and there is less than the usual amount of philosophi- cal resignation in contemplating dead stock. Live stock papers and farm journals are emphasizing more and more the importance of worm parasites and related pests and the need of combating them. If the veterinarian does not take occasion to interest himself in this field at the present time, he will sooner or later find himself lamenting the prevalence among farmers and stockmen of the prac- tice of treating their own flocks and herds for parasites. There is a growing interest in this matter which marks the veterinarian’s opportunity to take advantage of the situation or give rise to a re- grettable situation by neglecting it. If the farmer could treat his stock as well as the veterinarian could, it would only be the veteri- narian’s loss if the farmer became confirmed in this practice. But this would not be the case. The veterinarian is in a position to know the latest, safest and best treatments, whereas the farmer, who cannot be so well informed, is apt to waste time and money and lose stock by the inexpert administration of ineffective or danger- ous treatments. There are doubtless many veterinarians who feel that the task of dosing a flock of sheep or a herd of swine could not possibly be accomplished in sufficient time to make it remunerative. More ex- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DISEASES 611 perience will dispel this idea. With three or four assistants, such as can usually be found on a sheep ranch, flocks of five hundred to perhaps a thousand sheep could be drenched in a day, by the use of suitable equipment, at a cost which would make it profitable to the veterinarian and the sheep owner. This means that the sheep must be drenched at a rate of more than one animal a minute, and in the writer’s experience it is not especially difficult to work at that rate. With proper facilities for handling and restraint, swine can also be handled at a rather rapid rate. The stomach worm has ruined the sheep industry in some sec- tions. The practicing veterinarian owes it to himself and to the sheep business to cultivate an interest in the stomach worm prob- lem instead of neglecting it. And what is true of the stomach worm is true, in a general way, of other parasitic diseases which cannot be discussed within the limits of this paper. Such prophy- ’ lactic measures as. pasture rotation must be carried out by the farmer and stockman, preferably under the advice of a trained veterinarian, but no adequate scheme of eradication or control can neglect medicinal treatment, and this is and should remain the vet- erinarian’s field. But the saving of stock is the object which gives point to the veterinarian’s work, and if he refuses to take an in- terest in sheep and swine and to educate his community in regard to the possibilities of treatment and the need for treatment of para- sitic diseases by the skilled veterinarian, then the stock journals will develop in the farmer and stockman the idea that they must treat their own stock for these troubles. —Drs. E. M. Aldrich of New Bloomfield, Pa., F. A. Baldwin of Kansas City, Mo. and H. H. Tucker of Covington, Ky. have been ap- pointed veterinary inspectors in connection with the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry and are located at Omaha. —A loss of nine horses has recently been reported near Stella, Nebraska. It was believed that the deaths were due to sume form of poisoning—possibly forage poisoning. An exact diagnosis could not be determined. —It is reported that black leg was recently found in a herd of cattle near Sullivan, Indiana. BOTULISM A Cause of Limber-neck in Chickens. ERNEST C. DICKSON, From the Division of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, San Francisco, Cal. During the investigation of several outbreaks of botulism which have recently occurred in human beings, it was noted that varying numbers of chickens became paralyzed and died after eating rem- nants of the food which had caused the poisoning. In Hillsboro, Ore- gon, fifty chickens were affected after eating home-canned corn which had caused the death of a woman who tasted it; in Hornbrook, California, between fifty and a hundred chickens became paralyzed and died at the same time as the woman who eared for them died of ‘‘bulbar paralysis’’; in San Jose, California, eight chickens showed the same symptoms and died after eating home-canned string beans which had caused the death of a woman who tasted them, and in Fallbrook, California, seven chickens died after eating home- canned apricots which also caused the death of five people. In all the human cases the symptoms and the course of the in- toxication were identical with those of botulism, and in one the histologic examination of the tissues which were obtained at au- topsy showed the typical thrombosis and hemorrhages which have been shown to be characteristic of the condition. (1 & 2). The symptoms of the chickens were not accurately recorded although in one instance it was stated that the chickens developed ‘‘limber- neck’’, in another that they developed a cough and aphonia and became paralyzed in the necks before death, in a third that ‘‘they had the same symtoms as the women who died’’ and in the fourth that they became paralyzed and died about two days after eating the spoiled food. The carcasses of some of the chickens were obtained from San Jose and from Hillsboro, and from the gizzard of one which had eaten canned corn, and from the crops or gizzards of three which had eaten canned beans, anaerobic bacilli were recovered which have all the morphological and cultural characteristics of the Bacillus botulinus. Cultures of both strains in suitable media produce a virulent toxin with which it is possible to reproduce the typical symptoms and pathologic findings in guinea pigs, rab- BOTULISM 613 bits and cats by subcutaneous injection, and in chickens by feed- ing. The symptons of the injected animals are identical with those which have been described by van Ermengem (3) and others, and those of the chickens are quite characteristic. The birds become dull and inactive, refuse to eat, remain quiet in one place with the feathers ruffled and gradually develop weakness of the legs, wings and neck so that they are unable to stand, droop the wings and allow the beak or the side of the head to rest upon the floor of the cage. In the experimental cases death occurred within twenty- four hours after the feeding. Histological examination of the tis- sues of the chickens which died in the San Jose outbreak as. well as in those which died after experimental feeding showed the pe- euliar thrombosis which is characteristic in mammals. The significance of these observations is of some importance in that they show that botulism must be considered as a possible cause of limber-neck in chickens. It has been recorded in the European literature that ducks and pigeons are also susceptible to botulism but in a fairly complete review of the literature I have been unable to find reference to susceptibility of other domestic fowls, although it is highly probable that they are susceptible. The fact that it has been shown that the toxin of the Bacillus botulinus may be formed in certain vegetables and fruits without the addition of animal protein (1) may explain the occurrence of this peculiar disease of the domestic fowl under conditions in which aecess to spoiled meats can be excluded. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1, Dickson, E. C. Botulism, an experimental study. A preliminary report. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1915, LXV, 492. 2. WILeuR, R. L. AND OPHULS, W. Botulism, a report of food poisoning ap- parently due to eating of canned string beans, with report of a fatal case. Archiv. Int. Med., 1914, XIV, 589. 3. VAN ERMENGEM. Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infectionkrankh., 1897, XXVI, 1; Archiv. de pharmacod., 1897, III, 213, 499; Handb. d. path. Microorg., Kolle und Wassermann, 1912, IV, 909. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘‘ Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’’ ECTOPIC PREGNANCY WITH MUMMIFICATION OF THE FOETUS IN A RABBIT. ARMIN ANTON LEIBOLD, Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, Chicago Veterinary College. Chicago, Il. One encounters at times, most interesting anomalies and loca- tions of foeti. The unnatural locations vary in different animals from the cornu of the uterus (although this is normal in some ani- a, Enlarged lymph glands; b, normal lymph glands; e¢, mummified foetus; d, normal ovary; e, uterus. mals) to the peritoneal cavity or it sometimes occurs that the foetus lies in close relationship with the ovary. Where the foetus de- velops outside of the uterus, either in the peritoneal cavity or in close relationship with the ovary, we speak of such a condition as i CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 615 ‘ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy. All such occurrences are rare. The great motility of spermatozoa makes it possible for them to travel long distances in a comparatively short time and thus be- fore their life becomes extinct they sometimes, during their wander- a, Cysticercus pisiformis; b, right kidney; ¢, left kidney; d, mummified foetus; e, stomach; f, bladder. ings, reach the fimbriated ends of the Fallopian tubes, ovary or even the peritoneal cavity. If by chance an unfertilized ovum les in the way of such a migratory spermatozoan, fecundation may oc- eur which would result in ectopic pregnancy. 616 CLINICAL AND OASE REPORTS While conducting a post-mortem examination on an experi- mental rabbit an interesting case of ectopic pregnancy was found. The rabbit had died during the course of immunization against Bacillus typhosus, having received two injections of a killed sus- pension of the typhoid bacillus, dying eight days after the second injection. As is seen in the accompanying photograph the foetus is in the extreme end of the right cornu, closely adherent to the ovary. The foetus appeared to have been in the third week of de- velopment when it died. It was shrunken and mummified and close- ly enveloped by a membrane. The regional lymph glands in the neighborhood of the foetus were eight to -ten times as large as those on the opposite side. Another feature of interest in this rabbit was an unusually large cyst containing Cysticercus pisiformis. This was located in the right sublembar region, embedded in the muscles of that re- gion. I+ lay immediately behind the right kidney which was slight- ly pushed forward and extended from the last rib to the second lum- bar vertebra. After the cyst was dissected out it was found to weigh, with its contents of 20 ¢.c. of cloudy fluid and parasites, 38.30 grams. It was four inches long and one and three-quarters inches wide at the widest portion and had the general shape of a plumb-bob, the widest end lying close to the last rib. This large cyst contained six smaller ones, the size of each being as follows: 314 by 18% inches; 134 by 1 inch; two being one-fourth inch in diameter and two more one-eighth inch in diameter. The first of these cysts contained 174 young parasites; the second, 62 and the rest each one parasite. Three young parasites were also found free in the fluid in the cyst formed by the membrane which en- veloped the other six cysts; and three were found free in the peri- toneal cavity. INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES OF THE SHEEP B. F. Kaupp, Pathologist, N. C. Exp. Sta. West Raleigh, N. C. The present report is of interest on account of the apparent rareness of this condition in sheep. A flock of Shropshire lambs, about six months old, were on Bermuda grass pasture and received a small amount of grain daily as a supplementary feed. A number of the lambs had died of in- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 617 ‘festation by the Haemonchus contortus, showing the typical le- sions of edema of the chest or other parts of the body and a serous exudate poured out into the pericardial and pleural sacs. At times a quantity of serous-like fluid was also found in the peritoneal cavity. Myriads of the worms were also found in the fourth stom- ach or abomasum. _. In the accompanying photograph may be seen a case of intus-— susception found in one of the cases at autopsy. No definite symp- toms indicating such a trouble were recorded. No. 1 is a portion of the intestine which began to invaginate at No. 5. No. 2 is a por- tion of the intestine beyond the invaginated portion and 3 the open bowel. No. 4 is the invaginated and strangulated portion freed from the lumen. There is noted more or less strangulation and ne- erosis of the extreme end of the invaginated portion. 618 QLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS BLACKLEG* W. J. HartMANn, Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont. “The use of blackleg vaccine as a preventive measure has re- sulted, according to a recent publication of the department of agri- culture on this subject, in reducing the loss from blackleg to less than one-half of one per cent. Where this disease is allowed to prevail the losses to cattle from it frequently exceed those from all other causes combined, and in certain badly infected regions have amounted to more than ten per cent of the animal ealf crop.’’ Blackleg causes at least one-third of our cattle losses in Mon- tana. In some districts and in some years over two-thirds of the cattle deaths can be attributed to this cause; so that taking six per cent* the average annual loss and 1,023,000 cattle in Montana of an average value of $50.00, two per cent of which would repre- - sent a loss of over $1,000,000. This is altogether too great a loss to allow when vaccination would prevent it. Many cattle raisers in Montana use reliable blackleg vaccine regularly and prevent nearly all losses in their herds from this cause. However, on account of unreliable commercial vaccines on the market, some of the stockmen have ceased using any vaccine at all. Where a reliable vaccine is used, such as is furnished free by the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, through the state veteri- narian, at Helena, and used according to directions, practically no losses occur. A number of complaints have been received the past year of the poor quality of commercial vaccines. The following is a report of a few cases taken from different parts of the state, illustrating the experiences of some men. In all of these cases I have been careful to ascertain that the vaccination has been done properly and that the loss has not been from carelessness in the use of the pills. We found the majority of the men put all the pills in vaseline before putting them into the plunger, so that very few errors occurred. - yee at the Montana Veterinary Medical Association, Helena, Mont., Sept. 91 ; E *From Live Stock Loss Statistics in the Bitter Root. tFrom the U. S. D. A. Year Book, 1915. da CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 619 *DETAILS OF CATTLE Loss Cause of Death Cattle Young Stuff No. No. Bloat 15 23.8 % 7 2.63% Accident 9 14.28% 6 2.25% Poison 8 12.70% 9 3.38% Calving 6 9.52% Exposure 6 9.52% Pneumonia D 7.93% Udder trouble 3 4.80% Blackleg 87 32.70% Lung Worms 45 17.00% Secours . 36 13.53% Born Dead 24 9.02% Indigestion 9 3.38% Miscellaneous 6 9.52% 17 6.39% Unknown causes 5) 7.93% 26 9.72% *From Live Stock Loss Statistics in the Bitter Root. C. E. Stuart of Fishtail lost five calves out of seventeen last March—four to eight months old; five yearlings out of eighteen ; two 2-year olds out of twenty-four. John Eik, Fishtail, lost five out of thirty-four from blackleg in March; three after vaccinating with commercial pills. He vac- einated the first of January. Mr. Cash near Hamilton, who ran eattle in Ross’s hole, vac- cinated three times with commercial pills, yet he lost one to three from blackleg every month. After using government vaccine, he had no more losses. Mr. Chatterton, who manages a herd of Herefords of three thousand head near Belt, lost three valuable young bulls one month to six weeks after vaccinating with a commercial vaccine last fall. He used government vaccine and had no further loss. H. C. Drange, Shepherd, lost thirteen head from blackleg last March. He vaccinated thirty-five head December 25th with com- mercial pills and was very careful. After losing eleven, he vacci- nated all those left with another commercial preparation about April 1st and lost two more about two weeks afterwards. J. Groen of Huntley, lost eight from blackleg out of nineteen head. He vaccinated with pills and had no more loss. 620 OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS — Dr. Welch, veterinarian of the Experiment Station, and Dr. Butler, State Veterinarian, have a number of reports of similar failures of commercial vaccine. They also report cases in which the vaccine was so strong as to cause blackleg. With these re- ports at hand and also with the good results we have experienced from the use of government vaccine, we are advising county agri- eulturists to use government blacklege vaccine exclusively and to recommend it to the farmers in their counties. In most cases the farmers do this work themselves or where they have many head of animals, they frequently call in a veteri- narian to do the work as he can do it much more quickly and aceu- rately. Until last summer we have had comparatively few reports of these failures and therefore we have not recommended the goy- ernment vaccine exclusively until recently. Considering the great importance of this disease to the cattle business of Montana, I think it wise that all veterinarians have a clear understanding of the methods of prevention and also of some of the failures with vac- cines as now used. We find that ranchers use all kinds of nostrums as vaccines or as tortures, drawing on their imagination as to the value of these ancient devices and while a veterinarian may not be called to do this work in many cases, yet by recommending a safe and re- liable prevention, he can be a big help in overcoming some of these false notions of copper wire and garlic vaccinations and this will aid him to win the confidence of the people he serves. Vaccinate all cattle three months to two years of age, April Ist and October 1st. Get Free Government vaccine from State Veterinarian, Helena. Some commercial vaccines have proven worthless; some dan- gerous. —A house warming was given at the St. Joseph Veterinary Col- lege, St. Joseph, Mo. the latter part of November to celebrate the completion of their new auditorium. —Dr. Louis Klein of the University of Pennsylvania recently gave a paper on ‘‘The Diseases of Dairy Cows’’ at the monthly meet- ing of the Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Club. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC Notrs. Prof. Doct. A. Delmer. Bulletin de la Soc. Centrale—In his long communication the author records his experience while at the front, relating to the ac- tion of the polyvalent serum of LeClainche and Vallee, also the ac- tion of petroleum asa modifying agent in wounds of a bad nature and on the treatment of herpes with application and friction of common petroleum. With the polyvalent serum, where excellent results have al- ways been recorded, he mentions-a number of cases, relating to wounds in general: in an old fistula 45 centimeters in length, or deep fistula due to the migration of a piece of obus, a fistula of the withers, suppurative phlebitis following phlebotomy, an ulcerated tumor of the anterior face of the right stifle joint, a deep abscess of the superior part of the neck, a deep wound due to a complete section of the skin, of the perforatus and perforans tendons com- plicated with opening of the sesamoid sheath, an abscess of the mammae, a deep peritendinous abscess of the left fore cannon, a purulent collection of the sinuses following fracture of the frontal bone. In relation to the action of petroleum as a modifying agent upon wounds, Doctor Delmer, while considering some of the ad- vantages obtained by the use of petroleum, states that the granulat- ing and the definitive process of cicatrization of the tissues, takes place more slowly than with the polyvalent serum. In relation to the use of petroleum in the treatment of herpes, he considers it as an excellent therapeutic agent. LIAUTARD. oe CRS To PREVENT THE SPREAD OF ANTHRAX AMONG SWINE. Zett- schrift fiir Fleisch und Milchhygiene, Vol. 25, p. 351, 1915.—The Medical Commission in Bremen has issued the following warning: The inereased number of cases of anthrax in swine, that have been observed in recent years, is due to the feeding of fish meal that had been fed with imported bone meal. The bone meal was not steril- ized. Anthrax spores frequently contaminate such meal. Its in- troduction into traffic, except under declaration, is forbidden. BERG, 622 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE UmemicaL Apscess DISCHARGING BY THE VuLva. Doct. C. Fabretti. Jl Nuovo Ercolani.—The writer was called to attend a three months old calf, which presented all the symptoms of ordi- nary omphalitis with a tendency to suppuration. The animal was in very poor condition, had no appetite and did not ruminate. The abdomen was retracted and the temperature elevated. Not- withstanding the treatment instituted, the calf died a few days after showing all the symptoms of peritonitis. At the post-mortem there was found, besides the ordinary lesions of peritonitis, two large cylinders, whitish, hard, dry, one in front of the other which seemed to extend from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder. Not realizing their nature and thinking that they were perhaps post- mortem findings, the author, carrying them in mind, was, a short time after, called again to advise for another heifer which had a swelling at the umbilicus. ‘The application of an ointment was made for a few days with the expectation that fluctuation would soon be detected and the abscess could be opened. Instead of that, the swelling gradually diminished and disappeared. This change took place with the appearance through the vulva of a purulent discharge, which subsided gradually and the heifer got entirely well. The urachus in the first case had been obliterated, that of the heifer remained open and through it the abscess emptied it- self. LIAUTARD. PARACENTESIS ABDOMINIS. P. G. Bond, M.R.C.V.S. Veter nary Journal.—The writer has had cases which made him conelude that this operation was not resorted to as often as it should be. After speaking of two of these cases he gives a concise résumé of five cases where he performed the operation with the satisfactory results that are frequently obtained when it is applied at the proper time and when needed. ‘“The region selected to operate on is fixed by drawing an im- aginary line from the pin-bone to the flank. A hand breadth in front of this is the place to puncture. The portion of the intes- tine pierced is the pelvic flexure of the large colon on the off side.”’ The cannula is left in place and if necessary tied with a piece of tape. It is rare that later trouble ensues. LIAUTARD. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 623 PROLAPSE OF THE UTERUS CAUSED BY A FOREIGN Bopy. Ohler. Muenchener Tierdrztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 66. p. 1007, 1915. After a reposition of the uterus there was powerful straining. Injuries to the uterus were not found, although on removing the placenta it was noticed that the fetal membranes were attached to the uterus more firmly than usual. After a second reposition, it was not possible to prevent straining in spite of the use of the usual means and appliances. The animal was slaughtered. A nail which had penetrated the reticulum was found in the diaphragm. Between the reticulum and the diaphragm were found the changes due to a recently invading foreign body. This alone I regard as the cause of the straining, insofar as no significant in- juries were present in the uterus. BERG. DOES ae Fate oF MAMMALIAN TUBERCULOSIS BACILLUS IN SPARROWS AND CuickeNns. Van Es and Schalk. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Oct. 1916.—Sparrows fed with tuberculous material of mammalian origin succumbed in a markedly emaciated condition. They were almost entirely free from any gross lesions resembling tuberculosis. The material fed was derived from cavias which had died of tuberculosis and which had been used for the propagation in vivo of three strains of mammalian bacilli, two of bovine and one of human origin. Twenty-one sparrows thus fed, with one exception, died emaciated. One sparrow showed a small nodule in the liver which contained typical tubercular material. The organism was demonstrated in three sparrows thus fed. Intraperitoneal injec- tion of small amounts of liver emulsion from six of these birds caused tuberculosis in cavias into which it was injected. The tubercle bacilli may maintain themselves for long periods in organs of birds without losing vitality or original virulence. Material taken from cavias, having become tuberculous as a result of injection with the liver emulsion of sparrows, was in- jected intravenously into chickens, in order to see if there was a survival of the tuberculous material in the body of the chicken as there had been in that of the sparrow. Some of these chickens died at different times. Some were killed. A very small number showed lesions. —_——_ Nore :—In order to comply with the postal regulations, it will be necessary to remove from the mailing list, those who have not yet paid their 1916 dues. Prompt payment of dues from those who are still delinquent, will insure the receipt of the February num- ber at the usual time ; prevent any break in the files and add much to the convenience of the Secretary’s and Editor’s offices. ee Sa REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EDUCATION F. B. Hapiey, Chairman W. L. BEEBE A. D. KNOWLES Your committee on agricultural college education begs leave to report that during the past year it has made an effort to get in touch with the teachers of veterinary science in the fifty or more agricultural colleges in the United States and Canada. The ob- ject was to find out what sort of instruction is being offered in vet- erinary science to students of college grade. With this informa- tion as a basis, we have arranged a course of study that will be recommended as a standard curriculum for all agricultural colleges. The investigation impressed us with the fact that these teachers have peculiar and difficult problems to solve, among the most im- portant of which may be mentioned: (1) The need of giving instruction in veterimary science that will meet the demands of agricultural students who are preparing themselves to become practical livestock men. (2) The necessity of limiting their instructional work to strictly veterinary topics, so as to avoid trespassing on the field of their colleagues in the animal husbandry department, many -of whom maintain that certain courses which are given by the veteri- narians in some colleges properly belong to them, 630 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS (3). The difficulty of meeting these demands and at the same time of satisfying those practicing veterinarians who object to hav- ing farmers taught anything about veterinary science that may in any way deprive them of a small fee, no matter of how much bene- fit it may be to the farmer. In regard to the first problem, it must be apparent that unless the instructor furnishes the kind of material that is demanded and for which he is employed, he will soon be asked to resign to make way for a teacher who will offer work to suit the needs of agri- cultural students. Relative to the second problem, it may be said that the veteri- nary work in agricultural colleges from its very nature must al- ways be minor or secondary to that in animal husbandry. There- fore, due deference must be paid to the ideas of the men in charge of the latter courses. In regard to the third problem, it is to be expected that the instruction in live stock sanitation and methods of controlling epi- zootic diseases, which young men in agricultural colleges of today receive, is far more advanced than that received by the veterinary student of even a few years ago. When the practitioner, who has not kept pace with the rapid strides of science, meets one of these sraduates in agriculture he is obviously at a disadvantage. This accounts for his objections to the giving of veterinary instruction. On the other hand, the leading practitioners of veterinary medicine support these teachers in their work. The reason why they do so is because experience has shown them that their services are more appreciated by farmers who have had the advantage of an agricultural college education and learned the fundamental veterinary truths. This is especially true if the farmer, when a student, had pointed out to him how difficult it is to establish a cor- rect diagnosis without which one has no basis for intelligent treat- ment. Almost without exception, these teachers have met the com- mittee fully half way and have expressed a desire to conform to any reasonable recommendations that this association may make. Therefore, we should carefully consider their problems before offering suggestions for a standard course of instruction. The tendency of natural science teachers is first to give the student training in basic subjects. This is followed by the more highly specialized courses. Consequently, in outlining courses of © ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 631 study in veterinary science, the accepted method has been followed and the fundamental subjects, anatomy and physiology, are placed first in the schedule, while the more advanced courses in diseases, for an understanding of which the former are necessary, are placed last. This introduction should be sufficient to give an idea of the objects of this report. We will now submit for consideration the curriculum of veterinary subjects that is recommended as a stand- ard for agricultural colleges. It should be understood that none of the courses are supposed to be given in as complete a manner as in a veterinary college, so, unless the agricultural student does additional work, he should not expect full credit for courses com- parable in name only, provided he decides to round out his edu- cation with a professional training. CURRICULUM OF VETERINARY SUBJECTS RECOMMENDED AS A STAND- ARD FOR AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES 1. Anatomy of Farm Animals. . .ceed $500.00 was allowed the Editor to facilitate his work, but this n 634 ' ASSOCIATION MEETINGS must be replenished only from the treasury. The association’s cash assets were divided into three funds, namely :—the Associa- tion Fund, the Journal Fund and the Salmon Memorial Fund, of each of which the Treasurer is the sole custodian. The Tenth National Bank of Philadelphia was accepted as the official reposi- tory. As this arrangement places a heavy burden on the Treasurer it was voted to allow him not to exceed $500.00 for office expenses. A sum not to exceed $500.00 was appropriated to help the Bureau of Animal Industry employees in their effort to secure additional compensation through a legislative action now pending before Con- gress. This action was taken to clear_up a disputed point arising from an ambiguous transcript in the Detroit minutes. It was decided that the sum of $2.50 shall be set aside from the annual dues of each member for subscription to the Journal and that this sum shall actually be deposited in the Journal fund. Non- members shall pay $3.00 per year as formerly for such subscription. The Secretary’s salary was fixed at $1200.00 and the Editor’s at $1500.00 per annum, and plans looking to a closer co-operation of these two officers were decided upon. The votes cast for the nominees for the offices of District Mem- ber of the Executive Board were counted November 27th, by a com- mittee composed of Drs. N. 8S. Mayo, Chairman, A. H. Baker, George B. McKillip, A. C. Worms and J. F. Ryan; and the follow- ing candidates were declared nominated:—Ist District: George Hilton, Ottawa, Ont; Fred H. S. Lowry, Toronto, Ont.; C. D. McGilvray, Winnipeg, Man.; J..G. Rutherford, Calgary, Alta. ; and F. Torrance, Ottawa, Ont. 2nd District: S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich.; O. H. Eliason, Madison, Wis.; W. Horace Hoskins, Phila- delphia, Pa.; L. A. Klein, Philadelphia, Pa.; and D. 8S. White, Columbus, Ohio. 3rd District: C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala.; M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn.; A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C.; John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; and G. A. Roberts, W. Raleigh, N.C. 4th District: J. 8. Anderson, Seward, Nebr.; W. F. Crewe, Bismarck, N. D.; J. I. Gibson, Des Moines, Ia.; C. H. Stange, Ames, Ia.; L. Van Es, Fargo, N. D. 5th District: R. A. Archi- bald, Oakland, Calif.; W.H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La.; George H. Glover, Ft. Collins, Colo.; C. F. Keane, San Francisco, Calif. ; and A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. Pursuant to the provision of the new constitution to proceed at once with the election of the Executive Board a return-postal bal- ~ “il ite lige ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 635 lot was immediately printed and mailed.. The cards were mailed at Chicago, December 6th and 7th and are returnable on or before February 20th, 1917, on which date the same committee will count them and recommend the successful candidates. - Owing to the requirements of the postal laws, the publisher of, the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association will be compelled to discontinue sending the Journal within a reason- able time after the expiration of the subscription. It is a violation of the postal regulations to send periodicals in the absence of a bona fide payment in advance thereof or some indication that payment is intended to be made. It will save much unnecessary work in the offices of the Secretary and Editor if the dues are paid prompt- ly. This notice is to urge members to remit promptly in order to avoid discontinuance of the Journal. In order to comply with the postal regulations; that the office of publication shall be fixed by the association or its executive board, Ithaca was declared the official home of the Journal. The matter of securing rates to Kansas City, the place selected ‘for the next annual meeting, has already been taken up with the following passenger associations: Central, Eastern Canadian, New England, Southeastern, Southwestern, Transcontinental, Trunk Line, and Western. Mr. R. 8. Parish, City Passenger Agent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincey Railroad has kindly consented to act as our personal adviser in this connection. While it may seem premature to discuss this subject now, we find that concessions in rates can only be obtained through favorable action of the associa- tions at their annual meeting which will be held at an early date. Under the guidance of Mr. Parish we have reasons to believe some benefits will accrue to the members through this early action. L. A. Mrrmuat, Secretary. ————— TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE U.S. LIVESTOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION The twentieth annual meeting of the U. 8. Livestock Sanitary Association was held at the Hotel LaSalle, Chicago, on December peo, 1, 1.916. The meeting was called to order by President Dyson on the morning of December 5th. Hon. Edward F. Dunn of Illinois was ex- ' pected to welcome the association, but was unable to keep his ap- 636 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS pointment. Dr. Rutherford had been chosen to respond to the Governor in behalf of the association. The Governor’s message being received too late to make other plans, the president peremp- torily summoned Dr. Rutherford to extend to the association the ad- dress of welcome that he might then be allowed the privilege of re- plying to it. We read of the fellow who does something in an inimitable manner and in most cases it is only the elastic imagination or con- science of the writer that admits such an expression, but we doubt if this expression were ever applied with more merit than to Sir John G. Rutherford. ; He summoned his Scotch humor to aid in his impersonation of the Governor of Illinois and, among other things he stated, was that all cities claim to have some advantages and that with all sin- cerity, with the possible exception of Glascow, a city in his native country, that to him Chicago stood out as the most undesirable place on earth to live; but he would admit that possibly for those from the arid regions of either the States or the Dominion, to them Chicago had one advantage; it is a place where a man ean get a drink. He then proceeded to respond to the address of welcome by announcing that we ‘‘smell’’ Chicago with pleasure; the odor be- ing somewhat mitigated by the knowledge that Chicago is the greatest livestock center in the world and that no man, whether he be veterinarian, feeder, or breeder, could come to Chicago and take an intelligent interest in the animal industry without deriving some benefit. In connection with animal industry he pointed out how greatly transportation facilities have increased and how additional duties and precautions have multiphed for those engaged in sani- tary control work, where the slightest carelessness or dereliction might bring about disaster; that no veterinarian should miss an opportunity to impress upon the constituted authorities the neces- sity of safeguarding the livestock industry and the universal ne- cessity of sanitary control measures. The next was the report of the Seeretary-Treasurer, showing the Association to be in good financial condition and the splendid increase of membership to 307. The President’s address reviewed the Association work from its conception in 1907, the first meeting being held in Virginia — with a membership of 23, to the present time. He reminded us — ae ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 637 that the livestock interest is the largest single interest of our agri- cultural industry and how livestock producers should see to it that capable non-partisan men are in charge of sanitary regulations. He laid emphasis on the necessity of practical and economic prin- ciples and that these two important factors should not be lost sight of in such regulations and that no regulations should be so stringent as to cause hardship where interests outweigh the risk of unreaso- able ones. He further pointed out, what is evident to any one who is capably informed, that a tuberculin test certificate issued by a vet- erinarian of questionable character is of no value and should not receive any consideration and that likewise a certificate issued by a capable, reliable veterinarian for a non-reacting animal coming from a diseased herd is of but little value. He advocated the necessity of some restrictions in the ship- ment of hogs intra-state from premises where hog cholera exists. He does not believe it necessary to exact a mallein certificate for horses shipped inter-state except from areas known to be in- fected. He also stated that influenza is causing serious losses to our equine industry, yet nothing is being done to control this contagion by enforced sanitary attention of stock cars and public stables. Dr. Kiernan, as chairman of the Committee on Uniform Live- stock Regulations, a report of which was delayed from 1913 on ac- count of the presence of foot-and-mouth disease, in 1914-1915, sub- mitted the delayed report which was accepted by the society. Following the report, Dr. Merillat read a paper on the mouth trouble that has been so prevalent at many stations during the past two or three months, where great numbers of horses have been gathered preparatory to shipment to foreign countries. Dr. Merillat prefers the term ‘‘gangrenous glossitis’’ to ‘‘in- fectious stomatitis’’, basing his nomenclature on the pathology and the fact that the lesions are mostly confined to the tongue, the lips and the nasal lesions not being constant and never independent. A pleasant and educative discussion took place hetween Dr. Merillat and Dr. Mohler of Washington as to the pathology, Dr. Mohler believing that the lesions are more vesicular than gangren- ous and that it is quite typical of the disease long known as “‘in- fectious stomatitis’’, being prevalent in South Africa since 1884. 638 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Dr. Eichhorn also discussed the subject and the important facts that all seemed to be agreed upon are that it is :—first, highly contagious. 2nd, disseminated through feed, hay, and water boxes. 3rd, etiology not known. It is not a filterable virus as it is not capable of reproducing the disease after passing through a Berk- feld filter. A Gram negative bacillus has been found which pro- duced certain symptoms but were not typical, however. This or- ganism appears to have a bearing on the cause. 4th, transmis- sible to cattle but not to sheep or hogs. 5th, the virus can be re- covered in an inoculated calf and reproduce the disease in the horse. Symptoms in the horse :—thirsty ;- temperature 102° to 104°, lasting two to six days; appetite, good; salivation and difficulty in masticating; white patches slightly elevated, mostly seen on ventral surface of tongue. Symptoms in cattle:—salivation; smacking of lips similar to foot-and-mouth disease; vesicle on tongue and pad similar to foot- and-mouth disease; some difficulty in masticating; temperature around 103°. Differs from true foot-and-mouth disease in cattle :—1st, it is not transmissible to hogs and sheep. 2nd, it is readily transmissible to horses, while foot-and-mouth disease transmission is exceptional ; natural infection of the horse did not occur in a single instance in the last three outbreaks in this country. 3rd, in foot-and-mouth disease, we have mouth lesions, foot lesions and udder lesions. In this disease the lesions are confined to the mouth. 4th, foot-and- mouth disease is systemic with high temperature; this disease 1s rather local with a lower temperature. 5th, this disease spreads slowly whereas foot-and-mouth spreads quickly. Dr. Kinsley also took part in this discussion speaking of the recent outbreak among cattle in the Kansas City stockyards which gave so much concern to western stockmen. He made an appeal for the government to evolve some rapid method of diagnosis, pos- sibly a biologic test, with the hope of relieving stockowners of the suspense, worry and expense, where, perhaps, cattle had already reached a market and had to be held for the slower method of di- agnosis. Dr. Mohler stated that if the organism was found, an antigen should be simple. Dr. Eichhorn, in giving details of.some experi- ments he conducted, stated that he had been able to transmit the disease to one horse in three days and another in five days, by seari- af i Cs g ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 639 fication of the dorsal surface of the tongue. First vesicles and then erosions appeared. Material taken from these lesions transmitted the disease to a calf by scarifying the dental pad. The lesions ‘so resemble foot-and-mouth disease in the calf that it is almost impossible to tell the difference, the ruptured vesicle leav- ing practically the same surface and the healing of the lesions pro- gressing rapidly as. in foot-and-mouth disease; the only variation being that a few cases showed a pseudo-gelatinous membrane. Three calves were subjected to intravenous inoculation and five to scarification of the dental pad. Lesions appeared in 48 hours on the searified pad; but those receiving virus intravenously gave negative results. Inter-digital application on hogs gave negative results. Horses apparently do not take the disease readily with scarification. Ap- plication of the virus on slightly scarified surfaces caused cases to develop in the horse on the third day. Treatment consists in allow- ing the animals to wash their mouths in drinking troughs with a solution of permanganate. If the lesions are very severe it is well to dress them daily with a mild solution of picrie or boracie acid. After the close of this interesting subject, Dr. Dorset gave a review of the research work on hog cholera conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry during the past year. He first took up the application of heat on hog cholera serum and virus to determine if possible a method to destroy the virus of foot-and-mouth disease without injuring the potency of either the serum or virus. Fifty-six degrees C. did not destroy potency but did interfere with the physical appearance and thus with the marketing; so it was found advisable not to heat above 50°C. It is generally agreed that the heating of the foot-and-mouth disease virus to 50°C. for 12 hours would be sufficient, but this was not practical. Another method was then tried of separating and wash- ing the red blood cells since the cells contain no antibodies and are of no value, but centrifuging was only about 50% satisfactory. Dr. Henley devised another method of separating serum and cells. He found that the common white navy bean would cause ag- glutination without giving any irritating properties to the serum and by adding 1% sodium chloride before centrifuging, 70% of the total volume of the original defibrinated blood could be recovered. This heated for 30 minutes to 60°C. is apparently satisfactory. Time enough has not elapsed since this method has been in use to determine the keeping qualities of serum so treated. 640 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS One lot has been kept two and a half months and another one eight months and up to the present this process seems to meet all requirements. Another experiment was to determine the infectiousness of blood and excreta of the cholera infected hog, at different periods. The information obtained from this experiment indicates that the blood and urine are infectious the first day after the animal has been inoculated with virus, the second day the feces;; and the third day the discharges from the eyes and nose; all before the hog shows symptoms of the disease. To determine the effects of natural exposure three infected hogs and two non-infected ones were put in a pen together for 48 hours. The latter were then removed to disinfected pens, then — two more susceptible ones put in 48 hours more and so on up to the 10th day. All hogs developed cholera except the two put in the first two days. These were not immune to the disease as was later proved by inoculation. Another experiment was to deter- mine how long recovered pigs are carriers. Two recovered pigs, the 23rd day were scrubbed, disinfected and put with two non-im- munes for 21 days. The latter remained well. Another experi- ment was to determine the survival of virus in buried carcasses. Four carcasses buried in warm weather at the depth of two feet — were exhumed on the 7th, 14th and 21st days and pieces fed in : bran mash to susceptible hogs. None developed cholera from ear- casses that had been buried 14 days or over, putrefaction appar- ently destroyed the virus. The likelihood of attendants carrying virus to healthy pigs was then taken up. Healthy pigs were placed 100 yards from chol- era infected ones. Men took the temperatures of the sick pigs disinfected their hands and thermometers, then went into the pens where the well pigs were, and took their temperatures without changing their clothing or giving any attention to their footwear. The test pigs remained perfectly well for thirty days; they were then moved 50 yards nearer under the same practice but continued well; — they were then directly exposed to and contracted cholera. Two control pigs nearby did, however, develop cholera on the 17th day. The question which is often asked and is an important one, is; — how soon is it safe to restock a farm after an outbreak of cholera — has been suppressed? An experiment to determine this was car-_ ried on in August, September and October 1916. Covered pens 4 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 641 of five different kinds, wood, concrete, ete., were used; very little sunlight was admitted in any of them; they ranged in size from 5 feet square to 25 feet square. In all the pens pigs were present in different stages of the disease, dying in some of them. Without cleaning or disinfecting, susceptible pigs were placed in these after sick or dead hogs had been removed, the time varying from 7 min- utes to 24 hours. In no case did a pig develop cholera in a pen where the dead or sick had been removed for 24 hours. In closing Dr. Dorset wished it to be understood that none of these experiments have been carried far enough to be considered as definite and stated that summer conditions should be taken into ac- count in aiding putrefaction as it does, more rapidly than in cold weather. Dr. Dorset’s paper was discussed by several interested in this great problem. Dr. Connaway of Missouri recited some ex- periments that had been carried on in his state and believes hyper- immunes should be tested for tuberculosis. Dr. Ranck of Missis- sippi told of interesting experiments he had conducted to deter- mine’ if possible the infectivity of air alone. His results would indicate that air does not play an important part as a carrier of hog cholera virus. Dr. Gibson of Iowa is always loadéd on the hog question and as is characteristic of him, he tackled the proposition from a prac- tical viewpoint; even considering the possibility of saving the salv- age of cholera carcasses. There was a sound of amusement over this, somewhere in the room, when a twinkle appeared in the Doce- tor’s eye and he quickly retorted that the dead hogs of his state were worth more than the live ones of some other states. He stated that the iniquitous practice of hog raisers inviting their neighbors to help them draw their hogs hurriedly to market, when they suspected an outbreak of hog cholera, was a method of infecting several carriers which in turn infected other premises. Dr. Gibson believes in facing conditions as they are and de- vising methods to suit the occasion so that the publie will co-operate rather than evade, and favors the disinfection of every stock car at its point of destination and that it would be more practical to make regulations allowing exposed hogs to go to market under re- strictions rather than prohibit it. He believes every shipment of live hogs should be immunized and that every breeder marketing breeding animals should be forced to immunize under proper regu- lations, 642 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Hog raisers should have a loading shute at their hog lot to pre- vent the necessity of neighboring teams entering the hog lot. Sus- ceptible hogs should be loaded direct from wagons in clean, disin- fected cars and unloaded in clean, disinfected shutes. Dr. Luckey of Missouri believes that hogs for shipment re- ceiving serum alone, should be dipped and held for six hours after, before being shipped. He explained the method of handling hog cholera in his state, reaching out for aid from various associations on all sides, even enlisting the aid of school boards to do detective work, and reporting outbreaks. Competent veterinary practitioners are appointed irrespective of politics, and are paid per diem when employed. Dr. Koen of the Bureau of Animal Industry then read a paper on hog cholera, reviewing the entire subject, mentioning as impor- tant factors :—Ist, diagnosis. 2nd, quarantine. 3rd, serum alone. 4th, serum and virus. 5th, proper administration by qualified veterinarians. Dr. Nelson of Indiana said that there was a law in his state allowing the salvage of hog cholera carcasses which was very objec- tionable, as it courts vicious practices. He told of the methods of control practised in his state which are quite similar to those in general use. Dr. Cooley from Ohio, explained that in his state they allowed only veterinarians to use serum, and that such veterinarians are ap- proved to administer it only after they have taken special instrue- tions at a serum plant, and additional instructions from an exper- ienced field veterinarian. This would seem to us like a sensible precaution. Dr. Musselman from Kentucky said that statistics in his state in 1914 indicated that the annual loss from hog cholera had been averaging around $200,000.00 and it is now estimated that this has been reduced one-half. The Kentucky requirements are that a serum treated hog entering the state must be so treated not more than five days before entrance and that in the case of virus and serum not less than 21 days after treatment. Dr. Cahill of Massachusetts explained how conditions differed in reference to swine raising in the New England States as com- pared with the Middle and Western States, ninety per cent bemg swill fed and kept under bad sanitary conditions. No serum or virus is allowed to be used in the State of Massachusetts until it . ae i bi oda nal . i: | ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 643 chas been tested by the Massachusetts Department of Animal In- dustry and then must be administered by the Department agent. Splendid advancement has been made in Massachusetts in the con- trol of hog cholera. On the morning of the second day Dr. Eichhorn presented a paper dealing mainly with immunization against abortion with live cultures. In his summary he stated that present investigations point to the possibility of success along these lines. Like all good sanitarians he believes that prevention is the important phase of this trouble and should receive the greatest attention. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry has undertaken a campaign to suppress abortion and hopes to secure the assistance of many agencies, such as state and local organizations, and recom- mends that the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary Association appoint a committee of the most capable men available, to get together such facts as are worthy of consideration at the present time, and to formulate and develop plans looking to the control of this malady. Dr. Williams of New York followed Dr. Eichhorn with a paper mentioning the noted changes that have come about among sci- entists and breeders during the past few years in recognizing the disaster of abortion and its allied ailments. He believes as others of us do, that calf scours is closely associated with abortion, and that the new born calf usually gets the infection from infected milk or the udder that has been soiled with vaginal discharges. He outlined methods in caring for a herd where abortion is present, paying special attention to the care and treatment of the pregnant cow. On this subject the Doctor was on his good behavior, and we recommend a careful reading of this by those interested in the sub- ject. He still adheres to the belief that abortion has no tendeney toward immunity. d Dr. Lamb, of Colorado, gave a paper on the subject, ‘‘ Abor- tion and the Range Cattle Industry.’’ He does not believe that contagious abortion is present among range cattle, and that practi- eally all abortion among range cattle is due either to accident or dietetic causes, and if the contagion did exist simpler methods of control would need to be found in order to be of practical appli- cation. 7 Dr. Marshall of Pennsylvania presented a paper on ‘‘Possi- bilities and Limitations in Control of Abortion.’’ He told of con- ditions as they exist in Pennsylvania, basing his deductions prin- 644 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS cipally on some large purebred herds he has had to do with. He be- lieves that isolation and sanitation are the best agents of control known as yet. He does not believe granular vaginitis plays much part in sterility, having seen herds so affected with practically no sterility. Neither does he believe that calves contract contagious abortion by drinking the milk of affected cows. He advocates good sanitation, proper attention to the uterus following parturition and that if the uterus is cleansed and made healthy, animals can be bred very early. Drugs and crude operative interference such as dilating the os is useless and sometimes harmful. Thinks it is wrong to sell aborting animals as many will never abort again. In summing up he submitted the following recommendations :—Ist, frequent stable disinfection. 2nd, washing hind quarters, tail, etc. with disinfee- tants daily. 3rd, watch non-pregnant animals; if there is any dis- charge, douche uterus three times weekly. 4th, discharges and membranes should be properly destroyed. 5th, attention to the bull in the way of douching and keeping clean. The next on the program was ‘‘Practically Significant Facts about Abortion disease,’’ by E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The paper was presented by Dr. Schroeder. Some of the important conclusions of these authors were that cows may be carriers that have aborted, and then cease to abort. Cows that never abort may be carriers. The udder is frequently infected. Period of udder infection varies greatly, several cases known from one to four years. Period in which uterus remains infected after abortion, about three weeks. Abortus ba- cilli do not ordinarily live in a non-pregnant uterus. Abortus organisms do not live in the animal body in parts other than the udder and pregnant uterus of mature animals. Not so with the fetus, as the intestinal tract of the newborn calf of infected mother is frequently infected. This seems to disappear in about three or four months. Believes there is danger of milkers’ hands infecting the udder through the teats and so spreading the disease. Ques- tions the value of uterine treatment with germicides, even thinks it may possibly be harmful. Does not believe the bull is an im- portant factor in the spread of this disease. (On this particular question we would like to inject a bit of experience that we did not have the courage to bring up at the meeting after such an exhaustive discussion of the subject, and our ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 645 friend Dr. Moore, with the formidable task still ahead of him under the caption of “‘Summary’’. F A client with 23 cows and a rather choice bull that had been getting some particularly fine calves, some two years ago was pre- vailed upon to loan or hire his bull for a few weeks to a neighbor, that he might breed some of his animals. The bull was loaned or hired and returned in about five weeks and the owner then bred more of his own animals and continued doing so during the summer and fall months. Some three or four months after the bull had been returned abortion appeared in his herd and 13 out of the 17 animals bred that year aborted. They were all home bred animals, no strange female had been added to the herd. Where was the source of contagion ?) Dr. Moore of New York, in summing up stated that we are yet in the research stage. There is really nothing definite to state. He thinks that various opinions are beneficial even though con- flicting, we are making progress. For instance, we seem to be agreed on the definite cause, also the complex disasters that go with the disease. As it appears to him, he thinks that abortion can be prevented or at least lessened by applying our present knowledge in the way of attention to the uterus, ovaries, etc. He believes the two important factors at present are: How widespread is this organism and how is it disseminated? He has found organ- isms in the uteri of cows six weeks or longer after abortion. - The next on the programme was a paper by Dr. Wills of New York entitled ‘‘How should a tuberculin test be applied to insure accuracy in results ?”’ He reviewed the different tests as applied to detect tubercu- losis and in the subcutaneous test recommends beginning the tak- ing of post temperatures at the eighth hour and carrying them through to the twentieth hour. Dr. Kinsley spoke briefly on ‘‘The Nurse Cow and Her Rela- tion to Bovine Tuberculosis.’’ Believes that this phase of infection does not receive sufficient attention, particularly the present cus- tom of stockmen using nurse cows that have not been properly ex- amined to determine whether or not they are free from tuber- culosis. This ended the morning session of the second day. The program of the afternoon session was arranged largely to discuss what might be termed ‘‘administrative questions,’ - 646 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS The first speaker was Mr. Groman of [llnois. He advocates ‘legally constituted Sanitary Boards of three members who are ac- tively engaged in farming or stockraising in their own states so as to be familiar with local conditions; having headquarters at the State Capitol; expenses and reasonable compensation to be al- lowed. He was followed by Dr. Cotton of Minnesota, who men- tioned the principles he believed should be taken into account. The sanitary Board should have full power to act promptly when a sudden outbreak of a dangerous disease appeared. All biologics used in the state should be under state control. There should be a State Laboratory with the power to make necessary investigations. The board should consist of stockmen and veterinarians. Field men should be qualified, experienced practitioners and should be on full pay. Meat and milk inspection should receive more attention. This important subject was discussed by Drs. Dunphy, Ramsey and DeVine. Mr. Hastings of Texas spoke on the ‘‘ Desirability of Exempt- ing Range Bred and Branded Cows and Heifers from State Regula- tions Governing Importation of Cattle for Breeding Purposes.’’ He pointed out the impracticability of testing range cattle shipped to the middle or northern states when in transit, and pleaded for the as- sistance and co-operation of such states in making an agreement that would be equitable to the cattle shipper and at the same time protective to the state receiving the cattle. Believes there is practically no tuberculosis among range cat- tle and in case tuberculosis is discovered in the shipment of cattle coming from the ranges, they could be traced to point of origin by the owner’s brand. Dr. Bahnsen of Georgia also spoke on this subject, support- ing Mr. Hastings’ contentions. Dr. Ramsey explained the law required, in the case of range bred cattle, that the owner register his brand. From the discussion that followed it seemed that a plan could be sensibly arranged. A proper method of applying the subcutaneous tuberculin test was again brought up and settled by adopting uniform regula- tions that had been submitted by the committee which included the Bureau regulations in making a tuberculin test, which read from the eighth to the twentieth hours. Dr. Ranck of Mississippi, in presenting the subject “‘Sugges- ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 647 tions for Regulations Governing Inter-State Movement of Live Stock,’’ believes that it is unreasonable and unjust to exact a vet- erinary certificate from a poor man with a few head of animals from an isolated area where infection is not known to exist. The next subject on the programme was ‘‘State Accredited Herds’’ by Dr. Eliason of Wisconsin. He explained that Wiscon- sin already has several such herds and the policies and methods in vogue in that state. Those who spoke in favor of the accredited herds were Mr. Bent of Illinois, Mr. Glover of Wisconsin and Drs. Ingram, Marshall and DeVine. The matter was referred to the Committee on Resolutions. During the forenoon of the third day the representatives of the different stock papers had the floor. Mr. Russell of the 20th Century Farmer, presented a splendid paper on ‘‘How can State Livestock Sanitary Officials Best Serve and Co-operate in Promoting the Interests of Livestock Producers ?’”’ His discourse gave evidence of an intimate knowledge of the details that enter into efficient sanitary control work. He advocates a Sani- tary Board rather than a State Veterinarian as he believes that dif- ferent interests should have representation. The board should con- sist of five members; two veterinarians and three laymen. The latter should represent different kinds of stock. The executive vet- erinarian to be selected with greatest care as the most important of all members. He should be selected for ability alone, polities not to be considered. Salary should be adequate to secure a good man. Should not be engaged for any definite period but retained as long as he gives faithful, capable service. Believes quarantine lines in any serious outbreak of disease should be placed by the Bureau of Animal Industry as it so often happens the state line is not sat- isfactory. Mr. Gregory of the Prairie Farmer, emphasized the necessity of more co-operation of all taking an active part in the livestock indus- try. Mr. Snyder of the Farmer’s Review, commented on the wisdom of recognizing the agricultural press as an important factor and the only way sanitarians can get the true version of their work before the public. The closing topie for the morning session was ‘Livestock Sani- tation, Past, Present and Future,’’ by Dr. John G. Rutherford, of Canada. The Doctor dispensed a little fun, some science and a good 648 : ASSOCIATION MEETINGS bit of common sense. He said in part that sanitation might be traced from the days of Moses but there was no beginning of real veterinary sanitation until the 18th century. Knowledge then was contradictory making very little progress until the last half of the 19th century. The principal agents used in the early times as dis- infectants and deodorants were asafetida, anise, and the far famed Billy goat. Following this, corrosive sublimate was introduced and still later carbolic acid and its derivatives. He said that even as late as the time he graduated, in 1879, spontaneous origin of infectious diseases was still taught. Hunting of England published a monograph in 1887-on glanders and quoting from George Fleming gave a lengthy explanation of how this disease could arise spontaneously. Williams of Europe, as late as 1890, put forth what he believed a very positive argument that glanders orig- inated spontaneously. The speaker compared the great strides since made in the introduction of tuberculin and mallein, opening the way for simpler and surer methods of diagnosis. Fleming’s Vet- erinary Sanitary Science and Police was the first real text book written comprehensively on this subject. This book was published about thirty years ago. In emphasizing how slowly, sometimes, science advances, he reminded us that even at this time there are some who doubt the existence or infectiousness of rabies and, in con- trast to this, the great strides that have been made in tick eradica- tion since it has been found that southern cattle fever was due to this intermediate agent. An important problem along this line for the future is the animal that is a disease carrier while in all appearances being quite well. Future regulations require more uniformity among authorities and to show as how ridiculous and even disastrous quar- antine methods may be even with our present knowledge, he cited how England has long since exacted rigid quarantine methods on all dogs coming into the country, but neglected the foxes imported from France for hunting purposes, until a master of hounds died with rabies contracted from a fox bite. ; He advocates the collaboration of the producer, consumer, Government, State and Municipal authorities. All should be con- ‘sulted before an order or regulation affecting all be promulgated; pointing out how often unpleasant circumstances may arise or de- velop without such consultation. Even the ‘‘crank’’ should be con- sulted as he has a value if handled properly. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 649 All great nations, such as ours, should be always ready to handle any emergency or crisis. Cautioned against today’s ten- dency of believing that we know all that should be known concern- ing many maladies. He spoke at some length of the great value of the practising veterinarian in sanitary control work and he left no doubt in our minds but that in his opinion, after all, the capable, conscientious practitioner is the backbone in controlling contagious disease. Thursday afternoon was devoted mostly to committee reports and the following resolutions were submitted and adopted : 1. WHEREAS, It is important that outbreaks of contagious and infectious diseases be promptly quarantined, therefore, be it RESOLVED, That the Federal law and such State laws as provide to the contrary be amended to permit the State Veterinarian, a Livestock Sanitary Board, a Livestock Commissioner and the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry to quarantine any outbreak of contagious or infectious disease as soon as the fact or a well grounded suspicion is established. 2. BE IT RESOLVED, That this Association recommend to the various State Fair Associations the adoption by them of regulations requiring that all eattle exhibits shall be accompanied by a certificate issued by the authorities of the State from which exhibits originate—that such animals are from a State Accredited Tuberculosis Free Herd or a certificate from the authorities above mentioned that animals have been tubereulin tested within a period of six months and are free from tuberculosis as evidenced by the. test. Be WHEREAS, The expense of inspection of hogs and sheep shipped in- terstate by express is burdensome upon the breeders and tends to restrict the movement of such animals, it is recommended that State regulations be amended to permit swine and sheep, when expressed in interstate shipment to go for- ward when shipment is accompanied by an affidavit of the breeder that such animals are free from all contagious and infectious diseases, and that they have not been exposed to any contagious or infectious disease for a period of three months prior to shipment. : 4. RESOLVED, That the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association place on record its deep conviction of the importance of cleaning and disin- feecting stock ears and stock yards in the control of contagious diseases of animals, and desire to call the attention of the Secretary of the U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture and State Live Stock Sanitary authorities to the urgent necessity for proper legislation or regulations requiring transportation com- panies to clean and disinfect all cars used in live stock transportation imme- diately after unloading, and also requiring that all public stock yards be main- tained in a clean and sanitary condition. 5. WHEREAS, It is highly desirable that tuberculosis be eradicated from all farm animals, and that to accomplish this systematic and efficient effort be made, and WHEREAS, The plans as laid down for the establishment of accredited 650 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS herds of cattle in several States that have accredited herds provide for intel- ligent application of the tuberculin test and for the proper handling of such herds thereafter, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, That the members of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association in our Twentieth Annual Convention pledge themselves to render all the assistance possible to establish accredited herds in all States. 6. | WHEREAS, It has been shown by investigations made by a represen- tative of the Bureau of Animal Industry throughout the greater part of the United States, that the losses of horses from shipping fever or influenza are be- coming so alarming as to be a menace to the horse and mule industry of the coun- try, not only are animals in transit affected, but the disease is carried to other animals in sale and livery stables and even to those used for agricultural and other purposes. WHEREAS, It is believed that the ravages of this disease can be greatly reduced by proper sanitary measures, provided the same are applied to all shipments of horses whether in interstate or intrastate transit. THEREFORE, Be it resolved that this Association, urgently requests that the Federal and State authorities promptly adopt and enforce such meas- ures as will tend to control the spread of shipping fever or influenza. And be it further resolved that this Association recommend an appro- priation of $100,000, by the Federal Congress for the control of this equine plague and that copies of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry of the Senate and the Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. ia 7. WHEREAS, There is some contention between a few of the veterinar- ians and the county agents and j WHEREAS, This condition is deplorable and uncalled for, as they should work harmoniously together for the advancement of our live stock interests, therefore be it RESOLVED, That we as members of the United States Live Stock Sani- tary Association urge a close co-operation between the County Agent and the veterinarian, and be it further RESOLVED, That we do all we can to eliminate contention between these two factions. The election of officers for the coming year resulted in the fol- lowing being chosen: For President, Dr. J. G. Wills of New York. For Vice-Presi- dents:—Dr. Archibald, Dr. Eichhorn, Dr. Graham, Dr. Ingram, Dr. Torrance. For Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Ward of Minnesota, and so closed one of the best, if not the best, meetings the associa- tion ever held. J. F. DEVINE. | ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 651 BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION A Practitioner’s Meeting of the B. C. Veterinary Association was held in the Hotel Vancouver on Wednesday, December 6th. Dr. Howell, Vice-President, acted as Chairmam in the absence of Dr. Jervis of the Social Committee who was sick in the hospital with appendicitis. Dr. Howell made an address of welcome and then called upon Dr. Strong who is connected with the Health De- partment of the City of Vancouver as Meat Inspector. He spoke of his duties in this conneetion and though only being appointed a short time, showed the improvements that had been carried out. Diseussion followed and it was the opinion of the meeting that the only solution of the pure meat question was the Municipal Abattoir. The Chairman then called upon Dr. Ransom who spoke on ‘‘The Ethies of the Profession’’; discussion followed. The Chairman then called upon Dr. Hadwen, who gave a very interesting paper on ‘‘Staggers in Horses’’ caused by bracken, and described ex- periments conducted by Drs. Hadwen and Bruce at the Veterinary Research Laboratory at Agassiz, B. C. Discussion followed. Dr. Sleeth then gave a paper on ‘‘ Abdominal Operations on the dog as compared with the horse’. This paper went very minutely into the subject and will be concluded at the next meeting to be held in Jan- uary. Dr. L. D. Swenerton then related some of his duties as an Army Veterinarian in the British Army in England and France, having lately returned from the front. This brought a very suc- cessful meeting to a close, but more will be held throughout the winter, some of which the public will be invited to attend. K. CHESTER, Sec.-T reas. WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Western New York Veterinary Medical Association held its 38rd semi-annual meeting Friday, December 15th, at the rooms of the Erie Co. S8.P.C.A. building, 121 W. Tupper St., Buffalo, N. Y., with 20 members present. The clinic started at 2:30 P. M., and consisted of eight cases: 5 horses and 3 dogs. Case I was a Chestnut Gelding with ringbone on both fore feet, involving the posterior tendons of the left to such an extent as to cause considerable contractions of the tendons. Treatment: rest and blistering and taken oif city pavements. 652 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Case II, Grey Gelding with a chronic levator humeri abscess. Had never been operated upon, but had been treated with anti- phlogistie measures and reduced to nearly normal with the excep- tion of a small bunch at the extreme anterior edge of the muscle just over the joint, the bruising of which would cause the recurrence of the enlargement at intervals. Treatment advised, was to reduce the swelling, to circumscribe the enlargement as much as possible by opening up and evacuating the pus, which evidently was en- cysted. Case III, Grey Gelding aged with generalized melanosis— especially around prepuce, tail and anus. Treatment none, in- operable, horse to be destroyed, the general opinion was that it was malienant. Case IV, Brown Gelding. Hair falling out in large spots all over body, sides of neck nearly entirely denuded. Diagnosis: Al- opecia Symptomatica due to faulty digestion. Treatment: Soft laxative food and intestinal antiseptics. Case V, Brown standard bred stallion. Lame in both hind legs after violent exercise and only then. Diagnosis: thrombosis of iliacs. Upon rectal examination found the post aorta enlarged and hard just anterior to the branching of the iliacs. Treatment: regular exercise. Case VI, Dog. Bladder trouble. Diagnosis, caleuh. Treat- ment: operation revealed a tumor condition inside of bladder, presumably malignant. Will be verified by microscopical exam- ination. Case VII, Dog. Injury to back by automobile 3 months pre- vious. Diagnosis: broken back with decided crepitus. During first two months the dog was unable to walk but walks now with partial control of hind parts. Treatment: questionable. Results also questionable. . Case VIII, Dog. Old perineal hernia. Treatment: keep bowels open; operation unsuccessful in old dogs. Case LX consisted of the Heart and Lungs of a horse that died with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, a disease quite prevalent at the East Buffalo Stock Yards at the present time. After the clinics the regular business session was held. Three new members were elected. Dinner at 6:30 at the Park Hof Hotel in which all the members participated, after which they returned to the assembly rooms for the remainder of the business and papers. ae re ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 653 A committee was appointed to take up the matter of illegal practitioners, collect evidence and prosecute if necessary. A resolution was also drafted and adopted in regard to the in- creasing prevalence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia at the East Buffalo Stock Yards and a copy forwarded to Chief A. D. Melvin, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., to see if measures could be brought about to eradicate this highly fatal disease. The papers of the evening were given by Dr. J. L. Wilder, ‘*Physical Examination of Dairy Cows’’, also a paper on ‘‘Nuclein, its uses in Veterinary Practice,’ by Dr. W. D. Bennett. Both papers aroused considerable discussion in which all the members participated. The members voted the sum of $25 to be given by the society toward the Salmon Memorial Fund. -Meeting then adjourned to the 4th week in June 1917. F. F. Fenr, Secretary. peu XA THE OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association will hold its thirty-fourth annual meeting in the Veterinary Clinic Building on the Campus of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, on January 11 and 12, 1917. The usual large attendance of over three hundred veterinarians is expected. A good program is assured. Dr. D. H. Udall, Professor of Veterinary Medicine in the N. Y. State Veterinary College, Cornell University, will speak at the afternoon session, January 11 on ‘“Some Clinical Observations on Tuberculosis of Dairy Cows’’ and give a demonstration relative to the same at the morning session, January 12. Another excellent and interesting paper will be ‘‘Ob- servations and Results in the Field with Infectious Abortion’’, by Drs. R. I. Bernath and A. J. Kline, Wauseon, Ohio. The sessions will be as follows: January 11, 1:00 to 6 P. M., the regular business meeting followed by papers. 6:30 P. M., The Dinner Session, The Ohio Union Commons. January 12, 9:00 A. M., Papers and Demonstrations. Dr. O. V. Brumley, of the Ohio State University is Chairman of the Local Committee on arrangements. Dr. Reuben Hilty, To- ledo, President, will preside at the meeting. 654 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS A copy of the program will be mailed to each member January 1st. Non-members desiring copies may secure same by writing to F. A. Lambert, care O.S.U., Columbus, Ohio. THE CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The seventh semi-annual meeting of the Central New York Vet- erinary Medical Association was held at Syracuse, N. Y., Novem- ber 28th, 1916. The morning session, opening at 9:00 o’clock, consisted of a clinic held at the infirmary of Dr. H. A. Turner, 938 South Salina Street, at which the following cases were presented: CasE 1. Bay stallion; castrated; standing operation; sur- geon—Dr. H. A. Turner. Case 2. Sorrel gelding; sidebones and ringbone; neureec- tomy, high operation; surgeons—Drs. E. E. Dooling and H. A. Turner. Case 3. Bay mare; ringbone; neurectomy, high operation ; surgeons—Drs. Turner and Dooling. Case 4. Gray gelding; six years old; fistula of withers; pa- tient chloroformed and major operation performed; surgeons— Dr. Frank Morrow, assisted by Drs. Clark and Currie. Case 5. Nailed foot; surgeons—Drs. Turner and J. A. Pen- dergast. CasE 6. Bay mare; cystic ovaries; spayed by Dr. Danforth, assisted by Dr. Currie. Following the clinic a lunch was served at the infirmary. The afternoon session was called to order at 2:30 o’clock at the St. Cloud Hotel by the President, Dr. Frank Morrow. Routine business was transacted. Roll-call found the following members. present: Drs. W. G. Hollingworth, H. A. Turner, F. E. York, J. M. Currie, J. A. Pendergast, L. G. Moore, E. E. Dooling, Frank Morrow, A. J. Tuxill, W. B. Switzer, W. L. Clark, R. C. Hurlbut; J. V. Townsend, J. C. Stevens, J. K. Bosshart, D. O’Laughhn, R. C. Hartman, and A. L. Danforth. There were also present Dr. O. P. Jones of Manlius, an applicant for membership, and Dr. J. H. Taylor of Henrietta and Dr. Joseph Turner of Lyons, as guests. Dr. J. M. Currie, for the Board of Censors, reported that Dr. D. C. Papworth of Rome, N. Y., a member of the association, had made application to the secretary, for the assistance of the associa- ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 655 tion in the defense of an action for mal practice pending against him. This application was made under an amendment to the by- laws passed some years ago, providing for the accumulation of a fund for the purpose of affording such aid to mémbers who would transfer to the association such defense, at the same time relin- quishing their right to the costs of the action if successful in the defense. It being determined, after consultation with an attorney, that the case pending against Dr. Papworth came within the pro- vision of the by-law in question and Dr. Papworth being ready to grant to the association the control-of the defense and any advan- tages arising therefrom, the Board of Censors authorized the em- ployment of counsel to represent the defense. Dr. Currie reported that an answer had been served in the action and that the case had been put over until March, 1917. The application of Dr. O. P. Jones for membership was pre- sented, favorably reported by the Board of Censors and Dr. Jones was elected to membership. The secretary reported an action pending against N. J. Mul- doon of Oswego for alleged illegal practice, the same having been brought by the People under the recent amendment to the Public Health Law, giving to the Attorney-General the right to prosecute such actions. At the date of the meeting the case had been put over to a later term of Court upon an agreement of counsel that said Muldoon would discontinue the practice of the profession until final disposition of the case should be made. The association adopted a resolution providing for the use of cards releasing it from liability for causing the death or injury to any patient treated or operated upon at its clinics. The advisa- bility of using such precautionary measure in the treatment of pa- tients at their infirmaries by the members individually was also discussed. . Among the papers presented were the following: ‘‘Rupture of the Pre-pubian Tendon’’ by Dr. W. M. Sullivan; ‘‘ Foot wounds’’ by Dr. A. L. Danforth. Dr. W. B. Switzer gave an interesting instance of a nailed foot and the treatment used. Very full dis- cussion was had on all these matters. Dr. Hollingworth made a strong appeal for support, both financial and otherwise, for the N. Y. State Veterinary Society. He also called attention to the proposition pending before the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association to provide a fund for the re- 656 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS lief of members of the profession disabled through accident or other causes. He asked the members to express their views upon this proposition through the Veterinary Journal. No further business appearing, the meeting was regularly ad- journed. W. B. Switzer, Secretary. SOUTHERN STATES VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The following program was prepared for the meeting held at Atlanta, Ga., December 27 and 28: Call to Order by Temporary Chairman ............... Tait Butler, Memphis Atddresstot) Welcome wasnt feria ie arse ee: Mayor Woodward, Atlanta Response to Address of Welcome ........... W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge Some New Therapeutic Suggestions...........:....... N. 8. Mayo, Chicago Healing ofelractures sn mb oO wisii-:ct sets irl ir inlet ete areree B. F. Kaupp, Raleigh Operations for Abdominal Hernia ................... C. A. Cary, Alabama Opens Jomts cin ee guines\eer. cacy secine hs seracky nis eee John W. Salter, Georgia The Veterinary Profession of the South—Past and Future F. W. Porter, Florida ‘*Contagious Abortion’’ Infections in Animals and Man..G. A. Roberts, Raleigh WesicularS tom atibisieey. ote rei vento one never shee eee ee M. Jacob, Nashville Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Cattle................ F. P. Caughman, Columbia Influenza and its Complications .......... R. L. Humphrey, Southern Railway Clinieal and Post Mortem Observations on Influenza and its Sequelae M. J. Ragland, North Carolina The Veterinarian and Some of His Problems......... D. O. Piatt, Birmingham Evening dinner, with formation of Permanent Organization, adoption of Constitution and By-Laws and Election of Officers. Imterstate Health-Certifieatesr..ce-ce- at eee ee oe P. F. Bahnsen, Atlanta Methods of State Control of Live-Stock Diseases..... E. M. Ranck, Mississippi Acorn Poisoningof (Cattlera-erre tes. oe T. N. Spencer, North Carolina Hog Cholera Vaccination from the Practitioner’s View Point E. D. King, Mobile liegal Phases of Veterinary Practice,..............-. D. M. Campbell, Chicago Veterinary Medicine—Its Social and Economic Relations. .S. O’Toole, Atlanta Non-Surgical Clinics. Hospitals of Drs. Burkland and Wright. Stree ss ANNUAL CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS The program for the ninth annual Conference for Veterinar- ians, at Ithaca, N. Y., January 16 and 17, 1917, has been announced as follows: Opportunities for the Average Veterinarian ................... V. A .Moore Some of the Common Parasites of the Domesticated Animals and their : . ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 657 Importance to Veterinarians. Illustrated .................- C. P. Fitch Tuberculosis in Carnivorous Animals. .2...2.......s2.:+ss-+ss5-0- W. Reid Blair Suppurative Lesions in Pigs and Cattle due to Bacillus Pyogenes A. R. Ward, Washington, D. C. Salivarylreestion im the Horse ...... 62 ...6 sateen caw SS anya C. H. Hayden Relation of the Veterinarian to the Farm Bureau Work........ H. E. Babcock Symposium on Poisoning Among Animals: Poisonous and Stock Killing Plants...... Prof. J. W. Harshberger, University of Pennsylvania brew New Po xiCOlo ey e cy. 0 sol sec ctso «Sah cid ena aeohe Prof. E. M. Chamot Discussion on Poisoning in Animals opened by Drs. Udall, Hollingworth, Kelly, Knapp and others PNG omeSS"OL WEICOME! 01. ie. - mo a aioe Fatah aa ahe seer President Schurman The Veterinarian Himself, His Reputation and Success J. W. Adams, Pennsylvania ITuuie@rIOMET JAN ao Wg a diets aoicks cao aida Ueoticomoomaccc ad odbc W. L Williams Honmalmemethe Lreatment of IWMastitisi 2... = cc nilelelelemne ole In a recent issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, was contained the announcement that the vet- erinarians of Oklahoma had united and launched into existence a new and creditable association. This is indeed, a step in the right direction and a cause for congratulations from all right minded veterinarians. For quite a period, I was assigned to Oklahoma in conduct- ing educational work among farmers and others, and it was my good fortune to come into personal contact with many of the prac- ticing veterinarians. It had always been a source of wonderment why such men as composed the profession in that state would allow strife and dissension to handicap the progress and benefit that might accrue to any profession, especially their own, by the union of efforts of many members bound together by one common cause. The culmination of their efforts into the organization of the pres- ent association amply justifies the opinion formed, that the stand- ard of the veterinary profession in Oklahoma was deserving of spec- ial credit. Another phase of this movement which is cause for favorable comment is the fact that veterinarians in the federal employ par- ticipated in the organization. It is gratifying to note that profes- sional prejudice is dying out and that bonds of mutual interests are being cemented and apply to all veterinarians, whether they are private practitioners, municipal, state or federal agents or en- gaged in the care of mounts for the soldiers and officers of Uncle Sam. In the general tendencies of today for cooperation among and between classes, let it go forth that the veterinarian at the state college, in the private institution of veterinary medicine, in the eradication of contagious and infectious diseases, in the army, in the slaughter house, in municipal sanitation, or as a private practitioner, is entitled to the respect, the courtesy and the fair judgment of the profession. Each of these assignments, of course, should be the medium for the veterinarian to make the most of his opportunities, having in mind, always, the best in his chosen field, the judicious direction of efforts, the accomplishment of professional tasks, devoting his energies constantly towards the goal of a high standard of efficiency. The time is now opportune for the veterinarians of other states and centers to emulate the action of those in Oklahoma. Complete and efficient organization is the order of the day, which means ¢o- operation, and which in turn means applying to life in general and to the profession in particular the golden rule, ‘‘do unto others as you wish them to do to you.”’ T. P. WHITE. REVIEW THE PATHOLOGY AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE INFECTIOUS DISHASES OF ANIMALS VERANUS ALVA Moore Professor of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and- Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, and Dean of the College. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged, XVI and 593 pp., 120 illustrations. New York, MaeMillan Co., 1916. $4.00. It has been eight years since the publication of the third edi- tion of Moore’s Pathology of the Infectious Diseases. Since that time considerable has been added to what is known of the infec- tious diseases. Practitioners and sanitarians will welcome the ap- pearance of the fourth edition, which has been revised and partly rewritten. While there are only fifteen more pages in the new edition, there is much new matter. Some rearrangement of the material has been made but the same plan has been followed in this as in previous editions. The titles of the chapters indicate the arrangement. They are: I. Etiology, infection and specific infectious diseases. II. Diseases caused by bacteria—genus Streptococcus. III. Diseases caused by bacteria—genus Micrococcus. LV. Diseases caused by bac- teria—genus Bacterium. V. Diseases caused by bacteria—genus Ba- eillus. VI. Diseases caused by higher bacteria. VII. Diseases caus- ed by Fungi. VIII. Diseases caused by protozoa—genus Spiro- chaeta. IX. Diseases caused by protozoa—genus Ameba. X. Dis- eases caused by protozoa—genus Piroplasma. XI. Diseases caused by protozoa—genus Trypanosoma. XII. Diséases caused by proto- zoa—genus Microsporidia. XIII. Infectious diseases for which the specific cause is not determined. XIV. Immunity and protective inoculation. XV. Disinfection. Two appendices are added, I. State requirements governing admission of live stock, and II. Reg- ulations governing the meat inspection of the United States De- partment of Agriculture. In general each disease is discussed as to its characterization, history, geographical distribution, etiology, symptoms, morbid an- atomy, diagnosis, prevention, specific biologic treatment and con- trol. Of these much more attention is given to etiology, morbid anatomy and diagnosis. This is just the kind of information needed by those who have to do with the prevention or control of the infectious diseases of animals. In these harvest days of the manufacturers of biologic products, when for every ill there is one 660 NECROLOGY or more serums, vaccines or the like, the practitioner will be glad of the opportunity to consult, as he may in this book, a disinter- ested and reliable authority. Dr. Moore has more than kept up to the high standard of ex- cellence set in the earlier editions of this work. The publishers are to be congratulated on the manner in which they have done their part. The paper, printing and illustrations are excellent. S:. Bowe EES Ee NECROLOGY WILLIAM JOHN COATES, M-D., D.V.S. Dr. William J. Coates died at his home in New York City on Tuesday, December 19, 1916, at the age of 58 years, after an ill- ness extending over a period of about two years, during which time, he had spells of convalescence which permitted him to return to his office for a time. Born in New York City in 1858, he attended the public schools there, subsequently entering Georgetown University, and on com- pletion of his studies at that institution, he returned to New York and entered the American Veterinary College, from which he grad- uated in 1877, with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery. His amiable disposition and earnestness of purpose attracted the attention of the Dean of the veterinary school, Dr. Alexander F. Liautard, who became his life-long friend. After his gradua- tion from the veterinary school, Dr. Liautard made him House Sur- geon, and later, Assistant Surgeon on his hospital staff. Finally, as years went on, and the American Veterinary College grew until it was the leading veterinary school in this country at that time, with a large hospital crowded with patients as well as a very large free clinic of animals brought in from outside by their owners at stated periods, Dr. Liautard advanced Dr. Coates to the position of Chief Surgeon, himself assuming the important post of Clinical Director. In the meantime, in addition to his duties as Chief Surgeon in the hospital, Dr. Coates was taking an active part in teaching in the veterinary school, and was himself attending lectures at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, from which institution he grad- uated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1882. The doctor’s duties continued to increase, and after becoming Professor of Anatomy, Clinical Surgery and many other minor NECROLOGY 661 subjects, he was finally placed in the responsible position of Acting Dean, in the absence of Dr. Liautard. Those were his many complex duties when in 1899 the Ameri- can Veterinary College amalgamated with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, and became a department of New York University, under the name of the New York-American Veterinary College. In the consolidated institution he was continued as Act- ing Dean and given the chair of Anatomy, Clinical Surgery and Medicine, and a few years later was made Dean. So that at the time of his death, his position in the New York State Veterinary College at New York University in New York City, (the college hav- ing been adopted by the State in 1913) was that of Dean and Pro- fessor of Anatomy, Clinical Surgery and Medicine; and next to Dr. Liautard was perhaps the best anatomist in this country. Those in the profession who knew him well, claimed the same for him as a diagnostician. Dr. Coates had a most amiable disposition, was kind and chari- table in his judgment of his fellows and was loved by his students for his justice and loyalty to them. Like all great men, he was modest. He was also extremely reserved, so that it required a very close acquaintance to really know the man. This it was our privilege to enjoy for thirty years, during which time we frequent- ly sought him as consultant and adviser and benefitted by his valu- able store of knowledge. Close acquaintance also brought out the poetic and social side of Dr. Coates’ character that never was pos- sible of appreciation by a casual acquaintance. These qualities as well as his nobility and greatness, were fully appreciated by his friends. The doctor was an ‘‘Honor’’ member of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association, a member of the New York State Vet- erinary Society, and the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. We believe he was a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, but as we are writing from memory, and at very short notice have not time to verify the latter belief. Church services were held on Friday, December 22d, at which the Chancellor of New York University, the President of the Uni- versity Council, members of the Veterinary Faculty, and students attended in a body. Dr. Coates is survived by a widow and two sons, William J., 22 years of age, and Hugh, 20 years of age. R. W. E. MISCELLANEOUS —U. S. Crviu Service Examination. The U. S. Civil Service Commission announces an open competitive examination for veteri- narians, for men only, on January 17, 1917. From the register of eligibles resulting from this examination certification will be made to fill vacancies as they occur in the position of veterinary inspector at the entrance salary of $1,400 a year in the Bureau of Anima! In- dustry, and in positions requiring similar qualifications. —The circular for the one week course for graduate veterinarians to be given at the Agricultural and Mechanical College at West Raleigh, N. C., announces the following staff of instructors: Dr. R. C. Moore, Missouri; Dr. N. 8S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. T. B. Carroll, Wilmington, N. C.; Dr. P. F. Bahnsen, Georgia; Dr. J. P. Turner, Washington, D.-C.; Dr. L. ¥. Koonee;: Prot; Agee Metcalf; Dr. B. F. Kaupp; Dr. G. A. Roberts; Dr. Tait Butler; Dr. J. I. Handley. —The report of the prosecuting committee of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City states that the committee has endeavored to carry on the unpleasant task of prosecution, im- partially, energetically and without fear or favor. It is hoped the work may be continued until the Veterinary Law is acknowledged by every practitioner in the State of New York. Fourteen arrests have been made. Thirty-eight contributors furnished a fund of $735.00 of which $559.85 have been disbursed. —A quarantine on dogs against rabies, has been recommended in Yakima County, Washington. —Dr. Adam Fisher, who has served the city of Charlotte, N. C., under several administrations, as city food and milk inspector, has tendered his resignation and will hereafter devote his entire time to veterinary practice. —At the recent meeting of the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association at Reading, Pa., there were about fifty in at- tendance. —Dr. Paul R. King has been transferred from San Antonio, Texas, to Potwin, Kansas. —Dr. H. 8. Van Vranken has removed from Story City to Burt, Iowa. —Dr. J. M. Baxter has removed from Middlebury to Gary, Ind. JOC NA OF THES American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Executive Board F, TorRrRANCE, Ist District; Jos. HuGcuEs, 2d District; J. R. MoHuER, 3d District; H. E. Bemis, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District. V. A. Moore, Member‘at large and Chairman Sub-Committee on Journal F. TORRANCE, J. R. Mownurr, R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Fifty reprints, without charge, will be furnished to authors of original articles accepted for publication, if requested in advance. Vor, l.. N.S. Vor. III. FEBRUARY, 1917. No. 6. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merillat, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. THE HIGH COST OF LIVING AND THE VETERINARIAN That the cost of living is advancing there can be no doubt. Particularly unfortunate is the fact, that the staple articles of diet, bread, eggs, potatoes, cheese, sugar and meat are increased in price. This is to be regretted because the staples are essential for health and an insufficiency means malnutrition, lowering of stamina, de- creased vitality and greater susceptibility to disease. In this con- nection the prediction has been made that the disease known as pellagra is likely to increase during the coming year. The situa- tion is so real that it has received the attention of the Public Health Service. Investigation has determined the cause of pellagra to be an insufficient and poorly balanced diet. Through the application of this knowledge the disease was greatly reduced Curing 1916. Under the new scale of prices, increased from 25% to 50%, there will be many who must of necessity limit or deprive themselves of some of the staples of diet. This condition applies to fodder as well, and because of its in- creased cost it is reported that, in some localities, many have sold 664 EDITORIAL their cows and as a result there may be a decreased supply of milk, which is regarded as one of the best pellagra prophylactics. Meat, egos, beans and peas are also regarded as prophylactics. If the re- duction or absence of some of these articles from the diet is con- ducive to pellagra, it is also quite self-evident that an insufficient diet is conducive to some of the other ills to which the flesh is heir. Hunger is an inherent instinct. Failure to gratify it spells dis- aster of variable degrees. Food is essential to the maintenance of life; it is also requisite for restoration to health in the sick and convalescent. True prosperity is of service to the community only when the standard of living is raised in that community and there is opportunity to exercise thrift to provide against emergencies. Although the high cost of living involves veterinarians as well as others, there is an aspect which should demand special interest. The annual direct losses from animal diseases are estimated at $212.000,000 as the result of the prevalence of hog cholera, Texas fever, tuberculosis, contagious abortion and some other diseases. The reduction or eradication of this loss lies chiefly in the hands of the veterinarians. The task is an enormous one but there is evidence that some progress has been made, It is a task that in- volves the best talent of the profession and the highest educational facilities available to even a greater extent than exists at the pres- ent time. The opportunity is an exceptionally great one. Each reduction in loss is a double gain as it represents not only the finan- cial value but the possibility of further use for breeding and in- creased production. The bob-veal bogy, with its arbitrary age limit, is not exciting the terror it formerly did. The federal government is basing its in- spection of calves upon quality rather than age limit, which only semi-divine qualifications could determine. It is rational that signs of immaturity in the quality of the flesh may be as detectable as — certain diseased conditions and suffice for its rejection. It is not unlikely that some of the states will take the same rational attitude as does our government and other enlightened nations. In this event much waste will be avoided, which, in a way, has its bearing on the high cost of living. Checking the loss of animals from disease, increasing their productivity and avoidance of waste, all have their bearing on the high cost of living and are matters in which the veterinarian may take a direct part by action, counsel and advice. Pale: ¢ z w , EDITORIAL 665 AN IMPORTANT DECISION IN LIVESTOCK SANI- TARY CONTROL WORK During the foot-and-mouth disease epizootic in 1914, one H. 8. Bomberger, of Pennsylvania, formed a ‘‘ Protective Association’’ to resist the efforts of the State Livestock Sanitary Board in eradicat- ing the disease by the plan of killing affected and exposed animals. He conceived the plan of having a bacteriologist examine samples of milk and finding no evidence of foot-and-mouth disease in the milk, the farmers were to ship the milk from affected herds in de- fiance of the quarantine regulations. In pursuance of this plan he visited several quarantined herds and took away samples of milk; for this offense he was prosecuted, the indictment being drawn under the Act which states; ‘‘ After the establishment of any quarantine authorized by this act, and posting of notices required by law, it shall be unlawful for any person, without a special permit in writ- ing from the State Veterinarian or the State Livestock Sanitary Board, as the case may be, to remove from or to any premises with- in the limits of the quarantine any domestic animal or poultry; or to remove from any quarantined, area or premises any hay, straw, grain, fodder, or other food, ete.”’ Inasmuch as milk was not specifically named, it was contended by the defendant that milk was not covered by the act, while the prosecution argued that milk should be included in the general term ‘ ‘that the premises were lawfully quarantined and that milk had been removed’’. In a brief submitted by the Commonwealth it was stated that it was not believed the defendant would contend that the criterion of establishing the likeness of milk to the other foods as specifical- ly named would depend on the nature of the food itself so much as the purposes for which such food was used. The purpose of the act and practically the section quoted was to prevent a spread among domestic animals of transmissible diseases, and for that reason it sought to prevent the removal from infected premises of vehicles of transmission. In another section of the same act milk is recognized as such a vehicle of transmission, in that its use as food is prohibited where such milk comes from an infected source, until the same has been treated as therein specified. The act itself recognized milk as food for domestic animals and it was submitted ‘other food’’. Both sides agreed on a statement of facts; 666 EDITORIAL that in construing a particular section of the act the Court would look at the whole act, its intent and purpose, and not only gather from such act the purpose sought to be attained by it, but also in so far as the same might throw any light, be guided by such light in the interpretation of any doubtful section of the act. In rendering the opinion the Court stated: ‘‘The question presented is whether milk embraced by the term ‘other food’ as used in the section referred to. * * * * * ‘other food’ cannot be in- terpreted to mean food used by animals alone because the word ‘orain’ is one of the articles of food mentioned, and is used as a food by man as well as by beast. Nor can it be restricted to arti- cles of food belonging to the class to which those specifically named belong. If so, nothing would. be added to the prohibited list, for grain is a collective word and necessarily includes other articles of food belonging to the same class as those specified. ***** The general object of the statute before us was to prevent the spread of transmissible disease among animals and poultry. If the word ‘food’ is given its general and common meaning it would inelude milk, the product of the animals which were quarantined on the premises in question. The removal of milk from the premises would just as likely spread the disease as the removal of any of the other articles of food, especially if the milk be taken from animals under quarantine for a transmissible disease. We think, there- fore, to carry out the purpose of the Act, the proper interpretation of the words ‘other food’ requires us to hold that milk, the food which was removed from the quarantined premises, falis within the statutory prohibition. This article of food comes both within the letter and purpose of the statute. * * * * * It is true the removal was for an entirely innocent purpose but this can make no difference. The prohibition of the statute is absolute.’ In pursuance of the findings of the Jury, we direct a verdict of ‘‘guilty’’ on the second count of the indictment to be entered against Harvey S. Bomberger, the defendant. ***** (Signed) George Kunkel. P. J. The decision will be of material assistance to the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board in handling transmissible diseases. It will also establish a precedent which may be of assistance to live- stock sanitary authorities of other states. C. J. M. Qk x EDITORIAL 667 THE OUTBREAK OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS During the early fall of 1916 reports were received from several sources to the effect that a disease involving the mouths and particularly the tongues of horses existed at the concentration remount station in the vicinity of Chicago, Ill. A careful and sys- tematic. investigation was immediately imaugurated, which indi- cated that at this time the disease was confined solely to equines and that the infection could be traced back to similar remount sta- tions at Grand Island, Nebr., and Denver, Colo. At these points horses and mules had been gathered together by agents of the French and English governments for shipment abroad, and the disease found ideal conditions for its spread among the thousands of these animals closely quartered in barns and pens. As the dis- ease was undoubtedly contagious, local quarantines were recom- mended and enforced. Sick animals were separated from the well, the healthy but exposed were held for eight days before being allowed shipment, infected pens were cleaned and disinfected, and the.mouths of the sick animals were thoroughly washed with a weak solution of permanganate of potash. Several weeks later, a livery barn in Chase County, Nebr., be- came infected as a result of the owner shipping a carload of horses to Denver for Army purposes and the return to the livery barn of several rejected horses. Three or four days later these rejected ani- mals developed the disease, which spread to other horses and one cow in the livery barn. The disease was carried back to several ranches in that vicinity by the ranch horses which had been driven to town by their owners and fed and watered at this public livery barn. The disease now seems to have reached its most virulent stage, and having affected many of the horses on these ranches, it spread to a number of cattle but did not involve the hogs which were run- ning in the same pastures. The spread of the disease to the Chase County district was brought indirectly to the attention of the bureau late in November, when a shipment of cattle from that locality to the Kansas City Stock Yards was found by the bureau inspectors to be affected with lesions in the mouth strikingly similar to those of foot-and-mouth disease. All precautionary measures were immediately taken, outgoing shipments from the yards were stopped, the ears carrying cattle were located and disinfected, and the cattle were traced to 668 EDITORIAL their point of origin in western Nebraska. In the meantime, ex- perts were sent to the latter point as well as to Kansas City, and a series of careful and comprehensive experiments was immediately inaugurated at those points and also in Washington. As a result of these tests and the reports from the field inspectors, the opinion was reached that the disease in question was not foot-and-mouth disease, but vesicular stomatitis, a contagious disease affecting the mouths of horses, but at times spreading to cattle also. The most striking lesion of this disease is the occurrence of vesicles or blisters followed by erosions chiefly on the tongue, but also involving other portions of the mouth and occasionally the muzzle. This disease is known in Europe and South Africa‘ and has been observed occasionally in the United States. The present outbreak, however, is the most extensive yet noted in this country. While the disease has not the great economic importance of foot- and-mouth disease, it nevertheless is contagious and causes con- siderable alarm owing to its close resemblance to the dreaded Euro- pean disease. Furthermore, it is accompanied by numerous diffi- eulties in making a prompt differentiation and will therefore re- main a menace so long as it prevails. For these reasons it 1s strongly urged that local quarantines to prevent its spread be im- posed by State live stock officials in whose territory the disease is found. All owners and handlers of horses, mules, and cattle, par- ticularly liverymen, managers of stock yards, and stockmen, should be directed to separate sick from well animals, clean and disinfeet contaminated premises and equipment, and have all infected ani- mals appropriately treated. The opinion that the malady is not foot-and-mouth disease is based on the fact that persistent observation of sick animals has failed to reveal certain typical symptoms which would be expected in an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The drooling, vesicles, and erosions are similar in appearance to those produced by foot- and-mouth disease, but in none of the animals examined in the field has there been found any soreness of the feet which is a common symptom of foot-and-mouth disease. Moreover, many horses have this particular ailment, and horses have not been observed to con- tract foot-and-mouth disease in any of the previous outbreaks in the United States. Hundreds of hogs exposed to the disease and in association with the sick animals in pastures have shown no signs of the malady, and this is regarded as significant because in the fe ay EDITORIAL 669 last out break of foot-and-mouth disease hogs were as susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease as were cattle. Exposed sheep also fail to show the disease, yet these cloven footed animals are also suscep- tible to foot-and-mouth infection. The disease seems to be local and not a systemic infection like foot-and-mouth disease, and unlike the latter, it is not ushered in as a rule by any apparent rise of temperature. In. a number of cases of vesicular stomatitis the lesions appeared to be continuous or progressive and not explosive as in foot-and-mouth disease. In these instances secondary lesions were apparent on a number of consecutive days in the mouths of both horses and cattle and vesiclés were observed on the base of tongues whose free portions were almost denuded of mucous membrane as a result of the rupture of similar vesicles six or seven days before. Furthermore, instead of increasing in virulence by passage through a series of calves as foot-and-mouth disease has always done in our previous experiments, vesicular stomatitis be- came greatly reduced in pathogenesis and required a constantly in- creasing period of incubation before manifesting lesions of the dis- ease. Likewise, the virus of vesicular stomatitis apparently re- tains its vitality but a relatively short time outside its host. AI- though numerous filtrate experiments’ have been conducted, in no case has the disease been reproduced in this manner which is also unlike our experiments with foot-and-mouth disease. Finally, the percentage of animals infected in each of the herds of cattle and the history of exposure without transmission of the disease except by immediate contact, would indicate that this ail- ment is not the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease, which, once it is introduced into a herd, quickly affects practically one hundred per cent of the cattle and hogs on all the farms to which the virus may be carried by intermediate agencies. The result of a preliminary study of vesicular stomatitis sug- gests the necessity of adding horses to the species of experimental animals (calves and hogs) which must be inoculated with suspected material in any future outbreak of disease bearing a resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease. Various organisms thus far isolated from the contents of unruptured vesicles have in no instance pro- duced the typical disease in either horses or cattle, but the work is still unfinished. In conclusion it must be apparent, even to the casual reader, that in vesicular stomatitis we have a disease more closely resemb- 670 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ling foot-and-mouth disease than either mycotic or necrotic stoma- titis and that Hutyra and Marek are correct in their opinion that a reliable differential diagnosis of this disease can be made only after inoculation experiments and careful observation lasting a number of days. J.R.M. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. MicrospiAn FLorA OF War Wounps.—In the Presse Medicale, I find the analysis of an article on this interesting subject by Dr. A. Cayrel. Of all the new ideas obtained since the beginning of the war, that of the constant infection of wounds is the one most unani- mously admitted. Another, no less firmly accepted, is the double telluric and fecal origin of this infection, realized by the appear- ance in the tissues of various foreign bodies, carrying with them dirt and fecal matter on the clothes or skin of the men fighting. In fact, the flora of wounds is the same as that of the ground, especially of the trenches, and the same also as that of the intes- tines. This is saying that all kinds of germs are found, patho- genic and saprophytes, sporulated and non-sporulated, bacilli and cocci. Practically this diversity is represented in an association of aerobic and anaerobic microbes, the latter occupying the first place in the genesis of the most serious complications. Anaerobic Microbes.—First in rank, in this category of germs is the Bacillus perfringens: a normal host of the intestines of man and animals: eminent proof of fecal infection, it is the common agent of gaseous gangrene: which does not mean that all wounds where it is present, will fatally terminate in gaseous gangrene, ex- cept the bacillus finds a favorable condition of anaerobiosis or a medium of culture. This microbe does not seem susceptible of creating septicemia or of passing into the circulation: all the hemocultures made to that effect have remained negative. Yet, it may promote extremely serious toxemias. It is very exception- ally found in a pure state in the war wounds, it is almost always associated with other aerobie or anaerobic germs, diplococci, pro- teus, staphylococci, streptococci. '. Next to this germ, the most frequently met is the Septic vibrio, which is also able to cause gaseous gangrene. It is a host of fecal EUROPEAN OHRONICLES 671 matter and of the earth, it is an energetic proteolytic but must also have favorable conditions to stimulate the progress of gangrene or of phlegmon. Its presence does not imply a serious prognosis. It secretes an active toxin. Sacquepee has isolated in war wounds a special germ which he has named ‘‘ Bacillus of the malignant oedema or B. bellonensis. It is a microbe strictly anaerobic, able to reproduce a peculiar clinieal form, the malignant gaseous oedema. A Bacillus oedematicus has also been discovered, which, in local inoculations, has given rise to an oedema with troubles of a general condition of a toxic aspect: The Tetanus Bacillus is quite common, though the use of the preventive serum has considerably reduced its action. A microbe which has the morphological characters as the te- tanic is the Bacillus putrifiens filamentosus or Pseudotetanus. It is as common as the septic vibrios and exists in gaseous phlegmons and is an agent of all putrefaction. Another putrefying bacillus is the Bacillus anaerobicus acca- ztmes and again as agents of suppuration the B. ramosus, the fra- gis, The B. of jungano, The B. sporogenus of metschnikoff, vari ous Anaerobic Streptococci of fecal origin and finally the Micro- coccus fetidus found by N. Flessinger. Aerobic Microbes.—The one most commonly found is the Strep- tococcus, which is present in every stage of war wounds. Its vi- tality is extraordinary and its resisting power to antiseptics is re- markable. Then comes the Staphylococcus which has a less proliferating power and is present also to the end of the reparative work of the tissties. The various Cocct, especially diplococci, are also very abun- dant, such as the Diplococcus crassus and flavus, the tetragenus, the Pneumococcus. The Bacillus proteus is commonly met, and sometimes in abun- dance so that it kills the other germs and is found in a pure state The B. pyocyanicus is constantly present. In the group of the B. coli this last is most easily isolated: but all the varieties of Colibacilli and Paracolibacilli may also be detected in war wounds. liven typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli may be found. The Pneumobacillus of Friedlander is mot rare and the Cocco- bacillus verodunensis has been discovered in some wounds. 672 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES The bacteriological study of the development of wounds shows that the microbian elements vary in quantity and in quality in the different stages. The organisms are found more rarely, if the ex- amination is made before the sixth hour. If made 24 hours after the wound is received, the germs at times cannot be counted, they are everywhere. Indeed, it seems that the evolution of the microbian flora is, according to some, somewhat constant in the appearance of the species of microbes during the first hours, viz: Ist the bacillus of the family vibrios—perfringens, 2d the group of the coli-bacil- Ins, 3d the cocci (staphylo, strepto, diplococcus, saprophytes). The microbes are not present in all parts of the wound and there are bacterial areas along active centers of germination, true microbian nests in the center of which a close examination reveals generally some fibrillae of tissue or some small thread of clothing. Again a rich growth of perfringens may be found in a very small spot which escapes the action of free air or of antisepties. The ideas presented in the article of Dr. A. Cayrel are of im- portance for the surgeon and of great interest also to the bae- teriologist. en ee a MASSIVE AND Cystic ADENOMAS.—The mammae of carnivora, like the breasts of women, are a seat of predilection for the de- velopment of all varieties of neoplasms. Profs. G. Petit and H. Germain have presented a communica- tion entitled the benignant tumors of mammae in sluts and female cats, which is reproduced in the Bulletins of the Société Centrale, in which is related a number of observations, the reproduction of which adds much to the history of these neoplasms. In the first part, four cases are recorded. One of Masswe Fibro-Adenoma of the mammae in a slut. which consisted of a mass, oval in shape, bosselated and about as large as a pigeon’s egg. It was a fibrous body, located in the in- euinal mammae., Another was a Cystic Fibro-Adenoma of the mammae also in a slut. It was represented by a flattened tumor 15 centimeters long, 8 wide and:3 to 4 thick. It was not adherent to the skin and had a fibrous capsule, which separated it from the abdominal walls. It was irregularly lobulated, bosselated, formed of large cysts con- taining a colloid, yellow or brown material. It also showed grey- EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 673 yellowish patches analogous to those found in massive fibro--aden- omas. The third observation was also in the same region of an eer of the same species, viz: mammae of a slut. It was a Cystic and Hemorrhagic Fibro-Adenoma. A globular tumor as big as two fists, situated in the inguinal mammae, not ulcerated on its sur- face, covered by the skin moderately stretched, and having a thick retracted teat,:as observed in old sluts that have nursed many pups. On section this tumor was found hollowed with cystic cavities, communicating with each other, although some were iso- lated and separated by special septa. In the non-eystic part of the tumor, it was represented by striae indicating its hemorrhagic condition. The fourth observation, again in the mammae of a slut was one of a Large Vegetating Cyst. This was represented by a tumor not very large, weighing only 80 grammes and resulting in the entire eystic transformation of an inguinal mammae. The skin was. in- tact, the teat large and cystic by dilatation of the galactophorous canals. The second part of the communication of the writers related to Osteo-Chondromas and Osteo-Chondro-Adenomas of the mammae. These osteo-cartilaginous tumors are frequent in sluts. They are characterized by their special consistency and. the presence of cartilage found on their section. In some eases, bony tissue is also found in more or less abun- dance. The cartilaginous structure is greater in recent growths, in the oldest it is the bone that predominates. The first observation is on an Osteo-Chondroma with Peripheral Fibro-Adenoma. In that slut, the growth was as big as a man- darin, round, weighing about 50 grammes, and extracted from a ten year old animal. It had a capsule, very adherent and thick on the outside, on which was a glandular tissue transformed into fibro-adenomatous tissue with small cysts. The other mammae of the slut had nuclei of fibro-adenomas forming. . The second observation was an Ossified Chondroma, represent- ing a tumor of 500 grammes in weight, removed from the mammae of an aged-slut in which the parts were entirely ossified and were readily observed. 674 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES The third case referred to a Papilar Osteo-Chondro-Adenoma of the mammae of a slut. It was as big as the fist, weighed about 500 grammes, had the form of a flattened sphere and was hard, com- pact and osteo-cartilaginous. The fourth observation relates to a Vegetating Osteo-Chondro- Adenoma of the mammae of a dog, developed at the expense of one of the inguinal mammae. This tumor was situated in the re- gion of the sheath. It appeared as an osteoma, weighing 450 gram- mes, was as big as the first, elliptical in shape and irregularly mam- millated by the presence of projecting superficial nodules which were intimately connected with the body of the tumor. It was com- posed of two lobes, intimately connected and as if articulated. The central part of the growth was completely ossified. On the level with its inferior extremity there were numerous eystie cavities filled with yellowish matter. All these observations are completed by the description of the histologic characters and illustrated by very interesting wood- cuts. TETANUS AND ITS PREVENTION. Notwithstanding the many publications that have found their way in professional journals and notwithstanding the many discussions its treatment has promoted in scientific circles, the subject is still one of interest and oceupies many pages of our periodicals. First, I notice a long article in the Presse Medicale on the Pre- vention of tetanus by the antitoxic serum. While it was for some time considered as doubtful in most cases, it is now admitted that the systematic application of the preventive injections has reduced to a very small proportion the early cases, which most likely might be avoided by a proper use of the preventive serum and a better knowledge of conditions which promote the development of the tetanic spores. There are indeed some essential conditions which always ought to be thought of. For instance, one relating to the condition or the form, under which the tetanic spores soil the wounds and which are more re- sistant. They are not destroyed by ordinary antiseptics. They dis- appear only after being absorbed and digested by the leucocytes. Experimentation on animals has proved that even after several months spores can be found in leucocytes, immobilized it is true, but ready to revive and germinate at the first exposure favorable to their development. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 675 _ Then again, it must be remembered that the antitetanic serum is not a Bactericide: it has no direct action on the spore nor on the bacillus itself. It is simply antitoxie, it neutralizes the poison secreted through the culture of the virus, and during the time of its action. It then protects the organism against intoxication and leaves to the phagocytes, which it stimulates, the work of fighting the specific bacillus, which develops in the wound, and to the sur- geon the obligation and the time to suppress this dangerous center. It must also be borne in mind, that the protection given by the serum is limited in its time. It lasts as long as the antitoxin is present and circulates in sufficient-quantity. After a delay of an average of 8 to 10 days in man, if the culture of the virus con- tinnes, the secreted toxin will not find antitoxin to be neutralized and it will have full liberty to produce its ordinary effects. If on the contrary, the supply of antitoxin is renewed in proper season, the resistance will be kept up for a certain period after each new injection. Hence the indications are not to trust to only one in- jection as a lasting measure of prevention. Finally, the special condition must also be taken into considera- tion. For some wounds there are specific conditions for the de- velopment of the germs. The nature of the traumatism, the pecu- liar condition of muscular or bony attrition, the presence of soiled foreign bodies, etc. If only one preventive injection, even abun- dant, is made, complete protection cannot be expected. Tetanus may be slow in its appearance but it will certainly appear. The article in the Presse Medicale which is by Prof. Vaillard, is continued by the examination of some specific cases of the disease of a various nature and occurring under special conditions. After making a few remarks relative to the danger of anaphylactic mani- festations, the writer ends by saying: ‘‘That notwithstanding a sure and positive efficacy, antitetanic serum cannot always, and without failure, prevent the disease. Such a power is not possess- ed by any preventive method, even one with a good reputation and relative certainty does not exist in the domain of biological phenom- ena as it is exposed to many contingencies that escape us.’’ ‘‘The serum is one of the means of preservation and in the cases where the disease takes place after its use, it has nevertheless a beneficial effect as the attack is very often less serious.”’ 4 SULPHATE OF MaGnesiA IN TETANUS. The advantageous use of this treatment has already been referred to in other publications. 676 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Its use with the wounded during the present conflict has been the subject of a communication in the Archives of Internal Medecine by an American physician, Dr. Robertson. _ Since Meltzer and Auer, in 1906, called attention to the good effects of rachidian injections of sulphate of magnesia in tetanus, the method has been used with various results. Some authors have advocated the simple subcutaneous injection or again the intra- venous. It is interesting to know the results obtained by the method in the different armies during the war. In Germany a certain number of authors are positively op- posed to it in the treatment of tetanus. Czerny, while admitting its quieting action on the pain is not convinced of its real value. Angerer has not used it. Kreuter has lost two patients by the treatment. Hochkaus, Homeier, and Goldscheider have obtained no good results. Madelung reserves his decision. Mathis believes that its good influence is limited to the first injection. In opposition other authors praise the good effects of the sul- phate of magnesia. Eunike has made intra-rachidian injections of 10 cc. of a solution of 10% in 8 severe cases, and 4 recovered. Wieselin has used it on 12 patients; he made, in Vienna subeutane- ous injections as high as 80 ¢.c. of a solution at 25%. He states that the association of the magnesia with chloral is superior to any of the narcotics. Usener, with a very sick patient who recovered, has made more than 10 subeutaneous injections at intervals of 2 to 4 hours; the solution of 50% seems less painful. No accident followed. Drey- fus and Unger have treated 32 cases with 22 recoveries. Wienert has obtained good results with subeutaneous injections of 10 ¢.c. of a solution at 40%. Out of 40 cases treated only 16 died, and Grundman believes that in 25 of the cases treated the sulphate of magnesia has proved superior to all the narcotics in the treatment of tetanus. In Russia L. Feinmann has had 95 eases in the hospital of Dwinsk, 74 died. He has had no good results with the imjection of serum nor that of the sulphate of magnesia. Deroninsky reports that he has had 5 recoveries out of 6 cases treated with the sulphate. ; In France, Monod has treated with success 4 cases, with chloral in large doses and intra-rachidian injections of the sulphate. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 677 Schoute has seen two recoveries out of 3 cases in soldiers treat- ‘ed with intra-rachidian injections. In England, Bruce gives a most complete review of cases of tetanus treated in the English military hospitals during the first year of the war: 231 cases have been treated and gave a mortality of 57.6%, while 179 English soldiers treated in France and seldom with sulphate of magnesia, had a mortality of 78.2%. A NEw Case or Sopoku. I am quite sure that this name is a surprise to many. The interest it may promote, may justify its publication. - It appears in the Presse Medicale as an analysis of an article by Dr. D. Flazza in Il Morgagni. Sodoku is an affection following a rat’s bite and is most likely of parasitic origin. It has been observed and described prineipal- ly in Japan, whege several authors have been able to detect the presence of the specific parasite. In later years, cases have been published in America and in Europe. One case has been mention- ed in Germany, three in France, five in Italy, the present is the sixth in that country. 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One rabbit and one guinea pig received 1 ¢.c. each intra-abdominally and one rabbit received 10 c¢.c. intra- abdominally. Seven guinea pigs and four rabbits died as a direct result of this inoculation. Extensive necrosis and sloughing were present at the point of subcutaneous inoculation in all rabbits and guinea pigs, but was more marked in the latter. No apparent re- action took place in the fowls. “Table IV shows the results fol- lowing the second injection of strain 52. The severe reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs to the second culture of 52 lent the impression that our original laboratory cul- ture had changed its potency during the continued passage on plain agar without an occasional passage through a young rabbit, a procedure which Hadley had observed affected his cultures ad- versely. RESISTANCE OF Fow1s RECEIVING A SECOND INJECTION OF Fowu CHOLERA STRAIN 52 TO Fown CHoLeRA Strain 48. After allowing an interval of 38 days to elapse after the second injection of Fowl] Cholera strain 52, experiments were begun to determine the degree of resistance acquired to the virulent Fowl Cholera strain 48. Comparatively large amounts were administered to the first series of animals, the intention being to decrease the dose for each successive series until a point was reached at which an active im munity appeared to be present. The following table shows the results of the injection of a 48 hour bouillon culture of Fowl! Cholera strain 48. 716 BERNARD GALLAGHER TABLE V. RESISTANCE OF FOWLS TO FOWL CHOLERA STRAIN 48 Fowl Cholera Strain No. 52. Fowl! Cholera Strain No. 48, 48 hour RECORD 48 hour enon eulture. en, Ceri ole culture NO. 1st inj. lec. 48| 2nd inj. 1cc. 48 | hr. bouillon |} hr. bouillon Date Amount | Result Interval culture subcut.! culture subcut, | 20 Nov. 5, 1915] Dee. 6,1915 | 38 Days | 1-13-16 | 1.5 c¢.. | Died | 22 Hours 21 Nov. 5, 1915] Dec. 6,1915 | 38 Days | 1-13-16 | lee | Died | 36 Hours 38 Control | 1-13-16 | 1 ee | Died | 36 Hours 23 Nov. 5, 1915} Dec. 6,1915 | 59 Days | 2- 3-16 | .1 cx | Died | 35 Hours 24 Nov. 5, 1915] Dee. 6,1915 | 59 Days | 2- 3-16 .01 ¢c.c. | Died | 22 Hours 25 | Nov. 5,1915| Dec. 6,1915 | 59 Days | 2- 3-16 | .002 c.c.| Died | 60 Hours 39 Control | | 2- 3-16 | .002 c.c.| Died | 614 Days 27 Nov. 5, 1915} Dee. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .001 ¢.c.| Died 60 Hours 28 Nov. 5, 1915) Dee. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .001 c.c.| Lived | 29 Nov. 5, 1915} Dee. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .002 c.c.} Lived | 30 | Nov. 5, 1915) Dec. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .01 cc. | Died | 36 Hours B Noy. 5, 1915) Dec. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .01 ce. Lived | 32 Nov. 5, 1915] Dee. 6,1915 | 65 Days | 2- 9-16 | .01c.c. | Lived | 33 | Nov. 5, 1915] 96 Days | 2- 9-16 | .002 ¢.c.| Died | 60 Hours | Noy. 5, 1915] 96 Days | 2- 9-16 | 001 c.c.| Died | 945 Days 41 Control | | 2- 9-16 | .002 e.c.| Died | 7 Days 42 Control | | 2- 9-16 001 ¢.c.| Died | 31% Days The a table anes that tS me ae fowls receiving two - injections of 52, seven died as a result of subcutaneous injections of a 48 hour bouillon culture of strain 48 in amounts of from 1.5 to 0.001 ¢.c. while four fowls survived injections ranging between 0.01 and 0.001 ¢.c. Fowls 33 and 34 which had received only one injection of 52 succumbed to doses of 0.002 and 0.001 «¢.c. re- spectively. - It will be noted that the susceptible controls showed consider- able resistance as compared to a number of the treated fowls, and in this connection it may be mentioned that on November 18, 1915, susceptible fowl 35 resisted 0.01 ¢.c. of a 48 hour bouillon culture, although fairly severe symptoms of cholera were apparent. On February 9, 1916, this bird received 3 ¢.c. of a 48 hour bouillon culture of strain 48 and died in 19 hours, (See Table VI) the pre- vious injection of 48 failing to immunize against itself. A fowl which was placed in a cage with the above while the latter was sick from first injection succumbed to 0.002 ¢.c. of strain 48 in a period of 22 hours. This fowl showed no indication of having contracted cholera through exposure. While a certain amount of resistance is in evidence in fowls receiving dilutions above 0.01 ¢.c. still too much weight cannot be attached to this fact, since susceptible con- trols also show a degree of resistance to similar amounts, “UAALS 9G, P[LOdD UOTP UL PUODS B 0.LOJ “oq SOSNBD TIO JO potp Bz pur GT S[MOF ZeY} pojou oq ][TM YT 101}310D y Peary) snooueynoqne D0 ZO OI6L ‘IT “suv PPx | ‘SA SZ Potq|Snoouvznoqng| 9°) T OLG6L ‘ST “Ie CPx ‘SU $9 Per |snoouvgnoqng) *0°9 T | 9I-GI-G] 9T6T “6 “WoW GE pearq) snosueznoqua ‘DT | OT—1-8 poary |snoourynoqng| ‘79 [T | 9T-GT-€) OT6T ‘6 “dow te VIULOUY 9T-9-~ pod Peary |snoaeuRynoque} ‘99 | 9I-ST-€| 9T6T ‘6 “G98 63 SISOT[LS.10dSW 9T-6Z-Z Pet. 916T “6 “2 8G skep %E per snoeurznoqug 0) T00'O i 9T6T “6 “Ge GPx ' | ‘SUL QE Por |Snoeuvznaqnug) ‘9° T OTG6T ‘eT ‘wee SINOY GT petq) AYPBULULOpge-B.aAZ UT ao 2 | 91-6-Z POALT |SNooeuRZNAqNES | 99 GT OT-SI-1 | GI6T “LT °°G BIMLOUW OT-E-T perc | GSI6T ‘T 0d | | sup J porq|snoourjznoqne |9°2 7000 OI6GT ‘6 “WW re, ‘sd GT potqd|snoouvynoqng) 0°29 € | 9T— 6-3]! 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Of the three immunized fowls which received a second injec- tion, 29, 31 and 32, the latter died from a dose of 1 ¢.c. of strain 48 subeutaneously, while the former two survived. Fowl 29 died 22 days later of anemia. On Aug. 1, 1916, fowl 31 was again imocu- lated with strain 48, 1 ¢.c. being given subcutaneously. No symp- toms were observed, and apparently complete immunity was pres- ent. However, fowl 44 a susceptible control resisted 0.2 ¢.c. of strain 48 although it became sick and passed greenish droppings. The pathogenicity of the culture for fowls had evidently become greatly lessened since several days previously a young chicken had resisted 0.01 ¢.c. of a 48 hour culture of strain 48 given subcutane- ously. RESISTANCE OF Rappits RECEIVING A SECOND INJECTION OF Fowu CHouera 52 To Fown CHouera 48. In this experiment ten immunized rabbits were given amounts of a 48 hour bouillon cul- ture of strain 48, ranging from 1 ¢.c. to 0.0001 ¢.c. subcutaneously. The following table shows that with the exception of rabbit 8, which resisted 1 ¢.c. of strain 48, death was produced by dilu- tions of 0.01 ¢.c. or lower. In higher dilutions the resistance was apparently complete since control rabbits were susceptible to cor- responding amounts of the virulent culture. RESISTANCE OF APPARENTLY IMMUNE Rassirs TO LARGER Amounts oF Fown CHOLERA Strain 48. In this experiment rab- bit 8 which had resisted 1 ¢.c. of strain 48 was given 2 ¢.c. of the same strain subcutaneously. Death resulted in 414 days, while the control died in 35 hours as a result of an injection of 0.001 c.c. of the same culture. The other four immunized rabbits received 1 ¢.c. of strain 48 subcutaneously. Three died in 64 hours or less, while one lived, although it remained badly emaciated for several weeks. On Aug. 1, 1916 this rabbit was given a third injection of strain, 48, 1 ec. being given subcutaneously. No bad results followed. The con- trol received 0.2 ¢.c. of strain 48 and died in less than 18 hours. 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Ajsnoowvpnoqng SINOPL GE potd A[sSnoeuvpnoqne poarq| qnoqug ‘0 T | 9I-I-8 qnsoy poypoyy | yumoury | oye 4[N80] | pouyon sAvcy % ped | A[Snoouvpn9qus | 0°) T0'0 ‘D'0 T "D0 T 00 T O'0 T ‘09 T00°0 ‘o'0 & | qunowy [OLZUOL) ee 916 T sny 9T6T ii “BW 9T-ST-g | 9T6T ‘6 “Qn 9I-SI-g | 9T6T ‘6 “07 OT6L ‘6 “QOL 9T-ST-€ | 9T6T ‘6 “Ged QI-GI-€ | 9OT6T ‘8 “IA 9TGL ‘8 “GO 9I-€ -3 | 9T6T “ET “wer oye alngino WOTTMOG “Ay BF ‘gp Jo Motooluy pay) —adngfno WOT[Tnog «oq gp ‘op Jo Worpooluy puodeg 8h VUMTIOHO TMOW 8p Jo woroolur qT JO OVC WO SNOLLOWENI ANOW NO ANO GULSISAY HOTHM SLIGAVA NO SENAATYA A XOL MHA ONIMOHS THA @18ViL FOWL CHOLERA 721 RESISTANCE OF GuINEA Pies Receiving Two INJECTIONS OF Fown Cuorera Srratn 52 To Fown CHouers Srraiw 48. Eight immunized guinea pigs were used in this series. Animals 7 and 6 received 1 c.c. and 0.5 ¢.e. respectively. The former showed re- sistance, while the latter receiving a lesser amount, died in 36 hours. However, the control animal receiving a similar amount lived, thus showing the natural resistance of guinea pigs to subcutaneous in- eculation of heniorrhagic septicemia organisms. The remainder of the experiments on guinea pigs were conducted with intra-ab- dominal injections, amounts of 48 ranging from 0.01 ce. to (0.000,000,1 ¢.c. being given. The following table IX shows that animals receiving 0.01 ¢.c¢. and 0.001 ¢.c. died in 22 hours, while those receiving 0.0001 ¢.c. or less resisted the inoculation. A control which received only 0.000,000,1 ¢.c. of strain 48 died in 19 hours. RESISTANCE OF APPARENTLY IMMUNE GUINEA Pics TO LARGER Amounts OF Fown CHOLERA STRAIN 48. In this series two im- munized animals were given 0.1 ¢.c. of strain 48 intra-abdominally, and three including 22, a former control which resisted 48 sub- cutaneously, were given 0.01 ¢.c. in the same manner. Seven and 22 survived, the latter dying 20 days later from toxemia as a re- sult of a severe local necrosis at the point of injection. Nos. 16, 17 and 18 failed to resist the injection. LER BERNARD GALLAG 722 [OAPUOL) » SIMOH 6T ped! Aywururopqe-eazuy| *9°? [0000000 | 9T-6 -3 GS paary| Aypeurmopqe-vayay |) *9°9 [000000°0 | 9I-6 —% | ST6T ‘9 “ed | ST6T ‘9 ‘AON 8ST poary) Aypeurutopqe-wayuy} *9°9 [000000 | 91-6 -% | SI6T ‘9 2° | ST6T ‘9 ‘Aon LT poary] Ay[wurmopqe-esjyuy) 92 [0000°0 | 9I-6 -3 | ST6T ‘9 eC | ST6T ‘9 “AON 91 peary| AyTpeururope-vayay ‘02 1000°0 | 91-6 -Z | ST6T ‘9 “eC | STET ‘9 “AON GT SIMO, $3 Pe) ATpwurmopqe-vazUy ‘0°29 T00°0 | 9I-€ -@ Sx SINOH BB Ped) ATpeurmopge-vayay ‘0°? 100°0 | 9T-€ -@ | ST6T ‘9 °C | STeT ‘9 ‘AON eT SIMOH, BB Ped) ATpeurmopge-vaquy ‘0°? 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[eunuop jeuruop BIO LTE Ped | -qs-wajay) o'o ~T_ j9T-ST-€ paary | -qv-eryuy | ‘0°? 10°0 | ST-€ -3 |9T6T ‘eT ‘ee L nso o4B ns to) 048 a. qnsey | Pomert | yunoury | o8q een | pomjery | qunomy | od mo ea a arngya aINy[NH UO[[Inog xnoy gp ‘gp Jo uotooluy patnyy, woy[imog anoy gF mee o woryoefuy puooag ITY FOoPRCL. | PLOY 8% VUATOHO TMOA ' €O SNOLLOAULNI AYOW YO ANO GALSISAY HOIHM SDId VANIND NO SLINGWISHAXH YAHLYOA ONTIMOHS X Fav ; 724 BERNARD GALLAGHER No. 7 appeared to have acquired an immunity, however, as shown in Table X, an injection of 1 ¢.c. of strain 48 intra-abdom- inally 41 days later caused death in 17 hours. RESISTANCE OF Rats AND Mice RECEIVING STRAIN 52 TO STRAIN 48. Two rats and one mouse were used in a preliminary experi- ment. . The following table shows that immunized rat 2 resisted 0.01 c.e. of strain 48 subcutaneously, but 35 days later failed to resist a dose of 1 c.c. of 48 intra-abdominally. Its control 3 resisted 0.002 e.c. of 48 subcutaneously, and 35 days later resisted 0.5 ¢.c. of 48 intra-abdominally, dying one month later of unknown cause. Con- trol 4 resisted 0.1 ¢.c. of strain 48 intra-abdominally, indicating that certain individuals at least have a high natural resistance to fowl cholera organisms. Mouse 1 failed to resist 0.001 ¢.c. of strain 48 subcutaneously after receiving two injections of strain 52. IMMUNIZING PowER OF FowL CHOLERA STRAIN 52 AGAINST OTHER STRAINS OF THE HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA ORGANISM. For this experiment 20 rabbits were inoculated on May 31, 1916 with 1 ec. each of a 48 hour bouillon culture of Fowl Cholera strain 52 subcutaneously. Local necrosis at the point of inoculation fol- lowed in all cases, and one animal succumbed to the injection, dy- ing apparently of toxemia. On July 5, 1916, 35 days later, 10 of the above animals were injected with virulent strains of hemorrhagic septicemia organisms recently recovered from natural outbreaks of the disease. Three bovine strains from widely separated sources, one ovine and one porcine strain were used in amounts of 0.01 ¢.c. of a 48 hour bouil- lon culture. The organisms were introduced subcutaneously, and two rabbits and a susceptible control were employed for each strain. Table XII shows that no protection against B. bovisepticus A was conferred. B. bovisepticus B and B. bovisepticus C were patho- genic in each case to one treated rabbit, and its control, B. ovt- septicus failed to affect the control animal, hence resistance on the part of the immunized rabbits cannot be considered. B. swisepti- cus failed to prove virulent to either of the immunized animals, while the control died within 16 hours. On August 11, a treated rabbit was given 0.2 c.c. of B. bovt- septicus B, no bad results following. Another was given 0.2 ce. of B. bovisepticus C and died within 40 hours. Four treated rab- oe FOWL CHOLERA 725 TABLE XI. SHOWING RESISTANCE OF RATS AND ONE MOUSE TO FOWL CHOLERA STRAIN 48 FOWL CHOLERA 52 . |Reeord === ee a SSeS = recies| Ny 1st Injection OE 2nd Injection Date |Amount | Method Result Date | Amount Method | Result. Ys ‘hite 1 Nov, 10] 0.5 ¢.c. |Intra-ab- |No reac- | Rat 1915 dominal tion | | "oe 2 Nov, 10] 0.5 ¢.c. |Subeutane-|No reac- | Dee. 6, | 1 ¢@. |Subeutane-| No reac- 1915 | ous | tion 1915 ous tion te *3 | | Control | Os +4 Control | ‘hite 1 Noy, 10] 0.25 ¢.e.|Subeutane- No reac- | Dee. 6, | 0.5 ¢.c.|Subcutane- | No reae- “ouse 1915 ous | tion 1915 ous tion ; FOWL CHOLERA 48 ior es ; Record aa = Sp aa = = pecies No 1st Injection 2nd Injection Date |Amount Method | Result : Date |Amount | Method Result Thite il Feb. 9, |0.002 ¢.c. |Subeutane-| Died 66 Rat 1916 ous Hours uC 2) Feb. 9, |0.01 ¢.c. |Subcutane-| Lived Mar. 15] 1 e« Intra-ab- | Died 17 1916 ous 1916 dominal | Hours He *3 +|Feb. 9, |0.002 ¢.c¢. |Subcutane-| Lived Mar. 15| 0.5 ¢.¢e. | Intra-ab- | Lived Control | 1916 ous 1916 dominal “ +4. | Mar. 15| 0.1 ¢.¢. | Intra-ab- | Lived Control | 1916 | dominal Thite 1 Feb. 9, |0.001 ¢.c. |\Subeutane-| Died 36 | [ouse 1916 ous Hours = a *3. Died April 17, 1916. 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The control died in 16 hours from a culture dilution of 0.01 c.e. FurTHER EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS WHICH REsISTED ViRU- LENT CULTURES ON 7—5-16. In this experiment rabbit 55, which had resisted 0.01 ¢.c. of B. bovisepticus B was given 1 «.c. of the same strain 37 days later. No bad results followed. Rabbit 60, which resisted 0.01 ¢.c. of B. bovisepticus C received 2 ¢.c. of this strain again on August 11, without showing a reaction. The three rabbits which had not succumbed to B. ovisepticus were again in-— jected with the same strain in the amount of 2 c.c. A control was given 1 ¢.c. Death resulted in each case within 40 hours. Ap- parently no special immunity had been conferred since the con- trol had shown as much resistance as the treated animals. Rab- bit 68 of the B. swisepticus series was lost through death from peri- tonitis on August 10. Its mate 69 of the same experiment on July 5 was again inoculated on August 11 with 1 ¢.c. of B. swisepticus. No bad effects were observed. Apparently culture 52 confers ab- solute immunity against this particular strain of B. swisepticus and it is our intention to continue these experiments, using other strains of B. suisepticus and testing the immunity produced by culture 52 i swine. Concuiusions. No noticeable resistance is conferred to fowls by the use of killed fowl cholera bacilli as immunizing agents. Fowl! cholera strain 52 in the live state confers a marked re- sistance to a highly virulent strain of the fowl cholera bacillus. The immunity is not:absolute, since dilutions of 0.01 ¢.c. to 1 ee. of a virulent culture are usually fatal in fowls, rabbits and guinea pigs. Strain 52 also confers a fair degree of immunity to rabbits against certain strains of B. bovisepticus and complete immunity to a virulent strain of B. swisepticus. —It is reported that up to October 1, 1916, the exportation from the United States of animals intended for war purposes amounted to 731,313 horses and 223,708 mules, with a value of about $200, 247,486. —Veterinarian Daniel LeMay, 4th Field Artillery, retired De- cember 8, 1916, with the rank of Major, ~ CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘“Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’’ INTUSSUSCEPTION OF SMALL INTESTINE OF A COW J. N. PRost, Ithaca, No Y. Patient was a grade Guernsey heifer sent to the surgical clinic by the Professor of ambulatory clinic, with the diagnosis of intus- susception of intestine and the -following history: Animal was found standing with hind legs stretched backward, treading constantly. Feces had been passed only once in last twenty-four hours and patient had not eaten in forty-eight hours. Milk secretion had ceased. Pulse 100, temperature 101.4. Breath- ing was rapid and shallow. Mucous membranes were pale and the extremities were cold with the animal shivering. Peristalsis was fair on the left side but suppressed on right and pressure on lower part of abdomen on right sight brought symptoms of pain. Rectal examination found the posterior intestinal tract empty ex- cept for bloody mucus. Intussusception of small intestine was found on right side of abdominal cavity. Owing to the drifted condition of the roads the animal was not brought to the clinic for forty-eight hours after the diagnosis was made. Mar. 20, 1916. When the animal was brought to clinic she was very weak. Movements were stiff and unsteady and the abdom- inal muscles were contracted and tense. Animal was straining con- tinually and passing some bloody mucus. Respiration rapid and shallow. Peristalsis and contraction of rumen absent. Pulse 120, temperature 101.8. : Area on right flank was shaved ; washed with gasoline and paint- ed with tincture of iodin. Animal was given one ounce of chloral hydrate in two quarts of water per rectum and placed on the op- erating table. Cocaine was injected locally over the line of in- cision. Incision was made through the skin; the muscle fibres were separated and the peritoneum punetured. An assistant then grasped the intestine and brought the intussusecepted portion up through the incision, The jaws of two pairs of dressing forceps Sy ) 730 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS were covered with rubber tubing to lessen the injury to the intes- tines and one pair was clamped on each side and about two inches from the intussuscepted intestine. Three feet of the intussuscept- ed intestine were then removed and end to end anastamosis was per- formed in the fellowing way: The mesentery was cut away from the diseased portion of the intestine; the blood vessels ligated and the intestine removed. The cut ends of the intestine were then sutured with two rows of intestinal sutures, bringing the serous coats together and the mesentery was folded and sutured to the intestine. During the operation the intestine was frequently washed with normal salt solution. The skim and muscle wounds were closed with a single row of sutures. The animal was then removed from the table and given an enema of warm salt solution and a stimulating drench of capsicum and nux vomica. Drench and enema were repeated six hours later. Mar. 21, 1916. Eighteen hours after operation the cow had passed feces three times. Drank a pail of warm water and ate a quart of bran. Pulse 90, temp. 101.8. Enema and drench re- peated twice daily. Mar. 22, 1916. Fair amount of feces mixed with mucus passed during the night. Ate bran and alfalfa and drank water. Drench and enema repeated. Pulse 88, temp. 102. Mar. 23, 1916. Animal eating, drinking and chewing eud. Feces passed without mucus. Drench repeated daily; enema dis- continued. Pulse 72, temp. 101.6. Mar. 24, 1916. Improvement continues. Pulse 70, temp. 101.6. Mar. 25, 1916. Improvement continues. Pulse 68, temp. 102. Slight suppuration of skin wound; surface painted with iodine. Mar. 26, 1916. Feces passed with large amount of mucus. Pulse 65, temp. 101.7. During the day the cow aborted a two months fetus. The uterus was irrigated with 14% Lugol’s solu- tion and the membranes were expelled. Mar. 27, 1916. Pulse 70, temp. 102.2. Shght discharge from the vagina. The external genitals were washed with 144% Wescol solution and the vagina irrigated with normal salt. Mar. 28, 1916. Slight suppuration of skin wound. The stitches were removed and surface of wound painted with iodine. Pulse 65, temp. 101. =. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 731 Mar. 29, 1916. Small amount of necrotic tissue removed from the skin wound and the surface painted with iodine. Irrigated uterus with normal salt solution. Milk now being secreted. Pulse 60, temp. 101. Mar. 30, 1916. Feces normal; animal on full diet with in- erease in milk. Pulse 60, temp. 101.6. The external wound was treated with iodine daily until complete healing had taken place. RUPTURE OF THE PREPUBIAN TENDON OF A COW* M. W. SuLiivAN, Marcellus, N. Y. The subject was a large grade Holstein about four years old. On the first visit, the owner said the cow was due to calve in two weeks and he mistrusted a dead calf. I made a careful examin- ation and everything appeared normal and the calf still alive. Animal showed no symptoms of pain but did not care to eat very much. I administered a laxative and prescribed a tome and bitter for the appetite. Owner called again in three days stating that the cow was no better, but on calling I could not find anything wrong except that she was still off her feed. About four days later I was again called, the owner stating a large swelling had appeared on the belly. The cow was in a large box stall with plenty of straw on the floor and I readily agreed with him, for her abdomen nearly touched the straw. I concluded there must be a rupture of the prepubian tendon to allow this con- dition although I could not find any information on the subject in the cow. The cow had showed no symptoms of wanting to calve but I decided to remove the calf. The os uteri had not dilated as vet but after repeated efforts I finally delivered two calves, one a posterior and the other an anterior presentation. I was unable to save the calves for it took so long to deliver them. The first calf delivered weighed seventy-five pounds and the second seventy- eight, making a total of one hundred fifty-three pounds of calves. I attempted to remove the placenta but, on account of the en- largement and displacement of the uterus, I could not reach the cotyledons, so very little was removed. The cow began discharg- *Read before the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association. 732 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ing and finally developed metritis, which I could not treat satis- factorily on account of the conditions above stated. The animal gradually grew weaker and we decided there was no help, so she was killed by owner. LIVER LESIONS IN FOWL CHOLERA J. B. HARDENBERGH, AND FRED BOERNER, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. Specimen No. 7843—Three turkeys (dead). History :—Dealer purchased large number of turkeys for holiday trade. Twenty-four hours after getting them home found several dead. Purchasers of the live birds began to return dealer the dead fowls. Veterinarian called submitted several for exam- ination. Autopsies on all three were practically identical as follows : Autopsy :—Lungs edematous; pericardial sac contained ex- cessive amount of serous fluid; pericardium and epicardium showed petechiae and ecchymoses; spleen swollen and congested ; liver congested and presented innumerable small yellow foci throughout resembling avian miliary tuberculosis but too small to be easily confused with lesions of entero-hepatitis. On section appeared macroscopically as small infarcts. Intestinal tract inflamed throughout entire length with ex- cessive reddening of mucous membrane in small areas. Caeca inflamed and showed in lower portion several small tumefications with thickened mucous membrane and increased redness. Small amount of fluid in peritoneal cavity. Smears from heart blood, spleen and yellow liver foci showed typical bipolar organisms in large numbers. Cultures examined twenty-four hours later showed pure strains of B. avisepticus. Animal inoculations on hens, rabbits and guinea pigs resulted in death of all in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Hens showed typical lesions of fowl cholera on autopsy including the liver lesions. One guinea pig and one rabbit showed the same liver lesions, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 733 Histological sections of liver showed microscopically cloudy swelling—congestion and small areas of necrosis containing masses of bipolar bacilli. The finding of liver lesions (only occasionally mentioned in the literature) and inflamed caeca in turkeys may confuse with entero-hepatitis unless a bacteriological examination is made, there- fore this report. CARCINOMA OF GLOTTIS IN COW F. A. Waurer, D.V.M., Lemont, Ul. Upon receiving a hurry up call on Monday, January 9, 1917, I found the cow in extreme distress. A great quantity of frothy material was oozing from the mouth and nostrils. The history of the case disciosed the fact that she had been suffering for some time with difficult respiration and symptoms above mentioned, but the owner did not deem it necessary to call a doctor. I proceeded to operate and inse-*sd a tracheotomy tube which afforded instant relef. I placed the animal on soft diet, of whic?. she partook spar- ingly, and saw her next day whereupon owner told tre she refused to eat any more. Upon further examination I found the omo hy- oideus and sterno cephalicus greatly swollen; thyroid glaad en- larged and offensive discharge through the mouth and nostrils. I pronounced the ease incurable, diagnosing it as carcinoma of glottis. The cow was destroyed and glottis removed. - —_ SOUTHERN TIER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The third semi-annual meeting of the Southern Tier Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Binghamton, N. Y., Decem- ber 30, 1916. During the morning an interesting clinic was held at the Hospital of Dr. P. J. Axtell, after which the members had luncheon at the Hotel Bennett. The afternoon session was called to order by President Pearce at 2:30. Thirty-three members and visitors were present. In the absence of Dr. Fitch, Dr. H. J. Milks was elected temporary sec- retary. 776 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS The following papers were given: President’s Address—Dr. C. D. Pearce, Binghamton. ; The Limitations of the Use of Tuberculin—Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca. Veterinary Practice in the State of Washington—Dr. J. H. Woodside, Groton, N. Y. Some Recent Applications of Physiology to Veterinary Sei- Dr. C. E. Hayden, Ithaca. A Discussion on Azoturia—Drs. Faust, G. A. Knapp, Stone, Vorhis and others. The following motions were passed : That a committee be appointed to investigate the subject of as- sociate members. ence That the proceedings be published as usual. That the next meeting be held at Elmira. There was also considerable discussion of the plan of the meet- ing but no definite action was taken upon this subject. Meeting adjourned. H. J. Mirxs, Secretary Pro. Tem. The following cases were examined and treated at Dr. Axtell’s, 65 Carroll Street, Binghamton at 9:30. I. Fistula in the right side. Brown Gelding, as result of in- fection from tapping about two months previously. About two quarts of pus were let out and wound and abscess cavity packed with iodin gauze. Operation by Drs. Faust and Axtell. Il. Dog. Chronic case of distemper, examined and prescribed for by Dr. Quinn of Norwich. . Ill. Sorrel Gelding. Diseased third superior molar. Tre- phined and punched out by Drs. Baker and Knapp, under chloral narcosis and cocain anesthesia. IV. Black Gelding examined by Drs. Frost, Baker and others. Adhesion of the penis to the prepuce and necrotic abscess Nothing done in the way of treatment. V. Brown Gelding, Paraphimosis of penis. Operated on by Drs. Frost and Harding. Amputation performed under chloral narcosis and cocaine used locally. Operation successful. | VI. English Setter Dog. Tumor in side of neck anterior to point of shoulder. Tumor about size of goose egg. Operated by Dr. Milks under morphine narcosis. Some trouble was exper- ienced with hemorrhage. The vagus nerve passed over it so it ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 777 had to be dissected away carefully. A very nice operation when completed. Dog died from trouble with vagus nerve, January 3rd, 1917 ; VII. Two Year Old Heifer. Sterility, cystic ovary. Cyst ruptured and uterus irrigated by Dr. Knapp. VIII. Cow. Cornual. pregnancy. Fetus about size of a cat. Situated far up in the cornu of the uterus. Inipossible to be reached through the uterus, could be felt plainly through the ree- tum, but not movable in the horn. The peculiar thing of this case was the absence of the corpus luteum in the ovary. Examined by Drs. Frest, Knapp and Faust. - Cow is being washed out daily with hopes of washing the fetus away. The condition has existed for six months. Cow in fairly good condition but with a bad fetid discharge. All cases doing very nicely up to the present time,with the exception of the dog as previously stated. Py J. AXTELL, ee THE NINTH CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS, ITHACA, N. Y. The conference was held January 16 and 17 at James Law Hall, the main building of the New York State Veterinary College. Dean Moore, in his opening address: ‘‘Opportunities for the Aver- age Veterinarian’’, among other things, called attention to the fact that the veterinarian should be a factor in legislation; that he should exert an educative influence upon animal owners and with their cooperation assist in formulating proper livestock sanitary laws. Dr. Fitch’s paper upon ‘‘Some of the Common Parasites of the Domesticated Animals and their Importance to Veterinarians’’, was of a practical and interesting character. He believed, in this connection, that a microscope was a paying investment for the vet- erinarian. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 781 merece and Rotary Clubs and the veterinarians extend an invitation to any of the profession who may be in that locality to attend the meeting. THE FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS AT AMHS, TA. The following program was prepared for the meeting held at Veterinary Division of the Iowa State College at Ames, January 11 and 12. Anatomy and Physiology of the Udder of Cows ............... H. S. Murphey Pathology and Bacteriology of the Udder..... W. W. Dimock and Chas. Murray Gon gean delay pes OD aaumys Cable. <4... os a0 2 cei. seer L. 8. Gillett Banyo warm sanitation... Illustrated... .. a... ssice. nde wqe cee Cassius Way The Bacillus Abortus and Tests for the Detection of Abortion in Cattle Chas. Murray and L. E. Willey Abortion: Its Complications and Their Treatment............. H. HE. Bemis Production, Handling and Distribution of Clean, Sanitary Milk. Illus- [ATEN SUS Maa © ease a eRe a et cee et Si PMB Ac a etIIS Sohn SAS Cassius Way Abortion from the Practitioner’s Standpoint ................... C. E. Cotton Correlation of Our Present Knowledge Regarding Infectious Abortion in Sag Serer Aen fe: Shsdcr Ag ATcas a/iteae. SSS) onset akc eee ee eee V. A. Moore Tubereulin Tests for Tuberculosis ..... sh -2 tps = eben Ce gear ane terete R. R. Bolton Tuberculosis: Its Prevalence, Lesions and Interpretation of Tests. V. A. Moore Berapentics of Acute Mastitis...... . .oies-Aiegeen meee _...H. D. Bergman Vesicular Stomatitis (A brief statement of the recent outbreak among MONACS ATIC CALEIC). lx. 2.275, 5 afereteoeaer ess aiss the 5, cemere erates, arene W. W. Dimock SS KANSAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION For the thirteenth annual meeting of the Kansas Veterinary Medical Association held at Wichita, Kans., Jan. 3 and 4, the fol- lowing program was prepared: SOT CRS OT: WWGhEOTIG arty. eke sake ise Pardo «mile ecahsy chee ae Mayor of Wichita meaponse to Address: of Welcome: 20. 2a) <4. 0) oec8 «nese ear Dr. R. B. Rogers President’s Annual Address ...-..... Dy te omer, oe Dr. W. J. Guilfoil Sterne CaN Chie aerate: SoSH S oxta oa aiake Sieaia o Ee ke Dr. L. D. Eastman Some Useful Instruments and Appliances................... Dr. C. E. Bassler Chronic Diseases of the Mammary Glands of Cows ........... Dr, R. C. Moore Case Reports . PiesPractitioners hound Table .. 0... o.<.cdeueteaeeeen elle Dr. H. Jensen Question Box URS GEENE ES ROTTS 7 en Oe ope erge wre, A Dr, A. T. Kinsley MOU OUS eA bOntromadm COWS aun ok < 2s ase. dp oa varios Dr, O, W. Noller 782 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Proprietary Remedies and Their Advertising Media ......... Dr Be Weekirmax Announcement of Clinie Program Adrenalin’ Demonstration 25... . 4a eee ee ee ee Dr. J. H. Burt Dental’ Anaesthesia, oo. 0a. 2. 5s see ee eee ee Dr. R. R. Dykstra Clinie . IOWA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The following program was arranged for the annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association at its meeting at Ames, Janu- ary 9, 10, 11. ETeSdent IS AGOTESS * .. cp ee NARS Se cao S on cE E Loe Oe Wm. Drinkwater Report of the Seeretary- Treasurer 22... . 2025.0 -ce-s se ecees H. B. Treman Some of the Most Common Parasites of the Digestive Tract. With report of; Cases: and: Specinienss. 2... 5. n a ee ae ee Fred R. Maxweli Periodic: Ophthalmiay 2... setae ae te oe aes ean? Sea eee eee R. F. Avery Report,or CommittecronCherapeutics, 3. eee eee W. J. Miller Some of the More Common Diseases of the Heart............. W. W. Dimock Report of the Committee on Diseases and Treatment..............4 A. L. Wood A Brief Résumé of the Principal Differences Between the New and Old Anatomical Nomenclaticesen..e)\-eert-rs Sere eee ore Burton R. Rodgers Address of Welcome, for the College................ President R. A. Pearson Addressvoi Welcome; tor stheelownl= 1. so seer Mayor Geo. E. Baker Response for the Association .................. Past President G. W. Blanche IXCOTESSSON PE DeCTApeUTIGS hs Arye y yer atresia oe ee ee E. L. Quitman Recent: Notes on:-Poisonous, Pinnts) 27.) 522. ee eee L. H. Pammel Progress of Hog Cholera Control Work in Iowa................... J. S. Koen Mase TROPOR teas asset atts Sentosa ae eft pence tone er t\ch tele eee Cee R. C. Mills My Observations in an Outbreak of Hemorrhagic Septicemia ....J. H. McLeod Report of Conmirtice on Saniiahien 22s eee ee G. A. Johnson Gaser Reports! csr ceates-ro Si-nc Tee R. R. Bolton Report of (Committeeson Lepislation’ 222. 2o-- 26-23-42 =i eee J. I. Gibson Lecture and Demonstration in Judging Horses ................... W. H. Pew Reportxor Committeeontsurverya-. o> 1945s - yee eee H. E. Bemis Chlorinated Lime as an Antiseptic in Practice................. N. A. Kippen Vesicular = Stomatitis: dllustratedieers sass et eit ere eee S. Stewart Some Points on the Surgical Anatomy of the Foot. Illustrated H. S. Murphey Report of Committee on Necrology ..... jist eats J Sire ria > aoe L. W. Russell WISCONSIN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION For the second annual meeting of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association held at Madison, January 16 17, 18, the fol- lowing program was prepared: Address of Welcome .-2-...::2-8 C. P. Norgard, Commissioner of Agriculture Response. 5.2). s2 Se se het 2 eee eee oe ri ee J: D. tee President’s Address ..,....-.---:;:- Cee ee 2: aces: +.L. J. O'Reilly es — <> 2. ESE? WER eae, eEeeE==e eure. ee a ———_—_—_—_—_— io ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 783 - Some Personal Experiences with the Tubereulin Test ........... W. G. Clark Discussion by R. 8. Heer, T. H. Ferguson, J. F. Roub, C. M. Crane. HuniIMNary ol enesemtine: Situations: .-2< ee saris oie elena O. H. Eliason FESTA Mere ULV SES ge (5) cilcale sein" v.07 )asiaye ievar-clie ord meee ewel ak oransens Ale Sa Pes caes sie asl el = = + See loleReRse EAR oll a sal “Ef Se | +] =I = =| —{11-3-16+| — | fle Skee] +] - —| =| | | il =I = =a =] hie a “| Tal ai =a sey Ss —|1x0.5em) [EFF [FFFH FFF FFF -| ++ +) = _— —| +| Ixtemoion z =| =a i= = = | txtem: "| -| al = ma = al i babe 7 a = = = —| =a a =a al al ra | =a ies | =| | =] cal al =a = | gel mal =| =| = a5. t= Bile eae | ee ee = oe eee ee = = = | ——S — =a — == | 7a = | =a el Fal | Ixle al t El Fal el lege sl +| a | te =a =a = =a sa | 1x2¢ Sai aa ==] =a me =al | ee = ie | eee a = = =| | = -| = =) —| =| =| —| | 2x2 em. HF +t O+LOCUCOCYYCOC*C‘RAS | | se = =a] = —| | | 5x5 ¢.m. -| = =| =| =a =| +| f= z ao = =e a = | = + al = al =a a =a Ee =| = = all =a =] | aa r| AB! | =a =| =I +| a al =" = =) —| —| +| |1x1.5¢.m DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION S861 « Table No. 3 includes a small herd with a negative history and negative serological tests and none of these animals reacted in the intradermal abortin test to the slightest degree. Inasmuch as Meyer and Hardenbergh'® report ‘‘ In several in- stances, also, aborters reacted to the abortin test when there were no immune bodies in the serum of the tested animals’’, we believe it highly important to seek and consider the history of each animal before regarding any animal as probably free of the disease even though the results of serological laboratory reagent tests would so indicate. That the intradermal abortin should prove more spe- cific for a B. abortus, Bang, infection past or present, than abortin as prepared by the English Commission or precipitated purified abortin as prepared by Meyer and Hardenbergh is evident from the very nature of the products. Intradermal abortin is a suspen- sion of washed killed B. abortus, Bang, freed of all culture media _or substances most likely to produce non-specific or pseudo-reac- tion, while abortin of the English Commission includes not only the products resulting from the growth of the bacillus in the culture media, but the culture media as well. That the media alone may in- clude substances, responsible for non-specific reactions is now un- known. The precipitated purified abortin of Meyer and Harden- bergh includes only the precipitable substances of the ‘‘abortin’’ of English Commission and, therefore, it probably does produce non-specific reactions to a smaller extent than abortin. The Intradermal Abortin Test is not destined to assist in es- tablishing a diagnosis as far as the individual animal is concerned, but as an aid in determining whether or not the infection actually exists in a herd it is a test for the veterinarian in practice. As much can be said for a positive reaction in the test as a positive re- action in any of the serological tests and when the history of the herd is such as to arouse the suspicion that Bang’s Disease may ex- ist then positive reactions with the intradermal abortin test in sev- eral animals would show that the suspicion is well founded, where- as uniformly negative results would tend to indicate that the in- fection was not present. Outside of clinical observations including the history of the herd, and deductions made of material aborted, the veterinarian must rely on the results of tests that include lab- oratory procedures, the results of which as a rule are very difficult 16. Jour. of Inf. Dis., Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 371, 1914, 862 WILLIAM B. HERMS AND STANLEY B. FREEBORN to interpret. With much to be desired in the application and in- terpretation of all of the tests or means at hand to establish a di- agnosis, the intradermal abortin test deserves recognition in that it can be made by the veterinarian without assistance. The test can be made while the history of the herd is beg completed and ~ studied and material for the bacteriological or serological tests is being collected and forwarded. When the results of the bacterio- logical or serological tests are available, the results of the intra- dermal abortin test can be used as additional confirmation and if circumstances prevail where bacteriological or serological tests can- not be made then the intradermal abortin test can serve as an ad- ditional means or procedure open to the veterinarian in practice. PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS WiLLiAM B. HirremMs AND STANLEY B. FREEBGORN (University of California), Berkeley, Calif. The invasion of the lungs (bronchioles, bronchi and tracheae) of domesticated animals by nematode worms of the family Strongy- lidae is known by a variety of technical and common names. The parasitologist is inclined to use the term pulmonary strongylosis, while the veterinarian, intent on the more explanatory terminology, designates the same as verminous bronchitis. The layman, however, habitually uses the homely and expressixe term lungworms. The worms causing this disease are thread-worms of the sub- family Metastrongylinae and although they were previously all placed in the one genus, Strongylus, they are now divided between the genera Dictyocaulus and Metastrongylus. Of the several species now described, but three have come to the authors’ attention as of economic importance. Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi), commonly referred to as the lungworm of goats and sheep, also reported from calves, deer and camels, is a slender, whitish threadlike worm varying from 21% to 3 inches in length in the male to three and four inches in the female. Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch), the common lungworm of calves, also found in deer, sheep and swine, is very similar in appearance to D. filaria, but is somewhat more slender and shorter, the male being about an inch and a half in length while the female varies from two to three «<é, PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS 863 Seen eee — ee —— ———— ee and a quarter inches. Metastrongylus apri (Gmelin) occurring in swine, rarely in humans (children) is much shorter than either of the foregoing, the male scarcely reaching the length of three- fourths of an inch, while the female rarely exceeds two inches. Two other species, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbold), the lung- worm of colts and Metastrongylus brevivaginatus (Raillet and Henry) another parasite of swine, are sometimes of economic im- portance, but occur far less commonly than do the other three species mentioned above. Lungworms are probably rarely the direct cause of many deaths, however, the economic importance of the disease is quite considerable! and lies in the fact that the resistance of infested ani- mals is impaired, causing them to fall an easy prey to other infec- tions. ‘Fatalities directly due to an infestation of lungworms are generally traceable to suffocation, because of the worm knots (clumps of worms) which collect at the lumina of the bronchi and bronchioles. These knots may entirely exclude the air from that portion of the lune supplied by the occluded bronchiole. This closure is aided by the muco-purulent matter always associated with the worms. The affected portions of the lung form ideal media for certain pathogenic organisms, hence broncho-pneumonia 1s commonly associated with pulmonary strongylosis. DiacNosis. The infected animals have a dry. hacking cough which becomes more and more loose and racking as the disease pro- gresses. They stand or lie with their necks out-stretched. When the animal attempts to inhale there is a convulsive hunching of the flanks. There is usually present a more or less profuse muco-puru- lent discharge from the nostrils. Diarrhea is generally associated with the infection. The blood becomes thin and watery. As the disease progresses the animals become emaciated and in sheep and goats there is a tendency toward ‘‘ papery skin’’. These symptoms, although uniformly present to a greater or less degree are not dis- tinctive enough to insure a correct diagnosis, i. e., other infections may manifest similar symptoms. It is at times possible to demonstrate the presence of ova or even larvae in the nasal or oral exudate. By holding the animal’s 1. Lungworms affecting domesticated animals in California and the chloro- form method of treatment. William B. Herms and Stanley B. Freeborn; Pro- ceedings Quarterly Meeting California State Veterinary Medical Association, pp. 6-10, September 15, 1916, 564 WILLIAM B. HERMS AND STANLEY B. FREEBORN tongue and tickling the larynx with a foreign body sputum may be obtained in which ova or larvae may or may not oceur. If evi- dence is thus secured, the proof is conclusive, but unfortunately these exudates have been found negative in many cases proved to be infected by post mortem examination. Therefore a conclusive diagnosis depends upon post mortem examination. In some cases the worms will be found in the trachea as well as in the bronchi and bronchioles. In the majority of cases the parasites are confined to the smaller air passages. TREATMENT. The administration of anthelmintics which may be excreted through the lungs has been widely advocated for many years, but has proved only mildly successful owing to the impos- sibility of giving a sufficient dose to be effective in the air passages. Placing infested animals in rooms filled with the dust and fumes of air-slaked lime or sulphur has been practiced by many stockmen, removing the animals as soon as they are overcome. This practice usually resulted in saving about half of the animals and killing the other half, but the owners reasoned that it were better to save half of the number treated than to lose all of them by the disease. It was in the hope of determining an anthelmintic which could be applied directly to the air passages and effect a cure without at- tendant fatalities that a series of experiments was instituted by the Laboratory of Parasitology at the University of California during the autumn of 1914° and carried on for a period of over a year. Various substances, such as turpentine, benzine, ether, and chloro- form were administered singly and in combinations, both intra- tracheally and nasally. Based on these experiments, involving about 250 animals, both goats and calves, it is believed that chloroform (either chemically pure or commercial) administered nasally in doses sufficient to nearly anaesthetize the animal is a valuable and simple method of treatment. Experiments have shown that although the worms were not killed immediately, death and disintegration of the majority of the parasites takes place a few hours after treatment, when it has been observed that large numbers of the worms may be expelled in the act of coughing and swallowed. It is hardly to be expected that 2. Lungworms; a preliminary report on treatment, with some observations regarding the epidemiology and life history of the parasite. Herms, William B., and Freeborn, Stanley B., University of pane” Agr. Exp. Sta. Circular 148, 8 pp. (March, 1916). otal are PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS 865 one, or for that matter, many treatments would kill all the worms, particularly those located in the deeper collapsed portions of the lungs. The chloroform is administered nasally (first into one nostril then into the other) by means of an all-glass syringe or a medicine dropper. Chloroform dissolves the lubricant on the piston of the all-metal syringe and destroys the rubber ring of the ordinary vet- erinary syringe, hence the use of a common medicine dropper. It is impossible to prescribe an exact dosage for two reasons ; (1) animals vary in the amount necessary to anaesthetize them, and (2) the effectiveness of the dose depends on whether the animal at the time of treatment is inhaling or exhaling. With these two factors in mind the authors have consistently hesitated to prescribe an exact dosage, but have recommended that sufficient chloroform be administered to produce ‘‘grogginess’’ with a repetition of the treatment at five or six day intervals until recovery is secured. Where proper care in food and shelter is exercised three injections have been the maximum required in any one case. Dosage varies from one and a half to three cubic centimeters for angora goats and from four to eleven cubic centimeters for calves,—one-half the quantity to each nostril. Prolonged chloroform anaesthesia is known to produce necrosis of the liver, and for this reason the authors were somewhat hesi- tant to recommend the above treatment until this complication was shown to be negligible by the absence of fatalities in several hun- dred cases treated over a period of nearly three years. It is highly important that infected animals whether under treatment or not should receive sufficient nourishir- food easily and be afforded shelter against inclement weather. Lire History or THE ParasirE. Adequate knowledge of the eyele through which the luneworm passes from egg to adult would almost certainly suggest a clear cut method of prophylaxis. In this we are unfortunately lacking, in that there is a gap in our know- lege relative to the stage immediately following the larva. Where does the larval lungworm disappear to, and how do the worms reach the lungs, and in what stage? To these questions we still have but vague answers. In the lungs of the infested animal there occur the adult lung- forms, both male and female. The females are ovoviviparous, hence _ eggs containing well developed active larvae occur here also. Ovi- 866 WILLIAM B. HERMS AND STANLEY B. FREEBORN gerous females when taken from the lungs at post mortem readily ex- trude myriads of eggs if placed either in tap water or physiological salt solution. The larvae hatch readily in either within twenty-four hours after extrusion. We have carried on many futile experiments to rear the larvae in various media at various temperatures. Such media as bouillon, normal salt, distilled water and moist earth have been used. In the last named at room temperature larvae lived about three months while in all other media they died in from five to nine and a half days. Nasal, intratracheal and oral administration of eggs and larvae taken from an infested animal failed to produce an infestation in a healthy animal although the experiment was carried on over a period of about four months. Eggs can be demonstrated in the contents of the small intes- tine of an infested animal on post mortem. They may be found throughout the entire length of the small intestine, but are absent in the large intestine and feces. If therefore oral administration of eggs and larvae could cause infection (which by experiment was proved negative) the parasites would seem to penetrate the small Jntestine and be carried to the lungs in the blood stream. With oral administration of eggs and larvae negative, the natural as- sumption is that these (eggs and larvae) disintegrate in the small intestine. That the animals must swallow numerous eggs, larvae and even adult worms, brought up from the lungs in the act of coughing seems quite evident. Epizootics of lung worms are generally associated with pas- turage on low, damp ground, or if on highland pastures there is invariably present a swale or poorly constructed watering trough with its attendant muddy pools. In the light of further investi- gation this condition may be shown to be merely a coincidence, but at present with what knowledge we have, these pools or muddy conditions seem significant. Because of the negative results obtained by nasal and oral in- jection of eggs and larvae, it would seem that the parasite must pass a part of its life history, immediately following the newly emerged larva, outside the body of its primary host. It is highly probable that the free living form of the parasite, if this exists, or its intermediary host, if such exists, requires a moist or swampy habitat, PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS 867 Von Linden! claims that the larvae are of two types, one adapted to a free living, weather-resisting existence, capable of initiating an infestation in the lungs of a healthy animal; the other type a parasitic form which remains and grows to maturity in the lungs of the original host, thus adding to the number of mature worms. This theory would fit exceedingly well with the epidemi- ology if it were not for the fact that the early intermediate forms of her so-called ‘‘ parasitic type’’ cannot be demonstrated in the air passages, and furthermore the figures accompanying the article are not characteristic of langworms coming to our notice, particu- larly the drawings of the male (Plate II, Fig. 8a), in which there is shown no caudal bursa. : The introduction of lungworms into flocks or herds and the in- festation of ranges is evidently accomplished in a variety of ways. In one ease a flock of 150 angora goats free from infestation was placed on a range to which wild deer had easy access and which used a certain swampy swale as a watering place. The deer of this locality were on previous occasions shown to be heavily para- sitized with Dictyocaulus filaria. Four months after the introduc- tion of the goats there occurred a serious epizootic of lungworms with Dictyocaulus filaria as the causative parasite, pointing strong- ly to the deer as the disseminators. Other epizootics point to older stock as the means of introduc- tion. Animals which recover from an infestation of lungworms in their youth may persist as carriers. Summary. 1. Pulmonary strongylosis is caused by certain nematode worms present in the air passage of the lungs. 2. Death from pulmonary strongylosis is brought about by direct suffocation, but the economic importance of the disease is greatly enhanced in that am infestation of the parasites paves the way for secondary infections, such as broncho-pneumonia. 3. Where all optimum conditions of food and shelter can be given, an extremely successful method of treatment consists in the administration of chloroform, introduced nasally in sufficient quan- tities to produce ‘‘grogginess”’ 4. The entire life history of the parasite is not known, hence the epidemiology of the disease is not completely understood and in 1. Von Linden, Grafin. Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung der freile- benden Generationen der Lungenwiirmer. Centralblatt fiir Bakt., Parasit., und Infekt. Orig. Bd. 76, Nr. 2-3, pp. 147-178 (20 May, 1915). S68 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. consequence prophylaxis is rendered uncertain. That the lung- worms, in their developmental stage immediately following the newly hatched larvae are dependent on swampy locations seems evident. 5. Based on circumstantial evidence it seems clear that the disease is readily introduced by adult carriers including wild deer. VACCINATIONS AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTI- CEMIA, No. 2 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BorRNER, JR. From the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board Philadelphia, Pa. In 1891, Brimhall and Wilson’ proved that the bacillus of hem- orrhagic septicemia was the cause of a disease occurring among cattle in Minnesota, which disease they also proved to be identical with the German ‘‘ Rinderseuche’’. In 1902, Ravenel and Gilliland* proved that the disease known as ‘‘Mountain Disease of Cattle’’ or ‘‘Carbon County Disease’’ in Pennsylvania was identical with the hemorrhagic septicemia de- scribed by other investigators and in that year outbreaks were re- ported to have occurred in fourteen different counties. These last mentioned investigators gave a good description of the symptoms, post-mortem findings, differential diagnosis and outlined a few precautionary measures to be used in its control. They also mentioned that numerous experiments had been made with a view to obtaining a vaccine against the disease and that these had met with a certain amount .of success. At that time vac- cination had been practiced extensively only in Russia and Italy and no information was available regarding this system of protec- tion in the United States. Since that time further experiments to produce something in the nature of a serum or vaccine have been made with varying de- grees of success. The work in this country in recent years has possibly been stimulated by the increase in what is commonly termed as ‘‘stock- yards pneumonia’’ developing in steers and eattle, after railway transportation and passage through various stock-yards. “gabe VACCINATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 869 That many cars and public stock-yards are infected, there is probably little doubt and we feel that work by others, and some of the facts mentioned later in this paper, tend to show that this pneu- monia is often caused by an organism belonging to the hemorrhagic septicemia group and that the vaccine prepared for hemorrhagic septicemia is of value as a prophylactic agent. In April 1916° we gave a report of the work done by this Board for a period of twelve months, December 1914 to January 1916. This work was carried out with a living vaccine, i. e., using forty- eight hour bouillon cultures of B. bovisepticus isolated from out- breaks of hemorrhagic septicemia, but with which we had taken no special measures to attenuate. The reasons for using such a pro- duct were stated in this contribution. Briefly we may say that we were unable to attenuate our strains in such a manner that standardization on laboratory animals would give us uniform re- sults, also that repeated attempts to isolate strains of B. bovisep- ticus which, when immediately reinjected into calves would repro- duce the disease, invariably failed. That living vaccines, barring certain factors, are better than attenuated vaccines or dead bacterins is obvious and generally con- ceded. Kolmer* in discussing living and dead vaccines covers this point nicely as follows :— ‘‘Barring accidents, the employment of a living virus is the most certain way of calling forth a maximum output of anti-bodies. There is at present no satisfactory explana- tion for this except that heat-labile substances destroyed in the ordinary preparation of bacterial vaccines have anti- genie properties (Smith). Living vaccines are also capable of penetrating into deeper tissues, whereas dead vaccines may remain where they are deposited. Similarly living viruses are capable of exerting a continuous action and de- livering an infinite number of blows, whereas the injection of a dead virus produces an interrupted action and deals but a single blow. The actual danger of using a living vae- cine, as the possibility of its being too virulent and thus pro- ducing the disease, or of regaining virulence or producing chronic ‘carriers’, preclude their general employment in human practice.’’ In other words, heating, drying, passage through animals, the action of germicides, etc., may destroy some antigenic powers of-a vaccine and render it inferior to a living antigen. This is also rec- 870 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. ognized in veterinary medicine and because of the reason that the disease may be produced, centers of infection established, or chronic ‘‘carriers’’ set up, bacterial vaccines employed by the profession are almost invariably carefully attenuated or killed. The first to use a living vaccine was Pasteur in 1879 and his discovery was accidental, for, after an absence from home, he found upon examination of some cultures of fowl cholera that they had become attenuated and that hens would easily withstand the injection of an amount which would previously have caused death. Mohler and Eichhorn, Holmes, McGowan and Gallagher have all worked with various preparations of organisms belonging to the hemorrhagic septicemia group and their results have added much to our knowledge concerning this disease. TABLE No. 1. a ok ie as 80 eee 140 | 9-14-15 5 0 | 12-23-16 2 2p a gee 34 | 9-20-15 | 0 0H ( 31 4 0 27) | Bee ore lees 0 0 *74) | 9-21-15 0 0 | 12- 1-16 4 43 3 0 | 40 |10— 2-15 ee eas. 12- 1-16 5 36 i ay Caen ee Sel Sy ea 0 12— 1-16 6 44 0 | oO | 44 /10-415| 0 0 12— 1-16 7 24 0 On lee 405-15 0 0 12- 1-16 SS Lee es I aa a Se ao 0 | 12- 6-16 9 46 1 oF | 0 | Control | | 0) 2 ==ae 10 20 0 1 0 | Control | 0 | 12 1-16 11 18 0 1 0 | Control | 0 12- 1-16 12 40 fi 0 0 Control 2 12— 1-16 *Sheep. The above table is practically the same as that given in the previous article on this disease covering report for the year 1915. A comparison of these tables will show that we added a column coy- ering new cases reported in these herds during the following year 1916. It will also be noted that not a single death or outbreak occurred among the vaccinated herds during 1916, while herd No. 12, in which seven animals died of hemorrhagic septicemia in 1915, and which was left as a control herd for subsequent outbreaks, showed the infection the following year with the loss of two animals before vaccine was applied. This merely shows that from the herds vaccinated new centers of infection were not established. The dis- VACCINATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA S71 ease might not have recurred if vaccines had not been used. In fact, such was the case in herd No. 9, Table No. 1, although later in this paper history on some of the herds shows new outbreaks, several occurrences two years in succession and others with inter- vals of two years. For the year 1916 our work was therefore carried on along the same lines and with a vaccine prepared in exactly the same manner. A total of thirty-one herds was vaccinated as shown in Table No. 2. TABLE No, 2. Herd No. | No. in Herd ieee Sate | No. vac. | Date of Vac. following 1 30 1 l 2 29 9-13-16 0 2 29° lees 4 28 9-13-16 0 3 23 0 0 23 9-13-16 0 Seem sk A 8 | 28 9-14-16 | 0 5 44 1 1 43 9-21-16 0 6 24 0 3 24 9-22-16 0 7 8 0 2 8 9-23-16 | 0 8 16 0 ae 16 10-24-16 | 0 9 15 1 1 14 11-17-16 | 1 10 26 1 i 24 10- 6-16 | 0 11 21 0 6-4 21 11l- 3-16 |. 0 265 6 ee ke ee ee 12 8 0 0 8 6-24-16 | 0 ae | 7 0 0 14 6-24-16 | 0 14 22 1 1 20 6-24-16 0 ete |). 20 1 1 ee ee ee! 16 41 | 3 0 38 10-26-16 1 17 19 (eee hs 0 eels 10-28-16 0 18 24 6 0 17 7-20-16 | 0 19 9 0 2 9 8— 3-16 0 20 9 a 0 {eo OSG 0 21 16 1 0 15 | 9-12-16 3 22 9 4 1 5 S016 0 23 26 4 2 22 8- 3-16 | 1 24 46 1 1 44 8— 6-16 0 25 50 0 0 90 8-25-16 0 ey. La eos: 14 eG. 94 9— 8-16 10 SO el 6. 2 0 Aa 9-11-16 ie 28 24 4 2 20 9-11-16 | 5 29 15 1 0 | 14 9-15-16 | 0 30 - 2¢ 5 0 24 9-14-16 0 1 esd Re Re Cae See Saab 5 9-16-16 0 487 3 0 *Not vaccinated. 872 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND ~RED BOERNER, JR. The first eleven herds vaccinated are what we term ‘‘exposed’’ herds. By that is meant herds into which steers passed through public stock yards during September, October or November and be- coming infected, were taken to the farms and mingled with the native cattle. It will be noticed that these exposed herds totaled 265 animals with six deaths prior to vaccination and twenty-four animals sick at the time of vaccination. With one exception all sick animals were given the vaccine and but one death followed its administration. In one case we received a report to the effect that the sick steers had transmitted the disease to one of the native animals. The reports on these eleven herds are not complete in that they do not give a history of the symptoms, physical condition of the animals, development of the disease in the different cases, etc. One unvaccinated steer recovered. History in connection with herd No. 11 states that eleven steers were purchased in Lancaster after being shipped direct from one of the western stock-yards. Shortly after arrival at the farm six of these animals became sick. Forty-eight hours after vaccination marked improvement was shown and one week from the date of vac- cination all had entirely recovered. All the healthy animals re- mained healthy. Herds No. 12 to 31 inclusive are native herds in the mountain- ous districts of Pennsylvania in which the disease appeared during June, July, August, September and October. These herds total 487 animals, fifty-three deaths before vaccination, nineteen animals sick at the time of vaccination and twenty deaths following the vac- cination. The table also shows that these twenty deaths occurred in six herds, the largest number, ten, following vaccination of 108 animals in a community pasture of approximately 1,000 acres, in which six of the ninety-four vaccinated were showing clinical symp- toms of the disease. Herd No. 12 was pastured with herd No. 14 in which one year- ling was found dead and one sick. The sick animal died three or four days following the vaccination and the autopsy findings show- ed typical lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia. Herd No. 13 was pastured in the field adjoining herd No. 14. Herd No. 15 is shown in Table No. 1 as herd No. 12, the un- vaccinated control herd in 1915 which showed a recurrence of the disease in 1916. VACCINATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIO SEPTICEMIA - 873 In herd No. 16, two animals, which the owner had not noticed as showing any signs of illness some hours previous, suddenly died. They were skinned and opened by the owner but nothing infee- tious was suspected until some days later when a yearling was found dead in the field. The veterinarian called performed a care- ful autopsy, found a jelly-like exudate on the right shoulder and along the same side of the neck, small intestines covered with petechial spots. The same condition existed in other sub-serous tissues throughout the abdominal cavity. In herd No. 17 the disease was first noticed when a yearling died about six hours after being taken sick and diagnosis was based upon characteristic autopsy findings. Herds Nos. 12 to 17 in- clusive were all treated by the same veterinarian. Herd No. 18 was vaccinated following the loss in three days of six young animals about six months of age. The last of these died shortly after being seen by the veterinarian and the autopsy find- ings corroborated his clinical diagnosis. Herd No. 19 was given the history of having been pastured in a field of very short grass, one corner being very marshy and the water supply poor. Herds Nos. 20 and 21 were sporadic outbreaks diagnosed by the same veterinarian following autopsy findings. Herds Nos. 22 and 23 were both spontaneous outbreaks on mountain pastures showing typical lesions on two autopsies per- formed. Herd No. 24 pastured in the field adjoining that in which herd No. 23 was kept and the outbreak developed a few days later. Herd No. 25 was pastured on fields adjoining those in which herds Nos. 22, 23 and 24 were pastured and the vaccine was used prophylactically with no outbreak following. Herd No. 25 consisting of 108 animals belonging to seven diff- erent owners was kept on a 1,000 acre community pasture, the disease starting among the young stock, of which there were about seventy, and ten animals died before anything was done in the na- ture of treatment or isolation. The owners then became alarmed and thought that the removal of cattle from the infected pastures would check the losses. A number therefore took their cattle and put them on their home farms with the native herd, with the result that in some instances new cases developed and the disease also spread to the farm animals with several deaths. The trouble was 874 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. then reported to one of the State Field Agents who visited one of the farms, performed an autopsy, and established the diagnosis. The table shows that ten animals, six of which were sick when vaccinated died following the vaccination. Inasmuch as one of these animals died between four and five months after the vaccina- tion and was not seen by the veterinarian in charge of the outbreak, some question exists as to whether this loss was due to hemorrhagic septicemia infection. Herd No. 27 was kept in a pasture where cattle died one year ago showing symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia but on which no vaccinations were at that time made. Herd No. 28, the herd in which the second largest number of animals died following the vaccination, was also kept in a pasture where losses occurred the year previous from the same disease and on which autopsies at that time confirmed the diagnosis. Herd not vaccinated in 1915. Herd No. 29 was pastured in a field where losses occurred three years previous due to the same disease. Herd No. 30 was on a partly open and partly wooded rough mountain pasture, was handled by a state representative and the diagnosis confirmed by autopsy. Herd No. 31 was in a pasture and the only history in connec- tion with same is to the effect that this pasture contained a pool of stagnant water from which the animals drank. Discussion. All of the infected herds have been handled by veterinarians familiar with hemorrhagic septicemia and practical- ly all diagnoses were confirmed by autopsy, some also by laboratory examination. The outbreaks occurred in counties where the dis- ease has been more or less prevalent for years. Internal medication with various drugs has for many years proven of little value. During two years, 1915 and 1916, twenty-five native sick ani- mals were vaccinated, twelve recovered and thirteen succumbed to the disease. In 1916, five sick animals not vaccinated recovered. Twenty-two of the twenty-three sick steers vaccinated in 1916 com- pletely recovered. In sixteen out of twenty-three native infected herds on pas- ture, the disease was immediately checked without a single further loss. In five of the seven where deaths occurred following vaccina- VACCINATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA : 875 tion, animals were sick when vaccinations were made. In the other two herds deaths had occurred prior to vaccination. One hundred and fifty-six cattle and seventy-four sheep were vaccinated in 1915 on farms which adjoined infected premises with not a single case of the disease reported among same since vacci- nation. Ninety (90) per cent of our outbreaks occurred during August, September and October. The mortality among infected herds prior to vaccination in 1915 and 1916 was twelve and one-half (12.5) per cent. The mortality among apparently healthy animals vaccinated in 1915 and 1916 was one and eight-tenths (1.8) per cent. The total mortality of apparently healthy and sick animals following vaccination was two and eight-tenths (2.8) per cent. The difference in mortality prior to and following vaccination was nine and seven-tenths (9.7) per cent (mortality decreased 77,6 per cent). Concuusions. A living hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine pre- pared as described has not in any way proved harmful for our field work. Living vaccines, providing they do not produce the disease —establish new centers of infection or set up chronic ‘‘carriers’’ are obviously better than dead bacterins. Experiments thus far have failed to give us a standard animal test for this vaccine, other than that it is virulent for rabbits and guinea pigs but not for sheep and calves. Shipped steers ‘‘feeders’’ which pass through various publie¢ stock-yards may develop an infection that they are capable of trans- mitting to native herd cattle. Vaccination of these herd cattle and the unaffected steers ap- parently gives good protection. Twenty-two (22) recoveries among twenty-three (23) vacci- nated steers with but twelve (12) recoveries among twenty-five (25) native cattle on pasture seems to indicate a therapeutic value for the vaccine in chronic cases of hemorrhagic septicemia taking the form of pneumonia. This form is seldom seen on pasture in Pennsylvania, but instead the acute form. The absence of a single case of hemorrhagic septicemia in herds since 1915 vaccinations may indicate considerable immunity, but the non-appearance of the disease in part of the unvaccinated 1915 con- trol herds left for 1916, detracts from the value of such a deduction. 876 OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Death of a few apparently healthy animals within one week following vaccination seems to indicate that sufficient immunity is not developed within that time to protect. The use of an anti- serum simultaneously with the vaccine may eliminate such losses. This work will be continued until such time as we can prove conclusively some of our deductions. ; Am. Vet. Review, Vol. XXVII (1903-4). Report Penna. Dept. Agriculture 1902. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. XLIX, new series Vol. II, No. 1. Infection, Immunity and Serum Therapy—Kolmer. He co DO CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ‘«Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’’ OESOPHAGEAL SPASMS IN COLTS R. R. Botton, Ames, Iowa. On March 6, 1916, a colt nine months of age, was brought to us for diagnosis and attention. The owner reported that the colt had been acting strangely for about ten days. On several oceca- sions he had been seen lowering his head and discharging from the nostrils and mouth a great mass of saliva. The act was repeated at short intervals, for ten to fifteen minutes, when the colt suddenly recovered and appeared normal. There seemed to be no regularity as to the occurrence of the at- tacks. On some days the colt would suffer several seizures, oceur- ring sometimes at intervals of an hour or more and sometimes at intervals of less than an hour. At other times, two or three days would elapse with only one or two short seizures. The attacks appeared to have no relation to mastication or deglutition. The only additional history avail-_ able in the case was that the animal had previously shown evidence of severe infestation with sclerostomes and ascarides for which we had treated him, using an intravenous injection of atoxyl and fol- lowing with anthelmintic powders containing tartar emetic and ferrous sulphate. s : - CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 877 On examination the following symptoms were in evidence :— R. 20; P. 36; T. 101; colt bright and showed spirit. Cough easily induced by pressure upon first three rings of trachea. 878 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS morning feed but before he had finished the meal he was seized with another choking attack, which continued the entire forenoon. We administered immediately on arrival, a hypodermic injec- tion of strychnine sulphate 14 grain, and followed it shortly with another hypodermic injection of arecoline 14 grain. No relief fol- lowed the administration. We then decided to attempt an exploration of the esophagus with the stomach tube, and placed the colt on the operating table for confinement. The tube was passed into the stomach with little difficulty. On removing the tube the colt appeared re- lieved. After about fifteen minutes with the colt in the same po- sition we attempted to pass the stomach tube a second time. The tube passed to a point about ten inches posterior to the pharynx and could be passed no further. No obstruction or lesion of any kind could be palpated externally. The tube was removed and the colt released from the table. He was restless, and depressed, and made attempts to vomit frequently. We could not relieve him. On returning to the hospital after the noon hour I found the colt had made a sudden recovery, and on offering him a pail of water he drank without interruption. Diagnosis: Spasms of the oesophagus. Treatment: The animal was discharged and instructions were given to feed nothing but soft foods, reduced to a fluid consistency for a period of a month or so. This was done for about six weeks or more when the animal was turned out to pasture. A complete re- covery had resulted. Within the past six weeks the same owner has reported the oc- currence of similar attacks in another seven months old colt, a full brother to the colt described above. . Discussion: The occurrence of oesophageal spasm in animals is very rare. Veterinary literature contains the reports of only a few cases. Various factors are mentioned as primary causes such as: stricture or dilatation of the oesophagus; ulcers of oesophageal mucosa; draughts of cold water; larvae of Gastrophilus equi at- tached to oesophageal mucosa above the cardia; hereditary family trait in animals of specially nervous temperament; and neuro- pathologic conditions. ~ Aside from the fact that the two animals here reported were knewn to be infested with Ascaris and Sclerostome the occurrence of the malady in two colts which are full brothers in a herd of CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 879 twenty-one young colts suggests the possibility of it being an hered- itary family trait. REFERENCES Hutyra & MareK. Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Second American Edition, Vol. II, page 243. Law. Veterinary Medicine. Third Edition, Vol. II, page 88. Hoare. System of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. Il, page 57. STRUMPELL. Textbook of Medicine, Vol. I, page 508. FRIEDBERGER AND FROHNER. Veterinary Pathology, Vol. I, page 37. Americon Veterinary:Review. Vol. 38, page 266. American Veterinary Review. Vol. 44, page 616. American Veterinary Review. Vol. 47, page 746. PERITONEAL ASCITES WITH HYDROCEPHALIC FOETUS IN A MARE F. A. WALTER, Lemont, Ill. Upon receiving a hurry up call, and upon questioning my client, he informed me that the mare had been suffering about a week and that her suffering had been caused through the foolish- ness of a hired hand trying to hft her off her feet. The weight of the mare was 1700 pounds. No doubt he caused a rupture of the abdomen. Upon examination I found the abdomen greatly dis- tended and full of fluid. I immediately made a vaginal examination and found a dead foetus but could not make a delivery on account of the great quan- tity of fluid. I inserted a trocar and several gallons of fluid escaped. After the escape of the great quantity of fluid I sueceeded in removing the foetus and the mare is doing nicely with no after effects, 2 880 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS A LARGE TUMOR* x -s The following is a picture of a case presented at the Iowa State College, Veterinary Department, Ames. lowa in the spring of 1901. A Percheron stallion, history indefinite, with tumor on anterior portion of prepuce. When removed it weighed about 56 pounds. Dr. J. H. McNeil successfully removed this growth by amputating the penis superior to it. *Although occurring a number of years ago, this report was but recently received. As it has not hitherto been published we believe it will be of some interest to our readers. ———_~_ —_— URINARY CALCULI JAMES A. WauGH, V.S., D.V.M., Pittsburgh, Pa. Subject: large draft bay mare, purchased to work for Thorn Hill Industrial School for Boys, a public institution in Allegheny County, Pa. Mare later proved in foal and dropped and raised a mare colt. History: it was later observed this mare experienced diffi- . CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 881 « A ees i oN Sh ee culty in retaining urine, and it was voided involuntarily and soiled the hind limbs and caused extensive dermatitis. I was called two years later to see the case. Examination revealed much urinary ealeuli about the consistence and color of coarse river sand and lodged in the vagina, urethra and bladder. Urethra dilated and indurated and hypertrophied; bladder examined through rectum and found ‘indurated, contracted and capacity reduced. Diagnosis: chronic urinary ecaleul Prognosis: unfavorable, but advised treatment. Treatment: administered three pounds of Parke, Davis and Co.’s uretone in medicinal doses .for a period of three months. ‘Washed bladder and vagina with warm boracie acid lotion once daily and patient ran at large in pasture. Tail was bobbed and an antiseptic and astringent ointment was used to relieve the derma- titis. The photograph shows improved condition following the treatment. The management decided three months later to have the animal destroyed. I did not have any opportunity to make any post mortem observations. I met, on my first visit, an expert who was sent out by the firm who installed the plumbing system, and he informed me that they were having trouble with stoppages in the water pipes due to an excess of lime salts in the water, and they would have to use alum or copper in the main reservoir to overcome that condition. The mare would undoubtedly have done better if we could have removed her to some more favorable locality with 882 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS river water. I believe this condition is rare in horses and mules but our authors mention it as quite common in cattle and sheep in certain districts. I have only seen and recorded one ease in the dog. The calculi specimens collected from this case were sent to the Veterinary School of University of Pennsylvania. —_—.——_—_. “INFECTIOUS STOMATITIS” P. E. JoHNSON, Pierre, South Dakota. The following is a description of the recent outbreak of stoma- titis as it was found among the range stock of South Dakota, and the methods used in controlling same. There were one thousand head of horses and cattle affected. Judging from the description of this disease as found in other states, and also the way it affected the range stock, it may take either a very mild or a severe course, both in regard to its conta- giousness, and the way it attacks the animals. During the latter part of November, the disease was first ree- ognized in a feed and livery barn in Fort Pierre. Five horses were shipped in from Sioux City, and were placed in this barn; as was afterwards learned, these horses were exposed to the disease in the Sioux City horse and mule barns; one of the horses showed the disease in one day after being shipped in. The symptoms as they appeared in the first horse were not alarming to the livery man, as he thought the horse might have received some irritating medicine which acted as a blister, and thus produced the slobbering which was seen. On the following day, as it showed up in several of the other horses, it induced him to notify the State Veterinarian, Dr. J. E. Phelps. As he examined these horses, he diagnosed the dis- ease as, “‘ Infectious Stomatitis’’, and placed the stock in the barns and yard under quarantine, it now being noticeable in several of the cows and among more of the horses. On the same day, immediately preceding the quarantine, and also on the two previous days, there were thirty-five different ranch- men from the various parts of the county, that had stabled and fed their teams and saddle horses in the barn, and were thus ex- posed, but had removed their horses before the quarantine was placed on the barn. From ninety to ninety-five per cent of the ex- posed animals developed the disease. It was found that all the Watery ey teu ase ae ere rer nf as woe . : CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 883 horses that were shipped in developed the disease except one, and only five out of a total of forty, in the barn and yards, escaped from the disease. Among the first animals it spread more rapidly than it did later, and it affected the first animals in a herd more severely than the ones that developed it later. The disease develops in from three to five days after exposure, and is recognized by the animals refusing to eat and showing a great deal of slobbering. They generally have a rise of tempera- ture of from two to three degrees, and also show some lassitude. The lesions are found mostly on the lips and the dental pad of the cattle, and on the tongue and the sides of the mouth in the horses. In some of the horses the whole upper surface of the tongue was entirely raw; and there was an odor of necrosis, especially in the neglected cases. In some, where the tongue was not already raw, it was easily made so, by a little curetting. In order for the disease to spread the animals must come 12 direct contact with the infection. Perhaps the greatest source of infection is the infected hay, made so by the saliva from the in- fected animals dribbling on the hay. It is a question whether or not some of the infection was not spread by the owners, by pal- pating the lesions of the infected animals and then examining their healthy animals. The period that an infected animal will spread the infection will probably not be over one week, depending upon the severity of the attack. The loss in life of live stock, as a direct result of this disease has been practically nil. The animals are left in a run-down con- dition from the attack and therefore are more subject to the prey of other diseases as well as the severe storms. The Bureau of Animal Industry furnished three men part of the time in investigating the disease and the state of South Dakota furnished one other deputy besides the writer, and in addition the State Veterinarian kept in close touch with the condition. There were thus six veterinarians on this work part of the time, and one other deputy and the writer were quite steadily employed in in- vestigating and doing quarantine work for two months. The treatment that has been carried out consists in quarantin- ing the exposed stock, separating the affected from the non-infected, and washing the mouths of the affected animals with a solution of permanganate of potash once daily. In the very severe cases the lesions were curetted and tincture of iodin applied once. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE INFESTATION OF A YOUNG DoG THROUGH SUCKLING. TRYPANO- SOMIASES OF Horses IN Morocco. Velu and Eyraud. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, Vol. 9, pp. 567-568, 1916. The researches of Mattan-Larrier have demonstrated that Schizo- trypanum Cruzi passes constantly into the milk of infested females ; while the trypanosome of dowrine may only exceptionally be found in the lacteal secretion. Those of Lanfranchi have shown that ani- mals infested with the virus bruce: and gambiense may infest the newly born through the milk. During the course of an investigation on the trypanosomiases of horses in Morocco, we have ascertained a similar fact: a biteh infested with the virus marocain transmitted the malady to one of her offspring. A bitch in advanced pregnaney was brought in, in the begin- ning of March 1916. Parturition, March 8. On the 13th she re- ceived subcutaneously, 20 ¢.c. of the blood of a goat infested with the trypanosome of horses in Morocco. She gave a first thermal reaction March 16, but the parasites did not appear in the peri- pheral circulation until the 27th, disappearing the next day: they were again found in large numbers from April 21-26 and May 3 -18, the date of death. The puppies were separated from the bitch March 22; at that time she no longer reacted. Two of the puppies came no more in contact with her; they grew normally until May 15; one of these then seemed undeveloped, became apathetic, somnolent, then ema- ciated with progressive enfeeblement, continually lying down. June 10, ocular troubles appeared; conjunctivitis; then keratitis. He was brought to us June 14; we immediately thought of trypan- osomiases ; the blood examination was positive. The trypanosomes were few; plentiful on the 17th; numerous on the 21st; very num- erous beginning with June 23. Temperature constantly between 39° and 40° from the 14th to the 23d. The dog died of hypo- thermia on the 25th, temperature 35.8°. At death he weighed 4850 grammes; the spleen weighed 135 grammes. BERG. DiIsINFECTING ImportTED Hipes. Public Health Notes. Amert- can Jour, of Public Health, Vol. VI, No. 12, p. 1358: December 1916.—“*‘ Effective January 1, new rules and regulations have been issued by the treasury department and the department of agri- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE “885 « culture directed toward the exclusion of anthrax carried in im- ported hides; also against foot-and-mouth disease and rinderpest. Hides from countries not shown by the United States consular agents or official veterinary or sanitary inspectors of the countries to be free from anthrax, if such hides are to be admitted on cer- tificate, must be certified to have been immersed in 1:1,000 solution of mereuric chloride for twenty-four hours instead of thirty min- utes, as under the present regulations. Hides in bales, unaccom- panied by certificate of freedom from anthrax, rinderpest or foot- and-mouth disease, or by certificate of disinfection, will be ad- mitted if such bales have been .whitewashed under United States consular supervision and the importers agree to ship them in cus- tom-sealed cars to a tannery provided with adequate facilities for disinfection, and to disinfect them in accordance with the require- ments of the Bureau of Animal Industry under the supervision of an agent of the bureau. Sun-dried hides from countries certified to be free from anthrax will be admitted without disinfection.’’— Journal of the American Medical Association, Noy. 18, 1916. REICHEL. ——————— PHENICATED AND GUAIACOL THERAPEUTICS. Mr. Poret. Rec. de Med. Vet——If there are new medicines not introduced in vet- erinary practice, the use made by Veterinary Major Poret is prob- ably new and certainly the results that he has obtained are deserv- ing of notice. He has resorted to intravenous injections of a solu- tion of phenic acid and of guaiacol in the treatment of distemper, of anasarca and contagious pneumonia. He gives the concise records of a few of the cases where he has employed this therapy. A ease of well marked anasarea was relieved in five days, after receiving the first day, 440 grammes of phenicated water at 15% in the morning, and 250 in the evening. On the second day 500 grammes in the morning, 800 in the evening and on the third day 500 grammes once only. Caffeine followed for two days and complete recovery on the fifth. Another case of anasarca received somewhat the same treat- ment and was cured in seven days. With him the injections of phenic solution were 160-350 grammes the first day, 500 the sec- ond, none on the third, 480 on the fourth, 500 on the fifth and 300 on the sixth. Full convalescence in seven days. 886 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE With guaiacol, Major Poret has treated a number of cases of pneumonia. Besides the application of mustard, and of abscesses of fixation and according to indications of camphorated ether sub- cutaneously injected or of caffeine, doses of guaiacol water at 10% have been administered varying between 200 and 420 grammes and recoveries have been obtained in an exceedingly short time, in 8— 16 days and even less. One case of purulent pneumonia is record- ed as the only one that proved fatal. LIAUTARD. A COMPARISON OF THE ‘‘ DEFIBRINATION’’ AND ‘‘OXALATE’’” MetrHops OF SERUM PREPARATION AS APPLIED TO HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA AND ANTHRAX SERA TOGETHER WITH SOME ANALYSES OF BUFFALO AND Hint Buti Buoop. Roland V. Norris. Bulletin No. 60, 1916, Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India.—The defibrination method shows great simplicity and rapidity. The blood is drawn into bottles containing a coil of copper wire and de- fibrinated. There is considerable deposit and the color becomes ex- tremely dark on standing. Ten c¢.c. of 10% potassium oxalate solu- tion are mixed with each litre of blood in the oxalate method. The corpuscles settle, in the case of buffaloes, in a few hours. An amount of plasma equal to 50% of the blood can be siphoned off. The residue in the bottle being centrif.ged another 10 to 15% of plasma is obtained. The corpuscles settle with extreme difficulty and the whole blood has to be centrifuged in the case of the hill bulls. The clear oxalated plasma is clotted by adding 10 ¢.c. of a 12% calcium chloride solution to each litre of plasma. A tough white clot forms. The serum obtained by this process is greater in quantity, relatively clear, does not show so much precipitation when carbolized as does the defibrinated material. It does not darken in color so rapidly. For the determinations three bleedings were taken, all being at the rate of 6 ¢.c. per pound body weight and with an interval of four days between each bleeding. The amount of serum increases with each bleeding. This is true in both hemorrhagic and anthrax bleedings. The oxalate method yielded an amount of serum equal to 90% of the plasma. The ox- alate method saves 50% of the centrifuge work and makes for a considerable saving in expense. Buffalo and hill bull blood were analyzed to determine why the corpuscles in the hill bull blood did not settle. The serum of the hill bull contains a considerably larger percentage of globu- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 887 lins than does that from buffaloes. Such a difference is very like- ly to have a pronounced influence on the physical properties of the blood. The use of the buffalo in the preparation of serum for hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax is considered to be more ex- pedient and economical. HAYDEN. ae OE A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE TREATMENT WITH SUGAR OF SurGICAL INJURIES OF THE Foot in Horses. Bimbi Paolo. JI Moderno Zooiatro, Vth Series, Vth Year, No. 4, pp. 109-114. Bol- logna, Abst. copied from International Rev. of the Science and Practice of Agric., Year VII, No.. 8, August 1916, p. 1129. A de seription of several cases of foot injury which the writer treated with suzar. His observations agree with those of Prof. Bussano, as regards the absorbent, antiseptic, cicatrising and cleansing powers of sugar. They also prove that sugar possesses the prop- erty of promoting the formation both of the soft tissue of the foot and of the horny tissue. As regards this latter property, sugar exceeds all substances in common use hitherto in the treatment of surgical injuries of the foot (Socin’s powder and paste, naphtha- line, carbolic oil, ete.). M. J. HARKINS. SUBCUTANEOUS SARCOMA. George Yates, F.R.C.V.S. Veteri- vary Record—An aged terrier had a number of minute elevations covering almost the whole surface of the skin, somewhat resembling urticaria. He also had enlargement of the left eye ball, which later on had to be removed, on account of the pain accompanying its presence and: of its unsightly appearance. The animal, not- withstanding proper treatment and excellent nursing, became much emaciated, the cutaneous swellings increased in size and number and some of them ulcerated. One of these was excised and examined microscopically to establish its nature. This was pronounced a sarcoma. The history of the dog was that during the first three months he did not suffer in condition, but vomited occasionally. Later he became greatly prostrated. The growths were present by the hundreds and some of them on section were soft, watery and colorless. LAAUTARD. PS: et Rapes. Apropos of an order for the permanent police, dated July 20, 1916; on the movements of dogs. O. Lebrun. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 92, pp. 311-314, 1916. Under date of 888 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE June 29, 1916, the Minister of Agriculture forwarded instructions to the chiefs of departments concerning rabies, outbreaks of which have been noted by the sanitary service. The alarming ex- tension of this malady in France, the very numerous and grave accidents make necessary the application of rigorous and permanent legal measures aiming at its total and final extinction. Accompanying the instructions was a copy of the order to the chiefs, copies of which had been forwarded to the veterinary agents of the sanitary service. It was the evident intention of the Min- ister of Agriculture to make uniform, for all France, the measures taken to eradicate rabies. On looking over these documents several questions have arisen in my mind, about which I would lke to address the society. The law of June 21, 1898 of the ‘‘Code rural’’ reads: Article 16. The mayors .... order that stray dogs and all those found on public roads and in fields, not provided with a eol- lar bearing the name and aldress of the owner, shall be taken to the pound and destroyed after 48 hours if not claimed or if the owner remains unknown. The delay is extended to 8 days for dogs with collars or carrying the marks of their masters. On the contrary, the permanent police order provides: Article 2—That dogs found on the public roads not provided with the required identification collars or tags; and stray dogs that do or do not carry a collar or tag, whose owners are not known in the locality, shall be seized and destroyed without delay. Lebrun points out the obvious difficulties created by the con- tradictory character of the terms of the two laws. The first re- quires that dogs be held from 48 hours to 8 days before destruction ; the second calls for the immediate destruction of all stray dogs, with or without collars; and the. destruction of all dogs whose owners are not known in the immediate neighborhood. In the law of June 21, 1898, there is the following: Article 38.—Dogs and cats suspected of rabies must be immediate- ly destroyed; the owner of the suspected animal is required, even in the absence of an order from the agents of the administration, to comply with the provisions of this order. According to the decree of October 6, 1904: Article 12.—Dogs and cats that have been bitten or molested by a rabid dog, or have been in contact with him, shall be immediately destroyed in conformity with Art. 38 of the Rural Code. , -ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 889 Se Soe eA iN Aa ge pare aed dE ee oS What says the order of the Permanent Police? Article 3.—Dogs and cats bitten or molested by a rabid animal, or having been in contact with him, shall be immediately destroyed. The destruction may be deferred only if he has bitten persons or other animals; in this case he is placed under the surveillance of the sanitary service and destroyed after a period of observation judged to be sufficiently long. The restriction contained in this article, on the execution of the measures of the sanitary law, seem to be absolutely valueless, because illegal. It has given rise to many disputes, because of the great difficulty of enforcing the sanitary measures against rabies. The owner of a dog or cat that was bitten by a rabid animal can always arrange to prove that his animal bit another and in this way, prevent the immediate destruction of his animal. If need be, an obliging friend might state that the animal in question bit him, because he is not obliged to take the anti-rabies treatment. No provision is made in the order, as to how long the period of quarantine shall be; under whose surveillance, ete. Apparently the new order does not supersede the older law. In the discussion which followed Moussu said that the contradiction in terms was most regretable, and under the conditions, those who are charged with the enforcement of the law may become liable or extremely un- comfortable. (Note by Abstractor.—The spread of rabies in France, to- gether with the confusion above described, tend to confirm certain suspicions entertained by General Sherman regarding the nature of war. See the next abstract.) BERG. oe Rapies. Rouayx and Leclainche. Recueil de Médecine Vét- érinaire, Vol. 92, pp. 328-333, 1916—Dr. Moussu—Gentlemen : Apropos of Dr. Lebrun’s communication read at the last meeting, I have received a letter from Dr. Rouayx, pertaining to rabies and the sanitary police. With Dr. Lebrun, Dr. Rouayx regrets that there are such con- tradictions between the various official documents, which renders difficult, any intervention on the part of the officials charged with the enforcement of the law. With regard to ne method of kill- ing, he prefers poisoning. Dr. Leclainche.—In a paper presented at the previous meeting, Dr, Lebrun, veterinarian at Percy, has seen fit to vigorously criti- 890 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE cise the measures aimed at the eradication of rabies, contained in a recent circular of the Minister of Agriculture. Dr. Leclainche discussed the old and the new regulations in detail and attempted to show that they are not incompatible, and the proposed measures are legal. He stated that the veterimarian was not charged with the enforcement of the law under consideration and his responsibility should not be involved in any such eases. His contentions are not convincing to the abstractor. He closed his discussion after stating the utter fallacy of destroying a sus- pected animal immediately after it was caught; that the law did not contemplate this; in no case should the suspected animal be de- stroyed immediately, but be kept under observation from 8 to 10 days. BERG. jose es AN UNEXPECTED ForEIGN Bopy. L. W. Wymm Lloyd, M.R. C.V.S. Veterinary News.—The history of an army horse suffering from an ordinary attack of strangles, which during convalescence had an abscess formed at the inferior part of the neck close to the breast. It was a deep seated abscess, which was opened with much care and as free hemorrhage accompanied the operation and the vessels were too deeply situated to be secured with artery forceps and ligated, the cavity was plugged with carbolized tow with direc- tions to remove it the following day before attending to the care of the abscess. The case seemed to be doing well, until three weeks after, with the exception of a small opening remaining of the former abscess. There was also another hard swelling which had made its appearance. This was freely opened, and the finger introduced into the cavity came in contact with a hard body in its lower part. This, when extracted, proved to be a hard lump of tow which had become encapsulated. After its removal it was found that the original plugging had been overlooked and left in the first abscess. After removal the healing process progressed in a satisfactory manner. LIAUTARD. —— eee HypRoPpHOBIA IN ALASKAN Foxes. Public Health Notes. American Jour. of Public Health, Vol. VI, No. 12, December 1916. p. 1352. The fallacy that rabies is solely a hot weather disease is well disproven by the following incident, which was originally published in The Military Surgeon, and reprinted in the Medical Record of No- vember 4th: « ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 891 ‘‘Captain Fernebaugh, United States Army, mentions the fact that so-called crazy foxes were seen in the Yukon Delta region in the spring of 1915. With mouths hanging open and dripping with foam they would approach settlements and try to bite the dogs. Demented, stiff, and emaciated, they were easily killed. Neverthe- less, five dogs were bitten and succumbed to rabies. In the in- terior of Alaska the disease seems to have been unknown until 1914, when a man died of the disease three weeks after the bite of an Esquimaux dog. During the crazy fox episode a soldier was bit- ten by one of the infected dogs. He was hurried to San Francisco, took the Pasteur cure and has since-remained well. The Esquimaux have in general regarded the craziness of the fox as the result of starvation. But any naturally shy animal which, unprovoked, at- tacks men and dogs is best regarded as rabid.’’ REICHEL. enero Penvic Fracrure. Harold ©. Driver. Veterinary Record. A four year old retriever had been lame for five days. The day his condition was detected, he was running about the field chasing rabbits and jumping over fences. When walking slowly he seemed to be lame in both hips. Standing he held one leg in front of the other, with hock extended and the foot pointing downwards. On manipulation ne bones of either leg seemed to be broken. There was no pain in handling the hip joint, but in manipulating the pelvis the dog manifested great pain, especially about the perineum. Occasionally there appeared to be a distinct crepitation. A diag- nosis of fracture of the pelvis with favorable prognosis was given, providing great quietness was enforced. After seven weeks the re- covery of the dog was perfect. LIAUTARD. eer Ere AUTOPYOTHERAPY IN VETERINARY MepicINe. Belin. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 92, pp. 346-350, 1916. In the be- ginning of the campaign I attempted to treat at the front, persis- tently suppurating wounds of horses, using pus that had been treated with ether long enough to destroy microorganisms, then diluted with boiled water and injected subcutaneously. But it is extremely difficult to efficiently protect wounds on animals in the field; they aré incessantly re-infected and I was forced to abandon this procedure. However, I thought of repeating this vaccinotherapy, when, a few months ago, I came across two horses affected with small ab- “292 “ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE scesses around old sores, and which could not be made to heal by the usual treatment. Case 1. A horse with a very severe wound on the withers. When he was first presented, the wound was almost closed, there was slight supprvation. There were numerous small abscesses disseminated about the affected region; the lymph channels were involved. Puncture permitted the escape of a creamy pus. The usual treatment with powdered potassium permanganate was given, but healing was slow; each day new abscesses appeared further removed from the initial sore. The general condition of the subject was good; mallein test negative; it was probably a case of epizootic lymphangitis. I then decided to treat with an autopyovaccine. After treating the ab- cess to be punctured, with tincture of iodine, 4 ¢.c. of pus were obtained, transferred to a sterile (boiled) flask: 10 ¢.c. of ether are gradually added and continually agitated. Let stand for 12 hours, with frequent shaking. Then add 5 ¢.c. of boiled and cooled water; an almost homogeneous mass is thus obtained. Each day for 6 days the horse received an injection, under the skin of the neck, of 1 ¢.c. of the vaccine. The horse made a nice recovery, the abcesses disappeared. This vaccinotherapy at first aggravates the conditions treated, but is soon followed by improvement. These are the negative and positive phases that are well known in such treatments. Case 2. A horse had been wounded by a shell, between the external angle of the ilium and the sacrum. There resulted a large depression in the bottom of which there was a persistent, non-cicatrizing superficial sore. There was abscess formation as in the preceding case. The horse was treated with an autopyo- vaccine as before, with good results, but the final outcome cannot be stated because of the frequent shifting of the animal. Conclusions.—Autopyotherapy deserves a place in veterinary therapeutics. The preparation of the vaccine, as I have indicated, is extremely simple, it can be easily prepared by the veterinarian without laboratory aid, it demands but a few elementary aseptic precautions. The injections should be made every day, for 6 to 10 days. ; Rapid healing cannot always be obtained; one should not hes- itate in making a second or third series of vaccinations, allowing an interval of 8 to 10 days between each series. The vaccine is - ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 893 ee absolutely inalterable because of the ether present. Tightly stoppered flasks must be used to prevent its evaporation. BERG. ———_—_>——— A Fish Hoox, A Doce anp RapiograpHy. L. W. Wymm Lloyd, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary News.— A dachs-hound accom- panied its owner on a fishing excursion. He seized the bait, in- eluding the hook.: The owner tried to pull it out, the line broke off and the result was that the dog swallowed the hook. The pol- icy of wait and see was declined by the owner, a radiograph was taken, the location of the hook was made out. A dose of H. M.C. (Hyoseine hydrobrom gr. 1/10, Morphine hydrobrom gr. 1/4 and Cactin gr. 1/64) was administered and repeated after 45 minutes. The excitation was such that chloroform was then given with great eare. All of a sudden, the dog collapsed and respiration ceased, but with artificial respiration the dog revived. After the period of excitation with violent barking, it was decided not to go on with the operation but to wait and see. After a month nothing having been observed, it was concluded that the hook had not been swallowed, but the experience with the H. M. C. was a good lesson. . LIAUTARD. ae Spontaneous AMEBIC DysENTERY IN Monkeys. Eichhorn and Gallagher. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 19, Sept. 1916. —This report is of an outbreak of a disease in monkeys in which the lesions and protozoal organisms resembled those found in human tropical dysentery. There appears to be no record of a similar case. The disease was probably introduced by one or more im- ported monkeys kept in the same cage with healthy ones. Such animals are considered as possible carriers of the disease to human beings. In the outbreak 8 animals out of a total of 15 exposed died, and of 7 showing symptoms only 1 recovered. The character of the lesions is so specific that the organisms there found are thought to be the important, if not the only, etiologic factor in the pathologic process. ae The species of the amebas was not determined. The ameboid forms were especially numerous in liver abscesses, and could also be readily found in intestinal matter where the encysted forms were most numerous. Those from the liver abscesses and intestinal exudate were most motile. Those found in the feces were less motile, where the encysting forms probably represented a later stage of the life cycle, 894 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE The monkeys involved were received at the National Zoolog- ical Park at various times from July until December, 1915. One received October 26 was ill and probably carried the infection. Since the date of the introduction of the disease is uncertain, the period of incubation cannot be defined. Transmission experiments upon cats were negative and suggest that the parasite is specific for the spider monkey. Detailed symptoms, gross lesions, histol- ogy, and case reports are given. A severe diarrhea was the prin- cipal symptom. Cecum, colon, and to a less degree the rectum, showed the pathologic changes. Liver abscesses were present in two cases. HAYDEN. MELANO-SARCOMA IN THE Dog. H. R. Seddon, B.Vs. Veter- inary Journal. An Irish terrier had eczema and had been treated for such for several years, but had never presented pigmented warts nor subcutaneous growths. He was brought to the author in a Semicomatose condition and was found dead the next day in his kennel. The post mortem was interesting as it revealed a condition of melano-sarcoma with metastasis in the lungs, spleen and other organs, which is commonly associated in Victoria (Australia) with primary ulcerations of the skin and the presence of a varying num- ber of pigmented cutaneous warts. In this dog, the abdomen pre- sented humerous pigmented nodules in the mesentery and omentum. The kidneys were enlarged and also had nodules. There were some in the spleen but the liver though congested was free from new form- ation. The lungs had black nodules on their surface and in the parenchyma. The pericardium and the endocardium showed some also. They were present on the right costal pleura and on the anterior face of the diaphragm. The histological study of the nodules revealed that their nature was that of a melano-sarcoma. LIAUTARD. —————— Report OF AcTINOMYCcosIS (HuMAN). N. O. Ramstead, Bis- mark, N. D. Journal-Lancet, Minneapolis, Dec. 15, 1916, XXXVI, No. 24, p. 732. Abstract Jour: A.M.A., Vol. LiXVIL, Noma Jan. 6, 1917, p. 67.—The best treatment of actinomycosis in Rams- tad’s hands has consisted in the removal of the primary focus, and as much of the infected tissue as possible, with prolonged free drainage.Internally iodids were given to the point of saturation, aud of late he has given copper sulphate internally and uses a solu- tion of it for the daily dressing of the wounds. The effect of the iodids is increased by giving them intermittently. REICHEL, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON DISEASES J. R. MoHLER, Washington, D. C. Of the various problems now confronting the people of this country, the problem of national preparedness stands paramount. To the lay mind such preparedness refers to the naval and military equipment and armament, but to the veterinary profession prepar- edness means the health and physical condition of our live stock and the healthfulness and wholesomeness of our animal food pro- ducts. As guardians of the health of live stock and of the purity of their food products, it is fitting for the members of this associa- tion to receive from the committee on diseases at this time a brief statement regarding some of the more important infections which threaten our live stock industry. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA, During the fall of 1915 and the spring of 1916 there was an unusual number of outbreaks of hem- orrhagic septicemia in the central and northwestern states. Reports were received from various state sanitary authorities, local veterinary practitioners and others calling attention to a dis- ease that appeared among cattle in public stock markets or in ship- ments that had recently been handled through public stock yards, and it was believed that the infection was picked up in the stock yards or from cars in which the animals were transported. The disease was variously designated under the name ‘‘stock- yard fever,’ ‘‘shipping fever,’’ ‘‘contagious pneumonia’’ and ‘“hemorrhagi« septicemia.’’ It was quite contagious, for frequent- ly native cattle would become affected within a week after coming in contact with other animals that had contracted the disease from stock-yard exposure. In some instances native cattle appeared to become affected from contact, although the owners failed to detect any visible symptoms of disease in the cattle that had recently come from the stock yards. It was evident from the reports of sporadic outbreaks in dis- tricts remote from trading centers that the infection was not con- fined to animals that had been exposed in public stock yards. There were no indications that the infection was confined to any particu- lar district or stock yards, but there appeared to be more outbreaks 896 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS among animals handled through the northern live-stock markets and the territory immediately tributary to the Mississippi and Mis- sourl river markets than in the eastern and southern states. Post-mortems were held in various parts of the country on ani- mals affected with the disease, and bacteriological examinations, including animal inoculations, were made of many pathological specimens obtained from sporadic outbreaks and from outbreaks attributed to stock-yards infection in 14 different states. The find- ings showed the disease to be hemorrhagic septicemia, caused by the Bacillus bovisepticus. In several instances infected cattle have transmitted the disease to sheep upon the farms to which they were shipped, and in one instance a colt that was running with diseased sheep became infected. This disease has been recognized in this country for the past twenty years, and every year there have been some outbreaks, but the losses have been unusually large during the past year. The large number of outbreaks during the last fall and spring seasons and the increase in mortality in north central and northwestern states attracted so much attention that the sanitary authorities of certain states were seriously considering the advisability of apply- ing protective quarantine measures against cattle from public stock yards. During the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak of 1914 and 1915 rigid sanitary measures were enforced in regard to the cleaning and disinfection of public stock yards and the cars used for trans- porting live stock. Relaxation in these requirements with the erad- ication of the disease was marked by an increase in the number of outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia. All cattle are susceptible to the disease regardless of age and condition, but young animals are naturally more susceptible than mature animals. Cows whose vitality has been lowered by heavy milking and exposure from shipping and yarding during cold and stormy weather prove quite susceptible, and the dealers in this class of animals have suffered considerable losses during the past year. The most fatal outbreaks of the disease occurred among stocker cattle that were thin and not well nourished. Their physical con- dition and their exposure during shipping and handling in severe winter climate rendered them especially susceptible, and the pul- monary form of the disease, which is very fatal, predominated. It ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 897 was customary at one of the northern markets to stable stocker and dairy cattle at night. They were crowded into long, low, poorly ventilated sheds, and early the following morning they were driven out and exposed for sale in open pens where the snow and slush was knee-deep. If they were not sold that day they would be re- turned to the sheds at night. More outbreaks of hemorrhagic sep- ticemia were reported among animals from this market than any other, and it was noted that in nearly every instance the outbreaks occurred among cattle that had been stabled in those faulty quarters. These sheds are being replaced by new sanitary shelters with the view of preventing recurrences of the disease. Furthermore, in two of the largest cattle markets in the central west conclusive evidence has been produced to show that infection iS more prevalent in the pens of firms handling speculator animals. 1ost-mortem condemnations at abattoirs in these cities show lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia in calves and cattle which are kept for 7 to 10 days in such pens prior to being sold, whereas calves and cattle which go through the yard in the regular channels and are slaughtered within 3 or 4 days after entering the yards have not revealed any of these lesions on post-mortem. As a result of these findings the inspectors in charge at these points have been directed to have these infected pens cleaned and disinfected in order to avoid further losses from the infection. Considering the number of animals that are handled through the public stock yards of this country, the mortality from hemor- rhagic septicemia is not alarming, although in several instances losses from death were reported amounting to 50 per cent of the herd. The loss from this disease usually ranges from 2 to 20 per cent of the herd, although the mortality among affected animals is from 75 to 90 per cent. As the disease is so acute and rapidly fatal, medicinal treatment is of little value, and veterinarians must therefore resort to neces- sary precautions to avoid losses. Plenty of good water, good feed and good care during ship- ping and yarding will help to maintain the strength and the re- sistance of the animals against disease and thus obviate losses. Since the publication of Mohler and Eichhorn on the immuni- zation against this disease by the use of bacterins, these products have been employed to a greater or less extent in the control of hemorrhagic septicemia, but their use has been confined principal- 898 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ly to herds in which the disease had already appeared. As the out- breaks in untreated herds usually terminate abruptly with losses varying from 2 to 20 per cent, the value of the preventive treat- ment is not yet definitely known; but from analogy and from the results obtained in the field there is every reason to believe this preventive treatment with bacteris is effective. Hoe CuHoLera. During the past year there has been no more interesting event in the domain of veterinary research than the claim made by Dr. Duval of Tulane University before the Com- mittee on Agriculture of the United States House of Representa- tives that he and his co-worker Couret had discovered a new vaccine for protecting hogs against hog cholera. The two important fac- tors upon which stress was laid were the decreased cost of the pro- duct, namely, 10 to 15 cents a dose, and the ease with which it could be applied to hogs, thus doing away with the need of hypo- dermie syringes. From the first published accounts this product was said to be an attenuated virus or vaccine, but in the latest ae- count the material is described as a sensitized virus. Thus in the published hearings above mentioned Dr. Duval says: ‘“We take the organs of one hog and grind them up with the blood and get rid of all the moisture, and the re- sulting residue or powder will immunize a million hogs*** ‘‘T do not hesitate in saying that when this vaccine is introduced and used, we will not bother any longer with hyperimmune serum.”’ In the following verbatim statement taken from the Journal of the American Medical Association, July 8, 1916, page 98, Sewall, Mitchell and Powell say: ‘‘Duval and Couret have recently reported highly sue- cessful vaccination with ‘desiccated, sensitized hog cholera virus.’ They incubate the diseased tissues with hyperim- mune serum, then dry and reduce them to a powder which is found effective for prophylaxis in exceedingly small amouuts.’’* Your committee understands that the Bureau of Animal In- dustry is at present conducting a series of tests to ascertain the value of Duval’s vaccine, but that the results will not be published *(Duval and Couret, read before the Association of American Physicians, May 11, 1916.) ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 899 until the Department has had an opportunity to study the whole matter and reach a definite conclusion. In this connection it is interesting to note that Besredka was the first to propose the use in practice of sensitized viruses. Probably most of his work has been done with the bacillus of typhoid fever. He states that the ordinary vaccines, consisting of the killed ba- ceilli, result usually in a firm immunity, but the immunity is a long time being established and the injections of such vaccines are fre- quently attended by severe reactions. The severity of the reac- tion he claims may be overcome by mixing killed bacilli with ap- propriate immune serum. However, mixtures of serum and bacilli do not produce the prolonged immunity which is desired, but re- sult merely in a temporary immunity just as is secured from the use of serum alone. Besredka’ states that the method of preparing true sensitized viruses is to place the serum and virus in contact for a suitable length of time, finally removing the supernatant fluid and washing the sedimented bacilli until the last traces of serum have disappeared. In their work on rabies, Kraus and Fukuhara were unable to establish either preventive or curative action for rabies immune serum, but they observed that such serum will neutralize rabies virus in vitro by direct contact. Marie and Remlinger, however, proved that serum-virus mixtures (sensitized virus) possess a marked immunizing action against rabies. The experiments of Marie especially have shown that these properties are character- istic of mixtures which contain a small excess of the virus of rabies. Attached to the final report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the British Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to inquire into swine fever, dated August 12, 1915, there is a report by Sir Stewart Stockman on experimental work with hog cholera. In this paper he discusses immunization against hog cholera (swine fever) by means of sensitized virus. The sensitization was carried out by taking defibrinated blood from pigs sick of hog cholera and removing the serum from such blood. The remaining blood cells constituted the virus. Immune serum was added to the virus in the proportion of from 1 to 2 up to 1 to 4 volumes. The mixtures of serum and virus were allowed to stand in contact for a number of hours, when the mixture was centrifuged and washed three times 1. ‘‘De la Vaccination par les Virus Sensibilises,’’ Bulletin de l’Insti- tut Pasteur, March, 1910, tome 8, p. 241, 900 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS with sterile physiological salt solution. The virus thus sensitized was used as a vaccinating agent. As a result of tests on pigs the author concluded that prolonged contact in vitro between the virus of hog cholera and antiserum can not be relied upon to diminish the activity of the virus. Most of the pigs inoculated with such sensitized virus died of hog cholera. The author found that the virus so sensitized could be used successfully for purposes of vae- cination, provided the pig received a suitable dose of immune serum at the same time; and yet with respect to this he states that the in- oculation of sensitized virus subcutaneously gave more irregular results in practice than the other methods, that is, simultaneous in- oculation of immune serum and ordinary virus, or inoculation of serum alone and feeding of ordinary virus. Since our last meeting Dorset and Henley have described a new process for producing anti-hog-cholera serum which will re- move any danger from foot-and-mouth contamination. The pro- cess is based upon the fact that extracts of the common garden bean are powerful agglutinants of the red cells of hog’s blood, which it is necessary to eliminate in order that a proper amount of heat may be applied to destroy contaminations without changing the physi- cal properties of the immune serum. To insure the freedom of hog-cholera serum from the virus of foot-and-mouth disease it is not sufficient merely to filter the pro- duct through bacteria-proof filters, because the virus of this disease itself is known to pass through such filters. Nor are the preserva- tives which are commonly used and which are suitable for the pre- servation of serum effective against foot-and-mouth virus. There- fore the application of heat seems to be the only means by which serum may be sterilized in so far as foot-and-mouth disease is con-_ cerned. For this purpose the defibrinated blood which has been treated with the bean extract is centrifuged and the clear supernat- ant serum is poured off and then heated for 30 minutes at 59 or 60°C. or for 12 hours at 50°C. The advantages of this process are that there is produced a clear product which retains its potency, which is readily absorbed, which will probably keep longer than the ordinary serum, and which, as the result of heating, is safeguarded against the possibility of infection with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. Foot-ANb-MoutH Disease.. At the time the last report of our committee was submitted, (September, 1915) foot-and-mouth dis-. ; ; - i eee é ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 901 ease had been eradicated from every state in which it had appear- ed during the outbreak of 1914-15, with the exception of Llinois, where it still persisted in two counties. Through the diligent ef- forts put forth by the authorities of the state and the Bureau of Animal Industry the disease was finally controlled in Illinois. The last diseased herd in McDonough county was slaughtered in No- vember, 1915. In Christian county the last herd to become infect- ed through the spread of the infection was slaughtered in Febru- ary, 1916, but on May 2, 1916, reinfection appeared on a previous- ly infected farm among some animals that had been placed thereon for the purpose of testing the efficiency of the disinfection before the owner was allowed to restock fully. As these premises had been cleaned and disinfected under very unfavorable weather con- ditions, this outbreak was not entirely unexpected, and the diseased animals were slaughtered before the infection spread to the sus- ceptible animals on adjacent farms. There have been no outbreaks from the natural spread of the disease since February, 1916, and there is every reason to believe that foot-and-mouth disease again has been effectually eradicated from this country. . All quarantine restrictions were removed June 5, 1916, but a corps of twenty experienced veterinary inspectors was left in Illi- nois until July 1, 1916, to supervise the restocking of farms where the disease previously existed and to investigate reports of sus- pected outbreaks. All of the previously infected farms in Ilh- nois but one, the owner of which refuses to place test animals on his premises, have been restocked for a sufficient time to lead us to believe that there is no further danger from harbored infection ; but as a precaution the services of competent veterinary imspectors will be continued indefinitely in Ilhnois to investigate suspicious rumors and to inspect animals placed on restocked farms. Conscious of the possibility of a recurrence of the disease in this country, the Government is exercising all reasonable precau- tions aainst invasion of the infection from abroad and is on the alert for unexpected outbreaks. During the outbreak of 1914-15 about 450 veterinary inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry were detailed to the work of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease, and likewise a large number of veterinarians in state work and private practice took an active and important part in suppressing the epizootic. Should we again be -_ 902 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS called upon to combat this disease it is believed that with the ex- perienced veterinarians that the States and Government are able to call into action, an ordinary outbreak could be speedily eradi- cated. Congress has recently appropriated $1,250,000 as an im- surance fund to be available for the eradication of foot-and-mouth | disease and other contagious diseases of animals which may threaten the live-stock industry and it is important that the various state legislatures should also appropriate available funds in order to facilitate the work of eradication should we be so unfortunate as to be visited again by such a dreaded animal scourge. Dourtne. Dourine in horses has increased somewhat in pre- valence in certain states during the past year. This condition is due to the spread of the disease among the horse stock of the Indian reservations and to the inability of the Bureau of Animal Industry to prosecute vigorously the work of inspection and eradication at the round-up season because of lack of funds. Of 45,100 samples of blood serum tested by complement fixation by the Bureau dur- ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, 1,400 gave positive reac- tions. This is 3.1 per cent, as compared with 2.7 per cent for the preceding fiscal year. The infected states are Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Arizona. Notwith- standing the difficulties, good results have been accomplished in the work of eradication. TuBERCULOsIS. At the Oakland meeting of this association the complement fixation test for tuberculosis was discussed, but in as- much as the discussion was inadvertently omitted from the minutes, the following brief statement is presented. Extensive investigations have been made by the Bureau of Animal Industry with reference to the reliability and practic- ability of this test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Blood from 816 cattle was tested, and almost all of these animals were immediately _ slaughtered under Federal supervision. Of the 320 negative sera, 4 only 279 (85.9 per cent) proved distinctly negative, while of 360 positive sera, 290 (80.5 per cent) proved positive. Eighty-one (25.8 per cent) of the affected animals gave only slight positive re- actions, and 80 were atypical. The grand total of 81.6% of accurate reactions obtained is by no means sufficient to make the test practical for the control of the dis- ease, especially since the allergic tests, which we have at our com- mand, are more reliable. No satisfactory explanation can be given phan eesat aw) sean rn 7 be — ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : 903 as to the failure of reactions in known tubercular infections or for positive reactions in apparently healthy individuals. There ex- ists a possibility, however, that some of the positive reactions in the negative cases may have been due to a previous tuberculinization of the cattle, since the histories of the animals furnishing the sera were not available. In order to determine the effect of a tuber- eulin injection, two young cattle were subcutaneously injected with é 2 «ec. each of Bureau tuberculin. Blood samples were obtained from these animals prior to the injection, and were subjected to the complement-fixation test with negative results. Subsequent to the tuberculinization, blood was drawn twice weekly from them. On the fourth day following the injection a positive reaction was ob- tained. After ten days the fixation was complete, persisting for four weeks; then it was followed by partial fixation, and completely subsided after six weeks. As it is possible that in some animals the fixation might persist for a longer period after the tuberculin- ization, it is essential to determine if an animal has been injected, and if so, how long a time has since elapsed. Swamp Frver. That swamp fever is of increasing economic importance is evidenced by the fact that it has gained a foothold in New York, where it was not recognized prior to 1914. That the diagnosis should have been confused with ‘‘other septicemic dis- eases,’’ suggests that there may be still other localities where swamp fever may be present without having been recognized. Within the last 10 days this disease has been reported from Louisiana where it was causing considerable losses on at least one plantation. Unfortunately continued experiments in sero-diagnosis have thus far failed to yield a satisfactory diagnostic procedure. Like- wise experiments in insect transmission of this infection have been entirely negative. A recent experiment has shown that an animal in good condition and without showing any outward appearance which would arouse suspicion, may retain the virus of swamp fever in the blood even after 6 years. The blood of this animal when in- oculated into another horse produced swamp fever in 13 days. The former animal therefore furnished a source of infection for insects during 6 years, but during this time no spontaneous cases de- veloped, even though healthy horses were kept in the same stable without protection against insects. During this time both Tabanus and Stomoxys flies have been present, as well as many other species of insects. ~ 904 : ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Contagious ABORTION AND INFLUENZA. This report should — naturally include some reference to these two diseases which are exacting such a heavy toll from our cattle and horse industries re- spectively. However, since both these diseases will be the subjects of separate symposiums, no further reference will be made to them ~ at this time. ; SECRETARY’S OFFICE The official count of the votes cast for the nominees in each of the five districts into which the country is apportioned by the new constitution was made at this office on the evening of February 10th by the authorized committee. There were present Chairman, — N. S. Mayo, L. Enos Day, D. S. Jaffray, George B. McKillip, John — F. Ryan, and A. C. Worms. A. H. Baker was absent. The following is a summary of the committee’s report = _ Votes cast in District No. I, 105; District No. I, 693; District No. III, 190; District No. IV, 326; District No. V, 292. Total, 1606. District No. I. F. Torrance, 38; George Hilton, 29; J. G. Rutherford, 21; Fred H. 8. Lowery, 9; C. D. MeGilvray, 8. District No. II. W. Horace Hoskins, 179; O. H. Eliason, 140; D. S. White, 136; S. Brenton, 123; L. A. Klein, 115. District No. ILI. J. R. Mohler, 83; C. A. Cary, 42; A. D. Melvin, 26; M. Jacob, 20; G. A. Roberts, 19. District No. LY. C. H. Stange, 98; L. Van Es, 80; J. S. Anderson, 69; J. Ly Gibson, 47; W. F. Crew, 37. (The final count of the votes in this — district is withheld pending returns from the Philippine Islands since the above plurality does not exceed the number of members in these remote possessions). District No. V. R. A. Archibald, 118; A. T. Kinsley, 67; C. F. Keane, 52; iW. H. Dalrymple, 37; George Glover, 23. Eleven ballots were returned unsigned and twelve unclaimed. Granting that no change will arise in the election of Dr. Stange from the vote of the Philippine members the personnel of the Ex- ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ~* 905 ecutive Board is now as follows:—V. A. Moore, member-at-large, Chairman; F. Torrance, Ist district; W. Horace Hoskins, 2nd district; J. R. Mohler, 3rd district; C. H. Stange, 4th district; R. A. Archibald, 5th district. Presidential appointment :—E. Pegram Flower, Baton Rouge, La., Committee on Resolutions, vice, C. H. Stange, resigned. ANNUAL MEETING The exact dates set for the coming meeting at Kansas City, Missouri are August 20th, 21st, 22nd, 28rd and 24th, from Monday until Friday inclusive. The headquarters will be at the Meulbach Hotel and the sessions will be held in the auditorium and class rooms of the Kansas City Veterinary College. Judging from a recent conference with the Local Committee of Arrangements at Kansas City an eventful meeting is assured. Members desiring to present papers on special subjects should announce their intentions early as the work of planning the liter- ary program is now well under way in each section. Drs. Fergu- son and Blattenberg have some very original ideas of what a prac- titioner’s program should cover and unless those desiring to present voluntary contributions apply early it might not be possible to find a place for them on the program. For a place on the program in the Section on General Practice members should address, Dr. J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio, and in the Section on Sanitary Sci- ence and Police, Dr. T. Edward Munce, State Livestock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. L. A. MEriuuat, See’y. ——— PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The 34th annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association was held at Harrisburg, Pa., January 23rd and 24th, 1917. About one hundred members and guests were present. The following subjects were presented which were thoroughly dis- cussed : The Veterinary Profession as a part of Agriculture,—H. H. Hayner, State College. State Milk Hygiene,—John P. Turner, Washington, D. C. The Diagnosis of Infectious Abortion of Cattle with Special Reference to the Intradermal Abortin Test,—John Reichel, Glen- olden. = 906 _ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Treatment of Sterility and Contagious Abortion of Cattle,— C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia. Therapeutics of some of the Digestive Disorders of Bovines,— Louis A. Klein, Philadelphia. The Caesarean Operation,—Harry W. Barnard, Lancaster. Experience with Different Treatments for Shipping Fever at a Sales Stable-—Wm. J. Lentz, Philadelphia. The forenoon of the second day was devoted to business. One of the most interesting reports submitted was by the Committee on - Medicine and Surgery. It included a description of vesicular stoma- titis which was recently incorrectly diagnosed in the West as foot and mouth disease. A motion was adopted ree i Bat that the President of the American Veterinary Medical Association appoint a committee to _ cooperate with the U. 8. Army officials in the organization of the Army Veterinary Service. -A joint meeting with the Allied Agricultural Interests was held on Wednesday evening when the following topics were discussed : 1. Should the State Pay Indemnity for Animals Destroyed to Prevent the Spread of Disease ? 2. State Dairy Inspection. 3. Pennsylvania Dog Laws. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Pres- ident, F. H. McCarthy; Vice-Presidents, F. N. Sherrick, R. C. Gross, W. H. Fry; Treasurer, Thomas Kelly; Recording Secre- tary, E. H. Yunker; Corresponding Secretary, T. E. Munee; Trustees, John Reichel, C. B. Palmer, Fred Weitzel, F. U. Fernsler, E. Hogg. EK. H. YUNKER, Recording See’y. —_—-_--—_ >___—. KANSAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The meeting was held at Wichita Jan. 3rd and 4th. The meet- ing was to have been held at the Eaton Hotel but owing to the crowded condition it was held at the City Hall. The address of welcome was given by the Hon. Mayor Bentley, Dr. R. R. Dykstra responded to the address. A number of papers were given as published in the February number of the Journal of the A. V. M.A. Several resolutions were adopted, among them was one approv- ASSOCIATION MEETINGS - 907 SE REE ae ee ana ee OR eC Ie er re eres ~ ing the steps taken by the Federal and State authorities, enforcing the quarantine laws until it was decided beyond the shadow of a doubt that the recent outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis was not Foot and Mouth Disease. A resolution was also adopted endorsing the Lobeck Bill, which provides for the classification of salaries of veterinary inspectors and lay inspectors employed in- the Bureau of Animal Industry, De- partment of Agriculture. The secretary was instructed to send a copy of the resolutions to the Kansas representative in Congress. The local employees of the B. A. I. and the Southwestern Serum Company entertained the Association at dinner at the dining halls of Do!d’s and Cudahy’s. A theater party was given by the Kansas Blackleg Serum Co. and the Wichita and Oklahoma Serum Co. Eleven new members joined the association. Dr. R. R. Dykstra, Manhattan, was elected president for the coming year. Dr. J. H. Burt was reelected secretary-treasurer. The next meeting will be held at Manhattan, Jan. 1, 2, 3, 1918. In addition to the papers on the program a paper was given by Dr. Inler, B. A. I. inspector in charge of serum production, Kansas City division, on ‘‘The Proper Method of Administering Anti-Hog Cholera Serum.’’ RESOLUTION Whereas, an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in cattle in the country tributary to the public stock yards of Kansas City and St. Joseph, during November, 1916, that so closely resembled foot and mouth disease, that to properly safeguard the live stock interest from that dreaded disease, it became necessary to quarantine such stock yards and stop the movement of live stock until proper laboratory and inoculation tests could be carried out to definitely determine the nature of said disease ; Therefore, be it Resolved, by the Kansas Veterinary Medical Association, in session assembled, that we fully endorse the action taken by the officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry, state officials and others interested in the transportation of live stock, in the action they took in promptly enforcing the quarantine laws to properly protect the great live stock interests of our country ; Be it Further Resolved, that we consider any less stringent ac- tion on the part of said officials in protecting our live stock interests would have been a gross neglect of duty ; Therefore, be it Further Resolved, that we pledge our hearty - 908 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS support to such officials in the performance of their duty and all similar duties in the future. Witchita, Kansas, January 4, 1917. Signed, C. H. Doyrz, O. O. Wotr, E. B. HoLLECKER, Committee on Resolutions. J. H. Burt, Secretary. ——»———— CENTRAL CANADA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The fourteenth annual meeting of the Central Canada Veterin- ary Association was held in the Board of Trade rooms, Ottawa, Ont., on January 18th, the meeting being called to order at 8:30 p. m. The date chosen coincided with that of the Ottawa Winter Fair and thus afforded out-of-town members a double attraction. It was a representative gathering of Eastern Ontario practi- tioners, numbering in all about fifty. NEW YORK CITY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Address of the President, R. W. Gannett, 7 Brooklyn, N. Y. Fellow Members of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City: I wish again to thank you for the honor you have given me. I feel that it is a real honor, and also realize the responsibility that goes with the presidency of an association such as ours. I believe though that my election was not so much a personal honor as an endorsement of the principles for which this society has stood for the past year in relation to the enforcement of our veterinary laws. Dr. Goubeaud gave us a very lucid address on illegal practice about one year ago. The prosecuting committee has worked to correct the abuses of which Dr. Goubeaud spoke, and I am glad to say that thirty-eight veterinarians, most of them members of this society, have loyally supported this work by liberal contributions 912 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS of money. I believe that in electing a member of the prosecuting committee as your president, you, as a body, voiced emphatically your disapproval of illegal practice in every form. This association offers to its members advantages surpassing those of any state or national organization for veterinarians. Nine meetings are held each year, including clinics, and social gather- ings, and without interfering with the routine of practice, fed- eral, state or municipal work. I recommend that means be provided to send to every eligible veterinarian in the vicinity of New York City a circular letter stat- ing the benefits to be derived from this association, and urging him to become a member. I also urge that every member make an earnest effort to bring in at least one applicant for membership. In creating a program committee, I am sure we have taken a. wise step. I recommend that this committee be made permanent by amending our constitution. I also urge each member of this society to at least outline a. paper upon some subject in which he may be especially interested. This is a day of specialists. There is not a member of this asso- ciation who cannot do some operation, treat or diagnose some dis- ease, better than his fellows. Don’t be selfish, but come here and tell us how you do it, and then some one will tell you how to do it better. There is talent enough among the members of this associa- tion to provide an attractive program for each of our monthly meet- ings, and fortunately members have consented to serve upon our program committee who are acquainted with and able to secure outside veterinarians and speakers of reputation. I know they will not disappoint us, and I urge you not to disappoint them should they call upon you for a contribution to our program. As to legislation, I feel that this association has in the past and ean in the future, exert a powerful influence for good at Albany. We have a very good veterinary law, but there is room for much improvement. Let us not be too hasty. Good things come slowly. Our legislators must be made to understand the need of more stringent legislation governing the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery, but more than all else, earnest missionary work is needed among the registered practitioners themselves. We cannot consistently ask for a law more explicitly prohibiting the non-reg- istered assistant veterinarians if a majority of our members do not demand it, nor can we consistently ask our courts to punish the non- : ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 913 Sa ae ee SN og eh 2 Ee ee ee licensed veterinarian doing business under his own name if this as- sociation allows its members to employ non-registered assistants to do general practice. The plea that these assistants only do the work of a nurse and accept no pay is in itself an admission of guilty intent to violate the spirit, if not the letter, of the public health law. The State Board of Veterinary Examiners and the Board of Regents are the authorities vested with power to determine the fit- ness of a person to practice veterinary medicine and surgery, and no veterinarian, no matter how honorable or charitable his inten- tions may be, should be allowed to usurp that power by authoriz- ing the stable-man, the handy-man, the self-educated man and so on up to the non-registered graduate to go out, diagnose, and treat ani- mal diseases, many of which are communicable to human beings. The young licensed graduate veterinarian of to-day must be a high school graduate. His technical training now covers four years of hard work. Far more than was required of any of us. He deserves fair treatment, and in this state it is our duty as mem- bers of the state and local societies, to see that he receives fair treat- ment or our profession and. the live stock interests of the state will suffer. From personal experience I can imagine the feelings of these young men when they learn the truth about conditions in our profession. Can you blame them for becoming bitter when members and officers of our state and local societies, state veterinarians, teachers in our colleges, and until recently members of the State Board of Examiners, employ illegal assistant veterinarians often of the most ignorant type with whom the legal four year graduates must compete in practice and be associated with in the mind of the indiseriminating public? I recommend that this society, through its legislative com- mittee, exert every possible effort to incorporate in our veterinary law a definition of the word ‘‘practice’’ so plain that there can be no mistake, as plain and explicit as is found in the new dental law, which I will quote: “Practice of Dentistry.’’ ‘‘A person practices dentistry within the meaning of this article who holds himself out as being able to diagnose, treat, operate or prescribe for any disease, pain or injury, deficiency, deformity or physical condition of the human teeth alveolar process, gums or jaws or who shall either offer or undertake by any means or method to diagnose, treat, operate or prescribe for ? 914 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ew is Sage ee eee any disease, pain, injury, deficiency, deformity or physical condi- tion of the same.’’ Under penalties and their collection we again need language that is as plain as in the dental law. So plain that it will be pos- sible to punish the practitioner who employes the illegal assistant veterinarian to practice veterinary medicine and surgery. With your permission I will again quote from the dental law: ‘* Any person who shall practice dentistry personally or by hiring or procuring another to practice, and shall fail to display or cause to be displayed the name, license and registration certificate of himself and any person practicing or employed to practice as a dentist or dental hygienist in his dental office or any dental office under his control shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable upon a first con- viction by a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than five hun- dred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than one year and upon every subsequent conviction by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not less than sixty days, or by both fine and imprisonment. Any person why shall employ, hire, procure or induce one who is not duly licensed and registered as a dentist to practice dentistry or who shall aid or abet one not so licensed and registered in such practice, shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor and punishable by a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than a year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, providing that a person practiced upon by an unlicensed or unregistered den- tist shall not be deemed an accomplice, employer, hirer, producer, inducer, aider or abettor within the meaning of this section.”’ As in the dental law restrictions should be placed upon the use of the prefix ‘‘Doctor’’ or ‘‘Dr.’’ as well as the Degree of Vet- erimarian. Of course, provision should be made for the bona fide veteri- nary student in a reputable veterinary college. The Blamey trial which is set for the twenty-seventh of this month, may give us information as to the constitutionality of our method of appointing the members of the State Board of Ex- aminers. In my opinion, it should be optional with the court to impose a _ fine of any amount not less than fifty nor more than two hundred and fifty dollars for the first offense. With the present arbitrary fine of two hundred and fifty dollars, the Judges are too often in- clined to suspend sentence, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 915 As to prosecution, I believe that though our present law is in- adequate and the work is unpleasant, still we must carry out the task, we must have the courage of our convictions if our profession is ever to attain the dignity and receive the recognition that it deserves. I, for one, am willing to contribute to maintain a prosecuting fund. I recommend and shall insist that our meetings shall start promptly at 8:30. — Considering the decreased purchasing power of one dollar, it seems to me the members of this association should agree to a mini- mum charge of two dollars per visit. I recommend that our constitution and by-laws be revised if we have sufficient funds at our command. Also that the program committee be made permanent and the board of censors be elected. I am heartily in favor of a smoker and believe that if we should get together oftener in a social way, we would become better ac- quainted, learn to make allowance for individual peculiarities, and much misunderstanding and resulting erroneous impressions of one another would be corrected. If, in my maiden effort at writing a president’s address I have hurt anyone’s feelings, I am truly sorry, and beg to assure you that it is unintentional, but I consider it my duty to speak plainly and direct my every effort to elevate the standing of our profession. In closing, let me urge harmony and good feeling in our asso- ciation. We have difficult questions to meet. Our profession is passing through an important period in its evolution from the old time horse doctor of fifty years ago. Let us respect and honor, but not copy, him. Let us meet our present day problems face to face and honestly, and be too broad-minded and fair-minded to al- low a transient difference of opinion to dampen our loyalty to our association and to our profession. REPORT OF THE PRACTITIONERS’ SHORT COURSE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY FARM, DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, DECEMBER 27-30, 1916 The three days’ course for veterinarians, arranged by the co- operation of the University of California and the California State Veterinary Medical Association, was attended by seventy-five vet- 916 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS erinarians. Following are some condensed notes on a few of the lectures and demonstrations: Lecture: The Specific and non-specific Treatment of Infectious Diseases, by K. F. Meyer, Associate Professor of Tropical Med- icine, University of California. A. Diseases due to Filterable Viruses yield the best examples of successful specific treatment. Dr. Meyer discussed in detail the procedure used in immunizing to rinderpest, contagious pleuro-pneu- monia of cattle, hog cholera, sheep pox, rabies, and foot-and-mouth disease. To illustrate the possibility of improving the present meth- ods of immunizing to hog cholera, the details of the preparation of sensitized virus were described. Negre and Bridze’s success in preventing sheep pox by the use of pulp virus of sheep pox sensi- tized by treating it with immune serum should be of interest to those working with hog cholera virus. (See Ann. Inst. Pasteur). Duval takes pulp of some organ (probably spleen) of a hog infect- ed with cholera and treats it with anti-hog-cholera serum. mH > 5 alte af ' ite of Ween 8 = = 2. = A 5 > S 5 is S termination | Result | & ca = a 5 5 < L. } Z 2 lof pregnancy Nov., 1915 | Calvea ! DATES OF ESTRUM AND SERVICE SINCE LAST TREATMENT ee ee Tae Constantly in heat, served frequently with no result since last pregnancy. | elie en eee ees re Character of estrum, regular or irregular—Constantly in heat. General Condition—Fair State of lactation—Dry Right broad ligament—Sunken Left broad ligament—Sunken Vulva—Normal Vagina—Normal Os uteri—Inflamed slightly Uterus—Normal Right oo 1% inch cystic Right Oviduet—Normal Left ovary—*4 inch normal Left oviduet—Normal Diagnosis—N ymphomaniac P-ognosis—Fair Treatment applied—Ruptured cysts in ovary, douched uterus, swabbed cervix. Treatment advised—Repeat above treatment until genitals are normal, and breed. Remarks:—The pelvic articulations and ligaments are loose and the bones crepitate when lateral pressure is placed on the sacrum. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS — 923 In addition to the special operations taught by Dr. Williams he recommends a system of preventive hygiene which should be carried out by every owner of valuable cattle. Following is a synopsis of Dr. Williams’ recommendations in this condition : He stated that abortion is a disease so widely disseminated that few dairy or pure bred herds are free from the infection. The infection may even be present in cattle without the occurrence of abortions. When the virulence or disease-producing power of the germs is high losses occur in the herd from abortion, sterility, re- tained afterbirth, or diseased ovaries and they also cause diseases of new-born calves such as calf’ scours, pneumonia, joint disease and similar complications. In infected herds not only the abort- ing cows Dut the non-aborting cows, bulls and calves may harbor the infection, and calves and young heifers should be protected from infection. Heifers carrying the first calf are more liable to abort than older ones. The two periods when the germs of abor- tion infection are most liable to gain entrance to the offspring is at the time the heifer calf is born and at the time she is first served by the bull. The entrance of the germs at these times is especially liable to cause damage. In order to obviate as far as possible the infection, Professor Williams recommends the following proced- ure to all cattle owners having animals valuable enough to warrant the expense : Before and after service, irrigate the sheath of the bull with one-fourth per cent. Lugol’s solution. It is advisable to administer a vaginal douche of this solution an hour or two before service to cows which do not conceive at the first service. Dr. Williams has discovered that the use of this solution does not interfere in any way with conception. If the cow still fails to breed, enlist the serv- ices of a qualified veterinarian who by manipulating the ovaries and catheterizing the uterus may be able to get the cow into breed- ing condition. | When the cow has reached her 270th day of pregnancy, or earl- ier, if calving seems probable, give her a thorough bath with warm water and soap, lathering the skin repeatedly until thoroughly clean. Rinse off the soap and water with a 1% solution of compound solu- tion of cresol. Place the cow in a clean, disinfected stall. After the bathing wash the tail, vulva, thighs and udder daily with warm compound cresol solution, one and a half to two per cent., and douche the vagina daily with one-fourth per cent. Lugol’s solution, 924 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS When the calf is born rub it dry and disinfect the stump of the navel cord. Do not tie it. Do not touch the navel stump with the hands. Fill a goblet or glass to the brim with 1—-1000 corrosive sublimate solution and, having the calf held on its feet, push the goblet against the navel region so as to submerge the navel stump completely and keep it submerged for fifteen minutes. (Corro- sive sublimate tablets can be purchased of a size that one to one pint equals 1-1000.) Then dust the navel stump over heavily with a powder composed of equal parts of powdered alum and boric acid. Place the calf in a clean, dry, comfortable stall and keep it alone until two or three months old. Do not permit the calf to suck. . According to Dr. Williams, it is best in most cases to feed calves on boiled milk. Some very young calves do not thrive on boiled milk and when it does not appear practicable to boil the milk the following special precautions should be taken to protect the milk for the calf from infection: Before drawing milk from the cow to feed the calf wash her vulva, tail, thighs and udder and douche the vagina according to the plan recommended prior to birth. The milker must first disin- fect his hands and use a sterile pail. The first milk from each teat should be discarded. Repeat the washing of the vulva, tail, thighs and udder immediately before each milking. Repeat the vaginal douches daily until all discharges from the vulva have ceased. At eight or ten days of age nearly all calves may be safely placed on boiled milk. The milk which is boiled may be drawn from any economic source. In order to prevent scorching a large double boiler or water bath should be used to heat the milk. When all discharges after calving have ceased vaginal douch- ing of cows may be stopped, though it would be well to continue the external washing of the vulva, tail and udder daily in the in- terest of clean milk as well as of the general health of the herd. When abortion or retained afterbirth occurs each case should be handled individually by a skilled veterinarian and by the special treatment restored to health as promptly as possible. Much need- less loss might be saved by owners of valuable pure bred cattle if the services of veterinarians skilled in the special work perfected by Dr. Williams were available. By a monthly or quarterly veteri- nary examination of all the animals in a herd cases of sterility will pe discovered before it is too late to cure them and incurable or Jo) bo Or ASSOCIATION MEETINGS dangerous cases can be eliminated before they have done irreparable damage to the bull or to other cows. This does not mean, however, that all animals infected with abortion should be disposed of. As a matter of fact in herds in which abortions are occurring a cow that has aborted once or twice may be just as valuable for breeding as one that has not. Cows seldom abort more than two or three times. Cows that are not made sterile by abortion will in all probability resume normal reprodue- tion. On the other hand, if they are removed to make way for fresh animals there is a possibility that the newcomers already or soon will be infected and are more liable to abort than the old cases. The elimination of infected but recoverable animals is, therefore, not to be recommended as a means of controlling the disease unless their value is not great enough to warrant the expense of treatment. By keeping pregnant animals the disease will be brought to a standstill more quickly than if new susceptible material is continu- ally added in their place. Some cows apparently become immune without aborting. It is the history of the disease in the great ma- jority of herds that after reaching its height, it gradually subsides of its own accord until only a few slips occur each year or it may disappear entirely. In herds where abortions have not occurred for several years, or at least only rarely, the owner should take par- ticular pains to prevent its intreduction. Every case of abortion should be regarded as infectious until proved otherwise. For outbreaks of pneumonia and scours in calves Dr. Williams recommends the frequent use of enemas of physiological salt solu- tion and the daily injection of liberal amounts of calf scour serum in addition to the special precautions to be taken at time of calv- ing mentioned above. Lecture: Parasites Affecting Domesticated Animals. Prof. W. B. Herms, Associate Professor of Parasitology, University of California. Insects and insect-like forms (ticks and mites) and worms (Helminths) were dwelt upon. (1) Repellents—available repel- lent only effective for two days at best. Control of fly breeding urged. (2) Lice—poultry lice are best handled by means of the dust to which tobacco dust and sulphur are added. For swine, fuel oil emulsion of one to two per cent is useful. (3) Wool mag- got problem is an important one in California. The maggots are 926 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS traceable to flesh flies. Controlled by burning carcasses of dead animals, systematic trimming of the wool from between the hind legs and around the vent. Treatment of infected sores with chloro- form to which a little oil of tar is added. (4) Roundworms in Poultry—referred to Cireular,150 of University of California Ex- periment Station. (5) Pulmonary Strongylosis or lungworms is a disease of sheep, goats, calves, pigs, and certain other animals; treat- ment by nasal injection of chloroform as described in Circular 148 University of California Experiment Station. (6) Trichinosis is rather more common than is ordinarily believed. As far as animal husbandry is concerned its control depends on the control of wastes, slaughter-house refuse, etc. as fed to swine, and rat control. (7) Distomiasis or liver fluke disease is rather widespread in Cali- fornia both in sheep and cattle. Since the parasite depends on a snail as its intermediary host, much depends upon drainage to elim- inate snails and no doubt much might be accomplished by the ap- plication of lime to infected pastures,—about 400 pounds per acre. (8) Hepatic taeniasis or liver tapeworm occurs commonly in sheep. By many the fringed liver tapeworm is looked upon as an impor- tant parasite. Until something more is known about the life history of the tapeworm little or nothing can be done to control it. (9) Cysticercosis in its several forms is very common in eattle, sheep and hogs. The bladder worms are the larvae of tapeworms in man, dogs and certain other animals. The control of cysticercosis as re- lating to human tapeworms depends on the disposal of human feces in a way so that food of cattle and hogs may not become con- taminated. The several species of dog tapeworms are responsible for other bladder worms in cattle, as well as in sheep (causing gid) and in humans (hydatids) hence it is highly important that dogs be kept under proper control and treated from time to time for tape- worms. Stray dogs may be placed in the same category with coyotes and treated accordingly. Lecture and Demonstration in Judging Livestock—Professor Gor- don H. True and Assistants, College of Agriculture, University of California. Two periods of two or three hours on the first and second days of the short course were given over to demonstrations of stock judg- ing by members of the Animal Husbandry Division of the Univers- ity. On the first day the points of heavy and light horses were ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 927 discussed by Professor C. W. Rubel and Mr. R. P. Royce. With specimens of the leading breeds of hogs in the ring Professor J. I. Thompson discussed their points while Professor R. F. Miller gave the sheep demonstration, using Rambouillet and Romney rams and middle wooled wethers of the Hampshire herd that had won for the University at the recent International Livestock Show at Chicago. With the herd bulls of the Aberdeen, Shorthorn, Here- ford and Angus breeds for illustration, Professor Gordon H. True brought out the characteristic points of the beef breeds. On the following day specimens of Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey and Guernsey were first discussed.and later the veterinarians placed classes of Jersey and Guernsey cows. Demonstration of Thorough Post-mortem on Large Animals. K. F.. Meyer. Post-mortems were made upon a horse, cow and pig. Those in attendance were greatly impressed by the thorough, systematic, at- tractive and skillful method of autopsing these animals. Lecture on the Importance of Proper Technic in the Use of Anti- Hog-Cholera Serum and Virus, with Demonstration on Live Animals—B. J. Cady, Veterinary Inspector, U. 8S. Bureau of Anima! Industry, General Educational Hog Cholera Work for California. Dr. Cady placed special emphasis on (1) the importance of correct diagnosis, The lesions of acute and chronic hog cholera were discussed. Emphasis was also placed on (2) the necessity of keeping a separate vaccinating outfit in good working condition and sterilized; (3) on proper handling of hogs in preparing them for treatment, more especially in the hot summer months, the meth- od of penning hogs and places selected for the work, time of day, ete.; (4) method of restraining, with the trough for small animals and the use of ropes around the nose of larger animals; (5) seat of injection suggested: arm-pit and flank for serum, inside of ham in- tramuscularly for virus, on small animals; for large animals, back of the ear for serum, posterior ham intramuscularly for virus. Not more than 15 ¢.c. of serum should be injected in one place in small animals and not more than 20 ¢.c. in large ones. Proper size and length of needles—No. 16 gauge, best average size, 1 to 14% inches in length. 30 ¢.c. Champion and 45 ¢.c. Viking Syringe best for use of serum and small syringe not more than 12 ¢.e¢, to be 928 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS used for virus. A demonstration was given showing complete vac- cinating outfit and method of handling, disinfecting and inject- ing both serum and virus on one small ninety pound shoat and on a large animal. Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum Production—P. T. Petersen, Assistant in Veterinary Science, in charge of Serum manufacture, Depart- ment of Agriculture, University of California. Dr. Petersen gave (1) a résumé of the papers and discussions on hog cholera presented at the meeting of the National Live Stock Sanitary Association held at Chicago in December, 1916. Of par- ticular interest were the transmission experiments. (2) His ob- servation on the methods in the many commercial and state serum plants in the middle west visited by him. He was of the opinion that the future anti-hog-cholera serum will be a clear and sterile product. The Occurrence and Importance of Abortion and Sterility in Cali- fornia Cattle—C. M. Haring, Professor of Veterinary Sci- ence, University of California. Statistics were given showing the occurrence of abortion in dairy and beef herds and in range cattle. In response to the state- ments that the exclusive feeding of alfalfa causes sterility in eat- tle and the request by cattle owners that this be investigated by the California Agricultural Experiment Station the following statistics have been gathered in Stanislaus County, where alfalfa is the ex- clusive feed used by many owners, and in Humboldt County, where no alfalfa is raised or fed: Table Concerning the Possible Effect of Alfalfa Feeding on Sterility and Abortion in Dairy Cows in Humboldt and Stanislaus Counties. Number Number Percent. Number Percent Ratio of of of Cows fo) j Sterility Cows Sterile Sterile Abortions Abortions to Abortions Stanislaus County Cattle: A. Fed on Alfalfa Exclusively 3399 377 11.09 279 8.21 1:0.74 Stanislaus County Cattle: B. Fed chiefly on alfalfa with a little other feed 930 110 11.83 15> Bile29 1:0.95 Humboldt County Cattle: C. Fed partly on alfalfa and chiefly on other feed 1374 276 20.09 136 9.90 L049 Humboldt County Cattle: D. Fed no alfalfa at all 2760 510 18.47 405 14.67 1:0.79 3 ae —o a ee de ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 929 It will be noted that the proportion of sterile cows is higher among those which received little or no alfalfa than in those fed exclusively on this excellent forage plant. The above figures do not indicate that the exclusive feeding of alfalfa reduces in any way the fertility of cattle. Dr. Haring gave figures regarding agglutination tests for abortion in. both dairy and range cattle and endorsed the view that practically all high bred dairy herds contain animals harboring the infection. Reports of serious losses from abortion in range cattle are occasionally received. Blood from range cattle collected at the stock yards sometimes agglutinates B. abortus in dilutions greater than .1 ¢.c. of serum to 1 cc. of agglutinating fluid. In examining the blood of 65 range steers and bulls collected at the Oakland and San Francisco stockyards, 46 failed to agglutinate at 1:10 11 agglutinated at 1:10 3 oe o 1:25 3 ie ee 1250 2 ue 3 1:100 Lecture and Demonstration of Biological Phenomena as Related to Immunity with Special Reference to their Use in Clinical Di- agnosis—By J. Traum, Assistant Professor of Veterinary Sci- ence, University of California. _ The purpose of this lecture and demonstration was to make the veterinarians more familiar with the terminology of immunity and to demonstrate step bp step the various serologic tests so that the current literature would be more intelligible to them. Beginning with (1) the invasion of microorganisms and the par- enteral introduction of proteins into the body, the discussion in- cluded (2) the defensive action on the part of the body by the pro- duction of antitoxins, opsonins, agglutinins, precipitins and lysis; (3) the demonstration in test tubes of the last three named anti- substances in the sera of animals; (4) the use of antigens suspected of exciting the production of the antisubstances (in infectious dis- eases, cultures or extracts of the microorganisms) ; thereby deter- mining the causative agent and in that manner making a diagnosis possible. The agglutination, precipitation and complement fixation tests were performed, the reason for the use of each ingredient and meth- 930 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS od of procuring these being discussed. Tests were also performed prior to this period so that complete positive and negative tests were also available for demonstration. The practical application and limitation of these tests in all diseases, but especially in con- nection with abortion, were discussed. Demonstration of Laboratory Tests of Interest to Veterinarians. The large attendance made it necessary to form two sections for these demonstrations : (1) Demonstration and Practice in the Bacterial and Chemical Examinations of Milk.—C. lL. Roadhouse and Mr. Bisbee, Uni- versity of California. This included the approved procedure and dilutions made in preparing bacteria plates from certified, pasteurized raw market milk. Examinations of milk for butterfat and solids were made and the use of the lactometer in detecting adulterated milk was demon- strated. The plates were examined after incubation for 48 hours and several veterinarians practiced the plating of milk at the close of the course. (2) Clinical Examination of Blood—kK. ¥. Meyer and J. Traum. Blood was drawn from a horse, hemoglobin estimated by Gower’s method; color index discussed; red and white cells were counted; smears were made, stained and examined. The cellular elements of the blood in health and disease were demonstrated and discussed. Microscopes and material. were available for all those who desired to take advantage of this opportunity. COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The annual meeting of the Colorado Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation was called to order in the rooms of the Gentlemen’s Riding and Driving Club, Denver, Colorado, at 10:45 A. M., January 25, 1917. In the absence of the president and the first vice-president, Dr. R. H. Bird was elected as chairman pro tem. In the absence of the secretary, Dr. George H. Glover was elected to fill the office during the meeting. The minutes of the previous meeting were adopted as pub- lished in the Proceedings of the Association. The report of the ARES Ny eR es Te «CHF ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 931 secretary showed that there were fifty-three members in good standing. The following names were presented and on approval by the executive committee these men were elected to membership: Floyd Cross, Fort Collins; H. 8. Eakins, Fort Collins; John H. Copen- haver, Omaha; A. Philip Immenschuh, Monte Vista; Carrel L. Jones, Delta; and Garrey E. Clark, Fowler. Dr. Charles G. Lamb, a member of the legislative committee, reported on a bill which he contemplated introducing into the leg- islature. After a discussion of the matter the following legisla- tive committee was appointed to further our interests; Charles G. Lamb, George H. Glover and W. W. Yard. The following resolution was presented by Dr. John Bryant and adopted by unanimous vote: Whereas, Some of the State Colleges have been giving short courses for veterinary practitioners and these have been found to be very successful. Therefore, Be it resolved that the Colorado Veterinary Medi- cal Association respectfully petitions the authorities at the State Agricultural College to arrange for such a course. The matter was left to Dr. George H. Glover to present to the college authorities. The resolution of condolence regarding the death of Dr. T. H. Quinn passed and a copy ordered sent to the widow. The following officers were elected: President, R. H. Bird; First Vice-President, George H. Glover; Second Vice-President, John Bryant; Secretary-Treasurer, I. E. Newsom. Executive Board: 7. 1S yee 2 ache as Waco ee Charles E. Frost Case Report Poisoning by Castor Onl Beane. 5...2 see eek oe ee eee F. A. Young Some New Therapeutic Suggestions ....................N. 8. Mayo, Chicago Mak Supply i small’ Towns: 5/5 cus. 90 De eee eee F. F. Sheets elected: to. ts oss nies J xia seta oer tire aie! Oks teers J. W. Adams, Philadelphia Ovaniotemy of the Bow 202 cate sccm, s+ see ss oa sie eee C. L. Jones The Hydro Method of Removing Retained Secundines in the Mare and COW TS a2 aiv nas gininie Ain aoe ed epee Sie pe oo eee Ee Ralph Shaw After Dinner: AE OAS GIRSLOE ke ie m3. Sc os ors tere aia saeteanne ete cya ee ee F. E. Anderson Competition. 222. 2a sin amnpteov ea = mes Aesth een W. G. Cook «The Arab’s"Parewell to His: ‘Horse?’ .. 7... 2. .6 ooh. = See C. A. Fast AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION SPECIAL COMMITTEES OF 1917 Local Committee of Arrangements :—A. T. Kinsley, Chairman, 1336 E. 15th Street, Kansas City, Mo., and all of the members of the association residing in Kansas City and vicinity. Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature — S. Sisson, Chairman, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. H. S. Murphey, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. I. Ernest Newsom, Colorado State College, Ft, Collins, Colo. S. L. Stewart, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. E. S. Brashier, Chicago Veterinary College, Chicago, II. Committee on Army Organization :— C. J. Marshall, Chairman, University of Pennsylvania, Phila., Pa. V. A. Moore, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y. + ea gs Turner, 916 O Street. N. W., Washington, D. C. F. A. Bolser, 1200 Race Street, Newcastle, Ind. L. A. Merillat, 1827 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Salmon Memorial Ginn — J. F. Winchester, Chairman, Lawrence, Mass. A. D. Melvin, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. J.S. Anderson, Seward, Neb. David F. Fox, Sacramento, Calif. J. G. Rutherford, Calgary, Alta. S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich. Paige Hg trek Oe, eel aoe 4 Senge Samp Sabi rn tae