< OO ae a ee Ay Re Ayo ox Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/journalmitchel32elis — JOURNAL OF THE Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society a VOLUME XXXII 1916-1917 ISSUED QUARTERLY PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY /4-4 OTA. ea ae Epwarbs & BROUGHTON PRINTING COMPANY RALEIGH 1917 CONTENTS Memoria Sxercu or Dr. JosrpH Austin Hormes. Joseph 151 Reo! ca Se a PE eee woot noe a il JosErpu Austin Hormes. F. P. Venable................ 2 Sr SNE 16 Dr. JosepH Austin Hotmes at toe University or Norru ABOIUNIA., KG.p Taw Gib lCme ier eos ee east 20 Ow Letpy’s OuRAMOEBA AND ITS OccURRENCE AT GREENSBORO. Lo MUNG” (CODTANG 2 pis 2s Scene ae Re EE oe Rae eo 24. Norres on tHe Herrrrotogy or Norra Carorina. K. P. ISICHTUL C memeetas eR aie eae Peek eee kat ee ee 33 Tue Laurer Oak or Dartineron Oak (Quercus laurifolia NUUROEC eV CGRS Gc) i) Saas Rt Snares tet Ree een ME ee eee esa 38 Firrernta Annuat Merrine or tar Nortu Carorra Acap- HRMS CREIN CM ye ieee ee et A AL Tue Crirican Dyzsturr Srruation. A. S. Wheeler_............ 53 Tur Suruss anp Vines or Cuaren Hirt. W. C. Coker and LEL, Lik IR OANG. Soe a ele Ds ete a eee oT ee 66 A Guancr at THE Zootogy or Topay. A. V. Wilson................ 83 A List or tue Syrpurpar or Norru Carorina. C. L. Metcalf. 95 Own tHE OccurRENCE AND Distrrisution or Porasstum in Nor- MAL AND NepHropaturo Kipnny Cretrs. Wm. deB. Mac- 2g Sia a CRM Is. de ke 2 rr 113 Prorrssor Carn’s Conrrisutions to Tur Screntiric Srupy or Harta Pressure: a Pronerr Worx. Archibald Hen- UU OL EO corcnstciensestSo eee ee rd rr 1a) A Correction. Hd. R. Memmiinge to... .0:0.c00e cece eeeeee eee 120 Procrepines or tHe Exisna Mircuniy Screnrirro Socrnry, Drcemper, 1912, ro Decemprr, 1916........ 121 Tue Narvre or tue Inprvipvat wweotauz Anima Kryepom. Le VO TWCSG) 2a ee eee niente!) ee ae 125 Some Erementrary Vector Equations. J. W. Hastey. <0... 143 Tux Fisnerres or Norta Canora. J. H. Pratt... 149 Some Known Crances tn tue LAND Verresrate Fauna or Norra Canorma. ©. 8. Brimley... 176 PLATE 1 JOSEPH AUSTIN HOLMES. JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Volume XXXII ~ APRIL, 1916 Sa _ Number 1 MEMORIAL SKETCH OF DR. JOSEPH AUSTIN HOLMES* By JosrerpH HybrE PRATT The life of Dr. Joseph Austin Holmes was ‘devoted to the develop- ment and welfare of his country, and in his death the people of the United States have lost one of their most efficient and valuable public servants. He was a man who put duty first, and in carrying out this ideal he gave his life in an endeavor to improve the condition and safety of the miners. He did not know the word “failure”; and, where other men would have failed, he has been able to accomplish the results desired. It is granted to but few men to be able in the few years of their life’s activity to do that which will leave a permanent influence and impress upon an industry; but to Dr. Holmes, whose life we are now commemorating, this distinction was allotted. Due almost entirely to his energy and efforts, there has been cre- ated throughout this country an organized movement looking to the preservation of human life; and, although his first work was directed toward the prevention of mine accidents, and to the safety and wel- fare of the hundreds of thousands of men who daily risk their lives in the production of fuel so necessary to the Nation’s industry and com- merce, it developed the “‘safety first” idea that has spread to nearly every industry and into all walks of life. These words are almost synonymous with the word “Holmes,” and wherever we see “safety first’? we are reminded of the wonderful achievements of this man. He has not only left his impress upon an industry, but has also created an organization which will live as long as our Government exists and is a monument to the tireless energy, public-spiritedness and unselfish- ness of the man who is responsible for its creation. I refer to the * Read at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Washington, D G., December 28, 1915. be JOURNAL oF THE MircHELyt Socrery [April Bureau of Mines, whose foundation he laid by many feats of exacting labor and fruitful work, and who, by masterful generalship and argu- ments, as he only could use, carried the bill to establish the Bureau of Mines successfully through an unsympathetic Congress. To Dr. Charles D. Walcott, former Director of the United States Geological Survey and now Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, must be given the credit of recognizing those qualities of character and ability in Mr. Holmes which he realized were necessary in a man who could not only lay the foundation and build up an organization that would lead to a Bureau of Mines, but who would also be able to direct it after its creation. In a recent communication from Dr. Walcott, he wrote: “About 1900 it became more and more evident that he (Dr. Holmes) was a man of broad conceptions and fitted to undertake work of national scope, and it was with great pleasure that I learned in 1904 that he was willing to give all of his time and energy to the development of the Section of Mines and Mining in the Federal Survey. I told him that as soon as the work was suf- ficiently well organized it would be made a Division of the Survey and un-° doubtedly lead to the creation of a Bureau of Mines and Mining. He entered into the work with a zeal and intelligence that was not fully understood by his immediate associates, but the work steadily grew, and in 1910 he was ap- pointed Director of the Bureau of Mines.” His appointment, however, was not attained without very severe opposition from a Secretary who was hostile to Dr. Holmes, and it is rumored that this important position was offered to several other men ; but, to the credit of the men of science of this country, it ean be said that they all refused to accept what all knew rightfully belonged to another. Those who knew Dr. Holmes, having confidence in his abil- ity and believing that he was the logical head for the new bureau, were persistent in their demand that he should receive the appoint- ment. It is not generally known how near the bureau came to losing Dr. Holmes as its director, and how near the University of West Virginia came to securing him as its president; and, as an incident bearing on this is illustrative of the loyalty of Dr. Holmes’ friends, I wish to quote in part a few lines from a letter I recently received from Dr. I. C. White, State Geologist of West Virginia: “It was during this discouraging period of his life, just before the appoint- ment of a Director of the Bureau of Mines, when he had given up all hope of 1916] JosepH Austry Hoztmes: Memorrat SKETCH 3 receiving the appointment, that he came up from Pittsburg to spend the week-end at the writer’s home in Morgantown, W. Va. He was weary and care-worn from the long and disappointing vigil, but gentle and loving as ever. No word of reproach or bitterness escaped his lips. If he could not serve his country in an edifice his own hands had so largely constructed, he was ready to give his services to a State that had stood by him in his long battle, and where he knew he would be among appreciative friends. The State Uni- versity of West Virginia was seeking a president, and one of the purposes of Dr. Holmes’ visit to my home was to acquaint the writer, who had ever been his trusted friend, with the fact that he had despaired of being appointed Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, and would accept the presi- dency of the University of West Virginia if the Regents of the same would make the tender.” Fortunately for the industry, Dr. White and others, realizing that for the success of the Bureau of Mines it was necessary that Dr. Holmes should be its head, decided out of genuine loyalty to him and appreciation of his work, that they would not place his name for action before the Regents of the University until President Taft had actually bestowed the Directorship of the Bureau of Mines upon some one else. His friends’ belief in what President Taft would finally do was confirmed a few days later when the appointment of Dr. Holmes was announced from the White House. That he was a wise selection is evidenced by the wonderful develop- ment of the Bureau under his administration. The work he had planned as Chief of the Technologic Branch of the U. 8. Geological Survey developed rapidly, aided by Congress, which widened the scope and enlarged the purposes of the bureau. The principal investi- gations taken up under Dr. Holmes’ directorship and the results accomplished are as follows: An investigation in regard to the improper use of explosives and the use of improper explosives. Investigation in regard to better lights for mines. Result, the establishment of a permissible list of portable electric lamps for use in dangerous mines. In developing rescue work, Dr. Holmes introduced into this country the so-called “oxygen breathing apparatus.” Result, such apparatus is now not only widely used in mine-rescue work, but is being adopted by manufacturing plants and by city fire departments. There are today six mine-rescue stations, eight mine-rescue cars, and one rescue 4 JOURNAL oF THE MiroHELy Socrery [April motor truck operated by the Bureau of Mines. There are seventy-six mine-rescue stations that have been established by mining companies, at which there are 1,200 sets of artificial breathing apparatus in addition to the auxiliary equipment for first-aid and fire-fighting work. There are also twelve mine-rescue cars being operated by mining com- panies. Investigations into the causes of disasters and the recommendations made by the Bureau have resulted in an ever-decreasing death rate. The investigation of coal dust and explosions therefrom was one of the most important lines of investigation that Dr. Holmes took up. The result today is that the entire mining industry, including opera- tors and miners, is convinced that coal dust will explode, and recognize the danger from it; and mine operators and State officials are follow- ing the recommendations of the Bureau to prevent dust explosions. Investigations have been conducted regarding smelter smoke wastes and wastes in the treatment of rare minerals and metals. Dr. Holmes emphasized the need of such investigations, indicating that there was at least $1,000,000 a day being wasted or lost by the present methods of mining and utilization of our mineral resources. Investigations regarding the extraction of radium from its ores have resulted in the development of a process through which it will be possible to greatly reduce the cost of radium compounds to the con- sumer. ‘The process is to be patented and dedicated to the publie.”* Investigations have been started to reduce the great loss of $75,- 000,000 annually, due to coking coal in beehive ovens. As a result already some of this loss has been reduced through the use of by- product ovens and the utilization of the by-products obtained. Dr. Holmes called attention to the annual waste of over $4,500,000 in brass furnace practice and then had prepared a report showing how, by practicable means, this waste can be largely prevented. These are some of the investigations Dr. Holmes had the Bureau of Mines take up, and they illustrate the wide scope of the work he was planning for the Bureau to undertake. Its development into one of the most important of all the Federal bureaus has been phe- nomenal and is due not only to the indefatigable work of the Direc- *Van H. Manning, Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem., Vol. 7, No. 8, page 716, Aug., 1915. 1916] JosEpH Austin Hotmes: Memoria SKETCH 5 tor, but to the fact that he was a splendid judge of men and their capacity for work, and was able to surround himself with the type of men who were able to carry out the plans his master-mind had con- ceived ; and these men were loyal and true to him. He was thoughtful and considerate of his associates; and while he may have demanded much of them, he always gave them full credit for work done; and of the reports of the investigations carried out by the Bureau but very few bear his name as author. Credit is given to him who earried on the investigation. Dr. Holmes planned the character of the investigation, then put it up to one of his associates to do the detail work. What he wanted was results. He had little time to write for publication or to think about personal advancement, and he left it to his associates to do the writing and give him the re- sults—and results he surely obtained. Although Dr. Holmes was the author of but comparatively few publications, yet he was personally responsible for the publication of many important scientific and economic papers, because he had the foresight to open up new fields of investigation and secure properly trained men to carry on the work he outlined. I doubt if there has ever been a man who surpassed him in this respect. This faculty of Dr. Holmes’ showed itself soon after he became State Geologist of North Carolina in 1891. In this position he had wide latitude for planning a varied line of investigations relating to many subjects, inasmuch as the object of the State Survey was the investigation of all natural resources of the State. Almost as soon as he was appointed State Geologist he began to plan new lines of work and to call in to assist him men who were fully qualified to carry on the investigation he desired. Thus you find associated with him during the first years of his directorship of the State Survey such men as Professor George Williams of Johns Hopkins, Professor S. L. Pen- field of Yale, Dr. George F. Kunz of New York, Professor F. P. Ven- able of the University of North Carolina, Dr..George P. Merrill of the National Museum at Washington, Professor George Swain of the Massachusetts School of Technology, Professor Thomas L. Watson of the University of Virginia, Professor H. V. Wilson of the University of North Carolina, Professor Wilkam Cain of the University of North 6 JOURNAL oF THE MircHELL Socrery [April Carolina, Mr. H. B. C. Nitze, Mv. Gifford Pinchot of Washington, Professor Heinrich Ries of Cornell, and others. The published reports of the State Survey, similarly as those of the Bureau of Mines, seldom bear the name of Holmes as one of the authors. Dr. Holmes did a great deal to. broaden the scope of the State Geo- logical Surveys, and to demonstrate that there could be and should be a close codperation between the State and Federal Surveys. There was always most friendly codperation between the North Carolina Survey and the Federal Survey ; and, although the State received very largely from the Federal Survey, it gave very largely in return, for Dr. Holmes was always ready to give his time and energy to any work which promised to be of service to the Federal Survey; and he was often called in consultation regarding the work of that Survey. Dr. Walcott, who was then Director, states that he was early impressed with Dr. Holmes’ thoroughness and the quality of his work as State Geologist. Im the Geological Survey his most important work was. probably the application of geology to the industrial development of the country. He started this in the State Survey, but later introduced it into the Federal Survey. As State Geologist he became very much interested in the preserva- tion of the forests of the Southern Appalachian region, and it is due largely to his work as State Geologist that the Weeks bill was passed by Congress, which has resulted in the purchase of forest areas to be used for forest reservations in the Southern Appalachian region and the White Mountain region. It was under the supervision of Dr. Holmes that the mass of evidence was collected which proved to the congressional committees that it was absolutely necessary for Con- gress to take some action to prevent the destruction of the forests of these two areas in order to protect the flow of navigable streams. In connection with an investigation relating to our turpentine in- dustry, he had experimental work carried on in regard to the cup and gutter method, which is now in general use in this industry. He also had investigations made as to the practicability of the reproduction of the long-leaf pine, and an actual demonstration in planting of seed proved the feasibility of such reproduction. x 1916| Josepu Austin Houtmes: Mermoriant SKketTou Dr. Holmes also started the “good roads” movement in North Caro- lina, and one of the first publications of the State Survey was a report on “Road Materials and Road Construction in North Carolina.” While his work in connection with the roads was almost entirely from the educational standpoint, yet it was this work that made it possible for his successor to obtain through the North Carolina General As- sembly the creation of, first, a Highway Division of the Survey and, later, a State Highway Commission. In the State work Dr. Holmes also began investigations in relation to the waterpowers, mineral waters, underground water supplies, tim- ber resources, mineral resources and fisheries of the State; but a lim- ited treasury and lack of time prevented him from carrying these out as rapidly as he desired, and it was left to his successor to complete some of them. During his term of office as State Geologist, 1891 to 1905, the Sur- vey published twenty Bulletins and Economic Papers, giving the re- sults of investigations that he had started. In 1905 the act creating the Survey was repealed and a new act, which was prepared by Dr. Holmes, was passed by the General Assembly. This created the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Dr. Holmes brought geology to this people and made them realize its value and application in the arts. In connection with the investigation of the Fisheries of the State, Dr. Holmes was the leading spirit in the establishment of the Biologi- eal Laboratory at Beaufort. In June, 1897, after consultation with Dr. Holmes and Professor H. V. Wilson of the University of North Carolina, the United States Commissioner of Fisheries established at Beaufort, North Carolina, a temporary station for the investigation of the marine fauna and flora of the Southern coast. Professor Wil- son was appointed director, and for the next three years he and Dr. Holmes devoted much time and thought to its development. Congress finally made an appropriation for the establishment of a permanent laboratory, but made no appropriation for the purchase of a site. Dr. Holmes recommended a site and arranged for its private purchase and its donation to the Government. He, with Professor Wilson, drew up the outline plans for the laboratory buildings and he remained in 8 JOURNAL or THE MirenEett Soorery [April close touch with the work of the laboratory until his resignation as State Geologist. This work of Dr. Holmes had an important bearing on the Fisheries of the State of North Carolina, as it started the inter- est of the people of the State in the value of the fisheries and finally resulted, some years after the resignation of Dr. Holmes as State Geologist, in the creation of the Fisheries Commission of the State of North Carolina. Dr. Holmes’ work as State Geologist brought him prominently before the public, and in 1903 he was chosen Director of the Depart- ment of Mines and Metallurgy at the St. Louis World’s Fair. He accepted this appointment and had charge of and organized that de partment. He planned the exhibits and introduced new features for the exhibits which have since been adopted by all succeeding expo- sitions. ‘These new features made the Mines Building of the St. Louis Exposition the most successful and instructive Mining Exhibit that was ever made at any exposition. For special services rendered at this exposition he was decorated by several foreign governments. In connection with the Mining Exhibit he suggested that an investigation be made of the fuels of the United States and was successful in per- suading Congress to authorize the investigation and make the neces- sary appropriation with which to carry on the work. Dr. Holmes and, at his suggestion, two representatives of the U. S. Geological Survey were created a committee to carry on the investigations which were made during the years 1904 and 1905. Although Director of the Department of Mines at St. Louis, Dr. Holmes continued to have gen- eral supervision of the work of the North Carolina Geological Survey. Early in 1905 the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey appointed Dr. Holmes to take individual charge of the Fuel Investigations, and soon after he was appointed Chief of the Division of Technology of the Federal Survey, and then severed his connection with the State Geological Survey. While connected with the Federal Survey, Dr. Holmes examined Mine Experiment Stations and Mine-rescue Stations in Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Germany, and it was the result of these studies that led to the inauguration of the movement for mine-rescue work in this country. 1916] JosEpH Austin Hotmes: Memoriat SKETCH 9 In 1907 President Roosevelt, on Dr. Holmes’ recommendation, se- cured the appointment by the governments of Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium of one expert engineer from each of these countries to visit the United States and then visit with Dr. Holmes the more im- portant coal fields of this country. This was done in order to de termine to what extent the safety practices used in other mining coun- tries might be introduced into the United States. It was on the basis of the findings of these engineers that Dr. Holmes developed and or- ganized his investigations relating to mine explosions, ete. In 1908, when President Roosevelt took up the question of the con- servation of our natural resources, Dr. Holmes was appointed a mem- ber of the National Conservation Commission, and he had charge of the inventory of the Nation’s mineral resources. In all Dr. Holmes’ work his central thought had always been the development of the mining industry and the improvement of con- ditions affecting the miner. In earrying out this great purpose he thought only of the object to be attained and paid little or no heed to personal attacks or opposition such as inevitably accompanies a for- ward movement or investigation that requires the codperation of both the legislative and administrative departments of our Government. When, however, an attack was made on him that appeared to endanger the work itself in which he was engaged, he was then ready to put forth all his efforts to meet and defeat the opposition. Dr. Holmes was human, as the rest of us, and occasionally was for- getful in regard to certain things that were to be done. This charac- teristic or his sometimes led to severe criticism of his work by those who were not thoroughly acquainted with him. Whenever any ap- parent neglect on his part was called to his attention the matter was instantly taken care of and ample apology made for the oversight. Dr. Holmes was excessively careful to observe all the little courtesies of life and was a splendid representative of the Southern Christian gen- tleman. : Dr. Holmes was born at Laurens, S. C., November 23, 1859, and died at Denver, Col., July, 1915, after nearly a year’s illness and fight against tuberculosis. His illness was undoubtedly brought on by severe exposure in connection with the examination of mines for ex- 10 JouRNAL oF THE MircHELy Socrmry [April plosions and of hardships endured in investigations regarding mining conditions in Alaska. His parents were Z. L. and Catherine (Nickles) Holmes. His early education was in the schools of South Carolina, but his university work was at Cornell, where he graduated in 1881, taking the degree of B.S. Later he received the degree of D.Sc. from the University of Pittsburg, and in 1909 the degree of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina. During his college course Dr. Holmes devoted especial attention to chemistry (including the chemistry of explosives), to metallurgy, geology, general physics, and mining. He visited mining regions and metallurgical plants in many parts of the United States, Germany, France, Great Britain, and Belgium. In the fall of 1881 he became Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of North Carolina, and held this position until 1891, when he became State Geologist. On October 20, 1887, Dr. Holmes married Miss Jeannie I. Sprunt, of Wilmington, N. C. Dr. Holmes was a fellow and charter member of the Geological Society of America, fellow of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science; member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society for Testing Materials, and American Society of Mechanical Engineers; he was appointed a member of the Mining Legislation Committee of Illinois; one of the founders of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society ; member of the Sigma Xi Scientific Society ; member of the Washington Academy of Science, St. Louis Academy of Science and the North Carolina Academy of Science; member of the Cosmos Club of Washington, and the Engineers’ Club of New York. In closing this sketch, let me further express my feelings and thought regarding Dr. Holmes in the words of several friends who were very close to him: “Dr. Holmes stands as one of the finest examples of unselfish devotion to the cause which he championed, even to the extent of giving his life for it. Mining in America in its national aspect is more deeply indebted to him on its scientific, operating and industrial sides than to any one other individual. It seems most unfortunate that Dr. Holmes did not live to aid the movement to improve the laws affecting mines and mining; but, with the Bureau of 1916} JoserpH Austiy Hormes: Mermoriat SKETCH 11 Mines firmly established, and coéperating with the thoughtful mining engi- neers and operators throughout the country, the results he hoped to see should be speedily obtained.’”—Charles D. Walcott. “Eyer thoughtful, resourceful, a great organizer, a clear, logical and elo- quent speaker, a splendid judge of men and their capacity to do the work his master-mind had planned, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, founded only in 1910, has, under his leadership, rapidly grown to be one of the most important of all Government agencies. * * * His monument is the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and his memory will be cherished forever in the hearts of countless miners whose lives he has rendered safer in the perilous occupation they follow, and without the product of whose busy hands our present civilization could not exist. Although cut down in but little beyond the prime of life, he has left us an example of what glorious achievements indomitable will and untiring work can accomplish. The great Bureau he so largely created and so suc- cessfully directed will continue its brilliant work along the path he so skill- fully blazed, since, thanks to a very able and conscientious Secretary of the Interior, his successor is in thorough accord with the high ideals of the former Chief, and was ever his efficient helper.”—J. C. White. “In the death of Dr. Holmes the people of the United States lose one of their most remarkable and efficient public servants. And the saddest part of it all is that Dr. Holmes is a victim of overwork, a too great devotion to the duties which had been assigned to him in behalf of the safety of the million miners in the United States. He was one of the most enthusiastic, inde- fatigable workers I ever had the pleasure of associating with. His mind was continually upon the yearly death toll of the miners, and although taken away in the prime of his life, he has already accomplished much in reducing the terrible death rate. In the last five years of his life he saw a slowly but steadily decreasing death rate, and while it gave him much joy, it only added to his almost superhuman efforts in behalf of the men.”—Van H. Manning. A full list of Dr. Holmes’ reports and more important scientific papers is given in his Bibliography appended to this sketch. CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOSEPH AUSTIN HOLMES 1. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN NortTH CAROLINA. Misc. spec. rp. 2, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1883, pp. 84-87. 4 2. NOTES ON THE TORNADO WHICH OcCURRED IN RICHMOND County, N. C., FEB- RUARY 19, 1884. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. I, 1884, pp. 28-34. 3. Nores oN THE INDIAN BuRrAL Mounps oF EASTERN NortH CAROLINA. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. I, 1884, pp. 73-79. 4. OCCURRENCE OF ABIES CANADENSIS AND Pinus Stropus IN CENTRAL NoRTH CaroLtina. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. I, 1884, pp. 86-87. “1 wo 19. 20. JourNAL or tHE Mircuery Sociery [April . NOTES ON A PETRIFIED HuMAN Bopy. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. II, 1885, pp. 59-60. (With Dr. T. W. Harris.) . TAxopiuM (Cypress) 1N NorrH Carotina. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. II, 1885, pp. 92-93. . SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT ON SAM CHRISTIAN GOED MINE. Mss. N. C. Geol. Survey, 1886, 3 pp. . A SKETCH OF PROFESSOR WASHINGTON CARUTHERS Kerr, M.A., Ph.D. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. IV, Pt. 2, 1887, pp. 1-24. . TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL AT VARIOUS STATIONS IN NorTH CAROLINA. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. V, 1888, pp. 31-41. . Srupy oF PLANTS IN THE GARDEN AND FIELD. The N. C. Teacher, 1888, 6 pp. . HistoricaL Notes CoNCERNING THE NorRTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. VI, 1889, pp. 5-18. . THE CONGLOMERATE AND PEBBLE BEDS OF THE TRIASSIC AND PoTOMAC FORMA- TIONS OF NorTH CaAroLina. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. VI, 1889, p. 148. . MINERALOGICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SURVEYS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. VII, 1890, pp. 89-117. . Hoover Hitt Gotp M1NeE IN NortH CaArotina. Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. LIV, p. 520. . CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD MATERIALS. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. IX, Pt. 2, 1892, pp. 66-81. . Roap MATERIAL AND RoAp CONSTRUCTION IN NorTH CAROLINA. (With Wil- liam C. Cain.) Bull. 4, N. C. Geol. Survey, 1893, 88 pp. . GEOLOGY OF THE SANDHILL COUNTRY OF THE CAROLINAS. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, 1893, pp. 33-34. . Economic GroLocy oF NortH Carortina. Southern States, Vol. I, 1893, pp. 153-161. IMPROVEMENT OF ROADS IN NorTH CAroLINA. Yearbook, 1894, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1895, pp. 513-520. NoTES ON THE KAOLIN AND CLAy DEPosITS OF NorTH CAROLINA. Trans. AM. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXV, 1895, pp. 929-936, and Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. XII, Pt. 2, 1895, pp. 1-10. . NOTES ON THE UNDERGROUND SUPPLIES OF POTABLE WATERS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC PreEpMONT PLATEAU. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXV, pp. 936-943; and Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. XII, Pt. 1, 1895, pp. 31-41. 2. ConuNDUM DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN Region. Seventeenth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Survey, Pt. 3, 1896, pp. 935-943. . GOLD IN THE Carotinas. Gold Fields Along the Southern Railway, pub- lished by the Southern Railway, 1897, pp. 8-19. . Mica DEposits OF THE UNITED States. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. X, 1898, pp. 501-503. . NortH CAROLINA MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1898. Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. LXVII, 1899, pp. 50-51. . Mica Deposits IN THE UNITED States. U.S. Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. XX, 1899, pp. 691-707. 1916] BrBiioGRAPHY 113 27. WATERPOWER IN NortTH CAROLINA. (With Geo. F. Swain and E. W. Myers.) Bull. 8, N. C. Geol. Survey, 1899, 362 pp. 28. Some Recent Roap LEGISLATION IN NorTH CAROLINA. Economic Paper No. 2, N. C. Geol. Survey, 1899, 24 pp. 29. THE Deep WELL At Wi~mincTon, NortH CaroLtina. Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc., Vol. XVI, Pt. 2, 1899, pp. 67-70; Science, N. S., XI, 1900, p. 128. 30. Mica INpUSTRY IN NorTH CAROLINA IN 1900. U.S. Geol. Survey, Min. Res., 1900, pp. 853-954. 31. THe CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY SECTION BETWEEN CAPE FEAR AND F'AYETTE- VILLE, NortH CAROLINA. Science, N. S., Vol. XI, 1900, p. 143. 32. RecENT RoAp LEGISLATION IN NortH CaroLtina. N. C. Geol. Survey, Eco- nomic Paper No. 5, 1901, 47 pp. 33. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NorTH CAROLINA Goop RoApS CONVENTION. U.S. Dept. Agric., Office of Public Road Inquiries. Bull. No. 24, 1903, 72 pp. 34. Roap Bur~pine IN NortH CaArotina. U.S. Dept. Agric., Office of Public Road Inquiries. Bull. No. 24, 1903, pp. 65-71. 35-41. BreENNIAL REPORTS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SuRvEY. 1891-’92; 1893-94; 1895-96; 1897-98; 1899-1900; 1901-02; 1903-04. 42. THE COLLECTION OF MINERAL STATISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Cong. int. d’expansion econ. mondiale, Mons, 1905, sec. 2, Statis. int. Bruxelles, 2 pp. 43. Furet INVESTIGATIONS, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: PROGRESS DurRING YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1909. Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Materials, Vol. IX, 1909, pp. 619- 625. 44. INSPECTION OF Mines. Rp. of Proc. Amer. Min. Cong., 12th ann. sess., Goldfield, Nev., Sept. 27-Oct. 2, 1909, pp. 236-238. 45. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR COAL. Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Materials, Vol. IX, 1909, pp. 277-279. 46. A RATIONAL BASIS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES. Bull. 29, Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., May, 1909, pp. 469-476. 47. CoaL MINE ACCIDENTS AND THEIR PREVENTION. National Civic Federation, Circular, New York, Nov. 23, 1909, 4 pp. 48. THE BuREAU OF MINES AND ITs WorK. Rp. of Proc. Amer. Min. Cong., 13th ann. meeting, Los Angeles, Cal., Sept. 26-Oct. 1, 1910, pp. 219-227. 49-53. ANNUAL Report, U. S. Bureau or Mines, 1911-1915, 5 Vols. 54. THe SampLine oF CoAL IN THE MINE. Tech. Paper 1, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1911, 18 pp. 55. THe Mrnine Inpustry. Rp. of Proc. Amer. Min. Cong., 14th ann. meeting, Chicago, IIll., Oct. 24-28, 1911, pp. 69-71. 56. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF MINERS AND TUNNEL WORKERS IN THE UNITED Srates. Reprint fr. Trans. 15th Int. Cong. on Hygiene and Demography, Sept. 23-28, 1912, 13 pp. 57. Savine Miners’ Lives. Proc. 4th Nat. Conservation Cong., Indianapolis, Oct. 1-4, 1912, pp. 200-205. 58. THE NATIONAL PHASES OF THE MINING INDUSTRY. 8th Int. Cong. Applied Chem., Vol. XXVI, 1912, pp. 733-750. 14 59. 60. 61. oo bo 63. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. JouRNAL oF Tur Mironery Socrery | April SPEECH CONCERNING WoRK OF THE BUREAU OF MINES. Rp. of Proc. Amer. Min. Cong., 17th ann. meeting, Phenix, Ariz., Dec. 7-11, 1914, pp. 95-96. ParKeEr, E. W., Hotmes, J. A., AND CAMPBELL, M. R. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON OPERATIONS OF CoAL-TESTING PLANT OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SurvVEY AT LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXxXPosITIoNn, St. Louts, Mo., 1904. Bull. 263, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, 172 pp. REPORT ON OPERATIONS OF COAL-TESTING PLANT OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGI- CAL SuRVEY AT LOUISIANA PURCHASE ExposrTion, St. Lours, Mo., 1904. Prof. Paper 48, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, 3 Vols. . UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON OPERATIONS OF FUEL-TESTING PLANT OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AT ST. Louis, Mo., 1905; J. A. HoLMEs IN CHARGE; INTRODUCTION AND CHAPTER on “BRIQUETTING TESTS” By J. A. HoLmMEs. ~ Bull. 290, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, 240 pp. With Givsert, G. K., AnD OrHERS. THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE AND Fire oF Aprit 18, 1906, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES AND STRUC- TURAL MATERIALS. ReEpoRTS BY G. K. Gi~BerT, R. L. HumMpuHReys, J. S. SEWELL, AND FRANK SOULE, WITH A PREFACE BY J, A. Hotmes. Bull. 324, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, 170 pp. With HALL, CLARENCE, AND SNELLING, W. O. CoAt-MINE ACCIDENTS: THEIR CAUSES AND PREVENTION; A PRELIMINARY STATISTICAL REPORT, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY J. A. Ho“tmMeEs. Bull. 3338, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, 21 pp. . WiTH MoLpENKE, R. G. G., BELDEN, A. W., AND DELAMATER, G. R. WASHING AND Cokine TESTS OF CoAL AND CUPOLA TESTS OF COKE CONDUCTED BY Unitep STATES FUEL-TESTING PLANT AT St. Lours, Mo., JANuaARy 1, 1905, To JUNE 30, 1907, WirH INTRODUCTION By J. A. Hormes. Bull. 336, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, 76 pp. With Humpueey, R. L. ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, AND OPERATION OF THE STRUCTURAL-MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORIES AT St. Louis, Mo., WITH A PREFACE BY J. A. Hormes. Bull. 329, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1908, 84 pp. U. S. GEoLoGicAL Survey. Report oF UNITED STATES FUEL-TESTING PLANT AT St. Lours, Mo., January 1, 1906, ro June 30, 1907; J. A. HoLMEs IN CHARGE; INTRODUCTION BY J. A. Hotmes. Bull. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, 299 pp. WituH GRIFFITH, WILLIAM, AND ConNER, E. T. Mrintne CoNnDITIONS UNDER THE City oF SCRANTON, PA., REPORT AND MAps, WITH A PREFACE BY J. A. HoLMES AND A CHAPTER BY N. H. Darron. Bull. 25, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1912, 89 pp. UNITED STATES CONGRESS, HousSE oF REPRESENTATIVES: COMMITTEE ON Mixes AND Mininc. HEARINGS BEFORE CoMMITTEE, JANUARY 11, 1912; ConTAINS STATEMENT OF J. A. HoitmeEs, DrrREcTOR OF BUREAU OF MINES, on Existing LAw AND NEw BiLyt Proposep To MEET CLAIMS OF WESTERN Mintne Men. Wash., D. C., Gov’t Print’g Off., 1912, 48 pp. HEARING BEFORE COMMITTEE, 62D Conc., 2p SESs., on H. R. 17260, AN Act To AMEND AN AcT ENTITLED “AN AcT TO ESTABLISH IN DEPARTMENT oF INTERIOR A BUREAU OF MINES,” APPROVED May 16, 1910, JuneE 12, 1912; ConTAINS STATEMENT OF J. A. HotmeEs, DrirEcToR OF BUREAU OF MINES. Wash., D. C., Gov’t Print’g Off., 1912, pp. 4-16. 1916] BrstioGRAPHy 15 71. WirH Lorp, N. W. ANALYSES OF COALS IN UNITED STATES, WITH DESCRIP- TIONS OF MINE AND FIELD SAMPLES COLLECTED BETWEEN JULY 1, 1904, AND JuNE 30, 1910, Witn CHaprers By J. A. Hotmes, F. M. Sranton, A. C. FIELDNER, AND SAMUEL SANFoRD. Bull. 22, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1913, 2 Vols., text and plates. 72. Rutiepce, J. J. THe USE AND MISUSE OF EXPLOSIVES IN COAL MINING, With A PREFACE By J. A. Hotmes. Miners’ cire. 7, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 19138, 53 pp. 73. UNITED STATES CONGRESS, HoUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: COMMITTEE ON Mines AND Minine. HEARING (on H. R. 6068, APPROPRIATION FOR MINING ScHoots) 63D Conc., 2p Sess., DecemMBER 4, 1913; ConrTAINS STATE- MENT OF J. A. Hotmes, DIRECTOR OF BUREAU OF MINES. Wash., D. C., Gov’t Print’g Off., 1913, 19 pp. 74. CoMMITTEE ON PuBLIic LANDS. HEARING ON Bitt H. R. 131387, To PrRovipE FoR LEASING OF CoAL LANDS IN TERRITORY OF ALASKA, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, FEBRUARY 23 TO 26, 1914; CoNTAINS STATEMENTS oF J. A. HotMeEs, DirEcTOR OF BUREAU OF MINES, WITH AN ABSTRACT OF ALL Birts ON OPENING OF CoAL LANDS IN ALASKA. Wash., D. C., Gov’t Print’g Off., 1914, Pt. 2, 267 pp. 75. UNITED STATES NAvy DEPARTMENT. REPORT ON COAL IN ALASKA FOR USE IN UNITED STATES NAvy; Report oF SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION BY EXPERI- MENTAL TESTS OF COAL IN ALASKA, ETC. CONTAINS GENERAL STATEMENT BY J. A. Hotmes, Director oF BurREAU oF MINES. House doc. 876, 63d Cong., 2d Sess., 1914, 123 pp. JOSEPH AUSTIN HOLMES By F. P. VENABLE It is with some shrinking that I undertake this sketch of him who for thirty-five years was one of my closest, most intimate friends. It is not easy to lay bare the thoughts or feelings of such a friendship or to dissect and analyze the work and character of one who was so near and who shared the joys and trials, the hopes and disappointments of almost a lifetime. I shall attempt little of such analysis, and content myself, in the main, with a brief outline of the life as it touched my own. Joseph Austin Holmes entered the service of the University in 1881, a few months after graduation from Cornell; very much as I had been summoned a vear before, differing somewhat, though, as my work at Bonn was incomplete, and I had to go back in the summer of 1881 to get my degree. We were both just boys, he a year or two the younger, full of en- thusiasm and energy for the big work which we realized was before us, and yet we were sadly hampered by the lack of almost everything in the way of books and equipment to which we had been accustomed. For the University of that day was struggling to rise from the desolat- ing effect of Reconstruction Times, received no support from the State which it had so faithfully served in former years, and, with little money and only a few devoted friends, had to meet bitter opposition and misunderstanding on every side. I never knew a more buoyant, optimistic nature nor a more de termined spirit than that of this young Cornell graduate, scarcely twenty-two years old. He gathered his groups of students about him and took them to the fields, the forests, and the rocks as his labora- tories. He won their respect and affection and inspired many with his own love of nature and enthusiasm for science. There was no Uni- versity library in those days, or, at least, the books gathered in a pre- ceding age were kept practically locked up. So we spent our own small savings in gathering a few books around s 2..1 +1 providing any special apparatus. 16 1916] Hotmes: Reminiscences 1 Holmes and I kept bachelor’s quarters in one of the University resi- dences, he choosing the upper story and I the lower. The arrangement had its inconveniences, since his passion for collecting made him gather a miscellaneous assemblage of insects and reptiles, some of which had an uncanny habit of wandering down the stairs in the night to visit my quarters. I had a notion that the visits would have been less tempting and made with less facility if I had chosen the upper floor. But no one could stay provoked with “Old Holmes,” as nearly every one called this beardless boy, and the term was one of affection, for a gentler, sweeter nature was hard to find. Besides, one was dis- armed from the beginning, for he himself was never provoked, bnt always unrufiled and smiling and in his later years I have seen him under terrible stress, without losing his composure and grave smile, when the hot blood surged in my veins in his behalf. Two years after he began his work here we talked over the situation and came to the conclusion that for our own salvation, if for no higher reason, we must gather some kindred souls about us, and by the elbow- touch ward off the deadening effect that isolation was bound to have upon our scientifie work. On September 24, 1883, we invited Professors Gore and Graves of the University faculty, and an enthusiastic young alumnus, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, now President of the Colorado School of Mines, to our house and discussed the formation of a society for the encouragement of scientific work. The idea was taken up with enthusiasm, and we decided to name it the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, after the most prominent of the earlier professors of science in the University. At first its membership was to be state-wide and its roll of members was made up of some hundred or so friends, doubtless interested in watching this group of young professors, and wondering what thev could accomplish against the general apathy and indifference. Their interest lagged after a year or so and outside support dropped off, but the idea was too big to die, and the society, maintained hy a few de- voted souls, grew in the importance of its work, the number of its contributions and in reputation among the scientific societies of the world, and has now an honorable history of a third of a century of achievement behind it. It would he ‘difficult to estimate all that the 2 _ (9.6) JOURNAL oF THE MircHEeLL Society [April existence of this society has meant to the University and the influence it has exerted upon its development. During the time of his connec- tion with the University Holmes made many contributions to the. pages of its journal. One of Holmes’ most striking characteristics was his indomitable energy and will-power. He was tireless in his work and, though not a physically strong man, could easily tire out other men in a geological excursion, mountain-climbing, or the attainment of any other goal upon which he had set his heart. He simply never acknowledged that he was worn out. He also had a marvelous faculty for convincing others that they were not so tired as they thought they were. I never met any one with such power of leading others to do what he wished them to do, whether it was a body of students, a convention, or a legislative assembly. His grasp of details, wide knowledge, quite unruffied, nonrufiling, convincing way, and his utter unselfishness, had much to do with his wonderful success in such matters. He did not antagonize, yet he never abandoned his point. Apparent defeat he quickly turned into victory, and a victory without bitterness. He simply had a fashion of putting his spectacles over your eyes, so that what you had seen as a vivid, disagreeable blue was really rose-tinted, as he had said it was, and withal very pleasant to the eyes. When he was trying to convince certain indifferent or reluctant State legislatures that the Appalachian Park Reservation was a good thing, the Governor of one State emphatically declared that he should never appeal to or appear before his legislature. And yet he did appear, and, I understand, was introduced by the Governor, and the legislature passed his bill. Once in our own legislature a determined effort was made to with- draw the appropriation for the State Geological Survey. At his re- quest I had done all that I could to stem the tide, but without avail. I felt that the Survey was doomed, and told him so. He made no comment, but went to see the committee which had charge of the bill and which was almost unanimously against the continuance of the Survey. After two or three hours he came back to the hotel where I was. “Well! have they smashed the Survey, Old Man?’ I asked. “Oh, no,” he said, without any indication of triumph or excitement. “They have concluded to double our income.” 1916] Hoimers: RemrniscencEs 19 He went to Germany, presumably on a sort of vacation, for he was quite worn out, but turned it into a general investigating tour of the geology, mining and certain manufactures of the country. I saw later, in a New York paper, that he had obtained from the Govern- ment officials more concessions and was granted more privileges than had ever been granted to an American man of science. I know that later he was decorated with a German order, as he was by Japan and other foreign governments, for services rendered. I have no doubt the Germans thought they were really glad to give up their secrets, what- ever they may have thought of it before he came. His active services for the University were comprised in an all too brief ten years. He clung, however, to a nominal connection with the faculty, retaining his name on the roll as a member of that body. Always in his heart there was a deep, abiding affection for the Uni- versity and a most active interest in its welfare. He had been a sharer in its earlier struggles and in many ways he continued to help in its advancement. He left the State to enter Government service; first in connection with the U. S. Geological Survey and then as Director of the Bureau of Mines, which his foresight and energy had built up. The services which he rendered to the Nation have been described by another. In every relation he showed the same singleness of purpose, un- selfishness of character, genius for leading, and loyalty to his friends. He felt deeply the call of humanity and served with an untiring zeal until, worn out, he fell asleep, finding at last the rest he had so often denied himself. Truly, he died for others. Our loss is great, but the memory of this rare and noble spirit can- not be taken away from us. DR. JOSEPH AUSTIN HOLMES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA By Kemp P. BatTrLe This sketch is intended only to give a glimpse of Professor Holmes while in the University of North Carolina. For years after the revival of the University its income was only about $15,000 per annum, then increased to $20,000. In those days of penury our professors were forced to attempt tasks too burdensome for human shoulders. We needed a teacher in the vast domain of Geology and Natural History. The hearty commendation by the an- thorities of Cornell University of a youth, twenty-one years of age, with the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture, Joseph Austin Holmes, caused the Trustees,.on the nomination of President and Faculty, to elect him unanimously. His father was a Presbyterian clergyman of New York State, who had yemoved to South Carolina as pastor of a flock and owner of a farm. The son was trained in the faith of his father and was a church member. He had the inestimable advantage of sound bodily health and strength, gained by vigorous exercise, farm labor, and as an ex- pert in “breaking” horses and mules. He possessed uncommon actiy- ity, endurance, and a happy, kindly, buoyant temperament. He entered on the duties of his professorship with cheerful pluck. The slender income of the University threw on him instruction in Geology, Mineralogy, Zoélogy, Physiology and Hygiene, and Botany. For several years, with exceedingly inefficient equipment, he struggled manfully under this grievous burden. Then an assistant was allowed him, the very able Professor Atkinson, now of Cornell. In the divi- sion he retained Geology, Mineralogy, and Botany. In 1893 he accepted the office of State Geologist, but continued on the staff of the University as Lecturer on the Geology of North Caro- lina, until 1906. That his University duties were satisfactorily per- formed was testified to by a large and able committee of the Trustees, of which a prominent teacher and Senator from Chatham, A. Hay- wood Merritt, was chairman, and Judge Charles M. Cooke, General 20 1916] Hoimes aT THE UNIVERSITY il Julian S. Carr, and Messrs. J. P. McKachern, Paul B. Means, B. F. Grady, and Rey. A. D. Betts were members, whose report to the Trustees was transmitted to the General Assembly and published. They said of his department: “He presides over it with the vigor of youth and with the skill and learning of age.” In addition to the enormous work of his department, his abounding energy and willingness to work for himself and others led to vacation excursions through many counties, often accompanied by students, to the improvement of roads around Chapel Hill, to the duties of town commissioner. Indeed, he was sometimes induced to undertake tasks which required his presence at different places simultaneously. A story floats around the village that he invited Professor Gore to din- ner, forgetting to mention the fact to his wife, and likewise being him- self absent from his festive board. He was quick in the adoption of expedients to remedy an incon- venience. Once when I was on my way to the railway station in a vil- lage vehicle, called a hack, I called at his home to take up himself, wife, children, and their baggage. When the driver called ‘“‘Time’s up,” he packed in all but himself, and I was wondering whether he would stand on the tongue of the vehicle. With no sign of haste he said, “Go on, driver; [ll overtake you.” Off he went to his stable, saddled and bridled his horse, pursued us in swift gallop, and we were on the train just as the bell cord was pulled. -- = At a Commencement when the village was unusually full of guests he was requested to see to their comfort. His hospitality had filled his own house and the last night he was unable to get a moment of sleep. Notwithstanding this, he started with a company of students to take the train at Merry Oaks, twenty miles distant. After a few minutes ride he said, ‘““Boys, I am sleepy. I will have to walk.” He alighted and kept up with the carriage eighteen miles without sign of exhaustion. He was, to all appearances, inaccessible to fear. When journeying through Oregon and the State of Washington with a company con- ducted by a guide through an extensive forest, he took a faney to leave the escort and the road and walk to their destination alone through the nnknown woods. Unmindful of the danger of losing his 2 JOURNAL oF THE MircuELy Soorrry [April bo way, or being attacked by bears or savage men, he found pleasure in his lonely tramp under the stately trees. He was a pioneer in the good roads movement. To him we owe the pleasant, winding descent from Chapel Hill, about a mile towards Durham to Bowlin’s creek, probably the first improved highway in Orange County. With his tireless energy he was urging other road betterments when he was called away to more important duties, to the ereat regret of the community, whom he loved so well and who loved him. When, just of age, he reached Chapel Hill, he probably had never seen a person in its limits. Although he had no trace of undue for- wardness of manner, such was his bonhomie and freedom from bash- fulness that in a very short time “Joe Holmes” was welcomed in all our families. The early years after his arrival he spent in the household of Rev. Dr. Charles Phillips, and to him and his wife Laura he was like unto ason. Their affection was mutual. There never was a man more charitable in word and deed. His generosity to the needy was only limited by his bank account. He never attributed bad motives to others, and he was lenient to offend- ers as long as there was hope of reform. His generosity to the Uni- versity was to the extent of his means. His name is among the sub- seribers to the History chair to a handsome amount, and he was one of the stockholders of our first gymnasium, which when erected was of essential value to the University. Although devoted to his church, he was totally without harsh thoughts of other denominations of Christians. Bigotry was no part of his sunny temper and sound sense. He was active in church affairs, an elder and a deacon. He and his warm friend, Dr. F. P. Venable, were prime movers in the purchase of a commodious manse in a pleasant neighborhood. Out of his meagre salary he paid about one-fifth of the purchase money. He was active in the formation of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, and was its first vice-president. In the early years of its valuable life he contributed to its columns fifteen papers on scientific subjects. He was a teacher in some of the Summer (or Normal) 1916] Houmes at THE UNIVERSITY 23 schools of the University and delivered interesting and able lectures in others. His wite, sister of one of North Carolina’s best citizens, Mr. James Sprunt of Wilmington, was a worthy daughter of the able and beloved servant of God, who as teacher of youth and minister of the Gospel, was a shining light in our southeastern counties, Rey. Dr. James M. Sprunt. Her excellent, tactful sense and devotion to all duties re- lieved her busy husband of household cares, so that his full time could be devoted to acquisition of knowledge and to his labors for science and his community. He once proved his love for the University and for Chapel Hill by securing a lot and erecting a commodious dwelling thereon. He was a model husband and father. His pleasant ways made all around him happy, and his sanguine temper and high principles descended to his children. In conclusion, I say that we never had a more useful and lovable citizen. All grieved that he left us, but he had our heartiest rejoicing over his upward career. There was grief in our community over his premature death. We mourned over the loss of one whom we loved and who loved us. ON LEIDY’S OURAM@BA AND ITS OCCURRENCE AT GREENSBORO, N. C. By E. W. GupDGER Owing to its extreme rarity (the present writer had previously seen but one specimen) it seems to be worthy of record that during the fall of 1914 I met with considerable numbers of this interesting proto- zoan. ‘These were large forms which from their easy mobility and very blunt pseudopods would have been designated as Ameba proteus but for the very considerable number of fungous filaments protruding from their posterior ends. These filaments stood out in a mass, not in separate tufts as Leidy’s figures mainly show, and in some eases were as many as 25, that many having been counted in one large speci- men—probably there were more. The free portions of these mycelial threads varied in length ; some were as long as the longest diameter of the ameebas, while others were only half as long as their hosts. The ameebas seemed in no wise incommoded by these tail-feather- like appendages, but moved freely, changing direction at will and hay- ing no trouble in ingesting diatoms with which their bodies were so gorged that neither nuclei, contractile vacuoles, nor the spores from which the mycelia arose could be seen. While the amcebas moved freely and changed direction often, there was no reversal of polarity ; the part in which the filaments were always remained posterior. The movement in a new direction never took place at an angle much if any greater than 90° from that of the previous motion, the “tail” being gradually switched around. These amcebas, to the number of two dozen or more, were observed from time to time in the course of class work, in fact, for more than two weeks hardly a laboratory period passed without one or more being found. But owing to great press of other work no attempt was made to ascertain their numbers in the material which was brought in in small wide-mouthed bottles and set in the full sunlight of the east- ern windows of the laboratory. However, all this material came from one place—a small swampy pool made by a little brook debouching on a flat at the foot of a hill. 24 1916} Leipy’s OuRAM@BA 25 Above this point the stream flows in a little valley on the sides of which are a considerable number of houses whose gardens and back lots extend down to its banks. Where it first emerged on the flat the stream widened out into a small clear pool, the lower shallow end of which had its bottem covered with diatoms. A little further down the flow of the water was obstructed by a fairly thick growth of weeds and grass, around and between which diatoms, desmids, and a species of Oscillaria covered the bottom with a brownish felt. So thick was this that in many cases the gas given off would float this felted mass to the surface of the water, where it could be skimmed off with a spoon or sucked up with a wide-mouthed pipette for transfer to the bottles referred to. This material fairly swarmed with ameebas, pro- teus being the most common form, sometimes 25 being counted in one field under the 16 mm. objective. In this material the Ouramcebas were found.* It is interesting to note that this is not the first record of the oceur- rence of this extraordinary rhizopod in North Carolina. Dr. W. L. Poteat of Wake Forest College found specimens at Wake Forest in February and March only of the years 1894, 1895, and 1896. In the first of these years he found but one, a notice of which he published in Nature for May 24, 1894. While in Science, under date of Decem- ber 2, 1898, he published a more extended and exceedingly inter- esting account with figures.t His specimens, it may be noted, came . from a small stream where, a few yards out from the spring in which it originated, it was-obstructed by water plants and where there was a good growth of Oscillaria. Furthermore, the above record is not that of the first occurrence of Ourameba in America. That great naturalist, Joseph Leidy, first found it near Philadelphia in May, 1874, and on the 12th of that month he gave an oral description of it before the Philadelphia Acad- emy of Natural Sciences. Since Leidy’s original description of this interesting rhizopod is not well known, it may be well to reproduce it here. *A recent visit to this collecting ground showed that all had been changed; heavy rains had brought down such quantities of sand that pool and swamp had both been filled. 7I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Poteat, whose later paper (1898) con- tains references to practically all the known literature. Examination of Doflein’s Protozoa shows that nothing -seems to have been added of late years. 26 JouRNAL oF THE MircHEeLy Socrery [April “Prof. Leidy remarked that * * * hehad discovered what he suspected to be a new generic form [of Ameba]. It has all the essen- tial characters of Ameba, but in addition is provided with tufts of ~ taillike appendages or rays, from which he acy to name the genus OURAMCBA. “The rays project from what may be regarded as the back part of the body, as the animal always moves or progresses in advance of the position of those appendages. The rays are quite different from pseu- dopods, or the delicate rays of the Actinophryens. They are not used in securing food, nor is their function obvious. The Ourameba moves like an ordinary Amaba, and obtains its food in the same manner. The tail-lke rays are not retractile, and they are rigid and coarse compared with those of Actinophryens. They are simple and un- branched, except at their origin, and they are cylindrical, of uniform breadth, and less uniform length. When torn from the body they are observed to originate from a common stock attached to a rounded eminence. “Several forms of the Ourameba were observed, but it is uncertain whether they pertain to one or several species. One of these forms had an oblong ovoid body about 1-Sth of a line long and 1-12th of a line broad. The tail-like rays formed half a dozen tufts, measuring in length about the width of the body. The latter was so gorged with large diatoms, such as Navicula viridis, together with the desmids and conferve, that the existence of a nucleus could not be ascertained. The species may be distinguished with the name OURAMC@BA VORAX. ““A second form, perhaps of different species, moved actively and extended its broad pseudopods like Ameba princeps. When first viewed beneath the microscope it appeared irregularly globular and about the 1-14th of a line in diameter. It elongated to the 1-6th of a line, and moved with its tail-like appendages in the rear. These ap- pendages formed five tufts about the 1-25th of a line long. The in- terior of the body exhibited a large contractile vesicle and a discoid nucleus. This second form may be distinguished with the name OURAMCGBA LAPSA. “Another Ourameba had two comparatively short tufts of three moniliform rays.” nd 1916} Leipy’s OuRAM@BA 27 On April 20 of the following year (1875) Leidy again made an oral communication to the Philadelphia Academy in which he gave the characters of the genus Ourameeba and of two species voraax and botulicauda, and declared that his lapsa of the previous year was in no wise different from voraw. The printed communication contains figures of Ourameba vorax and botulicauda, the first ever published of this interesting organism. After an interval of four years the United States Geological Survey published in sumptuous form Leidy’s great work, ‘“Fresh-water Rhiz- opods of North America,” illustrated with 48 plates, on number 9 of which are found his drawings of Ourameba, while his descriptions cover pages 66 to 72. This discovery of this amceba by Leidy is, however, the first for America only, for be it noted that the distinguished student of the Rhizopods, William Archer, on February 15, 1866, demonstrated before the Dublin Microscopical Club a protozoan rhizopod which he called Ameba villosa (Wallich) having “a large and numerous tuft of very long prolongations issuing from just behind the villous patch. * * * He thought it could be seen that these curious fasciculi were not composed of foreign bodies either issuing from or penetrat- ing into the Ameba, but were really linear prolongations of the sarcode itself. * * * This observation, quantum valeat, seems possibly to point to a still greater differentiation of parts than has yet been ob- served in this remarkable form.” Again, on February 24, 1870, Archer described another specimen of A. villosa from the villous posterior end of which “‘were given off a number, probably about a dozen, of long, very fine, linear pseudo- podial (?) processes. These were much finer and more delicate than the seemingly somewhat similar, though coarser, proc- esses recorded * * * in this form on a previous meeting.” Further, on 25 September, 1873, Archer again brought this ameeba to the attention of the Dublin Microscopiéal Club, the especial in- terest “consisting in the projection from the posterior end of a number of linear prolongations of the body substance (‘like a bundle of dipt- candles, if the candles were of varying lengths’).” Archer’s attention being called to an abstract published in the Monthly Microscopical Journal, November, 1874, of Leidy’s first 28 JourNAL or tur MrreoueLy Soorry [April note, he brought to the notice of the Dublin Microscopical Club on 19 November, 1874, his remarks on a similar form to which, under the name of A. villosa, he had called the attention of the Club on 15 Feb- ruary, 1866, and again on 24 February, 1870, and more recently on 25 September, 1873. From the brief description given in the abstract Archer coneluded that both he and Leidy had chanced on the same organism. Archer, having communicated to Leidy his previous discoveries, the latter in his second note above referred to (1875) agrees with Archer that they were both working on the same animal, but maintains his belief that it does not belong to the genus Ameba, but that there must be set up for it a new genus, Owrameba—tailed Ameba. Prior to the meeting of the Dublin Microscopical Club on January 20, 1876, Archer had thought that the much-discussed filaments were contractile, but on this day he exhibited a specimen in which, after staining, no contraction had taken place. However, his material abounded with specimens of the ordinary A. villosa which were, “the — appendages apart, quite identical with the so-called Ouwrameba.” So it seems that Archer never really understood what these filaments are. That other distinguished student of the Protozoa, Dr. Wallich, having complained (1875) that Leidy had redescribed his Ameba villosa as his (the latter’s) Owrameba, Leidy attempted in an oral communication before the Philadelphia Academy (October 5, 1875) to set the matter clear. It seemed that Wallich, not having as yet seen Leidy’s figures, thought that the latter had reference to the ordinary short villous processes at the multi-rayed star-shaped end of Ameba villosa. These processes do as a matter of fact often look like short fine fungous threads—so the present writer thought the first time that he ever saw them. However, Leidy’s figures (1875) made it clear that the two forms were absolutely different. While it is clear that Leidy in his earlier papers (1874 and 1875) recognized that the tufted structures at the rear of his specimens were not protoplasmic, since they were non-retractile, it is equally clear that he did not know what they were. However, in his great book he says on this point: ‘Filaments flexible, cylindrical, tubular, inartieu- late or articulate, resembling the mycelial threads of fungi, perfectly 1916 Lemy’s Ovrama@ba 29 passive, and neither retractile nor extensile.” *~ * * “When first seen I regarded the animal as an Ameba proteus, dragging after it a bundle of mycelial threads. The recurrence of several individuals led me to examine the animal more attentively, when I came to the conclusion that the threads were part of its structure.” It may be well here to give Leidy’s full description of this remark- able amceba, since it may not be accessible to most students: “The filamentary caudal appendages of Ourameba vorax consist of from one to half a dozen distinct tufts, usually collected into a single bundle trailing longitudinally behind the body. * * * Each tuft is composed of from a pair to six or more filaments emanating from a common point or stem, from which they divide and more or less di- verge. The filaments are of variable length, not only in the same individual, but also proportionately with the body in different indi- viduals. Sometimes they are few and short or long; more frequently they are numerous and as long as the body, or longer. They are straight, curved, and often irregularly bent; cylindrical and blunt, or sometimes acute or swollen at the end. They are mostly simple from their point of origin, but sometimes branch off from near the latter, and rarely elsewhere. Sometimes an individual is seen in which the filaments appear irregularly contracted at one or more points, and bent or twisted, as if in these positions they had been injured or become atrophied. * * * Im structure, the caudal filaments of Ourameba vorax consist of a colorless membranous tube with pale granular contents, mingled with a variable proportion of oil-like molecules. The latter sometimes increase to considerable drops elongated in the course of the enclosing tube. a “The mode of fixation of the caudal filaments is difficult to com- prehend. In a detached tuft, the root appeared to be continuous with a ball of homogeneous protoplasm. * * * “Tn the movements of Ourameba the caudal filaments are entirely passive, and are usually dragged along behind it. Sometimes in varied movements of the animal the tufts of filaments become more or less separated at their root to a greater distance than usual, and widely diverge from one another. * * * “The caudal filaments present so much resemblance to the mycelial threads of fungi that I have suspected they may he of this nature, and 30 JOURNAL oF THE MirouELt Society [April parasitic in character, due to the germination of spores which had been swallowed as food. I have repeatedly recognized, among the food of various Amebe, different kinds of fungus-spores, and it is not unlikely that these lowly creatures may be infested with fungus- parasites, just as we frequently find to be the case with insects. Even the constancy in the extension of the filaments from a particular part of the body is no objection to the conjecture, for in insects we observe certain species of Spheria growing as constantly from the head. There is, however, perhaps, an important objection to this view, and that is, the caudal filaments do not grow from a mycelium within the protoplasmic mass of the body of the animal.”* In 1885 Gruber described several specimens of Amaba binucleata in which could be seen large numbers of short colorless thread-like or rod-like bodies of uniform thickness wholly within the protoplasm. These Gruber thought to be mold-hyph living symbiotically within the ameebas. ; When treated with osmic acid an interesting change took place: for, as the acid caused the protoplasm to contract, the rods were made to project outside the ectosare like bundles of needle-shaped crystals. For this Gruber had no explanation save to conjecture that his speci- mens might be something like Leidy’s, in which the threads projected from the living specimens were recognized by him (Gruber) as plainly mold-hyphe. In his excellent figures, Gruber shows these threads magnified 300 times (the amceba here measuring 2 x 3 inches) as mere lines without lumina or appreciable thickness. Even in figures drawn under a mag- nification of 550 diameters a lumen could hardly be distinguished with the naked eye, and in no ease could septa be seen. Whatever the explanation of these phenomena, it is quite clear that we do not here have structures parallel with those in Ourameba.t We now come to a consideration of the question, “What is Oura- meba?” “Ts ita valid genus?” It has been shown that Archer con- jectured that the prolongations from his specimens were stiff proto- plasmic processes, such as are found in Actinophrys. In the quota- *Rhizopods, page 79. tGruber, August. Studien iber Amében. Zeitschrift fir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 41: 210. 1885. 1916) Lerpy’s OuRAM@BA 31 tions from Leidy it is clearly seen that he was half-way convinced that the processes were fungous threads—a thing plainly to be seen in his elegant figures—but he never clearly gave himself up to this con- clusion. However, this matter has been settled beyond the reach of contro- versy by Poteat in the second of his papers (1898) previously referred to. In this paper by figures and description he clearly shows that these filaments always arise from spores imbedded in the protoplasm, and that a tuft of filaments arises by the branching of a stalk originat- ing from such a spore. The hyphz in his specimens were all non- septate, in Leidy’s specimens and mine plainly segmented. The crea- tures sometimes lost their tufts of filaments, but Poteat found that neither the molds nor the amebas were in any wise affected by the separation. Again, Poteat’s specimens agreed with Leidy’s, Archer’s, and mine in that the filaments took no active part whatever in the movements of the ameeba, being entirely passive, dragged about by the rhizopod, and shifted as it changed its position and shape. In short, Leidy’s Ourameba falls to the ground; it is simply an ordinary Ameba which has ingested mold spores, and these in turn have sprouted and formed rudimentary mycelia, nourished in part, as Poteat conjectures, by the wastes of the host. Archer’s specimens were A. villosa, Leidy’s (judging by his figures) were A. proteus, as were Poteat’s, and as my two dozen specimens all were. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OURAM@BA Archer, William. (Exhibition of Amceba villosa Wallich.) SERENE Journal of Microscopical Science, 6: 190. 1866. On a remarkable Ameba villosa Wallich. Quarterly Journal of Microscopi- cal Science, 10: 305. 1870. On a remarkable Ameeba villosa Wallich. Guntiers Journal of Microscopi- eal Science, 14: 212. 1874. On the proposed genus Ouramceba Leidy. Quarterly Journal of Microscopi- cal Science, 15: 207. 1875. On Ourameeba Leidy. Quarterly Journal of 2 HORSE Science, 16: 337. 1876. 32 Journvar or rie Mircne.i Socrery [April Leidy, Joseph. ] Notices of some new fresh-water Rhizopods (Ourameeba and others). Oral | communication, May 12, 1874. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural | Sciences of Philadelphia, 26: 77. 1874. ‘ On Ouramceba. (Oral communication.) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 27: 126. 1875. On Wallich’s Amceba villosa. (Oral communication.) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 27: 414. 1875. Fresh-water Rhizopods of North America, pp. 66-72, pl. IX, figs. 1-17. Wash- — ington. 1879. Poteat, W. L. On Ourameeba. Nature, 50: 79. 1894. On Leidy’s genus Ouramceba. Science, n. s., 8: 778. 1898: : On Leidy’s Ourameeba. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, p. 370. 1875. = Notr.—The Proceedings of the Dublin Microscopical Society were published in the various issues of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. NOTES ON THE HERPETOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA By Kari Parrerson SCHMIDT An expedition of Cornell students, under Professor G. D. Harris of the Department of Paleontology of that university, visited the coastal plain of North Carolina in the summer of 1915 to study the geology and collect Tertiary fossils from some of the famous localities of the State. Dr. A. H. Wright of the Department of Zodlogy pro- vided the author of these notes with an outfit for collecting and pre- serving vertebrates, with the result that a few herpetological speci- mens were added to the University museum. Advantage was taken of every possible opportunity to search for cold-blooded vertebrates, but as this was essentially a subordinate activity, the specimens are few in number and from widely scattered localities. While all of the species observed are listed, the chief inter- est and value of the records lie in the comparative rarity of certain of the Ophidian forms. Several specimens are due to the interest taken by other members of the party, and the writer owes especial thanks to Mr. Axel Olsson, with whom he was chiefly associated while in the State. A few speci- mens collected in North Carolina by Mr. Francis Harper in the sum- mer of 1913, and (in part) identified by the writer, are included in the following list. Identification of the material has been made by means of Cope,! Ditmars,? and Dickerson,? while C. S. Brimley’s Keys to the Am- phibia and Reptilia of the State, and his recently published State list, have proved most useful in the study. Reference has been made to C. S. Brimley’s “Notes on Turtles of the Genus Pseudemys”® and “The Box Tortoises of Southeastern North America.”7 Dr. A. H. Wright has kindly confirmed the identification of doubtful specimens. 1. Cope, E. D. Batrachia of N. A., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34. Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of N. A., Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898. . Ditmars, R. L. The Reptile Book. . Dickerson, Mary C. The Frog Book. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Society, 23: 141. 1907 Same, 30: 195. 1915. . Same, 23: 76. 1907. Same, 20: 27. 1904. NO Wp wy 33 34 JourNAL ov tur Mrrcue.i Socrery [April AMPHIBIA URODELA 1. Manculus quadridigitatus (Holbrook). Three young specimens about an inch long were found under dead leaves in the sink next the “Natural Well,’ two miles S. W. of Mag- nolia (Duplin County), July 10, 1915. 2. Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque). Two specimens were taken under leaves on the sloping side of the Natural Well, Magnolia, July 10, 1915. ANURA. 3. Bufo lentiginosus (Shaw). One specimen was taken by Mr. Francis Harper at Shackleford Banks, Beaufort, August 3, 1913. i ; One adult and one young specimen are from Brown’s Island, Carteret County, August 9, 1918, collected by Mr. Francis Harper. Two small specimens came from Gloucester, taken August 10, 1913, by Mr. Francis Harper. : One adult and three recently transformed specimens were taken near the Natural Well, July 10, 1915. It has seemed preferable to refrain from further diagnosis of these specimens at present. They are not lentiginosus lentiginosus, and all seem much closer to l. americanus than to the form considered com- mon on the coastal plain, l. fowleri. 4. Bufo quercicus (Holbrook). One full-grown specimen, almost black and without markings, was taken July 10, 1915, at the Natural Well. 5. Acris gryllus (Le Conte). This species was seen at Camden Point, at the junction of the North River with Albemarle Sound, July 4, 1915. Six specimens were taken by Mr. Francis Harper, August 10, 1913, at Gloucester. ». Hyla cinerea (Daudin). The chorus of this species was at full strength at Camden Point, July 4, and at New Bern, July 11, 1915. Three specimens were taken at Camden Point. 7. Hyla versicolor (Le Conte). The note of this species was heard at Camden Point, July 4, 1915, but no specimens were secured. 8. Rana sphenocephala (Cope). I have one specimen from the mainland at Beaufort, September 10, 1918, collected by Mr. Francis Harper. Two full-grown specimens were taken July 4, 1915, at Camden Point. One large and two small specimens were captured at the Natural Well, July 10, 1915. 1916| HerrrrroLtogy or Norrm Carouina 35 a; Rana clamata (Daudin). Two adult specimens were taken in the water at the Natural Well, July 10, 1915. 10. Rana catesbeana (Shaw). a. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16- iff” 18. One specimen comes from the Natural Well, July 10, 1915. REPTILIA TURTLES Chrysemys concinna (Le Conte). This species was abundant in Lake Waccamaw, inhabiting the shal- low water, especially the area covered by lily pads (Nymphea sagit- taefolia). One adult specimen was taken July 8, 1915. Chrysemys scripta (Schoepf). Adults of this species were associated with C. concinna noted above. Three young specimens, carapace about two inches in length, were taken by Mr. Axel Olsson in a small run tributary to Lake Waccamaw, July 8, 1915. In contrast with the habits of the adults of this and the above species, which were extremely wary, these were quite indifferent to our approach. All three agree excellently with Ditmars’ figure.’ Malacoclemmys centrata (Daudin). Two small specimens were taken by Mr. Francis Harper, at Beau- fort, summer of 1913. Clemmys guttatus (Schneider). One specimen was taken by Mr. Francis Harper, September 10, 1913, at Beaufort (mainland). Another, taken July 9, 1915, in a small roadside run, at Camp Perry, near Jacksonville, was found by Mr. C. P. Alexander. Terrapene carolina (Linn.). One adult specimen was found in a pool in the road near Councils (Bladen County), July 9, 1915. Caretta caretta (Linn.). A small specimen comes from Beaufort, summer of 1913, taken by Mr. Francis Harper. LIZARDS Anolis carolinensis (Cuvier). z Mr. Francis Harper collected a small specimen from the mainland at Beaufort, September 10, 1913. One specimen from the Natural Well was taken July 10, 1915. This species was also observed at Lake Waccamaw. Ophisaurus ventralis (Linn.). Two specimens came from Piver’s Island, Beaufort, taken in August, 1913, by Mr. Francis Harper. 8. Ditmars, R. L. The Reptile Book, plate XVI. 36 JouRNAL oF THE MrroHELL Soorety [April 19. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linn.). A small specimen from Carrot Island, Beaufort, August 25, 1913, was taken by Mr. Francis Harper. A very dark specimen, the lines almost obsolete, was found in a typi- cal blueberry-cactus environment, at Bridgeton, opposite New Bern, July 11, 1915. 20. Lygosoma laterale (Say). A single specimen, the only one seen during the summer, was taken under wet leaves on the slope of the Natural Well, where it was asso- ciated with Desmognathus fusca noted above, also on July 10, 1915. 21. Plestiodon quinquelineatus (Linn.). Specimens of this species were seen in a situation remarkably wet and marshy for a lizard, on Camden Point, near the mouth of the North River, July 4, 1915. Only one was captured. SNAKES 22. Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linn.). The only garter snake seen on the trip was a very dark and obscurely striped sirtalis, best referable to the typical variety. The specimen was taken on a hummock in the swampy forest of Camden Point, July 4, 1915. 23. Opheodrys wstivus (Linn.). Two specimens were seen and one taken at Camden Point, July 4, 1915. 24. Lampropeltis doliatus (Linn.). One specimen of this handsome snake was found by Mr. Axel Olsson on the low bluff at Lake Waccamaw, July 8, 1915. The coloration of this snake is that of the typical L. doliatus doliatus, with an approach to Cope’s parallelus anteriorly; reference to A. E. Brown’s discussion of the variation in this species,» however, proves it to be L. doliatus coccineus, with which it agrees in number of gasterosteges and in the absence (frequent in that subspecies!°) of the loral plate. 25. Lampropeltis getulus getulus (Linn.). One medium-sized specimen was taken in woods bordering the Neuse River, about nine miles below New Bern, by Messrs. E. R. Smith and Bayard Taylor, July 9, 1915. 26. Farancia abacura (Holbrook). A large specimen of this snake was found freshly killed on the bank of the Chowan River, near Tunis, by Messrs. Axel Olsson and Bayard Taylor, July 20, 1915. 27. Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach). A specimen of this species was found in a rotten pine log just above the Natural Well, at Magnolia, July 10, 1915. 9. A. E. Brown. A Review of the Genera and Species of American Snakes North of Mex- ico, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 53: 71. 1901. 10. O. S. Brimley. Notes on the Scutellation of the Red King Snake, Ophibolus doliatus coccineus Schlegel, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Soc., 21: 145. 1905. 1916| Herrrrotoey or Norra CaroLrna 37 28. Rhadinea flavilata (Cope). One specimen of this rare species was found under a pine log near Councils (Bladen County), July 9, 1915. 29. Tantilla coronata (Baird and Girard). A single specimen was found in the same log with the Cemophora noted above, at the Natural Well, July 10, 1915. CoRNELL University, IrHaca, N. Y. THE LAUREL OAK OR DARLINGTON OAK (QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA MICHX.) By W. C. CoKER Quercus Laurvfolia is one of the handsomest and most ornamental oaks to be found in any country, and it is rapidly growing in popu- larity as a street and lawn tree. This is the tree that is thought by many people in the Pee Dee section of South Carolina to have orig- inated near the town of Darlington, in the county of that name, and, based on this belief, the name Darlington Oak has gained a rather wide currency. In their recent catalog the well known nursery firm of P. J. Berckmans Company, of Augusta, Ga., list this tree as “Quercus Darlington,” and say of it: “This is a very handsome form of Evergreen, or Live Oak. The tree is of more upright growth than . the Live Oak. A magnificent species, and very popular wherever known.” One would suppose from this that the tree was closely related to the Live Oak (Quercus virginiana), but it really belongs to an entirely different group of oaks, and is most nearly related to the Willow Oak (Quercus Phellos) and Water Oak (Q. nigra). The supposition that the tree originated at Darlington, and is pe culiar to that section, is likewise an erroneous one. The home of the tree is a strip of varying width along the southern coast from Vir- ginia to Louisiana, and Darlington is not even included in its native area. The source of the error seems to be in the early introduction of the Laurel Oak into Darlington as an ornamental, and their great popularity and increase there. The species has now become estab- lished as wild at Darlington and nearby places, such as Springville, but there are no old trees in the woods in that section, and the zone in which it is really native does not come probably within some thirty or forty miles of Darlington. To Mx. W. D. Woods, of Darlington, one of the sincerest lovers of trees, as well as most indefatigable champions of their rights, is largely due the fact that the real beauty and value of the Darling- ton Oak has come to be so extensively appreciated. Mr. Woods is still, I think, somewhat skeptical as to the identity of the Dar- 38 L __ a me Z WLVIg PLATE 3 QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA, ABouT 25 YEARS OLD, WINTER CONDITION. i 1916| Quercus LAURIFOLIA 39 lington Oak with the Laurel Oak, but he is open-minded enough to have gathered for me what information he could concerning the introduction of the tree into Darlington. He writes me that Mrs. Charles A. Dargan, a lady of superior intelligence, informs him that somewhat over one hundred years ago her grandfather brought either the acorns or the young plants from the low country, and that they were introduced into Darlington in that way. Mr. Woods also says that “about the same time Mr. Moses Sanders bronght some Live Oak acorns from the low country and planted them out, and I am very sure that all the Live Oaks in the immediate vicinity came from them. The largest one of these Live Oaks is nearly thirteen feet in circumference. There are two Darlington Oaks on the old Gibson place, planted about the same time, that are nearly seventeen feet around.” This Live Oak and the two Darlington Oaks are “between four and five hundred feet apart, growing in identically the same soil, and the difference in the size proves the Live Oak to be considerably slower in growth” than the Darlington Oak. ‘These Gibson trees are the largest Darlington Oaks that we have, and are still in fair order.” Further interesting observations by Mr. Woods are as follows: “One of the remarkable things about the Darlington Oak is its abil- ity, not possessed by any of the others, to take possession of a piece of land and literally cover it with young trees. It is a very prolific bearer of acorns and every acorn can be counted on to make a tree. Then, too, the comparative ease with which it can be transplanted, outside of its matchless beauty, renders it a tree of inestimable value. The place in Springville where Captain Coker once resided is almost entirely covered with them, and they are spreading in almost every direction. The Willow Oak is a magnificent tree, but produces very few acorns and is never found in any considerable numbers. TI tried, for some years, to get some of the acorns. before I succeeded, and now have from 500 to 1,000 seedlings. There are quite a number of places where the Darlington Oak prevails, and right in the town you could gather the acorns by the barrel; in fact, if it were possible to, gather them you could ship a car-load of them, and they never fail to bear.” Largely through the activities of Mr. Woods, Darlington has now become the center for the distribution of this fine oak, and they are 40 JOURNAL or THE MircuEry Socimry [April being planted in many cities such as Columbia, Charleston, and New Orleans. As Mr. Woods says, the tree is a very heavy bearer of acorns, of high vitality, and, im contrast to most other trees, seems ~ never to miss a good crop. One of the most remarkable qualities of the Laurel Oak is its habit of holding its leaves through the entire year throughout most of its range. Towards its northern limit and when planted outside of the coastal plain this habit is modified to a varying degree, depending on the climate. In the low country of South Carolina and along the gulf to New Orleans the tree is nearly or completely evergreen, but at Dar- lington and Hartsville, S. C., the leaves fall slowly through the winter, usually beginning at the tips of the branches and proceeding inwards, so that by February or March only the center remains decidedly green, with scattered green leaves in the peripheral parts. I have planted one of these trees here in Chapel Hill, N. C., where spring is about eight days later than at Hartsville, and about two-thirds of its leaves are gone by spring. On the other hand, young Live Oaks brought by me to Chapel Hill have held their leaves longer. Just as the buds begin to break in the spring both of these species rapidly drop their remaining leaves, and for a few days are almost naked. I have never seen published a good illustration of the Laurel Oak as it stands in the open, and have thought it worth while to accompany these notes with several photographs of the trees as they appear in Darlington and Hartsville. Plates 2 and 3 are of the same tree grow- ing in the lawn of Mr. J. J. Lawton, Hartsville, S. C., showing its summer and winter condition. Plate 4 is of a tree growing in an open field in Darlington, S. C., and Plate 5 is of an old tree in a lawn in Darlington.* CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. *The cost of the plates has been borne by Maj. J. L. Coker, of Hartsville. ‘d1Q SUVAA 09 LAOdY ‘VIoarMAvT sHoudnyh fF Wv1g av wav snow ‘a1O SUVAA OTT ony ‘Vv L g tivid JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific ‘Society Volume XXXII , j JULY, 1916 Number 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE HELD AT THE STATE AGRICULTURAL AND ME- CHANICAL COLLEGE, WEST RALEIGH, N. C., FRI- DAY AND SATURDAY, APRIL 28 and 29, 1916 The Executive Committee—President A. S. Wheeler, Vice- president W. A. Withers, and Secretary-treasurer E. W. Gudger, ex officio ; Z. P. Metealf and W. C. Coker—met at 2:45 p. m. on Friday. The Secretary-treasurer reported the finances of the Academy to be in better condition than last year; and that the membership January 1, 1914, was 69, that 6 members were lost by nonpayment of dues and 1 by removal from the state, while 10 applicants were admitted ; the membership on January 1, 1915, being 72. An invitation to meet at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1917 was unanimously accepted. The following applicants for membership were then unanimously elected: 1. Andrews, Rey. Theodore, Lexington. . Balderston, Mark, Professor of Physics, Guilford College. . Beardslee, H. C., Professor in Asheville School for Boys, Asheville. . Bell, J. M., Professor of Physical Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. . Brewer, Charles E., President Meredith College, Raleigh. - Browne, W. H., Jr., Professor Electrical Engineering, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. : . Bruner, E. Murray. United States Forest Examiner, Lenoir. . Detjen, L. R., Assistant Horticulturist, Experiment Station, West Raleigh. - Gray, Dan T., Chief Division Animal Industry, Experiment Station, West Raleigh. 10. Henderson, Archibald, Professor of Mathematics, University North Caro- lina, Chapel Hill. em CO bo oO =] oo (41 42 JOURNAL or THE MircHELL Society [July 11. Johnson, E. D., Head Department Science, City High School, Asheville. 12. Kaupp, B. F., Professor of Poultry Science, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. 5 13. Lake, J. L., Professor Physics, Wake Forest College, Wake Forest. 14. Nowell, J. W., Professor of Chemistry, Wake Forest College, Wake Forest. 15 Pillsbury, J. P., Professor of Horticulture, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. 16. Randolph, Mrs. E. O., Elon College. 17. Randolph, Edgar E., Analytical Chemist, Elon College. 18. Rhoades, Verne, United States Forest Examiner, Asheville. 19. Riddick, W. C., Professor Civil Engineering, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. 20. Roberts, G. A., Professor of Veterinary Medicine, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. 21. Ware, J. O., Instructor in Entomology, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. 22. Wilson, Miss Margaret, Head Department of Science, High School, Wilson. 23. Wolf, F. A., Professor of Plant Pathology, A. and M. College, West Raleigh. President Wheeler called the Academy to order in regular session at 3:15 and appointed the following committees: Resolutions, W. C. Coker, J. J. Wolfe, and George W. Lay; Auditing, Bert Cun- ningham, J. E. Smith, and J. S. Downing; Nominating, C. W. Edwards, Collier Cobb, and Franklin Sherman, Jr. The reading of papers was then begun with 24 members and a number of visitors present. Adjournment was had at 5:15, when seven papers had been read, that the members might take an automobile ride over the city as the guests of the local members. At 8:15 p. m. the Academy convened in evening session in the Y. M. C. A. auditorium, where it was cordially welcomed to the A. & M. College by President D. H. Hill. Then President A. S. Wheeler of the Academy gave his presidential address on “The Critical Dyestuff Situation” with a demonstration of materials. Next Professor E. W. Gudger read his paper on “Echeneis or Remora; a Living Fish-Hook,” illustrated with specimens and photo- graphs of old figures. The Academy met in annual business session at 9:10 Saturday morning with some 25 members present. The minutes of last meet- ing were read and approved. The place of next meeting was an- nounced and the list of new members—the largest but one in the history of the Academy—was read. The Treasurer then read his 1916 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 43 annual report as follows, and the Auditing Committee reported it correct and all accounts in order. Report or E. W. Guperr, Treasurer, 1915-1916 RECEIPTS EXPENSES alancea Jabt AUG. .06 0 nce ae oo $ 160.97 PrOCGEOINER Lotte cle siet stele rere stele $ 75.00 Dues since last audit. . 97.00 Secretary's expenses 1915 meeting. 5.90 Interest S. B. account. 4.22 Secretary's dues, 1914-1915....... 2.00 Isis SS osaohocunabepers too bHo 4.00 Postage .... 7.51 Clerical help . 1.00 Total receipts .. Total expemses .........-005 $ 95.41 Less expenses GUAGE) nos SoGuups Sp oamancan $ 166.78 RESOURCES OUTSTANDING DEBTS Savings bank balance............ $ 108.29 Proceedings Ol Go apajemieis-1s)e)stakeieials $ 75.00 Checking bank balance........... RAG) OTN Gin ee ererstertete re cteiekebotstcreretaretareieys 6.25 ———— Miscellaneous (about) ..........- 10.00 NEAT 4.) 35 GRO CIOS cROTIERS $ 166.78 Dues unpaid (about)............ 20.00 TNotale CADOMG) mrelcraleclerctoralcteteie $ 91.25 Stamped envelopes (about)....... 9.00 Estimated resources ......... $ 195.78 Estimated debts ............ 91.25 Estimated balance ........... $ 104.53 The Nominating Committee next reported and the following officers were elected for 1916-17: President, F. P. Venable, Pro- fessor of Chemistry, University of North Carolina; Vice-president, H. C. Beardslee, Asheville School for Boys; Secretary-treasurer, E. W. Gudger, Professor of Biology, State Normal College; additional members of Executive Committee: J. E. Smith, Assistant in Ge- ology, University of North Carolina; E. O. Randolph, Professor of Geology and Biology, Elon College; Bert Cunningham, Head of the Department of Science, Durham High School. The Resolutions Committee then reported as follows: 1. WHEREAS, in the death of Joseph Austin Holmes the North Carolina Academy of Science has lost a most honored member—one who in his life ex- emplified what we believe to be the true ideals of science, in that, with com- plete devotion of his superb industry and rare gifts to the public good, he sacrificed ease, comfort, and even life itself that the life of his fellows might be more secure: Therefore be it resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to extend to the family of Dr. Holmes’ the profound sympathy of this Academy and to in- corporate a copy of this resolution in the minutes of this meeting. 2. Resolved, That the North Carolina Academy of Science hereby express to the officers and faculty of the A. and M. College and to the citizens of Raleigh their grateful appreciation of their abundant hospitality and of the many 44 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Society [July kindly and thoughtful acts which have made this meeting one of the pleasant- est in our recollection. The Committee on Membership appointed in 1915 was continued for another year as follows: Chapel Hill, A. H. Patterson; Durham, Bert Cunningham; Greensboro, Miss Gertrude Mendenhall; Guil- ford College, Mark Balderston ; Raleigh, C. S. Brimley and Z. P. Metcalf; State at large, F. Sherman, Jr., and the Secretary. Protessor J. J. Wolfe then offered the following motion, which, after some discussion, was adopted : That the Academy take measures to secure representation in the South Eastern Association of Schools and Colleges, and that the Secretary, or, in case of his inability to attend, the President, shall represent the Academy. That the Academy pay all expenses attendant upon such representation. It was the sense of the Academy that some scientific body be represented in the above association to offer advice as to the making out of science courses for southern high schools, and by the preced- ing motion the North Carolina Academy of Science offers its services. Professor Collier Cobb called attention to the fact that no adequate mapping out of our Atlantic Coastal Plain has ever been made al- though very necessary from a standpoint of preparedness. On his motion the President appointed a committee to urge this matter on our congressmen. Professors Collier Cobb, E. W. Gudger, and H. C. Beardslee were named as the committee. At 9:55 the reading of papers in the joint session of the Academy and the North Carolina Section of the American Chemical Society was begun. All the chemical papers on the Academy program and those on the Chemists’ list which were of general] interest were read, President Wheeler presiding. At 10:45 the two bodies separated, the reading of papers in the Academy continuing with Vice-president W. A. Withers in the chair. All papers having been finished or called for, the Academy adjourned at 1:33 p.m. Of the 23 papers on the program only 3 were read by title. The membership of the Academy at the present time (88) is as follows, those present at this meeting being indicated by a *: Allen, Prof. W. M.; Andrews, Rey. Theodore; Balcomb, Prof. E. E.; *Balder- ston, Prof. Mark; *Beardslee, Prof. H. C.; *Bell, Prof. J. M.; Brewer, Pres. 1916 | ProcreEpINGs or THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 45 Chas. E.; *Brimley, C. S.; *Brimley, H. H.; *Browne, W. H., Jr., Prof.; Bru- ner, E. Murray; Bruner, S. C.; Cane, Prof. Wm.; *Carruth, F. E.; *Clapp, S. C.; *Cobb, Prof. Collier; Cobb, Wm. B.; *Coker, Prof. W. C.; Collett, R. W.; *Cunningham, Prof. Bert; *Detjen, Mr. L. R.; *Downing, Prof. J. S.; *Ed- wards, Prof. C. W.; Farmer, Prof. C. N.; Field, R. H.; *George, W. C.; *Gray, Dr. Dan T.; Gove, Dr. Anna M.; *Gudger, Prof. E. W.; Hammel, Prof. W. C. A.; Henderson, Prof, Archibald; *Herty, Prof. C. H.; Hickerson, Prof. T. F.; Hoff- mann, S W.; Holmes, J. S.; *Hutt, Dr. W. N.; Ives, Prof. J. D.; Johnson, Prof. E. D.; Kaupp, Prof. B. F.; *Kilgore, Prof. B. W.; Lake, Prof. J. L.; *Lanneau, Prof. J. F.; *Lay, Rev. George W.; *Leiby, R. W.; Lewis, Dr. R. H.; Lyon, Prof. Mary; MelIver, Mrs. Chas. D.; MacNider, Prof. W. de B.; MacNider, Dr. G. M.; Mendenhall, Prof. Gertrude; *Metcalf, Prof. Z. P.; Mills, Dr. J. E.; Newman, Prof. C. L.; Nowell, Prof. J. W.; Patterson, Prof. A. H.; Pegram, Prof. W. H.; Pillsbury, Prof, J. P.; *Plummer, Mr. J. K.; Poteat, Pres. W. L.; Potwine, Miss Elizabeth B; *Pratt, Dr. J. H.; *Randolph, Prof. E. O.; Ran- dolph, Mrs. E. Oscar; Randolph, Prof. Edgar E.; Rankin, Dr. W. S.; Rhoades, Mr. Verne; *Riddick, Prof. W. C.; *Roberts, Dr. G. A.; Robinson, Miss Mary; *Sherman, Mr. Franklin, Jr.; *Shore, Dr. C. A.; *Smith, J. E.; *Spencer, H.; Stiles, Dr. C. W.; Strong, Prof. Cora; *Totten, Mr. Henry R.; Venable, Prof. F. P.; *Ware, J. O.; *Wheeler, Prof. A. S.; *Williams, Prof. L. F.; Wilson, Prof. H. V.; *Wilson, Miss Margaret; *Winters, Prof. R. Y.; *Withers, Prof. W. A.; *Wolf, Prof. F. A.; *Wolfe, Prof. J. J.; Wilson, R. N.; Hobbs, A. W. In addition to the presidential address, which is published herein in full, the following papers were read : Somre Kynown CHANGES IN THE Lanp VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF Nortu CaroLina BY C. S. BRIMLEY This paper will appear in full in the next number of this Journat. Tur Two Rarreign AMBLYSTOM©® CoMPARED BY C. S. BRIMLEY A. punctatum. A. opacum. Adults. _ Bluish black, with a broken Color. Brownish black with a white stripe down each side of double row of yellow spots back connected with its fellow on back and tail. by white cross bars, not exceed- ing six in number. White cross- Size. Length about 6 to 7 inches, bars on tail. Length about 4 tail about half total length. inches, tail less than half total length. 46 JOURNAL oF THE MircHELL Society [July Not in gelatinous masses, but separate from each other, laid in Eggs. Laid in gelatinous masses groups under dead logs in the in water in February. beds of dried-up pools in Octo- ber. Adults usually found curled up on eggs. Larvae. Develop into adults about Develop into adults about May, July, attaining a length of attaining a length of at least about 2 inches. 2% inches. ArIsTOoTLe’s EcHEenetis Nor a SUcKING-FISH BY E. W. GUDGER The identity of this fish was discussed and date presented to show that it was a goby, while evidence was adduced that the ‘‘dol- phin’s louse,” elsewhere referred to by Aristotle in his History of Animals, was a sucking-fish. The full paper is nearly ready for publication. Tur Ecuenris or Remora; a Livine Fisn-HooK BY E. W. GUDGER The tendency of this fish to adhere to turtles, sharks, or any large fish by means of its cephalic sucking disk, is made use of in many parts of the world to render easy the catching of fish. A thin cord is tied around the “small” of the tail of the fish and it is set free in the water. Finding a turtle or fish, the fisherman-fish clamps itself fast to it, and both are hauled in by the fisherman. This use of the living fish-hook was traced back to 1494, when Columbus (the first European to see it so used) witnessed its exploits on the south side of Cuba in his second voyage. The paper was illustrated by numerous photographs of illustrations in old books, showing this use of the fish. The completed paper will be published later. Some Inrerestine MusHrooms BY W. C. COKER Several species, new or rare in North Carolina, where shown, with photographs and paintings. Naucoria sp. A species of this genus, not recorded from this state, has appeared in manured soil in the Arboretum of the Univer- 1916 | PROCEEDINGS oF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 47 sity for several years. It is of good size and very resistant to decay, and was tested and found harmless, and if properly prepared so as to get rid of the bitter taste of the gills makes a very pleasant dish. As it begins to appear very early in the season, during April, and before other species of any size are out, it is a valuable addition to our list of edibles. The species seems nearest NV. hamadryas, but differs from it in some respects. Clavaria spiculispora Atkinson. A painting of this species was shown. It was described from our collection of Chapel Hill plants. It is remarkable for the very deep brown color (deepest of any other American Clavaria), and the very long spicules on the spores. We have since found it in the moun- tains near Black Mountain. It is not known except from this state. Amanita chlorinosma Pk. Photographs and paintings were shown to illustrate the great range in size and color of this species. White, greenish, salmon, reddish, and ashy-brown forms occur. All the forms have a dis- tinct odor ot chlorine. Nyctalis asterophora Fr. A photo was shown of this plant growing on Russula nigricans. Tt is very peculiar in having another mushroom for its host, and in the degenerated gills. The functional spores are not borne on the gills as usual, but on the cap as a fine powder, and are very large and irregular. VENEREAL [NFEcTIONS IN ANIMALS BY G. A. ROBERTS Observations, investigations and reports indicate very widespread venereal infections in this country and abroad among domestic ani- mals, horses, cattle, sheep, swine, ete: Such infections have been known to exist in the human family for a long time. Few people have recognized the extent and the manifold results of these infections. The most extensive investigations and the greatest losses, direct and indirect, in animals have been among dairy cattle and breeding herds. 48 JourNAL or THE MircHELy Socrery [July The specific organism responsible for the infection in cattle has all but universally been accepted as the Bacillus abortus (Bang) Many cases of infection with the B. abortus are too mild to produce clinical symptoms. The results observed in many such infections, however, are: abortions, including premature births, still births and birth of weaklings; metritis (inflammation of the uterus) ; and ster- ilities, temporary and permanent. Retained “after-birth” is quite common in cattle when expulsion of the fetus occurs during the latter half of pregnancy, owing to the peculiar attachment between fetal membrane and the uterus at this time. Nymphomania is not uncommon in cows and mares. The relation of this organism to certain udder diseases and the granular venereal diseases of cattle, to some forms of calf scours and infant diarrheal troubles, has not been determined, but is sus- picious of a close relationship. ReEsIstance AND ImMuNITY IN Plants BY EAS wWOLer This paper contains a brief summary of the facts which have been correlated with resistance and immunity in plants in attempts to explain the underlying causes. Attention is called to several inves- tigations dealing with morphological differences between susceptible and immune varieties. Consideration is also given to the influence of mineral nutrients in the soil upon resistance. The discussion also includes those causes which reside within the protoplasm of the host plants such as differences in acidity, tanin content, ete., of suscepti- ble and immune varieties. It is believed that too little attention has heretofore been given to the inherent characters of the parasitic organism which determine the virulence of the parasite. Some Metuops or Maxine LantTERN SLIDES BY Z. P. METCALF The need of some form of projection in science teaching and the general utility of lantern slides was emphasized. Two methods 1916] Procrerpines oF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 49 of making lantern slides were discussed and examples of various kinds of lantern slides were shown. Trees AnD Suruss oF CHareL Hit1 BY H. R. TOTTEN There are seventy-four species of native trees found in the Chapel Hill neighborhood. In this number there are fourteen oaks: Qwercus alba, Q. Stellata, Q. lyrata, Q. Michauaw, Q. Prinus, Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina, Q. falcata, Q. pagodaefolia, Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. phellos. A hybrid, probably be- tween Y. phellos and Q. falcata, and one resembling Q. phellos X Q. marilandica are also found. This is the only known station for the Pin Oak (Q. palustris) in North Carolina. There are seven hick- ories: [Hicoria ovata, H. carolina-septentrionalis, H. microcarpa, H. glabra, H. pallida, H. alba and H. cordiformes. There are sixty-nine native shrubs. A few of the most interest- ing are: Nestronia umbellula, Hydrangea arborescens, Euonymus atropurpureus, Rhododendron catawbiense, Fothergilla major, Robinia nana, Gaultheria procumbens, Gaylussacia baccata var. glaucocarpa and Symplocos tinctoria. On THE SEXUALITY OF THE FILAMENT OF SPIROWYRA BY BERT CUNNINGHAM Tf zygotes oceur in both filaments as the result of scalariform conjugation, the filament is said to be bisexual. This condition is called cross conjugation. All cases reported thus far have been con- sidered as abnormalities on account of their rareness. The writer collected a species in cross conjugation in April, 1915. It has been tentatively identified as S. inflata. Professor G. S. West verifies this classification. This shows that bisexuality of the filament does oceur in the genus. Bisexuality is due to retarded reduction. In scalariform conjugation reduction occurs in the zygote with the loss of three nuclei, while in lateral and cross conjugation, reduction takes place in the filament and no nuclei are lost. The essential difference between lateral and cross conjugation is that the cells may continue to divide after reduction in the latter, while they do not in 50 JouRNAL Of THe MircHELL Sociery [July the former. In this respect the filament of Spirogyra which cross conjugates is homologous with the sporophyte of higher plants. Tur Drorires oF THE CHAarpet Hitt Stock BY JOHN E. SMITH The specimens described here were obtained north of Chapel Hill where the diorities are found along Bolin’s Creek. Some were taken near the inner margin of the zone and some near the creek at the foot of Clover Hill. The primary minerals as shown by the microscope are oligoclase, hornblende, quartz, magnetite, and apatite named in order of their abundance. The apatite occurs as inclusions. The oligoclase contains innumerable minute inclusions occupying most ot the area of the crystals except in the narrow marginal zone which are entirely free from them. The parallel striations are in general very narrow and very close together and in some of the zones are in- visible. The order of crystallization is as follows: apatite, magnetite, hornblende, oligoclase, and quartz. The secondary minerals are epi- dote and a small quantity of albite. They are derived from the oligo- clase. magnetite, and hornblende by hydration. The quartz decreases in amount outward from the center of the stock. The lime in the water supply of Chapel Hill is produced from this feldspar. The soils derived from the rocks of this zone con- stitute the Iredell series and contain little or no potash. PuysioGrapHy OF THE IsLE oF Pats (S. C.) BY E. OSCAR RANDOLPH The Isle of Palms, situated eight miles to the northeast of Charles- ton, and connected with that city by a trolley line, has an area of approximately 4,000 acres. This sea-captured land is about six and one-fourth miles in length, and one and one-fourth miles in maxi- mum width, tapering to a decided point at southwestern end. Physi- ographically, this area is interesting and instructive. In shape it approximates a ham; and by local fisherman it is called ‘““The Ham.” From the mainland the island is separated by a narrow inlet that is wide and deep enough to convey local freight, pleasure, and fishing vessels. This back beach is subjected to no unusual geologi- 1916] ProcEEDINGS oF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 51 cal exigencies except tidal work. The front beach is subjected to wave, tidal, wind, and littoral current agencies. As a result, fre- quent shore-line configurations are effected. The writer made a number of instructive observations relative to immediate changes of epicortinental shelving between the points of high and low tide respectively. Two well-defined sand dune ridges traverse the island lengthwise. Physiographically, incipient, migratory, temporary, and fixed dunes are in evidence. Among the flora are found sand arresters and dune fixers. The front beach is continuously attacked by wind and wave action; the interdune area is likewise undergoing change under the influence of wind-trough currents and animal life. The age and stability of the fixed dunes, ranging in height from twenty-five to forty feet, is realized in their supporting luxuriant palm trees. ALTERATION AND PARTHENOGENESIS IN PADINA BY JAMES J. WOLFE At the meeting of this academy in 1913, the writer made a pre- liminary report on this work. It had then been carried only to the point of demonstrating that tetraspores invariably produce male and female plants. The entire series has now been completed, showing with equal certainty that fertilized eggs produce only tetrasporic plants—thus demonstrating “alteration of generations” in Padina. In view of the fact that Padina grows well only in localities where it normally occurs, in the experiments dealing with parthenogenesis clean oyster shells were attached alongside those bearing unfertilized eggs to serve as controls. The results of both series were in essential respects sufficiently similar to show that all plants recovered were in both cases derived from chance reproductive bodies. Thus, it is fairly conclusively shown that unfertilized eggs, though they germ- inate quite freely parthenogenetically, never produce mature plants. No abstracts have been received for the following papers: Friday noon. George W. Lay. Zonation in the Chapel Hill Stock. Collier Cobb. Russulla xcerampelina; a study in variation. H. C. Beardsley. 52 JouRNAL OF THE MircHert Socrery [July Improvements in the Method of Determining the Heating Value of a Gas (By title). C. W. Edwards. Magnetic Separation of Minerals. Joseph Hyde Pratt. Tasect Polyembryony (Lantern). R. W. Leiby. An Apparatus to Illustrate the Cohesion of Water—With Ref- erence to the Ascent of Sap (By title). F. E. Carruth. Some Recent Feeding Experiments with Cottonseed Products. W. A. Withers and F. E. Carruth. A Study of Some Nitrifying Solutions (By title). W. A. Withers, H. L. Cox, F. A. Wolf, and E. E. Standford. A New Industry for North Carolina (By invitation). C. P. Wilhams. E. W. Gunerr, Secretary. THE CRITICAL DYESTUFF SITUATION.? By A. S. WHEELER. The American people are suddenly and rapidly developing a world consciousness. While we may pride ourselves upon our remarkable de- velopment into a great and rich nation, yet the growth of cosmopoli- tanism has not gone on pari passw with the growth of our riches. We may think that our splendid educational system has given us an adequate knowledge of the world, yet it is really true that not only are we provincial as a nation, but in our home relations the different sections of our country are provincial. Our knowledge of the physical geography of the world may be fairly adequate, but the significant thing is our grasp of the character of foreign peoples. In spite of our constant contact with European peoples about whom information is so plentiful, they are not wholly understood. The great European war, however, suddenly forced the United States into a world position. You know as well as I that we have had the habit of refraining from mixing up in European polities. We have had a fear of entangling alliances. We have been satisfied to live within ourselves. Our natural resources have been so great that we have been completely absorbed in their development and exploitation. We have paid little attention, comparatively speaking, to foreign commerce. Foreign houses through their own agents here have bought our grain and other products and have shipped them upon the high seas in their own bottoms. Having lived in a seaport IT have a strong appreciation of this fact. We have practically been without a merchant marine. All the profits of transportation have gone to foreigners. Further, our development in manufacturing has not been of an all-round character such as might make us inde- pendent of others should we be thrown upon our own resources. Our tariff laws have developed certain manufactures and have throttled others. Wars involving more than two nations have been of so rare an occurence that we have been hitherto very little affected by such events. This has led us into a complacent feeling that war involving 1Presidential address before the North Carolina Academy of Science, Raleigh, N. C., April 28, 1916 (53) 54 JouRNAL oF THE MircHELt Society [July many nations was unthinkable. We have perhaps exaggerated the growth of the brotherhood of man and have been anticipating an. era of universal peace. Suddenly and with startling rapidity all Europe plunged into war and dragged its colonies in all parts of the world into the savage contest with it. Merchant ships in large numbers were taken off the trade routes and many imports of great value to America were completely cut off. In a remarkably short time we were made to realize the intimate relations which we sustain to the rest of the world. The rich and the poor in every nook and cranny of this great land of ours had occasion to feel personally the loss of something. Either there was something that he could not get or else something for which he had to pay a higher price. This situation is growing. We were shocked only recently when we found that we had to pay 10 cents for a bottle of ink instead of 5 cents. We faced a famine in cer- tain manufactures such as toys, scientific apparatus, lenses, organic chemicals including dyestuffs and medicines, certain textiles, etc., ete. I am particularly concerned tonight with the dyestuff situation. Every one of us has been affected by the complete stoppage of im- portations of dyestuffs from Germany and by the nonexistence of an important dye manufacturing industry in our own country. We had been importing annually from Germany 22,000 tons of dye- stuffs and 3,000 tons from England, France and Switzerland. Thus we were actually dependent upon Germany since England and France were also cut off, and hence could not send us the little they had been supplying us. It is true that we now get an occasional ship- ment from Switzerland, but this is not significant. The value of the dyestuffs which we imported from Germany annually amounted to ten million dollars. Now this is not a large sum of money as com- merce goes. Woolworth, the ten-cent store man, receives about that sum in one year from candy alone. But the importance of dye- stuffs rests in the industries which use them. Of these there are five important ones, textile, leather, paper, paint (including varnish) and ink. Over two million working men and women are employed in these industries and a vast number make their living by using the products of these industries. Coloring agents have become a neces- or or 1916) Tue Critican Dyrsturr SITvation sity to us. Our clothing, whether it be of wool, silk, or cotton, we require in a great variety of colors. This has a very practical as well as an esthetic value. If the dye could be suddenly removed from our clothes I am sure we would be shocked by its spotted condi- tion. We call for colors in our carpets, drapery and upholstery. We demand that the leather for bookbinding, shoemaking and uphol- stery shall be colored red, blue, green and other colors. We call for writing paper in a variety of tints. Blotting papers, crepe and tissue papers and even wrapping papers must be colored. We color our woodwork and make cheap pine wood look like oak, cherry, rose- wood or mahogany. Thus we color our floors, inside finish and furni- ture. For this purpose we get paints, stains and varnishes in any tint that our fancy demands. Then comes the ink industry, with 118 manufacturers producing over eleven million dollars worth of black, blue-black, red, green and violet inks. In all of these industries the actual cost of the dye is a small part of the cost of the dyed material, but its importance is none the less vital. Being confronted with a dyestuff famine, the question arose, what can we do, what shall we do? The seriousness of the situation was recognized in the early days of the war by textile manufacturers and all others concerned. Owing to the strenuous endeavors of buyers and importers the importation through neutral countries like Hol- land was resumed, but continued only until March, 1915, when Ger- many placed an embargo upon the exportation of dyestutis. We might still obtain dyes if Great Britain would permit us to export cotton and nitrie acid to Germany. This deadlock, then, shuts us off completely from German dyes. Anticipating such a possibility, atten- tion was early directed to a home dye industry. This, however, is an industry of great complexity. There are a number of reasons why it can not be established at once or within a short time. There is a lack of raw material, there is the necessity of constructing large plants for carrying out the great variety of processes which are re- quired, there is the need of subsidiary related industries, there is the enlistment of large capital. As regards capital this is a matter of the first importance. The difficulty here as always is that capital wants reasonable assurance of 56 JourNAL or THE MircHELL Socrery [July success. By this I mean particularly that capital wants protection from disastrous foreign competition after the war. If capital cannot. see its way clear to a permanent industry, it will not venture in. As for raw material there has been a great lack in this country. Owing to our reckless and extravagant methods we have wasted vast quan- tities of valuable material. Finally, the complexity of dye manu- facturing may be suggested by the fact that there have been 921 dif- ferent dyes on the American market, that these are made in a great variety of ways, that each particular process usually consists of many steps, and that for the many by-products there must be a market. before considering what Americans have already done since the outbreak of the war and what their prospects for the future are, let us sketch with extreme brevity the history of the coal tar dyes. The coal tar dye industry originated in England in 1856. W. H. Perkin was attempting to convert an artificial base into the well- known alkaloid, quinine. Chemists are ever busy trying to make in the laboratory what nature makes so easily in plant and animal life. Perkin obtained a reddish powder instead of quinine which, you known, is quite colorless. Surprised by this result, he tried anilin, but this only gave him a black substance, but to his great astonish- ment alcohol dissolved out of this a most beautiful dye to which was given the name anilin purple or mauve. The name anilin purple is now obsolete. After numerous difficulties were overcome, mauve became a commercial product, the first technical coal tar dye. One- quarter of an ounce is obtainable from 100 pounds of coal. The intermediate products are shown in the table: Coal Saicctaesesec eee 100 Ibs. Coal. tar (ose. ste 10 lbs. 12 ozs. Coal tar naphtha........ > IDS: 78:5) fozes BenzZol 5.2 scciveniain's pisterlstaee .. lbs. 2.75 ozs. Nitrobenzol’ sone] see .. Ibs. 4.25 ozs. Anilin >. 3.2, cemeeenoeee 2 SIDES =22OeOZS: Mauve |... 5 = eee ee .. Ibs. 0.25 ozs. Or for one pound of mauve there are required 6,400 pounds of coal. However, a little mauve will go a very long way. Let me add one grain of this violet dye to 630,000 grains (9 gallons) of water. You see what a wonderful tinctorial power it possesses. Let me spray or =I 1916 | Tue Critican Dyrsturr Srruation some alcohol upon this paper over which has been dusted some of the same «lye. Three years after the discovery of mauve, Verguin in France produced magenta on a commercial scale. Then came Nichol- son’s blue in 1861, followed in 1863 by the Hofmann violets. Thus within seven years four coal tar dyes of different colors were discoy- ered and became commercial products. From 1875 to 1885 the growth was particularly remarkable, the discoveries being made chiefly by German chemists. In this brief period we have alizarin orange, 1875 ; the azo dyes such as chrysoidin and naphthol orange, 1875-6; fast red, Ponceaux, Bordeaux, and Biebrich scarlet, 1878-9; phenosa- franine, 1878; alizarin blue, 1878; gallein and coerulein, 1878; the eurhodines, 1879 ; naphthol yellow, 1879; the oxazines, 1879; neutral violet, 1880; the indophenols, 1881; the quinoline dyes, 1881; blue black and tartrazine, 1882; sun yellow, 1883; Congo red, the first direct cotton dye, 1884-5. The first indigo synthesis was made by Baeyer in 1880, but it was not a commercial success. As you all undoubtedly know there are many dyestuffs found in plants. These are called natural dyes. They have been of great importance, but the synthetic dyes displaced them for several rea- sons. In the first place synthetic dyes introduced many new shades and tones which were quite unattainable with natural dyes. The synthetic dyes made possible cheaper and simpler methods of dyeing, so that the art cf dyeing was no longer a mystery known only to a few, but it became an open profession. Finally, the natural dyes were driven out because they were of an inferior quality. Being extracts of plants they contain other substances which modify the color so that different lots produce varying results. Another very important objection on the score of quality is that the natural dyes do not belong to the group of fast colors. Although indigo is one of the fastest of colors, the natural indigo is made up of a mixture of indigo blue, indigo red and indigo brown., Hence variable results were obtained with the natural indigo. Logwood, once used univer- sally for producing blacks, was fast to washing but not to light or to exposure to weather. In the old days when our black clothing was made with logwood it always faded te a rusty color. The alizarine 2 JourNAL or THE MircHELy Sociery [July 7 0) blacks which have displaced logwood are extremely fast dyes. Fustic, which gives yellows and browns, is not a fast dye. Cochineal is a red dye which held its own against the coal tar acid searlets which first came into use, but when anthracene and chrome scarlets were intro- duced cochineal was abandoned. They are fugitive colors, therefore, and though in a crisis we may make some use of them, it is clear that they will never be accepted in view of their inferiority to the coal tar dyes. We can easily believe that natural dyes are not fast even if we have had no personal experience with them, when we look about us and see how the green in the grass turns brown, how the green in the leaf turns red, yellow, purple and brown, how the brilliant and varied hues of the fowers fade away to dull browns and _ blacks. The great superiority of the synthetic dyes has long attracted the attention of the chemist, and a fascinating field of research has been found in the endeavor to produce natural dyes in the laboratory. Two of these, alizarine and indigo, are of such great importance that T wish to run over the main points of their history. Madder is the root of several species of Rubia, large plantations of which were cultivated in Holland, Asia Minor, Russia, and France. What we know today as alizarine was discovered and obtained from madder by Robiquet and Colin in 1831. In later times it developed as a most important dye, finding application in producing bright red shades on calico mordanted with Turkey red oil. The dye has been popularly called Turkey Red. The annual imports of madder by Great Britain in the period 1859-1868 amounted to five million dollars in value. The world’s production at that time amounted to ten million dollars. The most brilliant red and the fastest which ean be produced on cotton is obtained by the use of alizarine. It, there- fore, very naturally attracted the attention of chemists, for there was the possibility of synthesizing an alizarine which would not only be purer and better, but also cheaper. Two German chemists, Graebe and Liebermann, attacked the problem and in 1869 succeeded in pro- ducing it from a coal tar product. If coal tar is subjected to heat, more than fifty substances distill off such as benzol, toluol, carbolic acid, naphthalene and anthracene. This last substance, anthracene, is 1916 | Tue Criticar Dyresturr SIrvuaTion 59 a crystalline compound, showing a beautiful fluorescence. It has the formula C14Hi9 with atoms arranged according to the following scheme: CH CH CH He cH Ke cH ch Kh A Graebe and Liebermann heated alizarine obtained from madder, passed the vapor over hot zine dust and obtained a product which they identified as anthracene. This discovery threw the first light upon the nature of alizarine. This occurred in 1868. The next step was to begin with anthracene and pass, if possible, to alizarine. This was accomplished within another year. The first method was not commercially successful and I will pass over it. By the second method anthracene was oxidized to anthraquinone, this was converted into a sulfonic acid with sulfuric acid which is a yery cheap chemical, and finally potash converted the sulfonic acid into alizarine. This Be OOO > OO CO" process is remarkable for the few steps involved. Although anthra- cene constitutes less than one per cent of the coal tar distillation prod- ucts, “yet the world’s production is large. England alone in 1913 exported over one-half million pounds. Synthetic alizarine rapidly drove neutral alizarine out of the market. It sold at a price one third that of madder, and thus many millions of dollars were saved annually. Madder plantations oceupied 400,000 acres of land, but now they are producing other crops. Farmers who had never known anything but madder culture were compelled to learn new agricultural pursuits. The other dye which has attracted the popular attention of the world is indigo. Sir Henry E. Roscoe, in a lecture delivered in 1881 when there was much talk of the possible synthesis of indigo on a commercial scale, stated that the value of the world’s annual crop was twenty million dollars. Indigo is obtained from a shrub, three to five feet high, which grows in India, the Philippine Islands, Java, China and Central America. During the period of the alizarine de- 60 JourNAL Or THE MircHELy Society [July velopment indigo attracted the attention of chemists, especially in Germany, and many syntheses were developed, principally by Pro- fessor Adolph von Baeyer of the University of Munich. The twenty- year quest, resulting in 1897 in complete triumph, is one of the romances of science and a striking example of the suecessful applica- tion of theoretical training to industrial problems. Some idea of the struggle may be seen in the fact that 152 patents were taken out in that period. The search was engaged in not only by the chemists in the big dye factories but also by chemists in the universities. With- out going into many details I wish to give something of the history of this achievement. One essential in the synthesis of a commercial product is a cheap raw material. In spite of all of the other im- portant discoveries the commercial production of indigo was not a success until it was found in the nineties that naphthalene could be used as the raw material. The first substance which gavé hope was cinnamic acid, a crystalline substance occurring in Peru balsam and in storax. © a ace siete cinicaie cle Buckeye Leaflets 5-11, along most ofjthelistallkcs)< << /eteyeteere << 1= ors cies0/elere wae iaenln leuele Elder III. Leaves compound, clustered at the ends of the slender stems’; wood. yellow «. Ssrercseue a ioueperentiaral = eee sc. s sterare aie oko caveve sete teraretens Yellow-root IV. Leaves simple, alternate on the twig. A. Edges of leaves not toothed or lobed (see also B). 1. Leaves evergreen. Leaves long, narrow; stem jointed................... Small Cane Leaf blade less than 3 inches long............-+-. Mountain Laurel Leaf blade more than 3 inches long..............-- Rhododendron 2. Leaves not evergreen. Leaves broadest near the base (some may have coarse ‘teeth))) 2... css sists ee avereyercveyete acy avwtayee/ers Shrubby Hackberry Leaves broadest near the outer end. Odor offensive when bruised. A small shrub of upland woods..........--.. Upland Pawpaw A tall shrub or small tree of swamps................ Pawpaw Odor not offensive Leaves broadest near the middle. Odor spicy, when: bruisedse eesti cereste ee eisai etter Spice Bush Odor not spicy. Fruit a sueculent berry. Leaves resinous dotted when young; branches gray; fruit blue............. Blue Huckleberry Leaves not resinous dotted; branches reddish. Berries blue; leaves tomentose. ...High-bush Huckleberry Berries black; leaves smooth or MOuGnNG:G) Goandeccseoccds Black High-bush Huckleberry Berries whitish or pinkish; leaves tld Wen SOoeAboohancs.oo oC HBOS Squaw Huckleberry Fruita dry Pod). eec.sc.c- cee een teheaes » o nenelene Stagger-bush 1916 | Survuss anp Vines or Cuapet Hitn B. Edges of leaves very obscurely or sparingly toothed or lobed. 1. Blade of leaf about as broad as long, white velvety beneath -.-..:-- 22-052. e wee e eee Large-leaved Storax 2. Blade of leaf about twice as long as broad. Leaves evergreen; plants small. Aromatic when crushed ..-........--.--...--+---:. Wintergreen RES PR Sp ecaan A cdoDosaeiag SoCo gSened Trailing Arbutus Leaves not evergreen. Leaves with hairy margins; fruit a rather long, Greg ed BOC ae doemeapeDS aconenonclosaconpecnaortd Pink Azalea Leaves with minute teeth; fruit a globose, ; fhe y peal 22 5ecaseeaeansege. ta ccadoces 3284 Privet Andromeda Leaves broadest near the outer end; fruit a many-seeded black berry ........--.-..--.+---- Sparkleberry Leaves broadest near the middle; fruit a many-seeded blue berry ......---.2-+-++-e0- Low Biueberry Leaves broadest near the base; fruit a CUE o Til ie Ae oo ooo ein tacsoce Shrubby Hackberry 3. Blade of leaf about three times as long as broad or longer. Leaves small; fruit a black berry.........-...- Black Huckleberry Leaves over two inches long, edges undulate........ Prairie Willow Leaves over two inches long, thick, sweet, (2 Or aos) SERS de Sco ems ecto sooo Docs Horse Sugar C. Edges of leaves plainly with teeth or lobes. 1. Branches thorny. Leaves toothed but not lobed...:................... Dwarf Thorn Leaves deeply lobed and toothed...............--.-- Parsiey Haw 2. Branches not thorny. Leaves with straight parallel veins from the midrib to the edge. Edges of leaves coarsely undulate; fruit a blunt pod Wkly LWONSCCUS) mise ee ler -fs eon sles, = Poison Ivy (7) heaves opposite, leatlets two. - mts eesti Cross Vine (16) Leaves opposite, leaflets several............-----. Trumpet Creeper (15) 2. Leaves simple. a. Leaves toothed. Bark not shreddy; leaves smooth and shining. Muscadine Grape (12) Bark shreddy. Leaves densely white-velvety below; fruits MAREE). are ls dias «c's < )cistens dha a eee ee OR eee Mae erarpey (09) Leaves whitish, rusty-velvety below; fruits small, Litt cop neeeeeeIsoneS Aobarbacodce.s 20.5¢ Summer Grape (10) Leaves green and smooth below; fruits very SoTL ENA ee Rin on Gon Camsdo 1 cOOO UO t oo" Frost Grape (11) b. Leaves lobed, but not toothed; fruit with a single uC Del ae Ee BORe DE OODOOOOCOUOD Ca0 6 Canada Moonseed (6) II. No tendrils or aerial rootlets present. 1. Leaves compound. Leaflets three, not toothed: flowers borne singly BCI OIL. 2 Leather Flower (5) Leaflets three, toothed; flowers in clusters........ Virginia Virgin’s Bower (4) 2. Leaves simple. Fruit a long, slender pod; flowers small..........-..-. Climbing Dogbane (14) Fruit a short pod; flowers large, yellow.......-..-.---- Yellow Jessamine (13) Fruit a black berry; flowers long-tubular, white. ...Japanese Honeysuckle (18) Fruit a red berry; flowers long-tubular, red; upper pair of ICONS TART — i PP eeeee Hone Siac oocfoacsscosnaS Woodbine (17) ‘1. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier or Catbrier. A common and troublesome, green, woody vine of damp woods, ditch banks, etc., with rigid prickles; leaves ovate, taper pointed, without whitish blotches or basal lobes; fruit a bluish black berry that hangs on through the winter. Dates of flowering: April 8, 1903; April 19, 1909; April 17, 1910; April 26, 1915. 2. Smilax glauca Walt. Glaucous-leaved Greenbrier. Easily distinguished from the other briers in that the leaves have a bluish-white coating on the under side. Common in old fields, along hedge rows, etc. 3. Smilax Bona-nor L. Bristly Greenbrier. Leaves varying in shape from ovate-lanceolate to halberd shaped with two lobes at the base, often with small bristles along the edges and with whitish blotches. Common in old fields, etc. Dates of flowering: May 13, 1903; May 12, 1909. 10 abil JouRNAL or THE MircHELt Society [July , Clematis virginiana L. Virginia Virgin’s Bower. A woody vine with opposite compound leaves of three, ovate, toothed leaflets at the end of a long leaf stalk; flowers small, white, clustered; fruits a cluster of small, dry ovaries with long feathery styles; found in damp soil along the creeks, as on the ditch near the south foot of Mt. Bolus; rather rare. Date of flowering: May 15, 1908. . Clematis Viorna L. Leather Flower. A smaller and less woody vine than the above; leaves mostly with three leaflets, but some of the leaves may be entire or lobed, not toothed; flowers large, nodding, with thick, brownish sepals, borne singly; fruits similar to the fruits of the Virginia Virgin’s Bower. Found along the creeks and in rich, cool woods. Date of flowering: July 11, 1914. . Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed. A barely woody vine with large heart shaped, entire, angled, or lobed leaves, on long leaf-stalks which are peltately attached near the edge of the blade; fruits black, bitter, in grape-like clusters; seeds peculiar, flat and moon-shaped or more like the under side of a horse’s hoof; roots yellow. Found sparingly along streams. Date of flowering: May 10, 1903. . Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy. Very much like the shrub Poison Oak, but is a woody vine climbing by rootlets; leaves compound, of three lobed leaflets near the end of the leaf stalk; fruits small, whitish, berry-like. Poisonous to most people; common. Dates of flowering: May 8, 1903; May 4, 1909; May 2, 1910; May 11, 1915. . Psedera quinquefolia (lL.) Green. Virginia Creeper. A woody vine with compound leaves of five, toothed leaflets at the end of the leaf stalk; climbing by tendrils ending in sticking disks and often by rootlets; fruit a small blue berry, borne in clusters. Easily distin- guished from the Poison Ivy by the five leaflets. Not rare along margins of fields, as on Glenn Burnie Farm. . Vitis labruska L. Northern Fox Grape. A grape with shreddy bark and large, toothed leaves, often lobed, the under side white-velvety; fruits large, sour, but making a fine jelly. Not common with us, but has been found on the hill north of Purefoy’s Mill and at the edge of the marshy meadow north of New Hope bridge on the Durham road. This is the parent of many of our best cultivated grapes. It is the first to bloom of all the grapes. Vitis estivalis Michx. Summer Grape. A much commoner grape, the leaves rusty-velvety below; fruits small, bluish, ripening early and fairly good to eat. It is the parent of several of our cultivated grapes. Dates of flowering: May 21, 1908; May 18, 1908; May 18, 1909; May 3, 1910; May 21, 1915; May 20, 1916. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape. A very common grape that is easily distinguished from the above two by the smooth, green under surface of the leaf; fruits very small, black, 1916] Survgs aAnp Vines oF Cuaper Hiri 81 12. 13. 14 15. 16. aly és 18. sour and astringent, late and not good. Dates of flowering: May 17, 1909; May 3, 1910; May 14, 1915; May 14, 1916. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine or Bullace Grape. Bark not shreddy, the small, rounded, toothed leaves shiny on both sides; fruits large. in small clusters, ripening early and very sweet; common in damp or rich woods. Dates of flowering: June 6, 1915; May 28, 1916. The Scuppernong is a descendant of the Muscadine and will bear very little unless pollinated by it. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Yellow Jessamine. A strong vine, twining over trees or running along the ground; leaves small, opposite, evergreen; flowers large, fragrant, yellow, followed by small, dry, flattened pods. Some of the flowers are transformed into galls by the eggs of a small beetle, which are laid in the ovaries; such flowers have large corollas, but do not open. Dates of flowering: March 22, 1903; March 19, 1909; March 29, 1910; April 16, 1915; April 2, 1916. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) Gray. Climbing Dogbane. A twining vine with small opposite leaves, small yellow flowers, and long slender pods, the narrow seed with a tuft of silky hairs at one end. Occasional in low grounds, as on the Mason Farm and near the Durham road bridge on New Hope Creek. Date of flowering: June 12, 1916. Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. Trumpet Creeper. A strong vine with large compound leaves with several, toothed leaf- lets; flowers large, reddish, trumpet shaped; pods large, long, plump. Very common. Dates of flowering: June 16, 1915; June 8, 1916. Bignonia capreolata L. Cross Vine. A plentiful vine of low grounds, named from the cross shown in a sec- tion of the stem; leaves compound, with two leaflets, and a tendril. Flow- ers large, yellowish red; pods large, flat. Dates of flowering: April 4, 1903; April 21, 1908; April 22, 1909; April 10, 1910; April 24, 1916. Lonicera sempervirens L. Woodbine. A small twining vine with opposite leaves that are glaucous-white below, the upper pair grown together so that the stem appears to grow through the leaf; flowers tubular, red without, yellow within; berries red. Common in woods and borders. Dates of flowering: April 4, 1903; April 19, 1908; April 12, 1909; March 29, 1910; April 21, 1913; May 4, 1915; April 19, 1916. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. The common Honeysuckle vine with opposite, evergreen leaves; flowers tubular, whitish the first day and creamy the next; berries black. Intro- duced from eastern Asia, but has abundantly escaped and is often quite troublesome. Dates of flowering: May 5, 1903; April 22, 1910; April 29, 1913; May 10, 1915; May 9, 1916. CuaPet Hirt, N. C. i. JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Volume XXX DECEMBER, 1916 SS Number 3 Volume XXXII A GLANCE AT THE ZOOLOGY OF TODAY? By H. V. WItson. When zoology is mentioned, our first thoughts turn to the different kinds of animals, to the so-called species; to the birds and insects round our homes, to the fish we have caught; to the less familiar forms of the coast, the sponges, medusze, and corals; to the beasts we have seen in zoological gardens, to the specimens exhibited in muse- ums. ‘This richness in variety is pleasing to most of us, and it is small wonder that the work of collecting and describing has been so actively pursued. The forms of animal life sufficiently different to be enrolled as separate species now number about half a million. Strange as it may seem, one still at intervals hears the question, “What is the use of all these creatures?” meaning their use to us, to man. Perhaps the question is never very seriously asked today. For we all know a long list of organisms who, if they bring us tribute, bring a strange kind. We think of that prince of evil, the tiger; of the cobra; of parasitic worms that bore through the living flesh; of bacilli that bring disease after disease; of protozoa that cause malaria and sleeping-sickness. And we recognize that the material world is not obviously anthropocentric. Modified, however, the question is a very rational one: what forms are inimical to us, what forms directly or indirectly useful? This question, essentially economic and hygienic,’tends greatly to increase our interest in natural history, in the knowledge of the kinds of animals, and the changes of form, habit, and home which they un- 1An address delivered, as Southern Exchange Lecturer for 1915-16, before the students of the University of Virginia, April 4, 1916. Reprinted from the Scientific Monthly for September, 1916. (83) Dp 4 JOURNAL oF THE MircHEtt Socrery [ December dergo during individual life. We become aware how complex are the interdependencies of organisms, how interwoven are their life his- tories. We find that it is largely on such knowledge that the medical scientist and the sanitary engineer draw when they seek to combat the infectious diseases, and how vitally helpful such knowledge is to the various branches of animal industry. These considerations show us plainly enough that biology is useful, and in making this statement we perhaps express the real nature of our knowledge in general, as something not final and comprehensive, but detailed and practical. Let us, however, not confound this aspect of the nature of knowledge with the method of science. Because the world is so ordered, and its ways so interconnected, that any or all knowledge may after a time prove useful, is no reason why we should concentrate our attention chiefly on tasks and problems that are of immediate practical importance. On the contrary, as we survey the history of science, we see clearly that inquiries into the causes or beginnings of things, irrespective of direct utility, are of the first importance. It is these which lead to the emergence of the great general ideas, which, in their turn, light the way to the discovery of special facts that are of direct utility. Turning from the utilitarian aspect of biology, let us take up for a moment a problem which, never new, is yet always interesting. What is the origin of all these forms that we have learned to know? What is the nature and origin of species, or, choosing the phraseology of the day, of specific differences ? In the histories of the theory of evolution we read, wondering if any of our present-day notions shall prove as untenable, that Linnzeus held that species were changeless, that they were in character and number precisely as originally created. We read that somewhat later, when fossils were better known, Cuvier interpreted the present organisms and the very different ones of past geological periods as the results of separate acts of creation, each period with its living things coming to an end in some tremendous catastrophe. And that still later Louis Agassiz held the same view, while meantime he with many others paved the way for evolution by discoveries of fact, bring- ing to light the existence of fossil series from low forms to high, and t 1916 | A Guancre at THE ZooLtocy oF Topay 3! many illustrations of the generalization embodied in our “biogenetic law” of today, namely, the generalization that organisms do not pur- sue a straight path of development from egg to final form, but com- monly develop temporary peculiarities of structure constituting re- semblances to lower forms. The strong tide of evolutionary doctrine that set in with the pub- lication of Darwin’s great book in 1859 brought nothing new to what had been taught by Louis Agassiz as regards the existence of the resemblances, just alluded to, between organisms, adult, embryonic and fossil. But that the stream of living matter has been continuous from generalized type to derived form, or, as we say, from ancestral type to descendant, this is the conception that rings out the note of difference from Agassiz’s teaching. Basing its argument on minor mutability that can be demonstrated and on a mass of circumstantial evidence, overpowering in its cumulative effect, evolution claimed that fundamental resemblance is not a transcendental likeness, but is due to kinship. With this conclusion we are long familiar. It has entered into the very marrow of our mental life, and everything that we learn corroborates it. The conclusion concerns us in a direct way, for the evolutionary process cannot be thought of as something fin- ished and done with. Rather do we conclude that if organisms have changed, they are still changing. Granted the fact that organisms change, the question veers and we ask in response to what do they change? Are the changes natural phenomena throughout and, as such, due to natural causes, like the up and down heaving of the earth’s crust ? We are confronted today, as in past times, with two interpretations of nature. On the one side argument, clad in the robe of philosophy, would lead us beyond the border of the phenomenal world, seeking a reality on which all phenomena are dependent. Many tell us there is such a reality—and certainly nothing that we know contradicts them. On the other hand, the obvious world is a world of natural phenomena, which, although at bottom incomprehensible, prove on study to be orderly and predictable. That is, we learn through experi- ence that one occurrence is associated with another, that one change brings about the next, that for every effect there is a cause. JourNAL oF THE Mitcuert Socrery | December (o's) co Returning to our question, it may be said that we work and work suecessfully on the theory that the changes which organisms undergo are natural phenomena brought about, like any others, by natural causes. The transformation of a horde of barbarians into a modern European nation ; the immunity which a race acquires against specific disease; the evolution of new breeds of dogs, horses and wheat; the spreading of a race over a wide and varied area with the consequent appearance of differences which mark off the group into geographical subgroups; the gradual loss of parts of the body, so obvious in some fossil series; the metamorphosis of a part into what is virtually a new organ; the restriction of a species to a narrow area of distribu- tion, with the final outcome, extinction; all these we are justified in regarding as natural phenomena and as phases in the wave of change that incessantly passes over living nature. Grauted the fact of change and that it is a natural phenomenon, we become interested in the analysis of its causes. And so we begin to inquire into the origin and accentuation of the small differences which mark off a race from the parent stock. Thus we pass from the wider study of evolution to the narrower and more precise study of heredity and variation. Here the experimental method is the chief one employed, although often under the guidance of comparison and statisties. I pass over the ideas entertained as to ways in which differences are accentuated and touch, in preference, on some of the ways in which they originate. We know very well that the body of an animal, its skin, bones, muscles, ete., made up of infinite numbers of micro- scopic components, the cells, responds to changes in exercise, food and environment with the production of differences which are often very well marked. But we also know that the great bulk of the obvious and familiar differences so caused are not passed on to the next generation. They are not.heritable. In order to be heritable, the peculiarity must be lodged, potentially, of course, in the germ cells. These are the cells, commonly ovum and sperm, which, leading a life aloof from the body cells, give rise to the new individual. We may then ask, do all individual differences that are heritable originate from the very start in the germ cells, and, if so, owing to 1916 | A Grance at THE Zootoey or Topay 87 what influences ? or are there subtle changes of the body cells induced by habit, food and environment, which are transmitted to and lodged in some potential form, in the germ cells? This two-sided question, it is obvious, concerns mankind in a very practical way. It has been argued warmly for many years, usually under the heading of “the inheritance of acquired characters,” and still today, in a more clearly circumscribed shape than formerly, makes one of the most important general problems of experimental biology. Tn past years it was widely held that the transmission from body to germ was a fact, in other words, that peculiarities developing for the first time in the body, not as the result of congenital constitution, but as the result of habit or outward circumstance, were transmissible to the germ. Weismann and others have shown that much of the evidence on which this conclusion rested is weak, and the result of their criticism has been in some measure to discredit the idea. There are, nevertheless, certain experiments which, while not demonstrating transmission from body to germ, do demonstrate perhaps the more important fact that the effect on the body of outward circumstance in one generation may be in some degree repeated in the bodies of the next generation, although the conditions which first induced the change are no longer operative. Prominent among such experiments are the classic investigations of Standfuss and Fischer on European butterflies. Both Standfuss and Fischer showed for certain species that the temperature at which the pupal stage is kept, during its so-called sleep, may be made to affect very seriously the coloration of the butterfly into which it metamorphoses. In this way by employing temperatures above the normal and temperatures below the normal, butterflies are obtained very different in appearance from the type. Standfuss having in this way obtained strongly altered individuals, bred from them, keeping the butterflies and their offspring not at the abnormal temperature which induced the change, but at the normal temperature. The great bulk of the offspring, the second generation of butterflies, proved to adhere to the usual type of the species. Nevertheless, a few examples departed from the type and resembled in varying degrees their parents. 88 JournaAL or THE Mrrcneryt Socrery | December In a similar experiment, Fischer subjected pupz to an intermit- tent cold of —8 degrees C., and in this way obtained butterflies dif- ferent from the type. The offspring of these modified individuals fell into two groups, those adhering to the type and those resembling in greater or less degree the modified parents. The percentage of the latter was a considerable one. These and numerous other experiments (such as those of Schiibeler on German wheat transplanted to Norway and back again, the work of Tower on the potato beetle, that of Sumner on breeding mice at low and high temperatures, etc.) unquestionably show that the en- vironment can exert a modifying influence on the hereditary consti- tution of a race, that it can originate heritable differences between organisms. They show, moreover, that it sometimes happens that a definite change is made in the body and a corresponding change in the germ cells, the change in the body of the first generation, thus showing in a measure what the heritable effect on the race will be. These important experiments mark a real advance, and it is safe to predict that they are but the precursors of many more dealing with the effect of the environment on the germ cells. At present one cannot but feel that the amount of evidence is too slim to decide the question as to whether the environment first produces an effect on the body which is then transmitted to the germ cells, or whether the environ- ment acts directly upon the germ cells, producing in them potential changes parallel to those produced in the body. A second way in which heritable differences between organisms originate, that is, a second way in which changes in the properties of the germ cells are induced, is through amphimixis or development from two parents, wherein two sets of hereditary tendencies are intermingled. Adopting this general method, investigators have in recent years attacked the problems of heredity and variation from two sides. On the one hand, students of experimental embryology, cross-fertilizing the egg of one species with the sperm of another, have occupied them- selves in tracing the influence of the respective parents as displayed in the growth and differentiation of the hybrid germ. Sea urchins, frogs, fish are the objects which more than others have been used 1916] A Guance at THE ZooLtocy or Topay 89 for such studies. This is too technical a field to admit of brief de- scription. If there were time it would be easy to show that the con- nections between the study of embryology and heredity are numerous, close, and indeed fundamental to any real understanding of either. The other great application of the method of cross-breeding to the study of heredity concerns itself not with the gradual individual development but with the reappearance of the characteristics of adult organisms in the offspring and later descendants. In this study a remarkable activity now reigns, dating from the year 1900, when certain principles of hereditary transmission, originally discovered by Mendel and published in 1865, but subsequently lost sight of, were rediscovered by several European botanists. These principles lie at the center of that collection of data, law and explanatory hypothesis which we designate Mendelism and which is the outcome of a vast amount of experimental breeding of animals and plants of many kinds. The fundamental principles of Mendelism are no doubt familiar to many of you. In this study attention is concentrated not upon the influence which one parent as a whole exerts upon a descendant, but upon the transmission of particular characteristics. The character- istics to which attention is paid are those in which the two parents differ sharply. They are contrasting characters like blackness and whiteness of fur in the rabbit, tallness and dwarfness of the pea vine, roughness and smoothness of coat in the guinea pig. The conclusion-of fundamental importance is that such alcmaciore do not blend in the descendants, but are passed on from generation to generation in their original distinctness. The characters, Men- delian or unit-characters as they are called, may be obvious or latent. Tn the familiar case of rabbit breeding, when a black and a white rabbit are bred from, the offspring are all black, but whiteness is latent in some, for, if the black offspring are interbred, a certain proportion of white rabbits will appear among the grandchildren. A point of importance is that the Mendelian characters of an an- cestor behave in heredity independently of one another in such wise that new combinations may be made. Thus, if a dark, smooth guinea pig be bred to a white rough guinea pig, and the offspring be inter- 90 JourNAL or THE Mrrcueri Socrery | December bred, the grandchildren will be of four kinds, with respect, that is, to the qualities darkness and whiteness, smoothness and roughness (W. E. Castle). Some will be like the grandfather and some like the grandmother. But there will be other grandchildren like neither of the grandparents. In these a grandfather feature is combined with a grandmother feature, and so we get dark rough and white smooth pigs. Thus qualities which exist apart from one another in separate organisms may be combined in one and the same individual, and new breeds be created. In such new breeds it is apparent that new qualities are not created. What is created is a new combination. This is heritable and therefore marks off the breed from others. Hybridization here, then, originates heritable differences between organisms. It may be added that the independent behavior of Men- delian characters in heredity is not necessarily equal throughout a long series of characters. In other words, characters sometimes, per- haps always, tend to reappear in groups. This important fact has been especially brought out by recent work on the heredity of the little fruit-fly, Drosophila (T. H. Morgan). In a loose and general way it has always been known that new combinations of characters occur in organisms bred from two parents. In this connection Goethe’s verses have often been quoted, by Haeckel and others: From father I get my height And my earnestness; From mother dear my gladness of nature And delight in romancing.* But Mendel’s achievement was to discover order where no order had been recognized, to demonstrate that the combinations which are made are of a constant character and, moreover, are embodied in groups of grandchildren numerically proportionate to one another. We have seen that where, as in the case of the guinea pigs, two pairs of characters are considered, there will be four kinds of grandchil- dren. It may be added that in such a case the four kinds will be represented by the proportional numbers 3, 3, 9, 1. That is, for 1 ‘Vom Vater hab’ ich die Statur,’’ etc. 1916 | A GLancre at THE ZooLocy or Topay 91 three of one kind, there will be three of another, nine of another and one of yet another. The larger the number of contrasting points, the greater will be the number of kinds of grandchildren. Thus Correns, one of the rediscoverers of the Mendelian principles, calculates that if the first parents differ in respect to ten points there will be more than a thousand different kinds of grandchildren. Mendel’s explanation of the phenomena that now bear his name was in the shape of an hypothesis which with various alterations, some of which are important, is in general use today. He conceived of each contrasting character as potentially represented in a germ cell by a particular “something.” This something we speak of as a germinal factor, a unit-factor or a gene. It is thought of as a definite entity. Many, indeed, perhaps most, look on it as a material particle. Others do not make the attempt to visualize it. When the egg and sperm fuse, corresponding germinal factors are brought together in pairs, each pair of factors representing a pair of contrasting charac- _ters, blackness and whiteness of rabbit fur, for example. Thus brought together in the fertilized egg, the two factors of a pair may each produce an effect on the body of the organism into which the eg develops. Or one factor may completely dominate the other, the organism bearing the impress of that factor alone, the other lying dormant. When, for example, in the egg of the rabbit, the factors for blackness and whiteness are brought together, the factor for black- ness being dominant, the egg develops into a black rabbit. But now as the germ cells are formed which will give rise to the next gener- ation, the factors are supposed to be sorted out among them in such wise that any one germ cell does not get both, but only one, of a pair of factors. Thus, in our example, eggs will be produced having the factor for blackness only, and others the factor for whiteness only. Similarly with the sperm cells, some will have the factor for black- ness, some that for whiteness. No germ cell will have both factors. This separation of the factors with the result that the germ cells pro- duced in an individual are unlike, is the most important feature of the Mendelian hypothesis. Working on this hypothesis, it can be calculated what will be the proportionate number of individuals em- bodying any particular combination of characters which, through i) bo Journat or THE Mircuett Socrery | December experiment, have been found to behave in Mendelian fashion. The hypothesis has received wide and striking confirmation in that the results of the actual breeding experiments agree closely with the cal- culated expectations. Such extensive use of the unit-factor hypothesis has been made that in the graphic language of the day an organism is sometimes depicted as a bundle of separate qualities, of so-called unit-characters, each the outcome in mechanical fashion of a single discrete germinal cause, which does not vary and which is self-propagative. Viewed in this artificial light, biology assumes a rigid appearance far from its real nature, its task appearing twofold, to discover through cross breeding the elementary or unit characters of organisms and the laws governing their combination. It should be said that such a cerelanion is implied rather than positively stated in the writings I have in mind, and is expressly condemned by some prominent students of Mendelian heredity-(T. H. Morgan). The facts of paleontology, anatomy and development demonstrate how artificial it is, for they show that every part and process varies among the individuals of any one time, and the mode or typical condition changes from age to age. Moreover, the parts of the body are so interconnected materially and their activities or functions are so interassociated, that to speak of the body as a group of units is misleading. It is to misuse the license that is only allowed in allegory, or in science for the purpose of facilitating description. A tiled floor is composed of pieces which can be taken apart and re- combined. But an organism, Olivia for instance, is not a mosaic, for the items in her inventory, as “two lips indifferent red, two grey eyes with lids to them,” are not separate and independent components. The essential features of an organism appear to be as closely asso- ciated, fully as inseparable, as are the corners, cleavage, color and lustre of a crystal, of calcite, for example. For given the right con- ditions, the germ cell or other regenerative mass will always produce them. I hasten to remind you that “unit-character” in technical studies on Mendelian heredity has a definite meaning, referring to the class of differential features, which mark off the individuals of a race, or 1916 | A Guance at THE ZooLtocy or Topay 93 of allied races, one from the other. Such would be the color of the eye, perhaps, or the fullness and curve of the lip. It is, as already said, these contrasting features in respect to which the two parents differ, which behave independently of one another and which may therefore be recombined in various ways. The question as to the permanency of such characters in hereditary lines is interesting to all of us. There is no doubt that they are re- markably constant and persistent, but experimental breeding amply demonstrates that they are subject to the sudden changes known as mutations. It has also been demonstrated that in the course of selec- tive breeding they undergo change (W. E. Castle). They show, then, as do the many series of intergrading organisms, that the rule of heredity over living things is not absolute. Living things, in fact, continually escape from its tyranny through modification of their germ-cell substance, modification which is brought about through in- teraction with the environment and through interaction with other germ-cell substances, the latter action leading not only to new com- binations of the old, as in ideally strict Mendelism, but to actual change in the specific protoplasm, with the result that what are virtu- ally new qualities emerge. Mendelism has enormously increased the general interest in hered- ity, than which no subject in the whole field of science is more dis- eussed today. In the midst of the discussions and admirable investi- gations dealing directly with this matter, it is well not to forget what heredity is. As Haeckel pointed out long ago, heredity is not a special organic function, but is only a name for the fact that the specific substance of the germ cell exhibits a set of properties sub- stantially like those of the parent germ cell. In other words, heredity means that an egg behaves very much as the parent egg did, because, having essentially the same organization, it reacts to stimuli in essen- tially the same fashion. A sound knowledge of heredity is therefore dependent on a knowledge of the ways in which the many kinds of protoplasm respond to stimuli; in other words it is dependent on the general level of biological science. In conclusion, let me say that the several aspects of zodlogy at which we have glanced has each an interest in itself. Otherwise 94 JovurNat or tHE Mircuert Socrery [ December, 1916] there would be no hope of advance. But they fade into one another. The data overlap and the problems merge. The geographical ex- plorer, dealing with the distribution of animals; the classifier, dis- covering and arranging the diagnostic features of races and species; the descriptive anatomist skillfully tracing out details of structure in finished product and embryo; the comparative morphologist, out- lining embryological sketches and life histories and applying his data to questions of evolution; the analytie embryologist, unraveling physi- ological factors, control of which enables him to bring into being the differences which he started out to explain; the student of hereditary transmission recording the way in which characters reappear, and his other half, the student of variation, who experimentally induces new differences—these and many others are all dealing with one and the same nature, the many-sided world of living and once living things of which we form a part. The various classes of phenomena exhibited by this world of organisms, as they are mapped out and in some degree analyzed, enter into and constitute biology. They form a vast and heterogeneous array, of which it may be said that the vast- ness will remain, will indeed steadily increase, but the heterogeneity should become less evident. For, as knowledge grows and hypothesis gives way to generalization, the various aspects of the living world will no doubt arrange themselves in a more and more coherent man- ner, that is, we shall be more and more able to assign them to em- pirically learned causes, to the fundamental powers of the group of protoplasms as shown in responses to stimuli. CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. A LIST OF SYRPHIDA OF NORTH CAROLINA. By C. L. MErcatr. The following records are based primarily on the collections of the Division of Entomology of the State Department of Agriculture, ex- tending over more than fifteen years. During this time the chief of the division, Mr. Franklin Sherman, Jr., and various assistants, have painstakingly assembled specimens and data concerning the insect fauna of the entire State. Too much credit can hardly be given to Mr. Sherman for his enthusiasm in prosecuting and encouraging, from the beginning, this important zo6-geographical work. Two other important sources of records are the collections of Mr. C. S. Brimley, Zodlogist, chiefly from Raleigh, and those of Mr. A. H. Manee from Southern Pines. ee Zelima (Xylota)- -3-2 Syntta.-....-.-_- Ferdinandea (Chrysochlamys) - --__|_______- Cinxia (Sericomyia)_—__________=__ 2 Milesia- _..s_ ===>. eee eee Spilomyis_- =.) eee 3 ‘Temnostoma:) 22 = a ee 2 1 1 Chrysotoxun ___ == =e Sphecomyia_ ._ 2. eee Callicera____ .-_ 2222 ee eee Myxogaster . -_ > S22 = eee | Se eee Microdon: = 3. eee| 3 5) } 1 Ltd El ell ol RRR RRR ON Web et —t RR RW NR Ree oR ROO Total number of genera-_-___- 35 43 | 45) a2 Total number of species -___- 74 114 | 132 128 56 i1Chagnon, G., Etudes Preliminaires sur les Syrphides de la Province de Quebec, Extrait du “ Natur- aliste Canadien,’’ Quebec, 1901. 2 2Metcalf, C. L., The Syrphidze of Ohio, Ohio Biol. Survey Bul., Vol. I, No. 1 (Ohio State Univ. Bul, Vol. XVII, No. 31), 1913. sJohnson, C. W., Report on the insects of New Jersey, Diptera from Annual Rept. N. J. State Mus. (J. B. Smith), 1909. . hs ae 4Johnson, C. W., Insects of Florida, Diptera Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXII, Art. III, 1913. The following persons have contributed to our records on five or more species, and are referred to by initials in the list below: Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist.......... 63 species. C. S. Brimley, Zoologist, Raleigh...... ........... 59 species. A. H. Manee, Southem Pines tone iaete ieee 46 species. Z. P. Metcalf, Entomologist, Agricultural Experiment Nico (0) Pee emo oe Oca Soro coe oonceOados 6 16 species. R.S. Woglum, formerly Assistant State Entomologist. 13 species. Mrs. A. T: Slosson, New York Gity.<..:--.0..-2--.-- 9 species. C. W. Johnson, Curator, Boston Society of Natural FRIStOry. 5 oe ie eicn:eis,nsic os» ae ee Cee eee 7 species. C. L. Metcalf, formerly Assistant State Entomologist. 66 species. 1916 | A List or Syrpuips or Norru Carorina 99 Following the custom of previous lists from the State, each month has been divided into three parts; the first to the tenth being desig- nated as early (E.), the eleventh to the twentieth as mid (M.), and the twenty-first to the end of the month as late (L.). Detailed records are given in each case; and these, together with the table of localities by life-zones given above, should enable any one to decide as to the probable occurrence of a species in any part of the State. In the matter of nomenclature and synonomy, the writer has fol- lowed, for the most part, the catalogue of the Diptera of the world by Dr. C. Kertesz.* ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES. PARAGUS ANGUSTIFRONS Loew. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch. (A. H. M.); Pendleton, E. June (C. W. J.); Raleigh, EB. Jly. (Cie Nie) BH. Aug. (F. S.). PARAGUS BICOLOR Fabr. Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. lL. M.); Grandfather Mountain, M. Sep., 5,000 ft. (Z. P. M.). PARAGUS DIMIDIATUS Loew. Blowing Rock, E. Sep. (C. L. M.). PARAGUS TIBIALIS Fall. Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), M. June*; Raleigh, E. Jly., M. Jly., E. Aug., M. Aug. (C. L. M.). PIPIZA PISTICOIDES Willist. Swannanoa, M. Apr.,g about apple blossoms (C. L. M.). PIPIZA PULCHELLA Willist. Southern Pines, L. Oct. (A. H. M.). PipizA RADICUM Walsh and Riley. Swannanoa, M. Apr., g (C. L. M.) PsiLoTa BuccATA Macq. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch., E. Apr., M. Apr. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Mch., M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); common. *Catalogus Dipterorum hucusque Deseriptorum, Vol. VII, C. Kertesz, Museum Nationale Hun garicum, Budapest, 1910. 2 100 JournaL or THE Mircuerx Socrery [ December CHRYSOGASTER NIGRIPES Loew. Southport, EB. Apr. (C. L. M.); Charlotte, E. June (F. S.); Raleigh, M. Apr. (C. S. B. and C. L. M.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.). CHRYSOGASTER NITIDA Wied. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, HB. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, E. Apr.*; Pendleton, E. June (C. W. J.); Raleigh, E. Mch., M. Apr. (C. L. M.), E. June (R. S. W.), E. Jly., M. Jly., L. Jly., BE. Aug. and M. Aug. (C. L. M.); Hilis- boro, M. June (F. 8.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Hot Springs, May or June (A. T. S.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). Evidently dis- tributed throughout the state and occurring throughout the summer. CHRYSOGASTER PICTIPENNIS Loew. Southport, E,. Apr. (C. L. M.); Raleigh, E. Aug., abundant, (C. L. M.). CHRYSOGASTER PULCHELLA Willist. Southern Pines, L. Mch.*, E. Apr. (A. H. M.). CHILOSIA CAPILLATA Loew? A male, Southern Pines, E. Apr. (A. H. M.), is doubtfully referred here. It differs from the description in the color of the pile on the frons and in lacking the groove on the scutellum. CHILOSIA PALLIPES Loew. Sunburst, (Canton), June (F. S.). CHILOSIA WILLISTONI Snow. Raleigh, M. Nov. (C. lL. M.) PLATYCHIRUS CHAETOPODUS Willist. Blantyre, E. May (F. S.). PLATYCHIRUS HYPERBOREUS Staeger. Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. L. M.); Jefferson, M. Sep. (C. L. M.). PLATYCHIRUS QUADRATUS Say. Raleigh, L. Mch. (F. S. and C. L. M.). MELANOSTOMA ANGUSTATUM Willist. Sunburst (=Canton), L. May (C. 8. B.). MELANOSTOMA MELLINUM Linné. Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. S. B.), M. Apr. (C. S. B. and C. L. M.); Henderson- ville, June, (F. S.); Sunburst (=Canton), L. May, (C. 8. B.); Jeffer- son, M. Aug. (F. S8.). MELANOSTOMA OBSCURUM Say. Southern Pines, E. Nov.*; Raleigh, E. Mch. (C. S. B. and C. L. M.), L. Mch., M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Sunburst (=Canton), L. May (C. S. B.). 1916 | A List or Syrpnipm or Norra Carorina 101 DipEA FASCIATA Macq. var. FUSCIPES Loew. Southern Pines, L. Mch.*; Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. L. M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Sunburst (Canton), L. May (F. 8.). DimwEA LAXA O. S. Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. S. B., F. S. and S. C. Clapp). SyRPHUS AMALOPIS O. S. Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.). SYRPHUS AMERICANUS Wied. Southport, EB. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Beaufort, M. May (R. S. W.), E. June (F. S.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), M. Nov. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Jan., on wing, (C. L. M.); Feb., L. Mch. (C. S. B.), E. Mch., common, (C. L. M.), L. Mch., E. Apr. (Z. P. M. and C. L. M.), L. Apr. (C. L. M.), L. May (F. S.), L. Aug. (Z. P. M.), L. Oct. (C. L. M.), L. Nov. (C. S. B.); Durham, L. May (C. 8S. B.); Swannanoa, M. Apr., common, (C. L. M.); Sunburst (=Canton), L. May (C. S. B.); Bushnell, E. Sep. (G. M. B.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S. and R. W. Leiby). Common throughout the state except for an apparent break between generations in summer. SYRPHUS ARCUATUS Fall. Raleigh, L. Mch., common about blossoming willow (C. L. M.); Black Mountain, lL. May (F. S.). SyRPHUS FISHERIT Walton. Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). Male. Oral margin and cheeks yellow, frontal triangle in the middle brownish, shining, along the eyes yellowish pol- linose. Scutellum dark brown, yellow along the margin. First abdom- inal segment shining black, the black of the second segment opaque; yellow band about half the length of segment situated a little in front of the middle, interrupted by about one-fourth the width of the seg- ment. Posterior margins of fourth and fifth segments narrowly yellow. SyrpHus species No. 1. Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. 8S. B.). SYRPHUS GROSSULARI® Meig. (S. lesueurii Macq.) Raleigh, lL. Mch. (C. S. B.), L. May (F. S.), M. Nov. (C. S. B.); Blowing Rock, L. Aug., Sep. (F. S.) SYRPHUS PERPLEXUS Osburn Raleigh, L. Mch., about blossoming willow (C. L. M.). SYRPHUS PROTRITUS O., S. Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. L. M.). 102 JourNAL or THE Mitrcuett Socrery | December SyrRPHUS RIBESIT Linné. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, L. Mch.*; Raleigh, L. Mch. (Cc. S. B. and C. L. M.), Apr., M. Oct., M. Nov. (C. S. B.); Greensboro, L. Mch. (Z. P. M.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). Reared from larva taken among Schizoneura tessellata, Valle Crucis, M. Sep. (C. L. M.). SyrpHus Torvus O. S. : Southern Pines, M. Mch. (F. S. and C. L. M.); Raleigh, M. Mch. (C. S. B.); L. Mech. (C. L: M.), L. Apr., L. Oct., L. Dec. (C. S. B.); Greens- boro, L. Mch., common (F. 8.); Ellenboro, M. Mch. (F. 8S.) ; Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. S. B.); Grand- father Mountain, 5000 ft., L. July (G. M. B.), M. Sep. (Z. P. M.); Jef- ferson, M. Sep. (C. L. M.). SYRPHUS XANTHOSTOMUS Willist. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. May (F. S.), E. June (C. 8S. B.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.). Syrpuus species No. 2. Near S. americanus but has cheeks yellow and lacks the black facial stripe, Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.). ALLOGRAPTA FRACTA O. S. Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). ALLOGRAPTA OBLIQUA Say. Beaufort, HE. May (R. S. W.), E. June (F. 8.); Southern Pines, M. June*, M. Aug.*, L. Oct. (A. H. M.); Murfreesboro, E. June (C. W. J.); Raleigh, May (C. S. B.), M. June (R. S. W. and C. L. M.), E. July (C. L. M.), L. July (F. S.), L. Sep., Oct., M. Nov. (C. S. B.), E. Dec. (F. S.); Norlina, M. July (S W. Foster); Dendron, E. Aug. (J. P. Spoon); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.). Generally distributed through- out the state, common but seldom abundant. SPHAEROPHORIA CYLINDRICA Say. Beaufort, E. June (F.S.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), H. June*. EB, Nov., M. Nov. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, E. Mch. (C. S. B.), L. Mch., L. Apr. (C. L. M.), June (C. S. B.), E. July (C. L. M.), L. July, M. Oct. (C. S. B.), L. Oct. (F. S.); Charlotte, E. June (F. S.); King, BH. Oct. (S. C. Clapp); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Swannanoa, M. Apr., M. May (C. L. M.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Blantyre, BE. May (F. S.); Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. S. B.); Yonahlosse Road, M. Sep. (C. L. M.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.); Boone, M, Sep. (C. L. M.). Toxomerus (Mesogramma) poscrt Macq. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Pendleton, E. June (C. W. J.); 1916 | A List or Syren or Norru Carona 103 Raleigh, L. Jly. (Z. P. M.); Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. S. B.); Grandfather Mountain, M. Sep., 5000 ft. (Z. P. M.). ToxomMeErus (Mesogramma) puPpLicatus Wied. Raleigh, L. June (Z. P. M.). ToxoMERus (Mesogramma) GEMINATUS Say. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Murfreesboro, E. June (C. W. J.); Pendle- ton, E. June (C. W. J.); Southern Pines, E. Nov. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, E. Mch., M. Mch., L. Meh. (C. L. M.), M. Apr. (C. S. B.), L. June (F. S.), M. June (C. L. M.); M. Sep. (C. S. B. and C. L. M.), M. Nov. (C. L. M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Yonahlosse Road, M. Sep. (C. L. M.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.); Jefferson, M. Sep. (C. L. M.). Throughout the state, common spring and fall with an evident gap in midsummer. ToxomMerus (Mesogramma) MARGINATUS Say. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, EB. Apr. (C. L. M.); Beaufort, E. June (F. 8.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch. (A. H. M.), E. Aug.,* E. Nov.,* M. Nov.,* L. Nov. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Mch., M. Apr., E. May, E. June, M. June, E. July, M. July, L. July, E. Aug., M. Aug., L. Aug., BE. Sep., M. Sep., E. Oct., E. Nov., M. Nov., L. Nov. (F. S., C. S. B., Z. P. M., C. L. M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr., variety, (C. L. M.), M. July, (Z. P. M.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Balsam, 3,500 ft., M. Sep. (Z. P. M.); Yonahlosse Road, M. Sep. (C. L. M.); Blowing Rock, BE. Sep. (F. S. and R. W. Leiby); Grandfather Mountain, E. Sep., M. Sep., 5,000 ft. (Z. P. M.); Jefferson, M. Sep. (F. S. and C. L. M.). Uniformly distributed throughout the state, often very abun- dant. Toxomerus (Mesogramma) ParvuLus Loew? I refer here with some question a male, Grandfather Mountain, 11 Sep., 708, 5000 ft. (Z. P. M.). This name has been considered synonymous with T. boscii Macq. (Hunter). The above specimen differs especially from those referred to boscii in lacking the conspicuous, lateral thoracic stripes, the side margins being only obscurely yellowish for a short distance above the base of the wings. Three slender, cinereous shining stripes on meso- notum. First abdominal segment more narrowly yellow at base than in boscii and the yellow band on second segment broader, straight, not interrupted. Yellowish fascie on third and fourth segments broader, the posterior processes much produced, until on the fourth segment the fascia is broken up into five longitudinal stripes by the black in- terruptions. Hind tibie mostly black, the tarsi infuscated. ToxoMERus (Mesogramma) pouirus Say. Beaufort, M. June (F.S.); Southern Pines, M. Aug.*, L. Aug. (A. H. M.); 104 JourNAL or THE Mrrcuett Socrery | December Raleigh, M. Apr. (Z. P. M.), M. June (C. S. B.), E. July (C. L. M.), M. Aug. (Z. P. M. and C. O. Houghton), Aug. (C. S. B.), L. Sep. (C. S. B. and —\S.), EB. Oct. (C. L: Mi. Oct; (C]S2 Band (Cs Ma). M. Noy. (C. L. M.); Greensboro, L. Aug. (F. S.); Dendron, E. Aug. (J. P. Spoon); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Asheville, M. Aug. (G. M. B.); Blantyre, L. Sep. (R. S. W.); Sunburst (—Canton), June (F. S.); Highlands, Sep. (F. S.); Andrews, M. Aug. (F. S.); Blowing Rock, E. Sep. (F. S. and R. W. Leiby). This, the corn-feeding Syrphid- fly, is thus seen to be distributed over the state with the possible ex- ception of the extreme southeast. The larve and pup# have been found in great numbers on corn at Raleigh (Z. P. M. and C. L. M.); but their feeding did no apparent damage. XANTHOGRAMMA EMARGINATUM Say. Burgaw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Highlands, Sep. (R. S. W.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). BACCHA CLAVATA Fabr, Raleigh, M. and L. Sep., 14, 29, (C. S. B.). BACCHA COSTATA Say. Raleigh, M. Sep. (C. S. B.). BaccHA LUGENS Loew. Raleigh, E. Sep. (C. S. B.). BAccCHA TARCHETIUS Walk. Whiteville, July (R. S. W.); Willard, July (Z. P. M.); Raleigh, E. July (F.S.), M. July (C. S. B.); Albemarle, E. Aug. (F. 8.) ; Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Sunburst, L. May (C. S. B.); Hot Springs, May or June (A. T. S.). OcypTtAMus (Baccha) FUSCIPENNIS Say. [nec Baccha fascipennis Wied. (B. aurinota Walk) ]. Beaufort, M. June (F. S.); Whiteville, July (R. S. W.); Washington, M. July (F. S.); Southern Pines, M. Nov.*; Raleigh, L. May (C. S. B.), E. July (F. S.), M. July (C. S. B.), L. July (C. L. M.), E. Aug. (C. L. M.), M. Aug. (C. O. Houghton), E. Sep. (F. S. and C. S. B.), L. Sep., L. Oct. (C. S. B.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Sunburst, (=Can- ton), L. May (C. S. B.); Hot Springs, May or June (A. T. S.); Blowing Rock, M. Sep. (F. S. and C. L. M.). SPHEGINA INFUSCATA Loew. Sunburst (Canton), L. May (C. S. B.). SPHEGINA KEENIANA Willist. Sunburst (Canton), L. May (F.'S. and C. S. B.). 1916] A List or Syrpum or Norru Carona 105 SPHEGINA LOBATA Loew. Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C.S. B.). SPHEGINA RUFIVENTRIS Loew? A number of light-colored specimens, Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.), may be teneral individuals of this species. RHINGIA NASICA Say. Raleigh, L. Apr. (C. L. M.), E. Nov. (C. S. B.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Toxroway, May or June (A. T. S.); Homestead, M. Aug. (S. W. Foster); Sunburst, (—Canton), L. May (C. S. B. and F. S.), June (F. S.); Highlands, Sep. (F. S.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.); Grandfather Mountain, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. E. Sep. (F. S.); Jefferson, M. Sep. (F. S.). VoLUCELLA FASCIATA Macq. Southern Pines, L. June*, E. Sep.*. A male, Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), has the antenne entirely brownish; the yellow markings on thorax much less distinct; and the abdomen with only two yellow bands, the one on the third segment much attenuated toward the mid- dle, almost disappearing, and both fascie widely separated from the margin. VOLUCELLA PALLENS Wied. (V. sexpunctata Loew). Raleigh, L. July (C. S. B.), M. Aug. (C. L. M.). VOLUCELLA VESICULOSA Fabr. Raleigh, M. May (C. S. B.), L. May (F. S.). In sugar trap, M. June, L. June, M. July, L. July (C. S. B.);Blantyre, E. May (F. S.). ERISTALIS AENEA Scop. Charlotte, E. June (F. S.); Raleigh, L. Mch. (F. S. and C. S. B.), E. May (C. S. B.), June, July (C. S. B.), M. Aug. (C. L. M.), E. Oct. (F. S.), M. Oct., Nov. (C. S. B.); Hillsboro, M. June (F. S.); Greensboro, L. Mch. (Z. P. M.); not common. ERISTALIS ALBIFRONS Wied. Beaufort, E. July (F. S.). ERISTALIS ARBUSTORUM Linné. Raleigh, L. Mch., M. Apr. (C. L. M.), May -(C. S. B.), E. Jly. (C. S. B. and C. L. M.), E. Aug. (F. S. and C. S. B.), M. Aug. (C. L. M.); Dur- ham, L. May (C. S. B.); Blowing Rock, Sep. (F. S.). ERISTALIS DIMIDIATA Wied. Smith Island, Oct. (F. S.); Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Wacca- maw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Faison, M. Oct. (BF. S.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch., L. Apr., E. Sep., 106 JourNAL oF THE MircHett Socrery [ December L. Sep.*, E. Nov.*, M. Nov.* (A. H. M.); Raleigh, E. Mch. (C. L. M.), Mch. (C. S. B.), L. Mch., E. Apr. (F. S.), Apr., E. May (C. S. B.), L. Sep.. (F. S.), E. Oct: (C.S\B:), HB. Nove (GaeS ov Now(G sea) Greensboro, L. Mch. (F.'S.). ERISTALIS FLAVIPES Walk. Raleigh, L. Oct. (F. S.). ERISTALIS SAXORUM Wied. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr., abundant (C. L. M.); Lake Ellis (Havelock), E. May (C. S. B.); Raleigh, M. June (Cas. Be ERISTALIS TENAX Linné. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Beaufort, E. June (F. S.); Sowth- ern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), E. June (R. S. W.), E. Nov.*, M. Nov.* (A. H. M.); Holly Springs, in collection R. F. Collins, (F. S.); Raleigh, L. Jan., on wing (C. L. M.), E. Mch. to L. July and E. Oct. to L. Dee. (F. S., C. S. B., C. L. M.); Hillsboro, M. June (F. S.); Greensboro, M. Mch. (S. C. Clapp), L. Mch. (F. S.); Hernersville, M. June. (F. S.); Pilot Mountain, M. Nov. (G. M. Bently); Marion, M. July (F. S.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Sun- burst (=—Canton), L. May (F. S. and S. C. Clapp); Blowing Rock, L. June (F. S.), E. Sep., common, M. Sep. (F. S.). Everywhere abundant spring and fall. There are no records of its occurrence for August or September, which probably indicates two distinct generations a year. ERISTALIS TRANSVERSA Wied. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Faison, M. Oct. (F. S.); Murfreesboro, E. June (C. W. J.); Pendleton, E. June (C. W. J.); Southern Pines, L. Mch.*, E. Apr. (C. L. M.), E. Nov.*, (A. H. M.); Elkin, M. June (F.S.); Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. 8. B.), E. Apr. (F. S.), M. Apr., L. Apr., E. May (C. L. M.), M. May (Z. P. M.), M. June (R. S. iW.), E. Jly. (C. L. M.), L. Jly. (C. S. B.), EB. Aug., L. Aug. (C. L. M.), M. Sep. to L. Dee. (C. S. B.); Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Highlands, Sep. (R. S. W.); Whittier, M. Sep. (F. S.); Cane River, Sep. (F. S.); Blowing Rock, E. Sep., common (F. S.); Boone, M. Sep. (C. L. M.). Common through- out the state spring and fall, rare or wanting August and September. ERISTALIS VINETORUM Fabr. Wilmington, M. Nov. (F. S.) ; Faison, M. Oct. (F. S.); Southern Pines, Jly. (A. H. M.), L. Aug.*, E. Sep.*; Raleigh, L. Mch., M. June, L. Jly., L. Sep., Oct. (C. S. B.). MEROMACRUS ACUTUS Fabr. (Pteroptila crucigera Wied.). Raleigh, L. July (Z. P. M. and C. S. B.), E. Aug., L. Sep. (C. S. B.); Blantyre, M. June (R. W. Collett). — 1916 | A List or Syrpuipx or Nortu Carorina 107 TuBIFERA (Helophilus) cHrysostoMA Wied. Raleigh, E. May, M. June, M. July (C, L. M.), L. July (C. S. B. and C. L. M.), EB. Aug., M. Aug. (C. L. M.), L. Sep. (F. S.). TusBIFERA (Helophilus) FLAVIFACIES Bigot? Raleigh, M. July (C. S. B.). This specimen differs from the specimen referred to T. nvreGra (q. v.) in having the first yellow, abdominal band not interrupted in the middle and the fifth segment unmarked with black. The hind tarsi are infuscated but not blackish. The hind femora with less black, the abdomen as a whole more yellowish. TuBIFERA (Helophilus) INTEGRA Loew. Raleigh, E. Aug., on mint (C. S. B.). TupIreraA (Helophilus) LAETA Loew. Southern Pines, L. June*. TUBIFERA (Helophilus) smmis Macq. Smith Island, M. Oct. (F. S.); Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, EB. Apr. (C. L. M.); Faison, M. Oct. (F. S.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch.*, E. Apr., M. Apr. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. S. B.), M. Apr. (C. S. B. and © GL. M.), E. Oct., L. Oct., M. Nov. (G. S. B.). TEUCHOCNEMIS BACUNTIUS Walk. Southport, E. Apr., 29, 14, (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr.,?, (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, E. Apr. (A. H. M.). TEUCHOCNEMIS LITURATA Loew. Raleigh, M. Apr. (C. S. B.). PTERALLASTES THORACICUS Loew. Hendersonville, June (F. S.); Blowing Rock, E. Sep., 3500 ft. (F. S.). MALLOTA CIMBICIFORMIS Fall. Southern Pines, L. Mch.* (A. H. M.). MALLOTA PosTIcATA Fabr. Raleigh, L. Apr. (F. S.), L. May, M. June (C. S. B.), L. Aug. (F. S.), L. Oct. (F. S.); Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.); Sunburst (—Canton), June (F.S.). MALLOTA SP. . Southport, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.). 9, nearest M. creicirorMis but quite distinct. TROPIDIA ALBISTYLUM Macq. Raleigh, M. Apr., 3, (C. L. M.); Sunburst (—Canton), June, 9, (HS) Hot Springs, May or June (A. T.S.). 108 JournAL or THE Mrrcnerti Socrery | December TROPIDIA QUADRATA Say. Raleigh, May to Sep. (C. S. B.), M. Aug. (C. L. M.). MYI0LEPTA NIGRA Loew. N. C. (Williston, **p. 129). MYIOLEPTA STRIGILATA Loew. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, BE. Apr. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Mch., L. Apr., M. Apr., (C. L. M.). No evident luteous spot on side of face. MYIOLEPTA VARIPES Loew. Raleigh, May (C.S. B.). CHALCOMYIA AEREA Loew. Southern Pines, L. Mch.* (A. H. M.). PENTHESILEA (Somula) DECORA Macq. Raleigh, L. Apr., M. May (C. S. B.); Mount Airy, June (Z. P. M.); Swan- nanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Toxoway, May or June (A. T. §S.). PENTHESILEA (Criorrhina) vERBOSA Walk. Montvale, L. Apr. (F. S.). MERAPIOIDUS VILLOSUS Bigot. Greensboro, L. Mch. (F. §8.). CyYNORRHINA NOTATA Wied. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, L. Mch.*, BE. Apr. (A. H. M.); Lake Toxoway, May or June (A. T. S.). In some female specimens, the four anterior femora are entirely yel- lowish. Front black above, cheeks broadly entirely black, face yel- lowish. CYNORRHINA PICTIPES Bigot. Southport, HB. Apr., abundant, (C. L. M.); Burgaw, B. Apr., abundant, (C. L, M.); Southern Pines, E. Apr.* (A. H. M.); Raleigh, M. Apr. (FE. S. and C. S. B.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.). CYNORRHINA UMBRATILIS Willist. Southern Pines, E. Apr. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Apr. (C. L. M.); Swan- nanoa, M. Apr., about Juneberry (C. L. M.). CYNORRHINA SP. 3 Southern Pines, E. Apr. (A. H. M.). Near C. norata but differs in ab- dominal markings, in having a black facial stripe and black on frontal triangle above. a **Williston, Samuel W., Synopsis North American Syrphide, Bul. U. S. Natl. Museum, No. 31, Jash., 1886. 1916 | A List or Syreuip® or Norru Carona 109 BRACHYPALPUS AMITHAON Walk. N. G., (Williston, loc. cit., p. 297). BRACHYPALPUS FRONTOSUS Loew. Southern Pines, M. Mch.*; Raleigh, Mch. (C. S. B.), L. Mch. (C. L. M.). BRACHYPALPUS PULCHER Willist. Southern Pines, 24 Feb. (A. H. M.). BRACHYPALPUS RILEYI Willist. N. CG. (Williston, loc. cit., p. 222). BRACHYPALPUS sSoRoSIS Willist. Southern Pines, E. Mch., L. Mch.*, E. Apr., M. Apr. (A. H. M.). Q. Front black, on the vertex shining, metallic bronze; below opaque; covered with whitish pubescence, which on the sides next the eyes entirely obscures the black ground color; pile yellow. Entire antennal prominence and face yellow, shining in the middle, whitish pubescent on the sides. Cheeks shining black. Thorax similar to the male, the notum a little less brilliantly bronze. Abdomen as in the male. Legs and antenne entirely yellowish, only the tips of the tarsi infuscated; although in some of the males the femora are black, except at base and apex, and the antenne decidedly infuscated. Zevima (Xylota) aNawis Willist. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.). Zerima (Xylota) ANGUSTIVENTRIS Loew. Southern Pines, M. June*; Lake Toxoway, May or June (A. T. S.); Blowing Rock, 3500 ft., E. Sep. (G25 Sh)ic ZEVIMA (Xylota) ANTHREAS Walk. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.). Zetima (Xylota) BicoLor Loew. Hendersonville, June (F. 8.). ZeLIMA (Xylota) CHALYBEA Wied. Raleigh, E. June (F. S.), M. June (G2SS Bs): Zevima (Xylota) EJUNCIDA Say. ae Southern Pines, B. Apr. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, E. Sep. (C. L. M.); Sun- burst (=Canton), L. May (C. S. B.). ZerrmaA (Xylota) ELONGATA Willist. Sunburst (=Canton), June (F. S.); Blowing Rock, 4,000 to 4,500 fi June 20, 1904 (F. S.). 110 JourNnaL or THE Mircuert Socrery | December ZELIMA (Xylota) FRAUDULOSA Loew. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, BE. Apr. (C. L. M.); Pen- dleton, E. June (C. W.J.); Raleigh, L. Apr. (C.L.M.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.). A 9, Raleigh, E. June (C. S. B.), has front and mid- dle legs and basal half of hind femora yellow. It may be distinct. ZeELIMA (Xylota) MARGINALIS Willist. Sunburst (=—Canton), L. May (F. S.). ZevimMa (Xylota) PpriGcRA Fabr. Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Burgaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, M. Mch. (C. L. M.), L. Mch.*, EB. Apr., M. Aug.* (A. H. M.); Pinehurst, M. Oct. (F. S.); Raleigh, Apr., L.. June, L. July, Sep., Oct. (C. S. B.); Garysburg, E. Apr. (F. S.). This species was reared in large numbers from larve collected by Professor Z. P. Metealf at Raleigh. I quote from his letter as follows: “The Syrphide were collected under the bark of two pine logs about 2 feet in diameter. These logs had evidently been cut during the pre- ceding summer and the inner bark was badly decayed and had an abundant growth of a slimy fungus of some kind. Both logs were on a hillside and the lower ends of the logs had the most larve—perhaps due to the fact that water had run down them so that the lower end was the dampest part. The specimens were collected March 13; and at that time about two-thirds were in the puparium. After being brought back to the laboratory more of them pupated, but these were not separated from the general lot. The larve seemed to feed on the decaying inner bark, so far as I could judge.” The adults emerged, in the laboratory, during the latter part of March and early April. The species has previously been reared by Messrs. C. W. Johnson and V. A. E. Daecke. ZeELIMA (Xylota) vEcors O. S. Black Mountain, L. May (F. S.) ZELIMA (Xylota) sp. Southport, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Lake Waccamaw, E. Apr. (C. L. M.); Southern Pines, L. Mch. (A. H. M.). SYRITTA PIPIENS Linné. Southern Pines, L. Mch., L. Aug.*, E. Sep.*, E. Nov., M. Nov.* (A. H. M.); Raleigh, M. Apr., L. Apr. (C. L. M.), E. May (C. S. B.), L. June (Z. P. M.), E. July, M. July (C. L. M.), L. July (C. S. B.), M. Aug. (C. L. M.), L. Sep., E. Oct. (C. S. B.), M. Nov. (F. S.); Blowing Rock, M. Sep. (F. S. and C. L. M.); Boone, M. Sep. (C. L. M.); Jefferson, M. Aug. (F. S.), M. Sep. (C. L. M.). FERDINANDEA (Chrysochlamys) pivss O. S. Southern Pines, L. Mch. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, L. Oct., 9 in moth trap (C. S. B.); Swannanoa, M. Apr., 2 9 about Juneberry (C. L. M.). 1916 | A List or Syrpuipa or Norrw Carorina 111 Cinxra (Sericomyia) cHrysoroxoipEes Macq. Highlands, Sep. (R. S. W.); Grandfather Mountain, B. Sep., 4000 ft. (F. S.). CinxiA (Sericomyia) sp. Raleigh, L. Mch. (F. S.), M. Apr. (C. L. M.). MIZESIA VIRGINIENSIS Drury (M, ornata Fabr.). Havelock, L. May (F. S.); Southern Pines, M. May, L. May, E. June, M. June (A. H. M.); Raleigh, E. June (F. S.), June (C. S. B.), E. July Keil M.). July, Aug: (CG: °S: B:), Me Augei(Ca oa) Oct Hine Nov. (C. S. B.); Marion, M. July (F. S.); Hot Springs, May or June (A. T. S.); Blowing Rock, L. June (F. 8.). Not uncommon. SPrmtomMyIA FUSCA Loew. Highlands, Sep. (R. S. W.); Blowing Rock, EB. Sep., 3.500 ft. (F. S.). SPILOMYIA HAMIFERA Loew. Southern Pines (A. H. M.); Hendersonville, June (F. 8.). SPILOMYIA LONGICORNIS Loew. Southern Pines, EB. Oct. (A. H. M.); Raleigh, M. Sep. (C. S. B.), L. Sep. ies). Oct. (C. S. B:). TEMNOSTOMA ALTERNANS Loew. Sunburst (—Canton), L. May (C. 58. B.). TEMNOSTOMA BOMBYLANS Fabr. Sunburst (=—Canton), L. May (C. S. B.); Andrews, M. May (F. S.). TEMNOSTOMA PICTULUM Willist. Raleigh, M. Apr. (C. S. B.). TEMNOSTOMA TRIFASCIATUM Roberts. Sunburst (=Canton), June (F. S.). CHRYSOTOXUM LATERALE Loew. Raleigh, L. Mch., @ on sassafras flowers (C. S. B.); Swannanoa, M. Apr. (C. L. M.). CHRYSOTOXUM PUBESCENS Loew. Southern Pines, E. June *; Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. 8S. B.). SPHECOMYIA VITTATA Wied. Raleigh, L. Mch. (C. L. M.). CALLICERA JOHNSONI Hunter. Swannanoa, M. Apr., 2 about apple blossoms (C. L. M.). This speci- 112 JournaL or THE Mircuett Socrery [ December, 1916] men compared with the type in the Boston Society of Natural His- tory agrees with it almost exactly, particularly in the color of the pile which is gray throughout. CALLICERA JOHNSONI Hunter va7. AURIPILA 0. var. In contrast with the above typical specimen, are about forty specimens of this rare genus, taken by the writer at Southport, 6 and 7 April, 1914, (cotypes) about blossoming apple and pear. These specimens, to- gether with one from Southern Pines, 17 April (A. H. M.), are all very similar, except for a considerable variation in size, and all strikingly different from the typical johnsoni in having the pile throughout of a beautiful, deep golden color. These specimens constitute a distinct new variety. MicrRopON FUSCIPENNIS Macq. Wilmington, Sep. (R. S. W.); Swannanoa, E. July (C. L. M.); Sunburst (=Canton), June (F. S.). Micropon LimBus Willist. Southern Pines, (A. H. M.). MicropoN PACHYSTYLUM Willist. Southern Pines, Sep. (R. 8S. W.), L. Sep.*; Raleigh, M. June (C. S. B.), E. July (Z. P. M.), L. July (C. S. B.), L. Aug. (F. S.). MIcRODON TRISTIS Loew. Sunburst (—Canton), June (F. 8.). Larve collected at Raleigh in Feb- ruary, 1916, by Mr. C. S. Brimley from a decaying log at the edge of a pond were reared by the writer, the adults emerging about the middle of March. Mr. Brimley concluded from the very wet habitat that the larve could hardly have been associated with ants. However, the presence of a single ant among the material forwarded probably in- dicates that the ants had been present and were mostly driven away by the water, leaving these synokoetes behind. Onto STATE UNIVERSITY, Columbus, Ohio. ON THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF POTAS- SIUM IN NORMAL AND NEPHROPATHIC KIDNEY CELLS." By Wm. DEB. MACNTDER. The observations which are contained in this summary are based on the microchemical demonstration of potassium in the kidney cells of thirty-four dogs. The animals have varied in age from four months to something over ten years. Four of the animals may be grouped as “normal animals.” They did not receive any nephrotoxic sub- stance and neither were they subjected to the action of an anesthetic. After a period of three days of observation these animals were killed by shooting. The remaining thirty animals were rendered nephropathic by uranium nitrate in the dose of 4 mg. or 6.7 mg. per kilogram. They were anesthetized by either Gréhant’s anesthetic in 60 per cent strength, or by morphine-ether. At the termination of the experiment small pieces of kidney tissue were removed, and frozen sections not over 20 micra in thickness were made. The sections were treated at once with Erdmann’s” rea- gent as modified by Macallum® and used by him in his studies “On the Distribution of Potassium in,Animal and Vegetable Cells.” The reagent which consists in a solution of the hexanitrite of cobalt and sodium serves as a complete precipitant of potassium from its solutions, in the form of an orange-yellow precipitate of the triple salt. If the salt is present in minute quantities the crystalline form is absent. To render the detection of small quantities of the salt pos- sible, Macallum® used ammonium sulphide to react with the cobalt of the salt and form the black sulphide of cobalt, which is easily detected. This suggestion of Macallum’s has been employed in the demonstration of potassium in all of the sections. The results which have been obtained are as follows: 1. The epithelial cells of the normal dog kidney show only traces 1Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1915; xiii, p. 10-12. Aided by a grant from the fund for scientific research of the American Medical Association. 2 “Anorganische Chemie,’ 1898, p. 630. Reference given by Macallum. 3Jour. Phys., Vol. XXXII, No. 2, p. 98. - (113) 114 JournaL or THE Mircnerst Socrery [ December, 1916 | of potassium. The potassium is most marked in the loops of Henle and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. It has never been demonstrated within the nucleus of the normal eell. 2. The epithelium of the nephropathic kidney shows an increase in potassium over that of the normal. The potassium differs in dis- tribution within the cytoplasm of the cell and has been demonstrated within the nucleus of the cell. 3. The potassium in the nephropathic organs has been especially marked in the cells of the convoluted tubules. In the cytoplasm of the cells forming these tubules the potassium is not uniformly dis- tributed but is found to collect along the free margin of the cells bordering the lumen of the tubule. =—0 (a real). 1917 | Some Exemenrary Vector Hquarions 145 Picard! makes use of the form ze + Ag+ Az+B=0 (B real) 7A) [=r) as the equation of a circle in the complex plane. He uses this form to show that under the bilinear transformation = (az-+ b)/(cz + a) circles are sent into circles. He makes no explanations of how the equation was got, but states that when the complexes are replaced by the sum of their real and imaginary parts the circle’s equation in the real plane results. Now article three gives us a direct way of passing from this real plane form to the complex plane equation. A circle whose centre is the point (a, >) has for its equation in the real plane (8) 257 (y Oats or parametrically, x=atrecos? , y=b-+rsin?’ . Then z=2-+ w= (a+rcos¥) Hi(b + rsin®) z=(a+ib)+r(cos0 +isind) =A + rt also, z=A-+r/t eliminating ¢ (z—A)(z—A) =r? or more compactly, ze taztaz+bb=—0 which agrees with Picard’s form since the product bb is alw ays real. § 7. The ellipse a2/a2+ y2/b2 =1 is given parametrically by =acos? , y=bsind?. *Picard’s Traite d’Analyse, page 462. 146 JourNAL oF tHE Mircnetn, Socirrry [ April Then z—=acos? + ib sind z—=acos ¥ — ib sind adding z+z—=2acosd subtracting, eliminating J , b?(2 +2)?—a?(z—z)? = 4a°b? which when written (2 +2)2/(2a)? — (2 —z)?/(2b)? =1 has a fair analogy to the form of the hyperbola’s equation in the real plane. ZA) io 2) The hyperbola is given parametrically by x=asecd , y =b tan? So z—=asec’d+ ih tand and z—=asec 9— ib tan 9 adding z+2z=2asecd subtracting, z—2z—2bitand eliminating #, (2 +2)2/(2a)? + (z—z)/(2b)? = which has a fair analogy to the form of the equation of the ellipse in the real plane. 1917] Some Erementary Vector Equations 147 § 9. If we wish to pass from z=(t), 2=v(t) to f(z z)=0 by elimination, we find at times that the elimination is not easily made. In many instances replacing ¢ by its value cos 3 + isin? gives for ¥ an easier elimination. For instance z=b/t+t z=bt+ 1/0. Here the elimination of ¢ is more involved than the elimination of 3 from z= (1+ 6) cosd+72(1—b)) sn ¥ z= (1+ dD) cos? —i(1—}) sind which are equations got from the above by replacing ¢ by cos #+isin¥. In fact, the elimination proceeds as in article seven and gives (2 +2)/4(1—b)?— (z—2)?/4(1 +b)? =1 which we recognize as an ellipse. § 10. If we wish to pass from a complex plane locus Ge) to a real plane locus f(z, y)= 0 we may do so as in the following illustration. The equation z=b/t+t of article nine may be written x +ty=b/(cos¥-+ isin ¥) + (cos#+ sin #) or, since ¢ and 2/t are conjugates x +ty = b(cos )— isin 9) + (cos d+ isin 9) = (1+ b)cosd + 7(1 —)) sind CD vA) ili JouRNAL oF THE MircHELL Sociery equating the real and imaginary parts a=(1+b) cos? , y= (1—b)sind which gives an ellipse parametrically expressed, for the elimi- nation of 0 gives x?/(1-+b)? + y2/(1—b)?=1 In what precedes we have seen that when a curve in the real plane can be expressed parametrically we may pass to an ana- logous parametric expression of a curve in the complex plane. When the eliminations are practicable we can arrive at an equation f(z, 2) =0 in the complex plane, which corresponds in a way to the equation f(z, y) =90 in the real plane. We have illustrated the way in which in special cases we may pass from the one to the other. This opens up the field for an analytical geometry of the complex plane whose codrdinates are z and z, corresponding to the codrdinates x and y of Des Cartes. In the foregoing we have investigated the forms for this new geometry which the well known curves: the right line, the circle, the ellipse, and the hyperbola take. Other plane curyes might have been chosen and their equations got in a very similar manner. These principles considered here have an application in the theory of rolling curves. If we suppose one complex plane tc move upon another complex plane im a prescribed manner, the points cf each plane trace certain path curves in the other plane. It is not the purpose of this article to go further into that subject than to say that in the study of these path curves the foregoing methods are of inealeulable use. Chapel Hill, N. GC. THE FISHERIES OF NORTH CAROLINA+ By JosepH Hype Prart. A new era was started in the development of the fishing industries of the State of North Carolina, when the General Assembly of the State passed, on March 4, 1915, “An act to establish a Fisheries Commission and to protect the fisheries of North Carolina.”* This law, which is State-wide, is considered by nearly all who have investigated it to be the most efficient and best fishery law that has been passed by any State. Honorable William C. Redfield, Sec- retary of Commerce, in sn address before the annual meeting of the National Association of Fisheries Commissioners on April 18, 1916, at Wilmington, North Carolina, said: “T have taken no little pride, gentlemen of North Carolina, in pointing out personally to the Governors of other States and to the legislators of other States the progressive and effective law that exists hefé—a good law which has put the State of North Carolina in advance of others to its own good and to its great honor. I know that it has had a marked effect upon opinion elsewhere; that it has put this State of North Carolina in a position of prestige and dignity and self-respect and of vision for the future, and of common sense as regards the children that are to come, which has made it honorable in the sisterhood of States in this country. The State of North Carolina has led the way in this respect, and others have shown it the flattery of imitation.” Tt is believed that this law will enable the State to build up its fishing industry to a point where it can be compared favorably with a similar industry in any other State. The passage of this law was brought about only by a campaign of education throughout the whole State, in which the people of the western and central portions of the State were*informed as to the value of the fisheries, what they should mean to the State, and that they belong just as much to the people of the west as to those of the east. Many subjects appertaining to the fisheries of the State were discussed at various meetings in different parts of the State, and *Public Laws of North Carolina, chapter 84, Session 1915. 7Paper read before meeting of American Fisheries Society, October 16, 1916. 149 150 JourNAL oF THE MircHett Socrery [April pamphlets and newspaper sketches were printed upon these same subjects. Among the most startling points that were brought to the attention of the people regarding the fisheries were: 1. That North Carolina instead of being first in the output of hee fisheries as is warranted by the abundance of her inland waters, which are peculiarly adapted for the maintenance of commercial fisheries, now holds eleventh place among the Atlantic and Gulf States. 2. That the ascendancy of these other States, particularly Vir- ginia, Maryland, Connecticut, and Louisiana, has been obtained en- tirely through the enforcement of such regulations as would allow a reasonable catch from their fisheries and would preserve a sufficient part of the fish, so that the supply of each succeeding year would steadily increase instead of diminish. 3. That the decrease in the North Carolina fisheries is undoubt- edly due to very heavy fishing of all kinds of apparatus,- and the violation of the laws that have been passed to regulate fishing. This applies to both fin fish and shell fish. 4. That the most noticeable decrease in North Carolina fin fish has been among her more valuable fish, such as shad and herring. 5. That the oyster industry of North Carolina was at such a low ebb that it was hardly considered in the discussion of the oyster industry of this country. 6. That instead of the fish industry being worth from $7,000,000 to $8,000,000 per year, it is worth less than $3,000,000 per year. 7. That instead of North Carolina supplying her home demand of fish and oysters she is obliged at the present time to obtain a con- siderable proportion of them from other States. 8. That the fisheries of North Carolina belong to the whole State, and that the citizens of the State at large should be interested in their preservation and perpetuation. The people, when they realized the condition of the fisheries and that they do belong to the State as a whole, took up seriously the question of how to protect and conserve this valuable asset of the State. As this was largely a question of legislation, it was pointed out: 1917 | Fisnermes or Norru Caroma 151 First, that the legislation must provide for an impartial, uniform and efficient enforcement throughout all sections of the State, in the interest of all the people of the State, and not to the temporary in- terest of the fishermen. Second, that the enactment of rules and regulations governing the fisheries must be such that they will give the greatest liberty to the fishermen consistent with the development and conservation of the fish industry. Third, that the closest and most cordial codperation should exist between the State commission and the Federal bureaus, particularly in the planting of fish and oysters. Fourth, that in the administration of the laws and regulations governing the utilization of the fisheries a great deal of considera- tion must be given to the opinions and supposed rights of the fisher- men, but that when the commission had, after due deliberation, passed certain regulations, these must be enforced impartially. On account of the varied conditions that exist in all fishing locali- ties there must be considerable elasticity in the law. The commis- sion should have the power to regulate. The recently passed North Carolina laws are superior to those of other States in this question of elasticity. In support of this I would quote section 21 of the law, which is as follows: “See. 21. The Fisheries Commission Board is hereby authorized to regulate, prohibit, or restrict, in time, place, character, and dimensions, the use of nets, appliances, apparatus or means employed in taking or killing fish; to regu- late the seasons at which the various species of fish may be taken in the several waters of the State and to prescribe the minimum size of fish which may be taken in the said waters of the State; and such regulations, prohi- bitions, restrictions, and prescriptions, after due publication, shall be of equal force and effect with the provisions of this act; and any person violating the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con- viction shall be fined or imprisoned at the discretion of the court: Provided, however, that if a petition signed by five or more voters of the district or community which will be affected by the proposed change is filed with the Fisheries Commission Board through the Fisheries Commissioner, assistant commissioners, or inspectors, asking that they have a hearing before any proposed change in the territory, size of mesh, length of net, or time of fish- ing shall go into effect, petitioning that they be heard regarding said change, the Fisheries Commission Board shall in that event designate by advertise- 152 JoURNAL OF THE MircHEeLt Socrery [April ment for a period of thirty days at the courthouse and three other public places in the county affected, and also by publication in a newspaper of the county, if such is published in said county, for two consecutive weeks, the place at which said board shall meet and hear argument for and against said changes, and may ratify, rescind, or alter this previous order of change as may seem just in the premises; and, Provided further, that in making regu- lations the Fisheries Commission Board shall give due weight and con- sideration to all factors which will affect the value of the present invest- ment in the fisheries, and that no changes in the existing laws which, if they should go into effect immediately, would tend to cause fishermen to lose their property shall go into effect until twelve months from the date that the change has been made by the Fisheries Commission Board.” While the North Carolina law has only been in operation a little over a year, yet we are beginning to realize that it was a very valuable piece of constructive legislation that the General Assembly of 1915 passed, and that splendid results are to be obtained under it. While it does delegate to a central body the control of the fisheries of the State, it is, in my judgment, the only way by which-our fish- eries can be conserved and increased. Previous local control has nearly wiped out the sturgeon industry of North Carolina and other States; it has greatly decreased the mullet industry by reason of the catching of under-sized mullets; was rapidly depleting the striped bass and black bass fisheries, and it has nearly destroyed the oyster industry in this State and in others. On the other hand, where there has been a central control of fisheries, there has been a general resto- ration of certain fisheries that had been nearly depleted. In 1907 North Carolina, according to Dr. Hugh M. Smith,* was far advanced in all phases of the fisheries among the South Atlantic States, and the State exceeded all the others combined as regards the number engaged in fishing, the amount of capital invested and the quantity and value of the annual yield. This is the prestige that North Carolina formerly had, and we believe that the operation of the present law will bring this back to her. There are but few other States that have as large a population so entirely dependent on the water for a livelihood as North Carolina. The fish fauna of North Carolina is very rich in both species and individuals, and this is due to its great variety of topography and its *North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Volume II, page 407; 1907. 1917 | Fisuertes or Norra Carorina 153 large shallow sounds along the coast. It is stated by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries,* that among the prominent features of the fish fauna are: (a) The abundance of certain anadromous fishes, whose numbers are scarcely surpassed in any other waters, the chief of these being the shad, the alewives, and the striped bass. (b) The variety and abundance of suckers, minnows, and sun- fishes in the fresh waters generally, and of darters in the headwaters of the streams on both sides of the Alleghanies. (c) The occurrence in the sounds and along the outer shores of immense schools of mullet, squeteague, menhaden, blue-fish, croaker, spot, pig-fish, pin-fish, and other food fishes. (d) The extension to the North Carolina coast of many species which are characteristic of the West Indies or Florida. (e) A few species of the Atlantic coast reach their southern limit in North Carolina (such as the cod and tautog), or do not oceur in noteworthy numbers further South (such as the white perch and striped bass). Of the 352 species of fish recorded from North Carolina about 95 at present have commercial value. To these would be added oysters, clams, mollusks, scallops, crabs, shrimps, turtles and frogs, which would represent the fisheries of the State. North Carolina has been noted particularly for its production of black bass, shad, alewife, hickory shad, striped bass, white perch, eel, sturgeon, mullet, squeteague, croaker, spot, Spanish mackerel, and menhaden. There is given below a list of the commercial fishes, together with localities from which they are obtained: Sturceon. acs fara’ 2: coisa rajs low avers weve alavavsteveyere eloswperere ateleters 3 2. Volva fused with the stem for 1 cm. or more, cap not striate or PERLITE vag SOM fe ce cays oye el chadav ssesereve avaraucharelVoue vee, cle calareysteroteieeit atelsiorienre aon 6 SOR TISLECS OL. OLANGE sales one 2 iseraycisie wrtieiae ereyardvevaiers eesdaveg wanes A. Ce@saria (1) SPE AHBIOTRECUUOT: OAL S Cn teic cei. ars c eictoale oiateialetevote lain ern wvole eTalafolo-s eet eae alee 4. Veil smoky, base bulbous, spores spherical:............. A. porphyria (4) 4. Veil whitish or smoky, base not bulbous, spores elliptic.............. 5 5. Gills 7-10 mm. wide, cap white to pallid pinkish-tan...... A, recutita (3) 5. Gills 4-6 mm. wide, cap more than 5 cm. broad, usually ‘DOEE od hdGGe Ab OSnCDU TD OA SEDC CROCE OTe OptAg aCe aC A. spreta (2) SeGtse2-5 mm. wide, cap 2-3.5 cm. broad)... .cccceeses0-ss0 A. spreta var. parva (2a) *The veil is frequently absent in A. gemmata and rarely so in abnormal plants of A. muscaria, + Figures in parentheses refer to the plant’s number. 16 JouRNAL OF THE Mircueri Socrery [| June 1714. Growing in sandy soil in woods road, across branch south of athletic field, September 9, 1915. Spores elliptic, smooth, one large oil drop, $.1-7.2 x 9-10 uw. 1756. Sandy soil by sidewalk in front of Dr. Wagstaff’s. Spores elliptic. smooth, one large oil drop, 5.5-7.2 x 9-10 u. 7. Amanitopsis pusilla Pk. This little plant is very imperfectly known. It has been found but once and the type collection is in a very fragmentary condition. ] have not been able to see the type so far, and venture no opinion on the validity of the species. For convenience of students I give below the original description by Peck (Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. 50: 96. 1917] AMANITAS OF THE Eastern Unirep States Aly AMANITA Usually solitary. Cap fleshy; surface glabrous or with warts, flat patches or mealy patches from the volva. Gills free or just touching the stem. Stem central, fleshy. Veil present,* forming an annulus or falling off in friable pieces, or torn into fragments which stick to the gills or margin. Volva present, forming a dis- stinct sheathing cup or ridges and warts at the base of the stem, or fragile and friable and almost or entirely disappearing. Spores white usually, sometimes olive or cream color. IMPORTANT AMERICAN LITERATURE. Murrill: N. Am. Flora 10: 68. 1914. Murrill: Mycologia 5: 72. 1913. Peck: N. Y. St. Mus. Rep. 23: 96. 1872. Peck: N. Y. St. Mus. Rep. 33: 38. 1880. Beardslee: Jour. E. Mitchell Sci. Soc. 24: 115. 1908. Beardslee: Mycologia 6: 88. 1914. Lloyd: A Compilation of the Volve of the U. S. Cincinnati, 1898. Morgan: Jour. Mycology 3: 25. 1887. KEY 10) RHE SPECIES 1. Volva forming a distinct ample sheath with a free margin around the Base (om the stem, no oder of chlorine... ..0s.cec..-:..= srostescortchteccntetenrstcteree tolerate tartare A. strobiliformis (23) Veil absent or very ephemeral; stem strongly glutinous: «.5.,:)-ninestetrdenrecien A. muscaria (depauperate form) (13a) Veil simple, thins stemonopelutinogs see seen een ace eee eee 19 Veil compound, attached to stem by strong fibers..............+.-++- 23 Plants rather small, or of medium size, a distinct volval roll or trun- cated bulb at. base: of stem=t7ceaceere eases a hacsenene eer eeeaeere 20 Plants large or medium, base of stem not as above................--- 21 Cap distinctly tuberculate-striate; spores elliptic........ A. cothurnata (12) Cap not striate or lightly so; spores spherical..............< A. mappa (A, floccocephala) (9) 1917] AMANITAS OF THE Eastern Unirep Starters 19 21. Center of cap smoky tan or smoky straw.............-. A, excelsa (16) 21. Cap white all over, warts, if present, brownish....................... 22 22. Gills narrow, flesh reddish when bruised.............. A. rubescens var. alba (18) 22. Gills broad, flesh not reddish when bruised................. A. spissa var. alba (15) Paeeeoulbeabript, smooth, large... 5. ac + 1-1 2 61s. ccie @'ais/-\10010 = A. abrupta (22) BAMEID EOE ADTUpt, “WALLY. »).1cjoulvie.o2 2's cisleinlo elo are DAN Be au ee DAMS Crs CD pepo it 1. Cap white or nearly so, taste slightly bitterish....R. albida (16) 1. Cap yellow or cream color, taste quite mild....... 2 Hen Gap) Some. Shad @* OF (TEM. <.5 sc seya/ala cre wine «-o oyelsis'ei ever 3 fern purplish wOr VINACCOUS... .o:.-cccis cdecc ed scessss 5 RE AD METES eLEIO WOO cafaye tars cca te hairaxcic ayaserdin, avatelsl=.sfer ete, afatiee /e Gi. 2), CSI TUS EAE See CB GBSIGGO OB OoTS DEC OOCaEe eae R. fiava (17) Pe ETRMV CLIO Es cet ii cs cc science eisisie cies 6666 aele-d es R. flavida (18) 3. Stem becoming cinereous with age............... R. decolorans (19) PETE Le ASAD OVE a c\ss aye.a's cicietcis © ol niealc\ sivicts. iwc ¢ Si su nieveel 4 4. Small, cap 2-4 (rarely 5) cm. broad............... R. pusilla (20) 4. Larger, strong odor of new meal in drying........ R. meliolens (21) BEAD MINLINCELY: PTUINOSE J. oc cca dc cdc we eceeceas R. Mariae (22) Bacanenot, distinctly Pruimose...; << ..5...5.6.s20-s0 R. cyanoxantha (23) 6. Cap greenish, with appressed scales, margin nearly ZUG ARSE Ob RO DOCO OER EOE OBE eC eon Eee R. virescens (24) 6. Cap with margin distinctly striate................ R. crustosa (25) GROUP IV. Spores CREAMY WHITE TO CREAM; TASTE ACRID (OLD nD paangan dd cot ape poece Rae pee >oaodpmeaaa cars R. albidula (26) ID DGG) teal nile Ge Se CSS B. AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA, W1 FORM, NATURAI IAL ZANING, Se AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA, GRAY FORM, NATURAL SIZI No. 20604 a * ® : RIGA. 4: AMANITOPRSIS STRANGULATA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2415 ' le vos . x ce * p a ‘i 7 f e PICASE yD: AMANITOPSIS PARCIVOLVATA, NATURAL say PIA EG: AMANITOPSIS AGGLUTINATA, NATURAL SIZI Nos. 1601, 1602, 1603 V8 he PL/I 77 \MANITOPSIS FARINOSA, NATURAL SIZI No 1589 (A) and No. 2088 (B) i oe BIAS S AMANITOPSIS PUBESCENS, NATURAL SIZ!I No. 767 PIL/ATWIE, ©). \MANITOPSIS PUBESCENS, NATURAL SIZE. No. 739. AMANITA CAESARTA, ABOUT TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZI No. 505 N &ZIS IVANLVN VIMVSHOD VIINVINN HO) BGA L8y “ON IZIS IVYNLVN SHLAM-MNOT VLINwdS VLINVINY CL HU vealed [PAL YAN IM, 16}. AMANITA RECUTITA, NATURAL SIZI No. 1684 PLATE 14. AMANITA PHALLOIDES, REDUCED \BOUT ONE-EIGHTH. No . 796. IPL JN IND, Hes). AMANITA VERNA, TYPICAL FORM, NATURAL SIZE. No. 454 PAE 16! nf? sul ‘he “ Yg No. AMANITA VERNA, FORM WITH TWO SPORES, NATURAL SIZE. (A. BISPORIGERA ATK.) JEL ANI, 7, AMANITA HYGROSCOPICA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2275. 6” i oe i en Ba ee 18. ATE PL 61. No. 22 SIZE. HYGROSCOPICA, NATURAL AMANITA N ite) — ON AZIS IWUNLIVN SIMVIMAINDVN VLINVINV PEAGE S20: AMANITA MAGNIVELARIS, NATURAL SIZE. No. 452 PARE ZI AMANITA MAGNIVELARIS, NATURAL SIZI No. 533 ied 590 No NATURAL SIZE, =< A Zz > = ~ <= => = = = = Z. = = = —,~ ¢ AMANITA MAPPA VAR. LAVENDULA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 1432. PEATE 24. AMANITA GEMMATA, FOUR WITHOUT VEIL AND FOUR WITH VEIL, NATURAL SIZE No, 1123 SIZE NATURAI WHITE FORM, COTHURNATA. AMANITA \, NATURAL SIZIE. IRNAT COTTI AMANITA 53 No. 19 SIZE NATURAI \RIA, AMANITA MUS( AMANITA MUSCARIA, SMALL SALMON FORM, NATURAL SIZI Yo. 880 s 6rZl ON IZIS IWAUNLVN WHA LAOHLIM NYO ULVAAdAVdAd VINVOSNW VLINVINY ‘6c HLV Id AMANITA SPISSA, NATURAL SIZI No. 2194. AMANITA SPISSA, NATURAL SIZI (A. SUBMACULATA PK No 736. No. SIZE. EXCELSA, NATURAL AMANITA NATURAL SIZ} ELSA, EX( AMANITA AMANITA EXCELSA, NATURAL SIZ! No. 794 AMANITA RUBESCENS, NATURAL SIZI No. 1135 AMANITA RUBESCENS, SLIGHTLY REDUCED. No. 1828 esi PIGAda SS: AMANITA RUBESCENS, DEPAUPERATE FORM, NATURAL SIZE No. 571 SSIl ON WZIS IVYNLVN SNAOSHTANMOAVID VIINVINY 6¢ HALV Id PLATE 40. AMANITA FLAVORUBESCENS, NATURAL SIZI No. 1158 PRA 4h. AMANITA FLAVORUBESCENS, A FORM, NATURAL SIZI No. 2133 PLY N WE bz, AMANITA FLAVORUBESCENS, A FORM, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2133 43. TE ) SIZI No. 111 NATURAI FROSTIANA AMANITA (@) ¢cc8t “ON pue (Cy) 8SZ°ON BZIS IWUNLVN VNVILSOUL VLINVINN LV Id PLATE 45. AMANITA SOLITARTA, NATURAL SIZI No. 450 PLATE 46. AMANITA SOLITARIA, NATURAL SIZI No. 814 No AMANITA SOLITARIA, REDUCED. PLATE 48. AMANITA ABRUPTA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 760 PLATE 49. AMANITA ABRUPTA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 760. AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS, NATURAL SIZE. No. 856 AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS, NAT I x AL AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS. REDUCED (ACTUAL LENGTH, 20 CM No. 855. t iy, ¥ Va - 7 c= 2 2 2 ae eee - ae wae ar a . AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS. REDUCED (ACTUAL LENGTH, 21.3 CM.). No. 911 AMANITA CHLORINOSMA, TYPICAI REDUCED. No. 540 re i a ‘i « . * ‘ Pe - an r - 1 - = 4 ly “ di ’ Ly ye . 7 ‘ u . . * 7 5 i | 7 i ‘ = W 1 ; J + - - @ AMANITA CHLORINOSMA, TYPICAL, NATURAL SIZI No. 431 ON CHONGHA VNSONIYOTHD VLINVAY Of ALV Id PISANI Eo 7- AMANITA CHLORINOSMA, FORM A, NATURAL SIZE. No. 858 PLATE 38. AMANITA ATKINSONIANA, NATURAL SIZE. No 870 SIZI AMANITA ATKINSONIANA, NATURAL AANA CINERECONTA, NATURAL SIZE No 2391 » ih 4 Pp ™ , ¥ , * } ‘ 5 j p L - ‘ ML 1 7 . ¥ - i 4 : : ; - . go: ; " ee Co Reins ° : iy S . ‘ o 5 r Vi 1 ; i . , Ss : ‘ it . . \ 7 4 ‘ = 5 t 7 PEARE S62 LTA CINERECONTA, NATURAL SIZE; No 2391 PLATE 62. 659. , oo 15946 C\ oe a) Amanitopsis vaginata. No. 414 Amanitopsis vaginata. No. 1101 Tawny form Tawny form GS Bi). Oe Amanitopsis vaginata. No 1843 Amanitopsis vaginata. No. 807 White tena Tawny form 00 000 0g 7.5=9.3 x 9.4-11 pe. Amanitopsis strangulata | No. 2201 Se 6.2-7.4 x 9.7-10.5 Amanitopsis strangulata. No. 2196 Amanitopsis agglutinata. No. 1576 Amanitopsis parcivolvata No. 801 All the spore drawings on this and the following plates are magnified by 1080 PEATE) 63: Oo ORO e 4.4-6.3 uw. Amanitopsis farinosa, No. 2136 : QO.) ) aN a a §.2-7 4. 8.5-115 u. Amanita recutita) No 1684 5.9-6.7 x 10-12.2 uw. Amanita spreta. No. 487 6.7-8.2 x 10-12.6 w. Amanita spreta var. parva’ No. 1624 5.5-6.6 x 8.5-11 uw. Amanitopsis pubescens. No. 739 5.1-6.3.x74-8.2 Ge p Amanita caesaria) No 4502 Amanita porphyria. Sweden 5.9-7.7 x 6.6-8 uw Amanita phalloides. No. 796 PLATE 64. Amanita verna. No. 1645 Two-spored form 5.2-6 x 8.1-10 w. A. magnivelaris. Type 4.8-6.3 ue Amanita mappa var. lavendula. No. 1432 et 5.8-7.5 x 6.6-8.2 # Amanita verna No. 749 6.3-7 x7 8-11 u 6 OG xSC Amanita verna. No 707 5.9-6.6 x 9.7-10.8 Amanita magnivelaris No. 160 OO 6,6-7.8 x 10-11.5 « Amanita hygroscopica. No. 2261 PLATE 65. a Coke Amanita gemmata Amanita gemmata (Amanitopsis albocreata. Type) (A. velatipes. Type) : Se Amanita gemmata. No. 419 Form without veil 7 6.6-6.7 x 7-7-8 u Amanita gemmata. No. 2054 Je. V0 Amanita cothurnata Blowing rock Amanita gemmata (A crenulata Type) 6.3-7 x 7.5-8.1 wu. C) e 6381x7410 4 ere ecae Amanita muscaria. No. 880 Amanita muscaria. No. 1911 Small salmon form Large form PLATE 66. 5.9-6.7 x 7.5-8.5 u Amanita spissa (A. Morrisii, Type) Gee, Amanita spissa. Sweden 4.8-6.3 x 7.5-9 uw. Amanita spissa. No. 2206 (A. submaculata) aoe 4-5.2 x 6.6-8.1 uw. Amanita spissa. No. 2194 4.5-6 x 6.5-8.5 wu. a ove Amanita spissa. No 2178 (A. Morrisii) ORD me Amanita spissa. No, 842 4-4.5 x 6.5-7 uw. Amanita spissa. No. 2215 4.2-5 x 6.3-7.5 je SS Amanita spissa var. alba Hartsville, S.C. No. LL PLATE 6/7. 4.8-6 x 6.6-8.5 1. 5.5-6.7 x 7.4-9 Amanita excelsa. No. 514 Amanita rubescens. No 513 5-6.6 x 7.4-8.2 u. : 4.5-5,5 x 7.4-8.2 pu. es QOO Amanita rubescens. No. 1828 Amanita rubescens. No 751 Depauperate torm 4.5-5.5 x 7-8 uw. pees 4.5-5.2 x 6-7 5 u. —— Amanita rubescens var. alba. No. 2346 Amanita rubescens var. alba No. 2355 OW) O SREY OBRO, No. 1158 Amanita Frostiana. No. 1112 4.4-4.8 x 6.6-7.8 1. Amanita flavorubescens. PEATE 68. $.9-7.4 ¥ 6.6-9 Be OOO 6.6-7.7 x 11-13.7 p. Amanita solitarra. No. 814 Amanita abrupta. No. 760 C) 5.5-6.7 x 7.5-8.2 4. 4.8-6.3 x 8.5-10 uw. Amanita strobiliformis. No. 849 Amanita chlorinosma. No. 431 Large white form 4.8-7.4x 9-11 wu. Sap WO Amanita chlorinosma. No 351 ° Green form Amanita Atkinsoniana. No. 824 ea 4.5-5.5x75-9 p. é OF oO ee ie Amanita cinereconia. No. 2391 5.2-8 x 7.7-10.8 gu. Amanita virosa Hartsville, S.C. No. 10 PEATE 69: AMANITA NITIDA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2525 SPORES MAGNIFIED BY 1080. ‘ ‘00M fq 9}0"Nd 8816 ON WZIS IVYNLVN VOITHC VINSSNY 02 ALVId os ; A i ' 71 PLATE Photo by H. O. B. SIZE RUSSULA DELICA, NATURAL HZIS IVYNLVYN ‘VLVIUVA Wiassau PLATE 73 RUSSULA ADUSTA, NATURAL SIZE Photo by H. OC. B. mnie pe a8 PLATE 74 e)\"\ Wh Vy, \ PLATE 75 RUSSULA EARLEI, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2292 Photo by W. C. ¢ ae 0°O 'M “q 904d ZSIL ‘ON GNV TSILT ON ‘ZIS IVUNLVN SNVOLUDIN VINSSNu 94 WLWId 0 'O 'M fq op0yg OIL dg 4ZIS IVYUOLYN ‘VOILANA Winssay S IVUNLVN Si 5V NIO WIOSSNuU PLATE 79 RUSSULA ALBIDA, NATURAL SIZE Photo by H. OC. B. 00M fq 070UT 146 ON ‘O'S ‘ATIIASLUVH ‘AZIS IVHUNLVN VCIdIV vVINssnu 08 ALVId 0 DO AM fq 070Uc ‘ON WZIS TVYUNALVN VAV IA VIOSSOY 18 HLVId P6h ON ‘HZIS IVUNLVN VCIAVIH VIOssnhu 68 ALVId HZIS IVHOLYN ‘SNVYUOTOONG ViInssny 68 ALVId , 84 m ae PL Photo by W. 1090 No. NATURAL SIZE. PUSILLA, USSULA R ' a sciMle ‘ bed eS ‘ iz i cats Pa, . oF: f bon ’ bs . q f sw RE ig io ; Sy ¥ ‘ a 4 ‘I ‘OH “iq o}0Yg aZIS IVUNLVYN SNH IOITHN VINSSOY “er PLATE 86 RUSSULA MARIAE, NATURAL S 0D AM fq 970UT 798 ON ‘HZIS "IVYUNLYN VHINVXONVAO VINSSNUY HLV Id ‘d (OH fq 97040 GZIS "IVYUMLVYN VSOLSQYO VINSSNY 88 ALVId : ¥ r & v re , f oa BA} 4 . 4 HZIS IVYUNLVYN WINdIg lv vInssnu PLATE 90 RUSSULA SANGUINEA, NATURAL SIZE Photo by H. C. B. © pti = * 2 ‘dO HH %q 20Ud AZIS IVUNLVN ‘VCIdwT VINSSNU 16 WLV Id ¥ PLATE 92 RUSSULA LEPIDA, ABOUT 2/3 NATURAL SIZE. No. 2258 Photo by W. C. OC. ZIS "IVUNLYN SNV.LHOU VINSSNY 66 WLW Id @ZIS IVHUOLVN ‘VLVNILOGd VINSSo'd ‘a 0-H "4 “LV Id PLATE 95 RUSSULA PULVERULENTA, NATURAL SIZE Photo by H. O. B. PLATE 96 RUSSULA LUTEOBASIS, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2252 Photo by W. C. C. "dO HH "iq oj0yd HZIS IVUNLVN ‘VNDVIN VIOSsnu 86 HWLVId a » + “ = « a > a ’ ac Mo < 4 0 °O *M fq 90YT 006 ON ‘HZIS 'IVYUNLVN VNOVI VINSSOY 66 WLW Id fa aZIs IVYUNLVYN VNITUdNVUEX VWIOSSNY —_ oj04g AZIS IVUALWN ‘VLVUOV vINssoUu LOL WLVId 7 agit a af id - ‘ C L fo oe ‘ 74 : . H , ’ At) : ' a 2 a oe ate : ght nates A - SS ee) ——2 4 ot hee 3 = ‘IO “HH fq 970Ug QZIS IVULLVN VIVOUNAISVaA VINSSNY GOL ULV Id SIZE. = = ze < ch 1 1 RUSSULA ( 1 07H "9 04d HZIS IVYUNLVYN VNILOTHAGNS VWINSSNY FOL ULV Id * . ’ ’ ¥ . 5 ' wc ‘ ™- = % = “ b a 1k is as ae ‘ “ie = t ot wis , my 4 i 13 se | fA} ‘ ‘ { 4 . ‘ye \ Tg , J . f « 4 , : : hey ' ¥ i : 4 ; - y ~ 4 PLATE 105 \ SS ass RUSSULA NAUSEOSA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 2122 " G 7 ; J Fis I ‘0 'H 4q 004g CVAES) LLVN IDTTIONOU VINSSOY 90. ALV Id ne . ~ ‘ ‘ a ‘ano Mie Oo tot ’ - ~« $s a ~ we 4 ae al 3 - . - - ~<— = een et eee ee PLATE 107 RUSSULA ALUTACEA, NATURAL SIZE. No. 1107 Photo by W. C. C @ZIS IVYUNLYN VoL’ LNVUNV VWIISSNuY 80L WLV Id i - “* ‘ + a ‘ . ‘ 4 te a re : * ] * + fan \ is : { ‘ vs - ; : are il é : De ¥ Cem r x) “ ¥ ’ iY 7 : «eS : _ F ‘ et ¢ i aLV Id MZIS IVUNLVN ‘SNHONNd WIOSSOY dq ‘0-H "4 9% OTL ULV Id PLATE 114 A Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.c. E ; Journal V. 32-3 Physical & Applied Sci. Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY : mateo) aeresn Sur omariiiy a vahwunnpagenep. ye ais " ty brenateranermmuangunilenticte et centoal one wae Peramen rere: sheen