” Sd ol A AA, i re ee a or Vt an es a eo Oe oh ee a ee 8 EF PE owt it OEM AT dh hed Ue Ad Wo ef aad Ay FOB C feud Aes Heh Rap det a CPerag ea
i 4 P oe) “ edie Bel
. 2
i Ce ee ted pad rh) et “ soted Pee Se ee, | 7] wi wi han
4 Rn - ik aan De i ayfety achat a at
2
ets
toe 4 ee GB A . WAN AP Per yy eee IY : had saad ane ya Wey need weed a dine’ bike , eg el 4d he a aed hak Ae VETTE PARLE AAS He 8 29: i tae ba Le ,
aeu ahead ae tate 4 Poy ee ee ee ot ee ans ¥aa 4 ¢
Take ead ie AG 04058 40 peg
‘ 4 4 Wei e Veer wie Pee ie tom oe es
’ yi aty Cr A44R S44 OY OOD EG Oe 4
Ra
wehipe = 3 =
Pine EF et Sey ie oo ca ee ee, ot Z Fer, a Ps 7
e ere ee Coe st
ei wae
Peer gee’ Ss REAR A
eked) Pree Ree tees C4) SLR eee Oa ae Leeper eds Obra £
ore Ro etme
rt 39 4 CHES ET Oe ee Dg RA AA ’ A # tae ita cere & Ce waa ee " ca bae Wie ide CCV eae We PWER CER RLMRE Te: ‘ered La bt Sat ee dd OO ae ded aa hd Qe Oe Ff Sea, RAG Rhee treed g ite it i aA #4 Feta | 8 ’ ewe Sh Hse, fi
Ye
' : 4 te Th ; \ Varad daa ad ke : SOUR EOR REN ea ee. atchadan ae. I st ' 4 ees ee is fe SEN Nae Ne fe bata SANS TERRE MMR EAR CS RATA a oh fod Bt Shee fundh Ga, Apts 4 hf St ‘as a hae Yai) ia% Aitken be aioe Bi Ag hy a
ha 4 hart Hees t ty sage) doo Be Ee eh Ret TLE 6 od 8G r 2
rates yy ' we : t
";
a 6 he a at eee a eee Oh ea ee A LES Pee dit , 4 ot ay
é N Cota ee AL 1
y
" ‘ Pera eal Bek 5 Wer kin woth ye eee kp yr PETC i) y
Hise Cart it
iheds J
‘ Ae aa - 4 eet we Lasdi " a0 ie bt ka eee re At bed Fie oe ee a ti eee pene | : 4 Lok Rebs 1, va Ay LPR REL Ls PN Ee ee Oe OH 44444 Le VO ad M4 OE RO 8 se RD ee, eas hee da eee ela ane ot 6 a4 et dew en teh a SLA re Mi ba a ad ae jaf, 4 * eee igi ee Yih SOR aan v4 i : eee tee ee eee ee | * Ce it oer tid aided & ac We) AEN A 24 ete: eV OG hate CMe ad Cea OEY b rad doef, CA ey rn ee pe aL a) Ae DW TRS tot Ae # ee ga LAER A tae ab Uy 5 ¥ ,
PEWS hed a ata bal
a ate de sted dave : Qa d . yt 44a eee } etek et aR i ee Wee Pe 4 he CRASH OOS Fle ey oe gee ht eed a te Cor ee 4.4 Gb deg a4 *, F $1 " bat, Bet) Cy det dé hok, ba had en’
+ 4 ; ECM ek oni } ws AGS ¥ Me i ¢ \ = iu ie Bie ALN Paededs ‘ i, hae aK Ss, 4 woe ee 2
at eee Coe ot ID) Th : Par oc oe a Ot Ried LF
Cea | t C4 ae eee) hI Oe ee Re Re eee
i Med RU ae 9 Peis’ he nea he Led CON TEED CR TAH : f i-0 ‘ a ay
+ ae ua ae } ‘ Curae Seer berber PCLT We Tete Mtr er WN RE) We eh eles meu tpi eee ei! a PRR CNIS ees % Ra ae ae og} eh Ae Lit Ae ee Pas WF Ri de Pa Be sae Ld bead
j eo Sor t ei ant 4 re hash Ay = Shui We ira yA Bh cite afidith det bats SA Sates f 4 i 3} ieee ee } Pita asa mosis
Pete reg att, are Pear) 3 HP Paes aeorme Dek
(Mena dad
dea dey
4454.94 +
Wise easdke Kod 9.47426 4 RKO boi
eth Lad a oP ea Spe Mt Be ee RCP ot) aed fied Wap ore a | FG ‘. ised Naas hs
ee -07i oa dat d eine wel
Tra Ay LAS oe Ce ee ee
1 EERE ON ED. PP aN he BRA.
a | Bw ey, aa 2a Oe POW tet
SEW A Ya ee ad oe Att yt aoe Gt gid ay Eades 8 84 Ree ot a Oot a
pei
; ri Pity
EL Ob ty oo er 04
}
.
- AUGU
~
Sa | | ee ‘ TE, p i % y a By: \ a 3 le 2 83 AN | ao) oe ee Zz Ag ee : Se a om Rae é rs See Nara e)) = ge a Mk te | ae 8 iad 88 a) =. ee) op ae ane © : 38 32% | : a tw iW vp ) ” Sow eee Wa : ‘ phd} ; (@) ° : he Zz be } a ee Ns hi Lae . & itd oe
é ‘ , ah y 1 ~ ; = > . ‘ 3 = = ‘ ; sf . > ~ q ‘ ’ 2 ee - { f F » . . = ( 2 , res —~ 3 a . ; ; ‘ ta ‘ *, ~ a * aa . * ; ~ «
[No. 28.]
JOURNAL
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
Royal Asiatic Society
AUGUST, 1895.
Agents of the Society:
London and America a ag ra TRUBNER & Co.
Paris a me we ... ERNEST LEROUX & CIE.
Germany _... K. F. KoeEsLer’s AntTiquarium, Leipzig. SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PREss, 23, RaFFLES PLACE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Rules of the Society - - - - - - =i Council for 1895 - . : - . - =a Vi Proceedings of Annual General Meeting - . . - Vi. Annual Report of Council for 1894 - - - - Vil. Treasurer’s Account for 1894 - - - - =b SEX. Memoir of Captain Francis Light—by A. M.S. - ie |
The Straits Settlements and the Malay Peninsula— An Address by Mr. J. A. Kruyt, delivered
before the Indian Society - - - =, 19 Aturan Sungei Ujong—by R. N. Bland - - - 53 The Crocodiles and Lizards of Borneo—by Edward
Bartlett - - - - - - @3
Occasional Notes - 2 2 = = - - 99
ie i * e J ’ ’ a, ; sf iw: j
am . < ot: cs i } ? 4 ehh WG, ae : : ¥ ** * ae rile . 7 . . * “) Ua ‘ i } oe = ; - (eos ’ . ats F a. a amet - A “iy : y . ; =>. % ‘ * - : a ( j i
w.
RULES
OF THE
STRAITS ASIATIC SOCIETY,
I—Name and Objects.
1. The name of the Society shall be “THE STRAITS ASIATIC SOCIETY.” 2. The objects of the Society shall be :— a. The investigation of. subjects connected with the Straits of Malacca and the neighbouring countries. 6. The publication of papers in a Journal. c. The formation of a Library of books bearing on the objects of the Society.
Il.—Membership.
3. Members shall be classed as Ordinary and Honorary.
4, Ordinary Members shall pay an annual subscription of $5, payable in advance on the Ist January of each year.
5. Honorary Members shall pay no subscription.
6. On orabout the 30th June of every year, the Honcrary Treasurer shali prepare a list of those Members whose sul scrip- tions for the current year remain unpaid, and such pe:sons shail be deemed to have resigned their membership. But the op-ra- tion of this rule, in any particular case, may be suspended by a vote of the Council of the Society.
7. Candidates for admission as Members skall be proposed by one and seconded by another Member of the Society, and if agreed to Ly a majority of the Council shall be deemed to Le duly elected.
ll RULES.—Continued.
8. Honorary Members must be proposed for election by the Council at a general meeting of the Society.
l11.—Officers.
9. The Officers of the Society shall be :— A President ; Two Vice-Presidents, one of whom shall be selected from among’st the members resident in Penang; An Honorar y Secretary and Librarian ; An Honorary Treasurer ; and Five Councillors. These Officers shall hold office until their successors are chosen. 10. Vacancies in the above offices shall be filled for the current year by a vote of the remaining Officers.
I1V.—Council.
11. The Council of the Society shall be composed of the Officers for the current year, and its duties shall be:—
a. To administer the affairs, property and trusts of the Society.
6b. To elect Ordinary Members, and recommend Hono- rary Members for election by the Society.
¢« To decide on the eligibility of papers to be read before general meeting’.
d. To select papers for publication in the Teunnoe and to supervise the printing and distribution of the said Journal.
e. ‘To select and purchase books for the Library.
jf. To accept or decline donations on’ behalf of the Society.
g. To present to the Annual Meeting, at the expiration of their term of office, a Report of the proceedings and condition of the Society.
i2. The Council shall meet for the transaction of business once a month, or oftener if necessary. At Council meetings, three Officers shall constitute a quorum. | .
RULES,— Continued. i
13. The Council shall have authority, subject to confirmation by a general meeting, to make and enforce such By-laws and, Reeulations for the proper conduct of the Society’s affairs as may frdin time to time, be expedient.
V.—Meetings.
14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in January of each year.
15. General Meetings shall be held, when practicab'e, once in every month, and oftener if expedient, at such hour as the Council may appoint.
16. At Meetings of the Society, eleven members shall form a quorum for the transaction of business.
17. At all Meetings, the Chairman shall, in case of an equality of votes, be entitled to a casting vote in addition to his own.
18.. At the Annual General Meeting, the Council shall pre- sent a Report for the preceding year, and the Treasurer shall render an account of the financial condition of the Society. Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.
19. The work of Ordinary General Meetmes shall be the transaction of routme business, the reading of papers approved by the Council, and the discussion of topics connected with the objects of the Society.
20. Notice of the subjects intended to be introduced for dis- cussion by any Member of the Society should be handed in to the Secretary before the Meeting.
Visitors may be admited to the Meetings of the Society, but no one who is not a Member shall be allowed to address the Meeting, except by invitation or permission of the Chairman.
VI.—Publication of the Society.
_ 21. A Journal shall be published, when practicable, every six
months, under the supervision of the Council. It shall comprise a selection cf the papers read before the Society, the Reports of ‘the Council and Treasurer, and such other matters as the Council may deem expedient to publish.
iv RULES.—Continued.
22. Every member of the Society shall be entitled to one copy of the Journal, deliverable at the place of publication. The Council shall have power to present copies to other Societies and to distinguished individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council shall, from time to time, direct.
23. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the author.
24. ‘The Council shall bave power to sanction the publication, in a separate form, of papers or documents laid before the Society, if in their opinion practicable and expedient.
Vil.—Popular Lectures.
25. Occasional Popular Lectures upon literary or scientific subjects may be delivered, under the sanction of the Council, on evenings other than those appointed for General Meetings of the Society.
VIII. Amendments.
26. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in writing to the Council, who shall, after notice given, lay them before a General Meeting of the Society. A Committee of Resident Members shall thereupon be appointed, in conjunction with the Council, to report on the proposed Amendments to the General Meeting next ensuing, when a decision may be taken.
THE Si At TS BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
fOUNCIL FOR 1895.
The Right Rev. Bishop Hose, President.
The Rey. G. M. Retin, Vice-President, Singapore. D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang.
RR. J. Witxrysox, Fsquire, Honorary Secretary.
J. O. AnruoniszZ, Fsquire, Honorary Treasurer.
G. fF. Hare, Esquire, \ W.N. Bort, Esquire, | A. Kyieur, Esquire, Councillors.
A. H. Lemon, Esquire,
H. H. Houpson, Esquire,
v1
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE :
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE RAP PLES. MwU-s 2 Umm ON
THURSDAY, 147h FEBRUARY, 1895.
PRESENT:
The Right Rev. the Bishop of Singapore, Labuan and Sarawak, President (in the Chair), and Messrs. ANTHONISZ, REITH, NORONHA, KNIGHT, COLLYER, LITTON, HARE, LEMON, WILKINSON, LITTLE, DE CaMUus, JEFFREY, ST. CLAIR, SEAH LIANG SEAH and OE. BOTT.
The Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer were read and approved.
The Secretary proposed, and Mr. HARE seconded, that the Bibliography of Malaya be discontinued.
The meeting then proceeded to the election of officers and Council for the ensuing year. The following were elected :—
President,—The Right Rev. Bishop HOSE.
2 PROCEEDINGS. Vil
Vice-President,—The Rev. G. M. REITH.
Treasurer,—Mr. J. O. ANTHONISZ.
Secretary,—Mr. R. J. WILKINSON.
Councillors,—Messrs. HARE, BOTT, KNIGHT, LEMON and HUuDSON.
The President then addressed the meeting to express the ‘sense of loss felt by the Society at the departure of Messrs. HERVEY and MAXWELL, who had done so much for the inter- ests of the Society in the past ; and proposed a vote of thanks to the Honorary Secretary.
The meeting then adjourned.
Vill
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
COUNCIE
OF THE SPRATT Ss: BR Acne
Or THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
FOR THE YEAR 1894. LP Ge ROR _ ee
The Council are happy to state that the affairs of the Society continue to. be in a satisfactory condition.
The following members have been elected at or since the last general meeting :—
His Honour Mr. Justice Mr: E. A. BARGER W. R. COLLYER. Mr. L. A. M. JOHNSTON. Mr. R. J. WILKINSON. Dr. G. D. FREER. Mr. W. G. SHELLABEAR. The Rev. W. H. DUNKERLEY.- Mr. A. H. LEMON. Mr. Gud). Ela The Rev. D. D. MOORE. Mir hora
Messrs. J. B. ELcuM and W. T. WRENCH have resigned their membership of the Society, and the Council regret to record the loss by death of two members of the Society—Mr. D. G. PARKES, and Mr. E. A. WISE, who was killed at Jeram Ampai during the Pahang Rising.
During the year, Nos. 25, 26 and 27 of the Society’s Journal have been published, and Nos. 28 and 29 are being printed and
will shortly be in the hands of members. Materials are also in hand for another number.
It is regretted that little progress has been made with the new map “ol ke Malay Peninsula. It is reported that the Topographical Survey of the State of Selangor will not be complete before June, while no reliable map can at present be made of considerable portions of the State of Pahang.
A number of publications have been added to the Society’s Library during the year.
ANNUAL REPORT.
Pe © > “nD Wm £ Wa om amma tor 92142 66 ELL PWNsOf parvsdyg Zr ISG L PlonsLof pardhog
He icite a aes - ‘SOUINOA OOF SUIpug pur (euanoe yo uoraod dn sures atop “ 06 208 ete ie ‘9G ‘ON [vurnor suyuitd LOF SSI WOWSIPT UBoIMouLy “ 96 941 ‘eAe lel yo Aydeasorqug Oy, SHIAVG ‘O 01 OGF AF qutq “ OF 8 ypu £ aUlpurG 10f DNGHG aay “ 00 09 oe see ‘(100490 04 Av TA) QT 6 3 tee eee see ‘yuu Nya Noog NVI, OVS, 07 Aavpeg ‘ dT URILO TA] gen Ta ipery to ysodoguy “ 00 OT ane ‘ . Seowe 00 St SS eo yo oyeg “* “48188 [Bolla] 103 Naaugqoyy sanve “ (00 GOs |" " “P6ST Fs 00 OT AOYO2 TO) 0} UOIssiuUOK) “ JOO GG ae “CG vi ss OL 0 or we ‘osvo pourf-uly em() “ 100 04 ot * “6681 a 4 OT VG tae soe oe ‘Aromoneyg (4 00 OL tee soe ‘T68T 66 as GL F Be “00 # HONGUY, “TOV 00 OL = O681 ; ‘“ ‘NYSE ot} eyelet £40 osvo uo 4yororg “ 100 ¢ SS) “e9QT soz suotydimosqng ““ GZ.G¢ s 6seisog “ [00 ¢ i ‘roanseor yp, ATVLOWO TT 98 TI “- ‘SOULLT, SJIVIT.G PUB SSoLg 90Ljf e6 sug f°" ‘yueg o[yuvo10 TI etodvsulg Ul FooTIY4 heaeeodised Tee Sige tae ‘yur poreqreyy pure Suyoopy erousg Suwsysoapy Ag —! SE8T ‘taquio00qT ISTE Wo oouvleq OT, Do. ‘oo eg
‘IN ‘E691 ‘qsTE Jequieoeg Surpue rvoA oY} Loy yUNODDW Yysep s 1aMseOL], Arexouo yy ‘Id ‘KLWHIOOS OLLVISV TVAOU FHL 10 HONVAE SLIVULS
ANNUAL REPORT.
“MOMMsDany, tio LOU0 FT ‘ZSINOHINV ‘O £
ye ES eee
oy 1S6 1 SP IS6T G9 € “* ‘oansvory, AreLouo0 Fy 5 Ey 86 966. |" Puce o[UVO1 TL a ‘ IS ley hee ‘yuvg poloyareyQ ul soueteg “ 9PF O ‘sonbeyo yeIed % sueued wo jyunoosiq, “ O08 €9¢ 46 ON [eUInor Suyurd oy ssorg uowsipy Weomoury Ag <6 le pinnsof pybnorg CP IG6'L | “psnmuos 1ybnong °2 ¢
‘panuyuoo— PERT “48TE requieoog Surpue reed oy} Io yunoovoy ysep s,remmsvory, ATe10U0H
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN FRANCIS LIGHT, WHO FOUNDED PENANG,
Poaxrp Ocropre 2ist, 1794.,]
RANCIS LIGHT was born at “Dallington (? Dal- lingho) in Suffolk’”’ about 1745, and came to the East at an early age in the Marine Service of the East India Co.
There is scarcely one of our Straits worthies of whom so few personal particulars are known. He has of course left official records, and several of his private letters have been printed and preserved. ‘There is also the official Diary he kept during the first few months in Penang, which is printed in Logan’s Journal Vol III; but this is all. Cap- tain LIGHT belongs to the “active period’ of the Straits, to which, as in other places, the “literary period” succeeded. The latter began with MARSDEN and LEYDEN of “many-lan- guaged lore,” who commenced his journeys in Sumatra and the Peninsula in 1805. During the next fifty years there was no lack of scholars and writers in these countries.
But before their time almost the only English literature of the Far East consisted of accounts by ship captains, like DAM- PIER and FORREST, of their own and others’ voyages. In these narratives there is much that is useful; but we miss the literary side and the personal details that make LEYDEN, MARSDEN and RAFFLES seem so much more familiar to us than their predecessors.
The first heard of Captain LIGHT is in 1771, when he states he entered into correspondence with WARREN HASTINGS as to the desirability of a repairing harbour in these waters, recom- mending Penang as a “convenient magazine for the Eastern trade.’ There was no doubt negotiation for many years after in the intervals of trading tours.
2 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
In 1779, we come across Captain LIGHT in one of these voyages; more than one reference being made to him in the Journal* of Dr. KOENIG, the Danish Botanist, during that year. He met Captain LIGHT trading at Junk Ceylon in May, and at Malacca in November, 1779; and he refers to him in terms that show there was friendship between them, and that the Botanist found him an enlightened and sympathetic com- panion. It is curious that this MS. also contains for the first time a tolerably full mention of Penang and of the deep-water approaches in the North channel, which justified its selection by Captain LIGHT seven years later.
In 1780-1, a scheme had at last been matured for settling Junk Ceylon, through private subscription but with the con- sent of the Governor-General in Council (then WARREN HAS- TINGS). There is in the British Museum a Paper which bears on this scheme, being a description of Junk Ceylon transmit- ted by Captain LIGHT to Lord CORNWALLIS in his letter of 18th June, 1787. The wars with the French and Dutch in 1781-3 delayed its execution, and shortly after Captain LIGHT decided on the superior merits of Penang harbour. He was at first for settling at one and the same time in both places; but when the friendly ruler of Junk Ceylon died in December, 1785, it was finally resolved by the Governor- General to make the experiment at Penang alone, which the young Raja of Kedah had offered to cede for $6,000 a year.
In June, 1786, Captain LIGHT left Calcutta with Sir J. MAc- PHERSON’S authority to act. He was given 100 Native ‘‘new- raised Marines” and 30 Native Lascars, as well as 15 Artille- rymen (European) and 5 Officers to support him in his undertaking to carry out the settlement of Penang. He first proceeded to Kedah. There he completed his negotiations, and provisioned his party. Sailing thence with three vessels on the evening of the 14th July, 1786, he anchored off Pulau ~ Tikus the following day. The first two days he stayed on board, and was busy surveying the harbour and testing the
* In MS. in British Museum (translated S. A. S. Journal 27.) + See Logan’s Journal, Vol. V, and p. 11 infra.
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 8
anchorages. At last, on the 17th, he ‘disembarked Lieut. “GRAY with the Marines upon Point Penagger—a low sandy “point covered with wood—and employed them in clearing “the ground.’ This ground is the present Esplanade, which with great foresight he reserved when so freely giving away all other lands. He took formal possession of the Island on the r1th* August.
The place was practically unoccupied; the only Malay in- habitants heard of were 52 Malays who came over, apparently from near Tanjong Tokong, to help in felling the forest.
Shortly afterwards an ancient clearing with coco-nuts, fruit trees and a burial-ground came to notice at Datoh Kramat; and in 1795 a grant of this clearing (measuring 13 orlongs) Was given to Maharaja SETIA, on the express ground that he was a “relation by descent of the Datoh Kramat who cleared “the ground go years before.”
With these exceptions, the whole place was one great jungle.t Clearing went on with energy; wells were dug which yielded water that was fit to drink, but uninviting through being stained red by the roots of the penaga tree. Huts were run up for the marines and lascars, the tents which the set- tlers had brought not affording sufficient room. A month passed away quietly enough in the performance of these first labours, and the little party on the point was still unmo- lested by prying and undesirable intruders. But this was not to last long. Writing to Mr. ANDREW Ross of Madras, Cap- tain LIGHT says: ‘“‘Before we could get up any defence we “had visitors of all kinds, some for curiosity, some for gain, “and some for plunder.”
No Malay wearing a ér7s was at first allowed ashore, and care was taken to confine to their boats parties of those Achinesa
* By a curious error this event came afterwards to be celebrated on the 12th August, and is so kept in Penang even now. It is easy to explain how the mistake occurred; the 12th August was the Prince Regent’s birthday, after whom the Settlement was named. So far back as 1823, the 12th is given as the date of foundation in a minute on Land Administration by Mr. PHILLIPs, who came to Penang with Sir Grorce LEITH in 1800.
+ The island had been cleared by Kedah of its piratical inhabitants about
1750.
4 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
and other warlike spirits who were above using the d/zong in the jungle. Captain LIGHT had seen too many ruins of the old factories which these gentry had ‘cut off” to trust them as settlers. To encourage the wood-cutters, he is said to have ingeniously loaded a gun with a bag of dollars and fired it into the jungle. It is mentioned also that the Malays pro- vided nzbongs for the stockade which was the precursor of Fort Cornwallis. On the roth August, two of the Company’s . ships, the Vansittart and the Valentine, hove in sight, and Captain LIGHT, thinking the occasion a favourable one for the christening of the infant colony, invited the Captains ashore to assist in the ceremony on the 11th August. ‘“ At “noon,” he tells us, “all the gentlemen assembled under the “flagstaff, and unitedly hoisted the flag, taking possession of ‘the island in the name of His Britannic Majesty and for the “use of the Honourable East India Company, the artillery ‘and ships firing a Royal salute, the marines three volleys.” The following day being the birthday of the PRINCE OF WALES, it occurred to our founder to name the island in his honour; but this name has been unable to compete with the shorter one of native origin, and exists only in official docu- ments. Once the establishment of the Settlement became known, people began to flock in from all quarters to live under the protection of the British flag. .
His work progressed favourably, especially in the matter of health. The early entries in his Diary often express surprise at the absence of all serious sickness; until the following year. Then the dry season affected many, and struck him down with fever very severely in January, 1787. About the same time he began to feel the want of support from Calcutta. In February, 1787, he writes to Mr. A. Ross, of Madras :—“I ‘have received nothing from the Bengal Government since my ‘ departure from Calcutta.’’ But the Settlement prospered and grew notwithstanding, the number of settlers being stated at “about 10,000” by the end of 1789, and at over 20,000 in 1795.* -* Of this number the Chinese were then not much over 3,000; and Captain
LENNON, R. E., who visited Penang, in November, 1795, expressly states, That the Chuliahs were more numerous, (5S. A. S. Journal, vol. 7.)
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 5
The task of governing this mixed multitude fell entirely on the shoulders of Captain LIGHT himself, for he received but little encouragement from the Indian Government, who long regarded the Establishment at Penang with doubts and even with jealousy. There had been a rival settlement formed at the Andamans in 1791, under the patronage of Admiral CORNWALLIS; but it never prospered, and in 1796, was aban- doned. Meanwhile Penang had natural advantages which served it better than any patronage. The Superintendent, as he was called, lost no opportunity of assuring the East India Company of the success of his beloved Settlement as a commercial enterprise, and implored the Directors to estab- lish a proper Government and to make provision for the administration of justice. This was a difficulty most keenly felt, but in spite of his earnest recommendation no proper remedy was applied. The sole tribunal up to the beginning of the 19th century was an informal kind of Court Martial, com- posed of Officers and respectable inhabitants. All the minor offences and petty disputes were adjudicated by the ‘“ Capi- tans” or headmen of the various nationalities inhabiting the island ; and there was no regularly organised judicial system in the island till the establishment of the Recorder’s Court in 1805. In Captain LIGHT’S time persons convicted of murder were sent prisoners to Bengal; and by the express order of the Indian Government it was ‘‘made understood upon the “island for the sake of example that they were to remain in “slavery for life.’ This bugbear of slavery in Bengal was a childish subterfuge wherewith to maintain the majesty of the law ; but LIGHT was no party to such folly; and continually urged his Government to provide proper Courts endowed with full authority.
Early in 1788, the financial question confronted the Super- intendent of the new Colony. He was much averse to laying burdens on the people, and especially to interfering with the freedom of the port, and expresses his regret at the insistence of Government. In a despatch addressed to Lord CORNWAL- Lis, dated 20th June, 1788, he urges: ‘‘Some reasonable time ‘should be allowed the first settlers to enable them to bear
6 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
“the expense of building, &c. I arrived here in July, 1786. “Tt is now almost two years, but the inhabitauts have not “slept in their houses more than twelve months. I should ‘not have scrupled to give my word to them that they would ‘not be taxed in three years, but as the necessities of gov- “ernment will not admit of a delay, I offer the following “modes to your Lordship’s consideration.’ He suggests twelve possible methods for raising revenue, including ground-rent on houses, shop-tax on retailers, a spirit farm, duties on alienation and succession, and import duties on foreign goods. The Government approved of these, but con- sented to postpone the evil day. Later on, however, in 1801, Penang became a ‘“‘customs port;’’ and was not set free from this obstruction to its trade till 1826.
In 1789, Captain LIGHT went to Calcutta, and was closely questioned by the Government as to the capabilities of Pe- nane, | i hus challenged, he proved equal to the occasion, and eulogised his Settlement in a voluminous reply. He con- cludes a despatch by the following optimistic summary of such advantages as, he says, are visible and undeniable :—
“7. A harbour with good anchorage, secured from bad “weather and capable of containing any number of vessels.
“92, An island well watered, of excellent soil, capable of “sustaining 50,000 people and abounding in all necessary ma- ‘terials for their service and security.
“3, A port favourable to commerce, the present imports ‘amounting to upwards of $600,000 per annum.
‘4. A place of refuge for merchant ships where they may ‘refit and be supplied with provisions, wood and water, and ‘protected from the insults of enemies.
‘3, An emporium centrally situated where the merchants ‘of all nations may conveniently meet and exchange their “commodities.”
LIGHT’S instincts were true; yet he failed to convince his Government, and for many years the life of Penang hung on a thread; indeed it was not till recently that revenue began to cover expenditure, and that our founder’s forecast was jus-
tified in this respect.
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 7
In 1790, LIGHT began to find that the duties of Superin- tendent of the growing Settlement were incompatible with his position as a merchant,* while the small salary (Rs. 1,000 per month) which he received from Government was insuffi- cient to warrant his giving up trade. So strongly did he feel this that we find him proposing to the authorities in Calcutta that he should be precluded from engaging in trade, receiv- ing ‘‘such increase of salary as will support the office with “decency and enable me te make a small provision for ap- ‘proaching old age.’’ Few of his acts reveal an honourable and upright character more clearly than this. His combined position of Superintendent and principal merchant in Penang gave him abundant opportunity of enriching himself; and in those lax days, with examples like VANSITTART and MAc- PHERSON before him, such scruples must have seemed to many almost Quixotic. In the following year there was trouble with Kedah. The Raja of that country, grown jealous of the pros- perous Settlement that had sprung up in his neighbourhood, collected a force, and in 1791 instigated a fleet of twenty La- noon boats to enter Pry River. [hese were joined by the Kedah Bandahara. A land force also came down to the banks of the river and threw up entrenchments. LIGHT’s force num- bered 400 men, all well armed and disciplined. He took the initiative and attacked by land and sea the force at Kuala Pry, which had swelled to the number of over 8,000 Malays. After a few hours fighting the enemy were dispersed, notwithstand- ing their great preponderance of numbers. Since that day Penang has remained free from the attack of any enemy, native or foreign, even when the Siamese troops of the PHYA LIGOR were over-running Kedah in 1821. LIGHT was justly proud of his victory and called his next son FRANCIS LANOON LIGHT in honour of it.
In a despatch dated 24th August, 1792, Captain LIGHT continues to sound the trumpet of his little Colony and to pre- dict for it that success which it has since attained. One admires the earnest way in which its earliest ruler stood
+ He was partner with James Scort in Scott & Co., afterwards Brown & Co,
§ MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
forth as the champion of Penang. We have had other cham- pions since, and ardent ones too, but must give FRANCIS LIGHT the palm. In the same despatch he alludes to the dis- covery of tin on Bukit Timah (the spur to the north of the “Crag’’ where the new Sanitarium of the Pulau Tikus Col- lege now stands), and the discovery of a wild nutmeg “ whose ‘fruit so nearly resembles a nutmeg that the Buggesses and “a Dutchman who had been at the spice islands declared to “be the real nutmeg.” He goes on to say > “WU havemeneas “hopes that the fruit may be improved so as to become an “article of commerce.’ ‘This prediction was verified, but not for some years after, till Mr. CHRISTOPHER SMITH’S Agricultural Mission in 1802; and then it was the imported nutmeg plant from Amboyna which for a time flourished so greatly in the island. The whole tone of Captain LIGHT’S letters bears testimony to the singleness of purpose and ad- ministrative insight that characterised this remarkable man, and it is matter for deep regret that he was not spared longer to bring his labours to full fruition. The use he made of his short period of power in the Far East, and his great capacity as a leader of pioneer enterprise, prove him a worthy fore- runner to Sir STAMFORD RAFFLES, who founded Singapore, 35 years later, on very similar lines.
Captain LiGutT died at Penang, like so many of the early Chiefs of the Settlhément, on the 21st October, 1794. Some fever like that severe one recorded in his journal ; in February, 1787, probably caused his death; at any rate he was able to raake a Will on the previous day.
A letter to Government published in Vol. V of Logan’s Journal, p. 7, is the last official record of his work, bearing date 25th January, 1794. In this he pleaded that a Civil Assistant trained to the work might be his successor, “in case of his removal by death or otherwise,” instead of the Officer Commanding as arranged in 1787. He also advocates ~ “a mild and at the same time an active Government” as necessary for the ‘‘most wealthy and useful inhabitants ’— that is, the Chinese, whose numbers he estimated at about 3,000.
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 9
‘He ends with the following characteristic paragraph :—" A ‘regular form for administering justice ‘is necessary, both for “the peace and welfare of the society and for the honour “of the nation who have granted them protection; it is “likewise improper the Superintendent should have it in ‘‘his power to exercise an arbitrary judgment upon persons ‘‘and things; whether this judgment is iniquitous or not “the mode is still arbitrary and disagreable to society.” |
Under date August Ist, 1794, the Governor-General, Lord TEIGNMOUTH, replied that “he did not at present think him- self authorised to establish formal and regular Courts,’ but passed, and transmitted to Captain LIGHT, certain Regula- tions for preserving the peace of the island. These long remained effective; and Mr.Justice DICKENS, on 22nd October, 1805, eleven years after, declared them to be the only laws even then in force. These Regulations must have reached Captain LIGHT just before his death, and the establishment of Mr. MANNINGTON as Magistrate with the first approach to regular law in his infant Settlement appropriately closes the public career of such a man. His chronicler—Colonel Low— thus sums up his character and work :—
“ Although the rather implicit credence which he gave at “first to the Rajah of Kedah’s assertion of his independence “of Siam, might have led to more serious consequences “than it did, still it would appear that he was a man of “sound sense, probity and judgment—active, practical, and “moderate. That certainly reprehensible credence, how- “ever, secured to the British merchant and to the world the “port of Pinang, the most eligible one at this extremity of “the Straits. (Vol. II] of LOGAN’s Journal, 1848).
This seems to be a just and friendly reference as regards him personally. But in estimating the political criticism it must be remembered who it is that writes. Colonel LOW was an avow- ed partisan in the curious political controversy of his time re- garding the status of Kedah. This matter bears so closely on Captain LIGHT’S principal works, and on his judgment and sin- cerity in carrying it out, that it must not be passed over in any account of his action as the Founder of the Settlement.
me) MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
The old controversy upon the point has long subsided. As a matter of practical politics, the general “suzerainty” of Siam is now, and since the Malay Restoration in 1842, ex- pressly admitted; but that in 1786 it was admitted, or even claimed, in any European sense of the word, ‘“suzerainty,” cannot be maintained. The view favouring Captain LIGHT’S direct negotiation with Kedah was supported by Mr. J. R. LOGAN, and was held by those best-informed in Straits affairs when the dispute arose. The opposite case, of which Colonel Low, a Siamese scholar, made himself the chief exponent, is best disposed of by quoting his own admissions in his paper on the question in Vol. III of LOGAN’s Journal:—
P. 602. He admits that “no coercion or intimidation was “employed to obtain the cession of Penang in 1786.”
P. 601. That the Rajah protested his independence, and was believed by the Government of India (after enquiries protracted during 1778-86); while ‘‘Siam would readily have consented” if consulted.
P. 613. That there was an “ancient dependence, anda rebellion against Siam zz 1720,” which shews the unpractical character of the claim, so many years after.
Pp. 603-13. In fact the triennial ‘‘bunga mas” remains the sole piece of evidence on which the whole figment has been constructed. The value of this evidence can be gauged by Colonel Low’s own reference (p. 613) to ‘the rival nations of Ava and Siam” doth receiving this token (see also p. 610 where the Rajah of Kedah claimed our help against doth Burmese and Siamese). The dunga mas wasno more than a token of inferior pretensions, offered by a second-rate to a first-rate Eastern Power, in the same way as it was formerly offered by Siam to China.
It is clear from many of these passages (pp. 600 to 609 and elsewhere) that Colonel Low imported into his chronicle in LOGAN’S Journal questions which sixty-five years before had never been raised* at all, but which afterwards excited
*In 1802 the Advocate-General at Calcutta advised on the question whether the sovereignty of the Island had been ceded to Britain, and in the course of his formal ‘‘Opinion”’ the very existence of the Siamese is ignored.
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. iat
much feeling in the controversy of his day. So also it must be confessed did Mr. Secretary ANDERSON and the partisans on the other side. :
The unfairness of this as affecting Captain LIGHT’S action is obvious: especially because the strongest argument for his view of the independence of Kedah lay just in the fact that the question of dependence was never raised at all in the early days. In the later controversy, at a time when the Siamese invasion was pressing and the Dutch power had passed away from the Peninsula, it was forgotten that in the eighteenth century things were different. Far more important then than Siam stood out the other factor in the question— the Dutch—who in 1783-5 were engaged in active hostilities* with Selangor and Rio. It is stated in ANDERSON’S “Consi- derations,” (1824) on the authority of a letter from LIGHT to the Governor-General, that the Dutch in 1783 wrote to the Rajahs of Kedah and Tringganu for assistance, and fearing Dutch hostility when the Malacca siege was over, those Ra- jahs made in 1785 spontaneous offers of a British settlement in their respective States.
_ One thing is certain—that in writing his criticism in 1848, Colonel LOW was ignorant of Captain LIGHT’S despatch to Lord CORNWALLIS in 1787; and in consequence misrepresents the whole of the official negotiations respecting Salang and Penang as though these had turned upon ‘“‘whether the islands formed a portion of the Siamese Empire.’ The printing of this despatch in a later volume of LOGAN’S Journal at once made it clear that nothing of that kind came into the question; its entire absence is in fact most noticeable. Captain LIGHT explained fully the whole of the circumstances of his selecting these islands in the official letter mentioned above, dated 18th June, 1787 (published in LOGAN, Vol. IV, p. 634). This letter shows that in 1780 WARREN HASTINGS’ Council sanctioned “in a public letter” Captain LiGuHT’s ‘‘plan for employing subscriptions,” already actually raised for a Settlement on
a — —<
*See S. A. S. Journal, Vol. XXIV, ‘Raja Haji’s War,”’
12 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
Salang (Junk Ceylon); which was in course of being carried out when “before the troops and ships were made ready, the “war with France in 1781-2 led to its being neglected.”
The letter adds how, at the conclusion of the war, HASTINGS took the matter up again. ‘‘ But for the death of a friendly Governor of Salang in December, 1785,’ Captain LIGHT—who had however in the meanwhile been struck by the superior advantages of Penang ‘‘as a barrier to the Dutch encroach- ment’’—would, he says, “have taken both islands.”’
In the end, Sir J. MACPHERSON, HASTINGS’ successor, ‘readily accepted Penang, but declined taking Salang” on the two grounds :—
(1)—that “it required a greater force” to keep;
(2)—that “as Goverment required a naval port with a port of commerce, Penang is more favourable than Salang.”
There is no doubt that Captain LIGHT honestly believed it to be within the competence of the Rajah of Kedah to make over to the East India Company the island of Penang, and that nobody then questioned it. It is also certain that when his ships—the E/zza, the Prince Henry and the Speedwell— came to Penang, they went there with the Rajah’s full consent and support, though after some opposition from the Laxamana and the Chiefs. Captain LIGHT’S Journal shews that the 11th, 12th and 13th July, 1786, were spent at Kedah “in embarking the people and provisions” for this expedition. There was nothing secret about it. Once arrived in Penang, he very wisely acted with a sole view to the success and safety of his young Settlement. His Diary describes the numerous risks incurred in such an undertaking, and shows how piracy, scanty provisions, disease, the hostility of the Dutch in Ma- lacca, the jealousy of Kedah, had to be encountered in turn.
One story that has obtained currency perhaps deserves . contradiction, for strange to say it is repeated in a Work like BALFourR’s “Encyclopedia of India” (Vol. III), 1885, published by BERNHARD QUARITCH:—
“ PENANG.—It was an uninhabited forest, when given “by the King of Quedah to Captain Light in 1785, as the “marriage portion of the King’s daughter whom Captain
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 13
“Light married; but it was sold to the British by the King ‘Sm i6oo.”’ )
The statement about “the marriage portion” is of course unfounded. It has been repeated from old gossip* on this subject in a way that is as discreditable as the other obvious errors in the dates, &c. Captain LIGHT certainly allied him- self in 1772 with MARTINA ROZELLS, but she was neither a Malay nor a Princess, but was apparently a Portuguese Christian of the Roman Catholic Mission at Kedah or Junk Ceylon. The old Junk Ceylon Mission removed about that time to Kedah, and in 1786 to Pulau Tikus village at Penang. She lived with him to his death, and inherited his house “Suffolk’”’ and other property. She bore him five children, one of whom at least he took care to bring up in Englandt— Colonel WILLIAM LIGHT, born in 1784, died 1839. This son followed in his father’s steps; for it was his pride to be the “Founder of Adelaide.” As the companion and “Surveyor- General” of Sir J. HINDMARSH, first Governor of the new Colony of South Australia, he selected the site of the new Capital on December 28th, 1836.
The success of Captain LIGHT’S enterprise in establishing Penang was already clear at the time of his death. This is shown by Admiral CORNWALLIS’ rival Settlement at the Anda- mans being abandoned two years later in favour of Penang. It is also testified to in the account of no less a personage than the great DUKE OF WELLINGTON (then Col. WELLESLEY) which is to be found, under date 1797, in Voi. I of GLEIG’s “Supplementary Despatches.’ Finally it was made manifest to all the world in the despatch of the Court of Directors on establishing the Presidency Government at Penang, in September, 1805. (Published in LOGAN’s Journal, Vol. V.)
* No doubt the story was honestly accepted and propagated by Colonel LicHT, and his English friends, when having distinguished himself in the Peninsular War he became the Duke’s confidential A.D.C.
+ It appears from his Will that £2,000 was provided for this purpose, The other domestic facts are also gathered from it and from some Memoranda industriously collected by Mr. F. Lieut, a direct descendant.
14 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
This destpatch gives no mean tribute to Captain LIGHT’s work; and it deserves to be quoted at some length, for it explains with curious minuteness the policy of the East India Company during the first nineteen years of Penang history. It testifies that “from the spirit of British rule, “even when imperfectly administered, industry, enterprise ‘‘and improvement have appeared to a considerable extent on “the island, and its population, produce and commerce are ‘already very respectable.” As regards the) tutume. ae adds: “‘ The position of this island, its climate, its fertility, its ‘harbour, its produce of large timber, its contiguity to Pegu “which contains the most abundant of teak forests in Asia, ‘have long pointed it out as an acquisition of very great im- ‘(portance in a commercial and political view, being situated “in a most favourable situation for an emporium of commerce ‘in the Eastern seas.”
This important document, of 14 closely printed pages and 74 paragraphs, must have been framed in the latter part of 1804, just ten years after Captain LIGHT’sS death. It is diffi- cult to conceive a better testimony to his work and to the merits of his young Settlement. Among other things, it describes minutely how “no Import and Export duties were ‘imposed up to the time of the 2 per cent. ad valorem duty ‘levied in 1801, on the importation of tin, pepper and betel- “nut, which in that year produced $13,076”; and also how ‘upon our first taking possession of the island............... ‘‘ground was said to be of such little value that to ask was “to have, or to appropriate was equivalent to legal right.”
To check this some instructions had been invited and a Regulation had been passed on August Ist, 1794, “ respecting grants of land for the period of 5 years’; and resolving that for the future ‘‘no grant of land be made to Europeans “exceeding in quantity 300 orlongs, preferring to encourage ‘the clearing and cultivation of the island by making small ‘grants of land to the industrious Chinese.”
Unfortunately for this policy, the Chinese would not look at such short leases. The emergency thus created at the close of
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT, 15
his life brought out the resource and political courage which were the secret of Captain LIGHT’S success. This Regulation stopping perpetuity grants in favour of five-year leases was to take effect from 1st January, 1795. When the Resolution arrived he allowed it to be known and stopped issuing grants; but at the same time he informed Mr. YOUNG and others that he would not promulgate it, but would get it rescind- ed: “well knowing (says Mr. YOUNG) the publication would instantly stop all further advance,’ and especially the pep- per-planting near Glugor which he had started in 1790 and had done so much to promote. Before the Resolution could come into force, he had died. But his immediate successor Mr. MANNINGTON took the same view; and on the 22nd August, 1796, “the Governor-General in Council rescinded his Resolu- tion of the 1st August, 1794,” v7z., that no allotments of land be made in perpetuity. (Papers relating to Land Revenue Ad- ministration, published 1884.)
It has since been contended that these Perpetuity Grants were a mistake; but the contemporary evidence points entire- ly the other way. In any case the blame would fall on his superiors. The responsibility for that policy lies with Sir J. MACPHERSON, who, when Captain LIGHT sounded him in April, 1786, before he started on his expedition, as to ‘‘granting settlers a portion of land,” replied ‘‘That would be proper;” and with his successor, Lord CORNWALLIS, whose first des- patch to Captain LIGHT dated 22nd January, 1787, stated: “We leave it to your discretion to receive such colonists as “you may think it safe and advisable to admit and to give each “family such portion of land as circumstances will allow and “you may judge expedient.’ To Lord CORNWALLIS’ wise and liberal statesmanship on this and similar points the Set- tlement owes much of its rapid progress. His preference for “perpetuity settlement’? may have carried him too far in an old country like Bengal. But in a new Colony it is the only policy that can succeed; as was soon made clear at Penang when he left, and when Lord TEIGNMOUTH endeavoured to reverse it and adopt. restrictive measures.
In this matter as in so many others Captain LiGuT did his
*
16 MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT.
duty well, as the local Chief, in saving the Government he served from making what would have been a very serious mistake. This was frankly admitted in paragraph 164 of Lord AUCKLAND’S well-known minute of 1837.
But this controversy belongs to a later chapter. The Founder’s work was done, and it did not “follow him.’ He had been entirely successful in a kind of enterprise in which disastrous failure has been so common.
His ‘‘infant Port,’ once made a Presidency Government, la very snugly under the shelter, not only of Penang Hill but of the “Honourable Court”’ itself. What the Treaty of Holland effected for the security of Singapore, the recognition given in 1805 by this new Commission of Government effected for Penang. Henceforth experiments could be tried without risking the very life of the Settlement. Some of them suc- ceeded—like that of receiving Indian convicts, and like the “forward policy,’ which culminated in our occupying Java, and afterwards Singapore. Some of them failed—like the attempts to evacuate Malacca in 1808, and to federate with Acheen in 1811-18. Most of the experiments encountered, as usual, something both of failure and success. Among these may count the rage for nutmeg-planting, in 1802~20, and the Honourable Court’s attempt to make Penang pay its way by Customs duties and otherwise.
No period of its history can better illustrate ‘‘the spirit of ‘British rule even when imperfectly administered” than that in which Captain LIGHT played his part alone. Those first eight years form a truly successful record of what British courage and perseverance, local experience amounting to adroitness, and a large-minded sense of public duty can achieve, even when almost unsupported. These qualities are shewn by the public records.
The inscription to his memory at St. George’s Church by a contemporary Penang resident—ROBERT SCOTT—adds to the favourable impression made by the public records a warm testimony to his worth :—
MEMOIR OF CAPTAIN LIGHT. 17
IN MEMORY
OF
FRANCIS LIGHT ESQ.
WHO FIRST ESTABLISHED THIS ISLAND
AS AN ENGLISH SETTLEMENT,
meee, MANY YEARS GOVERNOR.
BORN IN THE COUNTY OF SUFFOLK IN ENGLAND, AND DIED OCTOBER 2IST, 1794.
IN HIS CAPACITY AS GOVERNOR,
THE SETTLERS AND NATIVES WERE GREATLY ATTACHED TO HIM AND BY HIS DEATH, HAD TO DEPLORE THE LOSS OF ONE WHO WATCHED OVER THEIR INTERESTS AND CARES AS A FATHER.
The best part of his life—from 1771 to 1794—had been given to this place, and he rests in our old Cemetery. His grave and the brief Inscription on it (the first four lines as printed above) are well kept. Next to him lies PHILIP DUNDAS, the first Presidency Governor; and within a few yards are the tombs of Captain SCOTT and Captain GLAss, his earliest fellow settlers.
It is only right that his successors should gratefully recall those who came first and bore the hard work of Pioneers ; and should give special honour to so worthy a “ Founder,”
upon the hundredth Anniversary of his Death. inci SS, Penang, 21st October, 1894.
, 7s ¢ ; : | \, - 0 3 | |
Eee ES" S
1B G
Mer A3 . A. KRU YY, DELIVERED BEFORE THE INDIAN SOCIETY,
ON THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
5-8
Sey N the immediate vicinity of our Hast Indian posses- soi} sions le the Straits Settlements, an English Crown
ag Colony, of which Singapore and Penang are the Veer chief ports. These are often touched at by passing Civil Servants, Officers and other Dutchmen on their way to Holland, and also on the way to or from Acheen or the Hast Coast of Sumatra. They see then in a cursory way something of these English trading places, but in general Dutchmen still kuow very little of this Col- ony, and of the adjacent Malay Peninsula. I was astonish- ed to see how little of the literature that exists on this sub- ject is to be found in Holland. If the contents of the li- brary of this Society disappointed me in this respect, and those of the Library of the “‘ Koninklijk Instituut voor taal- land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie,”’ I was still more disappointed, when I came to enquire in the Royal Library, as to what was to be found of this part of the world upon this subject.
20 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
And yet these regions should inspire us with especial in- terest not only as belonging to our closest neighbours, but also because they belong to a world-nation, to the first Colo- nial power, and are governed in an entirely different way to our possessions.
The influence that for years has spread of its own accord and in a natural way from there to our Colonies, ought not to be under-estimated. ‘To enquire into these influences, to put to a certain extent on a safe footing the relations be- tween both Colonies, is naturally the delicate task of the Dutch Consular Officials in Singapore and Penang, who are, as it were, our advance guards there. For some years I have been honoured with this trust in Penang.
For this reason, I wish this evening, at the solicitation of your Committee, to draw your attention to this interesting part of the English transmarine possessions, in the hope that this lecture may contribute in some degree to increase your interest in these regions, and may perhaps induce you to make a closer investigation into the present condition of things prevailing in the Straits Settlements and in the Ma- lay Peninsula.
IT would ask your indulgence for any deficiencies and shortcomings which may be found in this contribution, which had to be compiled from scattered notes.
The Malay Peninsula, formerly called the Malacca Pe- ninsula, or simply Malacca, by which is understood the por- tion of Further India to the South of the Isthmus of Krah, is washed on the West by the Gulf of Bengal and the Straits of Malacca, and on the Hast by the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Siam. It is 600 Hnglish miles long, near Krah 40 miles broad, and further down averages 150 Eng- lish miles in breadth, giving an area of about 75,000 Enelish square miles, of which 40,000 are under Siam, and 35,000 under England, with a population of about one-and-a-half million souls. To Siam belong, on the West Coast, Kedah with Perlis and Situl, Junk Ceylon with Tongkah, Renong with Trang and Krah, and, on the Hast Coast, Tringganu, Kelantan, Patani, Singgora and Ligor.
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, Xc. 21
We shall leave these undiscussed, so that we can confine ourselves exclusively to the English portion.
The mountain ranges that run through the whole leneth of the Peninsula are continuations of the mountain land of Further India, chiefly of granite formation, not subject to volcanic influences, and varying in height from 4 to 12 thousand feet. The highest peaks are in Kedah, Perak and Tringganu. These mountain ranges are bordered on both sides by alluvial plains from 10 to 30 English miles broad, broader as a rule on the West than on the Hast Coast. The hills are covered with rich forests, in which the wild tribes that live from the chase lead a wandering life; the plains, with their fertile soil and rich tropical culti- vation, are inhabited by the more stationary population. The wild tribes (Negritos), which are but scanty in num- bers, are called Sakais North of the Perak River, and South of that Semangs; older Malay hill-dwellers are distinguished as Orang Benua. The stationary population consists in the North to the 8th degree North latitude of pure Siamese, between the 7th and 8th degree of latitude they are called Samsams, a mixture of Siamese and Malays, and South of that the population is Malay. In addition, there are to be found settlements of aliens, chiefly Chinese, Klings and Arabs.
Numerous but necessarily small streams, flow from the mountains to both coasts. The Perak and Pahang Rivers are the most considerable and the most navigable. They have more value for drainage and irrigation purposes than for purposes of communication, and provide the plains with a plentiful supply of water. The mouths of the rivers are, on both coasts, nearly everywhere shallow, and blocked by sand and mud banks. Those on the Hast coast are, during the whole of the Hast monsoon, closed to navigation, but on the West coast are generally well protected, and only now and then rendered less secure by heavy short squalls known as “Sumatras.” Towards the North, on both coasts, there are numerous coral reefs and islands.
The soil is rich in minerals, especially tin, gold, silver,
22 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
lead, etc. The land is adapted to nearly every kind of tropical cultivation. In the animal kingdom are to be found the rhinoceros, the tapir, the elephant, the tiger, the bison, the wild bull, apes, snakes, etc. Further, a rich variety of birds, fish and splendid butterflies is to be found.
The climate is warm and damp, especially on the South, but the nights are very cool. The dry weather of the North-East monsoon prevails from the middle of October to the middle of April, the wet weather of the South-West monsoon during the rest of the year.
The digging of a ship canal through the Isthmus of Krah has been for some years the subject of enquiry and dis- cussion, and was especially a favourite idea of the French. The journey from Hurope to Siam and China would thus be shortened by 660 miles. The plan that is now in view of a railway connection between Penang and Singgora is, on the other hand, more in accordance with English ideas.
The Malay Peninsula, long before Huropeans came there, was, like many other countries in Hastern Asia and many islands in the East Indian Archipelago, tributary to China to a certain extent. In spite of the fact that its coasts and harbours were from the earliest times visited by navigators and traders, and subsequent to the voyages of discovery by Europeans, more especially by Spaniards, Portuguese, English and Dutch; in spite of the fact that it has repeatedly been the scene of sanguinary conflicts between these nations, as well as between Javanese, Malays, Siamese and Achinese; in spite of the fact that we Dutch for two and a half centuries were in almost unbroken possession of Malacca, and maintained trading relations with the surrounding States of Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Johor, Junk Ceylon, Patani, Tringganu and Kelantan, where we had factories for shorter or longer periods—in spite of all this, it remained till our own times pretty well a terra incognita.
In his treatise on Malacca in 1795, the Hnelish Admiral Mainwarine says:— Malacca, although excellently situated “and for more than 250 years in the hands of Europeans,
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, WC. 23
“is, outside the town, desert and uncultivated, as if there “had never been a settlement there. This is to be attributed “to the narrow policy of the Dutch at Batavia, who make it “their duty to concentrate everything in Java, and to make ‘everything dependent upon it.” |
It was under the Enelish that all further development of this portion of the Hast took place. We have contributed almost nothing to this, and confined ourselves almost ex- clusively to the town of Malacca, where all our Government and trading influence in that district were concentrated. In Malacca itself there was no further extension than was absolutely necessary, and indeed, on many occasions, the interests of Malacca were sacrificed to those of Jaya. Tin, pepper, and also gold were already then the most consider- able articles of export, and our efforts were directed to obtain the monopoly of these in every way. Achinese influence was at first great on the Peninsula, so that it was even necessary to obtain the sanction of the Sultan of Acheen to trade either with Perak or Kedah: The réle which we played here was not always a brilliant one, as ma be seen from an article entitled “The Dutch in Perak,” written, for the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, by the present Acting Governor of the Straits Settlements, Mr. W. HE. Maxwetu.
The proportion of Hnelish trade at this period in these parts was small, although they, the indefatigable rivals of the Dutch, also had their factories in many places. In- deed, India took up nearly all their attention, just as Java and the Moluceas did with us.
Mr. SKINNER writes as follows in his “ British Connections with Malaya” (a name first given, a short time ago, on the founding of the above-mentioned Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, to the whole of the countries where Malay or one of its related dialects is spoken, viz., the Ma- lay Peninsula from Tenasserim and the great India Archi- pelago, from Sumatra to New Guinea) :—‘‘The contact of the “Hinelish with this part of the world may be divided into “three periods—
24 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
“‘T.—That of individual trade, 1602-1684.
<‘T1.—That of the trade of the Hast India Company, 1684- SiOz:
“‘TiI.—That of political and military interference, 1762 “till now.”
Thus this contact was of a purely commercial character till 1762, when the consolidation of the position of the Eng- lish in British India, and circumstances in Europe, led them to pay more attention to Hastern lands, and politics came more into the front.
The first expedition of the English against Manila took place in 1763. Their fleet had stopped at Penang, and they were struck with the importance of the position of that place. This expedition ended with the occupation of the island of Balambangan, opposite Marudu Bay in North Bor- neo. It was abandoned again in 1804, on account of its un- healthiness. The island of Labuan was then occupied, but was almost immediately abandoned, and in 1846 was again taken possession of.
The desirability of obtaining some fixed place in or near the Straits of Malacca was the more evident from the cir- cumstance that the trading fortresses in Sumatra, of which Bencoolen, raised in 1763 to an independent Presidency, was the capital, were less suited for that purpose. Acheen was chosen, but the negotiations with the Sultan of that kingdom led to no satisfactory result. Now, Francois Lieut, of the British India Marine, who was acquainted with the trade of Kedah, came with the proposal to choose for this the island of Penang, which was to be acquired by a payment to the Sultan of Kedah. It was then a desert, uncultivated, almost uninhabited island, and was only touched at by ships to take water or to wait for good weather. The first Englishman whom we know to have done this was Captain LancastTEr of the Bonaventura, who visited Penang in 1592, and the first Dutchman was Cornetis Mareiier, who went there in 1607.
The Hast India Company agreed -to Liaut’s proposal, and in August, 1786, took formal possession of Penang, in con- sideration of the payment of a fixed annual sum to the Sul-
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 25
tan of Kedah. Pulau Pinang was christened Prince of Wales’ Island, and the Settlement of the English George Town, but up till the present day it has been called Penang. In 1791, a stretch of land, now Province Wellesley, or sim- ply the Province, on the mainland just opposite Penang, was purchased from the Sultan of Kedah, and in 1823 was con- siderably extended. The Straits Government pays up till the present time to him a rent or hire of from 10,000 to 12,000 dollars.
For political reasons, the British Government did every- thing in its power to further British influence in these parts, and Penang was the starting point for several expeditions during the great war. In 1795, Malacca was taken from us from there, and other possessions on the West coast of Sumatra came into the hands of the English. In 1797-98, a second expedition against Manila was prepared. The later expeditions against Java and the Moluccas were also got to- gether and prepared in Penang.
Penang was at first governed in a very irregular way by commercial superintendents. In 1796, it was established as a Penal Settlement for Indian convicts, and remained so till 1857, the year of the Indian Mutiny. In 1800, it was put under a Lieutenant-Governor, and in 1805 was promoted to be a Presidency, but still placed under the East India Com- pany in Bengal.
Tt is natural that Penang, through one thing and another, should become a place of importance as a free port. Its trade had at once become noticeable as a trading centre for the neighbouring coasts, and it soon not only took the place of Malacca, but the merchants from still more distant places, came to trade in free Penang.
Malacca was given back to us by the English in 1818, after they had made agreements with Perak and other States, which made it impossible for us to regain or improve our former position. In 1825, it was given over to them by us for good, but has remained what it still is, a place of small commercial importance with only limited local sour- ces of trade and cultivation.
26 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
From the beginning, the object and aim of the English in these parts was the overthrow of the trade monopoly of the Dutch, and this was joined to a hatred born of jealousy or ignorance, aud a contempt which shows itself in almost all writings of this period. Thus one may read the follow- ing, in a letter of Sir Francis Lieut, in 1787, from Pe- nang:—“I suspected the Dutch would throw obstacles in “my way. ‘The contempt and derision however with which ‘“‘they treat this place and the mean dirty acts they use would “‘dishonour any but a Dutchman.”
Asa consequence of the so-called free-trade commercial policy, which however, as has been observed before, was dictated by political considerations, the commercial treaties with Perak and Selangor were concluded in 1818.. Hneland obtained for herself, by these, the position of the most- favoured nation, and thus prevented the granting of mono- polies or favours to others. In 1819, Singapore was founded by Rarrizs, after he had been obliged to give back to us Java and the other Dutch possessions. This island, on which the town of Singapore stood in the twelfth century, he had purchased from Johor, which, at the same time, came under English imfluence and has remained so since. In 1820, a sort of treaty was made with Acheen, by which England stipulated or got the right to place a Resident in Acheen, and to exclude other Huropean nations from establishing a Settlement there. The Hneglish, however, have never carried this treaty out. In 1826, the independ- ence of Perak, which had been to-a certain extent tributary to Siam, was recognised by treaty, and protection against Siam and Selangor was guaranteed. The English obtained by it the right to establish a Settlement on the island Pang- kor, which we had previously repeatedly occupied. The remains of this occupation—kept in repair by the Hnglish— are to be seen at the present day.
Tn all this, the chief aim of the English was the weaken- ing of Dutch interests, and the breaking up of their mono- poly system—an aim that was pursued by RarriEes with indefatigable zeal, and was finally crowned with wonderful
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 27
success, although he often had to meet obstruction and misunder- standings even from his own countrymen. The founding of Sin- gapore is a proof of this enterprising spirit and clear sight. It took place in opposition to instructions from Bengal, and com- pleted the downfall of Malacca, which, lying between Penang and Singapore, lost its value and importance. It also neutralized to some extent the surrender of Java to us, an action that, to this day, no Englishman can remember without vexation and remorse. In a letter in the Raffles Museum in Singapore, we read the follow- ing on this subject:—‘‘ Not our interests alone have suffered by “this unexpected return (of the Dutch to Java) but those of “humanity and civilization suffer more deeply. They (the Dutch) “ought to have had some common feeling for humanity, some ob- “ect in view beyond the cold calculations of profit and loss” ete.
First Singapore came under the Presidency of Bencoolen; in 1823 it came with Penang under the Government of Bengal, and in 1825 Penang, Singapore and Malacca were united as a Presidency with Penang as capital, until 1837, when Singapore, which had developed very rapidly, was appointed. the seat of Government as it now is.
However, it was not till 50 years after the English had become masters of the Straits of Malacca that they busied themselves directly with the affairs of the Peninsula. Different forms of Gov- ernment were in use during this interval until lst April, 1867, when the three Settlements, under the name of the Straits Settle- ments, were separated from British India, and as a Crown Colony, were brought under the direct authority of the mothercountry.
Although during this time the local Government attempted on several occasions to extend its jurisdiction, these plans never met with the sanction or approval of the Home Government, and ac- cordingly the policy of non-intervention in the Malay Peninsula was observed. The so-called Naning War, which ended in an ex- tension of the territory of Malacca, formed an exception to this. Naning, one of the Negri Sembilan hereafter mentioned and a real nest of robbers, was then incorporated with Malacca. In view of the fact that the British India Government had to pay the cost of this, and had always, even in ordinary circumstances, to lend the three Settlements pecuniary support, the expenses were limited to what was strictly necessary, and these possessions were left to themselves “to develop on their own resources.’’ Thus the deve- lopment of Penang and Singapore as trade centres became almost
28 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
the only aim. In Caleutta, very little was known of this portion of the globe. In 1837, an official wrote of them to his chief as follows:—‘“These details may appear petty to your Lordship, but “then everything connected with these States is petty, except their “annual surplus cost to the Government of India.”
Although it falls outside the proper province of what concerns the Straits Settlements, I must add the following, as itis altogether in accordance with the later programme of the English in this part of the globe. In 1842 James Brooxe took possession of Sarawak and in 1846, Labuan was occupied by the English. There were incessant attempts made by individuals from the Straits to establish themselves in different points in our territory, just as JaMEs Brooke did in Sarawak, especially on the East Cost of Sumatra. These proceedings gave rise tv much trouble, and on several occa- sions we were obliged to drive these fortune hunters by force from there. They frequently used as a pretext their ignorance of the boundaries of Acheen.
A new period begun in the history of these places with the es- tablishment of the Straits Settlements as a Crown Colony. We have chosen this evening as a subject for further discussion the re- markable progress which this Colony has enjoyed in the last years, by which it has become the most flourishing of all the English Crown Colonies, and the almost entirely peaceful growth of its in- fluence upon the Malay Peninsula.
Let us now pass over the five years before the Straits Govern- ment interfered actively and formally with the affairs of the In- dependent Native States, and the policy of non-intervention made way for that of “active advice, assistance and control.”
The occasion for this was given by the piracies along the coast, the general insecurity in which British subjects and British inter- ests were placed, the state of anarchy, the wars between chiefs, the oppression, slavery, bondage, and poverty to which the people were a prey. Attacks upon vessels under the British flag occurred, and even upon the boats belonging to men-of-war, and upon Bri- tish Settlements.
The knowledge that existed regarding the Malay Peninsula was then very small. The issue of the Journal of the Indian Archi- pelago had contributed somewhat to spread this knowledge, al- though this as well as other writings of this period dealt chiefly with our possessions, but after this publication ceased, nothing more was done during 20 years. The present Resident Councillor
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS WC. 99
of Penang could say with truth in his address before the Royal Asiatic Society ‘“‘a long night has since settled down upon the “Straits lasting some 20 years.” The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society bas since done a great deal to spread knowledge in this direction. A change in the right direction was due to the initiative of Sir AnDREw CiarRKeE, who still could speak of “our “absolute ignorance of geographical and physical features of those “countries.”
Meanwhile it is very apparent that the English themselves troubled very little, after the time of Rarrizs, about ‘humanity and civilisation,” about which he was so hard upon us, and that with them, too, “trade and commerce” were the only “objects in view.”
When we look at the map of the Malay Peninsula, we see between Province Wellesley (opposite Penang) and Malacca, Pe- rak first, with a coast line of 80, then Selangor with a coast line of 120 English miles, and the little State of Sungei Ujong with Jele- bu. Further inland, bordering Malacca, are the so-called Negri Sembilan, now consisting of six States. Between Malacca and Singapore lies Johor, with a coast line of 120 miles (English), and further up the East coast is Pahang. Under Siam, to the North of the Province is Kedah, with several other small States: and North of Pahang are Kelantan, Tringganu and Patani. Different agreements with England have given Tringganu, Kelantan and Kedah certain rights to British protection.
The state of insecurity mentioned before resulted in several punitive expeditions by men-of-war, but this led to no permanent improvement. In 1871, on account of piracies and other acts of violence, the expedition from Langat took place, and in 1872 and 1873, those at other places on the Jugra River in Selangor. In five large districts, of which it then consisted, great discord, civil war, and anarchy reigned. All of these districts considered them- selves independent. The hasil was here, in general, the origin of disputes. The same condition of things prevailed in Sungei Ujorg which was also mixed up in these quarrels, and was, in addition continually at war with Rembau. Both of these States border up- on the territory of Malacca. Linggi was also in a state of inse- eurity; also the more inland States, particularly Jelebu, Sri Me- nanti and Muar, were constantly in a state of arms against one another. All of these received criminal refugees and vagabonds from the Straits, and only gave them up on payment of ransom
3 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
The demands of British subjects upon their Chiefs met with no at- tention. The then Governor of the Straits, Sir Harry Op, wrote in November, 1872:—“If persons, knowing the risk they run owing “to the disturbed state of these countries, choose to hazard their “lives and property for the sake of the large profits which accom- ‘pany successful trading, they must not expect the British Gov- “ernment to be answerable if their speculations prove unsuccess- “ful.” Things were as we found them in Acheen, and these little States also provided themselves with weapons and even with com- batants from the neighbouring Settlements.
The Chinese tin-miners in Perak, who had immigrated by thou- sands to different parts of the Peninsula, were especially the cause of great disorder; their tribes or kongsis had been for years in conflict with one another, with varying success, over the question of the possession of the tin mines. The Prince of Perak and his Chieftains had taken sides in the matter; with them the question was who should appropriate the export duties. Thus the Mantri of Larut, then the richest tin district, where about 40,000 Chinese of the Go Kwan tribe lived, had declared himself, in 1871, in favour of these, and, by appropriating the rich revenues, had been able to make himself independent of the Sultan, who, in the inte- rior had allied himself with the more warlike Si Kwans. Battles in which, it is said, that more than 3,000 Go Kwans perished, brought the Si Kwans into Larut; they took possession of the forts and of the river; robbery, murder and assassination became the order of the day, and a general cessation of business and flight of population ensued. The Mantri who, among others, had English Officers in his service, was a prisoner in his own country and found himself shut in on all sides at Kotah, the then Capital.
When these Si Kwans had been insolent enough to extend their devastations and plunderings beyond Perak, and even in Penang and its harbour attacks and kongsi fights occurred, in 1873, their fortifications were taken and destroyed by the English under Cap- tain WooLcomBE, and the Mantri came again into possession of his river. |
Thanks to the influence of the Straits Government, the only orderly State being situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Singapore was Johor. But even here disputes as to boundaries, &c. could not be altogether prevented.
There was thus every inducement for the Governor, Sir ANDREW CLarke#, to interfere and to endeavour to put an end once and for
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &C. 31
all to this unsatisfactory state of things, and to prevent the Chi- nese from forming themselves, as it were, into independent colonies on the mainland. Their secret societies would be a danger to the British Settlements, and the inland Chiefs were quite unable to control them and to keep them under. Sir ANDREW CLARKE said in the sitting of the Legislative Council, in September, 1874:— “Our mission as a civilized nation in the middle of semi-civilized “people is not only that of trade, but the higher duty, which we “as Englishmen owe to our flag and our Queen. By the spread ‘of other European nations in this part of the world our interests “also want a larger field of operation.”’
After the punishment of the Chinese disturbers in Perak, he called the heads of the ongsis together to Pangkor and the result of this was that piracy and wars among the Chiefs ceased, and a year later Larut had again a population of 35,000 sculs, and a revenue of $30,000 a month. Indeed, the Chinese were beginning themselves to have enough of it, and it only required a strong leading and organising hand to settle the existing differences. One of their Chiefs was heard to exclaim at this time:—‘‘ When the “British flag is seen over Perak and Larut, every Chinaman will “oo down on his knees and bless God.” ‘Chis was probably a Go Kwan.
Now an attempt had to be made to settle the differences of the Malay Chiefs in Perak. They too all came to Pangkor and their mutual relations towards one another and towards England were defined by the Treaty of Pangkor of the 25th January, 1874. By it Perak came under English protection, a piece of land in Perak on the other side of the Krian River was joined to the Province, and the Dinding Islands and a piece of the mainland on the Pang- kor River under the name of the “Dindings” were joined to Pangkor, where now for the first time an English Settlement was established, at first under the authorities at Singapore, and after- wards and now under Penang. The different States had to pay the cost of the former armed interference. At the request of the Sultan of Perak, the Straits Government sent a Resident there in 1874 to lend the Native Government “active advice and assistance.”
Selangor and Sungei Ujong, too, placed themselves under British protection, after K* Langat, the place of residence of the Sultan of Selangor, having been punished again for the usual acts of rob- bery and some disturbances in the interior having been settled by the intervention of the Straits Government.
32 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
British Residents were put in Selangor in 1874, and in 1875 in Sungei Ujong.
These Residents were placed, and are still under the supervision and guidance of the Governor of the Straits, and are responsible to him.
Meanwhile it was soon evident that this settlement with the Chiefs of Perak was only satisfactory on the surface. In Novem- ber, 1875, at Pasir Sala, the first Resident, Mr. Brrcn, was treach- erously murdered, and the whole of Upper Perak rose against the English. The British Government was compelled to send an im- portant expedition there in order to punish this crime and to res- tore order in the country. The Sultan was taken prisoner and banished, and another was appointed in his place. As there were at the same time appearances of disorder in Sungei Ujong and the Negri Sembilan, it was not till 1877 that it can be said that quiet and order returned to all these countries.
It was then that the rapid development in progress and well-be- ing began, which has never since been disturbed by any resort to arms.
In 1888, the then Governor Sir FrepERICK WELD, after various preliminary discussions, induced the so-called Negri Sembilan to enter into an agreement and to place the Government under the protection and guidance of the Straits Government represented by a Resident. This was first carried into execution in 1887.
The independent State of Pahang, situated to the North of Sin- gapore, refused stubbornly, till, 1888, to enter into a treaty with the Straits Government. The misgovernment and insecurity that prevailed there formed a marked contrast to the condition of things in the neighbouring State of Johor. On several occasions the re- lations between Pahang and Singapore itself were very strained, and the interference of France was once spoken of. However that may be, Pahang acknowledged the sovereignty of England in 1888 and signed an agreement similar to that of Johor, which, in 1885, had come definitely under British influence.
In 1892, serious disturbances tock place in Pahang, which had every appearance of insurrection against the English, and led to the so-called Pahang war, which ended in the restoration of the former order of things. Itis remarkable that almost exclusively Perak Police was employed against Pahang.
There came no change in the relations with Tringganu and Ke- Jantan. The friendly influence of the English, through peaceful
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &C. 33
means, and through the example of the well-being of the Native States, is very great there.
Outside the Straits, in 1880, a portion of North Borneo was oc- cupied by the recently formed “North Borneo Co.,’ and in 18388 followed by a British protectorate over this portion of North Bor- neo, Brunei and Sarawak. The Governor of the Straits was then appointed Consul-General in these lands, just as the Resident Councillor of Penang is, for the so-called Siamese States on the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula. This, in view of the exist- ing ex-territorial rights, gives them great power over the thousands of Natives who call themselves British subjects, and at the same time over those States themselves, and, in my opinion, prepares the way for future annexation
In 1885, England established herself in the Eastern portion of New Guinea. In 1886, she took possession of the Cocos or Keel- ing Islands to the South of Java, which were joined to the Straits and in 1888 of Christmas Island, which is also situated in the In- dian Ocean.
It is my pleasant duty to add here that the Straits authorities have always maintained a most considerate and friendly attitude towards us, especially during the Achinese war.
Let us now return to the Colony as it now is. It is impossible for any one who travels now through the Protected States of the Malay Peninsula and sees everywhere the outward signs of civili- zation and meets with an industrious, contented population, to pic- ture to himself what their condition was a short time ago under the Native Government. Without any military assistance, the Residents have been able to bring their residencies to a flourish- ing condition and continual progress. Surrounded by a staff of able Europeans and Natives, they formed part of the legislative and executive power, the State Council, or rather, with their powerful personality, they alone represented it. Indeed the arti- cles of the above-mentioned Pangkor Treaty left great power to the discretion of these Residents, whose advice had to be sought and followed by the Princes in all questions which did not affect religion and custom, while the collection and control of the reve- nues, as well as the general government of the land, depended upon their advice. They were responsible for everything to the Governor of the Straits.
The present Resident of Perak has recently spoken of this as follows :—“I have spoken of the Residential system, but in real-
34 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
“ity there was no system, what there is now, has grown of expe- “ rience in attempting the untried. A British Officer acting under “the instructions of a distant Governor is sent to advise a Malay “Ruler and his Chiefs. The Officer is told he is responsible for “everything, but he is not to interfere in details. His advice must “be followed, but he must not attempt to enforce it, and so on. ‘He must keep the peace, see that justice is administered, res- ‘pect vested interests, do his best for the State, and obey in- ‘structions he receives from Singapore, and with all this he is at “peril to remember that he is only the adviser of the Malay “Ruler. Out of this difficult position has grown the present ‘‘administration.” The Residents supported by the confidence of the Governor, have made use of their power with great tact. They took measures to further and extend trade, cultivation and indus- try, and to develop the resources of the country, to maintain order and justice, to facilitate communication by roads, railways and telegraph, and to improve the education and instruction, and thus the material and moral condition of the people.
Sixteen years ago there was almost no roads: one had to travel on foot or by elephant, armed, and generally accompanied by an armed escort, and to take shelter in the best native house one could find. The whole population went about armed. Now there are everywhere to be found in all the States broad, hard, carriage roads, railways, and free Government buildings, schools, hospitals and police stations, and these like all other works of evident utility are being continually extended. ‘The population has in- creased, and security reigns everywhere. Slavery and bondage have completely disappeared, while it was calculated that even in 1882, one-sixteenth of the population was still in slavery Armed Natives are now never seen.
The development of the Protected and Native States was natu- rally accompanied by increased prosperity and progress in Penang and Singapore. This was enhanced by the contemporaneous suc- cess of the Deli tobacco cultivation, the improvement in the tin- mining industry and land cultivation on the example of its neigh- bours, in Kedah and other small Northern States tributary to Siam. and the late opening for trade, industry and cultivation of a greater part of British and Dutch Borneo, of Palembang, Indragi- ri, the Rhio Islands, Singkep, ete.
What Singapore now is many of us know from our own observa- tion. Always extending and beautifying itself, with its splendid
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 35
harbour and docks, as a free port and centre of commerce, it draws towards itself more and more the fruits of the development of the surrounding countries. I+ stands in commercial importance on the same footing as Malta and Hongkong, and surpasses all the ports of the other Crown Colonies in importance. As the seat of Goy- ernment, and a strongly fortified “ coaling station”—ships take in
forms one of the most strategical points of the English, on the ereat highway of traffic between Europe, British India, and East Asia. It may be seen from the following figures how greatly it has grown :—The population of the town and island, 27 miles broad and 14 miles long, amounted in 1819 to 150 Malays, in 1821 to nearly 5,000 souls, i in 1871 to nearly 100,000 and in 1891 to 185,000. The amount of import and exports was in 1823, $12,000,000, in 1860 $51,000,000, and in 1890 had risen to $200,000,000.
The shipping without counting the numerous Native coast ves- sels, amounted in 1879 (earlier figures are not at my disposal) to 4.443 ships with a tonnage of three millions, and in 1891 to 8,339 ships with a tonnage of nearly seven millions.
Penang, which also profited from the development of the coun- tries in her neighbourhood, increased as much in size, prosperity and well-being. The population of the town and island, 15 miles long and 9 miles broad, amounted, with Province Wellesley, i 1786 to 600 Malays, in 1812 to 27,000, in 1871 to 133,000, and in 1891 to 235,000 inhabitants. The amount of imports and exports was in 1790 $240,000, in 1867 $20,000,000, and in 1888 $95,000,000. The shipping rose from 1,900 ships with a tonnage of 970,000 in 1872, to 3,400 ships with a tonnage of 1,765,000 in 1878, and 6,078 ships with a tonnage of 3,500,000 in 1890. It seems, to put the mildest construction upon it, to be a gross error- to say that the trade of Penang has seriously suffered through the Achinese war. ‘This complaint has several times been made to the English Government by Penang agitators, and unfortunately has been supported by some of the authorities. Sir Frepertcc WELD said in a lecture at the Royal Colonial Institute in London on the 10th June, 1 “The pepper trade of Penang with Sumatra “has suffered most seriously trom the Acheenese war.”
Malacea, which up till the present day has preserved its Portu- gsuese Dutch features, remained a station of less importance. It was thrown upon its own resources, and made but slow progress.
36 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
The development of the Negri Sembilan and of Pahang by the construction of a railway will probably result to her advantage, in view of the fact that there are no good portsin Pahang Its popu- lation in 1817 was 20,000, in 1871, 77,000, and was in 1891, 92,000. The trade in 1826 was $1,590,000, in 1860 $4,600,000, and in 1889 nearly $5,000,000. The shipping consisted in 1878 of 1,178 ships, oe tonnage of 340,000, and was improving somewhat, but not much.
Although Penang and Singapore thus took an important position, the Protected Native States afforded a no less remarkable spectacle of progress.
Let us begin with Perak. Its population was at first estimated at very different figures, but we may take it that, without counting the wild tribes living in the forests and which were reckoned to comprise 6,000 souls, the Malay population amounted to from 25,000 to 50,000, to which later 40,000 Chinese were to be added. In 1891, this had risen to 218,000, of which 100,000 were Malays.
The Revenues, arising chiefly from export duties and from the farms, amounted in 1875 to $226,000, and increased continually till they reached in 1891 the figure of 25millions. The export duties upon tin are very high, and amount to from 12 to 15 per cent. There seems to be an inexhaustible supply of this metal. More than two-thirds of the tin of the whole world comes from the Straits. The output amounted in 1892 to 636,000 pikuls, repre- senting a value of about 24 million dollars.
After paying all its debts, and the costs of the war to England, after having constructed roads and railways, and after having car- ried out all the other works of public utility and general advan- tage, Perak still possessed on the first of January, 1891, a cash surplus of $2,000,000. It possesses among other things an excel- lent little force of 1,000 Sikh soldiers under English Officers. Four hundred of these, almost unaided, brought the Pahang war to anend. On receiving sudden orders, they were, in the space of one hour, ready for marching, and remained four months in the wilds of Pahang, without one of them having to be sent back during that time on account of ilJness. The figure for export and import was in 1876 one-and-a-half million dollars, ten years later, in L886, fifteen, and in 1891 it had risen to 185 millions. Perak possesses excellent ports in Port Weld (in Larut) and Telok Anson on the large and deep River Perak. Both of these are the termini of the existing railways to the tin districts.
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 37
In Selangor, which in 1891 had a population of 140,000, the number was 30,000 in 1879, and the Revenues, which in 1875 amounted to about $100.000, had risen in 1890 to nearly two mil- lions. The duties upon tin and the farms contributed chiefly to this. Gold mine workings are also found here, and more agricul- ture than in Perak. It is for this reason that the economical con- dition of this country is supposed to be healthier than that of Perak. ‘Trade here increased in the same proportion, and you find here in other respects the same favourable state of things as in Perak. Selangor had onthe Ist January, 1887, still a debt of $900,000, and on the Ist of January, 1891, a cash surplus of $720,000. The port of Selangor is Klang, the terminus of the railway to the capital of the country, Kuala Lumpur, which is situated inland. The Klang River is shallow higher up, and there is for this reason a proposal to extend the railway to the Kuala, and to make a new port there.
Of Sungei Ujong and the Negri Sembilan, with respective po- pulations of 24 and 40 thousand (the latter having come so much later under British protection), there is not much to say, except that, with the construction of railways and roads, by the help of advances from the Straits Government, the exploiting of tin and agriculture promises them (especially the last mentioned) a good future. Jelebu, one of the Negri Sembilan, which is rich in tin mines, was, in 1885, jomed to Sungei Ujong, which possesses little mineral wealth, and is thus thrown more upon agriculture. It (Sungei Ujong) had formerly not 4,000 inhabitants. The revenue in 1886 was $120,000, in 1887 $141,000 and in 1890 had risen to $278,000. On 1st January, 1891, it still owed the Colony $199,000. The port of Sungei Ujong is Port Dickson, with a splendid and safe harbour, from which a railway leads to the capital—Seram- ban.
The Negri Sembilan had, in 1886, an income of scarcely $2,500, which, in 1890, had risen to $170,000. On the Ist of January, 1891, it owed &180, 00C to the Colony. They are thus just begin- ning, but are on the right way.
Pahang, which possesses rich gold mines, with a population of 35,000, had, in 1890, an income of $62,077 and a debt to the Co- lony of $372,000, to which are to be added the cost of the last war.
It remains only to mention Johor. This little State with its population of about 100,000 under its enlightened and energetic
38 ADDRES BY MR. KRUYT ON
Sultan, surrounded by a capable staff of Europeans, has derived every advantage from its position in the immediate neighbourhood of Singapore. Chinese capital and labour have been attracted there and have brought it to a state of great prosperity and wealth, especially through the cultivation of pepper, gambier and tapioca, as minerals are not found there. The Sultan stays a good deal in Europe, and returned a short time ago from England.
I can add here that the Chinese, who have done everything un- der British guidance, and still do so, are the pioneers of progress in the Malay Peninsula and in the Settlements. Sir Coartes Dit- KE says of this in his “ Problems of Greater Britain” :—“‘ Our great “success in the Malay Peninsula has lain in enlisting upon our “side the warm and ever enthusiastic co-operation of the Chinese. “In no part of the world can we point to more obvious results “from good government than throughout the Malay Peninsula, “where England, in fact, presides over a federation of Malay “ Princes, to whom we have taught the art of success, but to whose “former subjects we have added a vast population of Chinese. “The future of Malaya lies in the development of great natural, “mineral and agricultural wealth by patient Chinese labour.”
This is the case too in Kedah and in the more northern Siamese States, in some of which Penang Chinese have been able to get themselves appointed Rajas. Chinese, too, are members of the Legislative Council, of the Municipal Councils, and of the State Councils. There can be no doubt as to the future of the Malay Peninsula, outside the towns of Penang and Singapore, under an enlightened and liberal-minded Government.
We have seen that in the Native States, and also in Kedah, the tin industry has been the principal one of the country up till now. However, considerable experiments have been made in the cultiva- tion of rice, pepper, sugar, tapioca, gambier, tobacco, coffee, tea, cocoa, etc., but by far not on a sufficiently large scale to be regard- ed as a permanent form of cultivation. This can be said of the islands of Singapore and Penang, and of the districts in their im- mediate neighbourhood—the Province, Malacca, Johor and Kedah —-as regards sugar, pepper, gambier and tapioca; in Perak too the cultivation of sugar may be regarded as permanent, but the Straits planters have much to learn from Java as regards cheap and in- creased production. Cheap transport, local markets, and a low rate of exchange are factors in their fayour. Arabian and especially Liberian coffee has been started jn all the States. Perak tea has
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 39
beeu very favourably judged in the London market. Pepper is planted everywhere on asmall scale; tapioca grows especially in Sungei Ujong and the Negri Sembilan. Experiments with silk worm binding have been made in Perak, and are said to have given good results. Experiments with tobacco, on the other hand, have not been successful. Coco-nuts, betel-nuts, fruits, especially pine- apples, the preserving of which has become a considerable industry, and vegetables are cuitivated everywhere and supply chiefly local requirements.
In the Straits Settlements, one-third is cultivated, and in the Native States scarcely one two-hundredth part. There is thus an abundance of waste land waiting to be developed by capital and enterprise. The Government does its best to encourage this, being convinced of the desirability of obtaining a more permanent form of revenue from agriculture, in view of the uncertainty of tin, the supply of which must some time be exhausted. This has already happened, for instance, in Larut. The income from the opium farm is also dependent upon the tin mines. Land can be obtained everywhere. ‘ihe first pioneers in the Native States received pieces of land of 1,000 acres (one acre’ is about 1¢ bowws) quite free. Those who came later paid a rent of 20 cents an acre after the second year, for opening up the land, or three doilars per acre at once, which made them owners of the land. The Government can demand 23 per cent. as export duty upon the produce.
The population of the English part was in 1891, 512,342 for the three Settlements; for the Native States with Johor 518,644; thus about 1,000,000 in all.
The area of the three Settlements is 1,310 English square miles, and of the Protected States 35,509 square miles. There are thus in the three Settlements, counting the towns of course, nearly 400, and in the States only 15 inhabitants to the English square mile.
From this it may be seen that the Malay Peninsula is thinly in- habited, and but little cultivated. By far the largest proportion of this population consists of Chinese, who live at the mines, in the cultivated districts, and especially in the towns along the coasts. Fishing is practised by them on a large scale, and is an important means of existence, and a considerable branch of industry.
Malays live further away from the towns, and supply, just, as in Deli, the daily necessities of the industrial centres, among others ataps and other building materials for the East coast of Sumatra. Cattle rearing is also in their hands, and is a very considerable in-
AQ ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
dustry, while formerly jungle »roduce was collected and exported by them on such a large scale that it degenerated into depredation. In Perak, for instance, the export of gutta had to be forbidden to prevent the further destruction of the gum trees. In Perak and Kedah there is an old population settled there centuries before Europeans came. In Selangor and Sungei Ujong, and especially in the Negri Sembilan, much younger settlements are to be found. They are chiefly from Java, Borneo, Celebes, the highlands of Pa- dang, Batta, Korintji, Jambiand elsewhere in Sumatra. Two-thirds of the Malay population of these States were originally Nether- lands Indian subjects. Inthe begmning of the 18th century a set- tlement of Bugis from Goa in Celebes established themselves in Selangor.
If agriculture is to be extended as in the case of mining, labour must be imported, chiefly Chinese and Kling, and this is the great difficulty. The Government accordingly spares no pains to meet the planter and assist him in this respect. However, as long as the tin mines last, the Chinese will prefer that kind of work, just as is the case with tobacco on the East coast of Sumatra.
The Government of the Straits Settlements depends directly, as we have seen, upon the Mother-country, and is carried on by a Governor appointed by the Queen, supported by a Legislative and Executive Council. The majority of the members of the Legisla- tive Council—the ‘‘Official members”—are so by virtue of their position. They form the Executive Council. The unofficial mem- bers, who form the minority, are private individuals, and are partly nominated by the Government and partly elected by the Chambers of Commerce. All bills, all important Government measures, as . well as the budget, are laid before the Council and dealt with, and must, after approval, be sanctioned by the Government of the Mother-country; although the official members nearly always vote with the Government, and the opposition can thus have but little influence in any other direction, still its existence has this indis- putable advantage, that all Government matters are treated, dis- cussed and decided upon publicly, and this compels the Govern- ment to consider carefully what it brings forward, and abstain from everything that will not stand the test of publicity.
Young officials, after passing an examination in England, are sent out as “Cadets” to the Straits, and are there employed in most of the Government positions, except legal, military, and some technical ones. The Judges come from other places. The Colony
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. Al
does not possess its own army or fleet. The Colony pays a fixed contribution towards the support of the garrison of the Straits which belongs to the English army. The men-of-war of the China squadron visit from time to time different parts of the Colony, whenever it is necessary or desirable. The excellently organized Police, with European officers and staff, consists of Europeans, Sikhs, and Malays, and fulfils all requirements.
In Penang and Malacca, the Government is represented by Re- sident Councillors, and though the Governor occupies this place in Singapore, affairs are usually managed, to a certain extent, by the Colonial Secretary, who is the highest official after the Governor. Under these are Magistrates, Collectors and District Officers, who with all others except the Municipal officiais are nominated by the Governor. The paid Presidents of the Municipal Council are ap- pointed by the Governor, just as the Residents are in the Native States. One-half of its members are appointed by the Governor, and the other half elected by the voting members of the com- munity.
The officials in the Native States are appointed by the Sultan after consultation with the Resident. The budgets and laws in these States have to be sanctioned only by the Governor. The Police are under the direct orders of the Resident.
The Revenues of the Colony, which are contributed to by the three Settlements alone, and are derived from the farms, especially for the sale of opium, stamp fees, land rents, harbour and port duties, fines, &c., amounted in 1868 to about one-and-a-half, and in 1890 to four million dollars. At the end of 1891, the Colony possessed a surplus of two and a quarter million dollars of which, it had but one-and-a-half million as advances to Municipal bodies and Native States.
The Municipal revenues reach about the following amounts yearly: —Singapore, $500,000; Penang, $300,000; Malacca, $30,000. They are derived from assessment of houses, local land rents, taxes upon vehicles, horses and dogs, the letting of Municipal property, such as markets and sheds, and finally the proceeds of passes, licenses, certificates, water rates, &e.
From these are paid the salaries of the Municipal Officials, the contributions to the Colonial Police, the cost of the keeping up of buildings and other institutions, the public roads and _ bridges, draining and cleansing, street lighting, the fire brigade, &e.
We have thus in the immediate neighbourhood of our posses-
42 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
sions (where also changes in administrative matters, and decentra- lisation are being prepared) a remarkable instance although upon a small scale, of administrative and financial decentralisation which works successfully—a central Government with central revenues and budget for the whole Colony, with three Municipal adminis- trations for Singapore, Penang and Malacca, and the five separate Governments of the Protected States, besides the State of Johor, which is independent as regards administration and where every- thing also goes as well as one can wish.
Still neither here all is perfect, and complaints occur. The Settlements complain that the Protected States do not contribute directly to the Colonial Treasury, although they enjoy the advan- tages which are derived from the order of things that has been called into existence through the agency of the Straits Settlements.
This is still less the case with Johor. It is probable that these States will, after some time, either be incorporated in the Colony, or will form with it a federation. Circumstances, too, such as the recent complications between France and Siam, may soon lead the way (which is already prepared) to the annexation of the Siamese Malay States, from Kedah to Mergui and Tringganu with Kelantan all of which are rich in gold and lead. Ina speech to the Legis- lative Council in Singapore in 1887, Sir FrepERIcK WELD, while discussing the policy of the last years, said:-—‘‘This policy will “extend itself from Burma southwards, and from Pahang north- ‘wards until in includes the whole Peninsula and embraces also “those dominions which are now nominally under Siam.”
Other parties, for instance, in Penang, insist upon a further . separation in matters of administration, so that the contributions of one Settlement towards the central Treasury may be employed more in and for that Settlement than is the case at present. Out of the central revenues are paid the expenses for salaries and pen- sions of officials, the cost of the military garrison, the expenses of Justice and Police, the medical service, education, harbours, coast lights and beacons, roads and bridges outside the Municipality, gaols, hospitals, schools, Government buildings, Colonial vessels, etc., etc. Penang pretends that Singapore, the lion town, also gets the lion’s share, much more than is proportionate to her con- tributions. Thence in Penang a cry for Home Rule. It may be seen from this, that however much decentralisation there may be there will be always parts which consider themselves placed in a disadvantageous position with others.
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 43
That many affairs are better arranged by our older Colonial Government than by our English neighbours, is recognised by Eng. lishmen of authority, for instance, by Kenstneron (1892), Money and Boys. I need only mention the government of the Native population through the direct agency of their chiefs—a system that is followed in the Native States.
A bonus of $500 has recently been offered to any officials in the Straits who learn and shew a knowledge of our language, in order to make the Dutch Colonial literature more accessible to the English.
But there is, I think, also something for us to learn, from ’our neighbours, especially now when we seem to have arrived at an epoch of transition, and therefore I think it would be advantage- ous if our officials were to go there a little more than they do now, and enquire into and compare the state of things there with that of our own Colonies, and if such visits were not only facilitated but also encouraged. The new regulations on leave are already a step in that direction.
They would remark, among other things, how the advancement of British trade is the chief aim with every Government, in the Straits or elsewhere, wherever the British flag waves, and that every governing official, however much he may talk of ‘humanity and civilisation,’ devotes his attention in the first place to this.
Trade has been the chief factor in making the greatness of that “Greater Britain” that Sir Cuartes Ditke has sketched for us.
Hyery official is impregnated with this idea, and nothing strikes an observant and unbiassed visitor to the English Colonies so much as the zealous and indefatigable devotion of all, each in his own circle to the furtherance of this greatness of the British Empire, even when such endeavours are frequently made ata sacrifice of personal interests and comfort.
This is the cause of the great national pride that Englishmen possess, which may appear silly and narrow to the foreigner, but fills them however with that prodigious self-confidence, which leads to great deeds.
This British Empire forms a body of which England is the heart, Whatever forms of Government the different parts may assume, as regards the important points of protection, free trade, Imperial federation, still every man in England follows with interest the events in these parts, and every one outside of it thinks with love, reverence and pride of his “old England” and always goes back there. We might well learn that from them. How often do we
4A, ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
hear the Motherland spoken of depreciatingly and ungratefully in the Colonies? What little interest again, do most Dutchmen show in Colonial matters?
Thanks to the circumstance that young people in England are not unnecessarily crammed with all sorts of learning, but try to acquire what is useful for a definite sphere of work, so that most of them are behind other nations in so-called general development they have always time for healthy exercise, for their ‘‘sport,” and thus become accustomed to privation, are strong, hardy, enterpris- ing, sober, and little given to sensual enjoyment, pleasure-seeking . or excessive sentimentality.
Thus in different English Colonies may be seen how old and young, high and low, ladies and gentlemen, and even natives, take part in this “sport,” and how the courage, strength, agility, dext- erity and “pluck” of their European rulers excites the admiration and especially the sympathy of the Natives.
Indeed the intercourse between the higher and lower grades in both the official and military classes is quite different to what it is with us. ‘There is much more mutual confidence and comradeship in it, more good nature, if I may so speak. The same may be observed in the intercourse with the Natives. There is one law for all without distinction of race or religion, and it is quickly acted upon.
Good officials in the Straits are kept as long as possible in the same posts, and when they go on leave, which occurs frequently (so that they keep touch with the Mother-country, and do not be- come Indians) the post is generally filled up by an acting officer until they return. They are thus altogether intimate with the duties attaching to that post, and are quite absorbed, in the interest that are entrusted to them, which they can and often do watch during their leave. From 1878 to 1889 there was one Resident in Perak, Sir Huexu Low, and from 1885 to 1890, I knew four different Residents in the much more important Residency of the East Coast of Sumatra; they had no time to become duly acquainted with the country.
In conclusion, I must finish with a word that has no direct bear- ing upon the subject under discussion, but which, I feel, I must not leave unsaid.
The same policy that Sir F. Wetp described as the goal to be aimed at on the Malay Peninsula is consolidating itself also in North Borneo, in New Guinea, and is surrounding our Archipelago
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, Wc. 45
elsewhere with a girdle of English possessions.
This and other circumstances mentioned in this paper should re- mind us as a small nation, but with rich and large Colonies, and as the second colonial power of the times in which we live, to caution and urge us to move with the times.
In our East Indian possessions, where there are such great re- sources, and there is such a rich field for work, we shall, I think, accomplish better results, if we recognize more generally, that the time is past for maintaining our power by artificial means, and if we give our governing officials (especially those outside of Java) opportunities, each in his own sphere, to act more independently and thus, with the means at their disposal in their sphere, by de- centralization, to further the development of the immeasurable re- sources of the country, to the good of the population, and the wel- fare of the Mother-country.
This can then be, in the words of Mr. van GeEnvep, in the sit- ting of the First Chamber of the 28th December, the beginning of a new period, of which we may expect the best results in the fields of politics, economics, and finance.
Steam and electricity have abolished distances. The press dis- cusses everything. The Natives know what occurs elsewhere and thus as a Madurese Chief once expressed himself “by building our forts in the hearts of the Natives” we can strengthen ourselves and meet the future with confidence.
46 ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
DISCUSSION
ON
MOR. KOR Yas) iP Alb ai
PBB Ll eI SPAS LLP eh LP I OL LP ALT
Mr. G. E. V. L. van Zuyuen.—As none of the gentlemen pre- sent seem disposed to discuss any of the points raised in Mr. Kruyt’s excellent address, may I be permitted to ask the honour- able reader of the address one question as to a matter of detail, viz., bow matters stand at present as regards the digging of a can- al through the Isthmus of Krah? There were two plans in con- nection with the isthmus—one to dig a canal through it, and the other to construct a railway for ships across it as has been done in Canada. Is either of these plans still spoken of ?
Mr. Kruyt.—l believe the plans have been given up. Any- thing of this kind would not be in accordance with the interests of England, and as the influence of England there has greatly increas- ed it is not likely that the scheme will be brought into prominence again. There isa Chinese Raja there who is Penang born and a British subject. He will take good care that nothing happens that can be in conflict with the wishes of the British.
Mr. vaw Zuyten.—I ask the question, as I imagine that if the canal were dug it would be a matter of no small importance to us.
Mr. Krvuyr.—I agree with you that it could be of some import- ance to Us.
Mr. P. J. van Hovten.—I should like to ask Mr. Knroyt the following question. What does the honourable gentleman think | about Pulau Weh? Can this port attain to any importance? Could it in future be detrimental to Penang and Singapore? I doubt it myself. It is useless to make of it a coaling-station for Oumbilien coals which cannot be employed in every kind of steam- ship traffic. It is necessary therefore to bring in the first place Newcastle and Cardiff coals there suitable for long voyages. ‘This, however, can only be done at a great cost, as transport to Pulau Weh would be dearer than to Singapore, because in the latter port ships would be sure of getting a cargo. This would not be the case n Pylau Weh. Ido not therefore anticipate much in the future
pa
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 47
for Pulau Weh. Is that opinion shared by the honourable gentle- man ?
Mr. Kruyt.—I also do not anticipate any great future for Pu- lau Weh. The first condition necessary for the development of Pulau Weh is wanting. First of all an orderly state of things in Acheen must be established, and then with careful management— it being of course taken for granted that there is a coaling depot there—the pepper trade of Acheen might gradually be concentrat- ed there. Itis of course a matter of indifference to the Chinese whether they sell their pepper at Penang or at Pulau Weh, pro- vided they get a proper profit. But the Achinese ask for more. They do not go to Penang to sell alone, but also to buy. They take this opportunity of making a little journey. A journey of this kind to Penang is a pleasure-trip; they go to the wayang, to the Malay comedy, and to other places. When they are able to find all this at Pulau Weh,it might become the central port for North Sumatra. Would Pulau Weh then become an important port for European ships ?
The only foreign ships to whose interest it might be to take coals at Pulau Weh at dearer prices are the Russian and French men-of- war and perhaps some tea-steamers as the island lies in a better position than Singapore as a half-way place on the route between Europe and North China. I do not believe, however, that Pulau Weh will ever become the trade emporium that some people im- agine.
ae van ZuyitEN.—If I have understood you rightly, you mean to say that if Achinese affairs are put in a better state this port might be one of importance for North Sumatra.
Mr. Kruyr.—Yes, if the business is taken seriously in hand and the circumstance is not lost sight of that the Achinese must find the same facilities and the same treatment as he has always met with in the Straits.
Mr. W. Etout van Souterwonpe.—If I venture, Mr. President, to put a question with reference to one of the many subjects touched upon by the honourable gentleman, I must first say that his excellent address has interested me in the highest degree. One subject touched upon by him especially struck me, viz., the pros- perous condition of the Chinese in the Straits and their influence there. We have heard that Sir Cuarnes Dinxe in his “Greater Britain” praised the Chinese for having been the means of develop- ing the Straits and we have been told of a Chinaman, born in the
48: ADDRESS BY MR. KRUYT ON
Straits, who has become a Raja of one of the Native tribes; Now. I should like to hear from the honourable gentleman, especially with regard to the opium-farm, if the influence of the Chinese is about the same in his opinion over the Natives as it isin Java. Further, I should like te ask if the other farms are in the hands of the Chinese, and if the Government has ever experienced any trouble from the presence of the Chinese in the Straits in such large numbers. If] am not mistaken it has been more than once necessary to take active measures against the secret societies? The Chinese have, I believe, in the Straits their own chiefs to a certain extent, but I gather from what Mr. Kruyt has told us that they have the same position as regards the Courts of Justice as Euro- peans. J should very much like to be further enlightened upon this matter. Itis, Mr. President, certainly somewhat indiscreet on my part to put all these questions, but the Chinese seem to be so rauch better received on the Peninsula and so much more favour- ably judged than in other places they have gone to, that it would be most interesting to learn something more on the subject.
Mr. Kruyr.—The Chinese in the Straits are perfectly free ex- cept the Chinese secret societies, which are under strict surveil- lance. ‘Those who do anything contrary to the regulations in this matter are dealt with very severely, and the leaders are often banished to China. The farms are all in the hands of the Chinese. The native Malay population is small compared to the Chinese. The Chinese are not under their own chiefs, but are under the same laws asthe rest of the population. The Chinese have a high sense of their own worth. I have often observed that people from our Colonies, for instance, naval officers and officials, were annoyed that the Chinese did not shew them a sufficient politeness, for ins- tance, that they did not make way for them. I have always found the Chinese most polite, but it depends upon how one treats them. They possess, and one should not forget this, a feeling of equality.
The authorities in British India and in the Straits would not like to see the opium revenues decrease, as these form the most important source of revenue and if they fell off the whole financial system would fall into confusion. In Penang, there is a Chinese bank. The only European who is there is one of the junior clerks. The bank is in prosperous circumstances, due, most likely, to the activity of the directors. The Chinese are from early morning till late in the evening on the spot, while Europeans open late and close early. If you come to their place after closing-time, you hear
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, &c. 49
very soon “Come to-morrow, the office is open at 10 o’clock.” The Chinese look on Penang and Singapore as Chinese places, the administration of which is left to the English.
Mr. G. A. pz Laner.—Do the Chinese live in different quarters ?
Mr. Kruyt.—No.
Mr. Exovut van Sovuterwonpe.—Are other’ farms besides the opium farm in the hands of the Chinese?
Mr. Kruyt.—There are in the Straits somewhat the same farms as we have—gambling, pawn-houses, spirits, etc. All these are in the hands of the Chinese.
Mr. T. H. per Kinperen.—I should like to hear from the honour- able gentleman something as to the legal position of the Chinese, not only in Penang and Singapore, but in the whole of the Straits Settlements where they form a considerable portion of the popula- tion. Are they under the English law as regards civil matters ag well as regards criminal law? How are they situated particularly as regards their personal rights? For instance, by what restric- tions and rules are their marriages governed? How do they stand as regards their laws of inheritance? Are their own customs and institutions, as they are in China, followed, or are the English laws adhered to?
Mr. Kruyt.—The civil and criminal law is the same for all; all come before the same Judge. ‘The place is full of lawyers. The Chinese are, by nature, fond of litigation. For a trifle, for a fowl that is not worth a guilder, they will run to a lawyer and pay $50 to fight the matter out. As regards marriages, etc., Chinese customs are adhered to, but there is an institution there that is unknown in Jaya, viz., the Chinese Protectorate. The Protector of Chinese, is as it were, the head of the Chinese. Assisted by a good staff, he looks after everything that concerns the Chinese, for instance, in matters connected with the rights of inheritance in which Chinese customs are followed as far as they do not con- flict with the usages of civilised nations. This is a good institu- tion.
Mr. DER KinpEREN.—There are then no special J udges for Na- tives and Chinese?
Mr. Kruyr.—No.
Mr. per KinpEREN.—How is justice administered in the States where a Resident is at the head of affairs?
Mr. Kruyr.—The State Court is there with a Chief Magistrate and in smaller places there are District Courts with Magistrates
50 ADDRESS BY MR, KRUYT ON
at the head supported by Native assessors. There, justice is ad- ministered according to the same laws and regulations as in the Straits, but with reference to “adzt” and religion. In this res- pect, Natives and Chinese are on the same footing as Huropeans.
Mr. per Kinperen.—lIs the adoption of children regulated by law? Are the usages of China followed?
Mr. Kruyt.—I cannot say that. JI know there are Chinese who adopt children but I do not know what the laws are as re- gards the adoption of children.
Mr. van Houren.—Mr. President, there is still another ques- tion that I should like to ask the honourable gentleman. It 1s said that three-fourths of the trade of Penang is with Sumatra. That is Deane: exaggerated on our side, but ‘if half of it is with Sumatra it is important enough, and for that reason I should like to ask the honourable gentleman if, in his opinion, it is not pos- sible to divert a part of that trade to our territory by making either Belawan or Telok Semawe free ports, so that we could have great depots where ships could unload, and what was sold could be shipped to the different districts in the neighbourhood.
Perhaps other means might be found and employed, as the por- tion of Penang is naturally very strong. The commercial houses there are now firmly established and have a fixed business with all kinds of steam and sailing vessels; they have their agents and correspondents everywhere, so that it will be difficult to win trade away from them. However, I think the matter is worth some ex- ertion, as we should get not only the export trade into our hands but the import trade too, which is certainly not less important.
Mr. Kruyt.—Pepper can certainly be brought elsewhere. Since the establishment of the Koninklijke Nederlandsche Paketvaart- maatschappij, a step has been made in that direction, where the freights are not opposed to it. It is established that cheap freights are the most important factor in this matter, and now that the ships of the Paketvaartmaatschappij visit the whole island of Su- matra, this is, in a great measure, in their hands. Trade gen- erally goes where it is served most quickly, most easily and most cheaply. Where these factors exist, viz., cheap, quick and easy dealing, there wili trade certainly be attracted. As soon as ar- ticles can be obtained as cheap and as go . from Batavia as from Penang, they may be brought from there to Deli. The creation of free ports will, I believe, be of little assistance. The declar- ing of Belawan to be a free port will not divert trade. Many
THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, XC. 51
years must pass before trade can be diverted. The great advant- age of the ports in the Straits is that they are centres of trade, and that they le on the great highway of traflic and close by. No day passes without ten, twelve or fifteen steamers going in and out of Penang and Singapore.
Mr. van Hovren.—After the last answer of the honourable gentleman, I may observe that I do not see any great objection to the low import duties levied at our Indian custom-houses— one can always leave wares in the depot—but I think that at all places where custom duties are levied the formalities which one has to comply with during importing and exporting prevent trade from being drawn thither.
Mr. Kruyt.—The journey from Belawan to Batavia lasts three or four days, and if there were need for 1t more steamers would soon be put upon this run. As soon as the planters in Deli can provide themselves as well and as cheaply from Batavia they will probably get things from Java. But this condition does not ex- ist at present. The nearer ports in the Straits offer also greater facilities in other respects.
The PRrestDENT.—As no one wishes to make any further re- marks, I close the meeting with a vote of thanks to Mr. Kruyr for his interesting and instructive address,
cy) ah Tn ets oe et +N \ Se
es oi UE ‘,
Le
i:
Aturan Sungei Ujong.
—_—_——— * SS .
This is the origin of the Waris Sungei Ujong in their two branches, that is to say, the Waris di Darat and the Waris di Ayer.
A Sultan of Johor had three children—the eldest a daugh- ter, the second a son, and the third a daughter.
The eldest Princess had a son, to whom was given the title of Bendahara. The Prince succeeded his father as Sultan, and had sway over three kingdoms. The younger Princess had two children: the elder, a son, was given the title of Temenggong, and founded the State of Muar. The younger, a daughter, mar- ried her cousin the Bendahara, and bore a daughter, named To’ Tunggal Titek. The Tungku Bendahara, with his wife and child and his five chiefs, came to Kuala Linggi. These were the (titles of the) five chiefs. First, the Dato’ Raja Mambang; 2nd, Sri Maharaja Chulan; 3rd, Paduka Raja; 4th, To’ Gantam Saribu; Sth, Panglima Besar Laut. Now when the Bendahara had ascended the river as far as Sempang Rembau he debated with his five chiefs as to how they should proceed, and while they were discussing, some sugar cane refuse and a head of ja- gong (Indian corn) came floating past them. Then said the Tengku Bendahara: ‘There must be inhabitants up the left branch of the stream; let us ascend it;” so he gave the order, and they ascended the river to Pengkalan Durian, where they made fast their prahu, and landed and followed a beaten track till they were close to the Batin’s house.
&<33. Tenoku Bendahara then proceeded to fire a shot from his gun, and hid himself in the jungle. The Batin hearing the shot came out to see where it came from, but seeing no one, returned to his house. The Bendahara then fired three shots more and again concealed himself. The Batin came out as before and seeing no one he cried out, ‘ Who is this that has fired twice and “remains invisible? Come out, whether he be man or spirit, and “thou shalt be my master” (Penghulu). When the Tengku Ben- dahara heard that, he came out at once and presented himself to
54 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
the Batin. The Batin looked at him, and prostrating himself said: ‘OQ my lord, you shall indeed be my Penghulu.” So the Batin went with Tengku Bendahara to his prahu where they feasted and ate and drank. And when the Tengku Bendahara asked him, the Batin said, “ My name is Saribu Jaya and | am ‘“‘ the Penghulu of all the Jakuns in this country.” So the Teng- ku Bendahara, after he had remained there a while entertaining the Batin, asked the Batin to lead him up-stream to some place where he could make a settlement. The Batin gladly consented to accompany him, and they went further up the river to Silian. There the Tungku Bendahara built an Istana, and many people came to pay their respects to him, and the country was named Sungei Ujong. And the Tengku Bendahara married his daugh- ter Tunggal Titek to Raja Mambang, who was of the Benor (?) eople.
. They had five children—-the eldest of whom was Penghulu Silian; the second, Penghulu Salat; the third, a daughter, named Dato’ Semarga; the fourth, a son, named To’ Mohamad Jumbu who was styled Penghulu Klambu; and the fifth, a daughter, named the Dato’ Sri Mani. .
Now after a time the Tengku Bendahara sent for the To’ Batin, and thus spoke to him: “O my brother, I have sent for ‘you because I desire to leave to you the care of my children ‘such as they are. You know them, and, O my brother, treat “them not other than your own children and teach them.” The To’ Batin prostrated himself and said, ‘I will carry out whatever ‘my lord has ordered.” ‘Then the Tengku Bendahara sailed away to Pahang and returned no more, and from the time of his going the To’ Katin ever continued to look after the children and grandchildren of Tengku Bendahara. Pengulu Silian returned to the Mercy of God and was buried at Silian. His brothers, Peng- hulu Selat and Penghulu Klambu sent for the To’ Batin Saribu Jaya to come to Sungei Ujong, and when he had come, Penghulu Selat said: ‘“O nenek (grandfather), I have sent for you be- ‘¢ cause I desire to seek some other place to live in. Help us to ‘find some other favcurable place.” The Batin replied “I will ‘‘oo with you wherever youdesire.” ‘Then Penghulu Selat and Dato’ Klambu and Dato’ Semarga, and Dato’ Sri Mani went up the river till they came to Rahang. ‘here they determined to settle, and the To’ Batin returned to Pengkalan Durian. And after
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. SD
Penghulu Selat and Dato’ Klambu had made a settlement at Ra- hang many of the Jakun people came to them and were received into the faith of Islam and many traders also visited them. The Dato’ Semarga, sister of Penghulu Selat, was married to an Achi- nese from Pasi who was styled Dato’ Rambutan Jantan. From these came three children: the first, Dato’ Kling; the 2nd, a daughter, named Dato’ Dara Darani; the 3rd, a daughter, styled Dato’ Pinang Panjang Rambut. The Dato’ Sri Mani, who married Perdana Amping, having no children, adopted the Dato’ Pinang Panjang Rambut as her daughter, and lived at Ampangan. Penghulu Selat made a settlement at Setul, and married the daughter of a Batin. They had no children, but Penghulu Selat adopted a Jakun of his wife’s family, who had adopted the faith of Islam, as his son and gaye him a place in his house. When Penghulu Selat returned to the Mercy of God Most High his adopted son inherited all his kampong and other property. He married and his descendants multiplied. Now as to Dato’ Klambu, on a certain day he went to Sempang Ampat, near Beranang, and there he saw a Jakun woman, the daughter of Batin Raja, the Jakun Penghulu. Her name was Ma’ Seraya and she found favour in the eyes of Dato’ Klambu. He asked the Batin to give her to him in marriage, and, with the Batin’s conser.t, took her to Rahang, where he married her and she adopted Islam. They had three children: the first, a son named Jintek ; the second, a daughter, named Dara; the third, a son, named Musang.
One day the Dato’ Klambu sent for the To’ Batin Saribu Jaya, and To’Batin Mambut, and Nenek Jenang; and when they had come he thus spoke to the two Batins: “I have sent for you, Nenek, to ccnsult you about the titles and dwelling-places of my children and my “anak buah,” the children of Dato’ Semarga. I am going to send all my children to live at Pantai Layang, and to appoint Jintek to be Penghulu for all of them that dwell in the country of Batin Mambut, and one of my nephews (anak buah) shall be Bandar to govern all who live in the country of Batin Saribu Jaya.” Then Dato’ Klambu enquired what were the boun- daries of the Batins’ countries, and the Batins told him. ‘ From “ Jeram Jipon, Bukit Sepam, Ginting Paung towards the ulu as “far as Bukit Bukan; the hills and valleys (Gaung Guntong) be- “longed to Batin Mambut; and from there downstream to the sea “belonged to To’Batin Sribu Jaga.” Dato’ Klambu said, “ Be it
56 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
‘so, but my children (by the Batin’s daughter Ma’Seraya) and ‘““my ‘anak buah’ (relations on the male side) will have hence ‘“‘forth their separate districts. If there is ever any question ‘that concerns the whole country, they must consult together, ‘‘and not act separately, Also, the Raja, who shall be guided by ‘(the ‘adat Temenggong,’ must be from Johor.”
Then Dato’ Klambu fixed the titles and dwelling places of his descendants, and the Batins returned each to his own place. His children were taken by the To’Batin to Pantai Layang and were looked after by the Old Man (Nenek) Jenang. In course of time Dato’ Klambu returned to the Mercy of God Most High and was buried at Rahang, and the place is named Klambu even to this day.
Penghulu Jintek married the daughter of To’ Alun Tujoh, and Dato’ Musang married the daughter of Batin Mambut, and Dato’ Dara married the son of Nenek Jenang.
Now after the death of Dato’ Klambu, Penghulu Jintek addressed the Bandar as follows: ‘By the dying directions of ‘‘our father, Dato’ Klambu, we are to be vassals of the kingdom of ‘“‘ Johor; what is to be done, O brother?” So they consulted, and finally Penghulu Jintek went to Johor, and the Bandar Kling, remained in charge of the country. When Penghulu Jintek got to Johor he presented himself before Sultan Abd-el-Jalil, who declared as follows: ‘“ The four Penghulus of Sungei Ujong, Johol, ‘““ Naning and Jelebu are no longer subject to me, for I have trans- “ferred my authority over them to the Rajaof Menangkabau. Let ‘the four Penghulus address him.”” Then the Sultan explained to Penghulu Jintek how he came to transfer his suzerainty to Menangkabau: ‘On a certain day a man came to present a “nangka (Jackfruit) to my father the Sultan at Kota Tinggi. On ‘the way he met the wifeof Mokeh Segama, who being great with ‘child, desired the nangka, and asked for a piece of it. He gave ‘her a little of it, and then went on, and presenting himself before ‘my father, asked him to accept the nangka. My father accepted ‘it, and then saw that the nangka was not a whole one, ‘What is ‘this’? he said, ‘how does this nangka come to have a piece out of “ it?’ ‘O my lord, the man said, ‘this is nothing, only that the wife ‘of. Mokeh Segama being great with child, wanted some nangka ‘‘and asked your slave for a little, and your slave being sorry for “her gave her a little. O my lord, have mercy on your slave and
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. 57
** forgive this offence.’ When my father heard that, wrath arose ‘in him, and he ordered the wife of Mokeh Segama to be arrested. ‘‘So they went out and searched for her, and brought the woman ‘before my father, and my father ordered her to be cut open. And ‘they had her cut open according to my father’s order, and they “found the child in her womb holding the nangka with both hands. **Tt was also dead, and they buried them with the usual rites. ‘“‘ Now when this happened Mokeh Segama was away, and on his “return my father summoned him to his presence. Mokeh Segama ‘presented himself - before my father who said to him ‘I have “‘ sent for you, O Mokeh Segama, to announce to you that I have “caused your wife to be cut open because she took a piece out “of my nangka. Mokeh Segama bowed low and said ‘O my ‘lord, I am beneath your feet, and whatever the justice of my “lord has ordered, to that do I bow my head.’ Then the Mokeh ‘“‘ Segama asked leave to withdraw himself.
“It fell on a day after this that my father was going to bathe ‘“‘in state accompanied by his chiefs and Mokeh Segama anda “retinue suited to his dignity, and while he was on the way Mo- “keh Segama attacked and stabbed him on the leg. The white “(royal ) blood was shed, and thus he died, and returned to the “Mercy of God. Then Mokeh Segama ran amok and threw ‘‘ himself upon our people. Many perished and many were wound- “ed in the fighting that followed. I myself was nearly overcome, ‘“‘and sent for assistance to the Raja of the Buggis and the Raja “of Menangkabau. Both of them came, bringing their people ‘““and munitions of war, and made war against Mokeh Segama ‘who was at lengh captured and put to death, and his followers “scattered. Now after the capture of Mokeh Segama, the men “of the Raja Buggis and the Raja of Menangkaban’s men fell out ‘over the division of the spoil. The Buggis men said they had “captured Mokeh Segama and the Menangkabau men said they “had. And becoming enraged in the dispute, they ran amok, ‘‘and many men were slainand wounded. I, therefore, sent word “to both the Rajas to withdraw their people, as they were violat- “ing the laws of my country; so the two Rajas withdrew their “people, and put an end to the disturbance. For this reason I “made concessions to the two Rajas. To the Raja Buggis I grant- ‘ed the sovereignty of Rhio, because his rule is over the sea. ‘* To the Raja of Menangkabau I granted the four countries of
58 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
‘“Sungei Ujong, Johol, Naning and Jelebu, because he is an in- ‘land Raja. And I myself, in succession to my father, ascended ‘“‘to the Rajaship of Johor. The two Rajas retired, each to his ‘“‘own country, and thus it is that the four States have been hand- ‘ed over to Menangkabau, and the four Penghulus must go and ‘“‘ present themselves before the Raja of Menangkabau.”
After this, Penghulu Jintek returned to Sungei Ujong and held a consultation with the other three Penghulus. They decided to do as Sultan Abdul Jalil: had advised, and sent an Ambassador to the Raja of Menangkabau. The Ambassador departed, and while he was away Penghulu Jintek died and was sucveeded by Penghulu Musang.
Now when the Ambassador reached Menangkabau he was refused audience by the Raja. He, therefore, went to Siak and, presenting himself before the Raja of Siak told him what Sultan Abdul Jalil had said. So the Raja of Siak, brought the Ambas- sador with him and presented him to the Raja of Menangkabau. And when the envoy had humbly declared the objects of his mission, the Raja of Menangkabau ordered that it should be done as the four Pengrulus wished, and added that if they would adopt his customs he would himself visit their country.
Then the envoy was sent back, and the Raja of Menangka- bau promised to send one of the Rajas under him to the coun- try of the four Penghulus. So the envoy returned to the four Penghulus and related what had occurred, and the four Penghulus issued a Proclamation to all their people: ‘Our allegiance to Johor ‘is broken. We are vassals to the Raja of Menangkabau and “our ties (bertali) are with the State of Siak.” And each depart: ed to his own country.
[n due time after this, Raja Kasah came from Mineenete eam sent by the Raja of that country, and the four Penghulus received him. He was unable, however, to introduce the laws of Menang- kabau as the four Penghulus desired. At this time Bandar Kling died and was succeeded by Bandar Saleh. After Rajah Kasah, came Raja Adil. He fixed his dwelling-place at Danan Boya where the four Penghulus and the Bandar went to pay their respects to him and to ask him to introduce his laws. He also was un- able to revise the customs of the country, and the four Penghulus and the Bandar each went back to his own State. Penghulu Musang died, and was succeeded by Penghulu Kadim, during
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. 59
the Bandarship of Bandar Saleh. After this, Raja Adil went back. to Menangkabau and was succeeded by Raja Khatib. He also did not know how to introduce new customs. And the four Penghulus were amazed and said: “ The Raja of Menangkabau “ promised he would grant us a Raja who would establish his laws ‘in the four countries; now we have had three Rajas who have “done nothing at all.” Then Raja-Khatib went away and after him came Raja Malewa, who established himself at Penajih in Rembau. Penghulu Kadim died and was succeeded by Penghulu Bertatah, the Bandar being Bandar Locho.
Raja Malewa subsequently went to Jelebu and dwelt beside a certain river, and sent for the four Penghulus. The four Peng- hulus and the Bandar set out in obedience to the order of the Raja, and having arrived at a certain hill, they halted and held a con- sultation as to what Raja Malewa could want with them. Then they proceeded on their way, and the name of that hill is now Perhentian Terhimpun, because the four Penghulus and the Ban- dar assembled there.
And when they had reached the presence of the Raja he addressed them as follows:—‘‘ We have been commanded by “the Raja who is at Pagaruyong to visit the Dato’ of these coun- “tries and we have been commanded to establish there the law “ of Menangkabau, that is, the law of To’ Perpateh. Now, O Dato’, “do you wish to adopt these laws or not?” The four Penghulus and the Bandar replied: ‘“ We all desire the custom of To’ “ Perpateh.” Thus was the law laid down by Raja Malewa. In the first place, it was ordained, that a man who mairies should refer as to his wife’s property to his wife’s relations (tempat se- munda). Secondly, in case of divorce, the property must be di- vided; the wife’s property to be returned (to her family), what remains, to be divided between the two. Thirdly, he who wounds shall be wounded, he who kills shall give a life in com- pensation (mati berdendang.) Fourthly, inheritance shall not be through the children (but through the brother’s children), and the waris (heirs) on the female side shall succeed in turn (bergelar). Fifthly, compensation. (balasan) shall not Le sought from a man’s children but from his blood relations on the wife’s side. When Raja Malewa had declared the atove laws he enquired of the Penghulu Rumah Bertata and Bandar Locho from whence they derived their origin, aud the Penghulu related
60 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
to him his history, as has been stated. ‘O my lord, I ama ‘‘erandson of Penghulu Klambu, and my brother the Bandar is ‘‘orandson of Dato’ Semarga. The Dato’ Klambu and Dato’ Se- ‘‘marga were brothers, and the children of Dato’ Klambu inherit ‘the Penghuluship, while the children of Dato’ Semarga inherit ‘the Bandarship. ‘They rule separately. From Jeram Chipan, ‘“‘ Bukit Sepam, Ghinting Paung tothe Ulu is under my authority, ‘‘from there down to the sea belongs to the Bandar. ‘This is ‘‘ clear and understood by each. In any matter that concerns the ‘‘ whole country, I must consult with the Bandar, not act without ‘‘ him. This is a tradition handed down from my ancestors.”
When Raja Malewa heard this and understood that there were two branches of the Waris Sungei Ujong—the descendants of Dato’ Klambu and of Dato’ Semarga—he named one the ‘‘ Waris di Darat” and the other the ‘“‘ Waris di Ayer.”
He also conferred titles on the four Penghulus. The Peng- hulu of Sungei Ujong he styled “Orang Kaya Klana Petra Petrakutuan.” He so styled him because he was of Raja origin, and settled that if the Rajaship of the four countries should ever be unfilled, the Klana should act in place of the Raja for the time being. The Penghulu of Johol he styled “ Orang Kaya Mentri Johan Pahlawan Leila Perkara.” ‘The Penghulu of Naning became “Orang Kaya Maharaja Murah,” and the Penghulu of Jelebu “ Manek Mentri Akirzaman.” The Bandar alone received no new title.
Then Raja Malewa desired the Klana and the Bandar to appoint chiefs amongst the Waris to exercise authority under themselves. They held a consultation and finally selected a grandson of Dato’ Sri Mani, and a grandson of Dato’ Semarga. The former received from the Raja the title of ‘‘ Mandika,” as a Lembaga (chief) under the Klana; the later was styled ‘“Maha- raja di Raja,” as Lembaga of the Waris di Ayer. These titles are handed down amongst the respective Waris.
Raja Malewa also conferred insignia on the four Penghulus and the Bandar, viz., 2 spears (benderang ), 2 swords, 2 long krises, 2 tongkuls, 2 pajar machin siang, 2 ular-ular, 2 flags, and authorised them to fire five guns on State occasions.
To the Lembaga he allowed the same insignia as above, but they may only fire three guns and no more. Having conferred titles and insignia, Raja Malew aconfirmed each of the four Peng=:
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. 61
hulus in the government of his own country, nor did he impose any taxes, reserving only certain dues to himself as suzerain. He directed that in the event of any war or disturbances the Penghulu should refer to him.
Raja Malewa then returned to Penajih in Rembau, and when he had arrived there the Penghulus and the Bandar met (again) in conference, and elected Raja Malewa to be their Raja with the title of ‘“‘“Yam Tuan.” ‘They invited him as Yam ‘Tuan to live at Sri Menanti, and Rembau became known as the “ Tanah Karaja’an” (the Raja’s country ), while Sri Menanti was the ‘Tanah Mengandong ” (the Raja’s abode).
When the Kana Rumah Bertatah had returned to the Mercy of God Most High, he was. succeeded by Klana Badur in the Bau- darship of Bandar Bangkit. In course of time Raja Malewa returned to Menangkabau, and in his stead came Raja Lenggang to dwell in the Istana of Yam Tuan Raja Malewa. The four Penghulus met and elected Raja Lenggang to the Yam Tuanship in succession to Raja Malewa.
Raja Lenggang married, and the name of his son was Raja Radin. And when Kaja Lenggang died the four Penghulus assem- bled and elected his son Raja Radin to succeed his father as Yam Tuan. Now Raja Radin having become Yam Tuan, another Raja named Sati came from Menangkabau in order to succeed Raja Lenggang as Yam Tuan. ‘The four Penghulus refused to receive him, as they had already elected a Yam Tuan of the Raja stock of Menangkabau. ‘lhen Raja Sati was wroth and had recourse to arms. In the fighting that ensued he was de- feated and fied, and the son of Kaja Lenggang was estal lished in the Yam Tuanship. Since that time there has been no other Raja from Menangkabau.
Bandar Bangkit died and was succeeded by Bandar Mogah. Now the Yam ‘Luan Rajah Radin paid frequent visits to Sungei Ujong, and used to halt for the nght at Parui in Sungei Ujong. He was displeased that there was no one there to provide him with lodging and food and drink, so the Klana and the Bandar consulted together to apoint a Penghulu Dagang for Parui who should attend to the wants of the Yam Tuan in his journeys to and fro. Having consulted they appointed as Penghulu Vagang
the grandson of Batin Ghalong, (=>) and for his sulsistence
62. ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
allowed him to collect taxes on the produce of the district-—fowls, and ducks, and goats and buffaloes, and tin, etc., etc.
Klana Badur died and was succeeded by Klana Leha in the Bandarship of Bandar Mogah. It was the Klana Leha who con- sulted with the Bandar about appointing chiefs to have authority under the Dato’ Mendika and the Dato’ Maharaja di Raja. They appointed the Dato’ Mentri and Lato’ Leilah Bangsa, and Dato’ Ma’raja Leilah and Dato’ Johan, and Dato’ Raja di Muda, each to be head of his respective suku ( tribe ) in the Waris di Darat. ‘The Bandar appointed, under the Pato’ Raja, the Dato’ Si Ma’raja, the Dato’ Paduka Raja, and Dato’ Panglima Besar (for the Waris di Ayer). Now when in time the Klana Leha had returned to the Mercy of God, the I ato’ Mendika took counsel with the Tato’s under him, and without consulting the Randar or the Dato’ Raja, they chose Klana Vahi to succeed Klana Leha. Upon this the] ato’ Maaja di Raja went to the | ato’ Bandar, and the Ban- dar Laving oicered him to make inquiries, he went to Pantai to question the lato’ Mendila. ‘“‘ Who kas elected the Klana?” he said, and the I] ato’ Mendika answeied ‘“ Klana Bahi bas Leen elected.” To this the LAato’ Raja replied ‘“ Wait, Dato’ Mendika, till the guns are ready,” and then departed.
Soon after this, cue day when Klana Bahi had gone to bathe, Kawal apy eared at his house and asked the Klana Bahis wife to show him the Klana’s seal. The Klana’s wife fetched the seal, and while she was sLcuwirg it to him, he snatched it away, and made away with it straight to the Dato’ Raja. The Dato’ Raja took it to the Bandar who thereupon ordered that Kawal should Le made Klana. This was done, and Kawal was declared Klana aud proceeced to Pantai. A fight ensued, in which Panglima Lesar Hadji Saleh was wounded in the aim by a bullet. By the intervention of the lato’ Raja,a meeting was arranged between Klana Rabi and Klana Kawal, and hostilities were suspended. Finally, Klana Bahi retired in anger to Setul, and shortly after- wards he died there, and no one was afterwards elected Klana in his stead. Now Klara Kawal aypointed his younger brother ramed Sindarg to be Laksan ana with the same rank of Pang- lima Re:ar, and he was tke first Laksanana in the State. The Laksarana is the first of the Klana’s officers, and the Panglima Eesar is the first of the Pandar’s (kerala juhak). And because the descendants of the adopted .son of Penghulu Salat had be-
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. 63
come numerous, the Dato’ Klana and the Dato’ Bandar consulted what should be done with them. They named them the Waris Si Silah because they were not the direct descendants of Peng- hulu Salat, but only by adoption. They inherited the titles of To’ Batin, and To’ Leila Perkara, and To’ Datar. The To’ Batin was their Penghulu or Undang and had jurisdiction over the hills and valleys of the deep forest. The To’ Leila Perkara and the To’ Datar were their Lembaga, and ruled the cultivated kam- pongs and fields (kampong yang bersudut, sawah yang berlo- pak.) It was ordered that they should appear with the Dato’ Mendika to pay their respects (to the Klana ) at the Hari Raya, and should any quarrel or disturbance arise which they might be unable to settle they were to refer the matter to the Dato’ Klana and the Pato’ Bandar. On the occasion of the Klana’s feasts or ceremonies they were expected to provide saffron and pepper and yams and kladi, and other jungle produce for his use.
When the Klana Kawal died he was succeeded by Laksamana Sindang—whose title was assumed by Sayid Abdulrahman, in the Bandarship of Bandar Nuggal, whose Panglima Besar was Ahmed.
Klana Sindang was succeeded in the Klanaship by Laksamana Sayid Abdulrahman and Raja Hussein became Laksamana. Shortly after his appointment, Klana Sayid Abdulrahman visited Singapore, and on his return he held a meeting of the Dato’ Bandar, and the Lembaga and the Waris of both branches, and thus addressed them: ‘Qur country is small, and our means of “ defence are little. It were better, I think, for us to make friends ‘“‘ with the English and to take shelter under their flag ; we would “then live in security and fly our own flag in peace.” The Dato’ Bandar made answer: “If this is what is going to happen it is ‘against my wish. It is not according to our constitution to take ‘‘shelter with the English. We are vassals of the Yam Tuan of “Sri Menanti, and the question must be referred to him.” So nothing was settled, and the chiefs separated.
After this, while the Klana was seeking for some way of carrying out his wishes in the matter, a letter came from the Governor in Singapore, to request that the Klana would not allow Raja Mahmud and his people, who were hostile to the Raja of Selangor and Tunku Kudin, to enter Sungei Ujong, and to say that the Governor would not be responsible if anything
64 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
happened in consequence of such a proceeding.
The Dato’ Klana accordingly informed the Dato’ Bandar of the Governor’s wishes and the Dato’ Bandar replied as follows: ‘“‘It is indeed true that Raja Mahmud is an enemy of the Raja ‘of Selangor and of Raja Kudin and has been driven from the ‘country by them, but he having come to this country as a “ stranger, is it proper that we should turn him out who has done ‘us no harm?”
This letter filled the Klana with anger, and he summoned the Pantai Lembagas and the Dato’ Raja of the Waris Ayer, and Panglima Besar Ahmad [the present Dato’ Bandar.—R. B.] and thus addressed them, when they had presented themselves :— ‘“‘T have sent for you because I have received a letter from the ** Governor asking me not to give shelter to Raja Mahmud, who ‘ig an enemy of the Raja of Selangor. I have requested the ‘‘ Dato’ Bandar to cease doing so, and he has refused to obey my ‘order. Now I ask for your advice what is to be done. If we ‘‘ continue to shelter Raja Mahmud, we will most certainly have “ to fight Raja Kudin—and I think it will be better for us to have ‘“* Raja Mahmud as an enemy than Raja Kudin. Raja Mahmud ‘‘ ig being supported by the Dato’ Bandar, and it seems to me that ‘‘ we had better make the Panglima Besar here Bandar. If a ‘‘ Bandar has to be supplanted, it should be by a Bandar, a Klana “by a Klana.” Then the Dato’ Klana appointed Panglima Besar Ahmad as Pato’ Bandar and told him that he might have to fight with the other Bandar. The Panglima Besar (Ahmad) replied that he gladly accepted the office that the authority of the Klana had conferred upon him according to right and custom, and asked that a written confirmation of his ancient rights, as between Klana and Bandar might be granted to him. This was agreed to and a written letter of agreement* was given to Panglima Besar Ahmad who was then formally appointed to be Bandar. Shortly after this, the Klana and Bandar Ahmad and all the Lembagas commenced operations against the Bandar, but for some ten or fifteen days nothing happened. Then the Bandar sent Raja Mahmud to attack the house of the Dato’ Klana, and Raja Mahmud nearly took it—most of the Klana’s people having run away—but before he had taken it, an order came from the Bandar to Raja Mahmud not to destroy the Klana’s house that
“* This letter has been seen by me.—R, N. B.
ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG. 65
day ; so Raja Mahmud returned home.
Raja Mahmud having retired, the Klana sent a letter to the Governor asking for assistance from Singapore. This having been obtained, the war against the Bandar was renewed, and not long after, the Bandar fled to Singapore and Raja Mahmud with him, and both were detained there.
After this came the war with Sri Menanti. The cause of this was that when Tengku Antar became Yam Tuan of Sri Menanti, the Dato’ Klana refused to recognise his authority over Sungei Ujong and thus incurred the Yam Tuan’s displeasure. He attacked Sungei Ujong, but in the end he was defeated and compelled to fly, and from that time there has been no Raja over Sungei Ujoneg.
The Dato’ Klana Sayid Abdulrahman went to Mecca on a pilgrimage, and died there. He was succeeded by Dato’ Leilah Setia Mohammad Usuf. He, after some time, was compelled to resign because he did not adhere to the ancient customs of the State, and was succeeded by the Klana Mamur, who is Klana at the present time.
The following are the chiefs who, under Malay rule, were entitled to share in the State revenues. The Klana and the Dato’ Bandar had the right to collect dues (import and export) in their own markets. The Dato’ Si Maraja collected at Liat. The Dato’ Kanda (Laksamana) at Ampangan. Panglima Besar at Ranak, and the Waris Pantai at Sikamat. Each collected his own dues. The Linggi dues were divided into three parts, one went to the Dtao’ Klana, one to the Dato’ Bandar, one to the Dato’ Muda and his Waris. The share of the latter was obtained because it was the duty of Dato’ Muda to collect all the Linggi taxes. The poll tax of $1 a year on all Chinese went to the Klana only, while the taxes on all boats went to the Dato’ Ban- dar only; the tax was $3 on each boat. The Panglima Besar levied taxes on the road to Lukut, 15 centsa man. The Waris (di Darat and di Ayer) had a right to taxes on the produce of their respective lands.
This information relative to Sungei Ujong has been collected for me by Haji Bakar, whose title is Dato’ Maraja, a Lembaga
-66 ATURAN SUNGEI UJONG.
of the Waris di Ayer, by order of the Penghulu Haji Abdulrah- * man, Penghulu in the District of Labu.
iis No IBGE ID, Officer in charge at Kwala Pilah in the Negri Sembilan. -March, 1895.
THE DATO’ MUDA OF LINGGI. 67
The Dato’ Muda of Linggi.
A little has hitherto been stated about the Dato’ Muda of Linggi. I add the following note* :—
The lower part of the Linggi seems to have been left mostly to the “Orang Rayat” or Jakun, under their Batin, till towards the close of the last century. About the year 1783 a colony of Buggis from Rhio settled there under five headmen, during the war between the Raja Muda of Rhio (Raja Haji) and the Dutch. Their kampong was Permatang Pasir, about ten miles from the mouth of the River, some four or five miles above Sempang Linggi. One of the five headmen, Inche Ahman, was appointed by the Klanaas Ketua’an Kampong, and afterwards received the title of Dato’ Linggi. The Dato’ of Rembau had nothing to do with this Settlement. The settlement of Langat reople at Kuala Linggi did rot take place till much later—about 1833. A Rembau man named Che Mohamed Katas, married one of the Lato’ of Linggi’s davghters, and settled in Ling gi, at Penekalan Kundong above Pengkalan Pasir, with one Haji Mohamed. AbLout 1824 Dato’ Ahman died, and Che Mohamed Katas was appointed Dato’ Muda Linggi by the Klana—probably with the consent of the Penghulu of Kembau. There has been since no Dato’ of Ling gi other than the Lato’ Muda. There aie two branches of the W aris—the Waris Uluand the Waris Solok— from which the Dato’ Muda may be elected.
° a .
Adat Sungei Ujong.
The followirg is the order of ceren:onies to Le observed by the Waris di Darat and the Waris di Ayer of Sungei Ujong at the Hari Raya.
* Taken chiefly from NrEwBoup.
68 ADAT SUNGEI UJONG.
As regards the Waris di Darat :—
On the 30th day of Ramathan, the Lembaga, and the Dato’ - and the Waris, and the Orang Dagang (Foreign Malays) living at Pantai, if they desire to slaughter a buffalo, shall bring the same to the Klana’s house, and, having slaughtered it, shall present a portion (ramik-ramik daging bertundok) to the Dato’ Klana and some of the steak to the Chiefs and Lembagas present without requiring payment. This having been done, the butfalo meat may be sold.
On the 30th of Ramathan, at two or three o’clock in the afternoon, the Dato’ Klana shall fire the five guns allowed to him as insignia of his rank in order to warn all inhabitants of the country that the next day will be Hari Raya. When these signal guns have been fired by the Dato’ Klana, the Dato’ Men- dika shall fire three guns, and then all the other Dato’ shall reply. At five o’clock next morning five guns shall be fired, as a signal that that the Dato’ Klana is going to bathe, accompanied by the Laksamana and the officers of his retinue (juhak) bearing the two benderong, the two swords, the two long krises, the two um- brellas, the two tunggul, the two pajar machin, and the two ular-ular. When the Klana has bathed, five more guns shall be fired, and then the Klana shall return and all his chiefs and officers shall pay their respects to him.
On the 1st of Shawal, at 7 or 8 in the morning the Dato’ Klana goes to offer up the “ sunat” prayers at the mosque. Five guns are fired and he is accompanied by the Laksamana and all his officers carrying the State insignia. When the prayers are over five more guns are fired and the Dato’ Klana returns and pro- ceeds to read Kotubah at the Telaga (well). ‘his Telaga is at Inche Zeinab’s house, and he is aecompanied by the Lembaga, and all the chiefs and elders and his ofticers bearing the insignia of State. When he arrives at the house where the Telaga is, he is greeted with five guns, and invited to sit and read the Kotubah. When that has been done, five more guns are fired, and the Dato’ Klana returns to his house, and the people who are with him separate.
On the 3rd of Shawal, the Dato’ Mendika, the Dato’ Mentri, the Dato’ Raja di Muda, Dato’ Johan, Dato’ Leilah and the Dato, Dagang bring their people, men and women, (to pay their res- pects). The Dato’ Mendika carries one benderong (spear with
ADAT SUNGEI UJONG. 69
tuft) as his insignia, and the Dato’ Johan one benderong, so also the Dato’ Leilah. The other Dato’s have no insignia. They march in procession with guns, and when they approach the Klana’s house, the Klana’s officers, bearing a spear (benderong) come out to meet them and salute the insignia borne by the Dato’ visiting the Klana. Five guns are fired, and all are invited to come up into the Klana’s house. The Laksamana enters to pay his respects, and is invited to take a seat near the Klana on the raised dais. The officers stand on the right and left of the Klana, holding the swords and long krises and spears unsheathed.
The Dato’ Mendika first approaches the Dato’ Klana to do reverence in the ceremonial manner. He squats in the manner known as ‘“‘bersila” and also on his knees (telimpoh) raising his hands joined together to the level of his nose and doing. obei- sance with them five times towards his front, and five times turn- ing backwards. When the Dato Mendika has performed this ceremony, the other Dato’s rise and go throuch it in turn, inen the Waris and any of the men present who desire to pay their respects.
When all the men have finished, the Laksamana invites the Klana to the inner room where he takes his seat on a raised pile of mats and cushions (kabesaran) and all the women present pay their respects to him in the same way as the men. When all is over the Klana comes down from his raised seat and five guns are fired as a sign that the Klana has held his levee. Food is provided for everyone, and wken the eating is over, five more guns are fired and everyone prepares to leave. When this has been done, people are free to pay ceremonial visits to their relations for a space of seven days.
Between the 4th and 7th days, the Dato’ Akir of Rantau, the Dato’ Dagang of Parui, the Dato’ Datar of Setul, and the Dato’ Tagang (Lenggong) come to pay their respects to the Klana, bringing their pecple, men and women, with them. Sometimes they all come on the same day scmetimes on different days, but they must always come between tlhe 4th and 7th Shawal. The Dato’ Akir of Rantau is the only Lato’ who is allowed to bring his insignia consisting of one spear ‘‘benderong.” This Dato’ is received in the same way as the others (as above) with one spear “ benderong,” and a salute of five guns. The other Dato’s carry guns only. They are received with five guns, and
70 ADAT SUNGEI UJONG.
invited to enter the Klana’s house. They pay their respects in the same way, and are entertained and saluted with five guns in the same way.
Once in three years the Dato’ Bandar goes to the Klana’s house, and the proper ceremonial for him to observe is stated hereunder in dealing with the Waris di Ayer. From the Ist to 7th days of Shawal five guns must be fired at 6 o'clock in the morn-ng as a signal for placing the State insignia in the open space (halaman) before the Klana’s house, and at six in the even- ing five guns are fired as a signal for taking them up again,
Ceremonies of the Waris di Ayer.
These are much the same as in the case of the ‘“ Waris di Darat,” and may be briefly stated as follows :—
1.—Waris slaughtering buffaloes on 30th Ramathan near the Dato’ Klana’s kampong must send certain portions to the Dato’ Bandar, and to the Dato’ Raja.
2.—On that day also people must assist to hang the langit- langit (canopy) cloths in the verandah of the Dato’ Bandar’s house and arrange the ‘“‘kabesaran” (insignia and State mats and pillows.)
3.—As soon as the Dato’ Klana has fired the first five signal guns on the 30th Ramathan, the Dato’ Bandar may fire five guns, then the Dato’ Raja three guns, and the other Lembagas entitled to, three guns.
4,—On 1st Shawal five guns are fired at 5 a.m. as a signal that the Dato’ Bandar is going to bathe. He is accompanied by the Panglima Besar and his officers bearing the Bandar’s insignia the two spears, ‘‘ benderong,,” two swords, two long krisses, two umbrellas, two “ tunggal,” two “ pajar machin,” two small flags. \When the Dato’ has bathed five more guns are fired.
5.—At six o’clock, the insignia are displayed in the “halaman,” or enclosure round the house. At 7 or 8 a.m., the Dato’ Bandar with his officers goes to the mosque; five guns are fired when he sets out and five on his return. On this day the Bandar entertains his officers.
6.—On the 2nd Shawal, the Waris and elders and whoever wishes to do so, go to the house of Dato’ Paduka Raja in pro- cession. They are received with three guns, and the Dato’ enter- tains the people with food.
7.—On the 3rd Shawal, the Dato’ Paduka Raja goes in pro- cession to the house of the Dato’ Raja and is saluted with three euns. The Dato’ Raja sits in State in the verandah of his house with his officers bearing the spears and swords on his right and left. The Dato’ Paduka Raja pays his respects first, squat- ting on his knees, raising his hands towards his chin three times to his front and three times turning backwards. He is followed by all the men present. The Dato’ Raja then goes inside the house and all the women present approach him in the same way, one after the other. The people are afterwards entertained, and three guns are fired as a signal for them to take leave.
72 CEREMONIES OF WARIS DI AYER.
8.—On the 4th Shawal, the Dato’ Raja, with Paduka Raja and the Waris, and their people, men and women, pay their respects to the Dato’ Bandar. They come in procession, each Dato’ bring- ing one spear, kris panjang, sword, etc,, etc. The insignia of the Dato’ Bandar are sent out to meet them, a salute of five guns is fired, and the people are invited to come into the verandah of the house. The Panglima Besar brings the Dato’ Bandar to sit in State, and the spear and sword bearers stand in order on the right and left. The Vato’ Raja does reverence, raising his hands five times forwards and backwards to the level of his nose. He is followed by the Dato Si Ma’raja and the Mentri Penghulu (Ampangan) and by the other chiefs and Waris in order. When all the men have presented themselves the Dato’ Bandar goes within the house and receives the women in like manner. When this ceremony is over, five guns are fired, then food is served, and five more guns fired before the people depart.
9.—Once in three years the Dato’ Bandar goes to the Klana’s house accompanied by the Dato’ Raja, and To’ Paduka Raja, and To Si Ma’raja, and the Mentri Penghulu and his people generally. The insignia are brought in procession, two spears, swords, krises, &c. The Klana’s insignia go out to meet them, and a salute of five guns is fired. The Laksamana brings the Klana to his seat under the canopy, together with the Dato’ Bandar, the Klana sitting on the right, the Dato’ Bandar on the left. The Dato’ Raja pays his respects first (in the usual manner) to the Dato’ Klana, and then to the Dato’ Bandar; then Dato’ Paduka Raja and the rest in order. After the men, the women perform the same cere- mony inside the house. Aftera salute of five guns, food 1s served, the Klana and the Dato’ Bandar being served from the same tray (bertudong handong’). A final salute of five guns is fired and the people are free to depart.
10.—From 1st to 7th of Shawal, five guns are fired (by the Dato’ Bandar) at five o'clock, morning and evening, when his insignia are taken out and brought back into the house.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. tS
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO IN THE SARAWAK MUSEUM,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES, AND THE VARIATION OF COLOURS IN THE SEVERAL SPECIES DURING LIFE.
By EDWARD BARTLETT,
CURATOR OF THE SARAWAK MUSEUM.
APRIL, 1894.
Lizards at all times are lively, harmless and interesting rep- tiles, their movements are graceful and smooth, in some genera, while others are rather uncouth, but all have that cunning quick attractive eye which calls one’s attention to them at once.
There is no doubt that a large proportion of the lizards are more or less chameleon-like as regards the habit of changing: colour, but at the same time there are many whose colours are permanent or attained during the breeding season; and these permanent colours are assumed by gradual development and age.
If ornithologists are justified in making three species of Halcyon torquatus, H. fortesi, and H. molimbicus, on such slender variations,* I consider that where we find a considerable number of different constant (permanent) colours in these lizards we are equally entitled to treat them as separate species.
* To quote another instance of species differing in colour only—and that to a trivial extent—it becomes a question in my mind whether it is age or sex that causes the distinction between LHurystomus orientalis and E. calonyx, the two species being fouud together.
74 THE ‘CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
The number of species of lizards found in Borneo, is not very great considering the size of the island, viz.:—
1 Crocodile.
1 Gavial.
61 Lizards, two of which are doubtful Bornean species, viz., Larentola Delalandii, and Mabuia Delalandii.
To facilitate quick reference, I have retained Mr. Boulenger’s nomenclature of the species; each species will be found with a reference to the pages of the three volumes:
Catalogue of Chelonians, 1889. Catalogue of Lizards, 1885-7 Those marked 5. M. are in the Sarawak Museum.
Nominal. List of the Crocodiles and Lizards of Borneo.
1. Crocodilus porosus, Miill.
2. Tomistoma Schlegel, Miill.
3. (Gymnodactylus marmoratus, Kuhl. 4, consobrinus, Ptrs. 5. Gonatodes Kendalli ii, Gray.
6. 5 ornatus, Bedd.
7. Qélurosaurus felinus, Gthr.
8. 53 dorsalis, Ptrs.
9. Hemidactylus frenatus, D. & B. 10. bs Brookei, Gray. 11. “A platyurus, Schn.
12. Gehyra mutilata, Wiegm.
13. Lepidodactylus aurantiacus, Bedd.
14, Gecko verticillatus, Laur.
15. me stentor, Cant. -
16. ee SAMVOMaGeitiss Laceby 17. Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Crev. 18. : Horsfieldii, Gray.
19. ‘Tarentola Delalandii, D. & B. 20. Draco volans, Linn.
DAG » cornutus, Gthr.
22. 3 ALIMIS,n. Sp:
23: », rostratus, Gthr:
THE CROCODHLES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. @5
24, Draco fimbriatus, Kuhl.
Dy, » cristatellus, Gthr.
26. , hematopogan, Gray.
Dili ,, teniopterus, Gthr.
28. 5 Quinquetfasciatus, Gray. 29. i maximus, Blox,
30. » microlepis, Blegr.
dl. 5 mgriappendiculatus, n. sp. 32. orandis, n. sp.
30. Aphaniotis fusca, Ptrs. 34. Gonyocephalus dori ize, Ptrs.
35. a liogastor, Gthr.
36. "i uiotympanum, Gthr. BI “a borneensis, Schleg. 38. Fe orandis, Gray.
39. Japalura migrilabris, Ptrs.
40. Calotes eristatellus, Kuhl.
41. Lanthanotus borneensis, Stdchr. 42. Varanus Dumeritil, Schleg.
45. es heteropholis, Blgr. 44, Ss rudicollis, Gray. 45. ot salvator, Laur.
46. Tachydromus sexlineatus, Daub. 47. Mabuia Delalandil, D. & B.
48. $3 rugifera, Stol.
49, 3 rubricoliis, n. sp.
DO, ‘ multifasciata, Kull. 51. #3 rudis, Bler.
o2. me kuchingensis, 1. sp. D0. FF Lewisi, 1. sp.
5A. 35 saravacensis ll. sp. 5d. Lygosoma variegatum, Ptrs. D6. sa kinabaluensis, 1. sp. af. ae olivaceum, Gray. Dd. : vittatuim, Hdel. oD * nitens, Ptrs.
60. parietale, Ptrs.
61, Lygosoma (Kiopa) Bampfyldei, n. sp. 62. Tropidophorus Beccari, Ptrs. 63. ‘3 Brookei, Gray,
76 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
1.—Crocodilus porosus, Boulen. Cat. Chelon., p. 284, 1889.
Schneider’s crocodile. Buaia of the Malays. 8. M.
The crocodile is plentiful along the sea coast, and in all the rivers of Borneo. It attains a great length in this country, and also becomes very robust. One specimen in this Museum from the Baram river, obtained by Mr. C. Hose measures over 17 feet.
Sarawak river (l. Burtiett); Baram River (C. [osc).
Another species is reported to exist in some parts of the country, which I presume must be Crocodilus palustris, by the description of it, viz..— “that the head is much longer and narrower, but up to the present moment I have not discovered any difference in the series we have in the Museum.
Many instances of its ferocious habits are reported from time to time; it generally catches bathers who are unaware of its presence. One curious rescue of three little children occurred some time ago; it appears that they were bathing together when a crocodile seized one of them; one got hold of its legs while the other, a little girl, got on top of its head and gouged its eyes until the brute released the other; they were all saved.
2.—Tomistoma Schlegelii, Boulen., Cat. Chelon., p. 276, 1889.
Schlegel’s Gavial. Buaia sniulong of the Malays. 5. M.
This gavial is, from all I can gather, restricted to the estuary and Sadong river. The two specimens in the Museum were brought down alive, having been caught by the Malays with the ah-lir cross bar.
Length 11 feet.
Skull of the largest 2 feet 64 in., width across base 145 inches.
Sadong estuary and river (/. Bartlett and Phillips); Mulla (G. Barlow).
8,— Gymnodactylus marmoratus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 44, 1880. A single example is im the collection. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Mount Dulit (C. Hose); Renehin O(. astlett). 4.— Gymnodactylus consobrinus, Poulen., Cat. tical rol. i, p. 47, 1887. S. M.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. lk
A single example is in the collection. Sarawak (Doria and Becemi); Belaga river, Rejang (C. A. LBampfylde).
I.—Gonatodes Nendalli, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, Ps Goer TeSore on Nl. Lately obtained near here.
Matang, Sarawak (G. A. Boulenyer). Sarawak (//. Low), Kuching (2. Bartlett).
6.—Gonotodes ornatus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, be 1885) SMe
General colour above grass-green marbled all over with brown ; a black line from hind corner of eyes to occiput, but not confluent; a black oblong spot occupies the centre; three black spots in front of the shoulder and three behind ; six black dorsal spots or streaks; under-parts yellowish green; with a pale purple patch on the throat and another on the middle of the
belly.
7.—UQlurosaurus felinus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p- Tas estoy S. M. Borneo (1 Wailace).
Penkalan Ampat, Sarawak (Dr. G. D. Hartland). §.—CHlurosaurus dorsalis, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 74, 1885.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccarz)
9.—Hemidactylus frenatus, Bowlen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 4, pe 1201885, 52 ME.
Not common; frequents houses.
Borneo (£. Belcher); Kuching, Sarawak (72. Bartiett).
10.—Hemidactylus Brooke’, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, pe 1281885255 Me
Probably introduced years ago.
Borneo (£. Belcher); Sarawak (//. Low); Kuching (4.
Bart ett).
;
78 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
11.—Henndactylus platyurus, Boulen,, Cat. Lizards,vol. i, p. 143, 1885. S. M. Not often met with; frequents houses.
Borneo (1. Belcher and Cantor); Savawak (Doria and Beceari); Kuching, Sarawak (2. Bartlett); Sarawak (7. Low).
12—Gehyra mutilata, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 148, 1885. S. M.
Not uncommon in houses. Kuching and Banting (2. Bartlett).
13.—Lepidodactylus aurantiacus,(?) Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 164, 1885. S. M.
Very rare.
Sautubong (l. Bart/elt).
L4.—Gecko verticillatus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 183, 1885. 5. M.
Very scarce. ._
Rejang River, Sarawak (C. A. Bamp/fylde).
L5.—Gecko stentor, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 184. 5. M. singed with pale green all over; eye bright grass green. This gecko is not abundant, it inhabits hollows in old trees
and houses, it is a great annoyance at night on account of the
horrible sepulchral noise it makes. Banjermassing (Blecher); Labuan (Collingwood); Kuching,
Sarawak (#. Bartlett); Mount Dulit (C’ Hose); Kejane river
(C. A. Bampfylde and Leys); Undup (W. Howell).
16.—Gecko monarchus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 187, 1885. 5. M.
Chichak of the Malays.
Very abundant throughout all the places which I have visited ; in every house and bungalow, also on the barks of trees which are exposed ; but not a jungle gecko. The colour varies from dark dirty brown to almost pure white; the black mark- ines or marbling is very intense in some individuals, while in others it is very faint.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. 79
Borneo (EF. Belcher, Cantor, and Dillwyn); Matang (i Bartlett and Boulenyer); Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Undup (IW. Howell); Kuching, Sarawak (EH. ‘Bartlett and G. D. Haviland); Mount Dulit (C. Hose).
17.—Prtychozoon homalocephalum, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i. p. 190, 1885. 5. M.
Comparatively rare in the Kuching district.
Borneo (ZL. L. Dillwyn); Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Barang, Sarawak (G. D. Haviland); Kuching, Sarawak (E. Bartlett).
18.—Ptychozoon Horsfieldii, Boulen., P. J. 8., 1892, p. 505.
I have not seen this species yet, which is no doubt rare. Mount Dulit (C. Hose).
19.—Tarentola Delalandii, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 199, 1885.
Tarentola borneensis, Gray, Cat., p. 165.
A doubtful Bornean species.
Borneo ( EL. Belcher); Sarawak (JI. Low).
I find in Mr. Boulenger’s catalogue an entry “‘r—s. Ad. Sir. E. Belcher (P.), (Types of Zarentola borneensis ) 3’ and Mr. H. Low, also gives this species in his list of Lizards in the appendix (p. 112) to his ‘Sarawak; its Inhabitants and !roduc- tions,’ 1848. It is highly probable that Sir E. Belcher procured his specimens from the same source, when he visited Borneo; at the same tine Mr. H. Low gave specimens to the British Museum, which are not mentioned in the catalague.
gy
ic
20.—Draco volans, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 256, 1885. 5. M.
Adult male-—Above greyish white marbled and freckled with black; crown of head and orbits bluish-green; wing- menbranes above marbled with brick-red and yellowish green; under surface pale blue; gular appendage bright yellow, very long.
Adult female.-—Gular appendage short and dull blue.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Borneo (E. Belcher, Cantor, and R, T. Lowe); Kuching, Sarawak (EE. Bart!ett).
SO THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO
Very abundant on the trunks of trees on the roadsides throughont the district of Kuchmne ; on very hot days they can be seen darting from tree to tree, with lightning-like rapidity.
21.—Druco cornutus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. ii. p. 258, 1885. 8S. M.
Tarang burong of the Malays.
1. Adult male.—Upper surface of body bright grass green, varied with black, the green forming five distinct bands across the back; interorbital spot, black enclosed in a pale green circle ; nuchal spot, another on lower part of neck and one on each side of it, before the shoulder, black ; wing-membrane deep red, spotted and streaked with black, margins black, tinged with green and grey ; sides of lower jaw and chin with three or four irregular pale green bands; chest under surface of limbs and belly greyish blue; under surface of wing-membranes brick-red tinged with blue, spotted and streaked with black, these black markings are opposed to those on the upper surface: gular appendage yel- lowish orange, base bluish.
2. Adu/t male-—Whole of back variegated with bright grass green; wing-membranes black; under parts blue; gular appen- dage bright | salmon-red, edges paler, base bluish.
This ver y beautiful winged lizard is not a common species in this district. I procured a fine male on Matang at 800 ft.
It is the brightest coloured of all the species found here.
Borneo (#. Belcher); Kuching and Matang (7, Bart/ett).
22.—Draco affinis, n. sp., S. M.
Similar to D. cornutus, but without the large spine-like scale above the eye. Gular appendage very small; in the female it is almost absent.
Male.—Back dull brown, tinged with green; three distinct ereyish white transverse bands on the back; wing membranes above, bright brick red spotted with black, with broad black outer margins, a pale bluish grey Ime down the centre of the belly; under side of wing membrane dull brick red tinged with blue, and spotted with blackish brown, margined with blotches of black and greyish white.
Adult female—Back grey mottled with dark brown and tinged with green; wing-membranes bronze green spotted with
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. 81
black, with a broad black band on the outer margin; gular appendage small, yellowish green; chest blue; a line down the centre of belly and under part of hind limbs pale blue, sides of body greyish white mottled with black, underside of wing- membrane yellowish green, outer margin blue.
23.—Draco rostratus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 261, 1885. Borneo (E. Belcher).
24.—Draco fimbriatus, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 265, 18a5+ 5. M. Very rare in this district. Sarawak (EZ. Bartlett).
25.—Draco cristatellus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 266, 1385. 3S. M.
Maie.—Above grey tinged with brown and black dotted all over; a black interorbital spot; nuchal crest reddish brown; wing-membranes blackish-brown, with a series of longitudinal streaks of yellowish scales; chin grey tinged with green and dotted; gular appendage nearly white; beneath lateral wattles bright buttercup yellow, with a black hind margin to same; belly pale green; under surface of wing-membranes pale blue tinged with yellow.
Not abundant here.
Kuching, Sarawak (£. Bartlett).
26.—Draco hematopogan, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, p. 267, 1885. S. M. Kuching, Sarawak (E. Bartlett).
27.—Draco teniopterus, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p- 269, 1885. S. M. I found this scarce species on Matang at 800 to 900 ft., in June, 1893. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Matang, Sarawak (E£. Bartlett).
SoZ THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
28.— Draco qunquefasciatus, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. 1, On PAs sist ten. Ikils
Male.—General colour above reddish or dirty brown dotted all. over, and tinged with bright grass-green over the other colours, it also extends round the margin of the wing-membranes and on all the longitudinal curved lines and ribs, forming rows of green scales ; five broad dark brown bands extend across the body and wing-membranes, the broad interspaces are brick-red ; _ a single brown band across the shoulders; under surface of wing-membranes dull yellowish green, crossed by three narrow black bands; body greyish flesh colour; chin greenish; gular and lateral appendages bright yellow, striated with bluish tee base black ; iris golden.
Iemale.—Resemties the male in ali the markings, which are paler and broader, the light grass-green scales are intermixed with scattered white ones, especially on the sides of the head, neck, wing-membranes, and base of tail; a double brown band on the shoulders ; under surface hke the male; gular and lateral appendages blackish grey faintly striated with greenish white, a yeliow spot in the centre of the latter and a blackish stripe on its base.
Rather plentiful about the jungle near Ku_hing.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Kuching, Sarawak (Hh. Bartlett); Mount Dulit (C. Lose).
29.—Draco maximus, Boulen., P. Z. 5., 1898, p. 522. Mount Dulit (C. Lose).
30,— Draco microlepis, Boulen., P.Z.5., 1898, p. 523. Merabah, North Borneo (A. Everett).
$1.—Draco nigriappendicu’atus, n. sp, 8S. M.
Habit slender; much more so than PD. volans; head very small, snout short; nostrils vertical directed upwards; tym- panum naked, ery small; all the scales above nearly equal, round, and very small; six elongated keeled scales between the nostrils in a line directed backwards; two series of small elongated scales on crown of head forming two stars; a few sharp edged scales in-front of the eye; six sets of enlarged scales, three on each side
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. S3
of body; gular appendage long and narrow covered with large flat scales; scales on under parts all keeled and sharp pointed; a few sharp pointed scales along sides of base of tail: tail covered with keeled scales with many fine points.
Male.—Above reddish-buff, marbled with pale brown, and tinged all over with grass green; a small interorbital black spot ; three sharp pointed white lateral scales on the sides near the hind lees; wing-membranes nearly black, spotted all over with orange-yellow ; ribs covered with yellowish green scales forming five longitudinal streaks on each side; chin finely vermaculated with greyish brown; gular appendage very long and jet black. which extends across on to the front portion of the lateral wattles, the hinder half of which is pure white; belly and under parts dirty white, brown dotted; under side of wing-membranes dull brown tinged with yellowish green, the orange spots of upper surface being conspicuous.
_ Total length 9 inches.
Female.—Like the male; but the gular appendage is short, and black with white base.
Not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Kuching.
Total length 84 inches.
Kuching, Sarawak (2. Bartlett).
82.—Draco grandis, N. Sp. 8. M.
Habit, robust; head, large; limbs, short and thick; nostrils, directed outwards, tympanum large and naked; two large keeled scales directed backwards, on the top of the snout; two behind the eye; a series of round edged scales on each side of the mouth above the upper labials; scales of limbs, feeble keeled except along the hind edges; scales of belly, all keeled and sharp pointed ; gular appendage, nearly as long as the head, covered with minute elongated scales, lateral wattles large.
Total length 104 inches.
Bright reddish brown above, variegated with dark brown and greyish lines and marbling of black; interorbital space grey, behind which is a black W.; two elongated nuchal black blotches; wing-membraxes greyish brown, witb a series of longi- tudinal yellowish scales on the ribs, and three very faint bands across each; gular appendage, greyish white speckled with dirty brown; under parts, grey spotted and mottled with biack; under
84 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
surface of wing-membranes, blueish white spotted with black. Sarawak, Matane 800 feet (#. Bartlett).
33.—Aphaniotis fusca, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 274, 1885. I have not observed this species yet. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Borneo (Boulenger).
34.—Gonyocephalus doriv, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 284, 1885. Rare. Sarawak (Doria and Beccar’); Sarawak (A, Everett).
85.— Gonyocephalus liogaster, Boulen, Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 286, 1885. 5S. M. Rare. Borneo (Doria, Bleeker and Wallace); Kuching, Sarawak (E. Bartlett).
86.—Gonyocephalus miotympanum, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 287, 1885. Borneo (Giinther) ; Labuan (Dillwyn).
37.—Gonyocephalus borneensis, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, =: 288, 1885. Borneo (Schlegel) ; Sarawak ( Doria and Beccari).
38.—Gonyocephalus grandis, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 298, 1885. S. M. Matang, Sarawak (Boulenger); Mount Dulit (C. Hose) Pen- kalan Ampat, Sarawak (G. D. Haviland).
89.—Japalura nigrilabris, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 311, 1885. 5S. M.
Upper surface, reddish-brown tinged with green, variegated with yellowish white; a broad Y between the orbits black, in front and behind it deep chestnut; five blackish-brown wavy bands across the back with light spots in the centre of each, which gives them the appearance of W’s, these band are much blacker on the sides; interspaces pale yellowish green varied with whitish scales, the first band is in front of the shoulder; lees marbled with brown; tail with broad brown bands; on the base of tail and loins there is a spear-shaped fold, the barb and
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. $5
shaft black, edged with yellowish buff; gular appendage strait- ed with yellowish white, brown, and pinkish-red; lower part of throat and chest deep brick-red tinged with pink; belly and under-part of limbs yellowish white spotted and streaked with brown. Eye pale brown, pupil round and black with a gold ring.
Rare.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Matang (Boulenger) ; Kuching (E. Bartlett).
40,—Calotes cristatellus, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 316, £3952 ~o.
The colours in this species are very variable; some are bright grass green without dark markings; another is tinged with blue with dark brown markings, while another greenish brown with darker marblings.
Not uncommon on hedges and in gardens; it is easily caught with the hand.
Borneo (E. Belcher and Dillwyn); Kina Balu (G. D. Havi- land); Kuching (2. Bartlett).
41.—Lanthanotus borneensis, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. x), p:. 502, 1385. S. M. Very rare. Sarawak ( Boulenger); Rejang River, Sarawak (C. A. Bamp-
Sylde).
42.—Varanus Dumerilii, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. xi, p. 312, 1885. §.M. Beyawak, Malays.
Not uncommon in gardens and jungle.
The largest in the collection is three feet.
Sarawak (H. Low, Doria and Beccari); Penkalan Ampat (G. D. Haviland) ; Baram and Mount Dulit (C. Hose); Kuching (£, Bartlett).
-48.—Varanus heteropholis, Boulen. . P. J. S., 1892., p. 506. Rare. Mount Dulit (C. Hose).
44.— Varanus rudicollis, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. xi, p. 313, 1885, 5S. M. Not common in the Kuching district.
86 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
One specimen measures three feet nine inches. Sarawak (Boulenger); Baram River (C. Hose); Penkalan Ampat (G@. D. Haviland).; Kuching and Matang (. Bartlett).
4§.—Varaaus salvator, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. ul, p. 314, 1885. .S. M. 3 Not very common in the Kuching district. 1 have not met with very large specimens here; the largest we have are from Baram. Length 6 feet 8 inches; is the largest in the collec- tion. Borneo (Dillwyn); Sarawak (H. Low, Doria and Beccar) ; Sadong (G. D. Haviland); Baram (C. Hose); Mount Dulit (C. Hose); Kuching and Santubong (#. Bartlett).
46.—Tachydromus sexlineatus, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. iii, p. 4, 1887. 5. M.
This extraordinary and beautiful lizard is rather abundant in and about Kuching, frequenting grassy lanes and fields, or grassy gardens. It attains a length of 14 inches, the tail being more than 5 times the length of the body.
Sarawak (Doria, Beccari and H. Low) ; Borneo (E. Belcher) ; Matang (Boulenger); Matang and Kuching (£. Bartlett).
On the variation of the colours in the genera Mabuia and Lygosoma, with descriptions of new species.
During my residence here, I have had an opportunity of examining a very large series of nearly all the species of lizards found in Borneo, but Mabuia and Lygosoma being the most abun- dant, I am able to give more details of them, than of the other genera at present.
To make sure that my observations on the species are correct with regard to the markings and coloration, I have examined the various individnals for the purpose of determining the sex, and I think that these are most important points in as- certaining which assume the various colours during the breeding time (which appears very precarious) and in doing so I have found a variety of intermediate stages of markings and colours which
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. S7
are very deceptive, and liable to mislead one with regard to a species or even the sex, but having a large series of both sexes before me, it was much easier to settle.
In drawing up the descriptions I have selected some of the largest and most adult specimens of both sexes, and by the following short diagnosis of each sex they can be distinguished at once.
I may remark that all the characteristic beautiful colours of each species are lost in spirit specimens.
1. Mabuia Rugifera.
Male.—Tail, carinated to tip. Nearly black above; imma- culate above and below. Throat, cobalt blue.
Female.—Above, blackish-brown; with pale brown longitu- dinal striations. Throat, green, black spotted.
2. Mabuia rubricollis, n. sp. Male,—Tail, cariuated to tip. Similar to J/. rugifera. Throat, brick-red.
Female.—Similar to M. rugifera. Throat, vermilion.
3. Mabuia multifasiata.
Male adult.—Not polished above (dull); tail, perfectly smooth for half its length; not spotted on the sides of the body ; a few rectangular white black sided spots on the sides of the base of the tail. Throat, chrome yellow.
Female adu‘t—Highly polished above; sides of body closely covered with white black sided rectangular spots from corner of mouth to base of tail. Throat, greyish white.
4. Mabuia rudis.
Male.—Not polished above (dull); tail, tri-bi-and unicari- nated from base to tip; no white spots on the sides; a few yellow edged scales on the sides of the base of tail. Throat, blue.
Female.—Dull above; a yellowish white line from corner of mouth, which passes the shoulder and ends in yellowish white tipped scales in front of the hind leg. Throat, greenish-brown.
lod
5. Mabuia Lewisi. n. sp. Male adult.—Not polished above (dull); Tail, tri-bi-and unicarnated to the tip; no spots of white on the sides, a few
88 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
white-tipped scales on the sides of the base of tail. Throat, orange red. Similar to 47. rudis, but larger.
Female.—Like M. riudis, with line and spots, white not yellow. Throat, white.
ee,
47,.—Euprepis belcheri, H. Low, Sarawak; Inh. and Prod. Appen. p. 411, 1848. Mabuia Delalandi, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. ili, p. 158, 1887.
A doubtful Bornean species.
The species is given in Low’s list |. c., but it must be an error. The types in the British Museum are without a locality and presented by Sir H. Belcher ; is it probable that these speci- mens were collected by H. Low and given to him?
48.—Mabuia rugifera, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 184, 1882) >, ME Male.—Upper part of head, sides of neck, dark bronze- green ; rest of upper surface bright red-brown, finely vermacula- ted with black; chin and throat, pale cobalt blue with scattered yellow spots; chest, lemon yellow; rest of under parts deep vermilion red.
Mabuia rugifera. Male.—Throat, pale cobalt blue, tinged with green on the chest and fore-limbs; belly, under-side of hind legs and tail, sal- mon pink.
Mabuia rugifera. Male.—Above, blackish-brown, immaculate ; chin and throat, bright grass-green; belly bent and under-side of tail, salmon-
red. Obtained June, 1893, near Kuching.
Mabuia rugifera. Male.—Above, blackish-brown, immaculate; eye-lids, upper and lower lips, chin, throat and upper part of chest, lemon yellow; 7 belly and under part of tail, salmon red. Two males procured N ov., 1893, are marked and the colours are exactly alike.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
Mabuia rugifera.
Female.—Above dark brown, streaked with yellowish brown, from superciliary line and corner of mouth to base of tail; lips, chin and throat, pale blue, tinged with green; nearly all the scales have a black terminal band, these black bands are irregu- lar and give the throat a variegated appearance; chest, yellowish green; belly and under part of tail, pinkish salmon.
Obtained October 13, 1893.
Mabuia rugifera.
Female.—Chin and throat, yellowish green, spotted with black; belly, under-side of hind-limbs, reddish salmon tinged with greenish blue; under side of tail, reddish salmon.
Obtained September, 1893.
This beautiful little species is rather abundant near Kuching. I have had an opportunity of examining a very fine series of males and females; in the adults the colours are very brilliant.
They inhabit the sandy paths in the jungle.
All the species of Mabuia and Yygosoma, are called by the Malays Bénkarong.
Matang, Borneo (Boulenger); Sarawak ( Doria and Beccarz) Kuching, Sarawak ( £. Bartlett).
49.—Mabuia rubricollis, n. sp. S. M.
Male.—Similar to M. rugifera. Above, blackish brown; upper and lower lips. orange-red fading off on the sides of the neck ; chin and throat, lemon yellow; chest and rest of under parts, tinged with salmon pink.
Mabuia rubricollis, n. sp. Male.—Above blackish-brown ; lips, chin and throat vermi- lion red ; rest of under parts, salmon pink. Obtained October 27, 1893.
Mabuia rubricollis, n. sp.
Female.—Above, dark brown, or blackish, streaked and spotted with bright red-brown; lips, chin, throat and chest, brick-red, brightest on the chin; rest of under parts, salmon pink.
Mabuia rubricollis, n. sp.
Female.—Superciliary streak, lips chin and throat, bright vermilion red; belly, pinkish ting ed with green; under parts of tail, pale salmon pink.
sie)
20 THE CROCODILES AND LIZAKDS OF BORNEO.
Have separated this form from J/. :vgifera on account of its brilhant red throat, whereas in WW. rugifera in the adult it is pale cobalt blue, otherwise the two lizards are similar, but at the same time we obtain males and females of the two species constantly in the same district, therefore, we may consider it a local race or a ‘istrict species, esyecially when we look at the three species of Halcyon given by Mr. R. B. Sharpe in the British Museum Catalague.
This lizard is certainly not so abundant as J/. rugifera, al- though it inhabits the same sandy lanes and jungle paths about Kuching, and the district.
I have examined the sexes of a large series.
Kuching, Sarawak (4. Bartiett.)
50.—Mabuia muitifasciata, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, vol. i, Pp. 186.1887) Se . Male.—Sides, unspotted ; ae and lower lips, brick red; chin and throat, chrome yellow; belly, dark grey tinged with green; under part of tail, pale brown. Obtained October, 1893.
This iy an adult male in breeding colours, and many tine the sides of the neck brick-red.
Mabuia multifasciata. Male.—Vorso-lateral band, bright-red ; upper and lower lips, brick-red ; chin and throat, ereyish- white speckled with yellow ; belly, pale yellowish- -brown. A young male assuming the yellow throat.
Mabuia multifasciata.
Mule.—Above, dark brown; dorsolateral line, pale brown- ish-butf ; sides, dark- brown, unspotted ; chin and throat, grey ; lips, tinged with brick red ; ‘chest and belly, dull green; under part of tail, silvery white. |
A young male.
Mabuia multifasciata. Atove, dark-brown, with five longitudinal black linies; dorso-lateral streak, pale brown; sides, blackish-brown ; a series of yellowish white spots from the ear along the sides to the base’ of tail; chin and throat, silvery white; chest belly and underside of tail, yellowish-b:own.
Old female in breeding colours.
Female.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. 9]
Mabuia multifasciata.
Female.—Above, dark-brown, and iridescent; sides below the dorso-lateral streak, brown tinged with bright vermilion-red, and spotted with yellowish-white; throat, greyish-white; belly, yellowish brown.
Obtained September 21, 1893.
Young female.
The average length of this species is from 10 to 12 inches.
This is the most abundant species in Sarawak; it is found on the trunks of felled trees and on the ground in every road and path throughout the country. I have carefully examined hun- dreds of them and find a great variety of colours in the males, some with metallic green and red bands on the sides of the neck, while others are brilliant, brick-red on the sides of the neck, and above the shoulders; atthe same time they are easily distinguish- ed from all the other males by the smooth terminal half or two- thirds of the tail.
Sarawak, (H. Low, Doriaand Beccart); Kuching Sarawak, (E. Bartlett), Borneo, (Cantor).
51.—Mabuia rudis, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. ii, p. 188. 188705. MM.
Male.—Above, dark greenish-brown with four longitudinal rows of blackish spots; dorso-lateral streak, pale greenish-brown ; sides, red-brown variegated with black from ear to base of tail; upper surface of legs, red-brown; chin, throat, and sides of neck, bright cobalt blue; chest, belly and under-parts, grass-green; scales of vent and under part of tail, silvery-white.
Mabuia rudis.
Maile.—Above, rich red-brown; dorso-lateral streak, yellow- ish brown; sides, rich brown tinged with vermilion, each scale edged with black ; upper surface of legs, like the back; a bright green stripe from the ear to the shoulder, which is gradually lost on the sides of the body; chin, throat and chest, greenish blue variously speckled with orange-yellow; belly, sides of same, and under part of fore limbs, pale vermilion-red tinged with green, the latter colour brightest on the abdomen and hind-legs; scales of vent and underpart of tail, silvery-white.
Obtained Sept. 19. 1893.
92
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO Mabuia rudis.
Male.—Sides, unspotted; upper and lower lips, chin, throat, and fore part of chest, pale blue, much speckled with black; chest and belly, grass-green; under part of hind limbs and tail brown.
Obtained November 2, 1893.
Mabuia rudis.
Male.—Sides, unspotted; chin and throat, cobalt blue with > afew scattered orange-yellow and black spots; chest and rest of under parts, grass-green.
Obtained October 26, 1893.
Mabuia rudis.
Female.—Above, chocolate-brown, with four longitudinal rows of black spots, some confluent; a well defined light dorso- lateral streak; sides, blackish; a yellow line from the corner of the mouth passes over the shoulder and terminates in blackish yellow-edged spots on the sides of the tail; fore limbs, brown with black yellow-edged spots on the hinder surface; throat and belly, greenish- brown.
Obtained August 30, 1893.
Mabuia, rudis.
Female.—Above, brown; sides, nearly black; streak from corner of mouth to beyond the shoulder, greenish yellow; chin, throat, and chest, pale grass-green ; belly and under parts, light- brown faintly tinged with green.
Sept. 21, 1893.
Mabuia rudis
Female.—Above, red-brown, with five distinct black longitu- dina! dorsal streaks; dorso-lateral line, pale-brown; sides, blackish brown; from the corner of the mouth a bright yellow streak which passes over the fore arm and ends in yellow spots in front of the hind leg, also a few yellowish spots on the sides of the base of the tail; chin, throat, and belly, dark greenish-brown.
Mabuia rudis.
Female.—Sides, yellow spotted from the cheeks to hind legs, with a few chrome yellow spots on the neck, on a line with the ear; without the usual white line from corner of mouth; chin und throat, greyish white; chest and rest of underparts, dull- brown tinged with yellow.
Obtained October 26, 1893.
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. 93
_ The average length of adults of this species is from eight to ten inches.
Plentiful, but not so common as MW. multifasciata.
I have described the colours of several individuals which are very brilliant when alive. This lizard is easily distinguished from all the others, being very robust in habit, the tail is carina- ted to the tip, and very dark-brown, almost black above.
Matang and Kuching, Sarawak. (H. Bart/eit).
52.—Mabuia rudis, var. Kuchingensis, n. sp. S. M.
' Female.—Above, dark brown; dorso-lateral. band, nearly black; sides of neck and body to base of tail, closely barred with bright chrome yellow-edged black spots ; chin and throat, greyish white ; chest and rest of under parts, dull brown tinged with yellow.
This specimen is so distinctly marked and readily distinguish- ed from the true J/. rudis. 1 considered it worth separating for the present. Almost appears like a hybrid.
Kuching (£. Bartlett).
58.—Mabuia Lewisi, n. sp. S. M. Male.—Habit, robust. Above, dark brown; dorso-lateral streak, pale brown ; sides, dark-green unspotted ; upper and lower lips, chin, throat, chest, and sides of neck, rich orange red ; under part of fore arms, and belly, bright lemon-yellow; scales of vent and under part of tail, pure silvery-white.
Mabuia Lewisi n. sp.
Female.-—Above, brown paler than the male; dorso-lateral stripe, pale brown; sides of body, dark brown; a buff coloured streak from the corner of the mouth to hind limb; chin and throat, white; belly, yellowish-green; under sides of limbs and tail, pale ereenish-brown.
Similar to Maduia rudis, but the carinaticns are not so bold, and the points do not overlap like those of 3/7. rudis. It is with- out the four or five longitudinal rows of small black specks on the back, which is always present in Af. rviiis; and easily dis- tinguished when alive by its bright-red throat and other colours.
This fine species I procured on Santubong at about 200ft., others near Kuching. I have much pleasure in naming it after M, J. E. A. Lewis, who always takes much interest, and does a
94. THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEU,
great deal towards increasing the collection, besides rendering me valuable assistance respecting the particulars of the Sec mens.
54.—Mabuia saravacensis, n. sp. §. M.
Habit, robust; head, broad behind; scales, twenty-eight round the body; back, nearly the whole length of tail and upper surface of fore limbs, tricarinate: hind limbs above, bi- and tri- carinate; under par ts, smooth.
Above, pale dull- brown, with irregular transverse bars of black yellow and white-edged spots, which pass over on to the sides of the belly; two distinct round black spots on the parietals; eyelids, yellow; whole of underparts, bright grass-green.
Rare in this locality.
Santubong and Kuching (#. Bartlett).
55.—Lygosoma variegatum, Boulen. Cat. Lizards, iti, p. 246, 1887. S. M.
Male.—Above, dull brown; marbled, and with two longitu- dinal rows of unequal sized spots down the back; chin, throat, and breast, deep cobalt blue; paler blue on the chest and belly; under sides of fore arms, vent and hind legs, dirty yellow ; under surface of tail, french grey, or bluish grey.
Lygosoma variegatum.
Female.—Above, like the male; chin, and throat, whitish; whole of under parts including limbs, bright yellow; under side of tail, bluish-grey.
She is the most beautiful of all the lizards found here. In
old males, the cobalt blue of the throat is very brilliant.
It is not v eee abundant.
Borneo (L. L. “Diliwyn) Kuching, Sarawak (FZ. Bartleit)
56.—Lygosoma kinabaluensis, n. sp. S. M.
Male.—Similar to ZL. variegatum, but the back is mottled and without striations, and without a distinct dorsolateral band.
This small species is quite distinct, therefore, I name it to distinguish it from the others at present, until I can procure more specimens.
Being a spirit specimen, Iam unable to give the decided colours. Kina Balu, N. Borneo (G. D. Haviland.)
THE CROCODILES AND LIZaAhDS OF BORNEO. 95
57,.—Lygosoma oiivaceum, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. i, p. 251, 1387. 5. M.
Back buff, with nine pale interrupted bands across the back ; hind legs, barred like the back; a buff band above the hind leg; chin and throat, yellowish green; rest of under parts, grass- green, tinged with blue.
This appears to be a very scarce species in the district, having only procured two specimens.
Borneo (A. &. Wallace); Sarawak (A. Everet); Kuching. (E. Bartlett ).
58.—Lygosoma vittatum, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. iii, p. 252, 1887. The Verandah Lizard, S. M.
Male and Female.—Above, black, variegated with buff speckles ; a greenish white streak between the eyes ; a greenish white superciliary streak which extends beyond the shoulder and fades away on the back; another greenish white-streak from tip of snout passes under the eye and fades away beyond the shoulder ; lower lips, green black-spotted ; chin, throat, and belly, bright grass-green, tinged with blue on the throat. Sexes alike. This very pretty and active lizard is to be found in nearly all the jungle houses and especially about the verandahs, picking up ants, and various insects which are always numerous in these places.
Borneo (L. L. Dillwyn); Sarawak (Doria und Beecari); Rejang River (C. A. Bumpfylde) ; Santubong and Kuching, (LE. Bartlett).
59.—Lygosoma nitens, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. iii, De 202.91 086. 4. 9. NI.
Very rare in this district.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Kuching (£. Bartlett).
60.—Lygosoma parietale, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. iii, p. 299, 1887. S. M.
Male and Female.—Above, grey tinged with green; under parts, pale yellowish buff.
I cannot detect any variation in the colour of the sexes of this species. It is tolerably common on the sea shore.
Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Santubong and Kuching (E. Bartlett).
96 THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO.
61.—Lygosoma (Riopa) Bampfyldei, nu. sp. 5. M.
Eabit, stout; limbs, short and thick; scales, all smooth ; six upper and six lower labials; ten small preanals.
Pale brown, above and below, immaculate; with a dark brown patch on the front part of the head, another on the crown and hind neck, divided from the former by a pale band from eye to eye; upper surface of limbs and tail dusky brown.
Rejang River, Sarawak (C. A. Bampfylde).
62.—Tropidophorus Beccari, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. iii, p. 8360, 1887. Beccari’s Lizard. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari) ; Matang (G. A. Boulenger). 68.—Tropdophorus Brookti, Boulen., Cat. Lizards, vol. in, p. 361, 1887. The Raja’s Lizard, 5. M. Upper and lower lips, red-brown; under parts, white, Sarawak (Hf. Low) ; Sarawak (7. Belcher); Santubong and Kuching (/. Bart/eit).
On a New Species of ‘‘Philentoma.”’ By EDWARD BARTLETT,
Curator of the Sarawak Museum.
L.—Philentoma velatum, Blyth. Adult male.—General colour, bright greyish blue; face and yart of the throat, black; lower part of throat and breast, maroon.
2.—Philentoma pyrrhopterum., Blyth. Adult male-—Head, neck, mantle, lesser wing-coverts, chin, throat, and sides of breast, greyish-blue; greater wing-coverts, secondaries and tail chestnut; primaries, dusky brown; under-parts, dirty white; thighs, blue.
3.—Philentoma Maxwelli, n. sp.
Adult male-—Similar to P. pyrrhopterum, but with a dark | chestnut patch on the middle of the breast; the blue of the head and neck much brighter; the chestnut of the wing-coverts’
THE CROCODILES AND LIZARDS OF BORNEO. 97
secondaries and tail, much darker and richer; some of the outer webs of the inner primaries also chestnut; under-parts much purer white; thighs buff, not blue like those of P. pyrrhopterum.
This species was obtained in the jungle not far from Kuching.
In describing this new bird, I considered it advisable to give a short diagnosis of the two older and well known forms, of which this museum contains a fine series.
In referring to Mr. Sharpe’s description of P. pyrrhopterum, (vol. iv., p. 365), I find that he says the “ wings and tail, chestnut” in the young male, but at page 366, he states that “the quills and tail-feathers are dusky blackish on the inner web, greyish blue externally ”! I have examined all our specimens carefully and cannot find a trace of the latter colours on the tail-feathers ; and certainly no greyish blue on the primaries.
I have much pleasure in naming this new species after the Hon’ble F. R. O. Maxwell, Resident of Sarawak.
ae are
OCCASIONAL NOTES.
ae INDONESIAN “NUMERALS.
In a pamphlet* recently presented to the Straits Asiatic Society, Dr. T. H. PARDO DE TAVERA, of Manila, discusses the origin of the names of the numerals in the Tagal and (incidentally) in the other Indonesian languages.
The following short table will illustrate the wide area over which these or kindred numerals are used :—
Malay. Maori. Tagal. Malagasy. Formosa. Fiji. fc a Tahi Isa Iray Sha E-dua 2 aabivey Rua Dalaua eiNoa Lua H-rua Bar liga Toru Tatlo Telo Telu _E-tolu 4 Ampat Wha Apat F-fatra Pat E-va 5 Lima Rima Lima Dimi Rimi E-lima 6 Anam Ono Anim Enina Num _ E-ono 7 Layo Whitu —_Pito Tito Pitu E-vitu 8 Delapan Waru Walo Valo Waro E-vala g Sembilan’ Iwa Sly amy) Sv Iwa E-siwa 10 ©6Sapuloh Ngahuru Sangpulo Tolo Pulu Datei
The origin of these numerals is also discussed by the Rev. D. MACDONALD, of Efate, New Hebrides, in the Journal of the Polynesian Society for June, 1893.
Dr. PARDO DE TAVERA points out that the Indonesian numerals were originally substantives, such as ‘‘a couple,’ Pemigie, 0 a dozen). rather than numerals in the ordinary sense of the word. In the languages of Timor Laut and Fiji the article is still used before these numerals. In the Pampango language (Philippines) it survives in a-dua, a-tlo, a-pat, a-nim, a-pulu. In Malay it is still used in sa-puloh and
* “ Consideraciones sobre el origen del nombre de los numeros en Tagalog” — Manila.
1oo OCCASIONAL NOTES.
probably survives in ampat anda-nam. In some languages a second article has even been added when the first has become incorporated in the numerals.
Dr. DE TAVERA also draws attention to the quinary system upon which the original numbers were based doubtless owing to: the convenience of using the hand in enumeration. The word lima or rima still means “hand” in many of the dialects: of Formosa, the Malay Archipelago and Polynesia. The inhabitants of Triton Bay in New Guinea, of Santo, Efate and Ambrym in the New Hebrides, of the Island of Engano near Sumatra, and some of the wild tribes of Formosa still use quinary systems. The Malay delapan (8), derived by RIGG. from dua-lepan (two turned down), takes us back also to a time when the fingers were used in counting. Sa-lepan, Sem-. bilan (sa-ambtlan), and the Achinese Sa-kurang (g) are all extensions of the same idea.
The etymologies suggested by Dr. DE TAVERA for the Philippine (and Oceanic) numerals are as follows :—
Lua, dua, or rua (2) froma root signifying a double or copy,
as in the Philippine ka-/u-lua, a ghost.
Telo, tolu, toru (3) from a root signifying triple conmiccuad with ¢a/z a rope (triple strand).
Pat ya ha (4 ) a a Polynesian root signifying “a com-- plete set,’ “a company.” The Javanese sa-kawan,. Hawaii sa- aii has these meanings.
These were the oldest numerals. For higher quantities the
hand was used in enumeration.
Lima, rima (5) the hand.
A-nam, ono, ne (6). The root appears to be me, but the meaning cannot be traced.
TALL ECL IE oop (7). strom) am scold Polynesian root fia, me ihren” and the root ¢z “to shorten” (tua, to shorten, Tahiti).
Walco, varo (8) from the Polynesian wa “a space,’ and. rua or lua “two” ; two spaces, e., dua-lepan.
Siam, stwa, twa (a), the ‘“s” and “m” being accretions, from wa ‘‘a space,” and the article “i.”
Pulo, fulu, hulu (10) from a root meaning totality” (pulus, all, Tagal.)
OCCASIONAL NOTES. IO!
The Abbé FAvRE in his Dictionary is guilty of two errors in assuming sa “one,” to be acontracted form of swatu, and dua, “two,” to be derived from the Sanscrit dw. Suatu, he subsequently admitted to be a corruption of sa-batu, as the Javanese sa-wz72 or sz7z is a corruption of sa-bz77.
The Rev. D. MACDONALD of Efate, New Hebrides, going further than Dr. PARDO DE TAVERA, suggests a Semitic origin for the Oceanic numerals. The theory is a very daring one, for the Oceanic languages with their simple constructions and soft syllables are utterly unlike the Semitic languages with their harsh consonants, elaborate grammar,* and comphi- cated vowel inflexions, and no ethnologists would be likely to support a theory that the Dyaks, for instance, are the lost ten tribes of Israel. The points also to which Dr. DE TAVERA has drawn attention combat this theory, for the Arabic nume- rals are not collective nouns, nor do they show any connection with quinary system.
ihe resemblances traced by Mr. MACDONALD between Oceanic and Semitic forms are not so clear as to necessitate his opponents explaining them away by any theory of coinci- dences.
The following table shows the “original forms” suggested by him, together with the nearest existing forms in the Semitic and Oceanic languages respectively :—
Original form. Nearest Semitic form. Nearest Oceanic ferm. I Kel Ihda (Arab) Aida (Timor) 2 r Tarawah (Socotra) Roa (Maori) 3 feb T’laa (Syriac) Telo (Malagasy) 4 obit Arbaat (Arab, Bate (Efate) 5 k’m’ Khams (Arab) Ikma (Aneit) 6 Ue Sitt (Arab) Butanga (Gilolo) 7 b’t’ Sabat (Arab) Mbut (Malicolo) 8 lp’n TYman (Arab) Delapan (Malay) 9 s’m E’sro (Syriac) Siyam ‘Tagal) ro sn’ Eseru (Amharic) Sarone (Timbora)
These resemblances hardly carry conviction. In fact the
* “ There are thirty-three ordinary methods of forming the plural.”—Socin's Arabie Grammar.
102 OCCASIONAL NOTES.
attempt to connect auam with sztt by means of the word butanga is apt to recall the sarcasm of VOLTAIRE “ pour Messieurs les etymologistes les voyelles n’y sont pour rien et les consonnes pour trés peu de chose.’ The selection of the Malay “1’p’n”’ as an original root is singularly unfortunate in view of the well-known derivation of delapan from dua lepan. A reference to a table of Indonesian numerals will show that the forms selected are, in several cases, the, exception rather than the rule: As” fopithe = seumere numerals Mr. MACDONALD has been in one or two cases misled by the transliteration. The ‘t’” in #/aa@ is not “ft (ces) but “th” (<>) and generally Cormupts toms san other languages as hari thalatha, for instance, becomes harz selasa; Othman corrupts to Osman. The “k” also in Khamis is not the Indonesian “k”’ in /kma. The Malay language contains some of the Semitic numerals in the names of the days of the week, but they do not corrupt to the forms suggested by Mr. MACDONALD.
It would be unsafe to base any arguments as to the origin or movements of the Indonesian races upon the resemblances between the numerals alone. The numerals, however, illustrate very fairly the theory of Polynesian migrations expounded by M. DE QUATREFAGES,* in that they are used by the Melane- sian tribes who lie along the routes which the migrating tribes from Ceram and Bourou are believed to have followed on their way to the South Seas. Mr. A. R. WALLACE, while unwilling to admit the common origin of the Indonesian and Polynesian races, fully recognised the remarkable similarity in language, a similarity, as he points out, of “ words’ not mere roots, and which he explains by USB coune that Malay traders must have visited the South Sea Islands. Of this, however, there is no historical evidence, and the primitive condition of the Polynesians when first visited by Kuropeans militates against the theory that they had commercial dealings with the com- paratively civilised Malays. The resemblance in language cannot be a mere coincidence. Attempts Have been made to minimize its extent and importance by writers who argue in favour of the Oceanic races being the relics of the autocthonous
* «Les Polynesiens ét leurs migrations’’—by M. A. DE QUATREFAGES.
OCCASIONAL NOTES. 103
inhabitants of an old Pacific continent; but the connection between the Indonesian and Polynesian languages is now becoming more generally recognised. The numerals furnish perhaps the best illustration of this relationship. *
Ree We
*The Indonesian numerals can be found in the following works, most of which are in the Society’s Library :—
Sumatra, fava,and Adjacent Islands.—FAvRE’s Javanese Grammar gives the numerals in Javanese, Kawi, Sundanese, Batak, Lampong, Madurese, and Balinese. The Nias Island numerals may be foundin J,S.B.R.A.S., June 1880 ; and those for the Isle of Engano in Mr. MAcDONALD’s paper.
Boyneo.—The numerals in 11 languages of Borneo are given in J.S.B. R.A. S., June, 1880.
Celebes, the Moluccas, &c.—The numeralsin Bugis are givenin FAvRE’s Ja- vanese Grammar. CRAWFURD gives the numerals in the languages of Manatoto, Timor, Rotti, Savu, Ende and Mangarai (Flores); while WALLACE (Malay Archipelago) gives them in 31 other languages of these parts.
_ Philippines and Formosa.—Prof, TERRIEN DE LA COUPERIE gives the numerals
in 32 languages of Formosa and 7 of the Philippines. (Formosa Notes, J.R.A.S. 1886). To these may be added the numerals in the Tag-benua language (J.S.B.R.A.S., 1880).
Micronesia and Melanesia.—CRAWFURD (Malay Grammar) gives the nume- rals in 3 Micronesian languages, Mr. McDonatp gives them in 4 languages of the New Hebrides, and Dr. DE TAVERA in one language of New Guinea andin the language of Timor Laut,
Polynesia, Madagascar and Fiji.—T he numerals in g Polynesian languages, in Fijian and in Malagasy are given in TreGear’s ‘‘ Maori Comparative Dictionary.”
Total-—including Malay—11g languages,
, 4 = \ ’ 2 zu r ha ’ ‘ 3 c bee : sia ze La a ¥ ie Lad ) ay
ee
‘paneer Fe
_ JOURNAL
OF THE
» = 2
——_—
JULY, 1896.
- SINGAPORE:
’ ky ~ 5
Printed at THE GovernMENT Printine Orrick —
~. . NGexts oF rik Society:
London and America, ... Tripnex & Co.
~ Paris, -.... Ernest Leroux & Cie. -_ Germany, ~... Orro Harrassowitz. Leipziz-—
. ‘ ot ‘ 4 ee - ? “4 y . i t i » 5 ' I = * aie) ; ‘ ' z - | ¥ , : / F ire a ‘ i= a ‘ = ‘ ‘ ss re = 7 be i ‘ ‘ ’ a » A : * ; ; ' 4 ‘ 7, f & f Ry f _~ - ‘ re rn 5 ’ ‘ ou : 7 ; " : of ~ hs a ‘ Me y s
(No. 29.]
JOURNAL
eeiAlIS BRANCH
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
a
JULY, 1896.
SINGAPORE: PRintTED aT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY:
London and America. ... TRUBNER & Co. Paris, ... Ernest Leroux & CI. Germany, ... Orro Harrassowrrz, Leipzig.
eee: OF CONTENTS.
Council for 1895, Annual Report of Council for 1895, Treasurer’s Account for 1895,
Notes on the Folk-lore and Popular Religion of the Malays—by C. O. Blagden, bee ch
A Vocabulary of the Besisi Dialect—by W. W. Skeat,
A Bibliography of Malaya from July, i893 to June, 1894— C. Davies Sherborn, F.G.8., F.Z.S., ie
Vili
13
30
THE SrRAtTTS BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
foUNCIL FOR 1895.
The Right Rev. Bishop Hoss, President.
The Rev. G. M. Rein, Vice-President, Singapore. D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang.
R. J. Witxtyson, Esquire, Honorary Secretary. J. O. Anruontsz, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer.
G. T. Harz, Es quire,
\ Dr. W. N. Bort, | A. H. Lemon, Esquire, Councillors. H. H. Hunpsovy, Esquire, \
Y;
A. Kyteut, Esquire,
v1
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
COUNCHE
OF THE 5. RALTS | 2:R ANG GrEs
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, FOR THE YEAR 1895.
The Council are happy to state that the affairs of the Society continue to be in a satisfactory condition.
The following new members have been elected at or since the last general meeting :—
The Hon’ble J. A. SWET- Dr. R. HANITSCH. TENHAM, C.M.G. Dr. H. L. E. LUERING. Mr. J. R. HAMILTON. Mr. C. J. SAUNDERS. Mr. S. R. GROOM. Mr. E. ROSTADOS. Mr. J. R. DUNN.
During the year, Nos. 28 and 29 of the Society’s journal have been printed. In addition to these regular journals, the Council of the Society under Rule 24 have sanctioned the separate publication of four works—-a Monograph on Wai- seng Lotteries by Mr. G. T. HARE; a Malay tale, edited by Mr. HUGH CLIFFORD; a translation of the same tale by Mr. ~ CLIFFORD; and a Life of Sir Stamford Raffles by the Rev. G.°M. REITH. ‘the three first have been already published; the fourth will, it is hoped, appear in the course of the next two months.
ANNUAL REPORT. Vil
A proposal was made during the year by the Government of Perak that the Native States Governments should undertake the work of preparing the map of the Malay Peninsula. To this the Council agreed, offering to place all the material now in possession of the Society at the disposal of the Survey Offices of the Native States. The scheme was, however, recently abandoned by the Government owing to its cost.
The Council are unanimously of opinion that the following be substituted for Rule 6 :—
‘No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other publication of the Society until his subscription for the cur- rent year has been paid.”
The Council also unanimously recommend that members be allowed to compound for life membership of the Society on payment of $50.
‘AOANSDONT, hDLOUO TT ‘ZSINOHINV ‘O ‘£
Vill
Le B6r'l LG G6P'T Z6 1Sh | °° mined g[YWUvoIET, UL oourleq “ Py coe | are een) eourreq “ Oc >. ‘yoog enboyg “ OS 69 ee ee iio -40ry ,, SUS 1¥AA ,, UO dodvd od Ay ut SU1}108 TOF ‘OoUF() SUIJUILG yWourUIa 91 9 a ‘soouv]eg qseg uo ysouoqyuy “ “0p ‘sLoyisodmoy 0} worjeiounmoery ‘ 117 OT “ “(eT THF) Junoov surpurysyno Jo GZ cs ‘“roded oy Ssolg “ uvep] MoX Yoy,, “ pious tes ul wniwenbyuy : elqyooy “ 0€ SII |” “8g ‘ON Teuano er 00 1% “‘sdeyq a Buyuud OF SSoIgq UO, UvotIoMy “ (09 TZ ‘sABeS Ty euly()-Opuy i s LE 88S “OL ogg ‘edvyep jo Aydvasorpqig 00 68 Sjeuano [Bf SOET | Ope I a uy NUOPUAHY SHIAVG ‘JP OF FF¥Iq “ [QO g " ‘9681 of 08 Ig ‘suoryeorqnd sutpuig “ |oo OTE ‘S68I es 60 LT os ‘sosuodxe Arpuns 8,y410[9 00 08 F681 a ae pue s[euinor pue s10qj0] Uo oseasog ‘‘ |00 0G ‘EG8T 1OF suondrosqng oY 00 9 os ‘DUYOoTT [Vlouey suisyteapy “ |Gg e Saeen L oe Yt OU OT 3 TO}D9][O9) OF WOTSETOIDIOD “186 96¢ ‘yuvg o[YUeo.1E;, U1 00 OL ‘GEST ‘ToqueAO Ny 04 Te e719 | ‘yuvgq poreyaeyyg Ut “PEST ‘19q039Q WoT yIOTQ Jo Aavjeg Ag —: cggq ‘Arenuve 4s] WO soURTeg OF, 9 ¢ ‘9 ¢
"GEST Jequiedeg YSTE 04 Arenuer 4ST WOT, YUNODDW Ysvy s.commsvory, Are10 Moy] ‘ALAIOOS OLLVISV TVAOU AHL JO HONVU SLIVULS
‘19 "Iq
NOTES ON THE FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION QF THE MALAYS.
[ Read before the Straits Philosophical Society. ]
HE folk-lore and the popular religious beliefs and practices of any race form a wide subject which it is hardly possible to compress within the limits of a short paper. I do not propose here to give a complete survey of the subject, but merely to offer a few notes illustrating the general character of
Malay ideas and customs under this head so far as they have
come within my own personal observation.
A good deal has been written on these matters, and amongst other papers I would refer particularly to that by Mr. W. E. MAXWELL, which appeared inthe seventh number of the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, in 1881. The chief point made in that paper is the thoroughly non-Muhammadan character of many of the common Malay beliefs and practices. That characteristic is also perhaps the only one that I can claim to illustrate.
Malays in the country districts are in fact only superficially Muhammadan. It is true they often carry out all the ritual precepts of that religion: many of them pray the required number of times daily, most attend the Mosque with decent regularity on Fridays, and a fair proportion (but by no means all) keep the fast of Ramadhan. But to their Muhammadan observances they superadda good many practices which, from the Muhammadan point of view, are at least unorthodox, in fact almost pagan, and which can often be traced to a heathen origin.
For instance, although officially the religious centre of the village community is the Mosque, there is usually in every
2 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.
small district a holy place known as a kramat, at which vows are paid on special occasions, and which is invested with a very high degree of reverence and sanctity.
These kramats abound in Malacca territory ; there is hardly a village but can boast some two or three in its immediate neighbourhood, and they are perfectly well known to all the inhabitants. |
Theoretically, kramats are supposed to be the graves of deceased holy men, the early apostles of the Muhammadan faith, the first founders of the village who cleared the primeval jungle, or other persons of local notoriety in a former age; and there is no doubt that many of them are that and nothing more. But even so the reverence paid to them and the ceremonies that are performed at them savour a good deal too much of ancestor-worship to be attributable to an orthodox Muhammadan origin.
it is certain, however, that many of these kramats are not graves at all: many of them are in the jungle, on hills and in groves, like the high places of the Old Testament idolatries ; they contain no trace of a grave (while those that are found in villages usually have grave-stones) and they appear to be really ancient sites of a primitive nature-worship or the adoration of the spirits of natural objects.
Malays, when asked to account for them, often have recourse to the explanation that they are £7amat jin, that is, ‘‘spirit”- places; and if a Malay is pressed on the point and thinks that the orthodoxy of these practices is being impugned, he will sometimes add that the 7zz in question is a jzm ¢slam, a Muhammadan and quite orthodox spirit! |
Thus on Bukit Nyalas, near the Johol frontier, there is a kramat consisting of a group of granite boulders on a ledge of rock overhanging a sheer descent of a good many feet; bamboo clumps grow on the place, and there were traces of religious rites having been performed there, but no grave whatever. This place was explained to me to be the kramat of one Nakhoda HussIN described as a 77m (of the orthodox variety) who presides over the water, rain and streams. People occasionally burned incense there to avert drought
FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS. 3
and get enough water for irrigating their fields. There was another kramat of his lower down the hill, also consisting of rocks, one of which was shaped something like a boat. I was informed that this 7zz is attended by tigers which guard the hill and are very jealous of the intrusion of other tigers from the surrounding country. : He is believed to have revealed himself to the original Pawang of the village, the mythical founder of the kampong of Nyalas. In a case like this it seems probable that the name attached to this object of reverence is a later accretion and that under a thin disguise we have here a relic of the worship of the spirit of rivers and streams, a sort of elemental deity, localized in this particular place and still regarded as a proper object of worship and propitiation, in spite of the theoretically strict monotheism of the Muhammadan creed. Again, at another place, the kramat is nothing but a tree, of somewhat singular shape, having a large swelling some way up the trunk. It was explained to me that this tree was connected in a special way with the prospects of local agriculture, the size of the swelling increasing in good years and diminishing in bad seasons! Hence it was naturally regarded with considerable awe by the purely agricultural population of the neighbourhood.
As may be imagined, it is exceedingly difficult to discover any authentic facts regarding the history of these numerous kramats: even where there is some evidence of the existence of a grave, the name of the departed saint is usually the one fact that is remembered, and often even that is forgotten. The most celebrated of the Malacca kramats, the one at Machap, is a representative type of the first class, that in which there really is a grave: itis the one place where a hardened liar respects the sanctity of an oath, and it is occa-
sionally visited in connection with civil cases, when the one party challenges the other to take a particular oath: a man who thinks nothing of perjuring himself in the witness box and who might not much mind telling a lie even with the Koran on his head, will flinch before the ordeal of a falsehood in the presence of the ‘‘ Dato’ Machap.”’ The worship there, as with most other £ramats, consists of the burning of incense, the
4 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS,
offering of mzasz kunyet (yellow rice) and the killing of goats; but I also noticed a number of live pigeons there which illustrate the practice, common in Buddhist countries, of releasing an animal in order to gain “ merit”’ thereby.
To return to the elemental spirits: it was explained to me by a Malay, with whom I discussed the subject at leisure, that apart from the spirits which are an object of reverence and which when treated with proper deference are usually bene- ficent, there are a variety of others. To begin with, spirits (the word used on this occasion was hantu ) are of at least two kinds—wild ones, whose normal habitat is the jungle, and those that are, so to say, domesticated. ‘The latter, which seem to correspond to what in Western magic are called ‘‘familiars,’ vary in character with their owners or the persons to whom they are attached. Thus in this particular village of Bukit Senggeh, a few years ago, there was a good deal of alarm on account of the arrival of two or three strangers believed to be of bad character, who were supposed to keep a familiar spirit of a particularly malignant disposition which was in the habit of attacking people in their sleep by throttling them. One or two cases of this kind occurred, and it was seriously suggested that I should make the matter the subject of a magisterial enquiry, which, however, I did not find it necessary to do. But familiar spirits are by no means necessarily evil: indeed the Pawang (a functionary of whom more will be said later on) keeps a familiar spirit, which in his case is a hantu pusdéka, that is, an hereditary spirit which runs in the family, in virtue of which he is able to deal sum- marily with the wild spirits of an obnoxious character. The chief point of importance is to keep these wild spirits in their proper place, viz. the jungle, and to prevent them taking up their abode in the villages. For this reason charms are hung up at the borders of the villages, and whenever a wild spirit breaks bounds and encroaches on human-habitations it is necessary to get him turned out. Some time ago, one of these objectionable “antus had settled down in a kérayong tree in the middle of this same village of Bukit Senggeh, and used to frighten people who passed that way in the dusk: so
FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS. 5
the Pawang was duly called upon to exorcize it, and under his superintendence the tree was cut down, after which there was no more trouble. But it is certain that it would have been excessively dangerous for an ordinary layman to do so.
This point may be illustrated by a case which was reported to me soon after it occurred and which again shows the intimate connection of spirits with trees. A Javanese coolie, on the main road near Ayer Panas, cut down a tree which was known to be occupied by a hantu. He was thereupon seized with what from the description appears to have been an epileptic fit and showed all the traditional symptoms of demoniac possession. He did not recover till his friends had carried out the directions of the spirit (speaking through the sufferer’s mouth, it seems), viz., to burn incense, offer rice and release a fowl. After which the hantzu left him.
In many places there are trees which are pretty generally believed to be the abodes of spirits, and not one Malay in ten would venture to cut one down, while most people would hardly dare to go near one after dark. On one occasion an exceptionally intelligent Malay, with whom | was discussing the terms on which he proposed to take up a contract for clearing the banks of a river, made it an absolute condition that he should not be compelled to cut down a particular tree which overhung the stream, on the ground that it was a “‘spirit’’ tree. That tree had to be excluded from the contract.
The accredited intermediary between men and spirits is the person who has already been referred to several times as the Pawang: the Pawang is a functionary of great and traditional importance in a Malay village, though in places near towns the office is falling into abeyance. In the inland districts, however, the Pawang is still a power, and is regarded as part of the constituted order of society, without whom no village community would be complete. It must be clearly understood that he has nothing whatever to do with the official Muham- madan religion of the Mosque: the village has its regular staff of elders—the /mam, Khatib and Szlal—for the Mosque service. But the Pawang is quite outside this system, and belongs to a different and much older order of ideas; he may
6 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.
be regarded as the legitimate representative of the primitive ‘‘medicine-man”’ or ‘‘ village sorcerer” and his very existence in these days is an anomaly, though it does not strike Malays as such.
Very often the office is hereditary, or at least the appoint- ment is practically confined to the members of one family. — Sometimes it is endowed with certain “ properties”? handed down from one Pawang to his successor, known as the kabésd- van, OY, aS~it were, regalia. On one occasion I was nearly called upon to decide whether these adjuncts—which consisted, in this particular case, of a peculiar kind of head-dress—were the personal property of the person then in possession of them (who had got them from his father, a deceased Pawang) or were to be regarded as official insignia descending with the office in the event of the natural heir declining to serve! Fortunately I was spared the difficult task of deciding this delicate point of law, as I managed to persuade the owner
to take up the appointment.
But quite apart from such external marks of dignity, the Pawang* is a person of very real significance. In all agri- cultural operations, such as sowing, reaping, irrigation works, and the clearing of jungle for planting, in fishing at sea, in prospecting for minerals, and in cases of sickness, his assist- ance is invoked. He is entitled by custom to certain small fees: thus, after a good harvest, he is allowed, in some villages, five gantangs of padi, one gantang of rice ( 6éras) and two chupaks of émping (a preparation of rice and coco-nut made into a sort of sweetmeat) from each householder. After re- covery from sickness, his remuneration is the very modest amount of tzga wang baharu, that is, 74 cents.
It is generally believed that a good harvest can only be se- cured by complying with his instructions, which are of a peculiar and comprehensive character.
They consist largely of prohibitions, which are known as pantang. ‘Vhus, for instance, it is pantang in some places to work in the rice-field on the 4th and 15th days of the lunar month; and this rule of enforced idleness being very congenial to the Malay character is, I believe, pretty strictly observed.
FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS. 7
Again, in reaping, certain instruments are proscribed, and in the inland villages it is regarded as a great crime to use the sickle (sadz¢t) for cutting the padi: at the very least the first few ears should be cut with a ¢zaz, a peculiar small instrument consisting of a semi-circular blade set transversely on a piece of wood or bamboo, which is held between the fingers and which cuts only an ear or two at atime. Also the padi must not be threshed by hitting it against the inside of a box, a prac- tice known as danting pad.
In this, as in one or two other cases, it may be supposed that the Pawang’s ordinances preserve the older forms of procedure and are opposed to innovations in agricultural methods. The same is true of tne pantang rule which prescribes a fixed rate of price at which padi may be sold in the village community to members of the same village. This system of customary prices is probably a very old relic of a time when the idea of asking a neighbour or a member of your own tribe to pay a competition price for an article was regarded as an infringement of communal rights. It applies to a few other articles of local produce* besides padi, and I was frequently assured that the neglect of this wholesome rule was the cause of bad harvests. | was accordingly sometimes pressed to fine transgressors, which would perhaps have been a somewhat difficult thing todo. The fact, however, that in many places these rules are generally observed is a tribute to the influence of the Pawang who lends his sanction to them.
In agricultural operations the animistic ideas of the Malays are clearly apparent: thus, before the rice is cut, a sort of ritual is performed which is known as fuzz padz, and which is regarded apparently as a kind of propitiatory service, a sort of apology tothe padi for reaping it. The padi is usually
*In Bukit Senggeh the articles subject to this custom are priced as follows :—
Padi, nok igs 3 cents a gantang.
ESELAS, owes nae 10 cents a gantang.
Kabong sugar, ... 23 cents a ‘‘buku’” of two pieces and weighing a kati.
Coco-uuts, ou I cent each.
Hen’s eggs, ae og Cent each.
Duck’s eggs, = 0% cent each.
8 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.
sprinkled with ¢épong tdwar (flour mixed with water ) before the reaping is commenced, and the first lot cut is set apart for a ceremonial feast.
At planting there are also ceremonies: as a rule the begin- ning of the planting season is ushered in bya visit of the whole body of villagers to the most highly revered kramat in the neighbourhood, where the usual offerings are made and prayers are said. Sometimes, however, there is a special ser- vice known as da@pud,* consisting of a sort of mock combat, in which the evil spirits are believed to be expelled from the rice- fields by the villagers: this is not done every year but once in three or four years.
Another occasional service of a peculiar character which is not of very frequent occurrence is the ceremony which would perhaps be best described as the propitiation of the earth- spirit. Some years ago, I happened by chance to be present at a function of this kind, and as its details may be of some in- terest as illustrating the wide dispersion of certain points of ritual, I will end these notes by giving a full description of it, as noted down at the time. It was in the month of October, and I happened to be out shooting snipe in the padi-fields of the village of Sébatu on a Sunday morning, when I was met by the Penghulu, the headman of the village, who asked me to leave off shooting for an hour or so. As I was having fair sport, I naturally wanted to know the reason why, so he ex- plained that the noise of gunshots would irritate the hantu and render unavailing the propitiatory service which was then about to begin. Further enquiry elicited the statement that the Aantu in question was the one who presided over rice-lands and agricultural operations, and as I was told that there would be no objection to my attending the ceremony, I went there and then to the spot to watch the proceedings. The place was a square patch of grass-lawn a few yards wide, which had evidently for years been left untouched by the plough, though surrounded by many acres of rice-fields. On this patch a
* Menangkabau and Naning pronunciation for béypuar. Puar is the name of a jungle plant, said to be akin to cardamum, the stem of which is used as a sort of javelin in this mock combat,
FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS. 9Q
small wooden altar had been built: it consisted simply of a small square platform of wood or bamboo raised about three or four feet above the ground, each corner being supported by a small sapling with the leaves and branches left on it and overshadowing the platform, the sides of which appeared to face accurately towards the four cardinal points. To the western side was attached a small bamboo ladder leading from the ground to the edge of the platform. At the four corners of the patch of grass were four larger saplings planted in the ground. On the branches of all these trees were hung a num- ber of £étupats, which are small squarish bags plaited of strips of the leaves of the screw-pine (méngkuang ) or some simi- lar plant, like the material of which native bags and mats are made. A larger £étupat hung over the centre of the altar, and all of them were filled with a preparation of boiled rice. On the altar were piled up various cooked foods laid on plantain leaves, including the flesh of a goat, cooked in the ordinary way, as well as rice and different kinds of condiments and sweetmeats. The Pawang was present as weil as a number of the villagers, and soon atter my arrival with the Penghulu the ceremony began by some of the villagers producing out of a bag the skin of a black male goat with the head and horns attached and containing the entrails (the flesh having been cooked and laid on the altar previously ). A large iron nail four or five inches long and thick in proportion was placed vertically in a hole about two feet deep which had been dug under the altar, and the remains of the goat were also buried in it with the head turned towards the east, the hole being then closed and the turf replaced. Some of the goat’s blood, in two coco-nut shells ( ¢émpurong ), was placed on the ground near the south side and south-west corner of the altar close to the ladder.
The Pawang, aiter assisting at these preliminaries, then took his stand at the west side of the altar, looking east- wards: he covered his head, but not his face, with his sarong wrapped round it like a shawl, and proceeded to light a torch, the end of which was tipped with incense ( keménvan). W th
10 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.
this he touched the bottom of the altar platform four times. He then took a cup of ¢épong t@war and dipped in it a small bundle of four kinds of leaves, with which he then sprinkled the north-west and south-east corners of the platform. He then coughed three times—whether this was part of the ritual, or a purely incidental occurrence, I am unable to say, as it was not practicable to stop the ceremony for the purpose of asking questions—and again applied the torch under the altar and sprinkled with ¢ésong tdwar all the corners of it, as well as the rungs of the ladder.
At this stage of the proceedings four men stationed in the rice-field beyond the four corners of the patch of turf, each threw a kétupat diagonally across to one another, while the rest of the assembly, headed by the Penghulu, chanted the kalimah, or Muhammadan creed, three times.
Then a man holding a large bowl started from a point in the rice-field just outside the north side of the patch of turf, and went round it (first in a westerly direction). As he walked, he put handfuls of the rice into his mouth and spat or vomited them out, with much noise as if to imitate violent nausea, into the field. He was followed closely by another who also held a bow! filled with pieces of raw tapioca root and béras bertih (rice roasted in a peculiar way) which he threw about into the field. Both of them went right round the grass-plot. The Pawang then took his cup of tépong téwar and §prinkled the anak padz, that is, the rice-shoots which were lying in bundles along the south and east sides of the altar, ready for planting. Having sprinkled them he cut off the ends, as is usually done; and after spitting to the right and to the left, he proceeded to plant them in the field. A number of others then followed his lead and planted the rest of the rice-plants, and then a sweetmeat made of coco-nut and sugar was handed round and Muhammadan prayers were said by some duly qualified person, an orang ‘alim or a lebet, and the ceremony was concluded.
It was explained to me that the blood and the food were intended for the Aantu and the ladder up to the altar was for his convenience: in fact, the whole affair was a propitiatory
FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS. II
service, and offers curious analogies with the sacrificial cere- monials of some of the wild aboriginal tribes of Central India, who have not been converted to Hinduism or Islam. That it should exist in a Malay community within twenty miles of the town of Malacca, where Muhammadanism has _ been established for about six centuries, is certainly strange. Its obvious inconsistency with his professed religion does not strike the average Malay peasant atall. It is, however, the fact that these observances are not regarded with much favour by the more strictly Muhammadan Malays of the towns and especially by those that are partially of Arab des- cent. These latter have not very much influence in country ‘districts, but privately | have heard some of them express disapproval of such rites and even of the ceremonies perform- ed at kramats. According to them, the latter might be consistent with Muhammadan orthodoxy on the understand- ing that prayers were addressed solely to the Deity: but the invocation of spirits or deceased saints and their propitiation by offerings could not be regarded as otherwise than’ poly- theistic idolatry. Of course sucha delicate distinction—almost as subtle as that between du/za and /atria in the Christian worship of saintss—is entirely beyond the average Malay mind; and everything is sanctioned by immemorial custom, which in an agricultural population is more deeply rooted ‘than any book-learning; so these rites are likely to continue for some time and will only yield gradually to the spread of education. Such as they are, they seem to be interesting relics of an old-world superstition.
I have mentioned only a few such points and only such as have been brought directly to my knowledge: there are hosts of other quaint notions, such as the theory of lucky and unlucky days and hours, on which whole treatises have been written, and which regulate every movement of those who believe in them ; the belief in amulets and charms for averting all manner of evils, supernatural and natural ; the practice during epidemics of sending out to sea small elaborately con- structed vessels which are supposed tc carry off the malig- nant spirits responsible for the disease (of which I remember
12 FOLK-LORE AND POPULAR RELIGION OF THE MALAYS.
a case a few years ago in the village of Sempang, where the beneficial effect was most marked); the widespread belief in the power of ménuzu, that 1s, doing injury at a distance by magic, in which the Malays believe the wild junglemen especially to be adepts; the belief in the efficacy of forms of words as love-charms and as a protection against spirits and . wild beasts—in fact, an innumerable variety of superstitious. ideas exist among Malays, and, of course, it is quite impos-- sible even to refer to them all here. I must also leave to others the task of citing parallels from the folk-lore of other races and can only conclude this paper by expressing the hope that some of the facts I have mentioned, though in themselves trivial, may derive additional interest from such comparisons.
C. OTTO BLAGDERM
A
ree CAB ULAR Y
OF THE Seo roel = DIALECT BY WooW. SKEAT,
Acting District Officer, Ulu Langat, Selangor.
ABOVE (Atas) : Tih.
ABSCESS or Boil (Bara): Tés.
ACCUSTOMED (Biasa): Dasa, e. g.. dasa dalam meri.
ZEOLIAN BAMBOO (buluh pe- rindu) : Ding dioi.
AFTER, behind (Di-blakang): Chénib.
ALL, the whole (Semua): Na- doyt—
(Doyt=habis).
ALIVE (Hidup) : Ris.
ALONE (Sa‘orang) Mui kur mah: a single man. Two together: mai kur mah. Three together: ’mpé ’kur mah.t
ALSO (Juga): Kla or Kl.
ANGRY (Marah) : Kachi.
ANT (Semut) : Pohs or Poys;
The following are some of the varieties:—- 1. Poys maét. 2. Poys tush or his. 3. Poys podoi.
A.
. Poys podoi kiak.
Poys podoi ta’ang.
Poys podoi kintég.
. Poys lilin (lilin).
. Poys kinggak (koring- ga).
. Poys anei (white ant).
APE (Brok): kok.
APPARENTLY (Rupa-nia): b6 or ba, e.g., Apparently near = Ming ba or ming bo.
ARM (Lengan): Chembeh.
ARMS (Senjata) :
Hau krés, (kris.)
. Hau p’dang, (pédang).
Hau tohok.
Hau badik (badik).
Hau pahut (raut).
Hau gdlok (golok).
. Hau séwa (sewa) has a
curved point.
. Hau nunyk (chénang- kas).
g. Hau_ katok
pandak.)
Cm NN
co NAMB W YN
(katok or
* An aboriginal tribe of the Malay Peninsula. + Mai=mbar ’mar or ma’: in rapid speaking ma’ ikur mah (two tail of
men ) turns into “ maikur mah.”
N.B. The erdinary “Romanized”’ system is used with one or two
exceptions in the case of new sounds, thus:
bése, Af as in Spanish canon, &c.
6 is pronounced as in German
i4 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
A.—Continued.
10. Hau katep (pisau lidah ayam lipat).
11. Hau bandak (pisau blanda).
12. Hau chandong (pisau chandong).
13. Hau kachip.
Iau Kkemleney is (oi siau
eemulle 15. Hau ali (pisau ali-ali). ARRIVE, from, to (Tiba): Ni- mul (or Tt A saluta- tion between friends is mani nimul hinong (Derimana tiba sekarang). Where do you arrive from? Tabek met or jaga met are also
BACK (B’lakang):Chelon, e. g., back of a parang, chelofn hau.
BACKBONE Ja’ang Kh’ong: to carry on the back=klék. Bap (Ta’ baik): Lem ngot or
jehet.
BamBoo (Buluh): Ding.
BANANA ( Pisang): ’Ntor or h’ntor. Thevarietiesknown to the Sakais are as fol- lows :—
Hntor ambun bakar brangan bulu bungak cheroi
gading
B.
used by those who meet in a jungle-journey.
ASSAULT, TO, (Pukol): Kapet.
ATTACK, TO, to come. in col- lision with; langger or lander. Torush upon(terkam): nekam.
ASSUREDLY ( Benar ): Nenek, é. g., (chelaka benar) =che- laka nenek: (jauh benar ) lop nenek.
ASTRAY (Sesat): Yong or uyong, e. g., (sesat dalam hutan)=yong meri.
AUNT (Mah-sudara): Gomoh.
AWAIT (Menanti): Ded6i.
Hntor habu
3) v pelomes
a jengkak buaiak - (7. e. lower jaw of crocodile).
ool) ait
5, klat (keddyt)
hs kling
5 Minyak
= nangkak
i Pinang,
a
Af rindah
ms royt
5, tok (wild plantain)
an tuntong
i tusu
BANYENG: the Sakai name of a musical instrument con-
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT, 15
B,—-Continued,
sisting of a bamboo with strings to it (=Kéranteng ?)
BARK, of a tree (Kulit kayu) Lantok long, e. g., lantok tengkol ( bark of the kayu pulai); lantok banti (bark of the meranti).
BARK, of a-dog (Salak) Jol e.¢., chau jol=the dog barks. BAT (Klawer): Hapét or Sapét,
flying fox, (keluang) kuang.
BATHE, To (Mandi): Ht’m or hi’m doh e. g. pigi hi’m, to go and bathe.
BAWL To (Triak ): Témo’s.
BEAR, To (Pikul) pikul.
BEE (Lebah): Tebdl :— -Honey=gulak tebdl.
BEG, To (Minta’): Hagek or hagek ’ndole. g., minta bras sedikit: hagek ’ndol bras muntek=ask for a little rice.
BENT (Bengkok) : Blengkok.
BETEL-LEAF (Sirih): Chambai.
BiG (Besar): Kadui.
BIND, To ( Ikat ): Kabok (Ka- bog).
BIRD (Burong ): chhim.
BIRDS, names of,
1. Klétéao or Klétéau a night bird (undescrib- ed).
2. Oyok=berik-berik.
3. Kung-kung (‘‘a burong rimba,” undescribed).
Chim or
Kochok, pigeon.
Chim wéao or wéau: undescribed.
Taték or tatés=eng- gang, hornbill.
Chim janggong.
Chim jangsi.
Chim jang hui.
Chim kalongkoit, des- cribed as the tiger’s jackal (anjing): the Sakais says if this bird sings “‘kalong ka- long kwom ”’ the tiger is at hand. bute i it Sings kon tot chonggok ” it is only a pig. It is said to sit upon the tiger’s back.
BITE, To (Gigit) Kagéng.
BLACK (Itam): Hiram; pos- sibly a misapplication of the Malay word hiram or heram—dquoted by Marsden as meaning many-coloured.
BLIND (Buta): Buitas.
BLoop (Darah): Mahame., g., maham mah (darah orang) : human blood. Maham ketur
(darah babi) pigs’ blood.
BLOW, To: a blow-gun,
(Menyumpit): Lalah or naé BLOW-GUN, A, ( Sumpitan: ) Blau.
BLUNT (Tumpul): Békdut or
békunst.
Oye on
O© oom
Lo |
16 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT,
B.— Continued.
Bopy (Tuboh): Kret, e. g., Kadui Kret ; (badan besar), =big of body; and Kete or ketengk kret (badan kechil), =small of body.
Bone (Tulang): Ja’ang.
BRANCH A, (Dahan): Rhoh.
BREAK TO, (Pechah): Péchak.
BREAST-BONE (Tulang dada) Ja’ang gends.
BREATH (Nafas): Hawak.
BREATH, To, (Menafas): Raha’.
BRUSH (Sapu): Tamp’hds or
Tampois.
BULLFROG: Bachel.
BURN, To, (Bakar): tiht to burn aclearing: tuht rebak;
’ to burn (paper, wood, &c.) cho’ong; . to burn, -tmeur. (Dimakan api): Kachah(= chah) us or Wis; bia mam (Terbakar) Katit us or dis.
Bury, To, (Tanam): Kém.
BUTTERFLY Klobok kadui (Kupu-kupu, the large va- riety.) Klobok Kenin (ra- ma-rama, the small variety).
eee
C.
CALL, To, (Triak): Temoh.
Cat (Kuching) as in Malay.
Cavity (Lobang), é. g., cave in rock (gua batu): Serong batuk.
CENTIPEDE (Halipan): Kiit or Ke’ip.
CHAMELEON (Sumpah-sum- pah) Senung poi.
CHAWAT, (Loin-cloth): S61 or sul.
CHILD (Anak): Kénon or ké- nin or budek.
CHOPPER ( Parang): ’Hau or ’sau (pisau).
CLAW, to stick out the claws (Menyorong kuku): Kwom.
Cxiims (Panjat): Yal. Ex. yal long=to climb a tree.
CLOTHES (Pakeian): H’ndi or k’ndi.
COFFER, 27. é. atin with a lid
to it: (tim) Kop
COLD (Sejuk): Teket.
COLOUR, the names of all colours are taken from Ma- lay, except ‘black’ and OS Mavites
CoME (Mari): O-h6h and’ o-hok. Ex. “ohok siang’ =come at O niGiemm ane “Orang Treng’’ are report- ed to say “‘orsok.”
c. p. mai ohok. (where mai=mari).
CONFUSEDLY ( Lintang-pu- kang:) Lentang kalang.
CONTEND WITH, To (Berkla- hi): Gnahek, e. g., gnaheh hang-ki keh=fight with him. |
Cook, Jo (Masak): Chhi’n.
CouGH, To (Bato’): Akon, (as a consumptive person).
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT. 17
C.—Continued.
CrAWL, To—of a child (Mer- angkak): Berdabong.
CrEEP, To—Glong hel=to move in spirals (as a snake).
CREEPER, a (Akar) Chong.
DAMMAR (Damar): Dian; Kati’t dian (pasang damar).
DarT, of a blow-gun (anak sumpitan): domok.
DarK (Glap): Hagam.
Day (Siang): Chohoi.
DEAD (Mati): Kébus.
DEAF (Pekak): Pekang.
DECAYED, 7. é., worn out (Bu- bok); Lek; ¢.¢., h’ndi lek (kain burok): worn out clothes.
DEEP (Dalam): Jeréns.
DEMAND, To, (Minta’):* S61 or nés6éi, é. g., sdi uis ha’ Gyn (minta’ api sama kita), asked us for a light.
DESCEND, TO, (Turun) Chu- lui or chélui.
Dic, To, ( Gali) Chom.
DIRECTLY (Sa-kejap): Men- ték or muntek.
DISAPPEAR TO, (Hilang): Seh.
DISLOCATED, (Salah urat ): Kle’che’, e. g., kle’che’ jong.
iG, fo, or make (Buat): Pi. or poi.
DoGa (Anjing): Chau or choh,
CROCODILE (Buaia): Bayak.
Cryve oun Oo) (naka te: mong,
CuT, To (Potong): Tét or ka- toyt.
i.
DOLLAR ringgét. Don’T (Jangan): Bék or édé. é. g., don’t give Bok jon. DRINK, To (Minum): Béng or cha’doh.
DRIVE, To, (Halau): Hanchat;
DuRIAN: Durian. When the fruit is ripe and one or two durians have fallen the fall- en fruit is cooked and ser- ved up in a jambar (recep- table of banana leaves) to- gether with any other fruits that are ripe at the same time. A space round the oldest tree is ornamentally railed off with serdang leaves and simple decora- tions anda feast is held (the feasters sitting inside it) af- ter the repetition of the usual charm: ‘“ Ha nahong timbul nenek moyang, jan- gan gohup pening bagai.”’
DwELL, To, (Tinggal): Ka- rak; e. g., mani hi karak ? (Dimana angkau tinggal).
ime) A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT,
Hi.
EAR (Telinga): Teng or Tong.
EARRING (Subang anting ): Subar anteng.
EARTH (Bumi): Chok.
FAT, To, (Makan): Chachar or nachar.
EBB (Surut): Sarit.
EGG ( Telor ): Képok.
EIGHT (D’ lapan) asin Ma- lay.
ELDER BROTHER (Abang): Meron yele
ELDER SISTER (Kakak): Ga’i or gal’.
ELEPHANT (Gajah): Mérat or m’rat.
ENTER, To (Masok): Lép: Ex. lép dalam (masok ka-dalam)
to enter within: lép baju (masok bajti): to put on a coat; to enter the house (naik ka-rumah): yal ha- dong or ’dong. EscaPE, To, (Lepas): Pésuit. EVENING (Petang): G@’uis. EXUDE (Menitek or Kluar): Koh. Ex. koh gétak. EYE (Mata): Met. A common salutation is jaga met take care of yourself or tabik met — by your leave. EYEBROW (Kening): Bialik mét. EYELASH (Bulu mata): Ken- ting mét.
FE’.
FACE (Muka): Mungkak or mikak.
FALL, TO, (Jatoh ): Groyn or gron ; tegét to fall (of a tree béng and bedéng.
FAR, distant, (Jauh): Lop.
FATHER (Bapa): [kin.
FATHOM, A (Depa): Dépa.
FEATHER (Bulu): buluk.
FELL, To, (Tebang ) Goh.
FERN (Paku): Hélér.
FEVERISH (Sakit demam ): Choéhh.
FINGER (Jari): jarék.
FINGERNAIL ( Kuku ): Kukuts tih.
FINISHED (Habis): Doyt, e. g., the paper is all finished, doyt ketas ang ’song (habis kretas semua).
FIRE (Api): ush or tis.
FIsH (ikan) kah.
FIVE (Lima): limak. |
FLOODTIDE (Ayer pasang):
doh yal, (lit. climbing or ascending water).
PLY A (Walat) ior
FLy To, (Terbang)) ie ae (tons).
FLYING Lizard (Kubin): T6- long.
Foot (Kaki): Jones aie
names of the various parts
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
of the foot are as lows :— leg : j6ng (=betis), Sole of the foot: tampar jong. Top of the foot: kulit jong. Great toe: géndek jong. Toes: jarék jong. Little toe: jarek kaleng keng jong. Toe nail koko™t jong. Instep : bukt jong. Heel: tumit. Ankle: baka 1alih. FORBID (Larang): Tégah. FOREHEAD (Dahi): Kéning.
ico be
19
FOREST (Utan) : méri; Ex. Orang utan=mah mér is, 2. €., jungle-man.
FOUR (Ampat) : ’Mpat.
FROM (Deripada): Kén.
FRONT IN (Di-depan): Chiang, e.g. chokleh chiang=jalan di-depan, walk in front.
FRUIT (Buah): Pelek,e. ase durian=pelek durian.
FULL satisfied or gorged with; food, (Kenyang); Lihth or bihth.
FUNGUS (Sendawan): Petis, e.g.. Péti’ A a’=the fungus known as “susu harimau” or “‘tiger’s milk.”
G.
GAMES (Permainan) : Beranta balei, or (among the Sepang Sakais) main jo’oh, was the name of a highly convivial orgy now no longer in- dulged in, but which for- merly followed the padi- harvest. It must have been of a remarkable character as it concluded with a gene- ral exchanging of wives!
GAPE To, (Nganga): Ang.
GHARU WoOobD (Gharu):
Long tabak the eagle wood of commerce. GuHosT (Hantu): Hantuk, e.g., hantu deguk, (haunting graves); hantutinggi, bajang buru-buru, pontianak, lang-
weh, lanjing, hutén (the ghost of a monkey, ungka)?
GIvE To (Bri): jin or jén, e.g, jon kih-keh=kasih samadia =give it to him.
Go Woy (Beret): ‘Choke. 2, chok hani? or hamani? where are you going ? chok- a-kit, go there.
Gop (Tuhan): Hallang (Allah) or Tthan.
GOLD (Amas): Mas.
GoopD (Baik): Lem. N.B. the treble superlative (chok) lém lém lém is said to be some- times used at parting, the meaning of course being— Take great care of yourself (lit: “ walk with the great-
20 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
G.—Continued.
est possible care.’’) GRANDFATHER: Nenek. GRANDMOTHER: Gendoi. GRAVE (Kubor): Kemut or
GREEN (Hijau): Birt (properly Caller
GROW To, (Tumboh): Beléng.
GROWL 10, of a dog,:
Kamubyt. Neléhih. GRAVY (Kuah gulei): Jamak. Ee Hair) GRambut)s 4s, a kaon, lak tébél. chik. HOOK (Kail): Ka’yél.
HAND (Tangan): Tih. HARD, of wood (Kras): Gehéng.
HASTA, a measure of length: Seta or sta.
HATE (Sakit hati): Greh gohup lit. sick at heart.
HE or SHE: Hi.
HEAD (Kapala): Koi.
HEAR To, (Dengar): Piong.
HERE (Sini): Tahoh, nahoh or nahors:
HILy (Bukit): Chong.
Hie BONE: Ja’ang tong keng.
HONEY ( Manisan lebah ) Gi-
it.
I, (Sahya): Oyn. IGUANA (Geroyang):G iang, the large variety ; or jawak,
Hot, HEAT (Panas)\iasn Malay.
HOUSE ( Pondok or Rumah): D’ong or hadong.
How Far To, (Brapa jauh): Bapak lép.
How. To, of adog (Melo- long): Ma’é Ong.
HurT To, (Buat sakit): Mem- pol gohup.
HUSBAND (Laki): Hélék, e. g., mani haluk hélék hinong (mana _ pergi laki tadi) Where did your husband go just now?
the smaller one (2. e. bia-
wak),
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT, 21
K.
Keep To, (Simpan): Ka’on e.9., naho® ka’of ( inisim- pan) = Keep this.
KILL To, (Bunoh): Kaping,
KINDLE (Pasang): Tut, e. g. tat ds or Ui’s,
KNOT or joint of a bamboo,
Ték-
Malacca cane &c.
ing. KNOow To, (Tahu): Sré, e. g.,
sré ngot (ta’tahu): I don’t know,
SS ee
Ey.
LATELY (Tadi): Hinong, e. g., namah kabar hinong (apa khabar tadi): What news lately ?
LAUGH (J ertawar): Glok.
LEAF, Foliage (Daun kayu): ‘rok or rhok.
LEAN-TO (Pondok pisang se- sikat): Do’ng sikat ’ntok or ntor.
LEAP To, (Lompat): Hamtr.
LEG (Betis): Kejdl.
LITTLE, a, (Sadikit): Murtek, muntet or muntek.
Lofty (Tinggi): Cherén or serong.
LONG (Panjang) jiléng or je- long.
Low (Rendah): gelek, dekis jelek.
M.
MALE (Jantan): lémo” or lé- mol. MarsH (Paya): Payak.
MAT or Carpet (Tikar): Tékar. MATCHES (Tarek api): Guris ep. wis or “chuleh api.” MEASURE To, (Sukat): Ték.
MEDICINE (Ubat): Ubat. Met To, (Jumpa): Chohth. MERTENG, A kind of wild dog said to hunt deer in packs of 20 or 30:— (1) Merak. (2) Hiram.
MEw TO, of a cat (Mengiau): Ayau. The sound is called ’yau-’yau.
MiDDAY (Tengah hari): Pé- dih.
MILK (Susu) Tah.
Mix To, (Kachau): haru=to stir, é. g., haru lempoh to stir up durian jam.
MONKEY ( Munyiet ): Munyet. The species are :—
io) — BLO besar: 26 hembo —Unika: @ Wrak— Kra.
22 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
M.—Continued.
Ae Sika Chilcar 5. Lotong=Lotong. 6. Mungkar (unidenti- fied). MOON (Bulan): Bilan. More (Lagi): Alé6 or Ngol (nol) e. g., jon alé=kasih lagi. MORNING shohm, MORROW, To-morrow or the next day(besok, lusa): K1i- sohm, langsohm or ’isong, ‘angsong.
(Raat) ae ems
Mosquito (Nyamok): Kebék.
MoruH= Kladok.
MOTHER ( Mak): Gadek or eéndek.
Mouse (Tikus): Ka’né’.
MousE-DEER _ ( Pelandok ) : Kanchel (cf Jav. Kanchil).
Moutu (Mulut): Pang.
MOUTHPIECE (of a blowpipe) = hebome
MUCH (Baniak);:’ Nohm or H’nom.
MURDER, To (Bunoh): Péhng.
eR reer | AE eT ey
N.
NAIL, of the Finger (Kuku): Koko?t.
NAKED (Telanjang): or Kacho’.
NAME (Nama): Gelar.
NARROW (Simpit ): Simpit or *mpit.
NEAR (Dekat): Paming or *ming.
NENEK ENGKOH ( elsewhere given as jungkoh) : Engkoh
is said to be the name of the ancestor of the Besisi
_ tribe who fell from heaven.
Siloyt
NEPHEW (Anak sudara ): Kanon Suiclere? 9 ors IN| Gin Sudara’.
Niemen allen )|2 = Ieiiele
NEVER (Ta’prenah): Prenah *ngot.
NEVER MIND Ngahi ngot.
(nad sasoray
NEW (Bahru): ’Mpai. New clothes, hndi ’mpai. NIGHT (Malam). Déi. Last
night=nihi.
NINE (Sambilan): Sambilan.
NipA Palm leaf (for cigar- ettes) = Daun baehamn
No, Not (Tidak ): Ngut or ngot.
NOISE (Bunyi): Kyaéng, also ruh and hiok, e.g., liok budek ho'g=this boy is making a noise. |
NORTH (Angin Utara,): Buah ‘ene |
NosE (Hidong): Muh.
NOTCH, 10: é. ¢.,) with aeae rang (tetak): Katokng.
Nor YET (Belum): Web vor Woa (pronounce as in war).
NOXIOUS (Bisa): Bisa’.
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT. 23
O.
Oar (Dayong): Dayong. OATH (Sumpah): Sumpa’. OBey (Turut): Turut. OsscurRE, Dark, (Glap): Glap OpourR (Bau) Lo’om? OFFENCE (Dosa): Désa’. OFTEN (Selalu ): Ha’in, e. g., timbul ha’in (selalu datang) ‘always turning up”’.
OiL (Minyak): Minyak, e. g., minyak’ long, wood oil; mi- nyak tek, kerosine.
OLD (Tuah): Séré.
OPEN, TO (Buka): Buka’.
Oppose, (Lawan): lawan.
ORCHID (Sakat): Téténg.
ORDER (Hukum): Hukum.
ORIGIN (Asal): Asal.
ORPHAN (Budak ta’da bapa ta'da mak) Budék hap n’uyn hap gadék: lit. a child that has jno/ father” and n'o mother. The usual word for father is zkuz.
OTHER, Another, 2. e., differ- ent, (Lain): Aseng.
Omit (Lupa): Lupa.’ Our (Kita punya): Héh Gyier, zie, ofold (Zaman punya’. dahulu) Témai. Out, Outside, .<(Diluar): Luar. ONE (Satu): Mui. iP.
PADI: Bé.
PAIL (limba): Timba’
PAIN (Sakit): Gohup e. g., gré’ gohup (Hati Sakit) pained at heart, angry.
PART, A, (Bhagian): Bagi
PART, TO, cut in two (Bla Bla’.
PARTITION ( Dinding): Ding or Dong.
PAPER (Kertas): Kétas.
PASS, To, (Lalu): Broyt.
PAST, z. e., complete or done with (Sudah) used as an anxiliary ; verb Ndah or ‘dah e. g. dtit *’dah (Sudah Habis) completely finished.
PASTRY, cakes, (Kueh): Ni-
A an.
hy:
pang. Pay, To (Baier): Baiar.
PEA (Kachang): Kachang. PEEL (Kupas): Kupés.
PEN, European (Kalam): Kadam ; Malay pen, Héde*£t.
PERFECT, Complete, (Genap): Genap.
PERSPIRATION (Plih): Péloh.
PEPPER (Wada -Pedas*@ltada Itam): Pedas Ching. Chong —€heeper, ‘alsomrattan.
Pei rretik) eberci«,
PIECE, of cloth (Sa-lei): Mui’ lat.
PIERCE, to; (Masek):"Choh, e. g., the post will not enter the ground=‘lihang chéh ngdét hatéh’
PiG (Babi): Kétth or Kétir,
24 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
P.—Continued.
e.g. Kétur Méri (Babi utan) wild pig.
PIGEON ( Punei): Kochok (chim kochok, or wéyau); a Pergam=pégam or chhim pégam.
PILLOW (Bantal): Bantal.
PINEAPPLE (Nanas): Nénas.
PIRATE (Perompak): Bajau also Mah Kompak.
Pit] (Lubone)): Serene Cor rong, dalam teh’; lit. hole in the earth.
PITCH, Rosin, (Damar): Dian.
PITCHER, water jar, “CBiu- yong, Tempayan, etc.): Bu- yong, ’Payan, etc., as in Ma- lay.
PLACE (Tempat): Témpat.
ELACE (faroh): Gyn or on, e. g., to place food etc. rea- dy for eating. |
PLACE, OF, IN, (Ganti): Gantt.
PLAIN, A, (Padang) Teh Pa- dang.
PLANT, To (Tanam): Météng or Péténg.
PLANT, To, Padi (Berladang): Poi humak (buat huma). PLANT, To, astake etc., (Cha-
chak): Kachék.
PLATE (Pinggan): Pingan.
PLay, [TO Games (Ber-main- main): Chok main, (pergi main )lit. to go and play.
PLIANT, Flexible’ ( Lembut ): Lemboht or lembdét as in bought.
PLUCK, RO,
feathers etc.
(Chabut bulusay amy Totoyt.
PLuMP or Fat (Lemak): Be- chi’. Mal. GGmék=Gemik or “miuk. |
PLUNGE, TO, in, Dive (Selam): Selam hadoh, lit. to dive into water.
POCK-MARKED: Jawat.
Poem (Pantun): Pantun.
POINT, of land ( Tanjong): Tanjong.
Puppy (Anak anjing): Kenon chau.
POINT, of a weapon: Chhen, e.g., chhen gulong=point of tumbok lada.
POISON: RAachin.
POISONOUS (Bisa): BisAk.
POPULOUS (Ramei): Ramai.
PorRK (Daging babi): Daging ketur.
PORTRAIT (Gambar): Gambar.
POSITIVE, certain (Tentu ): Sentur
Post, A (Tiang): Tihang.
Pot (Priok): Piok.
also blanga=banga’. but kuali=piok-banga’.
POTATOES (Ubi Benggala): Ubi Negala.
Pour, Jo ( Tuang payee Telegk doh.
POWERFUL, Muscular: Kuat.
PRACTICE, Learn, To, (Blajar, Biasa=bisah. :
PRAHU (Prahu): Pahéh. Naik prahu=yal pahoh.
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT. 25
P.—Continued.
PRAWN, Shrimp (Udang): Udang bubo (small) udang gagau &c.
Pray, To (Sembahyang):
PREVIOUS (Kelmarin): Peha- mal.
PRESENT, TO, give (Kasih): Jioy or Jon.
PRICE, Rate: Hergak.
PROFIT (Untong): tnténg.
Feormisit« lO ( Larang ): Larang.
PROMISE, To (Berjanji): Janji.
PROTECT, To, bring up, (Pe-
fehera)= Prt.
PROVIDE, (10, (get ready, (Siap-kan): Siap.
PROVISIONS (Makanan): Nachar.
Proxy (Wakil): Wakil. BUEE Sto Charlee: lrek, PUMPKIN (Labu): Tukal. BURR, lO; ef a cat:- Sendoh or bersendoh. PURCHASE, To, (Bli): Bélik. EURSUE, Tow(Kejer): Hala. EEE) OUT 0,7 extinguish, (Padam): Plét ds or Uis.
eee er Se
Q.
QUAKE, of the earth, To: Teh QUESTION (Bertanya): Hérdh.
gempar. me QUARREL, fight, To, (Berklahi): Nahi.
QuiET (Diam). Sengoyt or Kohm.
QUIVER, for blowgun dart: 16k.
ae ee
R.
RAGE (Anger): Kachih.
RAGE, to grow fierce (Ganas) : Singah; described as the name of the season in which tigers are dangerous (when they are said to come down from Gunong Ledang), said to be during the prevalence of north winds.
RAIL, AT, TO, abuse (Maki): Kachih.
‘RAIN (Ujan): Gémah or gé- mar; drizzle, gémah banchi.
RAINBOW (Plangi): Plangi.
RAIsE, To, Lift, (Angkat):
Angkit. RAT (Tikus): Kaneh, or kané’. RATTAN (Rotan): Ching or chong.
The following are the chief varieties known in the neighbourhood,
Chong kémbong :— Pe Sl auto) oe a okonak. » + tongeal. Pee howell »chenchen. » segak. 5, segak badak.
26 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
R—Continued.
Chong segak bras. acral
Fa ACGUUKGIG Fes
ee lila,
pte oie OF REO
S) okra none:
3. hudane.
7 sabut.
7, . Kaneme, hudang tikus. » Manan. kretong. lelang. mea tembini
kedol). oi baka. *mambuk. getah (=dian) jenang (jer- nang ). Prutay aim
(elim): tapat. sabut. dahan
dol). lebun (unknown). peledasi sengkelah ,, chichir ‘A oe seoel Senenyes (5, dini (?bin1) ,,
i eapeidas ‘ REAP, To, (Menue): e.g., Netdk beh.
(or
(chu-
NeHk
REMAIN BEHIND, To, (Ting- gal): Karak.
REMOVE, To, (Pindah): Gi- leh: (a corruption of grlzr)?
REPEATEOLY, Ju | eteoeee (= Balik-balik).
REQUIRE, TO, ask for, (Min- ta’): Kasoi é. g., ask him for it= Kasoi hangkih.
RESIDE, To, (Tinggal): Karak, é.g., live in the jamie lees
karak meri.
RETAIN, keep (Simpan): Of or oyn.
RETURN, To, (Pulang-kan): Yut or tyut, e.g., pulang-kan sama dia=tyut hangkikeh.
RICE (Padi): Bevonubene
RIGHT (Tangan kanan ): Tih kanan, lit. right hand.
RIGOROUS, Severe: Géheng.
RIPE, of fruit: Ndum.
RisE, To, from a sitting pos- ture: lek jong (lek=bang- kit, }6ng=berdim); to) es up from sleep=lek.
RIVER: (ayer sungei); Doh géndek not doh gadeh. Ga- deh and géndek both=ibu.
A brook is Kenon doh.
RIVER-TURTLE ( Labi-labi): Yok, yobh or yohh rabi, tur- tle-eggs: kepoh yobh.
Roar, To, (Mengaung)= Ru, e.g., the tiger roars, a’a’ ru’.
ROLL OF HAIR (Sanggul): Jébol.
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT. 27
R.—Coxntinued.
Root (Akar): Jangkar.
ROTTEN (Busok); Su’ut or
chu’ut.
SAIL (Layer): Layar.
SARONG: (Lep) baju.
SAUCER (Piring): Péréng.
SCENTED (Harum): Ro’uhm.
SCORPION ( Kalajingking ): Kala or kalajengkeng.
SCRATCH (Garis): Kawait. To scratch (garu) = Kakaht.
SEA (Laut): Bawau. (pr. as in dow-wow).
SEA-SICK (Mabok laut): Bul bau-wau or kuh; sick e. ¢., from eating poisonous fruit, bul pele’.
SEE, To (Nampak): Kai. Kai dinalép (nampak jauh-jauh).
SEE, TO, consider, (Tengo’), let me see: kom jeliau (kom=dapat?): also kom cheliau.
SEED (Biji): Bejek.
SEEK, 10: Telong.
SEIZE, TO, to hold (Pegang): Pegong.
SET, 0, food for a meal, (Ta- roh pinggan): Off or oyn. SEVEN: (Tujoh) as in Malay.
Siw, To, (Jait): Jahit. SHALLOW (Tohor): Jepek. SHAKE, TO, (Goyang): Ho’go’. SHARK ([kan yu): Kah ‘yok. SHAVE, To, (Chukor): Chikd.
RUBBISH (Sampah): Cha’aingt. Run, To, (Lari): Dok or duh.
eee
S.
SHELL: Siput putar (spiral shell) =siput klel: siput pu- ting biong=siput puting bliong (bliok"s).
SHINE, Fo, Alerzt:
SHORT (Pendek): Gelek or jelek.
SHOT, ball, bullet, &c.(Peluru): Paru.
SHUT, TO, (Tutop): Tidéng.
Sick, Uh (Salat)"Gohup:
SILVER (Perak): as in Malay.
SIT, To: Khehm (pr. nearly as khawm).
Six (Anam); “Nam.
SKIN. (ulit):), Kolit: Kret + of fore-arm: Chembeh.
SLAP, bo, (lem piling): Sepak.
SLEEP, To, (Tidor): Getek.
SLIPPERY; to slip ( Lichin, tergalinchir): Sliyu™® or seliyu.
SLOWLY (Perlahan-perlahan): Pépoi.
SMA*L (Kechil): Tétak or Ké- nen.
SMALL-POX (Sakit chachar): Sakit nachar.
SMELL, To, (Men-chium): Ka- hon".
SMOKE (Asap): Jelok.
28 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
S,—Continued.
SMOKE, CIGARETTES to: Na- char mudut.
SNAKE (Ular): Tijau or Tijoh
The following are some of the species :—
Tijau=snake.
a Gobi: 20 ol kempes: Bok, temic e- 4, i tedons. 5a ol lene kuke On PS bulane 7.2) Eblerane: 8. T.’kuanjing (said to live inthe ground). 9. Ti -dasun- fore 43 dian: 11. T. sawak. 12-7 4.) movang. 13. T. sendokng. 14. T.sampa’. 15. Ee hiram: 16:2 [e bakau (described
as ““prato’ prato’)”’. SOON fSalkcjan lagi ): Mui kejap al6; or kidim. SPEAR (Lembang): To’ho’ or Tohok. SPIDER (Laba-laba): Bong. SPOOR (Jijak, bekas): Ti’l, é: er sUNeSe aLew asta eines tracks, Hoh tiliaas. SQUEEZE, lo ( Pichit): must. SQUIRRELS (Tupel) : (i) l. gendut. (2) I. menggas. (3) I sbelans: (4) IT. munchong.
Ché
(5) IT. daoit.
(6) T. dalet.
(7) T.«chong “(Said aie burrow into the
earth and travel under-ground, coming out further
on). (8) T. kinchang. (9) T. chameng. STAND ON END To, as of hair,
bristles, - &c. «(strange = =Keteng.
STAND UPRIGHT, To,(Berdiri): Jong.
STAR:
(Bintang) as in Malay.
Src (Prut): U’ut.
STORM (Ribut ): Sheltihh or luk e. g., there is a storm= ari’ shelthh. »
STRANGLE, TO, Choke, (Che- kek): Ték6m (ték6? m).
STRIKE, 10, ( Pukol) Kapet or pet.
STRING, Rope (Tali): Chong.
STROKE, TO, (Urut): Pusoi, e. g., stroke a cat=pusoli kuching.
SUGAR-CANE (Tebu): Bois.
SuMMON, TO, (Panggil): Te- mohrs.
Sun: (Matahari) : Mét arék. SWALLow, 10, (Telan): Geloyt.
SWEET (Manis): Nit or ny?'t.
SWEET POTATO (Kledei): Hi- lakes
SwiFT (Chepat): Bégas.
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT. 2G
TAKE To (Ambil) : Gil.
‘TAME (Jinak): Légf.
Tap, TO, with astick (Sakal): Tongkngk.
TADPOLE: Budi’.
TAPIR (Tenok) Terno’.
TEAR, TO (Koyah-kan): Siat : (Trans), Raht (Intrans.)
TEETH (Gigi): Lémoi.
TEN: (Sapuloh) as in Malay.
THAT (Itu): Naké’.
THATCH (Atap) : Plong, plong nipak=—nipah thatch, plong kerpau=serdang thatch.
THERE; at adistance, (Sana): ae =. ma tii (orang sana )=people over there.
THIGH (Paha): Bélih or Bélé.
THIN (Kurus): Jit or Jét.
Tus (Ini): Na-héh.
THITHER (Kasana): Hiki’ or HOoki, e. g., Chok mani-hi? Where are you going?
Chok huki (pointing with the finger), “going that way !”
THREE (Tiga): ’Mpe’.
THROAT: Kangkong.
THROW AWAY to (Buang): Ka- win, é. g., Kawin lema’t=
Buang sampah. THUMB (Ibu jari): Gendé’ jarik. The rest of the
fingers are called by their Malay names.
TIGER (Harimau): Tuéh or A’&’ or Manu.
TIRED (Penat): Lengéd’.
yi
Fo-pay {(Iniyhanm): Are k imong.
TO-MORROW (Esok) : Nisom, Iséng or Eséng. Day after to-morrow=arek Angsong or Lansom (z. e. Langsong).
TO-NIGHT (Malam ini): Doi kedim.
TONGUE (Lidah): Lida.
TREE (Pokok): ’Long or D’long.
The following are a few specimens of Sakai tree names. :—
Perepat=Kurak (its suc- kers are called longkong, M. tunjang).
Pulat=tingku.
Upth=bangko’.
Brangan babt=long bréh (brés).
Kurau=long sampan.
Pagar anak=Long penan- chang.
TREMBLE, [0,.08 Shi vés (Menggleter): kruk.
TRICKLE, to (Menitek) Téao or téau.
TROUBLE, IN (Susah): Grés. (gréh) gohup.
TRUMPET, TO, of an elephant Kreke™t, z. e., the noise made by an elephant when about to charge; the cry with which he calls his companions Is described as Uh-uh-kang.
TRUNK of a tree (Pangkal): Tékoh.
30 A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT.
T ,— Continued.
TUBE or hollow of a sumpit- an from end to end: Séréng: The stem of a sumpitan=
Tago.
TURTLE (Tuntong): Yok. |
Twi, A (Ranting) = Ranteng.
Two (Dua): H’mbar, M’bar or Nan ee ee
U.
UNCLE (Bapa Saudara): Ibah.
UNDERSTAND, To, (Herti): Seho’ of Séro; 2: g., Sere ng6t (ta’tahu) I don’t under- stand.
UNGKA, a’ kind of monkey the Wah-wah: Téhmék. | UNWELL (Merasa_ Sakit) >
Méh dap. Upas (Ipoh): Ché’ or Chés
a EE
WG
o
Very (Sakali): Nénéh, e. g., H’nom nénéh, e. g., Very
much.
Vomit, To, (Muntah): Kik.
W.
WADDING: Nal; the woolly stopping or wad, used by Sakais to fill up the orifice
of the sumpitan when they It is collect- ed from a tree called fukas
wish to shoot.
(rabok tukas).
Wait, To, (Nanti): Dudui.
Want, !o, (Handak): Gagar or Kagar.
WANTING, z.e., lacking (Ta’- da): Hap.
WATER (Ayer): Déh or Doh (pr. D6-6dh).
WE (Kita): Hé papék or Hé’ ’mpé (kita-bertiga); kita berdua=Hé babar or Hé
*mbar.
WEAVE: (Pintal): Hidas, e.g., Hidas chong to weave rattan.
WEEP (Menangis): Yam. WET (Basah): ‘ékonns. WHat (Apa): Nama. ~ WHINE, To, of a dog, sé"8’-it. WHITE ( Puteh), or whitish, as a person covered with dust, sawdust, etc., Beku™s]
A VOCABULARY OF THE BESISI DIALECT 31
W — Continued.
or beko #1. White (of hair only): biok. WHO (Siapa): Hu’mah or st mah e.g., si mah nake’ (Sia- pa orang itu) who is that man ? Wuy? (Apa sebab)? Nama sebab pon.
Y,
Yam (Kladi): Yét.
YAWN Menguah): Wohi. Ye (Angkau-orang Hi?k or H?’. Yes (Yah):
WIFE (Bini): Kéd6é or Kédér.
WINDPIPE: Kalengkong.
WOMAN: Kedor, Kedo’ or Ke-
dur
Woop or Timber ‘Long, or D’long.
WowunD (Luka): ris or prés.
WRITE, TO, (Menulis): Sdrat.
(Kayu):
(Naleh probably= N&h-lah).
YESTERDAY: Nibit. You (Angkau): Hik. Naleh or Nah YOUNG (Muda): Nyém.
4 ‘ i Mi Aas Ke 7 ’ ra ‘eet? 4 ham ty be HELE , Von ee ieee aed ‘ we ‘ $ F Pee ey a ke Ee 4 , a, 2 airs i -y Ny i 2 2 edd ree he Gem 2 ere "> we . : ‘ ; i eat ee ae ee hal Aes hae ty i. eat a = Pa CUPS TES, y j ‘ ¥ F ; °F as : , , j » ahd Ci i > ee 4 2a ae oe Mr ts ; ‘ ret ‘ : ped des Gal vst Te A Hie : : ; - s " Me et j : i a 2 a ‘ = , ¢ al ' Pee bed f my eh , tthe 5 I a ee ye ob a 5 ] ; \ i z ‘ * t Pa ee Oe Hi i é ety - PY aig! a a7 Was: iad Re Bie zi f J Vee ’ f - a : 5, ad eh , a . eh . ' 44 f Fo an) . \ 3 ’ c r a a ee = 4 ' ri 5 <, arays ; i 0 oe % ” f Ld = f % r Mer I i c . : as = ny 5 é {i= : eee ay > ‘aes v ian f ’ is Dt: eae Z hd n , Po | . “a chs > a] aT oe rok « ¥ > d f = hy he Te 6 cy = 7 ‘2 wie Mee tur a y ow . 2 ee (iy F ‘ r - * j “~ ‘i - Pi 2 ~ <5 ; _ x: ai Ne ere Rick j Rep th ¢ 2.) nth i ‘i vy | is : S 5 pal hs y - a / 7 ' ae 98 “% Dols
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.* From Jury, 1893, to June, 1894. C. DAVIES SHERBORN, F.a.s., F.z.s.
:0:0:
In compiling this Bibliography, all sources of information have been utilized. In inserting, therefore, every publication that has come under his notice, the compiler hopes that the entries will prove of considerable assistance ; but as a large proportion of the literature of this district, either never reaches England at all, or else arrives so long after as tv be too late for examination for this purpose, he begs the reader’s indulgence for any error that may be present. His thanks are due to M. Martinus Nijhoff of The Hague for information as to some of the more recent books.
COOH @9/C5 &AM D~ >
A.—De exploitatie van gronding en bevolking in de Kedjawen- desa’s der Vorstenlanden. Ind. Gids, 1893 p. 1881-1789.
ABD-ES-SAMAD EL GAwt EL- ParimpAnt.—Hidajetes-sailikin (Malayan Commentary on Gizili’s bidajet el-hidaja). 4to. Bildg, 13810, 4, 141 pp.
Asput Harira stn Menamep Yapue-r.—Al Durat-al-Muziyat. 8vo. Macassar, 1893, 107 pp.
ABDOELLAH BIN ABDELKADIR Mornss1.—Kesah Pelajaran dari Singapoera sampai ka negri Kalantan. 8vo. Leiden, 1893, 156 pp.
* By “Malaya” is here meant that part of the Archipelago enclosed ina line drawn round the North of Siam and the Philippines, through Macassar Strait, between Lombok and Bali, round the outlying islands of Java and Su- matra and to the Hast of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.
34 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
AsEnpanon, J. H.—De Nederlandsch-Indische rechtspraak van, 1881-1891. 8vo. Batavia, 1898, iv, 349, pp.
Apam, Mapame—y, Curzon.
Ag@assts, F.—Un voyage A Bornéo. Bull. Soc. Geogr. Lyon, vol. xi 1893, pp. 543-563.
Aauinar, F. N.—Colonizacion de Filipinas. Estudios practicos acerca de la colonizacion, en elementos peninsulares, de nues- tras posesiones oceanicas. Resefia geogr.-geologico-mineralo- gica. 4to Madrid, 1893, xii, 417 pp. map.
ALmawacn.—Soendaneesche Almanak. 1893. 8vo. Cheribon, 1893, 126 & 112 pp. :
Regeerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indié 1893, Part I. Grondgebied en bevolking, inrichting van het bess tuur van Nederlandsch-Indié en bijlagen. Part II Kalender en personalia. 2 vols. 8vo. Batavia, 1893, xvi, 1251 & xxviii, 862 pp.
_ Ayon.—The Chronicle and Directory for China, Corea, Japan, the. Philippines, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Borneo, Malay States. ete. Svo. Hongkong, 1893.
--Consumptie van wijn uit Griekenland in Ned.-Indié.
Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 1684. 3
--Invoer van Sumatra-tabak in Amerika. Ind. Gids, 1898,
p. 1683. —— --Petroleum-verbruik in Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1685.
--Sumatra-petroleum te Penang. Ind.-Gids, 1893, p. 1682.
--Handel: van Penang met Atjeh. Jnd. Gids, 1898, p. 1679-1682.
——-Handel van Ned -Indié met Marseille. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1679.
De politiek die men tegenwoordig in Atjeh volgt. Ind. Gids 1893, p. 1633-L638
——-Uitbreiding van kiesrecht en behartiging van koloniale belang- en. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1632, 1688.
——-De spaarbanken in Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1294, 1299.
——-Het getal pandhuizen in Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 1292.
-—---Fabrieken en in-en uitvoerhandel te Manilla. Ind. Gids, 1893, ZO |
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 35
Axow.—Hoe men in 1881 een woel geest op de Aroe-eilanden tot rede bracht. Ind. Gids. 18938, p. 1247-1249.
—De productie van Solo in Djokja voor de Huropeesche Markt. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1297.
-—Uitbreiding van het Nederlandsch Indische Oita home. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1521, 1522.
-De Spaarbank voor inlanders te Modjowarno in het jaar 1892. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1519-1521.
—Handel van Ned. Indié met Bombay. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1516, 1517.
—lets over den priesterraad te Batavia. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1153-1159. —-Nord-Borneo. Om. vol. xix, 1893, pp. 85-87. —De kolonie Poespo. Ind. Gids. 1893 p. 1785-1787. Troebelen over de benoeming van een regent te Bandoeng Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1783, 1784.
—De diepte van de zee in den Indischen Oceaan en oats Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1869.
—_——Het spoorwegnet van Voor-Indié op 31 Maart, 1893. Ind Gids. 1893, p. 1867, 1868.
—Ken stoomvaart-lijn tusschen Java en de Perzische Golf.
Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1860-1865.
—De werking van Opium op het menschelijk organisme.
ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2005-2011.
—De koloniale reserve. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2004.
— _Zwitsers bij het Indische leger. Jnd. Gids. 1893, p. 2008, 2004.
—-Handel van Ned.-Indié met Bremen. Jnd. Gids. 1893, p. 2002.
—Is het irrigeeren van velden op Java reeds lang gebruike-
lyk? Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2002.
—Een en ander uit de Indische begrooting voor — Ind.
Gids. 1893, p. 1931-1944.
—De Europeesche ambtenaren en de inlandsche hoofden. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 1928-1930.
—De comptabiliteitswet en de verzekering van Indische baten. Ind. Gids. 18938, p. 1890-1904.
36 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Anon.—Die Insel Bangay. Ausland, 1893, No. 16.
———--—Ter gedachtenis van Mr. H. L. Humme. Jnd. Gids. 1893, p. 2202-2206.
———-Ter gedachtenis van Mr. A. W. P. Verkerk Pistorius. Ind. 1893, p. 2206-2210.
—Het eerste jaarverslag der Semarangsche ambachts school. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2185-2187.
-Ter gedachtenis van Mr. H. D. Levyssohn Norman. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2196-2201.
——-——(Opnemingen aangaande de verhouding van individueel tot communal grondbezit en aangaande de ambtsvelden der Dé- sahoofden. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2188-2195.
—_—-—-De scheepvaartbeweging en het passagiers-verover in het Suez-kanaal. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2188, 2184.
—De beschermde inlandsche staaten op het schiereiland
Malakka. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2182-2183.
--De koeli-immigratie en émigratie van de Straits Settle-
ments. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2177-2182.
--Singapore als Steenkolenmarkt. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2176- PALLETG
--De Handel van Singapore met Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids,
1893, p. 2174. 2176.
——~ .-Kofiecultuur-getob in den compagnie’s-tijd en later. Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 21381-2187.
--Geen verminking van oeconomische overzichten. Ind. Gids. 1893, p. 2128-2131.
~———--Een wetsontwerp tot wijziging van de bestuursinrichting van Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2119-2128.
--De proef met de opium regie. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2115-
2119.
--Een bijdrage uit ’slands kas aan het weduwen-en weezen- fonds voor de officieren van het indische leger. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 2110-2115.
--Projektierte Expedition durch Borneo. Petermanns Mitth. vol. xxxix, 1893, pp. 94, 174, 222, 295. --Sacred Songs for School use 16mo. Singapore, 1893, 24 pp.
-———--[ Gospel of St. Luke in Javanese]. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, 109 pp.
A- BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 20
Anon.—Reports on the Protected Malay States for 1892. Parl. Paper, London, 1893, [7228].
--Erweiterung der Machtsphire Frankreichs in Hinterindien
Deutsche Kundschan Geogr, vol. xv, 1898, p. 575
--Trade and General Condition of the Philippine Islands for 1892. Parl. Paper, 8vo. London, 1893, [6855-175].
—- —--Straits Settlements Annual Report for 1892. Parl. Paper, 8vo. London, 1893 [ 6857-31 ].
———--Trade of the District of Her Majesty’s Consulate-General at Bangkok for 1892. Parl. Paper, 8vo. London, 1893, (6855-154. |
———--Return of Most-favoured-Nation Clauses in existing Treaties of Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. Parl. Paper, London, 1893 [7229].
--Die religidsen Anschauungen beiden Battak. Berl. Alig.
Zeitung, No. 278, 1893, p. 7.
--Verzoek der afdeeling Nederlandsch-Jndié van den Neder-
landschen vrouwenbond tot verhooging van het zedelijk
bewustzijn. 8vo.’s Hage, 1893, 24 pp.
--Staatshlad van Nederlandsch-Indié van 1816-1892.
Aanwijzing der veranderingen die door latere besluiten in
vroegere verordeningen gebracht zijn. S8vo. Nijm., 18938, 4
and 86 pp.
---Cuitures in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié overgenomen en
bijeenverzameld uit het Koloniaal verslag van 1892. Ams-
terdam, 1893, 4 and 154 pp. [ Premie van “De Indische
Mercuur” 1893 }.
--Der botanische Garten ‘‘ s’ Lands Plantentuin” zu Buiten- zorg auf Java. Festzchrift Z. Feier s. 75 j..Bestehens (1817- 1892). 8vv. Leipzig, 1898, vi, 426 pp., 16 pls.
————--Archief voor de Java suikerindustrie, le Jaargang, 1893.
Soerabaia, (24 parts per annum ). Part I, May.
—— —--Memoranda of books registered in the “Catalogue of Books printed in the Straits Settlements” 4to Singapore, 1893, 4 pp.
———--Een onderzoekingstocht in Borneo. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, vol. xxi, 1893, p. 310 etc.
———--Die Insel Borneo. Deutsche Rundsch. Geogr. vol. xv, 1893. p. 179 ete.
_
48 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Ayon—Spanische Wirthschaft in den Philippinen. Ostas. Lloy?, vol. vii, 1894, p. 570.
-~-----Nog een Javaansch geheimschrift. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land, vol. xxxvi, 1893, p. 419.
——--—Hbllandisch-Borneo. Ostos. Lioyd., vol. vii, 1893, p. 229. [from Cameron’s Travels in Sydney Morning Herald}. .
——-—Jagd und Fischfang bei den See-Dajaks: @lobus., vol. 1xiii. 1893, pp. 396-398. [After Brooke Low].
——-——The Buddhist Orderin Siam. Journ. R. Astat. Soe. 1898, p. 400.
——-——Gods-dienst en onderwijs in de Minahassa. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., vol. xxi 1893 pp. 390-395.
———-— Missions-Rundschau. Hinterindien und der Malaische Archipel. vangelisch Miss. Mag., July, 1898, pp. 295-300.
——-—Het ordeel van een Engelschman over Java. JLijdschr. Ned. Ind. vol. xxi, 1893, pp. 482-488.
——-—Die Insel Sumatra. Deutsche Rundschau Geogr. vol. xv. 1893, pp. 419-421, map.
——-—Die Handelsstatte der hollindisch-ostindischen Gesells- chaft. Aus allen Weltth. vol. xxv, 1893, p. 5-1.
——-—--Die Bibelverbreitung auf der Halbinsel Malaka (Hinterin- dien). Bibelblitter, 1893, pp. 17-26.
———-- Die Halbinsel Malakka. Deutsche Rundschau Geogr. vol xv, 1893, pp. 564-566, map
--Native inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxiii, 1893, p. 198 ete.
——-—lLe haut Mékong. La France et l’Angleterre en Indo- Chine. Correspondant, vol. 172, 1898, pp. 381-400.
--Siam. Globus, vol. lxiv, 1893, pp. 278-280.
-—_—_—--Le Pensez-y bien (Sach tu chung yén Ly). Giang vé
bon su Sau. In Lan thu Hai. 8vo. Zan Dinh (Saigon), 1893, 152 pp. . =
-- Die Ueberreste der Kmer Civilisation). Berl. Alig. Zeitung, 1893, No. 178, p. 7.
———--Hene kunstige Javaansche strophe. Zijdsehr. Ind. taal- land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1898, p. 281.
———--Legons de lecture en francais et en annamite. S8vo. Tan Dinh. ( Saigon ), 1893, 85 pp.
A BIBRIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 39
Awon.—Drie Javaansche raadsels uit een Dasanama. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk., vol. xxxv, 1893, p. 480.
——-——KEenige foutieve eigennamen in de door Meinsma_uitgege- ven prozabeweking van den Babab tanah Jawi. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk., vol. xxxv, 1893, p. 127.
————Usi et costumi dei Siamesi. Arch. trad. pop. vol. xii, 1898,
_ p. 487 ete.
————Chinese Law of Inheritance. Pall Mali Gaz. 28 July, 1893.
———— Het boek en het schrift in den Indischen Archipel. Zijd- schr. Ned.-Ind., vol. xxi, 1893, pp. 153-156.
———Eenige statistische gegevens betreffende de Indische. in- stelling te Delft. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 188, 139. ————Hoe staat het met de koffiecultuur-plannen der regeering?
Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 78-81.
————Het spoorwegplan voor Java. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 77, 78.
——-——Het kadaster en het individueel grondbezit. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 75, 76.
————Onderzoek van Areng-suiker. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 139, 140.
Een correspondentie over de Bandoengsche troebelen. Ind. Gids. 1894, p. 94, 95.
——-—Een ontwerp-verordening betreffende gewestelijke en plaatselijke raden en geldmiddelen. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 244- 257.
——-——Lepra-lijders in Indié. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 140, 141.
—De tabakscultuur in Bezoeki. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 264-275.
——-—--KEen wetsontwerp tot afschaffing van het uitvoerrecht van suiker, met een concept-ordonnantie tot regeling der suiker- belasting. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 413-425.
—— —--De wetsontwerpen betreffende gewestelijke en plaatselijke raden en geldmiddelen. Ind. Gids, 1854, p. 65-75.,
———--De vrije suikercultuur in de residentie Bezoeki. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 82-94; 257-264.
———--Een circulaire tot bevordering van individueel grondbezit Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 275-278.
monn ontwikkeling van Serawak. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 309,
0,
40 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Anon.—Handel tusschen Ned.-Indié en Hamburg Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 308, 309.
—— —--De Verklaring en akte van verbrand van den nieuwen Keizer van Solo. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 425-431.
—- -—--Een merkwaardige dag voor de Delftsche instelling. Ind. Gids. 1894, p. 318-315.
——-—--Ferbied voor de wet in Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids, ‘1894, p. 431, 432.
———--Het zielental van de christelijke gemeenten in de Mina- hassa. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 460, 161.
--Handel tusschen Malakka en Sumatra’s Oostkust. Jnd. Gids, 1894, p. 459.
——--Een doodenfeest op Soemba. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 461-463.
--Iets over suikerfabricatie op Java weleer. Ind. Gids,
1894, p. 463-465.
--Dr. Albricht over de behandeling van lepralijders. Ind.
Gids, 1894, p. 465-467.
--Overeenkomst met den Oeloebalang van Kerti en met den Sultan van Siak. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 581-598.
——-—--De nieuwe heeren-diensten-regelingen en de practijk. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 599.
————--Handel tusschen Nederlandsch—en Britisch-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 640-642.
—Beperking van de vrijheid om Suikerfabrieken op te richt- en. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 899-901.
———-—Overeenkomsten met de bestuurders van Belomaroe, Sigi en Dolo Rindaoe. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 761-763.
—Statistiek betreffende het onderwijzers-personeel in Indié.
Ind. Gids, 1894, P- 643.
-—lets uit het nieuwe jaarsverslag aangaande ’s Lands Plan-
tentuin. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 468, 464.
—De sterkte der Europeesche bevolking van Britisch-Indié in 1872, 1881, & 1891. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 780.
Een bezoek aan de landbouw kolonie Poespo. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 646-650.
—Een vreemdeling over de ontwikkeling van Borneo. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 645, 646.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. ‘AI
Awon.—De Europeesche landbouw op Sumatra’s westkust. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 650, 651.
———-—Zout verkoop-pakhuis meesters en regeerings-argeloosheid. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 898, 899.
——-Verbruik van Cardiff-steenkolen in N.-I. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 785.
——-—Huropeesche landbouwondernemingen in Palembang. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 788-791.
—— -—Degeneratie van het suikerriet door het gebruik van de toppen als plantmateriaal en achteruitgang van het saccharose gehalte van gesneden riet. Ind. Gids, !894, p. 794, 795.
—--———De opvoeding van Indische Kinderen in Holland. Ind. Gids. 1894, p. 797-806.
——-Zonneschermen als waardigsheidsteekenen van den Java- ansche adel. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 818-828.
—De gevolgen der herstemmingen. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 901-
903. °
——-~—Nederlandsch-Indische producten in Perzie. Ind. Gids. 1894, p. 931.
—Handel tusschen Nederlandsch-Indie en Bombay. Ind.
Gids, 1894, p. 930,
--De omtslag van de landrente in de Desa. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 934-938.
——— --De veroordeeling van de ‘Soerabaja Courant.’ Jud. Gids, 1894, p. 904-910.
— ~—--De uitvoer van Manilla. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 931.
—De jongste verkiezingen en Indié. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 763-764. ds Bae
———--Productiekosten van een bouw Sawah. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 933, 934.
———---Higenaardige gebruiken omtrent de Kebajans in Koedoes. Ind. Gids, 1891, p. 939.
——-—.--Hazardspelen bij de Bataks. Ind. Gids, 1594, p. 938.
—=——--Uitvoer van katoenen stukgoederen uit Engeland naar Ned.-Indié. Jnd. Gids, 1894, p. 779.
-—_-Hene bijdrage tot vereenvouciging der lands-administratie.
Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 689-70.
42 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Awnon.—De Grondwet van het koninkrijk der Nederlanden van 1887 en het reglement op het beleid der regeering van Nederlandsch- Indie van 1854. 8vo. Delft, 1894, G1 pp.
—De resultaten van de exploitatie der Ombilien-velden. Ind.
Bids, 1894, p. 786-788.
—Vrije kofficultuur van inlanders op de Buiten-bezittingen.
Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 791-794.
Het zielental der gewestelijke hoofplaatsen op Java en
Madoera. Ind. Gids, 1594, p. 796.
—Trade, &c., of the Island of Java for 1893. Parl. Paper 8vo. London, 1894 [7293-8].
————First Report of the Royal Commission on Opium: with minutes of evidence, appendices, index, and analysis of evidence. Parl. Paper, London, 1894 [7318].
~Trade of the Philippine Islands for 1893. Parl. Paper,
London, 1894 [7293-61].
—Correspondence relative to proposed introduction of Con-
tagious Diseases Regulations in Perak or other Protected
Malay States. Porl, Paper, London, 1894 [146].
—~De Grondwet van het koninkrijk der Nederlanden van
1587 en het reglement op het beleid der regeering van Neder-
landsch-Indie van 1854. 8vo. Delf¢, 1894, 61, pp.
Naam-en ranglijst der officieren van het koninklijke leger der Nederlanden en van de Nederlandsche-Indien voor, 1894. 63 Jaarg. 8vo. Gorinch., 1894, 14 & 408, pp.
—Lichtenlijst van het koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de
kolonien. 4to ’s Hage, 1894, 92, pp.
--Reglement op de exercitie met de kanonnen van 21 ¢.m., No. 2, in gesloten torens. (Dept. van Marine). 4to. ’s Hage 1894, 89, pp.
——-—-—Maandcijfers en andere periodieke opgaven betreffende Nederland en Nederlandsch Oost-Indié. No. 2, Benevens en- kele opgaven over de eerste Maander van 1894. 8vo. ’s Ha- ge, 1894, 8 & 70, pp.
AvBertin, J. J.—Wanderingsand Wonderings: Singapore, Java, Siam, Manila, etc., S8vo. London, 1892, 446 pp., portrait. AymonterR, H.—Une mission en Indo-Chine. Bull. Soc. Geogr.
Paris (7.) vol. xiii, 1898, pp. 216 & 339.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 43
Ayrmonizr, E,—History of Tchampa (now Annam or Cochin-Chi. na.) Asiatic Quart. Rev., Oct. 1893.
Baarpa, J. M. van.—lIle de Halmaheira, département Galélas Indes néerlandaises (Moluques). Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris 1893, pp. 533-568.
Bapines, A. H. L.—Hollandsch-Maleische en Maleisch-Holland- sche samenspraken. Ed. 2, 8vo. ’s Hage, 1893, xxix, 290 pp.
Baxuer, W. A. G.—Photographien von Tidore, Ambon und Neu Guinea. Verh. Berlin Ges. Anthrop., 1893, p. 305.
Barpara, Pavut.—De Marseille en Annam. 8vo. Saint Nazare, 1892, 72 pp.
BarrFus, E. V.—Kriegsfahrten eines alten Soldaten im fernen Os- ten. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1893, 289 pp.
Barreton, P.—Saigon. Tour du Monde, 1898, pp. 225-256.
Bartets, M.—Ueber eine Sammlung javanischer Spielsachen, Zeitsch. fiir Hthnol. vol. v, 1893, p. 386, ete.
— Die Medizin der Naturvoélker. 8vo, Leipzig, 1893,
361, pp., 175 figures.
Barty, A.—Les temples de Parambanan (Java), d’ aprés la publi- cation de |’ Institut royal de |’ Inde néerlandaise. Comptes Rendus, (4), vol. xxi, 1893, pp. 158-167.
Bastian, A.—Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayschen Archi- pels V. Java und Schluss. S#erlin, 1893.
Batu Gantong {Cuan Kim Boon’.—Cherita dahulu-kala nama-nya “Sam Kok” atau ‘liga Négri berprang:—Siok Gwi sama Gor di jaman “Han Teow.” [Chinese Stories in romanised Malay |. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, vol. x, 152 pp.; xi, 174 pp.; xii 140 pp.; xill, 144 pp.; xiv, 146 pp.
Bercxet, H. HE. van.—Kantteekeningen door en Roomschen Chris- ten op “Het Protestantisme in Nederl.-Iudié” van Granpré Moliére. 8vo. Leiden, 1898, 89 pp.
Bergemann, P.—Der Malayische Archipel im Lichte des Zeit- alters der Entdeckungen.. <Awsland, 1893, pp. 357, 375, 1891.
Beresma, J. H.—Portrait of the Colonial Minister appeared in ‘De Indische Gids’ for June, 1894.
Brest, Extspon.—Prehistoric civilisation in the Philippines. The Tagalo-Bisaya tribes. Journ. Polynes Soc., vol. i, 1893, pp. 195-201.
44 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Bertink, H.—Het opiumrooken en onschuldig genot of eene vloekwaardige gewoonte? Jnd. Gids, 1894, p. 880-897 BisuiorEca Historica Frnrerna.— vol. in. Cronica de la provincia de San Gregoria Magno de religiosos descalzos de N.S. P. San Francisco en las islas Filipinas, China, Japon, etc. escrita por el P. Fr. Francisco de Santa Inés en 1676. vol. ii. 4to. Manila, 1892, 702 pp.
Biter, A.—Sur le Distoma sinense, Cobbold. Comptes Rendus, (9), v, 1898, p. 506.
Briatpwayt, R.—Lady Brooke: The Ranee of Sarawak. Woman. at Home, June. 1894.
Buoumenrritr, F.—Los moros de Filipinas. Bol. Soc. Geogr, Madrid, vol. xxxii, 1898, pp. 106-112.
—~----Die Philippinischen Negritos in den Zeiten der Conquista. Deutsche Rundsch. f. Geogr. vol. XY 1893, p. 274. etc. [From F. pz Santa Iyiis.].
-——~—-—— bie religiosen Anschauungen der Bisayas und ‘Yagalen i in den Zeiten der Conquista. Om, vol. xix, 1893, p. 45, etc.
cou ees ee See aye Bungianen. Ausland, 1893, pp. 723-725.
—-—-Die Tlongoten ( Luzon). Nach den. Missions- berichten des P. Fray Buenaventura Campa. Globus, vol. |xvi, 1893, p. 165 ete.
—_——_—— Die Erschaffung der Welt und der ersten Menschen nach der Schépfungsgeschichte der alten Philippi- ner. Globus, vol. lxii, 1893, p. 146, ete. [ From F. ps Santa Inés ].
v. De la Zara.
Borriace & Koorpers.—Bijdragen tot de kennis der bloomflora van Java. 11 Hen nieuw Javaansch woudboomen geschlacht. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, lui, 1893, pp. 68-72, plate.
Bos, E. Rirtner.—Financieel overzicht. Appears each month. ins “ De Indische Gids” :in Jan. 1894 and following number. Mr. Bos gives some particulars of various trading companies
Bovurenecer, G. A.— — Description of new Reptiles and Batrachians qieuned - in Borneo. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, pp. 522-528.
BovurzponnarD, Lovisz.—-Les Indes et l’Extréme-orient. Svo Paris, 1892, VII, 807 pp.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 45
Boys, H. Scorr:—Some notes on Java and its administration by the Dutch. Svo. Allahabad, 1892, v, 92 pp.
Branpes, J.—Een paar bijzonderheden uit een handschrift van de Hikajat Kalila dan Damina. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1893, pp. 394-416.
Verslag om de papieren der bekelan (patingi ) van de wong sawidaksasanga i in de desa Tyjigugur (Mandala, Suka- pura, Preanger-Regentschappen). Not. alg. Best. Batav. Gen. xxx, 1893, p. xcv.
—— -——_——Nog ecenige Javanche piagem’s uit het mohammed- aansche tijdvak afkomstig van Mataram Bantén en Palembang. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk., vol. xxxv, 1893, pp. 119-126.
——————_— Dwerghert- oalelen uit den Archipel. Tijdschr. Ind. taal land-volk, vol. xxxvii, ( 1) 1893, pp. 27-64, and (2) 1898, pp. 127-144.
BranNpstetTeR, R.—Malaio-Polynesische Forschungen. I. Der Natursinn in den Alteren Litteratur-werken der Malayen. 4to. Luzern, 1893, 21 pp.
Malaio-polynesische Forschungen. II: Die Beziehungen des Malagasy zum Malaiischen. Festschr. des neuen Kantonsschul-Gebdéudes in Luzern. 1893, pp. 69-107.
Branpt, M. von—.Der franzoésisch-siamesische Friedensschluss. Deutsche. Rev. 1893, pp. 273-278.
Brepa pe Haan, . v.—Voorloopig rapport over de bibitziekte in Tabak. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 668.
——-———— Van rietvijanden onder de insecten. en
hunne bestrijding. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 257.
De gele- et tae bij het suikerriet. ae vol. iv, 1893, p. 5
Brenner, J. V.—Besuch bei He Kannibalen Sumatras. 8vo Wirzburg, 1894, 388, pp. 2 maps.
Brincxer, P. H.—Die Sprache der Kap-Malaien. Globus, vol. lxiii, 1893, p. 263.
Brook, Greo.—Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum. 4to. London, 1893, xi, 212, pp. 35 pts.
Brows-Mippet, R.—De Hoofdpunten der Maleische Grammatica
toegelicht voor hen die de Maleische taal bestudeeren. 8vo. Amsterdam, 18938, viii, 57 pp.
46 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Brons-MippeEu, R.—Gids door Nederlandsch Oost-Indié. S8vo. Rotterdam, 1893, 165 pp. map.
Bruinsma, A. E. J.—Het boschwezen in Nederlandsch-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 368-386 ; 557-580. Bucxsatu, M.—Anleitung zum Erlernen der Malaischen Sprache a nach Ostindien reisende Deutsche. S8vo. Bremen, 1893, 1212. Burr, F. M.—A little journey in Java. Harper's Mag., May, 1894. CarMIcHAEL, J.—A page from Siamese history: how the French
first got to Siam: the story of their repulse. Calcutta Kev. 1893, pp. 389-399.
Carrinaton, S. E.—The Land of the white Elephant: Siam. Californian. Illust. Mag, Aug. 1898.
Catatoago de las cartas, planas, vistas, libros, etc. existentes en el Deposito hidrografico. 4to. Iadrid, 1893, 129 pp.
CaTaLoaus van de boeken en kaarten bevalt ende de bibliotheek van het Departement van kolonien. 8vo. ’s Hage, 1898, Vil, 100 & 10 pp.
CHamBatu, A....Die Hollaindisch-ostindische Gesellschaft (1602- 1798) kein Vorbild fiir unsere Kolonisations-gesellschaften. Progr Gym. z. d. Aposteln, Kéln, 1891, 28 pp.
Curb, J. T.—The pearl of Asia. or, five years in Siam. 8vo- London, 18938.
Crerca, F. 8S. A. pe.—Inlandsche plantennamen. TZeysmannza, iv, 1893, p. 827.
Corto, F.—Sumaria relacion de los viajes y exploraciones hechas por los Espanoles en el presente siglo. Gol. soc. geogr. Madrid, vol. xxx, 1893, pp. 177-186.
Conrapy, C.—Die geschichte der Siamesen. Berl. Allgem. Zeitung, 18938, Nos. 269, 270, 275, 276 & 277: also 8vo. Miinchen, 1893, 57 pp.
‘Costa Rica Packet’ case; an account of this case will be found in ‘De Indische Gids.’ Ind. Gids, 1894, p.
Costrrus, J. C.—Sach’s Iodine experiment (Iodprobe) tried in the tropics. Ann. gard. Bot. Buitenzorg, xii (1), 1894, pp. 73- 90.
Cosrervs, J. C.—’s Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg. Ind. Gids, 1894 p. 468-485,
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 49
Cowrsz, A.—English-Sulu-Malay vocabulary. 8vo. London, 1893.
Crevinr, H.—Plant-kunde voor de Indische jeugd. 16mo Gronin- gen, 1893, 48 pp.
Curret, P.—Chez les populations sauvages du sud de ’ Annam. Tour du Monde, 1893, pp. 177-256.
Curzon, G. N.—Strange cities of the Far-East, Hué in Annam, Pall Mall Mag. August, 1893.
Journeys in French Indo-China. Geogr. Journ. vol. II, 1893, pp. 97 111, 198-213, 2 maps.
a The Siamese boundary question. Wineteenth. Cent., July, 1893.
Curzon, G.N. Anp Mapame Apam; England and France in Siam NV. Amer. Rev., Sept. 1893.
Cust, R. N.—The Indo-Chinese Opium question as it stands in 1893. Calcutta Rev., July 1893.
Dexxer, Douwes. v. Multatuli.
Dea Zara, F. & F. Buumuentrivr.—Katechismus der katholischen Glaubenslehre in der Ilongoten Sprache ... mit Aequivalenten des Llongot-textes in spanischer, bezw. tagalischer und maguin- danauischer Sprache. Wien, 1893 (Festschrift Wiener Phil.- Vers.), in progress.
Dennyys, N. B.—A descriptive Dictionary of British Malaya.
Dix, P. A. L. E. van.—Rapport betreffende de Si Baloengoensche landschappen Tandjoeng Kasan, Tanah Djawa en Si antar. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. xxxvii (2), 1893, pp. 145-200.
Disxstra, H.—Het Evangelie in onze Oost. Geschiedenis der pro- testantsche zending in het tegenwoordige Nederlandsche-Indié van de erste vestiging tct op onzen tijd. Vol. Il. De Moluk- ken. S8vo. Lezden, 1893, 217 pp.
DornstIrFEeNn, J.—Atlas van Nederlandsch— Oost-en West-Indié. Ed. 4, Amsterdam, 1893, 27 maps.
Duraveier, E.—Histoire de Ja princesse Djouhar Manikam, Con- tes et récits. Traduit du Malay. Muwséon. vol. xii 1893, pp. 17-35.
Dumouvutier, G.—LHtude historique et archéologique sur Cé-Loa, capitale de ancien royaume de An-Lac (réunion de Thuc et de Van-Lang). Nowy. Arch. Miss. Sez. vol. iii, 1892, (114 pp).
48 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Dumovtier, G.-—Etude historique et archéologique sur Hoa-Iu, premiere capitale de l’Annam indépendant, dynasties Dinh et
Le (antérieure), 968 4 1019 de notre ére. Bull. geogr hist., 1893, (188 pp ).
———-—— Une féte religieuse annamite au village de Phu-
Dong (Tonkin). Fev. hist. relig. vol. xxviii, 1893, pp. 67-75.
——-——Folk-lore annamite. Rev. trad. pop., vol. xii, 1893, pp. 401-405. |
Durpix, P.—Pet let na Sumatre. Vypravorani vojenskeho lekare [5 years in Sumatra by an army doctor]. 8vo. Prag, 1893, 44.7 pp.
K.—De zoogenaande tropische anaemie of bloedarmoede der heete landen. Tijdschr. inland. gen., 1893, p. 62.
Eastwick, R. W. E.—Deli in Sumatra. Fortnightly Rev. Nov. 1893, pp. 634-645.
Ecxuovrt, R. A.—Ouest de Java. La race sondanaise, ses rapports avec les Hollandais, et le pays qu’elle habite, d’aprés les sources les plus récentes. Bull. Soc. geogr. Paris, vol. xiv, 1893, pp. 121-148.
Les Indes orientales néerlandaises. Le Globe, (Geneva ) Bull. vol. xxxi, 1898, pp. 102-1138.
Eccer, J. G.—Foraminiferen aus Meeres-Grundproben, gelothet von 1874 bis 1876. <Abhk. II cl. K. Bayer. Ak. Wiss. xviii, (2 ), 1893, 263, pp., pls.
E1skMAN, C.—Bijdrage tot de kennis van de_ stofwisseling bij de bewoners der tropen. Gen. Tijdschr. N. I. xxxiii, 1893, p. 163.
Enpe, L. von.—Nachtrag zu d. Aufsatze ‘Die Baduwis auf Java.’ Mitth. Anthrop. Ges. Wien, vol. xxi, 1893, pp. 98-100.
Everett, A. H.—A nominal list of the Mammals inhabiting the Bornean Group of Islands. Proc. Zool. soc. 1893, pp. 492- 496.
Freee, 8.—Uitkomsten van Meteorologische waarnemingen in Ne-
derlandsch-Indié gedurende de maanden Juli-December van het jaar 1891. Nat. Tijdschr. N.- [,, lui, 1893, pp. 73-121.
Uitkomsten van Meteorologische waarnemingon in Ne- derlandsch-Indié. Nat. Tijdschr. N.-L, liii, 1898, pp. 219-314
—_—_———
——=———
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 490
Fieger. S—Vulkanische verschijuselen en aardbevingen in den QO. I. Archipel waargenomen gedurende het jaar 1892. Nat, Tijdschr. N.-I., lin, 1893, pp. 132-161.
Foxrxer, A. A.—Een Madoereesch minnedicht. Ind.Gids, 1894 p. 638, 639.
-_—— Maleische tolk voor ambtenaar en particulier, Svo. Zutphen, 1893, 11, 280 pp.
Foorr, Annis [ Mrs. Izerman, suy.|—Bogoriana, Roman uit Indie, Ed. 2. 8vo. Haarlem, 1898, 375 pp.
G.—Das Rajaheat Sarawak. Aus Allen Weltth. vol. xxv, 1898, p. 197. .
Gennep, J. L. V.—Djeroek-Cultuur in de afdeeling Malang. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 193, pl.
Gertannd, G.—Zur Erforschung Mittelsumatras. dAwsland, 1893, pp. 1-5. Gert van Wisx, D.—De koranische verhalen in het Maleisch.
Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1898, pp. 531-699.
-— oo ———Spraakleer des Maleische taal. die. 8vo. Batavia, 1893, vii, 803 pp.
———- ——FEen repliek. Jnd. Gids, 1894 p. 927-929. {Maleische spraakleer'.
— Praktische oefeningen behoorende hij de
spraakleer der Maleische taal. 8vo. Batavia, 1893, 96 pp.
Gietrorr, H. H.—Notes on the ethnographical collections form- ed by Dr. Elio Modigliani during his recent explorations in Central Sumatra and Engano. Jntern. Arch. Ethnogr., vol. vi, 1893, pp. 109-181.
Gopwin-Avsten, H. H.—On a supposed new species of Rhiostoma from Borneo, and notices of two other species of shells from Palawan. Annals Mag. N. H. (6), x11, 1893, pp. 32-34.
Gowers, W. H.—-The order of Morning and Fvening Prayer and administration of the Sacraments and other rites of the Church. [mm Malay]. Ed. 2, 8vo. Singapore, i893, 150 pp.
Gornam, H. S.—A list of the Coleoptera. of the family Cleride 2 ; and of some species from Borneo, Perak, &e. from the collection of Alexander Fry, Esqr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 566-581,
50 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Grabowsxky, I'.—Theogonie der Dajaken. Ver. Berlin. Ges. Ethnol., 1893.
——_———— Hine ‘‘Feuerpumpe”’ bei den Malaien Malakkas. Glebe, vol. Ixiv, 1893, p. 299.
GreFrratiu, H.—Das Reich Siam. Aus allen Weltth. vol. xxv, 1593, p. 49 etc.
Siam. Awsland, 1893, p. 751.
Die Insel Banguey. Ausland, 1893, p. 253 ete.
Gresnorr, M.—Schets van Hasskarl’s [ Justus Karl Hasskarl ]
leven en werken. 1811-1894. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 289-299 portrait.
Greve, W. R. pz. —De verdediging van Nederlandsch-Indié. 8vo. Batavia, 1894, 104, pp., map. Gr., M.—Aardnotengort. Ind. Mercuur, 1893, (1), p. 7.
Griffin (Str) Lepenr.—England and France in Asia. Nine teenth Cent. Nov. 1893.
GrirFiti, M.—Sarawak. Pall Mall Mag. Oct. 1893.
Grornewecen, H. Y.—Het onderwijs in de redekunde van Prof. Abraham Kucnen. Svo Amsterdam, 1893, vill, 123, pp.
GroneMay, J.—Tjandi Parambanan op Midden-Java, nach de onigraving. 8vo. s’ Gravenhage, 1893, 80, pp., 62. pls.
GRONEMAN, J.—Javaansch dialekt van Dermajoe (Indra majoe ). Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1893, pp. 462-480.
Groot, H. A. pre.-—Bedrijfshelasting. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 25-65.
GnrouNWwEDEL, A.—Die Zauber-muster der Orang Semang. Zeitsch. Ethnol. 1893.
Gunpry, R. S.—France, England, and Siam. National Rev. July, 1893.
Haxsertanpt, G.— Eine botanische Tropenreise. Indo-Malayische Vegetations-bilder und. Reise-skizzen. Leipzig, 18938, viii, 300, pp., ol pls.
Hapernanp?, M.—Hine indo-malayische Mischeultur. Om, vol. xix, 1893, pp. 112 ete.
Hapernanpt, ‘I'.—Ueber die Ernihrung der Keimlinge und die Bedeutung des Endosperms bei viviparen Mangrovepflanzen Ann. Jurd. Bot. Buitenzorg xii (1) 1894. pp. 91—116:
Haga, J,—Deeerste levensdagen. Tijdschr, inl. genees. 1893, p. 84.
pee ee eee
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 51.
Hamer, C. DEN.—Opgave van weinig bekende beelden, aanwezig in het scheidineseebergte tusschen Pekalongan en Banjoemas. Not. Alg. Best. Batav. Gen. xxxi, (18914), p. exix.
SHAIK Hasan Bin ABU Bakar Basnurs.—Tahsil-alajur fi siarat ul-kubor. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, 8, pp.
Hassenr, A. J. van.—Aanteekeningen omtrent de pottenbakkerij in de residentie Tapanoeli. Intern. Arch. Ethnogr. vol. vi, 1893, pp. 41-43.
Hassett, J. C.—Voorwerpen afkomstig van de Kajanstreek ( westerafdeeling van Borneo ) aan het genootschap geschon- ken.
Not. Alg. Best. Batav. Gen. xxxi, (1893), p. cxxxii.
Hecke, E —-Sur les végétaux qui produisent le beurre et le pain d’ “O’Dika” du Gabon-Congo, et sur les arbres producteurs de la graisse et du beurre de “ Cay-Cay” de Cochia-China et du Cambodge Valeur comparée de ces deux produits. 8vo. Versailles, 1893, 31 pp. [IL Mém. Ann. Mus Alarseille.]
Heeer, 1'.—Goldgerate von den Philippinen. Jfiith. Anthrop, Ges. Wien, vol. xxii, 1898, pp. 216.220, plate.
Hritmany, K.—Missionskarte der Erde. 1: 50,000,000. 35 & 71 em. ed.2, Giitersloh., 1893 with explanation of 85 pp.
Hevreicng, O. L..--Bijdrage tot de letterkunde van den Serawajer en Besemaher in de afdeeling Manna en P. O. Manna (Resi- dentie Bengkoelen). Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. xxxvi (1), 1893, pp. 65-97.
Bengkoelen taadsels (fekog-Teki). Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. xxxvii (1), 1893, po. 98-104.
Hrxasat Hane Torwau.—Tersalin Soeratannja oleh &. Brons- middel. 8vo. Leiden, 1893, 113 pp.
[Horpr].—Verslag der reis van den controleur Hoedt naar de noordkust van West-Flores. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1893, pp. 281-295.
Horer, J.— Anthropoogiel der Kambodschaner. Globws,vol. lxiv; L893, p. 178.
Hoekstra, J. F.—Die Oro-und Hydrographie Sumara’s nach dem Standpunkte unserer heutigen Kenntnisse. Groningen, 1898, map.
Hornes, R.—Erdbebenkunde. 8vo. Leipzig, 452 pp., illustrations,
ey
52 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Hoevett, G. W. W. C. van.—Todjo, Posso en Sasesoe. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxv, 1893, pp. 1-47.
Hocay, J. #. What may happen to a British Captain: The Costa Rica Packet case. Westminster Rev., April, 1894.
Hotianner, J. J. ps.—Handleiding bij de beoefening der Maleis- che taal-en letterkunde. Ed. 6 by R. van Ech. 8vo. Breda. 1893, xu, 396, 316 pp. .
Hosn, C.~-The natives of Borneo, Journ. Anthrop. Inst. vol. xxii, 1893, pp. 156-172.
——-——— Description of a new Deer from Mount Dulit. <An- nals Mag. N. H. (6) xii, 1893, p. 206.
-————-—A journey up the Baram river to Mount Dulit and the highlands of Borneo. Geogr. Journ., vol. i, 1893, pp. 193-208, map.
Housrecar, A. A. W.—heisherinneringen uit de tropen. De Gids, March 1893, pp. 441-460.
Humann, M. R.—Exploration chez les Mois (Indo-Chine) 1888. 1889. Bull. Soc. Geogr, Paris (7), vol. xiii, 1893, pp. 496-514
Huvrrenspacu, A.—A short critique on what ought to have been the main point of Mr. McLarry’s Book. 8vo. Penang, 1893, 29 pp. [See McLarry]. |
Incne Israuim.—Shaier Johan Maligan. 4to Singapore 1898, 98 pp.
——____————Shaier Prang Negri Zeitun 4to Singapore, 1893, 189 pp.
“D. J.”"—EHen bezoek aan eene Javaansche Christen gemeente. Tudschr. Ned. Ind. vol. xxii, 1893, pp. 84-42.
Jacoss, J—Het familie-en kampongleven of Groot-Atjeh. Hene bijdrage tot de ethnographie van Noord-Samatra. 8vo. Le- den (K. Ned. Aard. Genoots.), 1894, 406 & 268 pp. 23 plates.
Jansz, P.—Javaansche spraakkunst. Geheel omgewerkte, vermeer- derde en verbeterde uitgave van de kleine Javaansche spraak- kunst. Ed. 4, Samarang, 1898, 517 pp.
Janse, J. M.—De Dadapziekte van Oost-Java. Teysmannia, 1vs 1893, p. 411.
JELLESMA, E. J.—Bijdragen tot de kennis van het Tompakewasch. Verh. Batav. Genootsch, Kunst. vol, xlvii (1) 1892, pp. vi, 100.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 53
Jockin.—Bajang-hout. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 469.
JonexsLont, G.--Multatuli. Svo. Amsterdam, 1894, 6 & 112 pp.
Jonker, J. C. G.—Bimaneesch-Hollandsch woordenboek. Verh. Batav. Genoots. Kunst vol. xlvui (1), 1894, 184 pp.
Juynpoy.t, T. W.—Ve hoofdregelen der Sjafi’itische leer van het pandrecht met een ondezoek naar haar ontstaan en naar haren invloed in Ned.-Indié. 8vo. Leiden, 1898, 9L pp.
Juynzsout, H. H. —Drie boeken van het Oudjavaansche Mahabha- rata in Kawi-tekst en Nederlandsche vertaling, vergelekena met den Sanskrit-tekst. 8vo. Leiden (Akad. proefschr.), 1899, 224 pp. .
Karr, S.—Een koloniaal hervormer [G. W. van Imuorr.] Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 946-968.
Hollandsche boeren op Java (Bijdrage tot het kolonis-
atie-vraagstuk). vo. Amsterdam, 1894, 32 pp.
Uit Oud-en Nieuw-Ooostindie. 8vo. Haarlem, 1894, 292 pp.
Kaurr, 8.—Van Ambachtsman tot Gouverneur-Generaal Jnd. Gids, 1894, p. 165-175, ete.
Keasperry, B. P—[Proverbs of Solomon in Malay . Ed. 2, 8vo- Singapore, 1893, 59 pp.
Kern, H.—Woordverwisseling in het Galelareesch. Bzjdr. taal- land-volk. N. I. (5). vol. viii, 1893, pp. 120-128.
De gewoonten der Tagalogs op de Philippijnen volgens
Pater Plasencia. Badr. taal-land-volk. N. I. (5) vill, 1898,
pp. 103-119.
~Overeenkomst van een Mythe der Keieilanders met een Minahassisch sprookje. Bijdr. taal-land-volk. N. I. (5) vol. viii, 1893. p. 501, ete.
Kesteren, C. E. van —De productiviteit van irrigatie werken- Eenige opmerkingen naar aanleiding van een debat in de tweede Kamer. I. Ind. Gids, 1894, p 841-852.
Krysrr, A—-The Malay Peninsula. Nineteenth Century, Sept. 1893, pp. 437-451.
Krersrra, HE. B.—Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van Borneo’s Wester-afdeeling. Ind. Gias, 1893, p. 2091-2104.
————Het eiland Bali. De Gids, Dec, 1893, pp. 468- 491.
—_——_-—-
—
54 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Kine. G.— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. \xi1, 18938, No. 4.
Kirtan, G F.—IJijst van woorden in het Maleisch, Hollandsch, Rottineesch en Timoreesch. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. XXxv1i (3), 1894, pp. 209-284.
Kuercr, R. De.—Belangrijk verslag over den staat van Banda en omliggende eilanden aan zijne Excellentie den Gouverneur- Generaal van Ned.-Indie Jacob Mossel, met eene korte bes- chrijving van Banda in het bijzonder en de Molukken in het aleemeen van 1795 tot 1894, door C. A. M. van Vliet. 8vo. ’s Hage, 1894, 4 & 115 pp.
Krinxert, H. C.—De Pelandoek Dyjinaka of het guitige dwerghert, naar een ander Maleisch handschrift voor de pers. bewerkt- door H. C. Klinkert. S8vo. Letden, 1893, x, 60 pp.
Kwnvetret, 8.—Bericht iiber die vulcanischen Hreignisse 1m enge-
ren Sinne wahrend des Jahres 1892. WUschermak. Min. Pet. Mitth., vol. xii, 1893, pp. 265-289.
Kosus, . D.—Verslag omtrent den toestand van de Gouverne- ments-rietplanting op het eiland Bangka. Teysmannia, iv, ISS}, Ih
Kouter, J —Ueber das Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht bei Malayis- chen Stammen. Ausland, 1893, pp. 321-325.
Koiiewrsn, A. M.—Summarised account of the Dutch Indian pos- sessions (Translated from the Dutch by EH. H. Parker). China fev., vol. xx, 1893, pp. 187-156.
_ Koorpers, 8S, H.—Handleiding voor het verzamelen van herbarium
en levende planten ten dienste van ’s Lands Plantentuin.
Teysmannia, 1894, pts. 3 & 4.
——————— Looistof-basten van Nederlandsch-Indié. Teys-
mannia, 1898, p. 289.
Koorrman, P. J.—Aanteekeningen betreffende de Korintjische- — adat. Bijdr. taal-land-volk. N. I. (5), vol. viti, 1893, pp. 183- iS 7. |
Kruyr, E. F.—Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zendeling- genootschap en zijne zendingsposten. Met de portretten van zeven stichters van het genoctschap. Pt. 1, Herste tijdvak 1797-1848. 8vo. Groningen. 18938, vii, 227 Pt.
Krvuyt, A. C.—Mijn eerste ervaringen te Poso. Med. Ned. Zend. Gen, 37, 18938, p. 1, &e.
ee
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. Be
Kroyt, A. C.—Mijn tweede reis van Gorontalo naar Poso. Med. Ned. Zend. Gen, 37, 1598. p. 101, ete.
Eenige feesten bij de Poso Alifoeren Med. Ned. Zend. Gen., xxvii, 1893, p. 115, ete.
Kreemer, J.— De Javaan en zijn hoenders. Med. Ned. Zend. Gen. xxxvil, 1893, p. 213,
Kuyrer, }.—Atlas van Nederland en de overzeesche bezittingen,
ontworpen en geteekend naar de topographische kaart en an- dere officieele bronnen. Ed 9. fo. Leeww. 1894, 17 sheets.
Kysue, J. W. N.—Chronological Table and Index of the Acts and Ordinances in force in the Colony of the Straits Settlements Ed. 2. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, 395, pp
Lacemann, H.—Das Niassische Madchen von seiner Geburt bis zu seiner Verheiratung, Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land voik. vol. xxxvi, 1823, pp. 296-324
Lamers, G. H.—De Wetenschap van den godsdienst. 1 Historisch deel,, 4th Part. Utrecht. 1893, pp. 482-656.
Lamineton, Lorp.—The Siamese question, United Service Mag. Sept. 1893.
Lawrica.—Open brief over Multatuli aan den heer G. JoncKBLoet, r.c. priester en pastoor te Batavia. 8vo Tholen, 1894, 23 pp.
Leemcer, H. H. O.—Woordenlijstje van de Soloreesche taal (Soloreesch-Hollandsch ). Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxvi, 1891, pp. 421-461.
LeersumM, P. v.—Verslag omtrent de Gouvernements — kina- onderneming in de Preanger-Regentschappen over het jaar 1892. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, iii, 1893, pp. 172-207.
Kinologische studien VII. Over de toeneming van het alcaloid-gehalte der kinaboomen. Nat. Tijdshr. Ned.-Indié, liti, 1893, pp. 125-131.
Lerivre-Pontaris.- -Note [ Laotian manuscripts: bearing upon legislation and customs in central Indo-China]. Journ. Astatique, (7 ) vol: xix, 1893, pp. 560-562.
Lenz, O.—Nach Ostasien. Erlebtes von meinen Reinen. Suez- Penang-Singapore-Hongkong-Canton- Y okohama-'l'okio-Osaka- Kioto. Svo. Serlin, 1893, vi, 183 pp.
Louwersg, P.—De Oost-Indische Compagnie onder den Gouver- neur Generaal Jan Pieterszoon Coen. Geschiedkundig verhaal voor oud en jong Nederland. S8vo. Leiden, 1893, 224 pp.
ome ee ee
56 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
M.—Hoofdelijke belasting in de residentie Ternate. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 599-602.
C. R. M.—Admiral Jansen. Geogr. Journ. vol. 11, 1898, pp. 465- 468.
McLarty, F. M.—Affairs of the Colony, being a History concern- ing the Straits Settlements and the British Protected States of the Malay Peninsula. Svo. Penang, 1898, 250. pp.
MacMaunon, A. R.—France and Siam. United Service Mag. Nov. 1893. =
Marrin, L.—-Neue Lepidopteren aus Sumatra. Nat. Tijdschr. - Ned. Indié, liii, 1898, pp. 816- 332.
Marteror [ A. bE Povvourvrite |.—La politique indochinoise 1892-1893, ed. 2, 8vo. Paris 1894, xvi, 322, pp.
Marrues, B. F.—De boeken der Koningen......... De boeken van Samuel, in het Makassarsch vertaald. 4to. Amsterdam, 18938, 246 and 236, pp.
—De boeken der Koningen......... De boeken van Samuel, in het Boegineesch vertaald. 4to. Amsterdam, 1893. 242, and 234, pp.
Mauvrirs, P. A. Daum.—*‘ Ups” en “downs” in het Indische leven. 8vo. Batavia, 1898, 296, pp.
Mayer, L. T.—Vier javaansche legenden uit de Residentie Madioen. Bijdr. taal-land-volk. Ned-Indié, (5), vol. vin. 1893, pp. 41- 70.
Merreura, J. W.—Lijst van eenige woorden der Manggaraische. Taal. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxv, 1898, pp, 75-109.
Meer, J. J.—La condition politique des Chinois aux Indes Néerlandaises. ”oung Pao, xol. iv, 1893, pp. 1-82; 187-173.
MenaMBaHt deri kaoel dan perdjandjian diboeat pengakoewan dan dibertegoehkan segala hal-hal diantara, oleh akoe padoeka radja Johannis Manuel Menopo. Tvdschr. Ind. taal-land- © volk. vol. xxxv, 1898, pp. 481-497.
Mrvren, P van pEer.—Inleiding in het Maleisch, zooals dat in Indié dagelijks wordt gesproken Hd, 2. 8vo. Utrecht, 1894, xvi, 170 pp
Meyer, A. B.— Die Philippinen. II. Negritos. Publ, k. Hthnogr. Mus. Dresden., ix, 1893, 92, pp., 10 pls.
——e
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 57
ee p’ Esrrey.—Le sultanat de Bouton (Malaisie). Zev. _ de Geogr., vol. xvi, 1898, pp. 172-177.
Micnaetis, A. A.—De koflie (Coffea arabica) als genot-en genees- middel, naar hare botanische, chemische, dieetetische en ge- neeskrachtige eigenschappen. Svo. Amsterdam, 1894, 67
i.
Wision cs la compania de Jésus en las Islas Filipinas. Estado general en 1893. 4to[?], 1894,.36, pp.
Mopiertant, H.— Frai Batacchi dell’ isola di Sumatra. Almanac- co Geogr. 1893. Bergamo, 1893 (‘La Geogr. per tutti”).
isola delle donne. Viaggio ad Engano. 8vo. Milano, 1894, 312 pp., map.
Moriienporrr, O. F. von.——On a collection of shells from the Sa- mui Islands, Gulf of Siam. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pp. 146. 155.
Monamep Ant.-—Hikayat Gul Bakawali. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, 160 pp.
Haji Monamen Amin prin Hast ABas—A Vocabulary Arabiec- Malay-Bugis. 4to Singapore, 1893, 104 pp.
Haji Mouamenp Saren.—Faiz ul Rabman [the Koran in Javanese] - Ato Singapore, 1894, 576 pp.
: Kitab Munjiat Matalik Ahya Alum-ud- din. 4to Singapore, 1893, 342 pp.
Haji Mownamep Satey bin Omar.—-Mokhtasar Al Hikam. 4to Samarang, 1894, 255 pp.
Haji Movamep Tars.—Hikayat Chandawan Puteh. 4to Singa- pore, 1894, 139 pp. ;
Haji Manamep Yusur.—Bidayat Altalibin [Prayers in Bugis] 4to Singapore, 1893, 181 pp.
Mvane-THat.—France and Siam. Asiat. Quart. Rev., July, 1893. Mier, F.—Das Lautsystem der siamesischen Sprache. Wiener Zeitschr. Kunde Morgenlandes. vol. vii, 1898, pp. 71-76. Miter, F. W.K.—Ueber das javanische Batik-larbverfahren.
Zevtschr. f. Hthnol. vol. xxv, 18938, p. 531..
———— —Abdruck eines Batak-Siegels._-Batak Briefe. Zevtschr. f. Hihnol. vol. xxiv, 193, pp. 517-521.
Beschreibung einer von G. Meissner zusam-
men- -gestelten Batak- Sammlung. 4to Berlin, 1898, (K. Maus.
Volkerk. Berlin, vol. III vi, 93 7 pp. 3 pls.)
—
—
=
58 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA,
Muttsr, F. W. K.—Eine Mythe der Kei-Insulaner und Verwand- ~ tes. Zeitschr. f. Ethnol. vol. xxv, 18938, pp. 5335-537.
___. --. -—-— Modelsammlung von Waffen aus Atjeh. Verh. Berlin Ges. Anthrop., 1893.
Miuter, J. A.—Ueber den Borneotalg oder Minjak Tangkawang., Svo. rlangen (Dissert.) 1892, 21 pp.
MunamMMepD Hamip ben MunamMmMepD Satta EL Kurpr Malaiische
Uebersetzung der Mugarrabat (des Abhmeded-Dijarbi). 4to Bilég, 1809, 68 pp. ;
Muutper, D.—De _ strafbaarheid von verwonding in duel, Ned- Tndié recht. Ind. Gids, 1894 p. 707-719.
Mutratuns. - Brieven. Multatuli-Busken Huet 1° deel 1866. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1893, 183 pp. | ;
Haji Musa.—Shaier Raja Hir Maya Anak Dewi Soja, Anak Raja Jin Islam. 4to Singapore, 1893, 159 pp.
Naprer, Ross and Croom.—Straits Settlements Law Reports. Singapore, 1893, 140 pp.
Nrave, D. C.—The Singapore and Straits Rough Diary for 1894. Showing the Chinese and Hijra Dates, &¢e. fo. Singapore, 1893, 79 leaves.
___—-—__———The Singapore and Straits Directory for 1894. 8vo. Singapore, 1894, 556 pp
NeperpanpscH Konontaan CentraanBiap.—Maandelijksch over- nicht betreffende de litteratuur van Nederlandsch-Oost-en West-Indié, hoofdzakelijk op het gebied der ethnologische, biologische en geologische wetenschappen. In vereeniging met Boerlage, Molengraaf, Weber, Wichman, Blumentritt, Berg, and Ten Kate, geredigeered door C.M. Pleyte Wzn. 8vo. Lez- den, 1, 1894 (No. 1, Mai).
Nevuorr, K. A.—Das Land des Lotos. Miinchener Neuest.Nachr. 13 Aug. 1898.
Nooy, H. A. pe.—Javaansche woordenlijst, bevalten de woorden in Midden-Java in gebruik. vergeleken met het Javaansch in de residentie Soerakarta. Met bijstand van Mas Padmasoesas- tra. S8vo. ’sHage, 1894, 8 and 195 pp.
Normay, H.—The future of Sam. Contemp. Rev., July, 1888, pp. 1-13.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 59
Norman, H.—Urgency in Siam. Contemp. fev. Nov. 1893.
Oxpuam and Watson.—Elementary Geography for use in the V Standard. 8vo. Singapore, 1893, 26° pp-
Sayid Omar bin Att Atkor.—Majmu’ Al-amal Almardi-yat. 4to Singapore, 1894, 389 pp.
Opxuissen, C. B. van.—Bataksche spreekwoorden en spreekwij- zen. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxv, 1893,pp. 613- 639.
Oprer.—Die Zwangskultur im Niederlindischen Indien. Ausland, 1833, p. 28, 29.
Ox .fans, Henri Paritere D’.—Around Tonkin and Siam. Trans- lated by C. B. Pitman. 8vo. London, 1893, 426 pp.
Ovupemans, G. J.—Een en ander over het schrijven van Javanische brieven. Tijdschr. Ind.-taal-land-volk., xxxvii (2) 1893, pp.
oo) 413-118.
———-Jets over de Basa-Kedaton. Tijdschr. Ind.-taal- land-volk., xxxvii (1) 1893, pp. 105-111.
PaGENSTECHER, A.—Beitrige zur Lepidopteren-Fauna des Malayis- chen Archipels. 8vo. Wiesbaden (in progress).
ParDo DE Tavera, |. H.—Noticias sobre la imprenta y el grabado en Filipinas. 4to. Madrid, i893, 48 pp.
Parker, E. H.—The old lhai or Shan Empire of Western Yiinnan. China fev., vol. xx, 1893, pp. 337-346.
—_————— ——- The coast of Tenasserim. China Rev., vol. xx, 1893, pp. 245-263.
Paterno, P. A.—EI regimen municipal en las islas Filipinas, Real decreto de 19 de Mayo en 1893, con notes y UC ROU SEELEY. 4to. Madrid, 1893, 280 pp.
El individuo tagalog y su arte en la Exposicion historico-americana. 8vo. Madrid, 1893, 104 pp.
Prcnon, L.—Notes sur la question siamoise. 8vo. Paris, 1893, 47 pp.
Proter, C.—Etude sur les Hydraires de la Baie d’Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool., I, 1893. pp. 1-64.
Prcret, & Bepor—Compte rendu d’ un voyage scientifique dans V Archipel Malais. Svo. Genf, 1893, 64 pp.
Puasencia, JUAN DE—Die Sitten und Branche der alten Tagalen [translated from F. H. Pardo de Tavera’s edition of Plasencia’a
60 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Ms. of 1589 by F. Blumentritt]. Zeitschr. f. Hthnol, vol. xxv, 1893, pp. 1-21. Preytr, Way., ©. M.—Die Entzifferung der Minahassa Bilder- schrift. Globus, vol. lxiii, 1893, pp. 220-223, figures [From Tendeloo, Med. Ned. Zend, Gen., vol .Xxxvi, p. 329, _______——..Systematische beschrijving van de door de heeren Planten en Wertheim verzamelde Hthnographica, tijdens hun verblijf op de Zuidwester, Zuidooster en Key-eilan- den. Duydschr. Ned. Aard-Genoots. (2.) vol. x, 1893, pp. 5- 63.
SS ES
Kthnographische beschrijving der Kei-ei- landen. Tijdschr. Ned. Aard. Genoot. (2) vol. x, 1898, pp. 561-586, 797-840.
ee
—— L’ origine du baton magique en usage
chez les Bataks. T’oung Pao, v, 1893, p. 123.
——-Die Schlange im Volkselauben der Indo-
nesier, Globus, 1894, pp. 95, 169.
Het Malayv-Polynesische jaar. Hand. 4 Ned. Nat. Gen. Congres, (2,) 1893, p. 885.
Pocock, R. T.—Scorpions and their Geographical Distribution. Natural Science, May, 1894, pp. 853-364, map.
Poensen, ©.—lets over de Javaansche desa. Jed. Ned. Zend. Gen., xxxvil, 1898, pp 225 & 309.
——~-Kerste Javaansche leesoefeningen en lijst van af- geleide cn samengestelde vormen, in de eerste javaansche leesoefeningen voorkomende. 8vo. Lezden, 1893,47 & 20 Oe:
Pourmarre, L.—Carte du royaume de Siam et des pays limitro- phes. 1: 2,750,000. Paris, 1893.
PRELL, A.—Eindelijk recrut. Schets uit het Indische soldaten- leven. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. vol.-xxi, 1893, pp. 396-404.
Kin Ausflug in’s Innere Borneo’s. Aws allen Weltth. vol. xxiv, 1893, pp. 1-6, 43-46
Prenperaasr [Geu. Sir] H. N. D—England and France in Indo- China. Asiatic Quart. Rev. Jan. 1894.
Pryamanan.—Higen bloed. Indische roman. Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 1,300, ete.
R.—lIets over het lager onderwijs voor Europeanen in Ned. -Indie. Ind. Gids, 1893, p- 2105-2109.
Se ee
eee eee eC
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 61
Rappez, G.—[{ 23000 Miles in the ‘‘Tamara”’]. 2 vols. 4to, 8vo. Peters- burg 1892 and 1893, 226 and 211 pp. maps. [In Russian ; deals with Java, Amboina, etc., Coffee, Tea, etc. ].
Rapersma, J.—Rapport omtrent proeven over den invloed van dakbekking op de temperatuur binnen veldbarakken. Gen. Tijdschr. NV. I, xxxiii, p. 596.
Rannert, W. M.—Verklaring van de meestbekende javaansche raadsels in proza. Verh. Batav. Genoot. Kunst. vol. xlvii, (2) 1894, 104p, p.
Raynaup, H. N.—A batons rompus. L’Inde, Ceylan, Java, Indo-Chine francaise, Chine, Japon. 8vo. Nice, 1893 354, pp. :
Reitu, G, M.—Handbook to Singapore. 8vo Singapore, 1892, Map.
Reterrs, J. W. & A. Wicumann.—Gesteenten van zuid-Borneo. Neder. Kolon. Centralblad 1, 1894, pp. 58, 59.
ReEvitiiop, J.—Traversée de la presqu’ile de Malacca. Le Globe. (Geneva ), Bull. vol. xxxii, 1893, p. 212, ete.
Rrzau, Jos£.— Die transcription des Tagalog. Bijdr. taal-land-volk. Ned Indié. (5) vol vii, 1893, pp. 311-320. [from the Spanish original La Solidaridad, (Madrid), ii. p. 88.]
Rocuussey, W. F.—De enquéte omtrent het British-Indische muntwezen. 8vo s Hage, 1894, 38pp.
Romunpe, kh. V.—Verslag omtrent de Gouvernements kina-onder- neming in de Preanger-Regentschappen over het jaar 1891
5 Nat. Wijdschr. Ned Indié, tii, 1598, pp. 27-67.
Ronpravu.—Etude expérimentale sur divers poisons de fléches. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris, (4) vol. iv, 1893, pp. 294-804.
Ronket, P.S. van.—Das Malayische, die Handelssprache Ostin- diens. dusland, 1893, pp. 760-765.
————-—— Ein Malaiischer Bericht tiber die Djakun der
Halbinsel Malakka. Globus, vol. lxiv, 1893, pp. 53-55.
Roo, L. W. G. pE.—VDe nood van het Indische Militaire Wedu- wen-en Weezenfonds. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 353-362.
Roorpa, T.—Beknopte Javaansche grammatica, benevens een leesboek tot oefening in de Javaanche taal. Uitg. door A. C. Vreede. ed. 4, 8v0. Zwolle, 1893, xii, 842, pp.
62 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Rosa, D.—I Lombrichi raccolti nell’isola di’ Engano dal Dott. Mo- digliani. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2), xii, 1893, pp. 542-548.
Ruemeen, H. C. A. & pe Roo.—Nogeens “De nood van het Indische Militaire Weduwen en Weezenfonds”. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 746-760. ,
S., A. v. p.—Iets over opiumschuiven. Tijdschr. Inl. Genees. 1893, p. 50.
SanpDick. R. A. van.—Leed en lief uit Bantam. ed. 2. 8vo. Zutphen, 1893, 247, pp. .
Scuaank, 8S. H.—De Kongsi’s van Montrado. Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis en de kennis van het wezen der Chineesche vereenigingen opte westkust van Borneo. Tijdschr. Ind. taal- land-volk. vol. xxxv, 1893, pp. 498-612, map and plate.
Scnettema, J. F.—Bezuiniging in Nederlandsch-Indié. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 193-219.
ScHeuresr, D. i'.—Catalogus der Muziekbibliothek. °’sGraven- hage, 1898.
S. [cuutnaet|, G.-—-Coenraad Leemans. TZ’ owng Pao, vol. iv, 1898, p. 442.
Scumertz, J. D. E—Eine Keule als Waffe der Frauen von Engano. Int. Arch. Ethnogr., vol. vi, 1898, p. 61.
Scunetpers, G.—Die Sudostabteilung von Borneo. Petermanns Mitth., Feb. 1894, pp. 27-34, map, 1: 2,000,0V0.
Scnorr, G.—Ozeanfahrten auf Segelschiffen nebst Reiseskizzen aus Hinterindien, China und Japan. Aus allen Welttheilen, vol. xxiv, 1893, pp. 156 & 180.
Ein Besuch in Atjeh auf Sumatra. Globus, vol. lxiii, 1893, pp. 281-288.
Scnuwartz, H. J. E. F.—Nota over den politieken en economischen toestand van het landschap Kwantan. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land | volk., vol. xxxvi, 1893. pp. 825-342.
SerpEL, H.--Cupets Reise zu den wilden Stammenim Hinterlande Annams. Globus, vol. |xiv, 1893, pp. 1386 & 158.
SerruriER, L.—De anthropologie in dienst der ethnologie. 4 Nederl. Nat. Geneesk. Congres, 1893, (pt. 2), p. 412, ete. Suarps, R. B.—On the Zoo-Geographical areas of the world, illus- trating the distribution of Birds. Natural Science, Aug. 1898
pp. 100-108, map.
A. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 63
SHELLABEAR and Lurrine.—Sha'ir Puji Pujian Terchap k-dua kal1-
nya. [Malay Hymns.] Ed. 2, 10mo, Singapore, 1893, 22 pp. . —_—— —_———[ Malay Hymns, in Malay.] fo. Sin- gapore, 1893, 12 pp.
SHOEMAKER, J. P.—Nederlandsch-Indische krijgsverhalen. 8v. ’sHage, 1894, 14 & 161 pp., portrait.
Schetsen uit Atjeh-oorlog. Ed. 2, 8vo. 's Hage, 1894, 246 pp.
Str Anor.—Een reijse van Salatiga naar Tebing-Tinggi en nog iets verder 8vo. Hype, 1893, x, 88 pp.
SILVEsTRE.—Sur quelques instruments provenant de l’Indo-Chine. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris (4). vol. iv, 1893, pp. 864-370. Smiru, Annie, I..—Rainfall and the Forms of Leaves, Watural
Science, Aug. 1893, pp. 95-99.
Suita, H. Grosue.—Description of Two new species of Butterflies from Kina Balu. Annals Mag. N. H. (8) xii, 1893, pp. 34-35.
Snouck Hureronsz, C.—De Atjehers. I. 8vo. Batavia, 1894,
20, 512 pp., 2 maps.
Studien over Atjehsche klank-en schrift. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. vol. xxxv, 1893, pp. 346-442.
Syork, J. A.—De Ombilien-steenkolen voor de oorlogsmarine in Indie. Ind. Gids, 189+, p. 659-668.
De onderwerping van Tamiang aan het Nederlandsch
gezag in 1874. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1748-1776.
De onderwerping van Gighen en het hijschen van de Nederlandsche vlag aldaar in April, 1874. Ind. Gids, 1893 p. 1160-1180.
Spat, C.—Het Maleisch-Arabisch letterschrift, Regels en voorbeel- den. 8vo. Lezden, 1893, 76 pp.
[(Steap, W. T].—England, France and Siam. Rev. of Reviews, Aue. 1893, p. 117.
Sreinmetz, hk. S.—Suicide among primitive people. Amer. An- throp., vol. 11, 1894, p. 53.
Stevens, H. V.—(edited by A. Griinwedel). Die Zaubermuster der Orang Semang. Zettschr. f. Ethnol, vol. xxv, 1893, pp 71-100.
Stoxyis, A. M. H. J. —Manuel dhistoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du Globe, depuis les temps les
——_——_— S
a
—
—_—
64 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
plus reculés jusqu’a nos Eee vol. iti, 8vo. Leiden, 18938, 967 pp. [vol. 1, 1888. ]
[Sroce, F. C.]— —Twee. maanden of Java. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. xxi, 1893, pp. 472-476.
Srratz, H. 1 1 409.
StuurMAN, J. R.—Aardrijkskundige beschrijving der onder-af- deeling Si Pirok. Tijdschr. Ned. Aard. Gen., (2) xi, 1894, pp. 169-194, map.
——-.. Beschrijving van Bataksche voorwerpen. ot. Alg. Best. Batav. Gen., xxx, 1893, p. cxil.
Sucro, R.— Beitrag zur Hygiene inden Tropen mit Beriiksich- tigung auf die Arbeitsverhaltnisse im Pflanzerleben auf Sumatra. Ausland, 1898, pp. 449-451, 471-474.
Swetrennam, F. A.—About Perak. 8vo. Singapore 1893, 84 pp.
— -Note on the Jacoons. Journ. Authrop. Inst. vol. xxiii, 1893, p. 89 ete.
M. T.--Croyances des Muongs. Tradition, vii, 1898, p. 223.
TEMPLE, (SiR) RicHarpD.—French movements in Eastern Siam. For tnightly Rev. July, 1883.
Temps, R. C.—Talapay-Talapoin. IJndian Antig. vol. xxii, 1893
326,
TEN ee Jan.—Vier bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en usantien der EKuropeesche maatschappij in Nederlandsch-Indié. ed. 6, 8vo. Lezden, 1894, 311 pp.
Oost-Indische dames en heeren ed. 6 8vo. Leiden, 1894, 312 pp. .
-——— Romantise he werken. 1V &V. Oost-Indische dames en heeren. Vier bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en usantien der Europeesche maatschappi] in Nederlandsch- Indié. ed. 6, Svo. Leiden, 1894, 312 & 311 pp.
TrenpELoo, H. J. E.—De opleiding der Europeesche ambtenaren bij het Binenlandsch Bestuur_in Ned.-Indié. Ind. Gids 1893, p. 2058-2080.
TEN Have, J. J—Schoolkaart van Oost-Indie. ’s Hage, 1894, 4 sheets.
Ten Hove, J—De taalquaestie in de Minahassa. Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 1610-16381.
Trerwoet, W. A.—Corrie’s Tjisai, of tafereelen Ti het leven van een Indischen planter. 2 vds. 8vo. Culemborg, 1894, 224 & 215 pp.
Siam. Ausland, 1893, pp. 393 and
———
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 65
Tun, Grorce—De besmeltelijkheid van melaatschheid. Ind. Gids, p. 1894, 486-498. Tsosurn, J. M.—India and Malaysia 8vo. Cincinnati, 1898, 562
PE
THomas, O.—Descriptions of Two new Bornean Mammals. An-
. nals Mag. N. H. (6) xii, 1883, 230. [Semnopithecus sabanus ; Mus margaretic pusillus. |
—Description of a new Bornean Tupaia. Annals Mag. eden) x11, 1893, ‘p. 53.
——_—————Description of a new Sciuropterus from the Philip- pines. Annals Mag. N. H., (6) xii, 1893, pn. 30-82.
Tuomas THEoDoR.—EHenige opmerkingen naar aanleiding van het pachtstelsel op Java. S8vo. Lezden, 1898, 132 pp.
THomeson EH. P—How the French first came into Siam. Geatleman’s Mag. Nov. 1893.
Treus, M.—De schade door rupsen aan klapperboomen toege- bracht. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 62.
Tromp, 8S. W.—Voorwerpen uit de Westerafdeeling van Borneo aan het Bataviaasch Gen. geschonken. Not. alg. Best. Batav. Gen. xxxi, (1863), p. 247.
TRoosTENBURG DE Bruyn, C. A. L. van.—Biographisch woor- denboek van Oost-Indische predikanten. S8vo.. Nijm. 1893
8 & 521 pp.
Trorrer, C.—The Siamese Frontier. Scott. Geogr. Mag. Sept. 93, pp. 449-454.
[Tuvn, H. N. van per|.—Eene aanvulling der Maleische woor- denboeken. S8vo.’s Hage, 1894, 60 pp.
Uiiprixs, F. van.—Beelden uit Nederlandsch-Indié. 8vo. Haarlem, 1893 xii, 352 pp.
Van pen Bor, R. C.—De lijane na moewap en de legende daaraan verbonden. Tijdschr Ind. taal-land-volk. xxxvii, (2) 1893, pp. 201-208.
Van ven Brorx, J. D.—Oud Oost-Indie De lotgevallen van Nederlandsch Oost-Indié, in afzonderlijke, met elkaar verband hondende hoofdstukken. De erfenis der Kompagnie. 8yo. Haarlem, 1893 96 pp.
Van per Curss, J. A.—Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over gehul Neder-
_landts-India, Anno 1663-1664. Svo. Batavia, 1893, 632 pp.
——————— Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek, 1662-1811,
vol, x 1776-1787. (1073 pp.). vol. xi, 178-1794 (903 pp).
8vo. Batavia, 1892, 1893,
—_———.
66 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
V. D Curtss, 3. a. Suikkeriet-ampas als brandstof. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. xxxvii (1) 1898, pp, 1-26.
A. J. Linx, P. A.—Nederlandsch Oost- Indié, Part 3, pp. 129-192. Leiden, 1893, 2 maps.
VAN DEN SPIEneEn, H.—Eenige Madoereesche versjes, raadsels en spreekwoorden. Tijdschr.-Ind.-taal-land-volk. xxxvii (3) 1894, pp. 285-309.
VetteMA, P.—Aanteekeningen omtrent de regeilng van het rechtswezen voor de Chineezen op Java en Madoera. Ind. Gids, 1894, p. 1-24; 220-248 ; 387-412.
_-Pandjeshuizen. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1565-1592.
VERBEEK, R. D.—Het ontwerp eener mijnwet voor Nederlandsch- Indié. Ind Gids, 1893, p. 1821-1473.
‘«Veritas.”—De Gouverneur-Generaal en de ambtenaren van het Binnenlandsch Bestuur. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1777-1788. ——-Atjeh. Beschouwingen van den oud-soldaat Veritas.
Tijdschr. Ned -Ind., vol. xxii, 1893, pp. 321-861.
Verwey, A. W. C.—Jets over het contractueel pandelingschap en de bestrijding dezer instelling in de Nederlandsch-Indische wetgeving. Buijdr. taal-land-volk. N. TI. (5) vol. vin, 1893, pp. 234-253.
VissErR, J. H. W. B.—EHenige opmerkingen over eeden en den N.-I. Archipel. 8vo.. Lezden, 1893, 80 pp
VortT vAN VORMIZEELE, P. J. T.—Over de Uceanen,. WReis-in- | drukken van Constantinpel, Athene, Smyrne, Egypt, Ceylon, Java, China, Japan, Amerika. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1898, xii, 200 pp.
VorperMan, A. G.—Bijdrage tot de kennis der oudheden van Java. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk., vol. xxxvi, 1898, pp. 481- 501.
—
Over eenige wenig bekende oudheden van
de residentie Madoera Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk., vol. - xxxvi, 1893, pp. 233-246.
—____——Inlandsche vergifjen. Tijdschr. Inl. Genees,
1893, p. 81.
Enbalus koenigii, Rich, als voedingsgewas in Bantam. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 705.
il gS RE op bromatologisch gebied. Gen- Tijdschr. N. I., xxxiil, 1893, p. 343.
Vos. GG. We. psB—Indische bouw- -hygiene. Proeve van eene toepassing van de zezondheidsleer bij het bouwen in Neder-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 67
landsch-Indié, 8vo. Batavia, (Kon. Inst, ingen.) 1893, 185 pp., Atlas. W.—Hoe de Javanen papier fabriceeren. Ind. Gids, 1894 p. 142-145, ———-Eenige bijzonderheden aomtrent de Javaansche kleederdracht in het rijk van Soerakarta. Ind. Gids. 1894, p, 664-667. ——De heerendienst-ordonnantien van den laatsten tijd. Ind. Gids, 1893 p. 1593-1609.
—-Aux rives du Mékong. Nouv. Rev. vol. lxxxii, 1893, pp. 620- 625. .
Waat, G. Dn.—Aanteekeningen op van der Toorn’s Minangka- bausch-Maleisch-Nederlandsch woordenboek. Ind. Gids, 1898 p. 1836-1849, 1990-2001.
Watts Y-Merino, M.—La musica popular de Filipinas......... .. con un preludio de Antonio Pena y Gon, Ato Madrid, 1892, 46 pp.
Observaciones de Presupuesto de Lastos de Filipinas. 4to Madrid, 1893, 64 pp. .
Warton, J.—Dust from the Krakatoa Eruption, 1883. Science, Xxlil, 1894, pp. 57-58. |
Went, F. A. C.—Ueber Haft-und Nahrwurzeln bei Kletterpflan- zen und Epiphyten. Ann Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, xii (1), 1894,
pp. 1-72.
pao.
Wessexs, L.—Het jongste koffie-debat in de Tweede kamer. Ind. Gids, 1894 p. 537-556.
WestTERRODE, W. vAN.—Proev eener regeling van de contréle op de heerendiensten. Ind. Gids, 1893 p. 1121-1152.
Warrenean, J—Exploration of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo. With an appendix, giving full descriptions of the various spe- cies of mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, etc., collected by the author in Borneo, Palawan, and Eastern Java. 4to London, 1893) x, 317 pp., 32 pls.
Wicumann, A.—JLencitgesteine von der Insel Celebes. Nat. Tijd- schr. N.-I,, liii, 1839, pp. 315-331, pl.
ee -—— Der Ausbruch des Gunung Awuam7 Juni, 1892. Zeitsch. deutsch. Geol. Ges., vol. xlv, 1898, pp. 548-546.
Wicumann, v.Retgers.
Wieerrs, H. D.—Schets van het regentschap Kadjang, onderaf- deeling Kadjang, afdeeling Oosterdistricten, gouvernement
Verdeeling van suikkeriet. Teysmannia, ivy, 1893,
68 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
Celebes en onderhoorigheden. Tijdschr. Ind. taal-land-volk. VOL. XXXVI 160s. pp. 247-275 one |
Wienman, H. J.—De heilige geestbloem (Peristeria elata, Hook.) in bloei in den Botanischen tuin te Buitenzorg. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 609.
-_——_—— De bergwouden van Java. Teysmannia, iv, 1893,
p. 134. 1893, p. 464.
Witpman, R.—Tin in the Malay Peninsula Report from the Con- sul of the United States, Washington, 1893, pp. 215-220.
Wisk, G. O. van.—De goeie Io. Roman uit het Indische leven. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1898, 285 pp. i
WILKen, G. A.—Ha: dleiding voor de vergelijkende volkenkunde van Nederlandsch- Indie. S8vo. Leiden, 1892-3. Parts 3-9, pp. 161-669.
Wirxamp, H. P. T.—Kaart van Nederlandsch-Indie. 2 sheets fo. Amsterdam, 1893.
W ortsHOFFER, S.— Gered ! Dooltoeht van twee jongee lichtmatrozer door de Indische wonderwold. ed. 2, ’s Hage, 1893, 499 pp.
Wor van WesreroopE, W. pr.—Inlandsche plantennamen, Teysmannia, iv, 1898, p. 23. ;
X.—LEnegelsch-Indisch bestuursambtenaren en Nederlandsch-In- dische collega’s. Ind. Gids, 1893, p. 1709-1747, 1905-1920.
—--/an Company en de koffiecultuur. Ind. Gids, 1898, p. 1921- LO2e:
X, Jacopus.—L’Amour aux colonies. Singularités physiologiques et } assionelles observées durant trente années de séjour dans les colonies francaises Cochinchine, Tonkin et Cambodge, ete. 4to. Paris, 1893, viii, 397 pp.
XXX.—Terrassen aanleg bij de kotiiecultuur. Teysmannia, iv, 1893, p. 71.
YzerMan, J. W.—Beschrijving van de-Boeddhistische bouwerken te Moeara Takoes. TLijdshr. Ind-taal-land-volk. vol. Xxxv,— — 1898, pp. 48-74, 6 pls.
ZasorowsK1.—La mika-opération. Le Kalang des Dayaks de Bornéo. Bull. Soc. anthrop Paris, vol. iv, 1893, pp. 165-170
Zevua, L. J.—In den Zivnbergwerken der Insel Banka. Om, vol xix, 1893, pp. 125-129.
ZIMMERMANN, W. F. A—Malerische Linder-und Vélkerkunde 11th ed. (new impression of the 9th ed. by §. Kaliseher). 37 parts, Berlin, 1898.
-
De tuin van Lie Tjoe Hong. Teysmannia, iv,
ee see oi oy oe) ie peal aa
ee
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. 69
ZONDERVAN, H.—Aus Sumatra. Deutsche Rundschau Geogr. xvi, 1893, pp .191-194.
—— --—_——Zur Erforschung von Borneo. Ausland, 1893, p. ol.
-_—ee
: Die Key-Inseln. Ausland, 1893, pp. 339-342. Zuniea, EF. J. M. pe.—Hstadismo de las islas Filipinas o mis viajes for este pais. 2 vols. Madrid, 1893, 549 & 744 pp.
MAPS.
Kaart van Awmportna, de Oeliassers en de _ Banda-eilanden. Amsterdam 1893, 1: 1,000,000.
Borneo, Srraat Laoret.— Batavia, 1893, 1: 1,000,000.
Borneo, N. Coast.—1: 97,400. Lankayan to Sandakan—Malla wallé island to Lankayan—Darvel Bay—Northern Shore of Sibuko Bay—Hast Coast: Dent-haven. London, 1893.
Currt & Mateuatve.—Carte de l’Indo-Chine, Cochinchine, Cam- bodge, Siam, Annam, Tonkin, dressée sous les auspices du mi- nistre des affaires étrangéres et du sous-sécretaire del’ Etat des Colonies. 4 sheets. Paris 1893, 1: 1,000,000.
Java.—Hilanden en vaarwaters beoosten sheet; 2 (7° 380-11° S. 120-127- EH.) Batavia, 1893. .
Sxretcu Prans of anchorages between Mindanao and Celebes ; North Bay, Lirung road, Saree Bay. London, 1893.
Kaarren en gedsen van den Nederlandsch-Indien Archipel, uit geg. door het Hydrographisch Bureau van het Departement der Marine te Batavia. S8vo. Bataria, 1894, 24 pp.
Wirxame, H. P.—Kaart van Nederlandsch-Indie, naar oor- spronkelijke teekening. 2 sheets. Amsterdam, 1893, 1 : 500,000.
Puiippints.—Plans dans le détroit de San Bernardino—Mouil- lages des cOtes S E et de Vile Mindanao et des iles voisines— Ports et Mouillages des cites S E et O de Mindanao— Détroit de Balabac—P. et M. de Vile Panay et des iles au Nord—Lucon P and M. dela cédte ouest: Ports de Masingloe et Mataloi— Cote N E et Iles Babuyanes: Baie de Derique, Port de Salo- mague—P. and M. de Vile Samar et des iles voisines: Port Palapa, iles Canchuan- -Ies Palawan, Culion et Calamaines: Port de Talindac— Mer de Sulu: Lles Samales et Baluinguingu —P. et M.auxiles Tawi-Tawi. Parvs, 1853.
PovitmMarre Carte du royaume de Siam et des pays limi- trophes, Paris 1893, 1; 2,7500,000.
70 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
SINGAPORE NEW Harsour.—London, 1893, 1: 6100.
SunDA Srrair anp AppRoacnes.—London, 1893, 1: 817,500.
Ports. et mouillages dans le détroit de la Sonde. Paris. 1893.
WerLTKARTE.—Zur Uebersicht der Meerestiefen. Berlin, 1893, 86 x 170 cm.
Userrsicutskarta.—Der iiberseeischen Postdampfschiffinien im Weltpostverkehr. 1: 47,000,000. Berlin, 1892 with text Svo, 16 pp. 1893.
Atpricu, T. H.—A new Landshell from Sumatra. Nautilus, vol. i, 1894, p. 90. { Nanina (ariophanta) Doherty. |
Bartton, H. La place des connaracées dans la classification. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 145, 1894.
Bineuam, OC. T.—Note on the Pests of the Teak tree. Indian Mus. Notes, iii, 1894, pp. 93-98.
Buiumenrrirt, F.—Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den pbilip- pinischen Eingebornen iiblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtverrichtungen sich beziehen. Zeitschr. Kunde Morgenlandes, 1894.
BorrnaceE, J. G.—Welken botanischen naam moet men geven aan de soort van Erythrina, L. die gewoonlijk op Java onder den naam van dadap wordt gekweekt?
Teysmannia, 1V,-1894, p. 668.
Boupacctr, A.--Affinita delle aristolochiacee e dei generi aristolo- chiacei. ull. Soc. botan. Ital., 1894, pp. 49-54.
Branpsrerrer, R.—Malaio-Polynesische Forschungen. II!. Die Geschichte von Hang Tuwah 8vo. Luzern, 1894.
Breve pe Haan, J. van.—Riet-vijanden onder de imsecten en hunne bestrijding. Teysmannia, iv, 1594, p. 260.
Bouillie Bordelaise en hare toepassing. Teysmannia, iv, 1894, p. 720.
Bucxron, G. B.—The Mango Shoot Psylla (P. cistellata). Indizn Mus. Notes, 111, 1894, p. 91.
Casrawar y Cursta, D. E.—Ias aguas de Mariveles; contribucion al estudio fisiologico, terapeutico, y clinico, de las aguas mi- nero-medicinales del manantial elamado Balong-anito (4070 santo). S8vo. Manila, 1893, 33 pp.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. ial
CrentEeNo y GarctA, J.-~ Las islas filipinas y las brdenes monasticas ; conferencia dada en el casino republicano centralista el dia 3 de Marzo de 1894. 8vo. Madrid, 1894, 34 pp.
Crerce, F. 8. A. pz.—Inlandsche plantennamen. Teysmannia, HV 1894, p. 327.
Cottert, H.—Six weeks in Java. Blackwood’s Maq., Jny. 1894.
. Comencr, N.—Cuestiones filipineas. I. Los Chinos 8yvo. Manila, 1894, 470 pp.
Costrrus, J. C.—Hen praatje bij kiemend koffie zaad. De Natunr, May 1894.
Eepen, F. W. van.—Matten van de Kabakan Dajaks, Residentie Borneo’s Westkust. Bull. Kolon. Mus. aarlem, 1894, p. 28
Emery, C.—Formicides de l’archipel. malais. Rev Suisse Zool T, 1894, pp. 187-229.
Faust, J.—Curculioniden aus dem Malayischen Archipel. Stettin Hintom Zeitschr. Jahrz.53,18 , pp. 184-228.
Fernandez Arias, Evaristo.—El Beato Sanz y compafieros mar- | tires del orden de Predicadores. 4to Manila, 1898, ix, 802 & xxvii pp., Map.
FruustorFer, H.—Neue Java Rhopaloceren. Lntom. Nachr Jahrg 19, pp. 257, 285, 314, 332, 337.
Ein neuer Papilio aus Java. Jbidem p. 225.
Ein neuer Tagfalter aus Nias. Ibidem, p. 819.
Geynep, J. L. van.—Djeroek-cultuur in de afdeeling Malang. Teys- mannia, iv, 1894, p, 193.
Gite, E.—Zwei neue Dipterocarpeen aus Malesien. Englers Jahrbuch, xviii, 1894, pp. 38, 39.
GresHorr, M.—Van welke plant komt de bloem der overwinning ( Widjojo Koesoemo ). Bull. Kolon. Mus. Haarlem, 1894, p. 39.
Grinwepet, A.—Die Zaubermuster der Orang Hutan von Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. Verh. Berlin. Ges Ethnol., 1894.
HasertannT, G.—Anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen iiber das tropische Laubblatt. II. Ueber wassersecernirende.
und absorbirende Organe. Sz/z. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, ciii, 1894 JansE, J. M.—De Dadap-ziekte op Java. TZeysmannia 1894.
72 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
JELLESMA, HE. J. Opeaaf van een uitgebreide verzameling ethno- graphische voorwerpen van de Talant-eilanden. Notul. Algem Bestuurs-vergad. Batav. Gen. Kunst. xxx, sPynOws
JocKin,—Bajang-hout (Mak.). Teysmannia, iv, 1894, p. 469.
Kurremans, C.—Hnumeration des Buprestides recueillis par EH
Modigliani & Sumatra dans la région du lac Toba. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1894.
Kwnttret, S.—Bericht tiber die i fieenanean Hrscheinungen im engeren Sinne wihrend des Jahres 1898. WUschermak’s Min. Pet Mitth. xiv, 1894, pp. 195-264.
Kosus, J. D.—Verslag omtrent den toestand van de Gouvenm! ments-rietplanting op bet eiland Banka. TYeysmannia, iv- 1894, p. 1.
Koorpers 8S. H.—Nota over de waarde van inlandsche namen van Javaansche woudboomen. TYeysmannia, v, 1894, p. 52.
—Over de waarde van Albizzia Moluccana Wrig.
voor rebrisate op Java. Teysmannia, vol. v, 1894, pts. 5 & 6.
— Sono-Klng en Sono-Kembang. Teysmannia, v,
1894, p. 94.
Laricetez, L.—Quelques observations anthropologiques et ethno- eraphiques sur les habitants des Iles Mergui. Bull. Soc. An- throp. Paris [4], vol. v, 1894, p. 218. .
Lucassen, T. and F. A. fF. C. Went.—Afbeeldingen van Rietziek- ten. Med. Proefstation Suikerriet W. Java, No. 16, 1894.
Meyrick, E.—On Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. Trans Entom. Soc.. 1894. |
Mowntanpon, A. L.—Hémipteres de la Sousfam. des Plataspin- dine récoltés par le Dr. Elio Modigliani a Vile d’Engano. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, xii, 1894, p. 294.
Nicévitie, L. pe.—On Lrites, an oriental genus of satyrid butter- flies. Journ. Asiatic. Soc. Bengal, xlu, 1893, pp. 1-7.
NiEUWENHUIS, A. W.—De verspreiding der Malaria in verband met de geologische gesteldteid van der afdeeling Sambas, Borneo... Gen. Tijdschr. N. I., vol. xxxiv, 1894, p. 125.
PaGgEenstecHER, A.—-Beitrage zur Lezidopteren-Fauna des malayis- chen Archipels. Jahrb. Nassau, Ver. Nat. , Jahrg. 46, pp. 27- 40 and 81. .
Pievte Wazn, C. M.—Bataksche Vertellingen. 8vc. Utrecht, 1894.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA. mee 4/98)
PornsEN, C.—Iets over de Javaansche desa. Med. Ned. Zend. Gen. xxxviil, 1894, p. 98.
Prarn, D.—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, \xviii (2), 1894.
Rarze, F.—Voélkerkunde. ed. 2, 8vo. Leipzig, 1894.
W.—Volkerkunde ed. 2, vol. 1, Leipzig and Wien, 1894.
Retana, W. E,—HEI precurso rde la politica redentorista, Breves comentarios a un libro raro. Madrid, 1894, 12 pp. and 36 pp.
Supersticiones de los indios filipimos ; un libro de aniterias. 8v0o. Madrid, 1894, xlvi, 104 pp.
RiemsbiusK, J. B. W. BH. van.—De invioed van tropische gewesten op den mensch in verband met kolonisatie en gezondheid. Medisch Weekbl. N. Z. Ned. 1894, p. 1538.
Rincon, M. M.—Cinco meses en Mindanao. Operaciones en 188€- 87. C.artas al Diario de Manila. S8vo. Manila, 1894, ix and 182 pp
Roo pEta Fartte, P pe.—Bericht omtrent eenige oude wapens aangetroffen in de desa Selakaso nabij Tjitaroen. otwl. Algem. Bestuursvergad. Batav Gen. Kunst. xxxii, pp. 74-76.
Sanpick, R. A. van.—Kolonisatie van Europeanen in de tropen. Vrag. des Tijds, June, 189-4.
Scnort, H.—Zwei neue Collembola aus dem Indischen Archipel Entom. Tids Stockholm, Arg. 14, 18, pp. 171-176.
Swetien, P. C. T.—Beschrijving van eenige Javaansche dagvlin- ders. Tijds. voor Entom., xxxv, , p. 145.
Sroxvis, B. J— De Invloed van tropische gewesten op den mensch in verband met kolonisatie en gezondheid. 8vo. Haarlem, 1894.
Stott, G.—Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Vélkerpsychologie ’Svo. Leipzig, 1894.
THorent, T.—Aracnidi di Pinang raccolti nel 1889 dai Signori L. Loria e L. Fea. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, x, 189 pp. 269-883.
——_————. Aracnidi di Nias di Sumatra raccolti nel 1886 dal Sig. EH. Modigliani. dnn. Mus. Oiv. Stor. Nat. Genova, x, 189 , pp. 5-106.
74 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYA.
THORELL, T.— Diagnoses aranearum aliquot novarum in Indo- Malesia inventarum. Ann. Mus. Oiv. Stor. Nat. Genova, x, 189 , pp. 132-172.
——_———-—-Studi sui ragni Malesie Papuani. Pt. IV, Ragni dell, Indo-Malesia, vol. 11, 490 pp.
——————- Nove species aranearum a TH. WorKMAN in insula Singapore collectz. Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital., xxiv, 189 , pp. 902-252.
Trevus, M.—De beweerde opneming van vrije stikstof door hoogere planten. TZeysmannia, vol. v, 1894, p. 182.
Vorperman, A. G.—Pala lelaki (Myristica argentea, Warb.) Teys- mannia, vol. v, 1804, p. 163. .
Rasamala, Teysmannia, v, 1894, p 108,
Waxker, J. H.—De bestrijding der keverlarven door Botrytis tenella-isaria. Med. Proefstat. O.-Java, No. 10 [ ? 1894 ]. Went, F. A. F. C.—Eenige bemerkingen over bestrijding der
ananas ziekte. Med. Proefstation Suikerriet W. Java, No. 15. Tangerangbibit en de bestrijding der Sireh- ziekte. Med. Proefstation Suikerriet W. Java, No. 15.
And H. C. P. Grrrtings.—Over suiker-en alcoholvorming door organismen in verband met de overwerking
der naproducten in de riet suiker fabrieken. Med. Proefstat. Suik. W.-Java, No. 13 [ ? 1894 ].
Wresyer, J.—Ueber den vorherrschend ombrophilen Charakter des Laubes der Tropengewichse, iii. Botan. Centralb. vol, lviii, i894, p. 121.
--Pflanzenphysiologische Mittheilungen aus Buiten- zorg,i,u. Botan. Centralb. vol. lviii, 1894, p. 119.
WIGMAN, H. J.—Cassia. Teysmannia, vol. v, 1894, p. 209,
——E —-De heilige geest bloem (Peristeria elata, Hook.) in bloei in dem Botanischen tuin te Buitenzorg. Teysmannia, iv, 1894, p. 609.
ZEINUL ABEDIN BIN MonameD Patanr. Akidatu-al-Munjian. fo. Penang, 1898, 250 pp.
— =:
>
*
AITS BRANCH
or THE. =
siatic Socie
|" JULY, 1897.
- Agents of the Society: nd America ee Mer - Trouser & Co. $3 : se =. Ernest Leroux & Cre. ‘> =. O7To Harrassowirz, Leipzig.
| SINGAPORE: —
oi
Ss
[No. 30. ]
JOURNAL
OF THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE
Royal Asiatic Society
JULY, 1897.
Agents of the Society:
London and America me ies ae ‘TRUBNER & Co.
Paris oe = a .. ERNEST LERoUX & CIE.
Germany ... ae .. Orro Hareassowitz, Leipzig. SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN Misston Press.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Rules of the Society
Council for 1897
List of Members for 1897
Proceedings of Annual General Miectine
In Memoriam —REINHOLD ERNST ROST ELON: Hi. O?BRIEN ..., HON. MARTIN LISTER
H. VAUGHAN STEVENS Treasurers Cash accounts for 1896
A Vocabulary of the Dusun Dialect,— by the Rev. Dr. H. L. E. Luering
List of Malay Plant Names by H. N. Ridley.
An account of the Cultivation of Rice in Malacca, by Inche Muhammad Jafar, contributed by E. M. Merewether, with a translation by C. O. Blagden OCCASIONAL NOTES— Protective Charm EKarthquakes The South Names of Months Benzoin Batara Guru te Jalantke vestita Lindl. in Selangor Boriah
The Society is still in possession of a considerable stock of the back numbers of its Journal.
Members can be supplied with them at the rate of fifty cents a number to complete their sets. Application should be made to the Honorary Secretary.
RULES OF THE
STRAITS ASIATIC SOCIETY.
a
I.—Name and Objects.
1.—The name of the Society shall be “THE STRAITS ASIATIC SOCIETY.” 2.—The objects of the Society shall be— a, The investigation of subjects connected with the Straits of Malacca and the neighbouring Coun- tries. b. The publication of papers in a Journal. c. The formation of a Library of books bearing on the objects of the Society.
II.—Membership.
3.—Members shall be classed as Ordinary and Honorary.
4,—Ordinary Members shall pay an annual subscription of $5, payable in advance on the Ist January of each year. Mem- bers shall be allowed to compound for life membership of the Society on payment of $50.
5.—Honorary Members shall pay no subscription.
6.—On or about the 30th June of every year, the Honor- ary Treasurer shall prepare a list of those Members whose sub- scriptions for the current year remain unpaid, and such persons shall be deemed to have resigned their Membership. But the operation of this rule, in any particular case, may be suspended by a vote of the Council of the Society. No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other publications of the Society until his subscription for the current year has been paid.
Vi. RULES.
7.—Candidates for admission as Members shall be propos- ed by one and seconded by another member of the Society, and if agreed to by a majority of the Council shall be deemed to be duly elected.
8.—Honorary Members must be proposed for election by the Council at a general meeting of the Society.
III.—Officers.
9.—The Officers of the Society shall be :— A President ; Two Vice-Presidents, one of whom shall be selected from amongst the members resident in Penang ; An Honorary Secretary and Librarian ; An Honorary Treasurer; and Five Councillors. These Officers shall hold office until their successors are chosen. 10.—Vacancies in the above offices shall be filled for the current year by a vote of the remaining Officers. 3
IV .—Council.
11.—The Council of the Society shall be composed of the Officers for the current year, and its duties shall be :—
a. To administer the affairs, property and trusts of the Society.
b. To elect ordinary members and recommend Hon- orary members for election by the Society.
c. To decide on the eligibility of papers to be read before general meetings.
d. To select papers for publication in the Journal, and to supervise the printing and distribution of the said Journal.
e. To select and purchase books for the Library.
jf. To accept or decline donations on behalf of the Society. et 2
gy. To present to the Annual Meeting at the expira- tion of their term of office a Report of the proceedings and condition of the Society
e
RULES. Vii.
12.—The Council shall meet for the transaction of busi- ness once a month, or oftener if necessary. At Council meet- ings, three Officers shall constitute a quorum.
13.—The Council shall have authority, subject to con- firmation by a general meeting, to make and enforce such by-laws and regulations for the proper conduct of the Society’s affairs as may, from time to time, be expedient.
V.—Meetings.
14,—The Annual General Meeting shall be held in January of each year. 15.—General Meetings shall be held, when practicable, once in every month, and oftener if expedient, at such hour as the Council may appoint.
16.—At Ordinary General Meetings of the Society seven and at the Annual General Meeting eleven members shall form a quorum for the transaction of business.
17.—At all Meetings, the Chairman shall, in case of an equality of votes, be entitled to a casting vote in addition to his own.
18.—At the Annual General Meeting, the Council shall pre- senta Report for the preceding year, and the Treasurer shall render an account of the financial condition of the Society. Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.
19.—The work of Ordinary General Meetings shall be the transaction of routine business, the reading of papers approv- ed by the Council, and the discussion of topics connected with the general objects of the Society.
20.—Notice of the subjects intended to be introduced for discussion by any member of the Society should be handed in to the Secretary before the Meeting.
Visitors may be admitted to the Meetings of the Society. but no one who is not a member shall he allowed to address the Meeting, except by invitation or permission of the Chair- man.
ViI.—Publications of the Society.
21.—A Journal shall be published, when practicable, every six months, under the supervision of the Council. It shall com- prise a selection of the papers read before the Society, the
Viti. ~RULES.
Report of the Council and Treasurer, and such other matter as the Council may deem it expedient to publish.
22.—Every member of the Society shall be entitled to one copy of the Journal, deliverable at the place of the publication. The Council shall have power to present copies to other Socie- ties and to distinguished individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council shall, from time to time, direct.
23.—Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the Author.
24.—The Council shall have power to sanction the pub- ~ lication, in a separate form, of papers or documents laid before the Society, if in their opinion practicable and expedient.
VII.—Popular Lectures. 23.—Occasional Popular Lectures upon literary or scienti- fic subjects may be delivered, under the sanction of the Council on evenings other than those appointed for General Meetings of the Society.
VIII.—Amendments.
26.—Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in writing to the Council, who shall, after notice given, lay them before a General Meeting of the Society. A Committee of Resident Members shall thereupon be appointed, in conjunction with the Council, to report on the proposed Amendments-to the General Meeting next ensuing, when a decision may be taken, provided that any amendment to the Rules which is to be pro- posed by such Committee to the General meeting shall be stated in the notice summoning the meeting,
THE STRAITS BRANCH
OF <THE
Royal Asiatic Society
PATRON. mE. Sir. Charles B. H. Mitchell, G. C. M.G.
COUNCIL FOR 1896.
The Right Revd. Bishop G. F. HoSE—President.
The Hon'ble W. R. COLLYER,— Vice-President for Singapore. The Hon’ble D. LOGAN,— Vice-President for Penang.
H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.—Honorary Secretary.
J. O. ANTHONISZ, Esq.—Honorary Treasurer.
H. H. ESCHKE, Esq. 7} The Hon’ble W. J. NAPIER, Esq. | R. N. BLAND, Esq. Geruciiors Dr. R. HANITSCH. |
The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, J
LIST OF MEMBERS.
FOR
le Sesh?
ANTHONISZ, J. O., B.A. BAMPFYLDE, C. A BARNES, W. D. BARTLETT, E. A. BELFIELD, F. BERRINGTON, A. E. aD BICKNELL, W. A.
BIRCH, J. K.
BLAGDEN, C. O., M. A., (Life Member) BLAND, R. N. Bort, Dr. W. N. BRADDON, Dr. W. L. BRANDT, D.
BROWN, The Hon. Dr. W. C. BRYANT, A. T.
BRYDGES, KE. H., M.A. BUCKLEY, C. B. CAMPBELL, A.
CAMUS, M. de
CLIFFORD, H. C.
COLLYER, The Hon’ble W. R.
CONLAY, W. DANE, Dr. R.
Singapore.
Kuching, Sarawak.
Kinta, Perak.
Sarawak.
Selangor.
Taiping, Perak.
Audit Department, Penang. Penang.
England.
Province Wellesley. Singapore.
Seremban, N. Sembilan. Stanmore, Singapore. Penang.
Penang.
Singapore.
Orchard Road, Singapore. Kuala Kangsa, Perak. Singapore.
The Residency, Pekan, Pahang. Singapore.
Perak.
Province Wellesley.
MEMBERS FOR
DENT, SIR ALFRED, K.C.M.G.
Dew, A. T.
DUNKERLEY, Rev. W. H., M.A.
DUNLOP, C.
DUNN, J. R.
EGERTON, WALTER
ESCHKE, H. H.
EVERETT, A. HART
EVERETT, H. H.
FIELDING, J.
Fort, H.
FREER, Dr. G. D.
GENTLE, ALEX.
GERINI, Capt. G. 8.
GRAHAM, JAMES
GROOM, S. R.
HAFFENDEN, JOHN
HAINES, F. W.
HALE, A.
HAMILTON, J. R.
HANITSCH, Dr. BR.
HARE, G. T.
HAUGHTON, H. T.
HAVILAND, Dr.
HAWES, M. A.
HERVEY, D. F. A., C.M.G.
(Hon. Member)
HIL1, The Hon. E. C.
Hosg, The Rt. Rev. Bishop G. F. M.A.,D.D. (Hon. Member)
Hosg, C. .
HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT
| eae OP
Hupson, H. H.
HEELetTT, R. W., M.A., F:L.S.
IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH,
DATO’ DALAM JEFFREY, 8. JOAQUIM, J. P. F.R.G.S.
1897,—Continued. xf
l1 Old Broad St., London, E. C.
Matang, Perak.
Malacca.
Powell & Co., Singapore.
S. S..Aye Leong, Singapore.
Singapore.
German Consulate, Singapore.
Labuan.
Sarawak.
Scotland.
Singapore.
Malacca.
England.
Siam.
Glasgow, Scotland.
Malacca.
Singapore. —
British North Borneo.
Tampin, N. Sembilan.
Matang, Perak.
Singapore.
Selangor.
Singapore.
England.
Selangor.
Buckhold | Hill, Pangbourne, Berks.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Baram, Sarawak.
Singapore. Penang. Singapore.
Johor Baharu. Singapore. Singapore.
xii MEMBERS FoR 1897.—Continued.
JOHNSTON, L. A. M. Singapore.
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, Triibner & Co., London. KNIGHT, ARTHUR Singapore. : Kog, R. K wala Pilah.
KYNNERSLEY, The Hon. C.W.S. Singapore. LAWES, Revd. W. G.
(Hon. Member) Port Moresby, New Guinea. LEASK, Dr. J. T. Penang. LEMON, A. H. Alor Gajah, Malacca LEWIS, J. H. A., BA. Government Printing Office,
Sarawak. Lier, Re Mec British North Borneo. LOGAN, The Hon'ble D. Penang. LUERING, Revd. Dr. H. L. HE. Singapore. MACHADO, A. D. Maliwun, Burmah. MACLAKEN, J. W. Bb. Singapore. MAXWELL, Sir. W. E., Government House, Accra, K.O.M.G. (Hon. Mem.) Gold Coast, Africa. McKILLOP, J., F.C.S. England. MELDRUM, DATO J. Johor. MEREWETHER, E. M. Malacca. MICHELL, W. C., B.A. Dindings MILLER, JAMES Singapore. Mookg, Revd. D. D. China. Munson, Revd. R. W. America. NANSON, W., B.A., F.S.G. Singapore. NAPIER, The Hon’ble W. J., M.A. B.C.L. Paterson Road, Singapore.
Noronua, H. L. Sing apore. ORMSBY, G. Labuan. O’SULLIVAN, A. W.5., B.A. Singapore. OwEN, I’. E. Kuala Pahang. PARR, C. W. C. Negri Sembilan, PERHAM,. The Ven’ble Archdea-
con (Hon. Member.) Singapore. RICKETT, C. B. Jeng ons and Shanghai
Bank, Foochow.
RIDLEY, H.N., M.A., F.L.S. Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
ROBERTS, W. 3) Ulu Pahang.
MEMBERS For 1897.—Continued. xiii
RopGER, J. P. The Residency, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
ROSTADOS, E. Singapore.
ROWLAND, W. RK. Rembau.
SARAWAK, H. H. The RAJA of, G.C.M.G. (Honorary Member.) Kuching, Sarawak. SARAWAK, H. H. The Ranee of Sarawak. SATOW, SIR. EH. M., K.C:M.G. - (Honorary Member. ) Tokyo, Japan.
SAUNDERS, C. J. Penang.
SCHAALJE, M. Medan, Deli.
Scotr, Dr. DUNCAN. England.
SEAH LIANG SEAH. Chop “Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SEAH SONG SEAH. Chop ‘‘ Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SHELFORD, The Homble T., Broadfields, Paterson Road, C.M.G. Singapore.
SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore.
SHELLABEAR, Revd. W. G. Singapore.
ker, W. W. Kuala Langat, Selangor.
SKINNER, A. M., C.M.G England.
SMITH, SIR CECIL C. G.c.M.G. England. (Honorary Member.)
SOHST, Theo. Singapore. pr. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore. STRINGER, C. Singapore.
SWETTENHAM, The Hon’ble J. A., O.M.G. England.
SYERS, H. C. Perak. TAEBOT, A. P. Malacca. THOMAS, O. V. England.
VAN BENNINGEN VAN HELSDINGEN, Dr. R. Sindanglaia, Deli. VERMONT, The Hon’ble J.M.B. Penang. WALKER, Lt.-Col. R. S. F., O.M.G. Perak. WATKINS, A. J. M. Selangor. WILKINSON, R. J. Singapore.
X1V MEMBERS FoR 1807! Gannon
WISsE, D. H. Singapore. WRAY, L. JR. Perak Museum, Perak.
Members are- requested to inform the Secretary of any change of address or decease of members, in order that the list may be as complete as possible.
All communications concerning the publications of the Society should be addressed to the Secretary: all subscriptions to the Treasurer.
Members may have, on application, forms authorising their Bankers or Agents to pay their subscriptions to the Society regularly each year.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE
RAFFLES MUSEUM, SINGAPORE.
ON
FRIDAY, 31st JANUARY 1896.
————— .
PRESENT :
The Right Revd. The BISHOP OF SINGAPORE President ; the Hon’ble W. R. COLLYER, H. H. ESCHKE, Esq., Dr. W. N. Bott, J. O. ANTHONISZ, Esq., G. T. HARE, Esq., R. J. WIL- KINSON, Esq., H. N. RIDLEY, Esq., the Rev. W. G. SHELL- ABEAR, the Rev. G. M. ReItH, C. O. BLAGDEN, Esq., C. J. SAUNDERS, Esq., H. L. NORONHA, Esq., Dr. R. HANITSCH and E. ROSTADO, Esq.
The Minutes of the last General Meeting were read and confirmed.
The Annual Report of the Council was read and adopted ; and the Honorary Treasurer’s accounts were passed.
The Meeting then proceeded to the election of a Council and officers for the ensuing year and the following were elected :-—
xi PROCEEDINGS.
President.—The Right Rev. the BISHOP OF SINGAPORE.
Vice President—Singapore, The Hon’ble W. R. COLLYER ; Penang, DANIEL LOGAN, Esq,
Honorary Secretary.—C. O. BLAGDEN, Esq.
Honorary Treasurer.—J.O. ANTHONISZ, Esq.
(G. T. HARE, Esq.,
| R. J. WILKINSON, Esq., Councillors. < DR. W. N. Bort,
| H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.,
| Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR.
The President then proposed a vote of thanks to the re- tiring officers and councillors. with special reference to Mr. R. J. Wilkinson and the Rev. G. M. Reith.
Mr. W. R. Collyer seconded and the vote was carried by acclamation.
A sub-committee, consisting of Messrs. H. H. Eschke, and W. G. St. Clair, was appointed to confer with the new Council regarding the expediency of altering the results in the way proposed by the late Council in their report. After some dis- cussion it was also resolved to refer to this committee the ques- tion of reducing the quorum necessary for the transaction of business at an ordinary General Meeting.
The Meeting was then adjourned to February 4th.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADJOURNED ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, HELD AT THE RAFFLES MUSEUM ON TUESDAY, 4th FEBRUARY, 1896.
PRESENT : The Right Rev. The BISHOP OF SINGAPORE, the Hon’ble W. R. CoLLyer, H. H. EScHKE, Esq., W. G. St. CLAIR, Esgq., the Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, Dr. W. N. Bott, E. ROSTADOS, Esq., H. N. RIDLEY, Esq., C. O. BLAGDEN, Esq., R. J. WIL- KINSON, Esq., and Dr. R. HANITSCH.
The Council and sub-committee appointed to consider the proposed modifications of the Rules recommended by the late Council, reported favourably on them to the meeting and they were unanimously adopted.
On the motion of Mr. W. R. Collyer seconded by Mr. J. R. Wilkinson, it was decided to add to Rule 6 the words: ‘“No Member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other ‘publication of the Society until his subscription for the current year has been paid.”
On the motion of Mr. R. J. Wilkinson, seconded by Mr. W. G. St. Clair, it was decided to add to Rule 4 the words:
“Members shall be allowed to compound for Life-Member- ‘ship of the Society on payment of $50.”
On the motion of Bishop Hose, seconded by Mr. H. H. Eschke it was decided to substitute for Rule 16 the words:
“ At ordinary General Meetings of the Society seven and “at the Annual General Meetings of the Society eleven Members “ghall form a quorum far the transaction of business.”
XViii PROCEEDINGS.
And to add to Rule 26 the words:
‘¢ Provided that any amendment to the Rules which is to ‘‘be proposed by such Committee to the General Meeting shall ‘‘be stated in the Notice summoning the Meeting.”
The sense of the meeting was taken as to the eligibility of the Ranee of Sarawak for Membership of the Society, and it was unanimously resolved that ladies were eligible, as is also the case in the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The meeting then adjourned.
IN MEMORIAM.
REINHOLD ERNST ROST.
The Council of the Straits Asiatic Society received with great regret the news of the death of Dr. REINHOLD Rost, €.1.E., which occurred at Canterbury, on February 7th, 1896.
Dr. Rost, who was born at Hisenberg on February 2nd, 1822, was Librarian to the India Office from 1869 till 1894, and was well known as a distinguished orientalist and Malay scholar.
He edited for the Society the two series of Miscellaneous Papers relating to Indo-China and the Indian Archipelago, which were published in 1886 and 1887, and in recognition of these and other services he was elected an Honorary Member on March 3rd, 1887.
‘Dr. Rost took the deepest interest in the work of the Society and many members who knew him personally are indebted to him for his valuable assistance, always given readily to all who were engaged in any of the various branches of research in which he himself took such a profound interest.
The Society has sustained a severe loss by the unexpected deaths, this year, of two valuable members—the Hon’ble H. A. O'BRIEN, “and the Hon’ble MARTIN LISTER.
Both gentlemen from time to time wrote papers for the Journal and contributed in no small degree to the information that has of recent years been obtained about the Malay Peninsula.
Before the Society was founded in the year 1875 Mr. O'BRIEN accompanied the late Mr. DALY onan expedition across the Malay Peninsula, via the Muar and Pahang rivers. The results of their joint expedition were recorded in the first Map of the Peninsula which was published by the Society in 1879. At that time the interior of the Peninsula was a terra incognita and the expedition was the first attempt to explore the interior and involved no small amount of danger and hardship. From an attack
= “IN MEMORIAM —-Consmued:
of dysentery contracted on that expedition Mr. O’BRIEN never really recovered his health. After a severe illness he was in- valided home, and his name first appears amongst the list of members of the Society in the December number of the Journal for 1878. :
In the June number of the Journal for 1883 he published a most valuable paper on the obscure nervous disease of Latah, which is universally admitted to be an excellent attempt to elucidate one of the most interesting mental anomalies in the Malay character.
In No. 14 of the Journal Mr. O'BRIEN published some in- teresting notes on the History of the Constitution of Jelebu, accom- panied by a sketch survey of the Sungei Triang which was pub- lished with Journal No. 15. At this period Mr. O'BRIEN was acting as Resident of Sungei Ujong and while so acting the agreement was concluded with Sir. F. A. Weld under which Jelebu was administered under the advice of the Resident in the same way as Sungei Ujong.
A fall from an elephant, which bolted in the jungle with him, in Jelebu. led to a series of complications which terminated in an attack of abscess of the liver. From that time Mr. O'BRIEN was no longer capable of much physical exertion and though he took a keen interest in everything connected with the Society he was no longer able to contribute in the way he would have wished, namely by personal observation and exploration of the Peninsula.
While acting as Col. Treasurer in 1891 some old documents had to be destroyed to make room ‘for_new ones and while investigating the blurred and moth-eaten records of 50 years before he came across the interesting minutes of Sir Stamford Raffles, which was published in No. 24 of the Journal. This was his last contribution to the Journal.
The Hon’ble MARTIN LISTER, whose death took placein Egypt on his way home, in the spring, was also a well-known contributor. He took a deep in terest in the Negri Sembilan States and what Mr. O'BRIEN did for Jelebu and Sungei Ujong and Mr. HERVEY for Rémbau, Mr, LIsT&R did for the Sri Menanti and Johol group, with which he was for a long time intimately connected. Hig
IN MEMORAAM.—Continued. KER
principal contribution was his paper on the Negri Sembilan in Journal No. 19, which he further expanded in his paper on ‘“ Malay-Law in Negri Sembilan,” in Journal Ne. 22.
Both Mr. O’BRIEN and Mr. LIST#R possessed to a prominent degree that sympathetic manner which renders Europeans popular with Malays, and their loss is equally mourned by Europeans and Natives.
Jase Nala &
We regret to have to record the death of Mr. Hn. VAUGHAN STEVENS, an ethnological collector in the Malay Peninsula, well known to Members of the Society. Hespent many years in ~ investigating the ethnology of the =akais, visiting all parts of Malay Peninsula. His collections were chiefly sent to the museums of Berlin and St. Petersburg and accounts of them were published in the ‘“ Veroffentlichungen aus dem K@éniglichen Museum fur Vélkerkunde” (Berlin), the “Zeitschrift fur Kthrologie, and Archiv der Pharmacie.” (1893).
Many members will remember a very interesting exhibition of his Pahang collections, held at the Raffles Library, in June 1890, under the auspices of the President and Council of the Society. His illness, due to the hardships he had undergone in his explorations was of some months’ duration, and he expired at Kuching, Sarawak, ou April 29th, at the age of sixty-two.
EE ON. ale.
ACCOUNTS.
XXll.
‘ZSINOHINY ‘O “££
06 Grel TP 6&8 yueg poroyiegy) ul “ FE G8g | Yue, oyuvoreyy ul * Ce 8 “** TOINSB9I J, . Are1000F ~UiMm oonepeq i 2 " sosuedxe Aqqyed s yre{Q) “* CQ 6 ak se speunol ome §101}9] uo SEN IOT e 0¢ 8 Re saoddeim 000‘T SOY 193}9] 00g sunutid a0} ‘QoQ sululilg s1e149 00 09 yso]Q Jo Arepes 00 OL IOJOO[[OQ OF UWOISSIWUUODH aca ssa aalg alodphury pure sau 7 spv.9s Ul OUI -JOOJ [PIOUNH SUISTIJIOA PV Os 179) "* "6% ‘ON [eUInor dn 6UI)JOS JOJ VYUOION TA O€ 9§E§ | “uONeSue.4 pue UeIpNg eley jo uornvorqnd 10; ssorg uOISsSI, Uroleuy Ag va) $ “10
SoS)
968T
"hyn0g oupispy pohoy young snow ‘wunsnaty ho.owo py
06
BRST
Soueee yseg uo ysertejuy ‘
3 S][eUINOL JO o]VG
Los} ‘Od
ee SoS ‘Od
eect ‘0d
“" V68TI ‘Od EGR OJ SuOIdIqosque
yueg o[quro10 yy ‘og
66
yueg peteyreyyg ul eourleg OF, | 968T
“Cd
‘Fjoquiesseqd 18\E Sulpus se9aA oy} soy fJUNOCDOY yuse9 S,JOInseesr yt AIBPLOUOH
A Vocabulary of the Dusun Language of Kimanis.
es ee fe .
The Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society No. 5 (June 1880) contained a list of Dusun words, collected by Mr. W. H. Treacher at the Tampassuk river. The author then added the following note to his vocabulary : ‘7 believe there are various dialects of Dasin, more distinct the more inland the tribes live. The Vocabulary is from Dusuns in the constant habit of seeing Irantfins, Bajaus, and Brunei Malays.”
The followmg list of words was collected in Kimanis, British North Borneo, in the year 1891. There is no doubt that the language to which these words belong, is spoken in various dialects by the so-called Dusuns of that region. They call themselves uwhlun Kadasan and utterly deny the statement
that they are descended from early Chinese settlers on the coast of Borneo which has often been made by European tra- vellers. Their language certainly does not permit the least doubt as to their genuine Bornean origin. In many particulars itis one of the oldest and purest in all Malaya. Philology proves in regard to its languages what botany and zoology has proved with regard to its Hora and fauna, that Borneo was separated from the western portion of Malaya, 7.¢, the Peninsula and Sumatra, at a very early period. This early separation has caused many primitive forms of speech to sur- vive which have disappeared in the western territories.
It is a cause of regret that sufficient material has not yet been collected or published by philologists and travellers, to enable us to fix beyond the possibility of doubt the position of
2 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
the Bornean languages in relation to the entire Malayan fam- ily. Yet the material which has been collected so far seems to indicate that such a classification will not be a very difficult task. The languages of Borneo proper and those of the mi- gratory Bajaus or Sea Gipsies and of the inhabitants of Butong (on the maps: Bouton) form one distinct group, which is intimately related to two other distinct groups, that of the Philippine and of the Sula-Amboyna languages. These three groups are evidently derived from a common source to which the name Austro-Malayan language might have been applied, had not this term lately been used to signify something very different. I propose therefore to call it the Hastern branch of the Malayan family of languages. There is also a corre- sponding. Western branch, of which modern Malay may be regarded as type. From a comparison of these two branches the Proto-Malayan language may be philologically recon- structed. Such a task will, in the end, prove very useful in the examination of the relation of the Malayan languages to either the Indo-Chinese or the Polynesian families of languages.
No such comparison is possible now, and if attempted would only resemble the unsystematic researches of the past, when writers put the Hebrew or Turkish into juxtaposition to one or more of the Indo-European languages.
In the following pages I have abstained from entering into the domain of comparative philology, and the Malay words have been given in the vocabulary rather for the purpose of of showing how far the Kadasan is separated from the lingua franea of this archipelago. For those who are desirous of studying the connection between the Dusun language and the languages of the Philippine group I can recommend a com- parison -of the words I have given with those of the Sulu, Engitsh und Mulay Vocabulary published by Mr. T. H. gE
in the Nos. 16 and 18 of this Journal. In explanation of my statement above, that the Dusun_
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. 3
(Kadasan) language contains some very old forms of. words, I may be permitted to give at least one example:
The word for egg is: antahlok, which may be compared with Bajau wntel/o (better untelok ) and Bouton ontolo. The Southern Dayak form t-anteloh is augmented by a peculiar pretix not uncommon in Bornean languages.* Here we see in Dusun the fullest form with the strongly sounded h before the 1, which all other Malayan languages have discarded at an early period. Remains of it may yet be recognized in a pecu- liar combination of sounds in some of the languages of the Sula-Amboyna group, expressed by Mr. A. R. Wallace by the letters 7h. All these languages have not only preserved the first syllable, but have added a common prefix m. Sula: metélo, Liang muntiro, Morella muntirhuz, Batu-merah (Amboyna) mun- telod, Lariki momatiro (According to A. R. Wallace.) 7
On the other hand the Philippine group preserved the first syllable less carefully. Tagallo and Bisaya both have it/og, Sulu iilog. The final g corresponds to the final & of antahlok, while Sulu & represents only a local variation of the original t, as in lubik —=Jlubt, string, rope. In the Philippine languages the word can be traced back to a primitive form *itélog. An explanation of the change in the first syllable may seem desir- able. The an- being short and unaccentuated gradually changed into én- which would be represented in Indo-European comparative philology as n= vowel-n. This sound always
changed into a short vowel, mostly a, but it became i ina good many instances. I need but to allude to Greek and Latin
—
_ * This prefix seems to have had the character of an article. It is also found in that dialect of the Dusun language of which Mr, W. H. Treacher has given a list of words: tulun (uhlun) man, tandoh (onduk) woman, female, tinan (inan) body, télé (ulu) head, tuntulo (antahlok) egg. téinau (oman) oil, tadau (adau) sun, day, tapot (apoé) fire; ete. pe
4 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
reduplications like gigndsk6, to know, Latin gigno, to bring forth, where gi- stands for gn.
From all the forms here given the original form can be derived, representing the Eastern branch of the Malayan lan- guages, which in fact is the same as the Dusun (Kadasan) word.
It cannot escape the readers of the following vocabulary that the language described in this article, possesses a number of fuller forms than is found in most Malayan languages. Cf. sumumpah, Mal. sumpah, to swear; sumakit, Mal. sakit, sick; susuduk, Mal. suduk, spoon; ete., etc. .
Another peculiarity needs to be mentioned, namely the prefix a—which before adjectives intensifies the meaning of the word, while in other cases the signification remains the same. €.g.:—
A fagat besides jagat (Mal. brat, bérat) heavy. Apodos ,, _podos (Mal. pédas) pungent. Aninek ,, ~~ ninek small.
Abok ,, budk ( Treacher ) hair, etc., ete.
Pronunciation. The simple vowels have the Italian sound, only e is short asin Malay menang, or pedas, @ is English a in race.
9° « ° . . .
a is the Swedish a, Danish aa, English aw (in law.)
.. over a vowel does not modify the sound, but simply denotes dieeresis e.g. tahdi pron. ta-ho-7.
The hyphens are to be absolutely disregarded in the pronun- ciation, they are only employed to separate the root from prefixes and suffixes, ¢.g. m-iad must be read miad.
The consonants have the sound now almost universally recog-
nized by philologists. 1 might add that h is always: distinctly breathed, while h is much stronger. It
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. 5
resembles Scotch or Swiss ch or Arabic a
k is always audibly pronounced, final k is soft like Malay final G but somewhat more distinctly pronounced than is cus- tomary at Singapore.
REV. H. L. E. LUERING, PH. D. (Strassburg. )
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English. One Two Three Four Five SLX peven Hight Nine Ten Kleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen sixteen Seventeen Hig hteen Nineteen Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Highty Ninety Hundred Thousand
Dusun. iSO lufo talo apat limo anam turo bahlu sejam hapod hapod-am-iso hapod-am-lufo hapod-am-talo hapod-am-apat hapod-am-limo hapod-am-anam hapod-am-turo hapod-am-bahlu hapod-am-sejam lufo-hapod talo-hapod apat-hapod limo-hapod anam-hapod turo-hapod bahlu-hapod se] am-h apod hatus sa-ribu
Malay. esa dua
ampat lima anam tujoh
se-ratus se-ribu
10
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English. Abash, to Abide, to Able Abolish, to Above Abuse, to Accept, to Acid ACYOSss Add, to Afar Atvaid Afterwards Again (back ) Avge Air Alike All Alone Aloud Alter, to Always Am
1 am Amongst Anchor Anchor, to Angel
Anger, angry
Dusun. malo m-apung moleh taman safat maki (J/u/.), taleb meng’-ano ansom se-brong wang al saduk meg’-asik tahoi me-lmalik “omor (Mal-A rab.) ibut m-iad mating-afi ISO-1SO (see: One) pohod me-obllon se major kemiso jau kemiso patod sapok lemaboh
Malay. malu
boleh
asathl
se-brang
balik
ribut (storm)
berlaboh
malaikat (Mal.-Arab)
hodong
40)
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
Linglish. Ankle Anklet Answer, to
Ant
Ape (orang-utan) Are
Arise, to Arm Arm-ring Around Arrive, to — Artful
As
As long as As much as Ascend, to (a hill) Ashamed Ashes Ashore
Aside
Ask, to Asleep
At
Aunt
Axe
Baby
Back
Bad (wicked)
Dusun. Malay. ampanetl long-kaki cf. kaki, (foot) semimbah cf. sembah (to answer
ceremoniously. ) kihlau yungw kemiso kakat-on, men-kakat Jongon léngan golong gelang, glare lumeon kaikod bisa (Val.) iad-eha abufai
aAgvomo, OQUINO
mintakad mendaki inalo malu ahu abu
hid-tindah (see: land) sempaping mohod
mn-odob, in-odop
hid
inal
pe-nahak
anak-ninek (see: small)
ikud cf. ikut (to follow) yahad jahat
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. 3)
English. Dusun. Malay. Bag kalong karong Bark (of a tree) kyhlit kulit
Bark, to—(to howl asa Dayak dog) me-guead, iue-vusik
Basket kapik
Bathe, to me-pajo
Battle : memang perang, prarg
Be, to kemiso
Beads nok, nuok
Beak (bird’s) tindok
Beans kachang (Wal.)
Bear baruang beruang, bruarg
Beard janggut (Mal.)
Beast binatang (Jal. )
Beat, to me-mobog’, bobog’-on
Become, to jadi ( Mal.)
Bed odop-on (see: to sleep)
Bee langau
Beef sapi (Mal.-Jav.)
Beetle, whinoceros- ) kujung
,, Smaller sorts angkub-anekub cf. angkup-angkup. ang-
kut-angkut, the build- Ing wasp.
Beg, to me-kianu
Begin, to mula-mula (Mal. )
Behind hid-kudan
Believe, to pichaya perchaya
Bell ganding |
Belly tijan tiyan
Belt (of wire) sinsing’
10
90
100
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LNNGUAGE.
English. Belt (other sort) Beneath Best
Better Between Beyond
Bid, to
Big
Bill (of bird) Bind, to Bird
Bite, to Black
Blind
Blood Blow, to Blow-pipe Blue Blunt Board
Boat, large
Dusun. Malay.
ogod
hid-sibok
wasik, fasik
wasik-kapijau denga-tangah tengah-tengah
se-brong se-brang suhu-on suroh gajau
tindok
kakut-an, kakut-on ikat ambohlok burong meng-okot, meng-okod me-itam hitam bohlau
yahak
me-nofugi
jilo, sapok
otomau
amu-atahum—amok atahum==not sharp papan (J/al.)
parahu perahu, prahu
» middle sized pa-karang-an (called by the Brunai Ma-
», (dug-out) Body Koil Bone
lays pekerang-an; from karang, coral- reef; because it is well suited for coast navigation. )
gobang
inan
indpak
tulang (Mal.)
110
120
130
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. 11
English.
Borrow, to
Bottle Bottle,
(of earthenware)
Box
Boy
Brains
Brass-wire
Brave Bread Break, to Bridge Bright Bring, to Broad Broom Buffalo
Buffalo, male Buffalo, female
Bug Butter Butterfly
Button (shirt-)
Buy, to Cake Call, to
Cane, thick
Cane, thin
Dusun. Malay.
m-ohlos
huak
oelubang
kaban, (ef. Hok-kien Chi-
nese kap-ban)
hlangai-hlangai laki-laki otok otak sinsaing, sinsing (see: belt) asiau
roti (Mal.- Hind.)
babak
jambatan jembatan
anafau, hlanak ofit-on
ahlaib ungkatab sangahan
s. kusai
s. anduk
asil
mantéga (Mal-- Port.) kuli-mambarg
ef. indok (female)
bumban, ke-bamban me-mohlik
punganan penganan meng-odim
sego saga
ufai
PZ
140
160
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE
English. Cap
Care, to Carry, to Cat
Catch, to Chain Chair Chalk, lime Change, to Cheap Cheek Child
Chin
Claw Clean Clear Clever Climb, to Cloth Cloud Coarse Coat
Cock Cocoanut Cold
Comb Come, to Come here, to Copper
Dusun. Mal
tangkoluk
paduli (Aal.-Arab.) sanon
ijong
eokom-on
rantai (Mal. ) kursi (Mal-A rab.) apu
me-ohlon
murah ( Jal.) pingas
anak (Ma/.)
yook
senduru
hungan
anafau (see: bright) pandai (A/«a/.) anau
kain (Ma/.)
afan
kasar (Mal.) —~
sta
awan
manok-kusai piasau
sogid
sudai
kaikod
moel
tambaga (Mal.)
mari
IW aay.
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
170
180
190
Corn Cough, to Cow Crab
Cry, to Cup Dare, to Dark
Day
Dead Deaf Dear Debt Deer (rusa) Die, to Dig, to Ditch
Do, to Dog Done
Do not Door Down Dream, to Dress, to Drink, to Dry
Duck Dumb
Dusun. telus-on meg-ikod
sapi meg-anak katam
Malay.
ketam
men-hlufap (cf. to roar)
mangkok ( Mai.) asiau
mesuian
adau
pata
bongor > hogok utang (Mal.) tambang patai me-mihuak papas me-nandak
mati
mali
asuk, asu (Ma/.-./Jav.)
udange adaai binapanevin sibok
nipik
pakai (Val. ) menum
ato6
utik
bobau
mimpi minum
itek
14 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE
English, Dust Each Kar Har-plug Har-ring 200. Earth Kat, to Egg Hight HKighteen Kighty Elbow Kleven Kmpty End Enter, to Every 210 Hye Face Fall, to Fan Far Fast, swift Fast, to Fat Father
Fault 220 Fear, to
Dusun., ansik sufai-sufai talingo simbong’ anting (Mal.) po-mogun-an makan ( Mal.) antahlok, tahlok bahlu — ice hapod -am-bahlu bahlu-hapod siku (Mal) hapod-am-iso hoson untok semufang sufai-sufai mato puos atok kijup sadok sikapal
puasa (Mal.-Sansk.)
hlombon amak leka-salah
2) meg-asik
Malay.
telinga
telor
kosong
mata
kirap (7)
salah
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. 15
English.
230
240
Fence Fever Few Field Fill, to Find, to Finger Fire Fish Fish, to Flag Flame Flat Flesh Floor Flour Flower Fly Fog Food Foot For Fork Form Fort Four
Fourteen
Forty Fowl]
Dusun. Malay. ansar segit-on akudik rannau apanoh penoh, pnoh m-anu (cf. accept)
tuntoh
apoe apl
sadak
men-jahlo
bandera (Mal.- Port.) sumikit
menjala
moyad
unsik, unsi
sihliu
dodék dedak bunga (Mua. )
langau (also bee)
atufong
me-mukad
kakod (but see anklet) laja-iteh
sang kap
iad-ku (see alike)
kota (Mai. )
apat ampat hapod-am-apat
apat-hapod
manuk
16 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English. Fresh 250 Friend Frog Fry, to Full Gain Gate Gem Get, to Ghosts, (various sorts of) Girl 260 Give, to Glad Glass Gnat Go, to Go up hill, to Goat Gold Gone Good Grass
Iw ~] Su
Grave Great Green Grow, to Gum Gun
Dusun. Malay. pagok (see: new.)
kehuang kawan ufak-ufak
me-randang rendang ha-panoh penoh, pnoh kiuntong untong
bipapangon, binapangun manabok anu, m-anu, (see find)
ambéfo, sau yoyon budak-sumandakan ma-nahak
suka (Mal.)
kacha (Val.) kassa
namuk nyamok
m-ugad, m-ogad
mintakad mendaki ambing kambing
amas (J/al)
na-g-ogad-na
wasik, fasik
sakod
hlobuong lobang, (hole) gajau
ataumau
sumonih.
katol
snapang (Mal.- Dutch)
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
300
Hair Half
Hand Hang, to Hard
Hat, sun-hat Hate, to He
Hear, to Heart Heavy Hedge Help to Hen
Here
High
Hill
Hit, to Hog
Hold, to Hole Home, at Hope, to Horn Horse
Hot (panas) Hot (pedas)
Dusun. abok
s-taugah-tangah, man-tangah
longon gipis-on kodau
tang kolok amok-sagak son-ohlun hongau angkaufijau a-fagat ansar men-uhlung
manuk-anduk
hid-té safat nohlu nesuat bogok pusus-on hoak
sahlom suhlab
pichaya sangau kuda (Ma/.) hasok
a-podos
Malay.
tengah cf. lengan, (arin)
berat, brat
tolong
goa (*)
17
perchaya, (believe)
pedas
18 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. English. Dusun. Malay. House suhlab How bengku Hundred hatus se-ratus Hurt, to, (wound) ne-ganit-an I jau If jau-no-poh (7) 310 Ill awau ‘ In sahlom Ink dawat (Ma/-Arab.) Invulnerable kobo! kebal Iron wast besi Jail tutup-on tutopan Joint per-sambong-an (Mail.) Jumb, to tumindak Keep, to tahu-on tarok Key anak-kunchi (Ma/.) 320 Kick, to mengatad | Kill, to pataj-on Kind, sort m-lad Kind, friendly kasihan (Mal. ) King raja po-mogun-an (see Earth) raja Knee otod lutut Knife pisau ( Jal.) Knock, to dunsol Know, to apandaio c/. pandai, clever Lad hlangai-hlangai cf. laki-laki 330 Lake hapitas
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
340
350
Lamb
Lame — Lamp
Land
Large
Late
Laugh, to Law
Lead (metal) Lead, to Leaf
Learn, to Left (side) Leg (femur) Lend, to
Lie down, to Lie (untruth)
Lime (for betel-
nut)
ea vessel for
same Lip Live, to Lock Long Look, to Lose, to Loud
Mad
Dysun.. Malay. anak-ambing na-kimpok
pelita ( Mal.- Pers.) tindah
cajau
tanah
apagon meng-iak
hukum (Mal.-Arab.) sinampo
potod-on
iaun
belajar (Wal.)
daun
gvadibang pook m-ohlos hlum-ufi mamulud apu
poan puan
numung
mijau
kunchi (.Wa/.-/Tind.) hanau
mug-ontong, meg-antane. no-bihang hilang hlumufap (cf. to roar)
muhlam
anak-kambing
20
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
DSO
Make, to Male
Man
Many
Mast
Mat
Meat
Mieht
Milk
Mix, to Money Monkey, black
Month, moon
More
Most
Moth
Mouse
Mouth
Much
Mud
Mustache
Nail (iron) (finger- )
Name
Near
Neck
Nest
Dusun.
Malay. me-nandak kusai ; (of men) hlangai-hlangai
uhlun, ohlun, uhlu orang
ogumo tihang tiang ikam tikar 7 onsi
kafasa kuasa
faig-do-susu ayer-susu
ihlot-on
wang ( Mal.)
sikok (Semnopithecus maurus )
fuhlan bulan
hlabi
kopijo
lebeh
kuli-mambang ikus tikus kabang ogumo ohlommi jengit
paku (Mal.) senduhlu neain nama semok
hhom
yumun
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
390
400
New News Nice Night Nine
Nineteen
Ninety
No
Noise None Noon Nose Not
Do not Now Oar Oath Obey Oil Old (tua) Old (lama) On Once One Only Open Or Other
410 Ought
Dusun. Malay.
fagu (cf: fresh) bharu
habal khabar
fasik, ogingol
sodob
sejam hapod-am-sejam sejam-hapod
amok
ogossok-maiemang
okon
tangah-adau
adung: hidong
amok
adaai
inu
cumajong
sumumpah sumpah
semugud
omau
mohoing
abufai
safat
insan
iSO esa
nopok
sebon
antawah
sufal
patut (.Vail.)
atau, atawa
Zh
22 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGF.
English. Dusun. | Malay. Our -ja (as suffix) Path | alun-alun (Jav.) Pay, to mem-balai membalas Pepper hlado lada Piece, one nopodi : Pig, domestic bogok availa bakas Pigeon, green punai (J/al.) Place ijon-on 420 Plain (open ground ) tindah-on (see: land) Play, to (gamble) main, main pakau (J/a/.-Chin) Plough daduk Point untuk, untu Pole lumpo Poor misekin (Mal.-Arab.) Post teigi (ef: mast) tiang Pot balanga yaupoh-an belanga, blanga. Pour, to memubus Price horgo harga 430 Prince anak-da-raja - anak-raja Pull, to kodong-on Pull, a boat mibossi Pure hiung-an Pure
(as clean water) aniting Push, to tukuhlon Put, to tahu-on taroh
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English.
440
450
460
Queen Quick Quiet Quit, to Race, to Rain Raise, to Rat Read, to Ready Real Red Reign, to Rest, to
Rice, paddy
Dusun. safo-da-raja sikapai per-Ingotas opung-on me-lomba yesam tidong’-on ikus
bassa
sedia (Ma/.) benar (Mal.} oigang prentah (Wal. ) sanang
pahi
Rice, unhusked fagas
Rice, cooked
Rich Ride, to Right Ring Ripe Rise, to Road
Roar, to
Roast, to Rob, to
kauon
kaya (Mai.) bo-kuda, be-kuda benar (Mal.) susuhlin ha-ansak kakat-on jahlan me-mangkis, hlumufap sahlah-on
linampas
Malay.
bérlomba tikus
bacha
senang padi beras, bras
berkuda
masak
jalan
me-mengkis
rampas
23
24 VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE
English. Dusun. it aidy). Rock pampang Rod sukud Roe (fish-) tahlok-sadak Roll, to hlufid-on Roof taiib atap Room hlamin halamin 470 Root fakan Rope tahli tali ,, (made of rattan) eae Round tendugu Rub, to isu-on — Run, to meg-idu Sack kalung karong Sago-palm umbijau rumbiya Sail hlajak layar Same m-iad, mihaga 480 Sand ogis Save, to (money, ete. ) tahu-on — taroh Say, to bods School iskola (Eur.) Scour, to isu-on Scream, to me-mangkis memengkis Sea safa Seat ikoh-on See, to atang-an, ontong-on Seed hlinsan
490 Seek, to ihum-on
500
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE
English. Self
Sell, to Send, to Sense Serve, to Set, to Sew, to Shake, to Shall Shame Shave, to Shelf Shell
Shew, to
Shine, to Ship Shirt Shoe Shoot, to Shop Shore Shot Shout, to Shove, to Shrewd Shriek, to Shrimp Shut, to
Dusun. pususon tan-on patod-on ’akal (Mal.-Arab.) men-uhlong pe-tahu-on tambi-on guju-on andado amalo bugan papan (Jal.) tokoyon
tolok-kan
anafau
kapal (Mal.) kalung (cf bag) kalus me-madil kadai
tindah
pilulu cumisak tukuhlon osikap me-mang¢kis sesanggau tambahlan
Malay.
tolong
taroh
goyang
malu
kuyong, tekuyong (a conch)
kaus
from bedil, gun
kedei tanah peluru, bullet
memengkis
25
26
530
040
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
Anglish. Shy Sick Side Silk Sin Sing, to Sink, to sir Sit, to Six Sixteen Sixty Size Skill Skin Skull
Sky
Slap, to Slay, to Sleep, to Slime
Slow
Small Smart, clever Smart, pain Smash, to- Smell, to Smoke
Dusun. amalo, amalu sumakit sempaping sutra (Jal. )
e} dusa
ber-pantun (Jal.)
lama
tuan (Mal.) mékau anam (Mal.)
hapod-am-anam
anam-hapod gajau osikap kuhlit
tampohong ohlu
afan pap-on pataj-on m-odop ohlomik okugui ninek, aninek osikap sumakit ababak simud-on klisun
Malay. malu - sakit
dosa
kulit cf. tempurong
awan, cloud
sakit
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE. Qi.
English. Smooth Snake Snare Snipe Snore, to So
Soft Soil some Son Soon sore Sound Sour Sow Space Spade Spark Speak, to Spill, to Spoil, to
Spoon Spring’, to Spy, to Stab, to Sun Swim, to
Dusun. Malay.
hlamau uhlanu, uhlanut ular
ungkasip cf. kachip
am
tinggak bengkaa malus
tanah (JMal.) okudi
anak, kusai chekapai ganit-an jeohlu monsom bogok-onduk
masam
ijon-on
sangkol cf. chang kol
lisun
bods
obat
be-karaja (lit. meddle with)
susuduk
temindak
atahlane
tebok-on adau
be-kerja suduk
kumaiing
28
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English. Ten Three Thirteen Thirty Two Twelve Twenty Very Water We Wear, to Weak Weep, to Weigh, to Well, of water Well Wet When ¢ W here ¢ Which ? Whip, to White Who? Whole Why? Wide Wife Wild Will, to
Dusun. hapod
talo hapod-am-talo talo-hapod lufo hapod-am-lufo lufo-hapod kopijo
faig, walg’ jiol
pakai (Mal.) lamah mihad timbang-on terbong fasik, afasik nagajad sengiau hinombo juisai funduk-on apoak
jisal ngafi-ngafi nunu-sabab bajau
andok ossijau
saga
Malay.
dua
lemah
timbang
cf. sebab
endok
600
610
VOCABULARY OF THE DUSUN LANGUAGE.
English. Wind Wing Wire Wise Wish With Wood Wood (forest) Word Work Worm Worth Wound Wrong Yard Yell, to Yet, not- You, thou
Dusun.
ibut
pahlapa kafod, kafot apandai suka (Mal.) kahuang kaju
tahlun pe-basa-an pe-karaja-an gijok
horgo
ganit
sahla sa-tangah depo memang kis mopanak jiau
Malay. ribut
kawat panda
of. kawan kayu
cf. bahasa pekerjaan
harga salah
s-tengah depa memengkis
29
Malay Plant Names.
The Malay language is remarkably rich in names of plants, and hitherto these names have either been incorrectly determin- ed or not determined at all in the few dictionaries in which one might expect to find them. This is the more regrettable since these names often possess a considerable amount of interest, as they often occur in Malay writings and a very large number of names of places are based on names of plants, such for instance are Malacca, Pekan, Setul, Penang, Changi, Cape Rumenia, Tanjong Ru, Gunong Pulai. The importance of correctly cor- relating the native names of drugs, timbers and other economic products with the scientific ones needs no explanation. Dic- tionaries and Vocabularies, such as those of Marsden and Favre, contain indeed a number of plant names, many of which are derived from Pijnappel, Klinkert, and Horsfield, but a consider- able proportion of these appear to be Sumatran, and Javanese. Nor does Filet (Plantkundige Woordenboek) help much, for most of his Malay words are, as far as I have seen, not known in the Peninsula, or if they are in use are applied to a totally different plant from that which he gives. Thus the well-known plant Ampalas, the leaves of which are used for polishing wood, is given as signifying one or other of about ten kinds of fig trees, only one of which, as far as I know, is found in the Malay Peninsula, while the name is generally used here for a climber Tetracera belonging to quite a different order, viz: Dil- leniacee. Curiously, Filet does not appear to have made much use, if any, of Rumph’s Herbarium Amboinense, a work con- taining a very large number of native names. Rumph gives a good many Malay names for his plants, and some of these are decidedly nearer those in use in the Peninsula than Filet’s
32 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
Malay words. I have not incorporated these however as there is no reason to think that they belong to the Malay of the Peninsula.
A list of Malay plant names from Maingay’s manuscripts at Kew was published in the Kew Bulletin 1890 p. 112-134, but in many cases these names were miscopied so as to be un- identifiable andin some are evidently wrongly identified with the plants.
In Jack’s descriptions of Malay plants (Malayan Miscellan- ies, Bencoolen 1820-22) reprinted in the miscellaneous papers of this Society, Series iI. Vol. II. pp. 209-295, several native names are given and these where they are given for Penang plants I have incorporated, adding Jack as authority, some of these being otherwise quite unknown to me and perhaps erron- eously applied.
From this list | have excluded some Persian and Hindu words, which have been included in some Malay Dictionaries and Vocabularies, as the plants intended either do not occur here at all or if they do are known under some other name. Javanese words usually in use here for cultivated plants, are excluded unless often employed, or used for well-knownp lants, I have added a few words which are almost certainly Sakai, when I have been able to come across them.
The list is very far from perfect, for not only have I been unable to procure many names from some of the Native States, but also a number of plants for which I have native names, are either as yet unidentified botanically or absolutely undes- cribed. Many of the timber trees and the rattans too have names only used for the trade product, and it is by no means easy in our present state of knowledge to identify accurately the prepared timber with the tree from which it came, which often has in the jungle an entirely different native name. .
Most plants have more than one name, and many have a
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 33
considerable number. This is sometimes due to dialectic vari- ation :—thus the horse-mango is called Bachang, Machang, Hembachang, Membachang, etc., according to locality. But often the local names have no connection with each other, being evidently derived from different roots. Again, a Malay may call a plant by different names according to the products or properties of it he may be thinking of: thus the Gelenggang, Cassia alata, is also known as Daun Kurap—the leaf for the cure of the disease Kurap.
Again, sometimes one name is used for several trees with apparently no connection, as Resak, which includes one species or more of Shorea (Dipterocarper), an oak, and one or two unidentified plants, the name really being applied to the timber which in these trees is somewhat similar. It is probable that in all these cases the different Resaks will be found to have qualifying words to distinguish them apart, but these are known to but few Malays. While many of the names are remarkably opposite others are either apparently meaning- lessly obscene, or their signification is quite obscure. I have added translations of such as are translateable, but many of these are only tentative.
In some cases the obscurity arises in the following way. A plant originally receives a suitable name, such as Ati-Ati (hearts) for the garden coleus, because of its heart-shaped leaves, but some resemblance is noticed between this plant and another (Sonerz/a) and though the leaves of this are not heart-shaped, it is called Ati-Ati hutan, that is to say really jungle coleus. The Malay has on the whole a very good eye for resemblance in plants and some of his identifications are really quite remarkable: thus Kerubut is applied to the Raflesca and a shrub known as Thottea, two utterly different looking plants to the eye of an ordinary observer, but which are con- sidered in botany to be allied. Again, he is seldom wrong when
34 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
speaking of an orchid (Angerek) though I have more than once known educated Europeans sadly at fault.
To all the names given in the list the word Pokok, tree or shrub, must be added, unless the plant is a climber, when Akar is used, or it is small and herbaceous when Rumput is added. There are several Malay words which appear to have special meanings when applied to plant-names. Jantan (male) appears usually to mean that the fruit is less abundant or conspicuous in the species than it is in some other which is qualified by the name Betina. Gajab (elephant) conveys the idea of large. Tikus or Tupai, (mouse or squirrel) small. Hantu (ghost) corresponds to our word ‘ false” as applied to plant names. Hutan signifies wild, as opposed to cultivated. Antan, a word sometimes used, I have been unable to get any meaning for, though there is a word spelt in the same way which signifies a pestle: as applied to plants it seems to bear the same mean- ing as “ false.”
Till we know more of the Malay and allied languages it would be premature to form any deduction as to the origin of many of the plant-names, or their primitive meaning. Some itis true, like Nyur (cocoanut), Nanas (pine apple), Nona (cus- tard apple), have evidently accompanied the plants from afar and have been introduced with them, and in some cases may possibly throw light on the original home of some of the rather numerous cultivated plants not known to be wild anywhere, and whose origin is not yet known. Other names have eyvi- dent reference to the various properties or the appearance of the plant.
This list must be considered only a preliminary one which, it may be hoped, will be considerably augmented as our know- ledge of things Malayan increases.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 35
ADAL-ADAL. (Javanese)
The croton of gardens. Codiwum variegatun Bl. (Huphor-
biaceae.) ADAS CHINA. ADAS MANIS.
Aniseed. Jllictum anisatum. (Magnoliaceae). Used in medi- cine. Imported. Also anise (Anethum graveolens [..) according to Clifford, who also gives the variant adis.
ADAP-ADAP.
Mussenda variolosa Wall, and M. glabra Vahl. (Rubiaceae). Common climbing shrubs with yellow flowers and cons- picuous white bracts.
AGALUMUT. (Pahang)
Sphenodesma barbata Schauer. (Verbenaceae). A climbing
shrub. AGAR-AGAR. Gracilaria lichenoides, J. Ag. A seaweed; collected and used for making jelly. AGAS-AGAS. Aporosa Maingayi. Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) A shrub. AHO-LUMOT.
Alsodeia echinocarpa. Korth. (Violaceae). A shrub with
mossy fruit, the seeds used as a purgative. AHTCHO. (Johor)
Myristica Hookeriana \Wall. (Myristicaceae.) A large wild
nutmeg’. AKAR.
Any climbing plant. The word is always used before the name of a climber to distinguish it from a Pokok of the same name; e. @. Pokok asam jawa,—the tamarind; Akar asam,—Rourea fulgens, Wall. the leaves of which suggest those of a tamarind.
The word also signifies the root of a plant.
AKIT.
Rhizophora conjugata 1. (Rhizophoreae.) One of the Man- grove trees (Bakau) used for firewood, and the bark for tanning nets.
36 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ALAT. Peltophorum dasyrrachis Kurz (Leguminosae.) A handsome tree with yellow flowers. Also known as Batai. ALAI BATU. Hydnocarpus castaneus Hook. fil. (Bizineae.)
ALBAN also HALBAN.
Vitec vestita. Wall. (Verbenaceae.) Perhaps a variant of Leban, which see. A common tree in secondary jungle which is used in native medicine.
ALI. (Akar)
Smilax myosotiflora Dec. (Liliaceae.) A climber in jungles. The word ali means a sling. The plant is used as an aphrodisiac.
ALIYA see Halia. Zingiber officinalis L. (Zingiberaceae) The cultivated ginger. ALUMOT. Ficus Ribes Reinwdt. (U7ticaceae). ALWAH. (Persian) Aloes; used in medicine AMBACHANG. ;
The horse-mango. Mangiferu foetida. (Anacardiaceae) More commonly Bachang, also Hambachang and Ma- chang.
AMBARU. More commonly Baru, which see. Hibiscus tiliaceus, L- AMBELAN BUAH.
Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Euphorbiaceae.) A common little
weed in waste ground; used in native medicine.
AMBELU. (Akar) Psychotria ovoidea Wall. (Rubiaceae). A climber with small greenish flowers aud white fruits. AMBIN BUAH. (Rumput) Phyllanthus urvinaria L. (Euphorbiaceae). Also Ambin Dukong anak, see Dukong anak. Mengambin, to. carry something slung on the back ; alluding to the fruits being
MALAY PLANT ‘NAMES. 37
suspended at the back of the leaves. The plant is a common little weed ; used in native medicine as a diuretic. AMBIN JANTAN.
Euphorbia pilulifera L. (Huphorbiaceae). A common little
weed. AMBONG-AMBONG.
Scaevola Koenigii Vahl. (Goodenoviae). Also ambun-ambun.
A sea shore shrub with white flowers, and fruit. AMBONG-AMBONG LAUT.
Premna cordifolia Roxb. (Verbenaceae). A shrub or small tree, with small white flowers in corymbs, leaves strongly scented.
AMBONG-AMBONG PUTIH.
Callicarpa arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae). A tree with vio-
let flowers. AMBONG BUKIT.
Ebermaiera Griffithiana Anders. (Acanthaceae.) A small herb with white tubular flowers. Common in many jungle ravines.
AMBUN AKAR.
Lecananthus erubescens Jack. (Rubiaceae.) An epiphytic
plant with white flowers in heads of purple bracts. AMBUN-AMBUN.
Saevola Koenigii Vahl. (Goodenoviae.) see Ambong-ambong. AMIN-AMIN.,
Sebastiana chamelea Muell, (EKuphorbiaceae.) A small sea- side herb with narrow leaves and green flowers. Used in native medicine for fever.
AMPADAL AYAM.
Salacia grandiflora Kurz. (Rhamneae.) A shrub with eatable fruit. Lit. fowl’s gizzard.
AMPALAM also AMPELAM. see MAMPELAM.
Mangiferu indica L. (Anacardiaceae.) The mango.
AMPALAS also AMPELAS. see MEMPELAS.
Tetracera assa L. (Dilleniaceae.)
38 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
AMPALAS GAJAH. AM?ALAS RIMAU.
Tetracera macrophylla Hook. fil. (Dilleniaceae.) A climber with rough leaves.
AMPALAS HARI also MAMPELAS HARI & PULASARI.
Alyxia stellata Roem. and A. lucida Wall. (Apocynaceae.) The stems of these climbers are strongly scented like new mown hay and are used in native medicine.
AMPALAS PUTIH also AMPALAS HARI BETiINA and
AMPALAS TIKUS.
Dehnia sarmentosa L. (Dilleniaceae). A climber with small white flowers in large bunches.
AMPALAS WANGI. (Selangor)
Alyxia pilosa Mig. (Apocynaceae). <A climbing herb occurr-
ing on hills at an altitude of 3000 feet. AMPAS TEBU.
Myristica Griffithit Hook. fil. (AMyristicaceae.) Lit. sugar
cane refuse. A wild nutmeg. ANDONG. The dracaena of gardens. (Cordyline terminalis.) Probably Javanese, but often used by Malays. ANDONG HIJAU. (C. terminalis). The green leaved form. ANDONG MERAH. The red variety (var. ferrea). ANGA BESA.
Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (Rubiaceae) A common climb-
ing herb. ANGGOR.
The vine, Vetis vinifera, but most commonly wine, the plant
being unknown here. A Persian word. ANGGREK.
Any epiphytic orchid, really Javanese or Sundanese but. often used by Malays. The word has been used in science to form the generic word Angraecum, but unfortunately applied to a genus which does not occur in this region
ANGGREK MERPATI. The pigeon orchid. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (Orchideae.)
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 39
ANGGU also INGGU. (Persian) Asafoetida the gum of Ferula Narther. Used in medecine, imported.
ANGKOP MERAH. (Malacca) Cyathula prostrata Bl. (Amarantaceae). A common creeping weed. ANGOS (Kayu.) (Kedah) Chailletia sp. Kedah (Curtis 2579) (Chailletiaceae.) ANGSANA. Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (Leguminosw). This is really a Javanese word but much used in the Straits. The real Malay word is Séna.
ANIBONG. Oncosperma tigillaria (Jack). (Palmae’. More commonly called Nibong which see. ANIS (Bunga Anis) The oleander. MNerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae). This is given by Favre.
ANTOI! HITAM. Drepananthus pruniferus Hook. fil. Tall straight trees never of any very large size. They are used for timber. ANTOI PUTIH. Drepananthus cauliflorus Hook. fil. (Anonaceae).
AOH (Akar Rumput). Alternanthera sessilis Br. (Amarantaceae). A common little weed with white tufts of flowers in the axils of the leaves. It is eaten as a vegetable.
API-API.
A name often applied to mangrove trees especially Lumunit- zera coccinea and Avicennia probably from their being used as firewood. And also to various species of mistle- toe Loranthus and Viscum because they destroy the bran- ches of their host, so that they look as if burnt.
API-API (Akar). (Malacca) Henslowia Lobbiana A Dec. (Santalaceae). A climber vague- ly suggesting one of the Viscwms (Api-api).
40 MALAY PLANT NAMES,
API-API HUTAN.
Memecylon coeruleum Jack. (Melastomaceae) This proba- bly means merely a fire wood tree, compare Medang api- api. A small tree or shrub with blue flowers.
API-API JANTAN.
Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. (Loranthaceae.) One of the
commonest mistletoes with green and yellow flowers. API TELINGA GAJAH.
Ficus diversifolia bl. (Urticaceae). An epiphytic fig tree resembling a Loranthus in habit. Lit. elephant’s ear mis- tletoe.
ARA (Akar). Aristolochia Roxburghiana KI. (Aristolochiaceae). A curious climber with brown flowers. ARA. A name applied to various species of Ficus. ( Urticaceae.) ARA AKAR.
Ficus Binnendykii King.
ARA BATU. : Ficus Miquelti King. A common tree with green figs. ARA BULUH (Akar).
Ficus villosa Blume. A climbing fig. ARA BURUTEH.
Ficus acamptophylla Miq.
ARA DAUN LEBAR. (Johor) Ficus vylophylla Wall. ARA GAJAH. Ficus dubia Wall. A large tree.
ARA JANGKANG. Conocephalus amenus King. (Urticacew) A scandent epi- phyte. It is more commonly known as Tentawan. ARA JEJAWI. Ficus retusa L. ARA JULUTEH, also JELOTEH.
Ficus altissima Bl, and Ficus diversifolia Bl.
MALAY PLANT NAHES 41
ARA KECHIL.
Ficus nicrostomau Wall. ARA KUAP.
Ficus dubia Wall. ARA KUBANG.
Ficus dubia Wall.
ARA KELALAWAK. Ficus globosa Bl.
ARA KUBANGAN ARA KUBUNG. Ficus annulata Bl. ARA LAMPONG. See Kelampong. cus Miquel. King.
ARA LIDAH RIMAU. Ficus pisifera Wall. A shrub with very rough leaves hence the name “ tiger’s tongue.”
ARA LUMUT. Croton caudatus Geisel. (Euphorbiaceae). A climber with mossy looking flower spikes.
ARA NASI. Ficus glabella Bl. A shrub or tree with small white figs, supposed to look like rice.
ARA’ PAYA. Ficus globosa Blume. A shrub or small tree with green firs generally found in swampy jungle,
ARA PERAK. Ficus alba Reinwardt. ‘Silver Fig” from the silvery backs of the leaves. A common shrub in secondary jungle. — -
ARA SUBURUTEH. Ficus pisifera Wall.
ARA SIPADEH. , Ficus villosa Blume. Compare Stpideh. .
mee SUPUDE. ARA SUPIDE PAYA. Ficus pisifera Wall and £. urophylla Wall.
42 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ARA TAMPO PINANG. ARA TANDOK. Ficus indica Linn. ARA TANAH. Euphorbia pilulifera D. (Huphorbiacee.) ARANG (Kayu). (Johor) Maba buxifolia Pers. also Diospyros lucida Wall. (Bhenaees) Ebony trees, the word means charcoal. ARDANI. (Pahang) Alsodeiae chinocarpa Korth. (Violaceae.) ARU see RU. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. (Casuarinee). Marsden gives
Arau as does Filet who however marks the word as a Rhio one.
ARUDA.
Ruta graveolens lL. Rue. (Favre.) The plant is practically unknown here being only cultivated occasionally by the Chinese. I find, however, in a list by Mr. Hervey a name Aruda hutan, but with no clue to what this is.
ASAM AKAR. (Province Wellesley).
Rourea fulgens Wall. (Connaraceae.\ So called from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the tamarind, It is more commonly known as Semilat.
ASAM GELUGUR.
Garcinia atrovirdis Griff. (Guttiferae.) <A tree with large
orange acid fruits used in curries. ASAM JAWA.
The tamarind. Tamarindus indicus L. (Leguminosae.)
Fruit used in curries. ASAM JAWA ANTAN.
Pithecolobium contortum Mart. (Leguminosae.) A common
tree with twisted red pods. ASAM KELUBI.
Zalacca conferta Bl. (Palmae). See Asam paya.
ASAM LOKAN PUTIH. |
Medinilia Hasseltti Blume. (Melastomaceae). An epiphytic plant with conspicuous branches of red berries.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 43
ASAM PAYA
Zalacca conferta Bl. (Palmae). A thorny palm growing in jungle swamps the fruit of which is very acid. It is sold in the markets. In the centre of the Peninsula it is known as Kelubi.
ASAM RIANG (Akar).
Cissus hastatus Miq. (Ampelideae). A common wild vine with an acid taste. Riang, a name often applied to vines, means a Cicada.
ASAM SUSOR.
Hibiscus surattensis L. (Malvaceae). A herbaceous hibiscus with large yellow flowers with a maroon eye. Common in and round villages.
ASAM TEBING DARAT.
Anadendron montanum Schott. (Aroideae). A common aroid
which climbs on trees.
ASAM TEBING PAYA (Akar). Raphidophora Lobbit Hook. fil. (Aroideae). A climbing aroid.
ASAM TIKUS.
Chamaecludon Griffithii Hook. fil. (Aroideae). A small terrestrial aroid common in jungles.
ATAP CHUCHUR.
Calamus castaneus Griff. (Palmeae). See Rotan chuchur. One of the few rattans which make no climbing stem. Its leaves are used for ataps.
ATI-ATI. (Singapore)
The garden coleus. C. Blumei, etc. (Labdiatae). From its heart shaped leaves.
ATI-ATI GAJAH. ATI-ATI HUTAN.
Sonerila heterostemon Naud. (JMelastomaceae). Perhaps from its suggesting a coleus. A small herb, the leaves green with white spots, and pink flowers.
ATI-ATI PAYA.
The common water lily, Nymphea stellata, also Cryptocoryne
cordata Griff, an aquatic aroid,
44 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ATUN LAUT. Heritiera littoralis L- (Sterculiaceae). From atung—to float. The fruits float in the sea. A common sea shore tree, often known as Dungun. IO Tes | A name applied to many kinds of Bamboo. [Filet gives Awi (as Sundanese) and Awule as Amboinese. Forbes gives Au as Timorese. AUR GADING. Bambusa vulgaris var. The large yellow bamboo with ereen stripes. AUR (Rumput). Commelina nudiflora L. (Commelinaceae). A common weed with fugacious bright blue flowers. AYAM-AYAM. (Singapore) Lasianthus Jackianus Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A small jungle shrub with bright blue berries. AYER ANJING. (Johore) Homalium foetidum Benth. (Samydaceae). BABI (Rumput. ) Blainvillea latifolia A. de C. (Compositae) A common weed in villages, with small white heads of flowers. (lit. Pigweed)
BABI BUAH. Crypteronia pubescens Bl. (Lythraceae). A medium sized-tree
BABI KURUS. Trigonochlamys Griffith UQook. fil. (Burseraceae). Lit. The thin pig. A fair sized tree. f
BABORA. (Penang) Linostoma pauciflorum Griff. (Thymeleaceae). A climber.
BABUTA. Contraction for Buta-Buta, which see. Cerbera odollam lL. (A pocynaceae). BACHANG also MEMBACHANG, etc. Mangifera foetida Lour. (Anacardiaceae). A well-known native fruit; the horse-mango; used in curries, etc.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 45
BACHANG HUTAN. Mangifera species. A tree with bright yellow wood. BAGAN (Akar). (Singapore) Alyzxia lucida, Wall. (Apocynaceae). <A climber ; often culti- vated for its sweet-scented white flowers.
BaGAS PUTIN.
Memecylon ridleyz, Cogn. (Melastomaceae). A small tree with pink flowers, growing in dense jungle. The name Bagas is probably a variant of Mangas, a common name for several of the Memecylons.
BAGHAO.
Ayris indica L. (Xyrideae). A herb with grassy leaves and
a cone-like head of yellow flowers. It grows in rice fields. BAHAR, also BEHAR.
Which is given as a seaweed in Clifford’s Dictionary is a
marine animal.
BAIK SALAM (Bunga). Scoparia dulcis L. (Ser ae A common weed, with small white flowers. BAKARAS. (Pahang) Moesa ramentacea A. de. C. (Myrsineae). A scandent shrub, with very small white flowers. BAKAU. A name applied to mangrove trees, chiefly Rhizophoreae. BAKAU PUTIH. Bruguiera caryophylloides, Blume. BAKEK. Piper Chaba, Hunter. (Piperaceae). A pepper often culti- vated ; the fruit spikes are long and red. BAKUNG. Crinum asiaticum, L. (Amaryliideae). A large white flowered lily-like plant; common on sea shores.
BAKUNG AYER. BAKUNG PANTAI. BAKUNG SUASA. Susum anthelminticum, Bl. (Flagellarieae). A common jungle plant with large leaves like those of a Crinum; the flowers small and green in a panicle.
46 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BAKUNG AYER.
Is also applied sometimes to Chamecladon angustifolium.
Schott. (Arotdeae). A small aroid. . BALA. Memecylon Myrsinoides, Bl. (Melastomaceae). A small tree with a hard wood, used for posts. BALAI also TINGAL BALAI. Aralidium pinnatifidum, Miq. (Araliaceae). A large shrub. BALAM. Bassia Balem, Mig. (Sapotaceae). A Sumatran word only, I think. BALAM. Pouzolzia pentandra. (Urticaceae.) A common weed. BALAU also EMBALAU.
A large tree producing a good timber much in use. The plant has never been identified. It has large strongly ribbed leaves, white beneath, and oblong woody fruits.
BALAU BUNGA, BALAU BATU, BALAU TELOR have also not been identified.
BALAU BETINA.
Swintonia Schwenkii, Teysm. (Anacardiaceae). (Maingay’s
list). <A large tree with good timber. BALDU MERAH.
Haemaria discolor, Lindl. (Orchideae). A well-known foliage
orchid, with deep brown purple leaves veined with gold. BALIK ADAP,
Aussaenda variolosa, Wall. and M. glabra Vahl. (Rubiaceae.)
see Adap-Adap. BALIK ADAP (Akar).
Rubus glomeratus, Bl. (Rosaceae.) <A raspberry, the backs of
the leaves of which are buff-coloured. BAIR AW cP Bele
Mussaenda variabilis Hemsl. (Rubiaceae). A superb climber with star-like red flowers turning orange. This species does not possess the white bracts of M. variolosa from which the plant takes its native name,
MALAY PLANT NAMES: 47
BALIK ANGIN.
Mallotus Cochinchinensis. (Euphorbiaceae). A common tree the leaves of which are white beneath so that when the wind blows they turn and show the white backs, whence, the name, literally “turn in the wind.”
BALIK ANGIN BUKIT. Croton sublyratus, Kurz. (Huphorbiaceae). A shrub, the __ backs of the leaves of which are silvery.
BALIK ANGIN LAUT.
Callicarpa lanata Griff. (Verbenaceae). A shrub the leaves of which are white on the backs.
BALIK ANGIN PUTIH.
Macaranga populifolia Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). <A large tree,
with entirely green rather small leaves. BALIK KUNING.
Mallotus macrostachyus, Muell. (Euphorbiaceae.) A shrub,
the leaves of which have yellowish backs. BALISTUR (Akar).
Trichosanthes cordata, Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae). A wild pump-
kin with white flowers and showy scarlet gourds. BALONG AYAM.
Antidesma Ghoesembilla, Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae) in Penang. A shrub or small tree.
Also Xerospermum Wallichianum, King. (Sapindaceae) in Pahang. A tree with sweet yellow fruit, like those of the Rambutan Pachat.
BALONG AYAM BATU.
Pentaphragma begoniaefolium, Wall. (Campanulaceae). Lit. Rock-cockscomb, from the shape of the flower spike. A herb with cream coloured flowers; common on rocks and banks in jungles.
BALONG HIJAU. Epiprinus malayanus, Griff. (Euphorbiaceae). A big tree. BALUN HIJAU.
Dysoxylon caulifiorum Hiern. Also Aglaia minutiflora (Mela- ceae). This name is applied to a number of Meliaceous trees, some of which produce a good second-class timber.
48 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BANA (Akar). (Selangor). Smilax Helferi, A. de C. (Liliaceae). A climbing shrub, with green flowers in heads. 7 BANAU HUTAN. 3 Phyllagathis rotundifolia, Blume (Melastomaceae). A low herb with large round green leaves and compact heads of magenta flowers; occurs in thick jungle. BANGANG. (Singapore), Intsea polyantha, Juss. (Laurineae). A large tree with tufts of small yellow flowers. BANGAS PUTIH. Parinarium mitidum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). A tree with small drupes, eaten by children. BANGKAWANG see Mengkuang.
BANGKONG also Bakung, which see. Susum anthelminticum, Bl. (Flagellarieae.) BANGKUDU see Mengkudu. Morinda tinctoria L. (Rubiaceae). BANGUS JANTAN. Vitex vestita Wall. (Verbenaceac). A small tree with yellow flowers; common in jungles.
BANIT KIJANG. Xylopia Malayana Maingay (Anonaceae). A small tree.
BANITAN. Goniothalamus Prainianus King. (Anonaceae). BANITAN MERAH. Schoutenia Mastersi King. (Tiliaceae). A big tree. BANGKO. Eugenia Maingayi Duthie. (Myrtaceae). A fairly large tree with white clove-like flowers. BANGKU. (Johor) Kopsia probably an undescribed species near K. arborescens (Apocynaceae). A shrub with rather large white flowers.
BANK. (Johor) Macaranga megalophylla Muell. (Euphorbiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 49
_BANO. (Akar)
Dischidia Raglesiana Wall. (Asclepiadeae). A remarkable epiphytic climber easily distinguished by its curious coni- cal yellow pitchers.
Also Sarcolobus globosus Wall. (Asclepiadeae). A climber with small yellow flowers and globose fruits.
BANTUN. Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. (Styraceae). A large shrub with bright green leaves and white flowers. Also a spe- cies of Coelodepas (Euphorbiaceae).
BANTUN HITAM. Epiprinus Malacensis (Euphorbiaceae). BANTUNAN. Aporosa nigricans Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). A small tree with very dark green leaves. BAPULOUT.
Adenosma caeruleum Br. (Scrophularineae). An aromatic herb with pale lilac flowers.
BAREK. Antidesma leucoclades Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) A small tree or shrub.
BARONG. (Johor) Eleocarpus robustus Roxb. (Tiliaceae). A tree with white flowers.
BARU also WARU and BARU LAUT.
(Appears as F'au and Vau in Polynesia, and Varu and Baru in Malagasy. Guppy. lc.) Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. (Mal- vaceae). A seashore tree, the wood used for various small articles, and the bast as fibre. The name is also some- times applied, perhaps by error, to Thespesia populnea L.
. a seashore tree much resembling it. BARU CHINA. .
Artemisia vulgaris L. (Compositae). The common worm- wood which is often cultivated by the Chinese.
BARU LANDAK. Hibiscus mutabilis L. (Malvaceae). A well known ornamental
50 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
‘shrub with white flowers which turn red m the evening. BARU LAUT. This which is really Hibiscus tiliaceus is saneeane applied to Guettarda speciosa L. (Rubiaceae). BARUS. (Malacca) Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae). BATIL. ; Mangifera foetida Lour. (Anacardiaceae). More common- ly known as Bachang. BATU. (Akar) Byttneria Maingayi, Hook. fil. (Tilaceae). A large climber with curious white and pink flowers. BAWAL HUTAN. Phyllagathis rotundifolia Blume. (Melastomaceae). BAWANG., i An onion or leek. BAWANG BENGGALA and BAWANG BUMBE Are large-sized onions imported. BAWANG CHINA. Garlic. Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae). Also BAWANG PUTIH. BAWANG HUTAN. Crinum asiaticum L (Amaryllideae). Also BAWANG TEM- BAGA. See Bakung and Tembaga Suasa. BAWANG KUCHEI, Leeks. Allium porrum L.
BAWANG MERAH. Onion. Allium Cepa L.
BAWANG (Rumput) Fimbristylis asperrima Vahl. (Cyperaceae). A sedge, the leaves of which vaguely suggest those of an onion.
BAYA ROASA (Rumput). Corchorus acutangulus Lam. (Tiliaceae). A weedy plant with yellow flowers.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 5}
BAYAM. | Several Amarantaceae used as spinach are known by this name, BAYAM BADAK. Psychotria Malayana Jack. (Rubiaceae). ‘Rhinoceros spinach.” (Jack is the authority for this name). It is a low jungle shrub with large leaves. BAYAM BETUL. Amaranthus retroflecus Linn. according to Favre. BAYAM DURI. BAYAM HUTAN.
Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amarantaceae). A good spinach, BAYAM EKOR-KUCHING. Celosia cristata L. (Amearantaceae). Lit. Cat’s tail spinach. . The cockscomb of gardens. BAYAM MERAH.
Amaranthus gangeticus L. (Amarantaceae). The red leaved spinach.
BAYAM MUNYET. ‘Monkey-spinach.” BAYAM PUTIH. ‘‘ White-spinach.” Amaranthus viridis L. (Amarantaceae). BAYAM PASIR. Alternanthera sessilis Br. (Amarantaceae). Lit. sand spinach.
BAYAM RUSA. Cyathula prostrata Bl. (Amarantaceae). Lit. deer spinach.
BAYAM SELASIH.
Amaranthus caudatus lL. (Amarantaceae).
BAYAS. Oncosperma horrida (Palmae). A common palm resembling the Nibong 0. tigillaria Griff., but has not the drooping leaflets of that species. It is useless as timber.
BAYAS BETINA. Pinanga Scortechinii Becc. (Palmae). A small erect jungle palm.
BAYUR.
Pterospermum Jackianum Wall. (Sterculiaceae.) A medium
52 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
or large tree with small leaves buff eOleLes beneath.
BAYUR BETINA. (Penang) Sterculia Jackiana \Vall. (Sterculiaceae). A small tree con- spicuous from its scarlet pods and black seeds, BAYUR JANTAN. ; Pterospermum diver sifolium Bl. (Sterculiaceae.) A much larg- er tree than P. Jackianum with very large flowers, and broad leaves white beneath. BAUR Aw. Heritiera littoralis Dryand. (Sterculiaceae.) A seashore tree with leaves silvered at the back. . BEBUAS. see Buas-Buas.
BEDARA. Used for many liane like fruits.
BEDARA CHINA. The jujube. Zizyphus jujuba Lam. (Rhamneae.) BEDARA HUTAN. | Strychnos sp. near pubescens Wall. (Loganiaceae.) A climb- ing shrub with small ovate leaves, and for a strychnos small fruits. BEDARA LAUT. Ximenia Americana lL. (Olacineae.) A seashore shrub with white flowers and small yellow plums. BEDARA LAUDT. (Akar) Randia fasciculata Dec. (Rubiaceae). A common seashore thorny shrub with white HOwens: BEDARA PAHIT. 3 Eurycoma latifolia Jack. (Simarubeae). A shrub the bark of which is very bitter and used in medicine for fever.
Also called, BEDARA PUTIH, BEDARA MERAH and PE- N AWAR PAHIT. BEDAT. Sonneratia acida Linn. fil. (Lythraceae). A seacoast tree. BEDi. (Penang) .
Choetocarpus castanocarpus (Huphor biacede).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 53
BEDIL LALAT.
Diospyros argentea Griff. (Hbenaceae). Lit. flies’ gunpow- der (or crackers). The leaves when burnt make a crack- ling sound supposed to drive away mosquitoes.
BEDURI.
Calotropis gigantea Br. ( Asclepiadeae). The Mudar fibre plant, cultivated and used in medicine, and the plumes of the seed to stuff pillows.
BEGUNG. An Amorphophallus (Aroideae). Used in making dart poi- son (see Likir). (Vaughan Stevens).
BEK A. (Kelantan and Patani) Parkia Roxburghit Don. (Leguminosae). Commonly known as Petal.
BEKA-BEKA. (Selangor)
_ A big leguminous tree with pale bark, flowers yellow, and fruit like a nutmeg. It gives a good timber. I have seen neither flowers nor fruit.
BEKIL. (Perak)
Lasia spinosa Thw. (Aroideae). A thorny plant growing in
swamps. The common name for it is Gli-gli. BEKWOI. (Penang)
Crypterona pubescens Blume. (Lythraceae). A common tree
in Penang. BELALAI GAJAH.
Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. (Rubiaceae). One of the finest
wild gambiers, with large heads of silky white flowers. BELANGKAS.
Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae). A Chinese shrub with very small yellow flowers, sweetly scented in the even- ing. The Belangkas is the king-crab (Limulus). Applied to plants, it appears to be used for those which have very small round tlowers suggestive of the little round eggs of the king-crab.
BELANGKAS. (Rumput)
54 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
Mollugo stricta L. (Ficoideae). A very small weed with white flowers. BELANGKAS HUTAN. Alseodaphne umbellifiora Hook. fil. (Laurineae). ‘Asinall tree. BELANGKAS HUTAN.
Labisia pothoina, Lindl. (Myrsineae). A small jungle-shrub about a foot tall, with little pink and white flowers and red berries.
BELIAN.
Eusideroxylon Schwageri Teysomm, (Laurineae). The well-
known Borneo iron-wood, imported here as timber. BELIAN WANGI.
Dichopsis obovata Clarke (Sapotaceae). Maingay’s list. A well-known timber. The tree also produces a good getah-percha.
BELIMBING. BELIMBING BULUH.
Averrhoa Bilimbi L. (Geraniaceae). <A well-known fruit.
BELIMBING. (Akar)
Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). A well-known climber
with lilac flowers and scarlet and black peas. BELIMBING BESI. BELIMBING BULAT. BELIMBING HUTAN. BELIMBING KERIS. BELIMBING KRA. BELIMBING PENJURU. BELIMBING
PEP Connaropsis monophylla Planch. (Geraniaceae). <A tree
with dark-red acid fruits. | BELIMBING KEMBOLA. BELIMBING MANIS. BELIM- BING BATU. Averrhoa Carambola L. (Geraniaceae). BELUKAP.
Rhizophora mucronata Lan. (Rhizophoreae). One of the
mangroves.
BELUNTAS. BELUNTAS PAYA. Pluchea Indica L. (Compositae). A seashore shrub with lilac flowers.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 55
BELUNTAS BUKIT. Erythroxylon Burmanicum Griff. (Lineae). A large tree with small deep green leaves.
BELUNTAS PADI. (Malacca) Clitoria cajanaefolia Benth. (Leguminosae). A small shrub with large pale violet or white flowers. Common in . waste country but probably introduced here. BELURU (Akar) Entada scandens L. (Leguminosae). <A very large climber with immense pods.
BEMBAN. BEMBAN GAJAH. Clinogyne grandis Benth. (Marantaceae).
BEMBAN AYER. (Selangor) Clinogyne dichotoma. Salisb.
BEMBAN KELICHAP. (Selangor)
Cl. A species with a very hard stem.
These plants are stiff shrubby plants with white flowers. C. grandis Benth. common in damp jungles, grows about 12 feett all and the stems are used for making baskets. C. dichotoma grows on the borders of streams and is a much smaller plant. The third mentioned by the Malays I have not met witb.
BEMBARU. see BARU.
BENAK. Kurrimia paniculata Wall. (Celastrineae). A medium sized tree, see Biko-biko. BENALU also ; -BENDALU, BENDALU-BENDALU, SANALU and BE- NELU. see Dalu-Dalu and Mendalu. Henslowia Lobbiana A. De C. (Santalaceae). A common half climbing shrub with red berries, occurring usually on the seacoast.
BENALU API. Loranthus crassus. Hook. fil. and Z. ferrugineus Miq. (Lo- ranthaceae). ‘The word appears to be used for several of the broad-leaved mistletoes.
56 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BENGKAL. BENGKAL PAYA. ) a ae Cenolophon parvifolius Oliv. (Olacineae). A large tree. BENGKAL BUKIT. : Mastixia Junghuhniana Miq. (Cornaceae). A tree with greenish white flowers. BENGKAWANG. Gleichenia linearis (Filices). (Clifford’s me The common fern known also as Resam. . BENGKUANG also SENGKUANG. Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich. (Leguminosae). The yam bean, often cultivated. BENUT PAYA. Pternandra caerulescens, Jack. (Melastomaceae). BERANGAN. Chestnut. (Castanopsis). BERANGAN ANTAN. Quercus otdocarpa Korth. BERANGAN BABI. Oaks. Quercus spp. Commonly used for Quercus lamponga, — Mig., Q. Rassa, Miq., etc. BERANGAN BABI HUTAN. Quercus encleisocarpa Korth. BERANGAN DURI. Castanopsis Javanica Dec. (Cupuliferae). BERANGAN GAJAH. Castanopsis sp. A chestnut with a single very. large oblong seed which is used in medicine as a aa BERANGAN PADI. Quercus spicata L. An oak with large spikes of acorns. BERANGAN PAPAN. Castanopsis Hulletti King. BEREKSA. Also BIRAKSA and BREKSA. Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae). BERINGIN. see WARINGIN. Ficus Benjamina L. (Urticaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 57
BERINGIN. (Akar) F. pisifera Wall. BERTAM. Eugeissona tristis Griff. (Palmae). The split leaf-stalks are used for making chicks. BERTIS. (Selangor) Psychotria polycarpa Miq. (Rubiaceae). Climber with small white flowers, and conspicuous white berries. BERUBONG. Adina rubescens Hemsl. ( Rubiaceae). BERUMBONG BUKIT. Duabanga sonneratioides Ham. (Lythraceae). A large tree. BERUNUS. (Akar) Aischynanthus radicans Jack. (Gesneraceae). A climbing epiphyte with scarlet tubular flowers. BESUMBONG. (Malacca) Mallotus macrostachyus Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). BETARI. BATARI. Sorghum saccharatum L. (Gramineae). A grass cultivated sometimes for its grain. BETI-BETI. Eugenia zeylanica L. (Myrtaceae) see Nasi-Nasi. BETI PAYA. Eugenia species. BETIK. The papaya. Carica papaya L. (Papayaceae). BETIK BELULANG. A hard variety. BETIK BUBOR. A soft variety. BETIK RAMBAT, The hermaphrodite form. BETUTU. (Malacca) Eurya acuminata L. (Ternstroemiaceae). A small tree, com- mon in secondary jungle.
58 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BEU. (Rumput) (Singapore) he Eclipta alba lL. CCompositae) A small white-flowered weed. BHOI. — Roucheria Griffithiana Planch. (Lineae.) Probably a Sakai word; given me by Professor Vaughan-Stevens. The | plant is also known as Ipoh akar putih, which see. BIAK. (Perak) Mitragyne speciosa Korth. (Rubiaceae). Leaves used as a substitute for opium in Perak, according to Mr. Wray. BIAWAK RIMBA. Fyugenia sp. (Myrtaceae). BIDATA. Sonneratia acida Linn fil. (/ythraceae). Favre and Filet both give this. I have not met with it.
BIDIS. (Rumput)
Panicum indicum lL. (Gramineae).
BIJAN. | Sesamum indicum De Cand. (Pedalineae). The cultivated plant which produces the Til-seed.
BIJI. (Akar) (Johor) Roucheria Griffithti Planch. (Lineae).
BIKO-BIKO. Kurrimia paniculata Wall. (Celastrineae).
BILA. ¢ The Biel tree. Aegle Marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae). Some- times cultivated.
BILIS JANTAN. (Rumput) Cyperus haspan L. (Cyperaceue).
BINASA. Plumbago rosea L. (Plumbagineae). A cultivated plant with red flowers generally called Cheraka. Favre gives Binasa.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 59
BINCHE. (Daun) Lasianthus sp. (Rubiaceae). A small roughly hairy shrub with blue berries.
BINGKIRING. (Johor) Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae). An enormous tree of which [| was only able to obtain a few fruits and leaves.
BINJAI. Mangifera coesia Jack. (Anacardiaceae). A common fruit- tree.
BINTAN. Cerbera odollam lL. (Apocynaceae) also BINTARO. See BUTA-BUTA.
BINTANG MERAH. BINTANG KUNING. Mussoenda variabilis Hemsl. (Rubiaceae). A climber with red star-like flowers.
BINTANGOR. Also MENTANGOR.
Various species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Medium or large trees with bunches of white flowers. The timber of some kinds is used for building houses and boats.
The Calophyllums are called: Fetau (Samoa), Vetau (Fiji), Betau (Macassar), and Viritanina (Malagasy). (Guppy, Polynesians and their plant pames): All words evidently connected.
BINTANGOR BATU. BINTANGOR BESAR. BINTANGOR BUKIT. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall.
BINTANGOR BUNGA.
Calophyllum inophyllum L. also C. spectabile Willd. BINTANGOR BUNUT.
Calophyllum spectabile Willd. BINTANGOR MERAH.
Calophyllum Wallichianum Planch. From the red wool
on the young leaves.
BINTANGOR RIMBA.
Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook, fil. ( Guttiferae.)
60 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BIRAH.
A name applied to various aroids chiefly wild. Guppy, etc., gives Via (Fiji) Viha (Malagasy) Bia (Sundanese) as allied words.
BIRAH AYER.
Aglaonema marantifolium Schott. (Arotdeae). A large aroid
growing in swampy jungle. BIRAH HUTAN.
Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. (Aroideae). A big aroid with
sagittate leaves with prickly petioles; growing in swamps.
BIRAH KECHIL. Typhonium divaricatum Decne. (Aroideae). A common little aroid; growing as a weed in waste ground.
BIRAH KELADI. Colocasia antiquorum Schott. (Arordeae). The cultivated Keladi, widely used as food.
BIRAH NEGRI. BIRAH NAGRI. (Favre) Alocasta macrorrhiza Schott. (Aroideae). A large cultiva- ted aroid.
BIRAKSA.
Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae) (Favre). Evidently not a Malay word; the tree is only cultivated here and that not often.
BIRING. (Rumput)
Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. (Rubiaceae). A road-side weed with
small white flowers.
BIRURONG HITAM.
Melastoma polyanthum Bl.
BIRURONG MERAH.
Melastoma asperum Bl. These two words are given in Clifford’s Dictionary as Malay. Filet gives them as Rhio words, I have never heard them used for the Melastomas. which are here usually known as Senduduk.
BISA (Akar.)
Sphenodesma trifora Wight. (Verbenaceae). Lit. Poison-
climber. ‘
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 61
BITTOT. Cansjera Rheedi:t Walk. Arn. (Olacineae). A shrub.
BLAN. (Johor) Canarium sp. (Burseraceae).
BLAY BESAR. Strychnos pubescens Clarke. (Loganiaceae). A poisonous plant used in making dart-poison by the Sakais.
BLAY HITAM. Strychnos Tieute Bl. (Loganiaceae). One of the poisonous plants used in making Sakai dart-poison. Mr. Vaughan- Stevens is the authority for the name Blay.
BLAY KECHIL; BLAY MERAH. Gnetum edule Bl. (Gnetaceae). A climber with rather large brown fruits. It is used in making the dart-poison of the Sakais. (Vaughan-Stevens).
BOBOKOR. (Selangor) Litsea sp. (Laurineae). A tree with large ovate leaves and round green fruits.
BOBOREK. Xanthophyllum Kunstleri King. (Polygalaceae). A hand- some dark green tree with white flowers.
BODI. BUDI.
Ficus religiosa L. (Urticaceae). The Peepul tree.
BOGAH. (Province Wellesley) Cycas Rumphii Mig. (Cycadeae).
BOILA HITAM. (Kemaman) Zingiber Griffithii Bak. (Zingiberaceae). Vaughan-Steven gives this word. I imagine the first part is Sakai. BOKO-BOKO.
Kurrimia pulcherrima Wall. (Celastrineae).
BOLI. Parkia Roxburghiana Don. (Leguminosae). According to Clifford.
62 MALAY PLANT NAMES
BONDOK. Guilandina bondue LL. (Leguminosae). A thorny climber with yellow flowers, usually found near the sea. BONG-BONG. Carallia integerrima Dec. (Rhizophoreae) BONGKAH AYER. Sarcocephalus Junghuhnii Miq. (Rubiaceae). <A tree.
BONGKONG. (Perak) The Chempedak, Artocarpus Polyphema Persoon. ( Urticaceae) BONGOH. BONGOR. Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack. (Lythraceae). BONGOH BALONG. L. hexaptera. Mq.
BONGOH MALUKUT. L. 8p.
BONGOH RAYA. L. flos-Reginae Retz.
BONGOH SUSOR.
L, sp.
The Bongohs—Lagerstroemia—are fair sized trees with showy purple or pink flowers. They inhabit banks of rivers. The timber is used for boat building.
BONGSOL
Goniothalamus macrophyllus Hook. fil. (Anonaceae) BONTO DARAT. (Rumput)
Panicum indicum L. (Gramineae). BOROMBONG. (Akar.)
Taeniochloena Griffithti Hook. fil. (Connaraceae). A climb- ing plant.
BOTOR. see KACHANG BOTOR.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Dec. (Leguminosae). A cultivat- ed bean. The word is said to be a perversion of “bottle,” but Rumph gives it from the Arabic Batr, a lobe. —
BRAC. (Johor) Eugenia Sp. (Myrtaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 63
BRAMBAN. te: Allium cepa L. (Favre). ‘A white fragrant lily.” (Clifford). BRAMBAN HUTAN. cr Pancratium zeylanicum L. (Amaryllideae). (Clifford.) This is ‘really a Javanese word which corresponds to the Malay Bawang. BRANG. see Buluh-brang. BRANGAN. see Berangan. BRAS-BRAS. Aporosa Maingayi Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae.) BRAS-BRAS HITAM. Antidesma bunias Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae.) All these plants {Bras-Bras) are small jungle trees. BRAS-BRAS HUTAN. Aporosa Praineana Hook fil. (Huphorbiaceue.) BRAS-BRAS MERAH. Aporosa microcalyz Hook. fill. BREDIN. (Province Wellesley) Caryota mitis Lour. (Palmae.) see Tukus. BREKSA. see Bereksa.
BREMI.
Herpestes monniera L. (Scrophularineae.) A small scented herb used by the natives as an alterative.
BREMI HUTAN. Limnophila conferta Benth. (Scrophularineae.) BRUAS. see Buas-buas. BRUNGIN. Ficus Benjamina L. Variant of Beringin (Clifford’s Diction- ary.) Filet gives it as a Rhio word. BUA (Rumput.) Salomonia cantoniensis Lour. (Polygalaceae.) A little pink- flowered weed growing in grass plots. BUAH. Fruit.
Appears as Vua in Malagasy.
64 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BUAH BRAS. (Province Wellesley) Chasalia curviflora Miq. (Rubiaceae. ) BUAH BUTANG. Morinda umbeliata L. (Rubiaceae.) A shrub with orange button-like heads of fruits. BUAH KERAS. Aleurites Moluccanus lL. (Euphorbiaceae.) The candle-nut called here also Kamiri and Singapore nuts. BUAH KERAS LAUT. Hernandia sonora L. (Laurineae.) <A large seashore tree. BUAH SUNGEI. (Selangor) Ficus chartacea Wall. (Urticaceae.) A common little shrubby fig. BUAS (Akar.) Premna parasitica Bl. A climbing species. BUAS-BUAS. Contracted to Bebuas, and a variant is Bruas. Premna cor-
difolia Roxb. and other species (Verbenaceae.) Strong scented shrubs or trees with corymbs of white flowers.
BUAS-BUAS BUKIT. BUAS-BUAS PAYA. Viburnum sambucinum Reinwdt. (Caprifoliaceac). The plant somewhat resembles a Premna. : BUAS-BUAS LAUT. Scaevola Koenigii L. (Goodenovieae.) A seashore shrub more commonly known as Ambong-Ambong. BUBONGKAL. nee Bridelia pustulata Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) BUBULUS. (Malacca.) Also Bulu-Ulat. Soneria sp. (Melastomaceae.) A herb with pink flowers. : BUBURAS PADI. Aporosa microcalyx Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) A contrac- tion for Bras-Bras.
BUBURUS. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. (Apocynaceae.)
MALAY PLANT NAHES 65.
BUDI, also BODI. Ficus religiosa L. (Urtieaceae.) BUJANG SAMALAM.
Jussieua suffruticosa L. (Onagraceae.) A herb with yellow flowers growing in swamps. Literally, Bachelor for an evening. .
BUJANG SAMALAM BUKIT.
Ardisia oxyphylla C. B. Clarke. (Myrsineae.) A low shrub
with pink flowers.
BUJANG SAMALAM (Rumput) Vernonia cinerea Less. (Compositae) A common pink flower- ed groundsel.
BUKU BEMBAN.
Morinda sarmentosa (Rubiaceae.) The words also mean a “peculiar knot plaited with several strands” (Clifford’s Dictionary.) Perhaps the knot-like head of fruits of the plant is referred to by the native name.
BUKU BULOH (Rumput.) Fuirena glomerata L. (Cyperaceae.) Buku is a joint or knot
BULAIT. Oroxylon mdicum Vent. (Bignonaceae.) A small tree easily known by its enormous sword shaped pods.
BULAN AYER. (Selangor)
Cratoeva religiosa var. Narvala (Capparideae.) A shrub or small tree with cream coloured flowers and large oblong hanging brown fruits said to be poisonous.
Another plant called Bulan betul appears to be a Cratoeva but the fruit is said to be red.
BULAN MUDU (Akar.) Rubus glomeratus Lind. ( Rosaceae.) The common wild rasp- berry. BULANG or BULANGAN. BULANG GAJAH. BULANG KECHIL. Gmelina villosa (Verbenaceae) also Canthium horridwm (Rubia--
ceae.) Both of these are thorny shrubs, with yellow acid berries about an inch long.
66 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BULANG PELANDOK (Akar.)
Canthium oliganthum Miq. (Rubiaceae. ) BLANG TIKUS. BULANG HITAM.
UCanthium horridum Bl. (Rubiaceae.) BULANGKAN.
Cynometra polyandra Roxb. (Leguminosae.) BULONGGO.
Dehaasia sp. (Laurineae.)
BULU-BULU.
Diospyros argentea Griff. (Hbenaceae.) See Bedil Lalat. Bulu signifies fur. ‘The leaves of the plant are covered beneath with short hairs.
BULU ULAT. |
Sonerila sp. (Melastomaceae.) A small hairy herb with pink flowers.
BULUH. BULOH. :
A bamboo. The word runs through much of the Archipel-
ago and appears as Fafulu in Timor. BULUH (Akar.)
A name applied to several of the scandent species such as Bambusa Ridleyi Gamble. Schizostachyum chilianthum Gamble. Gigantochloa Kurzii Gamble. ( Gramineae.)
BULUH BALAI. Bambusa tuldoides Munro. BULUH BATU. Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. BULUH BERSUMPITAN. Bumbusa Wrayi Stapf. Used in making blowpipes. BULUH BETONG PERIH. Dendrocalamus flagellifer Munro. BULUH BRANG. The male bamboo. Dendrocalamus strictus. Ham. (see Clif- ford’s Dictionary.) BULUH CHINA. Bambusa nana Roxb. The hedge bamboo.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 67
BULUH DURI. Bambusa Blumeana Sch. The spiny bamboo. BULUL JURON. — Schzostachyum Blumei Nees.
BULUH KASAP.
Ochlandra Ridleyi Gamble. BULUH MATA RUSA.
Gigantochloa Kurzii Gamble. (Wray) BULUH MINYAK.
Oxytenanthera sinuatu Gamble. BULUH PADI.
Schizostachyum aciculare Gamble. BULU PAN.
Bambusa vulgaris l. (Wray) BULUH PERINDU.
Bambusa nana Roxb. According to Wray, but this I eather from a letter from Mr. Skeat is not the Buluh Pe- rindu used in magic by the Malays, which is at present unknown.
BULU PLANG.
Gigantochloa Wrayi Gamble. (Wray) BULUH RAYA.
Gigantochloa Scortechinii Gamble. (Wray) BULUH TEBRAU. see TEBRAU.
Almost any of the larger grasses, especially Thysanolaena acarifera Nees.
BULUH TEMIANG.
“Bambusa Wrayi Hook. fil. The bamboo used for blow- pipes.
BULUH TEMPAT. ; Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. The Male bamboo. BULUH TILAN.
Gigantochloa heterostachya Munro. BULUH TILAN MINYAK.
G. latispiculata Munro.
68 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
BULUH TULOH. Schizostachyum Zollingert Kurz.
BULUNTOH BURONG. Glycosmis sapindoides Lindl. (Rutaceae.) A common shrub, with small white flowers.
BUMBAN. see BEMBAN.
BUMBOT. (Rumput) Mariscus albescens Gaud. (Cyperaceae). BUNAK.
Kurrimia paniculata Wall. (Celastrineae. ) BUNEH. (Favre) BUNI. (Clifford) Antidesma bunias. (Euphorbiaceae). This is given by Favre
and Clifford as Malay. Filet gives it as Makasar. The plant, is a tree with small acid red fruits.
BUNGA. A flower. BUNGA BIDADARI. BUNGA PUTRI. Grammatophyllum speciosum (Marsden) (Orchideae.) The words signify two kinds of fairies. I never heard either expression used.
BUNGA BIRU. Clitorea ternatea L. (Leguminosae). Lit. Blue flower.
BUNGA CHINA. Ivora, cultivated varieties. It is also sometimes applied to
Gardenias.
BUNGA KASTURI. Renanthera moschifera Lindl. (1 Opchitteaay. ‘“ Musk-flower.” The scorpion orchid. BUNGA KASUT. Cypripedium barbatum Lindl. (Orchideae). “Shoe flower.” I doubt this being a genuine Malay name but itis often used by the orchid dealers. BUNGA MAS. : Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepiadeae) Lit. Gold flower. An introduced weed with bright-yellow and red flowers.
MALAY PLNAT NAMES. 69
BUNGA PAGAR. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Pagar is a hedge. The common Lantaua. BUNGA PALA. Mace—the aril of the Nutmeg. BUNGA RAYA. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 1. (Malvaceae.) The cultivated Hi- biscus. 2
BUNGA SAPONG. Pittosporum ferrugineum L. (Pittosporeae). A common sea- shore tree with white flowers and yellow fruits.
BUNGA SUSU. Gardenia florida L. (Rubiaceae) also Tabernoemontana coro- naria Br. (Apocynaceae.) “ Milk flower.” Well known cultivated plants.
BUNGA TULIS. (Malacca) ;
Anoectochilus Reinwardti Bl. (Orchideae.) One of the orna- mented foliage orchids, with deep maroon leaves viened with gold.
BUNGKAL. Randia anisophylla Jack (Rubiaceae.) A common jungle tree. BUNGKUP. (Johor) Bruguiera species (Rhizophoreue.) BUNGLEI. |
Zingiber Cassumunaar (Zingiberaceae.) A ginger often to be seen near villages the rhizomes of which are used in medicine and as spice.
BUNGOH. (Penang) BUNGUR. (Favre)
Lagerstroemia Reginae and allied species; see BONGOR.
BUNTAT BAHONG.
Lasianthus Wightianus Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae.) A very
foetid shrub, one of the plants called Daun Sekuntut. BUNTAT ULAR. (Akar)
Ficus urophylla Wall. (Urticaceae.) A common fig climb-
ing on other trees.
70 MALAY PLANT NAMES:
BUNUT PAYA. Pternandra coerulescens Jack. (Melastomaceae.) See BENUT PAYA. BUNUAIL. | Kayea yrandis King. (Guttiferae.) BURUMBONG JANTAN. Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae.)
BURUBAH RIMBAH. (Malacca) | Antidesma velutinosum Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) A common jungle shrub. BURUNAIL. Antidesma alatum Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) A small tree. BURUTTA (Bunga.)
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. (Connaraceae.) Jack is the authority for this.
BUSOK-BUSOK. Cassia nodosa Ham. (Leguminosae.) Also contracted to Sibusok. A large tree with pink flowers.
BUTA-BUTA also BABUTA. Cerbera odollam L. and C. lactaria Ham. (Apocynaceae.) The milk produces blindness (Buta = blind.)
BUTA-BUTA DARAT. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. (Apocynaceae.) <A tree allied to Cerbera, but the flowers are much smaller. BUTANG (Rumput.) Ea Eriocaulon sexangulure L. (Hriocauloneae) also Rhynchospora Wallichiana Korth. (Cyperaceae.) Butang is a modi- fication of the English Button. Both plants have small heads of flowers more or less like buttons.
BUTANG BUNGA (Akar.) Lettsomia Maingayi Clarke. (Convolvulaceae.) A climber with large heads of purple flowers.
BUTULANG. Canthium didymum Roxb. (Rubiaceae). A small tree.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. val
CHA PADANG. Scoparia dulcis L. (Secrophularineae). A weed used for making a kind of tea. ‘The name means field tea. It is also called Té macao.
CHABANG BAJU. (Buah) Lasianthus Wallichti Wight. or a closely allied species (Rubiaceae). A shrub with white flowers and blue berries.
CHABANG LIMA. (Akar) Sphenodesma barbata Schauer. (Verbenaceae.) Literally Five branches. A climber with small violet flowers in a head surrounded by bracts.
CHABANG LIMA. (Akar). Heptapleurum heterophyllum Seem. (Araliaceae.) An epi- phytic plant with five leaflets to each leaf.
CHABANG TIGA. (Selangor) Trichosanthes celebica Miq. (Cucurbtaceae). A wild pump- kin with five lobes to the leaf and red fruits. The leaves are used as a bait for the Kelawei fish.
CHABANG TUJOH.
Ampelocissus sp. (Ampelideae). A vine with seven-lobed
leaves. CHABEI.
Long pepper. Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) Also used
in some places for Capsicums. CHABEI HUTAN.
Piper caninum L. (Piperaceae). A wild pepper.
CHABEI PINTAL. (Penang) CH. TALI. (Singapore)
Helicteres Isora L. (Sterculiaceae.) The capsules used in native medicine.
CHA-CHA.
Stereospermum jfimbriatum De C. (Bignonaceae.) A handsome small tree with lilac tubular flowers the petals of which are beautifully fringed.
CHACHANG LAYAR.
Monochoria hastaefolia Pres L. (Pontederiaceae), An aquatic herb with blue flowers.
72 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
CHABE HANTU. (Penang). Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae). CHADAK. (Selangor)
Zingiber spectabile Griff. (Zingiberaceae). A very hand- some wild ginger with brilliant yellow or red spikes and black flowers spotted with yellow.
CHALANG PAYA.
Croton oblongifolius Roxb, (Euphorbiaceae). A large shrub
with spikes of green flowers. CHAMAU. CHEMAU.
Dracaena Maingayt Bak. D, angustifolia Wall., and other tree
Dracaenas (Liliaceae). CHAMBAI BATU.
Pellionia Javanica Wedd. (Urticaceae). A herb common on
rocks. CHAMIN-CHAMIN.
Cicca acidissina (Huphorbiaceae). A small tree with green
acid fruits used in curries. CHAMPADANG.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (Tiliaceae). A common weed
with yellow flowers and fruits like small burrs. CHANA.
Parinarium Griffithianum Hook fil. (Rosaceae). A big tree with masses of white flowers.
Also Cesalpinia pulcherrima Roxb. (Leguminosae) (according to Favre) (eguminoseae.) An ornamental bush often cultivated. :
CHANGEI. see CHENGEI. CHANGI ULAR. Bragantia corymbosa (Aristolochiaceae.) A half climbing shrub with small flowers and long twisted pods. CHANGKOI BAHANG., Ophioriza sp. (Rubiaceae.) CHANJAL.
Tristania Whitiana Griff. (Myrtaceae.) A big tree more
commonly known as Pelawan.
MALAY PLANT NAMES Ts
CHAPA. CHAPU.
Blumea balsamifera De. C. (Compositae.) A large half shrubby weed common in waste grounds. It is strongly scented, and produces the Ngai camphor of the Chinese and is used in native medicine.
CHAPAH. CHAPANENG.
Clerodendron villosum Bl. (Verbenaceae.) A common large
shrub with white flowers. CHAREK-CHAREK. (Akar)
Vitis macrostachya Miq. (Ampelideae.) A large vine with
long hanging spikes of flowers. CHATENG. (Buah) Microdesmis caseariaefolia Planch. (Euphorbiaceae.) A small tree. CHATO. Ardisia oxyphylla Wall. (Myrsineae.) CHAWAT UDI. Vitis adnata Wall. (Ampelideae.) A slender vine. CHEKOP MANIS. Sauropus albicans Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) Favre gives Chekoh. A small shrub cultivated as a spinach. CHEKOW. (Pahang) Garcinia Praineana King. (Guttiferae.) CHAMANTONG GAJAH. Aporosa Praineana Hook fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree with round orange coloured fruits. CHEMANTON MERAH. Eloeocarpus Masters: Hook fil. (Tilaceae). CHEMPEDAK. Artocarpus polyphema Pers. (Urticaceae). The wellknown native fruit. CHEMPEDAK AYER, Artocarpus Maingayi King. (Urticaceae). CHEMPAKA. CHAMPAKA. The champak tree. Michelia Champaca L. (Magnoliaceae).
74 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
CHEMPAKA BIRU.
Plumera acutifoa L. (Apocynaceae). The Frangipani.
(Clifford’s Dictionary). CHEMPAKA BUKIT. (Malacca)
Cephaelis Grifithit Hook fil. (Rubiaceae.) A small shrub
with a sweet scented flower. CHEMPAKA HUTAN.
Gardenia Griffithii Hook fil. (Rubiaceae.) A shrub or tree
with sweet scented orange flowers. CHEMPAKA JANGGI.
Sterculia laevis Jack. (Sterculiaceae.) A small tree or shrub with a scarlet fruit.
CHEMPAKA PUTIH HUTAN. 3 3
Randia anisophylla Jack. (Rubiaceae.) A small tree with small white flowers.
CHEMPERAI. CHIMPERATI.
Champereia Grifithit Hook. fil. (Santalaceae.) -
Also Cansjera Rheedii Gmelin. (Olacineae.) Seashore shrubs with inconspicuous flowers.
CHEMPERAI BATU. Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae.) CHEMPERAI DADIS. (Malacca)
Urophyllum Blumeanum Wight. (Rubiaceae.) A common jungle shrub with white flowers, with yellow or orange berries.
CHENAMA. Clausena excavata Burm. (Penang), and #ficromelum hirsutum Oliv. in Pahang. (Rutaceae.) CHENANG HUTAN. (Malacca) Unona dasymaschala Bl. (Anonaceae) A low shrub, CHENARA.
Commersonia echinata Forst. (Tiliaceae). A common tree in
secondary jungle with white flowers. CHENDANA.
Sandal-wood, Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). Imported
and sold in the shops.
MALAY PLANT. NAMES. fis
CHENDAWAN. A fungus. Chiefly applied to Agaricz.
CHENDAWAN BATANG. Lentinus exilis. A dry brown fungus growing on old rot- ten tree stems.
CHENDAWAN BORENG. CHENDAWAN MERAH. Polystictus sanguinea. A woody scarlet fungus common on wood, used in native medicine as an astringent
CHENDAWAN IPOH. A white Agaric with dull violet fur on the top.
CHENDAWAN JUMPUT-JUMPUT. Daldinia vernicosa Cesati. A bun-shaped black polished fungus growing on wood. Jumput-jnmput is a kind of bun.
CHENDAWAN KARANG. Clavaria various species. The branched fungi known in Eng- land as witches butter. Literally coral fungus. Also appli- ed to a woody coral-like grey fungus Sterewm nitidulum.
CHENDAWAN RAMBUT ALI. Marasmius gordipes. A very common plant with hair like stems running over dead leaves and small yellow pile.
CHENDAWAN SAMANGKOK. Cyathula sp. A small cup shaped fungus growing on wood.
CHENDAWAN TELAKONG. “Dictyophora campanulata Nees. The common stink-horn, a white fungus with a beautiful white lacework veil hang-
ing from the upper part.
CHENDAWAN TELINGA KRA. Polystictus xerampelinus Kalchbr. ‘ Ape’s ear fungus.” A brown woody fungus which grows on wood.
CHENDAWAN TELINGA TIONG. Agaricus species. A bright orange red fungus suggesting the wattles on the ear of the Tiong bird. Maznatus java- nieus.
76 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
CHENDAWAN TUMBONG KLAPA. Scleroderma flavo-crocatum. Tumbong kelapa is the ball- shaped mass of kernel of the coconut when germinating. The fungus is a yellow puff-ball, with a black inside when ripe, common on paths in woods,
CHENDERAI. CHENDERAI HUTAN. Grewia paniculata Roxb. also G. fibrocarpa Mast. (Tiliaceae). Small trees with white flowers. CHENDERAI. (Akar) Grewia umbellata Roxb. (Tiliaceae.) A climbing species, CHENDERAI GAJAH. Croton argyratus Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) CHENDERAI PAYA. Grewia Miqueliana Kurz. (Tiliaceae.)
CHENDERAT RIMBA. Grewia fibrocarpa Mast, also G. umbellata L. (Tiliaceae.)
CHENDERU. Diplanthera bancana Scheff. (Bignonaceae.) Tree with gold- en yellow flowers. CHENDRA. CHENDUL. Epiprinus Malayanus Griff. (Huphorbraceae.)
CHENGAI PETRI. ae Alstonia macrophylla Wall. (Apocynaceae.) CHENGAI also CHENGAL. Balanocarpus maximus King. (Dipterocarpeae.) One of the best native timbers. A gigantic tree, now getting scarce.
CHENGAL BATU BUKIT.
Melanochyla Maingayt Hook. fil. (Maingay’s list) ‘“ A tree yielding a black varnish, wood pale yellowish white with a small brown centre, grain fine, medium hard.”
CHENGKRING.
Erythrina stricta Roxb. E. indica L. (Leguminosde.) CHENG- KRING ABANG (Clifford and Swettenham) is probably this species. A well-known tree with orange coloured flowers which is grown as a shade tree or as a pepper support.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. ye
CHENGKRING (Rumput). : Hedyotis glabra Br. (Rubiaceae.) A common weedy herb with small white flowers. CHEREK EANTU. Phyllanthus frondosus Wall. (Euphorbiaceae.) CHEREK HITAM. Clausena excavata Burm. (Rutaceae). A small tree with strongly scented-leaves used in curries. CHEREK JANTAN. Brucea Sumatrana Wall. (Simarubeae). A shrub with an aromatic scent. ary. CHEREK PUTIH. 7 Micromelum pubescens Bl. (Rutaceae.)
CHERIT BUDAK. Croton argyratus Bl. (Euphorbiaceae.)
CHERIT HUTAN. iB Clerodendron deflecum Wall. (Verbenaceae.) A common jungle shrub with heads of white flowers and red _ bracts. CHERIT MORAI. Glycosmis sapindoides Lindl. (Rutaceae.) CHERMEI also CHERMELA and CHAMIN. Phyllanthus distichus Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae.) A fruit tree. CHERMEI ANTAN. : Glochidion obscurum Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) CHERMELA HUTAN. (Sungei Ujong.) Sauropus albicans Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) Also CHEKOP MANIS, which see. CHERMIN AYER. Sarcocephalus Junghuhnit Korth. (Rubiaceae.) A tree with balls of yellow flowers. CHERMIN BATU. (Pahang) Pentasacme caudata Wall. (Asclepiadeae.) A slender herb with white flowers growing on rocks in UGE. CHIA KUBET. Macaranga megalophylla Muell. Arg. oes
78 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
CHIAREK MERAH. (Akar) Vitis diffusa (Ampelideae.) A common wild vine. CHIAREK PUTIH. (Akar) Mallotus repandus Muell. Arg. (Huphorbiaceae.) CHICHA. Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. (Zuphorbiaceae.) A common shrub. Also Millettia atropurpurea Benth, (Leguminosae.) A large tree with purple flowers. CHIKU. . The Sapodilla, Achras sapota L. (Sapotaceae).
CHIMPOH. see SIMPOH.
CHINA PUTIH. (Akar) Neuropeltis racemosa Wall. (Convolvulaceae.) A climber with small white flowers. CHINA. (Akar) Limacia oblonga Miers. (Menispermaceae.) Also Toeniochloena Griffithit Hook. fil. (Connaraceae.) CHINA (Bunga). Ixora, cultivated forms and Gardenias. CHINA BUKIT. (Akar) Todes velutina. King. (Olacineae.) CHINDARAH. see PENDARA. Various wild nutmegs. (Myristica.) CHINDARAH HANTU. Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Huphorbiaceae.) CHINDARAH LAUT. ; Myristica glaucescens Hook. fil. CHINDARAH PADI. Myristica Missionis Wall. (Myristicaceae.) CHINDURU. Diplospora sp. (Rubiaceae.) A small tree with green flowers. CHINGAL.
Shorea bracteolata Dyer. (Dipterocarpeae). A large timber tree.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 79
CHINGKEH. CHINGKAH. CHENGKE. Cloves. Eugenia caryophyllus L. (Myrtaceae.) CHINGKERING (Rumput). Also CHENKERING. Hedyotis glabra Br. (Rubiaceae.) CHINGUM. (Johor) Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. (Rubiaceae). A bush growing on the sea-shore. CHINTA MULA. é Erythrozylum burmanicum Griff. (Lineae.) <A big tree with small dark green leaves and white flowers. CHINTA MULA. (Akar) Psychotria polycarpa Miq. (Rubiaceae). see BERTIS. CHINTA MULA HITAM. Cinnamomum parthenoxylum Meissn. (Laurineae.) See KAYU GADIS. CHINTA MULA PUTIH. Sideroxylon sp. (Sapotaceae). CHUBON. Aanthophyllum affine Korth. (Polygalaceae. ) A shrub or small tree with white flowers.
CHUKAL. (Malacca) Hygrophila salicifolia Nees. (Acanthaceae.) A herb with violet flowers, growing by rivers. CHUKOR KERBAU (Rumput). Cyperus turgidulus (Cyperaceae.) Literally Buffalo- Razor grass. CHULAK, Catlicarpa lanata L. (Verbenaceae.) CHULAN. Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae.) Favre is the authority for this. CHUMA PADANG. (Kedah) Breynia coronata Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae.) CHUMANTONG. (Sungei Ujong) Ficus alba Reinwdt. (Urticaceae.) see ARA PERAK.
c=10) MALAY PLANT ‘NAMES.
CHUMBATI ULAR. (Akar) (Malacca) Bragantia corymbosa Griff. (Aristolochiaceae ie
CHUMPAHONG. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. (Ternstroemiaceae .) A small tree with white flowers.
CHUMPONG. Saprosma arboreum (Rubiaceae.) A very foetid shen
CHUNGAH PUTIH. Ostodes macrophyllus. Benth. (Huphorbiaceae.)
CHUPU. Garcima Praineana King. (Guttiferae.) CHUROM. Matthoea sancta Bl. (Monimiaceae.) A shrub with long pen- dent or straggling branches, small green flowers and deep steel-blue fruits.
CHUROMA. (Akar) Mikania scandens Willd. (Compositae.) <A climbing plant common in grass. 7
DADA KURA. (Selangor)
Fagroea morindefolia Bl. (Loganiaceae.) Literally Turtle’s breast. A large shrub with pinkish flowers. The leaves are ground and smoked with Umer tobacco for cases of cold in the head.
DADA RUAN. Ostodes macrophylla Benth. (Huphorbiaceae) in Malacca. Boschia Griffithii Nees. CUSED in Johor. See DAUN DURIAN. Dy @
DADAP. see DEDAP. Erythrina spp. (Leguminosae.) Large trees with scarlet flowers, used as shade trees for cocoa, and as pepper sup- ports. #. indica Lam. and EF. stricta Roxb. are the usual ones cultivated. DADAUP. (Akar) (Pahang) Also DAU. Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. (Leguminosae.) A large climber with great masses of orange flowers.
MALAY PLANT NAMES Sl
DAGUN. Gnetum funiculare Bl. (Gnetaceae.) <A big climber which produces a strong fibre. DAGUN PUTIH. (Akar) Gn. Brunonianum Griff. DALDARU. (Akar)
Psychotria sarmentosa Bl, ( Rubiaceae.)
DALEK. DELEK. DELAK.
A name applied to various species of Memecylon and the allied genus Pternandra, (Melastomaceae.) Small trees with pink or blue flowers; the timber of which is used in house building.
DALEK AYER.
Memecylon Ridleyi Cogn. and M. edule Roxb. DALEK JAMBU.
M. coeruleum Jack. DALEK PUTIH.
M. myrsinoides Bl.
DALEK TEMBAGA. M. loevigatum BI. DALEK LIMAU MANIS. Anisophyllea grandifoia Henslow. (Rhizophoreae.) A tree with very large oblong woody fruits.
DALU-DALU. Also JENDALU. DAHU. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. (Salicineae.) Filet gives Dalu-Dalu as West coast Sumatran for Salix Sumatrana Miq. The only willow in the peninsula.
DAMAK-DAMAK ASAM. Grewia fibrocarpa Mast. ( Tiliaceae). Damak-Damak is often contracted to Dudamak. DAMAK-DAMAK BULU. Also DAMAK MERAH. Grewia globulifera Mast. (Ti%liaceae). DAMAK-DAMAK PAYA. : Aporosa stellifera Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae).
82 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
DAMAR. The resin produced by trees of the order Dipterocarpeae and a few others. The Dammars are collected in the jungle where the tree has dripped and most are named according to the colour cf the Dammar and not according to the tree producing them. But some trees are called by the name of the resin they produce. DAMAR HITAM. » Balanocarpus Penangianus King. (Dipterocarpeae). Black Dammar. DAMAR KEPONG. See KEPONG. DAMAR KIJAI. Produced by 7tgonochlamys Griffithii Hook fil. (Burseraceae. ) See Kijai. Also Canarium secundum. Benn. (Burseraceae.) DAMAR LAUT NUMBER SATU. Shorea utilis King. One of the most valuable timbers. DAMAR LAUT DAUN BESAR. Shorea glauca King. (Dipterocarpeae).
DAMAR MATA-K UCHING.
Hopea globosa Brandis; in Perak. Pachynocarpus Wallichi King. (Dipterocarpeae). The Cat’s Eye dammar is a clear light coloured dammar and I believe comes from different trees but the above-mentioned trees are stated to p Pred e it and are named from the Dammar.
DAMAR MERANTI. See MERANTI.
DAMAR MINYAK.
The resin of Dammara orientalis Lam. (Coniferae). Lit. Oil-Dammar. It is a turpentine and does not get hard like the resins of the Dipterocarpeae.
DAMAR SERAYA. See SERAYA.
DANDANGKING. (Johor) Poederia foetida L. (Rubiaceae). A climber with lilac flowers, very foetid. DANDIGUM. Sargassum sp. (Algae). <A floating sea-weed.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. SS
DANGSA. (Penang)
Phenix paiudosa Roxb. (Palmae). A date palm growing
in tidal swamps. DARAH. (Akar)
Unona discolor Vahl. (Anonaceae). A climbing shrub used in native medicine for dysentery, whence perhaps the native name, Blood-climber.
DARAH BLUT. (Akar). (Selangor).
Mezoneurum Sumatranum Wall. (Leguminosae). A climber growing on riverbanks; leaves reddish, flowers yellow and red. Lit. Hel’s blood.
DARAI PAYA. (kar) Lygodium pinnatifidum. (Filices). A common climbing fern. DARU-DARU.
A high class timber is known by this name but the tree
producing it has not been identified. It is probably __ belongs to the order Sapotacece. DARUMUN. (Malacca)
Hlaeocarpus polystachyus Wall. (Tiliaceae), and other Species. See also a variant Jurumong. Trees with white flowers.
DARUMUN BABI.
Kleocarpus polystachyus Wall. DARUMUN HITAM.
i. paniculatus Wall. (Tiliaceae). DARUMUN PADI.
Elaeocarpus salicifolius King. and KH. pedunculatus Wall. DARUMUN PELANDOK.
Elaeocarpus stipularis Bl. DARUMUN PIPIT.
Elaeocarpus Hullettii King. ( Tiliaceae.) DATOH RAJA. (Johor)
Lecananthus erubescens Jack. (Rubiaceae.)
DAUN. A leaf.
84 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
DAUN KURAP. : Cassia alata L. (Leguminosae.) Kurap is a skin disease for which the leaves of this plant are a well-known reme- dy. A large shrub with showy spikes of yellow flowers. It is also known as Gelenggang. DAUN LOW. Hoemaria discolor Lindl. (Orchideae.) Sir Hugh Low s leaf. A name used in Singapore by the orchid collectors. DAUN PAYONG. (Pahang) Teysmanma altifrons Mig. Literally Umbrella leaf. A superb stemless palm with enormous paddle shaped leaves. DAUN PUTRI. Mussoenda glabra Vahl. (Rubiaceae.) Favre is the authority for this. DAUN SAPENOH. : Eurycles amboinensis (Amaryllideae.) An ornamental plant often cultivated, and wild in sandy places in Pahang and elsewhere. DAUN SEGALOR. (Selangor) DAUN SELEBAR. Teysmannia altifrons Mig. (Palmaceae). See DAUN PAYONG. DAW AI-DAWAL. Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. (Rhamneae.) A large and strong thorny climber. DEDALU BUKIT. (Akar) (Malacca) TTiptage sericea Hook. fil. (Malpighiaceae. ) DEDAP. see DADAP. | Erythrina indica L. and other species. (Lequminosae.) DEDAP LAUT. } | Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae.) More commonly known as Baru. DEDAWAT. : Contraction for Dawai-Dawai. Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. (Rhanneae.) DELIMA.
Pomegranate. Puniea qranatum L. (Lythraceae.)
MALAY PLANT NAMES. s5
DELIMA BURONG. Memecylon Ridleyi Cogn. (Melastomaceae.)
DELIMA HUTAN. Gardenia tubifera Wall. (Rubiaceue.) Because the fruit looks something like that of a Perea A large shrub with orange-coloured flowers.
DENDENDONG. (Selangor) Pothos Curtisii Hook. fil. (Aroideae.) A climbing Aroid, the shoots of which are a favourite food of the Lotong (Semnopithecus).
DENDURIAN. Contraction for Durian-Durian. Boschia Grifithii Nees. ( Malvaceae.) DERINGU. Acorus calamus L. (Aroideae.) Cultivated as a medicinal
plant. It has apparently been introduced from China and never flowers here.
DERINGU LAUT.
Enhalus acoroides Zoll. (Hydrocharideae.) A marine flower- ing plant with long narrow leaves suggestive of those of Acorus. More commonly known as Setul.
DILAM.
Hemigraphis confinis Auders. (Acanthaceae). A creeping
weed on road sides, common in Malacca. DODOL. : Ficus rhododendrifolia (Urticaceae) Also called Ara Jejawei. A big figtree with small leaves and pink figs. DOMUN. (Singapore) Symplocos. sp. (Styraceae). DONDONG.
Canarium nitidum A. W. Bean. (Burseraceae). See also Kadondong.
DOSONO. (Pahang) |
Dysoxylum angusttifolium King. (Meliaceae).
86 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
DRAS MALAM. ; Ruellia repens. L. (Acanthaceae.) A common little herb which creeps in grass. It has tubular violet flowers. DRING. (Johor) Cryptocarpa Griffithiana Wight. (Laurineae.) DRUM. (Penang) Cratozylon polyanthum Korth. (Hypericineae),
DUAK. Also JUAK. Heynea trijuga Roxb. (Meliaceae).
DUDALI PAYA. Xanthophyllum Griffithi
DUPALU. Perhaps a contraction for Dalu-Dalu. Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. (ZLoranthaceae.) Other forms are Menalu and Sanalu. One of the commonest mistletoes, parasitic on many kind of trees. |
DUDAMAK.
Contraction for Damak-Damak, which see. DUDANAK HITAM.
Sterculia rubiginosa Jack. (Sterculiaceae). DUDAWO. (Akar)
Myxopyrum nervosum Bl. (Oleaceae. )
DUDOK KIJANG. (Akar) Stropanthus dichotomus De C. (Apocynaceae.) A scandent bush with curious white and purple flowers. The name means the resting place of the Kijang (Cervulus muntjac.)
DUDULANG. (Akar) 7 Contraction for Dulang-Dulang. Hmbelia Limpani Scheff (Myrsineae). DUKONG ANAK.
Phyllanthus urinaria L. and Ph. niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae). See Ambin Buah.
DULANG. Cassia javanica L. (Leguminosae). A medium sided tree with rose-pink flowers.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 87
DULANG-DULANG.
Aralia near Thomsoni Seemann (Araliaceae). A thorny shrub not rare in the central range of the Peninsula, apparently as yet undescribed.
DULEH MERAH. (Sungei Ujong)
Mallotns macrostachyus Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). Possibly
this should be Dalek. DULIS. Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophularineae). A weedy plant of South American origin, common in waste grounds.
DUMAH BUKIT. (Akar)
Anplectrnm glaucum Triaua (JJe/astomaceae). DUNGUN.
Heritiera littoralis Dryand (Sterculiaceae). See Atun laut, DURL.
A thorn. DURI. (Akar)
Randia fasciculata De C. (Rubiaceae). A climber with thorns and white flowers.
DURIA (Rumput). Eriocaulon truncatum Ham. (Eriocauloneae). A little herb with white heads of flowers, common in swamps. DURIAN. Durio zibethinus L. (Malvaceae). DURIAN BLANDA. The sour sop. Anonw muricata. (Anonaceae). Literally Dutch durian, because it was introduced by the Dutch. DURIAN DAUN. Durio oxleyanus Griff. A wild durian. DURIAN-DURIAN.
Contracted to Dendurian, Boschia griffithti Nees. (Malva- ceae). Also DURIAN HAJI. A small or medium-sized tree with white flowers and small scarlet durians.
DURIAN TANAH also DURIAN BURONG. Durio testitudinarum Bec. Lit. Ground durians, because the fruits are borne at the base of the tree.
ss MALAY PLANT. NAMES.
DURIAN TUPAL Commersonia echinata. Forst (Tiliaceae.) Lit. Squirrel durian. The small fruits resembling somewhat a durian. A com- mon tree in secondary jungle with white flowers.
EKOR ANGIN. Plantago asiatica L. (Plantagineae.) Literally Wind-tail. The common plantain.
EKOR BALANGKAS. Gnetum Brunonianum Griff. (Gnetaceae.) ‘ King-crab’s tail.” A small shrub with spikes of flowers.
EKOR CHARI. (Rumput) Tschoemum muticum. (Gramineae). Chari is a fish. One of the commonest grasses here.
EKOR KUCEING. Dysophylla auricularia Bl. (Labiatae.) Also bree crinita Deso. (Leguminosae) Literally ‘“Cat’s tail.” Both are small plants with close spikes of flowers suggesting a _ cat’s tail. EKOR KUCHING. (Rumput) Perotis latifolia (Gramineae.) A brush-like grass, common in sandy spots. EKOR KUDA. Vernonia cinerea L. (Compositae.) ‘ Horse-tail.” A common weed with pink heads of flowers.
EMBALAU. E. BETINA. E. PADANG.
Brucea sumatrana Wall. (Simarubeae.) A shrub with spikes of small purple flowers and black berries, very coalse scented.
EMPEDAL AYAM. see AMPADAL AYAM.
Salacia grandiflora Kurz. (Rhamneae.)
EMPENAI. (Pahang) Atalantia monophylla Corr. (Rutaceae). A small wild lime tree. EMPENING. Also PENING. see MEMPENING. Quercus spicata, etc. (Cupuliferae.) A name applied to several of our oaks.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 89
EMPOYAN. EMPOYAN BATU. see MEMPOYAN. Rhodamnia trinervia Bl. (Myrtaceae). A common tree with flowers.
EMPOYAN BUKIT. Rhodamnia trinervia var. A mountain form on Mt. Ophir.
EMPOYAN PADANG. Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. (Myrtaceae). A large shrub with white flowers.
ENAU. | Arenga saccharifera L. (Palmeae}) This name appears to be used for the wild form of the Kabong or sugar-palm, a somewhat different looking plant from the common cultivated one.
ENDEBI. Allomorphia exigua Bl. (Melastomaceae.) A shrub with small green flowers, common in many woods.
EN GGANK. see INGGANK.
Myristica geminata (Myristicaceae).
EPOH. (Johor) Samadera indica Gaertn. (Simarubeae) A shrub.
GADABU. Sonneratia Grifithti Kurz. (Lythraceae). A sea-shore tree.
Much resemblimg Perupat.
GADING. (Penang)
Hunteria corymbosa Roxb. (Apocynaceae.) Gading signifies ivory and is applied to several plants with white ivory- like wood. And also to a number of shrubs, usually rubiaceous, the leaves of which are made into a kind of tea.
GADING. Canthium species and Petunga venulosa Hook fil. (Rubia- - Cede).
GADING BETINA. Aporosa aurea Hook fil. (Kuphorbiaceae).
90 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
GADING GAJAH. (Anggrek) (Malacca) Evia peliitpes Lindl. (Orchideae). A small epiphytic orchid, so named from the leaves being shaped like tusks. GADING GALOK. Chasalia curviflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). A common jungle shrub two or three feet tall with tubular white or purplish flowers.
GADING HUTAN. Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceav). A shrub with white flowers.
GADING JANTAN. Xanthophyllum affine Korth. (Polygalaceae). Leaves used as tea.
GADING TULANG. Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae). A large shrub or small tree.
GADIS. Also KAYU GADIS. Cinnamomum parthenoxylum Meissn. (Laurineae). The specific name is a translation of the Malay. It is medicinally used for girls.
GADONG. Also GADUNG.
Dioxcorea daemonum Roxb. (Dioscoreaceae). A climber with large tubers, used in the manufacture of dart poison, and also eaten after repeated washing to extract the nar- cotic properties they contain.
GADUNG CHINA. Smilax China L. (Liliaceae.) The tubers of which are sold in the drug-shops as medicine. China-root. GADONG TIKUS. Smilax Helferi A De C. (Liliaceae). A thorny climber. GADU GAJAH. Trigonostemon indicus Muell. Arg. (Huporbiaceae). GAHARU. Also GAGAHRU.
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Thymelaceae). Produces the
well known incense wood lign-aloes. GAJAH.
Dehaasia sp. (Laurineae).
MALAY PLNAT NAMES. 91
GAJUS. Anacardum occidentate L. (Anacardiaceae). The Cashew. The word is a medification of Cashew.
GAJUS HUTAN. Dehaasia sp. (Laurineae). The fruit suggests in form a cashew nut.
GALATI. Goniothalamus Tapis Miq. (Anonaceae). A shrub with yel- Jowish flowers.
GALANG HUTAN. Goniothalamus giganteus Hook fil. (Anonaceae). A small tree with large yellow flowers.
GAMAT. (Akar) Pterisanthes caudigera Mig. (Anipelideae). A vine with the rachis developed into a flat red plate on which the flowers are borne.
GAMBADAK. (Kedah) Acronychia laurifolia Bl. (Rutaceae) and Phyllochlamys Wallichti King. (Urticeae).
GAMBAH PUTIH. (Pahang) Cardiopteris lobata Br. (Olacineae). A climbing plant.
GAMBIR.
Uncaria gambir (Rubiaceae). The product is sometimes erroneously spoken of as Getah gambir. The word getah is without doubt an error for gatta, a form of katé which was originally the native word for cutch (the bark or product of Acacia catechu L). The product of Uncaria gambir was originally Katé Krambu, lit. scented cutch, and it is so known to Tamils to this day. The Malays modified this into Gatta Gambir.
GAMBIR-GAMBIR. see GEGAMBER. GAMI. Also GAMO.
Antidesma cuspidatum Muell. (Huphorbiaceae) A shrub or small tree.
92 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
GANCHIL KECHIL.
Symplocos ferruginea Roxb. (Styraceae). A large shrub with white flowers.
GANDARUSA.
Insticia gandarusa L. (Acanthaceae). Often cultivated and half wild. A shrub used in medicine.
GANDARUSA. (Akar) Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae.) CANDARUSA JANTAN. Chasalia curviflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). GANJA. Also GUNJA. Indian hemp. Cannabis sativa L. (Urticaceae). Only known here as an imported plant. see GUNJA. GAPIS. | Saraca triandra Bak. (Leguminosae.) A-~ half scandent shrub with orange red flowers. GAPIS KUNYIT. Saraca cauliflora Bak. (Leguminosae). A very fine tree with large bunches of yellow flowers and pink pods. GARAH. (Akar) Lenconotis eugeniifolius De C. (Apocynaceae.) A climber pro- ducing a rubber. GARUM-GARUM. (Akar) fRoncheria Grifithti Plauch. (Lineae). GARING-GARING. (Akar) Cuestis ramiflora Griff. (Connaraceae.) A climbing shrub with pink flowers and showy red pear-shaped capsules. GARONTONG TENGAH. (Johor) Chisocheton divergens Bl. (Meliaceae.) GASING-GASING. Contracted into GEGASING. Cissampelos Parura lL. also Pericampylus incanus Miers. (Menispermaceae.) Slender climbing plants much resembl-
ing each other though of different genera. They are used medicinally.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 93
GATAL. (Daun.)
Saportea crenulata Forst. (Urticaceae.) “Stinging leaf.” This plant, the giant nettle, is more often called JELA- TANG here. Favre gives the above name.
GAYAM. |
Inocarpus edulis Forst. (Leguminosae.) The Otaheite chest- nut; only known here in cultivation. | am doubtful as to the origin of this word. It is probably not Malay.
GEGAMBER. (Akar)
Combretum sundarcum Mig. (Combretaceae.) A contraction for gambir-gambir. A climbing shrub with small green flowers in heads.
GEGAMBER PAYA. GEGAMBER HUTAN. Uncaria lanosa Wall. (Rubiaceae.) A reduplication of Gambir. One of the wild gambirs. GEGAMBER JANTAN. Moesa ramentaceae A de C. (Myrsineae.) A climbing shrub. GEGRIP.
A contraction for Gérip-gérip, also called Getah-gérip and Singgarip. Rubber-vines belonging to the order A pocy- naceae.
GEGRIP HITAM. Also GEGRIP BESI
Willughbeta firma Bl. (A pocynaceae.) One of the best of the rubber-vines, a big climber with black bark, whence its name. :
GEGRIP MERAH. Ureeola lucida Beuth. Also Chonemorpha macrophylla (Apo- cynaceae ). GEGRIP NASI. Ureeola lucida Beuth. (Apocynaceae.) GEGRIP PUTIH. Ureeola brachysepala Hook fil. (A pocynaceae.) GEGRIP SUNDIK.
Leuconotis eugeniaefolius Bl. (Apocynaceae.)
GEGRIP TEMBAGA. Ureeola elastica Roxb. (Apocynaceae.)
94. MALAY PLANT NAMES.
GELAM. Melaleuca leucadendron L. (Myrtaceae.) The Cajeput oil tree, from the leaves of which an aromatic oil is extracted.
GELAM BUKIT.
Leptospermum amboinense Bl. (Myrtaceae.) An aromatic shrub with white flowers growing on hills at about three thousand feet elevation. ‘The leaves are used as tea in fever.
GELAM CHICHA.
Coelodiscus montanus Muell. (Huphorbiaceac. )
GELANG LAUT. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (icoideae.) A succulent herb with pink flowers common on mud by the sea.
GELANG PASIR.
Portulaca oleracea lL. (Portulaceae.) A common weed in waste places, with yellow flowers.
GELANG SUSU. Euphorbia piluliferax L. (Euphorbiaceae.) <A little weed in waste places. GELAM TIKUS. Eugenia pustulata Duthie in Singapore; and #. grata Wall. in Penang (J/yrtaceae.) GELENGGANG. Also GELUNGANG and GELINGGANG. Cassia alata L. (Leguminosae.) Also often called Daun Ku- rep, which see. GELENGGANG KECHIL. GELENGGANG PADANG. Cassia Tora L. (Leguminosae.) A common weedy shrub used in native medicine. GELINCHEK. Myrica nagi (Myricaceae.) A small tree or shrub, growing usually on the sea coast. GELUGUR. see ASAM GELUGUR. GELUGUR GAJAH. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. (Ternstroemiaceae.) Gelugur means the pips of an orange. See ASAM GELUGUR.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 95
GELUGUR SALAH. | Cyclostemon longijolus Bl. (Huphorbiaceae.) A tree with long pendent branches and large oblong leaves.
GELUMAK SUSU. Curanga amara Juss. (Scrophularineae.) A small creeping wee | used in native medicine.
GELUMBIAH LUMBA.
Spheeranthus microcephalus De C. (Compositae. )
GELUMPONG. (Akar)
Modecea singaporeana Mast. (Passifloreae.) A climber with green flowers and showy scarlet fruits which split and disclose the seed enclosed in a white pulp hanging from the placentas. The fruits are said to be poisonous.
GEMIA. A variant of Rumbia. (Haughton. Journ. Soc. As. St. Br. 20 page 77.)
GERONGGANG. Also GERONGGONG. Cratozylon arborescens Bl. (Hypericneae.) <A tall tree with small deep red flowers, which gives a good timber.
GERUSEH. GERESEH. GURUSEH. G. PUTIH. G. JANTAN. Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae.)
GERUSEH PUTIH. Antidesma Moritzii Muell. (Huphorbiaceae.)
GETAH.
Latex or gum, usually containing Caoutchouc, produced by trees belonging usually to the order Sapotaceae or by climbers of the order Apocynaceae. The latter are gene- rally known as GETAH GERIP or GEGRIP.
The rubber is collected by making cuts in the bark and catching the milk and is sold as rubber or gutta percha, or used as bird lime.
GETAH GAHARU. Willughbeia cariacea Wall. (Apocynaceae,) A climber with ‘white flowers and large round fruits. Also known as
GETAH UJOL.
96 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
GETAH GERIP. Also Gérrp-Gérip.
Commonly contracted to GrGRIP. Also SINGGARIP. The name given to many Apocynaceous rubber producing climbers. See GEGRIP.
GETAH HUDANG. (Johor)
Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae.) Literally “ Prawn getah.” GETAH JELUTONG.
Dyera costulata Hook fil. (Apocynaceae.) See JELUTONG. GETAH MENJAWA. (Malacca) |
Willughbeia cariacea Wall. (Apocynaceae.) Also known as GETAH UJOL and GAHARU.
GETAH PERCHA.
Dichopsis Gutta Benth. (Sapotaceae.) see GETAH TABAN
MERAH. GETAH PERCHA BURONG. Payena Maingayi C. B. Clarke (Sapotaceae.) <A tree.
GETAH PULAI. Alstonia scholaris Br. (Apocynaceae.) see PULAI. GETAH PUYUH. Leptaspis urceolata Br. (Gramineae.) A grass with very adhesive spikelets which may adhere to quails (Puyuh.) GETAH SUNDIK. Payena Leerit Oliv. (Sapotaceae) A large tree which gives a good second quality gutta percha. GETAH SUSU. A trade name for GETAH un ELUTONG. Dyera costulata (A pocynaceae.) GETAH TABAN CHAIU. Gaels Dichopis pustlatau O. B. Clarke (Sapotaceae.) Gives a gutta percha. A tree. GETAH TABAN MERAH also GETAH PERCHA. Dichopsis Gutta Benth. (Sapotaceae). The best gutta per- cha tree. GETAH TABAN PUTIH. | Dichopsis obovata C. B. Clarke Cee A good gutta percha tree.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 97
GETAH TERAP. Artocarpus Kunstlert King (Urticaceae). see TERAP. GETAH UJOL.
Willughbeia coriacea Wall. also Melodinus orientalis Bl. (Apocynaceae). ‘I'he rubber from these sets very slowly and it is only used for bird lime and for mixing with other rubbers. They are both climbers.
GIGELiING. GIGELING JANTAN. Crotalaria verrucosa L. (Leguminosae). A tall herb with blue flowers. ici? BUNTAT. Canarium Kadondon Berm. (Burseraceae). GILAN. (Johor) Loranthus formosus Bl. (Loranthaceae). A fine mistletoe with large pink flowers. GINGIN. (Malacca) Alpinia involucrata Griff. (Scitamineae). GIRAH. (Rumput) fimbristylis pauciflora ( Cyperaceae). GIRAH PAYA. Nulletia atropurpurea Beuth. (Leguminosae). A very fine large tree with purple flowers.
GIRAMONG. (Johor) Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. ( Pittosporeae). GIRENG. Leea gigantea Griff. (Ampelideae). A shrub with heads of ereen and white flowers and black berries.
GIRESEH PADI. Macaranga Lown (Huphorbiaceae). GIRING ANTAN. Pithecolobium bubalinum Benth (Leguminosae). A small tree
GIRING-GIRING also GURING-GU RING. Crotalaria striata De C. (Leguminosae). A weed in waste ground with yellow flowers. When the seed is ripe it rattles in the pod whence the name.
98 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
GIRING-GIRING. (Rumput) Mapania bancana (Cyperaceae). Literally “ rattles.” GIRING LANDAK. Crotalaria setusa lL. (Leguminosae). ‘* Porcupine-rattles.” A sea-shore herb with fine yellow flowers. GISING. HBugenia filiformis Wall. (Ayrtaceae). A small tree. GLI-GLI. Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. and Lasia spinosa Thw. (Aroideae). Two aquatic aroids with arrow-shaped prickly leaves. The former is much the larger of the two. GOLANG PAYA. Helicia attenuata Bl. (Proteaceae). GOM BANG. Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer. (Dipterocarpeae). A lofty tree producing a good timber for bridges. GONG. (Johor) Helicia petiolaris Benth. (Proteaceae). A tree. GRISEK. (Kayu) Cryptocarya coesia Bl. (Laurineae). A large tree. GROBO. (Malacca) Thottea grandiflora Roxb. (Aristolochiaceae). A small shrub about a foot or two high with bell-shaped flowers, purple inside, as large as a tumbler. Used in native medicine.
GRONGGANG. see GERONGGANG.
GUAH HITAM.
Cassia siamea Lam. (Leguminosae). More commonly called JUAL. A small tree with yellow flowers and long nar- row pods.
GUATAK.
Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern. (Meliaceae). A small tree with spikes of white sweet-scented flowers borne on the trunk, and bright red fruit.
GUCHE GAJAH. (Pahang)
Antidesma velutinosum Bl. (Euphorbiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 99
GUDABONG.
Phragmites Roxburghii (Gramineae). The common reed. GUDAYANG. Also KEDAWUNG.
Parkia Roxburghiana (Leguminosae). GUGATING.
Bassia sp. (Sapotaceae).
GUGIRING. Quercus hystrix Korth. (Cupuliferae). An oak with a spiny acorn cup. GULA. (Kayu) (Penang) Adinandra dumosa Jack. (Ternstroemiaceae). A common tree usually known as TIAP-TIAP.
GULAWAI. Buchanania acuminata Turez. (Anacardiaceae). A small tree. GULUMBON HANTU. Croton Griffithii Hook fil. (Euphorbiaceae). GULUNO. (Akar) Dioscorea pyrifolia Kurth. (Dioscoreaceae). A climber with small green flowers in spikes. GUMAPONG. A porosa. GUMBOT. Adenosma caeruleum Br. (Scrophularineae). An aromatic herb with blue flowers. GUMPAI. (Johor)
Panicum auritam. (Gramineae). A common grass in wet spots.
GUMPO. Nephelium eriopetalum Mig. (Sapindaceae). A handsome wild rambutan. GUNCHAK. (Penang)
Antidesma Ghoesaubilla Gaerth. (Huphorbiaceae). A large bush.
100 MALAY PLANT NAMES
GUNCHIAN GAJAH. (Kedah) Antidesma fallax Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). GUNJA also GANJA.
Indian hemp. Cannabis sativa l. (Urticaceae). Also Clero- dendron siphonanthus (Verbenaceae), the leaves of which are used for the same purpose.
GUNUM. Chilocarpus Maingayi Hook fil. (Apocynaceae). A climber producing India-rubber. GURAH. Sapium indicum L. (Huphorbiaceae). GURAH BUKIT.
Eranthemum malvacense Clarke. (Acanthaceae). A handsome
shrub with violet flowers. GURANG. Tabernoemontana ma’accensis. (Apocynaceae). A shrub with white flowers.
GURANG BUKIT.
Helicaa attenuata Bl. (Proteaceae). See GOLANG PAYA. GURANG JANTAN.
Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae). GURCHENG.
Licuala pusilla Bece. (Palmeae). A small fan palm. GURIAM. (Sungei Ujong)
Clerodendivon disparifo'ium Bl. (Verbenaceae). A small tree
with yellow flowers.
GURING also GURAH.
Saprum indicum Li. (Huphorbiaceae). GURUGA LAUT more commonly JERUJU. Acanehus e!ractiatus Wall. (A canthaceae). GURUGUN. Celastrus monosperma (Celastrineae). A climbing shrub. GURUMONG JANTAN and G. BETINA.
Glochidion superbum Baill. (Huphorbiaceae). A common tree in secondary jungle.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 101
GURUSEH. see GERUSEH.
GUTANG. Sprlanthes accuella L. (Compositae). The tooth-ache plant. A shrub with small heads of flowers very pungent, rubbed on the jaw for tooth-ache.
HA-HA.
Coelostegia Griffithiti Masters. (Malvaceae). More commonly known as PUNGAI, which see. This name I am told is due to a story to the effect that a man once hung the fruit, which resembles a durian, above his door, and a demon passing by mistaking it for that fruit attempted to seize it, but on finding out his error left it and fled, exclaiming Ha-Ha.
HALIYA. Ginger. Zingiber officinalis L. (Zingiberaceae). Pbk HUTAN. Globba spp. (Scitamineae.) These plants are elegant nerbs with terminal spikes or panicles of yellow or white flowers. The rhizomes which are aromatic are used in medicine. HALUO. (Akar) Ficus apiscarpa Miq. (Urticaceae). A climbing fig. HAMBACHANG. Variant of BACHANG. HAMBALAU, Variant of BALAU. HAMPELAM. Variant of MAMPELAM. HAMPELAS. Variant of MAMPELAS. HAMPEDU BRUANG. (Favre) Brucea sumatrana Wall. (Somarubeae). Lit ‘bear’s bile.” Also EMBALAU. HANTU. (Bunga)
Strophanthus Jackianus Wall. (Apocynaceae). ‘‘ Ghost flower.”
102 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
HATI-HATI. see ATI-ATI,
HEEY AH. Artemisia vulgaris L. (Compositae). The wormwood, culti- vated by the Chinese and occurring here and there as an escape. The word is probably not Malay.
HIJAU. (Rumput) Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Gramineae). Literally “‘ green grass.” A very common grass. HILAN. Pleopeltis angustata (Filices). A common epiphytic fern.
HINA. HINAI. Also INAI, which see. The henna. Lawsonia alba Lam. (Lythraceae). The use of this plant for dyeing the nails and hair red is well-known.
HITAM. (Akar) Ventilago leiocarpa Benth (Rhamneae). Lit. ‘black climber.”
HITAM MATI. Diospyros lucida Wall. (Ebenaceae). One of the ebony pro- ducing trees.
HUJAN PANAS. Breynia coronata Hook fil. and B. reclinata Hook fil. (Huphor- biaceae). Literally ‘ warm rain.”
HUJAN PANAS PUTIH. Glochidion sericeum (Huphorbiaceae). IANG-IANG.
A variant of RIANG-RIANG. Archytea Vahlii Chois. (Tern- stroemiaceae). See also AKAR RIANG-RIANG, Cissus hastatus.
IBUL. 7 Orania macrocladus Mast. (Palmaceae). A very fine tall palm. IGA-IGA. Favre gives this as a form of AGAR-AGAR. INA-KECHIL. Alsodeia lanceolata Wall. (Violaceae). A shrub.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 103
INAI. See also HINAI. Henna. Lawsonia alba Lam.
INAI BATU.
Impaticus Griffithii Hook fil. (Balsamineae). A pink balsam growing on Mount Ophir and other hills. It is said to be used for dyeing like the henna.
EVAL PAYA. The water balsam. AHydrocera triflora W. A. (Balsamineae).
INCHONG. (Penang)
Macaranga tariarius L. (Euphorbiaceae).
INGAN. (Province Wellesley)
Desmodium sp. (Leguminosae).
INGANK. Myristica geminata. (.iyristicaceae). INGGU also ANGGU.
Asafoetida, the gum of Ferula Narthex. Used in native
medicine. (Persian) INJAH. (Rumput)
Oldenlandia diffusa (Rubiaceae). A small weed with little
white flowers, common in grass. INJAU BELUKAR.
Webera mollis (Rubiaceae). A large shurb with softly
hairy leaves and corymbs of white flowers. Peon. IPOH BATANG.
Antiaris toxicaria Bl. (Urticaceae). The well known upas
iRee. IPOH AKAR.
Strychnos Trente Bl. (Loganiaceae). A decotion of the bark is mixed with the true Ipoh (Antaris). It contains much Brucine. The plant is a large climber with round grey fruits and small white flowers.
SeOR PUTIN. (Akar)
Rancheria griffithit Plauch (Zineae). This is also used in the prepartion of Ipoh but its chemical properties are not known. It is a common climber with white stems of yellow flowers followed by small red berries.
104 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ISTONG PARAH. Tabernaemontana corymbosa (Apocynaceae). A variant of Restong (i.e. syphilis) for which this plant is used.
ITAH TEMBAGA. (Perak) Smilax calophylla (Liliaceae). Authority of Wray.
ITAH VISI. Smilax myosotifiora De C. Mr. Wray is the authority for these names.
JABBET. (Ubi)
Dioscorea pentapylla L. (Dioscereaceae). A wild yam much sought by the Sakais for food. Professor Vaughan Stevens is the anthority for this, It may be a Sakai word, or perhaps a perversion of Chiabet.
JAGONG.
Indian corn. Zea Mays L. (Gramineae). JALI.
A rattan according to Favre. JALI BATU.
Vitex cariacea Clarke. (Verbenaceae).
JAMBAH SURAI. (Akar) Anplectrum polyanthum C. B. Clarke. (Melastomaaeae). A climber with violet flowers. The roots used for fever.
JAMBELAN. Eugenia Jambolana L. More commonly known as JIWwytT. Favre gives this word.
JAMBOL MERAK.
Selaginella atroviridis (Lycopodiaceae). The name signifies the tuft on a peacock’s head, which the 2 is Supposed to resemble.
JAMBOL SIOL. Ixora opaca Br. (Rubiaceae). A shrub.
JAMBOL SIOL. (Akar) Erycibe princet Wall. Convolvulaceae. A climber with small white flowers. |
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 105
JAMBU AYER. Eugenia aquea Burm. (Myrtaceae). One of the rose-apples.
JAMBU AYER CHILI PUTIH. Eugenia caryophyllea Wight. (Myrtaceae). A medium sized tree with small white eatable fruits.
JAMBU AYER HUTAN.
Eugenia macrocarpa Roxb, and #. densiflora De C. (Myrta- cede).
JAMBU AYER LAUT.
Eugenia grandis Wight (Myrtaceae). <A large tree usually growing near the coast, often used as a shade tree in Singapore.
JAMBU BANING.
Memecylon heteropleurum Bl. ( Melastomaceae). A shrub, with fruits somewhat resembling a very small rose-apple. Literally, the tortoise rose-apple.
JAMBU BATU HUTAN. Gardenia tubifera \Vall. (Rubiaceae). A wild tree-gardenia The fruits, which are hard and stony, resemble rose-apples in shape, whence the name ‘“ Wild stone-rose-apple.” JAMBU BIJI. The guava. Psidiwn guava L. (Myrtaceae). Also JAMBU MELUKAT, (Johor) and JAMBU BELAWAS. JAMBU BOL. Eugenia malaccensis Linn. (Myrtaceae). JAMBU BUKIT. Eugenia macrocarpa Roxb. (Myrtaceae). JAMBU DULEK. Mesua lepidota (Guttiferae).
JAMBU KELAT LAWAR PUTIH. Eloeocarpus parvifolius Wall. (T%liaceae). Perhaps a per- version of Jambu Kelawar. JAMBU KELAWAR. Eloeocarpus parvifolius Wall (Tiliaceae). Bat’s rose-apple. Fruit bats are very fond of this fruit.
106 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
JAMBU KELAWAR. (Akar) Zrzyphus calophyllus Wall. (Rhamneae). A climber with sweet eatable fruits.
JAMBU MAWAR. Eugenia Jambos L. (Myrtaceae). The rose-apple, a well known fruit.
JAMBU MUNYET.
The cashew. Anacardium occidentale L. Literally, monkey’s Jambu. Also JAMBU TRONG and JAMBU GULA. (Sugar rose-apple).
JAMBU SUSU also JAMBU BOL.
Eugenia malaccensis Linn. (Myrtaceae). A large rose apple,
white or pink, the flowers deep crimson JANGAT (Akar) also SEJANGAT.
Spatholobus gyrocarpus Benth. (Leguminosae). A very large climber with small purple flowers. It is one of the water vines. ‘The stem when cut produces excellent water.
JANGEL.
FHlopea Mengarawan Bl. ( Dipterocarpeae). Possibly a variant
of CHENGAL. A very large tree producing a good timber.
JANGGUS. The cashew. Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). JANGGUT ALI. Rumput)
Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. (Gramineae). A large grass with elegant panicles of flowers, common on the hedges of jungles. Literally Als beard.
JANGGUT BAONG (Rumput)
Mariscus unbellatus C. B. Clarke. (Cyperaceae). A common
sedge in waste ground.
JANGGUT KELI. Gynotroches axillaris Miq. (Rhizophoreae). <A very common tree in secondary jungle. Also Carallia integerrima De C. (2Rhizophoreae), and in Penang applied to Gomphia Sumatrana Jack. (( CGC.
JANGGUT KULONAK. Dioscorea glabra Roxb. (Dioscoreaceae). A wild yam.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 107
JANGGUT RIMAU (Rumput).
Polygonum pedunculare Wall. (Polygonaceae). Lit. tiger’s beard. A little plant growing in ditches with heads of pink flowers.
JANGKA. (Johor) Lasianthus species (Rubiaceae) A shrub. JANGKANG, JANGKANG PAYA. JANGKANG BETINA or MERAH. Aylopia ferruginea Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). A tall slender tree used in house building. In Penang the name is applied to /lopea intermedia (Dipterocarpeae). One of the Meranti trees. JANGKANG. (Akar) Melodorum manubriatum Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). JANGKANG BUKIT.
Myristica polysphaerula Hook. fil. (Myristicaceae). A wild
nutmeg with small fruits. JANGKANG HUTAN.
Polyalthia Scortechinu King. (Anonaceae). A small tree with
large green flowers like those of the Cananga. JANGKANG PAYA.
Vernonia arborea L. (Compositae). A large tree with laven- der coloured flowers. Also Myristica paludicola King. (Myristicuceae) and Xylopia ferruginea Hook. fil. (Ano- nacede).
JANGKAT. Norrisia malaccensis Hook fil. (Loganiaceae). A small or medium sized tree with numerous small white flowers. JANTAN TIOH. (Kedah) Antidesma species (Huphorbiaceae). Apparently undescribed. JANTONG BADAK.
Tabernemontana corymbosa Roxb. (A pocynaceae). A small tree
with white flowers. JAPUN. (Bunga)
Nerum oleander lL. (Apocynaceae). Fayre gives this name for the oleander,
108 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
JARAK. Castor oil. Ricinus communis L. (Huphorbiaceae). JARAK BLANDA.
The purging nut. Jatropha curcas L. (Huphorbiaceae). Literally, the Dutch castor oil. Itis also called Jarak Kafri—African castor oil. Often cultivated in villages. The seed is sometimes used in medicine.
JARAK GAJAH.
Mallotus subpeltatus. Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). JARAK HUTAN.
Mallotus subpeltatus Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). A small tree. JARAK LAUT.
Leea sambucina Willd. (Ampelideaey. A bush.
JARAK PIPIT. Cleistanthus levis Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). JARANG. (Rumput)
Lophatherum gracile Beauv. (Gramineae). Jarange means separated, or spread apart, perhaps referring to the branches of the panicle.
JARANG-JARANG. (Rumput)
Cyathula prostrata Bl. (Amarantaceae).
JARI AYAM. Unona longifora Roxb. (Anonacexe). JARI BIAWAK. (Akar)
Vitis cinnamomea Wall. (Aimpelideae). A siender vine, with the
leaves red beneath. Literally,toes of the monitor lizard.
JARKA. Lasianthus species ( Rubiaceae). JARUM HITAM. Chasalia curviflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). JARUM-JARUM. Also JEJARUM and MENJARUM. Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with white flowers. Favre gives also Jarung-jarung. Jarum is a needle, the conspicuously prolonged styles looking like needles is doubtless alluded to in the name.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 109
JARUM-JARUM BATU.
Pavetta humilis Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). JARUM-JARUM BETTINA.
Psychotria angulata Korth. (Rubiaceae).
JARUM-JARUM JANTAN. Randia anisophylla Jack. (Rubiaceae).
JARUM-JARUM MERAH. Izora concinna Br. (Rubiaceae). A handsome red flowered Ixora. JARUM-JARUM PAYA. Pavetta indica Var. (Rubiaceae). Jarum-jarum padang, is also a variety of the same very variable plant. JATEK-JATEK. Also JENTEK-JENTEK. Eloeocarpus Jackianus Wall. (Tiliaceae). <A tree. JATI. Teak. Yectona grandis Linn. (Verbenaceae). Commonly used here for the timber. It is however really a Javanese word. JAWA. (Bunga) Ipomea quamoclit L. (Convolvulaceae). <A little scarlet convolvulus with finely cut leaves, often cultivated. Favre gives this word. JAWI-JAWI. Contracted to JEJAWI also ARA JEJAWI. Ficus rhododendrifolia Mig. (Urticaceae). <A large fig tree with small leaves. JEJAWI. See JAWI-JAWI. JEJUANG. (Singapore) Cordyline terminalis Korth. (Liliaceae). JEJUH. Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. (Styraceae). A common tree in secondary jungle. JEJUW AL. Grewia laurifolia Hook fil. (7iliaceae). <A tall tree. JELATANG. Laportiea crenulata Forst. (Urticaceae.) The tree nettle.
110 . MALAY PLANT NAMES.
JELATANG AYAM. Fleurya interrupta Gaud. (Ur ee, A common little nettle in waste ground.
JHELATANG BADAK. Onesmone javanica Bl. (Huphorbiaceae). Literally rhinoceros nettle. Also JELATANG RUSA. Deer nettle. A stinging climber.
JELUTONG. ; Dyera Mangayt Hook fil. and D. costulata Hook fil. <A big tree-which gives a very inferior india rubber, and a tim- ber used for clogs, boxes and such things.
JELUTONG BADAK. Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. (Apocynaceae.) JELUTONG LAUT. (Singapore) Euphorbia atoto Forst. (Huphorbiaceae). A small milky plant growing on the seashore.
JELUTONG PIPi{T. Dyera costulata Hook fil. (Apocynaceae).
JENDALU. see DALU-DALU. Salix tetrasperma Mig. (Salicaceae).
JENTA-JENTA.
Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. (Violaceae).
JENTEK-JENTEK. See JATEK-JATEK. Eloeocarpus Jackianus Wall. ( Tiliaceae).
JHRENANG.
Daemonorops draco L. (Palmae). The Dragon’s blood. See
ROTANG JERENANG. JEHRING.
Pithecolobium lobatum Benth. (Leguminosae). A medium- sized tree with brown curled pods, which are eaten by the Malays, and which exhale and cause their eaters to exhale a very nauseous odour.
JERING BALAI. | Pithecolobium fasciculatum Benth. (Leguminosae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 111
JHRING TUPAI.
Pithecolobium microcarpum Benth. (Leguminosae). JERING MUNYET.
Pithecolobium clypearia Jack. (Legununosae). JERINGU. Also DERINGU.
Acorus Calamus L. (Aroideae). JHRINGU LAUT.
Enhalas acoroides (Hydrocharideae). JERINGU PADANG.
Ayris indica L. (Xyrideae). JERKASING.
Pericampylus incanus Miers. (JMenispermaceae). JERMAL. (Kayu)
Myristica Collettiana King. (Myristicaceae). A big tree. JEROK PUTIH. (Selangor)
Ardisia colorata Roxb, (Myrsineae). A shrub with small pink flowers.
JERUJUH.
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl (Acanthaceae). A shrub with white or blue flowers and holly-like leaves, gowing commonly in tidal mud. ‘The seeds pounded up are used as a blood purifier in cases of boils.
JILAWEI.
Terminalia n. sp. near 7. bialata. <A large tree. JILEI BATU.
Coix lachryma Jobi L. (Gramineae). ‘ Job’s tears.” JILEI PULUT,
A dark coloured variety. Favre gives Jeley. JINJAGONG.
Ivonanthes reticulata Jack. (Lineae). (Maingay’s list). JINJARONG JANTAN.
Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae). (Maingay’s list).
JINJINTA. Aporosa nervosa Hook, fil. (Euphorbiaceae). (Maingay’s list).
112 MALAY PLANT NAMES. JINTAN.
Caraway seed. Carum Carui L. (Umbelliferae). Imported. JINTAN HITAM.
The seeds of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) often known as black cumin. They are imported and sold, being used in medecine.
JINTAN MANIS.
Anise seed. Prmpinella anisum L. (Umbelliferae). Imported
into Singapore and sold. See also Adas manis.
JINTAN PUTIH.
Cumin-seed. Cuminum Cyminum L. ( Umbelliferae). Impor-—
ted. Both of these spices are used in curry. JINTEH (Akar). .
Melodorum pisocarpum Wook. fil. (Anonaceae).
JINTEH MERAH. Baccaurea Wallichti Hook fil. and B. Griffith Hook. fil. Trees with spikes of green or white flowers and eatable fruits. JINTEH PUTIH. Urophyllum sp. (Rubiaceae). JIRAK. Eurya acuminata De C. (Lernstroemiaceae). A common little tree in secondary jungle. JIWAT. Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Myrtaceae).
JIWAT PADI. — Eugenia caryophyllea Wight. (Myrtaceae). JOHOR. (Kayu) Pellacalyx saccardianus Scortech. (Rhizophoreac). A small straight tree with greenish white flowers.
JOLOK HANTU.
Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl. also A. pinnatum C. B. Clarke (Araliaceae.) ‘The first is a very common small tree in secondary jungle. The second only grows in the hills at an elevation of 2000 feet.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 113
JOLOK-JOLOK. |
Leea sambucina Willd and Leea aequata De ©. (Ampeideae.) JUA. JUAL. Also GUAH, which see.
Cassia Siamea Lam. (Leguninosae). JUAK also DUAK.
Heynea trijuga Roxb. (Meliaceae). Eurycomu longifolia Jack (Simarubeae) in Province Wellesley.
JUALA (Rumput.) Bidens pilosa L. (Composituec). A weed with white and yel- low flowers.
JUANG-JUANG BUKIT.
Dracaena congesta Ridl. (Liliaceae). A dwarf Dracaena. JUJAMO.
Aporosa microcalyx Hassk. (Huphorliaceae). JULLAH. (Akar)
Gnetum neglectum Bl. ( Gnetaceae. ) JULONG BUKIT. (Akar)
Bragantia corymbosa. Griff. (Aristolochiaceae). JULONG. (Rumput)
Paspulum scrobiculatum L. (Gramineae). One of the com- monest grasses.
JULONG HITAM. (Akar)
Ancistrocladus Penangianus Wall. A climber with woody black stems.
JULONG JANTAN and JULONG PUTIH.
Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Huphorbiaceae).
J ULONG-JULONG.
Agrostostachys Jongifolia Benth. (Huphorbiaceae). A shrub about a foot tall the leaves of which were used formerly for wrapping opium.
JULONG-JULONG. (Rumput) Setaria glauca Beauv. (Gramineae). JULONG-JULONG BUKIT.
Psychotria stipulacea Wall. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with
white flowers.
114 MALAY PLANT NAMES
JULONG-JULONG JANTAN. Webera grandifolia Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A small shrub with large leaves and white flowers. JUNKAL. (Bunga) Neuropeltis racemosa Wall. (Convolvulaceae). A climber with small white tlowers. JURUMONG. See DARUMONG. Elaeocarpi species. JURUNANG. Alpinia conchigera Griff. (Scztamzneae). JUWAT. See JIWAT.
KAATI. (Johor) Chamaecladon angustifolium Schott. (Aroideae).
KABAL AYAM. Pentace triptera Masters. (Tiliaceae). A gigantic tree with white flowers.
KABOK. The cotton tree. Hriodendron anfractuosum (Malvaceae).
KABOK BASSU.
Goniothalamus sp. (Anonaceae). KABU-KABU also KAKABU. Trevesia sundaica Miq. (Araliaceae). A shrub with a thorny stem and lobed leaves, the lobes connected by a wing.
KABU-KABU HUTAN. Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. _ (Htutaceae). A shrub with
a thorny straight stem. KABUNG. The sugar palm. Arenga saccharifera L. (Palmae). KACHANG. A bean.
KACHANG BENDI also KACHANG LUNDIR. Hibiscus esculentus L. (Malvaceae). The okra or beni fruit.
KACHANG BOTOL. KACHANG BOTOR. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus De C. (Leguiunosae). A culti-
MALAY PLANT NAMES. ES
vated bean with winged pods. The word Botor and Botol is said to be a modification of “ bottle,” which the bean is said to resembie, but Rumph gives the derivation from Batr, an Arabic word signifying a lobe.
KACHANG BULUH. Tephrosia Hookeriana W.and A. (Leguminosae).
KACHANG BUNCHE. Kidney beans. Phaseolus vulgaris L. <A black variety. Evidently derived from the Dutch word Boontje.
KACHANG CHINA. Phaseolus lunatus L. (Leguminosae). The cultivated hari- cot bean according to Favre, but in Singapore the peanut. (Arachis) is known by this name.
KACHANG CHINA. KACHANG GORENG. KACHANG TANAH. The pea-nut. Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminosae).
KACHANG CHINDAI. Phaseolus Mungo Li. (Leguninosae). A commonly cultivated bean with yellow flowers and narrow usually hairy pods. There are a number of cultivated kinds with green, black
or yellow seeds. Favre gives also KACHANG HIJAU, and KACHANG KECHIL for the variety radzatus, and KEDDI for the variety maz.
KACHANG HANTU.
Canavalia ensifornis Var. virosa (Leguminosae) A large pink flowered bean growing on trees by the sea, The beans are said to be poisonous.
KACHANG HANTU DARAT.
Crotalaria alata Hamilt. (Leguminosae). A herb with yellow
flowers and winged stems. KACHANG JAPUN.
Soya hispida (Leguminosae). The soy bean. Favre gives
this. I do not know of the plant as cultivated here. KACHANG JARIJI. Dolichos lab-lab. According to Favre.
116 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
K ACHANG-KACHANG. A geloea vestita Wall. (Connaraceae). A large climbing shrub with small pink flowers and red capsules. .
KACHANG KARKARAS. KARKARA. Dolichos lab-lab li. (Leguminosae). A common cultivated bean. Favre gives also KACHANG MUNYIT.
KACHANG KARKARA GATAL. Mucuna pruriens De C. (Leguminosae). The Cowhage. Ac- cording to Favre.
KACHANG KAYU. Cajanus indicus Li, (Leguminosae). The dall of India; only ~ cultivated here. KACHANG KAYU BETINA. Desmodium polycarpum De C. (Leguminosae). A small shrubby vetch with pink and purple flowers. KACHANG KAYU LAUT. Pongamia glabra Vent. (Leguminosae). A shrub or small tree with pink flowers growing near the sea. KACHANG KELOR. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn (Moringeae). The horse radish tree.
KACHANG KOTA.
Cassia occidentalis L. (Leguminosae). A common weed with yellow flowers.
KACHANG LAUT. (Pahang) Dioclea reflera Hook fil. (Leguminosae).
KACHANG MANILA.
Voandzeia subterranea Thou. (Leguminosae). A yellow flower- ed bean which ripens its fruit under ground like the pea-nut.
KACHANG MERAH. Vigna catiang Endl. (Leguminosae). A red seeded variety. KACHANG PARANG.
Canavalia ensiformis De C. (Leguminosae). A cultivated form
with very large pods.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 117
KACHANG PENDEK. The French bean. Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Lequminosae}, ac- cording to Favre under the name Ph. compressus.
KACHANG PERUT AYAM;. KACHANG PURU HAYAM, according to Favre. Viyna catiang L. (Leguminosae). Lit. “hen’s intestine bean,” also known as
KACHANG PANJANG, Lit “long bean,” and
RACHANG PUTIE. “White bean.” This latter name is also given to Peas Pisum sativum L. :
KACHANG PUBAT, Toeniochlaena Griffithii. Hook fil. (Connaraceae).
KACHANG SERINDING. Lima beans. Phaseolus lunatus L.
KACHANG 'TOWCHEW. A black seeded variety of Vigna catiang. KACHANG SENKUANG. Also BENGKUANG. Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich. (Lequminosae). The yam- bean, cultivated for its tuberous root. KACHANG TELANG.
Clitoria Ternatea L. (Leguininosae ).
ACHANG TUPAI. Pithecolobium fasciculatum Benth. (Lequininosae). See under J BERING. KACHU. Areca catechu L. The betel nut (Palmae). The word is rarely used, Pinang being the common name.
KACHUBONG.
Datura mete! L. and D. fatuosa L. (Solanaceae). Well known poisonous plants with white or purple flowers, the leaves of which are used as an anodyne for bruises and sprains.
KACHUBONG. (Akar)
Byttneria Maingayi Mast. (Sterculiaceae). The prickly fruit
resembles slightly that of Datura.
1s MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KACHUBONG PAYA. Gardenia tentaculata Hook fil. (Rubiaceae).
KACHUBONG RIMBAH. randia macrophylla Br. (Rubiaceae). So called on account of the resemblance of the flowers to those of Datura.
KADAMPANG. Sterculia parviflora Roxb. (Sterculiaceae). A big tree.
KADANGA HUTAN HITAM. Myristica giobulavia Hook. fil. (Myristicaceae).
KADAT. Cratoeva macrocarpa King. (Capparideae). KADOK. Also KADAWAK and SIRIH KADOK. Long pepper. Pzper longum L. (Piperaceae). Favre gives KEDUK. KADOK HUTAN. Piper stylosum Miq. (Piperaceae). A wild jungle pepper. KADENDONG. Also KONDONDONG and DONDONG.
Various species of the genera Canarium santiria and Trigo- nochlamys (Burseraceae). All are fairly large trees. In Penang the name is applied to the cultivated hog-plum, Spondias mangifera Willd.
KADONDONG BULAN. Canarium rufum Benn. Also santiria lava Kine. KADONDONG BULAN PUTIH.
Santiria fasciculata Benn.
KADONDONG KRUT. z
Canarium pilosum A. W. Benn. Also C. Kadondon A. W. Benn.
KADONDONG KRUT MERAH.
Canariun sp.
KADONDONG MATA-HARI.
Canarium kadondon A. W. Benn. Also Vrigonochlamys
Griffithii Hook fil. KODONDON HUTAN.
Canarium nitidum A. W. Benn.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 119
KADUDOK. KEDUDUK. Variant of SENDUDOK, which see. KADUDOK GAJAH. (Penang). Allomorphia exigua Bl. (Melastomaceae). KAHWAH.
Coffee, Cojfea liberica Hiern. (Rubiaceae.) This word is not
used in Singapore and only rarely in the Peninsula. KAIT-KAIT. (Akar)
The name of many climbers with hooks (kait signifying a hook); especially applied to the wild gambiers Uncarza spp. and Roucheria Griffithiana Planch.
KAIT-KAIT BUKIT. Trearia ferrea De C. (Rubiaceae).
KAIT-KAIT DARAT. (Malacca)
Uncaria pteropoda Miq. KAIT-KAIT MERAH.
Uncaria ferrea De C. KAIT PUTIH. (Akar)
See IPOH AKAR PUTIH. Roucheria Griffith Planch. (Linea). KAJU.
The cashew-nut. Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). Given by Favre, not often used.
KAKABU.
Trevesia Sundaica Mig. (Araliaceae) Shortened form of
KABU-KABU. KAKARAS. Norrisia malaccensis. Hook fil. (Loganiaceae). Also Agquilaria malaccensis Lam, see under KARAS, KAKOP. (Akar) Dioscorea glabra Roxb. (Dioscoreaceae). KALAMBAK.
The best kind of Gaharu Wood.
KALAYO HITAM.
Arytera littoralis Mig. (Sapindaceae). A tree with white flowers.
120 MALAY PLANT NAMES
KALUMBER. (Pahang). Desmodium polycarpum De C. (Leguminosae). A small shrubby plant with purple flowers.
KALAPA, Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae). DAUN KALAPA. Barclaya motleyana. Hook. fil. (Nympheaceae). The jungle waterlily a plant with small round leaves and dull brownish pink and yellow flowers.
Oa\bpaleval LENO YOK Curculigo sumatrana Roxb. (Hypoxideae). Jack ig the authority for this name, which means quail’s coconut, probably from the shape of the leaves resembling of a young coconut, and from the quail’s hiding beneath them.
KALENTIL PADANG.
Decasperma paniculatum Kurtz. (Myrtaceae).
KALIAH TOAH. Ptychopyxis costata Miq. (phorbiaceae). A medium-sized tree.
KALINIA PAYA. Polygonum flaccidum Meissn. (Polygonaceae). A+ common weed in ditches. KALING LILIN. (Johor)
Eulophia graminea Lindl. (Orchideae). A ground orchid with a panicle of small pink and green flowers.
KALINTEK JAMUK. Arytera lttoralis (Sapindaceae). KALONG. (Akar)
Piper caninum l.. (Piperaceae). A common wild pepper. probably from Kalung, a necklace, referring to the strings of fruit.
KALONG ULAR. KAULONG GAJAH. (Akar)
Piper ribesioides Miq. (Piperaceae). A large climbing wild
pepper used medecinally.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 121
KAMAGAN ANTAN. (Pahang). Ventilago Muingayt Laws. (Rhamneae). A climber with small green flowers. KAMAHANG (Akar). Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. (Dioscoreaceae). KAMANI BABI. Desmodium latifolium Wall. (Leguminosae). <A shrubby weed with yellow flowers.
KAMANJONG (Pahang). Dysoxylum angustifolium Wing. (Meliaceue). KAMARAHAN. Myristica laurina Bl. (J/yristicaceae). Compare CHEN DER- AHAN. KAMBAI HUTAN. Wormia oblonga Wall. (illeniaceae). A tree with large golden-yellow flowers. KAMBIANG. Also KIAMBAN. Pistia stratiotes L. The water lettuce (Aroideae). A float- ing herb, often cultivated by the Chiuese to feed pigs.
KAMBONG LOBO. Abutilon indicum L. A shrubby weed with yellow flowers common in waste ground.
KAMIRI. Aleurites moluccanus lL. The candle-nut. (Euphorbiaceae). A name only used in trade. BUAH KERAS is more com- monly used here. Kanuri is probably a Moluccan word and is connected with Ampiri, a Buginese word for the plant. KAMPOR. Moesa ramentucea A De CG. (Myrsinece). KAMPUNING. Variant of MEMPUNING see also EMPENING. Quercus hystrix Korth. (Cupoliferae). KAMOYAN. Eranthemum malaccense Clarke. (Acanthaceae). A hand- some jungle shrub with violet flowers.
122 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KAMUNING. Murraya exotica L. (Rutaceae). A small tree, the wood of which is used for the sheaths and handles of krises.
KAMUNING JANTAN HUTAN. Canthium confertum Korth. (Rubiaceae). A small tree.
KAMUNING BATU.
Decaspermum paniculatam Kurz. (Myrtaceae).
KAMUNTING. The Rose-Myrtle. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Bl. (Myrtaceae). A common shrub on the sea-shore with pink or white flowers and purplish eatable fruits.
KAMUNTING (Akar). KAMUNTING BUKIT.
Anplectrum divaricatum Triana. (A/e/astomaceae). KANANGA. see KENANGA.
KANCHIL (Kayu) Anisophyllea disticha Hook. fil. (Rhizophoreae). The Kanchil is a small mouse deer, (Zragulus kanchi!). The plant is a common shrub with elegant foliage.
KANCHING BAJU. (Rumput) Tridax procumbens L. (Compositae). Literally coat buttons. A small daisy-like weed growing in sandy spots.
KANCHING BAJU JANTAN. (Rumput) Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. (Cyperaceae). A small sedge with theflowers clustered in a little green head, common in grassy spots.
KANCHONG KERAH. (Selangor) Nepenthes gracilis Korth. (Nepenthaceae). The small pitcher plant, often called PRIOK KERAH.
KANDIS. Garcinia nigrolineatu Planch. (Guttiferae). A tree with an eatable fruit.
KANDIS GAJAH. Garcinia Andersont Hook. fil. An allied plant with much larger leaves and acid fruit resembling an apple in size and form.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 123
KANDURI BATANG. Adenanthera paronina lL. (Leguminosae). A common tree with scarlet flattened seeds. KANG KACHANG, Contraction for KACHANG-KACHANG. Ageloea vestita Wall (Connaraceae).
KANKANG KATOK. (Selangor)
Bauhinia inteyrifolia Roxb. (Leguninosae). A large climber
with great masses of red flowers. KANGKONG.
Tpomea aqnatica Foist. (Convrolrulaceae) A white or pink flowered convolvulus cultivated and commonly used asa spinach.
KANGKONG AYER.
Fioscopa scandens Lour. (Commelinaceae). A marsh plant
with close panicles of pinkish flowers. :
KANGKONG BUKIT. | Ipomea peltata Mig. (Convolvuluceae). A very large climber with beautiful yellow flowers.
KANGKONG GAJAH. (Akar) Vitis lanceolaria Roxb. (Ampelideae). KANGKONG LAUT. | Tpomea digitata L. (Convo'vuluceae) <A large pink flowered convolvulus with digitate leaves.
KANGKONG PASIR. Ipomea angustifolia Jacq. (Conrolvuiaceae). A small yellow convolvulus with a purple eye. KANKA BONA. Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. (Euphorbiaceae). A low shrub. KANRIAN. Prenna corymbosa Roth. (Verbenaceae). A large climbing shrub with small white Howers. KANTAN. Nicolaia imperialis Horan. (Scitamineae). A large wild ginger with cone-shaped heads of pink and white flowers and bracts. The buds are used in curries.
124 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KANTAN HUTAN. Alpinia involucrata Griff. (Settamineae). KAPALA BERUK. TTydnophytum formicarium Jack. (Rubiaceae). The Ant- plant; literally Ape’s head. A curious epiphyte, the stem of which swollen into a tuber is channelled and forms a nest for ants.
KAPANG. (Akar)
Linostoma scandens Griff. (Thymeleaceae). A long slender
shrubby climber with greenish white tubular flowers. KAS:
Cotton. The various cultivated forms chiefly, Gossypium herba- ceum lL. (Malvaceae). The word is derived from the Sanskrit Karpasa. Favre gives KAPAS TAUN, KAPAS HuMA, KAPAS MURI, as names for various forms of G. herbaceum L.; KAPAS BENGGALA, G. herbaceum, var viti- folium KAPAS BESAR for G. arboreum L.
KAPAS-KAPAS. (Malacca)
Hibiscus floccosus Mast. (Malvaceae). A big tree Hibiscus,
the fibre of which is used as bast. KAPAS HANTU also KAPAS HUTAN.
Flibiscus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae) The seeds are ground and used as a powder for the face. A common weedin vil- lages, the flowers are large and yellow with a marooneye,
KAPAS (Buah). Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn. (Polygalaceae). A tree with large globular brown fruits. KAPAS BULAN. Xanthophyllum rufum King. (Po!ygalaceae). KAPAYUNG Also PAYUNG.
Pangium edule Mig. (Bixineae). A tree from the seeds of
which oil is made. KAPAYUNG. (Akar) (Pahang)
Hodgsoniu heteroclhita Hook. fil. (Cueurbitaceae). A large woody ground with big seeds like those of the Poko KAPAYUNG. (Pangium edule, Bl.) from which oil is made.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 125
KAPAYUNG AYER. Gardenia tentaculata Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with green flowers spotted with red.
KAPAYUNG IPAS. Gardenia tubifera \Wall. (Rubzaceae.)
KAPIALU. (Akar)
Grewia umbellata Roxb. (Tiliaceae).
KAPIALU PAJAN. (Malacca) Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae).
KAPONG. see KEPONG.
KAPOK.
Eriodendron anfractuosum Dec. (Malvaceae) The cotton tree. This is I believe Javanese, but is sometimes used here, though KABOK is more common in use. Jilet gives Kaboh as Javanese and Malay.
KAPOK. (Akar) Acacia intsia Willd. (Leguininosae). A climbing shrubby plant. KAPO-KAPO. (Malacca) Allomorphia Griffithii Hook. fil. (Welastomaceae). KAPUR. Camphor. KAPUR BARUS. Sumatran camphor. Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. (Dip- terocarpeae) from Barus a place in Sumatra.
KAPUR TOHORI. Japan camphor. ‘The product of Cinnamomum camphora L. (Lauraceae).
KARANCHONG. (Pahang) Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. (Crassulaceae). A large fleshy leaved herb common on the coast.
KARANG. (Bunga) Dentella repens Forst. (Rubiaceae). ‘it. coral flower. An in- conspicuous little weed with white flowers.
126 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KARAS. KARAS GAHARU. KAKARAS. See also TuI KARAS. The lign aloes, or Gaharu Wood. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Thymeleaceae).
KARE HITAM. - Linostoma scandens Griff. (Thymeleaceae). KASAI. A porosa Benthamiana Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree. Also more commonly Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae). A large tree common on river banks. The timber is good but rarely straight.
KASAP. Clerodendion villosum Bl. (Verbenaceae). A rough (kasap) hairy shrub with white flowers common in waste ground. See also BULUH KASAP. KASASUS.
The cashew nut. Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae ).
KASI. (Johore) Gomphia Hookert Planch. Omnia A small tree with deep claret-coloured flowers.
KASIDANG. (Malacca) Canangium Scortechiniti King. (Anonaceae). <A tree.
KASIH HUTAN. Moesa Indica L. (Myrsineae).
KASIE RUKIA: Aglaia cordata Hiern. (Melraceae).
KASIP HUTAN. | Dysoxylon macrothyrsum King. (Meliaceae).
KASIR.
Trigonochlamys Grafithit Hook fil. (Burser deed KASTURI.
Musk. See BUNGA KASTURT.
KASTURI HUTAN. Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae). Lit. Beek -musk.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 127
KASUM. Polygonum flaccidum Meissn. (Polygonaceae). See KALIMA PAYA. KASUMBA. The Arnotto. Biva orellana L. (Bixineae). Also Epiprinus Malayanus Griff. (Huphorbiaceae). KASUMBA or KASAMBEE. Canarium secundum Benn. (Burseraceae), Also Antidesma Ghaesembilla L. (Huphorbiaceae). (Maingay’s list). KASUMBA BUKIT. Trichospermum Kurzii King. (Tiliaceae). So called from the resemblance of the pods to those of Arnotto. KASUMBA JANTAN. Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Huphorbiaceae).
KATAH HUDANG. KATAWA HUDANG. (in Maingay’s list) Buchanania acuminata Turez. (Anacardiaceae). See OTAK HUDANG. KATA BILEH. Castanopsis hystrix A. De C. (Cupuliferae), A large wild chestnut. KATAH. Desmodium latifolium Wall. (Leguminosae). KATCHAM. (Johore) Eugenia lineata Bl. (Myrtaceae). A common tree more often known as Kelat. KATIAK. Acronychia Portert Wall. (Rutaceae). KATIMBONG. (Kedah) Salacia flavescens Kurz. (Rhamneae) A large shrub with small yellowish flowers and globose orange fruits. KATOMINON. (Penang) | Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae). Probably a variant of TIMUN, which see KATONG.
Cynometra polyandra Roxb. (Leguminosae).
128 MALAY PLANT NAMES
KATU (Kayu). Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Huphorbiaceae). KATUMBAR. Desmodium polycarpum De C. (Leguminosae). Also Corian- | drum sativum. The coriander seed. (Uwmbelliferae). KATUMBAR HUTAN. (Malacca) Sida carpinifolia L. (Malvaceae). A common little shrub with buff flowers, growing in waste ground. KATUMBET. Leucas zeylanica Br. (Labiatae). A common white flowered herb used in skin diseases by the Malays. | KATUMBET JANTAN. | Emilia sonchifolia De C. (Compositae). A kind of groundsel with pink flowers. KATUMBET PADANG. Blainvillea latifolia De C. (Compositae) A common little weed. KATUP-KATUP. Bauhinia bidentata Jack. (Leguminosae). A handsome climb- ing shrub with orange flowers. KAYAP (Akar). (Selangor) Acacia intsia Willd. (Leguminosae). A climbing thorny shrub. KAYTENG. Myrica Nagi L. (Jfyricaceae). A sea-shore tree. KAYU. Wood. KAYU MANIS. Cinnamon. Cinnamomum zeylancum L. (Laurineae). The name is also used for the wild cinnamon, C. zers BI. KAYU MANIS (Akar), | Acacia pinnata Willd. (Leguminosae). KAYU PUTIH. The Cajeput oil tree. J/e/a/euca leucadendron L. (Myrtaceae). This word has been perverted through the Dutch spelling
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 129
KATJOE POETIH, into Cajeput. It merely means white wood. It is given by Favre as Malay, but the plant is _ always called GELAM here.
KECHAPI. Sandoricum radiatum King. (Meliaceae). A fruit tree occur- ring wild and in cultivation. The fruit much resembles the allied Sentol, S. indicum.
KECHAPI HUTAN.
Sandoricum dasyneuron Baill. (AMeliaceae). KEDANGSA.
The pumelo (Cttrus decumanus) according to Favre.
LIMAU KEDANGSA. A cultivated form of the lime, Citrus acida Roxb, (Rutaceue).
KEDAWANG. Also KERAYANG and GUDAWANG. Parkia Roxburghit (Leguminosae). <A big tree with feathery foliage and large woody pods the seeds of which are used as peppermint by the Natives in cases of stomach ache.
KEDELI. Phaseolus mungo L. See under KACHANG.
KEDUDUK. More commonly SENDUDUK, which see. Melastoma poly an thum Bl. and other species. (Welastomaceae).
KELABU.
Webera mollis Wall. (Rubiaceae). ‘The grey plant.” <A shrub with white flowers the Jeaves of which are softly hairy and give it a greyish appearance from ‘which per haps it takes its name.
KELADEK INGAN.
Vitis cinnamomea Wall. (Ampelideae). A common wild vine. KELADEK TANA.
Vitis gracilis Wall. (Ampelideae). KELADI RIMAU. KELADI ULAR.
Alocasia longiioba Miq. {Arvideae). ‘ Tiger or snake cala- dium,” so called from the mottled leaf stalk. A common wild aroid.
130 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KELADI PARI. Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. (Aroideae). A thorny stem- med aroid growing in swamps. Also called GL1-GLI. KELADI MOYIANG. | Homalomena coerulescens Jungh. This is often contracted to KELAMOYIANG and this to KEMOYANG. KELADI SEBARING. Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott. (Aroideae). A very large aroid very commonly cultivated for its eatable stem. KELADI TELOR. Colocasia antiquorum lL. (Avroideae). The common small keladi cultivated every where. KELADI CHINA, KELADI HUDANG are other cultivated forms.
KELAMA HIJAU. A lternanthera sessilis Br. (Amarantaceae). KELAMOYIANG. Also KEMOYANG.
Homatlomena coerulescens Jungh. /7. rostrata Griff. and other species (Aroideac). Common plants in wet Jungle. This word appears to be a contraction for KELADI MOYIANG signifying ancestral keladi.
KELAMOYIANG. (Rumput)
A!lpinia conchigera Griff. (Scitamineae). A grassy leaved
ginger more commonly known as LANKUAS RANTING.
KELAMOYIANG,. (Akar) vaphidophora minor Hook, fil. pee A climbing aroid growing upon trees. KELAMOYIANG PADI. Chamaecladon Griffithit Schott. (Aroreac). A small aroid growing on banks in jungle.
KELANTING. (Bunga) Eurya acuminata De C. (Ternstroemtuceae). A common little tree in secondary jungle. KELAT. A name applied to many species of AKugenia of the SeC-
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 13]
tion Syzygiwm and other trees somewhat resembling them. (J/yrtaceae)
KELAT AMPEDU JAWA. Gomphia Sumatrana Jack. eoohnaeatey A medium-sized tree with yellow flowers. KELAT API. Hugenia filiformis Wall L. EF. acuminatissima Kurz. KELAT ASAM. Eugenia decussata and EF. acuminatissina Kurz. Also Gor- donia excelsa Bl. (Ternstroemiaceae). (Malacca) KELAT BESAR. Kugenia pendens Duthie. <A straggling tree with large white flowers growing in densely wooded ravines. KELAT BELIAN. Eugenia filiformis Wall. H. acuminatissima Kurz. and BE. sub- decussata Wall. KELAT BIRU. Pternandra coerulescens Jack. (Melastomaceae). A medium- sized tree with small blue flowers. KELAT BISING. Eugenia Griffith Duthie. KELAT BURONG. Hugenia macrocarpa Roxb. KELAT HITAM. Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. (Olacineae). <A large tree. KELAT JAMBU. Hugenia macrocarpa Roxb. KELAT JAMBU AYER. Eugenia venulosa Wall. KELAT JANTAN.
Eugenia cymosa Lam. KELAT JULONG PUTIH.
Aphania paucijuga King (Sapindaceae). KELAT KOBU.
Bugenia subdecussata Wall.
132 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KELAT LAPIS. Eugenia filiformis Wall. also FE. acuminatisema Kurz. #. lineata Bl. and EF. pyrifolia Wall.
KELAT LAYU HUTAN. Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). A medium sized tree the small fruits of which are eaten.
KELAT LAYU LAUT. (Singapore) Erioglossum edule Bl. (Sapindaceae). Also called KELAT JANTAN. <A medium sized tree with very small eatable fruits. It is called MERTAJAM in many places.
KELAT MENAUN. Also SIAL MENAUN. Kibessia simplex Korth. (Melastomaceae’. A small useless tree with blue flowers. KELAT MERAH. Eugenia lineata Bl. and E. pyrifolia Wall.
KELAT PASIR. Parastemon urophyllum A. De C. (Rosaceae). A good sized tree growing in sandy spots. KELAT PAYA. Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. (Myrtaceae). KELAT PENAGA Eugenia cymosa Lam. KELAT PUTIH. Eugenia lineata Bl. and EF. pyrifolia Wall. KELAT PUTIH BUKIT. Eugenia densiflora De C. KELAT PUTRA. Eugenia venulosa Wall. KELAT TANDOK. Ixora parviflora Vahl. (Rubiaceae). KELAT TULANG. Aphania paucijuga King. (Sapindaceae).
KELAPIT NYAMOK. (Singapore).
Decaspermum paniculatum. Kurz., also Hugenia lineata BI.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 133
KELAWAT. Torenia peduncularis Benth. (Scrophularineae). A small herb with conspicuous blue flowers growing in swampy fields. KELEBOK. (Selangor). Ficus Roxburghii Wall. (Urtecaceae). <A large fig tree, with clusters of big figs on the stem. KELEDANG. Artocarpus lanceaefolia Roxb. ( Urticaceae). A large tree, which supplies one of the first class timbers. KELEDANG BERUK. Artocarpus Lakoocha Roxb. ( Urticaceae). KELEMBAI. (Malacca) Craetaeva macrocarpa King. (Capparideae). KELEMBANANG. (Selangor) Alocasia sp. (Aroideae). A wild species with rounded leaves probably undescribed. KELEMOYIANG AYER. (Selangor) Tacca cristata Jack. (Taccaceae). The leaves somewhat re- semble those of some of the Homalomenas, KELEMPADANG. Vaccinium malaccense Wight. (Vacciniaceae). A shrub with sweet scented pink flowers and black eatable berries. KELEMPENING. (Lankawi) Quercus Kunstleri King. (Cupuliferae). An oak-tree. The word is an variant of Empening and Mempening. KELEMPETI. (Malacca) Aporosa Benthamiana Hook fil. (Muphorbiaceae). KELUMPAYANG. (Akar) Scindapsus sp. (Arozdeae) KELIMPAYAN. Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. (Rubiaceae). KELIPOH. The water lily. Nymphoea stellata Wild. (Nympheaceae). KELIPOH PADANG. Lophiocarpus guyanensis Rich. (Alismaceae). An aquatic plant growing in rice fields, with round leaves and white flowers.
134 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KELOMPANG KRAS. (Kedah)
Buchanania lucida Turez. (Anacardiaceae).
KELUMPUNG MATA PUNATLT. Ficus chartacea Wall. (Urticaceae). KELUMPUNG? FG NUNES Ke Bike:
Iicus Miqueli King. (Urticaceae). The word Kelumpung signifies a mass and probably refers to the mass of figs borne on the branches of the tree.
KELUMPUNG BURONG. K. JANTAN. K. AYER. Icus alba Reinw. (Urtiaceeae). KELUMPUNG AGAS.
Ficus subulata Bl. KELUPOS (Akar).
Lettsoma Maingayi Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). KELURAT. (Rumput)
Lophatherum gracile (Gramineae). KELESU PINANG.
Pericampylus incanus Miers. (Menispermaceae). KELILAYAN PUTIH.
Cupania pallidula Hiern. (Sapindaceae). KELINGKING.
Nephelium Litcht Camb. (Sapindaceae). Favre is the autho- rity for this name. The tree never fruits here, but the fruit is imported from China.
KELINTAT NYAMOK. Also KELINTAT KRING.
Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz, (Myrtaceae).
KELINTAT KRA. (Akar) Rourea rugosa Benth. (Connaraceae). KELOR. Also KELU. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. (Moringeae). The horse- radish tree. See also KULUK. KELULUT MERAH. Cyathula prostrata Bl. (A marantaceae). KELULUT PUTIH. (Malacca) Sida cordifotia L. (Malvaceae). The Kelulut is a small bee
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 135
(Trigona) which may often be seen at the flowers. The plant is a common little shrub with buif flowers.
KELULUT. (Poko) Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). A common little shrub with pink flowers. Commonly known as PERPULUT. KELULUT GAJAH.
Artanema sesamoides Wall. (Scrophularineae. )
KELULUT. (Rumput)
Fuirena glomerata (Cyperaceae).
KELUNTING. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. (Sterculiaceae). KEMANGA. Mangifera kemanga Bl. (Anacardiaceae). <A very large tree KEMBANG BANGKEL Amorphophallus variabilis Bl, (Aroideae). This is given by Clifford and Swettenham as Malay, by Filet as Malay and Sundanese, but the plant has not yet been found in the Malay Peninsula. It is a native of Java.
KEMBANG SAMANGKO.
Sterculia scaphifera Wall. (Sterculiaceac). The name means that which fills a cup, alluding to the peculiar property of the seeds which if placed in a cup of water appear to swell so as to fill a small cup. The outer coat of these seed contains much mucilage, which swells in water so as to form a large soft gummy mass, which is supposed to be very wholesome to eat. The plant is an enormous tree.
KEMBAJA. Plumiera acutifolia (Apoynaceae). The Frangipanni. Favre gives this as Malay. KEMINGU. Calolropis gigantea. (Aselepiadeae). KEMINIYAN. Also KUMIAN, KAMINAN and KUMEYAN. Gum benjamin. Styrax benzoin L. (Styruceae). A medium sized tall tree with sweet scented white flowers. The gum is obtained by cutting the bark, whence after some days it exudes.
136 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KEMINIYAN: PAYA. (Akar) Dioscorea pyrzfolia Kunth. ( Dioscoreaceae) KEMINIYAN HANTU. Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (Rubiaceae). A climbing plant. Also Dioscorea oppositifolia L. (Dioscoreaceae), KEMPAS. Cumpassia malaccensis Maingay (Leguminosae). A vast tree, with very hard wood which is only used for charcoal.
KEMPAS ROMAN. Santiria Griffithii (Burseraceae). KEMUNTING.
thodomyrtus tomentosa. (Myrtaceae).
KENANGA. Also KANANGA. Cananga odorata L. (Anonaceae). A tree with scented green flowers used for making perfume.
KENANGA HUTAN. Polyalthia Scortechinii King (Anonaceae). A tree the flowers of which resemble those of the Cananga very closely.
KENANGA HUTAN (Akar). Unona discolor Vahl. (Anonaceae).
KENANGA PAYA. Unona longiflora Roxb. (Anonaceae). A shrub.
KENARI. Canarium commune L. (Burseraceae). Filet gives Kanarie as Malay and Sundanese. The plant is hardly known here not being indigenous.
KENARI WOLANDA.
The Almond (Amygdalus persica) (Rosaceae). This is given by Filet and others as a Malay word. I have never met with it.
KENCHING KAMBING.
Jasminum smilacifolium (Oleaceae). A rather rare wild
Jasmine. The name means goat’s urine.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 137
KENCHING KERBAU. (Akar) Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers. (Menispermaceae). Lit. Buffalo- urine. Probably from its yellow juice. It is often called AKAR KUNING. The plant is a common woody climber formerly used to supply a yellow dye. KENCHING PELANDOK. Apostasia nuda Wall. (Apostasiaceac). A small plant with white flowers.
KENCHONG. Ellipeia nervosa Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). A tree. KENCHONG. (Akar) Melodorum Manubriatum Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). A large woody climber. KENCHONG JOHU. (Akar) Unona dumosa Roxb. (Anonaceae). KENIDEI. KENIDEI JANTAN. Bridelia tomentosa Bl. (Huphorbiaceae). Also more rarely NIDEI. A shrub or small tree.
KENIDEI BADAK.
Microdesnus caseariuefolia Planch. (Huphorbiaceae). KENIDEI BABI.
Bridelia stipularis Hook fil. ( Huphorbiaceae). KENIDEI BUKIT.
Glochidion sericeum Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). KENIDEI HUTAN. K. GAJAH.
Bridelia pustulata Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceac). KENIDEI PAYA.
Glochidion brunnewm Hook. fil. (/:uphorbiaceae). .KENIDEI PUNAI.
Antidesma cuspidatum Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). KENIKAH BATU.
Hedyotis Auricularia L. (Rubiaceae). KENTANG.
The potato. Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae).
138s MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KEP. Melodorum fulgens Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). <A climber. KEPAS. Also KIPAS. Philydrum lanuginosum Br. (Philydraceae). An aquatic plant with tall spikes of yellow flowers. KEPAU. (Selangor) Livistona Kingii Hook. fil. (Palmae). A very fine large fan palm. KEPING. (Akar) (Johor) Luvunga scandens Ham, (Rutaceae). A strong climber with white orange blossoms.
KHPONG. KEPONG HUTAN. KEPONG HANTU. Shorea macroptera Dyer. (Dipterocarpeae). Bark used for making houses.
KERAKAP AYER.
Sonerila heterostemon Naud. (Melastomaceae). A herb with pink flowers and green leaves spotted with white.
KERAK RIMBAH. Ebermaiera angustifolia T. Anders. (Acanthaceae). A little herb with white flowers growing in rocky ravines.
KERAK-KERAK PAYA.
Alternanthera sessilis Br. (Amaranthaceae.)
KERAK NASI. Vandellia crustacea Benth. (Scrophularineae). Literally the rice which remains at the bottom of the pot.
KERAK-NASI PUTIH.
Limnophila villosa Benth. (Scrophularineae). KERAK-KERAK JANTAN MERAH.
Bonnaya veronicaefolia Spr. (Scrophularineae.) KERAK MERAH.
Torenia polygonoides Benth. (Scrophularineae. ) KERANDANG.
Carissa Kerandas L. (Apocynaceae). A shrub with white flowers and dark red berries cultivated for its fruit.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 139
KERANJI (Akar).
Hydnocarpus Sp. (Bivineae.) KERANJI SEKALAT. (Malacca). Also KERANJI TEMBAGA. (Selangor)
Dialium platysepalum Baker. ( Leguminosae.)
KERANJI UMBUT. Dialium patens Baker ( Leguminosae.)
KERANJI BURONG. Dialium Maingayt Baker. (Leguminosae.) KERANJI PAPAN. Dialium laurinum Baker and D. platysepalum Baker. (Lequ- minosae. ) KERANTEI. Also KERATEI KERANTEI MERAH.
Santiria loevigata Bl. (Burseraceae.) Also S. multiflora A. W. Benn.
KERANTEI BATU.
Santiria apiculata A. W. Benn. (Burseraceae.) KERANTU.
Myristica laurina Bl. (Myristicaceae.) KERTAK HUDANG.
Tetractomia laurzfolia Bl. (Rutaceae.) Lit. prawn’s spines.
KERAS. (Buah) . Aleurites moluccanus Willd. (Huphorbiaceae.) The candle nut. See also KAMIRI.
KERAT TELAMPOK also KERAT TULUNJOK.
Canarium rufum A. W. Benn. (Burseraceae).
KERAYONG. (Selangor) Parkia Roxburghit Don. (Leguminosae).
KERBAU JALANG. (Selangor)
Gluta sp. (Anacardiaceae). One of the Rengas trees. A large tree with fruit like a betel nut but green. I have seen neither fruit nor flowers. The name, meaning Buf- falo on the loose, seems to be a humorous one given on account of the poisonous properties of the tree.
140 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KERBAU DRAPAH. (Rumput) Desmodium polycarpum De C. (Leguiminosae.) KERCHUT. (Rumput) Searpus mucronatus L. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge in wet places. The stems are used for making mats. KERUBUT. Rafflesia Arnold: Br. (Rafflesiaceae). Compare KURUBUT Thottea grandiflora. KERUBUT PAYA. Piper muricatum Mig. (Piperaceae). KERUKAP RIMAU. (Malacca) Allomorphia exiqgua Blume. (Melastomaceae). KERUING also KORING. Wood oil. Applied to the product and the tree. MINYAK KERUING. Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer and D. Hasseltit (Dipterocarpeae) KERUING CHATA. Dipterocarpus Kerri King. (Dipterocarpeae). KERUING BULUH. (Minyak) Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer. ( Dipterocarpeae). KERUING DADEK. Also KERUING BUKU. Dipterocarpus pterygocalyx mena: ( Dipterocarpeae ). KERUKOH BATU. Fedyotis auricularia L. Pre) KETAPANG. Terminalia Catappa L. (Combretaceae). ‘The Indian almond. KETOLA or PETOLA. Various pumpkins. KETOLA HUTAN. (Akar). Aristolochia Roxrburghiana Bl. (Aristolochiaceae). KETOLA MANIS. Luffa cylindrica Roem (Cucurbitaceae). A cultivated gourd, KETOLA ULAR. Trichosanthes anguina L. (Cucurbitaceae). The Serpent gourd.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 141
KIAMBAN. KIYAMBANG (Favre). Also KAMBIANG. The water lettuce. Pistia stratiotes L. (Aroideae). An aquatic plant often cultivated by the Chinese to feed the pigs.
KIANDONG. Evodia Roxburghiana Benth. (Rutaceae). A common shrub in open country. KICHER-KICHER. Myrsine capitellata Wall. (Myrsineae). A shrub with very small flowers and white drupes. KICHIE. : Cryptocarya impressa Mig. (Laurineae). A tree. KILICHI. (Akar) Guilandina bonduc L. (Leguminosae). A very thorny creep- er with yellow flowers forming bushes on the sea coast. KILICHI RIMBAH. (Akar) Mezoneurum sumatranun W. and A. (Leguminosae). A thorny climber with spikes of flame coloured flowers. KIPAS. Philydrum lanuginosum (Philydraceae). This word means a fan or fanned, probably alluding to the waving about of the plant in the wind. It is an aquatic plant with yellow flowers. See Also ROTAN KIPAS. KIRAI. (Akar) Hiptage sericea Hook. fil. (Malpighiaceae).
KISAR. (Bunga) (Malacca)
Abutilon indicum L. (Malvaceae). ‘‘ Wheel flower.” Per- haps in allusion to the circular flowers or the shape of the fruit. )
KISI-KISI. (Selangor)
Justicia Gendarussa [. (Acanthaceae) More commonly
known as Gendarusa. KIJAI.
Mangifera Sp. (Anacardiaceae) Trigonochlamys Griffithi? Hook fil. (Burseraceae) Produces an expensive Dam-
mar (Maingay’s list.)
142 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KiJIL. (Sakai of Selangor). Smilax Helferi A. D. C. (Liliaceae). See BANA.
KLANA. (Akar) Dioscorea oppositifolia Linn. (Dioscoreaceae)
KLASAK. Igquanura polymorpha Becc. (Palnae). A small palm.
KLUET. Sterculia campanulata Wall. (Sterculiaceae). KLUNA. Snilax megacarpa. (Liliaceae). A climber with large green berries.
KOGUEL. Diospyros lucida Hiern. (Ebenaceae). Also KAYU ARANG.
KOMBEL. (Malacca). Dysoxylon macrothyrsum Mig. (Meliaceae).
KONDONDONG. Also KADONDONG, which see, and DONDONG
Canarium Spp.
KOPIE.
Coffee. Coffea iberica Hiern. and C. arabica L. The com- monly used word in towns where KAHWAH, the Arabic one, is not known.
KOPING AYER. (Johore) Gardenia tubofera Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). KORMA.
Phoenix paludosa, (Palmae). The wild date palm growing
in muddy tidal swamps.
KORNUM. : : Glochidion hirsutum Muell. (Huphorbiaceae.)
KOWOH. (Rumput) Polygonum pedunculare (Polygonaceae;. A small plant with heads of pink flowers, growing in ditches.
KOYAH. (Akar) Also KUAYA. Millettia eriantha Benth. (Leguminosae). A lofty climber with purple flowers covered in part with a golden pubescence.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 143
KOYAH ASAM. (Akar) Vitis sp. (Ampelideae). Also called AKAR CHABANG TUJOH. KRABU.
Xanthophyllum rufum Benn. (Polygalaceae). Maingay’s list. Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. (Celastrineae) in Singa- pore. A gigantic tree.
KRAMAT HUJAN.
Ivora fulgens (Rubiaceae). The large orange Ixora com-
mon in jungles. KREAN BATU. (Penang) Eugenia grandis Wight. (Myrtaceae). <A large tree. See JAMBU AYER LAUT. KREAN LADA. Eugenia brachiata Roxb. KROIE.
Lophopetalum pallidum Laws. (Celastrineae) This was given to me by Professor Vaughan-Stevens who says the plant iS poisonous.
may, (Akar) Millettia ercantha Benth. (Leguminosae). Also KOYAH. KUBANGAN. Ficus annulata Bl. ( Urticaceae). KUBIN. (Malacca) Also KUBANG. - Macaranga megalophylla Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). A_ soft wooded tree used for making whirligig'ss to frighten birds. KUBIS. A cabbage. Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae). KUCHING-KUCHING. Adenosma capitatum Benth. (Scrophularineae). Lit. cats.
KUDADA. Duabanga sonneratioides Ham. (Lythraceae).
KUDAGA HUTAN. _ Xylopia magna Maingay. (Anonaceae).
KUDAK. (Penang) Piper longum L. (Piperaceae). Perhaps a form of KADOK.
144 MALAY PLANT NAMES:
KUDUMAK. : Ophiorrhiza sp. (Rubiaceae). A small herb growing on rocks in jungle. KUGIT-KUGIT BABI. Coscintum fenestratum Colebr. (Menispermaceae). A large climber. KUKU. (Johor) Myrsine capitellata Wall. (Myrsineae).
KUKU BALAM. (Akar) Zizyphus Oenoplia Mill (Rhanneae). Also KUKU TUPAI, L. KUKULANG. A common thorny scandent bush. KUKU BANING. Memecylon heteropleurum Bi. and M. myrsinoides Bl. (Melasto- maceae).
KUKU BANING. (Akar) Canthium sp. (Rubiaceae). Apparently an undescribed species. It is a climbing thorny shrub with soft leaves and small green flowers.
KUKULANG. (Akar)
Randia fasciculata De C. (Rubiaceae). ‘ Hagle’s claws” from its hooked thorns, a shrub sometimes climbing, with white flowers common near the sea.
KUKULANG PAYA,
The wild Jasmin, Jasminum bifarun Wall. (Oleaceae). This is probably so named from its resemblance to the Randia fasciculata Dec, as it is quite unarmed.
KUKULANG RIMBAH. K. BETINA. Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. (Rhamneae) A very thorny climber. KUKUPO. Commelina nudifiora L. (Commelinaceae). <A little herb with bright blue flowers, common in waste ground. KUL. (Akar ) Dischidia Rafiesiana Wall. (Asclepiadeae). A climbing epi- phy te.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 145
KULALAWAT. Torenia asiatica L. (Scrophularineae). A blue flowered herb often cultivated. KULALAYO HITAM. Arytera littoralis Bl. (Sapindaceae). <A tree.
KULAPI. See KrEcHAPI.
Sandoricum radiatum King. (Melraceae). KULAT.
A fungus, usually an agaricus.
KULAWAI. (Akar) Myxopyrum nervosum Bl. (Oleaceae).
KULEUN. Dysoxylum cauliforum Hiern. (Meliaceae).
KULIM. Sorodocarpus borneensis (Olacineae). A large tree every part of which smells strongly of onions. The timber which is dark red is of high class quality.
KULIPUNANG. (Sungei Ujong) Modecca singaporeana Mast. (Passifloreae).
KULIT LAYU. Erioglassum edule Bl. according to Jack. See KELAYT LAYU.
KULIT LAWA.
Cinnamamomum parthenoxylum Meissn. (Laurineae). But the name properly belongs to C. culit lawan Nees. and C. camphoratum Bl. of Java and Sumatra. The word is generally used for the aromatic bark imported from Su- matra.
KULIT NIPIS. (Penang) Pternandra capitellata Jack. (Melastomaceae). <A tree. KULO.
Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem. (Bignoniaceae). A shrub or small tree growing in tidal spots, with large white tubular flowers very fugacious.
KULU BABI. Webera longifolia Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae).
146 | MALAY PLANT NAMES
KULUMBAR. 3 Eryngium foetidum L. (Umbelliferae). A thistle-like weed with a nauseous odour common in villages. It is used in native medicine. KULUMBAIL. Crataeva macrocarpa King. (Capparideae). KULUBONG. (Rumput) Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. KULUNOT. Sterculia campanulata Wall. (Sterculiaceae). KULUPUS. (Akar) Hiptage sericea Hook. fil. (Malpighiaceae). KULUR. Also KELUR. . Artocarpus incisa Var. A cultivated variety of the bread fruit. KULUSOM. Euphorbia pilulifera L. (Huphorbiaceae). KUMANI. Panicum myosuroides Br. (Gramineae). KUMAN JOLOH. Phylianthus urinaria L. (Euphorbiaceae). KUMATAN. Randia macrophylla Br. (Rubiaceae). KUMAYANG. See KELAMOYANG. Chamaecladon Griffithit Schott. and other aroids. KUMBAH. Scirpus mucronatus L. (Cyperaceae) KUMBAK. Zalacca Wallichiana Mart. (Palmae). A large almost stem- less palm with large thorny leaves. KUMBAR (Rumput). Sclerza sumatrensis Retz. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge. KUMILI HUTAN (Ubi). a Stemona tuberosa Lour. (Roxburghiaceae). <A climbing plant
MALAY PLANT NAMES 147
resembling a yam but with curious brown purple flowers. KUMINIYAN. See KEMINIYAN. KUMIS KUCHING. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Labiatae). Lit. Cat’s whiskers. A herb cultivated for its flowers, which are white or pale violet with long projecting stamens like a cat’s whiskers.
KUMKUMAH. Saffron (Pollen of Crocus Sativus L.) Imported and much used by natives. KUMKUMA HUTAN. Jasminum Griffithtii C. B. C. (Oleaceae). KUMOI. (Penang) Diospyros oblonga Wall. (Ebenaceae). KUMOJA BATU.
Ebermaiera angustifolia Nees. (Acanthaceae). A small herb
with white flowers. KUMOJA HUTAN. Eranthemum album Nees. (Acanthaceae). A tall half shrubby plant with a raceme of white flowers, common in jungles. KUMPAS DADEH. Anisophylleia Griffithti Oliv. (Rhizophoreae). KUMPA MANANG. Aporosa Prainiana King. (Euphorbiaceae). KUMPAI. (Rumput)
Panicum myurus H. B. K. also P. auritum Presl. (Gramineae). Swamp-grasses the pith of which is used for making candles.
KUMPAI BUNANG.
Eriocaulon sexangulare L. (Eriocauloneae). KUMPAI TIKUS.
Flloscopa scandens Lour. (Commelinaceae). KUMUKUS (Singapore). _ Cubebs, Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae). KUMUS (Selangor).
Irvingia malayana Hook. fil. (Simarubeae). This tree was pointed out to me as KUMUS, a timber of great reputation.
148 MALAY PLANT NAMES
The tree is commonly called PAUH KIJANG elsewhere. KUMUTING (Akar) (Johore).
Marumia verrucosa Miq. (Melastomaceae). A rather rare climber with rosy flowers. The word may be allied with KAMUNTING, the rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus), the flowers of which resemble those of the Marumia.
KUNDANGAN.
Bouea macrophylla Griff. (Anacardiaceae). <A fruit tree. KUNDO.
Macaranga tanarius Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). KUNDOR.
The wax gourd. Benincasa cerifera Savi. (Cucurbitaceae.) Two varieties of this are recognised ; KUNDOR CHINA, with large fruit glabrous and covered with a waxy bloom when ripe; and KUNDOR JAWA, in which the fruit is covered with hair when ripe.
KUNING (Akar). Fibraurea chloro’euca Miers (Menispermaceae). KUNKUNAN JANTAN. Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. (Tiliaceae). KUNUS. Also KUNUS BRUANG. Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. (Olacineae ). KUNYIT JAWA. Arnotto. Bixa orellana L. (Bixineae). KUNYET-KUNYET. (Akar)
Limacia triandra Miers. (Menispermaceae). KUNYET-KUNYET. Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric). (Scitaméneae). KUNYIT. (Kayu) Cryptocarya impressa Mig. (Laurineae). ‘‘ Yellow-wood.” KUNTUT (Daun). See SEKUNTUT. KUPAYIANG AYER.
Icora parviflora Vahl. (Rubiaceae). Compare KAPAYUNG AYER.
KUPOI. See PUPot. Connaropsis sp.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 149
KUPOH.
Acacia pinnata Willd. (Leguminosae). Also KAPOH, KUPOR. (Akar)
Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae). The common wild rasp-
berry.
KURANTING JANTAN.
Smilax leucophylla Bl. (Liliaceae). KURUP. (Daun)
Cassia alata L. (Leguminosae). See GELENGGANG. KURAYONG. See KEDAWUNG.
Parkia Roxburgh Benth. (Leguminosae). KURIPAL. (Johor)
Durio Oxleyanus Mast. (Malvaceae).
KURNAN. Micromelum pubescens Bl. (Rutaceae).
KURUBUT. KERUBOT. Thottea grandiflora Rottb. (Aristolochiaceae). KURUBONG PADI. (Rumput) Panicum trigonum Retz (Gramineae). menUDAS. KERUDAS. K., AYAM. K, API, Pithecolobium microcarpum Benth. (Leguminosae). KURUDAS BUKIT. Cliestanthus hirsutulus Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae).
KURUKAP RIMAU. Allomorphia Griffith Hook. fil. (Melastomaceae). KURUMAK HUTAN. Cleistanthus laevis Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). KURUMAK BUKIT PAYA. Alternanthera sessilis Br. (Amarantaceae). KURUMAK (Akar). Ruellia repens L. (Acanthaceae). A little violet and white flowered weed common in grass. Also Ipomea augustifolia Jacq. (Convolvulaceae). A small yellow convolvulus.
150 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
KURUMAK RUSA. Hygrophila salicifolia Nees. (Acanthaceae).
KURUMAK SUSU.
Euphorbia pilulifera L. (Huphorbiaceae). KURUMAK JANTAN.
Eclipta alba Hassk. (Compositae).- KURUNIT. -
Aneilema nudiflorum Br. (Connelinaceae). KURUPOH BUKIT. 5
Chailletia Griffithii Hook. fil. (Chazlletiaceae).
KURUSEH PUTIH. Webera stellata Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). Compare GERUSEH.
KERURUT. (Rumput) Lophatherum gracile Brngn (Gramineae). KURUTOT. Chailletia Grifithi: Hook. fil. (Chazlleteaceae), KUSA-KUSA. (Rumput) ; ; Panicum colonum L. (Gramineae). Favre is the authority for this. KUSAMI. Myrica Nagi L. (Myricaceae). KUSEP KULUDU. | Erismanthus obliquus Wall. (uphorbiaceae). KUSIN (Akar). Limacia triandra Miers (Menispermaceae).
KUSINGA. Carallia integerrima De C. (Rhizophoreae). KUS-KUS. Andropogon muricatus Retz (Gramineae). The Vetiver, or Cuscus grass. KUSIMBO.
Saprosma arboreum Retz. (dtubiaceae). KUTAK HUDANG. (Johor) Usually OTAK HUDANG.
Buchanania acuminata Turez (Anacardiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 151
KUTANG TANDOK. Kibara coriacea Endl. (AMonimiaceae). KUTAPET. Ventilago Maingayi Laws. (Rhamneae). KUTEPENG (Malacca). Cleome viscosa L. (Capparideae). A weed with yellow flowers common in waste ground. KUTONA BETINA. Smilax Helferi A. De C. (Liliaceae). KUTUM (Pahang). Stephegyne speciosa Miq. (Rubiaceae). KUTUNT RIMBAH. Lepidagathis hyalina Nees (Acanthaceae.) A berb with with white flowers. The leaves are chewed for coughs. KUTONG PULUT. (Rumput) Alternanthera sessilis Br. (Amarantaceae). KUWINI. Mangifera odorata Griff. (Anacardiaceae). A wild mango. According to Maingay the KUWINI is M. oblongifolia Hook. fil.
LABANG. Curanga amara Juss. (Scrophularineac). <A little creeping herb used in native medicine. LABU AYER. A pumpkin. Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae). LABU AYER HUTAN. Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. A small wild pumpkin with bright red fruits. LABU JANTONG, The bottle gourd. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucnrbitaceae). LABU AYER PUTIH. Is another form in the shape of a club and LABU KENDI one in the shape of a bottle.
LABU MANIS. LABU PRINGGI. Are varieties of the gourd Cucurbita pepo L.
152 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
LABU MERAH. The gourd, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. (Cucurbitaceae). LADA ANTAN. Piper lonchites RK. and Sch. (Piperaceae). A wild climbing pepper. LADA BURONG BESAR. Greenia Jackit W. and A. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with small white flowers and fruits like pepper-corns. LADA CHINA. Piper chaba Hunter. (Piperaceae). LADA EKOR. LADA BEREKOR.
Cubebs. Piper cubeba Miq. (Piperaceae). Lit. tailed pepper. on account of the pedicels of the fruit.
LADA HANTU. Piper canium BI. (Piperaceae) Marsden gives also Lada anjing. A. wild jungle pepper.
LADA HITAM. Black pepper. Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae).
LADA MERAH. Capsicum annuim L. (Solanaceae). The red pepper or chilies. The word CHABAI is more often used.
LADA RIMBA. Piper ribesioides Wall. (Piperaceae). A large wild climbing
pepper. LALADA or LELADA. A contraction for ere LADA. Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. (Vielaceae). Also Tabernaemon-
tana malaccensis Hook. fil. (Apoc ynacede).
LADA-LADA JANTAN. PADI. HUTAN. Tabernaemontana malaccensis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). Con- traction LELADA.
LADA-LADA. (Akar) Strychous Sp. (Loganiaceae). A climbing shrub.
LAGA EGAN. (Johor) Symplocos rigida C. B.C. (Styraceae)
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 153
LAGAN.
Pimelandra Wallichi A Dec. (Myrsineae). A small tree with small pinkish white flowers and white fruits spotted with gray.
LAGIS HUTAN PUKUA. (Johore)
Kibessa galeata Cogn. (Melastomaceae).
LAGUNDI. Also LEGUNDI. LENGGUNDI. LANGGUN- DI. LANGGUDI. Vitex trifolia Linn til. (Verbenaceae). A small tree with violet flowers and aromatic leaves used in native medicine.
LAGUNDI LAUT. (Kedah) Homalium sp. (Sanydaceae).
LAIANG. Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wight. (Laurineae). LAKA-LAKA. MALAKA. Phyllanthus emblica L. and P. pectinatus Hook. fil. (Luphor- biaceae). From this plant Malacca is said to be named. The two species mentioned are hardly distinct, but the latter is the commoner form. The timber is of good qual- ity and the fruits are eaten. LAKA-LAKA JANTAN. Walsura multyjuga King (Melraceae). LAKOM. Vitis sp. A name applied to several wild vines, the leaves of which are used to make a kind of tea. LAKOM BULAN.
Also LAKOM LAUT, L. IANG-IANG GAJAH and L- UMBON. A common wild vine. Vitis diffusa Mig. (Ampelideae). LAKOM AYER. Jussieua sufruticosa. L. LAKOM GAJAH. Vitis mollissina Wall. (Ampelideae).
154 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
LAKOM TEBRAU.
Vitis novemfolia Wall. (Ampelideae). LALANG.
Imperata cylindrica Beauv (Graniineae), LALANG JAWA.
Imperata exaltata Brngn.
LALANTAR. (Malacca) Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Euphorbiaceae).
LAMBAL. Petunga venulosa Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae).
LAMBAS. Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae).
LAMBEGA. Calotropis procera Br. (Asclepiadeae).
LAMBUSU. Fagroea Maingayt Clarke. (Loganiaceae). LAMBUSU PAYA. F, morindaefolia Bl. A derivative from TEMBUSU. LAMIDING. Also MIDING., Stenochloena palustris (Filices). A common climbing fern the shoots of which are eaten. LAMPAT. A porosa Maingayt Hook. fil. (/uphorbiaceae). LAMPAN BUKIT. (Akar) : Snilax megacarpa De C. (Liliaceae). LAMPAI HITAM. (Akar). (Malacca) Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq. (Rubiaceae). <A climber with small white flowers and lead colored berries. LAMPANG BADAK. LELAMPING BADAK. Clerodendron disparifolium Bl. (Verbenaceae). A small tree with yellow flowers. LAMPAYANG. Also LEMPOYANG. Zingiber Cassumunaar L. (Scitamineae). A ginger often cultivated and used as a spice.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 155
LAMPUN HITAM. Gelonium bifariam Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae). LANA. (Akar) (Penang) Ipomea digitata L. (Convolvulaceae). A large convolvulus with lobed leaves and pink flowers. LANDAK. (Bunga) Barleria prionitis L. (Acanthaceae). Lit. Porcupine flower. A bush with spiny bracts and leaves and orange-yellow flowers. LANDAP. Also SILANDAP. Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllideae). LANDAS BUKIT Macaranga triloba Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). LANDAS PAYA. Greenia Jackiana Wall. (Rubiaceae). Also Macaranga tri- loba Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). LANDONG PADI. Conocephalus subtrinervius Miq. (Urtieaceae). A shrub with violet balls of flowers. LANGGADLI. Diospyros lucida Wall. (Ebenaceae). LANGGUNDI, See LAGUNDI.
LANGGUNDI BULAN. Tabernaemontana ifalaccensis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). LANGGUNDI BUNGA. Ixonanthes icosandra Jack. (Lineae). LANGUNDI PASIR. Hemigraphis afinis Nees (Acanthaceae). A creeping herb on sandy banks. LANGIRTAN KWAS. Cryptocarya ferrea Bl. (Laurineae), LANGKAP. Arenga obtusifolia Mart. (Palmae). LANGKAP. (Akar)
Tinomiscium petiolare Miers. (Menisperma ceae).
156 MALAY PLANT NAMES
LANKAM. Lasianthus sp. (Rubiaceae). LANKETING. Myrica nagi Thunb. (Myricaceae). LANGKUANG. Ostodes macrophyllus Benth. (Huphorbiaceae). LANK WAS. | Alpinia Galanga L. (Scitamineae). An aromatic plant used in making curries. LANKWAS RANTING. Alpinia conchigera Griff. (Scitamineae). A small wild ginger. LANGSAT. LANGSAD. LANSAT. LANSAH. one Lansium domesticum Jack. (Meliaceae). A well known fruit. LANGSIT. (Penang) Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with sweet white flowers. LARA BATANG. (Pahang) Polyosma sp. (Saxifragaceae). LARAH. (Akar) Melodorum fulgens Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). LARAK. LARAT. Also LEREK and LERIT. Phrynium parvifiorum Roxb. (Scitamineae) and Phr. Griffithi: Bak. LARAK BETINA. Phrynium near parviflorum, but apparently undescribed.
LARAK MERAH. | Polyalthia Teysmanni King. (Anonaceae). A small tree with orange flowers. LARAK MERAH. (Akar) Melodorum hypoglaucum (Anonaceae). LARAT. (Selangor) Acrostichum aureum L. (Filices) A very common large tidal-river fern. The shoots are eaten as a vegetable. The name Poko LARAT means the spreading plant.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 157
LARI-LARI. (Rumput)
Spinifex squarrosus Lab. (Gramineae). Literally, the running grass, because of the way the heads of flowers run along the sands blown by the wind.
LASANA.
Acacia Farnesiana Willd. (Leguminosae). A shrub with yellow
sweet scented balls of flowers. Common on seacoasts. LAWANG.
Cloves, according to Favre. See KULIT LAWANG. Cinna- momum cultlawan Nees.
LEBAN. LEBAN HITAM. LEBAN TANDOK.
Vitex pubescens Vahl. (Verbenaceae). A tree with light blue flowers common in secondary jungle.
LEBAN BUNGA. LEBAN NASI-NASI. Vitex vestita Wall. (Verbenaceae). A tree with yellow flow- . ers common in the jungle. LEBAN KUNY(tT. Vitex sp. Allied to the last but apparently undescribed. LEBAN PELANDOK Also LEBAN NASI and LEBAN JAN- DAN.
Evodia latifolia De C. (Rutaceae). A tree with white flowers.
LEGUNDI. See LAGUNDI. LELADA. See LALADA. LEMPUYANG. See LAMPOYANG. LEREK. See LARAK.
LELANG.
Cinnamomum nitidum Bl. (Laurineae). A wild cinnamon. LELEONG MERAH.
Myristica Farquhariana Wall. (Myristicaceae). LEMPAYAN.
Stereospermum glandulosum Mig. (Bignoniaceae). A small
tree, with fair-sized lilac flowers.
LEMPEDA BUAYA.
Aralidium pinnatifidum Mig. (Araliaceae.)
158 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
LEMPEDU BURONG. Eloeocarpus Mastersi King. (Tiliaceae).
LEMPEDU BURONG. (Akar) Canthium sp. (Rubiaceae). It is also called KULURAI and SURUMAT. LEMPEDU GAJAH. (Akar) Modecea Singaporeana Mast. (Passifloreae). LEMPEDU JAVA. Sarcocephalus Junghuhnii Mig. (Rubiaceae). Also Gom- phandra Penangiana Wall. (Olacineae). LEMPEDU PAHIT. Also BIDARA PAHIT. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. (Simarubeae).
LEMPEDU TANAH. (Akar) Gynochthodes coriacea Mig. (Rubiaceae). A climber.
LEMPOYAN PAYA. Myristica Irya Gaertn. (Myristicaceae). A tall wild nutmeg generally found in wet places. LEMPOYANG. (Akar) (Sungei Ujong)
Tinomiscium petiolare Miers. (Menispermaceae). LENGA. Sesamum indicum De C. (Pedalineae). More commonly known as BIJAN.
LENGGADI. Bruguiera parviflora W. and A. (Rhizophoreae). LENJUANG MERAH. i The common red Dracaena. Cordyline terminalis var. ferred. (Liliaceae). LERIT PADI. (Selangar) Phrynium new species (Scitamineae). Compare LARAK. LETOP-LETOP. (Malacca) Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloreae). A common creeper near cultivated places. LIBA.
Gomphia sumatrana (Ochnaceae).
MALYyYY PLANT NAMES 159
LICHI. Nephelium Litcht Camb. (Sapindaceae). Imported fruits. LIDAI API. Croton Grifithu Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). LIDAH BADAK.
Pothus latifolius Wook. fil. (Aroideae). Lit. Rhinoceros’
tongue. A climbing aroid. LIDAH BUAYA.
Aloe ferox Haw. (Liliaceae). ‘* Crocodile’s tongue,” from the spines on the edge of the leaf. Cultivated, the leaves are used as a hair wasb,
LIDAH GAJAH. (Daun)
Aglaonema oblongifolium Schott. (Aroideae). ‘ Hlephant’s tongue leaf.” A large broad leaved aroid growing in wet jungles.
LIDAH JIN.
Hedyotis congesta Br. (Rubiaceae). A common herb in jungles. LIDAH JIN. (Akar)
H. capiteliata Wall. LIDAH JIN. (Rumput)
Peristrophe acuminata Nees. (Acanthaceae). A common herb with pink flowers.
LIDAH KERBAU. LIDAH KERBAU BETINA.
Clerodendron deflexus Wall. (Verbenaceae).
LIDAH KERBAU PUTIH. Also LIDAH-LIDAH KAYU.
Marlea ebenacea ©. B. C. (Cornaceae). <A large tree with white flowers.
LIDAH LUMBU.
Aneilema nudiflorum Br. (Commelinaceae). ‘Ox tongue.”
A little weed with pink flowers. LIDAH KUCHING.
Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae). Lit. cat’s tongue. An in-
troduced weed with yellow flowers. LIDAH MENKERANG. (Rumput) Fuirena glomerata Vahl. (Cyperaceae).
160 MALAY PLANT NAMES
LIDAH PATONG. Ipomea uniflora R. & 5. (Convolvulaceac). LIDAH RUSA. ©
Fagroea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae). ‘ Deer’s tongue.”
A small tree with pinkish flowers. LIKIR. Also LOKIE. Amorphophallus Prainiana Hook. fil. and allied species (Aroideae). The tubers are used in making arrow poison.
LIKU. (Rumput)
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Gramineae). LIKU DAUN, (Rumput)
Scleria oryzoides Presl. (Cyperaceae). LILAN.
Aylopia ellptica Maingay. (Anonaceae). LILAN HITAM.
Gomphandra penangianum Wall. (Olacineae). LILIMBO.
Sphenodesma barbata Schau. ( Verbenaceae). LIMAH BERUK.
A name applied to many species of Xanthophyllum. There are also the variants LAMAH and LUMAH. Some of the larger species give good timber.
LIMAH BERUK JANTAN. Xanthophyllum affine Korth. (Polygalaceae). LIMAH BERUK BETINA. X. Maingayt Hook fil. LIMAH BERUK PUTIH. X. Kunsteeri King. LIMAH KETAM. Melochia corchorifolia L. (Sterculiaceae). A common weed. LIMAU ABONG.
The Pumelo. Citrus decumana L. Also LIMAU BATAWI.
‘‘ Batavia Lime,” according to Favre, and LIMAU BESAR.
LIMAU ABONG HANTU. (Selangor) and
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 161
LIMAU HANTU. (Pahang. Malacca)
The wild pumelo. Citrus decumana L. var (Rutaeeae). A tree with a large green fruit with the rind an inch thick or more and very little extremely acid flesh inside.
LIMAU BALI.
The citron. Citrus medica L. From the island Bali. Favre gives this. The plant is very rarely cultivated.
LIMAU GEDE.
The bitter orange. Citrus aurantium var Bigaradia, accord- ing to Favre.
LIMAU HUTAN.
Acronychia Portert Hook. fil. (2utaceae), A small tree with green aromatic fruits as big as peas.
LIMAU KAPAS. LIMAU KASTURI. LIMAU KEDANG- pA. LIMAU KERBAU. LIMAU NIPIS. LIMAU PERUT. LIMAU SUSO.
And a number of other names are given to varieties of the sour lime, Citrus acida L.
LIMAU KEAH. :
Triphasia trifololata De C. The lime verry.
LIMAU LELANG.
Paramignya longispina Wook. fil. (Rutaceae). A shrub; the fruits of which are used in native medicine.
LIMAU LELANG ANTAN.
Balanostreblus tlicifolius Kurz. (Urticaceae). A shrub with holly-like leaves.
LIMAU-LIMAU.
Gelonium bifarium Roxb. (Huphorbraceae). ‘The foliage of this shrub has somewhat the appearance of a lime.
LIMAU MANIS.
Orange. Citrus aurantium L.
LIMAU NIPIS.
The common lime. Citrus aceda Roxb. “ Thin-skinned lime.”
LIMAU PAGAR.
Atalantea Roxburghiana Hook. fil. (Rutaceae).
162 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
LIMAU WANGKANG.
Chinese orange. Citrus aurantinm var. LIMGUGAT. |
HTedyotis vestita Br. (Rubiaceae). A common weed. LIMPONG JANTAN.
Eugenia Sp. (Myrtaceae). <A tree. JUN! JONI ET
Urophyllum Griffithianum Wt. (Rubiaceae). LINGGUNI.
Ardisia crenata Roxb, (Myrsineae). A shrub with pink flowers and red berries. More commonly known as MATA PELANDOK.
LINGKEAN.
Oxynitra sp. (Anonaceae).
LINSUBAH. (Pahang) See LUMBAH.
Curculigo sumatrana Roxb. (fHypoxideae).
LINTANG RUAS. (Akaz1)
Sphaenodesma pentandra Jack. (Verbenaceae..
LIS-LIS. (Rumput)
Acalypha mdica L. (Euphorbiaceae). <A little weed common in villages,
LOBAK.
The Chinese radish, Raphanus caudatus (Cruciferae). LOBAK-LOBAK. Also LOBAK JANTAN.
Susum anthelminticum Bl. (flagellarieae). LOBAK HUTAN.
Lowia longiflora Scort. (Sevtamineae). LOKAN. (Akar)
Trichosanthes nervifolia Linn. ( Cucurbitaceae). LOKAN PUTIH. LOKAN ASAM.
Medinilla hasseltti Bl. (Melastomaceae). An epiphytic plant conspicuous from its red berries.
LOKIE ULAR. Amorphophallus Prainii Hook. fil. (Arotdeae). See LEKIk.
‘MALAY PLANT NAMES 16S
LONTAR. Borassus flabellifer Li. (Palmae). The palmyra palm.
LOW. (Daun) Various species of Anoectochilus orchideae. (See under DAUN Low). LOW. (Kayu) (Lankawi) Vanda gigantea Lindl. (Orchideae). LUBAN JAWI. Gum benjamin, the product of Styrax benzorn. LUBANG ALAH. (Akar) Scindapsus hederaceus Schott. (Aroideae).
LUDAI. LUDAI PELANDOK. Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae). The leaves are are used to entice the mouse deer (Pelandok) into a trap.
LUDAI JANTAN. Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. and Mallotus lancifolius Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
EODAT PADI. Homalanthus populifolius Gray. (Huphorbiaceae). LUDAI BULAN. Cupania Lessertiana Camb. (Sapindaceae). A small tree.
LUIS. | Gomphia sumatrana Hook. fil. (Ochnaceae).
LUKEH.
Tacea pinnatifida lL. ( Taecaceae). LUKAT.
Aporosa Maingayi Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). LUKOT.
Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. (Styraceae). LULANGRING BUDAN.
Clerodendron disparifolium Vahl. ( Verbenaceae).
LULOR API JANTAN,
Loranthus pentandrus Li. (Loranthaceae).
164 MALAY PLANT NAMES
LULUMBAH PAYA.
Corymborchis veratrifolia Thouars. (Orchideae). A tall large- leaved grcund orchid with deliciously scented white flowers.
LUMAI HITAM.
Blumea lacera De C. (Compositae). A herb with yellowish
flowers, LUMBAH.
Strictly applied to Curculigo but other plants with similar looking leaves such as Calanthe and Spathoglottis are also called by the same name.
LUMBAH MERAH. Curculigo recurvata Dryand. (/Typoxideae).
LUMBAH RIMBAH.
C. sumatrana Roxb.
LUMBAH BUKIT. Peliosanthes spp. (Liliaceae). Small jungle plants with broad leaves and green or purple flowers.
LUMBAH PAYA.
Homalomena rostratum Griff. (A roideae).
LUMBOH. (Akar) (Malacca) Vernonia scandens De ©. (Compositae). LUMSU.
Matthea sancta Bl. (Monimiaceae).
LUMOS.
Ryparia fasciculata King. (Bixcineae). LUMPANG,
Cissampelos Pareira L. (Menispermaceac). LUMPOYAN.
Stereospermum fimbriatum De C. (Bignoniaceae). LUMPOYAN PAYA. See LEMPOYAN.
Myristica Inya Gaertn. (Myristicaceae).
LUMOUT. Moss, also applied to any mossy looking plant.
MALAY PLANT NAMES, 165
LUMUT RUMPUT. Blyxa malaccensis Ridl. (Hydrocharideae). A common aquatic plant with a tuft of narrow grassy leaves. LUMUT. (Akar)
Jasminium smilacifolium Griff. (Oleaceae).
LUMUT EKOR KUNING. Utricularia flexuosa Vahl. (Lentibularieae). Lit Yellow tail moss. A waterweed with yellow flowers.
LUNCHUI. (Penang) Cratoxylon polyanthum Korth. (fTypericineae).
LUNDAS PAYA.
Greenia Jacki Wall. (Rubiaceae).
LUNDO. Antidesma Bunias Spr. (Huphorbiaceae). LUNURANOP.
Glochidion leiostylum Kurz. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree. LUPANG. (Akar)
Mikania scandens Willd. (Compositae). LUPOK. (Akar)
Modecca Singaporeana Mast. (Passifloreae).
LUPONG MERAH. Ficus subulata Bl. (Urticaceae). Perhaps a variant of Kelampone.
LUPONG JANTAN.
Antidesma velutinosum Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). LUSAL
Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae). LUTUS.
Ardisia humilis Vahl. (Myrsineae). MADANG. See MEDANG. MAGAL, Also MARKEL.
Sarcocephalus subditus Miq. (Rubiaceae). A tree with a sood yellow timber suitable for house building.
166 MALAY PLANT NAMES
MAGUN JANTAN. Adenosma coeruleum Br. (Scrophularieae). MAHANG. Macaranga spp. A genus of trees, usually small, of little use except as fire wood. PAHANG, the name of state is said to be a variant of MAHANG.
MAHANG BAYAN. (Malacca) MAHANG API.
Macaranga javanica Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). The common- est Mahang, abundant in secondary jungle. It is used for fire wood whence its second name.
MAHANG BULAN.
Macaranga Hullettti King. (Huphorbiaceae}.
MAHANG KUKUR. :
Macaranga triloba Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). A common tree. The KUKUR (Turtur tigrinus) ig often to be seen about this tree feeding on the seed.
MAHANG MAKAN PELANDOK.
Homalauthns populneus Grah.. (Huphorbiaceae). Lit. The
Macaranga that the mouse deer eats. MAHANG PUTIH.
Macaranga hypolunca Muell. (Muphorbiaceac). A tree with
greyish white stems and white underside to the leaves. MAHANG SERINDIT. Macaranga Hullettii King. (Huphorbiaceae). The SERIN- DIT is the common little lovebird. MAHUBL. , Kibessa simplex Korth. (Melastomaceae). MAIANG. Bassia motleyana Clarke. (Sapotaceae). <A big tree. MAKACHANG HITAM. (Akar)
Variant of KACHANG-KACHANG. Ageloea vestita Hook, fil.
( Connaraceae). MALABU. (Johore) Grewia miqueliana Kurz. (Tiliaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 167
MALAKA. Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae) Also LAKA-LAKA. MALANKAN.
Variant of BULANKAN. Cynometra polyandra Roxb. (Leg- wuminosde).
MALATI. Also MELATI. Jasminum Sambac Ait. (Oleaceae). A cultivated jessamuine.
MALATI TONKING. The Tongkin creeper. Peryularia odoratissima. (A sclepiadeae). MALAUT. (Penang) Balanocarpus anomalus King. ( Dipterocarpeae). MALBAR. Abutilon indicum L. (Malvaceae). MALBAR HUTAN.
Hyptis suaveolens Poir. (Laliatae).
MALEBERA. (Selangor} MALBEIRA. (Malacca)
Fagroea fastigiata Bi. (Loganiaceae). A small tree with a few spreading branches, and very large cabbage-like leaves. It occurs in tidal swamps, and the timber is valuable for piles as it resists the action of the Teredo.
MALI. (Akar) © Gynocthodes coriacea Mig. (Rubiaceae). MALI-MALI. Contracted to MEMALLI. Leea Sambucina Wild. (Ampeli- deae). A shrub common in open country. MALI BEDURI. Leea horvida Miq. A thorny species. MALI-MALI BUKIT. Clerodendron nutans L. (Verbenaceae). A shrub with white - flowers. MALONG.
Coptosapelta Griffithit Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A climber
with white flowers.
168 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MALUKUT. (Akar) Eimbelia amentacea U. B. C. (Myrsineae). MALUKUT. (Kayu) Chrysophyllum Roxburghit Don. (Sapotaceae). From Main- | gay’s list. | MALUKUT JANTAN. MEDANG MALUKUT JANTAN. Eurya acuminata De C. (Ternstroemaceae). A small tree com- mon in secondary jungles.
MALUKUT PAYA. Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepiadeae). A showy red and yellow flowered weed introduced from America.
MALUR. Jasminum sambac Ait. and other cultivated jasmines. See MELOR.
MAMAN‘BABI. Hygrophila salicifolia Nees. (Acanthaceae). A common herb with violet flowers occurring in ditches and by streams.
MAMBU JANTAN. (Akar)
Millettia sericea W. and A. (Leguminoseae). A lofty climber. MAMPELAM. Also AMPELAM and HAMPELAM.
The mango. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). MAMPELAM BABI.
Terminalia affentens (Combretaceae). A big tree with fruits
like mangoes.
~MANAMAK.
Cryptocarya sp. (Laurinede). MANCHONG.
Myristica tomentosa Hook. fil. (A/yristicaceae).. Also Glo- chidion leiostylum Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
MANGABONG.
Vernonia arborea Ham. (Compositae). A large tree with lavender coloured flowers.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 169
MANGAS. Memecylon acuminatum Sm. and similar species. (J/elastoma- ceae). Small trees with small blue or pink flowers. The The timber though small is good for posts and other house work. MANGGIS. Garciania mangostana L. (Guttiferae), MANGGIS HUTAN. | Garcinia Hombroniana Pierre. (Guttiferae). A wild man- gosteen. MANINGO. Gnetum gnemon L. (Guetaceae). A tree sometimes cultivat- ed for its fruit. Not native. MANTADU. (Akar)
Gnetum funiculare Bl. (Gnetaceae).
MANTEGA. (Buah)
The butter fruit. Diospyros discolor Willd. (Hbenaceae), A native of the Philippine islands, sometimes cultivated Fromthe Portuguese word Manteiga butter.
MANTUA PELANDOK. Ardisia coloraia Roxb. (Myrsineae). MANTUA PELANDOK JANTAN.
Trigonostemon sp. (Huphorhiaceae). A shrub.
MANTULONG.
Ardisia colorata Roxb. (Myrsineae). MAPAT. (Malacca)
Lagerstroemia heraptera Miq. (Lithraceae). MARABATU.
See MERBATU.
MARABULOH. | Aporosa Benthamiana Hook, fil. (Huphorbiaceae),
MARABULOH PAYA.
Saprosma arboreum (Rubiaceae).
170 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MARAT.
Croton Griffith Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). A common
jungle shrub.
MAHARAJALI. (Johore)
Trigoniastrum hypoleucuwm Mig. (Polygaleae). MARAJAN MINKO. (Pahang).
Alsodeia Kunstleriana King. (Violaceae). MARALAK.
Myristica Farquhariana Hook. fil. (Myristicacae). MARANBI. (Johore)
FHopea intermedia ( Dipterocarpeae). MARANTING.
Ardisia colorata Roxb. (Myrsineae). MARBULOH. Also MARABULOH, MUMBULOH, and MU-
BOLOH.
Gynotroches axillaris Mig. (Rhizophoreae). see MATA KELI MARIBUT. (Kedah)
Olax imbricata Roxb. (Olacineae). A sea shore shrub. MARIBUT DAUN BESAR. (Penang)
Mitrephora Maingayi Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). <A tree. MARILILIN.
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. (Styraceae).
MARKEL. (Pahang) Sarcocephalus subditus Mig. (Rubiaceae). See MAGA. MARPOH. Also MERPOH. Mallotus Griffithianus Hook. fil. and 7. Penangensis Muell. ( Euphorbraceae;. ie MAS. (Bunga) Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepiadeae). See BUNGA MAS. MASALAK. : Myristica Farquhariana Wall. (Myristicaceae) MATA AYAM. Baccaurea brevipes Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). Also Ardi- sia crenata Roxb. in Province Wellesley. The latter plant is more commonly known as MATA PRLANDOK.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. lanl
MATA BISOL, Aglaonema commutata Schott. (Aroddeae). MATA BURONG PUDING. (Rumput).
Phragmites Karka Trin. (Gramineae). “ Variegated bird's
eyes.” <A tall reed common near streams. MATA HUDANG. (Buah)
Aglaonema minus Hook. fil. (Arodeae) A little herbaceous aroid growing in water, with red fruits. Lit. Prawn’s eyes.
MATA KAOK.
Felicia excelsa Bl. (Proteaceae). A smali tree. MATA KELAT.
Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. (Olacineae). MATA KELI.
Gynotroches axtilaris Mig. (Rhizophoreue). The KELL is a fish. The tree is common in woody places ; it has small white Howers and black or red berries collected in the axils of the leaves.
MATA KELI JANTAN.
Canthium confertum Korth. (Rubiaceac). A small tree. MATA KELI PARA.
Urophyllum sp. (Rubiaceae) . MATA KETAM BATU.
Gomphia sumatrana Jack. (Ochnaceae). A small to medium tree with yellow Howers. Literally, Rock crab’s eyes.
MATA KUCHING.
Nephelium malatense Griff. (Sapindaceaz). A well known fruit tree. The smali round seeds enclosed in semi-trans- parent white pulp are thought to resemble “ cats eyes.”
MATA PASSEH.
Trigoniastrum hypolencum Mig. (Polygalaceae). (Maingay’s list).
MATA PELANDOK.
Ardisia crenata Roxb. (Myrsineae). Lit, mouse deer’s eyes. A shrub with pink flowers and round red berries.
VA MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MATA PELANDOK GAJAH.
Ardisia villosa Roxb. (Myrsineae).
MATA PELANDOK RIMBA,
Labisia pothoina Vind). ( Myrsineae). A small shrubby
plant with red berries resumbling those of Ardista crenata. MATA PUNAT.
Antidesma Bunias Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). “ Pigeon’s eyes,”
from the small red fruits. MATA UAT: Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae). “ Snake’s eyes.” <A tree with orange red berries and white flowers.
MATOPUS. (Penang)
Mesua ferrea L. (Guttiferac). The Iron wood of Ceylon. MAURA. (Kayu)
Mastivia Junghuhniana ©. B.C. (Cornaceae). MAWAR.
The Rose. (Rosa centifolia L). MAWES. (Akar)
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. ( Dioscoreaceae). MAYIAM.
Commelina benghalensis 11. (Commelinaceae). A weed in cul- tivated grounds. )
MEDANG. |
Usually applied to trees of the order Laurincae, and to others which have a timber similar in appearance. Filet gives MADANG, but MEDANG appears to be the commoner form. The name ts often confused with MEDONG (MEN- DONG) Elaeocarpus (Tiliaceae).
MEDANG AMPAS TEBU and AMAS TEBU.
Gironniera nervosa Planch and G. parvifolia Planch. (Urtica- ceae). ‘Trees of fairly large size with small hard yellow nuts.
MEDANG API.
Klacocurpus parvifolius Wall. ( Tiliaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 173
MEDANG API-API. Adinandra dumosa Jack. (Ternstroemiaceac). A common tree in secondary jungle used as firewood. MEDANG ASAM.
- Klaeocarpus Mastersi King. (Tiliaceae). Also Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. (Celastrineae). A very large tree. And Phoebe multifiora. Bl. (Laurineae).
MEDANG BEKWOI. (Penang) Schima Noronhae Reinwdt. (Ternstroeniaceue). MEDANG BERHULU. Meliosma sp. MEDANG BUAYA. Cryptocarya Grifithiana Wight. (Laurineae). ‘ Crocodile- laurel.” Also Aurrimia Maingayi Laws. (Celastrineae). MEDANG BUBULA. Aglaia cordata Wiern. (Meliaceae). MEDANG BULANAK. Gironniera subaequalis Planch. (Urlicaceae). Also MEDANG- BULAPO. MEDANG BULUKO. Litsea amara Bl. (Laurineae). A small tree. MEDANG BUNGA. Lntsea myristicuefolia Wall. (Lau: ineae). MEDANG BUNOT. | Anisophyllea sp. (Lthizophoreae). MEDANG BURONG. (Johore) Phoebe sp. (Laurineae). MEDANG BUSUK. Litsea po'yantha Juss. (Laurineac). ‘The wood has a foetid smell whence the name Busuk—stinking. MEDANG CHANG KAUNO and MEDANG CHUPONA. Pygeum sp. (Rosaceae). A small tree common in Singapore but probably undescribed. 3 MEDANG GAJAH. Randia anisophylla Jack. (Rubiaceae).
174 MALAY PLANT NAMES
MEDANG GELUGUR. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. (Ternstroeniaceae). MEDANG GIDAP. Kurrinia pulchervima Wall. (Celastiineae). MEDANG GOMBANG. Vernonia arborea Ham. ( Compositae). MEDANG HITAM. Gironnera nervosa Planch. (Urticaceae). Also Litsea myris- tecae folia Wall. (Laurineae). MEDANG HUDANG. Tetractomia laurifolia. (Rutaceae). MEDANG JARAK. Mallotus lancifolius Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). MEDANG JUMUS. Mallotus Caput Medusae Hook. til. (Zuphorbiaceae). MEDANG KAKI LIONG., Mieropora Curtisii Hook. fil. (Laurineae). MEDANG KAMANGI. Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Laurineae). A strongly scented tree used in native medicine. MEDANG KASAP. Gironniera neroosa Planch. and G. parvifolia Planch. (U7rte- caceae). MEDANG KASIRI. Also KUSIRAL. Phoebe Sp. (Laurineae). MEDANG KASUNGKO. Chisocheton pendulifiorus Planch.CWVeliaceae). MEDANG KATANAHAN. . Aanthophyllum rufum A. W. Benn. (Polygaleae). MEDANG KATUKO. Litsea near pananonja Ham. (Laurineae). Also Ivora parvi- flora Vahl. (Rubiaceae). MEDANG KAWAN. Elaeacarpus obtusus Bl. (Tiliaceae). Also Parinarium. netiduin Hook. fil. (Rosaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 175
MEDANG KECHAWI.
Litsea lancifolia Roxb. (Laurineae). MEDANG KELADI.
fTelicia robusta Wall. (Proteaceae). Also Litsea myristicae- folia Wall. (Laurineae). MEDANG KELAWAR. Also MEDANG CHANG KAUNO. Pygeum Sp. (Rosaceae). | MEDANG KELAYAR. Litsea Myristicaefolia Wall. (Laurineae). MEDANG KELELAWAK. (Malacca) Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae).
MEDANG KELOR.
Litsea nitela Roxb. (Laurineae). MEDANG KETANAH. Pimelandra Wallichii A De C. (Myrsineae). Also Phoebe multiflora Bl. (Laurineae). MEDANG KETANAHAN.
Alseodaphne umbellifiora Hook. til. — (Laurineae). —
MEDANG KIRISA.
Casearia Lobbiana Turez. (Samydaceae).
MEDANG KLABU. Endospermum malaccense Muell. Arg. (Huphorbiaceae) Maingay’s list. MEDANG KUNING. M. KUNYIT. Actinodaphne sp. Also Cryptocarya coesia Bl. (Laurineae). MEDANG LAGUNDI. Erythrocylon birmanicum Griff. (Lineae). MEDANG LANSOR. Elaecarpus Mastersii King. (Tiliaceae). MEDANG LAIANG. Belicia robusta Wall. (Proteaceae).
MEDANG LASA.
Cryptocarya coesia Bl, (Laurineae).
176 MALAY PLANT NAMES
MEDANG LEBAR DAUN. Adseodaphne semecarpifolia Hook. fil. (Laurineae).
MEDANG LOK.
Macaranga javanica Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). MEDANG LOSO.
Alseodaphne umbeltifiora Hook. fil. (Laurineae). MEDANG LUSA.
Pentace eximia King. ( Tiliaceae). MEDANG MALUKUT JANTAN.
Hurya acuminata (Ternstroemiaceae). MEDANG MANTU.
Cryptocarya Grifithiana Wight. (Laurineae ). MEDANG MERAH. (Malacca).
Phoebe multiflora Bl. (Laurineae). MEDANG MIYANG. ; Litsea amara Bl. (Laurineae). MEDANG NAU.
Cryptocarya impressa Mig. (Laurineae). MEDANG OBU.
Felicia excelsa Bl. ( Proteaceae). MEDANG PANJANG.
Pimelandra Wallichii A De C. (Myrsineae), MEDANG PASIR.
Phoebe multifora Bl. (Laurineae). Also applied to Vatica Ridleyana Brandis. (Dipterocarpeae) and Pittosporum Serrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae).
MEDANG PAYA.
Lindera malaccensis Hook. fil. (Laurineae). Also Myristica intermedia Bl. (Myristicaceae). Also. Hlaeocarpus obtusus Bl. ( Tilaceae) but this probably is an error for MENDONG.
MEDANG PEPILAKAN, Eloeocarpus integra Wall. (Titiaceae).
MEDANG PERAWAS. : Lindera sp. (Laurineae). A-tree the bark of which is used
MALAY PLANT NAMES LT?
in native medicine. Filet gives MADANG PRAWAS as Po- lyadenia lucida Nees. MEDANG PETUTU.
Adinandra dumosa Jack. (Ternstroemiaceae). MEDANG PIPIT.
Eleocarpus parvifolius Wall. ( Tiliaceae). MEDANG PUPOI. (Malacca)
Vitex coriacea Clarke. (Verbenaceae). MEDANG RASAP. See MEDANG KASAP,
Gironniera nervosa Planch. (Urticaceae).
MEDANG SALUANG.
Litsea Zeylanica Nees. (Laurineae). MEDANG SALAN. (Pahang) MEDANG SELAYUN. (Malacca)
Micropora Curtisit Hook. fil. (Laurineae). MEDANG SALUSUL.
Grewia laurifolia Hook. fil. (Tiliaceae). MEDANG SERAI. (Johore)
Pentace triptera Hook. fil. (Til’aceae). A vast tree with
white flowers.
MEDANG SERIL.
Cupania lessertiana Camb. (Sapindaceae). MEDANG SIRI.
Meliosma nitida Bl (Sabiaceae). MEDANG SUGGUEH.
Elaeocarpus Masterst King. (Tiliaceae), MEDANG SURUPO.
Xanthophyllum Wrayit King. (Polygaleae). MEDANG TAHITI AYAM.
Litsea myristicaefolia Wall. (Laurineae). MEDANG TAHITI KERBAU.
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. (A pocynaceae). MEDANG TAMPO.
_Litsea lancifolia Roxb. (Laurineae).
178 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MEDANG TANAH. Eleocarpus obtusus Bl. (Tiliaceae>. MEDANG TANDOK. (Pahang) Micropora Curtisii Hook. fil. (Zaurineae). - MEDANG TANJONG., Elaeocarpus integra Wall. (Tiliaceae).. Also Kingstonia ner- vosa King. (Anonacae). MEDANG TARAH. Gironniera nervosa Planch. (Urticaceae). MEDANG TELOR. Eugenia Griffith Duth. (Myrtaceae). Also. applied to Actinodaphne sp. MEDANG KUNING. MEDANG TERUTAU. Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. (Violaceae). MEDANG TIJO. Hlaeocarpus stupularis Bl. (Tiliaceae). MEDANG TULOH. Micropora Curtist Hook. fil. (Laurineae}. MEDANG TULOK. (Penang) Llex macrophylla Wall. (llicineae). A common tree. MEDANG WANGI.
Erythroxylon burmanicum Griff. (Lineae).
MEDANGKOK.
An unidentified tree with a yellow timber often used; a very similar wood was given me as MBACHANG HUTAN in Selangor.
MEDARAH.
Ptychopyxis costata Mig. (Euphorbiaceae). MELADA. (Penang)
Sarcocephalus Junghuhnit Miq. (fubiaceae). MELAMAN.
Acronychia Portert Wall. (Rutaceae).
MELATI. Also MELOR.
Jasmines, (Jasminum).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 179
MELOR ANGIN. Alsodeia membranacea King. (Violaceae). A shrub. MELOR HUTAN. (Akar) Jasminum bifarium Wall. (Oleaceae). The common wild jessamine, MELOR HUTAN. (Poko) Eranthemum malaccense C. B. Clarke (Acanthaceae). A shrub with conspicuous violet flowers. BUNGA MELOR HUTAN. (Akar) | Coptosapelta Griffith Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A climber with white flowers like jessamine. MEMALI. See MAri-MAtti. MEMALI. (Akar) Sphenodesma triforu Wight. (Verbenaceae). MEMANIRAN PUTIH. Portulaca quadrifida L. (Portulacacae). <A little weed with yellow flowers. Favre is the authority for this. MEMBACHANG. See BACHANG. MEMBALIK PADANG. Leea. MEMBATU LAIANG. Ficus rhododendrifolia Mig. (Urticaceae.) MEMBULAH. Zanthorylum myriacanthum Wall. (Rutaceae). MEMBULUH. (Akar) Gynotroches axillaris Mig. (Rubiaceae). MEMPAS JANTAN. Petunga venulosa Hook. fil. (mubcaceae). MEMPAT-MEMPAT HUTAN. Cratoxylon formosum Benth. also C. polyanthum Korth. (Hy-
pericineae). See also MEMPITIS. Common and beautiful trees with good timber, and pink flowers.
MEMPAT PADANG. Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. (Huporbiaceae).
I8O MALAY PLANT NAMES
MEMPATU. Symplocos racemosa Wall. (Styraceae). A small tree with racemes of white flowers. MEMPEDAL AYAM. See AMPEDAL AYAM. MEMPOYAN. See EMPOYAN. MEMPEDU TANAH. Harmandia Kunstlert King. (Olacineae).
MEMPELU TANAH. Sarcocephalus Junghuhnii Miq. (Rubiaceae). Compare LEM- PEDU TANAH.
MEMPEN:NG. MEMPUNING.
Quercus Hystriz Korth. (Cupuliferae). Also KAMPUNING. MEMPENING BAGAN.
Quercus sundaica Bl. (Cupuliferae). MEMPENING BUNGKUS.
Quercus spicata Sm. (Cupuliferae).
MEMPENING JANTAN. MEMPENING PUTIH. Quercus Kichlert Wenz. MEMPENING PUTIH is also the name of Quercus encleisocarpa Korth. and Q. omalkos Korth. MEMPITIS. (Johore) Cratoxylon formosum Benth. (Hypericineae).
MEMPUNAI BUKIT. Antidesma velutinosum Muell (Huphorbiaceae). A large shrub. Also Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl. (Araliaceae). MEMPUNING. See MEMPENING.- MENARONG GAJAH. Trichospermum Kurzit King. (Tiliaceae). MENDALU. Also DEDALU. SANALU. JINALU. Various species of Luranthus (Loranthaceae). MENDALU API. Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb. L. pentandrus I,
MENDALU BESAR. L. grandifrons King.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 181
MENDALU API BATANG.
Henslowia lobbiana A. De C. (Santa/aceae). The name means the mistletoe which forms a stem. The AHenslowia 1s usually a climber but sometimes forms a bush.
MENDARONG. Also MENERONG.
Scirpus grossus Vahl. (Cyperaceae). A sedge used for mat making.
MENDARONG EKOR TUPAI.
Mariscus umbellatus C. B.C. (Cyperaceae). Lit. Squirrel-tail sedge. The flower spikelets are a1ranged in brush-shaped spikes suggesting a squirrel’s tail.
MENDONG-MENDONG.
Elaeocarpus. A genus of trees of no very great size, with white flowers and oblong or globose green or blue drupes. See under MEDANG. .
MENDONG KELAW AR.
Elaeocarpus parvifolius Wall. (Tiliaceae). “ Bat’s EHlaeo-
carpus.” A very popular fruit with fruit bats. MENDONG MUSANG. Elaeocarpus paniculatus Wall. (Tiliaceae). ‘Civet cat’s Haleocarpus.” MENDONG PEPILAKAN. Hiaeocarpus integra Wall. (Titiaceae). MENGADING. Meliosma sp. MENGKUANG.
Pandanus atrocarpus Griff. (Pandanaceaej). The common screw-pine. ‘The leaves much used for making roofs and covering for carts, etc.
MENGKUANG HUTAN. P. Houlletianus Carr. MENGKUANG AYER. (Selangor)
Pandanus sp. apparently undescribed. It has a prostrate stem with large leaves like those of P. atrocarpus Griff. but with a long point. The head of fruits is solitary one foot long and three inches through.
182 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MENGKUANG LAUT. Pandanus fascicularis Lam. The common sea-coast species often cultivated for the leaves which are used to make mats. It is more commonly known as PANDAN DURI. MENGKUANG LOBO. MENGKUANG TEDONG. _Mapania palustris (Cyperaceae). A broad leaved sedge, resembling a screw pine. MENGKUDANG. Mezzettia Herveyana Oriv. (Anonaceae). <A large tree. MENGKUDU. Also MANGKUDU. BANGKUDU. CHANG- Kew Dw: Morinda tinctoria Roxb. (Rubiaceae). A common tree of which the bark is used for dyeing. MENGKUDU BADAK. Fagroea morindaefolia Bl. (Loganiaceae). MENGKUDU KECHIL. Morinda umbellata Li. The climbing Morinda. MENGKUDU JANTAN. MENGKUDU RIMBAH. Morinda citrifoia L. The wild form of J/. tenctorza Roxb. MENGKUNYIT. (Akar) Coscinum Blumeanum Miers. (Menispermaceae). MENSARAH PUTIH. (Johore) Homalium foetidum Benth. (Sanydaceae). MENTADA. Leucopogon malayanus Jack. (Epacrideae). A heath-like shrub with small white flowers. MENTANGOR. See BINTANGOR. MENTIMUN. See TIMUN. Pumpkins. (Cucurbitaceae). MENTUBA. (Malacca) Diospyros sp. near Lmbryopteris (Ebenaceae). A tree with round fruit which are said to be poisonous. -MENUMPANG. (Daun) Any epephytic plant.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 183
MERAH KELUANG.
Melanorrhea Curtisii Oliv. (Anacardiaceaey <A large tree, with red winged fruits. It is one of the plants included under the name Rengas.
MERAMBONG BUKIT BESAR. Vatica pallida Dyer. (Dipterocarpeae). MERANTI.
A name given to many of the Shoreas. ( Dipterocarpeae) the timber of which is in great request for building, and planking.
MERANTI DAUN KECHIL. Shorea parvifolia Dyer. MERANTI PAYA. Shorea acuminata Dyer. MERANTI PUTIH, Hopea Griffithiana Dyer. MERANTI TAHI. Shorea Curtisti Dyer. MERAPIT. (Malacca) Pygeum lanceolatum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). MERAPOH. (Akar) Modecca Singaporiana Mast. (Passifloraceae). MERAWAN. MERAWAN KUNYIT.
Flopea mengarawan Bl. ( Dipterocarpeae). The name Mera- wan is also aplied to (7. pierrei Hance and 7/7. intermedia King. These trees supply a very good timber resembling MERANTI.
MERBATU KECHIL. M. MERAH. M. PUTIH.
Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (2osaceae). There are also the variants MORABATU, MARABATU, MUMBATU, TEM- BATU.
MERBATU LOYANG.
Parinarium Griffithianum Benth, (Rosaceae). MERBATU PASIR.
Pachynocarpus Wallichii King. (Dipterocarpeae).
184 MALAY PLANT NAMES
MERBAYU. : Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. (Sterculiaceae). A gigantic tree. MERBONG JANTAN. Turpinia pomifera De C. (Sapindaceae). MERBULOH. MERBULOH JANTAN. Gynotroches axillaris Mig. (Rhizophoreae) see MARBULOH. MERBULU KECHIL.
Myvristica missionis Ham. (Myristicaceae).
MERABAU AYER. Also MERABAU KUNYIT and MERA- BAU TANDOK. Afzelia coriacea Bak. (Leguminosae). MEREBAU PUTIH. MERBAU. Afzelia palembanica Bak. (Leguminosae). One of the finest timbers in the peninsula. MERELANG. (Selangor) Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. (Sterculcaceae). A large tree MERJAGONG. Ixonanthes obovata Hook. fil. (Lineae).
MERKASIHA. — Kugenia zeylanica Wt. (Myrtaceae). MERLIMAU. (Akar) Paranignya monophylla Wight. (Rutaceae). A scandent thorny wild orange. MEROMBONG. (Malacca) Tmonius jambosella Thw. (Rubiaceae). A small tree com- mon in open country. Also Adina polycephala Benth, (Rubiaceae). MEROMBONG BUKIT.
Vernonia arborea. Ham. (Compositae).
MEROYAN BATU. Lasianthus sp. (Rubiaceae). A shrub.
MEROYAN BUNGKE. Dianella ensifolia Red. (Liliaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 185 -
MEROYAN BUSUK.
Dissochoeta punctulata Hook. fil. (Afelastomaceae). MEROYAN JANTAN. MEROYAN PAYA.
Dissochoeta celebica Bl. (Melastomaceae). MEROYAN KABUT.
Clerodendron nutans L. (Verbenaceae). MEROYAN NIBUT.
Didymocarpus atrosunguineus Ridl. (Cyrtandraceae). A
small plant with beautiful deep red flowers.
MEROYAN PAPAN.
Aspidium Singaporianum (Lilices). Medicine for fever MEROYAN SEJUK. (Akar) . Dissochoeta bracteata Bl. (Welastomaceae). MEROYAN SUMBONG.
Anadendrum montanum Schott. (Aroddeae). MEROYAN TINGAL.
Globba sp. (Scitamineae). MERPADI PAYA.
Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. (Styraceae). MERPOH See MARPOH.
MERPOIN. Carallia integerrima Dec. (Iehizophoreae). MERSAWAH. Anisoptera spp. (Dipterocarpeae). Tall trees giving a good timber.
MERSAWA MERAH.
Anisoptera glabra. Kurz. MERTAJAM.
Erioglassum edule Bl. (Sapindaceae). MERUAN. (Kayu)
Croton Griffithia (Euphorbiaceae). MERUAN. (Akar)
Sphenodesma barbata Schauer. (Verbenaceae). MESERAH JANTAN.
Evodia Rorburghiana Benth. (Rutaceae).
186 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MIDING BETINA. Also LAMIDING. Stenochloena palustris (filices). A climbing fern. MIKU. Artocarpus Lowi King. ( Urticaceae). MILIAN. Sterculia macrophylla Vent. (Stercu’iaceae). A tree with large red capsules.
MILOR. (Perak) Alyzia stellata var acuminata (Apocynaceae). Wray is the authority for this.
MINTA ANAK. (Kedah) Arthrophylium pinnatum C. B. Clarke. (Araliaceae). <A shrubby araliad growing on the higher hills.
MINTAGU. Pemphis acidula Forst. (Lythrarieae). A shrub growing on the sea coast, with small white flowers.
MINYAK. Oil. Wood-oils, the chief of which are MINYAK KERUEN (see KERUEN) and MINYAK DAMAR. (see DAMAR).
MINYAK. (Akar) Limacia cuspidata Hook. fil. (Menispermaceae). A slender climber.
MINYAK BERUK. A name applied to many species of Xanthophyllum (Poly- galaceae) e. g. X. palembanicum Miq. X. Kunstlert King. Some of them produce valuable timber, and nearly all are trees.
MINYAK BERUK JANTAN. X anthophyllum rufum A. W. Benn. (Polygalaceae)
MIRLANG.
Irvingia malayana Oliv. (Simarubeae). Maingay’s list. Maingay says the wood is pale yellowish buff and used for kris handles. It is a vast tree and is more commonly known as PAUH KIJANG ss
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 1S7
MISKAM. Baccaurea sp. (Euphorbiaceae) sp. A. Flor. Brit. Ind. An undescribed species. MODU. Aglaia argentea King. (Meliaceae). MONTEK. (Akar) Urceola torulosa Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). MORABATU. Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). A variant of MERBATU. MOYIA. (Sungei Ujong) Homat!anthus populifolius Gray. (Euphorbiaceae). MUBAGON. Aporosa aurea Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
MUJAGON. Parinarium Griffithianum Benth. (Rosaceae). MURANANG. Alpinia Galanga L. (Scitamineae). Commonly known as LANKWAS.
MULAI TIKUS. Cotx lachryma-Jobi L. (Gramineae). ‘‘ Job’s tear’s.” MULAR FADANG. (Akar) Premna coriacea C. B. Clarke. (Verbenaceae). MULUMUT. Campnosperma oxyrrhachis Engl. (Anacardiaceae). MUMBAJU. | Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. (Sterculiaceae). A very large tree. MUMBATU. Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). See MERBATU. MUMBOL. (Akar) (Johore) Millettia sericea W. & Arn. (Leguminosae). MUMBULOH. (Akar) Moesa ramentacea A. De C. (Myrsineae). A common large half climbing shrub with very small white flowers.
18s MALAY PLANT NAMES
MUMBULOH RIMBA.
Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort. (Rhizophoreae). A medium sized tree.
MUMBULU. (Akar) :
Tinomiscum petiolare Miers. (Menispermaceae). A stout woody climber, with panicles of small white flowers from the old wood.
MUMJILAI.
Aphania paucijuga Radlk. (Sapindaceae). | MUMJILAI HUTAN.
Ixora opaca Br. (Rubiaceae). MUMPADANG.
Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (2osaceae). MUMPANANG,. (Akar)
Cissampelos Pareira L. (Menispermaceae). Also LUMPANANG. MUMPANJOR.
Dialium Mangayit Bak. (Leguminosae). MUMPAT JANTAN.
Cryptocarya ferrea Bl. (Laurineae). MUMPAYIAN.
Anthocepha'us Cadamba Mig. (Rubiaceae). MUMPAYANG. (Akar)
Vitis diffusa Mig. (Ampelideae). A common wild vine with black grapes.
MUMPIANG.
Melanochy/la auriculata Hook. fil. (Anacardiaceae)
MUMPISANG.
Polyalthia Jenkinsti Benth. (Anonaceae) (Maingay’s list). Probably a variant of PISANG-PISANG. A commonly applied to anonaceous plants.
MUMPISANG BULU. }
Myristica laurinu Bl. (Myristicaccae). MUMPOYAN.
Anthocephalus Cadamba, Mig. (Rubiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES 189
MUMPULU RIMBAH. Randia anisophylla Jack. (Rubiaceae). A common small tree in forests. MUNAHON. Also MANAON, SIAL MUNAHON, and NAUN, _Kibessia simplex Korth. (Melastomaceae). MUNDARONG. Trema amboinensis Bl. (Urticaceae). A common shrub, See NARONG. , MUNDU. Garcinia dulcis (Guttiferae). MUNGILANG API.
Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae).
MUNGKE. :
Croton argyratus Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). See SIMMUNGKE. MUNGKAL.
Sarcocephalus Junghuhni (Rubiaceae). Compare MAGAL, MUNGKOL.
Canthium glabrum Bl. (Rubiaceae). A small tree. MUNGKOYAN. (Penang)
Rhodamnia trinervia Bl. (ATyrtaceae). MUNGLUOUT.
Payena costata King. (Sapotaceae). A small or medium _ sized tree. MUNGOL. :
Adinandra sp. (Ternstroemiaceae). MUNJUAT.
Cryptocarya impressa Miq. (Laurineae). MUNJULONG BUKIT.
Goimphostemma crinitum Wall. (Labiatae). A herb with
yellow flowers, resembling a yellow-dead nettle.
MUNOT. |
Epiprinus Malayanus Griff. (Huphorbiaceae). MUNSAGA.
Eloeocarpus parvifolius Wall. (Tiliaceae).
190 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
MUNSIAL. Ardisia colorata Roxb. (Myrsineae).
MUNSIANG. (Rumput) MANSIYANG. Cyperus procerus Rottb. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge which is used for making mats. Compare MUSIANG.
MUNSIRAH. See MUSIRAH.
MUNUBONG. Aporosa aurea Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
MUNUJAN. (Akar) Dioscorea glabra Roxb, ( Dioscoreaceae).
MUPISANG. Goniothalamus Malayanus Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). Compare MUMPISANG.
MUPISANG. (Akar) Cyathostemma Scortechinii King. (Anonaceae). MUPISANG BATU. Papowia nervifolia Maingay (anonaceae). MUPISANG HITAM. (Akar) Oxymitra biglandulosa Scheff, (Anonaceae). MUPOYAN PAYA. Dissochoeta celebica Bl. (Melastomaceae). MUPUS. (Penang) Swintonia spicifera Teysm. (Anacardiaceae), A large tree.
MURAI BATU. Erismanthus obliqua Wall. (Euphorbiaceae).
MURAMBONG.
Ardisia crassa Clarke. (Myrsineae). MURMAGONG.
Gomphia sumatrana Jack. (Ochnaceae). MUROMBONG.
Adina rubescens Hemsl. (Rubiaceae). A small tree.
MURONG. (Rumput) Scirpus grossus L. (Cyperaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 191
MURUBONG JANTAN. Randa densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae). MURUSEH HITAM. Gomphandra lanceolata King. (Olacineae). MUSIANG. (Rumput) Scirpus grossus L. (Cyperaceaec). See MUNSIANG. MUSIANG. (Akar) Roucheria Griffithiana Planch. (Lineae). MUSIRAH BUKIT. MUSIRAH PUTIH. Ilex cymosa Bl. (Ihecineae). A common small tree with white stem, small white flowers and red berries. MUSIRAH MATA KERBAU. Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae). MUSTAH. (Legeh) Garemia mangostana L. (Guttiferae). A northern name for the Mangosteen.
MUSUKANG PUTIH.
Ryparia fasciculata King. (Bixineae). | MUTUBONG. (Rumput)
Panicum trigonum L. (Gramineae). NAH SEPAT. (Pahang)
Antidesma cuspidatum Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). NAM-NAM. _ Cynometra cauliflora L. (Leguminosae). NAMO.
Connarus gibbosus Wall. (Connaraceae). A shrub with light pink flowers.
NANA. (Akar) Dioscorea sp. NANAS. The pine-apple. Ananassa sativa L. (Bromeliaceae). NANCHONG BESIH. (Penang) Preycinetia angustifolia Bl. (Pandanaceae). A climbing screw-pine. ,
192 MALAY PLANT NAMES
NANGKA. The Jack. Artocarpus integrifolia L. (Urticaceae). NANGKA PIPIT. Artocarpus lunceaefolia hoxb. ( Urticaceae). NANGKA WOLANDA. The Sour-sop. Anona muricata L. (Anonaceae). More commonly called in the Straits DURIAN BLANDA. NARONG JANTAN. NARONG PAYA. Trena amboinensis Bl. (Urticaceae). A common shrub in waste ground. NASI-NASI. Also KELAT NASI-NASI. Eugenia zeylanica L. (Myrtaceae). A small tree with white fruits which suggest rice in appearance. NASI-NASI. (Akar) Psychotria polycarpa Mig. (Rubiaceae). A climber with white fruits. NASI-NASI BUKIT. Adenosacme longifolia Wall. (Rubiaceae). A small shrub with white fruits. NASI RIMBA. Vitex vestita Wall. ( Verbenaceae). NASI SEJUK. (Kedah) Salacia sp. (Rhamneae). A shrub with fruit resembling an orange but with seeds wrapped in sweet pulp inside. NAULI-NAULI. (Malacca) Ardisia colorata Roxb. (Myrsineae). NERRUM. (Pahang) Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Bl. D, puleherrimus Ridl. (Dipterocarpeac). <A large and beautiful tree.
NAUN. See MANAUN. NIATO. NIATO TEMBAGA. N. BALAUS Ni -PUTIE N. HITAM. Payena costata King. (Sapotaceae) A timber tree of some repute.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 193
NIBONG. Oncosperma tigil/aria Griff. (Palmeae). A well known palm used in house-building. NIBONG PADI. NIBONG LENAU. Oncosperma sp. perhaps only varieties of the preceding. NIBONG PALIR. (Johor) Oberonia Stnophylla Ridl, (Orehideae). NILA. Indigo. Intdigofera tinctoria L. (Leguminosae). NIDEI See KENIDEI. Various species of Bride/ia. NILAM. Pogostemon Patchouli Pell. (Labiatae). The Patchouli plant. NILAM BUKIT. P. heyneanum. Hook. and Thoms. NILAM JANTAN. Hemigraphis confinis Nees. (Acanthaceae). A weed grow- ing on dry banks. NILAU. Cupania pallidula Hiern. (Sapindaceae). NILAU PAYA. Commersonia echinata Forst. (Tiliaceae). NIPAH. Nipa fruticans lL. (Palmeae). NIPIS KULIT. Memecylon myrsinoides Bl. (Melastomaceae). The name is often applied to other Memecylons.
NIPIS KULIT BETINA. Aporosa Maingayi Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
NIPIS KULIT PUTIH. Aporosa stellifera Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae) Probably short- ened from SEBASAH NIPIS KULIT. NIREH.
Carapa moluccana Lam. (.ifeliaceae).
194 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
NOJA. Peristrophe montana Nees. (Acanthaceae). A herb used for dyeing pink. NONA. The Custard apple. Anona squamosa L. (Anonaceae). NONA KAPRI. Anona reticulata L. The ‘‘ Bullock-heart.” NUBAL. (Akar) (Sungei Ujong) Medinilla Hasseltii Bl. (Melastomaceae). NIYOR. Coconut. Cocos nucifera L. (Palmeae). OBAH. Eloeocarpus robustus Roxb. ( Tiliaceae). OBI. Parinarium costatum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). OLEH. (Rumput) Heliotropium indicum L. (Boragineae). A common weed. OMBA-OMBA. (Singapore) Desmodium heterophyllum De C. (Leguminosae). A creeping herb common in grass. ONAK. (Malacca) Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. ( LUE) A strong climber with hooked thorns. ORAN MERAH. (Akar). (Malacca)
Neuropeltis racemosa Wall. (Convolvulaceae).
ORAWARI RUNGKUP. Clerodendron fallax L. (Ver benaceae). OTAK- HUDANG. Buchanania acuminata (Anacar diaceae). Lit. Prawn’s brains, A tree so called on accouut of the redness of the wood.
PADAL ITEK.
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack. (Rubiaceae), A remark- able epiphyte, the Ant’s nest plant. Perhaps a modifica- tion of AMPEDAL ITEK, Duck’s gizzard, refering to the curious tuberous stem.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 195
PADANG,. (Akar) Cnestis ramiflora Griff. (Connaraceae). Lit. Field- peer.
PADANG. (Bunga) Melochia corchorifolia L. (Sterculiaceaey and Sida rhombr- folia L. (Malvaceae). Lit. Field-flower. Common shrubs growing in open fields.
PADANG. (Bua) (Pahang)
Willughbeta dulcis Ridl. (Apocynaceae.)
PADI. Rice. Oryza sativa L. (Gramineae). PADI BURONG. (Rumput) Panicum colonum L. (Gramineae). Lit. Bird-rice. A com- mon grass. PADIJANG. Ixora parviflora Wall. (Rubiaceae). A tree. PAGAR. (Bunga)
The common Lantana. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Literally Fence flower.
PAGAR ANAK. Also P. ANAK MERAH. P. ANAK HI- TAM. P. ANAK BETINA.
Izonanthes obovata Hook. fil. (Lineae). There is also a va- riant PAGU ANAK. A tree of moderate size, giving a good timber.
PAGAR ANAK JANTAN. Gordonia excelsa Bl. /Ternstroemaceae). A moderate sized tree. PAH KUDAH. (Akar). Chailletia deflexifolia Turz. (Chatlletiaceae). PAH KEDAH. (Akar) Derris Maingayana Benth. (Leguminosae). PAJU JARUM.
Schizoea dichotoma (Filices). Paju is a spur, and jarum a needle. The name probably has reference to the long slender needle-like branches of the frond.
PAKAN PAYA. (Akar) Vitis adnata Wall. (A mpelideae).
196. MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PAKAN JANTAN.
Kobara coriacea Endl. (Monimiaceae). PAKAN RIMBAH. (Malacca)
Allomorphia exigua Bl. (Melastomaceae) PAKAN PAYA.
Fagroea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae)
PAKAN HUTAN. Also PUKAN. P. BETINA. P. JANTAN. Jasminum bifartum Wall. (Oleaceae). The common wild jasmine. PAKU. Also PAKIS. A fern, probably because the young fronds are rolled up like nails. © PAKU AuJl. ; Cycas Rumphit (Cycadeae). Also called PAKU LAUT. This plant has the young leaves rolled up like those of ferns. PAKU BALU, Taenites blechnoides Sw. PAKU BENAR. Anisogonium esculentum Presl. PAKU BIAWAK. Aspidium Singaporianum Wall. Biawak is the monitor- lizard. Hydrosaurus salvator. PAKU BINET. Diplazium tomentosum Hook. PAKU CHIAI. Pleopeltis nigrescens Bl. PAKU DUDOK BUKIT. Inndsaya scandens Hook.. PAKU GADING. Aspidium Leuzeanum Hook. . PAKU GAJAH PAYA. Cyathea Brunonis Wall. PAKU GALA HANTU LAUT. Selliguea Feet Hook.
MALAY PLANT NAMES, 197
PAKU HITAM PAYA. Cyathea Brunonis Wall. PAKU IKAN. —Blechnum orientale L. PAKU KIJANG. Diplazium sorzogonense Presl. The Kijang is the muntjac. (Cervulus Eanes e)- PAKU KIKIR. Aspidium polymorphum Wall. PAKU KILAT. Nephrodium dissectum Forst. PAKU LANGSUIR. (Selangor) Also RUMAH LANGSUIR. Thamnopteris nidus-avis L. (Lilces). The bird’s nest fern. The Langsuir is a remarkable kind of Goblin which is supposed to make its home in this fern.
PAKU LUMUT BATU. Leucostegia parvula Wall. PAKU MESIN. PAKIS MERAH. Stenochlaena palustris L. PAKU MURAK. Aspidium singaporianum Wall. ‘‘ Peacock-fern.” PAK PAHAT. Cyathea Brunonis Wall. PAKU PANDAN.
Thamnopteris nidus-avis L. Because the leaves are like those of a pandan.
PAKU PIJAI. (Pahang)
Taenites blechnoides Sw.
- PAKU PINANG, Nephrolepis exaltata L. PAKU NINGEH. Nephrolepis volubilis Sm. PAKU RAMU.
Stenochlaena palustris LL.
198 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PAKU RESAM. Gleichenia linearis Burm. See RESAM. PAKU RESAM PADI. P. R. LUMUT. Cheilanthes tenuifolia Sw. PAKU RUSA. Diplazium Sorszogonense Presl. PAKU SELAMAH. Cyathea Brunonis Wall. PAKU TANJONG. Anisogonium esculentum Presl. PAKU TEMBAGA. Aspidium cicutarium Sw. PAKU TOMBAK.
Syngramme alismaefolia Hook. Because its fronds are like leaves of tobacco (tombak).
PAKU TUMBAR. Schizaea dichotoma Sw. PAKU TUNJOK SANGET. Syngramme alismaefolia Hook.
PAKU UBAN. Nephrolepis exaltata L.
PAKU UBIL. Blechnum orientale UL.
PAKU ULAR. | Blechnum orientale L. ‘Snake fern.” PAKU WANGI. Se Pleopeltis phymatodes L. ‘* Scented fern.” PALA.
Nutmeg. Myristica fragrans L. (Myristiceae) This word with adjuncts is used also for some of the wild nutmegs, especially the large fruited ones which resemble the tree plant. The smaller fruited ones with some of the larger fruited ones are called, PENDARA, or the variants PENA- RA, MENARA, PENDERHAN, or CHENDERAHAN.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 199
PALA HUTAN BULU. Myristica Lowiana King. PALA BUKIT. Myristica crassa King. and M. Kunstlert King. PALA HUTAN, Myristica elliptica Wall. PALA JANTAN PAYA. Myristica crassifolia Hook. fil. PALA-PALA. (Akar)
Ficus aurantiaca Griff. (Urticaceae). A climbing fig, the figs of which are as large as a very large wild nutmeg and orange-red.
PALAS.
Licuala paludosa Griff. (Palmeae) and other species. The Licualas are fan palms, the leaves of which are cut into segments.
PALAS TIKUS. Licuala acutifida Mart. (Palmae) and L. pusilla Bece. The name is also applied to Zguanura geonomoeformis Mart. PALAS BATU. Licuala longipes Griff. PALAS REWANG. LIicuala pusilla Becc. (Paliae). PALAS PADI.
Licuala glabra Griff. Also PALAS GUNONG according to Griffith (Palms of British India). A small dwarf species occurring on hills at about 2000 feet altitude.
PALI MUNYIT. (Pahang)
Anaxagorea Scortechini King. (Anonaceae). A small tree. PALUNG.
Eugenia nitida Duthie. (Myrtaceae). Maingay’s list. PANASAN.
Homalium longifolium Benth. (Samydaceae). PANCHAN. (Malacca)
Urophyllum hirsutum Wight. (Rubiceae).
200 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PANDAN. A name given to the smaller screw pines (Pandanaceae). The leaves of which are used in ihekins mats. PANDAN BIRU. Mapania hypolytroides C. B. C. (Cyperaceae). A broad leaved sedge resembling a pandan. PANDAN DURI. PANDAN DARAT. FANDAN LAODT. Pandanus fascicularis Lam. The common sea-shore screw- pine. PANDAN JELINKEH. Pandanus /aevis Rumph. The leaves are used to flavor rice. for which purpose the plant is often cultivated. PANDAN KARA. Pandanus sp. A dwarf species (No. 15 FI. Brit. Ind. p. pe This plant appears as yet to be unnamed. PANDAN RESAU. Pandanus Rusow Miq. A pandan which forms dense lofty thickets along the edges of rivers in Johore and elsewhere. PANDAN TETONGKAT. (Selangor) Pandanns sp. near P. Russow Miq. but apparent un- described. PANDAN TIKUS. PANDAN BEDURI. Pandanus ovatus Kurz. A small prostrate kind.
PANGHONG. Allomorphia exigua Bl. (Melastomaceae).
PANTAT BERUK. (Akar) Geophila reniformis Don. (Rubiaceae). A small creeping herb.
PANTAT ULAT. (Malacca)
Memecylon coeruleum Jack. (Melastomaceae).
PANTAT ULAT. (Akar) Gnetum Brunonianum Griff. (G'netaceae). PANTAT ULAT PUTIH. Ratonia sp.
PAPINA. (Akar) Hiptage sericea Hook. fil. (Malpighiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 201
PARA. (Johore) Mangifera. sp. (Anacardiaceae).
PARA-PARA. (Rumput) (Malacca) Cyperus pilosus Rottb. (Cyperaceae).
PARAH BETINA. (Rumput)
Cyperus polystachyus L. (Cyperaceae). PAROH.
Eloeocarpus parvifolius Wall. (Tiliaceae). PAROH UNGANK.
E. stipularis Bl. PARONG.
Dysoxylon cauliflorum Hiern. (AMeliaceae). PASAK ACHONG.
Popowia nervifolia Hook. fil. (Anonaceae).
PASAK LINGGAH.
Dysoxylon acutangulum King. also Aglaia glabriflora Hiern. (Meliaceae). This name appears to be applied to several kinds of Meliacious trees, which produce a fairly good timber.
PASAK LINGGA JANTAN. P. LINGGA MERAH.
Walsura multiiuga (Meliaceae).
PASAK BRAS-BRAS. Also PASAK MERAH.
Aglaia glabriflora Hiern,
PASAL. Ardisia odontophylia Wall. (Myrsineae).
PASIR. (Rumput) Adenostemma viscosum Forst (Compositae). A common weed in villages especially in sandy spots. Lit. Sand-herb. PASIR LINGGA. Tristania Maingayi Duthie. (Myrtaceae). PAUH KIJANG. Irvingia Malayana Oliv. (Simarubeae). A gigantic tree,
wellknown as giving a high class timber. The fruit re- sembles that of a Mango.
202 MALAY PLANT NAMES
PAUH KIJANG JANTAN,. (Malacca) Homalum longifolium Benth. (Saimydaceae).
PAUH-PAUH. PAUH-PAUH PRAYA. Evodia Roxburghiana Benth. (Rutaceae). A shrub with white flowers common in open country.
PAUH-PAUH BETINA. Evodia tatifolia De C. (Rutaceae). <A fairly large tree.
PAUH-PAUH PASIR. . Croton caudatus Geisel. (Huphorbiaceae). PAWAN. Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. (Verbenaceae). PAWANG. (Bunga) Stereospernium hypostictum Mig. (Bignoniaceae). PAYONG ALI. Biophytum adiantoides Wt. (Geraniaceae). Ali’s Umbrella. A small herb the leaves of which spread out so as to sug- gest an umbrella.
PAYUNG. Also KAPAYUNG. Pangium edule Bl. (Bixineae).
PERUPAT. Sonneratia acida Griff. (Lythraceae). A big tree growing in mud on the coast, used for making the knees of boats.
PECHA PINGAN. Randia macrophylla Br. (Rubiaceae). Titer ‘The broken plate.”
PECHA PIRING HITAM. Chausalia curviflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). ‘* Black broken plate.” On account of the dark purple coloring of the stem and leaves. .
PECHA PRIOK. Txora fulgens Roxb. and other species (Rubiaceae). Literally ‘‘ Broken pot,” the petals being supposed to resemble a red pot broken. Possibly it was originally PATJAR, a word used in Javanese and Sundanese, for several plants, especially the Henna.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 203
PECHA PRIOK HITAM. Clerodendron deflecum Wall. (Verbenaceae). A small shrub somewhat resembling an Ixora.
PECHA PRIOK PUT?H. Pavetta indica L. Also Chasalia curviflora Thw. (Rubiaceae). Common shrubs with white fowers.
PECHA PRIOK BIRU. Evranthemum malaccense C. B. Clarke. A shrub with violet flowers.
PECHA PRIOK BABI. Clerodendron villosum Bl. (Verbenaceae). PEGAGA. Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (Umbelliferae’. A creeping herb much sought for medicine. PEGAGA ULAR. PEGAGA TEKU. Geophila reniformis Don. (Rubiaceae). A creeping plant with tke habit of the Hydrocotyle. PEKAN. Dehaasia sp. (Laurineae). PLAS. (Akar) (Johore) Vitis elegans Kurz. (Ampelideae).
PELER MUSANG. Fagroea auriculata (Loganiaceae). A large shrub with enor- mous white flowers. PELER KAMBING. Heritiera littoralis Dryan. (Sterculiaceae). PELUK HANTU. Petunga venulosa Hook. fil. Also PULAS HANYTU. PELAWAS. (Akar).
Calycopteris floribunda Lam. (Combretaceae).
PELAWAN. ristanta whitiana Griff., 7. Maingay: Duthie, and 7’. burman- nica Griff. (Myrtaceae). Large trees with bunches of small white flowers, and the stems red and covered with bark which flakes off and remains in piles at the base of the tree. The timber is hard and good.
204 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PELAWAN BERUK. Ethenies leucocarpa Jack. (Ochnaceae). A small shrub with white, rose, or red berries. . Jack is the authority for this.
PELAWEIL (Selangor)
Terminalia foetidissima Griff. (Combretaceae). A big tree common in wet places, flowers small white in spikes, fruit like a small green mango. It gives a good timber.
PELANDOK BESAR.
Trigonostemon indicus Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). PELANGL
Aporosa microca'yz Hassk. (Huphorbiaceae). PENAGA.
Calophyllum inophyllum lL. (Guttiferae). More commonly
called BINTANGOR. PENAGA BATU. Calophyllum Wallichianum. King. PENAGA HITAM. Cratoxylon arborescens Bl. (Hypericineae). PENAGA KUNYIT. Also PENAGA LILIN. PENAGA PU- TH. 2 SUGN Mesua ferrea L. ( Guttiferae). PENAGA LILIN. (Malacca) Myristica sp. PENAGA NASI Litsea myristicaefolia Wall. (Laurineae). PENAGA PAYA. Kayea grandis King. (Guttiferae). PENAH-PENAH HUTAN. (Akar)
Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). It is also called AKAR GANDA-
RUSA, and is used in native medicine. PENAWAR BILLAH.
Psychotria angulata Korth. (Rubiaceae). A shrub the leaves
of which are used for large sores. PENAWAR HITAM.
Goniothalamus giganteus Hook. fil. Lit. “‘ Black medicine.”
A diug of great repute @ mong the Malays.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 205
PENAWAR PAHIT. Eurycoma latifolia Jack. (Simarubeae). “ Bitter medicine” A small tree with very bitter bark and wood used for fever by the natives.
PENDARAH. Also PENARA and MENARA. Gomphia sumatrana Jack. (Ochnaceae). Also commonly applied to the wild Nutmegs Myristtca su- perba Hook. fil. and other species (Myristicaceae). FENARA BATU. Myristica Scortechini King. PENARA BUKIT. Myristica conferta Bl. PENDARA HIJAU. Myristica polysphaerula Hook. fil. PENDARA HITAM. M. oblongifolia King. PENDARA KIKEH. M. intermedia Bl. PENDARA LAUT. Myristica glaucescens Hook. fil. PENDARA PADI.
Myristica nissionis Ham.
PENDARA PAYA.
Myristica Collettiana King.
PENDERAHAN. Also CHENDERAHAN. Myristica Maingayit Hook. fil. 7. tomentosa Hook. fil. and other species.
PENDARAHAN TANDOK. Myristica Curtisii King. PENGURAK. (Johor)
Asystasia intrusa Nees. (Acanthaceae). A herb with violet flowers common in hedges.
PENING-PENING. See MEMPENING.
206 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PENKILAI.
Clerodendron paniculatum L. (Verbenaceae). PENLUROH.
Lepidagathis longifolia Wight. (Acanthaceae). PENATON.
Clerodendron stphonanthus Br. (Ver benaceae). Favre is the authority for this.
PENGGEHE. Aglaonema angustifolium N. HE. Br. (Arozdeae).
PENURUN LUTONG. (Johore) Galearia subulata Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). A shrub.
PEPISANG. Contraction for PISANG-PISANG. Polyalthia spp. (Anonaceae).
PEPITAM. Clitoria cajanaefolia Benth. (Leguminosae), A low shrub with large pale violet flowers.
PEPULUT. A contraction for PULUYT-PULUT, which see Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae).
PERAWAS. Randia densiflora Benth. (Rubiaceae). See also MEDANG PERAWAS. PERiA LAUT. | Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). A cultivated pump- kin. PERIA HUTAN. Vitis mollissina Wall. (Adgaiee. A wild vine. PERIA BULAN. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). The balloon- vine.
PERINGAT. Breynia reclinata Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
PERINGAT KATING. Croton caudatus Geisel. (Huphorbiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. . 207
PERACHET. Tabernoemontana malaccensis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). A shrub used in native medicine. PERAH. Mezzettia leptopoda Oliver. (Anonaceae). A tall straight tree with good timber. PERAH. (Rumput) Fimbristylis diphylla Rottb. (Cyper eee): A common sedge. PERAH PAYA. Elaeocarpus Mastersi King. (Tiliaceae), A tree with white flowers. PERCHA. Dichopsis gutta Benth. (Sapotaceae). See GETAH PERCHA. PERUPOH. Hemigyrosa longifolia Hiern. (Sapindaceae). PERJEP. (Akar) Cnestis ramiflora Griff. (Connaraceae). PEREPAT BUKIT. Cupania Lessertiana Camb. (Sapindaceae). <A tree. PEROPONG. (Malacca) Also BERUBONG. Adina rubescens Hemsl. (Rubzaceae). PERUT GAGAK. (Akar) Also PERUT KECHAU. Byttneria siaingayi Mast. (Sterculiaceae). A large climber. The first name means Crow’s intestine. PERUT KERBAU. PERUT KIJANG. Erycitbe Princei Hook. fil. (Convolvulaceae). Literally Buf- falo intestine or Muntjac’s intestine. PERUT TEMBU. (Akar) : Gnetum neglectum Bl. (Gnetaceae). PERUT TIKUS. (Rumput) Scarpus supinus L. (Cyperaceae). A slender sedge common in rice fields. Lit. Mouse intestine grass. PERUTAK. Myrmecordia echinata Gaud. (Rubiaceae). One of the ant- plants. Favre is the authority for this.
208 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
PETAT. . Parkia biglandulosa WW. & A. (Leguminosae). <A tree, the pods of which are eaten by Malays. ; PETAI BELALANG.
Pithecolobium microcarpum Benth. and P. angulatum Benth. (Leguminosae). Trees with red curled pods.
PETAL LAUT. Desmodium umbellatum Dec. (Leguminosae). PETALING. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. (Olacineae). One of the best timbers, a fair sized tree. PETALING AYER. Pachynocarpus Wallichii King. ( Dipterocarpeae). PETALING TANDOK. A porosa Praineana King. (Huphorbiaceae). A shrub or small tree. PETALING TUGO. Antidesma cuspidatum Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). PETUTU.
Hibiscus floceosus Mast. (Malvaceae). A fair sized tree with yellow flowers, with a purple eye, the bast used for string.
PETOLA MANIS.
The loophar. Suffa oegyptiaca L. (Cucurbitaceae).
PIALU. (Malacca) : ;
Orophea setosa King. (Anonaceae), Cinnamomum mollissimum Bl. (Laurineae) in Johore.
PIALU. (Akar) | Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. (Rhanmeae). PIANGO. | Clerodendron nutans. Wall. (Verbenaceae.)
PIANGO HUTAN. (Akar). (Pahang)
Ficus consociata Bl. (Urticaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 209
PIANGO JANTAN. Pellacalyx Saccardianus Oliv. (Rhizophoreae). Also. Myristi- ca Ridleyana King. (Myristicaceae).
PINA-PINA.
Plukenetia corniculata sm. (Euphorbiaceae). PINANG.
The betel-nut. Areca catechu L. (Palmae). PINANG BAIK. (Penang)
Vatica Curtisi King. (Dipterocarpeae). PINANG BORENG,
Pinanga malayana Scheff. (Palmae). PINANG BORENG PADI.
P. disticha Blume. PINANG LUMBAH.
Peliosanthes albida Hook. fil. and other species (Ophiopogo- neae). Herbs with broad green leaves like those of a young betel nut (Pinang Curculigo or LUMBAR).
PINANG. (Rumput)
Mariscus umbellatus C. B. C. (Cyperaceae). PINANG RAJAH.
The red-stemmed palm. Cyrtostachys lacca Scheff. (Palmae). PINANG UMU.
Nenga Wendlandiana Scheff. (Palmae). <A palm with
purplish leaf sheaths.
PINANG LEGONG. | (Pahang)
Pinanga disticha (Palmeae). PINANG DAMPONG.
Pmanga malaiana Scheff. (Palmae). FINANG KAKI PELANDOK.
Pinanga polymorpha Becc. (Palmae). PIPIT. (Rumput) ’
Andropogon intermedius Br. (Gramineae). ‘“ Sparrow grass.” PISANG.. «
The banana. Musa sapientum L. (Scitamineae). There is a
210 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
very large number of cultivated kinds which have all distinct names. Guppy in “ Polynesian Plant Names” gives Saing as the Philippine name, and Soanga as Fiji; words possibly connected with Pisang.
The different rows of bananas on the bunch have different names. The first row nearest the stalk is called Tadah Ambun (lit the Dew-tray) as it is supposed to catch the dew ; the second is Tengkok ; the terminal one Chichit.
PISANG KAROK. The wild plantain. Musa malaccensis Ridl. (Scitamineae). The commonest wild species. It is probably the origin of some of our cultivated bananas. i
PISANG K’LING.
A name applied to Vanda gigantea Lindl. (Orchideae) in
Lankawi. PISANG SEBIAK.
Canna edulis; C. indica lL. (Scettamineae). Sebiak means a
bead. The name refers to the seeds of the canna. PISANG-PISANG.
Any wild anonaceous plants especially climbing ones e. g. Uvaria purpurea Bl. The bunches of fruit are supposed to suggest those of a plantain. Contraction forms of the word are PEPISANG and MUPISANG, or MUMPISANG.
PISANG-PISANG BESAR.
Popowia foetida Maingay. (Anonaceae).
- PISANG-PISANG BUKIT. Also PISANG-PISANG KECHIL YOO) LEANN : a Phaeanthus nutans Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). A shrub with green flowers. PISANG-PISANG BUKIT. (Akar) Melodorum prismaticum Hook. fil. PISANG-PISANG BULDO. (Akar) Melodorum latifolium Hook. fil. PISANG-PISANG BULUH. (Akar)
Phytocrene palmata Wall. (Olacineae). A climber with the
fruits forming a large globose head.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 211
PISANG-PISANG BUKU. Unona discolor Vahl. (Anonaceae).
PISANG-PISANG JANTAN, And PISANG-PISANG KU- NING. Uvaria purpurea Bl. (Anonaceae) A half climbing shrub with showy red flowers.
PISANG-PISANG HITAM.
Uvaria dulcis Dunal. (Anonaceae).
PISANG-PISANG PADI. PISANG-PISANG PIPIT. Unona dumosa Roxb. (Anonaceae). PISANG-PISANG TANDOK. Uvaria purpurea Bl. (Anonaceae). PONG-PONG. (Selangor) Cerbera lactaria Ham. (Apocynaceae). A big shrub with large white flowers. POUH. Sonerila moluccana Jack. (Melastomaceae). Jack is the authority for this. PONTIANAK. (Akar) Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae). PRIOK KRA. Any species of Mepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Lit. ‘‘ Ape’s cup.” The pitcher plants. PRIOK HANTU. Myrmecodia echinata Gaud. (Rubiaceae). Lit. “Ghost’s cup.” PRUSAT. Mitrephora macrophylla Oliver. (Anonaceae). A tree. PUA. A name applied to many wild gingers (Scztamineae). Filet gives the word POEAS. PUA. (Akar) Millettia eriantha Benth. (Leguminosae). PUA BUKIT. Homalomena velutina Hook. fil. (Arotdeae).
&
212 MALAY PLANT -NAMES.
PUA HITAM. Stenochasma convolutum Griff. (Scitamineae). PUA PUTIH.
Alpinia involucrata Griff. (Scitamineae).
PUA ACORAGING. (Johor) . |
Uvaria crinita Desv. (Leguminosae). A small shrubby plant with a dense spike of violet flowers.
PUA MUNKANG.
Alpinia Rafflesiana Wall. (Scitamineae). PUCHOT KUNIANG.
Marlea ebenacea C. B. Clarke (Cornaceae). <A big tree. PUDAK.
Pandanus inermis according to Favre. Filet gives itas Ma-
lay and Sundanese for P. moschatus Rumph. PUDIH. (Malacca) Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae). See BINTANGOR. PUDING.
Codiaeum variegatum IL. The garden Croton, the word mean variegated. Filet gives the word for Graptophyllum hortense Nees. (Acanthaceae). A common cultivated plant with variegated leaves.
Also Clerodendron disparifolium (Verbenaceae).
PUDING HUTAN. Tabernaemontana malaccensis Griff. (Apocynaceae). PUDIN RIMBAH. (Akar) Ampelocissus cinnamomea “Ampelideae). PUKAN. (Akar). (Sungei Ujong) Jasminum bifarium Wall. (Olaceae). PUJONG MALAM. See BUJANG SAMALAM. Jussieua suffruticosa L. (Onagraceae). PUKI ANJING. Cynometra caulifora L. (Leguminosae)
PULAI. Alstonia scholaris Br. (Apocynaceae). A large tree.
MALAY PLANT- NAMES. OTS
PULAL PIPIT. Elaeocarpus stipularis Bl. (Tiliaceae). PULAMPAS BUDAK. Apostasia nuda Br. (Apostasiaceae). A herb with narrow leaves and small white flowers. PULANGGA PAYA. A porosa ficifolia Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). PULASARI. Azlyia lucida Wall. (Apocynaceae). Avdrug used in’ medicine.
PULAS HANTU. Also PELUK HANTU.
Petunga venulosa Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). PULASAN. 3
Nephelium mutabile Bl. (Sapindaceae). A well-known fruit. PULASAN HUTAN. (Bunga). (Selangor)
Anthocephalus Cadanba Mig. (Rubiaceae). A tree. The flower heads are globular and suggest the form of the PULASAN.
PULAU HANTU. (Akar). (Malacca)
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. ( Connaraceae).
PULAU PIPI: Macaranga populifolia Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). PULEY. Alstonia scolaris (Apocynaceae). Favre gives this spelling. It is usually Pulai.
PULIS HUTAN.
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. (Connaraceae). PULO BIJOH.
Ficus globosa Bl. (Urticaceae). PUL T. Soft Rice. Oryza sativa L. var (Gramineae). PULEH KAMBING. (Akar). Also PULEH ANGIN,
Chailletia Griffithii Hook. fil. (Chailletiaceae).
PULUT-PULUT. Contracted to PEPULUT.
Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae).
214 MALAY PLANT NAMES
PULUT-PULUT POKO.
Chrysophyllum Roxburghit Don. (Sapotaceae) also Mallotus penangensis Muell. (Huphorbiaceae).
PULUT-PULUT BUKIT. Mallotus Griffithianus Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). PULUT-PULUT BHUTAN. wt, Portertanus Muell. PULUT. (Rumput). Fimbristylis asperrima Vahl. (Cyperaceae). PUNGGAI. Coelostegia Griffith Mast. (Malvaceae). A big tree of which the bark is used for tanning. PULUONG. Glycosmis sapindoides Lind]. (Rutaceae). PUMATON. (Selangor). Dracaena breviflora Ridl. (Liliaceae). PUNAIL MENGANTOK. (Buah). (Penang) Gelonium multiforum. A Juss. (Euphorbiaceae). PUNUBAL. (Akar) Vanilla Grifithit Rehb. fil. (Orchideae). The wild Vanilla. PUPOI. Connaropsis sp. <A tree, the fruit of which is eaten. PUPULAT HUTAN. Cephaelis Grifithit Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). PURUJOI. (Sungei Ujong) : Tabernaemontana malaccensis.. Cf. PERACHIT. PURUAN HITAM. Antidesma alatum Kook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). PURUN BATU. (Rumput) Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge, PURUT PELANDOK. Payena costata King. (Sapotaceae). PUSAT BUDAK. (Akar)
Heptapleurum venulosum Seem. (Araliaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 215
PUTAT DARAT.
Barringtonia macrostachya Wall. (Myrtaceae). PUTAT GAJAH.
Barringtonia pterocarpa Kurz. (Myrtaceae). PUTAT PADI. |
Barringtonia racemosa Thw. (Myrtaceae). PUTA BUKIT.
Barringtonia sp. Beet Pav A: PUTAT TEPI.
Helicia robusta Wall. (Proteaceae).
PUTAT. (Akar) Gnetum funiculare Bl. (Gnetaceae). PUTRI. (Bunga) Grammatophyllum scriptum according to Favre. G. specio- sum is probably intended. PUTRI (DAUN). Mussoenda frondosa Vah\. According to Favre. RABANU. Smilax megacarpa A. De C. (Liliaceae). See also BANO, a name applied to several kinds of Smzlaz. RABU KUMBANG. Clerodendron fragrans Vent. (Verbenaceae). Also Alchornea rugosa Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). RAGIN. Vernonia sp. (Compositae). RAJA SARI. (Rumput) Dendrobium conostalix Rchb. fil. (Orchideae). A slender terrestrial orchid, common in wet spots. RAJANA. Alstonia spathulata Bl. (Apocynaceae). A tree with small spathulate leaves common in wet jungle.
RAMBAHAN BUKIT. Alchornea villosa Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). Also Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wight. (Laurineae).
216 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
RAMBAI. RAMBEH. Baccaurea motleyana Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A common fruit tree. RAMBAI PONTIANAK. Galearia affints Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). RAMBAI BUKIT. Baccaurea brevipes Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). RAMBAI AYAM. |
Baccaurea Wallichiu (Huphorbiaceae). Also Ryparia fasci-
culata King. (Bixineae). Also Anisophyllea disticha. RAMBAI HUTAN.
Baccaurea bracteata Muell. B. brevzpes Hook. fil. B. parviflora Muell, and other species. Also Ostodes macrophylla Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
RAMBAI] CHUCHUT. (Malacca)
Aporosa aurea Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). RAMBATI DAUN.
Galearia phlebocarpa Br. (Euphorbiaceae). RAMBEH DAUN. (Akar)
Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. (Cyrtandraceae). An epiphy- tic climber with tubular scarlet flowers, the hanging stems with their round leaves suggest the hanging spikes. of Rambeh fruits (Baccaurea motleyana Hook. fil).
RAMBEH DAUN. Shorea acunmnata Dyer. (Dipterocarpeae).
RAMBUT CHAMBAI. (Akar)
Cynanchum sp. (Asclepiadeae). A monstrosity of some. ...
species of this genus, with abortive flowers. RAMBUTAN.
Nephelium lappaeum L. (SUEUR) The well known |.
fruit tree. RAMBUTAN PASSEH. Nephelium costatum Hiern. (Sapindaceae) (Maingay’s list)
RAMBUTAN PACHAT. ines Aerospermum noronhianum Bl. (Sapindaceae). Pachatis a
MALAY PLANT NAMES. PA) Tf
jungle leech. <A wild Rambutan, with yellow eatable fruit.
RAMBUTAN HUTAN. Erioglossum edule Bl. (Sapindaceae). This common tree is more often called MERTAJAM.
RAMI-RAMI. Also RAMIN. Boehmeria nivea Hook. (Urticaceae). The Rhea or China grass, a well known fibre plant.
RAMI BETINA. Macaranga Lowi King. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree. RAMI HUTAN. Ficus chartacea Wall. (Urticaceae). The bark of which is used as string Also. Commersonia echinata Bl. (Tiliaceae).
RAMI HUTAN. RAMI BUKIT. Alchornea villosa Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). A large common shrub, from which a fibre is obtained. RAMUNGGAIT. : Moringa pterygosperma lL. (Moringeae). The ‘‘ Horse radish tree.” RANANG. Glochidion brunneum Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceac). <A big shrub or small tree. RANGAN. Cryptocarya caesia (Laurineae). A big tree.
RANG-RANG. Crotalaria striata De C. (Leguminosae), A common yellow flowered herb. RANG-RANG (Kachang). Canavalia obtusifolia De C. (Leguminosae). The large pink- flowered sea-shore bean. RANEK DAUN. - Hurya acuminata De C. (Ternstromiaceae). A small tree common in secondary jungle. RAPAT BUKIT. Melanochyta angustifolia Hook. fil. (Anacardiaceae). (Main- gay’s list).
218 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
RAU.
Canarium lavum A. W. Benn. (Burseraceae). A fair-sized
tree. RASOW.
Pandanus Russow Mig. (Pandanaceae). This screw-pine forms dense lofty thickets along the banks of tidal rivers forming a most conspicuous part of the scenery.
RAYA. (Bunga).
The cultivated Hibiscus or shoe-flower, Hibiscus rosa-si-
nensis L. (Malvaceae). REJANG.
Acronychia laurifolia Bl. (Rutaceaej. - A small tree with
little dark green aromatic fruits. REJANG. (Malacca)
Alstonia scholavis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae) More commonly
called PULAI which see.
REMPENANG. (Akar). (Selangor)
Cyclea arnotti Miers. ( Menispermaceae).
RENGAS. }
Melanorhoea Curtisti Oliv. M. Wallichti Hook. fil. Also. Gluta Rengas Mig. (Anacardiaceae). The “ Mahogany” of the Straits. All of these have a fine red timber but are impregnated with a very poisonous black varnish. -
RENGAS MANAU. Melanorhea Wallichit Hook. fil. (Anacardiaceae).
RENGAS DAUN BESAR. Myvristica Hookeriana Wall. ( Mjristicanena A very large leaved wild nutmeg.
RENGUT.
Epipremnum giganteum Schott. (Aroideae). A large creep- ing Aroid, with huge leathery leaves. It is one of the herbs used in making the poison for darts, by the Sakais.
RENKONG. (Penang)
Anisoptera Curtisti King, ( Dipterocarpeae). A fine large timber tree.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 219
RESAK
A name applied to a variety of trees producing similar tim- ber including Shorea barbata Brandis, Dipterocarpeae Cas- tanopsis nepheliowdes (Cupuliferae).
RESAK PICHA. (Penang) ~Macaranga Lowii Usok. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). RESAM. ; Glewchenia linearis (Filices). A common fern. RESTONG. (Poko)
Tabernaemontana malaecensis Hook. fil. and. 7. corymbosa Roxb. (A pocynaceae). The word signifies venereal disease, for which the plant is a native remedy.
RIDAN.
Nephelium Mainyayi Hiern. (Sapindaceae}. A tree with rather sour fruits resembling those of a rambutan but almost perfectly smooth and bright red.
RIUNG. (Prov. Wellesley)
Anthistiria gagantea Uav. (Gramineae). A very tall showy grass forming dense tufts of leaves and throwing up stems about eight feet tall.
RIANG-RIANG. | Archytea Vahlii Chois. ( Ternstroemiuceae). The name Riang- Riang is applied to the Cicada. RiBU-RIBU. Lygodium scandens (Filices). RIBU-RIBU GAJAH. L. pinnatifidum (Filices). Two common climbing ferns.
RINGEI JERENANG. Mitrephora reticulata Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). <A tree.
RINGGIN. (Rumput) Carex cryptostachys Hance. (Cyperaceae).
RiO. (Johore) Timonitus Jambosella (Rubiaceae). A small tree or large shrub with yellow Howers common in secondary jungle.
220 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
RONGGA. Dysoxylon sp.
RONGGA JANTAN.
Sterculia parviflora Roxb. (Sterculiaceae). A large tree with
showy pink pods. ROSOK. Glochidion superbum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae). A common tree in secondary jungle. ROTA. (Johore) Canarium sp. (Burseraceae). ROTAN.
A rattan or climbing palm. Generally applied to the oie belonging to the genera Calamus and Daenonorops. There are a large number of different kinds and still more names, and owing the incompleteness of the descriptions of many species, it is not easy to identify the Malay names. Besides there are a number of trade names applied to the rattans as brought into the market, which apply to the form of the rattan rather than to the kind.
Griffith (Palms of British India) describes and figures a number obtained in Malacca; to these he gives in many cases Malay names, but I cannot find that these names are now at least applied to the species he describes even in Malacca.
ROTAN BAKAU .
Daemonorops propinquus Becc. A rattan which is often to be seen on edges of mangrove swamps.
ROTAN BATU. Calamus insignis Griff. (en ROTAN BINNI. Also ROTAN TIKUS.
Flagellaria indica L. (Flageliariaceae). Lit. the Wife’s Rat- tan or the Mouse-Rattan. A common climber, the leaves of which have prehensile tips. It grows on the edges of mangrove swamps. Baskets are made of the stems.
ROTAN BUAH. .
Daemonorops Hystrix (Palmae). More commonly called
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 221
ROTAN SABUT which see. It produces very large sprays of fruit whence the name.
ROTAN CHICHE.
Daemonorops oblongus Mart. (Palmae).
ROTAN CHUCHUR. Also ATAP CHUCHUR. Calamus castaneus Griffith. (Palmae}. This rattan does not produce climbing stems, so the Malays usually call it simply Atap Chuchur. It forms large dense thorny tufts the leaves are used for thatching and making Ataps.
ROTAN CHUCHUR MINYAK. Daemonorops calicarpus Griffith.
ROTAN DAHAN.
Plectocomia Griffith Hook. fil. (Palmae). A gigantic rattan common every where. The stems are used for making baskets, chiefly used in tin mining and for legs of long chairs. They also produce much water when cut, and thus are classed among the water vines by the Malays.
ROTAN GAJAH. Myrialepis Scortechinit Hook. fil. Also RovAN KERTONG, which see.
ROTAN GETAH. ROTAN HUDANG.
Calamus didymophyllus Becc. (Palmeae). One of the species in which the skin of the fruit produces a red coloring matter known as Dragon’s blood. The stem is full of a white latex whence its name Rotan Getah. The shoots are eaten by Malays.
ROTAN GUNONG. Calamus exilis Griff. according to Griffith. ‘ Mountain- rattan.”
ROTAN JERENANG.
Daemonorops Draco L. (Palmae). The true Dragon’s blood rattau. It is very doubtful whether this plant occurs in the Peninsula. Griffith’s plant described under the name of ROTANG JERNANG from Malacca has been sepa- rated under the name of D. propinquus by Beccari.
222 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ROTAN KERAIT. Daemonorops geniculatus Mart. (Palmae). Also called ROTAN KAMANTING, RoTAN CuIN-CuIN, Ro- TAN GULANG and ROTAN TUNGUL. ROTAN KERTONG.
Myrialepis scortechinit Hook. fil. (Palmae). A curious rattan of large size, resembling Plectocomia, but the fruits are round and green, covered with minute scales like shagreen.
ROTAN KIPAS
Ceratolobus kingianus Becc. (Palmae). A very long Rotan
with fan-shaped leaflets.
ROTAN KUMBONG. Calamus ornatus Griff. (Palmae ). ROTAN LILIN. Calamus javensis Bl. (Palmae). A very slender rattan with a few broad leaflets on each leaf. It is considered one of the most valuable kinds. See also ROTAN SINDEK, ROTAN TUNGUL.
ROTAN MACHAP.
Doemonorops longipes. Also ROTAN SEPAH, ROTAN CHO-
CHOR. ROTAN MANANA.
Calamus conirostris Becc. (Palmae). A very beautiful rattan the leaflets close set together, deep green above and white beneath. The fruit is prolonged into a beak and black.
ROTAN MUSANG.
Freycinetia angustifolia Bl. (Pandaneae). A climbing screw
pine, common in woods. | ROTAN SABUT.
Daemonorops hystrix. An exceedingly thorny rattan, one
of the commonest species. ROTAN SEGA BADAK. Calamus ornatus Griff. (Palmae).
ROTAN SEMAMBU. | Calamus scipionum Lour. The Malacca cane. The name is
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 2235
also applied to Doemonorops grandis.
ROTAN SEMOT. Korthalsia scaphigera Mart. (Palmue). A slender climbing ratan, with an enlarged ligule in which ants make their nests, whence its native name.
ROTAN SINDEK. (Perak) Calamus javensis Bl. (Palmae). See also ROTAN TUNGUL and RoTAN LILIN.
Eve RU LAUT. Also ARU. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. (Casuarinae). A common tree often planted and wild along the sea coasts.
RU BUKIT.
Dacrydium elatum Wall. (Coniferae). From the resemblance of the plant to the Casuarina. It is a Cypress like plant growing on the hills at two thousand feet altitude and upwards.
RUAI GAJAH. Goniocaryum longeracemosum King. (Olacineae), A large shrub.
RUAS-RUAS. Gelonium bifaritum Roxb. (Huphorbiaceae). <A tree.
RUAS-RUAS JANTAN. Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae). A big shrub.
RUDOMO. Evodia roxburghiana Benth. (Rutaceae). More often called PAUH-PAUH which see.
RUKAM.
Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. and other species (Bixineae). Trees usually armed at the base with strong thorns. They produce an excellent little fruit, dark-red in color as big as a cherry, with a taste of a goosberry.
RUKAM HUTAM. Scolopia rhinanthera Clos. (Bixineae). A shrub resembling the true Rukam (Flacourtia) to which indeed it is closely allied.
224 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
RUKU GAJAH. (Sungei Ujong) Vernonia chinensis Less. (Compositae). A common village weed. RUKU HUTAN. (Penang) Adenosma capitatum Benth. (Labzatae). RUKU-RUKU. Basil. Ocimum basilicum L. and O. album (Labiatae). A kind of mint-herb much used in medicine.
RUKU JANTAN. Hemigraphis confinis Nees. (Acanthaceae). A low herb which vaguely suggests the RUKU-RUKU. (Basil)
RULANG HUTAN. Torenia peduncularis Benth. (Scrophularineae). A small herb with blue flowers which grows in damp fields. RULUS. Saprwum baccatum L. (Euphorbiaceae). <A tree.
RUMAH LANGSUIR. Thamnopteris nidus avis (Filices). The birds-nest fern. See PAKU LANGSUIR.
RUMANG PANAS: Breynia coronata Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). Also HUJAN PANAS which see.
RUMBIA. Also REMBIA
Sagus laevis Roxb, (Palmae) This is a common name for the Sago-palm in many parts, but in others it is common- ly called Sagu.
RUMININIYA. Also RUMIA. _
Bouea microphylla Griff. ¢Anacardiaceae). A common fruit
tree bearing small yellow very acid mangos. RUMPEI.
Laportea crenulata Forst. (Urticaceae). The tree-nettle, the leaves of which usually sting violently. It is one of the ingredients in the Sakais dart poison.
RUMPO-RUMPO.
Fagraea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae}. A large shurb more
rarely a tree.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 225
RUMPUT. Herb espeeially grass. The different plants called Rumput are to be found under their specific names. RUNDA. (Province Wellesley). Gardenia carinata Thw. (Rubiaceae). A very fine tree gardenia with fine orange flowers. RUPAH. | Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae).
RUSA-BABI. (Johore) Rhodannia trinervia Bl. (Myrtaceae). A common tree in the low-country.
RUSA-RUSA. (Akar) Agelaea vestita Hook. fil. (Connaraceae) A large jungle climber with small velvety wrinkled scarlet pods.
RUSEH.
Polyalthia Beccarti King. (Anonaceae) <A small tree with
orange flowers in tufts on the stem. SABA. | Cycas Rumphit Mig. (Cycadeae). Favre is the authority for this. SABALAT. (Malacca) Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq. (Araliacea). SABASAH. Also SEBASAH.
A name applied to several small trees or shrubs, chiefly of the order Euphorbiaceae such as Glochidion desmocarpum Hook. fil. Also Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. (Ru- biaceae). A seashore shrub.
SABASAH BATU. Cleistanthus nitidus Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree.
SABASAH HITAM. SABASAH MINYAK. SABASAH NI- PIS KULIT. Aporosa aurea Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). SABASAH JANTAN. A porosa, ficifolia Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
226 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SABERNAS. (Akar)
Dischidia albida Griff. (Asclipiadeae) A small creeping epiphyte with succulent leaves and very small white flowers.
SABIAK. Also SEBIAK.
Tacca cristata Jack. (Taccaceae). A herb common in jungles with large broad leaves, and curious purple flowers, with large purple and white bracts.
SABIAK. (Akar) vor Gynura sarmentosa De C. (Compositae) A climber witk yellow flowers and a purple involucre. SABIAK GAJAH. Cephaelis Griffithit Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). * SABUEH BATU. Limnophia villosa Benth. (Scrophularineae). A iif blue flowered herb. SABUREH PAYA. (Akar) Gnetum funiculare Bl. (Gnetaceae). A strong climber. SABUREH PUTIH. (Akar) (Malacca) Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). SABURU. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. (Sterculiaceae). A small tree, with pink flowers, and scarlet capsules with black seeds. SABURUS. (Akar) See also SABUREH. Gnetum funcculare Bl. ( Gnetaceae). SABURUTEH. Ficus pisifera Wall. ( Urtecaceae). ~ SABUSUH. (Akar) Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. (Rubiaceae). A climber with white flowers. SABUSUH BETINA. Canthium glabrum Bl. (Rubiaceae). A shrub or small tree. SABUSUK. (Rumput) Clitoria cajanifolia Benth. (Leguminosae). A small shrub with large pale violet or white flowers, common in open
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 227
country. Probably introduced from South America. SABUT. (Akar) Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (Rubiaceae). A climbing herb with tufts of white fowers. SABUT-SABODT. Grewia globulifera Hook. fil. (Tiliaceae). A small tree.
SACHERIT HITAM. (Akar) (Malacca) Gnetum neglectum Bl. (Gnetaceae).
SADAPU. Chisocheton sp. (Meliaceae). SADA TURI. Sida carpinifolia L. (Malvaceae). A small shrub with buff flowers common in waste ground.
SADAWI. (Akar) Smilax calophylla Wall. (Liliaceae). SADINGIN. (Malacca)
Bryophyllum calycanum Salisb. (Crassulaceae). A common succulent herb on seacoasts, often cultivated as a curio- sity, on account of the ease with which it grows from portions of leaves.
SAGA.
Adenanthera pavonina L, (Leguminosae). A well-known tree
with small scarlet seeds. SAGA BETINA.
Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). The Crab’s-eye plant, or Weather-plant. A small climbing herb with round scarlet and black seeds.
SAGA PAYA. Dalbergia Junghuhnii Benth. (Leguminosae). A climber with greenish white flowers. ‘SAGA GAJAH. Pithecolobium fasciculatum Benth. (Leguminosae). A large tree with twisted red pods and black seeds.
SAGA KAYU.
Micromelum pubescens Oliv. (Rutaceae).
228 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SAGA MOLEH. (Akar)
Lettsomia rubicunda Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). SAGADING.
Gironniera parvifolia Planch. (Urticaceae). SAGU.
Metroxylon sagus Rottb. and M. Rumphii Mart. The sago palms. But the word is more often applied to the flower, the trees being more usually called REMBIA.
SAGUT.
Aglaonema angustifolium N. HK. Br. (Aroideae). A common
herb with narrow deep green leaves. SAJA. (Akar)
Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). This word is perhaps
a variant of SAGA, which see.
SAJUR WAH. Gomothalamus macrophyllus Hook. fil. (Anonaceae). A small tree. SAKARIOT. (Akar) Vitis macrostachys Miq. (Ampelideae). A vine with long hanging spikes of green flowers. SAKAI. Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl. (Anacardiaceae). <A tree with large plum-like fruits. SAKACHA LIMA. Clerodendron deflecum Wall. (Verbenaceae).
SAKARITO. (Akar) (Pahang) Embelia coriacea Var. (Myrsineae). A climber with small white flowers.
SAKAT. A name: applied to many epiphytes especially Aroids and ferns.
SAKAT BAWANG. Also SAKAT UBAT KAPIALU. Acriopsis javanica Reinwdt. (Orchideae), A small epiphytic orchid, with pink flowers. Lit. Onion-orchid, from the
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 229
shape of its psend bulbs, and Head-ache orchid, the de- coction of it being used for fever. SAKAT BILIMBI. Thecostele maculosa Ridl. (Orchideae). A little orchid often to be found on Bilimbing trees (Bilimbi). SAKAT. (Bunga) Agrostophyllum glumaceum Hook. fil. (Orchideae). An epi- phytic orchid with small white flowers in heads. SAKAT GAJAH. Anadendrum medium Schott. (Aroideae). A climbing epi- phytic aroid. SAKAT RIBU-RIBU. Drymoglossum piloselloides (Filices). A common fern creep- ing on trees. SAKAT KALUMBAI. | Dendrobium pumilum Roxb. (Orchideae). A small orchid common on trees. SAKAT LIDAH BUAYA. (Malacca) Oberonia anceps Lindl. (Orchideae). A small epiphytic orchid. SAKAT TULONG ULAR. - Coelogyne Rochusseniti De Vr. (Orchideae). An epiphytic orchid with long hanging racemes of flowers. SAKAT ULAR. Sarcanthus secundus Griff. (Orchideae).
SAKATI LIMAH. (Pahang) Aganosma marginata Don. “Apocynaceae). A climber with white flowers. SAKELAT.
Sterculia rubiginosa Veut. (Sterculiaceae). A tree with scar- let fruits. SAKELAT is said to be a modification of the English scarlet.
SAKELAT. (Akar) Also AKAR MERAH.
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. (Connaraceae). A climber with red fruits and shoots.
230 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SAKELLET. (Pahang) Antidesma leucocladon Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). A shrub or small tree. SAKIJANG. (Akar) HKrycibe malaccensis Clarke and E. Princei Wall. (Convolvu- laceae). Common climbers with small white flowers.
SAKIR DAMAK. (Johore) Sarcocephalus subditus Miq. (Rubiaceae).
SAKIT HUDANG. (Malacca) Ivonanthes reticulata Jack. (Lineae). A tree often called also PAGAR ANAK. SAKULAN. (Johore) Octhocharis borneensis Miq. (Melastomaceae). A sea-shore shrub with pink flowers. SALAH NAMA. A name often given by Malays to plants of which the pro- per name is obscene. Such as Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. ‘Kelintek Nyamok.” SALAH LAKU. Vitis quadrangularis Wall. (Ampelideae). Favre is the au- thority for this. SALAK. Zalacca edulis Bl. (Palmae). Also called Salak tumbar ac- cording to Griffith. A stemless thorny palm, the brown scaly fruits of which are eaten by natives.
SALAK BETUL. Zalacca affinis Griff. (Palmae).
SALAK RUNGUM.
Z. macrostachya Griff. (Palmae). Griffith (Palms of; British India) is the authority for these names. The first is, I think, doubtfully identified, as the real Salak is Z. edulis.
SALAM.
Eugenia cymosa Lam. (Myrtaceae). Favre is the authority
for this.
SALAMANI. Blainvillea rhouboidea Dec. (Compositae). A common little -
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 231
~ weed with white flowers. SALAN HUTAN. (Akar)
Marumia verrucosa (Melastomaceae). SALEMBAT. |
Eugenia conglomerata Duthie. (Myrtaceae). A large tree. SALEMPAR. (Akar)
Antrophyum reticulatum (Filices). A fern with broad entire
fronds, found on rocks.
SALIMPAT. Piptospatha Ridleyi Hook. fil. (Aroideae). A small aroid with the leaves either green with yellowish spots or plain. It grows on rocks in Johore. SALIMPAT AYER. , — Aglaonema minus Hook. fil. (Arotdeac). A small aroid common in wet jungles. SALUNTAS ORANG TINGGI. Ardisia villosa Roxb. (Myrsineae). A small shrubby plant with pink flowers. SAMAK. A name given to a variety of trees the bark of which is used for tanning.
SAMAK BUKIT. _ Eugenia papillosa Duthie. (Myrtaceae). SAMAK DARAT. Hugenia pyrifolia Wall. (Myrtaceae). SAMAK JANTAN. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. (Ternstroeniaceae). SAMAM PAYA. Eugenia inophylla Roxb, (Myrtaceae).
SAMAK PULUOT. Eugena subdecussata Wall. (ilyrtaceae).
SAMAK SERAI. Glochidion nanogynum Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae).
232 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SAMAK TEBRAU. Also SAMAK UBAR. Eugenia lepidocarpa Wall. (Myrtaceae). The most common- ly used of the Samaks.
SAMALU. (Singapore)
Mimosa pudica L. (Leguminosae). The sensitive plant. SAMARUM.
Payena Leerii Oliv. (Sapotaceae). A large timber tree,
SAMBARAN ANGIN.
Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae).
SAMBAN.
Eleusine coracana L. (Gramineae). A grass the grain of
which is used though rarely as food. SAMBOKO. ‘
Myrmecodia echinata Gaud. (Rubiaceae). One of the Ant’s nest plants. An epiphyte with a large tuberous stem covered with thorns.
SAMBON PAYA. Chloranthus officinalis Bl. (Chloranthaceae). A herb with white flowers and fruits used in native medicine. SAMBU BADAK. Ophiorrhiza sp. (Rubiaceae). A small herb. SAMBUKAN. (Singapore)
Tylophora asthmatica Wight. (Asclepiadeae). <A climbing
plant with small yellowish flower. SAMPAT. (Akar)
Willughbeia firma Bl. (Apocynaceae). One of the rubber vines (Getah Grip).
SAMPO PAYA. (Akar) Aspidopterys concava Juss. (Malpighiaceae). SAMPU CHACHING. Bonnaya veronicaefolia Spr. (Scrophularineae). A little creep- ing herb with pale blue flowers.
SAMPU KELADA. (Akar) Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (hubiaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 233
SAMPU PUCHUT. (Malacca) Hedyotis congesta Br. (Rubiaceae). A tall herb growing in the jungle, used in native medicine.
SAMPU TIKUS.
Ixora grandifolia Zoll. (Rubiaceae). SAMUBUT.
Thotiea grandiflora Rottb. (Aristolochtaceae). SANA. Also SENA. And ANGSANA.
Pterocarpus indicus L. (Leguminosae). SANALU API. See BENDALU.
Loranthus pentandrus L. ( Loranthaceae). SANDANG. (Rumput).
Fimbristylis globulosa Benth. (Cyperaceae). SANDANG PADI. (Akar)
Conocephalus subtrinervius Miq. (Urticaceaz). SANDERAP. (Akar)
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. ( Connaraceae). SANGGOL LUTONG.
Nephelium eriopetalum Mig. (Sapindaceae). A wild rambu-
tan with the flowers and fruits in hanging spikes.
SANGGOL LUTONG HITAM.
Chisocheton penduliflorus Planch. (.Weliaceae). SANGKAP JANTAN,
Kibessia simples: Korth. (.Melastonaceue). SANGKAP. (Akar)
Piper sp. (Piperaceae). A wild pepper. SANJUANG. See SENJUAN. SANGKANG BUAYA. (Akar)
Urceola malaccensis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). SANKAU MERAH.
Ixonanthes obovata Hook. fil. (Lineae). SANGKUANG. Also CHANGKUANG.
Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl. (Anacardiaceae).
234 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SAPADAN. Iguanura polymorpha Becc. (Palmae). A small palm.
SAPAGI. (Rumput) Vernonia cinerea BI. (Compositae). A common weed with purple flower heads. SAPEDAS. Macuranga megulophylla Muell. ( Huphorbiaceae). SAPONG. Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae). SAPULUT. (Singapore)
Hyptis suavelens Poit. (Labiatae} <A strongly scented mint-
like herb. SAPARU KRAS.
Asparagus. A. officinalis L. (Liiaceae). This which means
‘“half-hard ” is a native perversion of the word Asparagus. SAPUT TUNGAL. Akar Ty/ophora tenuis Wall. (Asclepiadeae). A climber with small pink flowers. ~ SAPULI. Pahang Fagraea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae). SAPUTI. Sindora siamensis Teysm. (Leguminosae). SAPUTL SINDO.
S. Wallichti Benth. Lofty trees producing a valuable tim- ber. They can be easily recognized by the prickly round flat pods. ;
SAPUTI MINYAK. | Sindora sp. A species with no prickles on the pods. It pro- duces an oil. | SARAH JANTAN. (Buah) (Penang) Kunstleria Kingit Prain. (Leguminosae). A lofty climber. SARANG PIPIT. (Rumput) .
Anthistiria argueus (Gramineae) A rough grass common
on ruad-sides. Literally Sparrow’s nest grass.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 235
SARANG PUNAI. | (Akar) Chailletia deflexifolia Turez. (Chailletiaceae). Lit. Pigeon’s nests. A climbing shrub. SARANG BUAYA. (Rumput) Panicum nodosum (Gramineae). ‘‘ Crocodile grass.” SARANG TUPAI. Aneilema nudifiorum Br. (Commelinaceae). Literally ‘“ Squir- rel’s nest.” A common tittle herb with pink flowers. SARANGAN. A variant of BERANGAN according to Favre. SARANI. (Rumput) Lycopodium cernuum (Lycopodiaceae). The common clubmoss. SAROJA. See SEROJA. Nelumbium speciosum Willd. (Nympheaceae). The lotus. SARAPAPAT. © (Akar) Streptocaulon Wallichti W.and A. (Asclepiadeae). A_ very milky climber. SARAPAT. (Akar) . Hoya diver sifolia Bl. (Apocynaceae). A pink wax-flower. SARAPAT JANTAN. (Akar) Gnetum neglectum Bl. (Gnetaceae). SARAPOK. Norrisia malaccensis Oliv. (Loganiaceae). A tree with white flowers. SARAPOH JANTAN. Evodia latifolia Dec. (Rutaceacj. A tree with large masses of small white flowers. | SARATONG. (Johore) Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. (Apocynaceae). A small tree with showy white flowers. SARATONG PADI. (Johore) Ivora pendula Jack. (Rubiaceaej. A shrub with bunches of pink and white flowers on long hanging stalks. SARI BUMI. . Heliotropium indicum L. (Boragineae). The little wild helio
236 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
trope with small white flowers. SARI BULAN. (Sungei Ujong) Erigeron linifolius Willd. (Compositae). A tall weed com- mon in waste ground. SARI INGANK. SARI HUTAN. Hyptis brevipes Poit. (Labiatae). A weedy herb the leaves of which are eaten as a vegetable. SARPANG. (Malacca) Kurriima sp. (Rhamneae). SARUDANG BETINA. Combretum ectensum Roxb, (Combretaceae). A climber with green flowers. : SARUNE. Wedelia bifora De C. (Compositae). A sea-shore shrub with yellow flowers. See SERENAH.
SARUNCHE. (Johore) Hiptage sericea Hook. fil. (alpighiaceae). SASARAN. (Akar) Conocephalus subtrinervus Miq. (Urticaceae). A small herb with violet balls of flowers. SATAGIT. Dianella enstfolia Red. (Liliaceae). A common herb in woods with blue or white flowers and berries.
SATUBAL. (Akar)
FHlenslowia Lobbiana A. D. C. (Santa/aceae). SAUH. SAWA.
Minusops kauki L. ( UO ye A fruit tree. SAUH HUTAN.
Parinarium Grifithianum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). A large tree with deep green leaves, white flowers and yellow plum-like fruits.
SAU MANILLA. SAWA MANILLA.
The Chiku or Sapoti. Achras Sapota L. (Sapotaceae). This may be a Malaicised form of Sapodilla, the West Indian name for the fruit.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 237
SAUT. (Akar)
Modecca singaporeana Mast. (Passifloreae) A climbing plant with small green flowers and scarlet fruits contain-- ing black seeds ina white fleshy aril. It is said to be poisonous.
SAWI. Also SESAWI. Mustard. Brassica nigra li. (Cruciferae). SAYUR.
Mustard. Brassica nigra L. (Cruciferae). Also a common
word for vegetable. SAYUR PAKIS.
» Stenochloena palustris (Filices), A common climbing fern found in swamps the shoots of which are commonly eaten.
SEBASAH.
Seyphiphora hydrophyliacea Gaertn. (Rubiaceae). See SA-
BASAH. SEBEH
“Canna pulchra” according to Favre. Probably Canna
indica Li. (Settamineae) the Indian shot is meant.
SEBIAK. See SABIAK.
SEBILEK. Castanopsis hystrix Dec. (Cupuliferae). A wild chestnut.
SEBONG HUTAN. Lasianthus appressus Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). A hairy shrub with small white flowers and blue berries.
SEBUGO. Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae Retz. (Sythraeae). More com- menly known as BUNGOH, which see. SEBUNGKAH. (Akar). Vitis cinnamomea Wall. (Anipelideae). A wild vine. SEBUNKAK. (Akar). - Pterisanthes heterantha Miq. (Ampelideae). SEBURAS. Pollia Aclisia Hassk. (Commelinaceae) A herb with white
238 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
flowers and blue berries. SEBURAT. Variants SABURUT and SUPRUT. Thottea grandiflora Rottb. (Aristolochiaceae).. SEBUSOK. SIBUSUK. Also BUSOK-BUSOK.
Cassia nodosa L. (Leguminosae). A common tree with pink flowers.
SEBUTA.
Sarcocephalus Junghuhnii Mig. (Rubiaceae). SEDANG.
Salacia flavescens Kurz. (Rhanmeae). A scandent shrub. SEDANG. (Akar)
Parameria polynenra Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). A climbing shrub with pink flowers which produces a rubber.
SEDAPAT. (Akar) A spidopetrys concava Juss. (Malpighiaceae). SEDOMANG. (Malacca) Rhodamnia trinervia Bl. (Myrtaceae). SEGADING JANTAN. Ixora grandifolia Zoll. (Rubiaceae). SEGAN BEDAHAN. Arthrophy'lum diversifolium (Araliaceae). A common small _ tree in open country. SEGAN JANTAN. Penang Portulaca oleraceae LL. (Portulacaceae). Purslane. A com- mon weed with yellow flowers. SEGAN PADANG. Euphorbia thymifolia 1. (Euphorbiaceae). A small weed. SEGAN PAYA. Jackia ornata Wall. (Rubiaceae). SEGOREH.
Mussaenda glabra Vahl. (Rubiaceae). Ardisia villosa Roxh. Z (Myrsineae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 239
SEGUMPA BETINA. Malacca Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. (Violaceae). SEJANGAT. (Akar) Spatholobus gyrocarpus Benth. (Leguminosae). A big climb- er with small purple flowers. One of the water vines. SEJARANG. Tabernaemontuna peduncularis Wall. (A pocynaceue). SEK AM BULAN. Greenia Jacki WW. and A. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with green flowers. SEKAPU. (Akar) Grewia umbellata Roxb. (7iliaceae). SEKOYI. Italian millet. Panicum italicum L. (Gramineae). SEKOET. (Akar) Spatholobus gyrocarpus Benth. (Leguniinose). SEKUBING AYER. Mallotus floribundus Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). SEKUNTUT. (Akar) Paederia joetida L. (Rubiaceae), A climber with a very un- pleasant scent. SEK UNTUT. Saprosma sp. and Lasianthus sp. (Rubiaceae). Shrubs with white flowers exhaling a very foetid odour when broken. SELARU. Macaranga javanica Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). SELASIH ANTAN. Ocymum basilicum L. (Labiatae). Basil. A kind of mint often to be found in villages. SELASIH DENDE. Also SELASIH HUTAN. Stachytarpheta indica L. (Verbenaceae). A common little shrub with blue flowers. - SELASIH HUTAN. Hyptis suaveolens Poit, (Labiatae). Also Stuchytarpheta
240 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
indica L. (Verbenaceae). SETAWO. (Rumput) Spermacoce hispida L. (Rubiaceae). A common prostrate weed in waste ground with small pink flowers. SELEMBAH. (Akar) Selimbar according to Favre. Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. (Rubiaceae). <A large wild gambier. SELEMPAH. (Selangor) Gnetum neglectum Bl. (Gnetaceae). SELENDAP. Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllideae). Favre is the authority for this. SELENDAP BUKIT. Trigonostemon indicum Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree. SELIGURI. (Akar) Desmodium parvifolium Bak. (Leguminosae). <A little creep- ing plant with very small pink flowers, common in grass, SELIGURI and SELIGURI BETINA. Clerodendron disparifolium Bl. (Verbenaceae). A shrub or small tree wsth yellow flowers. SELIGURI PADANG. Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae). A common small shrub in open country. SELIMPAS. . Quisqualis densiflora Wall. (Combretaceae). A. climber tn pink flowers. SELINSING Scirpodendron costatum Thw. (Cyperaceae). A narrow leaved sedge forming close thickets by river banks espe- cially near the sea. SELOWUNG Miquelia caudata King. (Olacineae). A rather rare climber with small green flowers and curious red flattened ovate fruits in a head. It is used in making the poison for darts by the Sakais. According to Vaughan-Stevens,
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 241
SELUANG MUDIK.
Artanema sesamoides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae). A herb with violet flowers growing in swamps, the narrow leaves are supposed to be of the shape of the Seluang fish.
SELUBAT. Aralidiuin pinnatifidum Miq. (Araliaceae). SELUMAR.
Mussaendopsis Beccariana Baill. (Rubiaceae). A tree with yellow flowers with one lobe of the calyx produced into a large white petaloid limb.
SEMBARANG. Ardisia lanceolata Roxb. (Myrsineae). A shrub with pink flowers. SEMBANG. Clerodendron disparifolium Bl. ( Verbenaceae). SEMBONG. Also SUMBONG.
Blumea balsamifera De C. (Compositae). A strongly scented herb producing the Ngai camphor of the Chinese, and used by the Malays in native medicine.
SEMBONG HUTAN. Vernonia cinerea Bl. (Compositae). SEMBONG GAJAH.
Adenostemma viscosum Forst. (Compositae). A common village
weed with mauve flowers.
SEMBONG HUTAN JANTAN. Clerodendron deflexum Wall. (Verbenaceae).
SEMIJO. (Akar) Strychnos laurina Wall. (Loganiaceae). A shrub with small
green flowers. SEMILAT. Also SEMBiLAT and SEMELIT. Rourea fulgens Planch. also R. rugosa Planch. (Connaraceae) The former is also called SEMILAT DARAT and §, PUTIH. ‘Climbing shrubs witk small leaves often red when young, and pink or white flowers. Used for stomach-ache by natives.
242 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SEMILAT MERAH. Also SEMILAT PAPAN.
Cnestis ramifiora Griff. (Connaraceae). A common large climber with red shoots and pink flowers, fruits red, pear- shaped. ;
SEMPELAS LIDAH KUCHING. (Akar) (Malacca)
Grewia laevigata Vahl. ( Tiliaceae).
SEMPEDU PAHIT.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack. (Simarubeae). Variant of LEM- PEDU. See BIDARA PAHIT. ;
SEMPIAN PETRI.
Clerodendron disparifolium Bl. (Verbenaceae).
SEMUGUM.
Symplocos adenophylla Wall. (Styraceae). A small tree.
SENA.
A variant of SANA i. e. ANGSANA Petrocarpus indicus L .
Chiefly used by Europeans in error for SANA. SENA. SENA MAKI.
*“ The Senna. Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Leguminosae), the leaves of which are imported from Arabia whence the plant derives its name of Mecca Senna.
SENAIAN API. |
Xanthophyllum rufum A. W. Beun. (Polygalaceae). A tree.
SENALA API LAUT.
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack. (Rubiaceae). The ant’s nest plant.
SENAMBON. ,
A variant for SETAMBON; Baccaurea parviflora Muell. (Euphorbiaceae).
SENANCHONG.
Croton argyrites Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). A shrub.
SENDAGURL. :
Variant of SELIGURI. Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae).
SENDERAI. i |
Variant for CHENDERAI. Grewia spp. (Tiliaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 243
SENDEREIAN. (Rumput) A name for several kinds of Sedges, chiefly Scleria (Cypera-
cede). SENDOK-SENDOK. Eindospermum malaccense Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). Lit.
“Spoons” on account of the spoon-shaped leaves. A big tree with rather soft wood used for making clogs. SENDUDOK. Also SENDUDU.
Melastoma polyanthum Bl. (Melastomaceae) and allied species. Shrubs with showy pink flowers, commonly called “Singapore Rhododendrons.”
SSENDUDOK. (Akar)
Marumia muscosa Vahl, and other climbing Melastomaceae such as Anplectrum glaucum Triana and Dissochaeta pune- tulata Hook. fil.
SENDUDOK GAJAH. SENDUDOK HUTAN.
Allomorphia exiqua Bl. (Melastomaceae). A shrub with
greenish flowers.
SENDUDOK PUTIH. Melastoma sanguineum Sims. (Melastomaceae). A shrub with showy pinkish flowers. SANJUAN BUKIT. Dracaena terniflora Roxb. (Liliaceae). A dwarf Dracaena. SENJUANG HUTAN. Also SANJUAN, Aglaonema minus Hook. fil. (Arotdeae). Also Apostasia _ . nuda. Br. (Apostasiaceae).— SENGKAWAS. Diospyros lucida Wall. (Ebenaceae). An Ebony tree. SENGKUANG. Also BENGKUANG. Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich. (Leguminosae). The Yam-bean. - A> bean with a tuberous root like a turnip, eaten by natives. . SENTADA. Also SETADA. Podocarpus neglectus Bl. (Coniferae). A tree like yew, com- mon near the sea. . aes :
244 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SENTOL. Sandoricum indicum L. (Meliaceae). A well known fruit-
tree. SEPADAS BUNGA.
Cratoxylon formosum Benth. (Hypericineae). According to Jack.
SEPA PUTRI. SEPA PETRI.
Pentace triptera Mast. (Tiliaceae). A big timber tree, with white flowers. Also Gonystylus Maingayt Hook. fil. in Malacca.
SEPAN. (Malacca)
Dialium patens Bak. (Leguminosae), A word used in Malacca
for KRANJI. SEPANG.
Sappan wood. Asalpinia Sappan. L. (Leguminosae). A thorny tree with yellow flowers. The wood gives a red dye.
SEPIT. Vitex vestita Wall. (Verbenaceae). A tree with yellow flowers. SEPUIL. Arthrophylum diversifolium Bl. (Araliaceae). SEPUKU.
Heptapleurum venulosum Seem. (Araliaceae). An epiphytic
shrub. SEPUM.
Mangifera Maingayi Hook. fil. (Anacardiaceae). A large
wild mango with eatable fruits. SERAFAT. (Akar)
Parameria polyneura Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). A climbing rubber-vine with ;ink flowers, the bark used in native medicine. SERAPAT or SERAPIT is a name applied to several climbers chiefly Apocynaceae some of which are used in medicine.
SERAPAT JANTAN. (Akar) ~ Ureeola malaccensis Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 245
SERAPAT KUNING. Gymnema acuminatum Wall. (Asclepiadeae). A climber.
SERAPOH. Daphniphyllum laurinum (Euphorbiaceae). A shrub or tree.
SERAPOH. (Akar) Celastrus monosperma Roxb. (Celastrineae). A climbing shrub. SERAPU. Gironniera parvifolia Planch. (Urtieaceae). A shrub. SERAPU PUTIH. Tandera malaccensis Hook. fil. (Laurineae). A common shrub or small tree.
SERAU. (Akar) Parameria glandulifera Hook. fil. (A pocynaceae).
SERAU LIPIS. Pavetta indica LL. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with white flowers. SERAWAN. Eirycibe Sp. (Convolvulaceae). SERAWAN. (Akar) Also SURAWAN. Roucheria Grifithi Planch. (Lineae). SERAWAN KUBANG. Ebermacira setigera Nees. (Acanthaceae). A little white flowered herb, common in woods. SERAWAS. SERAWAS PAYA. Also SURUAS. Fagraea racemasa Jack. (Loganiaceae). Often known as Sapuli. SERAYAH. A name given to timber of several trees belonging to the genera Shorea, and Hopea ( Dipterocarpeae). SERDANG. Livistona cochinchinensis (Palmae). A tall fan palm. SERGA. : Lepidagathis longifolia Wight. (Acanthaceae). A tall herb with dull purple flowers inhabiting dense jungles, used as an abortient by natives.
246 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ERENAH LAUT. Saruney according to Favre. Wedelia bifora De C. ( Compo-
sitae). A yellow flowered composite common near the sea.
SERERAS. (Malacca) Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. ( Pittosporeae). SEREY. Citronella grass. Andropogon Schoenanthus L. (Gramineae). SEREY BUKIT. . Gahnia javanica Zoll. (Cyperaceae). A tall sedge with black flower and spikes growing on mountains. SERI ENGGANG. Hyptis brevipes Poit. ( Labiatae). SERENGAN. Desmodium latifolium Dec. (Leguminosae). Also KAMANI BABI. SERINGAN. Uraria crinita Desv. (Leguminosae). The Malay Lupine. A small shrub with thick spikes of violet flowers. SERINGAN JANTAN. Flemingia congesta Roxb. (Leguminosae). SEROJA. ee The lotus. Nelwmbium speciosum Br. (Nympheaceae). SERTONG. (Malacca) Kopsia paucifora Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). A shrub with white flowers. SERUNTU. Lepidagathis longifolia Wight. (Acanthaceae). SERUPAH BUKIT. ATE es Norrisia malaccensis Gardn. (Loganiaceae). Also SARAPOK. SESA WT. _ Mustard. Brassica nigra L. COrnpeiee): SESAWI PASIR. | Artanema sesamoides Benth. (Soropiatopicsey
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 247
SESENDOK. Contraction for SENDOK-SENDOK. HEndospermum malaccense Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). SESEPIT. (Singapore) Sesuvium portulacastrun L. (Ficoideae). A creeping succu- lent plant with pink flowers common on tidal mud.
SETAMBON. Also SENAMBUN.
Baccaurea parvifolia Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). A small tree the wood of which is used for making sticks. It 1s very hard and yellow.
SETAMBON BETINA.
Baccaurea Wallichti Muell. (Huphor biaceae). SETAWBON LILIN.
Baccaurea brevipes Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). SETAMPIN. (Selangor)
Mallotus Griffithianus Hook. fil. SETAWA. Also SATAWA.
Costus speciosus L. (Scitamineae) also Forrestia spp. (Com- melinaceae). Herbs, the creepine stem of which are used in medicine. Variants are TAWA-TAWA and TAWAGA.
SETAWA GAJAH. SETAWA BETINA. _ Forrestia moltis Clarke.
SETAWA JANTAN. SETAWA HUTAN.
Forrestia Griffithit Clarke. SETEBAL.
Fagrae racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae). A variant of Stittbal. .SETEBAL. (Akar)
Hoya coronaria Bl. (Apocynaceae). A wax flower with
downy leaves and large waxy white star shaped flowers.
SETU or SETUL.
Enhalus acoroides Zoll. (Hydrocharideae). A marine plant, the fruits of which are eaten by children.
SETUI. (Lankawi) A local variant for Sentol (Sandoricum indicum).
248 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SETUBAL. (Akar) Also SATUBAL. Henslowia Lobbiana De C. (Santalaceae).
SETUBAL PAYA. Kibara coriacea Endl. (Moniniaceae). SETULANG. (Johore) Moesa ramentacea A. De C. (Myrsineae). SHINGHE. Microstemon velutina Engler. (Anacardiaceae). A big tree said to produce a dammar. | SIAK. (Akar) Physostelma Wallichii Wight. (Asclepiadeae). A slender
climber with white flowers. The roots are sweetly scent- ed and are used in native medicine.
SIAK-SIAK JANTAN. Dianella ensifolia Red. Liliaceae).
SIAK-SIAK RIMBAH. Mapania humilis Naves. (Cyperaceae).
SIAL MUNAHON. See MANAON. Pternandra coerulescens Jack. (Melastomaceae). A tree.
SIAL MUNAHON. (Akar) Jasminum smilacifolium Griff. (Oleaceae). The three nerv- ed leaves suggest those of Pternandra whence the name.
SIAMET (Rumput) Fimbristylis asperrima Vahl. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge.
SIANGGIT. (Sungei Ujong) Ageratum conyzoides L. ound) The white weed.
SIANGAN JANTAN. Diospyros sp. (Hbenaceae). SIANGUS. Croton Griffithii Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). A common shrub.
SIANTAN JANTAN. Also SIANTAN HUTAN. Ixora amoena Wall. (Rubiaceae). An orange red Ixora.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 249
SIANTAN HUTAN. Randia longiflora Lam. (Rubiaceae). SIBILEK.
Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. (Violaceae). A shrub with mossy fruit of which the seed is used in medicine as a purgative. Compare SEBILEK.
SIBONGKOK BUKIT. Sarcocephalus Junghuhni Mig. (Rubiaceae). SIBU. (Rumput) Oldenlandia corymbosa LL. (Rubiaceae). A weed with small white flowers.
SIBUEH API. (Akar)
Gymnema acuminatum Wall. (A sclepiadeae). SIBUEH BATU. |
Limnophila villosa Benth. (Scrophularineae). A little herb. SIBUEH JANTAN. (Rumput)
Hedyotis glabra Br. (Rubiaceae). A common weed. SIBUEH. (Akar)
Gouanta mcrocarpa De C. (Rhanneae). A climber. SIBURU.
Gomphia Sumatrana Jack. (Ochnaceae). According to Jack. SIDIN. (Akar)
Lygodium dichotomum (Filices). A common climbing fern. SIAGNOS BETINA.
Parastemon urophyllum KE. (Rosaceae). <A tree. SIBIAK. (Malacca) . Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae). SIGAM.
Gonicaryum longeracemosum King. (O/ainceae). A half scan- dent shrub with long hanging racemes of purplish green flowers.
SIGOH. Also SIGONIAH.
Alsodeia Kunstlertana King. (Violaceae). Also Microdesmis casearifolia (Euphorbiaceae). Shrubs or the colter some- times a small tree.
250 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SIGRAN. (Akar)
Willughbeia firma Bl. (A pocynaceae). SIGUMBONG PAYA.
Kibara coriacea Kindl. (Monimaaceae). SIGUMBOR URAT.
Pothomorphe subpeltata Miq. (Prperaceae). A large leaved
pepper common in the hill districts. SIGUN. Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wight. (Laurineae). <A large tree. SIGUNDOL.
Microstylis congestau Lindl. (Orehideae). A small ground
orchid. SIGURAT.
Webera longifolia Hook. fil. (Kubiaceae). A sbrub with white flowers.
SIKAP DADA. 2
Oxalis corniculata L. (Geraniaceae). A little yellow-flowered weed common in gardens.
SIKU-SIKU.
Striga lutea Lour. (Scrophularineae) A small herb with yellow or pink flowers growing in grass. The name is also applied to Oldenlandiu corymbosa (Rubiaceae).
SIKU KELUANG.
Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. (Sterculaceac). Lit. “ Bat’s
elbow,” on account of the winged fruits. A vast tree. SILAM KULU.
Psychotria polycarpa Mig. (Rubiaceae). <A climbing plant
common in hedges. SILANGSANG.
Pandanus n sp. A dwarf species allied to P. ovatus with
globose heads of fruit. It also called SINDAYEN MASING. SILAYER. (Selangor)
Sterculia scaphigera Wall. (Sterculiaceae). More commonly
known as KUMBANG SAMANGKO. | SILINCHA. (Johore) Phoebe sp. (Laurineae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 251
SILAT KAIN. (Rumput) Centotheca lappacea Beau. (Gramineae). A grass the heads of which are very adhesive to cloth whence the name. SILOKAN. (Singapore) Octhocharis javanica Bl. (Melastomaceae). A seashore shrub with pink flowers, SIMAMBA HUTAN. (Langkawi) Glycosmis sapindoides Lindl. ( Rutaceae). SIMPAYAN ULAR. (Malacca) Cupania pleuropteris Hiern. (Sapindaceae). A common tree
SIMPOH.
Favre gives also SIMPUH and there is a variant CHIMPOH. Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae). <A large tree with very large white flowers. Also Randia anisophylla Jack, which is also called SIMPOH GAJAH.
SIMPOH AYER. Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). SIMPOH BUKIT.
Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wight. (Laurineae).
SIMPOH JANTAN. SIMPOH BUKIT. SIMPOH HUTAN.
Worma meliosmaefolia King. (Dilleniaceae). A yellow flowered tree common in hil! woods.
SIMPOH PAYA. Wormia pulchella Jack. (Dilleniaceae).
SIMPOR. (Perak)
Dichopsis sp. (Sapotaceae). A Gutta-percha producing tree. SIMINJOH. (Akar) (Pahang)
Smilax Helferi A. De C. (Liliaceae). A climbing shrub, SIMMUNGKE. Also MUNGKE.
Croton argyratus Bl. (Huphorbiaceae). SINDARONG.
Glochidion sericeum Hook. fil, (Euphorbiaceae). A tree.
SINGGA. Antidesma cuspidatnm Muell. (Huphorbiaceae).
252 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SINGGA BETINA. ; Cinnamonum iners Bl. (Laurineae), A common wild cin- namon. SINGGA PUTIH. Myristica glaucesceus Hook. fll. (Myristicaceae).
SININTOT. (Johore) Evodia sp.
SINJARANG. (Akar) See also JARANG-JARANG, Cyathula prostrata Bl. (Amarantaceae). SINONIA. Memecylon coeruleum Jack. (Melastomaceae). A shrub with blue flowers. SINTENG. Cassia tomentosa L. (Leguminosae). A hairy weed with yellow flowers introduced from South America. SINTULANG. Jackia ornata Wall. (Rubiaceae). SIPET. Vitex vestita Bl. (Verbenaceae). SIPITUM. (Pahang) Hedyotis glabra Br. (Rubiaceae). SIRIH. Betle pepper. Piper betle L. (Piperaceae). There are two cultivated varieties, SIREH MATLAYU and SIRIH CHINA. SIRIH AYER. Piper miniatum Bl. (Piperaceae), A wild pepper with red spikes of fruit. SIRIH KADOK. Piper longum L. (Piperaceae). ee also KADOK.
SIRI CHICHEWI. (Province Wellesley) Scindapsus pictus Hassk. (Aroideae). A climbing aroid with varigated leaves like those of a pepper.
SIRIT BUDAK. (Johore) Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 253
SISIK NAGA.
Burmannia coelestis Don. (Burmanniaceae). Lit. ‘“ Dragon’s scales.” A little herb with violet urn-shaped flowers gerowing in grass.
SISIK NAGA. (Akar)
Desmodium heterophyllum Bak. (Leguiiinosae). A small
creeping plant with pink flowers. SISIK NAGA. (Akar)
Pelliona Duvanana N. HK. Br. (Urticaceae). A creeping plant with green or purple variegated leaves often cul- tivated.
SITAKA.
Plumbago rosea L. (Plumbagineae). According to Favre; in
Singapore it is called CHERAKA. SITOE SOPIE. Hlaeocarpus robustus Roxb. (Tiliaceae).
SITULANG. (Pahang) Coptosapelta Griffithii Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae). S'RIAN PUTIH. Kibara coriacea End). (.Wonimiaceae). SRIGALA. Hedyotis glabra Br. (Rubiaceae). A common herb. SRI KAYA. The “ Bullock’s heart.” Anona squamosa L. (Anonaceae). SRI KAYA BLANDA. Also NONA BLANDA. The “Sour-sop.” Anona muricata L. (Anonaceae). STANDANG. (Rumput) ; Spermacoce hispida Br. (Rubiaceae). A little pink flowered creeping herb. SUAPAH. (Akar) Ureeola torulosa Hook. fil. (A pocynaceae). SUASA. (Rumput) Exriocaulon sexangulare Li. (Hriocauloneae). A herb with the flowers in white balls on the end of the peduncles, common in and near water.
254 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
.SUBANG. (Akar) Sphenodesma pentandra Jack. (Verbenaceae). SUBIDAI. (Akar) Tylophora Wallichii Hook. fil. (Asclepiadeae). SUBURUS. (Akar) Randia rugulosa Thw. (subiaceae). A thorny climber with white flowers. SUBURUS HITAM. Diplospora sp. (Rubiaceae). A small tree with green flowers. SUBURUTEH. See ARA SUBURUTEH. Ficus pisifera Wall. (Urticaceae). SUBURUTEH PUTIH. (Akar) Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). A climbing species. SUBUTA. Sarcocephalus subditus Korth. (Rubiaceae). SUGA. Ormosia venosa Bak. (Leguminosae). A tree with white flowers. SUGAO PETALING. Diplospora sp. (Rubiaceae). SUGI.
Cupania pubescens Radlk. (Sapindaceae) in Maingay’s list.
SUGI JANTAN. Byttneria uncinata Mast. (Sterculiaceae). (Maingay’s list.) Maingay says this has dull red wood and is used for the sides of Gharries. “:He is the only person who has col- lected the plant. SUGI-.SUGI. Gnetum Brunonianum Griff. (Gnetaceae). Also Aporosa microcalyx Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). SUGU-SUGU. ; Macaranga javanica Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). SUGUNJA. ) iy, Anadendron montanum Schott. (Aroideae). An aroid climb- ing on trees.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 255
SUJARONG.
Tabernaemontana peduncularis Wall. (A pocynaceae). SUKAM BULAN.
Greenta Jackii Wight. (Rubiaceae). SUKAM MERAH.
Aporosa microsphaera Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceaz). SUKUN.
The bread fruit. Artocarpus incisa L. (Urticaceae). SULIMBAT.
Eugenia conglomerata Duthie. (Myrtaceae). SULENGSEN. (Rumput)
Mariseus pennatus C. B. C. (Cyperaceae). SULOH. (Akar)
Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae). A climber with red
flowers often cultivated.
SULOH BELALANG. (Rumput)
Cyperus Iria L. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge. SULOH HUTAN. (Akar)
Urceola torulosa Hook. fll. (A pocynaceae). SULONG. (Akar) 7
Psychotria polycarpu Miq. Also Gynochthodes sublanceolata.
Mig. (Rubiaceae).
SULOR API JANTAN.
Loranthus pentandrus L. ( Loranthaceae).
SULUANG MUDEH.
Eranthemum malaccense A. B. C. (Acanthaceae).
SULUBAT JANTAN.
Aglaia odoratissima L. (Melraceae).
SULUDANG PINANG. Peliosanthes albida Hook. fil. (Ophiopogoneae). SULU KRANG. Iimbelia Ribes L. (Myrsineae). A common woody climber with small white flowers and black berries. SULU isa long shoot and KRANG is coral.
256 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SULUMSAI. Aporosa Maingayt Hook. fll. (Euphorbiaceae).
SULUPUT. (Akar) : lodes velutina King. (Olacineae). A climber with green flowers.
SULURO. Webera stellata Hook. fil. (Rubtaceae). A shrub with white flowers.
SUMANG.
Quisqualis densiflora Wall. Jack is the authority for this. SUMANGSO.
Croton argyrites Bl. (Huphorbiaceae). SUMBAN PAYA.
Chloranthus officinalis Bl. (Chloranthaceae). SUMBAWANG. (Johore)
Kayea ferruginea Pierre. (Guitiferae). SUMBO. (Rumput)
Cyperus Haspan lL. (Cyperaceae). SUMBONG. See SEMBONG. SUMBONG MERAH.
Didymocar pus crinitus Jack. (Cyrtandraceae). SUMBOR. |
Breynia veclinata Hook. fll. (Huphorbiaceae). . SUMIN JANTAN.
Alchornea villosa Muell. (Huphorbiaceae).
SUMPAYAN ULAR. Cstodes macrophyllus Benth. (/uphorbiaceae). SUMPELAS LIDAH KUCHING. (Sungei Ujong) Grewia umbellata Koxb. (Tiliaceae). SUMPUH. (Akar) Jasminum bifarium Wall. (Oleaceae). The wild Jasmine.
SUMPUH BADAK. Ophiorrhiza sp. (Rubiaceae)
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 257
SUMPUH BULAN. Also SUMPUH KRING. Aglaonema angustifolium N. B. Br. (Arordeae). SUMPUH KELADA. Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (Rubiaceae).
SUMPUH KRING. Argostemma elatostenma Hook. fil. (Rubiaceae).
SUMPU KUHAO. (Malacca) Clerodendron deflecum Wall. (Verbenaceae).
SUMPUH LANDAK.
Forrestia Griffithit Ularke. (Commelinaceae). SUMPUH LUMPO.
Ardisia odontophylla Wall. (Myrecinia). SUMPUH MUNAHAN.
Cyrtandromea Ra G Ns Eemsl. (Cyrtandraceae). SUMPU PUCHOT.
Coptosapelta Griffithti Hook: fil. (Rubiaceae). SUMPU TILINGA BADAK.
Crypteronia Griffith’ Clarke. (Lythraceae). <A fairly large
tree.
SUMPUH SEMUT.
Chasalia curvifiora var angustifolia ( Rubiaceae). SOMPUH ULAT. (Akar)
Henslowia Lobbiana A. De U. (Santa/aceae). SUMULUT. (Akar)
Lettsomia Maingayi Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). SUMUNLAT. (Akar) |
Letisomia Maingayui CU. B. Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). SUNAI LAUT. See SERENAH LAUT.
Wedelha biflora De C. (Compositae). SUNARONG BETTINA.
Corchorus capsularis L. (Tiitaceae). A herb with yellow
flowers.
SUNDAL MALAM. Polianthes tuberosa L. (Amaryllideae). The tuberose.
258 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SUNDIK. GETAH SUNDIK. Payena Leerti Oliv. (Sapotaceae). A tree producing a good Gutta percha. SUPAH. (Akar) Hoya caudata Hook. fil. (Apocynaceae). SUNGOL HUTAN. SANGAL HUTAN. Canarium rufum A. W. Benn. (Burseraceae) (Maingay’s list). SUNGOL LUTONG. Also SANGGOL LUTONG. Nephe'ium eriopetalum Mig. (Sapindaceae). A wild Rambu- tan with pendent spikes of flowers and fruits. SUNG-SUNG HARUS. (Akar) Combretum trifoliatum Vent. (Combretaceae). The fruits are sold in the shops as an anthelmintic. SUNKIT.. Myristica elliptica Wall. (Myristicaceae). A large wild nutmeg. SUNKO RIMAU. Parinarium Griffithianum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). SUNTANG. PUTIH. Cedrela febrifuga Bl. (Meliaceae). SUNTO BUKIT. Hullettia dumosa King. ( Urticaceae).
Sula Ivora nigricans Br. (Rubiaceae). A white-flowered Ixora.
SUPIDANG. (Rumput) ; Mapania bancana Miq. ( Cyperaceae). A sedge
SUPUCHA. Phyllochiamys spinosa Bureau. (Urticaceae). A compact thorny shrub.
SUPUDEH. Also SUPIDEH. See under ARA. Ficus urophylla Wall. (Urticaceae).
SUPIDEH JANTAN. Ficus alba Wall. (Urticaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 259
SUPUJIT BUKIT.
Cyrtandromoea megaphylia Hemsl. (Cyrtandraceae). <A large
herb with white flowers and a red calyx.
SURAI. (Rumput)
Mariscus pennatus ( Cyperaceae). SURAI. (Akar) (Sungei Ujong)
Bragantia corymbosa Griff. (Aristolochiaceae). SURANGKING.
Cleistanthus sp. (Huphorbiaceae). SURORAS. (Malacca)
Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae). SURUAS. SURUAS PAYA. See SERAWAS.
Fagraea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae). SURUMAT. (Akar)
Canthium sp. (Rubiaceae).
SURUNDANG. (Akar) Anadendron montanum Vall. Also Scindapsus Perakensis Hook. fil. (Aroideae). SURUNGKO. Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with white flowers.
SURUNKOP. Ryparia fasciculata King. (Bixineae). A small tree with flowers in slender spikes.
SURUNTING, (Akar) Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. (Dioscoreaceae). One of the wild yams with spikes of green flowers. SURUYIAN. Breynia rhamnoides Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). <A large shrub. SURAT BELUKAR. (Rumput) Mapania bancana (Cyperaceae). SUSAWAT. Vitis cinnainiomea Wall. (Ampelideae). SUSOR. (Rumput) Spermaeoce hispida L. (Rubiaceae).
260 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
SUSOR DAUN. (Rumput) Vernonia cinerea Bl. (Compositae). SUSOR PAYA. (Akar) (Malacca) Lecananthus erubescens Jack. (Rubiaceae). SUSU. (Bunga)
Tabernamontana coronaria Br. (Apocynaceae). Lit. milk
flower a common cultivated plant. Favre gives SUSUNG. SUSU RIMAN.
The Sclerotium or resting stage of a fungus. Lentinus sp. (Tuber regium) of Rumph. (Herb. Amboin VI.) Used in na- tive medicine.
SUSU PUTRI. (Akar)
Ficus sp. (Urticaceae).
SUSUDU BUKIT. (Akar)
Hoya diversifolia Bl. (Asclepiadeae). A climbing plant with pink flowers, one of the wax plants.
SUSUDU HUTAN.
Synadenium sp. (Euphorbiaceae). A milky succulent herb
growing on rocks at Penang.
SUSUN KELAPA.
Tabernaemontana malaccensis Oliv. ( A pocynaceae). SUTAPO.
Aporosa Praineana aus (Kuphorbiaceae). A large shrub.
SUTAPO BUKIT. Antidesma velutinosum Muell. (Huphorbiaceae).
SUTNIBUT. = Hedyotis capitellata Wall. (Rubiaceae). SUTUBAL. Marlea nobilis C. B. A. (Cornaceae) Also Fagrea racemosa (Loganiaceag). Compare SETEBAL.
TABAH. (Sungei Ujong) Timonius Jambosella Thw. (Rubiaceae). A small tree.
TABAN. TABAN MERAH. | Dichopsis gutta Benth. (Sapotaceae). The Gutta percha.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 261
TABONG BUNGA. Izora pendula Jack. (Rubiaceae). A shrub with pink and white flowers.
TAH. (Kelantan)
Borassus flabelliformis L. (Palmae). The Palmyra palm.
Compare LONTAR. TAHI AYAM.
Lantana mista L. (Verbenaceae). Also called TAHI AYAM BUSUK. The name is also applied to Vinca rosea and Ageratum coryzoides \.. These are all weeds which spring up near houses and so are supposed to be connected with chicken’s dung which the name means.
TAH] BABI.
Vernonia cinerea Bl. (Compositae). Literally Pig’s dung. A common weed.
TAHI KERBAU. (Rumput)
Fimbristilis miliacea Benth. (Cyperaceae). ‘‘ Buffaloe dung.” The buffaloes eat the plant and the seeds passed often germinate.
TAJAM BALAT. Ryparosa fasciculata King. (Bivineae). TAJAM MOLEH.
Baccaurea brevipes Muell. (Kuphorbiaceae). A tree with
eatable fruits. TALAN.
Saraca triandra Bak. (Leguminosae). A half scandent shrub
or a small tree with red flowers. TALAN KUNYIT. (Malacca) Saraca caulifiora Bak. (Leguminosae). A tree with large masses of yellow flowers, and long pink pods. TALAN. (Rumput) Adenosma capitatum Benth. (Scrophularineae) TAMAN. (Rumput) Cyperus pumilus Vahl. (Cyperaceae). A small sedge. TAMBAK. More usually TOMBAK which see. Tobacco.
262 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TAMBAK BUK(tT.
Vernonia cinerea Bl. (Compositae).
TAMBANG SISIR. : :
Pimelandra Wallichi A. De C. (Myrsineae). A-small tree.
TAMBO.
Euthremis leucocarpa (Ochnaceae). <A little shrub with
terminal spikes of pink flowers, and red or white berries. TAMBON CHUCHUT. |
Aporosa aurea Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae).
TAMPANG.
Artocarpus Gomeziana. Wall. (Urticaceae). Also called TAMPANG TULONG and TAMPANG NASI and TAMPANG BurRoNG. A large tree with soft eatable fruits green outside and pink within. |
TAMPANG BURONG.
Ficus vaseulosa Wall. (Urticaceae). This name is also applied to Artocarpus Gomeziana, Wall. which is the true TAMPANG.
TAMPANG BULAT. Artocarpus Gomeziana Wall. var Giriffithit (Urticaceae). TAMPANG MANIS. TAMPANG AMBONG. Artocarpus Lakoocha Roxb. (Urticaceae). TAMPAN PUTRI.
Eranthemum malaceense Clarke. (Acanthaceae). A shrub with: violet flowers.
TAMPONG BESIH. Also TAMPOH BESIH.
Callicarpa longifolia Lam. (Verbeanceae).
TAMPONG BESIH PUTIH. Callicarpa cana Lam. There are shrubs with violet flowers and small black or white fruits. The latter has the backs of the leaves white.
TAMPONG ARI, (Akar) Also RumpuT UnLar ARI. (Clifford and Swettenham). Erycibe angulata King. (Convolvulaceae). Ari is a —— ous snake. A climbing shrub.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 263
TAMPINAH. FAlydrocera triflora W. and A. (Geraniaceae). The water- balsam. . TAMPINES. | Sloetia sideroxylon Teysm. (Urticaceae). A well known tim- ber. Slight variations or states of the plant are known as T. MERAH, T. Kerone, T. Putin, T. HITAM. TAMPO KALIN. Pollia sorzogonensis Endl. (Commelinaceae). A herb occur- ring in hill jungles, TAMPO KULANG. Also GULANG and GLANG. Leptaspis urceolata Br. (Gramineae). A broad leaved grass growing in jungles. Also called GETAH PUYUH. TAMPON TULONG. Aralidium pinnatifidum Mig. (Araliaceae). TAMPOI. Baccaurea malayana Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae). A well known fruit. TAMPOI PAYA. (Johore) Gomphia Hookeri Hook. fil. (Ochnaceae) A tree with red flowers. TAMPOI TUNGA. TAMFOI TUNGNAU. Baccaurea macrophylla Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A tree with brown fruits. TAMPOI DADA. _ Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. (Ternstroemiaceae). TAMPOI PACHAT. Aporosa Maingayi Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). TAMPUNEH. Artocarpus rigida Bl. (Urticaceae). The Monkey-jack. A big tree with an excellent fruit. TANAK RIMAU. (Akar) Sphenodesma pentandra Jack. ( Verbenaceae). TANDOK-TANDOK. (Akar) Strophanthus dichotomus De C. (A pocynaceae). Lit. ‘* Horns”
264 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
on account of the horn-shaped fruits. A climber with curiously shaped tailed flowers purple and white. The The name is also applied to some other kinds of Apocy- naceous climbers with similar fruits. TANJONG. (Bunga) Mimusops HElengi L. (Sapotaceae). A commonly planted tree. TANTAN. (Bunga) Amomum xanthophlebium Baker. (Zingiberaceae). A wild ginger the flowers of which are used in curries. TAPAK BURONG Aneilema nudifiorum L. (Commetinaceae). Also Mollugo stricta L. (Kicoideae). Lit. ‘ Bird’s feet.” Little strag- cling weeds common in waste ground. TAPAK ETIE. Floscopa scandens (Commelinceae). Lit. ‘‘ Duck’s feet.” A herb with pink flowers growing in wet places. TAPAK KERBAU. Clerodendron villosum Bl. (Verbenaceae). ‘ Buffalo's feet.” A common shrub whith white flowers. TAPAK KUDA. Ipomea pes-capraue Roth. (Convolvulaceae) Lit. ‘* Horse feet” from the shape of the leaves The Goat’s foot con- volvulus, a pink convolvulus common on sea coasts.
TAPAK RIMAU Trevesia sundaica Mig. (Araliaceae). “ Tiger’s feet” A shrub; curious palmate leaves suggesting the paw marks of a tiger TAPAK RUSA. (Akar) Letisomia peguensis Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). Lit Bee s feet. TAPIS. (Johore) Mesua ferrea L. (Guttiferae). The Ceylon Iron wood.
TARASAY MANIS. Glochidion insulare Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). A sea shore shrub. |
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 265
TARING PELANDOK. Diospyros hirusta var lucida Wall. (Ebenaceae). (Maingay’s list). TAROK MANIS. More commonly CHEKOP MANIS. Sauropus albicans Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). TARUM. Indigo, Indigofera tinctorta L. (Leguninosae). TARUM. (Akar) Marsdenia tinctoria Br. (Asclepiadeue). A climber some- times but seldom cultivated for indigo. 1a; TARUMBO. (Pahang) Marsdenia sp. TASAI. (Malacca) Cupania Lessertiana Camb. (Sapindaceae). A tree. TASBH-TASEK. Adenosma capitatum Benth. (Scrophularineae). TAWAK. Stderovylon ferrugineum Hook. (Sapotaceae). A small tree with coppery leayes common on the sea coast. TAWAGA. (Penang) Forrestia mollis Hassk. (Commelinaceae). See SETAWA.
TAWA-TAWA ANTAR. See SETAWA.
Costus speciosa L. (Scitamineae) A tall plant with large white flowers and red calyces. The name Tawa-Tawa is most commonly modified into Setawa and is applied to this plant and various species of Forrestia (Commelynaceae) The creeping stems of both being used in medicine.
TEBRAU.
A name applied to several of the larger grasses chiefly Sa- charum arundinaceum L. S. Ridleyi Hook. (Pahang) and Thysanolaena acarifera Nees.
TE.
Thea chinensis (Lernstroeniaceae). The tea plant.
266 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TE (Poko) Panax fruticosum LL, (Cnateaceaa ek commonly cultivated ornamental shrub.
TE MACAO. (Malacca) 2 Scoparia duleis (Scrophularineae). An introduced weed with small white flowers. Leaves used to make a medi- cinal tea.
TEBAN. _. Variant of TABAN. Dichopsis gutta Benth. (Sapotaceae). TEBING AGA. Leonurus sibirius L. (Labiatae). A pink flowered weed sometimes cultivated by the Chinese. TEBU. : Sugar-cane. Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae). TEBUANG BLANG. Myristica sp. near polysphoerula Hook. fil One of the wild nutmegs. TEJEH. Cinnamomum mnollissimum Hook. fil. (Laurineae). Favre gives Téja. A wild cinnamon with downy leaves.
TELINAH KERBAU BUKIT. Vanilla Griffithit Rchb fil. (Orchideae). A climbing orchid.
TELINGA TIKUS. (Akar) Desmodium heterophytlum De C. (Leguminosae). Lit. mouse- ear; a little creeping plant probably so called from the shape of its leaves.
TELINGIN KRA. (Kedah) | Henslowia Lobbiana A. De C. (Santalaceae). ‘« Ape ears.” TELOR BELANGKAS. Sida carpinifolia L. (Malvaceae). “ King-crab’s eggs.” Alse Maesa ramentacea A De C. (Myrsineae) from the resembl- ance of the small round fruits to the eggs.
TELOR BUJAK. (Akar) A geloea vestita Hook. fil. (Connaraceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 267
TELOR IK AN. (Rumput)
Panicum radicans L. (Gramineae). A grass with a very fine panicle of small black spikelets. Literally ‘“ Fish-egg grass.”
TELUTA JANTAN.
Heptapleurum venulosum Seem. (Araliaceaeé).
TEMAH. (Lankawi) A species of Shorea ( Dipterocarpeae) I have seen no flowers.
TEMAH BATU. Pentacme Malayana King. (Dipterocarpeae). A straggling tree on lime-stone rocks. TEMAGNU. (Singapore) Glochidion superbum Muell. (Huphorbiaceae). A small tree common in open country. TEMBAGA. (Rumput) Tschaemum muticum Vahl. (Gramineae). One of the com- ' monest grasses.
TEMBAGA SUASA. (Bunga) Crinum asiaticum L. (A maryllideae). “ The Pinch-beck onion.” A’ common sea-shore plant, with white flowers. The coppery sheaths of the bulb are alluded to in the native name.
TEMBATU. bo Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). See also MERBA- TU. A big tree with a good timber. Also applied to Scortechinia Kingii Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). TEMBUSU. Also TEMUSU. Fagraea fragrans Roxb. (Leguminosae). A very common - large tree giving a first class timber. TEMBUSU JANTAN. Polyosma mutabile Bl. (Saxifragaceae). A tree with good __ timber whence the confusion with Fagraea fragrans Roxb., the real TEMBUSU.
TEMBUSU PAYA. . Alstonia macrophylla Wall. (A pocynaceae).
268 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TEMIN. (Prov. Wellesley) eh:
Balanostreblus ilicifolius Kurz. (Urticaceae). A thorny shrub. :
TEMOHONG. / Boe Buchanama acuminata Turcz. (Anacardiaceae). A tree with white flowers. 3 TEMPAH RAGAT. (Pahang). TEMPU RANAK: (Malacca) Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae\. The wild raspberry. TEMU.
A name given to many wild gingers. (Scitamineae). TEMU KUNCHI. 7 4 _ Koempferia pandurata Rose. A small cultivated ginger. TEMU KUNYIT.
Turmeric. Curcuma longa L.
TEMU LAWAS. auuiaees
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. The Zedoary. A white turmeric used in curries. |
TEMURUS. sie Pre: Ardisia oxyphylla Wall. (Myrsineae). A shrub with pink
ay: flowers.
TENGAH.
Ceriops candolleana Arn. (Rhizophoreae). A mangrove of which the bark if extensively used for tanning and dyeing.
TENGAH HUTAN.
Ternstroemia penangiane Chois. (Ternstr oemiaceae). A tree with deep green leaves, white flowers, and. very conspicu-: ous plum-shaped red fruits which split and let the seeds which are scarlet hang out.
TENGGEH BURONG. Also S'TENGAH BURONG.
Evodia Roxburghiana Benth. E. latifolia De C. and other
species. Shrubs or trees with corymbs of whité Howers. TENGKAWANG. (Minyak) “jp
The fat of Diplocnemia sebifera Pierre. It is importéd into
Singapore from Borneo. ;
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 269
TENGKOK BIAWAK. 3 Fagraea racemosa Jack. (Loganiaceae). Also Allomorphia exigua Bl. (Melastomaceae). Lit Lizard’s neck.
TENGKOK BIAWAK HITAM. (Akar) Ficus aurantiaca Griff. (Urticaceae). A climbing fig with large orange figs. Literally, the black lizard’s neck, TENOL. : Myristica laurina Hook. fil. (Myristicaceae). A small tree. TENTAWAN. (Akar) | Conocephalus suaveolens Bl. (Urticaceae). _One of the water producing vines, with large leaves and balls of pinkish flowers.
TENTULANG MERAH. | | Garcinia eufentaefolta Wall. ( Guttiferae). Contraction for | TULANG-TULANG ? TENTARONG. (Akar)
Lettsomia Mangayi C. B. Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). TEPUS. : . :
Wild gingers, chiefly of thé genus Sténochasma éte. (Scita- minede).
TEPUS DANA.
Stenochasma urcéolare Griff. A large plant with the red flowers borne in heads, on the under grourid portion of the stem just appearing above ground.
TEPUS KIJOI. 3 Alninaa Rafiesiana Wall. A pretty ginger with a tering! spike of orange and red flowers. TEPUS MERAH. Amomum aculeatum Roxb. TERAP.
Artocarpus Kunst/eri Hook. fil. (Urticaceae). A tree pro- ducing a kind of rubber used for catching birds and a bark cloth used by the Sakais.
TERATEI. sae id Néluinbiim Spéciosum Willd. (Nymphéacéae). THe Lotus
270 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TERATEI KECHIL. The common Water lily. Nymphaea stellata Wall. TERENTANG. , Campnosperma auriculata oak fil. (Anacardiaceae). <A big tree with large leaves and small green flowers. The
wood though soft is good as it is of a beautiful silvery ‘white.
TERENTANG BUKIT. -Allophyllus cobbe 1. CSapindaceae). A common shrub. TERMAL. “Myristica colletiana Hook. fil. (Myristicaceae). TERONG. A name given to various species of Solanum (Solanaceae).
TERONG ASAM HUTAN. TERONG BLANDA. TERONG PURAT.
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. A small species very thorny with globose orange fruits.
TERONG KUMAN. (Lankawi) . _ Cyclea arnotti Miers. (Menspermaceae). A climbing plant. TERONG MERANTI. (Kedah) TERONG PARACHICHIT.
Solanum nigrum L. A common weedy plant growing all over the world. It is eaten as a spinach.
TERONG PIPUT. Solanum torvum Swartz also S. verbascifolium L. Common shrubs in waste grounds. TERONG RAYA. Also T. BULAH and TERONG PIPIT. TERONG RIMBANG. Solamum verbascifolium L. A shrub with white flowers. TERONG TIKUS. S. sarmentosum Nees. (So/anaceae). TERONG-TERONG. (Akar) Lettsomia Maingayi C. B. Clarke (Convolvulaceae). TERUNTUM. ; : _ Aegiceras majus Gaertn. (Myrsineae). A sea-shore shrub.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 271
TERUTAP BATU. Torenia polygonoides Benth. (Scrophularineae). A small creeper common in grass, flowers brown and white. TERUTUS. (Rumput) Ischoemum muticum (Gramineae). TIGA CHABANG. (Akar) Trichosanthes Wawraei Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae). A wild pumpkin with trifoliate leaves. TIGA SARI. (Rumput) Cyperus compressus LL. (Cyperaceac). A common sedge. Lit three-angled grass. TIMAH BANGAN. Glochidion superbum Muell. (Huphorbiuceae).
TIMAH-TIMAH. Contrated to TITIMAH. Ilex cymosa (Ilicineae), A small tree with a very white stem Howers very small greenish white. TIMAH-TIMAH BULAN. T. GADING. Ilex macrophylla Wall. (Llicineae). TIMAH KETAM. (Akar) Streptocaulon Wallichii W.and A. (Asclepiadeae). A very milky climber. TIMBAH TASEK. Also TASEK-TASEK. Adenosma coeruleum Benth. (Scrophorlarineae). TIMBANG DAYONG. (Sungei Ujong) Anthocephalus Cadamba Mig. (Rubiaceae). TIMUN. Also MENTIMUN, KUTIMUN, and TIMUN- TIMUN. Any small pumpkins (Cucurbrtaceae) and passion-flowerg (Passifloreae). TIMUN CHINA. | The cucumber. Cucumis sativus. L..
TIMUN DENDANG. 3 Passiflora foetida |. Also Modecca Singaporeanu Mast. (Passifloreae).
>
272 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TIMUN DENDANG LUNJUNG. Trichosanthes celebica Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae). A wild pump- kin with white flowers and scarlet fruits. vs
TIMUN GAJAH. _ Trichosanthes Wallichianum Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae).
TIMUN GAJAH MERAH. Modecca singaporeana Mast. (Passiflereae). TIMUN HUTAN. Passiflora quadrangularis L. (Passifloreae). The grenadilla. TIMUN PADANG. | Passiflora foetida 1. (Passeforeae). A passion flower with small white flowers and red fruit enclosed in a viscid ca- lyx, common in waste ground but not indigenous. TIMUN PAYA. Hfodecca singaporeana Mast. (Passzfloreae). TIMUN TIKUS. Mukia sp. (Cucurbitacee). A small wild pumpkin with fruits no bigger than peas. TINGAL BALAI. Aralidium pinnatifidum Mig. (Avraliaceae). TINGAO. Leptonychia glabra Turez. (Sterculiaceae) A shrub with small green flowers. TINGAR BELUKAR. Elaeocarpus paniculatus Wall. (Tiliaceae). TIRAK. Eurya acuminata De G. (Lernstroemiaceae). A small tree. TITIMAH. Contraction for TIMAH-TIMAH. Ilex cymosa Bl. (Llieineae). TITIMAH BETINA. (Malacca) Micromelum pubescens Bl. (Rutaceae). TIUP-TIUP. pee Adinandra dumosa Jack. (Ternstroemiaceae). A small tree common in secondary jungle; flowers white.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 273
TIYUNG. Cycas Rumphii (Cycadeae) according to Favre. It is more commonly known here as PAKU LAUT. TOI. Leea sp. (Ampelideae). TOIOH. (Singapore) Goniocaryum longiracemosum King. (Olacineae). A large shrub. TOKONG BULU. Hedyotis vestita Br. (Rubiaceae). A weed with small lilac flowers. TOL. Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. (Menispermaceae). On the authority of Prof. Vaughan-Stephens. Probably a Sakai word. A large climber used in native medicine.
TOMBAK-TOMBAK. TOMBAK BUKIT. Vernonia cinerea Bl. (Compositae). The name is also applied to several other composites found in waste ground. See TAMBAK.
TOMBAK-TOMBAK JANTAN. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Composttae ). TONGKAT ALI. (Poko) Grewia umbellata Roxb. ( Tiltaceae).
TONGKAT ALI. (Rumput) Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. (Gramineae). A large grass common in woods. TONGKAT BAGINDA. (Penang) Eurycoma longifolia Jack. (Simaruceae), See BIDARA PAHIT. TONGKAT SETAU. Clinogyne grandis Benth. (Scitamineae). TONGKING. (Bunga) Pergularia minor Andr. (Asclepiadeaec). The well-known Tongkin Creeper. TONGMOGU. Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae).
274 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TRALING.
Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. (Sterculiaceae). A gigantic tree. (Maingay’s list). Traling is a very good timber much in request.
TRANGNOK.
Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait. (Pittosporeae). TUAK-TUAK. Also TAWAK.
Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. ( Sapotaceue). TUBA.
Derris elliptica Benth. (Leguminosae). A climber with pink
flowers. The roots used a fish poison.
TUBA-TUBA. (Akar)
Derris maingayana Hook. fil. (Leguminosae). TUBANG.
Chasalia curviflora Thw. ( Rubiaceae). TUBO.
Adinandra sp. (Ternstroemiaceae). TUBO BUAH.
Cryptocarya Grifithiana Wight. (Laurineae). TUBO KELOL.
Pollia sorzogonensis Endl. (Commelinaceae). TUDONG RUMAN.
Clerodendron disparifolium Wall. (Verbenaceae). TUGOR PONTIANAK. (Akar)
Chailletia deflexifolia Turcz. (Chailletiaceae). TUI. (Buah)
Txonanthes icosandra Jack. (Lineae). TUI KARAS.
Aquilarta malaccensis Lam. (Thymeleaceae). See also GA-
HARU. This name is applied to the young plants of Gaharu.
TUKAS. (Akar) Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. (itis
TUKI. (Rumput) Kyllinga monocephala Vahl. (Cyperaceae).
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 275
TOKO TAKAL. (Akar) Croton candatus Geisel. (Euphorbiaceae). A bush or climber with yellowish globular fruits. TUKO TAKAL. (Poko) Baccaurea wallichii Hook. fil. (Euphorbiaceae). A tree. TUKUL. Artocarpus n. sp. (Urticaceae). An undescribed species of Artocarpus with pinnate leaves common in Singapore. TUKUS. Caryota mitis Lour. (Palmeae). A common palm.
TUKUS TIKUS. Peliosanthes albida Hook. fil. (Ophiopogoneae). A herb with broad leaves and white flowers found in woods. TULANG BETINA. Petunga sp. (Rubiaceae). A small tree.
TULANG BUKIT. Derris thyrsifiora Benth. (Leguminosae). A scandent shrub with white flowers. TULANG DAENG. Millettia abupurpurea Benth. (Leguminosae). A big’ tree with deep purple flowers. TULANG HUTAN. Moesa ramentacea Vahl. (Myrsineae). A scandent shrub.
TULANG PADANG. (Akar) Connarus gibbosus Wall. and C. grandis Jack. (Connaraceae) Climbing shrubs,
TULANG-TULANG.
Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. (Guttiferae). Commonly known as KANDIS.
Also Psychotria malayana Jack. (Rubiaceae). Tulang-Tulang, literally Bones, seems to refer to the wood of the plants which is white and bony. I do not however see why it is applied to the second_of these, which is a small shrub.
TULO BELALANG. (Rumput) Sporobolus diander L. (Gramineae). A common roadside grass.
276 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
TULO BELANGKAS.
Oldenlandia corymbosa Heyne. (Rubiaceae). A common little weed.
TULOH BLJO. 7
Ficus globosa Bl. (Urticaceae). A shrub with green figs. TULO BUJAK. (Akar) :
A gelaea vestita Hook. fil. (Connaraceae). A scandent shrub.
TULO PUTIH. Callicarpa lanata Benth. (Verbenaceae). TULO SINTADOK. (Rumput) Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Gramineae). A very common grass. SINTADOK is a caterpillar. The name refers to the spikes, which resemble them
TUMBAH UTAN. Hetaeria obliqua Bl. (Orehideae). A little ground orchid.
TUMBET KAYU. Allophyllus cobbe Bl. (Sapindaceae). A common shrub.
TUMBO DAUN. Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. (Arassulaceae).
TUMBO DAUN BUKIT. Leea sambucina Willd. (Ampelideae).
TUMIANG. (Akar)
Lettsomia peguensis C. B, Clarke. ( Convolvulaceae).
TUMILANG. Aglaia odoratissima (Meliaceae).
TUMMU.
Didymocarpus crinitus Jack, (Ayrtandraceae). TUMMU KECHIL. ' D. reptans Jack. Jack is the authority for these two. I never heard the name. ,
TUMPANG. Croton Griffithit Hook. fil. (Huphorbiaceae).
TUMU. ae Bruguiera gyimnorhiza Lam. One of the mangrove trees,
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 277
the wood used for firing, the bark for tanning,
TUMURUANG. Maba cordata Hiern. (Hbenaceae). TUMURUS. Ardisia oxyphylla Wall. (Myrsineae). TUPAI. (Poko) Polyosma mutabilis Bl. (Saxifragaceae). J.it. Squirrel tree. TUPOI. (Penang) Zingiber spectabile Griff. (Scitamineae). TORI. | Agati grandiflora Desv. (Leguminosae). An ornamental tree with large white or pink flowers. TURI. (Rumput) Clitoria cajanfolia Benth. (Leguminosae). TURUBOL. Ixora grandifolia Zoll and Mor. (Rubiaceae). TURUKOP BUMI. Cassia nodosa Ham. ( Leguminosae). TUTOK. Aibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. (Malvaceae). A tree of which the bark is used for fibre. TUTUBO. (Akar) Gnetum funiculare Bl. ( Gnetaceae). TUTUMBA MERAH. Emilia sonchifolia De C. (Compositae). The pink groundsel A common weed. TUTUMBA is perhaps a contraction for TOMBAK-TOMBAK. TUTUP BUMI. Elephantopus scaber 11. (Compositae). Lit. Cover the ground a pink flowered weed common in grass plots. TUTUP BUMI PAYA. Blainvillea_latifolia De C. (Compositae). A small white flowered weed. TUTUP BUMI RIMBAH. Allomorphia Grifithii Hook. fil. (Melastomaceae). A herb in
278 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
woods with large round leaves red beneath, and white flowers. UBAH. Various species of Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae). Some of which supply a first class timber.
UBAH HITAM. Gl. desmocarpum Hook. fil.
UBAH KECHIL. Glochidion leiostylum Hook. fil.
UBAH MERAH. Glochidion brunneum Hook. fil. Also called UBAH PAYA.
UBAH PAYA. Glochidion microbotrys Hook. fil. also G. brunneum.
UBAI-UBAI.
Pouzolzia pentandra Berm. (Urticaceae). A common weed. UBAK.
Galearia phlebocarpa Br. (Huphorbiaceae).
UBAN KAYU. (Akar) Car chospermum Halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). The Uitoon: vine. <A slender climber. UBAT. Drug or medicine. UBAT CHACHING.
Hedychium longicor nutum Hook. fil. (Sectamineae). Lit. ‘ An- thelmintic.” One of the very few Epiphytic Gingers, the roots used in medicine for worms.
UBAT HALAN.
Psychotria Jackiana (Rubiaceae). A shrub the roots of which
are used in cases of snake-bite. UBAT RAJA.
Smilax china L. (Liliaceae). A well-known Chinese drug. The tubers are sold in the markets. It is called UBI RAJAH in Java. ;
UBL.
Any yam or tuberous root. Most are classified under their
special names.
MALAY PLANT NAMES 279
UBI BENGGALA. The potato (Solanum tuberosum). See also under KENTANG.
UBBI KAYU. Tapioca. Manthot utilissma (Euphorbiaceae).
UBI NASL.
Dioscorea alata Roxb. The commonest cultivated yam. UBI PASIR. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. (Dioscoreaceae). Also UBI JABBET see under JABBET. UJOL. Willughbeia coriacea Wall. (Anocynaceae). A lofty jungle climber supplies an Indian rubber; see GETAH UJOL. ULAN. (Akar) Thunbergia alata Roxb. (Acanthaceae). Also Ipomea cymosa (Convolvulaceae) and Aspidopterys concava (Malpighiaceae) ULAN BUKIT. Lettsomia peguensis U. B. Clarke. (Convolvulaceae). ULAM GAJAH. Ipomea peltata Mig. (Convolvuluceae). ULAN JANTAN. (Akar) Erycibe Princet Hook. fil. (Convolvulaceac). A climber with small white flowers. ULAN POTIH. Ipomea uniflora Roem. (Convolvulaceae). A white convol- vulus. ULAN RAJAH. Cosmos caudatus (Compositae). Leaves used as a vegetable. A herb common around villages. ULAM TIKUS. (Akar) (Malacca) Mikania scandens Wahl. (Compositae). ULAR. (Akar) Freycinetia angustifolia {Pandanaceae). Lit. Snake climber : ‘a common climber in the jungles. , ULAR ARI. (Rumput) Erycibe angulata King. (Convolvulaceae).
280 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ULAS. (Kayu)
Helicteres Isora L. (Sterculiaceae). A shrub the fruits of which imported from India, are much used by Malays in medicine.
ULOH-ULOH.
Diplospora sp. (Rubiaceae).
UMBATI.
Mapania hypolytroides Benth. (Cyperaceae). A sedge used for making mats.
UMPAONG PUTIH. Petunga venulosa Roxb. (Rubiaceae). UMU. (Akar). (Johore)
Conocephalus scortechinii Hook. fil. (Urticaceae). “ Purple
climber,” from its violet flower heads. UNAK. Also spelt ONAK, and UNAR.
Plectocomia Griffith (Palmae). A common climbing rattan
more commonly known as ROTAN DAHAN. UNAK. (Akar)
Zizyphus calophyllus Wall. (Celastrineae). A climber with
strong short hooks. UNCHONG. (Province Wellesley)
Hibiscus floccosus Mast. (Malvaceae). A tree; Hibiscus with
yellow flowers with a narrow eye.
UNTING-UNTING. Clerodendron nutans ( Verbenaceae).
UNTING-UNTING BESAR. Sterculia rubiginosa Jack. (Sterculiuceae). According to Jack. UPAS. Antiaris toxicaria (Urticaceae). Given by Favre as Maiay, but rarely if ever used in the Peninsula. See IPOH. UPAT. Panicum radicans ( Gramineae.) WA-WA. Dipodium pictum (Orchideae). Authority of Prof. Vaughan- Stevens. Probably a Sakai word.
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 281
WAMPANU. (Johore)
Antidesma salicifolia Hook. fil. (Zphorbiaceae). A shrub with
long narrow leaves. WANGI. (Akar)
Andropogon muricatus L. (Graminese). The Vetiver or Kus- kus grass; literally scented root. It isa native of India and sometimes though rarely cultivated here.
WANGI. (Rumput)
Cyperus distans L. (Cyperaceae). A common sedge. WARANGAN.
Variant of BERANGAN, which see. WARINGIN.
Ficus benjamina L. (Urticaceae). Also BARINGIN. A large
fig tree often cultivated. Probably a Javanese word. WARU. Variant of BARU. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. YW. Ryparia sp. (Bixineae).
282 MALAY PLANT NAMES.
ADDENDA. BALAU. This proves to be Parinarium oblongifolium Hook. fil. (Rosaceae). CHICHIT.
Popowia ramosissima King. (Anonaceae). A small tree. GERITTA. Turpima pomifera De. C. (Sapindaceae.) <A tree. HALIYA ENGGANG. (Lankawi) Calanthe rubens Rid]. Literally ‘“ Horn-bill’s * ginger.” A handsome orchid; the pseudobulbs used in native medicine. KATA KRAN. Callicarpa arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae). A tree with pink flowers. KELIPONG. A variant for KELUMPUNG. LOW KAYU. (Lankawi). Vanda gigantea Lindl. (Orehideae). Compare DAUN Low. LUMBU JAWA. | Morinda rigida Miq. (Rubiaceae). A climber used for bird- lime. MARALAPIT. Tiligera appendiculata Bl. (Combretaceae.) A climber used in native medicine for rheumatism. MALAS. Parastemon urophyllum A. De. C. (Rosaceae): A big tree with a useful timber. PEPARU. Cyperus venustus Br. (Cyperaceae). A large and handsome
sedge. RAMBEH PADANG. (Akar) Psychotria sarmentosa. Bl. (Rubiaceae). ROTAN TUKUS. Plecticomia Griffithti Hook. fil.
SEMANTAH. Vitex simplicifolia. Clarke. (Verbenaceae). <A tree.
40 line 25
46 95 96 97 98 99
a
bb)
27
29
MALAY PLANT NAMES. 283 CORRIGENDA. vylophylla. read xylophylla. Aussaenda. » Mussaenda. Saportea. ,, Laportea. cartacea. 5 coriacea. Dichopis pustlatau ,, ~~ Dichopsis pustulatus. Nulletia. .. Millettia. setusa 5) ELUSE. TIAP-TIAP Sy a big oe eae Ghaesaubilla » Ghaesembilla. malvacense 5, malaccense. Acanehus ebractiatus ,, Acanthus ebracteatus. accuella 5, acmella. apiscarpa 5) Gpvocarpa. Impaticus 55 Impatiens. tariarius sy LORGTUUS. Rancheria » Roucheria. JIWYT Peel TavyeAul canium 5» caninum. Stnophylla »» stenophylla. Suffa sy LOGE Olainceae 5, Olacineae.
at a , ee - Fy t é aN * be } > iy ‘ tS ; Ve mn A eA A is F RY £ ‘ / ~~. “< ¥ * ‘
AO MMTROG
2 mat og, he ane
ew - ie ®
a thse
ead a . ‘ ~ “
> see pe aR ae
An account of THE CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA.
The following account of the method of rice cultivation in the territory of Malacca was written in 1893, by Inche Mu- hammad Jafar, Malay Writer in the Resident Councillor’s Office, at the request of Mr. E. M. Merewether, who has contri- buted it to this Journal.
For the translation the sole responsibility rests with me, but I am indebted for the interpretation of certain words and phrases to the kind assistance of Mr. H. T. Haughton and the author.
The Notes (except such as are enclosed in square brackets) are part of the original, but to their English renderings the same remarks apply.
C. 0. BLAGDEN.
Derihal Pkerja’an bersawah di Malaka.
Bahwa telah di-adatkan didalam negri Malaka pada tiap-tiap tahun sakali bertanam padi, maka kerap-kerap kali jatoh musim- nya itu di antara bulan Zilkaidah dengan Zilhijah ; tetapi apabila handak memulai pekerja’an menanam padi itu jikalau buleh di-sukai uleh orang bersama’an dengan katika musim angin barat bertiup, karana terkadang-kadang katika itu kerap kali hujan turun, jadilah lembut tanah sawah itu dan senanglah di-bajak, lagi-pun samemang-nya ’adat bertanam padi itu salalu mahu ber- ayer di-dalam sawah itu, sepaya baik tumboh-nya padi itu ; tetapi jikalau terlampau dalam ayer-nya itu neschaya matilah padi itu. Maka kerap kali di-perhatikan orang akan musim barat itu bersatujuan waktu-nya itu dengan bulan yang ka’ampat deri- pada bilangan bulan China, dan terkadang-kadang berbetulan juga dengan bulan Zilkaidah atau Zilhijah.
2. Ada pun peraturan pekerja’an bersawah pada zaman orang tua-tua itu adalah saperti tersebut di-bawah ini :—
a. Mahulah bermuafakat orang tua-tua dengan Pawang.
b. Mahulah di-tetapkan waktu-nya
c. Mahulah di-mauludkan’ ibu beneh itu serta membakar kemenyan yang di-beri uleh pawang.
d. Mahulah di-lengkapkan segala 'alat? pekerja’an bersawah itu saperti tersebut di-bawah ini.
(1) Kerbau yang kuat (akan penarek bajak).
(2) Bajak dengan perkakas-nya (akan pembaleieas tanah dan rumput yang pendek).
(3) Sikat ene perkakas-nya (akan meratakan dan
1 Afaulud—Suatu kitab cherita derihal Nabi Muhammad di-peranak- kan di bacha dengan ber-lagu-lagu nyanyi ramai-ramai di mesjid. An account of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad which is intoned by a number of people in the Mosque.
2 Alat—Materials, appliances.
DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA 287
menghaluskan kahanchuran tanah). (4) Giling? dengan perkakas-nya (akan merebahkan rum- put yang panjang jikalau ada menderung di-sawah yang lama-lama tinggal). (5) Parang (akan membaiki apa-apa perkakas yang rosak katika membajak). (6) Changkul (akan membaiki batas-batas atau tanah tinggi akan di ratakan). (7) Tajak* (akan memutuskan akar-akar rumput yang panjang). (8) Pemechut’ (akan penhalaukan kerbau yang malas). 3.—Apabila sampailah musim-nya yang patut di-mulakan pekerja’an turun ka sawah itu dan telah safakat Fawang dengan orang tua-tua-nya, maka pada suatu hari Jema’at lapas deripada sembahyang di-dalam mesjid, maka Penghulu pun berserulah kapada sakalian orang-orang yang hathir di-situ mengatakan pada hari anu, sakian hari bulan mahulah tiap-tiap orang yang ada bersawah itu membawakan satengah chupak padi (ibu beneh) kadalam mesjid, sepaya di-bachakan maulud (katika itu di-per- buatkan, makanan, ketupat®, lepat’, bagi orang-orang “yang membacha maulud itu).
3 Giling—A roller.
4 Tajak—Macham parang tetapi bengkok hujong-nya dan hulu-nya di-beri bertangkai panjang lebeh kurang satengah depa.
A kind of wood cutter’s knife. but curved at the end and furnished with a handle about a yard long.
5 Pemechut—A whip.
6 Ketupat—Di-rajut (anyam—to braid) dua helai puchok kalapa dan di-perbuatkan ampat penjuru, diberi berlubang kosong, di-isikan beras separoh kadalam-nya kemdian di-rebus hingga masak penohlah ia.
Two strips of cocoanut leaf are braided into a square bag, hollow inside, which is half filled with rice and then boiled so that when cooked the rice fills the bag.
7 Lepat—Tepong yang di-gaul dengan gula dan santan kalapa dan di-masokkan kadalam dahun pisang sabesar dua jari lebeh kurang, lalu di-lipat, maka di-kukus (arti-nya di-masokkan kadalam suatu tong nama- -nya kukusan) dan di-letakkan dalam kuali yang berayer, di-jadikan api di-bawah-nya, maka masaklah ia dengan wap ayer itu sahaja.
__ Flour is mixed with sugar and with the expressed juice of the pulp of the cocoanut, and put into a piece of plantain leaf about two fingers long, which is then folded and the whole is steamed, that is put into a pail known
288 DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA
Satelah selesai deripada maulud itu, maka masing-masing pun turunlah ka sawah (jikalau sempat pada hari itu atau esok- nya) memulakan membajak petak semaian (suatu petak yang hampir rumah-nya atau yang sudah di-biasakan tahun-tahun menyemaikan beneh di-situ). Tetapi jikalau terlalu banyak petak-petak itu, maka di-dahulukanlah membajak saparoh petak itu; maka di akhir-akhir bulan Zilhijah mahulah di-perbaiki akan petak semaian itu dengan semporna-nya didalam sapuloh hari lebeh kurang siaplah.
Derihal Menyemai atu Menabur.
4.—Adapun perbuatan menyemai itu, mula-mula di-jemurkan padi-padi beneh itu dan ibu beneh pun, tetapi di-asingkan sepaya kering, kemdian direndamkan pada suatu bekas (tong atau pasu) lama-nya dua hari dua malam baharu di-angkat dan di-tiriskan® serta di-hamparkan rata-rata di-atas tikar sama-sama tebal-nya, maka di-tutup-nya dengan dahun-dahun yang hidup (yang ter- lebeh baik dengan dahun pinang), maka pada tiap-tiap petang di-renjiskan ayer rata-rata di-atas beneh itu, sepaya segera kaluar (pechah) mata-nya, barangkali didalam dua malam lebeh kurang. 5.—Didalam masa merendamkan beneh-beneh itu mahula di-sediakan baik-baik akan petak semaian itu, ia itu (1) di-bajak balik, (2) di-sikat, (3) di-ratakan, (4) di-balur’, (5) di-dudokkan”? tanah itu, (6) di-baiki batas-nya, (7) di-lechok” lichin-lichin.
as kukusan which is placed in a large pan containing water, having a fire lighted under it so that contents of the kukusan are cooked by means of steam only.
=
8 Tiriskan—To strain.
9 Balur—Falur (?2)—Di-perbuatkan parit di-dalam petak itu jarak sadepa di-tinggikan tanah-nya sapanjang petak itu, sepaya turun ayer ka parit-nya itu.
DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA 289
Maka apabila bertumbohlah mata beneh itu lalu di-bawalah kapada tempat petak semaian itu dan di-bakarkan kemanyan vang di-beri Pawang itu, serta di-renjis petak itu dengan tepong ta- war’, maka baharulah di-taburkan dahulu akan kapala beneh itu pada suatu penjuru petak semaian yang telah di-sediakan sabesar sadepa ampat persegi, kemdian baharulah di-taburkan beneh yang banyak itu pada sarata petak semaian itu (baik menabur katika petak berayer, sepaya samua-nya mata beneh itu terka’atas dan akar-nya kelak tiada panjang dan senanglah menchabut-nya) tetapi mahulah katika menyemai itu didalam masa bulan gelap, sepaya terplihera tanaman itu deripada di-ma- kan hulat-hulat. Shahadan lepas tiga hari beneh itu tersemai naiklah menjarum'* tumboh-nya; maka katika itu di-keringkan sakali ayer deripada petak petak itu; dan lepas tujoh hari mengekor pipit’* ; dan sampai sapuloh lima-blas hari memechah dahun ; maka katika ini di-masokkan kembali ayer itu sedikit- sedikit kadalam petak semaian itu sepaya gemok batang-nya beneh itu.
Drains are made in the plot at intervals of a fathom, and the earth between them is raised throughout the length of the plot, so that the water may run into the drains.
10 Da-dudokkan tanah itu—Apabila selesai deripada di-bajak dan di- sikat yang berseh sakali, maka di-diamkanlah tanah itu terdudok barang dua tiga malam, sepaya sejuk, dan baiklah kelak jadi-nya beneh itu.
When one has finished ploughing and made a thoroughly clean harrow- ing, the soil is allowed to remain undisturbed for two or three nights, so that it may be cool and the seed n.ay thrive.
11 Di-lechok—Di-sapu atau di-gosok-gosok dengan tangan, sepaya lichin.
To sweep or rub with the hands in order to make it smooth.
12 Tepong tawar-—(1) Tepong chayer, (2) dahun ribu-ribu (melata), (3) gandarusa (pokok kechil), (4) senjuang, (5) sambar dara (rumput), (6) si- puleh (pokok kechil), (7) Sitawar (pokok kechil), dan (8) chakar bebek (pokok kechil), di-ikat serba sedikit dahun-dahun itu, maka di-chelupkan hujang-nya kadalam tepong chayer itu.
Tepong tawar consists of (1) flour mixed with water.
A bundle is made of the following leaves: (2) A creeper known as dahun ribu-ribu ; (3) gandarusa, a small shrub; (4) senjuang; (5) sambar dara, a weed; (6) stpuleh, a small shrub ; (7) s¢tawar,a small shrub and (8) chakar bebek, a small shrub.
The end of this bundle is dipped into the tepong tawar, which is then sprinkled about.
290 DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA
Maka lama-nya beneh itu tersemai sa-kurang-kurang ampat yuloh- ampat'® hari chukuplah tinggi tumboh-nya itu, tetapi yang sabaik baik fimor-nya didalam petak!7 semaian itu hing ga tujoh puloh havi lebeh kurane,
6.—Maka samantara beneh itu tersemai berpindahlah mem- bajak kapada petak-petak yang lain, lepas suatu kapada suatu saberara banyak petak-petak itu hingealah habis ; inilah di nama- kan bajak bungaran’’ maka di-perbaikilah akan batas-batas itu di-pupok!® samula dengan tanah, sepaya jangan terkaluar ayer yang didalam sawah itu “dan jangan kakeringan. Satelah di-per- baiki batas-batas itu baharulah disikat di-mulai deripada petak yang mula-mula dibajak (lain deripada petak semaian) itu, karana disitu tanahnya sudah lembut dan rumput-nya sudah busok, beberapa hari sudah terendam, ia’itu saperti suatu baja juga, demikianlah di-perbuat satu-persatu-nya. Kemdian di-bajak lagi (bajak balas) sakali, dan di-sikat pun, karana sikat yang mula- mula itu memechahkan tanah sahaja, dan yang kadua kalinya itulah menghaluskan hanchur tanah itu dan mematikan rumput tetapi kabanyakkan apabila sudah di-sikat dengan pengikat besi itu di-balas lagi dengan pengikat kayu, sepaya lagi-lagi halus, dan suborlah kelak padi-nya itu lebeh baik deripada lain-lain sawah orang yang kurang rajin; karana pekerja’an bersawah itu di-kata orang “tunang harapan” (artinya akan pengisi prut). Maka pada tiap- tiap hari bekerja didalam petak-petak itu sama saperti aturan pekerja’an pada petak semaian yang tersebut di- dalam fasal yang kalima itu.
13 Menjarum—Tumboh-nya itu saperti sabatang jarum.
The term denotes the stage when a single needle-like shoot appears.
14 Mengekor pipit—Berdahun dua helai.
The stage when the shoot divides into two blades.
15 Memechah dahun—Berdahun ampat lima helai.
When four or five blades have appeared.
16 Kurang kuat akar-nya, barangkali musim hujan lebat atau angin kendang lekas ia rebah.
The roots are not very strong and in the case of heavy rain or strong wind the seedlings are liable to be beaten down.
17 Kuat akar-nya.
At this stage the roots are strong.
18 Bungaran—Yang mula, permula’an.
The beginning ; the first.
DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA. 291
Derihal Mengubah.
7.—Apabila chukuplah masa-nya beneh itu tersemai dan sawah pun sudah siap berseh akan mengubah?° (lebeh kurang di-dalam Safar, iaitu August), maka di-chabutlah beneh itu dan di-ikat-ikat dengan tali yang di-perbuat deripada dahun palas yang di-keringkan, sachekak?! besarnya (di-kata sa’unting) kem- dian jikalau panjang akar-nya dan dahun-nya bulehlah di-kerat sedikit-sedikit lalu di-chelupkan akar-nya itu kadalam baja (habu tulang kerbau yang sudah di-bakar dengan sekam, hangus- hangus, dan di-tumbok halus-halus dan di-ayak dan di-gaul pula dengan lumpor, ini-lah baja yang terlebeh baik bagi menanam padi, di-namakan ‘‘baja pangkal”; dan ada juga di-pakai baja itu di-taburkan salaja, saperti tatakala handak di-ubah itu di- keratlah hujong dahun veneh itu lalu di-tanamkan, kemdian apa kala di-lihat puleh ?? nampak-nya puchok-nya itu baharulah di- taburkan baja itu pada sa-rata-rata sawah itu, tetapi ada juga tempat-tempat yang tiada sakali-kali memakai baja itu, karana tempat itu memang gemok). Kemidian di-anginkan akan dia kira-kira dua malam; satelah itu di-bawalah kadalam sawah dan ditanamkan pada tiap-tiap sa’unting itu di-pechah-pechahkan sedikit-sedikit ampat lima batang sakali di-chuchokkan, lebeh kurang jarak-jarak sajengkal, sapanjang-panjang petak itu sa- hingga habis; barangkali banyak petak yang akan di-ubah itu buleh-lah di-panggilkan sapuloh lima-belas kuli-kuli perampuan menulong tanamkan (di-kata orang ‘“ berkuli mengubah”) dan demikian juga tatkala men-chabut beneh pun, maka upah-nya itu tiap-tiap saratus unting ampat cent.
Derihal padi yang sudah di-ubah.
8.—Satelah siap terubah sakalian beneh itu, didalam sapuloh hari lagi nampaklah puleh padi itu; dan dalam tiga puloh bari
19 Pupok—li-tambah atau di-tampal dengan lumpor.
To build up and repair an embankment with mud.
20 Mengubah—Tukar tempat ; pindahkan bertanam.
To transplant.
21 Chekak—Di-pertemukan hujong telunjok dengan hujong ibu jari isi yang di-dalam-nya itu-lah sachekak.
The space enclosed by the thumb and the index finger, when their ends meet, is called Chekak:.
292 DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA.
kaluarlah anak-nya; dan masok dua bulan merepaklah?’; dan masok katiga bulan rata-lah?+; maka di dalam tiga bulan satengah Umor-nya itu termenunglah 2°; dan masok ka’ampat bulan-nya bunting kechil?® maka katika ini batang-nya itu baharu lima ruas, dan deripada masa padi bunting kechil itu mahulah di- rabun?’ sa-hari-hari padi itu hingga terbit buat-nya.
Maka sa-kira-kira hampir menjadi anam ruas batang-nya itu jadi-lah bunting besar; maka di-dalam ampat puloh hari lagi terbit-lah buah-nya tinjau-meninjau?*, dan dalam dua puloh hari lagi menghampar?°; maka pada katika ini mahulah di-kering- kan sakali ayer di-dalam sawah itu, sepaya segera masak- nya; dan didalam lima anam hari menghampar itu mendaporlah ; kemdian sedikit hari sahaja lagi ratalah masak-nya padi itu ; maka telah di-kira-kirakan lama-nya semenjak hari di-ubah itu hingga rata masak-nya itu adalah anam bula», lain deri-pada beberapa bari membajak dan menyemai itu, barangkali sabulan atu dua bulan, atan pun jikalau banyak-banyak petak-nya itu sampai tiga bulan baharulah selesai deripada membajak itu.
22. Puleh—Gemok, subor, segar.
Great, not faded.
23. Merepak—Anak ber-anak lagi.
To increase and multiply.
24, Rata—Samalah tinggi-nya samua-nya.
The same height all over.
25. Lermenung—Terdiamlah sahaja ; tiada lagi bertambah tinggi dan merepak.
To remain just as it is, without growing taller or increasing.
26. Bunting Kechil—Nampak-nya gemok rnas yang di atas sakali.
Lit. ‘‘ The lesser pregnancy : ” the topmost joint beomesthick. [ Simi- liarly bunting besar literally means the greater ‘‘ pregnancy.” |
27 Rabun—Di-asap-asap.
To fumigate.
28 Tinjau meninjau—Tengok menengok—terbit buah-nya sa-batang sa- batang.
The grain appearing on a stalk here and there. ~
29 Menghampar—Rata terbit buah-nya (di-kata orang tengah meng- hampar).
The grain appearing all over the field.
30 Afendapur—Masak sa-tompok sa-tompok.
Ripening in patches.
DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA 293
Derihal menuai dan mengambil semangat padi.
9.—Apabila handak memulai menuai buah padi itu mabhulah dengan ; ithin pawang dan membakar kemenyan yang di-beri-nya itu disawah serta di-sediakan perkakas-nya saperti yang tersebut di-bawah ini :—
(1). Bakul kechil akan tempat padi yang mula-mula di- tuai, ia itu semangat®! padi.
(2). Jari lipan® akan di-letakkan di-keliling bakul kechil.
(3). Tali terap akan pengikat padi yang mula-mula di-tuai.
(4). Sabatang pendek buloh kasap kechil akan dibuboh bandera di-chachakkan dalam bakul kechil itu akan jadi tanda semangat padi yang mula-mula di-tuai.
(5). Kain puteh sedikit akan pembungkus semangat padi.
(6). Anchak*®* akan tempat meletakkan tempat bara.
(7). Tempat bara akan membakar kemenyan yang di-beri pawang. ;
(8). Paku, buah keras** akan diletak-kan didalam anchak sama-sama tempat bara.
Tatkala buah padi itu sudah masak rata, handaklah di-ambil semangat-nya dahulu, di-pileh pada sarata, petak sawah sendiri itu dimana yang terlebeh baik padi-nya itu, dan dimana yang betina-nya (rumpun-nya yang besar) dan dimana yang tujoh ruas batang-nya; maka pada rumpun yang demikian itulah mula-mula di-tuai tujoh tangkai akan menjadi semangat padi, maka di-tuai lagi satu gemal®’ akan menjadi ibu beneh pada tahun hadapan kelak.
31 Semangat—The soul, good spirit.
32 Jari lipan—Puchok kalapa yang di-anyam saperti gambar lipan ber-jari.
A coconut frond braided into the semblance of a centipede’s feet.
33 Anchak—Bilah-bilah buloh atau pelepah-pelepah yang di-rajut (any - am) ampat persegi terhampar dan di-beri bertali pada ka’ampat penjuru-nya dan sakalian puncha tali itu di-satukan di-tengah sepaya bulih di-gantong atau di-jenjet.
Strips of bamboo or fronds braided into an open square shape with cords attached to the four corners, the ends of the cords being joined so that itcan be hung up.
34 Pauku—A nail. Buah Kerus, a candle nut.
39 Gemal—Di-dirikan jari hantu dan ibu jaripun, tetapi tiada bertemu
294 DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI] MALAKA
Maka semangat padi itu dibungkus dengan kain puteh dan di-ikat dengan tali terap, di-perbuatkan saperti rupa budak kechil didalam bedong$* maka di-masokkan kadalam bakul kechil itu; maka ibu beneh itu pula di-masokkan kadalam bakul lain, lalu di-asapkan kadua-nya dengan kemenyan, kemdian di-susunkanlah kadua bakul itu di-bawahlah pulang sampai karumah di-masok- kanlah kadalam kepuk (tempat menyimpan padi).
10 Di belakan tiga hari (di-kata .orang “‘ pantang tuai”) baharulah buleh di-tuai atau di-potong akan padi yang lain-nya itu, tetapi di-tuai dahulu sakedar sabakul dua sahaja, maka di- jemur, di-kisar?’ dan di-kipas*$, lalu di-tumbok di-jadikan beras, maka di-masakkan nasi, lalu di-panggilkan orang di-khandurikan
11 Satelah itu di-perbuatkanlah tong akan tempat memban ting®* padi dan suatu balubur*? akan tempat menyimpan padi sementara di-sawah itu juga; kemdian di-panggilkan lima anam orang kuliakan menyabit dan membanting padi itu; adapun waktu- nya berkerja itu deri pukul anam pagi hingga sevelas satengah, saberapa dapat padi yang di-banting-nya itu di-masokkan kadalam balubur itu.
36 Bedung—Swaddle, to swathe. sajarak ampat jari lebeh kurang. maka saterek-terek isi pegangan di-dalam nya itulah sagemal.
The middle finger and thumb are stretched out not so as to meet but with the tips about four fingers’ breadth apart and the amount that can be held between them, packed as tightly as possible, is called a gemal.
37 Atsar—To veer, to turn round.
38 Kipas—A fan to winnow.
[Ktsar is to winnow. Kisaran is an arrangement of two baskets, of which the lower is fixed while the upper one spins round and winnows the grain so that the chaff flies out. Azpas is a -winnowing machine with an
open mouth, out of which the chaff is driven by a fan turned by a handle. — C.O.B.]
39 Membanting—Di-ambil sabitan padi itu sachekak besar (di-pertemu- kan kadua hujong jari hantu dan kadua ibu jari pun) di-pukulkan ka tepi tong itu sepaya gugor buah padi itu masok kadalam tong, itulah memban- fing padi.
You take of the rice that has been cut with the sickle (sabit) a large chekuk (as much as can be held between the ends of the thumbs and middle fingers of both hands) and beat it against the (inner) edge of the bucket so that the grain falls into the bucket: this process is called membanting padi [here rendered by ‘threshing’ ].
DERIHAL PKERJA’AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA. 295
12 Jikalau baik jadi-nya padiitu, didalam sagantang buleh- lah di-dapat buah-nya itu saratus gantane; dan pada tiap-tiap sapetak sawah itu adalah sagantang beneh- nya itu.
13.—Satelah habis di- -potong padi itu baharulah di-angin#! akan membuangkan hampa-nya, lalu di-jemurkan kering-kering, sepaya jangan berlapuk tatkala di-simpan bertahun; kemdian deripada itu di-kaluarkanlah upah kuli itu tiap-tiap sapuloh gantang dua gantang. Apabila selesai deripada itu jikalan tiada di-jualkan padi itu, di-angkatlah pulang di-masakkan kada- lam kepuk. Maka barangbila handak di-makan di-ambillah saba- kul-sabakul di-jemurkan, di-kisar dan di-kipas, lalu di-tumbok menjadilah beras, baharulah di-buboh sakedar-nya kadalam priok, di-basohlah, dan di-buboh ayer sakira-kira tinggelam beras itu lalu di-jerangkan ka’atas dapur sahingga masak menjadi nasi bulehlah di-makan.
14.—Adapun pekerja’an menyabit (di-potong dengan sabit) dan membanting padi saperti yang tersebut pada fasal Tl jadilah saperti adat baharu, maka yang terlebeh gemar berbuat demikian itusakarang iniorang-orang yang tinggal di hampir bandar Malaka, sepaya segera habis pekerja’an-nya; tetapi dahulu-dahulu tiada buleh demikian, hingga sakarang pun orang-orang yang tinggal di sebelah darat-darat Malaka itu suka mengetam padi-nya dengan di-tuai sagemal-sagemal di-masokkan ka-dalam bakul (jikalau di-kulikan, upah-nya itu sapuloh satu) beberapa hari baharulah habis, maka pekerja'an yang demikian itu kunun berkat*?, tiada terperanjat semangat padi; dan ada juga satengah-nya orang yang perchaya saperti yang tersebut itu, berkata, ‘ semenjak sudah
jadi adat membanting padi itu banyaklah susut buah padi itu deripada tahun yang duhulu-dahulu katika biasa dengan di-tuai itu.”
r siapa yang bersawah lebar, jika tiada terdaya- kan uleh sendiri-nya bekerja menanam padi itu, maka kerap kali di-berikan-nya kapada orang lain mengerjakan sawah-nya itu dengan perjanjian berbahagi dua (sama-sama_ kena belanja
41 Di-angin—To ventilate. [This is the literal sense of the word: it seems to be used here for kzraz, to winnow with a winnowing fan.—C. O. B
42 Berkat—Blessed, to bless.
296 DERIHAL PKERJA’-AN BERSAWAH DI MALAKA.
menyewa kerbau dan sama-sama kena di-atas sabarang belanja didalam hal bertanam padi itu) atau berbahagi tiga (umpama-nya, tuan-nya mengaluarkan sabarang apa belanja-nya dan orang yang bekerja itu buleh mendapat sapertiga; atau orang yang bekerja itu, buleh mengaluarkan sabarang belanja itu, maka tuan-nya buleh mendapat sapertiga sahaja) atau pun di-sewakan-nya sahaja, sa umpama sawah-nya itu lazim buleh naik sakoyan padi- nya tahun-tahun, maka sewa-nya itu bulehlah di-dapat-nya lebeh kurang dua-ratus gantang padi.
16 Sabarang orang yang bersawa yang tiada memperbuat saperti aturan yang tersebut didalam fasal 9 dan 10 itu, maka jadilah saperti tiada ia memakai sakalian pantang*® berladang padi karana jikalar tiada di-bawahkan sagala tertib-nya* itu tentulah kachewa* kasudahan-nya dan sia-sia sahaja pekerja’an-nya dengan tiada semporna akan hajat-nya itu, karana sakalian aturan dan pantang itu guna-nya, sepaya menjauhkan dan melindungkan deri- pada sakalian musoh padi itu, saperti benah*®, tikus, dan babi, atau sabagai-nya.
43 Pantang—A prohibition.
44 Tertib —Disposition [i. e. arrangement, order: the same as aturan]. C. O. B.
45 Kachewa—To miss, te fail. 46 Benah—A worm or grub, maggot or small grasshopper.
An Account of
The Cultivation of Rice in Malacca.
It is the established custom in Malacca territory to plant rice once a year and the season for doing so generally falls about the month of Zilkaidah or Zilhijah*. In starting planting operations, however, the object is if possible to coincide witb the season when the West wind blows, because at that time there are frequent rains and accordingly the earth of the rice-field becomes soft and easy to plough. Moreover in planting rice it is an invariable rule that there must be water in the field, in order that the rice may sprout properly ; though on the other hand if there is too great a depth of water the rice is gure to die. It has also been observed that asa rule the season of the West wind coincides with the fourth montht of the Chinese calendar, and sometimes also with the month of Zilkaidah or Zilhijah.
2.—In olden time the order of planting operations was as follows :—First the elders had to hold a consultation with the Pawang ; then the date was fixed ; then Maulud prayers were read over the ‘‘mother seed” and benzoin, supplied by the pawang ; was burned ; then all the requisites for rice planting were got ready, viz:—
(1) A strong buffalo (to pull the plough) ;
(2) A plough with its appurtenances (to turn over the earth and the short weeds) ;
(3) A harrow with its appurtenances (to level and break up small the clods of earth left by the plough) ;
[*In 1893 these months extended from the 17th May to the 14th July.
iN
[+n 1893 from the 16th May to the 18th June.—C. O. B.]
298 CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA.
(4) A roller with its appurtenances (to knock down the long weeds, such as sedges, in fields that have lain fallow for a long while) ;
(5) A wood cutter’s knife to mend any of the implements that may get out of order at the time of ploughing ;
(6) A hoe to repair the embankments and level the higher ground.
(7) A scythe to cut the long weeds ;
(8) And a whip to urge the buffalo on if he is lazy.
3.—When the proper season has arrived for beginning the work of planting and the elders have come to an agreement with the Pawang, then on some Friday after the service in the Mosque the Penghulu addresses all the people there present, saying that on such aday of the month, every one who is to take part in rice-cultivation must bring to the Mosque half a quart of grain (for “‘mother se.d”) in order that that A/aulud prayers may be read over it. (At that time HXetupats and Lepats are prepared for the men who are io read those prayers).
When the J/aulud prayers ave over, every nan goes down to the rice-field, if possible on the same day or the next one, in order to begin ploughing the nursery plot, that is the plot which is neat his house or in which he has been in the habit of sowing the seed every year.
But if a man has a great number of plots, he will begin by ploughing half of them and then at the end of the month of Zil- hijah he must diligently prepare the nursery plot, so as to be ready in about ten days’ time.
Of Sowing.
4.—Before sowing one must first of all lay out the grain, both the seed-grain and the ‘‘ mother-seed,” each separately, to dry. It must then be soaked in a vessel (a bucket or pot) for two days and two nights, after which it is taken out, strained and spread quite evenly on a mat with fresh leaves (areca-nut fronds are best) and every afternoon one must sprinkle water on it, in order that the germ may quickly break through, which will happen probably in two days’ time or thereabouts.
5,—While the seed is soaking, the nursery plot must be
CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA. 299
carefully prepared: that is to say, it must be ploughed ove; again, harrowed, levelled, ditched, and the soil allowed to settler the embankments must be mended and the surface made smooth. When the germs have sprouted the seed is taken to the nursery plot. Benzoin supplied by the Rawang is burnt and the plot sprinkled with tepong tawar. Then a beginning is made by sowing the “chief of the seed” [7.q.‘‘ mother-seed” | in one corner of the nursery, prepared for the purpose and about two yards square; afterwards the rest of the seed is sown all over the plot. It is well to sow when the plot contains plenty of water, so that all the germs of the seed may be uppermost and the roots may not grow lone but may be pulled up easily. The time for sow- ing must be during the dark half of the month, so that the seedlings may be preserved from being eaten by insects.
Three days after the seed is sown the young shoots begin to rise like needles and at that time all the water should be drawn off the plot; after seven days they are likened to a sparrow’s tail, and about the tenth or fifteenth day they break out into blades. At that period the water is again let into the
plot, little by little, in order that the stalks of the seedlings may grow thick.
The seedlings have to remain in the nursery for at least forty or forty-four days from the time of sowing, before they are sufficiently grown: it is best to let them remain till they are about seventy days old.
6.—While the seedlings are in the nursery, the other plots are bei ploughed, one after another: and this is called the first ploughing. Then the embankments are mended and reformed with earth, so that the water in the field may not escape and leave it dry. After the embankments have been mended the harrowing begins : a start is made with the plot that was first ploughed (other than the nursery plot) for there the earth will have become soft and the weeds being rotten after many days of soaking in the water will form a sort of manure. Each plot is so dealt with in its turn. Then all have to be ploughed once more which is called the second ploughing) and harrowed again; for the first harrowing merely breaks up the clods of earth anda second is required to reduce them to a fine state and to kill the weeds. Most people, having first used an iron harrow, use a
300 CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA.
wooden one for the second harrowing in order that the earth may be broken up quite fine. Their rice is sure to thrive Letter than that of people who are less careful : for in rice-pianting, as the saying goes there is “ the plighted hope of good that is to come,” in the way of bodily sustenance | mean. So day by day the different plots are treated in the way that has been des- cribed in connection with the nursery plot in paragraph 5 above.
Of Planting.
7.—When the seedling rice has been in the nursery long enough and the fields are clean and ready for planting (which will be about the month of Safar or Angust) the seedings are pulled up and tied together with strips of dried pa/as leaves into bundles of the size known as sachekak. If the roots and blades are long, the ends can be clipped a little, and the roots are then steeped in manure. This manure is made of buffalo bones burnt with chaff till they are thoroughly calcined, and then pounded fine, passed through a sieve and mixed with mud: that is the best kind of manure for rice—plantim and is known as stock ‘‘manure.” (It can also be applied by merely scattering it in the fields. In that case, after cutting off the ends of the blades, the seedlings are planted and afterwards, when they are green again and appear to be thriving, the manure is scattered over the whole field. There are some places too where no manure at all is used, because of the perennial richness of the soil.)
Afterwards the seedlings are allowed to remain exposed to the air for about two nights and then taken to the field to be planted. The bundles are broken up and bunches of four or five plants together are planted at intervals of a span all over the different plots till all are filled up. If there are very many plots, ten or fifteen female labourers can be engaged to assist in planting, and likewise in pulling up the seedlings, at a wage of four cents for every hundred bundles.
Of the Rice after it has been Transplanted.
8.—Ten days after the young rice has been transplanted it recovers its fresh green colour ; in thirty days the young shoots come out ; in the second month it increases more and more, and
CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA 301
in the third it becomes even all over. After three months and a half its growth is stayed and in the fourth month it is styled bunting kechil.
At that stage the stalk has only five joints, and from that period it must be fumigated daily till the grain appears.
About the time when the stalk has six joints, it is called bunting besar ; in forty days more the grain is visible here and there, and twenty days later it spreads averywhere. At this time all the water in the field must be drawn off so that the grain may ripen quickly. After five or six days it ripens in patches and a few days later the rice is altogether ripe.
From the time of transplanting to the time when it is ripe is reckoned six months, not counting the days spentin plough- ing and in growing it in the nursery, which may be a month or two, or even (if there are many plots) as much as three months to the end of the ploughing.
Of Reaping and Taking the Soul of the Rice.
9.—When one wishes to begin reaping the grain one must first have the Pawang’s permission, and burn benzoin supplied by him in the field.
The following implements must also be got ready, viz.
(1) Asmall basket to hold the rice cut first known as the “Soul of the Rice.”
(2) A jari lipan to put round the small basket :
(3) A string of terap bark to tie up the rice that is cut first.
(4) A small stem of bamboo, of the variety known as buloh kasap, with a flag attached, which isto be planted in the small basket as a sign of the “soul of the rice” that has been cut first ;
(5) A small white cloth to wrap up the “ soul of the rice”;
(6) An anchak to hold the brasier ;
(7) A brasier, in which to burn the incense provided by the Pawang ;
(8) A nail and a kind of nut, known as buah keras, to be put into the unchak together with the brasier. When the rice is ripe all over, one must first take the
“Soul” out of all the plots of one’s field. You choose the spot
SoZ CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA
where the rice is best and where it is ‘“‘ female” (that is to say where the bunch of stalks is big) and where there are seven joints in the stalk. You begin with a bunch of this kind and clip seven stems to be the ‘soul of the rice”; and then you clip yet another handful to be the ‘mother seed” for the following year. The “Soul” is wrapped in a white cloth tied with a cord of terap bark and made into the shape of a little child in swad- dling clothes, and put into the small basket. The ‘“ mother seed” is put into another basket and both are fumigated with benzoin and then the two baskets are piled the one on the other and taken home and put into the ‘epuk (the receptacle in which rice is stored).
10.—One must wait three days (called the pantang tuai) before one may clip or cut any more of the rice. At first only one or two basketfuls of rice are cut: the rice is dried in the sun, winnowed in a winnowing basket and cleaned in a fanning ma- chine, pounded to free it from the husk so that it becomes béras and then boiled so that it becomes nas, and people are invited to feast on it.
11.—Then a bucket is made for the purpose of threshing the rest of the rice, and a granary built to keep it in while it re- mains in the field, and five or six labourers are engaged to reap and thresh it. Their hours of working are from 6 to 11.30a.m. and all the rice they thresh they put into the granary.
12.—If the crop is a good one, a gallon of seed will pro- duce a hundred fold. Eacn plot ina field takes about a gallon of seed.
13.—When the rice has all been ent, it is winnowed in or- der to get rid of the chaff and then laid out in the sun till quite dry so that it may not get mouldy if kept for a year.
Then the wages of the labourers are taken out of it at the rate of two gallons out of every ten. When that is settled, if the rice is not to be sold, itis taken home and put into the rice- chest.
Whenever you want to eat of it, you take out a basketful at a time and dry it in the sun. Then you turn it in the winnowing basket and clean it in the fanning machine, pound it to convert it into beras (husked rice) and put a sufficiency of it in a pot and wash it. Enough water is then poured over it to cover it and it
CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA. 303
is put on the kitchen fire till it is boiled and becomes nasi, when it can be eaten.
14.—The custom of reaping with a sickle and threshing the rice as described in paragraph 11 is a modern method and is at present mainly practised by the people living in the neighbour- hood of the town of Malacca, in order to get the work done quickly ; but in olden times it was not allowed and even to this day, the people who live in the inland parts of the territory of Malacca prefer to clip their rice with a twaz, anl put it into their baskets a handful at a time [7. ¢. without threshing it]. (If labourers are employed to do this, their wage is one tenth of the rice cut). It takes ever so many days to get the work done, but the idea is that this method is the pious one, the ‘soul of the rice” not being disturbed thereby. A good part of the people hold this belief and assert that since the custom of threshing the rice has been introduced, the crops have been much Jess abundant than in years of olden time when it was the custom to use the twaz only.
15.—If a man has broad fields so that he is unable to plant thei all by his own labour, he will often allow another to work them on an agreement, either of equal division of the produce — (each bearing an equal share of the hire of a buffalo and all other expenses incidental to rice-planting) or of three-fold divi- sion (that is, for example, the owner bears all expenses, in which case the man who does the work can yet a third of the produce; or the latter bears all expenses, in which case the owner only gets a third of the produce). Or again, the land can be let: for instance a field which ordinarily produces a Koyan* of rice a year will fetch a rent of about two hundred gallons, more or less. :
16.—Every cultivator who does not act in accordance with the ordinance laid down in paragraphs 9 and 10 above will be in the same case as if he disregarded all the prohibitions laid down in connection with planting. If a man does not carry out this procedure he is sure to fail in the end; his labour will be in vain and will not fulfil his desires, for the virtue of all
304 CULTIVATION OF RICE IN MALACCA.
these ordinances and prohibitions lies in the fact that they pro- tect the rice and drive away all its enemies, such as grubs, rats, swine and the like.
[*A Koyan, as a measure of weight, contains 40 pekuls = 53333 Ibs.
Rather over 20 gallons (gantang) of tice (padi) go to a pikul.
_ The term Koyan is also used as a measure of capacity, in which sense it contain 800 gantangs.
The term gantang has been rendered here by ‘‘gallon” of which it is at present the legal equivalent, but the native guntung had a standard varying according ta locality.
COB
NOTES AND QUERIES.
Protective Charm
If a child has to be taken out late in the afternoon so that it will probably be out at nightfall it is usual among Malays in Malacca to put on the top of its head and just under and behind the two ear-lobes a little red betel-juice, to ward off evil spirits.
With this custom cf. Crooke, ‘‘ An Introduction to the Pop- ular Religion and Folklore of Northern India,” p. 201. ‘Colours are scarers of evil spirits. They particularly dread ‘* yellow, black, red and white. . . The parting of the bride’s hair ‘‘ig stained with vermilion, though here, perhaps, the practice is “based on the symbolical belief in the blood covenant,” and ibid p. 197, where betel is mentioned as a scarer of evil spirits.
It would be interesting to learn whether this charm is used in other parts of the Peninsula ?
Earthquakes. According to some Malays the earth rests between the hours of a gigantic bull; when he shakes himself, either through
lassitude or for some other reason, the result is an earthquake.
Cf. Crooke, op cit. p. 19. ‘“ The common explanation of these ‘occurrences in India is that Vishnu in his-Varaha or boar in- “carnation is changing the burden of the world from one tusk ‘“to another. By another account this is done by the great bull
‘or elephant which supports the world.”
The South.
Crooke, op cit. p. 219, states ** The South is the realm of death, ‘and no one will sleep or have their house door opening toward “t hat ill-omened quarter of the sky.”
Compare with this the following extract from a Malay treatise on these matters :
Bermula jika pintu rumah mengadap ka-mashrik _ baik,
S06 NOTES AND QUERIES.
alamat beruleh anak chuchu banyak lagi sentosa: jika mengadap ka-utara baik alamat beruleh mas perak lagi semperna: jika mengadap ka-maghrib bertambah-tambah alamat baik atau orang alim datang kapada-nya lagisalamat; jika mengadap ka-selatan malang pada barang kerja-nya ; tiada semperna maksud-nya.
Names of Months.
In the inland villages of Malacca the names of the Muham- madan months are as follows :— 1. Bulan Muharram
Dy eeis ater 3. 4, sulong Maulud 4 , Padta (or Sengah) Maulud 5. ,, Pértiga (or Alang) Maulud 6. ,, Bongsu Maulud de 0 58 sAruan 8.3 i Kihendur 92) ~ ee “uaa 10500 oj aRaye 11. 4499 sBerapit 12 Haji
DApets but for the 7th month Réjah is the more general name and Sha’aban is perhaps more commonly used for the 8th.
Are the above terms usual in other districts ?
Benzoin.
Mr. Groeneveldt in the Appendix to his ‘ Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca,” (Hssays relating to Indo-China, series I]. vol I. p. 261) remarks under this head:
BENZOIN, gold and silver incense. It is described as follows- in the “ Tung Hsi Yang K’au” Book 3 p. 23: “ Inside this in- ‘“cense are white spots as clods of white wax; the best sort has ‘‘much of this white, and the inferior sorts but little. When ‘burnt it is very fragrant.” We think this description cannot but apply to the gum benzom.
NOTES AND QUERIES. 3SO7
Mr. Groeneveldt does not point out that the name given to itin the Chinese text affords a strong corroboration to this identification. It may be questioned indeed whether the Chinese nomenclator meant the words here rendered go/d and silver to be read phonetically, or whether he himself assumed this ingenious transcription to be a true etymological rendering of the Malay name, which is Kemeniyan. Hither way, the Chinese name* is phonetically near enough to the Malay name to make it certain that benzoin is meant.
* Cant.—Kem ngen. Hak.—Kim ngyin. Hok.—Kim gun. Hail.—Kium ngien.
Batara Guru.
In a Mayang Invocation published in the Selangor Journal of the 7th Sept., 1894, the following interesting passage occurs:
Ny Beas yo \5 lun S Gs 333 iS GS 5 Me Xt Sole am E> ee) Grole glo wolé
‘H. C.” translates this : ‘“‘ Peace be unto thee! 1am about to remove from thee, ~ my Grandsire, who art styled Pétéra Giru, the original teacher, who art from the beginning, and who art incarnate from thy
birth.” I am inclined to read the adverbial Arabic Jia with the following word 3 \s rather than with the preceding word » as
This, however, does not alter the general sense of the passage beyond bringing out more clearly the fact that ‘‘Guru” is used as a proper name.
In the Selangor Journal of the 22nd February, 1895, the following passage occurs in an article on the invocation of the Padi Spirits, over the signature of “ W. 8.”
‘‘When the jungle is first cleared for the forming of a ‘‘new Padi swamp, importance is attached to the invocation of ‘certain mythical personages who may have probably been the
308 NOTES AND QUERIES.
‘deities of the Malay in the pre-Mohammedan epoch. These ‘*the Pawange should invoke by name as follows:
“¢Toh Mentala Guru!
“¢ Sarajah (? Si Raja) Guru! “<Gempitar A’lam! . «¢ Sarajah (? Si Raja) Malek !’
‘All that [ can find out about Toh Mentala (here called Toh ‘‘ Petala Guru) is that he was the all-powerful Spirit who took ‘the place of Allah before the advent of Mohammedanism; a ‘spirit so powerful that he could restore the dead to life and to ‘‘ whom all prayers were addressd. ‘This name is said to be still “preserved among the geniune Orang Laut. ........ The old “customs are fast dying out, and very few Malays I have met “now know the names of the four deities (or demons) given ‘‘ above.”
A note is appended to the word: “Toh Mentala guru :” ‘These four titles are said to refer to four different deities but ‘‘T see no reason why the next two should not be merely epi- ‘ thets of Toh Mentala.”
“Batara Guru,” or “Sang-yange Guru” is the name by which Siva is known to his worshippers who constitute the vast majority of the Balinese, and who probably constituted the bulk of the old Javanese. About his identity with the ‘“ Pétéra Gu- ru” of the Mayong invocation, and with the “ Petala Guru” or ‘‘Mentala Guru” of the Pawang’s appeal, there can be very little doubt. I would suggest the following version of the latter :
‘To’ Batara Guru !
“Sang-raja Guru!
‘Gémpitar alam !
“Sang-raja malik! The four lines refer to the same deity; ‘“‘ Malik” being merely the Arabic for “ King ” and not a proper name.
Malay theatrical performances and dances owe so much to Javanese influence that it would be dangerous to infer froma Mayong invocation that Batara Guru was necessarily known to the pre-Mohammedan Malays. Nevertheless it is possible enough
NOTES AND QUERIES. 309
that they were of the same religion as their neighbours the Ja- vanese. The formula uttered by the Pawang goes far to show this; and I concur with Mr. Skeat in expressing a hope that something will be done to rescue these fragments of old Malay folklore from the destruction with which they are threatened.
Batara Guru plays a considerable part in Malay literature, but as that literature is so often merely translated from the Ja- vanese, no conclusion can safely be drawn from it regarding the ancient religion of the country. In the Hikayat Sang Samba (the Malay version of the Bhaumakavya) Batara Guru appears as a supreme (God with Brahma and Vishnu as_ subordinate deities. It is Batara Guru who alone has the water of life (ayer utaina (atama) jiwa) which brings the slaughtered heroes to life. This attribute corresponds closely with the account of ‘ Mentala Guru” given by the pawang to Mr. Skeat.
The following pantuns given me by a comparatively illiterate Malay are of some interest in connection with this question of Batara Guru. I give the text as | received it, but it bears signs of being corrupt in parts:
Ambil golok kupas kelapa, Pérah santan ambil pati;
Naik ka guaong pérgi bertapa Menghadap Bérahmana, maharaja Sakti.
Pérah santan ambil pati Kasih makan Dato’ Pénghulu ; Bérapa di tanya ta-biar bérmimpi Kapada Bérahmana Sang Raja Guru!
Bersanding di géta Raja Mélayu Bérukir bunga tampok pérada
Berkata uleh Sang Raja Guru “Galoh ménjélma di manjapada !”
The story goes on to relate how the Galoh (princess) whose name is given as Galoh Chandra Kirana is transformed by Batara Kala intoa man and how her betrothed, Panji Misa Kélana wanders distractedly in search of her with the poor consolation.
310 NOTES AND QUERIRS.
Raut raut daun kélapa Héndak dibuat lidi pényapu; Tujoh tahun sudah bertapa, Kémiidian chari buleh bértému.
Ultimately the lovers are reunited. The references in these pantuns will easily be understood by those acquainted with the leading incidents in the “Panji Cyclus” of tales—(v. Essays relat- ing to Indo-China, Second Series, Vol. ii. p. 40) It is note- worthy however that Batara Guru is identified in the pantuns with ‘“Berhmana.” “Brahma” is usually “Bérma” or “Bérma Sakti ;” and the author of the pantun appears to have been a comparatively modern Malay who attempted to improve on the old legend which did not explicitly state who Batara Guru was.
Another point of interest is the expression ‘“‘ Batara” or ‘“Sang-yang ” which is prefixed to “Guru.” ‘“ Yang,” of course, is not “yang,” who,—but “ Yang,” a deity (compare Sembah- yang, ka-yang-an.) ‘“Sang-yang” is never (in Malay literature, so far as I am acquainted with it) applied to any demi-god or inferior deity. Thus we have “ Sang-yang Guru,” “ Sang-yang Bisnu,’ but never “Sangyang Hanuman,” or “ Sang-yang Dermadewa.” These inferior divinities are merely “Sang,” (e. g. Sang Dermadewa, Sang Samba, Sang Sri Hanuman)—a honorific also applied to mortals, e¢. g., Sang Sapurba, Sang Ran- juna Tapa; and even to animals in fables, ¢e.g., Sang Kanchil, Sang Tikus. The expression “ Batara” is also limited to the greater Hindu divinities (except when used as a royal title), ¢. g., Batara Guru, Batara Kala, Batara Indra, Batara Bisnu, etc. Thus the expressions ‘“ Sang-yang ” and “ Batara, are fairly coin- cident in their application. But there are a few deities of whom the honorific ‘‘Sang-yang” is used but not “ Batara,” e. g., “ Sang-yang Tunggal,” the only God, “Sang-yang Sokma,” etc. Thus “ Batara” would seem to be limited in use to the actual names of Hindu deities as distinct from epithets describing those deities. ‘‘Batara Guru” would seem to be an exception—the only one—to this rule and to point to the fact. the original meaning of “ Guru ” had been lost sight of and that the expression had come to be regarded only as a proper name.
In the “ Sila-silah Raja-raja di tanah Jawa” (v. Indo-China
NOTES AND QUERIES. Sil
Essays, Series II, vol. n. p. 20) an extraordinary genealogy is given representing Adam as the father of Seth, Seth of ‘ Nar- chaya,” Nurchaya of Sang-yang Wénang Sang-yang Weénang of Sang-yang Tunggal, Sang-yang Tunggal of Guru, and Guru of Sangyang Sambu, Bérahma, Mahadewa, Bisnu, and Dewi Séri It is impossible to do much with this genealogy except to notice that ‘ Guru” is treated as distinct from the ‘“*‘ Mahadewa,” another name for Siva. Thus Guru is represented as the father of the Hindu Trinity, and also of Sambu (whom I cannot identify) and Séri, who is the Hindu Sri, the goddess of grain and therefore a deity of immense importance to the old Javanese and Malays’ “Sri” is the goddess invoked in another invocation in the Selangor Journal article of the 22nd February, 1895; where the Pawang addresses the padi:
‘“ Lagi di dalam Shurga ‘Bernama buah khaldi (7)
“ Sampai ka-dunya bernama
‘“‘ Buah Séri, tényang Seéri.”
‘“ Jangan rosak janean binasakan ‘“ Buah Séri, tényang Séri.”
To this passage Mr. Skeat adds a note: “The Séri fruit “may mean the blessed fruit (in the ordinary sense of Scri or Sri) “and be givea as a euphonious title to padi, but it reminds one “strangely of ‘Ceres, the goddess of grain.”
Hise = We
Calanthe vestita Lindl. in Selangor.
‘This well-known and popular orchid has rather a remark- able distribution, being found in Tenasserim and Borneo, and it might well be expected to occur somewhere in the intermediate region, especially in limestone districts. It does not occur, so far as is known in the Lankawi islands, where it might have been expected, being replaced there by the pretty C. rubens Ridl]., but I found a smgle plant in a crevice ina tree on the top of the limestone rocks at the Kuala Lumpur caves (Gua batu). It was in perfect flower in December, aud was a very fine form. The upper part of these rocks is in many places ‘quite imaccessible, and indeed it is in but few places one can get
312 NOTES AND QUERIES.
to the top. The flora there is very different from anything we have even at the lower part of the cliffs, and in many respects is similar to that of the limestone rocks of the Lankawi islands.
In recording this discovery of a conuecting link between two regions so far apart as Tenasserim and Borneo, I may men- tion another, viz. that of Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall, (D aureum Lindl.) which was known to occur in India (Nepal, Assam, Malabar and Ceylon), in Java, and the Philippine islands, and which has recently been found by Mr. A. B. Stephens in Perak, on the Thaiping hills.
Hie NVA
Boriah.
In part II. of Clifford and Swettenham’s Malay-Eng- lish Dictionary, under the head of BORIAH, I find Boriah,
4, A topical song. Bacha boriah tl 4,9 To sing a topical song.
No derivation of the word is given. ‘The use of the word is chiefly confined to the pantomimes or mimic plays which are acted by Malays in Penang Town during the month of Muharam. It is of Persian origin, according to Forbes, and means a “ mat” in Hindustani. ‘The following account of the word which I have received from an Indian in Penang will throw some light on the subject, as I believe, fanciful derivations of the word have been
sug gested. , “The plain meaning of the word Boriah in the Hindustani “and Deccan language is a place of prayer (praying carpet), and ‘in Malay they call it 77/ar(a mat). Formerly in the year 1845, “ the 21st Regiment was transferred from Madras to Penang. The ‘¢ Muhammedans of the Regiment used to be given ten days’ leave ‘in the month of Muharram for the purpose of mourning for “the grandsons of the prophet. ‘These military men used to - ‘form parties and sing songs of mourning. for instance, “representing four persons, Nanak Shah, Jogi Majnun, Balva ‘‘Ghaghri, and Boria, they used to dress up in clothes made of ‘mats and mourn for Husain, and used to recite the following
‘piece of poetry—
NOTES AND QUERIES. 313
“‘ Boria the best of its kind;
‘‘ Boria everywhere in the world ; ‘‘ Boria the beautiful (was) seen ; ‘Sacred and pure Boria.
‘Tn the countries of Madras
“The Boria is made of grass ;
‘‘ Hences are made with bamboo ;
‘‘ Boria is green in colour. etc., etc.
“But in Penang the name of Boria is from the 21st “Regiment, and has become celebrated. Now-a-days the ‘* Malays have given their own different names to it, but they “call all of them Boria for the purpose of asking charity for ‘‘them. In Madras wherever the Regiment is the Boria play ‘is performed. ”
H. T. Haughton.
HIKAYAT ABDULLAH. .
War “SENG LovTery, ty G. z Ha
\i4
s
ay i \ satis adele ; ‘ , ‘ .
ITHSONIAN INST TITUTIO
il I i
309 9593
hb ben He