f 1 •' '-.yi JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY to iEntamology tn (ilrnrral VOLUME XLII, 1934 Published Quarterly by the Society Lime and Green Sts. New York, N. Y. Lancaster, Pa. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING CO. LANCASTER, PA. S Jn^eo-h CONTENTS OP VOLUME XLII • Page Abbott, Cyril E. How Megarhyssa Deposits Her Eggs 127 Beamer, R. H. Notes on Some Western Erythronenra with Descriptions of Three New Species (Homoptera: Cicadellidse) 285 Bell, E. L. Studies in the Pyrrhopyginae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalo- cera) 393 Bequaert, J. Notes on American Nemestrinidae, Second Paper 163 Bishop, Sherman C., and C. R. Crosby Studies in American Spiders, the Genus Wubana 215 Book Review 214 Bromley, S. W. Two new Dasypogonine Robber Plies from the South- west (Asilidae: Diptera) 225 Brown, F. Martin The Localities of T. L. Mead’s Collection of Butterflies from Colorado in 1871 155 Crosby, C. R. See Bishop, Sherman C. Davidson, Ralph H. See DeLong, Dwight M. Davis, W. T. New Cicadas from North America 37 DeLeon, Donald The Morphology of Coeloides dendroctoni Cushman (Hymenoptera : Braconidie) 297 DeLong, Dwight M., and Ralph H. Davidson Some New Species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the United States 221 Pall, H. C. On Certain North American Elateridie New and Old 7 iii Felt, E. P. Classifying Symbols for Insects 373 Funkhouser, W. D. A New African Membracicl 339 Carman, Philip See Schread, John C. Coding, Frederic W. The Old World Membracidse 451 Haskins, C. P. Preliminary Note of Morphological Variations Occur- ring in X-Kayed Stock of the Attacine Moth Callo- samia promethea Dru 145 Jacot, Arthur Paul The Calumnas (Oribatoidea-Acarina) of the North- eastern United States 87 An Intertidal Moss Mite in America 329 JOHANNSEN, 0. A. New Species of North American Ceratopogonidge and Chironomidse 343 Leng, C. W., and A. J. Mutchler Saprinus dimidiatipennis 86 Loben, Sees, Elizabeth von Some Observations on Phalacrus politus and other In- habitants of the Heads of the New England Aster 319 Lutz, Frank E. Book Review 214 Moore, Warren Esters as Repellents 185 Mutchler, A. J. See Leng, C. W. Nicolay, Alan S. and Harry B. Weiss Notes on Carabidae, Including a Synopsis of the Cenera Cylindrocharis, Euferonia, Melanius (Omaseus) and Dysidius of the Tribe Pterostichini 193 Olsen, Chris E. Dr. Frederic Webster Coding 443 Petrunkevitch, Alexander New Observations on Moulting and Mating in Taran- tulae 289 IV 135, 227, 363 Proceedings of the Society Koberts, Raiford a. Some Insects Collected in Mexico, Mostly in Association with Man and Animals or Animal Products 249 ScHREAD, John C., and Philip Carman Some Effects of Refrigeration on the Biology of Tricho- gramma in Artificial Breeding 263 Smith, M. R. A List of the Ants of South Carolina 353 Spassky, Prof. S. Aranearum Species Novse, II 1 Townsend, Charles H. T. Five New Genera of New Zealand and Malayan Oestroidea 247 Weiss, Harry B. See Nicolay, Alan S. Wilson, Jacob Sloan The Anatomy of Chrysochus auratus Fab., Coleoptera : (Chrysomelidae) with an Extended Discussion of the Wing Venation 65 March, 1934 No. 1 ycL. XLII JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tn iEntamolottg in dsnrral Publication Committee Harry B. Weiss Charles W. Leng T. D. Sherman, Jr. C. E. Olsen Published Quarterly by the Society Lime and Green Sts. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK, N. Y. 1934 Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924. Subscription $3.00 per Year. CONTENTS Aranearum Species Novae, II. By Prof. S. Spassky 1 On Certain North American Elateridae, New and Old. By H. C. Fall 7 New Cicadas from North America. By Wm. T. Davis 37 The Anatomy of Chrysochus Auratus, Fab., Coleoptera: (Chrysomelidae) with an Extended Discussion of the Wing Venation. By Sloan Jacob Wilson 65 Saprinus dimidiatipennis. By C. W. Leng and A. J. Mutchler 86 The Galumnas (Oribatoidea-Acarina) of the Northeastern United States. By Arthur Paul Jacot 87 3 How Megarhyssa Deposits Her Eggs. By Cyril E. Abbott 127 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 135 NOTICE: Volume XLI, Number 4, of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published Febru- ary 6, 1934. JOURNAL OF THE New York Entomological Society VoL. XLII March, 1934 No. 1 ARANEARUM SPECIES NOV.ffi, II By Prof. S. Spassky Novocherkassk, U. S. S. E. Drassus Shumakovi nova species. Femina. Cephalothorax 3.75-4.5 mm. longus, 2.75-3.25 mm. latus, postice late emarginatus, parte ceplialica anteriora versus modice angustata. Oculorum series posterior leviter procurva; oculi medii postici lateralibus paullo majores, pallidi, deplanati, oblongi, obliqui, inter se radio majore remoti; laterales ab eis spatio sescuplo eorum diametro paullum majore dis- tantes; oculi antici subsequales, medii inter se diametro, a lateralibus ne dimidio radio quidem remoti. Area oculorum mediorum rectangula, paullo longior quam latior. Clypeus sub oculis lateralibus eorum diametrum altitu- dine aequat. Mandibulse ad sulcum unguicularem dentibus armatse antice 3, e quibus superrimus caeteris multo minor, postice — 1, graniformi. Maxillae transversim impressae, latere exteriore emarginato. Labium duplo fere longius quam basi latum, apicem versus angustatum, apice rotundato-truncatum. Pedes, praesertim coxae, femora et tibiae, subter pilis longis, pallidis tecti. Femora omnia supra ad latus anticum aculeis 1. aut 1.1. ornata; praeterea femora quatuor anteriora aculeis dorsalibus 1.1., posteriora quatuor aculeis dorsalibus 1.1.1. et supra ad latus posticum 1.1. ornata. Tibise I. subter ad latus anticum 1.1. et ad latus posticum 1. aut nullo; tibiae II. subter utrim- que 1. et in latere antico in dimidio apicali 1; tibiae III. aculeo dorsali 1. aut nullo, subter ad latus anticum 1.1.1. et ad latus posticum 1.1., in latere antico 1.1.1., et in latere postico 1.1.; tibiae IV. aculeis dorsalibus 1.1., utrimque 1.1., supra ad latus anticum et posticum 1. et subter 2.2.2. ornatae. Metatarsi quatuor anteriores subter ad basim 2., metatarsi quatuor pos- teriores supra ad latus anticum 1.1., subter 2.2.2., in latere antico 1.1.1., praeterea metatarsi III. supra ad latus posticum 1.1. aut 1.1.1. et in latere postico 1.1., metatarsi IV. supra ad latus posticum 1.1.1. et in latere postico 1.1.1. ornati. Tarsi omnes et metatarsi I et II. scopulis densis instructi. Abdomen mamillis exclusis 4-6.5 mm. longum, 2.5-4 mm. latum, pilis plumatis dense tectum. ^ ‘934 2 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Epigynes (Fig. 1.) area subrotundata ; in arese dimidio postico duse fovese sitae, paene transversae, inter se circiter diametro suo majore remotae, sat profundae, fere reniformes, marginibus nigris corneis, — margine antico con- cave— circumdatae ; fovearum margines interiores in costas duas corneas, nigras producti, posteriora versus directas, postice inter se appropinquantas et usque ad epigynes marginem posticum pertinentes. Ad foveae utriusque latus anticum, internum et posticum et partim in foveae fundo macula Tonga (receptaculum seminis), nigricans, curvata, sigmoidea, antice rotundato- dilatata et incurvata, postice rotundata translucet. Areae epigynes pars inter maculas supradictas sita leviter impressa. Ceplialotliorax rufus, antice plus minusve ferrugineus, sulco nigro-fusco, margine concolore. Mandibulae, labium et maxillae ferrugineae. Sternum infum, margines versus ferrugineum. Palpi et pedes rufi, apicem versus ferruginei. Abdomen cinereo-albidum. Alas. Parum differt a femina. Palporum pars femoralis sat longa, depressa, incurvata, apicem versus dilatata, supra aculeis 1.2. et supra ad latus anticum 1. ornata; partes patel- laris et tibialis desuper visae longitudine subaequales; pars patellaris setis dorsalibus 1.1. et supra ad latus anticum 1. ornata; pars tibialis (Fig. 2) subter et in apice, — praesertim in latere exteriore — pilis valde longis pallidis tecta; tibiae latus exterius in apice processu valde longo, subrecto, tenui, acu- tissimo, in dimido apicali corneo et translucenti, foras et anteriora versus directo, instructa; praeterea tibia aculeis ornata: supra ad latus anticum 1.1., supra ad latus posticum 1. et in latere antico 1.1.; tibiae margo ajiicalis subter in angulum, corneum, parum prominentem productus. Laminae tarsalis margines pilis longis ornati, praeterea eius margo interior aculeis 1.1.1. armatus. Bulbus convexus in dimidio apicali processibus duobus corneis fortibus, instructus, quorum processus externus, e parte membranacea ini tium capiens, rectus, ca. 5-ies longior quam latus, lateribus parallelis, anteri- ora versus directus, apice acuminate et leviter introrsus curvato bulbi mar- ginem apicalem attingens; ad apicem in latere interiore processus externus unco instructus corneo forti, longiore quam processus latitude, intus et leviter anteriora versus directo, deorsum, anteriora versus et foras curvato, ultra bulbi marginem apicalem parum prominenti. Bulbi processus internus a parte inferiore visus crassus, fere triangularis, in longitudinem carinatus, processu externo partim occultus, anteriora versus directus, processu externo langior et ei paene parallelus, ultra bulbi marginem apicalem prominens et apice in spinam intus, anteriora versus et sursum curvatam desinens ; proces- sus huius latus internus a bulbi partibus interioribus sinu profundo sepa- ratus. Inter apices processus externi et interni lamella parva, membranacea, pellucida, curvata, sat longe ultra bulbi marginem apicalem prominens, sita. P atria. Russia meridionalis. Exempla pauca huius speciei ad Sareptam (Tinguta) 25. 11-25. Ill, 1912. B. Shumakov legit. Tegenaria lapicidinarum nova species. Femina. Ceplialotliorax 2. 6-4. 2 mm. longus, 1.8-3. 2 mm. latus, modice, — Mar., 1934] Spassky: Aranearum 3 praesertim in medio, — nitidus, pilis simplicibus et longe plumatis tectus, parte cephalica supra palporum insertionem leviter constricta. Oculorum series posterior paullum procurva; oculi laterales postici mediis paullo majores, laterales a mediis circiter diametro suo, M inter se paullo longius renioti. Area oculorum mediorum postice latior quam antice et aeque circiter lata atque longa. Oculi laterales antici mediis insigniter majores, elliptici, paullo obliqui, oculi medii antici inter se circiter diametro suo, ab lateralibus spatio paullum minore remoti; oculi laterales antici a clypei margine circiter sescuplo suo diametro remoti. Mandibulae sub clypeo fortiter convexae; sulcus unguicularis antice orna- tus dentibus 4; quorum primus reliquis minor, secundus-major, postice denti- bus 5-6 subaequalibus. Femora omnia supra ad latus anticum aculeis 1.1., (II. rarius 1.1.1.), femora I., II. et III. supra aculeis 1.1. et supra ad latus posticum 1.1., praeterea femur I. antice aculeo 1., IV. supra 1. et supra ad latus posticum 1. ornata. Patellae I. et II. supra pilo apicali setiformi 1., a pilis caeteris parum distincto, patellae III. et IV. supra aculeo apicali 1 et aculeo 1. tenui, setiformi, ad basim sito ornatae. Tibiae quatuor anteriores subter aculeis 2.2., praeterea tibia II. antice aculeo 1., tibiae quatuor posteriores supra aculeis 1.1., subter 2.2.2. et utrimque 1.1. Metatarsi I., II., et III. subter aculeis 2.2.1., praeterea I. utrimque in apice 1., II. antice 1.1., postice 1., III. utrimque 1.1.2., IV supra 1., supra ad latus posticum 1.1.1., subter 1.2. 2.1. aut 2. 1.2.1., antice 1.1.2. et postice 1. Abdomen mamillis exclusis 2. 9-6. 5 mm. longum, 1.7-3. 9 mm. latum, maxi- mam partem pilis brevissime plumatis tectum. Mamillarum supremarum articulus apicalis basali paullo brevior. Epigynes (Fig. 3) area sat convexa fovea ornatur, quae lamella repletur pallida, subquadrangula, in longitudinem convexa, sescuplo circiter latiore quam longiore, antice insigniter constricta, postice usque ad epigastrii mar- ginem pertinenti. Foveae margo anticus leviter procurvus, parum expressus; margines laterales nigrofusci, maximam partem parallel!, antice incurvati et hie in foveolas parvas, nigrofuscas abeuntes; lamellae pars inter foveolas sita plus minusve transverse impressa. Cephalothorax fulvus, utrimque 3 vittis radiantibus, cuneatis, nigricanti- bus, brevibus, in parte tlioracica sitis, marginem lateralem non attingenti- bus ornatus, parte cephalica plus minusve rufescenti; partis thoracicae margo lateralis fuligineus, inaequalis, uterque plus minusvre distincte ter dilatatus. Pars cephalica secundum totam longitudinem linea fuliginea parum expressa notata; ad marginem posticum partis cephalicae utrimque macula fuliginea forma irregular! sita; utraque macula anteriora versus lineas fuligineas emittit binas, inter se fere parallelas, primo foras, turn intus curvatas, partim inter se confluentes et oculos seriei posticae attingen- tes ; haec pictura cephalica nonnunquam obsoleta. Mandibulae fulvae, plus minusve rufescentes. Sternum fuligineum, vitta media inaequali, totam longitudinem occupant!, et utrimque maculis 3, coxis sex anterioribus oppositis, fulvis ornatum. Pictura haec nonnunquam bene expressa, nonnunquam deest fere omnino. 4 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Palpi et pedes fulvi, apicem versus plus minusve ruf escentes ; femora et tibiie III. et IV. in exemplis nonnullis indistincte annulatse. Abdomen pallide — fulvus, supra colore fuligineo ita pictum, ut restent macula3 pallidiores, plus minusve distinctee, liae: antice vitta longitudinalis, abdominis medium attingens, et ad earn utrimque maculse duae forma irregu- lari; posterius utrimque maculas 3-4, gradatim minores et inter se per paria plus minusve conjuctae. Abdominis latera colore dorsi, maculis, lineis et punctis fuligineis, in vittas obliquas, parum manifestas, dispositis, ornata. Venter pallide fulvus, fuligineo pictus, vittis duabus fuligineis, ab epigas- trio abeuntibus, interruptis, parum expressis, notatum. Mamillae infimse fulvae, supremarum articulus basalis fuligineus, apicalis pallide fulvus. Mas. Ceplialotliorax 2.75-3.6 mm. longus, 2-2.7 mm. latus. Palporum pars femoralis longa, leviter incurvata; pars patellaris desuper visa sescuplo circiter longior quam latior; pars tibialis desuper visa duplo circiter longior quam pars patellaris, latere exteriore in apice processibus tribus compressis ornata (Fig. 4) ; processus superior nigrofuscus, latior quam longior, lamelliformis, corneus, anteriora versus et foras directus, supra convexus, subter concavus, angulo apicali superiore in denticulum parvum producto, angulo inferiore rotundato. Processus medius brevis, latus, rotundatus fere, pallidus, anteriora versus, foras et deorsum directus, parte sua superiore cum processus superioris superficie inferiore confluens, angulo apicali inferiore rotundato. Processus iniimus latus, brevis, rotun- datus, pallidus, margine cinctus tenui fusco, in costam humilem in tibiae latere inferiore sitam, productus. Pars tarsalis duplo circiter longior quam latior, rostro angusto aeque circiter longo atque pars lata. Conductor (Fig. 5), ad basim bulbi, in eius latere exteriore initium capiens, lamellam format magnam, pellucidam, anteriora versus et intus curvatum, partis tarsalis maginem exteriorem magnam partem sequentem, concavam, in suam concavitatem embolum recipientem et apice obtuso sub rostrum laminae tarsalis parum ingredientem. Ad basim conductoris in bulbi latere exteriore processus duo siti, cornei, plus minusve unciformes, inter se fissura sat profunda disjuncti. Embolus longus, tenuis, parti bulbi interi- ori innatiis, anteriora versus directus, primo anteriora versus et foras, turn foras et deinde foras et retro curvatus. C^terum mas feminae similis. Patria. Kossia meridionalis. Exempla pauca adulta utriusque sexus sub lapidibus in vicinis urbis Novocherkassk mense Yulii 1914. N. Spasskaja legit. Figure 1. Drassus sliumakovi, epigyne. Figure 2. Drassus sliumakovi, maris palpus dexter ab imo visus. Figure 3. Tegenaria lapicidinarum, epigyne. Figure 4. Tegenaria lapicidinarum, palpi dextri maris apex partis tibialis a latera exteriore visus. Figure 5. Tegenaria lapicidinarum, maris palpus dexter ab imo et paullum a latere interiore visus. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLTI (Plate I) Aranearum Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 7 ON CERTAIN NORTH AMERICAN ELATERID^, NEW AND OLD By H. C. Fall Tyngsboro, Mass. In the proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (March, 1932) appeared an extended paper by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke on various genera of Elateridse. This important paper, the most notable contribution to the literature of our Elateridie since the days of Le Conte and Horn, is of especial value to present day students of the family because of the inclu- sion of analytical tables and bibliographies of all our known species of such difficult and long-neglected genera as Limonius, Athous and Ludius, which are now brought up to date and into convenient shape for further study. There still remains some work of a similar nature to be done, for, among lesser needs, that most difficult genus of all — Melanotus — has yet to be brought under subjection. It is to be hoped that Dr. Van Dyke’s paper will tempt some competent coleopterist having the neces- sary time, energy and material to undertake this task. In so considerable a taxonomic work it would be strange if nothing were open to criticism. In going over the paper I find myself in a few instances unable to accept the author’s con- clusions. Whether it be a question of fact or merely one of individual opinion these several matters will be touched upon in the following pages, in which also will be found miscellaneous notes together with descriptions of a number of new species. Adelocera Latr. Adelocera mexicana Cand. Dr. Van Dyke uses this name for a large species occurring with us in southern Arizona. I have recently (Can. Ent., 1932, p. 58) described this species as new under the name A. nohilis, and in the same paper, p. 59, have referred certain Florida specimens to mexicana, following Dr. Horn’s identification of similar specimens in his own cabinet. 8 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII The two species are closely allied but apparently sufficiently distinct by a number of small differences. In the Arizona species tlie form is perceptibly more cylindrical, the squamiform hairs of the upper surface slightly narrower, the ventral punctures a little finer, the strial punctures of the elytra coarse at base but diminishing conspicuously in size apically, where they are sensi- bly equal in size to the interstitial punctures, which are every- where finer than in the Florida species. In the latter the strial punctures diminish in size very little apically. Either species conforms well enough to Candeze’s description of mexicana, which, however, makes no mention of the very conspicuous decrease in size of the strial punctures from base to apex, which is the chief distinguishing feature of the Arizona species. An actual comparison of specimens with the type of mexicana may be necessary to settle the uncertainty. In preparing his paper Dr. Van Dyke overlooked the several species of Monocrepidius described by me in the Canadian Entomologist, March, 1929. These are briefiy referred to below. This species runs to athoides by Van Dyke’s table and it may be that the ferruginous form of the latter mentioned in his brief diagnosis is the same. I believe, however, that ferruginosws is distinct by the color, and especially by the distinctly rougher elytral intervals. Although the lobe of the fourth tarsal joint is narrow and inconspicuous in this species, it is, I think, most nearly related to vespertinus and varians, between which it may be placed. The short and nearly equal second and third antennal joints, which together are shorter than the fourth, as well as the smaller size at once separate it from ‘ rtinns, and also according to description from varians, in the third joint is said to be longer than the second, the two together as long as the fourth. The Carina of the hind angles of the thorax does not turn obliquely inward in front as it does in varians and aversus, but Conoderus Esch. (Monocrepidius Esch.) Monocrepidins fermginosus Fall A, Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 9 is parallel to the margin as it is in vespertinus. Delicatus is distinctly smaller than either vespertinus or varians, the length of my two examples being 5.75 mm. and 6.5 mm. Mono'crepidius dijformis Fall A v . Length 6.5 mm., dark brown with obscure interrupted vittse on the elytral intervals. It has the hind angles of the thorax unicarinate, the carina evidently diverging from the side margin. As in blandulus Lee. and auritus Hbst. there are finer punctures intermixed with the coarser ones of the pronotum, these being somewhat more numerous in the present species. These three species form a natural connecting link between the more typical Monocrepidius and the subgenus Heteroderes, in which the fine punctures are far more numerous, generally more minute, and form a dense ground sculpture among which the larger punc- tures are scattered. Monocrepidius (Heteroderes) planidiscus Fall This is the same as the M. fuscosus of Blatchley (not fucosus as written by Van Dyke), which was published four years earlier (Can. Ent., 1925, p. 163) and overlooked by me at time of writing. Van Dyke uses the name amplicollis Gy 11. for this species. This is not permissible according to Candeze, who states that in amplicollis the body beneath is marked with a double system of punctures the same as above. In fuscosus ( =planidis- cus) the punctures are simple and equal. Amplicollis is tabu- lated by Van Dyke as having the hind angles of the thorax unicarinate. They are, however, described as bicarinate by Candeze and the same is true of planidiscus as described by me. Blatchley merely says of fuscosus ‘‘hind angles strongly cari- nate.” The inner carina is finer and much shorter than the outer but is distinct enough, at least in the great majority of specimens. Conoderus suturalis Lec. /\1^, It seems to have escaped notice that this species also pos- sesses a dual system of pronotal punctuation and is therefore to be included in the subgenus Heteroderes. 10 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Conoderus rudis Brown* ^ ’ Moderately slender ; piceous brown above, the rear margin and all the angles of the prothorax diffusely testaceous ; elytra each with a somewhat obscure irregular median rufotestaceous spot longer than wide and included between the second and eighth striae; beneath fuscous brown, the prosternum somewhat paler, legs and antennae pale testaceous; pubescence fine, short, recumbent. Antennae rather slender, slightly passing the hind angles of the thorax, joint 2 very little shorter than 3, the two together perceptibly longer than 4, all joints elongate, median ones nearly twice as long as wide. Prothorax slightly longer on the median line than the maximum width, sides with a faintly perceptible sinuation at the base of the distinctly produced but not divergent hind angles, thence feebly convergent and just visibly arcuate to the rounding in of the front angles. Head and prothorax rather densely punctate, the punctures of the latter a little finer than those of the head, on close attention somewhat unequal in size but without that ground sculpture of micropunctulation which constitutes the distinguishing feature of the Heteroderes group ; surface evenly convex, hind angles unicarinate, the carina rather fine, of moderate length, diverging gradually but not strongly from the lateral margin. Elytra equal in width at base to the thorax and fully two and one-third times as long as the latter; not quite two and one-half times as long as wide, sides barely visibly convergent from the base, becoming gradually more strongly so apically; striae strongly impressed, intervals a little convex, finely punctate and slightly rugose. Body beneath finely punctate, the prosternal punctures a little coarser ; lobe of fourth tarsal joint rather narrow but a little wider than the fifth joint so as to be perceptible from above. Length 5.8 mm. ; width 1.7 mm. Alabama: Grand Bay, May 28, 1931. A single specimen sent by Mr. Loding, who has others in his cabinet. This species seems most nearly allied to aversus although the carina of the hind angles of the thorax being less divergent from the side margin than in that species might lead one to refer it to of Van Dyke’s table. It is an appreciably smaller species than aversus, the pronotal punctuation less fine and the Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 11 second and third antennal joints nearly equal in length, whereas in aversus joint 3 is very distinctly longer than joint 2. If traced through ‘‘15” of the table it runs to suturalis and lepidus. Sutiiralis as before remarked must be transferred to the Hetero- deres group, while lepidus is a very small slender pale testaceous species with narrow black elytral markings which are not well indicated in the table. Since writing the above Mr. Loding has sent me all his remaining examples of this species, eight in number. Six of these conform well to the above description, but two show a marked longitudinal extension of the elytral spot, and in one of them the spot also breaks through narrowly to the side margin and the elytral apex is also paler. One very large specimen measures 7 mm. in length. Mr. Loding writes that he has seen specimens only from the southern Alabama and Mississippi coast section. Drasterius Esch. From any standpoint the disposition of this genus in the Leng list is open to criticism and its make-up has been badly bungled. In the first place the transference of the species dor- salis, comis and livens to the genus JEolus is ill advised, and so far as I know is unsupported by any specialist in the Elateridae. Certainly Candeze, Champion and Otto Schwarz, who recognize Molus, all'place these species in Drasterius; indeed, the only one of our species that they do refer to JEolus is amahilis. So far as our own fauna is concerned the modification of the fourth tarsal joint, on which Molus is based, is so feeble and gradual and even in its most extreme form ( amahilis ) is so trifling, that in my judgment it is unworthy of even subgeneric import. It is probable that in many of the very numerous foreign representa- tives of the genus ^olus its characters are better developed, but the fact remains, as remarked by Champion, that it merges insen- sibly into Monocrepidius on the one side and Drasterius on the other. * This species was described in the Canadian Entomologist, August, 1933, p. 174, while Prof. FalPs paper was in press. The description and remarks stand as Prof. Fall wrote them but Mr. Brown’s name has been substituted for the one proposed by Prof. Fall. — Ed. 12 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII The very close affinity of the above genera must be obvious to the most casual student and yet in the ‘‘List’^ Monocrepidius and JEolus are separated by some three hundred species of unre- lated genera from Drasterius and its nearly allied genera Mega- penthes, Elater, etc. The recording of dorsalis, coniis and livens in the ‘‘List” as three distinct species is not in accordance with the authorities, but this is a matter of little consequence since at best it is at present merely a matter of opinion whether these three names cover one, two or three species. In 1917, Mr. Schaeffer described four species of Drasterius, two of which — nigriventris and scutellatus — he designated as referable to ^olus in case that genus were recognized. As the List recognizes JEolus these two species should have been placed there ; all four however will be found under Drasterius. D. fretus Csy. This is certainly nothing but amahilis as was long ago established and should not have been resurrected. D. prceses Cand. This is a synonym of Ludius (CorymMtes) conjungens Lee. as Candeze himself admits in his 1891 cata- logue. L. (CorymMtes) prccses Horn (1871) is the same thing. Drasterius incongruus new species. Moderately elongate, not very convex, integuments moderately sliining; pubescence fine, short, recumbent, pale in color. Head blackish, pronotum rufotestaceous with broad fuscous stripe, elytra rufotestaceous at base, blackish in about apical two-thirds, the dark area not very sharply limited anteriorly and extending along the suture to base; beneath metasternum and abdomen entirely piceous, prosternum lightly infuscate, parapleura legs and antennae rufotestaceous. Antennae slender, not reaching the base of the thorax, not evidently serrate, joints 2 and 3 subequal and about one- half longer than wide, together longer than 4, the latter longest and fully twice as long as wide, 5-10 each subequal to 2 or 3 but slightly wider, the outer joints diminishing slightly in length. Front convex, punctures well separated, frontal margin strongly evenly rounded, not appreciably reflexed. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, rounded in front, thence nearly parallel to the apices of the hind angles, which are triangular, acute, not carinate; punctuation fine, sparse, evenly disposed, the punc- tures separated by about twice their own diameters and not at all larger or closer at sides; disk convex, median line not impressed. Elytra not quite two and one-half times as long as the thorax, at base as wide as the latter, widest at about the middle, the sides feebly arcuate; striae fine, finely punctate; intervals flat, sparsely punctulate. Prosternum and pro- Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 13 pleura rather sparsely and evenly punctate, the latter a little less finely so ; metasternum and abdomen somewhat more finely and closely so. Tarsi very slender, basal joint of hind tarsus but little longer than the second and distinctly shorter than the two following united. Length, 4.6 mm.; width, 1.4 mm. Described from a single individual taken by the writer near Rimouski, Quebec, on the south shore of the Lower St. Lawrence River, July 4, 1931. The sex of the type is uncertain but the fact that the antennal joints beyond the third are clothed, espe- cially beneath, with numerous longer erect hairs suggests that it may be a male. By the generic tables this species runs straight to Drasierms, and it is provisionally assigned to that genus for the present. However, it does not look like a Draste7Hus, in which the rela- tively larger thorax produces quite a different facies. Moreover, the comparatively longer second and third antennal joints, the non-carinate hind angles of the thorax and the more slender tarsi with shorter basal joint all differ from the corresponding conditions in that genus. The presence of bristling erect hairs on the antennse, other than the usual tactile setee, has not been observed by me in either sex of any species of Drasterius examined. Since writing the above a second example, in every respect like the type, has turned up in a small lot of Elaterids sent for identification by Mr. J. N. Knull. This specimen bears locality label Lake Opasatika, Quebec, June 3rd, and is returned as a paratype to Mr. Knull. Elater Linn. Elater sticrmii Germ. On page 301 of his paper, Dr. Van Dyke remarks: “This species should be restored. It was omitted in the Leng catalogue. It is a true Elater as observed by Le Conte, not a Megapenthes and a synonym of granulosus as he formerly believed.’’ In this very positive statement I am convinced that the Doctor is in several respects mistaken. That the sturmii of Germar was not the same as Melsheimer’s granulosus was determined by Candeze from an actual specimen of the latter sent him by Le Conte for that purpose (see Cand. Mon. of Elateridse II, p. 497). Moreover Candeze, to whom 14 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII the type or typical specimens of Germar’s species were acces- sible, placed it unqualifiedly in Megapenthes. This dictum of Candeze, which is also borne out by Germar’s original description, so far as the latter is determinative, was properly accepted by Le Conte, who in his “Smithsonian List” of 1863 refers to sturmii Germ, under Megapenthes granulosus Melsh. as having been previously cited in error. Germar in his description vaguely assigns his species to North America, but according to Candeze, Germar obtained the specimens, from which his descriptions were drawn, from Dejean, and the latter, both in his catalogue and collection, indicates Cuba as the actual locality. And this fact in itself makes it highly improbable that Germar’s species is a true Elater, since according to Leng and Mutchler’s List of the Coleoptera of the West Indies this genus is not known from that region. Several species of Megapenthes, however, are listed and in their supplement to the list they spe- cifically mention Megapenthes sturmii as being represented from Cuba in the U. S. National Museum collection. In 1884, Le Conte, in a posthumous paper published by Horn, includes sturmii Germ, in a table of our species of Elater, but without explanation or comment thereon. There is in the Le Conte collection among the species of the genus Elater a sin- gle example from Enterprise, Florida, bearing the name “F. sturmii Germ.” in Le Conte’s handwriting. In form, size, intense black color and very dense pronotal sculpture it strongly suggests Germar’s species and I have no doubt is the basis for the reappearance of this species in the ’84 paper. If this be the case Le Conte’s diagnosis must have been a very superficial one, for the specimen in question is neither an Elater nor a Megapenthes, but because of its lobed tarsi belongs to the tribe Dicrepidii and may perhaps be referred to Ischiodontus, though not typical of that genus. I have in my own collection a speci- men from Cleveland, Fla., (J. N. Knull, collector) which is closely similar and probably specifically identical with the Le Conte specimen. I believe the species to be undescribed. E. dimidiatus Lee. and E. affinis Lee. These two species are assigned to two different categories in Van Dyke’s synoptic table (p. 304), the former among those Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 15 species having the pubescence black on the pronotum and the latter among those in which the pronotal pubescence is yellowish. As a matter of fact, the pubescence is yellow or brownish yellow in both species as is stated by Le Conte in his original descrip- tions, and dimidiatus should be placed after affinis under caption “10” in the table. Affinis differs from dimidiatus by the shorter black apical space on the elytra, which is a little indented on the suture. In affinis the thorax is rather densely punctate and slightly more coarsely so than in dimidiatus, in which the punc- tuation is perceptibly sparser and the surface more strongly shining. The third antennal joint is relatively a little longer in dimidiatus, being in affinis but little longer than the second. Megapenthes Kies. Megapenthes solitarius new species. Slender, attenuate, shining black; antennae and legs piceous, the tibiae and tarsi brownish; pubescence sparse, recumbent or inclined, obscure brownish fuscous. Head evenly convex, strongly not densely punctured, frontal margin prominently rounded at middle, narrowly retlexed at sides. Antennae passing the hind angles of the thorax, widely sharply serrate, second joint very small, slightly wider than long, third joint twice as wide as the second, outer side a little oblique and equal to the length, the free angle acute; joints 4-10 similar to the third, the outer ones becoming slightly narrower, qll destitute of the erect hairs present in the males of many species of the genus. Prothorax one-fifth longer than broad, sides gradually convergent and just perceptibly arcuate from base of hind angles to apical margin; hind angles parallel, unicarinate; disk highly polished, rather strongly but sparsely punctate, the punctures distant from one to two times their diameters except near the side margins where they are somewhat closer; median channel shallow, visible only posteriorly. Elytra barely as wide at the base as the thorax, about two and one-half times as long as the latter and three times as long as wide; sides feebly con- vergent from the base to behind the middle, apex narrowly rounded; striae fine, strial punctures very fine, scarcely perceptible apically; intervals finely sparsely punctate, not perceptibly rugose. Prosternum and propleura coarsely rather sparsely punctured, metasternum and abdomen more finely and evenly so; basal joint of fore tarsi as long as the next three, of hind tarsi equal to the next two. Length, 5.9 mm.; width, 1.4 mm. This interesting little species is represented by a solitary male example obtained from the Bischoff collection. It bore the simple label “4— lake, ” which New York collectors translated for me as Fourth Lake in the Adirondack region. 16 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII The third antennal joint similar to and equal in size to the fourth would exclude this species from Megapenthes according to standard generic tables. However, we already have included in this genus three species {lepidus Lee., tarsalis Schf. and illinoisensis Van D.) with this general type of antenna and the present species may well be placed with them. Strictly speaking, no one of these three species has the third and fourth joints precisely equal, the third joint being slightly smaller though of the same triangular form as the fourth. SoUtarius differs from all these in the uniformly jet black color of the body, and from tarsalis in addition by its shorter basal joint of hind tarsus, which in the latter species is said to be nearly as long as the four remaining joints. Anchastus Lee. Anchastus longulus Lee. This species was described in 1878 from a single specimen taken at Enterprise, on the Upper St. John’s River, Florida. Shortly afterward (1882) it appeared in the Index to Le Conte’s Species by Henshaw as the male of digitatus Lee., previously described (1853) from Pennsylvania. I do not know on whose authority this assignment was made, but it has passed current for many years and the name longnlns does not appear at all in the Henshaw List. In the Leng List (1919) longulus reappears as a distinct species, and as before I am unaware as to who is responsible for the change. Be that as it may the move is a correct one for longulus is by no means specifically the same as digitatus. The latter is known to me only by the unique type in the Le Conte collection and would seem to be an extremely rare thing. It is less elongate and more fusiform than longulus, and of a dark fuscous brown color throughout. Longulus, on the other hand, is reddish brown or ferruginous in color and of more cylindrical form in both sexes. In longulus the basal decliv- ity of the elytra is paler in all specimens seen and the punc- tures in that region are simple. In digitatus the basal declivity is not at all paler than the rest of the surface and the punctures are rough ; the sex of the type is not evident. In Dr. Van Dyke’s bibliography of the species of Anchastus, longulus is placed as a synonym of digitatus, probably in defer- Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid.,® 17 ence to the long-established custom. His tabular characters for digitatus are obviously drawn from specimens of longulus, but it should be remarked that whereas he regards the hind angles of the thorax as unicarinate (though admitting there may be a vague outer carina sometimes present), Le Conte describes longulus as having the hind angles bicarinate. In my own series the outer carina of the angles is, in my judgment, sufficiently distinct to warrant the term bicarinate. An examination of the type of digitatus shows the angles are also bicarinate, although Le Conte’s description would lead one to infer that there was only a single carina. Anchastus fumicollis new species. Slender, rufotestaceous, moderately shining, finely pubescent. The pro- notum is infuscate in variable degree, the margins, more or less, and often the median line diffusely paler; body beneath reddish brown, legs and antennae testaceous. Antennae scarcely at all serriform, passing the apices of the hind angles of the thorax by three joints in the male, slightly shorter in the female; joints 2 and 3 subequal or 3 slightly longer than 2, together scarcely as long as 4 in the male and about equal to 4 in the female; following joints subequal and fully twice as long as wide. Pro- thorax evidently longer than wide, sides feebly convergent and nearly straight from base almost to apex, and without perceptible sinuation before the hind angles, which are acutely produced and not divergent. Head and thorax evenly convex and densely rather coarsely subvariolate punc- tate; hind angles bicarinate, the outer carina longer than the inner, some- what variable in length, quite close to the margin posteriorly and only feebly diverging in front. Elytra scarcely wider at base than the thorax, sides parallel for about two-thirds their length; striae finely impressed, punctate; intervals sparsely but distinctly punctulate. Prothorax beneath rather coarsely punctate, the punctures on the propleura in part variolate and somewhat sparser along the prosternal sutures ; venter more finely punctate. Hind coxal plates strongly and rather abruptly dilated inwardly. Length, 5.9 to 7.3 mm.; width, 1.6 to 1.75 mm. Florida : Koyal Palm Park, Dunedin, and Hanlover ; five ex- amples. The type is a male from the first-named locality, bear- ing date Mar. 27, 1924, and collected by W. S. Blatchley. This species is nearest longulus and is very likely mixed with it in collections, probably under the name digitatus. It is quite distinct from longulus by the smaller size, clouded thorax and longer antennae. 18 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Anchastus subdepressus new species. Elongate, subdepressed, parallel sided, equally narrowed before and behind; rufocastaneous, shining, finely pale pubescent. Antennae slightly passing the hind angles of the thorax, scarcely serriform, joints 2 and 3 very short, transverse, 3 just perceptibly longer than 2, together shorter than 4, which is about one-half longer than wide. Head convex, coarsely closely punctate, clypeal margin convex. Prothorax very slightly wider than its median length, rather coarsely and densely punctate laterally, more sparsely and finely at middle of disk, where the punctures are distant on the average by their own diameters; hind angles bicarinate, the outer Carina longer, quite near the margin and perfectly parallel thereto through- out, the margin not visible from above. Elytra barely visibly wider than tJie thorax and three and one-half times as long, almost three times as long as wide, sides parallel in basal two-thirds, thence arcuately convergent to the narrowly rounded apex; striae fine, finely punctate; interspaces sparsely punctulate. Prosternum rather loosely punctate, propleura densely rather coarsely so externally, less closely along the prosternal sutures; venter more finely punctate ; hind coxal plates strongly dilated inwardly. Length, 8.8 mm. ; width, 2.3 mm. Santa Rita Mts., Arizona : A single example, sex unknown, received many years ago from Prof. Snow. By Van Dyke’s table this species runs unequivocally to sericans Cand., but according to Mr. Liebeck, who has kindly compared the above with Horn’s type, the latter is materially larger, much more convex, especially the thorax, which is only slightly narrowed in front, with hind angles more strongly bi- carinate. In the present species the sides of the thorax are rather strongly arcuately convergent in front, becoming parallel basally. Hypnoidus Steph. Hypnoidus (Cryptohypnus) valens new species. Elongate, depressed, piceous black, shining; legs red, basal joint of antennae red, following joints dull rufous at base, their apices more or less dusky; pubescence of upper surface short, brownish and rather obscure; beneath denser, more grayish and appressed. Antennae nearly attaining the hind angles of the thorax, all joints longer than wide. Head one-half as wide as the thorax, front slightly concave, rather coarsely not very closely punctate. Prothorax slightly longer on the median line than wide, widest just behind the middle, sides slightly convergent and feebly arcuate anteriorly, sinuate behind, the hind angles slender, divergent and carinate; disk flattened and impressed medially, coarsely punctate throughout, the punctures a little elongate, nearly in contact laterally but separated by about their own diameters at middle. Elytra just perceptibly wider than Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 19 the thorax and 2.4 times as long as the latter on the median line, fully twice as long as wide; disk moderately convex; striae indistinctly punctate; intervals nearly flat with numerous irregularly placed fine punctures. Pro- pleura very coarsely punctate; the prosternum more sparsely so except on the lobe, where the punctures are densely placed; metasternum and ventral segments more finely and sparsely punctured; the intervals between the punctures of the lower surface everywhere finely punctulate. Length, 10 to 10.7 mm.; width, 2.95 to 3.2 mm. Described from two examples collected by Ricksecker many years ago. They bear label Sylvania, California, which is, I be- lieve, near Santa Rosa. The type is, I think, a female and carries date 4-13-96. This species is nearest grandicollis Lee. and was, at least at one time, so identified by Dr. Van Dyke. A comparison wdth Le Conte’s type, however, shows at once that such reference is impossible. The Le Conte type is a female somewhat smaller (about 9 mm.) than the present species, a little less depressed, with slight seneons lustre, the antennae entirely red, the elytra perceptibly shorter as compared with the thorax, being only about two and one-sixth times as long as the latter, the thoracic punctures finer and circular rather than elongate, separated by their own diameters at sides and still finer and more remote at middle. In the second example in the Le Conte cabinet, the so- called male from Oregon (see Horn’s remarks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 5), the pronotal punctures are still sparser, being nearly as remote at sides as at middle. The interstitial punc- tures of the elytra are nearly twice as numerous in valens as in either of the two Le Conte examples of grandicollis. Le Conte described his type of grandicollis as from ‘‘Canada,” an unsat- isfactorily vague locality, but it is likely that it came from some- where east of the Rocky Mountains. In his recent paper Van Dyke compares his Tlypnoidiis gla- cialis n. sp. with grandicollis in such terms as to indicate that he does not know the true grandicollis and may still be confusing the present species with that of Le Conte. Hypnoidus manki new species. Elongate, moderately convex, black with faint asneous lustre and wutli- out markings; surface finely sparsely cinereo-pubescent ; body beneath black, legs piceous, extreme base of thighs also tibise and tarsi more or 20 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII less evidently paler. Antennae extending well beyond the hind angles of the thorax, not much shorter than half the length of the body, piceous, second joint pale and distinctly shorter than the third, the latter a little narrower than but subequal in length to the fourth. Head flatly convex, somewhat roughly punctate. Prothorax about as wide as long, widest at middle, quite strongly convex, shining; sides strongly arcuate, sinuate at the hind angles, which are acute and divergent ; disk finely evenly not densely punctate, the punctures just perceptibly coarser in front, a narrow median smooth line; carina of hind angles attaining about the basal third. Elytra slightly to scarcely wider than the thorax, not quite twice as long as wide, widest more or less before the middle; discal striae not deep but all distinct and entire, flnely punctate ; intervals nearly flat and finely punctulate. Body beneath shining, finely sparsely punctate throughout. Prosternal sutures single ; hind coxal plates externally narrow but not obliterated. Length, 2.7 to 3.3 mm.; width, 1 to 1.2 mm. Described from six examples taken in Glacier Park, Montana, by Miss Edith Mank of Lawrence, Mass., in whose collection are additional specimens. The type is a male bearing date July 8, 1929. The species is dedicated with much pleasure to Miss Mank in recognition of her several successful collecting trips to the Park and of many valued contributions to my cabinet. By Horn’s table (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 2) the present species runs to the Melsheimeri group if the pronotal punctures are regarded as appreciably coarser in front than posteriorly. They are only just visibly so at best, but this is also true of certain species included by Horn in the group, e.g., tumescens, after which manki may be placed. It differs from tumescens by its narrower form, and notably by its longer antennae having the second joint shorter than the third, while in tumescens as well as other species of the group the antennae are distinctly shorter and have the second joint equal to or longer than the third. In antennal characters and indeed in general aspect manki exhibits a marked similarity to restrictulus, but in this latter species the elytral striae are in part faint or almost obliterated, and the males possess a unique sexual character in the form of the last ventral segment. The resemblance of H. restrictulus to Oedostethus femoralis is noted by Horn in his paper (p. 26) and his remarks apply with equal force to II. manki. Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 21 Horistonotus Cand. Horistonotus pallidus new species. Form narrowly elongate, moderately convex, color above and beneath including antennse and legs flavotestaceous, the extreme sutural edge of the elytra rufous or rufescent; pubescence fine, inclined, pale yellow; sur- face somewhat shining. Antennas slender, passing the hind angles of the thorax, joints proportioned as usual. Eyes large, their vertical diameter about five-sixths the width of the front. Prothorax as long as wide, widest at or slightly in advance of the middle, sides arcuately convergent in front, nearly straight and just perceptibly convergent posteriorly; surface of head and pronotum with the usual dual punctuation, the coarser punc- tures of which are very fine and uniformly distributed, the finer punctures quite minute but visible. Elytra distinctly wider than the thorax, very nearly three times as long as the latter and about 2.3 times as long as wide; humeri well defined, not oblique; stri^ fine and feebly impressed on the disk, a little deeper at base and sides; strial punctures distinct at base, becoming finer apically; interspaces nearly flat on the disk, sparsely irregularly finely punctate. Propleura, prosternum and metasternum very minutely punctulate with sparse slightly larger punctures intermixed ; ventral segments similarly but somewhat more closely and distinctly punc- tured. Length, 5.7 to 6.3 mm. ; width, 1.7 to 2 mm. Described from a series of six specimens, all taken on the Colorado Desert at Indio, California. The type is a male. This species belongs to ‘‘Series B” of Horn’s table, where it will come under caption “7,” having the base of the thorax dis- tinctly wider than the apex. Horn’s further statement that the thorax is as wide at base as at middle does not, however, apply to the present species, nor is it true, at least in certain examples, of either ciiriatus or gracilis. From the associated species pal- liclus is at once separable by its color. Horistonotus fidelis new species. Closely related to simplex Lee. (for description of which see Horn’s paper) but differing as follows. The size is materially smaller (5.75 to 7.1 mm.), form a little less stout, color reddish brown, the eyes in the male relatively a little larger, the antennae longer, distinctly passing the hind angles of the thorax in the male and fully attaining the angles in the female, sides of thorax almost perfectly straight and parallel in posterior half; other characters virtually the same as in simplex. In simplex the length ranges from about 7.5 to 8.5 mm. ; the color is fuscous brown, the antennte do not quite reach or at most do not pass the hind angles of the thorax in the male and Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII 22 are still shorter in the female, the sides of the thorax posteriorly are less straight and parallel, showing a feeble arcnation. H. fidelis is represented in my collection by six specimens from Indio, California; La Pnerta Valley, San Diego Co., Cali- fornia; and Las Vegas, Nevada. The type is a male from Indio, collected and sent me by Mr. F. Stickney. H. simplex was described from Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- fornia, and all the typical examples I have seen are from the Peninsula. Horistonotus fidelis fuscus new subspecies. This name is proposed for a form represented in my collection by a series of six specimens from the Baboquivari Mts. in Southern Arizona. It is closely similar in nearly all respects to fidelis but differs in its dark fuscous brown color, somewhat larger size and rather shorter antennse although these in the male slightly pass the apices of the hind angles of the thorax. The sides of the thorax are straight behind the middle or very nearly so as in fidelis. The length ranges from 7.3 to 8.1 mm.; width, 2.3 to 2.5 mm. The type is a male bearing date September 25, 1923 ; col- lected by Poling. It is probable that all three of the above forms are included by Horn in his conception of simplex, and the less critical stu- dent may, if he prefers, regard them all as variants of a single species. Esthesopus Esch. I much regret to say that in describing my Horistonotus flavi- clus I failed to notice the small lobe of the fourth tarsal joint, which I now find to be present. This makes it necessary to refer the species to the genus Esthesopus, where it is very nearly allied to E. dispersus Horn, from which the narrower form and pale fiavotestaceous color may be sufficient to distinguish it. The type of flavidus was from Palm Springs, California; more re- cently I have received another specimen from Indio, California, not far from the type locality. Horn describes dispersus as reddish brown and moderately robust, which correctly characterizes the two Texas examples in the Le Conte cabinet, one of which bears the name label in Horn’s hand, and also fits well enough several South Arizona specimens in my own collection which I provisionally refer to dispersus. Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 23 Esthesopus indistinctus new species. This name is proposed for a species represented in my collection by a small series of specimens from the vicinity of San Diego, California (Jacumba, La Puerta Valley), which do not quite agree with either dispersus or flavidus. They are rufotestaceous in color, and of slightly stouter form than in flavidus, but their chief claim to distinction is the very faint or nearly obliterated micro-punctulation of the pronotum, this being quite evident in both dispersus and flavidus. In size and practically all other respects except color and pronotal punctulation they conform well enough to Horn’s description of dispersus. The type is a male bearing date VII, 1911 ; specimens all collected by Mr. G. H. Field. Melanotus Esch. As Dr. Van Dyke truly remarks, this genus is very poorly represented in California. The three species, longulus, oregonen- sis and variolafus, described by Le Conte comprise the charac- teristic Melanotus fauna of the State, and their satisfactory de- limitation has always proved a perplexing problem for the student. Van Dyke cuts the Gordian knot by setting them all down as phases or variations of a single species. The problem, however, does not admit of so simple a solution. The aggrega- tion which he includes under the oldest name, longulus, em- braces certainly two and probably three species, with an outside chance that still another may be involved. 1. First, there is the rather small slender brown form occur- ring about San Diego and ranging east into the desert. This is typical longulus. A little farther north, in the vicinity of the coast, at Pasadena, Pomona, etc., is a similar though usually slightly stouter form, most often black but sometimes brown, which one would be tempted to consider as distinct from longulus, especially if black examples only were at hand. I have, however, been quite unable to separate them from the typical form and dissection shows that the male genital characters are identical. 2. Oregonensis. This was described from a single specimen collected in Oregon, specific locality not stated. The type is brownish black, 12 mm. long, and of rather narrow form. As indicated by Van Dyke oregonensis ranges north into Washing- ton and British Columbia, and south into Northern California, through the Sierra Nevadas and eastward into Utah. The species 24 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII is brown or blackish brown, probably never truly black, and the smaller specimens look not unlike the larger brown examples of longulus; the male genitalia, however, are quite different and the two species are unquestionably distinct. 3. Franciscanus VanD. With the type of or eg onus in the Le Conte collection are placed four stouter black specimens (2 ^ , 2 $ ), all from California, one of the females bearing locality label ‘^Berkeley,” and all probably from the vicinity of San Francisco. These black specimens are not identical with the type, but are the so-called ‘‘race or subspecies’’ franciscanus of Van Dyke. They differ from oregonus in their distinctly more robust form, deep black color, somewhat shorter and broader antennae, with the third joint relatively shorter, generally less divergent hind angles of prothorax, and oftentimes more sparsely punc- tured pronotum. The male genitalia are very much alike, but in the few specimens dissected I notice a small difference in the form of the side pieces or lateral lobes, these being in fran- ciscanus slightly less sinuate before the apical dilatation, which is in consequence a little less marked. For these reasons I prefer to consider franciscanus a distinct species and believe further experience will support this view. 4. Variolatus Lee. Just what this species is it is hard to say and herein lies the outside chance for a fourth species. The Le Conte series comprises three specimens. The first specimen, bearing the name label and to be regarded as the type, is a female, 11 mm. long, dark brown, moderately robust, third an- tennal joint not much longer than the second, sides of thorax only very faintly sinuate posteriorly, the hind angles parallel. The second and third examples are male and female of the less slender black form of longulus referred to above and which is the common form in Los Angeles County. These two specimens are different in color from the type, with more slender antennae, a longer third antennal joint, the hind angles distinctly diver- gent as is typical of longulus. They look different from the type and may well be so. Some one — probably Van Zwaluwenburg, who studied the Le Conte collection — has attached a small label to each of the second and third examples expressing the opinion that they are not the same as the type. Nevertheless, for the Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 25 present and until females identical with the type and accom- panied by males are available, it seems best to consider the type as an individual variant of longulus. Limonius Esch. The presentation of a synoptic table and bibliography of all onr known species of this difficult genus is one of the most notable and acceptable features of Van Dyke’s valuable paper. No American coleopterist has ever ventured to offer such a table, and that by Candeze in 1860 is much too old to be of satisfactory service today. I am glad to note that Van Dyke does not accept Pheletes Kies, in full generic sense. It may have a more definite value in the few European species, but Candeze long ago rejected it for the much more numerous American species because of the grada- tional nature of the character on which it is based. Even when used in a subordinate sense the character of the prosternal su- tures, whether excavated in front or not, is somewhat ambiguous, and the placing of certain annectent species is more or less a matter of individual opinion. Certain instances of synonymy accepted or proposed by Van Dyke in his paper suggest the following comments. Limonius discoideus Lee. Of this species the author says in his table (p. 340), ‘^a lighter phase of canus restricted to females.” I seriously question the accuracy of this statement. It is true that all typical specimens of discoideus are females, but corresponding males, while quite similar to canus, are not canus. This assertion is well illustrated by a good series of specimens in my collection from Healdsburg, Sonoma Co., California. Of these the females are all typical discoideus, while the males closely resemble canus but differ from typical examples of the latter from the San Francisco sand hills region by the notably longer antennse, which pass far be- yond the hind angles of the thorax. In the males of canus the antennae scarcely or only very slightly pass the thoracic angles. The disparity between the shorter antennae of the females of 26 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII the two species is noticeable but perhaps less marked; I have seen too few females of canus to speak with much certainty here. Le Centers type of canus was described from San Diego. My specimens are from San Francisco and Carmel. I have seen no specimens from the interior and do not know whether its range extends farther north along the coast than San Francisco. Discoideus is found in the northern Rockies and thence west to the Pacific Coast, down which it extends through Northern Cali- fornia, and probably farther in the mountains. I have no doubt that it is this species and not canus that Mr. M. C. Lane has studied in Washington State. Limonius occidentalis Cand. The suppression of occidentalis as a distinct species and its union with calif ornicus as a mere color phase appears to be abundantly justified by my own series. Limonius ectypus Say and L. agonus Say These two species of Say’s are united by Van Dyke, but whether from personal conviction or merely in acceptance of the authority of the Leng List, which in turn is virtually a transcript from Otto Schwarz in Genera Insectorum” does not appear. In any case the synonymy is not valid. There are three external characters mentioned below, any one of which enables the two to be separated with a little care, and which taken together should be of sufficient weight to warrant their retention as dis- tinct species ; but if this is not enough I may add that the male genitalia are distinctive. In agonus the third antennal joint is slightly larger than the second, but more nearly resembles it in form than it does the fourth joint. In ectypus the third joint is relatively wider and more triangular, thus showing a greater likeness to the fourth joint than to the second. In agonus the sides of the thorax are rounded in at the hind angles which are not at all produced; in ectypus the sides of the thorax show a slight sinuation basally, the hind angles slightly longer and either parallel or (usually) perceptibly though feebly excurved. These differences in the hind angles are recognized by both Say and Le Conte in their descriptions. In agonus the elytral striae are perceptibly impressed and more strongly punctate, while in Mar., 1934] Fall; Elaterid^ 27 ectypus they are scarcely impressed and the strial punctures are finer. Van Dyke’s tabular diagnosis for ‘‘ectypus {agonus) ” fits agonus well as to antennae and elytral striae, while his diagnosis of anceps Lee. would serve well for ectypus. In this connection it should be remarked that he says of anceps, ‘'probably only a phase or variety of ectypus,” in which opinion I quite agree with him. Limonius infuscatus Mots. It has been my experience that there has existed among col- lectors a general feeling of uncertainty as to just what this species is. In the Le Conte collection infuscatus is represented by a row of five specimens, of which the first in line was sent to him by Motschulsky and bears a label with name and locality “Calif.” in the latter’s handwriting. This specimen is a male, 8.8 mm. long, with seneofuscous thorax and reddish brown elytra, the vertices of the hind angles of the thorax paler. With the exception of length it agrees in all respects with Motschulsky ’s description and must be regarded as a typical exponent of the species. In the matter of length a peculiar situation exists. Motschul- sky in his description gives as the length of inf ioscatus “3-3% 1.,” or 6-7% mm., which indicates an insect scarcely larger than our L. quercinus. I have never seen a specimen of so-called in- fuscatus so small as the larger of these measurements and the typical example sent by Motschulsky himself has a length of 8.8 mm. as stated above. The fact that Motschulsky in his re- marks speaks of infuscatus as being considerably smaller than his L. angulatus, to which he gives a length of 4% 1. (8.4 mm.), seems to forbid our ascribing the apparent inconsistency to a mere slip of the pen or to a printer’s error. On the other hand. Van Dyke gives as the limiting lengths of infuscatus 11 to 14 mm., which to me is equally extravagant in the opposite direc- tion, since not one of my so-called infuscatus measures up to the lower limit which he sets and only two examples of my vernalis series reach this limit. The natural inference would be that in- fuscatus, as I understand it, does not enter into Van Dyke’s conception of the species, and that vernalis, which he considers a subspecies of infuscatus, cannot be included in his measure- 28 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII ments, since the average length of the 18 examples of v emails in my collection is only 9.2 mm. But to return to the Le Conte series. The second example in line is apparently a male of vernalis; it bears a gold disk locality label indicating California, and is probably from the southern part of the State. It is closely related to the Motschulsky type, differing in its slightly more elongate thorax, with less rounded sides and the presence of a small though perceptible sinuation at the hind angles ; the antennae are also a bit longer though otherwise the same. The third and fourth specimens bear a blue locality disk (Oregon) ; they have the thorax entirely black and feebly aeneous, the sides with no posterior sinuation ; one of them is a male by the exposed genitalia and has the antennae scarcely or barely attaining the hind angles of the thorax (distinctly passing the hind angles in vernalis). This is what I have long assumed to be infuscatus, but I am now doubtful if it can be the same as the Motschulsky type. The fifth Le Conte specimen is from California; it is in rather poor condition, but seems to be the same as the two Oregon ones. Aside from the disturbing measurements, which we may per- haps ignore, two other statements in Van Dyke’s tabular diag- nosis of infuscatus would, if strictly interpreted, exclude the typical example in the Le Conte collection. He says: ^^Pro- thorax always slightly longer than broad” and ‘‘subparallel toward the base.” In the Motschulsky specimen the prothorax by actual measurement is as wide as the length on the median line, and it is distinctly narrowed both before and behind as the description calls for (“antice posticeque angustato”). If the word ‘ ‘ always ’ ’ in the first of the above statements were changed to usually, it would probably apply with sufficient accuracy to the true infuscatus, to which a series of specimens in my collec- tion from Northern California closely approximates. In these the thorax is as a rule longer than wide, but varies to slightly wider than long. In the Southern California vernalis the thorax is really longer than wide in all specimens known to me and is distinctly nar- rowed behind. In the Oregon specimens of the Le Conte series and in others from Washington in my own collection the thorax Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 29 is more nearly entirely nigroaenens, the sides nearly parallel be- hind withont basal sinuation and the antennae shorter than in the above forms; they are nearly allied to infuscatus and ver- nalis, but look different and probably deserve a distinctive name. From the above considerations it must be evident that the matter is somewhat involved. In any case a definition of infus- catus must be such as to include the typical example from Motschulsky in the Le Conte cabinet, and must conform to the essentials in the original description, barring possibly the mys- terious measurements. Limonius pilosulus Cand. {pilosus Lee.) Represented in the Le Conte collection by the unique male type from San Diego. A moderately large example (10.5 mm.) of stoutish form, .color of body, including legs and antennae, en- tirely black with merest trace of aeneous surface lustre. The thorax at middle is very finely and sparsely punctured, but the punctures become rapidly larger and closer toward the sides; joints four and five of antennae as wide as long, none of the joints with sharply formed outer angles, but all with more or less rounded vertices. This Le Conte type bears no resemblance to infuscatus and it is impossible to believe that Van Dyke is justified in uniting it with the latter. Limonius semiccneus Lee. While probably rightly regarded as not specifically distinct from hasilaris Say, semiceneus should be given varietal standing and not be placed as a mere synonym of the former as is done in the Leng List. The more or less pale front margin and angles of the thorax and the pale yellow elytra varying to fuscous with yellow margins give it an appearance quite distinct from Ijasi- laris. In common with hasilaris it possesses an almost unique character in the genus in the presence in both sexes of numerous short bristling erect hairs on all but the basal three joints of the antennas. Le Conte, in his 1853 paper, casually mentions this feature in his remarks on hasilaris, but apparently without ap- preciation of its unique character. I have noticed nothing like it in any other species of the genus save a feeble approach in nimhatus Say. Semiceneus was described from Georgia. It has been taken by 30 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLIl Blatchley recently at Gainesville, Florida, and by myself on the East Coast at St. Augustine. Limonius rectangularis new species. Elongate, parallel, rufotestaceous throughout, the legs scarcely paler; conspicuously but not densely pilose, the pilosity consisting of semierect more or less recurved hairs mingled with longer erect ones, the latter sub- serially arranged on the elytral intervals; surface somewhat shining. Head nearly flat, densely coarsely punctate, clypeus feebly reflexed, the edge broadly evenly arcuate, not perceptibly impressed at middle. Antennae long and rather slender, passing the hind angles of the thorax by about four joints; feebly serrate, joints 2-4 gradually longer and wider, each fully twice as long as wide, 4-11 very gradually narrower, 8-10 each about two and one-half times as long as wide, 11 slightly more elongate. Prothorax about one-eighth longer than wide, sides virtually straight and parallel throughout, base and apex equal, base angles not at all produced, rectangular; apical angles with narrowly rounded vertices; punctures rather coarse and close but nowhere in contact, the interspaces polished; median line feebly impressed posteriorly, hind angles with a short carina very near the margin. Elytra three times as long and one-sixth wider than the prothorax, not quite three times as long as wide, sides parallel to behind the middle; striae of rather strong close set punctures scarcely impressed on the disk and only lightly so at sides; interspaces distinctly irregularly not very closely punctate, hardly rugose. Beneath moderately punctate and pubescent, the last ventral somewhat more coarsely punctured; pro- sternal sutures double, scarcely grooved in front; basal joint of hind tarsus slightly longer than the second. Length, 9.2 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. Described from a single specimen, probably a male, collected by Poling at Alpine, Texas, May 20, 1926. This rather unusual species has somewhat the appearance of certain Athous, but the critical characters are all those of Li- monius. By Dr. Van Dyke’s table it places between duhitans and infuscatus, but does not resemble either of these species. There is, I think, no previously described species in our fauna in which the thorax is not in some degree at least narrowed in front ; in the present species it is almost perfectly rectangular in outline. In this respect it must resemble the Mexican quad- raticolUs of Candeze, but the description of this latter shows it to be quite a different thing. Elathous Keit. Elathous brevicornis new species. Moderately elongate, chestnut brown, basal declivity of the elytra rufous ; epipleura, body beneath, legs and antennae rather dark rufotestaceous ; integ- Mar., 1934J Fall: Elaterid^ 31 uments moderately shining, clothed with a very short fine suberect pile. Head deeply triangularly impressed in front, rather coarsely and closely punctate, clypeal margin well advanced, arcuate. Antennae ( $ ) not reaching the apices of the hind angles of the thorax, joints 2 and 3 subequal, each a little longer than wide, together longer than 4, the latter wider but very little longer than 3, a little longer than wide, 5-10 similar to 4 but gradually feebly decreasing in both length and width. Prothorax apparently distinctly longer than wide but by actual measurement the length on the median line and the maximum width are 2.5 and 2.3 mm. respectively; sides rather strongly arcuately convergent anteriorly, a small but evident sinuation just before the apices of the hind angles, of which the vertices are a little everted; disk rather strongly convex, median line impressed only near the base; punctuation somewhat coarse, close and variolate at sides, becoming much finer, sparser and simply perforate along the middle ; hind angles with an acute but not long carina which diverges strongly from the margin. Elytra a little wider than and slightly more than two and one-half times as long as the thorax; parallel and feebly arcuate in basal half; striae finely impressed and finely punctate, intervals faintly convex and sparsely punc- tured. Propleura coarsely rather closely punctate, prosternum somewhat less coarsely so, metasternum and ventral segments much more finely punctate. Length, 9.5 mm.; width, 2.7 mm. Described from a single male specimen taken by myself in the San Bernardino Mts., California. This species must be nearly allied to calif ornicus VanD., but there are several differences which appear to indicate its distinct- ness from the latter. As compared with calif ornicus, it is smaller, somewhat less dark in color and with less disparity in tint be- tween the upper and under surfaces; the antennae are shorter, not reaching the hind angles of the thorax, whereas in calif or- nicus they extend beyond the angles. In the present species joint three of the antennae is barely visibly longer than two, and two and three together are much longer than four, while in caU- f ornicus joint three is conspicuously longer than two, and to- gether they are barely longer than four. In calif ornicus the pronotal punctures are said to be but little coarser laterally; in the present species they are very distinctly coarser at sides. Elathous brunnellus new species. Dark piceous brown above, the hind angles of the prothorax obscurely and the margin of the basal declivity of the elytra more brightly, ruf otestaceous ; beneath dark brown, the prosternal lobe, inner and rear margins of pro- pleura, epipleura and legs rufous or rufotestaceous. Integuments shining, pubescence fine, short and semierect, yellowish brown but rather obscure. 32 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII AntennaB brown, very nearly attaining the tips of the hind angles of the thorax; joint 2 slightly longer than wide, 3 perceptibly narrower and very little longer, the two together evidently longer than 4, joints 4-10 scarcely serrate, each elongate triangular, 4 less than twice as long as wide, 10 fully twice as long as wide. Head strongly impressed anteriorly, punctures rather coarse, well separated. Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, sides mod- erately convergent and just perceptibly arcuate from base of hind angles to apex; hind angles triangular, acute, divergent, with fine sharp carina close to the outer margin and concealing the latter from above ; disk evenly convex, median line not visibly impressed, sparsely finely punctate at middle, the punctures becoming larger, closer and subvariolate toward the sides. Elytra subparallel; striae moderate, distinctly punctate basally, becoming obsoletely so apically; intervals a little convex, sparsely punctate and trans- versely rugulose. Body beneath shining and finely simply punctate except on the propleura, where the punctures are coarser, closer and subvariolate. Length, 6.7 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. Pine Flats, Sierra Madre Mountains, 7000 feet, Southern Cali- fornia. A single male specimen. This species is nearly allied in all essentials with the preceding species and with calif ornicus, but is much smaller than either and differs in its nearly uniform coloration of both upper and lower surfaces, and in its darker antennte. The close approxi- mation of the Carina of the hind angles of the thorax to the side margin will distinguish it from hrevicornis, and presumably also from calif ornicus. Ludius Esch. Ludius crihrosus Lee. and L. maurus Lee. I must confess to being completely nonplussed by Dr. Van Dyke’s announcement that crihrosus and maurus are respec- tively male and female of the same species. The statement is positively made that the relationship ‘‘has been shown by care- ful field studies,” yet it would be interesting to know just what the observations were that led to this conclusion. Be this as it may, it is a fact that in my series of both cribrosus and mmvrm both sexes are present, and in each case the two sexes agree in possessing the characteristics of the respective species. In the Le Conte cabinet there are six examples in the cribrosus series and four in that of maurus. The last two of the maurus series are later acquisitions and really belong with cribrosus. Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 33 One of the two genuine maurus is certainly a male by the ex- posed genitalia, the other is apparently a female. Aside from the broader more depressed form, somewhat dif- ferently shaped thorax, and denser punctuation of the pronotal disk in maurus, the two species are, in my experience, always separable by antennal characters. In cribrosus the third anten- nal joint is fully twice as long as the second, very distinctly triangular, and though less wide bears a general resemblance to the fourth joint; in maurus the third joint is rarely if ever as much as twice the length of the second, the form much narrower and more similar to the second than to the fourth. In general the antennge are shorter sex for sex in maurus than in crihrosus, the length in the male in maurus being about the same as in the female of cribrosus. In males of cribrosus the antennse as a rule extend well beyond the tips of the hind angles of the thorax, but I notice some lack of constancy in this respect in my series. The male genitalia are quite similar in the two species but not identical. Ludius colossus Lee. The placing of colossus by Van Dyke as a giant female form of cribrosus is scarcely less difficult to accept than his disposition of maurus. If, as he implies, only females are known, and these are ‘‘often found” in the Southern Sierras, we certainly have to do with a remarkable situation which needs in some way to be explained. Personally I have seen very few specimens of colossus and have no alternative theory to offer; but in a con- sideration of probabilities it is pertinent to say I recall no other single instance in the genus or indeed in the entire family where a mere increase in size in one sex of a species is accompanied by a definite set of structural differences such as colossus possesses. Whatever be our theory as to the status of colossus, it is to be hoped that it may be possible ere long to test it by breeding or by the discovery in nature of actual association of the sexes. Ludius nigricans Fall The reference of this species by Van Dyke to rotundicollis as a subspecies is, in my judgment, quite unwarranted. There may well be a more or less remote community of descent between the 34 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII two species, but it would be quite gratuitous to assume that either one was a direct offshoot of the other. The differences are strik- ing, sufficiently constant and of an order that is ordinarily con- sidered to be specific. Nigricans is, in the first place, a materially larger species. In it the thorax does not at all approach the peculiar rotundate quadrate form characteristic of rotundicollis. The pronotal punctures are very much coarser and closer than in rotundicollis, in which they are very sparse and fine, being only just perceptibly larger than those of the elytral interspaces. In nigricans the interstitial punctures are two or three times as numerous as in rotundicollis , and the striking disparity in size between them and the pronotal punctures is one of the most notable points of difference between the two species. Ludius diversicolor Esch. Dr. Van Dyke records this as a subspecies of rotundicollis, cit- ing only the red thorax as the distinguishing character. Inas- much, however, as Say described rotundicollis as having the thorax red, diver sicolor appears not to have a leg to stand on and must be returned to synonymy. Ludius castanicolor new species. Moderately elongate, convex, dark chestnut bro^vn, under body a little paler, legs and antennas ruf otestaceous ; surface rather strongly shining, pubescence exceedingly short and sparse, almost invisible. Head strongly closely punctate, front flattened and feebly biimpressed. Antennae barely attaining the hind angles of the thorax, third joint narrowly subtriangular, nearly twice as long as wide, about one-half longer than the second and slightly longer than the fourth ; fourth triangular, slightly longer than wide, fifth to tenth as wide as long. Prothorax strongly convex, slightly wider than the median length, sides rounded and converging in front, parallel at middle, perceptibly sinuate at base of hind angles, these moderately pro- duced and a little divergent; disk with a fine median impressed line; punc- tures moderate, separated by an average distance of about their own diam- eters, slightly coarser and closer but not in contact near the side margins; hind angles with a moderate carina. Elytra nearly three times as long as the thorax and at base as wide as the latter; two and one-eighth times as long as the width at apical two-fifths, where the width is fully one-fourth greater than that of the thorax; striaB rather deep, distinctly punctate; intervals evidently convex, sparsely finely punctulate. Prosternum moder- ately coarsely sparsely punctate, propleura more densely so, the punctures however nowhere in contact; metasternum and ventral surface finely nearly Mar., 1934] Fall: Elaterid^ 35 evenly punctured, the punctures slightly closer toward the side margins of the body. Length, 9.3 mm.; width, 3.15 mm. Jemez Springs, New Mexico ; June 20, 1923. Described from a single example of unknown sex. This species by Van Dyke’s table runs to ‘"68,” except that the form is less flattened than there indicated and the interme- diate joints of the antennae are fully as wide as long. In form it bears considerable resemblance to Van Dyke’s var. ater of cruciatus, but the latter is black, the antennae less stout and the pronotum without or with but faint trace of impressed line, at least in the specimens which I have seen. It also somewhat re- sembles in color the eastern splendens, but is of more convex form and is entirely devoid of the metallic lustre which charac- terizes that species. Eanus Lee. The- small group of species once recorded in our Lists under the generic name Paranomus have of late years been included as a section of Ludius. If they are to be recognized as a separate genus the name Paranomus, being preoccupied, must be aban- doned and the generic name Eanus of Le Conte must be restored.* This has been done by Mr. W. J. Brown, who gives a synopsis of our species in the Canadian Entomologist of July, 1930. It is evident that Brown’s paper was overlooked by Van Dyke, in whose synonymy (p. 444) some change is necessary. Whether our well-known transcontinental species should continue to be called costalis, as identifled by Candeze, seems now a matter of uncertainty. Mr. Brown, after comparing European specimens with our own, claims in his paper that our species is distinct from the European and must be known as decoratus Mann. I have made like comparisons in my own cabinet and have been unable to come to a deflnite conclusion. Certainly size and elytral maculation (or lack of it) have no weight. The other points mentioned by Brown I am able to detect in some specimens, scarcely so in others, and on the whole they seem rather tenuous. Eanus maculipennis Lee. ( = pictus Cand.) The placing of this species as a synonym of costalis in the Leng List is a bit of absurdity for which I suppose the List is 36 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII not responsible, but which is difficnlt to account for, since the two species are palpably distinct. Brown has shown that niaculi- pennis has a slight priority over pictus, though we have been accustomed to the reversed* synonymy, which I think was ac- cepted without question by Le Conte himself. Eanus subarcticus Brown After examining a typical example from Mr. Brown and care- fully comparing with my own series and the Le Conte types, I feel certain that this is not specifically distinct from estriatus Lee. Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 37 NEW CICADAS FROM NORTH AMERICA By Wm. T. Davis Staten Island, N, Y. There are at present one hundred and fifty named cicadas described from North America north of Mexico, nearly all of which are considered species ; a few are evidently geographic races, and several are varieties. While W. L. Distant in 1881, in ‘‘Biologia Centrali- Ameri- cana, ” and again in his catalogue of 1906, mentioned or de- scribed many of the Mexican cicadas, the total did not exceed the number of species now known to inhabit Texas or some of the other southwestern states. It was therefore evident that many more species must exist in a land so favorable for cicadas as we know Mexico to be. Texas has a cicada fauna of forty known species, and in the Chisos mountains there are no doubt species that extend into Mexico as they are suggestive of forms known only from that country. Also along the southern boun- dary line of Arizona there are several species that extend south- ward. The foregoing facts explain why so many new forms are here described from Mexico which evidentlj^ has not been very thor- oughly explored for cicadas. Owing to their number the writer was apprehensive that he might have overlooked some of the known Mexican species, so he sent most of the cicadas to the British Museum. Mr. W. E. China reported that he did not find any of them represented in that extensive collection. I am in- debted to him for making the comparisons, and to Mr. Hans L. Steelier, of the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, for making most of the text figures. Tibicen chisosensis new species (Plate II, Pigs. 1-2). Type male and allotype female from Chisos Mts., Brewster Co., Texas, June, 1932. Eesembles Cicada montesuma Distant, described in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ehynch. Horn. 1 p. 8 ; t. 2, fig. 2, from Mexico, but is larger ; has longer opercula and the front of the head is more prominent, protruding about as in Tibicen townsendi Uhler. In Tibicen parallela, Tibicen paralleloides 38 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII and related species, the posterior margin of segment two in the male, when viewed from above, slants obliquely to the sides of the abdomen. In Tihicen montesuma and in Tihicen chisosensis, the posterior margin of the segment has hardly any slant. Head across eyes about as broad as the anterior part of the pronotum, front considerably produced; no median sulcus; transverse rugae well de- fined. Many white hairs about the face, also numerous hairs on the under side of the abdomen. The opercula contiguous but not overlapping, with the extremities broadly rounded and reaching the extremity of the second abdominal segment, the outer sides converging. Last ventral segment broad at the extremity and without a notch. Uncus as in the illustration and much like that of a male from Cuernavaca, Mexico, identified as T. montesuma, the uncus of which is also figured. TiBICEN MONTEZUMA Head black with six pale spots; one at front; one posterior to this; one each side above antenna, and one each side near the eye but on the posterior margin. Pronotum black with the hind margin narrowly bordered with olive green and the central portion variegated faintly with olive green. In the paratype the ]3ronotum, except for the posterior margin is black, with Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 39 hardly discernible spots of a paler color. Mesonotum with each of the inner obconical areas terminated posteriorly with a pale spot, and with outer adjacent spot also pale. Cruciform elevation pale; centrally black, with a black spot on each of the anterior limbs. Sides pale with a narrow, pruinose line near the base of each fore wing. In the allotype the meso- notum is nearly all black, but the pruinose line is present. Abdomen black, tympanal coverings brownish, a small pruinose spot each side on segment one; larger spots each side on segments three and eight. Each segment both in the type and allotype is margined posteriorly with brownish. Under side with the legs striped and variegated with black; opercula pale; central portion of the abdomen, including valve, pale; the sides pruinose with each segment dark anteriorly and pale posteriorly. Fore wings with venation dark, the first and second cross veins clouded ; the basal area orange ; black outwardly, and the membranes at the base of the wings orange with a pinkish tinge. Membranes at the base of the hind wings orange with a more decided pinkish tinge. Measurements in Millimeters Male Female Type Allotype Length of body 34 29 Width of head across eyes 11 10 Expanse of fore wings 83 79 Greatest width of fore wing 13.5 13 Greatest width of operculum 7.5 This species was kindly sent to me for identification by Dr. Dana B. Casteel and Mr. H. B. Parks, Jr., of the University of Texas. Tiblcen paralleloides new species (Plate II, Fig. 3). Type male from vicinity of Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico. Davis collec- tion. Eesembles Tibicen parallela described and figured in this Journal for March, 1923, and March, 1925. Head across eyes broader than the pronotum, front moderately produced and about as in parallela; no median sulcus; transverse rugae well defined. Many white hairs about the face, also numerous hairs on the under side of the abdomen about as in parallela. The opercula overlapping at base with extremities rounded and not extending beyond the second abdominal seg- ment; the outer sides nearly parallel as in cMricaliua, and not as converging as in parallela. Last ventral segment broad at the extremity and with a shallow open notch. Uncus as in the illustration, and very ditferently formed from that of parallela figured in 1923 and here reproduced. 40 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Body above nearly black. Head with a greenish spot at base and apex of front and a narrow stripe each side above antenna of the same color extending from the black rugae to the eye. A pale, irregular spot extending TjBICEN 'PA'RALLELA to back of head near each posterior ocellus. Pronotum with the collar olive green and the anterior portion variegated with green and black. In parallela the pronotum is black with the collar sometimes pale at the ex- tremities each side. Mesonotum with two curved greenish colored lines centrally extending backward from the front margin and joining those extending forward from the cruciform elevation, which is pale except for a central, black spot. Abdomen black above -with a well defined, pruinose spot each side on segment three. Under side of body pale, pruinose on each side of the abdomen, also about the base of the legs. Pore wings with the basal area clouded, the first and second cross veins clouded ; the venation in both pairs of wings brownish, costal margin paler. Membranes at the Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 41 base of the fore wings are bright orange. The basal membrane of hind wings is not quite as highly colored. Both fore and hind wings very closely resemble those of parallela in shape and color. Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Length of body 33 Width of head across eyes 13 Expanse of fore wings 82 Greatest width of fore wing 13 Greatest width of operculum 7 Looking at paralleloides from above, the size, color and mark- ings closely resemble those of parallela from New Mexico and Arizona, bnt an examination reveals a remarkably shaped uncus as well as other differences. In the collection of Cornell University there is a female, proba- bly Tibicen paralleloides from Guadalajara, Mexico, in the State of Jalisco, which adjoints Nayarit on the south, and extends to the Pacific Ocean. This female (Plate II, Fig. 4) is like the male in having no small red spots along the sides of the abdomen, one on the hind margin of each segment. The posterior margin of the pronotum is pale and the rostrum as in the male type extends about to the end of the hind coxae, whereas in the five specimens of parallela in the writer’s collection the rostrum is not quite as long. The first cross vein of the fore wing in type of paralleloides, as well as in the female from Guadalajara, starts from radius 3 nearer to the base of the wings than in any of the five specimens of parallela from Arizona and New Mexico. Tibicen minor new species (Plate II, Fig. 5). Type male from All. Correa Nieto. Lomas de Sta. Fe D. F., Mexico. Davis collection. This insect has sometimes been identified as Cicada JiUaris from Mexico, described and figured by Distant in Biol. Centr.- Americana (1881). Hilaris expands 52 millimeters, while minor is much smaller and presents other differences as well. Head across eyes broader than the front margin of the pronotum ; front not conspicuously produced; hairy; no median sulcus, and with the trans- verse rugae defined chiefly by hairs and pruinose stripes. The opercula 42 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII overlapping Avitli extremities broadly rpunded; not extending beyond the second abdominal segment, and with the outer sides nearly parallel. Last ventral segment broad at the extremity which is shallowly sinuate. Uncus as in the illustration and much more compressed in lateral view at the extremity than in the next species. Body above black. Head with the following pale: a spot at the front; one each side near the eye; a central one in the depression in front of the median ocellus, and one each side extending to the hind margin. Pronotum with the anterior margin narrowly pale ; the posterior margin or collar more broadly so and with a pale spot each side near the lateral margin. Mesonotum narrowly pale along each side to the base of the wings; cruci- form elevation pale except for a central black area. Abdomen black above with the lateral margins of segments 3 to 8 inclusive broadly pale and more or less pruinose. Under side of the abdomen and opercula pale straw colored throughout; the legs and under side of head variegated with black. Fore wings with the basal area and the first and second cross veins clouded ; the anterior margins pale; the venation of both pairs of wings brownish with the hind wings paler than the fore wings. Membranes at base of fore wings ]Dale, or pale orange in some of the paratypes. Also in some of the paratypes the pronotum is more variegated with pale spots in the depres- sions, and there are indications of obconical spots on the mesonotum at the anterior margin. The membranes at the base of the hind wings are almost Avhite in some individuals. llBiCEN MINOR Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Length of body 17 Width of head across eyes 6 Expanse of fore wings 47 Greatest width of fore wing 8 Greatest width of operculum 4.5 Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 43 The following paratypes all from the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum have been examined: Guadalajara, Mex., July, 1885, male ; also a second male in this lot but without data ; two males labeled ‘‘Mex, 302,” and a male without data. Tibicen fusca new species (Plate II, Fig. 6). Type male, Mexico D. F. (J. R. Inda collector). U- S. National Museum Collection. This species resembles minor in size, but may be readily told from it by the narrower head, more prominent front, and brownish clouded wings with coarse venation. The uncus is also differently shaped. Head across eyes very slightly broader than the front margin of the pronotum, the width of the head and pronotum being conspicuously nar- roAver than the abdomen across the middle. The opercula and the last ven- tral segment are as in minor. The uncus is as figured and not as much compressed when seen in profile as in minor. Also the terminal, dorsal spine of the abdomen is more robust than in minor. TIbiceim fusca Body above blacker than in minor, but with some of the same spots faintly represented. There is no pale and pruinose margin on segments 3 to 8, the abdomen being entirely black above with slight indications of a paler area each side on segment eight. Under side of the abdomen with the segments fuscous, margined posteriorly with greenish strarv color. The opercula pale in color except at base. Front and hind wings brownish with venation more heavily clouded and coarse than in minor; membranes of all of the Avings pinkish. Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Length of body 16 Width of head across eyes 5 Expanse of fore Avings 37 Greatest width of fore wing 6 Greatest width of operculum 4 44 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Only the type has been examined. Diceroprocta lucida new species (Plate III, Fig. 1). Type male and allotype female from Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico, 1927. Davis collection. Eesembles Diceroprocta digueti Distant from Lower California and the adjacent mainland of Mexico, but the front of the head is much more pro- duced and is shaped as in D. hulgara Distant, from Mexico. Also the pruinose stripes on the sides of the abdomen often conspicuous in digueti on segments 4 to 7 are wanting. Head across the eyes broader than the front margin of the pronotum; front very prominent; median sulcus shallow; transverse rugae well defined with the grooves conspicuously white and tomentose. The opercula broad, not extending beyond the second abdominal segment; extremities rounded and almost meeting at the inner basal portion. Last ventral segment broadly rounded Avith a small and shalloAv notch at the extremity. Uncus as figured. The notch in the ventral segment of the allotype is broad and well defined. Body above conspicuously shining, especially on the mesonotum which is nearly devoid of the white and golden pubescence occurring on the remainder of the body. A much lacerated, broad, black stripe, connects the eyes ; the grooves and hollows in the pronotum are black ; collar greenish AAuth a dark irregular spot at each extremity. Mesonotum almost black, with two obconical spots extending backward from the front margin. The pale lines encircling these spots are almost joined (or joined in some of the paratypes) by the pale fore limbs of the cruciform elevation. Sides pale to base of fore AAungs. Abdomen mostly covered by a golden or Avhitish pubescence but where this has been removed the segments are nearly black, pale on the posterior margin. A conspicuous pruinose spot each side on segment 8. Segment 9 pale on the sides. Under part of the abdomen pruinose at the sides, with an irregular, broad, central stripe. The opercula are pruinose and pale on the outer sides but almost black on the inner UlCEROPKOCTA LUCIDA Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 45 portions. The legs are pale, the front pair darkest, and there are long white hairs near the eyes. The venation of all of the wings is brownish, especially along the front margin of the fore wings and about the marginal cells. The basal cell is conspicuously darkened at the anterior outer angle ; the membranes at the base of all of the wings are gray, being darkest in the fore wings. Measurements in Millimeters Male Female Type Allotype Length of body 30 28 Width of head across eyes 12 12 Expanse of fore wings 90 90 Greatest width of fore wing 12 12 Greatest width of operculum 7 In addition to the type and allotype 12 males and 7 females have been examined from Cnautla, all collected in 1927, and one female from Jojntla, Morelos, Mexico, collected in Jnne, 1929. Diceroprocta operculabrunnea new species (Plate III, Figs. 2-3). Type male and allotype female from Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico, June, 1929. Davis collection. Resembles Diceroprocta transversa Walker, but with the front of the head and eyes not as prominent. The opercula are very long reaching the 6th abdominal segment, and are bright brown in color. They are straw colored and pale in transversa and marevagans, as well as being much shorter. DiCEROp-R OCTA OPERCULABRUN NEA Head across eyes a little broader than the front margin of the pronotum ; median sulcus shallow; transverse rugae well defined with the grooves white and tomentose. The opercula are very long, slightly overlapping at the 46 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLIl base, and with the widely diverging rather sharp extremities reaching the 6th and occasionally the 7th abdominal segment. Last ventral segment rounded at the extremity, with a notch, and clothed with numerous long white hairs. Uncus as figured. The notch in the ventral segment of the allotype is broad and double, that is one within the other. Body above black and brown. The head is black with a small pale spot on the front and the grooves pale ; the central ocellus is surrounded by pale ; the other two by black; the back of the head is pale. The hind margin and sides of the pronotum or collar greenish brown, or green in some of the paratypes; the central elevations of the same color with the intervening grooves black. Mesonotum with four obconical spots outlined by green or greenish, extending backward from the front margin toward the cruciform elevation. The anterior, pale limbs of this elevation enclose a dark, shield- shaped, central spot, which has two black dots, one each side of the central line. The posterior margin of the pronotum is pale. Abdomen covered with white and brown appressed hairs, which form a white spot each side on segment three ; segment 8 also conspicuously white each side in some of the paratypes forming two spots. Under side of the abdomen chocolate colored centrally; shining; paler at the extremity and pruinose each side. Opercula conspicuously red-brown. Head, pronotum and mesonotum cov- ered with white hairs, and legs straw colored, striped with brown. Wings clear, membranes at base of all wings gray, first and second cross-veins of fore wings infuscated. Measurements in Millimeters Male Female Type Allotype Length of body 24 22 Width of head across eyes 9 9 Expanse of fore wings 70 70 Greatest width of fore wing 10 10 Greatest width of operculum 6 In addition to the type and allotype three males have been examined from Cnantla, Morelos, Mexico, June, 1929, and six males from Jojntla, Morelos, Mexico, June, 1929. Diceroprocta bequaerti Davis. The standing of this species was last considered in this Jour- nal for June, 1932. From June 28 to July 14, 1933, Mr. F. F. Bibby and his asso- ciates, Messrs H. B. Mills, J. M. Landrum and R. A. Garham, Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 47 sent me 14 male and 57 female Diceroprocta bequaerti taken about Waco, McLennan County, Texas. As is usual in the allied D. vitripennis Say, the females collected far outnumbered the males. This lot of 71 specimens can be readily separated from D. vitripennis found by Mr. Bibby at Midway, Madison County, Texas, in June, 1931, and from the many other specimens of that species in the writers’ collection, by the larger head in bequaerti, as well as by the other characters noted in 1932. In his letter of August 6, 1933, Mr. Harlow B. Mills states that by that date bequaerti had become uncommon, and that the greatest number of specimens had been taken about the middle of July. “The emergence at Waco must surely have assumed the proportions of a brood this year. The species was abundant in the bottom-lands, and cast skins were very common on small willows. On the upland, specimens were taken in a mesquite- postoak pasture where, however, they never became abundant. . . . The species was most abundant on the flood-plain of the Brazos River where it was common on willows growing on a sand-bar, and in tall weeds back from the river bank. Speci- mens were not uncommonly heard singing in cotton near the river and occasionally in upland cotton fields. In the flood- plain regions it was associated with the large Tibicen mar- ginalis. ’ ’ Diceroprocta bequaerti was seen by Mr. Mills ovipositing in cotton wood {Populus deltoides) , willow, and the weed Cheno- podiuni anthelminticum. Three specimens of the robber-fly Proctacanthus hinei Bromley, were taken with D. bequaerti as prey, and a dead one was found in the grasp of a spider deter- mined by Willis J. Gertsch as Phidippus purpuratus. The song of D. bequaerti is “a high-pitched, penetrating, rasping, rapidly repeated zee-zee-zee. Occasionally it takes the form of a broken song instead of the common long-continued performance. ... On the river bottom, where the species was abundant, the united song of thousands of individuals raised a clamor reminding one of an emergence of the seventeen-year cicadas.” Beameria new genus. It is proposed that this genus have as type what was originally described as Prunasis venosa Uhler, and include the species here described as Beameria wJieeleri. 48 Journal New York Entomological Society iVoi. XLII The genus Prunasis Stal, of which P. viridula Walker, of Brazil, is the type, is characterized as follows by Distant in his Catalogue (1906), p. 140: ‘‘Head with front prominently tri- angularly produced ; margins of front and vertex discontinuous, somewhat at right angles to each other. ’ ’ The hind wings have four apical areas, and the notch in the last ventral segment of the female is deep and well defined. In Beameria the hind wings normally have six apical areas, but sometimes less ; the head is not triangularly produced, but has the front more rounded, and there is but a slight indication of a notch in the last ventral segment of the female. In “Annals, Magazine of Natural History” (8), vol. 8, p. 134 (1911), Distant without comment removes venosa from the genus Prunasis and places it in Proarna, of which hilaris Germar, from the Antilles, is the type. In having the “transverse vein at base of second apical area more or less vertical,” and also six apical cells in hind wing, venosa approaches the dozen or more species of Proarna of Mexico, Central and South America, but in them the genitalia is quite unlike that of venosa, and the pro- portionally longer marginal cells of the fore wings and amplified lateral margins of pronotum are in strong contrast, as is the size and the markings. In the females the notch in the last ventral segment is much deeper than in venosa. The accompanying figures and descriptions will more fully characterize Beameria, which is named for Dr. Raymond H. Beamer, who has kindly sent to me for examination the many cicadas collected by himself and associates during their exten- sive field excursions for the University of Kansas. Beameria venosa (Uhler). (PI. Ill, fig. 5.) Prunasis venosa was described by Uhler in Entomologica Americana, Vol. IV, p. 82, 1888, from “Middle and Southern Texas, not on the coast. Only males have thus far been ex- amined ; three specimens of which are at present in my collec- tion. The venation is coarser than in any of the small cicadas which I have had the opportunity to examine.” He gives the “length to the tip of abdomen 11-13 mm. Expanded wing covers 31-32 mm. Width of pronotum across the middle 3^-4 mm. Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 49 In the writer’s collection there are three venosa that were com- pared in 1916 with Texas specimens in the Uhler collection, now in the U. S. National Museum. They were labeled Prunasis venosa by him. The species is now known from Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and there are at present in my collection nearly 300 specimens from these states. With a few exceptions they all conform with the measurements given by Uhler in the original description. In 1917 a Biological Expedition was organized at Cornell Uni- versity and the cicadas collected were reviewed in the Journal OF THE New York Entomological Society for December, 1917. On page 213 of that volume 94 specimens of venosa are recorded from Texas and New Mexico. Three of these, all males, were collected at Alamogordo, New Mexico, July 1, 1917, by Prof. Wm. M. Wheeler, who was with the expedition for a time. Their expanse of wings is about 40 mm., and they are thus considerably larger than the remaining 91 specimens, which, however, they otherwise superficially resemble. In 1932 Dr. Raymond H. Beamer and J. D. Beamer, collected 25 venosa in New Mexico, and in Arizona, and also a male at Blue Springs, New Mexico, June 27, and six males at Alamo- gordo, N. M., June 30, 1932, of the large form. This led to an examination of all of the material, and it was found that the ten large males belonged to what is here considered a new species. Beameria wheeleri new species (PI. Ill, Fig. 6). Type male. Alamogordo, N. M., July 1, 1917 (Prof. Wm. M. Wheeler). Davis collection. SeAmeRia venosa 50 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII In this insect the wings expand about 6 mm. more than in vcnosa ; the front of the head is usually more prominent, the tymbals are not as exposed along the posterior margin, but are covered to a greater extent by the forward extension of the second abdominal segment; the opereula are slightly longer with the tips not as rounded as in venosa. These differences, as well as those in the genitalia, are shown in the accompanying figures, ‘‘C” showing the relative amount of the tympanal covering. Eeamfria wheeleri Color pale, and as in venosa, with the venation surrounding the marginal cells of the fore wings black or nearly so. The obconical dark marks on the mesonotum are the same in both species. Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Length of body 16 Width of head across eyes 4.5 Expanse of fore -wings 39 Greatest width of fore wing 7 Daza nayaritensis new species (Plate IV, Figs. 1-2). Type male and allotype female from near Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico, October, 1932. Davis collection. Eesembles Daza (Odopoea) montezuma (Walker) of Mexico and type of the genus, figured in Biol. Centr.-Ainer., Ehynch. Horn. Plate 3, fig. 5, but is slimmer and has spotted wings. Head including eyes about as wide as mesonotum, front rounded; lateral margins of the pronotum dilated as in montezuma; in some individuals the lateral angles not quite as pronounced. The opereula as in inontezuma, Mar., 1934] Davis : Cicadas 51 short and broad and not quite reaching the hind margin of the second abdominal segment. Last ventral segment shaped as in montezuma. Uncus as figured. The allotype has a notch in the ventral segment to accommo- date the ovipositor. General color greenish with dark brown or black markings. Head witli the following black: narrow line at front, area about each ocellus; narrow^ irregular line extending from each of the outer ocelli to in front of the eye and four dots near the posterior margin and between the eyes (in some of the paratypes but two of these dots are present). Pronotum green with the grooves blackened and a central black spot near the hind margin but in front of the collar, Mesonotum greenish with the obconical spots extend- ing backward from the front margin, a central line wdth two irregular spots each side, and two round, small, ones near the anterior extremities of the cruciform elevation, black. Cruciform elevation greenish with the anterior limbs black at the extremities. Abdomen yellowish green with irregular areas along the sides and the basal part of segment 8, blackish. Under side of the abdomen greenish with the basal part of each segment darkened. In the allotype there is a round black spot on segment 7 each side of the notch. Opercula green. Head green with the front edge including the fore jiart of the transverse rugae, blackened ; also the dilated, lateral margins of the pronotum edged with black. Legs green, variegated with black and brown. Wings nearly clear; first and second cross veins in the fore wings clouded, and sometimes the third cross vein as well. In each of the first seven of the marginal areas of the fore wings there is a faint central stripe, and the ends of the veins are clouded near the outer margin. Membranes at base of first pair of wings, gray; of the second pair, white, edged out- wardly with dark gray. Daza NAYAXITENSIS 52 Journal New York Entomological Society tVol. XLII Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Female Allotype Length of body 34 35 Width of head across eyes 11 11 Expanse of fore wings 102 102 Greatest width of fore wing 15 15 Greatest width of operculum 7.5 In addition to the type and allotype 18 males and 25 females have been examined, all collected in Nayarit, Mexico, in October, 1932, and October and November, 1933. Chinaria new genus. The type of this genus is the species described in this paper as Chinaria mexicana, known from the states of Morelos and Sinaloa, Mexico. The lateral margins of the pronotum are dilated and medially angulated about as in Odopoea, Miranha, Zammara, Collina and Daza. In the shape of the pronotum, in that of the 8th marginal area of the fore wing and in the uncus, the type of this genus might be considered under Odopoea, but in Odopoea the tympana are covered at the outer sides by a forward extension of segment two of the abdomen. This is lacking in Chinaria where a con- tinuous view of the sound apparatus may be had from the dorsal to the ventral part of the abdomen owing to the short opercula. There is but a slight forward extension or sinuation of segment two near the auditory capsule, not the prominent one as in the genera mentioned above, Collina excepted. In Collina the tympana are even less protected than in Chinaria, the head is narrower, the sides of the pronotum much less dilated, and the fore wings have a rather sudden bend or curve near the base. The uncus is as figured and differs considerably from Baza montezuma. Baza nayaritensis or Collina medea. I take pleasure in calling this genus Chinaria. Mr. W. E. China has kindly compared numerous specimens sent to him by me with those in the collection of the British Museum. Chinaria mexicana new species (Plate IV, Fig. 3). Type male and allotype female from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, June, 1922 (Mrs. E. P. Hinton). Davis collection. Head including eyes not quite as broad as the mesonotum, front rounded, lateral margins of the pronotum considerably dilated. Opercula very short and rounded, the inner extremities being far apart. Last ventral segment not quite evenly rounded at the extremity; in the allotype there is a small Mar., 1934] Davis: Cicadas 53 notch. The abdominal walls are very thin in the males, and from the under side an examination of the interior may be made when the insect is held in a strong light. In Collina the walls of the abdomen are also quite thin. Color greenish, with the tergum of abdomen somewhat yellowish; wings much spotted with brown, and as illustrated. Head yellowish green with a stripe in the groove each side of the ocelli, and four dots near the posterior margin between the eyes, the outer two being the largest. Pronotum green, including the collar, with the grooves darkened. In one of the paratypes the pronotum is almost entirely green. Mesonotum with four obconical spots extending backward from the front margin, the inner pair the shorter. The cruciform elevation is green with a dark spot each side near the anterior limbs. Abdomen nearly uniform yellowish green in the type; in one of the paratypes segment eight is pruinose. In the female allotype the tergum is darker with a row of spots, one on each segment near the lateral margin, and a large one each side on segment nine. Under side uniformly pale with the central segments of the abdomen translucent. In one of the paratypes the under side is pruinose along the sides of the abdomen and especially about the legs and under side of the head. Chi N A7HA MEAICANA Measurements in Millimeters Male Female Type Allotype Length of body 34 28 Width of head across eyes 9.5 9 Expanse of fore wings 88 83 Greatest width of fore wing 12.5 12 Greatest width of operculum 6 A second male collected at the same place and time as the type, and a male from Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 27, 1918 ( J. A. 54 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Kusche, through Mr. Morgan Hebarcl), have also been examined, as well as two females collected at Compostela in July and Au- Carineta martiniquensis new species (Plate III, Pig. 4). Type male from Martinique, French West Indies, March 27, 1930, and allotype female same locality, no date, both collected by Prof. L. M. Stohr. Davis collection. This insect has a rather broader head and more prominent eyes than is usual in Carineta for which reason it might be considered under Herrera if it were not for the narrow wings. Head including eyes about as nude as the mesonotum, front moderately produced with the median groove narrow but well defined. Opercula with the inner extensions very narrow, as in Carineta cingenda figured in Homop- tera Andina, Cicadidce, by A. Jacobi. Last ventral segment truncate at extremity; in the allotype the notch is very deep extending almost to the base of the segment. General color olive green, paler in some of the paratypes. Head greenish, blackened about the ocelli; front green. Pronotum, with a narrow, dark colored stripe extending from behind each eye to the collar ; front margin of the collar with a dark stripe. In some of the paratypes the entire dorsal surface is greenish and without dark spots except about the ocelli. Meso- notuni greenish with the obconical spots extending backward from the front margin faintly outlined, the central pair most prominent. Cruciform eleva- tion greenish wdth a dark area in the hollow between the anterior limbs, and also a dark area each side not well defined. Abdomen greenish, the segments edged posteriorly with green ; segment eight darker than the others. The entire under surface is greenish with a central, narrow broAvn line extending from segment three to segment six and broadening to cover seg- ment seven; valve also brown beneath. The allotype is without these dark marks, being almost unicolorous beneath. gust, 1933. C A R ) N E TA MARTI N I GLUE N SIS Mar., 19.34] Davis: Cicadas 55 Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Female Allotype Length of body 18 20 Width of head across eyes 6.5 7 Expanse of fore wings 47 54 Greatest width of fore wing 8 8.5 In addition to the type and allotype Prof. L. M. Stohr has kindl}^ sent to me from Martinique five males and one female. This last was collected December 6, 1928; the others from Janu- ary 18 to June 26, 1930. It evidently has a long season. Fidicina compostela new species (Plate IV, Fig. 4). Type male from near Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico, October 8, 1932. Davis collection. Some species of Fidicina have the costal margin of the fore wing nearly straight to a considerable distance beyond the radial area, while others have a noticeable bend in the wing at the end of this area. In pronce and picea the wing is evenly curved, while in viridis, cachla and numerous others, there is a noticeable bend. The present species belongs to this last group. (See figures in Biol. Centr.-Amer. Ehynch. Horn.) In general appearance it may be compared to F. fumea as figured in Biol. Centr.-Amer., but the head is narrower with the front more rounded and less prominent. The eyes are rather prominent, and more so than in f umea and drewseni. The tymbals are considerably exposed and the forward projection from segment two is narrow and rather sharp pointed. Operculum short and truncate and with the outer extremity forming a right angle bend. Last ventral segment gradually rounded to the extremity which has a shallow notch. Under side of abdomen and valve with numerous hairs. Uncus as figured. Fidicina ccmpostela 56 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Body of a general brown color. Head orange with a broad, black band connecting the eyes; the band bends backward centrally and includes the ocelli. Pronotuin olive or greenish orange, irregularly blackened along the front margin; collar narrowly black along the front margin. Mesonotmn olive with four obconical spots extending backward from the front margin ; inner pair shortest. Cruciform elevation orange with an irregular dark spot in the hollow between the anterior limbs. Abdomen with the segments broadly black anteriorly edged wdth orange posteriorly, the second segment conspicuously so. Under side of body greenish orange with the segments blackened at base; opercula black at base. Legs greenish orange; tarsi darker. Both pairs of wings clear except at base, where they are rather broadly and irregularly browned, the color being more chestnut than in fumea Distant, in which it is much darker. The basal area in the fore wing is included in the darkened area, as in fumea. Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Length of body 25 Width of head across eyes 10 Expanse of fore wings 78 Greatest width of fore wing 11 Greatest width of operculum 7 In addition to the type there is a second male in the writer’s collection that is slightly greener in color than the type. It also came from near Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico, collected October 30, 1932. [Since the above was written, 4 males and 2 females of the species, collected at Compostela between September 26 and November 1, 1933, have been received.] Okanagodes Some of the facts about Okanagodes terlingua, 0. gracilis and variety pallida, were reviewed in this Journal for June, 1932, and attention called to the interesting account of Okanagodes gracilis, of its habits and song given by L. D. and R. H. Beamer, in the Journal op the New York Entomological Society for September, 1930, page 298. Of the sixty three males and two females taken, all were of the usual gracilis form in which “the color varies from almost white to greenish and tan with dark markings.” No colony or brood of the brightly green colored Mar., 1934] Davis : Cicadas 57 specimens was encountered in Arizona by the Beamers in the summer of 1929. In June, 1931, Mrs. Martha Morfoot sent me two brightly green colored specimens of gyxicilis collected near Oracle, Ari- zona; in June, 1932, she sent twenty four more collected near Tucson, and in June, 1933, thirty three additional males and four females, all of the same color and from the same locality. In 1932, Mr. F. H. Parker furnished twenty two green males and three females collected in June near Tucson, and one male of the same color collected July 16, 1932, in the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. In June, 1932, Mr. D. K. Duncan collected a great many typical gracilis, and also about twenty of the green form on the Tucson-Plorence desert, and on June 30, 1933, he collected twelve males and two females of the green variety about 5 miles south west of Tucson. On July 1, 1933, he took fourteen males of the typical straw-colored form at Florence Junction. Mr. Duncan writes as follows: ‘^Regarding the Oluinagodes. The green specimens were taken four or five miles south west of Tucson on the San Xavier Road ; they were in the green weeds, probably a species of sage, at least it smells like sage when crushed. One was taken on a green mescpiite branch, but this is rare. Surroundings typical desert ; flat, hot, dry, sage, cactus, mesquite and Acacias. Last year I took these green forms as far north of Tucson as 20 miles. The pale form [gracilis] was taken this year north of Florence and probably 100 miles from the green form. I find that this form [gracilis] tends to run to a few pale green examples on through pale straw- color into pale straAV-color with dark brown markings, in other words is much more variable than the green form Avhich is almost constant in color.” He adds: ‘M consider them a valid A^ariety all right.” This green form, Avhich appears in broods by itself, may be designated Okanagodes gracilis variety viridis, Avith the folloAV- ing as type and allotype : Type male and allotype female from about five miles south Avest of Tucson, June 30, 1933 (D. K. Duncan). Davis collection. 58 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Measurements in Millimeters Male Type Female Allotype Length of body 21 20 Width of head across eyes 5 5 Expanse of fore wings 52 55 Greatest Avidth of fore wing 8.5 9 111 adclition to tlie type and allotype there are over one hun- dred specimens of variety viridis in the writer’s collection, re- ceived from Mrs. Morfoot, Mr. ¥. H. Parker, and D. K. Duncan. It is possible that in the course of years these cabinet specimens may fade somewhat, as green insects sometimes do, but the two collected at Oracle in 1931, are still brightly green. PLATE II Figure 1. Figure o Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Tihicen chisose^isis. Type. Tibicen cliisosensis. Allotyxie. Tihicen paralleloides. TyjDe. Tihicen paralleloides $ . Mexico near type locality. Tihicen minor. Type. Tihicen fnsca. Type. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLII (Plate II) CICADIDAE 60 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE III Figure 1. Diceroprocta lucida. Type. Figure 2. Diceroprocta opercula'brmuiea. Type. Figure 3. Diceroprocta operctilahrunnea. Type; underside. Figure 4. Carineta martiniquensis. Type. Figure 5. Beaineria venosa Uliler. Figure 6. Beameria u'heeleri. Type. (JouRX. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLII (Plate ITI) CICADIDAE 62 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE IV Figure 1. Vaza nmjaritensis. Type. Figure 2. Baza nayaritensis. Allotype. Figure 3. Cli'.naria mexicana. Type. Figure 4. Fidicina Compostela. Type. (JouKX. X. Y. Ext. 8oc.), Vol. XLII (Plate IV) CICADIDAE I: \ y i Mar., 1934] Wilson: Chrysochus 65 THE ANATOMY OF CHRYSOCHUS AURATUS, FAB., COLEOPTERA: (CHRYSOMELIDAE) WITH AN EXTENDED DISCUSSION OF THE WING VENATION By Sloan Jacob Wilson Department of Zoology, University of Wichita, Wichita, Kansas I Introduction Chrysochus auratus was first described in 1775 by Fabriciis. It is described in Coleoptera of Indiana, by Blatcliley (1), as ‘ ‘ oblong and convex. Green, brightly polished ; elytra often with a coppery tinge ; antennae, legs and under surface bluish black. Head and thorax with coarse, very sparse, deep punctures inter- mingled with minute ones. Elytra finely and irregularly punc- tate.” Blatchley states further that the species is common throughout the state and is present from June 11 to August 10, and occurs on dogbane or Indian hemp (Apocynnm) as well as milkweed (Asclepias). The species was found in great numbers during July, 1931, in this region, being so plentiful in one spot on the campus that it was possible to gather over two hundred specimens in less than an hour. The specimens obtained were preserved in a 10 per cent solu- tion of formalin. Due to the deep color of the insect it was necessary to bleach in 10 per cent KOH in order to study the external anatomy. About four weeks, with an occasional chang- ing of the liquid was necessary. II External Anatomy Similar to all other insects, Chrysochus auratus is divided into three large divisions ; head, thorax and abdomen. The prothorax is free so that it appears to form all of the second or thoracic region of the body. The location of the hinder two pairs of legs 66 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII shows which part belongs to the thorax. The body is very strongly chitinized. Parts of the Head (Plate VI) Fixed parts of the head The fixed parts of the head are fused and form a strong, firm box. Epicranium. — The epicraninm of all beetles is in reality a com- pound sclerite (4), being composed of the true epicranium and front. An epicranial suture is visible on the cephalic portion of the head. It is not a continuous line but is broken. Two lines run cephalad and meet the clypeal suture. A frontal ridge is evident below which the antenna arises just cephalad to the com- pound eye. Small pits are scattered over the epicranium. Clypeus. — The clypeus is apparently fused to the front of the epicranium and is not distinguishable as a separate element. Genae. — The genae are situated below the eyes and the an- tennae. The genae, with certain portions of the occiput form the lateral portion of the ventral part of the head. Occiput. — The occiput is fused to the epicranium. The post- genae and the occipital regions cannot be distinguished as sepa- rate elements but are fused to the epicranium. Gida. — The gula is a broad sclerite on the ventral portion of the head and is bounded by the gular sutures. Among the coleoptera the gula is usually a well developed sclerite and plainly visible, Comstock (4). Appendages of the head Antennae. — The antennae are moderately long, filiform and twelve jointed. The second segment is longer than the basal segment. The antennae are inserted between the eyes and the frontal ridge, and are widely separated at the base. Mouth parts Lahriim. — The labrum covers the mandibles, in part. It is comparatively long and narrows at its distal end. Mandibles. — The mandibles are of the blunt, herbivorous type. i Mar., 1934] WiLSON: ChrysoCHUS 67 The left mandible is longer than the right which fits into a groove in the left mandible. Maxillae. — The cardo is large and broad and is triangular in shape. The median portion of the maxilla is composed of stipes, palpifer and subgalea. The stipes and the galea are fused form- ing a large sclerite. The lacinia is short and blunt and bears hairs on its tip. The palpifer is a fairly large sclerite from which arises a four jointed palpus. The galea is fairly large and tongue shaped. Lahium. — A straight transverse line divides the labium from the gula. The submentum is very narrow but wide. The sub- mentum and the mentum are separated by a transverse suture. On either side of the mentum lie the palpigers from each of which arises a labial palpus which is three jointed. Projecting forward from the mentum is the ligula, which consists of a pair of movable flaps. Hypopharynx. — On the inner surface of the labium lies a large hypopharynx which almost covers fbe labium. The large size is probably due to the adaptation of the insect to the food plant which is very juicy in nature and would have to be lapped to be eaten. Parts of the Thorax (Plate V) Prothorax Dorsal aspect. — The pronotum is not divided into separate sclerites but is prominent and rounded. A lateral line is ap- parent and the lateral portion is called the prothoracic epi- pleuron. Ventral aspect. — The ventral portion is formed by the sternum and the pleural sclerites. The episternum is a small, almost tri- angular, sclerite and forms a portion of the body wall between the sternum and the epipleura. The epimeron is a sclerite en- closing the coxal cavity, caudad and later ad. Mesothorax The mesothorax is much reduced in size, its chief function being to support the elytra and to keep them together by means of the scutellum. 68 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Dorsal aspect. — When the elytra are in position the only visible part of the mesothorax is the scutellum. After removing the elytra the scutum may be seen. The praescutum is represented by a narrow membranous strip. The postscntellnm is a small curved bar which is seen laterad on each side of the caudal apex of the scutellum. Ventral aspect. — The sternal and the pleural sclerites compose the ventral aspect. The mesosternnm completely surrounds the coxal cavity and is plainly marked off by the sutures. The epi- sternum is a small triangular sclerite and does not reach the coxal cavity. The epimeron is a larger sclerite than the epi- sternum and does not reach the coxal cavity. Metathorax The metathorax is much larger than the mesothorax due to the attachment of the heavy muscles for flight. Dorsal aspect. — The median portion has a large groove extend- ing caudo-cephalad along the middle of the back with strongly chitinized margins projecting upward. In these the elytra rest. Due to the fusion it is difficult to discern the sclerites of the metathorax. Ventral aspect. — The metasternum is the largest sclerite of the ventral aspect of the entire thorax. A round blunt tongue meets the caudal projection of the mesosternnm. A distinct suture is present on the median line of the sclerite. A line or suture is apparent near the caudal margin of the metasternum. The por- tion of the metasternum caudad of the suture is the antecoxal piece. A long narrow sclerite lies laterad to the metasternum which narrows toward its caudal end. This is the episternum. The small sclerite caudad to Jhe episternum is the epimeron. Appendages of the Thorax Wings The mesonotum and metanotum each bear a pair of wings. The elytra are the wings of the mesanotum and are heavily chitinized to form the hard case of the beetle. The wings of the metanotum are membranous and used for flight. These will be discussed later. Mar., 1934] Wilson: Chrysochus 69 Legs The unusual part of the legs is the tarsi. The tarsi are dilated and pubescent underneath. The third joint is deeply bilohed. The fourth and fifth tarsal joints are joined firmly together, the fourth joint being very small, the tarsi therefore appearing but four jointed. The claws are without serrations. Abdomen (Plate V) The abdomen is composed of flattened segments. The dorsal surface is completely covered by the elytra. Six sterna are seen on the ventral side, the most anterior being the largest. The most posterior sternum is very small and rounded on the caudal margin. The external genitalia are not visible from the ventral aspect. Ill Wing-Venation and Variations The comparative study of the wing veins of the various groups of insects, and that of their larva wing trachea, has shown the wing-venation to be based on a common plan, with modifications in the different orders. Venation of the coleoptera is unique and complicated resulting in many differences of opinion. The venation of Chrysochus auratus Fab. in this paper is based, principally, on the study of W. T. M. Forbes (5). The Main Veins (Plate VIII) Costa —The costal vein lies along the costal border of the wing. Suhcosta. — The second vein is concave and lies at the foot of a trough in the surface of the wing. In the wings examined there is a short fusion of costa and subcosta. This is in the region of the humeral cross-vein. Radius. — The third vein of the wing is strongly convex and forms the principal articulation with the thorax and arises from the anterior tracheal branch. Costa, subcosta and radius are very close together near the costal margin. 70 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Media. — ^Media is the most unstable of all the veins in the various orders of insects. The main stem has dropped out leav- ing a short portion of and M3+4 (or and M4), Forbes (5). Cuhitus. — Cubitus is a strong vein, the distal end fusing with M4 which swings down and fuses with it. First anal. — The base of 1st anal is lost and gives the vein the appearance of being a fusion of Cu and 1st anal for a portion of its length. This is due to the cu-a cross-vein which remains. 1st anal is branched. Second, third and fourth anals. — The 2nd and 3rd anals are branched. The 4th anal is not branched. Permanent cross-veins. — Certain cross-veins are so constant in the higher insects as to be considered a part of the hypothetical plan. The humeral is present as a short fusion of costa and sub- costa. An arculus is also present. Forking of the Veins (Plate VIII) The distal portion of R and Sc are fused. Radius. — According to Forbes (5) there is little reason to doubt that the anterior branch of the radial stem continues in the common cavity as R4. The base of Rs is atrophied leaving the outer part as an apparent backward projecting spur — the radial recurrent (Rr). A short portion of Rs is present and a radial cross-vein exists between R4 and Rs. A second radial cross-vein swings into this portion of Rs and is usually regarded as being a portion of radial recurrent. Media. — The base of media has dropped out leaving in evi- dence M4+2 ^3+4 (01* and M4). M swings down and fuses with Cu toward the margin. Cubitus. — Cubitus is not branched (if the first anal is not considered a branch as it is by some authorities) but exists as a heavy vein fusing with M4 near the margin. First anal. — The base of the 1st anal has dropped out and the cross-vein cu-a remains to connect it with the stem of cubitus. It is entirely possible, however, that the 1st anal is fused with the stem of cubitus but the evidence seems to be to the contrary as will be noted in the discussion of the variations. 1st anal is Mar., 1934] Wilson: Chrtsochus 71 branched, the first branch extending to the margin and the second branch is fused with the first branch of the 2nd anal. Second anal. — The 2nd anal is branched. The first branch is fused with the second branch of the 1st anal and extends nearly to the margin. The second branch fuses with the first branch of the 3rd anal. On the basal side of the cell thus formed exists an oblique vein running from the stem of the 2nd anal to the upper branch of the 3rd anal. As stated by Forbes (5) it is not clear whether this is a branch of the 2nd anal which has joined the first branch of the 3rd anal or a cross-vein. Third anal. — The 3rd anal forks once. The upper branch is connected to the 2nd anal by two transverse veins enclosing a cell between them. Fourth anal. — The 4th anal is a heavy vein and stiffens the alula. It is not forked. Forbes (5) states that the 4th anal of coleoptera is comparable to the jugal brace of the lepidoptera. Cross-veins (Plate VIII) The order Coleoptera is considered by Forbes (5) to have de- scended from a form or forms with a considerable number of cross-veins. The humeral has already been discussed as a short fusion of costa and subcosta. Two radial cross-veins are present. A cross-vein exists between Ks and M^+2 but is very faintly outlined. A cross-vein exists between ^3+4 but is very faintly outlined. The cross^veins in the anal region have been discussed. An arculus is distinctly present. Variation of Wing-venation (Plate IX) The anal region of wing-venation may vary as seen in Plate IX. Two groups are shown, one showing the right wing of various specimens and the other showing the variations in the right and left wings of the same specimen. The wing-venation, especially in the anal region, is difficult to 72 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII determine unless more than one specimen is examined. It was found that if a number of wings were examined, the variations in forking and the fusion of the anal branches were a great aid in determining the venation as a whole in the anal region. Variations in Different Specimens Fig. 1. — 1st A and 2nd seem to be fused for a short dis- tance. They then fork into 1st A^ and 1st Ag + 2nd A^. 1st Ag + 2nd Ai fork at the distal end and exist as separate veins. 2nd Ag and 3rd A^ fuse and fork as separate veins at the distal end. Fig. 2. — 1st Ag exists as a cross-vein meeting and fusing with 2nd Aj where they again branch as separate veins at the distal end. 2nd Ag and 3rd A^ fuse and do not fork. Fig. 3. — 2nd A^ fuses for a short distance with 1st Ag. It then forks into 1st A^ and 1st Ag + 2nd A^. 1st A, + 2nd A^ does not fork at the distal end. Fig. 4. — 1st Ag exists and crosses over to fuse with 2nd A^. These fork as separate veins near the distal end. 2nd A2 and 3rd Aj fuse and do not fork. Fig. 5. — A cross-vein exists between 1st A and 2nd A^ which seems to be comparable to the cross-vein between the base of 2nd A and 3rd A^. 1st A and 2nd A^ fuse for a short distance and branch into 1st A^ and 1st Ag + 2nd A^. An entirely new cell is formed due to the presence of this cross-vein. Fig. 6. — The cross-vein exists between 1st A and 2nd A^ as be- fore. 1st A and 2nd A^ do not fuse however. 1st A2 crosses over and fuses with 2nd A. Variations of Bight and Left Wings of the Same Specimen Fig. 7. — In the left wing 1st A2 and 2nd A^ fuse and do not fork at the distal end. In the right wing 1st A2 and 2nd A^ fuse and fork at the distal end. Fig. 8. — In the left wing 1st A2 crosses over and fuses with 2nd Aj. In the right wing the same occurs and a cross-vein also exists between 1st A and 2nd A^ forming another cell. Fig. 9. — In the left wing 1st A and 2nd A^ fuse for a short distance and forks into 1st A^ and 1st Ag + 2nd A^. A cross- Mar., 1934] Wilson: Chrysochus 73 vein also exists between 1st A and 2nd A^. In the right wing 1st A and 2nd A^ fuse and then fork into 1st A^ and 1st Ag + 2nd Aj. The cross-vein is not present. Forbes (5) states that in species where the base of 1st A has dropped out and the cu-lst a cross-vein exists it is difficult to tell whether 1st A has fused wuth Cu or whether a cross-vein exists. However, if the specimen is examined under a microscope a bump exists where the base of 1st A would exist. It would seem that the base of 1st A has dropped out leaving the cu-lst a cross-vein. After examining many specimens, the conclusion was reached that there are many variations in the anal region and no one specimen may be taken as a constant, even though there is a similarity in them. There were no variations noticed in the other regions of the wings. Wing Folding Pattern In Plate VIII the dark portions are the areas of the wing which are reversed in folding. The Axillary, Antemedian, Pivot, Principal and two areas in the apical portion of the wing are reversed in folding. IV Gross Internal Anatomy Only the digestive tract and the reproductive systems of the male and female will be discussed. Alimentary Tract (Plate VII) From the dorsal aspect the pharynx is not visible as the head is telescoped into the prothorax as far as the eyes. (Esophagus. — From the dorsal aspect the oesophagus appears to come from the floor of the prothorax due to the position of the head. The oesophagus is short. Proventriculus. — The beginning of the proventriculus is marked by a constriction. The posterior end is marked by the position of the gastric c^eca and the oesophageal valve. The proventriculus is short and lies in the prothorax and the meta- thorax. 74 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Ventriculus. — Tile ventriculus is enlarged and from the cephalic end project the gastric casca, sixteen in number. The ventriculus narrows toward the posterior end of the body on the left side and coils twice before the attachment of the mal- pighian vessels, which marks the posterior end of the ventriculus. The malpighian vessels, over fifty in number, nearly fill the body cavity. Intestine. — The small intestine is very short turning left and cephalad to meet the large intestine. The rectum is clearly de- fined in this species. Reproductive System The reproductive systems of this species are unusual in many respects. The reproductive systems of both male and female are comparatively large in relation to the body cavity. (This is probably due to the fact that the specimens examined were taken during the mating season). Male The testes are bifurcated, giving the appearance of four testes, two on each side of the body and located on the ventral portion of the abdominal cavity. A small duct leads from each lobe of the testes meeting the vasa efferentia. The vasa elferentia fuse into a common tubule and enter the caudal end of the seminal vesicle which lies dorsad to the ventriculus. From the cephalic end of the seminal vesicle extends the vas deferens. There is a single vas deferens present in this species and in the specimens examined was always on the left side of the body lying dorsad to the alimentary tract. After much coiling the vas deferens joins the ejaculatory duct. The penis is very heavily chitinized, surrounded by heavy muscles and lies ventrad to the rectum. In the specimens examined, the penis was always in a position hav- ing the hooked end toward the right. Female The ovaries lie laterad on each side of the ventriculus. They are supported by the ligaments of the viscera which are plainly visible. The egg-tubes which make up the ovaries fill a large part of the body cavity. The egg tubes open posteriorly into Mar., 1934] Wilson: Chrysochus 75 the oviduct. The two oviducts unite near the caudal end of the body, ventrad to the rectum, and form the vagina. Empty- ing into the vagina on the dorsal side is a coiled tubule leading to the spermatheca, which is on the right side of the body. The spermatheca is very strongly chitinized and, more or less, pear shaped. A small white spermathecal gland is present and is attached to the large chitinized end of the spermatheca. Near the caudal end of the body are two colleterial glands which are rounded and flat and lie over a part of the ventriculus. A coiled tubule leads from each of the glands and joins the vagina near the body exit. Although not a part of the internal anatomy the following observations may be given here. The females lay their eggs in what appear to be droppings and were thought to be such until no eggs appeared from about twenty-five mating pairs of beetles placed under a bell jar with their native food plant. The eggs are covered with a black dirt-like substance. After hatching, the small larvae stay beneath the covering for a period of time. LITEEATUEE CITED 1. Blatchley, W. S. The Coleoptera or Beetles Known to Occur in In- diana. Nature Publishing Co. 2. Comstock, John Henry. The Wings of Insects. Ithaca, New York; The Comstock Publishing Co., 1918. 3. Comstock, John Henry. An Introduction to Entomology. Ithaca, New York; The Comstock Publishing Co., 1925. 4. Comstock and Kellogg. Elements of Insect Anatomy. Ithaca, New York; The Comstock Publishing Co., 1929. 5. Forbes, W. T. M. The Wing-venation of the Coleoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Vol. XV, No. 4, December, 1922. 6. Forbes, W. T. M. Bow a Beetle folds its Wings. Psyche, Vol. XXXI, No. 6, 1924. 7. Forbes, W. T. M. The Wing Folding Patterns of Coleoptera. Journal OF THE New York Entomological Society, Vol. XXXIV, June, 1926. 8. Henneguy, L. Felix. Les Insectes. Paris, 1904. Mason et Cie, Editeurs. 76 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE V Figure 1. — Dorsal asioect of Clirysocliiis auratus. a. — antenna. b. — pronotuni. c. — scutelluni. d. — elytra. Figure 2. — Ventral aspect of Clirysoclius auratus. a. — epipleura. b. — episternum. c. — epinieron. d. — ^sternum. e. — epinieron. f. — episternum. g. — sternum, li. — sternum. i, — episternum. j. — antecoxal piece. (Plate V) (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XLII CS ^ o "O CHRYSOCHU'S AURATUS 78 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE VI Figure 1. — Dorsal aspect of the head, a. — epicranial suture. b. — compound eye, c. — -frontal ridge, d. — labrum. e. — ^ mandible. f. — labial palpus. g. — maxillary palpus. h. — antenna. Figure 2. — Ventral aspect of the head. a. — compound eye. b. — gula. c. — labium. d. — maxilla. e. — mandible. f. — labial palpus. g. — maxillary palpus. h. — antenna. Figure 3. — Mouth parts. a. — labrum. b. — right mandible. c. — left mandible. d. — right maxilla. e. — left maxilla. 1. — lacinia. 2. — ^galea. 3. — palpifer. 4. — cardo. f. — labium. 5. — labial palpus. 6. — ^ligula. 7. — palpiger. 8. — submen turn. 9. — mentum. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XLII (Plate VI) CHSYSOCHUS AUEATUS 80 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE VII Internal Anatomy Figure 1. — Alimentary canal. a. — oesophagus. b. — proventriculus. e. — gastric caeca. d. — ventriculus. e. — malpighian vessels. f . — intestine. g. — rectum. Figure 2. — Male reproductive system in relation to alimentary tract. a. — seminal vesicle. b. — testis. c. — vas etferens. d. — vas deferens. e. — ejaculatory duct. f . — penis. Figure 3. — Female reproductive system in relation to the alimentary canal. a. — ligament of the viscera. b. — alimentary tract. c. — ovary (made up of egg-tubes). d. — spermatheca. e. — oviduct. f. — colleterial gland. g. — vagina. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XLII (Plate VII) CHKYSOCHUiS AURATUS 82 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE VIII Wing-venation and Folding Pattern Hypothetical primitive type of wing-venation (after Comstock), Wing-venation of Chrysochus auratus. Folding pattern of Chrysochus auratus. Dark areas reversed in folding. Key letters accidentally omitted from illustration. A. — antemedian. C. — central. D. — pivot (distal pivot). P. — principal. J. — jugal or axillary. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XLII (Plate VIII) Wing-venation of Chrysocbus auratus. Folding pattern of Chrysochus auratus, CHEYSOCHUIS AUEATUS 84 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII PLATE IX Variation of Wing-venation Variations of wing-venation of Chrysochus auratiis (different specimens). Figure 1-6. Variations in right and left wings of same specimen (Chrysochus auratus). Figure 7-9. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XLII (Plate IX) CHRYSOCHUS AURATUS Variations in right and left wings of same specimen ( Chrysochus aurattis). Variations of wing-venation of Chrysochus auratus. 86 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII SAPRINUS DIMIDIATIPENNIS Saprinus dwiidiatipennis. In the “Canadian Entomologist,” LXI, 1929, p. 94, Dr. Hatch places this species as an aberration of 8. palmatus Say. This is an error which we followed in our second supplement of the “Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico” and which we now desire to correct. 8. dimidiatipennis was described by the elder LeConte in “Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,” I, 1824, p. 170, PI. XI, fig. 5. According to a memorandum en- titled “ Inf ormation concerning Annals . . . .Vol. I-IV, 1823- 1848 compiled by Dr. J. H. Earnhardt and a copy given to the American Museum of Natural History in September 1933,” pages 161-192 were published between September and Decem- ber, 1824. The description of 8. palmatus was not published until July, 1825 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. V, pt. 1, p. 42), and therefore priority cannot be claimed for this name. LeConte Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. History, 1845, Marsuel Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1855 and Horn Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1873, have correctly treated dimidiatipennis. The error, as far as we can find, had its origin in Col. Casey’s Memoir, VII, 1916, pp. 260 and 269. The reference by Bickhardt in Coleop. Cat. Pt. 24, p. 107, is also in error. The error is possibly due to confusion with the younger LeConte ’s paper in Ann. Lyceum Nat. His- tory, Vol. V, 1851, wherein the pages on the genus 8aprinus con- flict with those of the elder LeConte ’s paper but no mention is made of dimidiatipennis on page 170 although a reference is made to the species in a foot-note on page 165. C. W. Leng A. J. Mutchler. Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 87 THE GALUMNAS (ORIBATOIDEA-ACARINA) OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By Arthur Paul Jacot The species of this genus represent the highest development of the Galiimninae occurring in the north temperate zone. This is indicated by the loss of the last vestige of segmentation (the mid- thoracic suture or anterior end of notogaster), and by the more highly specialized pseudostigmatic organs, which, in the imma- ture stages, are slenderly clavate with ciliate head (figure 24). The abdomino-cephaloprothoracic suture or anterior edge of notogaster, which I now call the midthoracic suture, is distinct in the genus Zetes and broken or hazy or entirely lacking in Galumna. Careful focusing with the high power (4 mm.) ob- jective will show this haziness to be due to an internal tissue and not to be a faint suture. In lateral aspect there is no inter- ruption in the outline at this point. In two species the lamellae are entirely lost. The European material was secured through a grant of the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund. Genus Galumna (1, p. 612) Characters: Galumninae having lamellae reduced to closely ap- pressed bands or straps curving down to anterior end of ventral plate, or lacking ; tectopedia I ental ; pteromorphae with trans- verse groove, ventral edge with distinct, angular notch ; mid- thoracic suture externally lacking, sometimes indicated by an in- distinct line which is found to be internal when focused on with high power ; bristles of parasterna I gular in position ; genital covers each with at least two marginal bristles ; preanal bristles paranal in position ; color dark. Type: Notaspis alatus (8, p. 92, pi. 4, fig. 6). Galumna virginiensis (10, p. 33) Figures 1-4 Diagnostic characters: Pteromorphae unsculptured; median pseudoforamen of notogaster present, adalar porose areas bluntly 88 Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. XLII triangular; anterior porose areas semioval; cephaloprotlioracic bristles well developed; lamellae with mesal edge passing ob- liquely across f rons halfway to median plane ; lamellar bristles in- serted at juncture of mesal and lateral edges of lamellae ; lateral edge of lamellae raised as a slight ridge running to pseudostig- mata; pseudostigmatic organs long, bent, with slenderly lanceo- late head (figures 2), appearing relatively stouter when fore- shortened ; genital cover bristles 1 on anterior edge of covers ; paranal bristles near posterior corner of anal aperture. Description: Size medium (0.51 x 0.37 mm.) ; color reddish amber to tan ; form somewhat elongate ovate ; cephaloprothorax broad, yet elongate (figure 1), sides barely interrupted by slightly protruding lamellae ; rostrum inconspicuous, not clearly demarked from above, slightly so in side view (figure 3) ; rostral bristles rather long and conspicuous, barbed, inserted near edge of camerostome ; lamellar 'bristles similar, surpassing the rostral ; interlamellar bristles about as long, bilaterally barbed, inserted close to shadow of the broad tectopedia I (figures 1 and 3) ; lamellae with lateral edge raised as a slight rim !, the mesal edge quite low down on frons (figure 4), the bristle is inserted dorsad of the juncture. Anterior porose areas fairly large ; pseudo- stigmatic organs as above described, with very fine barbs about their surface. The organ sometimes looks shorter when fore- shortened by being held more erect. Notogaster with anterior edge quite fused to cephaloprothorax. Occasionally one sees a continuous line or shadow where the edge would normally be, but by careful focusing with a high power objective, one finds this line to appear fuzzy and not clean cut and sharp, as if out of focus, being evidently caused by an in- ternal membrane. Mesonotal porose areas somewhat circular, the lateral one oval ; insertions as in figure 1 ; pteromorphae with indefinite veining, pseudofissura indistinct, groove well formed, slender, long, the sides defined by well formed ribs, insertion distinct. Ventral plate wings quite broad, with posterior bulge, but short enough to broadly expose tectopedia II behind it. This tectopedium seems to be formed of two plates on two levels ; tectopedia III quite slender; tectopedia IV well developed with Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 89 posterior end turned dorsad and anteriad (broken line, figure 1) ; apodemata I curved, with knobbed distal end which swings internally ; apodemata II-III nearly straight with well-developed ceriphs, the posterior one quite long ; apodemata IV fairly long, not sharply curved ; leg cupboards broadly joined to lateral edge of plate ; bristles much as usual, that of parasterna III very near lateral edge, rather long ; genital aperture with anterior edge gently curved, posterior edge undulate ; cover bristles 4 on pos- terior edge much nearer median than lateral edge, bristles 2 and 3 far apart, slightly nearer median than lateral edge ; paramesal bristles more remote than diameter of genital aperture, midway between the two apertures; anal aperture with anterior corner fairly broadly rounded ; subanal muscle plate roundish ; anterior cover bristles midway between median and lateral edges and slightly nearer anterior edge ; posterior cover bristles more re- mote than anterior ; pseudofissurae very slender, curved, close to edge, at center of sides of aperture ; mesal pair of postanal bristles more approximate than posterior cover bristles, lateral pair not close to corners, the four subequally spaced. Related to G. lanceatuni (12, p. 160), from which it differs in having very different lamellae ; shorter, more blunt, really tri- angular adalar porose areas ; a median pseudoforamen ; broad ventral plate wings ; lateral genital cover bristles and posterior paranal bristles. Dimensions of the smallest male, the average of eight males, average of seven females and largest female of the cotypes are presented. Total length of body 472 491 508 525 Breadth of same 341 352 367 369 Length of pteromorphae 267 276 278 283 Interlamellar bristle span 94 98 102 107 Median length of ventral plate 341 364 372 381 Camerostome to genit. apert 87 90 88 94 Length of genital aperture 57 61 63 65 Breadth of same 61 65 70 74 Genit. apert. to anal apert 82 85 90 98 Length of anal aperture 86 92 95 98 Breadth of same 94 97 98 102 90 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Material examined: Falls Church, Ya.: 23 specimens from under board; taken August 11th by Nathan Banks, slide 26B76 {cotypes). Eight specimens from under chips in woods; taken August 11th by Banks, slide 26B89. Also 25 specimens, slide 26B77, Banks. Somerset, D. C.: five specimens from under bark, rotten log; April, Banks, slide 26B65. Pemberton, N. J.: 34 specimens from under loose bark; taken February 21st by H. B. Scammell, slide 26B90. Chillicothe, Ohio: One, twenty, eight, and eight specimens from bluegrass sod, Mt. Logan ; taken March 23rd, April 20th, May 25th, August 3rd 1925 by A. E. Miller, slides 32M1380, 32M9ol (and -2), 32M69ol, 32M18ol respec- tively. Nine specimens from rotting log; taken May 7th 1923 by Miller, slide 140.1 (Miller coll.). Eleven specimens from under dead corn stalk in sheath; taken September 24th 1923 by Miller, slide 407 (Miller coll.). Lyndon, Ohio: One specimen from under a board; taken April 12th 1924 by Miller, slide 19 (Miller coll.). Two specimens from under fence rail in blue- grass meadow; taken April 12th 1924 by Miller, slide 20 (Miller coll.). Urhana, III.: Five specimens from bark chips, at Dod- son’s (State Rd. No. 10) ; taken August 21st 1926 by Miller, slide 32M10. Five specimens from under side of moist board lying in orchard, Dodson Farm; taken August 24th 1927 by Miller, slide 0-5-27 (Miller coll.). The stomach of this species is often full of fungal spores and hyphae, while one may occasionally find some growing on the out- side of the body. Geographical Distrihution: Eastern States, upper austral zone. Habitat: Decayed wood, meadow sod. Probably seeking mi- nute fungi. In oblique dorsal aspect this species may easily be mistaken for G. lanceatum octopunctatum as the lamellae of that species stand out more than usual in the genus, though not nearly as much is in G. virginiensis. In this aspect, this species may easily be differentiated by the almost total absence of mandible re- tractor scars (behind the anterior porose areas), the large meso- notal porose areas, and slender pseudostigmatic organ head. The adalar porose areas are often difficult to discern. Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 91 Galumna lanceatum octopunctatum (6, p. 356, pi. 34, fig. 7) Figures 5-10 Diagnostic characters: Adalar porose areas anterior to ptero- morplial groove ; cephaloprothoracic bristles well developed ; notogaster with some kind of median clear spots ; pseudostigmatic organs with long pedicel and fairly broad head; ventral plate wings narrower than tectopedia II ; genital cover bristles 1 and 4 on or close to anterior and posterior edge of covers respec- tively ; paranal bristles posterior in position. Description: Size medium (0.63 x 0.46 mm.) ; form somewhat elongate ovate, high; cephaloprothorax broad (figure 5), high, with steep front; rostrum projecting prominently beyond it; rostral bristles long, distal ends meeting some distance anterior to rostrum; lamellae rather prominently projecting, their out- line dorsally evaginated to include the lamellar bristles which are thus inserted rather high up on the cephaloprothorax, lamellae thus appearing undulate in side view, bristles extend- ing anteriad, as seen in dorso/ventral aspect, as far as rostrum; interlamellar bristles rather long, strongly curved mesad (figure 5), inserted unusually far anteriad, some distance from shadow of tectopedia I, onto the emarginate end of a raised triangular tooth (figure 10) ; tectopedia I broad and short; anterior porose areas small, slender, reaching to tectopedial shadow ; scars of mandible retractors in a graduated series, extending from side of anterior porose areas diagonally posteromesad ; pseudostig- matic organs rather long, pedicel quite slender, curved back- ward, head lanceolate to semiovate (figures 6) depending on angle of vision, somewhat compressed, furnished Avith relatively few, well-developed, slender barbs. In lateral view the head appears semioval and long apiculate as in the lower left sketch of figure 6 ; the length of the apicule varies. Notogaster with anterior end completely fused to cephalopro- thorax; adalar porose areas oval, sometimes accompanied by a supernumerary insertion or pseudoforamen. This is the only species known to me in which this porose area is anterior to the pteromorphal groove. Mesonotal porose areas small, the lateral one the smaller, far posterolaterad of the mesal one ; insertions as in figure 5 ; postadalar insertion usually accompanied by a Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII second which is always faint and slender; anterolateral meso- notal insertion varies in position as indicated by dotted line in figure 5 ; a cluster of pseiidoforamenlike clear spots on each side of median plane between adalar porose areas (more common in the American individuals) ; a small median porose area is usually present, varying in position from considerably anterior to mesonotal porose areas to posterior to them (European speci- mens usually have a cluster of irregular porose arealike struc- tures rather far back on the median line and no anterior cluster of small pseudoforamina). Pteromorphae smooth, veining sparse, groove long, slender, curved, flanked by broad ribs, insertion rather distant from groove, large, with a long channel, pivot close to angle. Ventral plate wings slender, anterior end rounded; tectopedia II visible laterad and posteriad of wings (figure 5) ; tectopedia III slender, fairly long, curved, posterior angle obliquely cut off ; tectopedia IV with lateral edge convex, apex somewhat drawn out ; apodemata I bent at an obtuse angle, the mesal half slightly undulate ; apodemata II-III rather short, with long ceriphs ; apodemata IV curved, with short ceriph ; lacunae well developed ; bristles as in figure 5 ; genital aperture with anterior edge rather flattened, posterior edge undulate, sides strongly converging ; cover bristles 1 may be near the edge or on the edge, bristles 4 represented by channel, bristles 2 and 3 much nearer median than lateral edge, distant from each other; paramesal bristles midway between apertures, more approximate than diameter of genital aperture ; anal aperture with sides slightly undulate ; pseudoflssurae very faint, to prominent but short, at center of sides ; cover bristles subequally approximate, the anterior not near anterior edge of covers ; postanal bristles not subequally spaced, the mesal pair nearer the lateral than to each other, lateral pair not near corner of aperture, the mesal pair more remote than cover bristles. Legs I (figures 7-9) with all bristles well developed. Tarsi with dorsoproximal quartette close to proximal end of segment, closely approximated (figure 9), the proximal bristle laterad of center, fine, quite erect (figure 7), fourth bristle mesad of center, very long, bent parallel to segment, reaching well over hooks of Mar., 1934] JACOT: a CARINA 93 unguis, bristles 2 and 3 crowded about the fourth, lacking or not discernible; other bristles not specially displaced (figure 7) ; ventral face bristles with seven to nine cilia. Tibiae short but high, major bristle very long, other bristles fairly long, the ventrodistal multiciliate ; dorsodistal bristle curved (figure 9). Genuals nearly as long as their tibiae, well formed ; dorsal bristle quite long, extending to tarsi (foreshortened in figure 7) ; other bristles as usual. The femoro-genual joint is shown in figure 8, to illustrate the connecting membrane and the anchoring of the genual chitin by means of projecting points. Such a membrane is to be found under each joint. In the case of the tibio-tarsal it is shown folded back (figure 7). Major bristle of tarsi III and IV well developed, inserted more proximad in tarsi IV than in Zetes, yet reaching hooks of unguis. The subspecies differs from the species in its strikingly situ- ated adalar porose areas (evident even in the original figure) ; much broader pseudostigmatic organ head, and much smaller mesonotal porose areas. A cotype kindly sent me by Dr. H. E. Ewing shows the specific characters distinctly. In the original figure the adalar porose areas are correctly situated near anterior corner of pteromor- phae. The two pairs of posterior circles are insertions and not porose areas. The pair of insertions posterior to the lateral mesonotal porose areas are usually not discernible. G. coleoptratum occidentale (10, p. 32) is a synonym. The name coleoptratum was used under the impression that G, cole- optratum was an earlier term for G. lanceatum (12, p. 160) when, as a matter of fact, it was merely referred to that species during an earlier concept of the group. From fourteen lots of moss secured in and about Strasbourg, 170 specimens of Galumninae were found representing four spe- cies. One hundred and sixty of these, or ninety-four percent, were G. lanceatum octopunctatum. I therefore regard this form as the Notaspis alatus of Hermann (8, p. 92) and therefore type of the genus Galumna. As Galumna alatum is preoccupied (14, p. 214, no. 2688) by an amphibious species (as already pointed out, 15, p. 175, footnote under G. alatum) common in Bavaria (see below under G. alatum), Hermann’s species will have to be 94 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII known as G. lanceatum octopunctatum, for tlie Europeans have never discovered this species, so common in moss about Stras- bourg. Orihates emarginatiis (3, p. 125, pi. 1, fig. 14) is this form, as a glance at the adalar porose areas of the figure, if at nothing else, will show. Ewing, who had described this species five years before, sent Berlese the wrong specimens ! Dimensions: of smallest male, average of six males, average of eight females, largest female, from Strasbourg on the Rhine are presented : Total length of body 493 527 576 629 Breadth of same 336 363 408 431 Length of pteromorphae 316 300 312 328 Interlamellar bristle span 91 97 104 119 Median length of ventral plate 328 368 408 443 Cainerostome to genit. apert 82 87 88 90 Length of genital aperture 66 67 79 82 Breadth of same 70 76 90 99 Genital aperture to anal apert 85 90 97 107 Length of anal aperture 86 91 101 111 Breadth of same 98 101 109 116 A smallest male had a pteromorphal length of 277 which is an abnormality as the other body measurements were standard for the species. The total length of Connecticut specimens were : total length of an average male 558, breadth 390 ; of an average female 616, breadth 431, height 370. Material examined: Strasbourg on the Rhine: Fourteen speci- mens from moss from base of large trees in English section of Orangerie Park (north edge of city) ; taken September 5th, slide 3155o2. Sixty-eight specimens from epigeous moss, central ceme- tery (west of city) ; taken September 14th, slide 3171o6. One specimen from moss on sandstone blocks forming low wall along road bordering the Rhine, northeast of city; taken September 2nd, slide 3154o. Twenty-six specimens from epigeous moss and moss on roots of spruce trees (a small patch) beside dike near the Strom Warter; taken Septem'ber 8th, slide 3157o4. Five specimens from epigeous moss, pine woods, southwest of Stephans- feld (nine kilometers northwest of the city) ; taken September 12th, slide 3162ol. Forty-six specimens from epigeous moss and Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 95 moss on foot of trees, spruce and deciduous woods of Neuhof (south of Strasbourg) ; taken September 14th, slide 3170aol. America, Connecticut : One specimen from epigeous moss and old stump moss under Rhododendron, roadside below falls of Wachocastinook Creek (below burn), Riga Mt. in Salisbury; taken August 6th, slide 3237ol. East Village, Monroe : nineteen specimens from cushion moss, upland swamp ; taken March 23rd 1919, slides 1913ol, and o2 {cotypes of G. 1. occiclentale) . Sixty- six specimens from cushion moss (grey-green and hair cap) growing on earth clumps, stones, etc. (no wood), woods of up- land swamp; taken July 9th 1932, slides 3227ol and o2. Two specimens from old fence rails, branches and chips, old apple orchard ; taken August 4th 1932, slide 3229o4. Thirty-eight specimens from moss clump, thicket, edge of swampy woods ; taken January 18th 1932, slides 322o2 and 323o. Thirty speci- mens from Selaginella apus and epigeous moss on earth clumps, upland swamp ; taken July 17th 1932, slide 3226o2. One speci- men from prostrate-mat moss ; taken March 23rd 1919, slide 1914o2. One specimen, same ; taken May 3rd 1919, slide 1932ol. One specimen from lower side of stone of w^et meadow ; taken April 23rd 1920, slide 204o3. Coscob headland : four specimens from fallen hickory shag, foot of hickory, dump lot ; taken April 12th 1932, slide 3210ol. New York state: Five specimens from sphagnum moss. Black Swamp, Roslyn, Long Island; taken by Banks (la, p. 129, which also included five Z. emarginatus) , slide 26B41. One specimen from among fallen leaves, more especially twigs among them, brush pile, etc., Cayuga Heights, Ithaca; taken March 31st 1917, slide 172o2. Nineteen specimens from under side of stones, bark of trees, and boards, Taughannock Ravine ; taken April 21st 1917, slides 178ol and 178o2. Virginia: Three specimens from Great Falls; Banks, slides 26B70a and 26B99a. Florida: Nineteen specimens from moss on trunk of cabbage palm {Magnesia sp.), Gainesville; taken December 10th 1928 by J. R. Watson, slides 28W12/10, 28W12/10-1 and -2. Type locality: Homer, Illinois. The stomach of this species is often packed with what ap- pears to be algae. 96 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Habitat: Preferably moss, especially those forming clumps and mats ; forest floor. Easily mistaken for G. virginiensis in dorsolateral aspect as the lamellae stand out unusually from the sides though not nearly as much as in G. virginiensis. In this aspect it may be easily differentiated by the large glary mandible retractor scars, the unusual position of the adalar porose areas (if visible), the small mesonotal porose areas, and the broad pseudostigmatic organ head. Galumna banksi (10, p. 29) Figures 11-12 Diagnostic characters: Notogaster with median pseudofora- men; adalar porose areas short cuneiform; cephaloprothoracic bristles medium long, rather fine; lamellar bristles peripheral; pseudostigmatic organs (figures 12) straight, head small, with rounded distal end and few long barbs ; tectopedia II very nar- rowly exposed ; genital cover bristles 1 and 4 on anterior and posterior edges respectively; paranal bristles near posterior corners; anal pseudofissurae distinct, short, parallel to median plane. Description: Size medium (0.53 x 0.36 mm.) ; color reddish- amber ; form ovate ; outline of cephaloprothorax barely inter- rupted by very flat lamellae ; rostrum distinct ; rostral bristles arching to almost touch, inserted near base of rostrum ; lamellar bristles, as seen in dorso/ventral aspects, barely surpassing in- sertion of rostral; lamellae strongly angular at insertion of bristle, extending more mesad than usual, a secondary lamellar ridge posteriad (in addition to the tectopedial) ; interlamellar bristles stouter than preceding, appearing curved in dorsal aspect, straight in lateral, as short as lamellar, inserted some dis tance from the slender, laterally tapering anterior porose areas ; muscle scars small ; pseudostigmatic organs see above, only four or five bristles in longitudinal series. Notogaster with a fine line at position of juncture with cepha- loprothorax, but faint and below chitin ; adalar porose areas not constant in shape, that is, the anterior and posterior bulges not always developed ; mesonotal porose areas small ; insertions as in figure 11 ; pteromorphae faintly undulate, smooth, veining Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 97 indistinct, pseudofissura strongly developed, groove slender, curved, with distinct ribs, insertion and channel distinct, pivot at angle. Ventral plate wings broad, exposing tectopedia as a slender posterolateral crescent ; tectopedia III small, squarish ; tecto- pedia IV short ; apodemata I angular, without ceriph ; apodemata II-III quite long, undulate, with short anterior and long pos- terior ceriphs, there seems to be an ental continuation with short ceriphs; apodemata IV very angular, fairly close to II-III, ceriph long, its mesal end reaching near to distal end of that of II-III ; bristles as in figure 11, that is, quite anterior ; lucunae small ; genital aperture with anterior and posterior edges un- dulate, sides slightly undulate not strongly converging ; cover bristles 4 represented by a channel ; bristles 2 and 3 nearer lateral than median edges of cover, distant from each other; paramesal bristles as distant from aperture as smallest diameter of a cover ; subanal muscle plate oval ; anal aperture with rather sharp posterior angle, posterior edge strongly bent; anterior cover bristles near anterior margin, slightly nearer lateral than median edge, posterior cover bristles more approximate than anterior; postanal bristles grouped in pairs, mesal bristles as approximate as posterior cover bristles, lateral bristles distant from posterior corners of aperture. A lateral aspect has already been published (11, p. 21) figuring lateral aspect of legs. (The midthoracic suture should not have been drawn in, as it does not exist.) The bristles are very sim- ilar to those of G. lanceatum octopunctatum but the major bristle of tibiae IV is short for the genus. Dorsal bristle of genuals I very long. Material examined: New York: Seven specimens from leaf mould, rotten wood and bark slabs, woods, Glen Cove, Long Island ; taken May 8th 1920, slides 208o2, 209ol, 209nl, 2010ol {cotypes). One specimen from sticks, hollow behind golf links. Forest Park, Brooklyn, L. I. ; taken March 8th 1919, slide 197ol. One specimen from decaying or charred stick among dead leaves, burnt over land, Hollis Hills, L. I. ; taken April 28th 1919, slide 1927ol. One specimen from Sea Cliff, L. I. ; taken by Banks, slide 26B39a. Conn.: Two specimens from two decorticated 98 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII sticks, dry woods (one stick was soft in spots with hairy fungus growth; the other with three-eighths inch pith tube open from end to end), East Village, Monroe; taken August 18th 1925, slides 2519ol, 2519nl. Three specimens from scrapings of bark of healthy hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) bole, four feet up; upland swamp. East Village, Monroe ; taken February 13th 1932, slide 326ol. One specimen from Falls Church, Ya.; Banks, slide 26B70. Thus the species is uncommon, and partial to decayed twigs and such, from Connecticut to Virginia. One specimen has many fungal spores of two or three different kinds in its stomach. It evidently is an Austral species. Eggs: The females bear four eggs with very large cytoplasmic area. This small number may account for the uncommonness of the species, coupled with what may be arboreal habits. The three preceding species ( G. virginiensis, G. lanceatum octo- punctatum, G. hanksi) form a closely related group by possession of short, single adalar porose areas, long interlamellar bristles, well developed lamellae, median pseudoforamen or porose area, and posterior paranal bristles. G. banksi is more advanced in the anterior position of the bristle usually found off apodemata II-III, the anterior position of the paramesal bristles, and the large ventral plate wings. Galumna alatum (14, p. 214, no. 2688) Figures 13 Diagnostic characters: Lamellae completely merged to cephalo- prothorax ; two adalar porose areas ; pseudostigmatic organ head broader than pedicel ; interlamellar bristles minute ; mesal adalar insertion far posteriad of its usual position (on longitu- dinal axis of adalar areas) ; no median pseudoforamen; apode- mata IV so oblique and extended as to meet ceriph of II-III ; paranal bristles anterior to center of anal aperture ; cephalopro- thorax wdth steep front ; rostrum distinct, pointed. Description: Size fairly large (0.63 x 0.49 mm.) ; shape broadly ovate, high ; cephaloprothorax rather narrow, very steep, broadly rounded ; rostrum prominent, w^ell set off, bluntly pointed ; rostral bristles fine, rather short, apices remote ; lamellar bristles Mar., 1934] Jaoot: Ac Arina 99 curved, medium long, seen from above, surpassing insertion of rostral ; lamellae not distinguishable ; interlamellar bristles a little more remote than lamellar, distinct from tectopedial shadow; anterior porose areas slender, oblique, only the mesal end behind interlamellar bristles ; muscle scars small, not in elongate series but congregated in a subcircular mass ; pseudo- stigmatic organs fairly long, bent so as to form two distinct angles, one at base of pedicel though not as near base as in other species (see figure 14), and near head which is fusiform, about three times diameter of pedicel and drawn out into a long, slender apicule or point (figures 13). Notogaster quite fused to cephalopro thorax, rarely with a cross- line below the chitin ; adalar porose areas double, the two sub- equal in size, the lateral with long axis parallel to hinge of ptero- morphae, mesal one with long axis at right angles to pteromor- phal hinge ; mesonotal porose areas rather small, the mesal irregular, angular; insertions compound, that is, composed of usually three pseudoforamina of various sizes, shapes and ar- rangement ; second posterior adalar insertion very small, single ; a minute pseudofissura between mesal adalar and anterior meso- notal insertions ; face of pteromorphae slightly undulate, veining sparse, weak, pseudofissura small, groove not strongly developed, open anteriorly, insertion distinct, pivot near angle. Ventral plate wings fairly broad but tectopedia II so much broader as to be broadly exposed at sides of wings (see figure 14) ; tectopedia III small, semicrescentic ; tectopedia IV fairly well developed, posterior edge quite oblique; apodemata I with small, knob-like anterior ceriph ; apodemata II-III straight, with straight anterior and strongly curved posterior ceriph; apode- mata IV very oblique, as seen in ventral aspect, with central knob, mesal end reaching to or nearly to ceriph of II-III. Al- though this appears to be the case in several of the preceding species when viewed ventrolaterally, it is the only one in which it appears so in ventral aspect. Furthermore these two apode- mata (II-III and IV) appear to have their mesal ends united by a basal plate. This plate has a faint beginning in the pre- ceding species but it is here developed as a well chitinized, quite definite structure. The three pairs of sternal bristles present ! 100 Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. XLII 1 and 3 minute (see figure 14), the other pair well developed; other bristles as usual ; genital aperture with anterior edge gently bowed, posterior edge undulate, sides rather strongly converg- ing; cover bristles 1 on or close to anterior edge, cover bristles 4 on posterior edge, bristles 2 and 3 nearer median than lateral edge, rather near each other; paramesal bristles distant from aperture, more remote than diameter of genital aperture ! ; anal aperture without definite subanal muscle plate; anterior edge simple, posterior edge well rounded, angles well rounded ; pseudofissurae small, near anterior angle of aperture, distant from sides, very oblique ; paranal bristles posterior to pseudo- fissurae ; anterior cover bristles equidistant from three edges ; posterior cover bristles more approximate than anterior ; post- anal bristles grouped in pairs, lateral bristles quite near corner of aperture, as remote as greatest diameter of aperture !, mesal bristles near center of posterior edge of cover. This species is strikingly primitive in its small porose areas ; presence of bristles on notogaster and pteromorphae (in the American subspecies); presence of bristles on sternal area; position of paranal and lateral postanal bristles. It is highly specialized in complete absence of lamellae, reduction of cephalo- prothoracic bristles especially the interlamellar, position of apodemata IV, position of anterior and posterior genital cover bristles. Dimensions of the smallest male, average of six males, average of nine females, largest female from Regensburg, Bavaria, are given. Then follows the average of six females from Virginia. Total length of body 544 591 648 682 614 Breadth of same 434 449 496 536 459 Length of pteromorphae 326 348 386 371 327 Interlamellar bristle span 102 114 120 143 140 Median length of ventral plate 412 448 507 536 469 Camerostome of genit. apert 86 88 93 115 84 Length of genital aperture ' 74 78 87 94 88 Breadth of same 85 87 99 102 93 Genital apert. to anal apert 110 122 145 164 126 Length of anal aperture ^ 112 127 135 152 130 Breadth of same 12,7 131 145 156 149 Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 101 From the above it will be seen that the breadth of the genital aperture of the males is proportionally much less than in the females, and the space between the apertures is relatively much shorter in the males. Eggs: This species bears six to eight, even nine or ten eggs. An American specimen bears twelve. Material examined: From Regensburg, Bavaria: Twenty-six specimens from sides and foot of tussock sedge in half dried swampy pool in woodland of tableland behind Befreiungshalle ; taken August 3rd, slides 3129ol and 3130ol. These were either under water or at the water-line when the pool was half full. One hundred seventeen specimens from moss (chiefly sphagnum) from sides of drainage ditch and water holes in marsh (formerly wooded), also from base of sedge tussocks, Hoher Gebraching woods ; taken August 24th, slides 3146ol, - o3 and 3147ol. Again next to the water line of a wet area. Thus this species might well be found on flotsam and debris on the water surface and I do not doubt it is Schrank’s species (as also DeGeer’s — nonbinomial). It is not Hermann’s species (21, p. 92) because he collected from moss, and G. lanceatum octopunctatum is the outstanding moss species of Hermann’s col- lecting ground. America: Fourteen specimens from leaf mould, top (north side) of AVachusett Mt., Mass.; taken October 29th 1932 by Cyrus R. Crosby, slide 3297-1. Conn.: one specimen from under rotten log, Mt. Carmel ; taken April 18th 1920 by Philip Garman, slide 26G4. Fourteen specimens from drifted oak and maple leaves in dry uplands woods. East Village, Monroe ; taken June 19th 1926, slides 2610ol, -o2 and 2611ol. One specimen from old fence rails, branches and wood chips, old apple orchard. East AGllage, Monroe ; taken August 4th 1932, slide 3229o4. One specimen from oak leaves, helmlock gorge, Sandy Hook; taken June 21st 1926, slide 2612o2. Two specimens from leaf mould from hemlock gorge, Sandy Hook ; taken June 25th 1926, slide 2614o3. Five specimens from leaf mould, old hemlock grove, Miamus ravine, Conn.-N. Y. ; taken in April slide 261ol. New York: One specimen from under face of old board or bark, En- field Gorge, Tompkins County; taken April 5th 1917, slide 174ol. 102 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Three specimens from leaf mould, small gully along road up from lake between Myers and Norton, near Ithaca ; taken Decem- ber 5th 1932 by C. R. Crosby, slides 32111ol and 32112ol. Ohio: One specimen from under fence rail, bluegrass meadow, Lyndon ; taken April 12tb 1924 by A. E. Miller, slide 20 (Miller Coll.)* One specimen from under a stone, Austin ; taken April 12th 1924 by Miller, slide 21 (Miller coll.). Two specimens from moist, under side of board in open pasture, Mt. Vernon, Illinois; taken August 6tb 1927 by Miller, slide 0-23.1-27 (Miller coll.). These American specimens, at least from Connecticut, average smaller than the European, specifically; the males average 545, the females 595 microns in length. The Bavarian specimens differ from the American in that the mesal mesonotal insertions are very nearly as approximate as the mesal adalar, these four clear dots thus forming a rectangle in dorsal aspect. Furthermore the median porose area and cluster of pseudoforamina are represented by a cluster of irregular porose areas posteriad of the mesonotal porose areas (on median line). I do not think the third pair of insertions of Ewing’s figure exist in the Bavarian specimens. As the characters of the pseudostigmatic organs and ventral plate are the same, I do not regard these differences sufficient to warrant the use of a nomen- clatorial name. It would only be a form of the subspecies. In all other cases known to me subspecies show differences in the ventral plate and pseudostigmatic organs. In Europe there seem to be racial differences (15, p. 177, under G. tenuiclavum) and further it is figured (15, p. 177) as having the lamellar bristles much more approximate and having much smaller anterior porose areas than my Bavarian examples. The type locality for the species is Bavaria. Habitat: The ecological niche in America is thus seen to be fallen leaves of the forest floor. That it is not recently intro- duced seems to be evident from its presence in gorges remote from towns. However, there is always a possibility that the Oribatoidea have been spread among the farms on the bulbs of 8 cilia sihirica, Hemerocallis, tiger lilies, daffodils, narcissi, tulips, onions, and other European importations, and that from these they have been spread by birds (in nesting material) and by rain wash. Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 103 Galumna alatum binadalare (10, p. 30) Figures 14-15 Diagnostic characters: Pseudostigmatic organ head much wider, obovate but flattened on one face, short apiculate, with very few barbs about distal portion (figures 15) ; lateral adalar porose areas smaller than the mesal; mesal mesonotal porose areas much larger than any other, subcircular ; lateral mesonotal rather close to mesal; pteromorphal insertion with a minute bristle ; I certainly saw a minute bristle emerge from the pos- terior adalar insertion ; I also saw minute bristles stand out from the posterior end of the notogaster ; paranal bristles anterior to the pseudofissurae which are more posteriorly situated, as though these two structures had changed places! (figure 14). Dimensions of six females presented under the species, show this form to average smaller than the Bavarian, and to have rela- tively shorter wings, a larger interlamellar bristle span (which is very variable), smaller space between camerostome and genital aperture, and a broader anal aperture. Material examined: Prom Palls Church, Ya.; Banks, 14 speci- mens, slide 26B78 {cotypes). Galumna longipluma (1, p. 30) Figures 16-19 Diagnostic characters : Pseudostigmatic organs tapering to a point, faintly few barbed (figures 17 and 18) ; interlamellar bristles well developed ; no lamellae ; two adalar porose areas, the mesal the larger ; genital cover bristles not in a straight line ; paranal bristles at center of aperture. Description: Size rather large (0.72 x 0.55 mm.) ; shape ovate, with tapering cephaloprothorax ; rostrum rather distinct, some- what elongate (for the group) ; sides of cephaloprothorax smooth, as there are no lamellae (figure 18) ; bristles of cephaloprothorax, like the pseudostigmatic organs, compressed, relatively wide at base, rostral bristles fairly long, their distal ends touching, strongly barbed to ciliate ; lamellar bristles longer, nearl}^ touch- ing beyond rostral, weakly barbed, inserted above rostrum but considerably more remote than rostral (their position is too ap- proximate in Willmann’s figure (15, p. 174) correct in Oude- 104 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII mans’ (13, p. 63). Interlamellar bristles stouter, bilaterally barbed, inserted some distance from tectopedial shadow, slightly more remote than lamellar; anterior porose areas large, irregu- larly ovate (figures 16 and 19) ; muscle scars small, linearly ar- ranged ; pseudostigmatic organs reaching back of pteromorphal groove. Notogaster completely fused to cephaloprothorax except laterad of mandible retractor muscle scars (figure 16). Ber- lese’s figure (3, pi. 1, fig. 9) has it drawn as continuous. Had he focused carefully with a four millimeter objective he would have found this line to be internal. It is, of course, possible that rare individuals may have the suture complete as a reversion in the same way that three bristles rarely appear on an anal cover. Lateral adalar porose areas have a characteristic shape, spe- cifically, with posterior face obliquely truncate (figures 16 and 19), larger than the subcircular mesal; second posterior adalar insertion between the two areas, nearer to the mesal; mesonotal porose areas medium in size, the lateral one smaller, elongate ; insertions as in figures 16 and 19 ; males with a conspicuous cluster of pseudoforamen on median line posterior to transverse plane of mesonotal porose areas ; pteromorphae with short, inter- rupted veining, groove distinct, open anteriorly, posterior rib distinct but slender, pseudofissura, insertion, and channel dis- tinct, pivot slender, at angle, notch well formed. Ventral plate wings slender broadening posteriad but not enough to cover the very broad tectopedia II which form a dis- tinct angle at center of sides of ventral plate wings which are bent dorsad along their central axis; tectopedia III small, pos- terior corner lacking; tectopedia IV well developed; apodemata I straight with short anterior ceriph ; apodemata II-III sinuous, with two heads, the mesal one internal, each head with two well- developed ceriphs, those of the mesal head longest, especially the posterior one which curves back toward the sides of the body; apodemata IV angular, with well formed, stout posterior ceriph ; insertions of sternal bristles present ! ; bristle of parasterna III long; genital aperture with anterior and posterior edges un- dulate, the anterior corner well rounded out, frame slender; cover bristles 1 some distance from anterior edge, midway be- Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 105 tween median and lateral edges ; cover bristles 4 marginal, only the channel distinct; bristles 2 nearer median edge of cover, bristles 3 near lateral edge. Thus the genital cover bristles of this species present an unusually ragged arrangement ; paramesal bristles as distant from aperture as diameter of a genital cover ; anal aperture with anterior corners very much reduced so that the anterior end is rather conical, posterior edge very rounded ; anterior cover bristles quite near anterolateral edge, posterior cover bristles as remote as anterior; pseudofissurae at center of sides of aperture, short ; paranal bristles usually slightly anterior to pseudofissurae; lateral postanal bristles distant from pos- terior corners of aperture, mesal pair as approximate as cover bristles. Bristles of tarsi I not as highly developed as those of preceding species of the genus. Major bristles long; genual major also long. Dimensions for the average of six females from Regensburg in Bavaria are given: Total length of body 725, breadth of same 550, length of pteromorphae 393, interlamellar bristle span 137, median length of ventral plate 560, camerostome to genital aperture 125, length of genital aperture 108, breadth of same 118, genital aperture to anal aperture 133, length of anal aper- ture 163, breadth of same 165. The distance between the aper- tures was found to be quite variable. The only male measurable was included by the female measurements which were unusually similar in size. The average length of Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., females is 765 microns. Eggs: The largest number of eggs observed was five. Material examined: Regensburg, Bavaria: Twenty-two speci- mens from stump moss, Dechbetten woods; taken July 27th, slides 3119o2 and 3121o4. One specimen from deep moss from north facing, wet terrace along road between Thur and Taxis and Dechbetten; taken July 30th, slide 3122o3. One specimen from fallen branch (or stone), fairly heavy oak and pine Avoods at Walhalla; taken August 6th, slide 3131o5. Five specimens from spruce needle litter, foot of spruce in woods east of Wal- halla; taken August 8th, slides 3134ol and 3133ol. One speci- men from moss from sides of drainage ditch cut through marsh 106 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII (old spruce swamp) and base of sedge tussocks, Hober Gebrach- ing woods ; taken August 24th, slide 3147ol. America: Thirty-two specimens from rotten wood and bark slabs in deciduous woodland, Glen Cove, Long Island, New York; taken May 8th 1920, slides 208ol and 209ol. Connecticut : One specimen from fallen hickory shag, foot of hickory, dump lot, Coscob headland ; taken April 12th 1932, slide 3212ol. One specimen from under face of boards. Experiment Station grounds. New Haven ; taken September 25th 1932 by P. Garman, slide 3268o. Two specimens from under face of wood, wood- land margin, foot of Indian Hill, along Forest Road, New Haven ; taken August 25th 1932, slide 3247o2. One specimen from under rotten log, Mt. Carmel ; taken April 18th 1920 by P. Garman, slide 26G4. This extremely restricted distribution in America, especially in long inhabited regions and the margins of cities, coupled with its being found in three instances with the European Z. nervosus and once with G. alatum (of Europe), indicates with certainty that it is an introduced species. It is widely distributed in Europe. This species has already been recorded from under rotting boards. New Haven, Conn., under the name 0. setiformis (7, p. 506, fig. 163). My copy of this paper bears manuscript correc- tions of the length as 0.64-0.68 mm. All of the size records in this paper are wrong. Habitat: Prom the above G. longipluma is seen to be a member of the decaying wood fauna. Its rarity in the many moss sam- ples shows it not to belong to this niche of the forest floor except by accident. Galumna flagelliferum (10, p. 31) Figures 23-25 Diagnostic characters : Cephaloprothoracic bristles very much reduced, rostral usually eclipsed, lamellar frontal, interlamellar lacking ; pseudostigmatic organs bristlelike, apparently smooth to very finely, fewburred, rather short, curved posteriad; porose areas large, only one adalar, distant from pteromorphae, genital cover bristles nearer lateral than median edge of covers ; paranal Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 107 bristles distant from aperture, posterior in position ; pseudofis- surae of anal aperture very fine, barely discernible. Description: Size fairly large (0.71 x 52 mm.) ; shape ovate, somewhat long, cephaloprothorax broad, short (figure 23), high, with steep front ; rostrum distinct, short, rounded, blunt, the rim constricted so that rostral bristles are quite overhung by it; pseudofenestration along rim of camerostome, bounded by a den- ticle which extends beyond rim (figure 23, lower half) ; lamellar bristles short, fine, inserted halfway between the projecting lamellae and rostrum ; lamellae extend close to sides of cephalo- prothorax (not toward interlamellar bristle) ; interlamellar bristle insertions distant from tectopedial shadow; pseudostig- mata distinct ! projecting beyond surface of cephaloprothorax in both lateral and dorsal aspects; anterior porose areas rather large, elongateovate to oval; muscle scars arranged in linear series. Notogaster apparently completely fused to cephaloprothorax ; adalar porose areas large, oval, distant from pteromorphae ; lateral mesonotal porose areas elongate, diagonal, the mesal one lacking, see position of bristle insertions (figure 23) ; pteromor- phae with ventral edge not sharply angled, the angles broadly rounded, groove distinct, its anterior rib short, pseudofissura slender, insertion large, veining fairly well developed, pivot slender, at angle. Ventral plate wings broad, their anterior end undulate; tecto- pedia II so broad as to project laterad of wings; tectopedia III slender ; apodemata I long, bowed, with short diverging ceriphs ; apodemata II-III bent, with short ceriphs; apodemata IV with long, oblique ceriph pointing toward lateral end of apodemata I ; lacunae small ; sternal bristles sometimes present ; genital aper- ture with anterior and posterior edges undulate, sides strongly converging; cover bristles I on or close to edge, cover bristles 4 on posterior edge, bristles 2 much nearer lateral than median edge of covers, bristles 3 less so; paramesal bristles smallest diameter of a genital cover distant from aperture ; anal aperture with anterior end very narrow, sides thus very converging, frame distinct ; paranal bristles unusually far posteriad and laterad of pseudofissurae ; anterior cover bristles close to anterior corner. 108 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII posterior bristles more remote than anterior; postanal bristles approximated in two pairs, the lateral distant from corner. Palps much as usual but the four terminal bristles developed as erect spines opposed by the curved dorsal style to form a clutching hand (figure 25). Eggs: As many as eight eggs are borne at once by the female. Material examined: Four specimens from nest of Eciton caecum, Austin, Texas; C. T. Brues, slide 26B85 {cotypes). Florida: Two specimens from Punta Gorda, Banks coll., slide 26B27a and b. One specimen from lichens on oak trunk. Sugar- foot Hammock, Gainesville ; taken September 8th 1929 by J. R. Watson, slide 29W9/8-1. One specimen from Spanish moss rotting on ground, Sugarf oot Hammock, Gainesville ; taken August 25th, 1929 by Watson, slide 29W8/25-1. Two specimens from dry leaves on north facing slope. Devil’s Mill Hopper, Gainesville; taken March 4th, 1929 by Watson, slide 29W3/4. Two specimens from Palls Church, Virginia; taken December 7th, by Nathan Banks, slide 26B13. Five specimens from under leaves of Opuntia opuntia Plummer’s Id., Maryland; taken March 2nd 1924 by A. E. Miller, slide 2 (Miller coll.). Four specimens from Sea Cliff, Long Island, New York; Banks, slide 26B39c. Ohio: Eight, five, five and six specimens from one square foot of bluegrass sod, Mt. Logan, Chillicothe ; taken April 20th, May 25th, July 13th, August 3rd, 1925 by Miller, slides 32M9ol and -o2, 32M69ol, 32M15o and 32M18ol respectively. Two specimens from lawn (of Mr. Service) Wayne Avenue, Dayton; taken August 22nd 1925 by Miller, slide 32M19. Illi- nois: Two specimens from lower side of boards and logs lying on ground in more open part of Dodson’s Woods, Urbana; taken May 24th 1927 by Miller, slide 32M122o. One specimen from lower side of 2" x 6" piece of walnut in open bluegrass pasture, three miles north of Rossville ; taken August 18th 1927 by Miller, slide 0-15.1-27 (Miller coll.). One hundred and twelve speci- mens from a neighboring, 6" x 8'" boards, slides 0-14.1-27 to 0-14.4-27 (Miller coll.). Geographical Distribution: Carolinian zone southward. Habitat: Chiefly a floor species, averaging half a dozen per square foot of sod. The last lot listed seems to be an unusual concentration (or aggregation) . Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 109 In the nymph the interlamellar bristles are present bnt very short, the pseudostigmatic organs are clavate and densely bristled (ciliate) in four rows (figure 24) . The palps are as in the adult. Galumna curvum (5, p. 113, figs. 5, 6) Figures 26-34 Diagnostic characters : Body small (0.38 mm. long) ; notogaster and pteromorphae with fine bristles at insertions ; porose areas small, roundish ; interlamellar bristles short, fine ; lamellar bristles frontal, far anterior to lamellae ; rostral bristles invisible from above; pseudostigmatic organs long, with a broad, com- pressed, semioval head on a long filiform pedicel (figures 26, 28, 29, 32) ; apodemata with long ceriphs; genital cover bristles 1 and 4 on edge of covers; paranal bristles rather distant from aperture. Description: This is our smallest Galumna, by a wide margin. Shape, seen from above (figure 26), broadly ovate, seen from side, high arched with angular posterior margin ; cephalopro- thorax short, broad, steep, lamellae forming only a slight ridge ; rostrum broad, rounding smoothly into cephaloprothorax ; edge of camerostome thickened in the form of a band (figure 32, shaded in figure 31) ; interlamellar bristles short (not minute) and fine ; lamellar bristles longer ; rostral bristles still longer but inserted below the bulge of the rostrum and far back near edge of camerostome, thus being invisible from above (figures 27, 31, 32). It might be thought that the bristle closest to the ventral edge of the lamellar band is the lamellar bristle but a study of the migration of this bristle (in this subfamily) namely away from the lamellae, and the fact that its position is, in all other known cases, dorsad of the rostral bristles, makes it quite evident that the most ventrad of these three, as usual, is the rostral bristle which, with the shortening of the rostrum has thus been carried far backward (figure 32). Pseudostigmata incon- spicuous, represented dorsad by a low rim, the posterior border of which is produced as the anterior articulation of the ptero- morphae; organ (figures 26, 28, 29, 32) long, erect, curving back- ward like a pennant on a slender, flexible wand, the head some- what compressed, about one third the length of the very slender 110 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII pedicel, viewed from the side semioval, produced behind in a point, at times with two or three points on posterior margin (figure 28), lower margin usually very slightly convex, occasion- ally appearing coarsely granular if only partially dehydrated; viewed from in front the head appears lenticular, thus all variations in shape (due to its compression) between lenticular and semioval may be seen depending on angle of vision, also it may appear broadly semioval if the angle of vision is from some- what behind, so as to foreshorten its appearance. Notogaster (figure 26 upper half only), broadly oval, pos- teriorly so depressed as to form an angle when seen in lateral aspect; center sometimes appears finely granular (the area indi- cated in figure 26 by a dotted line), these granulations, extend- ing down the sides in irregular rays and spangles, are probably due to a fine deposit of foreign particles ; porose areas small, dis- tinct, roundish to oval, the anterior (figures 26 and 32) situated between interlamellar bristles and pseudostigmata, that is, much more lateral than usual, rather attenuate at ends, adalar ovate, unusually distant from pteromorphae, mesonotal rather close together, subequal, posterior more approximate than mesonotal, between them two groups of muscle scars. The insertions about the mesonotal porose areas are elongate so as to resemble pseudo- fissurae; pteromorphae (figures 26 and 32) anteriorly subtrun- cate, posteriorly extremely oblique, ventrally conspicuously emarginate, not as usual in this genus (that is, with the ventro- distal margin rectangularly incised to fit about tectopedium II) but with a more acute incision, leaving a strongly developed ven- trodistal lobe, making the ventral margin subequally bilobed, pivot very slender, near angle, at right angles to margin (usually oblique to margin), anterior margin of pteromorphae thickened for a short distance below the pivot (darkened in figure 32), veining obsolete, groove shallow, fairly definite, insertion with a bristle which varies in length to as long as interlamellar bristle so as to extend beyond lateral margin of pteromorphae, pseudo- fissura long, distinct. Ventral plate (figure 27 upper half only) deep, so that dis- tance from anal aperture to notogastral plate viewed from side is equal to greatest breadth of an anal cover, wings broad, nar- Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 111 rowly exposing tectopedia II posterolaterally, longitudinally bent dorsad along their middle; tectopedia III with oblique pos- terior corner ; tectopedia IV short triangular, almost equilateral ; lacunae long, conspicuous; apodemata I descending and widen- ing at apex, sometimes the anterior sometimes the posterior ceriph the longest; apodemata II long and slender, anterior ceriph very long, directed laterad almost parallel with the apodeme, posterior ceriph fairly long, strongly curved ; apode- mata III diagonal ; gular bristles remote ; bristle off apodemata II-III lacking ! ; genital aperture with anterior margin slightly undulate, posterior edge strongly so, sides strongly converging ; cover bristles 2 much nearer median than lateral margin, bristles 3 subequally distant between these two margins, thus the pattern of these four cover bristles is jagged due to the mesal position of bristles 2 ; paramesal bristles as distant from genital aperture as smallest diameter of a genital cover; subanal muscle plate slenderly oval ; anal aperture with short anterior margin, broadly rounding into sides, posterior margin curved; pseudotissurae at center of, quite close to, and slightly diverging anteriorly from lateral margin ; paranal bristles posterolaterad of pseudotissurae ; lateral postanal bristles some distance from corners of aperture, grouped with mesal two in pairs; anterior cover bristles close to anterior margin, posterior pair as remote as mesal postanals; median edge of anal covers strongly ridged (figure 33) ; a median porose area on median line of ventral plate close to posterior edge (figure 30). Camerostome (figure 31, which is a ventral view from some- what in front) with descending median lip; labium with emar- ginate apex, bristles fairly long (foreshortened in figure 31), rather remote and distant from distal end of plate; mandibles chelate, lower or articulated ramus with broad, molariform, slightly emarginate distal cusp, widely separated from the well developed, middle cusp which in turn is broadly separated from the equally large proximal cusp, other ramus similar, thus man- dibles differ from most species by their broad, molariform, distal cusps and large, well developed middle cusps. Legs with triheterohamate unguis ; segments short, robust, major bristles on all four legs. Legs I (figure 34) with tarsi 112 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII nearly pyriform, with five slender bristles on dorsal face, second dorsal much the longer, decurved ; a lateral and a mesal bristle present ; ventral face with three ciliate bristles, each bearing but three or four stout cilia ; apex with about four or five fine bristles. Tibiae more than half as wide as long, dorsal face concave, rap- idly contracted to pedunculate base, dorsodistal edge produced as a small thumb ; major bristle strongly developed, its process quite broad, bearing a short bristle on distal edge; ventral face with but one ciliate bristle ; lateral side with a long, slender bristle. Genuals as long as width of tibia, distinctly curved; bearing two distal bristles : a long slender, decurved, dorsal (surpassing the tibia), and a short, slender, ventral. Femora broad, curved, with very slender pedicel, and crenate ventral face, armed with but three barbed bristles: a rather stout, de- curved, ventral one inserted at center of article, and two curved, slightly barbed dorsal bristles of which the anterior is the shorter, inserted close to distal end, the posterior inserted at center. Legs II very similar to legs I but tibiae only very slightly wider than tarsi ; genual bristle still longer ! ; femora longer, more slender and more curved, with ventroproximal bristle inserted far proximad of center. Legs III similar to legs IV but shorter. Tarsi shorter and stouter; bristles similar but with an additional lateral one near proximal end. Tibiae broader and shorter, with major bristle more distally inserted (less than diameter of base of tarsus), ventral face with only the posterior ciliate bristle. Genuals shorter, like femora and coxae, with usual bristles or insertions. Femora pyriform. Trochanters more oblique. Legs IV the longest and slenderest. Tarsi with only two ciliate bristles on ventral face, remote from each other ; two simple bristles on dorsal face, more approximate, the proximal one remote from proximal margin ; a lateral bristle ; several bristles about apex. Tibiae with two ciliate bristles on ventral face, the distal one close to distal end, major bristle on transverse plane of proximal ciliate bristle, a lateral bristle inserted on transverse plane be- tween ventral bristles. Genuals with a barbed lateral bristle, as long as genual. Femora and trochanters with the usual bristles. Femora with low hump just anterior to center, taper- Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 113 ing gently in each direction, broader at distal than at proximal end. Trochanters casquelike. Ovipositor similar to that of Z. emarginatus but lateral bristles subopposite in the lateral fingers. Fingers considerably shorter than distal segment. Dimensions: Fourteen specimens were measured, seven from Monroe, Conn., and seven from Shantung, China, either about the Tsingtao hills and nursery or the Laushan hills (twenty miles to the east). The smallest, average and maximum for Con- necticut and for Shantung are presented respectively. Total length of body . 355 386 390 325 387 410 Breadth of same . 245 265 280 210 256 280 Length of pteromorphae . 195 205 210 170 199 205 Interlamellar bristle span 50 75 76 55 74 80 Median length of ventral plate . 265 275 290 246 287 307 Camerostome to genital apert 55 59 65 55 59 65 Length of genital aperture 45 48 55 45 52 55 Breadth of same 60 63 65 55 65 70 Genital apert. to anal apert 65 72 80 60 75 85 Length of anal aperture 63 68 70 60 72 85 Breadth of same 70 75 83 65 81 90 From this table it is evident that the species averages the same on both sides of the world. No sex differentiation whatever was found. Material examined: East Village, Monroe, Conn.: Two speci- mens from cushion moss, upland swamp ; taken March 23rd 1919, slide 1913ol. One specimen from same ; taken May 31st 1919, slide 193 lo4. Three females from creeping moss on north side of boulder, same swamp ; taken May 30th 1920, slide 2014ol. One specimen from clump of sphagnum standing out of the water, further in same swamp ; taken May 30th 1920, slide 2016o2. One specimen from dead, overhanging leaves of Carex stricta clump, same swamp ; taken August 10th 1925, slide 2514ol. Twenty-five specimens from core cut out of top of same clump ; taken August 22nd 1925, slides 2525ol and 2528ol. Two specimens from lower face of old rail in apple orchard, among crevices of the wood ; taken August 22nd 1925, slide 2527ol. Ten specimens from dead, drooping leaves of Carex stricta, marsh northeast of village ; taken August 28th 1925, slide 2532ol. Six- 114 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII teen specimens from scrapings from sides of a near clump ; taken August 29th 1925, slide 2533ol. Four specimens from old, de- caying, wettisli grass from foot of old haystack on hillside meadow; taken September 1st 1925, slide 2534ol. One only from dry grass, a foot higher up on north side of same stack; taken September 3rd 1925, slide 2535ol. Two specimens from fallen leaves in woods, edge of upland swamp ; taken September 9th 1925, slide 2538ol. One specimen from a fern frond in sprout woodland, hillside ; taken at 4.30 P. M., August 23rd 1932, slide 3242o. Fifty-two specimens from Selaginella apus and epigeous moss of earth clumps, upland swamp ; taken July 7th 1932, slides 3226ol and -o2. Twenty-three specimens from moss clump, thicket, edge of swampy woods; taken January 18th 1932, slides 322ol and -o3. Two specimens from fallen hickory shag about hickory, dump lot, Coscob headland. Conn. ; taken April 12th 1932, slide 321ol. Ithaca, N. Y. One specimen from under stone or board or bark of twig, up Six Mile Creek; taken April 14th 1917, slide 176o4. One specimen from sphagnum about stump in swale be- low road, below wooded ridge of Connecticut Hill, Newfield, Tomp- kins Co. ; taken November 25th 1932, slide 32106ol. Fifteen specimens from leaf mould, small gully along road up from lake between Myers and Norton, near Ithaca ; taken December 5th 1932 by Cyrus R. Crosby, slides 32111ol and 32112ol. Chillicothe, Ohio: Seventy-three, five, one, and eight speci- mens from bluegrass sod, Mt. Logan ; taken April 20th, May 25th, July 13th, August 3rd 1925 by A. E. Miller, slides 32M9ol and -o3, 32M69ol, 32M15o, 32M18ol, respectively. TJrhana, Illinois: One specimen from loAver side of board or log lying in more open part of Dodson’s Woods; taken May 24th 1927 by Miller, slide 32M122o. One specimen from under side of moist board lying in Orchard, Dodson Farm ; taken August 24th 1927 by Miller, slide 0-5-27 (Miller coll.). Falls Church, Ya.; one specimen taken in April by Nathan Banks, slide 26B68b. Somerset, B. C.; one specimen taken in April by Banks, slide 26B65a. Florida : Twelve specimens from fallen leaves, half inch mulch. Mar., 1934] Jaoot: Acarina 115 high, dry land under hickory, Pinkoson Springs near Gaines- ville; taken March 4th, 1928, by E. F. Grossman, slides G33G1, -G4 and -G5. Three specimens from fallen leaves in oak woods off state road one mile west of Green Cove Springs ; taken April 29th, 1928, by Grossman, slides G80G2 and -G4. These Florida specimens have notogastral bristles twice as long as most of the northern specimens while the interlamellar and pteromorphal bristles are as long as pseudostigmatic organ head. The ventral plate bristles remain the same. I see no other differences. This difference in length of notogastral bristles will probably be found to be a relative character when material from the intervening states is studied. Columbia, Mo., Washington, D. C., and Florida are Berlese’s records for his synonym 0. tantillus (3, p. 120). The type local- ity is North America (2, p. 7). HaMtat: From the above records it is quite evident that this species is common in the large clumps of Carex stricta so charac- teristic of some of our swamps, in sod, and, under certain condi- tions, in moss and dead leaves. It is not an habitue of decaying wood. From its presence on a fern frond in broad daylight and its a;bundance in sod in April and greatly diminished num- bers in later months, I suspect it is a common ascender of vege- tation. Eggs: A maximum of two was found, each egg, as in Z. minu- tus, occupying a half of the abdomen. They do not occur fre- quently or throughout the season, yet the species seems to be common. Galumna curvum ventralis (16, p. 283, figs. 67, 68) Figures 26, 27 (lower half) Diagnostic characters: Mesonotal porose areas usually mark- edly unequal, the lateral considerably smaller than the mesal; arrangement of mesonotal pseudofissur^e and bristles differing as illustrated (figure 26) ; gular bristles much closer to each other; distal ends of apodemata I and II-III differing as in figure 27 ; ventral plate wings broader, covering almost all of tectopedia II. These characters are based on specimens from North China. It is impossible to make exact comparisons with Willmann’s 116 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII unfinished drawings. Moreover, he misinterprets various struc- tures. His midthoracic suture (anterior end of notogaster) is some internal tissue. If the suture existed it would pass through the anterior porose areas and terminate at base of pseudo- stigmata. His lamellse are in part the shadow of tectopedia I. He overlooks the rostral bristles and calls the lamellar bristles rostral. I have never seen the pseudostigmatic organs under the pteromorphse in this species. The description of the ventral plate leaves much to be desired, the bristle insertions and other details are replaced by coarse stippling. The ventral plate wings seem to be depicted as much narrower than tectopedia II, but how can one rely on such workmanship? The ventral edge of the pteromorpha is most unusual. Material examined: Tsingtao, Shantung, China: One female from decaying pieces of pine on “woodland” floor, north shoul- der of Signal Hill; taken July 29th 1922, slide 2270n3. Two females from grass (by sweeping) under pines, same locality; taken August 1st 1922, slide 2272ol. One female from pine needles, pine cone or fragment from base of a pine tree, same locality; taken August 3rd 1922, slide 2274o2. Five specimens from herbs (by sweeping) in “woods,” on hill north of Japanese Soldier’s Monument; taken August 8th 1922, slide 2278o2. Laushan region (twenty miles east of Tsingtao) : Fourteen speci- mens from moss on rocks about spring on road up to the Inn near Liushu tai ; taken August 18th 1922, slide 2283ol. Thirty- eight specimens from pine needles and Selaginella mongolica, same locality, east of Inn ; taken August 18th 1922, slide 2285o2. Eighty-five specimens from thick cushion moss by road up to Inn, same locality; taken same date, slide 2286oI. Thirty-six specimens from clump of Scirpus with creeping moss among culms, cliff spring marsh, gully west of sanitorium, Bai Djiou Shui Miao ; taken June 9th 1928, slide 2811ol. One specimen from moss from spring, Lingen Ssu Temple, Western Shantung ; taken November 4th 1927, slide 2811ol. Habitat: It is particularly interesting to find this form abun- dant where (in cushion moss) in America it was very sparingly found. In North China there is nothing at all comparable to a swamp, all wet land having for centuries been converted into Mar., 1934] Jacot: Acarina 117 rice paddies, lotus pans, and such. The absence of this species from Europe marks it as another example of the east American and east Asian biota. Addenda Orihates crihriger (4, p. 306) is a Galumna from decayed leaves from Columbia, Missouri. The sculpturing of the ptero- morphae, I consider to be the veining because it is transverse, while sculpturing is parallel to ventral edge (longitudinal). The real lamellae seem to be extremely reduced. The porose areas seem to make it G. flagelliferum but the pseudostigmatic organs are recorded as fairly long and the heavy sprinkling of pseudo- foramina, giving it the name of “the sieve cover,” makes it appear different. Only intensive collecting about the type local- ity will make it possible to determine if G. flagelliferum is a subspecies or a synonym. Galumna paucisetosum (10, p. 32) seems to be a Chinese species under a wrong catalogue number. Key to Species 1. Pseudostigmatic organs tapering to a point 2 1. Pseudostigmatic organs becoming broader distally 3 2. Interlamellar bristles long G. longiplmmim 2. Interlamellar bristles shorter than diameter of tarsi G. flagelliferum 3. Size minute (about 0.3 mm.) ; rostral bristles not visible in dorsal aspect; lamellar bristles frontal; interlamellar bristles rather short; notogaster with small bristles G. curvum 3. Size larger (over 0.4 mm.) ; rostral bristles visible in dorsal aspect 4 4. Interlamellar bristles longer than diameter of tibiae 5 4. Interlamellar bristles short 7 5. Mesal edge of lamellae directed diagonally across frons ; pseudostigmatic organ head very slender (two or three times diameter of pedicel). G. virginiensis 5. Mesal edge of lamellae directed posteriad toward interlamellar bristle 6 6. Pseudostigmatic organ head decurrent, with blunt distal end, only four or five barbules in linear series; adalar porose areas between proximal end of groove of pteromorphae G. ba7iksi 6, Pseudostigmatic organ head distinct, with apicule, many barbules ; adalar porose areas anterior to pteromorphal groove. G. lanceatum octopunctatum 7. Paranal bristles anterior to pseudofissurae ; pseudostigmatic organ head slender, with tapering distal end and long apicule 8 7. Paranal bristles posterior to pseudofissurae; pseudostigmatic organ head 118 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII fairly broad, with rather abrupt distal end and short to no apicule 9 8. Pseudostigmatic organ head smooth or with only four or five barbules. G. alatum 8. Pseudostigmatic organ head abrupt, with only four or five barbules; Carolinian G. a. tinadalare Literature Cited la. Banks, Nathan, 1895 (Sept.), Some Aearians from a SjDhagnum Swamp, Jour, N, Y. Ent. Soc., vol, 3, pp. 128-130. lb. Berlese, Antonio, 1904 (July), Acari nuovi, Manipulus III, Eedia, vol, 2, pp. 10-32, pis. 1-2. 2. Same, 1908 (Aug, 5), Elenco di Generi e Specie nuove di Acari, Eedia, vol. 5, pp. 1-15. 3. Same, 1914 (Dec. 31), Acari nuovi, Manipulus IX; Eedia, vol. 10, pp. 113-150, pis. 1-4. 4. Same, 1916 (Dec.), Centuria Terza di Acari nuovi, Eedia, vol. 12, pp. 289-338. 5. Ewing, Henry Ellsworth, 1907 (Dec.), New Oribatidae, Psyche, vol. 14, pp. 111-115, pi. 3. 6. Same, 1909 (Sept.), The Oribatoidea of Illinois, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, pp, 337-390, pis. 33-35, 5 txt, figs, 7. Hall, Harry Victor Malan, 1911 (May), Studies in Acarina I, Pomona Jour, of Ent., vol. 3, pp. 504-510, txt. figs. 161-165. 8. Hermann, Jean-Frederic, 1804, Memoire Apterologique, Strasbourg, 152 pp., 9 pis. 9. Heyden, Carl Heinrich Georges, 1825 (Sept. 19), Yersuch einer sys- tematischen Eintheilung der Acariden, Isis von Oken, vol. 18 (1826), col. 608-613. 10. JACOT, A. P., 1929 (Jan,), American Oribatid Mites of the Subfamily Galumninae, Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool., vol. 69, pp. 3-37, pis, 1-6, 1 txt. fig. 11. Same, 1932 (April), Moss Mites, Bull, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,, no, 63, pp. 17-22, 4 txt. figs. 12. OUDEMANS, Anthonie Cornelis, 1900, New List of Dutch Acari, Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol. 43, pp. 150-171, pi. 8. 13. Same, 1919 (June), Notizen fiber Acari, 26 Eeihe (Oribatidea, Gruppe der Galumnae), Archiv ffir Naturg., vol. 83, abt. A, heft 4, pp. 1-84, 114 text. figs. 14. ScHRANK, Franz von Paula, 1803, Fauna Boica; Durchgedachte Ges- chichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere ; Ingolstadt, vol. 3, abt. 1. 15. Willmann, Carl, 1931, Moosmilben oder Oribatiden (Oribatei), in: Dahl, Friedrich, Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, teil 22, pp. 80-200, 364 txt. figs. 16. Same, 1931, Oribatei (Acari), gesammelt von der Deutschen Limno- . logischen Sunda-Expedition, Archiv ffir Hydrobiologie, Suppl. vol. 9, ‘ ‘ Tropische Binnengewasser, ’ ’ vol 2, pp. 240-305, 81 txt. figs. 120 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Figure 1. PLATE X Galumna virginiensis (10, p. 33), adult Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio xl20. Figure 2. Figure 3. Pseudostigmatic organs; ratio X 440. Cephaloprothorax, dorsolateral aspect, showing mesal edge of lamella extending across frons and its continuation with the lamellae under pteromorpha to join with ventral plate wing (broken line). The edge of camerostome and tecto- pedia II show as a dotted line, on a more distant plane; ratio X 150. Figure 4. Same, dorsocephalic aspect; showing oblique juncture of mesal edge of lamellae ; ratio x 150. Galumna lanceatum octopunctatum (6, p. 356), adult Figure 5. Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio xl20. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Pseudostigmatic organs ; ratio x 440. Legs I, lateral aspect, one hook lost; ratio x 200. Femoro-genual hinge of legs I ; ratio x 440. Legs I, dorsal aspect, showing pattern of dorsoproximal quar- tette of tarsi; ratio x 200. Figure 10. Interlamellar bristle base ; ratio x 440. Figure 11. Galumna banksi (10, p. 29), adult Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio X 120. Figure 12. Pseudostigmatic organs ; ratio X 440. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLII (Plate X) 122 Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. XLII Figure 13, Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22, PLATE XI G-alumna alatum (14, p. 214, no. 2688), adult Pseudostigmatic organs, various aspects ; ratio x 440. Galumna alatum binadalare (10, p. 30), adult Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio xlOO. Pseudostigmatic organs, various aspects, figure below numeral •is foreshortened; ratio x 440. Galumna longipluma (16, p. 30), adult Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted ; ratio xlOO. A pseudostigmatic organ; ratio x 200, Distal end of same pseudostigmatic organ; ratio x 440. Dorsolateral aspect, showing tectopedia I, porose areas and insertions; ratio x 100. * * * Sketch of a ciliate bristle. Sketch of a barbed bristle. Sketch of a burred bristle. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLII (Plate XI) 124 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Figure 26. Figure 27. PLATE XII Galumna flagelliferum (10, p. 31), adult and nymph Dorso/ventral aspects, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio xlOO. Pseudostigmatic organs of nymph ; ratio x 440. Palp, distal two segments ; ratio x 440. Galumna curvum (5, p. 113), adult Dorsal aspect, upper half of figure only, mouth parts and legs omitted ; ratio x 120. Ventral aspect, upper half of figure only, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio x 150. Pseudostigmatic organs, lateral aspect ; ratio x 440. Pseudostigmatic organs, dorsal aspect ; ratio x 440. Posterior aspect; ratio x 120. Camerostome and adjacent bristles, ventrocephalic aspect; ratio xl20. Lateral aspect, anterior end, mouth parts and legs omitted; ratio X 200. An anal cover, showing ridged margin; ratio X 200. Legs I ; ratio x 200. Galumna curvum ventralis (16, p. 283, figs. 67, 68) Dorsal aspect, lower half of figure only; ratio x 120. Ventral aspect, lower half of figure only; ratio x 150. (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLII (Plate XII) Mar., 1934] Abbott: Megarhyssa 127 HOW MEGARHYSSA DEPOSITS HER EGGS By Cyril E. Abbott Morgan Park, III, Considering the conspicuous size and form of Megarhyssa lunator,^ it is rather strange that the study of this insect has been neglected. It is true that in 1888 C. V. Riley published in “Insect Life” a very full and interesting account of the biology of Megarhyssa (then called Thalessa). But Riley’s description of the drilling process which accompanies oviposition, although detailed, is superficial ; it fails even to mention the action of the plates to which the drilling organ is attached. Mention is made of the “powerful muscles” of the abdomen without giving any evidence that the author was aware of their relationship to the ovipositor. Henneguy (p. 283) states that: “Les Ephialtes, les Rhyssa, deposent leurs oeufs dans les larves des Longicornes qui vivent dans des galeries situees souvent a grande prefondeur a I’inte- rieur du bois.” But this tells us nothing of the mechanisms involved. The nearest approach to a solution is found in a paper by Baumann (1924). This, although it deals with an European species, Thalessa leucographa, does give a rather care- ful description of the “Plattenapparates. ” Through dissection Baumann arrived at the same conclusion I reached through observation of the living insect, namely that: “Den gleichzeitig mit der dorsalen Membran kommt auch die ventral Blasmembran sur Entfaltung so dasz sich der Blase aus einem auszeren dor- salen und einem inneren ventralen Anteil zusammensetzt. ’ ’ The musculature of the organs was not described. Original Studies The abdomen of the adult female Megarhyssa consists of eight externally visible segments and the propodeum, which, as far 1 Megarhyssa obviously comes from the Greek megas, large and hrysos, wrinkle. Lunator means ‘ ^ moonlike’’; so the English equivalent of the name is ‘ ‘ lunar large-wrinkle. ’ ’ This is mentioned because it doubtless refers to the stretching of membranes to be described hereafter. 128 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII as this study is concerned, may be ignored. The penultimate segment extends forward on either side in the form of a narrow plate ending just beneath the posterior margin of the sixth seg- ment (Fig. 1). The terminal segment bears corresponding Figure 1. Eight lateral aspect of distal part of abdomen with drilling organ extruded. An., anus Cer., cerci D. V., dorsal valves V.V., ventral valves L., lancets E. P., ‘ ‘ runner ’ ’ plate K.P., ‘‘kidney” plate S.P., “sled” plate Sp., spiracle S6, S7, S8, abdominal segments lateral extensions which are even larger ; suggesting in outline the runner of an old-fashioned ‘‘cutter.” For this reason I have designated each of these as a “sled plate.” Each termi- nates anteriorly in a horny point which articulates with the plate next anterior. The latter, which excepting for its con- tiguity with surrounding membranes is free, is more or less reniform. Its long axis is vertical and its convex margin an- Mar., 1934] Abbott: Megarhyssa 129 terior. At its base a hinge joint attaches it to a third and more anterior plate which is runner-shaped, with its recurved anterior in the body cavity. From below this ‘‘runner” plate is visible to its posterior angle, at which point the corresponding dorsal valve is attached. Anterior to the runner plate is a small plate which, with the corresponding plate on the opposite side of the insect, covers the base of the drilling organ. The relationship of these various parts are best shown in Figure 2. The drill proper is composed of three parts. Of these the most conspicuous really consists of the two fused ventral valves. Figure 2. Eight lateral aspect of drilling organs removed from insect. For labels see Figures 1 and 3. Figure 3. Ental aspect of drilling organs removed from insect. 1, 2, 3, and 6, extensor muscles of lancet 4, retractor muscle of lancet 5, posterior dorso-ventral muscle 7, retractor of ventral valves 130 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Figure 4. Proximal part of ventral valves a, frontal aspect b, lateral aspect Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of a section of the drill. 1, partially retracted lancet 2, T-ridge of ventral valve, upon which lancet rides 3, ventral valve It is attached to the anterior angle of the “runner” plates. At this point it is trident in form ; each lateral extension articulat- ing with the corresponding plate, while the median tine curves Mar., 1934] Abbott: Megarhyssa 131 inward between them, its convex posterior surface attached by muscles with the basal margins of the plates (Fig. 4). The remaining parts of the drill are the two lancets, each of which is attached to the dorsal margin of its corresponding “kidney” plate. The lancets are so closely adherent to the ventral valves that the two are separated with difficulty. Riley was well aware of the reason for this: that each ventral valve is equipped with a T-shaped ridge which fits a corresponding cavity running the length of the lancet (Fig. 5). Riley’s one mistake was in assum- ing that the valves are dorsal to the lancets when in actuality they are ventral. The dorsal valves or guides seem to be sensory in function, and take no part in the mechanics of drilling. The muscles which operate the ovipositor, since they are con- cerned chiefly with the functioning of the lancets, are paired. Those on the right side may be seen by removing the penultimate segments and separating the halves of the body. They are as follows (1) a muscle having its origin on the posterior and in- terior margin of the “sled” plate and its insertion on the re- curved termination of the “runner” plate; (2) a muscle having its origin near the posterior margin of the “sled” plate and its insertion on the concave inner margin of the “runner” plate; (3) a muscle having its origin on a sloping ridge at the anterior of the “runner” plate and its insertion on the ridge near and parallel to the dorsal margin of the “sled” plate; (4) a muscle having its origin on the posterior half of the ventral part of the “runner” plate and its insertion on the horny ridge near the dorsal margin of the “sled” plate; (5) a dorso-ventral muscle which connects the ‘ ‘ runner ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ sled ’ ’ plates posteriorly ; ( 6 ) a small muscle connecting the anterior of the “runner” plate with the dorsal margin of the “kidney” plate. These muscles, with their attachments, are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Their enumer- ation follows that in the text. A few intersegmental muscles connect the penultimate with the terminal segment. Observations made on living insects indicate that the “sled” and “runner” plates describe a rhythmic, lateral motion which rotates the “kidney” plate forward and back. The process can be simulated in the dead insect under the binocular magnifier. 132 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII when it becomes evident that each lancet, since it is attached to the dorsal margin of its corresponding ‘‘kidney” plate, is alternately extended and retracted by this action (see Figures 2 and 3). The action of the mnscles is as follows: 1, 2, and 3, by drawing the “sled” and “runner” plates together, rotate the “kidney” plate and thus extend the lancet; muscle 6 aids in the process by drawing the “kidney” plate forward; muscle 4, by drawing the “sled” plate hack, has the opposite effect. The function of muscle 5 seems to be to keep the two larger plates from separating posteriorly. The paired muscles (Figures 2 and 3) attached to the mid-tine of the ventral valves appear to throw the latter forward, thus aiding in the “looping” of the ovipositor. Since the “runner” plates are attached to each other anteri- orly through their articulations with the ventral valves, and since the “sled” plates are merely extensions of the terminal segment, it follows that the degree of extension of either lancet can at no_ time be very great. Moreover, the action of the plates gives a partial rotation to the whole ovipositor ; this, however, may be an advantage. AVhen about to deposit an egg, the insect elevates her abdo- men, looping the ovipositor within the intersegmental mem- branes, while the two terminal segments are folded against the belly of the abdomen. The plates of the drilling mechanism are forced back into the membranes in an inverted position. This inversion is of no consequence to the drilling action, which depends upon the interrelationship of the drill plates and not upon their position with respect to the body of the insect. The exposed portion of the ovipositor, with its distal end directed against the tree, lies throughout most of its length upon the ventral surface of the abdomen. Drilling begins with the alter- nate action of the lancets. As the instrument penetrates the tree its parts are slowly withdrawn from the body membranes, the drill plates are everted, and the abdomen assumes the position of an inverted U. For a few seconds action is suspended. Then the ovipositor is withdrawn ; the actions described above being- duplicated in reverse order. Mar., 1934] Abbott: Megarhyssa 133 During the ‘‘looping” of the ovipositor the ventral membrane is forced in against the dorsal membrane, which in turn is extended dorsally until both membranes become stretched and transparent. Riley’s account is none too clear concerning the way in which the egg passes through the ovipositor. It is probable that the ovum passes through the tube formed by the lancets. Three facts seem to indicate that such is the case : (1) the vagina opens between the lancets, (2) the action of these parts would tend to work the egg through the ovipositor, and (3) eggs are sometimes accidentally extruded between the lancets. LITERATURE CITED Baumann, C. 1924. Uber den Ban des Abdomen und die Eunktion des Legeapparates von Thalessa leucograpJia. Zool. Anz., 58, 149-161. Hennegut, F. 1904. Les Insectes. Riley, C. V. 1888. The habits of Thalessa and of Tremex. Insect Life, 1, No. 6. . ', K.?"' !':' Wr .-■ . . . - V'.'; Mar., 1934] Proceedings of the Society 135 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY Meeting of January 19, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on January 19, 1932, in the American. Museum of Natural History; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with twenty-one members and thirty-seven visitors present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were approved as read and cor- rected. In the absence of Mr, Hall, Mr, Bell read the treasurer’s report for 1931. On hand December, 1930 $ 1676.21 On hand December, 1931 1754.76 Eeceived 2550.37 Expenses 2471.82 Gain during 1931 78,55 The report Avas accepted with thanks and placed on file. The program committee reported Dr. Creighton and Dr. Driggers as the speakers for the next meeting. Dr. Byrley F. Driggers, of the New Jersey Experiment Station at New Brunswick, was proposed for membership in the society. Dr. William Moore read his paper on ‘^Chemical Stimuli and Eeceptors, ” the second in the Biology of Insects series. Odors as chemical stimuli are stronger than taste. Certain odors, such as ethyl acetate, sugars, etc., are responsible for a food grasping reaction, others such as ammonia cause the reaction of oviposition, and the odor of eugenol is attractive to the male only. The organs that detect these odors are receptors or sense cells. They are found in the antennas or all over the body, scientists not agreeing as to their location. It is difficult to ascertain the reactions caused by taste. Minnich has carried on several experiments to prove the sensitivity of the red admiral butterfly to cider in which he found taste receptors in the legs of the butterfly. Professor C. L. Fluke, of the University of Wisconsin, then spoke on ‘‘Some Fly Friends and Enemies in Wisconsin,” the Syrphidac being the friends and the apple maggots the enemies. The syrphid larvae, Allograpta ohliqua, Syrphus torvus, and Mesogramma geminata live on a diet of plant lice and pea aphids. These larvae have been observed to increase after an aphid attack. If the aphid food is missing in their diet, they complete Iheir development more quickly but are undersized when they emerge. Dr. Fluke also mentioned the great numbers of aphids devoured by Chrysopa and the Coccinellidae. Dr. Fluke showed a series of slides on the life history and the habits of the syrphid larvae and also on the damage done by the apple maggot and the measures taken to rid the Wisconsin orchards of this pest. The greatest success had been obtained by spraying the orchards Avith 136 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII arsenate of lead betAveen the seventeenth and twentieth of July, this being the time of emergence. One application was found to be sufficient during a dry summer. Dr. Leonard spoke of the work being done by the Experiment Stations in Porto Rico. Among those entomologists who are at the various Experi- ment Stations are the Doctors Wolcott, Danforth, Sein, and Osborn. Dr. Leonard said that the formal projects on the insect pest activities on the island were progressing, particularly the work on the bean aphids. Elizabeth Sherman, Secretary Meeting of February 2, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on February 2, 1932, in the American Museum of Natural History; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with sixteen members and seventeen visitors present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read. The program committee reported Dr. Copeland and Dr. Hartzell as the speakers for the next meeting. Dr. Byrley F. Driggers was elected to membership in the Society. The resignations of Mr. Maydell and Dr. Gehring were accepted with regret. Mr. Curran announced that Dr. Creighton had been called out of town and would be unable to give his paper at this time. Dr. Driggers spoke on /‘Cocoon Parasites of the Oriental Fruit Moth.” His paper will appear in the Journal of the Society. There followed a discussion of Dr. Driggers^ paper concerning the meth- ods of scientific control and the results obtained from the research which had been done in this field of parasitism. Dr. Filmer and Dr. Pepper both said a few words of greeting, to the Society, expressing their pleasure in being able to attend the meeting. Mr. Safro spoke at some length on the importance of odors which may affect insect migration. He likened perfumes to musical compositions in that they are all symphonies of various odors, which when happily combined are pleasing to the very imperfect sense of smell in man. It is possible to combine odors and get a zero result or no odor at all. There is every reasons to believe that odor detection in insects is much more highly special- ized than in man. Because of this innate human inability in detecting odors it is hopeless to attempt to describe odors on the basis of human perception. Dr. Moore spoke of a test given at the recent meetings in New Orleans to determine the exact taste of some small capsules. Here again the human mechanism proved to be very inaccurate, the majority indicating the taste to be a bitter one, while some declared that the capsules had no taste; and various others said that they were sour or had various other peculiar tastes. Mr. Curran spoke in defense of those entomologists who name insects. Mar., 1934] Proceedings of the Society 137 stating that up to 1924 the Oriental peach moth was not known to exist in Canada. At that time, however, a shipment of fruit was found to be in- fested with this pest. Upon investigation it was ascertained that the Orien- tal peach moth had been present in Canada for some time but the inexpert authorities had been calling it Curculio. Elizabeth Sherman, Secretary Meeting of February 16, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on February 16, 1932, in the American Museum of Natural History; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with twenty-seven members and thirty- seven visitors present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and approved. The program committee announced Dr. Melander and Mr. J. C. Crawford as the speakers for the next meeting. Dr. Herman Spieth, of the College of the City of New York, was proposed for membership in the Society. Mr. Sherman exhibited the new book by Drs. Brues and Melander — ‘^Classification of Insects’’ — a key to the known families of Insects and other terrestrial Arthropods, both in their adult and immature stages and covering the entire world. He called attention especially to the 107 pages of bibliographies of various orders, and to the index of some 8,000 family and generic names, and mentioned that, in the text, all scientific names are properly accented. The book is the complete volume 73 of the Bulletin of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard University and is sold by the University, bound at $6.50. Dr. Janvrin exhibited a small light perforated aluminum container for naphthaline in insect boxes, which his wife had invented. Mr. Copeland spoke on “Insect Coloration,” his paper being one of the series on Biology of Insects. Mr. SafroS, humorously cited the insect known always as the “Pink and Green Aphis the names of the colors being blended just as the words ‘ ‘ ham and eggs ’ ’ and the dual personalities of ‘ ‘ Brues and Melander ! ’ ’ Dr. Hartzell spoke on “The Physiological Action of Pyrethrum in In- sects,” as follows: “The use of pyrethrum flowers as an insecticide dates back to the 16th century in Oriental countries. However, the chemical nature of the active principles has only recently been determined by Staudinger and coworkers. “Many questions such as their stability, keeping qualities, compatibility with soap, and the accuracy of the analytical methods are still in dispute. ‘ ‘ The following was performed in order to throw light on some of these points. This work was done in cooperation with Dr. Prank Wilcoxon, a chemist. “The relation between pyrethrin content and toxicity was determined by testing a series of dilutions of known content on the bean aphis (Aphis 138 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII riimicis). It was found that whenever two samples showed a significant difference in toxicity by the biological test the analytical result confirmed this fact, “Pyrethrum concentrates are toxic to insects and a whole series of cold blooded animals including frogs and earthworms. These concentrates were found to be toxic when applied externally to the integument, even when not in the immediate vicinity of vital organs. ‘ ‘ The anterior end of a tomato worm was found to be more susceptible to these extracts than the posterior end. ‘ ‘ The temperature at the time a pyrethrum spray is applied is an impor- tant factor. The process of death and recovery are both accelerated de- pending upon the dose applied. ’ ’ In reply to Dr. Moore’s question he stated that the solvent used in the experiments cited in his paper was acetone and stated also that the same effects resulted if the pyrethrum were used direct. Mr. Curran mentioning, that adult beetles were seldom found parasitized by flies — such cases occurring unusually in the family Chrysomelidse — ex- hibited a specimen of Carabus sent from British Columbia, the abdomen of which contained four pupal cases and also the new species of tachinid fly, with unusual characters, reared from one of these pupae. Mr. Angell exhibited two lucanid beetles, one being a new race of Lucanus dama from Arkansas. Dr. Melander exhibited a closely packed box of insects collected in south- ern Florida during a trip of four weeks in January and February. President Mutchler exhibited a specimen of Frionus laticollis from the Slosson collection, with three tarsi springing from the left hind tibia. Mr. Bell reported taking the fly Syrphus torvus O.S. at Flushing on February 7th. Mr. Curran announced that Mr. Frank M. Jones would speak at one of the April meetings. Mr. Cooper reported taking many Staphylinidee this winter from rotten cabbage. Mr. Beckwith, of the Cranberry Experiment Station, stated that he was very glad he had driven 80 miles from Pemberton, N. J., in order to attend the meeting. John D, Sherman, Jr., Secretary — Fro tempore Meeting of March 1, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held in the American Museum of Natural History on March 1, 1932, at 8: 15 P. M.; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with twenty-seven members and nineteen visitors present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were approved as read. The program committee announced that Dr. Kendall and Dr. Pollard would be the speakers at the next meeting. Mar., 1934] Proceedings of the Society 139 Dr. Herman Spieth, The College of the City of New York, was elected an active member of the Society. J. Douglas Hood, of the University of Eochester, Eochester, New York, was proposed for membership in the Society. Dr. Melander spoke on ‘^Host Selection and Biological Eaces, ” the fifth talk in the Biological Series. The behavior of an insect, that is its instincts or tropisms, is a manifestation of the insect ’s urge for ‘ ‘ self-preservation ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ race perpetuation. ’ ’ This biological urge, which is found throughout the animal kingdom, leads the insect to selective food habits and selective egg-laying habits. The various species of the same family may differ in these selective habits, thus we have ‘ ‘ orange honey ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ apple honey ’ ’ ; upper-surface leaf miners while members of the same species are lower- surface leaf miners. In the case of those insects which have been found to have more than one host, this fact has been capitalized for purposes of saving a crop from too serious infestation where total destruction of the insects is not possible. Thus, the strawberry farmer places a mixture of dried apples and magnesium arsenate near his strawberry patch which proves to be more attractive to the strawberry root weevil than strawberries and is therefore termed ‘‘weevil lure.” In using repellents it is necessary to get “the worm’s eye point of view” for successful results. Host selection may be different during the various stages of development of an insect, thus showing that an insect, as an adult, has no memory of what it did as a larva. The adult moth does not eat cabbage as does the larva. Also it is necessary for the adult to select the appropriate food on which to lay its eggs, for, given the wrong food, an insect will live, but with a free choice it continues to select the same food or host from generation to generation. Mr. Crawford read a paper on “The Observations on Peculiarities of Bees, Wasps, Ants, etc.” He spoke of the various hymenopterous para- sites ; the ink that the medievals derived from large wood galls ; the alter- nation of generations; the necessity of the fig insect, which lays its eggs in the blossom of the wild fig, for pollinating the Smyrna figs in this country. Mr. Crawford then showed some very interesting slides, among which were views of the nests of Harvester ants, mud daubers, potter wasps, paper- making wasps, and also diagrams showing the types of legs necessary for collecting honey. Elizabeth Sherman, Secretary Meeting of March 15, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on March 15, 1932, in the American Museum of Natural History, at 8: 15 o’clock; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with twenty members and twenty-two visitors present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were approved as read and cor- rected. The program committee announced that Dr. Creighton and Dr. Jones would be the speakers at the next meeting. 140 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII It was moved and seconded that the secretary cast a vote unanimously electing J. Douglas Hood, of the University of Eochester, an active member of the Society. Mr. George Sanders, 981 Seneca Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., was proposed as an active member of the Society. Mr. Davis exhibited the Bulletin 157 of the United States National Museum, a monograph on ‘ ‘ The Butterflies of the District of Columbia and Vicinity,” by Austin H. Clark, and commented on the excellence of the text and the 64 plates. Circulars concerning the Fifth International Congress of Entomologists in Paris, 1932, w'ere distributed. An article ‘‘Three Hundred Years of Tom Thumb,” by Mr. Harry B. Weiss, appearing in Scientific Monthly was shown. Its entomological inter- est was contained in a figure representing the spider, his web, and the butterfly. Dr. James Kendall, the sixth speaker in the series on Biology of Insects, gave a paper on “Gall Insects.” He reviewed the work of Cuzens and of Lutz on the starch digestion of the cynipid gall and of the aphid gall as a possible explanation of gall growth. An induced chemical does produce growth but this does not explain gall growth. Galls are caused by a com- plexity of factors due to the quantity of sap in the plant, the nature of the secretion of the insects, and the organisms present in the plant tissue. They are the manifestation of the effort on the part of the plant to localize the effect of irritation at the point of infestation. Dr. C. L. Pollard read a paper on “Psychic Genera.” Quoting a state- ment made some years ago by the botanist Dr. Edward Lee Greene, Dr. Pollard said that he was convinced that there exist in nature perfectly valid genera which may be indistinguishable from their nearest allies; also that characteristic genera of this type should not be divided on insufficient characters. He cited Ornithoptera as an example of the first type, and Argynnis as one of the second claiming that both were natural genera; and as in these cases the differentiation is partly intuitive, he used the phrase “psychic genera” to define them. Dr. Spieth gave a very lucid account of the work he has been doing on the wing venation of Mayflies. In 1922 Lameere advanced the theory of regular alternation of veins, that is, one vein alternates behind another in Mayflies, resulting in the convex veins on the upper surface and the con- cave veins on the lower surface of both the hind and fore wings. A cross- vein may take the place of an old attachment of a concave vein. There is, however, too much variation in wing venation to make a stable classification therefrom. Mr. Curran stated that in the higher order, the upper and lower surfaces are united, while in the lower orders the light is reflected from this alterna- tion of veins. Mr. Coates exhibited some moth cocoons collected from Eio Negro on Andros Island. These white cocoons closely resemble lizard eggs. The Mar., 1934] Proceedings of the Society 141 only insect found was a very large Megacoma over 3 inches in length and a perfect specimen. Mr. Curran exhibited a mosquito and its eggs perfectly mounted by pres- sure on a sheet of paper. He also showed a cocoon of a cecropid moth containing hymenopterous parasites around which the cecropia was fitted. Also, he exhibited a tomato Sphinx caterpillar to which were attached many small, white braconid cocoons. Elizabeth Sherman, Secretary Meeting of April 5, 1932 A regular meeting of the iSociety was held on April 5, 1932, at the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History at 8: 15 o’clock; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair with twenty-six members and twenty-five visitors present. In the absence of the secretary, Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr., was appointed secretary pro tempore. The program committee announced that Dr. Moore and Dr. Johnson would be the speakers at the next regular meeting. George E. Sanders was elected to active membership in the Society. Dr. William S. Creighton, of the College of the City of New York, read a paper on ‘^Chordontal Organs and Insect Communication,” one of the series on the Biology of Insects. He stated that the structure of these or- gans, defined as organs containing scolopales or ‘ ‘ auditory rods, ’ ’ has been well known for a long time, but that their real functions are still quite ob- scure, and that many different conclusions have been drawn as to their real use. Dr. Creighton spoke also on Insect Communications, mentioning the rhythmic circling movements of bees returning from their expeditions after food as observed by von Frisch who took fine moving pictures of them. Also he mentioned the similar movements of harvesting ants as studied by Hingston. Dr. F. M. Jones, speaking on “Insect Coloration and the Eelative Ac- ceptability of Insects to Birds, ’ ’ gave a very interesting account, with slides, “ of a long series of experiments with wild birds, entirely unconfined, and involving insects of more than two hundred species. The results were inter- preted to signify a definite discrimination by the birds against certain types of insect coloration, these in some instances correlated with chemical fac- tors whose deterrent character was proven in other experiments in which coloration was eliminated. If some types of coloration are to be considered protective, that protection is not complete, but at most relative and partial. ’ ’ Dr. Jones spoke also of the conclusions of Heikertinger and McAtee and others on the subject of protective coloration, etc. Dr. Jones’ paper was discussed by Dr. Mayr and Dr. Creighton at some length. John D. Sherman, Secretary-Pro tempore 142 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Meeting op April 19, 1932 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on April 19, 1932, in the American Museum of Natural History at 8: 15 o’clock; President Andrew J. Mutchler in the chair, with twenty-four mem- bers and seventeen visitors. The minutes of the two preceding meetings were approved as read and corrected. The program committee announced that Dr. Biddle would speak on parthenogenesis at the next regular meeting. Mr. Davis spoke of the recent death of the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune at the age of 93 years. Mr. Davis commented on the excellent work of Rev. Bethune as editor of the Canadian Entomologist. Dr. Herbert Johnson spoke on “ Polyembryony, ” the seventh paper in the Biology of Insects series. (See statement at end of minutes.) Dr. William Moore spoke on “Resistant Scale Insects,” saying that it was a problem not yet begun and one that he was going to California to attempt to solve. In Southern California there are three scale insects in- jurious to citrus, that have developed, by natural selection, a resistance to hydrocyanic acid in a dosage sufficient to kill. These scales are the citro- collis scale, a hot weather insect, the black scale, very abundant in the coastal regions, and the red scale, also found in the coastal regions. In appearance, the resistant individuals are identical with the non-resistant. Dr. Moore is particularly concerned with the distribution of these resistant strains and also with the development of an efficient method of fumigation which Avill break down the resistance already developed by these scales. He is anxious to receive suggestions along these lines. It is believed that climatic conditions, when unfavorable, will develop a resistant race. For example, citrocollis is resistant only when found in cooler regions where. Dr. Moore said, the insects seem suddenly to have put on gas masks. Mr. Safro stressed the importance of suggestions that might be received by Dr. Moore. He stated that chemists and entomologists had two years in which to solve this problem of resistant scale insects, and that its solution would mean millions of dollars to the citrus growers. Dr. Melander spoke on his work with the San Jose scale in the state of Washington. In 1906 the lime sulphur spraying was not proving effective in Snake River County. The Clarkson County scales were harder to kill than any other but it was found that they were 100 per cent susceptible to an oil spray. Dr. Melander found that there were decided physiological differences of heredity variability in the scale insects as they occur in Washington. Dr. Felt mentioned the advantage of using more than one gas in fumi- gation. Mr. Safro discussed Dr. Felt’s suggestion, saying that better results might be had by the mixture not of two toxic gases but by the mixture of one toxic gas with a non-toxic gas. For instance, toxic gas with oxygen. Mar., 1934] Proceedings of the Society 143 which would increase the metabolic rate of the insect and thereby lower the resistance. • Elizabeth Sherman, Secretary POLYEMBPYONY (Abstract) By H. Herbert Johnson, Department of Biology, College of the City of New York. Polyembryony, the development of many embryos from one egg, has arisen independently in five groups of insects : Strepsiptera, Serphoidea, Chalci- doidea, Ichneumonoidea, and Vespoidea. Polyembryony may be induced experimentally in certain invertebrates, and occurs exceptionally in verte- brates, as exemplified by identical twinning in man. It is the rule in the Armadillo, which forms four embryos from one fertilized egg. Three species of Platygaster, a genus of parasitic Hymenoptera, exhibit a series of steps in the development of polyembryony. Platygaster lierriTci is monoembryonic in development, but has a specialized type of egg. The egg lacks the customary chitinized envelope, and also is deficient in yolk. The polar-bodies, produced by the maturation of the egg, fail to degenerate, but, by division, form a nutritive membrane, the trophamnion, which has the property of absorbing food from the host tissues and transmitting it to the embryo. Not confined by a chitinized shell, the embryo increases its area considerably during its development. P. hiemalis develops either monoem- bryonically, or the embryonic mass may divide once, producing twins. P. vernalis always develops by polyembryony. The process becomes very complicated in certain Chalcidoidea, which may produce 2,500 young from one egg. Multiplication takes place in three ways. The first sixteen cells of the embryo may disjoin from one another to form separate embryonic growing centers or germs. Each of these may divide one or more times into smaller germs. Eventually a germ produces a compact mass of cells, the morula, but this may also divide by fission into two morulas, each of which produces a larva. Dr. Johnson suggested that polyembryony in insects seems to be the first step in the development of an alternation of generations, as in certain An- nelids and Ooelenterates, in which the sexual phase is invariably followed by an asexual larva the body of which divides by fission. The view of Marchal and Imms, that polyembryony results from a division of the embryonic mass brought about by osmotic pressures in the surround- ing fluids, was criticised as perhaps inadequate to account for all of the facts. Stockard has shown that fish embryos divide to form Siamese twins if 'the metabolic rate is lowered beyond the normal. The lack of yolk in the polyembryonic insect egg, coupled with the difficulty of effecting proper contact between the embryonic body and the host tissues, introduces a fac- tor which probably results in a lowered metabolic rate during the crucial early formative period. This factor alone, on the basis of Stockard 's theory, may account for the fission of the emibryonic mass, perhaps assisted by the osmotic pressures hypothecated by Marchal and Imms. The New York Entomological Society Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated June 7, 1893 The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 p. m., in the American Museum of Natural History, 77th Street and Columbus Avenue. Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00; including subscription to the Journal, $4.50. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the treasurer. Officers for the Year 1934 President, Dr. A. L. MELANDER College of the City of New York Vice-President, H. F. SCHWARZ American Museum of Natural History Secretary, Mrs. G. B. ENGELHARDT 27 Commerce St., New York, N. Y. Treasurer, G. C. HALL 119 E. 19th St., New York, N. Y. Librarian, F. E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Wm. T. Davis Dr. F. E. Lutz E. L. Bell Dr. H. Ruckes Henry Bird PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Harry B. Weiss Charles W. Leng John D. Sherman, Jr. C. E. Olsen PEOGEAM COMMITTEE C. H. Curran Harry B. Weiss J. L. Horsfall AUDITING COMMITTEE E. I. Huntington Dr. E. K. Schwarz Dr. E. R. P. Janvrin FIELD COMMITTEE A. S. Nicolay Herman Moennich DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES William T. Davis f JOURNAL of the NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Published quarterly by the Society at Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. All communications relating to manuscript for the Journal should be sent to the Editor, Harry B. Weiss, 19 N. 7th Ave., Highland Park, New Jersey; all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Gaylord C. Hall, 119 E. 19th St., New York, N. Y. Orders for back issues should be sent to the Librarian, Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and Columbus Ave., New York, N. Y. The Society has a complete file of back issues in stock. The Society will not be responsible for lost Journals if not notified immediately of change of ad- dress. We do not exchange publications. Terms for subscription, $3.00 per year, strictly in advance. Please make all checks, money-orders, or drafts payable to New York Entomological Society. Twenty-five reprints without covers are furnished free to authors. Additional copies may be purchased at the following rates : 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp. 24 pp. 32 pp. 25 copies $2.40 $5.22 $5.58 $5.58 $9.00 $9.60 Additionals 100 's 60 1.44 1.92 1.92 3.00 3.00 Covers 50 copies, $2.00; additional 100 ’s, $1.50. Half-tone prints 1% cents for each half-tone print. Authors whose papers are illustrated with text figures or full page plates will be required to supply the electroplates or pay the cost of making the same by the Journal and also to pay the cost of printing full page plates on coated paper, when advisable. VoL. XLII June, 1934 No. 2 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tn i£ntomiilo0g in (l^pnFrnl JUNE, 1934 Edited by HARRY B. WEISS Harry B. Weiss PuMication Committee Charles W. Leng C. E. Olsen J. D. Sherman, Jr. Published Quarterly by the Society Lime and Green Sts. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK, N. Y. 1934 Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924. Subscription $3.00 per Year. CONTENTS Prelimiiiary Note of Morphological Variations Occurring in X-Rayed Stock of the Attacine Moth Callosamia Promethea Dru. By C. P. Haskins 145 The Localities of T. L. Mead’s Collection of Butterflies from Colorado in 1871. By P. Martin Brown 155 Notes on American Nemestrinidae, Second Paper. By J. Bequaert 163 Esters As Repellents. By Warren Moore 185 Notes on Carabidae, Including a Synopsis of the Genera Cylindrocharis, Euferonia, Melanius (Omaseus) and Dysidius of the Tribe Pterostichini. By Alan S. Nicolay and Harry B. Weiss 193 Book Review. By FRx\nk E. Lutz 214 Studies in American Spiders, the Genus Wubana. By Sherman C. Bishop and C. R. Crosby 215 Some New Species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the United States. By Dwight M. DeLong and Ralph H. Davidson 221 Two New Dasypogonine Robber Flies From the South- west (Asilidas: Diptera),, By S. W. Bromley 225 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 227 NOTICE: Volume XLI, Nitmber 1, of the Journal op the New York Entomological Society was published on April 16, 1934. JOURNAL OF THE New York Entomological Society VoL. XLII June, 1934 No. 2 PRELIMINARY NOTE OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIA- TIONS OCCURRING IN X-RAYED STOCK OF THE ATTACINE MOTH CALLO- SAMIA PROMETHEA DRU By C. P. Haskins In the course of a series of investigations now in progress on the effects of x-rays on living material, it was thought of interest to undertake some work with the Lepidoptera, both because of the surprising and conspicuous morphological variability of the order, and because relatively few x-ray investigations have been made with it — -a situation which, considering the adaptability of such material to this end, particularly in the non-feeding Hete- rocera, should certainly be remedied. The most conspicuous work which has been done in the field is probably that of Hasebroeck.^ Bordier^ and Hastings, Beckton and Wedd^ worked with the genus Bombyx and obtained some interesting variations, notably retardations and nanisms. All of this work, however, was done before the advent of the Coolidge hot-cathode x-ray tube, and long before the perfection of the ionization-chamber method of measurement of x-ray dosage. It was an extremely difficult task even to duplicate physical conditions in parallel experiments with cold-cathode tubes, while measurements of incident energy, except of a crude sort, were out of the question. Work of this period, moreover, was prosecuted before the present beautiful technique of cytological staining, which has culminated in Bell- ing’s isolation of single chromomeres, had been developed, and 1 Fortschr. Eoentgenstr., Hamburg, 12, pp. 277-81. 1909. Ent. Zs., Stutt- gart, 22, pp. 182-183. 1909. Congr. internat. Ent. Mem. Bruxelles, 1, pp. 195-198. 1911. '2 Le radium. II, p. 410. 1905. 3 Arch. Middlesex Hosp., lltli Cancer Eeport. 1912. •iluw ao 1934 146 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII at a time when even the modern theory of genetics was in a much less developed condition. It was therefore thought that a study, reinforced by cytological investigation, of the genetic be- havior of certain of our American Saturniidae when exposed to high concentrations of ionizing radiation might be of interest and of some value. The present report is of the most preliminary character, and merely summarizes certain morphological varia- tions which have been encountered in the first year of work. However, considering the present widespread interest in bio- logical effects of x-rays in general, and the extensive knowledge of the normal behavior of the moth we have chosen possessed by great numbers of entomologists, it has been deemed justifiable to publish it at this time. Material Used The Attacine moth Callosamia promethea, described by Drury in 1773, was selected for experiment for several reasons. It is extremely common in New York State, so that large numbers of wild individuals can be obtained whenever desired. It has so long been well-known, and so widely and extensively studied, that excellent records of its normal genetic behavior are available in the literature. No less valuable are such complete and inter- esting ethological studies on the species as those of Mayer.^ A somewhat incomplete survey of the literature indicated that C. promethea may be normally more stable than some other Satur- niids. There are many more teratological notes of Sarnia cecropia, Telea polyphemus, Actias tuna, and Automeris io, for example.® Such complete studies of variability as those of Crampton® and Andre^ for the genus Philosamia are apparently wanting. Most important of all, however, is the pronounced sexual dimorphism, involving a sex-linked factor or factor-series for melanism in the male, which C. promethea exhibits, and in which it is pe- culiar among our native Attacinse. Grote* and Mayer^ have 4 Psyche ix, pp. 15-20. 5 Psyche xi, p. 113, pi. x. Ent. News 24, pp. 337-8. Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila., p. 26, 1885. SBiometrika iii, pp. 113-30. Biol. Bull, vi, pp. 310-11. 7 Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclim. 56, pp. 329-30, 1909. 8 Canad. Ent. xxxiv, p. 314. 9 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) XXX, pp. 178-80, 1897. June, 1934] Haskins: X-rayed Samia 147 shown that this melanism is apparently a rather recent mutation, differentiating the species from the older and more generalized C. angulifera, and have suggested that the stemming of the cocoon, which is wanting in angulifera, is another relatively re- cent character. Changes in either of these characteristics under x-radiation would be particularly interesting. No trace of such change has yet been observed in the first. There is some indica- tion of modification in the second, but confirmation is needed. SouECE AND Character op Radiation The source of x-rays used was a standard Victor deep-therapy outfit, composing a high tension transformer with cross-arm me- chanical rectifier of the Snook type as the high voltage generator and a standard Coolidge water-cooled tungsten-target tube, of the thick-walled type, as the source of radiation. The voltage wave-form delivered by such a generator is very nearly sinu- soidal. The tube was operated at 200 kilovolts peak, with 30 milli- amperes of current. The focal distance at which the material was exposed was 50 cm. The shortest wavelength theoretically obtainable at such a voltage is 0.062 Angstroms. No metal filter was used, but the glass of the thick-walled tube interposes a filtering action equivalent to about 0.10 mm. of copper. At 0.70 A the intensity of emergent radiation from the tube is only about 0.03 per cent of that impinging on the inner surface, as calculated from the mass absorption coefficient of copper, and this may be considered the cut-off point. Substantially all of the primary radiation incident was included in these limits. The greatest intensity of radiation lay in the neighborhood of the line of tungsten, at about 0.21 A. The line, at about 0.18 A, also figures prominently in this region, but general radiation at this voltage is very considerable. The second and third order lines are also present, but, of greatly diminished intensity. It is to be remembered that, although a fairly accurate picture can be drawn of the incident radiation, which is rather ‘‘hard,’’ no picture whatever can be had of the actual radiation within and around the living material, due to the heterogeneous Compton scattering both within the material and from surrounding sup- porting objects. This secondary radiation will be considerably 148 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII softer than the primary whose spectrum has been roughly de- limited above. Under the conditions of irradiation described, the incident dosage totaled 300 rontgen units per minute, as meas- ured by a Victoreen dosimeter calibrated against a Pailla radium- compensated ionization chamber. Procedure Sixty cocoons, collected over quite a wide area, were obtained of C. promethea. Thirty of these were exposed in midwinter to the conditions of radiation described above for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes, corresponding to doses of 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 rontgens. The variation in dose was necessary because of ignorance of the tolerance of x-rays of the insect at this, or indeed at any, stage. All these pupge may safely be assumed to have been in the period of pupal elimination” of Crampton — essentially a resting stage — at the time of irradiation. Five cocoons were treated, but a few days before emergence, for 16 and 32 minutes. It is highly probable that the rapid and deep- seated physiological changes preceding eclosion had begun, although the pupge were not removed and examined. In addition to this material, 48 eggs laid by untreated females and fertilized by gametes of untreated males were exposed under the same conditions rather early in the embryonic period, but quite certainly after the formation of the blastoderm. They were given treatments of 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes. Fifty eggs, also from control stock, were treated for 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes after the embryo was so fully developed that its color was visible through the shell, and but a day or two before hatching. Some 30 young larvae from control stock were exposed for 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes at the mid-period of the first instar. Nine were subjected to 64 minutes and at the mid-period of the second instar, in an effort to exceed the lethal dose. Twenty were given treatments of 4 and 32 minutes in the fourth instar. The treated eggs, treated larvge, and eggs from known crosses of the moths irradiated as pupse v\^ere placed in separate nets on wild cherry {Primus serotina) growing under relatively shaded, open forest conditions. It was thus possible to eliminate the infiuence of abnormal conditions of humidity and tempera- ture, unusually high CO2 concentration, lack of the full solar spectrum, and lack of sufficient leaf material properly placed to June, 1934] Haskins: X-rayed Samia 149 permit normal spinning and stemming of the cocoon, all of which, as Pictet,^® Linden,^^ and others have indicated in part, may contribute quite markedly to the production of physiological ab- normalities. The most unnatural condition present was the high concentration of individuals in a relatively small volume, a de- fect which it is hoped to remedy in the future by the enclosure of a much larger leaf area. In addition to the field material, sample groups subjected to the same x-ray treatment were propa- gated in glass jars. Abnormalities shown by this lot paralleled those appearing in the field group, and neither showed any varia- tions not exhibited by the other. It was necessary in several cases to resort to progressive feeding in the nets toward the end of the larval period. Care was taken, however, to insert branches with attached leaves in each case. Ichneumonid parasites were attracted to the nets in large numbers, as might be expected, and a small proportion of the larvae, resting near enough to the nets to be punctured, fell victim to them. It was of course easy to distinguish this cause of death from others, because of the mature larvae or pupae of the parasites associated with the hosts. ^ Effects Noticed Lethal Dosage. But one moth of the thirty given a treatment as high as 32 minutes as young pupie failed to emerge, although one extreme pathological case will be mentioned below. There were no failures of eclosion among the five individuals given 16- and 32-minute treatments shortly before maturity. It may be concluded fairly certainly that, even at this surprisingly high energy input, the lethal limit for pupge had not been reached. It might seem probable that this very considerable resistance was due princi- pally to the relative transparency of the pupse to such ‘‘hard” radiation, consequent upon the low density of the material and the fact that it is composed of elements of low atomic number. A relatively small proportion of the incident energy quanta would thus be utilized in the liberation of electrons within the tissues of the pupae, the majority passing through unfiltered. Parallel experiments with certain bulbous plants, however, have fixed the limit of tolerance under identical conditions at nearly 10 Arch. Sci. Pliys. Nat. xvii, pp. 110-12. 11 C. E. Ac. Sci., cxli, pp. 1258-60. 150 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII one-eighth the maximum energy here applied, so that other phenomena are believed to be involved. Of the eggs rayed early in embryonic development for 4 minutes, 90 per cent hatched. At 8 minutes, the hatched eggs totaled 80 per cent; at 16 minutes, 80 per cent; and at 32 minutes, 50 per cent. Of the eggs rayed when nearly mature, 80 per cent eclosed at 4 minutes, 90 per cent at 8 minutes, 100 per cent at 16 minutes, and 80 per cent at 32 minutes. Here again it must be concluded that the limit of tolerance was by no means reached. It is believed, however, that a delayed destruc- tive action was present, due probably to injury to imaginal generative cells and even to earlier developmental centers. Thus 20 per cent of the larvae from eggs rayed for 4 minutes in the early period failed at the first moult, while 30 per cent of those given higher dosage failed at this time. Usually the skin was never shed. Occasionally a moult was completed, but the result- ing individual was diminished and imperfectly marked, and usually perished without ridding itself of the mask. The young larvae given treatments of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes in the first instar, though suffering some losses, survived and pupated in sufficient numbers to indicate that the limit of tolerance was not exceeded. All of the larvae irradiated for 64 minutes in the second instar perished within ten days of treat- ment, mostly failing at the third moult. The lethal limit may have been exceeded, but this result should be confirmed. Adult females w^ere given exposures as high as 64 minutes without apparent immediate injury. An’ 8-minute dose, how- ever, though neither delaying fertilization nor apparently short- ening the life of the individual, completely inhibited laying. Sterility. All of the females rayed for 16 and 32 minutes shortly before emergence proved sterile. Of 629 eggs deposited by three females rayed for 16 minutes and one for 32 minutes, all failed to hatch, and ho trace of embryonic development was seen in those ex- amined. On the other hand, but one female of those rayed as young pupae proved sterile in this way. In this case also the eggs, 150 in number, showed no trace of development. All of these individuals appeared perfectly normal, and all were mated to wild males. It is interesting that males rayed as young pupae June, 1934] Haskins: X-rayed Samia 151 were found fertile, so far as tested. Thus of 723 eggs fertilized by gametes from four males treated to high exposures as young pupae, 572 enclosed perfect young larvae, while 34 developed to the point of emergence but were unable to escape from the shell — a condition obtaining likewise in a certain proportion of the control ova. Abnormal Development of Tubercles in Larvce A curious effect, which appeared rather commonly in x-rayed material, but foreign to the writer’s experience with normal larvae and of which no mention has been found in a rather in- complete literature search, may be mentioned. Normally, in the next to last instar of the larva of C. promethea (fourth or fifth stage, the moult number being variable), two pairs of tubercles, on the second and third body segments, and a single one medianly located on the eleventh segment, are specialized to considerable size, the remainder being reduced. The color of the specialized structures is usually bright yellow, ringed with black at the base, but, especially if the number of instars is five, the anterior ones may be orange. The reduced tubercles are black. In the final moult, the specialized tubercles become bright red in color on the thorax, and of a brighter yellow on the abdomen. The black rings at the base become deepened, and the length is increased, approximating 3.2 to 4.0 mm. The remaining tubercles are very markedly reduced, becoming mere black dots, scarcely raised above the level of the blue-green integument. Among the larvae hatching from eggs which had been treated for 2 minutes a short time before emergence were two which in the final instar bore another pair of specialized “horns” on the fourth body segment, symmetrically placed with the normal thoracic group, of the same form but slightly shorter. They were of the orange color sometimes assumed by the thoracic tubercles in the instar before the last, and ringed with black. Clearly the normal reductional development of set® had been reversed, and at larval maturity these tubercles were in a con- dition corresponding to that of the normal thoracic appendages at the penultimate instar. Two larvae were found among those arising from eggs rayed for 32 minutes just before hatching which at maturity bore extra enlarged tubercles of the bright 152 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII yellow color normally shown by the abdominal horn, and like- wise ringed with black. One individual bore a single extra pair of these, symmetrically placed behind the red ones, considerably smaller, and not entirely yellow. The other bore six snpernumary horns, the largest pair being nearly the size of the red ones and symmetrically placed behind them, the remainder being dis- tributed laterally on the thoracic segments. All were of bright yellow color, ringed at the base. It is very interesting that the same modification was found among larvae whose parents were irradiated as pupae, and one such modification was found in a mature larva one of whose parents was treated as a larva in the first instar, but had not itself shown the peculiarity. In this case the specialization of the extra pair took place in the moult before the last, so that the insect bore a total of seven horns, all equally yellow. In the final moult, however, only the normal four thoracic tubercles became red. Whether this modification is of genetic significance or represents merely a somatic change remains to be tested. Pupation without Cocoon, and the Formation of Microcephalic Pupce A considerable number of larvae, at the close of the last instar, attempted to pupate naked. A certain proportion was success- ful, but the greater number failed. All those which succeeded formed abnormal pupge, varying in degree of deformity. Certain abnormalities, notably a sticking of the larval skin and displace- ment of the appendages, seemed clearly to be purely a mechanical result of the lack of cocoon, paralleling the deformities com- monly seen in untreated pupating Saturniid larvge when re- moved from cocoons. A uniform tendency to microcephaly, with reduction of the antennse, was evident, which suggested the phthisergate pupae of the ant Pheidole instaibilis described by Wheeler^^ as due to the parasitism of Orasema viridis, and re- called Zang’s^^ note of a Lepidopterous pupa with a larval head. It was at first thought to be mechanically correlated with the lack of cocoon, but the discovery of a perfectly cocooned pupa showing the same character suggested it to be a result of de- Ants, Their Structure, Development, and Behavior, p. 416. 13 Allg. Zeitschr. Ent., ix, p. 224. June, 1934] Haskins: X-rayed Samia 153 ficiency of formative material in the larva. The viability of such pupae is on the whole poor, but a sufficiently large number will probably survive to investigate the matter further. Several of the larvae which pupated naked spun no cocoon. A single individual, supplied with an abundance of suitable leaves, was carefully watched to be certain that an unsuitable environ- ment was not responsible for the modification. The insect ceased feeding, wandered normally, and selected a leaf for spinning. The leaf was covered with a thin layer of silk, and the stem normally enclosed. At this point the sericteries were obviously exhausted, and although the larva attempted to continue spin- ning for several days, it was unable to do so. It then remained quiet, gradually contracted, and finally fell to the ground. A number of such slight attempts at cocoons were found in nets containing naked pupae. In these cases the difficulty was clearly merely a lack of available silk, and might be guessed to be purely pathological, although an attempt will be made to check the inheritance of the character. Another set of cases, yielding the same final result, was not so clear. Here a perfect, though usually rather thin, cocoon was spun enclosing the larva. Later the larva, while still able to move, escaped from the case, wandered off, and finally pupated. It is possible that this represents a more significant change of habit rather than structure. It may be correlated with certain apparently stemless cocoons which were found but of which little can be said at the moment. That peculiarities of cocoon struc- ture may be heritable factors is strongly indicated by the work of Sasaki^^ and Kellogg^^ with Bomhyx. That Saturniid moths may occasionally pupate without cocoon, as described by Para- vicini^® for Saturnia pyri is well known, but the attending circumstances do not seem to be well worked out. Miscellaneous Variations. There are included here several variations which are believed to be purely pathological, but on which inheritance tests will be made, and which seem worth inclusion. A rounding of the wing apices, associated with markedly de- 14 Tokyo Ni. Sanslii. Kw. Ho., pp. 887-8, 1917. 15 Sci., May 19, 1911. 16 Boll. Sclent., xxi, pp. 75-9. 154 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII ficient scaling, was noticeable in two females irradiated as early pupae. One of these lacked the discal spots of the primaries normally present in the female, the antemedial line being car- ried out abnormally far to include this area. Deficient scaling in the Saturniidae is not an uncommon occurrence normally, al- though its frequency is of course far below that indicated in this popupation. The condition was carried to an extreme not nor- mally seen in one case, however. A female, heavily treated as a young pupa, emerged considerably later than the normals prac- tically devoid of scales, so that the predominating color on both body and wings was the yellow of soft chitinous tissue. The antennge were abnormally large and one pair of legs entirely functionless. The wings were partially expanded shortly after emergence, strongly suggesting the Sphingidae in their shape. Throughout life the insect continued to attempt to emerge from the cocoon which it had already escaped, the primary wings be- ing moved so as to bring the costal margins into position for forcing open the valve, accompanied by a repeated peristaltic action of the abdomen. Nevertheless the insect attracted a wild male from a considerable distance and was outcrossed to wild stock. It failed to lay, however. A male was eclosed from stock one of whose parents had been x-rayed as a first-instar larva, which was perfectly normal except for the fact that one-half of the apical ‘‘ocellus” marking of the primaries was uncolored, the area being perfectly defined but white. Such abnormalities of eyespot pigmentation are not rare among Saturniids, and appear to be somatic modifications.^^ It is planned to investigate several of these variations both genetically and cytologically, in addition to which irradiation work will be continued in the hope of producing further inter- esting modifications, especially in relation to male coloration. It is hoped to investigate the nature of this character and to check gross chromosome deformities such as deletion and non-disjunc- tion in C. promethea-C . anguUfera crosses. It is further planned to include Actios tuna in the work as excellent material which, though highly variable individually, shows little evidence of sexual dimorphism in wing coloration. 17 Ent. News 24, pp. 337-8. Ent. 42, p. 224. Bateson — Materials for the Study of Variation, pp. 26, 289, 301, 302. June, 1934] Brown: Butterflies 155 THE LOCALITIES OF T. L. MEAD’S COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES FROM COLORADO IN 1871 By F. Martin Brown During the summer of 1871, Theodore L. Mead accompanied the Denver party of the Wheeler Survey as a collector. The material he gathered was determined and described by his father- in-law William H. Edwards and by Samuel H. Scudder. Most of the original descriptions give the type localities merely as ‘ ‘ Colorado. ’ ’ At the present state of taxonomy it is necessary to have more precise localities in a state that varies as much as Colorado — ranging from Sonoran to Alpine fauna. One of the tasks before us is to determine more accurately, if possible, the localities visited and the species collected by these early collectors in this state. After thoroughly studying Mead’s report and the reports of the various officers for the year of 1871, I find that it is possible to designate with accuracy the localities for Edwards’ types in all cases but three, Argynnis alcestris, Phyciodes camillus and Phyciodes emissa. In the case of four species, Anthocharis jvMa, Argynnis meadi, Cercyonis charon and Cercyonis meadi Ed- wards states the type localities precisely. For the remaining seventeen species I have been able to allocate type localities. In order to do so, it has been necessary to arrange a schedule of Mead’s travels for the summer, map the old stage routes and know the present ranges of the various species in the region traversed by Mead. Nowhere have I been able to find an itine- rary of Mead in published form. I have built my schedule of his travels from his notes under the various species in his reports. In these he gives definite localities for thirty-odd days between June 1st and September 20th. Knowing approximately how fast he could travel in a day, it has been not a difficult task to map his progress with some measure of accuracy. Apparently Mead collected around Denver during the first few days in June, probably leaving there June 5th and travelling about twenty miles to the junction of Turkey Creek and South 156 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Turkey Creek, where he collected on June 5th and 6th. The next definite date is the tenth at Fairplay, about 65 miles south- west. Since half of the route lay through the rugged foothills, it is probable that the journey took two and a half to three days. In the saddle it could be done in two days of steady riding. He probably arrived in Fairplay sometime on the ninth. Here he stayed about 10 days, dividing the time between collecting in the vicinity of Fairplay and South Park. On June 20th he col- lected in the latter locality, and on the twenty-third was back at Turkey Creek Junction, where he collected on that day and the succeeding ones. He then turned back toward Fairplay and collected at Kenosha House on the twenty-ninth. This is about two days’ ride from Turkey Creek Junction, so that he must have left there no later than the morning of the twenty-seventh. It may be that between the twenty-fourth and the twenty- seventh he journeyed to headquarters (Denver) and back again. He had ample time to do so. The next place and date that we have is the divide between the Arkansas and the South Platte on July 8th. At that time there were two routes over the divide toward Twin Lakes, the next stop. One via Western Pass, the other via Mosquito Pass. Each crosses the Mosquito Range or, as it is sometimes called, the South Park Range. They are about ten miles apart. A lead in the discussion under Colias meadi makes it certain that the journey was made over Mosquito Pass. Mead states 'that he collected the specimens on the divide be- tween Fairplay and California Gulch. California Gulch is at the west foot of Mosquito Pass and Western Gulch at the west foot of the pass bearing that name. He spent the next 10 days in the vicinity of Twin Lakes collecting there, on the prairies to the south and east, and on La Plata Peak and Mt. Elbert. Though he does not name these mountains his descriptions are sufficient to clinch their identities. As a matter of fact, at that time I believe they were nameless. On the nineteenth or twentieth he left this region and went back over the same pass, collecting at the summit on July 21st and 22d. From there he went back to Denver, arriving there at the close of the month. Although there is nothing said about a return to Denver, he next journeyed to Georgetown. The most feasible route there led through Denver. June, 1934] Brown: Butterflies 157 It is probable that before leaving the Fairplay region he climbed Mt. Lincoln and collected the Mt. Lincoln specimens about July 25th. From the fact that he first took C. meadi on Mosquito Pass and later on Mt. Lincoln eliminates his working that moun- tain at the earlier stay in Fairplay, and his next return was too late in the season for the species. His arrival at Denver may be set about the twenty-ninth or thirtieth. From there he set out for Georgetown via Central City and collected on August 3d in Apex Gulch south of the present mining town of Apex. He must have arrived at Georgetown on the fourth, since he climbed and collected on Grey’s Peak the next day. He spent about 10 days in the region of Georgetown. On the sixteenth he collected on Clear Creek near Berthoud Pass, probably spending two days on that stream. The next definite point we have is Idaho Springs on the nineteenth. The following day he was near Denver, and we may take it that he visited that city for several days. He now turned back to the South Park region. Since he arrived at Bailey’s Ranch on the twenty-sixth, he left Denver no later than the twenty-fourth. Here he stayed until September 2d. The next date we have is September 20th in Canon City. He may have Gazetteer Locality County Topographic Sheet Latitude Longitude Altitude Apex Gulch Gilpin Central City. . . 39 51' N 105 34' W 9200'-9900' Bailey’s Ranch Park Platte Cannon . 39 25' N 105 29' W 7900' Berthoud Pass — Clear Creek and Grand Fraser 39 48' N 105 45' W 11200' Beaver Creek Park Leadville 39 15' N 106 00' W 9500'-12000' California Gulch . . Lake Leadville 39 14' N 106 15' W lOOOO'-llOOO' Fairplay Park None 39 11' N 105 55' W 9500' Georgetown Clear Creek Georgetown 39 42' N 105 42' W 8500' Gray’s Peaks Summit and Clear Creek None 39 24' N 105 55' W 14341' Idaho Springs Clear Creek Georgetown 39 44' N 105 31' W 7600' Kenosha (House) . . Park None 39 20' N 105 45' W 9000' LaPlata Peak Chaffee Leadville 39 00' N 106 25' W 14332' Mt. Elbert Lake Leadville 39 07' N 106 26' W 14430' Mt. Lincoln Park Leadville 39 21' N 106 07' W 14297' Mosquito Pass — Park and Lake. . . Leadville 39 17' N 106 11' W 13188' Twin Lakes Lake Leadville 39 05' N 106 20' W 9300' Turkey Creek Jet. . Jefferson Denver Mt. Parks 39 36' N 105 13' W 6900' 158 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII gone back to Denver and down via Colorado Springs, bnt I be- lieve not. He mentions that two weeks before the twentieth, frosts had stopped the collecting in South Park. That would indicate that he probably worked from Bailey’s on into the Park and south through the present towns of Hartzel, Howbert and Cripple Creek to Canon City and Pueblo. I believe that Pueblo was the disbanding point for the year of 1871. Although there is considerable surmise in the above itinerary, it is hung on a mesh of fact and an intimate knowledge of the region. Mead’s personal journal, if in existence, could set its inaccuracies aright. COLORADO TYPE LOCALITIES OF EDWARDS’ SPECIES COLLECTED BY MEAD Anthocharis Julia Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, pp. 61-63. Mead, Report of the Wheeler Survey V, Chap. VIII, p. 748, 1875. Taken in the woods and on the banks of the Beaver Creek near Fairplay, Park Co., altitude 9500 feet, on June 12-14, 1871, according to Mead, or June 9-11, according to Edwards. Colias meadi Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 267-268. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 750. There is something curious about the date of publication of this description. The signature is dated March, 1871, on page 269. However, in the description of A. olympia on page 267, Edwards states that the specimen described was taken in April, 1871, and that the next specimen of A. olympia came from Texas. The March dating is rather puzzling unless the Transactions was post-dated by several months. If so, is the meadi material from the Wheeler Survey or not 1 I believe that the Wheeler Expedi- tion was Mead’s first Colorado collecting. Although Edwards does not acknowledge Mead as the collector of the type speci- mens, as he usually does, the fact that he used Mead’s name is rather strong evidence that he was the collector. If the Wheeler Survey material is the type series, then the type locality is with very little doubt Mosquito Pass. Mead in his report states that • it was collected first on July 8th on the Arkansas divide between June, 1934] Brown: Butterflies 159 Fairplay and California Gulch. In addition, material was taken on Mt. Lincoln (July 25th?) and Grey’s Peak August 5th. Argynnis alcestis Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. V, Decem- ber, 1876, pp. 289-291. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 752 (A. aphrodite) . Neither Edwards nor Mead gives us any light upon the precise locality of the Colorado types. They may have come from any of the localities below 9500 feet and above 6500 feet from data I have on its distribution. Argynnis holey one Edwards. Butt. N. A. 1, 81, p. 28. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 754. Southern border of South Park, Park Co., probably early in September along the road from Hartzel east to Howbert. The altitude varies a few feet above 7600 feet. A great area of marsh lands that constitute the southwestern headwater of the South Platte. A female from Canon City, Fremont County, September 20th, altitude about 5400 feet on the Arkansas River as it leaves the Royal Gorge. Canon City is on the topographic sheet of the same name. No sheets have been issued of the South Park region. Argynnis meadi Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, pp. 67-68. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 755. Taken at Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado, June 6, 1871. There are several score Turkey Creeks in Colorado. By arrang- ing a time table of the definite localities tied to definite dates, I have come to the conclusion that the stream in question is the Turkey Creek just south of Morrison, near Denver. The precise locality of the female type is probably the junction of South Turkey Creek with Turkey Creek, a few miles up in the foothills. Argynnis eurynome Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, pp. 66-67. Mead, Wheeler Survey, pp. 755- 756. The type series came from Fairplay, South Park, Middle Park and California Gulch in 1871. From what I know of its distribu- tion, I doubt if any of the specimens were taken much under 9000 feet, which centers the type locality about Fairplay, Lead- ville, and Dillon, covering both slopes of the Continental Divide in the vicinity of Hoosier Pass. Edwards broadly states that Mead found it common throughout Colorado ; Mead restricts its 160 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi; XLii range in his notes to the four localities mentioned and adds Twin Lakes for the season of 1873. Argynnis artonis Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IX, Febru- ary, 1881, pp. 1-2. Mead, Wheeler Survey, pp. 755-756 (eurynome in part). Mead mentions a single specimen of eurynome lacking the sil- very spots from California Gulch, Lake Co. Edwards mentions that Mead took three or four specimens in 1872, of which Mead makes no mention. So California Gulch may be taken as the locality of the Colorado type. Brenthis helena Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 268. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 757. Although Mead gives no definite locality, several things that he states in his notes confine the type locality of this species to the same region as that of Colias meadi. Two statements are in- dicative : ‘ Mt inhabits the highest peaks, ’ ’ and ‘ ‘ until the first of August.” From the schedule of his collecting it will be seen that during July he collected in the region of the range north and west of Fairplay and about Twin Lakes. He mentions climb- ing a mountain in the region of Twin Lakes that sounds very much like Mt. Elbert, the highest in the state. It is quite prob- able that his specimens come from Mt. Elbert, Mosquito Pass, Mt. Lincoln and Hoosier Pass. Militea eurytion Edwards. MSS. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 759. Mead does not give us anything definite about the localities in which he collected this species. He states that it was found with 7iubigena. That species he found common in the mountain areas during June and July. I have found the species in the moun- tains up to tree line (11,500-11,800) during these months. Prom this I should place the type localities as Twin Lakes, California Gulch, Fairplay and probably Kenosha. Probably not at Turkey Creek Junction. Militea calydon Edwards. MSS. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 760. Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson Co., 6900 feet, June 20-30, 1871. Phyciodes camillus Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 268-269. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 764. Nothing definite is possible concerning the type localities of this species. June, 1934] Brown: Butterflies 161 Phyciodes emissa Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 269-270. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 763 (a note in the discussion of P. mat a Reakirt). The same as P. camillus. Grapta hylas Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, pp. 68-69. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 768. The first specimens were taken August 16, 1871, near Berthoud Pass, with little doubt on the southern slope. The others of the type series from a point about 20 miles from South Park on the South Park road, August 28, 1871. This would be about half way between the present towns of Bailey and Kenosha. Satyrus charon Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, p. 69. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 773. First taken near Twin Lakes, Lake Co., on July 9th. Later both in South and Middle Parks. The elevation given by Ed- wards, 8000 feet, is a little low. The topographic sheet shows Twin Lakes as 9300 feet and the surrounding plains to the Arkansas River drop to about 9000 feet. Satyrus meadii Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, March, 1872, p. 70. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 774. The entire type series was collected at Bailey’s Ranch on the South Park road. This is now the town of Bailey, Park Co. Erehia rhodia Edwards. {Erebia epipsodea Butler). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 273-274. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 775. Type locality Fairplay. Erebia tyndarus callias Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 274. Mead, Wheeler Survey, pp. 775-776. The type localities for this race appear to be the same as for Colias meadi, and in addition probably Mt. Elbert and LaPlata Peak just to the south of it. Theda ninus Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 270. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 778. ‘ ‘ Taken on willow blossomy on the South Park road four miles from the park on the seventeenth of June,” 1871. This places the type locality near Kenosha. Chrysophanus sirius Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 270. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 781. 162 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII Twin Lakes is the locality of the major portion of the type series. They were taken July 12 and 13, 1871. Three other localities are mentioned, Mt. Lincoln, South Park and Middle Park. Lyccena melissa Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. V, 1873, pp. 347-348. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 783, Plate 36, Figs. 5-8. Edwards states that the type series from Colorado were taken during 1871. Mead gives Pairplay as the probable locality for the 1871 series. Lyccena daunia Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 272. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 785. Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colorado, last week in June, 1871. Lyccena alee Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 272-273. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 783 (A. isola Reakirt ) . Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., late in June, and Georgetown, Clear Creek Co., middle of August. Polites draco Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, pp. 274-275. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 790. Mead mentions three localities from which draco was taken by the Wheeler Survey. Of them, only one is in Colorado — Twin Lakes. Edwards’ original description mentions only Colorado. So the type locality is definitely fixed as Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado. Thymeticus hylax Edwards. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ill, March, 1871, p. 274. Mead, Wheeler Survey, p. 788 (Oarisma g aril a). Mead’s material was taken in South Park and at Twin Lakes, Colorado. Two manuscript names of Edwards, M. eurytion and M. caly- don, are iised by Mead. Edwards does not list either of them in his catalogue of February, 1877. June, 1934] Bequaert: Nemestrinid^ 163 NOTES ON AMERICAN NEMESTRINIDAE, SECOND PAPER By J. Bequaert Department or Tropical Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Mass. Subfamily Nemestrininae Neorhynchocephalus Lichtwardt, 1909 The discussion of this genus in my earlier paper (1930, Psyche, XXXVII, pp. 286-289) followed common usage in regarding Rhynckocephalus tauscheri Fischer as the genotype of Rhyncho- cephalus Fischer. I have shown since (1932, Zool. Anz., C, p. 20) that this is erroneous. It had been overlooked that Rhyncho- cepkalus was proposed by Fischer von Waldheim as a monotypic genus for Rhynckocephalus caucasicus Fischer, in the first edi- tion of the “Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou” (vol. I), published in 1806. In the second edition of this same volume, which appeared in 1812 or 1813 (although the title-page is dated 1811), we find for the first time the descrip- tion of Rhynckocephalus tauscheri. Obviously, the name Rhyn- chocephalus must be used for any group containing R. caucasi- cus, a species which is now placed in N eniestrinus Latreille. I have proposed retaining Rhynckocephalus for a subgenus con- taining species allied to caucasicus. The next available name for the ‘ Rhynckocephalus” of authors is Neorhynchocephalus Lichtwardt, 1909 (genotype as designated by me in 1930 : Rhynckocephalus volaticus Williston, 1883). After studying all the known species of this group, I feel there is no justification for separating, even subgenerically, the North American N. volaticus from the European N. tauscheri. I include both, as well as their relatives, in Neorhynchocephalus, as listed below. The distribution is conspicuously discontinuous ; but it is noteworthy that as yet no species are known from South Africa and Australia. 1. N . mendozanus {IjiohUNdiYdit) . South America. 2. A. sac/cemi (Williston). North America. 164 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII 3. N. slUphureus {WiedernsLim) . South America. 4. N. tauscheri (Fischer) {— Bhynchocephalus tauscheri Fischer, 1812 or 1813; Volucella taurica Pallas, 1818; Bhyncho- cephalus lativentris Portschinsky, 1887). I have seen this spe- cies from southern Russia, northern Persia, the island of Rhodus, Tunis, and southern Spain. 5. N. vitripennis (Wiedemann). South America. 6. N. volaiicus (Williston). North America. The only reliable characters separating Neorhynchocephahis (as here delimited) from all species of N emestrinus Latreille are the flattened or slightly convex face (in N emestrinus always con- siderably swollen and often snout-like) and the long, sabre-shaped ovipositor of two slender curved valves (in N emestrinus the ovi- positor is telescope-shaped, of several retractile segments, the two terminal valves short and broad). Neither the venation of the wing, nor the direction assumed by the proboscis are diagnostic. Some species of N emestrinus (of the subgenus Bhynchocephalus Fischer; type, N. caucasicus) have the venation exactly as in N. volaticus. In most specimens of Neorhynchocephahis the pro- boscis is either directed downward or slanting backward; but I have seen many specimens of N. volaticus in which it slants for- ward. On the other hand, I have seen examples of N emestrinus fasciatus (Olivier), in which the proboscis is directed vertically downward. In Neorhynchocephahis the frons below the ocelli is always considerably narrower in the male than in the female ; the eyes being almost holoptic in the males of certain species. Although in most species of N emestrinus the frons is not con- spicuously narrowed in the male, in others, such as N. hirtiis Lichtwardt and N. ruficaudis (Lichtwardt), the frons of the male is relatively as narrow as in certain Neorhynchocephalus. The following, revised key separates the six known species of N eoi'hynchocephalus. 1. Palearctic species. Base of fourth posterior cell broad, touching the anal cell over a long stretch, the lower margin running nearly parallel with the upper margin; diagonal vein as a rule not extending beyond the second and fourth posterior cells. Frons of female about half as wide at vertex as at insertion of antennae ; of male distinct below the ocelli where it is about one-eighth as wide as at antennae. Fringes of pale yellow hairs forming distinct apical bands on the tergites of the abdomen. Length, 11 to 14 mm N. tauscheri (Fischer). June, 1934] Bequaert; Nemestrinid^ 165 American species. Base of fourth posterior cell either stalked or very narrow and barely touching the anal cell 2. 2. Two branches of fourth longitudinal vein as a rule united far from the costa, the second posterior cell closed and connected with the margin by means of a stalk (exceptionally closed just as margin or narrowly open) ; diagonal vein almost always extending beyond the second and fourth posterior cells, usually reaching the hind margin. Frons of female slightly narrowed above, about two-thirds as wide at vertex as at insertion of antennse; linear below the ocelli in the male. In- tegument of abdomen wholly black. Length, 6 to 10 mm. (North America) N. sacicenii (Williston). Two branches of fourth longitudinal vein usually ending freely in the costa, some distance from each other (exceptionally meeting in one point; or upper branch of fourth united with lower branch of third, so that the first posterior cell is closed) 3. 3. North and Central American species. Body covered with pale yellowish pile ; abdomen black or blotched more or less extensively with yellowish red ; tergites with more or less distinct, white apical fringes ; small tufts of black hair on the sides of third and fourth tergites 4. South American species (south of the Equator). Legs uniformly pale colored, dirty yellow to reddish yellow. Abdominal tergites without distinct, white apical fringes 5. 4. Frons of female much narrowed above, about half as wide at vertex as at insertion of antennae; of male linear, the inner orbits nearly touch- ing over some length below the ocelli. Diagonal vein almost always extended beyond second and fourth posterior cells, usually reaching the hind margin. Legs pale yellowish to brownish, tibiae and tarsi (especially of hind legs) darker than femora. Length, 8.5 to 14 mm N. volaticus (Williston). Frons of female slightly narrowed above, at vertex about five-sevenths of the width at insertion of antennae. Diagonal vein extended only as a stump beyond second and fourth posterior cells, not reaching hind margin. Legs yellowish brown, femora mostly black. Length, 11 mm. (Male unknown) N. mexicanus J. Bequaert. 5. Diagonal vein not extending beyond the second and fourth posterior cells. Frons broad in both sexes ; in the female scarcely narrowed toward the vertex where it is wider than an eye; in the male nearly two-thirds as wide below the ocelli as at the insertion of the antennse; ocelli in a flattened triangle, the hind ocelli more than twice as far apart as their distance from inner orbits. Head, thorax, legs and abdomen densely covered with long, bright sulphur yellow pile; no or very few black hairs on the sides of the tergites. Length, 8 mm. N. mendozanus (Lichtwardt). Diagonal vein always extended beyond the second and fourth posterior cells, usually reaching the hind margin. Ocelli in an equilateral tri- 166 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLII angle in both sexes. Tufts of black hair on the sides of the abdominal tergites long and conspicuous 6. 6. Female: Head, thorax and legs densely covered with long bright sulphur yellow pile; vertex with black hairs. Wings distinctly infuscated at the extreme base. Prons slightly narrowed toward the vertex where it is over three-fourths as wide as at the insertion of the antennae; posterior ocelli about as far apart as their distance from inner orbits. Length, 8 to 10 mm N. sulphureus (Wiedemann). Male: Head, thorax and legs covered with pale yellowish or white pile; vertex with black hairs. Wings sub-hyaline throughout, at most slightly yellowish at the base. Frons narrowed but distinct below the ocelli, where it is about one-fourth as wide as at the insertion of the antennae. Length, 8 to 11 mm. . . . N. vitripennis (Wiedemann). Neorhynchocephalus volaticus (Williston) Text Figure 1 E-G See Psyche, 1930, XXXVII, p. 290. Additional references : Rhynchocephalus volaticus Hunter, 1914, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., VIII (1913), p. 19. Curran, 1931, Canad. Entom., LXIII, pp. 69 and 72. Rhynchocephalus maculatus Curran, 1931, Ibidem, LXIII, p. 69 (c? ? ? IyP6 locality : Lawrence, Kansas ; also from Sumner Co. and Waubaunsee Co., Kansas). Rhynchocephalus flavus Curran, 1931, Ibidem, LXIII, pp. 69 and "^0 (c? ?; type locality of male, holotype : Harper Co., Kan- sas ; of female, allotype : Sumner Co., Kansas ; also from Bourbon Co., Cherokee Co., and Waubaunsee Co., Kansas). Additional Specimen; Examined. — Kansas: Atchison Co., forty-one males and thirty-three females (R. H. Beamer), and one male (D. A. Wilbur) ; Morris Co., twenty-eight males and forty-three females (R. H. Beamer) ; Medicine Lodge, Barber Co., two females and one male (G. P.Engelhardt) ; Leavenworth Co., one female (R. H. Beamer) ; Onaga, Pottawatomie Co., one male (R. H. Beamer) ; Riley Co., two males and one female (R. H. Beamer) ; Cowley Co., 1114 ft., one female (R. H. Beamer) ; Doniphan Co., two males and two females (R. H. Beamer) ; Saline Co., one male (R. H. Beamer) ; Dickinson Co., one female (L. C. Woodruff) ; Manhattan, Riley Co., seven males and five females (R. H. Painter) ; Pottawatomie Co., one female and one male (R. H. Painter). — Oklahoma: Arbuckle Mts., Murray Co., June, 1934] Bequaert: Nemestrinid^ 167 one male (R. H. Beamer). — Florida; Sanford, Seminole Co., one female (R. H. Beamer) ; Wildwood, Sumter Co., fourteen males and eleven females (Paul W. Oman and R. H. Beamer). — Mis- souri: Hollister, Taney Co., one female (G. P. Engelhardt). — Arizona : San Diego Canyon on the west side of the Baboquivari Mts., 25 miles southeast of Sells, Pima Co., seven specimens, in- cluding a female emerged from a pupal skin, August 1, 1932 (R. H. Painter). — Texas: Kingsville, Kleberg Co., one female (F. M. Hull.— M.C.Z.). The female from Mexico City recorded in my former paper under N. volaticus represents an apparently distinct species and is described below as N. mexicanus. The Mexican specimens from Presidio River, Venodio, State of Colima, Matamoros, and Chichen Itza (Yucatan) are, however, true N. volaticus. The series of over 250 specimens, collected throughout the wide range of this species, shows conclusively that it is impossible to split up this species, even into varieties or geographical races, on the basis of the characters used by Curran to separate volaticus, maculatus and flavus. ‘"Paratypes” of maculatus and flavus were sent to me by the author several years ago ; but I was un- able to see in them anything but the very variable N. volaticus, and the specimens were recorded under that name in my earlier paper. Both these '‘new Species” were described from Kansas and, in one case, found in the same locality. The characters in- voked to separate them in Curran’s key are of the “more-or- less ’ ’ type. In the species before me it is possible to select speci- mens that agree with either ‘ ' maculatus ” or “ flavus ’ ’ ; but there are many others that combine the characters of these so-called ' ' species. ’ ’ Of what he calls ^ ^ volaticus’ ^ Curran saw only one female type from Florida (in the Williston Collection at Kansas Univ.).^ 1 Williston described the species from two specimens and gave no more definite locality than ‘‘Florida.’’ Prof. H. B. Hungerford writes me that the type in Williston ’s collection is labelled “Georgiana, Fla., Wm. Whit- feld, ” which is therefore the type locality. I agree with Curran that this specimen should be regarded as the holotype. The specimen marked as “type” at the U.S.N.M. may be the paratype, although it is only labelled ‘ ‘ Florida, ’ ’ while the same collection contains a specimen from Georgiana, not marked as type. 168 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLIl Over thirty specimens from four different localities in Florida (inclnding the female from the type locality, Georgiana, at the U.S.N.M.), agree with specimens from Kansas, Texas, Mis- sissippi, Mefflico, and Yucatan in the color of the pile of the sec- ond abdominal segment. The integument of the abdomen of the females of Kansas varies from wholly black to extensively red- dish ; and the difference in the color of the anterior four tarsi, whether ‘Yeddish” or ‘Y^eddish brown” is of no practical value. If the pile of the second segment of the type of volaticus is actu- ally as described by Curran (“tawny or fulvous with a reddish brown pilose band behind the middle”), it might well be abnor- mal, perhaps caused by some stain or dirt. At any rate, no other such specimen is known thus far, and until other specimens are collected in Florida showing this character of the type, I feel fully justified in my interpretation of volaticus. N. volaticus is on the wing throughout June, July and the early part of August. The species is rather frequently seen mating. Professor R. H. Painter writes me that, in Kansas, he found most of his specimens hovering among fairly tall grass. On one occa- sion, in Pottawatomie Co., Kansas, a number were feeding at flowers of Houstonia. The pupa found by Professor R. H. Painter, with a female emerging from it, is extremely similar to that of Hirmoneura ob- scura Wiedemann (as figured by Adam Handlirsch), of H. ex- otica Wiedemann (as seen by me at the Paris Museum), and of Trichopsidea (Symmictus) cost at a (Loew) (as figured by J. T. Potgieter, 1929, Science Bull. No. 82, Dept, of Agric., Union of South Africa, Fig. 6, Ih). It is 25 mm. long and 5.5 mm. wide. Two slight protuberances are visible on the vertex, although they are not sharply pointed as in H. ohscura. I can find no trace of the long protuberances ending in a curved hair, which are found on the face of the pupa of H. ohscura ; but the region between the antennal sheaths is markedly swollen. Smooth, shiny, protrud- ing, coffee-bean-shaped spiracles protrude on each side at the limit between head and thorax, at the anterior margin of the first and about the middle of the second to seventh abdominal seg- ments; the thoracic pair is briefly stalked, the abdominal spira- cles are sessile. The abdominal segments 1 to 7 bear on each side. June, 1934] Bequaert: Nemestrinid^ 169 behind the spiracle, a transverse row of three very long, stiff setae, curved forward at their tips. In addition, dorsally and ventrally, each of these segments bears a transverse row of shorter and thinner setae placed in the posterior third on a slight ridge ; many of these setae were evidently broken off while the pupa bored its way out of the soil. I can find no trace of setae on the eighth segment, but they may have been broken off on the dorsal and ventral side ; certainly there are no curved setae on the sides. The ninth segment is divided into two long, conical, blunt, di- verging protuberances, somewhat bent upward, but not forming hooks. Professor It. H. Painter sends some interesting notes on find- ing this pupa : “ I came upon this specimen about nine o ’clock in the morning. The fly first attracted my attention as it was climb- ing up on a small weed. The wings had not yet spread and it evidently had come out of the pupa case which was lying on top of the ground just beneath the weed. The pupal case was only a foot or eighteen inches from the edge of a small stream which, I understand, was dry during a good share of the year. The local- ity which I have labeled ‘25 miles southeast of Sells, Ariz. ’ is in a small canyon locally known as San Diego Canyon, in the Babo- quivari Mountains. The country about this locality is sparsely covered by scrub oak, mesquite, and various other chaparral plants. A few giant cacti were near by. Near the stream, the trees are somewhat larger and more plentiful. The specimen was placed in a bottle for the remainder of the morning to dry out. ’ ’ Neorhynchocephalus sackenii (Williston) See Psyche, 1930, XXXVII, p. 291. Additional references : N eorhynchocephalus sackeni J. Bequaert, 1932, Zoolog. Anz., C, p. 33. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Hunter, 1914, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., VIII (1913), p. 19. Robertson, 1928, Flowers and insects, p. 47. Curran, 1931, Canad. Entom., LXIII, pp. 69 and 72 (?- 1— 1 I— 1 1—1 lO C