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AW wa * u 1d, a aH og vi TU en a dete he eh Ao ltad a4 sve Ayo dtie ted Gey Hoty ead hid week, the tae MoE oes bia mestond a a doit WAM de GER oh sy C68 0h Hh 88) wat a Lo they Ward ayaa Te ARKO RE Hk We Hh ad yt PT a ei: uw DONOR Cue aC aa (aya ee eR de tied iC ted MOY aC TMU Pe 9 tie Mad Pada a yaa nue d ase aka ad ge yi We Re De Re a Ged ted Www Ce AA He Pe ee De ee Wid eal wy “i tein HW BMG Hoh 4, easy sbi aaodw F os Pai par Wher Nar Ug Bt Aa a 1 Aa Daisy: eA LS ‘ ab “| Avi’ r ae aa shia Wie My Reeth ey Piney at Fut “ tw te eh alot 4 a 4 ariel viet de rhe a he $4 We re a oy Phe ke they 4 awed NSA ey ital af sau at De ee Pld \ Te: CNAME SUN whe 4p ink sek ‘ UB MH Ha Awe ALi dee 4 i de eked Ceram S aoa oe i 9 uate We ied ONION eva a suite te aK * WALA WE he de ath Wt He sey nett a A iy wee " Ade ed we wi a ve “ ey eed ey rr Wa Ne ge eat Sa arth a DRA Ce view hha & He cg “Wt 4 hy yh M ‘Ae sy ite i b ‘ae a s xt Ki ¢ i fed alse he otter rity 4 ae ite a” “ i & #4; vast mM ha a} Ad < ; Hoty ier he a0 i Me Ae ryt th bh it i rt Ri re WALA wer a Hera hunks att AH Wy treat We) At" abaya ha ihc oe nh AW poate Ahh LPs We er et Ce op COE ble Hie W | Wt CANTY vee Hs Re Ht i nl AN seh te nates we eee Wet oe 4 XX “ UWA i . ie Ay Whe PAY Wa MW den bat a) aa Pee ny Dh tr tyres er per err een a gph iat , wei , Ae eae * ‘h 4 wy, at varies tell ircttesla sevens ti Udine tometer Ae a ab sie tae fhe anh unas bys in tn moans wi OKC ee Steutaicy a Meat ‘yt y Web osua bil a as hth £ it we ies ete tr OW, niles a dal rm Di deth wed siete) ts Mh) A} hi 4 CIN ‘ aM hash ne dik q ary * Kia ei man 98 Us wi awe aes om vis i eat + wi nt “ i mn La) u; ff Wy hs ety Si rein h ae oY | os se os teeta Ar « Wohenne An Svein wy rer rh t Sat eaten ae Aa ot! Ve had fhe ae oy a iain ‘yhatt? ne a Se tg the he fea pyri ite ci Karn dae rae at ns ae in Nae oe dash i aie ( y] Well Wty uid yal bah in yet ite sh eat oe iat Oe LS gi Cra 5 My Dey oe ¢ v AM th e See Wide Ye ik Ne) orn ae an) ae i AY wasted sts We es , Lt er tt oe tn + he bi mh i ithe : bet it Bt Wet 18 ee a fete i ny cae As a Cave aS nit HAN ae oi ; tins Ah at A, yi ' Pines ee sy helt tt tence ean oe wat y ty Ae Wie fee 2. NeW ave “wns @hinw i wa ah eae ett le ae ee a aaa Weis yee AGsnh ty ie ! (oc us! Anne et coats h vil fie etathe He me (ranrieh AA we eS car me oh ie UR ‘i ie cn mene ote iit Peed ate ‘ net a its ALi mt pane i Ve cre mnie | nid ;. a Pity iia cn ty it estat qian eit Ie hci 3 ss iy ae omer Sa ewe tes , =< “ ; a ] I i A 1 ic t ~s i Fi & = :) : | “ “Del i s ‘ § is, ny y o i ‘ Ud 79 4 ' 3 * 4 j 2 ij ‘ RB laws SIATIC SOCIET } | December, 1007 i Nes een, 1 me Pot cay ; as, { ‘ Agents of the Society Nee i f London: Krcan PAauL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co. < ‘ _> ae f ee [No. 49| JOURNAL of the Straits Branch of the a Royal Asiatic Society DECEMBER, 1907 SINGAPORE: PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE 1908. Table of Contents Page. The Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley 1 On Tally Sticks and oe in Borneo, by Dr. Hose and J. Hewitt pene ae 7 New or Rare Malayan Plants, Series tif; by H, N. Ridley 11 A eney into the Interior of Borneo to Visit the Kala- bit Tribes, by #&. S. Douglas... re Lae Oe Notes on the Capture of a Rare Leathery Turtle in Johore . Waters, by C’. Boden Kloss es Ore Malayan Pigs, by C. Boden Kloss _... ARE Be NE Mantra Gajah, by W. George Maxwell = Seay! Malay Chess, by J. B. Hlewm : see no Or. Note on the Malay Game fe Jongkak, Popy Meller; (7... 93 Concerning Some Old Sanskrit, by Professor H. Kern ... 95 Miscellaneous Notes, by(@eorgAW/Macwell ... 108 Notes and Queries, by W. G@. M. oy eee LOS Bark Canoes among the Jakuns and Dyas by Dr. W. L. Abbott eee x, LOO. Tin and Lead Coins from Brunei, at Dr. fh. Hanitsch «,..-111 The Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula. By W. W. Skeat and O. Blagden.— (A Review). By H. N. Ripwey. As the work of civilization progresses and the forests fall before the axe of the planter, the more primitive tribes of jungle folk disappear, to be replaced by the imported and more civilized labourer from other countries; and should these old world folk themselves not actually disappear, they amal- gamate with the later arrivals, and adopting their ideas and customs, they become so changed that all that is interesting about them is lost. Many tribes of the human race have thus passed away, leaving few or no relics of their ever having exist- | ed. One such race, indeed the makers and users of the stone implements known here as Batu Lintar, has vanished from the peninsula; but we have still with us that simple people commonly known as S’akais, whose manners, customs, tradi- tions and language, have been long the study of Messrs. Skeat and Blagden, who together have published a most excellent record of the vanishing tribes of the jungle folk of the Malay — Peninsula. The work in two volumes excellently illustrated by photographs and woodcuts is perhaps one of the most important of ethnological works that has appeared for some _ time. No trouble has been spared by the authors, both well known officials here some years ago, to collect all possible evidence on all ethnological and anthropological questions con- cerning these races, and the extensive list of the Bibliography of the subject shows how thorough their work has been. The Bibliography dates from 1800, or thereabouts, and is divided up into three periods. The first two from 1800 to 1850, and thence to 1890, though giving a good many amateur’s notes and some amount of research work, supplied little more than enough knowledge to stimulate research into these interesting _ Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, - ; ne 2 THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. races. The only representations of any of the tribes in those days were the rough sketches of profiles by Miklucho Maclay which | were to be pean in all ethnological books. Indeed till about — 1890 photographs of these races were quite unprocurable in Singapore. From 1890 onwards the wild men were the subject of study by a large number of ethnologists and antropologists. ~ Several scientific men came from Germany, and many local residents investigated the ethnology and collected specimens of their handiwork, made researches into their language, and took photographs of the people themselves, besides securing skulls and skeletons. The results of this work in which Mr. Skeat took a very large share himself, are well represented in these two volumes. One of those who devoted a great deal of time to the wild tribes was Mr. Vaughan Stevens, a very well known character here for some years, who was employed by the Berlin and St. Petersburg Missions to collect ethno- graphical specimens of the Sakais, and who wandered about all over the peninsula in search of them. He published volumin- ous accounts of his researches, on some of which considerable doubt has been thrown. The authors have made use of his work while drawing attention to inaccuracies and improbabilities in his observations and theories. The most important of the anthropologists who visited the peninsula was Herr Rudolf Martin whose monumental work ‘‘Die Inland stamme der Malay- ischin Halbinsel ” was the first sound and reliable work on the subject. The book commences with an introductory account of the environment of the wild man, and his character and relations to it. The racial characters and names of the tribes and the problems of their origin are next dealt with. The three types of the tribes are the Semangs, negritos with woolly hairs and brachycephalic heads, the Sakais, dolichocephalic with ~ wavy hair, and the southern Jakuns, brachycephalic and smooth - haired. The relationship of the Semangs with the Andamanese and the Philippine negritos is certainly close. The Sakais are perhaps related to the Veddahs, Australians and Tamils. They vary much in skin-colour and height, and their origin must - Jour. Straits Branch ‘THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. $8 remain at present doubtful. The Jakuns have been stated to be aboriginal Malays who refused to accept Mohammedanism and therefore fled to the interior to avoid persecution. The auther points out however that they are rather a composite group of heathen Malays mixed with Semang and Sakai, and this is probably the case. The methods of hunting, trapping and fishing, the wea- pons, cultivation, food, arts and crafts, social order, dealings with other races fill the first volume, which terminates with an appendix containing much important matter in measurements, color of hair, eyes, and skin and a large collection of Sakai songs chiefly collected by Mr. Skeat. Many of these are hunt- ing songs describing the chase and capture of about all the jungle animals. Most songs end with a request to give each of the community a portion of the prey. This is a true charac- teristic touch of the socialism of the Sakai community. I re- member once being out with some of the wild tribe of the Kuala Lumpur district near the well known caves, In the party were two men and one delightful little boy of about nine years of age clad as most of the men were in the simple cos- tume of a strip of trap bark about as broad as a bootlace, and an armlet of fungus. While at tea we offered the child some bread and jam which he took eagerly and ran off at once to divide it with his father. When given a cigar he would not take it till he had another one for his father, showing the in- nate socialistic tendency of the race. But to return to the songs after this digression. One is struck at first sight by the graphic descriptions of the habits of the animals, their appearance and cries. Some of the songs and charms too have an element of poetic feeling running through them. : In many cases the language of the Besisi from whom the author has derived most of the songs and charms is a mixture of Malay and Sakai words, the meaning of some of the latter being obscure. Mr. Skeat has translated them as literally and - carefully as may be, though perhaps it might have been better not to have called the Kijang, the Roedeer, or if no other translation was to be found, to have explained what the ani- RB. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 4 THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. mal really was, but its common name of Muntjac is fairly well known. Here and there in the songs and charms we see words and names of places of quite modern origin, such as Tanjong Pagar, Singapore, Telasih, (the Hindu Tulsi) for the Basil plant known to Malay as Selasih, and this has been commented on by one reviewer as somewhat discrediting the songs, but such innovations in folk song occur in many nations, having drifted in later perhaps than the original song was written. A long list of names of people is given, many of which are not translated but among them are such poetic ones as Blossom, Convolvulus, Earth, Wind, Star, Butterfly, and Father of Leaf for boys, and White, Quick, Mother of Grass, Little One and Handmaid for girls. The second volume opens with accounts of customs and beliefs. The Semangs acknowledge two deities, Kari and Ple but there seems to be no cult of these gods who are rather shadowy beings. The Sakais have a similar deity who however was probably of Malay or Arabic origin. There are however numerous demons and spirits, which are feared and have to be kept off by charms, as in all races of the world. The crea- tion legends seem to be mainly original. In Semang and - Jakun mythology man multiplied so fast, being immortal, that the earth was overcrowded, and Kari according to the Semangs slew them with his fiery breath, while according to the Jakuns, Tuan dibawah their deity turned half of them into trees. But this check on the population being insufficient death was institut- ed as a relief. The Jakuns appear to have anticipated the discovery of evolution in ascribing the origin of mankind to a pair of white apes, which is curious, especially in view of the fact that the ape specified, the wawa (Hylobates) is generally considered the most nearly related to man of any of the apes. The charms, ceremonies, traditional sales, dances, and such sub-. jects are fully dealt with, and the last part of the book deals with the language, the special task of Mr. Blagden, than whom it would be difficult to find a better authority. A vocabulary of the dialects is given at the enc. The amount of research which this work must have entailed has been extremely large, and the authors have spared Jour, Straits Branch THE PAGAN-RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5 ‘no pains to get together everything that has been recorded in the various journals and works on the subject of these strange races, besides adding extensively from their own observations. They have collected too a very fine series of photographs of the different races, and added many of the weapons, houses, dress, traps, and other objects, so that the whole work gives _a very full and graphic view of one of the most interesting and least known of the peoples of the earth. When one looks back for a comparatively few years ago in ethnological and- anthropological works to see what was known about this people, and sees what poor and often inaccurate accounts we then had, and find the only existing portraits of any of the races were Miklucho Maclay’s rough sketches, one can appreciate the value of this work, and the immense labour of the authors in compiling it, and they are heartily to be congratulated on the results. As they very pertinently point out in the introduction to the work there is great need of a thorough survey of the whole Peninsula from both a geographical and ethnological point of view by the local Governments. ‘The Governments of French Indo-china, the Dutch Indies and the American Philippines have published and are still publishing excellent works, beauti- fully illustrated, on the ethnology, geography, and all branches -of science of the colonies under their control. The British nation with larger, richer and more important colonies, for some reason not very clear to anyone, has practically done nothing at all for the advancement of knowledge of its vast empire. The whole of this work has been left to enthusiastic private persons who devote their time and money to such work. This apathy must be much regretted by all who have the cause of science and progress at heart, BR. A, So0c., No. 49, 1907, On Tally Sticks and Strings in Borneo. By Dr. Hose ano J. Hewirr. Amongst the natives of Sarawak, notched sticks and ~ strings are in common use for keeping record of contracts. To some of the various tribes the custom is one of antiquity whilst in other cases e.g. the Sea Dayaks, itis certainly a new idea borrowed from their neighbours. If a Malanau undertakes to meet another person in a definite number of days he ties up a piece of string into as many knots as there are days before the fulfilment of his engagement: as each day passes by he unties a knot. The same people often appear in the debt courts carrying a knotted string or rotan and explaining that each knot represents a debt of one pasu of lemanta (8 gallons of raw sago). On one occa- sion a Malanau produced in the debt court a stick notched on two sides: on the one side the notches corresponded to his ~ debt, and on the other side he had cut a notch each time he - had made a repayment. Amongst the Kenyahs, Punans and other tribes of the interior this custom reaches its highest development. The string is made from bark of the tree known to Kenyahs as Kumut and to Sea Dayaks as Tekalong (Ariocarpus sp.) As before, it is knotted according to the number of days before that of the engagement, and each party keeps a string, They wear it on their person tied to the unus, slender leglets of twisted fibre usually from the ijok palm (Arenga saccharifera). As each day passes by a knot is cut clean off. -To such people a definite contract thus arranged is kept quite seriously and the evidence of his tally string is usually deemed quite sufti- cient to relieve the wearer of other conflicting duties which might be imposed upon him by the head-man of the house. But this custom is by no means confined to men. Even Bali Atap, a god of the Kenyahs, wears such knotted strings around his neck to tell off the number of doors in the house Jour, Straits Branch RB. A, Soc., No. 49, 1907, 8 ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO. under his care, and also to indicate the number of people under his protection in each house. The image of Bali Atap outside the door of a Madang house: has a whole fringe of knotted strings tied round his neck. This deity (Bali—a hero, Atap—a spear) is the special protector of the house, and when they want him to take charge of a house it is necessary to kill at his altar a fowl or pig, the blood of the sacrifice being sprinkled over the head of the wooden image of the god and on those persons of the assembled crowd, who wish for his protection ; in some cases however an egg in a cleft stick has to suffice as the offering. To the Kenyah or Punan the tying of the knot for Bali Atap has a deep significance: it_means to them the sealing of a fixed contract. They will only tie such knots whey they receive an omen from Bali Atap sufficiently favourable to justify them in assuming that the god is willing to make the agreement with them. The actual manner of obtaining such an omen is as follows: a man fixes up two vertical poles in the ground and on the top of these and again two feet belowhe attaches horizontal poles; then he sits down behind the square thus formed and looks through it to the area of sky beyond. At this part of the ceremony the above mentioned sacrifice is made. And now, after waiting perhaps for hours, if a hawk soars in this patch of sky ina direction from right to left, he knows that this hawk will carry his message to Bali Atap, and seeing it he waves a fire brand in the air towards the flying bird at the same time loudly shouting the message which is carried upwards in the ascending smoke to the hawk. Thus being assured that Bali Atap has been willing to receive and hence is favourable to his request he completes the ceremony by tying the knotted string to the image of the god as a seal to the agreemert just made between Bali Atap and the man. The same idea in the tying of a knot is met with in entirely different ceremonies of which we may mention one example. It is held by Kenyahs that when a person ,falls sick his soul” lewves the body and to heal the patient all that is necessary is the return of the soul. The witch doctor (Dayong) in charge of the case obtains assistance from the next world and thus is able to persuade the erring soul to return. In the ceremony Jour, Straits: Branch ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO. 9 the Dayong affects the motions of a person going along journey— paddling a boat for instance—chanting all the time and accom- panied in the chorus by the people whorepeat over and over again the words ‘ Bali Dayong ;’ then returning with the soul he with the assistance of a fowl or pig waives it back into the body. And now, when safely in and the fees paid, the Dayong knots round the patients wrist with a string of * Daun silat’ (leaf of a Licuala palm) and thus ties in the soul and at the same time completes the undertaking. During this time however the soul of the Dayong has been absent from his body and at this stage to the cries of ‘ Mulai Mulai’ (Come home, come home) from the crowd it re-enters, the man himself suddenly relapsing from a quivering hissing maniac into a rational being who, as if just awakening from a asleep, takes his seat unconcernedly amongst the crowd. Tally sticks also are very much used by Kenyahs, Punans, and other inland tribes (but not Kayans) who have not come in contact with more civilised peoples. An ordinary Kenyah tally stick is a strip of wood about a foot long, an inch or- more wide, andan eighth of an inch thick : at one end is arudely carved head and hands, a representation of the god. At one side of the stick are marks each referring to one door of the house. A debt incurred by the occupant of any ‘door’ is recorded by a notch in the corresponding position onthe stick. Bartering among these people is very limited: their objects of barter are few, being mainly pigs, fowls, parangs, gongs, and pieces of iron. For each of these different objects there are separate positions on the stick. Excepting in rare cases debts are not incurred between occupants of different houses so that one stick of the type just described is as a rule quite sufficient to record all the debts owed to one man. When a debt is paid the owner of the stick will just snip away the wood from either side of the notch so as to replace the notch by a curved pa in the wood. The tally stick is usually to be found Tae up near the fire- place where it becomes smoked and blackened with age : such a stick would be accepted as evidence in case of a dispute respecting a debt of long standing, for it would not be easy to R, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 10 ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO. forge an old notch. A stick which has been kept for years acquires quite a high value as a ‘lucky’ stick: it is customary also in disputes to swear with such sticks calling down vengeance on themselves if they tell a lie. Kenyahs, whose conservatism is not very strong, often content themselves with sticks devoid of carving or polish and even sometime mthou the image of the god. . ‘In conclusion therefore it seems to us very probable that in the knotted string (terbuku tali) of the more civilised and better known natives of Borneo and perhaps in the tally stick _ we have something which did not originate merely as a means ~ of counting but which is a relic that has sn lost its original meaning of covenant. New or Rare Malayan Plants. Sertes IIT. By H.N. Riptey. This is another series of novelties and notes oun little known plants from the East. The recently published numbers of the Materials for the Flora of the Malay Peninsula by Dr. King contains the Scrophularinee, and I find in the genus Torenia one common species altogether omitted and two very distinct plants wrongly identified with two common Siamese plants cultivated here only. I have therefore given descriptions of these three plants. Some new plants obtained in Sarawak by Mr. Hewitt, some from Southern Siam by Mr. Down, and other little known or new plants from elsewhere are described. NECKIA. The small genus Veckia comprises a few species of small half shrubby plants belonging to the section Sawvagesiacee, of Violacee. They are usually under a foot tall, often only a few -inches high, with lanceolate toothed leaves, and small rose or white flowers. The slender woody stem seldom or never branches and is more or less covered with bristly hairs. The fruit is a small capsule containing a large number of very small reticulate seeds. : The Neckias are to be found on rocks, usually sandstone — or granitic, in the forests of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. NV. Malayana, n. sp. 3 Whole plant 3-12 inches tall. Stem naked below (from the falling off of the leaves), woody slender, above covered densely with the bristle-like stipules red brown 4 inch long. Leaves alternate lanceolate acuminate at both ends, margins biserrate but obscurely, glabrous Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Sec., No. 49, 1907. 12 NEW.OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. dark green above glaucescent or pale beneath 14 to 7 inches long, nerves very numerous inconspicuous. Flowers axillary on long slender peduncles 1 inch long, Bract linear minute, pedicel + inch long. Sepals 5 lan- ceolate acute toothed. Petals 5 rose pink ovate obtuse. Stamens monadelphous 10. Pistil conic, style straight longer than the stamens, capitate. Capsule ovoid acute with the style persistent longer than the sepals, seed obovoid punctate dark brown. Johor: Gunong Janeng (Lake and Kelsall), Telepak (C. B. Kloss), Gunong Panti (Ridley 4164); Pahang: Tahan river (Ridley 2264), Lingga, edge of a stream at 200-300 feet (Hullett), There are two forms of this, one small to 1 foot tall, the leaves broadly lanceolate 24 inches long by 4 oe wide and more strongly toothed. Thisis the form common in Johor and Lingga. The Pahang plant has leaves 6 inches long and # inch wide, and might be made a variety under the name of angustifolia. NV. distans, n. sp. - Stem slender woody overa foot tall, internodes } inch long. Leaves alternate stipules of dark brown branched hairs, persistent shorter than in the preceding. Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrowed gradually at the base, margins bidenticulate, 5 inches long 2 inch wide, scattered over the stem and not persistent only at the top. Flowers solitary axillary, peduncle very short less than 4 inch. Bract lanceolate acute minute, pedicel 4 an inch long or very much less. Sepals broadly lanceo- late acute striate} inch long with a few teeth towards the tip. Petals shorter ovate, lanceolate blunt pink. Stamens shorter than in the preceding. Style shorter than the petals. Capsule ovoid shorter than the sepals. British North Borneo: Bongaya in Labuk Bay (Ridley 9054). Neckia serrata, Boerlage. Ic. Bogor XX VI. may possi- bly be this species. Jour. Straits Braneh NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. mes NV. laneifolia, Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. XXIII. p. 158. The whole plant about 6 inches tall. Stem woody, internodes short ; stipules of long erect bristly brown hairs. Leaves crowded towards the tip broadly ob- lanceolate obtuse, base narrowed acuminate, edges stringly bidenticulate dark above rather coriaceous, pale beneath 4 inches long by 1 inch broad or less. Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 4 inch long, pedicels shorter. Sepals ovate lanceolate, not or little toothed ribbed, longer than the capsule. Petals very small ovate. Capsule subglobose shorter than the sepals. ~ Borneo: Sarawak on Matang (Hullett, Ridley). Miquel, and Boerlage and Koorders (Ic. Bogor ]xxvi) identify Hooker’s plant collected by Lobb in North Borneo, with Korthals’ plant 1. serrata which is des- eribed as four feet tall and is a native of Sumatra. I never saw any species of Neckia nearly as big as this. The plant figured in the Icones Bogorienses as NV. serrata seems to be different again. It can hardly be Hooker’s plants, for in his description the leaves are said to be bidenticulate whereas in the plant figured they are almost quite entire, remarkably so for one of the genus. Hocker’s plant is probably the one described above, but his description is too short for so critical a genus, It ean hardly be either Korthals’ plant or Berlage’s. OW. Rlossii, De Sp. Stemi 4 ob 5 inches ‘tall woody leaves crowded up- wards. Stipulesferrugineous. leaves oblanceolate, sub- acute, narrowed towards the base glabrous dark green above light green beneath edges bidenticulate especially towards the tip 24 inches long inch wide. Scapes very slender several togetiner or solitary 4 inch long. Bract linear very narrow. Sepals lanceolate acuminate very narrow, acute, with a few rather large irregular teeth on the edge green. Petals oblong obtuse much broader and a little shorter white. Staminodes very numerous R. A. Suc., No. 49, 1907. 14 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. bright yellow, linear clubbed. Stamens pale spathulate. _ Style a little longer ; fruit not seen. Pulau Battam (C. B. Kloss, March 1906). Nearly allied to ¥. parviflora Ridl. but with extremely narrow sepals and oblong petals nearly as long and much broader. N. parviflora, n. sp. Stem decumbent rooting 6-8 inches long woody, nude below, stipules dark red. Leaves lanceolate shortly acuminate blunt, narrowed a little at the base toward the short petiole somewhat coriaceous bidenticulate 3 inches long 4 inch wide. Flowers very small on slender peduncles with several bracts. Peduncles 2 or $ in each axil in a tuft 4 inch long with three linear entire bracts. Pedicel of flower very short. Flower sepals + inch long ovate crenulate at the edge enlarging to ovate denticulate in fruit nearly 4 inch long and ribbed. Petals much smaller lanceolate ovate, anthers oblong ovate. Capsule much shorter than the sepals ovoid oblong. Seeds reticulate. Sarawak; Banks at Puak (Ridley 12320.) Distinct in its small flowers, and numerous peduncles, with several bracts, linear in the flowering stage but becoming larger lanceolate dentate in the fruiting stage. The largest bracts I have seen in the genus. N. humilis, Hook fil. Trans. Linn, Soc, XXIII, p. 158. Labuan. (Lobb.) NV. serrata, Korth Ned. Kruidk. Arch. I. p. 358 Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 2 p. 118. This is described as four feet tall, a native of Sumatra. I have never seen anything fitting the descriptions of either of these two species. GLUTA. There are a number of trees belonging to the Anacardiacee eommonly known to the Malays as Rengas, and all are well Jour. Straits Braneb NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. Ga) known for their poisonous properties. This poison lies in a black resin which is abundant in all parts of the trees, chiefly in the wood and fruit. Several of these Rengas trees belong to the genus Melanorrhoa characterised by its small fruit fur- nished with bright crimson wings, others belong to the genus Gluta in which the fruit is a larger or smaller drupe with often a corky brown exterior full of black resin. - There are about ten known species of Guta occuring in Cambodia, Andamans, Tavoy, the Malay Peninsula and Islands. Nearly all these Rengas trees possess a very fine red tim- ber marked usually with black streaks of the resin and have been known as Singapore mahogany. When used as furniture wood however they are said to exhale a certain quantity of the poison probably in the form of dust which is very injurious to those using the furniture. An article on poisoning by Renghas (Melanorrhea) was published by Dr. Brown in Journal 24, 83, (1892). Cases of poisoning among jungle folk by these plants are by no means rare, a drop of the juice from a broken bough even of a seedling falling on the face or body often producing serious effects. The resin is also said to be used as a poison with criminal intent producing violent irritation of the stomach and intestines. It is interesting to note that though the Mangiperas (Mang- os) are closely allied to the Gluta and contain to a lesser extent the same black resin, their timber is more or less of a yellow colour, while that of the Melanorheas and Glutas is red. E Tkere are four species of Gluta known from the Malay peninsula, one of which however has not been described, and I have received specimens of fruit and flowers of this fine tim- ber tree from Mr. Burn-Murdoch. Gluta Benghas, Miq. oe A medium sized tree ‘asunlly much branched low down. Leaves elliptic or obovate coriaceous with a fairly long petiole, and glabrous panicles of white flowers. The fruit brown, corky outside, with much black resin. This tree has only been met with by my- BR. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 16 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. self in the Malay Peninsula on the banks of the Pahang river and on the Rumpin river. It occurs also in Sumatra, Java and Borneo, and a variety is recorded | from Madagascar. : G. elegans, Kurz. Is a smaller tree slender and tall, with rather long narrow elliptic leaves rather long petioled, and bright red calyces to the flowers. The fruit is flattened and rounded 13 inch across smooth and black. It occurs commonly in Penang, and has been met with in Malacca and avariety occurs in Tenasserim and the Andamans. Native Name ‘“ Rengas Ayam.” G. coarctata, Hook fil. This I take to be the extremely common bush or bushy tree occurring in most tidal waters in this region. It never seems to attain any great size and is conspicuous in the water edge of the river from its, bright red young leaves, The flowers are yellowish white in panicles shorter thantheleaves. The fruitis subglo- bose, corky, light brown and very resinous. This is the commonest species ; very abundant in all our tidal Bees, and also very conspicuous in Sumatra and Sarawak. Gl. Wrayi, King. I have seen no type of this but I take the description given in the Materials of the Flora of the Malay Peninsula to apply to this plant, of which good specimens were sent to me by Mr. Burn-Murdoch, under the name of Rengas Kerbau Jalang or Red Rengas. It is a very big tree with stiff coriaceous leaves 4 to 6 inches long elliptic acute narrowed at the base toa broad flat petiole, nerves about 12 pairs conspicuous on the lower surface, finely reticulated on both sides. Panicles 4 inches long with rather distant branches to near the base; flowers very numerous red and white Jour. Straits Branch NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 17 Panicle and flowers pubescent. Calyx half as long as the corolla bilobed pubescent lobes rounded. Petals linear oblong obtuse, back pubescent. Stamens slightly longer, filaments slender glabrous. Ovary rounded ovoid pubescent style lateral shorter than the stamens. Fruit oblong red brown, a large hard drupe of a laterite “red colour 4 or 5 inches long and 3 inches thick elliptic smooth slightly oblique. Dindings: at Lumat (Ridley 7974); Perak (Wray 2290); Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis). ‘“‘Rengas Kerbau Jalang” This gives a very fine timber known as Red Rengas according to Burn- Murdoch. There is a plant in the Botanic gardens raised _ from seed brought from the Dindings in 1894 which is now about 8 feet tall. The leaves are much larger in - the young plant, some being 8 inches long and of a bright green. Compared with Sir George King’s description this plant only differs in the leaves not being thickly coriaceous, though rather stiff when dry, afid the nerves are quite visible on both surfaces and prominent on the underside, the petiole too is not channelled but distinctly flat, but there is some variation in the foliage. Gl. lanceolata, n. sp. | A big tree. Leaves narrowly lanceolate obtuse narrowed into a long slender petiole, coriaceous blade 6 inches long, 2 inches wide, nerves rather inconspicuous about 12-14 hairs, reticulations conspi- cuous, petiole 14 to 3 inches long. Panicles 4 inches long much resembling those of Gl. Wrayi pubescent. Calyx half the length of the corolla, tubular split on one_ side, pubescent. Petals linear oblong obtuse 5 back pubescent tip tufted with hairs, and a band of hairs down the centre of the inner face. Stamens considerable longer than the petals, filaments very slender. Ovary sub-globose quite glabrous, style lateral rather long. Fruit unripe globose glabrous black. R. A, Soc., No. 49, 1907, *2 18 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. Penang: Balek Pulau (Ridley 9465), This differs from Wray. in the less pubescent spathaceous not bilobed calyx, the pubescence on the inner face of the corolla lobes and the perfectly glabrous ovary. Pedicels 1 inch long ovary elongate angled. Sepals lan- ceolate acuminate #inch long. Petals narrower sulphur yellow. Lip shorter 4 inch long base rather narrow, lateral wings short round distinct, midlobe fleshy lan- ceolate acuminate acute reddish brown. - Sarawak: Sajingkat (Hewitt). Feb. 10,1906. This belongs to the Sestochilus section and is allied to D. Treachertanum. I have not seen the old bulbs. Dendrobium (Sestochilus) radicosus, n. sp. Rhizome very long slender with numerable wiry roots, pseudobulbs elliptic oblong + inch long and as far apart. Older ones larger conic 4 inch long. Leaves 2 to each pseudobulb elliptic coriaceous subacute narrow- ed at the base 4-2 inch long 2 inch across. Flowers ~ ‘solitary terminal, pedicel slender 4 inch upper sepal lanceolate hardly 4 inch long acute laterals slightly broader. Petals narrower shorter oblong obtuse. Men- tum short and rounded. Lip as long as sepals, three lobed base narrowed, lateral lobes broad oblong triangular truucate. Midlobe longer elliptic with 2 thickened papillose ridges at the tip, a number of small papillae on the nerves of the base of the side lobes. Column rather long. A Sarawak: Tiang Lagu (J. Hewitt): ‘ Petals dull pale yellow with a rosy tinge. Lip yellow with red brown spots.” Coelogyne exalata, n. sp. Epiphytic, pseudobulbs crowded subglobose round- ed. Leaf solitary lanceolate petioled coriaceous 6-12 inches long by 3 inches wide acuminate at the base tip mucronulate, petiole 4 inches. Raceme lateral erect, bearing 6 or 7 flowers, 8 inches long. Bracts convolute + inch long brownish green. Pedicel as long. Sepals 1 inch long + inch wide. Upper one spathulate lanceo- late acute laterals oblong acute green tinted brown or - R.A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, sO NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. a light brown, spreading petals shorter spathulate lanceo- late acute green, appressed. Lip spathulate entire, sides at base convolute, tip acute 1 inch long with three distinct nerves and no crests, green. Column white 4 as long as lip dilated up- wards top flattened, apex broad clubshaped truncate Clinaudrium elevated entire, anther deeply sunk, wings incurved. Pollinia 4 in 2 pairs each pair on a distinct lanceolate disc, yellow pyriform, anther 2 celled skull- shaped beaked beak bifid, rostellum lobes large 2 up- curved oblong rounded. Sarawak : on Serapi, the top of Matang end of August 1905 (Ridley 12470). This singular plant differs from any species of Caelogyne i in having a perfectly entire lip with no side lobes, Platyclinis minor, n. sp. Pseudobulbs oblong void, crowded (yellow and much wrinkled when dry) 2 inch long. Leaf linear lanceolate blunt narrowed at a base into a petiole, 3 inches long 1 inch wide, petiole very slender 1 inch long. Peduncle 2-3 inches long very slender flowers crowded in a raceme 1-3 inches long. Bracts papyraceous persis- tent ovate acute } inch long ribbed. Pedicels slightly | longer than the bracts. Flowers 4 inch across. Sepals lanceolate acuminate acute, 3 nerved, central nerve thickest. Petals shorter broader oblong slightly dilat- ed upwards rounded obtuse strongly 1 nerved. Lip pandurate base broad oblong short side lobes small rounded inconspicuous, midlobe elliptic obtuse 3 ribbed. Column narrowed at the base with large triangular wings acuminate, rising from near the top and projecting above the column, wings of clinandrium triangular. Anther ovate. Sarawak Santubong (J. Hewitt). Platyclinis minima, Pseudobulbs very crowded conic obtuse 4 inch long. Leaf elliptic slightly narrowed towards the Jour. Straits Branch NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 31 rounded tip shortly petioled 1 inch long 2 inch wide. Raceme very slender 2 inches long rising from the axil of a broad lanceolate papery sheath. Flowers about 14, distant bracts oblong obtuse papery persistent $ inch long. Pedicel half aslong. Sepals lanceolate acute long. Petals half as long elliptic obtuse lip clawed oblong entire dilate towards the tip rounded. Column have narrow dilated above with lanceolate acu- minate arms rising a little below the stigma. Sarawak: Tiang Layu. (J. Hewitt). Eria (Trichotosia) aurea, n. sp. Stems rather slender erect 18 inches or more tall nearly glabrous except for a line of red hairs on the side opposite the leaf and a circle of red hairs at the mouth, (young parts sprinkled with short red pubes- cence). Leaves, lanceolate light green acute with a broad base rather fleshy glabrous. Racemes | inch long few flowered red hairy. Bract at the base cup-shaped covered with red hairs. Bracts lanceolate obtuse red hairy. Flowers small about 6. 2 inch long, enclusive of ovary. Upper sepal lanceolate acute red hairy later- als ovate fulcate acuminate red hairy, mentum scroti- form. Petals linear falcate obtuse. Capsule elliptic 4 inch long. Sarawak Santubong (Hewitt). Flowers golden yellow with reddish brown hairs. The specimens were nearly past flower. Eria (acridostachyae) triloba, n. sp. Stem apparently cylindric 3 inches long. Leaves lorate or linear-lorate obtuse 14 inches long by one inch wide, subherbaceous. Scapes a foot long, raceme dense all coverd with brown wool. Bracts lanceolate 3 inch long brown woolly, peduncles nearly 4 inch long. Sepals upper lanceolate obtuse, laterals subtriangular, mentum short thick rounded. Petals very thin narrowly linear. Lip three lobed shorter than sepals, base long linear R, A. Soc., No 49, 1907, SpA, NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. very narrow, side lobes triangular lanceate recurved acuminate, midlobe nearly as, long as the claw lanceo- late obtuse fleshy pustulate, all strongly nerved the main nerve elevated on the disc. Column dilated up- wards rostellum projecting. Sarawak Santubong (J. Hewitt). This resembles Aeridostachya Rehb. £. but has a very different lip. Pholidota grandis, n. Sp. = Pseudobulbs several crowded elliptic or conical 2-3 inches long, angled and ribbed. Leaves 2 to each pseudobulb oblong oblanceolate long petioled, acute, blade 12 inches long narrowed into the 13 inch petiole, ribbed. Raceme erect 8 inches or more from the base of a pseudobulb, peduncle half the length nude dull green spotted red. Raceme dense many flowered. Bracts caducous elliptic subobtuse, 4 inch long, as long as the flowers, ovary and pedicel spreading green. Sepals ovate-obtuse apple green. Petals smaller oblong white recurved. Lip base rounded saccate edge elevated un- Julate side lobes, broad irregularly oblong rounded, bifid on the outer edge white. Column short, hood very broad truncate retuse narrowed downwards green. Anther orange Ser cnley, trigibbous two celled stigma cordate. Selangor Semangko Pass. Il in H.B.Singapore Aug. 1905. This fine Pholidota was collected by me with Caelo- gyne Dayana on trees in the Semangkok Pass. In habit it quite resembles a Caelogyne. The flower spike with its dense white flowersis quite attractive. Tainia borneensis, n. sp. Rhizome creeping covered with broken upsheaths. Leaf ovate acuminate 6 inches long 2-24 wide. Glabrous petiole 1 inch long stem a foot long from the axil of a Jour. Straits Branch NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS, 33 leaf pubescent with three or four lanceolate bracts scattered about. Flowers 2 to 6, crowded at the top, pedicel woolly, + inch long, bract lanceolate acuminate glabrous. Upper sepal lanceolate acuminate, laterals broader, forming a short blunt mentum at the base 4 inch long. Petals narrower, linear acuminate. Lip shorter obcuneate, base oblong dilated towards the end into a broad truncate limb with two short side lobes and one small oblong median one. Column rather long curved, stelidia short, anther lanceolate. Pullinia ovoid flattened. Sarawak : Mt. Lingga (Hewitt). \ Plocoglottis borneensis, n. sp. Pseudobulbs several, terete thickened slightly towards the base and purplish 2 inches long. Leaf solitary, broadly lanceolate, 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, plicate tapering to the winged petiole, seven-nerved dark green. Peduncle 12-16 inches tall pubescent arising from above the base of the pseudobulb. Bracts small ovate acuminate. Flowers several. Upper sepal largest 4 inch long lanceolate, long acuminate-yellow base red spotted, laterals similar but narrower at the base, backs pubes- cent. Petals similar but glabrous. Lip less than } inch long, quadrate, tip broad equally shortly trifid pale yellow. Column about as long yellow with two broad flat wings white with red edges and descending bar, a violet streak below, widened at the base. Anther cap thick dark yellow blunt with a strong ridge running to the tip. Pollinia 4 in two pairs in narrow cells of the anther, elliptic one slightly above the other, pedicel linear-pulverulent, discs oblong yellow rather large. Margin of clinandrium elevate subovate. Stigma large ovate. Common in Sarawak especially at Lundu, and Tam- busan, terrestrial in damp woods. Also at Bidi. R. A. Soc. No. 49, 1907. *3 34 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. _ This plant I took at first for Reichenbach’s Ploco- glottis Lowwi (Xenia Orchidacea: Vol. II p. 142. pl. 154). But even allowing for very rough drawing this can hard- ly be intended for the common Sarawak species. The flowers of this exactly resemble those of P. moluccana Bl. but that is figured and described as belonging to the group of many leaved Plocoglottis. No one seems to have seen Plocoglottis Loww since it was first intro- ‘duced. It is described as having yellow and brown flow- ers as large as those of cattleya luteola. By some extra- — ‘ ordinary error Hallier has identified it with a plant which from his figure and description I take to be Pl. porphyrophylla Ridl. and J. J. Smith has followed this determination in his orchids of Amboina. No two spe- cies of the genus are more utterly dissimilar. Pl. porphy- _ rophylla with its dull purplish flowers half an inch across, and most peculiar lower sepals cannot possibly be the plant Reichenbach intended, with flowers 2 inches across, — bright yellow with the lower sepals quite resembling the: upper one. The following are fie species of the genus known. Some from Borneo. Species with single leave to each pseudobulb. Pl. Lowii, Reh. Locality unknown said to be Bornean. Pi. borneensis, Rid]. Sarawak. Pi porphyrophylla, Rid]. (Pl. Loww Hallier not Reichen- bach) recorded from Borneo by Hallier, Pl. parviflora, Ridl. Species with leafy stems. Pl. dilatata, Bl. Sarawak, Mt. Kowa. Braang (Haviland 76) on limestone rocks. Jour. Straits Branch NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 35 e Pl. parviflora. Leaves lanceolate acuminate 2 glabrous thin 5 nerved narrowed toa long petiole 12-16 inches long 14 inch wide. Scape lateral from the rhizome, rather stout 2 feet long, scurfy pubescent, flowers distant few, small. Pedicel and ovary 4 inch long. Closely scurfily pubescent. Sepals narrow linear oblong cuspidate 3, inch long. Petals subspathulate narrower. Lip base _ oblong,-limb broader ovate oblong cuspidate, with two short linear ridges on the limb. Column tall, anther cordate in outline, top fleshy retuse. — Sarawak : Mt. Lingga (Hewitt). Allied to Pl. Porphyrophylla, Ridl. but the flowers are much smaller and the lip of a different shape. Saccolabium aurewm, n. sp. Stem about 2 inches long. Leaves crowded lorate 3 inches long litte more than 4 inch wide thick, apex very unequally bilobed, tops rounded. Racemes 1 inch long dense flowered. Bracts lanceolate acuminate } the length of the pedicel and ovary. Flowers } inch long pale greenish yellow or golden yellow, spur white. Upper ‘sepal ovate acute, laterals ovate oblong mucronulate. ' Petals as long oblong obtuse narrower. Lip ovate rather longer than the sepals, sides elevated rounded (lateral lobes) terminal lobe narrower half the length of the hypochil, linear oblong, ending in a fleshy rounded callus spur as long as the lip nearly as long as the pedi- cel stout cylindric obtuse upeurved. Column very short with two much longer erect horns acute. Anther skull- shaped with a very large oblong truncate beak. Pelli- nia 2 globose small on an oblong linear pedicel with a much larger oblong truncate disc bearing a short process ‘beyond the point where the pedicel adheres. _ Sarawak : Kuching (J. Hewitt). This curious species is most nearly allied to S. secundi- florum, Ridley. R, A. Soe. Noa, 49, 1907. 36 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. S. brachystachys, n. sp. Stem short, 4 inches long very thick. Leaves lorate - coriaceous, thick 8 inches long, 14 inch wide, deep green, apex bluntly unequally lobed. Panicles short 3 branch- ed, branches 1 inch long many flowered. Bracts very short ovate acute. Sepals oblong obtuse 4 inch long. Petals shorter narrower linear, all yellow with a central reddish bar. Lip, side lobes large oblong ending ina cusp, midlobe ovate obtuse violet, spur short rounded scrotiform white, a broad oblong fleshy bar over the mouth of the spur, and a short conic boss in the centre _of the lip between the side lobes. Column thick, wings incurved white, anther broad long-beaked. Pollinia elliptic curved, on a long linear pedicel with a small disc. Sarawak : Tambusan, fl. H. B. S. 1905. This plant is not rarely brought from Sarawak by native collectors. S. validum. Roots copious thick corky, stem stout 4 inches long 4 inch through. Leaves coriaceous lorate 6 inches long 2 inch through unequally bilobed. Panicles from lower axils 9 inches long slender, peduncle 3 inches long, branches 2, upper one longest. Flowers numerous but remote. Bracts ovate acute small. Pedicels 4 inch long. Sepals lanceolate subacute. Petals much small- er, dull yellow, with reddish purple blotching in centre, Lip shorter, spur nearly as long as the ovary straight cylindric blunt, side lobes short oblong rhomboid blunt, midlode longer, short ovate fleshy callus in mouth of spur fleshy quadrate large decurved. No septum in spur or callus. Column short, anther 4 celled ovate. Pollinia transversly bilobed, pedicel oblong linear, disc oblong truncate column wings short incurved. Rostel- lum arms horizontal oblong truncate with a minute pro- cess at the upper edge. Perak : Kamuning (Machado) July 10, 1905. Certainly allied to S. pallidus. Jour. Straits Branch _NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 37 S. fissicors, 0. sp. Stem 4 or 5 incheslong. Leaves linear oblong round- ed emarginate at the lip 4-5 inches long 1 inch across rather thickly coriaceous. Raceme 10 inches long very slender, peduncle 6 inches long purple. LBracts very small ovate. Flowers rather distant small. Rachis faintly black scurfy. Occasionally one branch near the base. Pedicel and ovary 4 inch long bright yellow green. Sepals ovate oblong, ;1, inch long blunt dark red brown. Petals narrower linear similarly colored. Lip side lobes small erect truncate yellowish, midlobe cordate acute, notched on either side, violet with centre and edges white. Spur nearly as long as the pedicel parallel to it or deflexed cylindric slightly flatened, violet, an oblong recurved fleshy lamina truncate in the mouth, spur not divided. Column rather tall violet, wings obscure. Anther white scull shaped truncate emarginate in fruit. Pollinia flattened globose orbicular, 2 bilobed, pedicel, flat, narrowed above and below, slightly dilate in the middle, disc very small oblong. Rostellum lobes short oblong truncate with defiexed points. Stigma cordate. Perak: Kamuning (A. D. Machado). Flowered Singapore Botanic Gardens 1906, December. _ This is near S. Scortechinit, but has the habit of _ Spensile, Ridl. Trichoglottis punctata, un. sp. Stem slender branched 18 inches long, sheaths ribbed linch long, leaves narrowly lanceolate acuminate 4 inches long 4-+ inch wide, narrowed at the base. Racemes 4 inch long few flowered, 1 or 2. Flower } inch fleshy, upper sepal oblong obtuse, laterals deltoid tri- angular. Petals oblong obtuse. Lip adnate to the column at the base, very fleshy, shorter than the sepals, base oblong channelled hardly spur-like, but exé¢avate, below the column a linear fiat lamina obtuse entire, apex B.-A, Soc., No, 49, 1907, 38 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. bilobed dilate lobes rounded with obscure fleshy process- es projecting from the tip, behind two horn like side processes, all glabrous column thick, anther skull-shaped shortly beaked in front. Stelidia thick subtriangular, rostellum very short and indistinct. Pollinia not seen. “Flowers yellow with red brown spots on the inside and reddish edging outside.” | Sarawak : Lingga (J. Hewitt). Only one specimen with a single flower seen. Near Tr. lanceolaria, Bl. but the spur is less develop- ed, the lip is distinctly bifid at the tip. ? Sarcochilus fragrans, nu. sp. Stem 3 inches long. Leaves 9 linear lanceolate sub- falcate narrowed at the base 6 inches long one inch wide, dull green coriaceous, Scape 5 inches long, sub- terete winged. Bracts persistent ovate 4 inch long green. Flowers open three at atime. TPedicels 3 inch long. Upper sepal orbicular obovate, lower ones much larger 4 inch long orbicular ovate. Petals small } inch long spathulate all white with a transverse line of one or 2 ocreous blotches. Lip # inch long, side lobes oblong rounded, spur shoe-shaped narrowed to a blunt point, with a raised boss or tootn in the upper face, calli in the mouth three, 2 longer than the median one short blunt tooth-like. Lip all white except an ocre blotch below the mouth. Column short, with a long foot, — white with an indian red bar on each side of the foot running up and meeting behind the column. Anther broad and flat, thin ovate shortly beaked. Pollinia 2 globular bilobed, pedicel very short, dise oblong lanceo- late small. Clinandrium shallow. Rostellum bifid of two linear processes, column wings incurved. This pretty and deliciously fragrant orchid was found on a coffee- bush on Matang estate. It is allied to S. unguiculatus, but very distinct. | Jour, Straits Branch NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 39 S. stellatus, n. sp. Stem thick 3 inches Tae Leaves 6 oblong obtuse unequally bilobed 4 inches long and one inch across, - thick and stiff. Racemes $ inch long. Bracts small ovate. Flowers expanded, ovary and pedicel + inch long, sepals } inch long spreading oblong acute pale greenish yellow. Petals smaller linear oblong acute. Lip 4 inch long, side lobe oblong rounded broad yellow- ish, with dull indian red and ovate markings inside, spur short blunt white, a large rounded callus just below the lobes white with 2 violet spots. Column longer than the foot }inch long yellow, anther thin ovate acute, with a bar- shaped rib across the top. Pollinia semilinear yellow, pedicel linear short, disc small obleng. Clinan- drium very shallow. Rostellum lobes short broad triangular. Capsule sessile oblong an inch long. _ Sarawak: cult. in Bishop Hose’s Coden exactlocality uncertain, Sept. 1905. bye) , . Sey we ‘ v ‘ > : ne 7 t = ee r ' = i ¥ * s 1 Le 2 st) 1 5 War = he ne 3 rs L e S e ai 2 ; z ‘ 2 es + A = ie z f ” hoe a eee ae r Bie Saree Said + Fr pone pri 8 ae — T 4! ee cpr nen a te a a a - ~ wer ait * She Lata eS % ao eS A Py fed eat = ea CAPTURE OF A RARE TURTLE. 65 are reproduced here as hitherto illustrations of this species have given in general a far from accurate representation of its appearance. OCIEIY: ROYAL ASIATIC § b] AITS BRANCH STR : Pian, JOU JOURNAL 48 ‘(poor ) yan ALIYJVIT Malayan Pigs. A Recent Zoological Paper. G. S, Miller’s ‘“‘Notes on Malayan Pigs.” By ©: Bopen Kuoss, F. Z. s. One of the most recent of publications dealing with the fauna of the Oriental region is a most interesting and valuable paper by Mr. Gerrit 8. Miller, which throws a fresh light on the varieties and distribution of the pigs of the Malayan area. ‘* Notes on Malayan Pigs” * is based on a quite unique collection of 62 specimens from the Malayan Peninsula and Islands, presented to the U. S. National Museum by Dr. W. 1s Abbott, and a small contribution of 4 specimens obtained in Johore by myself. In addition to having all this material to work upon Mr, Miller has also examined the types and collec- tions in the Natural History LUNIA 2 at Berne, Berlin, Leyden and London. Excluding the Javan species (as not being yet represented in the U.S. N. M. collection) the pigs of Western Malaya are broadly defined as belonging to one or the other of three groups typified as the Barbatus group, the Cristatus group and the Vittatus group. In the first group, the “ bearded pigs,” of greatest local interest perhaps is Sus 07, Miller, the species which occurs in the Sumatran area, and is, so far, known from the swampy plains of south-eastern Sumatra, from Banka and from the Rhio Archipelago, where, inhabiting Pulo Battam, it most closely approaches the Straits Settlements. The other members are Sus barbatus, Miiller, of Borneo, with which Mr. Miller finds Sus longtrostris, Nehring, to be * Proceedings of The United States National Museum, Vol. eee pages 737-758, with Plates XXXIX—LXIV. Jour, Straits Branch BR. A. Soc., No, 49, 1907. 68 | MALAYAN PIGS. synonymous, and a new species, Sus gargantua, founded by Mr. Miller on the skull of a young adult male from south-eastern Borneo. This, besides being the largest of known living pigs (upper length of skull of young adult 570 mm., of old S. barbatus 510 mm.), is further distinguished by having its ex- tremely low occipital region produced backwards to a degree quite unknown in others of the group. The members of the Cristatus group are confined to the mainland and the near-by islands. It has long been thought that the wild pig of the Peninsula was the same as the Sus cristatus, Wagner, of India proper and when writing’a note on the Sumatran Sus oi for the Journal (No. 45, p. 60), I stated. that “only one species of wild pig is at present known to occur in the Malay Peninsula and that is the animal regarded as identical with Sus cristatus of India,” but it appears that the animal ranging from Tower Tenasserim southwards must now be separated from the Indian form. It is now described under the name of Sus jubatus ; and to a form from Pulo Teratau, and perhaps other islands off the west coast of the Peninsula, that is like jubatus but not as large, Mr. Miller has given the name jubatulus. It is unfortunate however that in making into a separate species an animal that inhabits a shoal-water island situated close to the mainland, the author has only one example to work upon. The pigs of the Vittatus group are purely insular except one new species from the southern extremity of the Malay Penin- sula, They range from the Andamans and Nicobars in the west to the Natunas in the east. The typical Sus vitiatus, Miller and Schlegel, inhabits the mainland of Sumatra and the Rhio Archipelago form now becomes a separate species under the name of rhionis. The largest known member of the group, which is specially interesting as inhabiting the Asiatic main- land (so that the Peninsula is now found to possess at least two peculiar pigs), occurs in Johore. This is Sus peninsularis and presumably the pig of Singapore Island is of this species also. The remaining species of this group are widely distributed. On Pulo Nias, on Pulo Babi together with Pulo Tuanku and lastly on Pulo Simalu, all islands of the West Sumatra chain, Jour, Straits Braneh MALAYAN PIGS. : 69 are found respectively Sus niadensis, Sus babi and Sus mimus all described for the first time. The animal that occurs in the islands of the Natunas between the Peninsula and Borneo is Sus natunensis, Miller, while Sws nicoboricus, Miller, is known as yet by specimens from Great Nicobar Island only. The smallest member of the group—smaller even than nicobaricus or mimus, is Sus andamanensis, Blyth. from the Andaman Islands. The paper contains full descriptions, keys and measure- ments, and is illustrated by many plates (amongst which are reproductions of a mounted Sus barbatus), of mandibular teeth and skulls in various aspects, all of which greatly facilitate the identification of the different species. Mantra Gajah. By AV Nguores)1 MAXWELL. In an article, which I contributed to the Society’s Journal No. 45, and in which I gave a translation of a book of charms used by Malay elephant-drivers, I mentioned that I had in my possession another book of similar charms. It consists of six sheets of stout paper, sewn down the middle so as to make a small book of twelve sheets or twenty- four pages. The outer cover has been stained a rich chocolate colour by the moisture of warm and perhaps not over clean | hands and by the smoke of the fire-places over which the Malays keep, in hanging racks, the articles which they wish to preserve from damp. There is nothing in the book or on its cover to give any idea of its age, and Mat Jawi, the Assistant Penghulu of Kuala Plus, who gave it to me, could only say, in - general terms, that it was old, and that it had been in hig family for along time. Mat Jawi is the grandson of the for- mer Orang Kaya kaya Sri Adika Raja, and, as the book of which I have already given a translation is expressly stated to contain the hereditary lore “that has come down from the Datohs Sri Adika Raja unto the present day,” it is only to be expected that the charms set forth in the two books should closely resemble one another. ‘This book begins abruptly without an introduction of any kind, and ends even more abruptly by reason of the available space on the paper being exhausted. In the last line, the writer started to give a charm to soften the heart of an elephant, and then, seeing that he had no more paper, scratched it out, and scribbled under it ; tatnat 7 the end.” I here reproduce the book in its entirety in “roman” characters. I have not attempted to edit it in any way, of such part of it as is Malay no translation is necessary, and of such part of it as is not Malay I am unable to give a transla- tion. I am inelined to think that the non-Malay charms are nothing but a corrupt form of Siamese, and to ascribe to Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 72 MANTRA GAJAH. them a much more recent period than I had suggested in my first article. It is impossible to say when the Siamese fed came down the Peninsula in search of elephants. Their own country has always been richly stocked with elephants; and at this day, from all accounts, there roam through the forests, in a semi- wild condition, herds of these great animals for which there is little or no commercial use. It is unlikely, therefore, that the Siamese should, at any early period, have gone far afield in search of animals for which there was but little demand in their own country; unless, of course, the search was one that was being made for the sacred white elephant. It was perhaps not until the development of India and Burmah caused a demand for elephants for state ceremonies and for business purposes, and created a trade between Siam and these countries, that the Malay Peninsula was laid under come bution to supply elephants. This trade in elephants was particularly referred to by | Gemelli Careri, who in 1695 went from Goa to Malacca. He ein tan Co eae (Vol. III. pp. 358, 359) an account, which is translated in Churchill’s Voyages, Vol. IV- p. 284, as follows: -—‘‘all the country of Malacca, Cambaya ‘Siam, Ciampa, Cocincinna and Tunchin abounds in elephants of which the Siamese particularly make a great trade, carry- ‘ing them by land to the opposite coast and port of Tena- ‘“ zarin, belonging to the King of Siam, near the Gulf of Bengala, ‘where merchants buy to transport them by sea into the ‘dominions of Mahometan princes.”’ The extent to which this trade in elephants grew is shewn in the records of the India Office. The following notices of ships with elephants arriving at the port of Masulipatam, from Tenasserim alone, are taken from the Diary and Consultation Book of that factory.* April 25 1680 A ship with elephants May 324680 Ab’: aghip ob: & bs - 4 April 4, 21> 4681 a i . lin eners * Anderson’ s ‘* English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth Century” p, 20. Jour, Straits Brgnek MANTRA GAJAH. 73 Feb. 21 1682 iS ship with 15 elephants. Heb. 22 1682 15 Feb. DF 1682 A BS . Seg a Foe April 20 1682 a ‘4 Gos; April 529° 1682 ie a 53 fens March 1684 Two ships an ce 6 We aes April 1684 A ship a Poe Apr ie 1684 B 20 The Siamese ae sage UEEE. the Malay JPenaeenle to ‘supply this surprising demand for elephants probably used the Mantra Gajah that are recorded in these manuscripts. But whether it was in the Seventeenth Century that the Malays learnt these Mantras, or whether their acquisition of this lore dates from a period before it or after it, can, until further information on the subject is forthcoming, only be matter for conjecture. | _— Mantra Gajah. Bab ini hendak tiup tentang atau di-bacha Le batu di- limpar-kan pada gajah itu. Ini-lah di-kata-nya Om kundanga ding lanes sai teluwang tekulin dipin- tai rambut teluling di-hadapan tibalulon kakanan tibalulun kakiri sikab piah ieee ee Hai gajah aku tahu asal angkau mula menjadi, - Merkubulia ka-mulia asal mu, - Kau turut kata, Jika tiada turut kata ku, Mati di-bunoh Sri Rama; Jika angkau turut kata ku Di-hidupi uleh Maha Risi. Kul. Ini melembut-kan hati gajah di-bacha pada tebu tiga krat Tni-lah kata-nya, Om darang muka-nya darang darang lang-li muka-nya langli telon changku kan kusa mu hati-ku akan chucha-mu - lidah kau akan sangkal mu tendurong kakanan tenduron kakiri tundok chinta kapada aku puah rab, B, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 74 MANTRA GAJAH. Bab ini buang hantu rimba. Ini kata-nya. Om berang berat pikat pikau rambin perai siah eae leku turun luwai hantu rimba puah rengab. Pada tiga likur bulan Safar pada hari malam khamis, ini pematah hati gajah barang biut-nya mau katahui asal-nya kata-nya. Hai Adam lemit aku tahu asal mu, Allah Tuhan mu, | Nabi Muhammad penghulu mu, Siti Hawa nama ibu mu, Nan Pachi nama mu, Jusan nama aku, _Jangan angkau derhaka pada aku, Jika angkau derhaka kapada aku, Sarupa angkau derhaka kapada Piarawan. Fasal pada menyata-kan segala ubat penyakit gajah. - Per- tama ini ubat besar deripada Pijang, pertama ambil akar pe- sambu dan daun-nya, dan pesambu kayu ambil akar-nya, dan daun-nya, dan akar chanerai hitam, dan akar chichir, dan akar pianggu, dan akar pulai, dan akar rotan dini, dan akar rotan tetawar, dan akar tutop bumi, dan akar panggai panggai, dan - akar jerun, dan akar kuchai, dan akar gelenggang, dan akar kedudok dan akar paku, dan akar tambun tahi, dan akar temu. Bab ini patih kusa; ambil daun kekiat segenggam, herat sosokkan pada kapala gajah dengan kusa-nya sakalli. ; Bab ini ubat tuai, maka ambil sampah yang lekat kapada kayu yang ter-gerak-gerak di-ayer itu, maka per-habu harang buboh minyak, maka sapu-kan pada ekor gajah itu. Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mau bernang, maka ambil ki- ambang, maka per-habu harang buboh minyak maka sapu-kan kapada gumba- -nya, dan piah-nya kiri kanan. Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mau tidor di-ayer maka ambil lumut yang lekat di-pangkal-pangkal prahu orang, maka per-. habu harang maka buboh minyak, maka sapu-kan pada gumba- - nya dan piah-nya kiri kanan. Bab ini ubat membuang geli gajah, maka ambil ulun ~ merah sa-genggam herat, maka gosokkan kapada sumba-nya, dan piah-nya kiri kanan, Jour. Straits Brauch MANTRA GAJAH. 76 Bab ini ubat gajahiya-itu maka ambil daun labu yang naik pada rumah orang, maka mengambil dia itu churi jangan di-tahu uleh tuan-nya, dan timba perigi orang itu pun churi juga, maka per-habu harang maka bubok minyak gosokkan pada belalai-nya. Bab ini ubat pelambut hati gajah, maka ambil asin asin - ga-genggam herat, maka gosokkan pada piah-nya kiri kanan. Bab ini ubat orang kena chemahang, maka ambil getah merbau yang muntah-kan darah ambil dengan tanah-nya sakali dan chemara putri dan mempalas dan ayer buku kayu dan ayer kubang babi, maka ramas sakelian-nya itu maka limau- kan kapada orang yang kena chemahang itu ’afiat uleh-nya. Bab ini ubat gajah kena kesar api ambil akar jenjuang _merah dan ambil umbut tebrau dan daun limau nipis dan -maswi bawang merah kunyit terus dan lada sulah, maka mamah dengan sirih pinang, maka sembor tujoh petang ’afiat. Bab ini ubat gajah kesar ambil akar bunga raia dan akar jerangau mamah dengan sirih pinang sembor tiga petang ’afiat. Bab ini ubat gajah sakit perut chirit, ambil kulit pauh dan buah asam jawa, dan kulit kebantong dan kulit jambu ayer, dan kulit sena dan langkmang atau kulit-nya sakelian- nya itu di-tumbok lumat-lumat beri makan gajah itu serta dengan garam siam ’afiat.. ! Bab ini ubat gajah makan tanah, ambil chaching dan tanah lembah; ada pun chaching itu di-rendang dahulu sudah --itu champur dengan tanah lembah i makan beri makan gajah itu tiga petang ’afiat. Bab ini ubat gajah bengkak kaki- -nya atau tuboh-nya, ambil halia dan kunyit dan limping dan kunyit terus, maka giling lumat-lumat buboh garam siam maka hangat-kan pada api chamur-kan kapada gajah itu barang tiga petang ‘afiat. Bab ini ubat gajah ter-salah, ambil daun gelenggang dan daun raminggu dan daun asin, asin semua-nya itu rendang kring kring buboh minyak buboh di-dalam tempurong hangat- kan pada api, maka chamur-kan pada gajah sakit itu barang tiga petang atau tiga hari ’afiat. Bab ini ubat Shenae beri gemok, ambil kulit nada dan ‘garam siam maka rendam-kan kulit badak itu dan garam siam “B, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, 76... MANTRA GAJAH. itu kapada ayer madu, maka beri minum gajah itu barang ae tiga hari. Bab ini ubat gajah hendak | gemok maka ambil buah pedindang dan garam siam, maka rendam-kan pada ayer madu beri minum gajah itu barang tiga hari. Bab ini ubat tiada mahu trum, maka ambil akar can yang jantan makan dengan sirih pinang sembur kapada segala siku gajah itu barang tiga hari. Bab ini ubat gajah mata ber-ayer, maka ambil buah mating bakar hangus hangus, maka asah dengan ayer limau -nipis, maka buboh pada mata gajah itu. Bab ini ubat tiada patih kusa, ambil amas dan perak dan tembaga dan besi, maka rendam pada ayer maka mandi-kan kapada kepala gaja itu serta dengan kusa-nya barang tiga hari. Bab ini ubat membunoh segala Cae di-dalam perut gajah, maka ambil terong perat yang masak dan lengkuas padang dan garam siam dan kulit melak, maka kita belah terong ~ itu dan lengkuas itu tumbok lumat lumat maka kita buboh di- dalam tebu atau pisang, maka kita beri makan gajah itu — barang tiga hari. Bab ini ubat gajah melenggang, ambil akar gelenggang ae akar terong asam, maka makan dengan sirih pinang sembur- kan kapada gumba-nya dan pipi-nya kiri kanan lalu pada buah anchar- “nya Ta kanan barang tiga petang. 5 Bab ini ubat pengasih gajah yang liar akan gajah jinak © maka ambil akar tutup bumi maka kita makan dengan sirih pinang, maka kita semburkan kapada dahi gajah kita dan sumba-nya dan pipi-nya kiri kanan dan telinga-nya maka lepas-kan-lah gajah kita itu. : Bab ini ubat gajah kena kesar ayer, ambil jenjuang puteh umbut-nya dan kulit bonglai dan kunyit terus, maswi bawang merah dan lada sulah, maka sembur saperti dahulu juga. Bab ini akan jarang karang ambil buah kabong dan pisang benggala dan umbut chiru maka tumbok lumat lumat rendam di-dalam pasu jaram-kan kepala gajah itu. Ini-lah mantra- nya ‘ Om kat ti-u tawi sak, Jour, Straits Branch MANTRA GAJAH. Lak Bab ini ubat gajah beri pulang sendiri, ambil tungku rumah orang tinggal dan tangga-nya dan bendul-nya maka beri makan gajah itu dengan tebu barang tujoh hari. Bab ini ubat kena besir, ambil kunyit terus hitam dan puteh, dan tanah lembah yang hitam dan umbut terau, maswi, bawang merah, lada sulah, maka masok kapada tebu atau pisang maka beri makan. Bab ini ubat gajah hendak gemok ambil temakol dan pusat buaia beri makan gajah itu di-dalam ayer hingga lem- bong perut-nya serta garam siam dan kapada bulan tiga-belas atau lima-belas sudah-nya temakol dengan kulit buaia itu jemor kering kering. Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mahu makan maka ambil leng- kuas dan akar pisang pisang tumbok lumat lumat, maka beri makan serta garam siam. Bab ini ubat gajah Rendale gemok, ambil patawali dan akar terong perat dan akar terong pipit dan akar terong asam dan akar mentajam chinchang lumat lumat serta garam siam rendam kapada bekas, maka beri minum gajah itu. Sabagai lagi ubat gajah gemok ambil jenjuang besar dan jenjuang puteh dan akar betik dan akar mentajam, maka beri makan serta garam slam. | Bab ini ubat gajah sejuk kena penyakit, ambil akar terong -asam dan akar rotan dini dan akar chekor jerangau dan akar jenjuang merah dan akar kunyit terus dan bawang merah lada sulah, makan dengan sirih pinang sembur kapada selerah tuboh gajah itu. Bab ini jika gajah kena sakit hangat ambil daun igtawan dan akar nior dan akar tebu betong dan akar jenjuang puteh dan akar chiru dan akar rotan tetawar mamah dengan suit pinang sembur selerah tuboh gajah itu. : Bab ini ubat gajah kesar ambil buah kayu yang He pada pasir merah warna-nya, beri makan serta garam siam barang tiga hari. Danlagi ubat kesar ambil daun sunting hantu dan daun mentajam dan daun pinang tumbok buboh kapor tuhor bedak-kan pada tuboh gajah itu barang tiga hari. Bab ini ubat membunoh biar di-dalam perut gajah, maka ambil sendawa dan jemuju kharsani beri makan gajah itu ‘afiat, R, A, Soe., No, 49, 1907, 78 MANTRA GAJAH. Bab ini fasal pada menyatakan nama penyakit gajah. Per-tama-tama, jika bengkak hujong beialai gajah itu, Mersud nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak di-bawah dagu- “nya, Merchun nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak gumba-nya, Mertab nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak mata-nya, Mer-ka-but nama-nya, Dan jika bengkak pada telinga-nya, Keron nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak di-dalam perut- “nya, Merpun nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak pada supek karong atau shahwat-nya, Mertemu nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak sabelah kaki-nya, Mernu nama penyakit, Dan jika bengkak kedua kaki-nya, Maratalum nama penyakit-nya, Dan jika bengkak jubor-nya, Merchap nama penyakit-nya, Dan jika bengkak hujong ekor-nya, Merpahat nama penyakit-nya, . Dan jika bengkak belalai-nya, ubat-nya ambil daun lang- kudi dan daun peria, daun labu kentang, dan tahi lembu, kapor tahor dan garam semua-nya itu pipis lumat lumat tampalkan pada bengkak itu, Dan jika hens gumba-nya itu, ambil kulit remunggai dan kulit dedap dan kulit lemping dan kunyit terus dan lengkuas padang dan limau nipis, maka > tumbok lumat lumat, maka rebus hangat sapu-kan pada gumba- nya, dan bengkak di-bawah dagu pun ubat inijua. Dan lagi ubat bengkak mata-nya maka ambil kulit lembu dan kapala arak dan daun peria dengan akar-nya dan daun langkudi dengan akar-nya dan daun labu gantang dengan akar-nya, maka bakar kulit lembu itu hangus hangus sakelian-nya itu tumbok lumat lumat champur dengan kapala arak, maka buboh- kan kapada yang bengkak itu neschaya semboh uleh-nya, dan Jour. Straits Branch MANTRA GAJAH. 79 jika gajah bengkak telinga-nya maka ambil buah asam jawa dan buah limau kerbau, limau purut, limau manis, limau kerat lintang, maka sakelian itu ambil daun-nya dan akar-nya chin- chang lumat lumat rebus kapada api, maka tuang dengan hampas-nya kapada bengkak itu barang tiga hari. Bab ini pada menyatakan laksana gajah, Jika ada gajah itu ber-jalan saperti lembu ber-tuah gajah itu, Dan jika gajah itu ber-jalan saperti kuda atau pelandok gajah itu ber-tuah. se Fasal pada email tuah gajah, Apabila gajah itu mengerab telinga-nya ber-temu di-ha- dapan dan belalai-nya sampai ka-tanah dan gading-nya dekat dengan tanah selak nampak-nya lima lapis atau tiga lapis kuku- nya dua puloh, dan shahwat-nya sampai ka-tanah, dan ekor- nya sampai ka-tanah gajah itu chalaka. Bab ini pri menyatakan chelaka gajah, Jika hitam langit-langit gajah itu atau bukor lidah-nya chelaka. Atau yang kelong gajah itu bidak dua belas chelaka-nya Atau kuku-nya anam belas, Atau ekor tiada gajah‘itu chelaka. Atau bidak di-bawah dagu-nya rupa-nya merah, Atau di-telinga-nya gajah itu bidak chelaka, Atau di-bawah perut-nya bidak chelaka Atau ekor- -nya yang helong tiada baik. Bab ini pri menyatakan kapada masa iya makan atau minum jangan di-sembur-kan-nya biar-lah dengan per-lahan lahan juga, jikalau ada lebih di-makan-nya itu di-letakkan-nya di- hadapan- “nya gajah itu baik. Bab ini pada menyatakan bangsa gajah, Per-tama-tama, Mersan nama-nya gajah itu tinggi-nya dua belas hesta, akan bangsa gajah itu deripada Membang. J ika, tinggi-nya anam hesta, bangsa gajah itu deripada Dewa, Jika tinggi-nya lima hesta gajah itu, bangsa deripada Indra, Jika tinggi-nya lima hesta gajah itu, bangsa-nya deripada Bangsawan, — RB. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 80 MANTRA GAJAH. Jika tinggi- “nya lima hesta, maka yang ter-sebut saporti di- aalam temrai nu ’aini tarong sikan. Jika gajah itu gading-nya angkat sabelah kanan gajah itu mata-nya puteh gajah itu ber-tuah. ; Dan jika gajah itu bulu ekor- “nya puteh gading-nya angkat sabelah kiri gajah itu tiada baik. “ Finai’’ nama-nya. } Jikalau gajah itu gading-nya angkat sabelah kanan, — “ Tink’? nama-nya gajah itu, tetapi baik. Jikalau gajah itu hitam gading-nya dan sabelah puteh, chelaka gajah itu. Ada pun gajah yang baik gading-nya puteh kadua. Bab ini kita hendak menarek tunggal, Jika tunggal itu tiada mahu mengikut, ini-lah mantra-nya, maka ambil tanah tiga kepal, atau barang yang patut dapat di- makan gajah itu, maka mantra-kan dengan mantra ini, maka - di-lontarkan kapada gajah itu. Ini-lah yang di-bacha-nya, © Ma-tapu chum-kan midun yoh ka-yau ambi kawan teng- wan wan pirak dut pirak situn duraja os kan lan teng nura ambi kewat tengwan wan. Bab ini jika kita di-hambat haneeal Ini-lah mantra-nya Tut tahai chati chatang lipu tut hai. Bab ini jika hendak menjerat gajah di-dalam hutan atau di-dalam kubu, atau membuka hutan atau kubu, a Ini-lah mantra-nya, Am kanching kandui kaikitai karum kau chakan tang- langkan langka peryumaha pau Sidi-kan guru ombak batiya. Bab ini kenaling kambing hutan, ini-lah kenaling-nya : Om yang chong bang dai bang tu bang ru bang tipal yang kemun kamaya om shar wa bang sidi-kan guru om buk batiya. Bab ini ubat gajah supaya berani ber-juang maka ambil akar leletup dan akar panggil, maka tumbok lumat lumat buboh di-dalam tebu beri-kan gajah itu makan barang tiga hari neschaya berani uleh-nya. Bab ini jika gajah itu cherdek, pertama ambil kulit remunggai dan kulit asam jawa dan buah-nya yang masak ambil ayer limau nipis dan ayer tebu, maka buboh di-dalam rumput beri-kan makan neschaya ’afiat uleh-nya. Bab ini ubat mantra suku, Jour, Straits Braneh MANTRA GAJAH. Sl Tima safaha charu s’osi ra ara saufa katu yash a sema kankha teru kiseru asam pintu. Ada pun sakelian ubat itu, ini-lah jampi-nya maka di-hambus- kan tiga kali. Bab ini mantra membuang perai, Om biranduk randai kaparai perai pundum nichampaling cham chik irak ku wan cham yut nacham-mu lang mu terung kuk miter muchang teping tau peria munteri puah, Om chating ting chaketang telang kau chung-kan yet kuta yet kau naret terat tuanku suroh luloh lulai peyak tau ter u yerwon bat teha teraua biba yun tahom yaman changrai miok keta wie. Bab ini membuang hantu kambing hutan, ~Om bing bing bangtu bang dai bangti pada bang kamut meya om rengab serpa rengab. Bab ini mantra perabun gajah, Om pan pang maha pang pit om tau tau sahom siti ker- tana sahom om sauhom. Bab ini perengab, Om rengab chang rengab dzai rengab pital piyat yakrom rengab per-yom apom rengab rungkang karamai rengab pada p2yaman pong om rengab maha ee sidikan guru om bok batiya. Bab ini mantra gajah naik rengka - Om pat maha pat chailaku pat kuru hei mihan changrai mayu tani. Bab ini mantra mengarang-kan tali rotan Om kan kat changra mau kau ikat pekarangku. Bab ini jika menjerat gajah yang besar, maka di-tahan sidin itu maka di-sembur dengan kunyit terus kemdian di- kunchi-kan mata sidin itu. Ini-lah mantra-nya. ; Om yok bat kau chabat diran dai bau bangkat chang pacha nangkrai om maha risi si bok katarak tanta pongtala cha nangai aurab rab perakamtu rengab, maka lalu Peary kan dengan kunyit terus lalu di-tahan. Bab ini jika ber-kubu gajah bacha-kan kapada tet terus beri-kan kapada orang kubu itu suroh sembur-kan sake- liling kubu itu. Inilah mantra-nya, R. A. Soc., No, 49, 1907. 82 3 MANTRA GAJAH. Ikrai min puni chi chana rak ~ Bab ini per-tahan tunggal. Ini-lah ubat Tut kerar tut kanching kandai kanpatai tut hei. Bab ini jika kita hendak masok 8a] jah jinak, maka kawan ber- tunggal itu, maka bacha mantra ini tiga kali sa’nafas. Om wi chit terui kambara ula sipu wah suwah suhom dai ; bang kembang tikada samkam. Bab ini mantra bomo’ yang kechil kechil, maka orang hendak menjerat gajah masok kubu, maka bomo’ yang besar -membacha mantra juga, maka bomo’ yang kechil kechil pun membacha melepas diri-nya. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Om kenaling chak chap chap kenaling rengab kenaling om chap kenaling suwah su hei. _ Maka di-sembur dengan kunyit terus kakanan dan kakiri. Bab ini perengab, Om rengab chang rengab pai tai bakarom rengab pera yom apom rengab rengkong kangku ramai rengab pada peman pong rengab maha rengab sidikan guru ombok batiya. Bab ini pelambai tunggal, maka ambil chamar maka patah paras mata gajah jinak itu. Ini-lah mantra-nya, ? Ma tapu chomkan liyon tak chong ambi ya kasayok om- biya kawan chom-kan lisan tangku an pirak dos pivak siton nang makaru tangkuan. Bab ini membuang hantu hutan. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Om berah berom berah berai patari patarai patabuna ra- miya tin shah pindah kau turun laui mur-tangan kamui kamai- lui. Bab ini perabun pun jadi di-bacha masok hutan atau barang pilak tiada kita kena atau barang kerja kita. ~ Tni-lah mantra- -nya yang di-bacha dahulu, : Om kenaling pajanaru pajanari saraba bangkom bangkak takabonting lai pat pachaupi bangkom bangkamanya turun kau pindah kahutan yang pana puah karab turun kapadang yang maha luas karimba yang maha besar. Bab ini suatu kenaling. | Om kenaling perah pom perah pai patabu rasin marang- salik samsatom sirapatom perpai tataban ting tui pat kau chat pai ai chakat tom bang tom turun-lah pindah kau kahutan Jour. Straits Branch MANTRA GAJAH. 8 0 pana puah kerab turun kan kapadang yang maha luas karimba yang maha besar. Ini-lah kelamin-nya, Om kenaling tang chandap kenaling ating kambakut kena- ling yaku wah yanata baka parom peratang kenaling nai sitikan guru mu batiya rengab, Bab ini mantra Raja Gajah, maka kita pergi kapada tanah kita kuais dengan tumit, maka ambil tanah itu kita mantra tiga kali sa’nafas, maka buboh kapada ubon ubon kita, _ Ini-lah mantra-nya, - Om pan pang maka pang pit om Va sa hom sitikan tana sahom. Bab ini hendak buka hutan. Ini-lah mantra- nya, Om bik bik bang bang bangtu bangru bangti pada, bang ka-muai mala om rengab sara para ngab. Ini-lah kelamin-nya, Om kanching kandai kun pitai naka nara nakaru pi pat chamdi kam ti pa man da puni sara perengab. Bab ini penutup hutan. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Om bang chang bangdai bangtu bangru bangti pada bang- kemu kamya om bang sara para bang. Ini-lah kelamin-nya, Om rengab chang rengab undai rengab piti di yat bakarom rengab rakang lang kerahei rengab pada pai man pong am rengab maha rengab ombang chong bangdai bangtu bangru bangti pada bang kamu kamai am bang sarpa bang om rengab chang rengalb dai rengab pitai pi yat bakarom rengab rakong lang karamai rengab pada pal man pang om rengab maha rengab. Bab ini hendak ber-buat hikmat akan orang jangan ber- uleh menjerat gajah, maka ambil tanah bekas gajah jinak orang itu dan gajah yang hendak di-jerat itu di-perbuat akan ~ gambar gajah, ambil daun kandan akan satam-nya, maka surat nama bomo’-nya dan nama gamala-nya pada daun kan- dan itu, sudah maka korek lubang sajengkal dalam-nya, maka tutop dengan papan maka tiup api di-atas-nya jangan padam padam. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Am wimata kamarah angkar aula sula chi puan sau hom suhom. Kelamin-nya R, A. Soc., No, 49, 1907. 84 MANTRA GAJAH, Am berah berom berai petari petarai pekuboran mi suti sah pindah-lah angkau turun kaui ui tatong kambi kamlai. ee Bab ini mantra melambai tinggi lambai dengan chamar. Ma tepu cham kan liyan dutang ching abiya ken ane kewan chum kan liyan tangkuan. - Bab ini mantra tunggal. Am kasak kan terak hak chantek junsa nak selak setaha tikah wi serawi kak wi tera wapu taua ati yan nik mekural techuntang kepurantai sura mamawi serawikak wi puru purak binat siyan tiga bulan naik siyan bulan turun. Bab ini menahan kawan, maka keliling tiga kali. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Teru ’om ambi tan bimak lok tu wadin keluwi lok pik pitai lok mas yata yang kerai chandan kerai perok nangai tuan ti yang salok tan mu chaku chakkatom. Bab ini mantra kapada tapak tangan kiri, maka Bosvk kapada telinga gajah yang kanan dan yang kiri. Om chikan chichu samit palai a’itu rati duchang bayi du- chang san bisai yl. Ini tunggal atau kawan, ini-lah mantra-nya, Tut sapera tut changlu mi changkan changsu mu kan chantang pera piyat sitikan kuru bati per-hai kalu hai. Bab ini makan bomo’. Pau bub yabub kindi judi tang-pong’ai malab miyaji janak kan pastak taru chai-ku kat cha king. Ini-lah kelamin-nya, ; Ter om pu wat om nya midak midong midak mi-kalang sata yang chadin karai paruk pangai lo’tu mu chak kan jakat- om. Bab ini buang hantu hutan, Om kali miwah kacharai rai keli duk kalidan tera-yang kachang kanan sah pindah laui turun kau wi hantu kamsat kamya nyamihan changral miyu katu wai. Bab ini kepala segala mantra, maka barang suatu kreja, ini-lah dahulu di-bacha-nya. Om kenaling kanalai kanaling tuk-ting kanaling nuk tai kut kut katakong kalai kamalut kuh kanaling takongkalai om sing kupasing changrai om sah kapasat changrai arah rah Jour. Straits Branch Lee | = Be eo * te: “4 d : — mS ee sa tea Pree ae be de a cities hi MANTRA GAJAH. 85 terong perat tijau beli turun ber-titi salah di-batang tuboh kau wi mitarau kau miloh sidikan kuruku batiya para-kan haika- loh kachat pi tukkami kau mipai lui sarapa changrai. Ini-lah mantra Raja Ibrahim maka jika gajah itu sakit atau demam mantra-kan kapada ayer, maka mandikan kapintu kubu dan mandi-kan chelong pun. Ini-lah mantra-nya, | Om patabu ramai san kau cha’an angkat matang pin pindan au kau kuklu mata changrai kachat pit ongpami kau miki lui sarapa changrai kau minan tara anglai sitikan guru-mu batiya om setaidai sati yudong sati karang kana parak yatu tuk sam diyak samdak sakala yak sakadong nai ong nong chakaran sib ang tong chakaran siyan ontong chaparat pat pat changrai oksaksi pataradi sarap chatarai matarang changrai kan miman ter englui situ-kuru-mu batiya. Bab ini jikalau gajah sakit maka bacha-kan kapada aver mandikan, atau kunyit terus sembor-kan petang petang. Ini-lah mantra-nya, Om pa paru paparai maha rasai sakunta parah Sri Rama per yit terang siti-kan Oh Maha Risi yak tamarahai parai’ aurai -.awai dai madong sarpa angkan per-angkau sakang sakom sa- rapa rengab siti aku Rama batiya. Hu! Tni-lah kelamin, . : Om kenaling kanalai perah puat perah pai pata burasan— materong chai salik sumtom karapatom per pai tut ban ting tui pat ka chat ai chakatom bangtom turun kau pindah kau kahutan pana puah karab turun kan kapadang yang maha luas karimba yang maha besar. Kelamin-nya, Om kenaling tang chandai pa kenaling ating kumalut biti om kenaling yakut yanata baka parom parom paranang kenaling nai siti-kan guru- -ku batiya rengab. Bab ini perabun pun jadi dan lagi tetkala hendak masok hutan di-bacha barang kiblat tiada kena kapada kita. - Om kenaling paja narui serbabangkom bangkok tak banting tai pat pachan pai bangkam bangli pada somkom ting kamaia turun kau pindah kan kahutan pana puak karab turun kau _kapadang yang maha luas karimba yang maha besav. RB. A. Soe., No. 49, 1907, 86 MANTRA GAJAH. Bab ini buang hantu anak gajah, maka pukul dengan kosa jangan dengan mata-nya kapada anak gajah itu, Am panirang panarak malachoh kau pindah kahutan pana puah karab turun kau kapadang maha luas karimba yang maha besar. Kelamin-nya, Om chawi chawat chawi chamarat ialacnone kau pindah kahutan pana puah karab turun kau kapadang yang maha luar karimba yang maha besar komya maia. 3 Ini perabun gajah tiada mahu masok chelong maka bacha- kau kapada kunyit trus sembor kapada chelong. Om kaling yating tamdit batka lingkit salik santom am kamin kar kau lasantom. Kelamin-nya, Om chau samin samin plai ranghai tamku lamipaina tau — kalim parak nak tuah tawanta. Bab ini menahan kawan atau tunggal masok kawan jinak maka kita patah kayu delapan jarang lebar keliling kawan atau tunggal itu. Tni-lah mantra-nya, Puntang pakachakak tamang pakachakak sangkong paka- chakak. Ini-lah kelamin-nya, ; Ara hak aro puhon kau mihai umok dun au mihai mang- wa au mihai mang hincha ok chong pak hukdab tang chakang changma lamatong chun sini karong chong put nak omdib. Ini membuang hantu rimba. Ini mantra-nya Am kenaling kanalai pajanaru saraba bangkom takbun tau pat kut chat pai ngaban kom bangti pada saiekom salik suttom mada chak kau turunlah wi kahutan pana karimba yang besar puah rengab. Temat. * * * * Here the manuscript ends. I ought in conclusion to say that I have madeno attempt to alter, in the hope of amending the spelling: Sidikan and sitikan, guru and kuru (to take examples) are in every case exact transliterations, STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JOURNAL 49, PLATERUe MALAY CHESS-BOARD AND MEN. =e. Malay Chess. By T. B. ELCuM. : I have seen few things so amusing as a game of chess played in a Malay village, with the whole population of the village standing round, and all of ,them who possess even the most rudimentary knowledge of the moves, ° assisting” their champion with vociferous advice, and abusing his stupidity when he makes a move which for some reason, generally entirely wrong, they think inferior. The rule of “touch and move” is not generally observed among Malays. The spectators fre- quently will seize upon a piece which has been moved, replace it and make another move, pointing out how superior their method is. Very frequently the suggested improvement is absolutely futile, putting a piece “en prise,” or offering an obvious mate to the opponent, but the suggestor is quite un- abashed when this is pointed out to him, and the fire of advice and remonstrance goes on until the game is over. The appliances for these village games are generally of a very primitive character. There will be probably a rough hand-made lot of pieces, perhaps all of one colour, and a hand- made board. ‘The squares of the board are never marked in different colours. Probably some of the men are missing, and various substitutes have to be provided; and sometimes there are no pawns, and their place has to be supplied by little stones, or bits of leaf. Sometimes the pieces used by Malays bear more or less resemblance to the shapes with which we are familiar, except. that the tcr, the rook, is generally a flat piece like a draughts- man. But more usually they are much less distinctive in shape. The illustrations show a handsome set, gold and brown, kindly lent to me by one of the Johore Royal Family. It will be noticed that the board is uncoloured; the king, queen and pawns are all of the same shape, and distinguish- ed by size only. Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, 8s MALAY CHESS. Sd The rooks in this set are not of the usual flat description. As arule the carving of the pieces is very rough, and it is seldom that one sees an elaborate set like that here illustrated. A set often suffices for a village. It is difficult to procure a genuine set of Malay chessmen. In some parts of the Peninsula very few Malays play chess, in others a large proportion of the inhabitants. On the whole the proportion of men who can play chess more or less is probably greater than with most races. The same game is played in Sumatra as in the Peninsula, and I believe also in Borneo. How the Malays acquired the game is a mystery. They may have done so from the Arabs, or they may have learnt it directly from natives of India. Neither the peculiar rules of the game, nor the names of pieces and terms used in play throw | any light on this point. I give at the end of these notes a list of the words most commonly used in the game, and the lan- guages from which they are derived, as given in Wilkinsgon’s dictionary. ‘The Sanscrit words seem as likely to have come through the Arabs, who learnt the game from India, as direct. Nor do Malay records shed any light on the way in which the game was introduced, so far as I have been able to discover. The most interesting points about the game are the similarities. to, and the differences from, the game as now played in Europe, and as formerly played. The board is 8 by 8 as in European chess, and the men except for the modifications to be pointed out, have the same moves and powers. They are the King (raja) the Queen (mentéri, minister), two Bishops ( gajah, elephant), two knights (kuda, horse), two Rooks (t27, a name which appears to have no other meaning), and 8 pawns (bidak, also only the name of this piece). The first great difference between the Malay game and ours, and one which entirely upsets all book knowledge of the openings which may have been acquired by a student of our game, when he attempts to play the Malay game, is in the arrangements of the pieces. With us king stands opposite king and queen opposite queen. In Malay chess the mentéri stands Jour. Straits Branch MALAY CHESS. 89 on the right of his king, and is so opposite to the opposing _ king. : In the early days of HKuropean chess occasional modifica- tions appear to have been made in the position of the pieces at starting, before the game had settled to its present strict form. I have not seen any mention of the Malay method of arrang- ing the men, but we read of games starting with a © tabiyat ” or battle array, which seems to have taken may forms, in which the pieces were arranged in positions quite different from the normal starting arrangement and it is probable that the relative positions of king and queen were not always in early days entirely settled. However that may be, the next variation between Malay chess and ours is certainly a survival of a rule, now dead, which prevailed at one time in Kurope. The Malay king, provided he has not been checked or moved, has the privilege of once leaping like a knight, or of. moving over two squares whether another piece intervenes a not, laterally but not forward or diagonally. He can thus practically castle, but in two moves instead of one. Castling as we know it is not a part of the Malay game. The “ king’s leap” was recognised in Europe in mediaeval chess before the present method of castling was generally _ adopted. The results of this power of the king are very disconcert- ing to a player unused to the Malay game. ‘Thus an unguard- ed knight giving check can be taken by the king, or in a crowded position the king skips away from an otherwise fatal check by a knight’s move or over another piece. In playing Malay chess at first, it is very common to overlook this curi- ous privilege of the king. The Ma alays frequently give what would otherwise be an aimless check in order to deprive the king of this power. I have not played the game sufficiently to be sure whether it would be generally advisable to do this between even players—whether the loss of one or two moves involved in giving the check is made up for by the king’s loss of his privilege. But it is certainly advisable for a European skilful at his own form of chess, but a novice at Malay chess; R.A, Soe., No. 49, 1907, 90 MALAY CHESS. - to endeavour to force the king to move only in the way to which he is accustomed, even at the loss of a little time. A pawn is taken “en passant”’ at Malay chess, as with us. That a refinement of the game such as this should exist among a primitive race is curious, but it is well established. The rules of the game mentioned so far contain nothing which might not have been naturally developed from the same form of the game which produced chess as now played in Europe. The curious rules in force among Malays with re- gard to the promotion of a pawn appear to be peculiar to Malay chess only, and to have no parallel, so far as I can discover, in other forms of chess, ancient or modern. 7 In Europe any pawn reaching the eighth rank can at once become a queen or any other piece at the option of the player. Im Malay chess a rook’s pawn, so reaching the 8th rank, may become a mentéri or any other piece immediately, except that it can only become a piece which is off the board; it cannot become a mentéri if the mentéri has not been taken. Should, however, the pawn so advancing to the eighth rank be on any other file, it does not acquire the privilege until it has played back diagonally a sufficient number of moves to enable it to reach the rook’s file. Thus a pawn reaching knight’s eighth has to play back diagonally one square, on reaching bishop’s eighth, two squares, and on king’s or queen’s eighth, three squares. It is not necessary to actually play the pawn to the —rook’s file, but it must play back sufficiently far to have reach- ed it. This curious rule makes winning by the odd ee more difficult that in the European game. There are other rules which tend to make it easier for the weaker force to draw. The king if left alone on the board must be mated in not more than seven moves or the game is drawn. When the stronger force is barely sufficient to mate, — or the position is such as to make it difficult to mate in a few moyes, Malay players of the weaker force frequently try to force the capture of these last remaining pawns or pieces, in the hope of escaping defeat by this rule. Mate cannot be given by a discovered check. Itis not good form to exchange queens unless the game can be immediately Jour. Straits Branch MALAY CHESS. 91 won or saved by doing so. A prejudice against the exchange is very common amongst beginners in Europe. There is, of course, no reason for this, but in Malay chess there is some. Therulesas to queening a pawn, and as to the lone king make it so difficult to win a pawn ending that it is seldom advisable for the stronger force to clear the board by exchanges. These rules, which make it easier for the weaker force to draw, are to my mind a weak point in the Malay game, which otherwise is probably equal in essentials to our own. It is certainly a pleasant change to play a game in which no open- ings have been analysed, and in which the player has to rely entirely on himself from the very beginning of the game. Malays generally open with a fianchetto to avoid exposing the king to an early check. Whether this is the best method of beginning I cannot say. Few Malays are really strong at the game, though a considerable number play respectably. ~The point of most interest with regard to the game is how the special rules which differ from those of other forms of chess, were evolyed—whether they are a survival of the form of chess originally taught to the Malays, or whether they have been invented by the Malays themselves. Terms commonly used in Malay Chess, English Malay Derivation according to Wilkinson’s Dictionary. Chess Chator Sanskrit (chaturanga) Chessmen Buah Chator (Bauh = fruit) King Raja Sanskrit Queen Mentéri (Minister) Sanskrit Rook Pir Bishop — Gajah (elephant) Sanskrit Knight Kuda (horse) Bayt us 22° Bidak Arabic Check Sah Persian R, A. Soe. No. 49, 1907. >= 92 MALAY CHESS. English Malay Derivation according te . Wilkinson’s Dictionary. Mate Mat Draw - Séri Sanskrit E To take Makan To take “en passant” Makan bidak suap. ; (suap = mouthful or bribe) — The origin of “tir” is doubtful. _ The words ‘“‘buah,”’ “kuda,” “makan.” -“‘suap,” are- probably pure Malay. ; - “Mat” apparently comes from the same source as © Sah.” If “Sah” is derived from the Persian, so probably is “ mat.” “Sah Mat” may mean “the king is dead.” : Note on the Malay Game ‘Jongkak.’ By M. HELIER. I lately obtained, and sent to the Raffles Museum for exhibition, the playing- board and seeds for the Malay game Jongkak.”’ Haji Othman the Visiting Teacher of Province Wellesley, from whom I obtained the board, describes Jongkak as a ~ - women’s game originally played by the ladies at the courts of the Malay Rajas. The playing board is shaped like a junk or boat, and, according to Haji Othman, the name of the game is derived from “jong” a junk. The board has 7 holes on each side, with a larger hole or compartment at each end. The game is one for two people and is usually played with Tamarind or other seeds, but marbles are now sometimes used. Each player has one “ village’’ (kampong) or row of holes, and in each side hole she places 7 seeds. The board is then ready for play. The players start together. Hach player taking the 7 seeds from the hole on her right and carrying them from right to left, drops one in each hole, the last seed falling into the large hole at the end. This seed is said to have “ entered the house”’ (naik rumah) and this house belongs to the player on - whose left it lies. Each player then takes all the seeds from any one of the other holes in her “ village’? and moving as before from right to left around the board again drops a seed into each hole, taking care to drop one into her own ‘house’ but none into her opponent’s. : Should the last seed fall into an empty hole the player i is - dead (mati), and must wait until the other player is ‘dead’ before she can again play. If this hole is in the player’s own ‘village”” any seeds in the opposite hole on her opponent’s side may be taken and put into the “house.” This is said to be (?) “a sacrifice’ (mati béla). Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, 94 MALAY GAME ‘JONGKAK”. When the last seed falls into a hole in which there are other seeds, these are taken and the player continues in play, and should the last seed fall into the player’s © house”’ she also continues in play, taking the seeds from any hole in her “ village.” When no more seeds remain in a player’ s village’? she is said to be © once defeated” (kalah ‘sa- -papan). She may however, take any seeds there may be in her © house” and place them again in the holes in her “ village” putting 7 in a hole as before. Should any holes be left empty they are called “ruined wells” (telaga burok) and the player owning “ruined wells’? must wait until her opponent is dead before playing again. The game goes on in this way until a- player has lost: all her seeds. She is then ° “utterly destroyed ” (mati kena abu). Skeat, who calis the game chongkak,”’ gives a short descrip- ion of it in his “ Malay Magic.” sere a Concerning some old Sanskrit Inscrip- tions in the Malay Peninsula. By PROFESSOR 18t, KERN. Extract from “De Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.’ Division ‘ Literature ’ 3rd Series. Part I. * To complete my former communications in these pages upon the history of writing in the Indian Archipelago, I now desire to consider some inscriptions in the Malay Peninsula. Of these inscriptions, discovered by Colonel Low and published by him in facsimilé, one only has come down to us perfect ; the rest are very fragmentary. The first inscription was found in Kedah. It was engrav- ed on a stone—a kind of slate—under the floor of a ruined building which had once measured ten to twelve feet square. This circumstances together with the contents of the inscrip- tion lead us to suspect that the building may have been the hut (kuti) of a Buddhist monk. A transliteration and transla- tion of the inscription were published by J. W. Laidlay in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal XVIII 247 (1). Although this gentleman who was at the time of the publica- tion Secretary of the Asiatic Society has noticed the chief points in the inscription which call for comment, I give my own transliteration of it which differs in a few minor points from his. It runs thus :— * Note.—This translation is published with rote Kern’s per- mission. (1) The facsimile on plate X. (This paper and plate are repub- lished on pages 232-234 of Volume I of ‘ Miscellaneous papers relat- ing to Indo-China’ reprinted for the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society London 1886). Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soc. No. 49, 1907, 96 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. Ye dharmma hetuprabhava tesha (m) Tathagato (hy ava- dat) ? | Yesha (m) ca yo nir odho eva (m) wavi Mahagramana, (h) Ajnac ciyate karma (sc) jenmana-karma karanam Jnanan na kriyate karmma (s7c) karmabhava (n) na jayate The first couplet in halting a4ryd-measure is the well known Buddhist creed-formula and need not detain us. The second in Anushtubh can be translated thus :— 4 As through lack of knowledge that the Karma (2) ac- “cumulates. The Karma is the cause that men must be reborn. ‘Through knowledge (of the nature of things) it comes about — ‘that men effect no (more) Karma and from the absence of ‘ Karma it follows that men need not be born (again). | The idea expressed in the couplet is by no means exclu- sively Buddhistic but seeing that it follows immediately after the better known formula there can be no doubt that the sen- tence must be regarded here as the profession of faith of a disciple of Sakya. We shall find the same phrase further on ~ in another and indubitably Buddhist inscription from Province Wellesley. Hlsewhere in British India and in Ceylon it is usually another sentence which we find coupled with the for- mula Ye dharma dc. I mean the couplet in Dhammapada stanza 183 (edited by Prof. Fausbdll). Sabbapapass ’ akaranam kusalass’ upasampada Sacittaparyodapanam, etam buddhana sasanam. 2. €. to refrain from all evil, to apply oneself to. the good, to as one’s heart: that is the bidding of the Buddhas (the wise The couplet runs thus with a slight difference in the halt- ing Sanskrit of Tibet :— Sarvapapasyakaranam, kugalasyopasampadam (2) 2. €. the sum of good and evil actions which is the cause of man’s remaining shackled to life and unable to escape from incarna- tion. Jour. Straits Branch CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 97 Svacittaparidamanam, etad buddhanugasanam (3) Between the two formulas Ye dharma dc., and Sarvapd- pasya &c., there is no more necessary connection than between the former and the sentence ajndndc ciyate &c. There is therefore nothing strange in finding as the second couplet first _ the one sentence and then the other (4). The second inserip- tion in which the couplet dmjdndc dc., is found, was dug up by Colonel Low in the North of Province Wellesley (5). The inscribed stone seems to have been the upper part of a column. On a copy of this ancient record which was published in 1835 without any explanation (6) can be seen the representation of a sttipa, the under part of which is formed by a sphere and not as usually by a hemisphere. Above the sphere rises a row of so-called umbrellas. On either side stands a line of writing. On the right side can be read : — Ajnanaec ciyate karmma janmanah karmma karana (m) Of the writing on the left side I can only make out the word jndnd (7) Fortunately what is left is sufficient proof that the inscription, apart from certain differences in spelling, is identical with the second couplet on the Kedah stone. That stone reads janmana with a ‘Jihvamiliya’ whilst the in- scription on the pillar spells the same words with a visarga.’ Besides this two-lined verse the pillar has also another inscription along the edge. Beginning from the top on the right-hand side we can recognise the inscription given in © facsimile on Plate IV in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal XVII 2 and numbered 8 (8) It runs :— (3) See Csoma Korési in J. As. Soc. B. LV 134 Cp. Spenee Hardy Manual of Buddhism 198. (4) Already noticed by B. H. Hodgson in J. As. Soc. B. 1V 211. (5) J. As. Soc. B. XVII 2, 64 (Misc, Papers relating to Indo- China. Vol. I. 223-226). (6) J. As. Soc. B. IV pl. 111. (7) On the facsimile No. 10 on Pl. IV of J. A. S. B. XVII 2 the second line is almost entirely missing. (8) The transliteration and translation given by Babu Rajendra- lal Mitra bear little resemblance to it. B.A, Soc., No. 49, 1907, “ 98 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. Mahanavika-Buddhguptasya Raktamrittikavasa. v.€. of the eminent shipowner Buddhagupta, resident at Raktamrttika (9). The words following these cannot be made out with certainty, possibly sya (sign of genitive) dandm (gift) or deyadharmah (pious donation). Even less can we decide if anything was written on the broken foot of the pillar. On the left hand side beginning at the top we read—Sary- vena prakarena sarvvasmat sarvvatha sarvva—Then follows a gap until at the end of a second line we see :— Siddhayanasanna. wy What is left of the first line can be braviclited word for word: ‘Inevery way, from every thing, in every respect, all’. Siddhaydndsanna might mean ° who has performed a caccoesaul journey ’ butitis impossible to decide with certainty that that is the meaning; too much of the sentence is missing to allow of its restoration to its original form. — Despite the incompleteness of these inscriptions which all appear to be by the same hand it is probable that the — monument is the gift of a pious Buddhist sea-trader to a temple. — As regards the man’s residence, Raktamrttika 7. e. Red-earth T would remark that the Chinese accounts make frequent men- tion of a port in the Gulf of Siam Chih-tu ‘ Red-earth * (see Groeneveldt in Verhand: Batav: Genootschap XXXIX8 2- 101) (10) That is probably the place meant. The style of writing of Buddhagupta’s inscription agrees exactly with the type found in Wenggi and in Tjampda in West Java. The agreement is so striking that I have no hesi- tation in regarding the inscriptions from Wenggi, Tjampa and (9) Mrittik’ is a misspelling for mrttika. A similar mistake is found in kritwa in an inscription at Ajanta (Pl. XXIin No. 9 of the Archaeological Survey of Western India by J. Burgess Cp. No. 10 page 79 inscrip. 7) and elsewhere. The mistake is explained by the . . fact that in many parts of India r is pronounced as rt. : - (10) Misc. papers relating to Inde-China Second Series Vo). page 205, 242, Jour. Straits Branch CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 99 Province Wellesley as being of approximately the same date: z. €. a8 belonging to the same century. ‘The inscriptions from Wenggi were determined by Burnell—too early lost to science ! —as being of the fourth century (11) and in my opinion, (the grounds for which I have already published) the views of that scholar cannot be far wrong. - I should therefore give the date. of Buddhagupta’s inscription as being roughly 400 A. D. (12) It is undoubtedly the oldest Buddhist fragment yet found in these parts unless indeed the Kedah inscription is given the’ preference. In view of the fact that the characters in the two inscriptions notably differ—especially in the ka and na and that the difference in type points to different places of origin, a@ comparison of the two can lead to no reliable conclusion. Different again is the type of some of the rock- -inscriptions at Tokun, a place lying in the middle of Province Wellesleys The seven fragments copied by Colonel Low and published on Plate IV (18) of the Journal mentioned are so small and, in part, so indistinct that they have no value except as contribu- tions to palaeography. No. 1 I can decipher in part only. It begins with sarvva which is written quite distinctly and in nearly the same type of characters as is Buddhagupta’s inscription. The word following seems to represent drdma or drémam—monastery- garden. The remaining few groups of letters are indecipher- able. No. 2 is in different characters which seem to me, judg- ing from the great development of the vowel-sign for 2. to be not older than the 6th century. The type reminds me of that (11) South Indian Palaeography Pl. XX and XXI. (12) The oldest inscriptions in the Talaing Country in Pegu are in the same Wenggi-type and according to Dr. E. Forchammer date from the fourth Century A.D. ‘The oldest Talaing inscriptions date back to the 4th Century A. D. and the lythic characters are almost identical with the Dravidian-Vengi alphabet of the same period.’ - See notes on Buddhist Law by the Judicial Commissioner British Burma (John Jardine) Il] Marriage page X. (13) (Mise. Papers relating to Indo-China Vol. I page 231). R. A. Soe., No. 49, 1907. 100 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. at Djamboe and of that at Pattadakal in the Deccan and also of the oldest Cambodian inscriptions of Bhavavarman. The two first words are quite clear; they are prathame vayast 7. e. “in time of youth.’ The reading of the next two groups of letters which stand in the same line, is however uncertain. I would read ndévvi since this combination is intelligible. The second line I can make nothing of; the three last groups of letters might, allowing for defective ‘writing, represent dvivi- dham. The two first letter-groups in No. 4 are jaya. In No. 5 IT read with some diffidence 48. No. 6 might represent siddhz. These fragments of inscriptions from Tokun do not, like those from Kedah and from the temple ruins in Province Wellesley, bear a clear stamp of Buddhist origin. The most noteworthy point of this respect is the word 4rama—the read- _ ing of which is unfortunately not beyond doubt. Fortunately it is clear from the other inscriptions that Buddhist establish- ments existed in the Malay Peninsula at the period to which the earliest Brahman and Hindu remains in Western Java are referred. ' With the ee oaea of the inscriptions mentioned no others ‘have, I believe, been found in the Malay Peninsula itself, but one which formerly stood on a large rock at the entrance of Singapore River, is worthy of description. In the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1837 (14) there is a drawing of this ancient record which shews that even then it had suffered considerably. Later on, shortly previous to the year 1848, the stone was apparently removed and so damaged that a few years later only fragments of it could be found. Mr. Laidlay so far succeeded in deciphering some of the pieces that he was able to give a facsimile. He rightly recognised the Kawi characters in the writing and he came to the conclu- sion that the language of the inscription was also Kawi. This conclusion was certainly legitimate though Mr. Laidlay could not have known that the Kawi alphabet was at one time used in Java for Sanskrit inscriptions. (14) (Mise. Papers Indo-China Vol. Igepa 219). J our. Straits Branch © CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 101 I have attempted to decipher the three fragments publish- ed by Mr. Laidlay and to determine the language of the in- scription but I must confess that I have not succeeded. Most of the characters can be recognised singly but the gaps are so numerous that no words can be positively recognised. Thus I read in the third line of figure 1 the letter-groups saldgala- lasayananara: in the second line of figure 2 ya-dmdnavana; in the third line kesarabharala in the sixth line of figure 3 yadalama. Granted that no vowel-marks and Anusswara’s have been omitted in the facsimile, I see no chance of so divid- ing these letter-groups as to make an unmistakeable Javanese word. I cannot however assert that the inscription is written in any other language. In a work entitled ‘The Malayan Peninsula’ by Captain Begbie quoted by Mr. Laidlay, reasons are given for believing that inscription dates from the reign of Cri-Raja Wikrama _ (1223-1236). Palaeography is not opposed to the conjecture. As regards the question, which of the Kawi types—that of Java or of Sumatra, the characters on the Singapore inscrip-— tion most resemble, some letters, notably ma, which in Java- nese Kawi differ markedly from those found in Sumatra, re- appear in their Javanese form on the Singapore stone and I therefore believe that we must assign the inscription to the Javanese type. Ma is the most characteristic letter in these alphabets since it is different both in later Cambodian in the time of stiryavarman (15) and in the Sumatran Kawi. On the other hand the form for sa is common to both Sumatran and Javanese Kawi and different in the later Cambodian. It is to be feared that the Singapore record has been damaged beyond hope of restoration; so much the more reason for fixing our attention on the little of it that remaing in transcription. (15) In my paper on the Koetei inscription, I assumed on the strength of one date that Suryawarman reigned in the 8th century of Caka; it appears however from the investigations of Messrs. Aymonier and Bergaigne that this date is two centuries too early, see the re- marks of the latter savant in the Journal Asiatique (Eebruary March 1882) Note 4. R. A. Soe., No, 49, 1907, Miscellaneous Notes. By W. George MAxweELt. I have found in an old note book the following jottings of folk lore picked up by me at various times from Pa’ Senik, an old Kelantan Malay now resident in Kinta. They _ are mere trivial disconnected scraps, but are perhaps worth recording. * * * * . ‘“When one leaves the house to go hunting deer, one “ought, in order to avert from oneself any evil consequences, to ‘repeat this mantra, | * Bukan aku yang memburu, ‘‘ Pawang Do Resat yang memburu.” Pa’ Senik was unable to tell me anything about Pawang Do Resat or his connection with deer, but supplied the following information about deer generally. “ The first hunter of rusa was Pa’ Chu Seming.* Upon “his death, which took place in the rimba he became a hantu rusa. “ His son Jitan died in the bluker, and likewise became a “hantu. He looks after the kijang, pelandok and jungle fowl. “ Nang Peluntong Chai was the wife of Pa’ Chu Seming. «She died in the padang. It is she who sends the deer ‘away before a drive begins, if the preliminary propitiatory ‘ceremonies have not been duly performed. ‘¢ After the death of these three, the next hunters of deer ‘were Cho Resat, Do Resat, Pran Ali, Pran Rasu, Pran *“ Maiar and Putri Bongsu.” * Another account, recorded in considerable detail in a Ms. (written by a Perak Malay) which I hope to have ready for the next number of this journal, makes out that Pa’ Chu Seming became the Hantu Pemburu, the Great Spectral Huntsman. Jour. Straits Branch R. A. soc., No. 49, 1907, 104 MISCELANEOUS NOTES. “ Before one goes out shooting, one should make an offer- “ing at the edge of the forest, and repeat the following mantra, ‘‘ Chorteh, Chordeng, * Kong Pali, Nak Terining, ‘ Marilah terima idangan kami ini, ~ “ Kami na’ minta menembak rusa didalam rimba ini” For the word rusa one substitutes sladang, gajah, or badak if necessary. All that Pa’ Senik could tell me regarding the _four personages invoked in this mantra was that they were Hantu Rimba. The following is a mantra to be repeated after the death of a rusa. ‘Om Ma’hong gana, “Gana kechil, gana besar, ‘‘ Gana saratus sembilan puloh ; ‘ Bukan aku mahu buangkan gana, “ Dewa Agong turun buangkan gana ; Bukan aku mahu mengalahkan gana, ‘* Dewa Mantra Guru yang mengalahkan gana, “ Dewa Bantra Umar yang mengalahkan gana, “ Dewa Puteh yang mengalahkan gana, ' ‘‘Sang Kaki Bantra Galah yang mengalahkan gana, “ Dalang Yahuda Semak Turah yang mengalahkan gana, “Radina Kreta Pati Selangor Majitan Petra Jangkal aGajahGemala Kuda Lawi yang membuang gana,” x * + 1" Pa’ Senik told me that after the completion of the cere- mony known as sapu bahdi, whereby the evil influence conse- quent upon the death of a deer are sweptaway, and after the animal has been cut up, there is a final cer emony called labor, of which the literal meaning is “ smearing.” With a stick, the pawang turns over the blood-covered leaves that: disfigure the site where the carcase has been out up, and so far as possible attempts to restore the pristine appearance of the place. Paty Jour, Straits Traneh MISCELANEOUS NOTES. 105 As he does so, he repeats this mantra. “Om déling kadaliang, * Sorak tepi di rimba raia, ‘‘Sakali aku balik membuang bala, ‘¢ Dua kali aku balik labor, ‘¢ Labor anak bini aku, ‘*‘ Labor segala permainan aku, * Kalau t’'ada satu, ganti dua, «Pada dua, ganti ampat, «'T’ada ampat, ganti delapan, _ © T’ada delapan, ganti anambelas. ‘Tabor. Labor. Labor. The paniang in connection with this mantra is, that upon its completion, the hunting party must leave the place without looking back. # x oe % ‘If, by any mischance, a man is attacked by bahdi (the *‘ premonitory systems are dizziness and trembling) he should - collect some of the clay and mud that lies nearest to him and ‘‘besmear himself all over witht.” * * * * -If bitten by a snake, or stung by ascorpion, in the forest, one should repeat this mantra. _ “ Medang aku Si Medang Raia, “ Tumbuh di padang géla gata, ‘Urat menikam ka bumi, ‘© Puchuk menikam ka angkosa, ‘¢ Aku tahu asalnia bisa, ‘‘Sedang Bruai yang punya bisa. | # * # * me If bitten by a water snake, one should call on Hana Taskun, the great Water Jin. Splash water over the wound and call out ‘‘ Hei! Hana Taskun !” and the swelling will subside R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907. 106 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. © : ‘Tf poisoned by Sakais’ poison (ipoh) take some Indian “corn (jagong), chew it, then rub the wound with it, repeating ‘this mantra. “ Malim Karimun yang punya tawar, ‘Tawar Allah, Tawar Muhammad, “Tawar Baginda Rasul Allah.” * % *% ¥* Pa’ Senik once told me the following account of the asal snapang, ‘the origin of the gun.” The story is so ridiculous that it affords matter for speculation as to the manner in 1 which it can have been evolved. ‘“‘ Abda’l kaka was the son of Nabi Musa, but disgraced “his father by persisting in having dealings with Jins, and ree upon his death, Allah punished him by turning him into a 66 gun.’ * * * * : Halan Muda, Halan Chapik, Halan Glanggi and Halan ‘«¢ Dosa were four men who became tigers.” Most people are aware of the Malay belief that a batul intar (a stone weapon of the neolithic age often found in Perak) is a thunderbolt, and that when a tree or house has been struck by lightning a batw lintar may, if it has not been destroyed by its own blow, be found in the torn-up ground. (Some Malays tell you that the batw lintar is 4 weapon which the Jins hurl at one another in their fights). Pa’ Senik supplemented this — account by saying that it is dangerous to keep in one’s house a perfect batu lintarasit has life. A batw lintar that has been chipped in any way is however dead, and therefore harmless. The live batu lintar will attract lightning to the house, and then disappear in the flash. | pt i %* * * vs ‘The sun and earth had once human form, the sun being ‘the male and the earth the female. The tin ore found in the “alluvial strata of the Peninsula is the earth’s milk, and the “gold is its blood. Jour, Straits Branch pean 0a Garay eae ou Rah Fe ety Nae? i * wy usr enables Geb En mat cn. ins + Set UF eh. PARTE ne oe: ey ba ak ob A oN % ar ye £ _ Xt 4) ) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 107 ‘The pusat bwmi, its navel or centre, is at Acheh. This ‘was first discovered to be the case Lek Nabi Ibrahim‘ by _ measurements (sukat).” (When I suggested that Mecca was the centre of the world, Pa’ Senik was for a minute at a loss. Then, with an al- _ lusion to the methods of the Survey Department, said that that, of course, was a re- survey). ™ « * % * The two following scraps may be assigned to the period of Hindu influence that succeeded the pagan, and preceded the Muhammadan, era. ‘The earth is supported upon the horns ofa bull. Facing “tbe bull is a mosquito that threatens, if it stirs, to enter its “nostril and bite it. The bull therefore supports its heavy “load without moving. Sometimes, however, it tosses its head, ‘and then there is an earthquake.” * * * * At the end of the world the sun will go down to hell in “the shape of a bull, and will gore the men who have wor- * shipped him upon this earth. Notes and Queries. . Colonel Low, writing in 1850, A. D., in Volume IV of the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, page 18, has the following notice of Perak. “25th: February 1814. The Perak Raja addressed a ‘letter to the chief authority at Penang: ‘I am’ wrote this *‘ potentate ‘he who holds the royal sword and the dragon betel ‘stand and the shell which came out of the sea which flowed from the Hill of Se Guntang.’ ” Do the dragon betel stand and tbis sea-shell still form part of the Perak State Regalia? If so, can any one say what the sea-shell is, and what the legend connected with it is ? This hill, which is perhaps the Sagatang Maka Miru of the Sejarah Malayu, is connected with the Perak regalia in the following lullaby [which was published on page 76 of the ** Notes and Queries” of the Society]. Mangqueta nama-nya kayu, Doun-nya luruh menelentang, Mahkota raja Malayu Turun deri Bukit Saguntang. II Daun-nya huroh meneletang, Daun puan di-raut-raut. Turun deri Bukit Seguntang, Kaluar deri dalam laut. ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. STRAITS BRANCH, PLAGE JOURNAL 49. ‘OUNAOY WOUT AONV WAVE—'SG ‘OI ‘sSauvOg HVM SNO[—'T D1] Bark Canoes among the Jakuns and Dyaks. By Dr. W. L. ABBOTT. (See Plate I, fig. 2). As no one seems to have noticed the use of bark canoes in Malaya, the following note may be of interest : In July, 1902, during a trip up the Rumpin River in Pahang, I saw the Jakuns using some roughly made conoes of bark. It was merantt barkas well as I can remember. Their use was said to be confined to the Jekati and Keratong tribu- taries of the Ulu Rumpin. They were but little trouble to make and the Jakuns brought down large cargoes of Rattans and other jungle produce in them. They did not always take the trouble to take them back up stream again, or to repair them when split or damaged. I did not measure any of these © rapakd,”’ as they are / Ss called in the Rumpin, but they were 4 or 5 metres long. I sent a specimen to the National Museum in Washington, - but it warped very much out of shape when drying. The bark is removed from the tree in one large sheet. The ends are cut square and stitched up with small rattan. Ribs are placed transversely about 18 inches apart, and straight sticks are lashed transversely across at corresponding places to hold the sides in position. A large split rattan encloses the edge of the gunwale. The sewn ends are freely K cauled with mud or clay. as “In July 1907, I found similar canoes in use among the Dyaks of the Semundung and Ulu Sempang Rivers, West Borneo. Slightly more roughly made if possible—a thick spongy bark is used containing much resin(?) The same bark is much used as flooring by Malays and Dyaks. The Malays said it was the bark of bintangor batu (2) Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, 110 BARK CANOES. The Dyaks dispense with the split rattan along the gunwales, as they use a much stronger and thicker bark than the Jakuns. These canoes in no way compare with the elaborate birch bark structures of the North American Amerindg, ¢ but they are very easily and quickly made. I was told that — two Dyaks could make a large canoe in half a day. TheDyaks had no special name for them—they used a term which I can't recall, but it meant only bark canoe (according to the Malays). ? fa) libre mm : care i 5 4 re \ 3 ) j ? { ‘ i fy f f pn 1 STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JOURNAL 49, PLATE III. TIN COINS FROM BRUNEI. Tin and Lead Coins from Brunei. By R. HANITSCH, PH. D. With Plate III. The curious tin and lead coins from Brunei, Borneo, des- eribed below, were, with one exception, exhibited at the Kuala Kangsar Agricultural Show, August, 1907, by Mr. Edmund Roberts, of the P. W. D., Labuan, and subsequently presented by him, on behalf of Pangeran Shabander, of Brooketon, Brunei, to the Raffles Museum, Singapore. They had been found in an earthenware jar, buried two or three feet below the surface, at Brooketon, in July, 1907. A number of coins were in the - jar, but most of them were seized by natives and cannot now be found. Those which reached the Raffles Museum were of two types only. A few months later Mr. Roberts presented to the Museum a third kind of coin which he had found when clearing the site for the Brunei residency, in 1906. The first two coins differ only slightly from each other; one of them is of a simpler design and in a less perfect state - of preservation, so that it may be considered as the older one. It is 36 mm. in diameter, 1 mm. in thickness and weighs 5°9 grammes (see pl. III, fig. 1). Itis more or less of pure tin, its specific gravity being 75 (that of tin is 7°29). Its obverse shows a recumbent buffalo, minus its horns, with erect tail, the space between the figure and the edge of the coin being filled up by circles, cloud-like scrolls, and dots. The reverse bears an inscription, in Malay characters, which is arranged in what Lane Poole* calls the “ mill-sail pattern,’ a pattern which is met with on Persian and other coins, the writing being placed within the four arms of the sail-wheel. The division into four fields is effected by a line which starts from near the centre of the coin, runs parallel *See O. Codrington, A Manual of Musalman Numismatics, London, 1904, p. 17. Jour. Straits Branch, R. A. Soce., No. 49, 1907, 112 TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEI. and somewhat to one side of the radius, then turns along the periphery, follows it for nearly 90°, runs back along the next radius, and haying thus enclosed the first field which is some- ~ what smaller than a quadrant, crosses the centre and continues to form a second, third and fourth field, within the second, third and fourth quadrants respectively. The inscription is pla) abe Jalal olla. or in Romanized characters: Sultan ul-adil malik ul- dhahir, i.e. The just Sultan, the acknowledged Ruler. I am indebted to Mr. M. Hellier for kindly deciphering this coin for me. Unfortunately neither the year nor the name of the sultan is given, nor have I any other data to fix even — approximately the age and the origin of the coin. There were four specimens of it. The second type (see pl-II, fig. 2) is practically of the same size as the first one; viz. 36 mm. in diameter and 1 mm. in thickness, and is only slightly lighter, viz.5'7 grammes. It is also of tin. It may be of later date as it is better preserved and its design is somewhat more elaborate. There is only one specimen of it. The obverse shows again the figure of a recumbent rite. but with the tail curled downwards. The buffalo with its scroll work is enclosed by a circle, the space between the circle and the margin of the coin, about 4 mm. across, being filled up by a zig-zag line. The reverse contains the same iaseviption as the first coin, also arranged in mill-sail pattern. Like the figure on the obverse, the inscription is enclosed by a circular line, the space between the latter and the margin of the coin containing a series of dots. : The third coin, found by Mr. Roberts when clearing the site for the Brunei residency, in 1906, is of lead. It measures 30 mm. in diameter, 15 mm. in thickness and weighs 106 srammes (see pl. III, fig. 3). Its specific gravity is 10°1, that Jour. Straits Branch. TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEI. TRS) of pure lead being 11°37, the slight difference probably being due to impurities and oxidation. The obverse shows the (yellow) State umbrella, one of the insignia of Malay royalty, surmounted by the Sultan’s (yellow) flag. The other leaf-like ornamentations have probably no ed significance. The reverse bears the Teer atOn do. al,\ plat Ani 8 ew le tS S Z)\ Sor \fAo or in Romanized characters Tnilah titah perentah kamuafak- atan ka’atas bélanja Negri Brunei ta- rikh y 1285 meaning By order of the administration of the Finances of the State of Brunei date 1868. The dates 1285 and 1868 refer, of course, to the Hejira and to the Christian era respectively, _ Abdul Mumin was Sultan of Brunei at that time. - I am indebted to the united efforts of the Rev. Dr. Luer ing and of Messrs. Hellier, McArthur and Elcum for deei- phering this coin for me. RB, A, Soe., No. 49, 1907, 114 Although this coin is of such a recent date, only forty years old, I have not been able to discover any more speci- The only other Brunei coin known to me is the (—1886 A. D.), which until mens of it. copper cent, dated 13804 A. H. TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEL recently was current in Singapore too. Explanation of Plate III. (N. B. All figures are reproduced in natural size). Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. e hie: - Wig, A; 1A. . DA. 3: 3A. Obverse of tin coin Reverse of the same Obverse of tin coin Reverse of the same Obverse of lead coin Reverse of the same See page 9) 111 Tia 112 112 112 113 PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. Journat No. 1 to No. 49, Price to members, $1.00 each i *s to non-members, $2.50 Gach Essays RELATING TO Inno-Cuind, 4 Vols., Price $2.50 each THe HikayAtT ABDULLAH, Price $2.50 each Toe Wat-Senc Lorrery, by G. T. Hare Esg., ,, $1.00 each Ragan Bupiman. A Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifford Hsq., Price $2.50 each en, ETRAITS BRANCH Peek ASIATIC: SOCIETY [No: 5O] JOURNAL | September, 1908 PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE, SINGAPORE- ‘ ) i. ~ » ‘ a Aes . ; 3 , i = ‘ £ = ~ =p ¥ 5 a : ee ay es te “ 7 : Se < ; aire tae = . ri i ~ x : ‘ eee B ) 4 ‘ a 4 ee be j if? ry o Pp. * ; , 6 a we) USCUN FARO AY, ’ : tat 4 ae i : 143 te 5 ve = A . ” + . t U - ye? (qe oa Y ‘ z rete ye fateh aah 3 i > gh 7 [No. 50] JOURNAL Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society SEPTEMBER, 1908 PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING Housk\ 1908. oe, ES _Table of Contents. * Council for 1908 Proceedings of Annual General } iWeeting List of Members Annual Report of the Council Treasurer's Account for the year 1907 | Rules of Straits Branch of Royal Asiatic Society A List of the Ferns of the ae Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley, F.R.S. Some Visits to Batam Island, by C. Boden Kibés, F.Z.S. Some Hthnological Notes, by C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S. ... The White-Handed Gibbon, by C. Boden Kloss. Curriculum of a Course in Malay in Paris ... Father Civet, by BR. O. Winstedt. . Sindbad’s Old Man of The Sea, by W. Cine ee Spada, by W. George Maxwell. - Two New Species of Cicindela (Tiger beetles) from Borneo, by Dr. Walter Horn.. Bats in a Bamboo, by A. N. Ridley. The Labiates of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley y The Crackling Moth, by H. N. Ridley. New or Rare Malayan Plants, by H. N. Ridley. 103 105 109 STRAITS BRANCH OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1908, } 4 “Dr. D. J. Gantoway, President, ue W. D. Barnus, Vice-President for Singapore. Hon. R. N. Buanp, Vice-President for Penang. Mr. EDN: RIDLEY, Honorary Secretary. : Mr. R. J. BARTLert, Honorary Treasurer. A Dr. Hanitscu, MeV. S. Frownr, | ee Mr. A. Kytenr, — | Councillors. Mr. C. B. Kuoss, | Mr. H. Marriorr, epee oe een PROCEEDINGS of the Annual General Meeting. The Annual General Meeting was held March 23, 1908, Present : Dr. GaLLoway, (in the Chair.) Mr,* KNIGHT. = Mr. R.A. J. BIDWELL. ; HELLIER. - S. V. Flower. Me BRYANT. of R. J. BARTLETT. i MarRiortr. os W. D. Barnes. C. B. Ktoss. Dr. Hanrrscu. Mr. H.N. Rivtey. The minutes of the last annual general meeting were read and confirmed. : The secretary’s report was laid on the table and accepted. The Treasurer’s account was also passed. It was resolved that the members of the society were desirous of expressing their sense of the loss which the society had sustained by the departure from the East of the Right Reverend Bishop Hose p.p., their President, on his well- deserved retirement after a period of over forty years. It was to him, the Founder of the Society in 1877 that the PROCEEDINGS. vil society was indebted for its inception and for its continuance for thirty years, during which he occupied the position of President almost without a break, till the actual date of his retirement. He also contributed on various occasions to its Journal and in every way possible assisted in the furthering of the objects of the society. A letter from Mr. H. C. Robinson was read stating that a scheme for the systematic study of the Fauna of the Peninsula had been laid down. The Reptiles. Batrachians and birds had been well studied but the mammals had been as yet little investigated. The Government of the F. M. S. hid sanctioned the insertion of a certain sum of money in the estimates for the purpose and it was suggested that the society might provide a substantial grant to be devoted to the same purpose. Eventually the sum $500 a year for three years was voted. The officers for the ensuing year were then elected wis. President: Dr. GAaLLoway. Vice-President Singapore: W. D. Barnes. o Penang: Hon, R. N. Buanp. Secretary: H. N. Riptey. Treasurer: R. J. BARTLETT. Councillors: Dr. HanitscH. zi V. S.- FLOWER. FA A. KNIGHT. if C. B. Ktoss. ss H. Marriort. ee List of Members for 1908. — * Life Members. _ + Honorary Members. . Patron: H. EK. SIR JOHN ANDERSON, K.C.M.G. ABBOTT, DR. W. L. Singapore. AcTOoN, R. D. K. Lumpor, Selangor. ADAMS, A. R. HON. M.L.C. Penang. ANDERSON, HE. Singapore. — ANTHONISZ, HON. J. O. Singapore. BAMPFYLDE, Hon. C. A. England. “BANKS, J. E. Towa. U.S. A. BARKER, DR. A. J. G. Sarawak. BARNARD, B. H. F. Selangor. BARNES, W. D. Singapore. BARTEBGTT. ke J. Singapore. BEATTY, D. Penang. BENTARA LUAR, HON. DATO, S.P.M.J. Batu Pahat. BICKNELL, W. A. Penang BIDWELL, R. A. J. e Singapore. BrrcuH, Hon. J. K. England. BIRCH, EK. W., C.M.G. _ Taipeng, Perak. *BisHop, J. EH. N. Sembilan. BISHOP, CAPT. C. F. Pulo Brani. BLAGDEN, C. O., M.A. Switzerland. BLAND, Hon. BR. N. Penang. ~ BLAND, MRS. R. N. Penang. BROCKMAN, Hon. E. L. Kuala Lumpor. MEMBERS OF 1908. ix Brown, Dr. W. C. England. BRYANT, A. T-. Singapore. BUCKLEY, C. B. Singapore. BuRGESS, P. J. England. BuRN-MuRpDOCH, A. M. K. Lumpor, Selangor. DUPER, Alli. Khartoum, Egypt. BYRNE, H. E. K. Lumpor, Selangor. CAMPBELL, J. W. Kuala Lumpor. CAMPBELL, A. CAMUS, M. DE CARRUTHERS, J. B. K. Lumpor, Selangor. CERRUTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Ulu Slim, Perak. CHAPMAN, W. J. CLIFFORD, Hon. H. Ceylon. CoOLLYER, Hon. W. R., 1.8.0. England. CouLINGH, H. B. Larut, Perak. *ConLay, W. L. K. Lumpor, Selangor. Cook, REv. J. A. B. Singapore. CURTIS, C., F.L.S. England. DALLAS, HON. F. H. Sarawak. DANE, DR. R. 3 Singapore. DENT, SIR ALFRED, K.C.M.G. England. DENT, Dr. F. _ Singapore. *“DESHON, Hon. H. F. Sarawak. DEW, A. T. Batang Padang, Perak. DEw, E. Costa. Singapore. Dickson, EH. A. Kuala Pilah, Negri © Sembilan. DONALD, DR. J. Penang. DOUGLAS, F. W. Batang Padang, Perak. DOUGLAS, R. S. Baram, Sarawak. DUNKERLEY, VEN. ARCH. W. H. C., M.A. England. ‘EDGAR, DR. P. GALISTAN. Ipoh, Perak. EDMONDS, R. C. MEMBERS OF 1908. Penang. EGERTON, His EXCELLENCY SIR W., K.C.M.G. Ewcum, J. B. EVERETT, H. H. FLEMING, T. GC. * BLOWER. CAPT. S. S., F.L:S. “FLOWER, V. A. Fort, Hon. HUGH. FREER, DR. G. D. GALLOWAY, DR: D. J. GARDNER, N. E. A. *GERINI, LT. Cou. G. E. GIBSON, W. S. *GIMLETTE, DR. J. D. GRANDJEAN, W. D. GuERITZ, BE. P. His Ex: HAINES, REv. FE. W. HAuLgs, A.. - HANITSCH, DR. R. HARRISON, DR. H. M. HAYNES, A. SIDNEY. HELLIER, MAURICE. HEMMANT, G. HERVEY, D. ¥F.-A., G.M.G. HEWITT, JOHN. Hari, GA. Hinn, Hon. B.C. Hinks; Lt. T. C. tHoss, Rr. REv. BisHor G. F., M.A. Hose, E. S. Hoss, R. E. Lagos, W. Africa. Singapore. | Santubong, Sarawak. — Pahang. Ghizeh, Egypt. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. N. Sembilan. Bangkok, Siam. — Singapore. Kelantan. Singapore. Sandakan. Penang. Taipeng, Perak. Singapore. Pekan, Pahang. England. Singapore. ~ Kuala Pilah, Negri Sembilan Aldeburgh, England. Sarawak. Singapore. Singapore. England. | England. 2 K. Lumpor, Selangor. Busau, Sarawak. HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT, P. C. Germany. MEMBERS OF 1908. xi HULLETT, R. W., M.A. HUMPHREYS, J. L. IZARD, REV: HAC. JANION, HE. M. JOHNSTON, L. A. M. KEHDING, DR. KER, J. CAMPBELL. KINSEY, W. E. KIRKPATRICK, JIVONE. Koss, C. BODEN. KNIGHT, ARTHUR. KNOCKER, FE. W. KRIECKENBEEK, J. W. LAIDLAW, G. M. TLAWES, REV. W. G. LAWS, G., M.E., A.I.M.M. LAWRENCE, A. E. LeEemov, A. H. LERMIT, A. W. Lewis, J. E. A., B. A. Lim Boon KENG, DR. LUERING, REV. DR. H. L. E. LYons, REV. E. MACHADO, A. D. MACLAREN, J. W. D. ~ MacDouGat, DR. W. England. Malacca. Singapore. Singapore. Hongkong. Medan, Deli. J ohore. Kuala Pilah, Negri Sembilan. Sarawak. : Kuala Lumpor. Singapore. Taipeng, Perak. Pahang. Telok Anson, Perak. New Guinea. Singapore. Sarawak. Singapore. Singapore. -Kuching, Sarawak. Singapore. Penang. Dagupan, Philippine I. Sungei Siput, Perak. Singapore. Christmas Island. MAHOMED, BIN MAHBOB, HON. DATo. Johore. MAKEPEACE, W. MARRIOTT, H. MARRINER, J. T. MARSHALL, F. C. Singapore. Singapore. Kelantan. -Raub, Pahang. xii MEMBERS OF 1908.- MASON, J. S. MAXWELL, ERIC. McCAUSLAND, C. F. MAXWELL, W. GEO. MOoOoORHOUSE, SYDNEY. NANSON, W., B.A., F.S.A. NAPIER, Hon. W. J., D.C.L. NORMAN, HENRY. Nunv, B. - PEARS, FRANCIS. }PERHAM, VEN. ARCHDEACON, A. Pyne ana OG PRA, C.» Dr..F. DENT » N. E. A. GARDNER » Hon. A. R. ApAmMs The Council have to record the loss to the society of the Right Reverend Bishop Hose who has lately retired from the East. Bishop Hose was the founder of the Society in the year 1877 and was the last member of the original council of the Society in the Straits Settlements. He was the first president of the society and occupied that position almost without break till his retirement in February of this year. During the past year, the Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. N. Ridley was absent on leave for nine months and Mr. Hellier kindly acted for him. A journal No. 48 was issued and another No. 49 is ready for distribution to the Members. A Map Committee was formed to bring out a new edition of the map, the old edition being sold out, and they commenced the work of compiling and revising. An Index to the Journal was compiled by Mr. W. D Barnes and offered to the Society. It was decided to complete and publish it when volume 50 was published. A number of books and pamphlets were added by presenta- tion to the Library of the Society. The Treasurer’s report is appended. ‘hyoroy aun y yohoy youneg szwsajgg ‘uatnsvasy f.o..ouozy 9T\166 ‘LLGILUVY *f “MY *“LHDINY “VW ‘4091109 punojy pur poyipny i querany eee juno0d0V ‘yueq podeyregqg qunoov0V queriny ‘yuegq o[juvoreyq ie qisodaq poxtiy ‘“yueq pesezyreyo Sse zave qisodeq poxiy ‘yueg oaqueorey_T —: PAPMIOF PolIIVD ooURled ey “* sanbeyo UslaIOJ UO YUNODSIpP pue sayjeod ‘sedrqsog ey Aiepea § w0Ig Kavpes Ss yIVIO Sulpulqg yooy—aeyeq nqy esvo yoog—day, uv syoog—suray pue souor ah Sulu J—osnoy{ Surgsyqng ISipoyywnl —: /OGT ul syuom Arg eco OWLZ8F9 PAISI1! °2 ‘0 $ eee eee poxty sqisodeq ‘qsodequy = yueg e+ sdeyq jo oyee sjeuinop Jo te diystaquioyy ojty S061 66 66 LOGE | S06 4 C()G 1 1OF suondisosqne —:/06T Ul sydiedey ce eo OS EO) yunooo vy ‘yuegq poleyIeyy qunoo0Vy quediny ‘yueg 8]ueoleysy qisodaq ‘yueg porey1eyy) qisode qT pextyy “yueq euros} y Fe UG Ory PIVMIOJ JysnoIq souLleg quadiny pexty eoe t a LYuVaA 3HL Yo4 LNNODSV MS S.UAYNSVSYL AUVHONOH RULES OF THE STRAITS BRANCH OF THE Royal Asiatic Society. — I. Name and Objects. 1. The name of the Society shall be ‘The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.’ 2. ‘The objects of the Society shall be:— (a) the increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning - British Malaya and the neighbouring countries. (b) the publication of a Journal and of works and maps. = (c) the formation of a hbrary of books and maps. II. Membership. 3. Members shall be of two kinds—Ordinary and Feonorary. MN =p Se 4. Candidates for ordinary membership shall be pro- posed and seconded by members and elected by a majority of the Council. ad 5. Ordinary members shall pay an annual subscription of $5 payable in advance on the first of January in each year. Members shall be allowed to compound for life membership by a payment of $50. RULES OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY 6. On or about the 30th of June in each year the Honorary Treasurer shall prepare and submit to the Council a list of those members whose subscriptions for the current year remain unpaid. Such members shall be deemed to be suspended from membership until their subscriptions have been paid, and in default of payment within two years shall be deemed to have resigned their membership. No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other ‘publication of the Society until his subscription for the current year has been paid. 7, Distinguished persons and persons who have rendered notable service to the Society may on the recommendation of the Council be elected Honorary members by a majority at a General meeting. They shall pay no subscription, and shall enjoy all the privileges of a member except a vote at meetings and eligibility for office. III. Officers. 8. The officers of the Society shall be :— A President. Three Vice Presidents, resident in Singapore, Penang, and the Federated Malay States oe An Honorary Secretary. An Honorary Treasurer. An Honorary Librarian. Four Councillors. a These officers shall be elected for one year at the annual General Meeting, and shall hold. office until their successors are appointed. 9. Vacancies in the above offices occurring during any year shall be filled by the Council. IV. Council. 10. The Council of the Society shall be composed of the officers for the current year, and its duties and powers shall be :— RULES OF THE mel ASIATIC SOCIETY. (a) to administer the affairs, eels ye and trusts oes ny the Society. (b) to elect ordinary members and to. recotniead can- didates for election as Honorary members of the Society. | (c) to obtain and select material for publication in the Journal and to supervise the pr inting and distribution of the Journal. 2 (d) to authorise the publication of works and maps at the expense of the Society otherwise than in the Journal, Library. (f) to accept or decline donations on behalf = the Society. (g) to present to the Annual General Meeting at the expiration of their term of office a report of the proceedings | and condition of the Society. (nh) to make and enforce by-laws and regulations for the proper conduct of the affairs of the Society. Every such by-law or regulation shall be published in the Journal. 11. The Council shall meet for the transaction of business once a quarter, and oftener if necessary.. Three officers shall form a quorum of the Council. Vv. General Meetings. 12. One week’s notice of all meetings and of the sub- — jects to be discussed or dealt with shall be given. : 13. At all meetings the Chairman shall in the case of an equality of votes be entitled to a casting vote in ge to his own. 14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in February in each year.. Eleven members shall form a quorum. 15. (i) At the Annual General Meeting the Council shall present a Report for the preceding year and the Treas- (e) to select and purchase books and maps for the - RULES OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. urer shall render an account of the financial condition of the Society. Copies of such Report and account shall be circulated to members with the notice calling the meeting. (11) Officers for the current year shall also be chosen. 16. The Council may summon a General Meeting at any time, and shall so summon one upon receipt by the Secre- tary of a written requisition signed by five ordinary members _ desiring to submit any specified resolution to such meeting. Seven members shall form a quorum at any such meeting. 17. Visitors may be admitted to any meeting at the discretion of the Chairman but shall not be allowed to address _ the meeting except by invitation of the Chairman. - VI. Publications. 18. The Journal shall be published at least twice in each year, and oftener if material is availalle. In the first number in each year shall be published the Report of the Council, the account of the financial position of the Society, a list of members, the Rules, and a list of the publications received by - the Society during the preceding year. 19. Every member shall be entitled to one copy of the Journal, which.shall be sent free by post. Copies may be presented by the Council to other Societies or to distinguished individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at. such prices as the Council shall from time to time direct. 20. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the author. VII. Amendments to Rules. 21. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in writing to the Council, who shall submit them to a General Meeting duly summoned to consider them. If passed at such General Meeting they shall come into force at once. A List of the Ferns of the Malay Peninsula. By HeN] RIDLEY, ae As might be expected in a wet tropical forest region such as the Malay Peninsula, the number of ferns is very large, no less than 382 species being recorded, and further the number of individuals is so large that they form a very ponspiengy feature in the forests and damp open spots. That the number of species occurring here will be very largely increased by futher discoveries may be taken as certain, for there still remains‘a very large area of the country es- pecially in the centre and northern part of the peninsula which has not as yet been investigated by the lovers of ferns. The ferns of the plain country of the west coast are probably pretty well known and the Thaiping Hills and some of the other hill-ranges have been the collecting grounds of Day, Scortechini, and Kunstler. The ferns of Penang were well collected by Curtis, but the hill-ranges of Selangor and Pahang and the low country of the east coast have as yet been only partially searched and that mainly by myself. The northern states on the borders of Siam have been hardly in- vestigated at all, and are likely to produce many additions to our flora. In following the arrangement of Beddome’s Ferns of British India, 1 have incorporated into the list some species recorded by him from definite localities in the peninsula which have not been seen by me. There are however a good many recorded by him as from “ Malay- peninsula” without special localities, and which have not been apparently met with again. These I have excluded at present as some authors include Tenasserim as part of the Malay peninsula and the plants thus vaguely localised may have been obtained across the border. Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soe., No. 60, 1908, 2 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. I am indebted to Dr. Christ of Basle for identification of — oe species, as well as to Bishop Hose, and Surgeon General — C. 'T. Matthew, who always spent his spare time in Sing- ae during the short stays of his ship in searching the | forests of Singapore for ferns, with no little success. The chief collectors of ferns in the peninsula have been Father Scortechini, Mr. Day, Mr. Kunstler, who collected for the Caleutta Gardens, Mr. Hullett, Right Reverend Bishop Hose, Mr. Curtis and in earlier days W. Norris, Lady Dal- ~ housie, Mr. Pinwill, Dr. Wallich and Cuming. Habitats. The most abundant and conspicuous fern is perhaps the well-known “Resam ” Gleichenia linearis which — covers considerable tracts of country on the edges of forest, and where the forest has been felled and burnt. In such spots it produces dense thickets very troublesome to penetrate. In the hill districts it is replaced by other species of Glei- — chema, G. hirta, G. glauca and G. flagellaris. In more sandy places in the low country, we find the common bracken, Pteris aquilina taking its place. This is probably the most widely distributed and abundant of any vascular plant in the world. It is remarkable too how little this plant varies in different - regions of the globe. There is but little visible difference between the bracken of the woods of Kent and that of the hot sandy country of Singapore, the chief difference being the more woody texture of the stalks in the tropical form. Another fern which forms thick masses is the local Matonia pectinata of Mount Ophir and others of our higher hills. This beautiful fern often occurs growing in close thickets, hke bracken. Dipteris Horsfieldu rows in a similar manner over the sea-coast cliffs and on clay banks at 2000 feet and upwards in close masses. It is noticeable that all these ferns are re- markably difficult to.cultivate, abundantly and readily as they grow in a natural state. All attempts to grow Dipteris and - Matonia have failed, while the Gleichenias and the Bracken too are notoriously troublesome to transplant. Very common and conspicuous too are the Lygodiums, known here as “ Ribu-Ribu,” literally “ thousands,” from — Jour. Straits Branch. pes ST eee ‘ Pi a SS AN Oe eee id ee Wt Se ete) a eee LE a An Soles Wea SO tee Rae a EN ¥en eed pens tauay | LO Vo ET TU DF ee ee ee x asi eh ie by = § f ¢ A mere $e *. mi wf a ~ « } fi i ; ’ \ FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3 their numerous leaflets, LZ. circinatum and L. microphyllum. So abundant are these ferns climbing over bushes and through grasses, that they are extensively used in decorating ballrooms in the form of twisted ropes of the ferns. Anisogonium esculentum is a very common fern fringing the banks of muddy rivers in dense thickets, and very abun- dant too is the “Lamiding” Stenochloena palustris scrambling and climbing over trees and bushes. Both of these last - mentioned ferns are eaten as potherbs-by the Malays. Acrostichum aureum a big tufted fern occurring in tidal river mud all over the warmer parts of the world is very abun- dant. It occasionally is to be met with in damp places far away from the sea or any tidal river. In most of these places however I believe that it has merely persisted for many years after the river on whose banks it formerly grow has been silted up and now forms part of the dry land. A large clump still grows in the Economic Gardens at Singapore where the original river on which it doubtless first started its growth has been dry land since any history of it has been known, though Nipah fruits still dug up in the surrounding soil prove that at one time the tides reached this spot. I have also found. the Acrostichum far inland at the base of Gunong Pantai in Johor, and still further from the sea at Bukit Asahan at the foot of Mount Ophir and over thirty miles from the Coast. Most of the ferns however occur in a more isolated manner, though many are very abundant. ~The richest localities for ferns are the wet densely forested hills at altitudes of from 1000 to 5000 feet but the damp rocky woods of the plains are also very rich. The drier woods are less abundantly supplied, but many species are very characteristic of this kind of locality. Such are the Schizoeas, Lindsayas, Nephrodiums. Even the sands of the sea-coast produce some species such as Davallia solida and D. elegans, the Humatas and Schizaea dichotoma. At high elevations there is a noticeable dis- appearance of the thin textured ferns such as the Nephro- diums and Lastraeas, which are replaced by the more cori- R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908. _ 4 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. aceous leaved xerophytic Dipteris, Matonia, Polygoaiay Oleandras and such ferns. Epiphytic species are very abundant frequently covering the trees, especially at high altitudes, but as 1t seen in other eroups of plants, ferns which in the plants only occur on the upper branches of lofty trees, grow at an altitude of three or four thousand feet quite low down, and not rarely on rocks. Some of these high growing ferns are not at all easy to cultivate at low altitudes, but Davallia triphylla which only occurs in a wild state on the topmost boughs of trees a_ hundred or a hundred and fifty feet high, I ‘have met with on several occasions transplanted, accidentally or intentionally to the base of trees a few feet from the ground and thriving well. This fern was formerly considered so rare that about 20 years ago few herbaria in Europe had a specimen, but as a matter of fact it is by no means a rare plant. Growing as it does only on the inaccessible branches of lofty trees, it could only be obtained by searching for fallen boughs on which it happened to be growing. . Two of the most curious of our ferns are epiphytic plants remarkable for their rhizomes being modified so as to form nests for ants. They are Lecanopteres carnosa and Pleopeltis sinuosa. The former which occurs abundantly on trees at 3000 much after the manner of the rubiaceous plant M/yrmecodia. Pleopeltis sinuosa has a thick sealy rhizome hollow inside and also inhabited by ants. It is abundant in Singapore. It is curious that fleshy and succulent as the rhizome of this plant is, it is one of the first epiphytic plants to die during — a short dry ‘spell. One would have thought its supply of water in the rhizome would have been sufficient to have prevented this. > Distribution of Ferns. As ferns are disseminated by the floating of their dust-like spores on the wind to immense dis- tances it will easily be understood that many of the species have a very wide distribution over the surface of the globe. Ferns indeed are among the first of the higher plants to appear on newly cleared “ground, if the soil and climate suit them. Jour. Straits Branch FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5 The majority of our ferns occur in the Malay islands also, and a large proportion are found in the Mascarene islands, as well as India and Polynesia and South America, which is not the case with the higher flowering plants, few of which except some weeds carried about by human agency have as wide a distribution. Six species even occur in the British- Isles, viz., Trichomanes radicans, Hymenophyllum —Lunbridgense, Pteris aquilina, Lastrea Thelypterts and Poly- stichum aculeatum and Adiantum Capillus-veneris. There are however about 40 species which are endemic, never having been collected anywhere else except in the peninsula at “present. UssEs oF FERNS. ~ A good many of the local ferns are used for food in the form of pot herbs in place of spinach, or as sumbuls with curry, but chiefly by natives; for excellent as many of these are, Europeans are not acquainted with their merits and rarely use them. Among the most popular are Stenochloena palus- tris the “ Miding ” or “* Lamiding ” of the Malays, Anisogo- nium esculentum “ Paku Anjing,” and the water-fern Cera- topteris thalictroides, which occurs often abundantly in ditches. Of these ferns the young fronds are collected and boiled. : From the stems of Resam, (Gleichenia linearis) are made pens, and they are also used for making the walls and ee titions of the fishing-stakes. The fronds of the common Pleopeltis Phymatodes, when dry, exhale a delicious odour of Coumarin, like that of the Tonkin bean. Hence this fern is known as Paku Wangi or scented fern. ‘The fronds are dried and put among clothes, especially I am told by the Eurasian population in order to give them a pleasant perfume. _ Comparatively few ferns are accredited here with medical properties. The golden brown hairs on the rhizome of Cileo- tium Barometz are used as a styptic for wounds for which they are very suitable, and the rhizomes are sold in the drug-shops R, A, Soc, No; 50, 1908, 6 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. under the name of ‘ Penawar Jambi.’ This vegetable fur is even exported to Europe for the same purpose, being used not only as a styptic but as an antiseptic in planters. The fronds of the number of a softer textured fore are used pounded up as poultices for boils or sores; such are those of Cyathea Brunonis (also eaten as a pot herb by Jakuns), — and Phegopteris punctatum. _ The ashes of Drynaria quercifolia Poe are e apphed to. the abdomen in cases of miscarriage. GLEICHENIACEHAH. GLEICHENIA. 6G. circinata (Sw.) Damp rocks and streams at about 4000 feet elevation. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Derry 605); Perak, Gunong Bubu (Cantley) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Gl. dicarpa (Br.) Perak, Gunong Berumbun (Wray 1584) : Province Wellesley, Bukit Panchur (Ridley 12633). var. alpina Bedd. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll. 7345). Distrib. Malay isles, Australia, New Zealana Gl. hirta (Bl.) Hill districts. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (lang, Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini); Penang Hill (Norris, Hullett) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Gl. Norrisii Mett. Hill districts. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9599, Curtis 3314) ; Gunong Bubu (Wray 240) ; Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 243). Endemic. Gl. glauca (Hook.) G. longissima Bl. Very abundant at about 1000 feet elevation and upwards, forming dense masses. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12127) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Lang) ; Perak, Larut Hills (Fox 131, Ridley 10658); Penang Hill very abundant (Ridley 7082) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, China, Australia, Polynesia, Trop. America, Jour, Straits Branch = FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.| 7 a Gi, flagellaris Spr. Abundant on hill tops from about 1000 a feet upwards. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Derry 604) ; Negri i Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 10659) ; Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib. Mascarene isles, Malay-isles, Polynesia. Gl. linearis (Burn). Gl. dichotoma, Willd. ‘The commonest -occurring everywhere in the low country, in immense almost impenetrable masses. Native name “ Resam.” : The stems used for making pens, and also for fishing . stakes. Singapore, Tanglin, etc. (hidley) ; Malacca : = Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12128); Perak, Gopeng, ae Sungei Rayah (King’s Coll. 1065); Penang. Distrib. ee India, Japan, Australia, Polynesia, ‘Trop. America. CyYATHEA. a C. Brunonis Wall. Common in woods at no great elevation. _ Native names “ Paku Pahat,” “ Paku Gajah Payah,” ~* Paku Hitam Payah,” ‘“ Paku Salamah.” The leaves are eaten as a vegetable by the Jakuns, and also used to poultice sore legs. ey ohor, near Castlewood, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11061) : Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley) ; Malacca, Tikit Kayu Arang (Cantley’s Coll. 3 Bukit Tungul ( Rid] ey 440; 3), Bukit Bruang; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Rtid- ley 10483), Batang Paslang (Murdoch) ; Perak, Goping (King’s s Coll. AUS), Larut “(king’s Coll. 4885) ; pane Hill near the top (Ridley 7036). Distrib. Malay islands. AMPHICOSMIA. A. alterans Hook. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 12554) ; Johor, Batu Pahat (Hullett) ; Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 10173); Perak, Gunong Bubu (Cantley) ; Penang Hill, Penara Bukit (Ridley ey 1156, 10139). Distrib. Borneo. A handsome tree fern in damp temente R, A, Soc,, No, 50, 1908, 8 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. ALSOPHILA. A. latebrosa Hook. ‘The commonest tree fern in the low country, stem 8 to 12 feet tall. Singapore common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6123), Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6029) 5 ohor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 4400); Malacca, Ayer Panas, Ayer Keroh (Ridley 10705) ; Selangor, Batang Berjuntai (Ridley 7870), Gua Batu (Ridley 8141) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 23591, (317), Thaiping (Curtis) ; "Penang Hill, Province Wel- lesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley 6965) ; Kedah, Yan (Rid- ley b1Y oe A. comosa Hook. Not rare in the low country, stem 8 or 9 feet tall. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Jurong (Ridley 5756). Reservoir woods. Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 7148), Larut (Bishop Hose); Penang Hill (Hullett), Road to Penara Bukit (Ridley 7153). Distrib. Malay isles. o2 A. Ridley: Baker. Stem very short almost none. Damp low- woods. Singapore, Sungai Morai (Ridley 4401), Chan Chu Kang (Ridley. 6122), Chua Chu Kang (6031). Endemic. A. commutata Mett. Hills at 4000 feet. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9857, 3319); Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7869) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1908, 7150), Gunong Bubu (Cant- ley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9604). A. glabra Hook. Perak (Scortechini) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley 5156, 5157) ; Langkawi, Gunong Rayah (Curtis). Dis- trib. ‘India, China, Malaya. : A. glauca (Sw.) A. contammuus Hook. A dplendiea tree fern sometimes 20 feet tall, with the rachis and petiole ashy blue. Johor, Bukit Soga (Ridley 1066); Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Selangor, Pahang track (Ridley — 8633), Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7868) ; Perak, Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 4032). Common near the top of the hills. Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 9 Penang Hill common at the top (Ridley 7150). Distrib. India and Malay islands. I found a very curious form with fasciated. fronds on the Thaiping hills near the top. A. Kingi Bedd. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Perak, top ~ of Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 7402, Wray 3860). Endemic, | A. crenulata Mett. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Selan- gor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7865) ; Dindings, Lumut (Rid- ley) ; Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9548), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 95 51); Waterfall, Thaiping Hills (no 7865). Distrib. Java. A. dubia Bedd. Perak (Scortechini), Larut (King’s Coll. 2493). Endemic. A. obscura, Scort. Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini). Endemic. A. trichodesma Bedd. Perak (Scortechini). Endemic. MATONIA. M. pectinata Br. By no means one of the rarest ferns as Beddome says. It is local but usually very abundant growing lke bracken, where it occurs usually in open spots on the top of hills. Malacca, Mount Ophir, Pa-— dang Batu, (all collectors) 53000 feet elevation. Selan- gor, Hulu Semangkok (Ridley); Perak, Gunong Bubu (Scortechini 761) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley). It also occurs in the Carimon islands quite low down near the Waterfall and in Borneo. DICKSONIEAE. DICKSONTA. D. ampla Bak. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 5188), (Iting’s Coll, 2159). Also. Borneo. R. A, Soc., No, 50, 1908. 10 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. D. Kingu Bedd. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8058) and Larut (2118). “Endemic. CIBOTIUM. C. Barometz, Link. In woods at no elevation, not rare. Native name “ Penawar Jambi.” ‘The hairs from the rhizome sold as a styptic. The rhizome usually short creeping but I found it with a stem 4 feet tall on Kedah > Peak. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10981); Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7864); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9532), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 489), Gunong Hijau (Scortechini 1226) ; Kedah, Gunong Serai (Rid- ley 5176); Penang, Mt. Erskine (C nee Distrib. . Malay islands and S. China. LECANOPTERIS. L. carnosa Bl. Epiphytie with great irregular hollow tuber- culated rhizomes full of ants. On very lofty Diptero- carpus trees in the lower country, on lower trees in the hills. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough no 1477) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Hervey, ete.) very abundant, Gunong Bubu (Cantley). Distrib. Malay isles. , HYMENOPHYLLUM. ZH, polyanthos Sw. Common on trees and rocks, in the low country and up to a considerable altitude. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Bajau, Kranji (Ridley 5607); Johor, Kampong Bahru, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (R. Derry) ; Perak, Bujong Malacea (Ridley 9609); Penang Hill (Hullett, Ridley 7072) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). var. Blumeana. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Matthew), Sungei Moral (Ridley 4406), Bukit Mandai (Ridley Jour. Straits Branch, Hf. EE. Hf. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 11 8938) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7872); Perak (Scortechini 320), javanicum (Spreng). Rocks and trees from about 1000 feet upwards. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Malacca, _ Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9992) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (IRid- ley 8773, 8774); Perak, “Thaiping Hills ‘(King’s Coll. 87 Scortechini, W ray), Bujong Malacca (Ridley). var. badium. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Bishop Hose, Ridley 5182, Curtis 2084) ; Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib. Mascarene islands, India to Australia. Smithit Hook. Singapore, Kranji (Matthew); Johor, Gunong Banang, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10985) ; Selangor, Semanekok Pass (Ridley 12034) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 7072). Distrib. Malay isles. productum Ize. Singapore, Kranji (Ridley 1687) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Wray); Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, Poly nesia. dilatatum (Sw.) -Perak, Larut (King’s Collector). Dis- trib. Java and New Zealand. tunbridgense Sm. Rare. Kedah Peak (Ridley 5178), Distribution Europe, Africa, South America and New Zealand. Identified by Dr. Christ. .aculeatum V.D. Bosch. Singapore, Woodlands (Christ) ; Perak at 4000 feet alt. (INing’s Coll.) ; ee 3000 feet alt. (Day). Also Java. 3 afine V. D. Bosch. Johor, Mt. Austin (Ridley 12539, 12540), Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12135). Distrib. Java. . denticulatum Sw. este Kranji (Ridley 1687); . Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Wray); Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Java. Neesii Hook. Common on trees low country up to 4000 feet elevation. Singapore, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 9840), Kranji, Woodlands, Selitar; Johor, Pengaram, Tanjong Bunga (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering (Ridley), Batu Tiga (Derry); Pahang, Tahan River BR, A, Soe, No. 00, 1908, 12 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. (Ridley 2153, 2174), Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Se- langor, Rawang, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 9852), Hulu Se- mangkok (12036); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley); Dindings, Lumut (Ridley 7145); Perak (Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis 2083), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9610); Penang Hill, Penara Bukit (Ridley 7146). Distrib. Malay isles, Fiji. TRICHOMANES. . Motleys V. D. Bosch. Singapore, Stagmount (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim, Andamans, Ceylon, Borneo, New Caledonia, . Henzaianum (Parish). Singapore, Feruvalley, Bukit Timah (Matthew). Distrib. Burmah. .. muscoides (Sw.) On Rocks. Singapore, Feruvyalley, Bukit Timah; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley). Distrib. India and Tropical Africa and America. var. sublimbatum. Very near the last species. Perak, Rocks, Bujong Malacca (Ridley). neilgherrense, Bedd. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. S. India. 3 parvulum Poiret. Perak (Scortechini); Penang Hill (Ridley 1748); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Mada- gascar, India, Malay isles, Japan, China and Polynesia. . humile Forst.. Singapore, Woodlands (Matthew). -Dise trib. Pacific islands, Philippines. palidum Bl. On trees and rocks usually at a consider- able elevation, easily recognized by its ashy grey color when alive. Singapore, Kranji (Matthew); Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley 4161) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Rid- ley 9885); Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini). Dis. trib. Java. : , digitatum Swartz. On trees. Singapore, Kranji (Rid- ley); Pahang, 'Tahan River (Ridley); Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley (873); Perak (Scortechini), Gunong Jour, Straits Branch, Le. Te: Tar: 1 BGS FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 13 ‘Hijau (Ridley) ; Penang Hill (Bishop Hose), Penara Bukit (Curtis 3062); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Mauritius and Java. proliferum Bl. Perak, Larut 100-4000 feet (King’s Coll. 2565). Distrib. Java, Philippines. bipunctatum Poir. T. Filicula Bory. On rocks. Sing- apore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley) ; Johor, Gunong Panti (Hullett); Selangor, Bukit Hitam, Petaling, Langat, Batu Caves (Ridley 8143), Pahang Track (Machado) ; Dindings, Lumut (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1860, 1913, Scortechini), Thaiping (Ridley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9606). Distrib. African islands, India, Ceylon, Pacific islands. pyxidiferum L. Perak (Scortechini), Goping (King’s Coll. 4185) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Brazil. javanicum Bl. very common on rocks in forest. Sing- apore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 9569); Johor, Gunong Panti, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11065); Pahang, Tahan Woods (Ridley 2181) ; Selangor, Rawang, Bukit Hitam, Pahang Track (Ridley 8665) ; Dindings, Lumut (Ridley 7149a) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill at 3000 feet (Scortechini 541), Goping (IKKing’s Coll. 584) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 7149) ; Lankawi (Curtis 2423). Distrib. India, Malay Archipelago. Mixed with garlic and onion the dried fronds are smoked as tobacco to cure headaches. Tr. rigidum, Swartz. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit b) Timah, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6119), Toas (4407); Johor, Castlewood, Gunong Pulai (Rid- ley) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2161) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3332, 3320); Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley 11815); Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8661), Bukit Hitam (Kelsall), Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7871); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2404) ; Penang Hill (Ridley) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley); Tringanu, R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908. 14 Hes ~ EE ae ~ de ~ fs ~ Boge: ~S <4 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. §.' Africa and islands, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Polynesia and 8. America. - pluma Hook. Not rare in the hills at about 4000 feet alt. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Bishop Hose, etc.) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam, Ginting Bidai, Semangkok Pass (Ridley 12107) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Gunong Bubu (Cant- | ley), Gunong Hijau (Wray, Scortechini 344). parviflorum Poi. Tr, foeniculaceum Bory. Singapore, Moores Herb (fide Beddome) ; Perak, Gunong Bubu (Murton). Distrib. Mascarene isles, Borneo, Queens- land. : gemmatum Sm. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Mering and Tun- duk (Ridley 9881, Derry 607). Distrib. Malay isles, Polynesia, 5S. America. ‘, apufolium, Presl. Malacea, Mt. Ophir (King’s Collector fide Beddome). Distrib. Malay isles, Polynesia. ', hismidulum Mett. Singapore, near Selitar (Matthew and Ridley) ; Perak and Goping (King’s Coll. 531), Tapa | (Wray 1365). Distrib. Borneo. maximum Bl. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Malacea (loc. incert.), (Hervey) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Rid- ley 8638), Semangkok (12032) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca a curious small form (Ridley 9534), Larut 2500-3000 (King’s Coll, 2225-5286), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini _ 225), Tea Gardens (Ridley 3059). Dsitrib. Malay isles and Polynesia. radicans, Sw. Johor, Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10979); Malacca, Jeram Nyalas (Derry 1126); Sungei Ujong (Hullett) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 5183, — 1670), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8045) ; Penang Hill at 2500 feet (Hullett). Distrib. Both hemispheres, . denticulatum Bl. Johor, Gunong Pantai, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12135); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian. Tinggi | (Ridley) ; Penang Hill; Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Java. Jour. Straits Branch. Shs Af. Ef; FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 15 auriculatum Bl. In the hill woods on trees. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7874); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis, Scortechini), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 351). Distrib. Malay isles, Japan and Guiana. ‘, malaccense Christ. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Lang) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9611) 5 Thaiping Hills. En- demic. . obscurum Bl. . Male: Mt. Ophir, Gunong Tunduk (Ridley 9882, 9883); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley = ..9008). Distrib. Java. Tr. Tr. Ridleyi Chr. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley). sp. Penang, Moniots Road (Matthew). DAV ALLIBAE. HUMATA. heterophylla Smith. On dead trees or high up on hving ones, or also on the ground near the sea. Singapore, Kranji (Ridley 8940), Bajau, Changi beach (4355), ~ Pulau Brani and Pulau Ubin (Hullett) ; Johor, Bukit Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley); Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 2160) ; Perak, Lampatang (Scortechini 1554), B. P. D. (King’s Coll. 7821). Malay isles, Polynesia, angustata Wall. Singapore (Cuming 335), Sungei Mora, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3599) ; Johor, Bukit Pengarum, Kampong Bahru (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3336); Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8647) ; Din- dings, Lumut (Ridley 7136) ; Perak, Sungei Ryah (King’s Coll. 828), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 408), Bujong Malacca, Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9550) ; Penang, Waterfall (Ridley), Hill (King); Kedah Peak (Ridley 5179). A very curious form crenately deeply lobed to the midrib grows on the rocks on Padang Batu, Mt. Ophir (No. 3339). Endemic. H. parallela Wall. Singapore, Tanjong Merawan (Ridley) ; Malacca and Johor; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Burmah to Polynesia. R. A. Soc.,.No, 50, 1908. 16 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. H. pedata Smith. Singapore, Kranji; Johor, Sungei Bau, Mt. Austin; Malacca, Tanjong Kling (Ridley) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley), Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Din- dings, Lumut (Ridley 7155); Tringganu, Bundi (Ros- tado); Penang (King 1374), Penang Hill (Ridley 7077) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley 5179); Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Malay isles, India, Ceylon, Mascarene isles. H. pinnatifida Baker. Rare. Malacca Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut 3-4000 feet alt. on trees (King’s Coll. 6393). Also Borneo. H. sessilifolia Bl. “Singapore Sinclair”) Beddome. Dis- trib. Java. Not seen. LEVCOSTEGIA. L. hymenophylloides Bl. On rocks and rotten trees. Perak, — Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9545), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8046), Kinta (King’s Coll. 7128) ; Penang, near Richmond pool (Hullett, King). Distrib. Malay isles to Polynesia. : LL. nodosa Presl. Perak, top of Gunong Bubu 5000 to 5300 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 7421, Wray 383). Distrib, India and Java. L. parvula Sm. On trees in mangrove swamps. Singapore, Sungei Buluh, Tanjong Merawan, Kranji (Ridley 87). Distrib. Malay isles. L. affinis Hook. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1030) ; Penang (Lady Dalhousie). Distrib. Ceylon and Malay isles. | PROSAPTIA. P. Emersoni Presl. On trees and rocks usually on the hills. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett); Malacca, Batu Tiga (Derry); Selangor, Rawang, Bukit Kutu and Bukit Hitam (Ridley 8964); Perak, Hermitage Hill, Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 120, Jour. Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 17 215); Prov. Wellesley, Bukit Panchur (Native Coll.) ; Penang, Government Hill (Ridley, Kunstler 1307) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley 5170). Distrib. Malay isles and India. : P. contigua Swartz. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini 490). Distrib. Malay isles and India. DAVALLIA. D. solida Swartz. Common on tree trunks and in dry sandy spots. Singapore, abundant in the Botanic Gardens, Sungei Morai (Ridley); Johor, Jaffaria (King); Pa- hang; Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 7068); Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 984) ; Penang, above the Water- fall (Hullett); Kedah, Yan (Ridley). Distrib. Poly- -nesia and Malay isles. 7 D. elegans Swartz. On trees or sandy points, “ Paku Teru- tep.” Singapore, Changi beach (Ridley 4351) ; Pahang, Pekan, Kota Glangegi (Ridley 1598a) ; Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Ridley), Pulau Undan (Cantley’s Coll.), Jasin (Goodenough) ; Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey) ; Tringganu, Cherating River (Ridley); Prov. Wellesley, Permatang Bertam on cocoanut trees (Ridley) ; Kedah, Kedah Peak (Ridley 5159). Distrib. Africa, India, China, Malay isles, Polynesia. Dz. epiphylla Bl. On rocks. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8037). Distrib. Polynesia and Java. D, dwaricata Bl. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Jaya. D. bullata Wall. Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8637) ; Perak, Larut Hills 3500-4000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 6081), Caulfield’s Hill (Scortechini 391) ; Kedah Peak, rocks of the precipice (Ridley 5158). Distrib. Assam and Nepal. D. triphylla Hook. On boughs of lofty trees rarely low down. Singapore (Cuming 339), Woodlands, Bukit Timah R, A, Soe., No, 60, 1908, : 2 18 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. (Ridley 9095) ; Johor, Bukit Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11064), Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Negri Sembilan, Per- hentian Tinggi (Ridley 10819); Perak (Scortechini). Endemic. MICROLEPIA. M. pinnata Cav. “ Paku Merah” on banks in the hills. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3318) ; Selangor, Batang Padang (Near dock), Bukit Hitam (Ridley), Pahang Track (Ridley 8660) ; Perak, Larut Hills (Scortechini 153, 407), Gunong ~ Keledang (Ridley 9541) and Bujong Malacca (9533) ; Penang Hill abundant at the top (Bishop Hose, Ridley, Wallich, Lady Dalhousie). var. duzonica. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2144). - Distrib. Philippines. Ml. strigosa Swartz. Selangor, Rawang, Ginting Bidai, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7860); Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis 3061). Bist M. Kurzgu Clarke. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 8331). M. marginalis Thunb. Lankawi (Curtis) not in fruit but . the frond resembles this plant. D. Mooreana aff. but pinnules much larger. Perak, Larut Hills (Curtis 3723). M. speluncae L. Singapore, Ang Mo Kio, Changi (Ridley 6034), Gelang by a tidal stream (6248) ; Johor, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley); Pahang, Kuala Tahan; Selangor, Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 8641), Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7855); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 9856); Perak, Thaipmg (King’s Coll. 8371), Tanjong Malim (Ridley), Telor Pinang (9746) ; Penang (Curtis); Prov. Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley) ; Kedah (King’s Coll. 1245), Lankawi (Fox) ; Kelantan, KKamposa (Ridley) a very glabrous form. var, hirta. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid- - ley 8637) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling (Iking’s Coll. 8661). Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 19 M. moluccana Bl. Perak alt. 3000-4000 feet (Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis 2085) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8634). Distrib. Malay isles. STENOLOMA. S. chinensis Swartz. ‘The Lace fern, on banks at considerable altitudes, this plant seems to prefer stiff yellow clay. Pahang, Kuala Pahang near the Sultans tombs (Ridley 4230), Tahan River; Selangor, Ginting Bidai, Semang- kok Pass common (Ridley) ; Penang, Penara Bukit, ete. -common (Ridley). Distrib. Mascarene, India, Malay isles, China, Polynesia. LINDSAY EAE. LINDSAYA. DL. cultrata Swartz. On rocks and banks. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2151); Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Selangor, Rawang, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7876) ; Perak, Larut (Scortechini, King’s Coll. 2473), Tea Gardens (Ridley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9605) ; Kedah Peak ; -Lankawi (Curtis). var. Lobbiana. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). Dis- trib. Mascarene isles, India, Japan, Australia. L. repens Thw. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Malacca (Hervey) ; Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7845), Pa- hang Track (Ridley 8661); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9603), Larut Hills (Fox). Distrib. Mauritius, India, Malay isles, Polynesia. L. scandens Hook. Johor, Sempang Kiri (Ridley), Gunong Pulai (Hullett); Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Malacca, Selandau (Goodenough), Sungei Hudang, Ma- chap (Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Hervey, Wray), Bujong Malacca (Ridley); Penang, Government Hill (Ridley), Richmond pool (Fox). Distrib. Malay isles, R, A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908, : | ; 20 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. L. orbiculata Lam. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Malacca, — Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Ridley 2349); Selangor, Hulu Se- mangkok (Ridley); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9560), Gunong Bubu (Scortechini 133), Thaiping Hills (Ridley) ; Penang, Government Hill road (Ridley), Richmond Pool (Fox); Kedah Peak (Ridley 5163, 5165). var. tenera. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8039). Distrib. India, China, Australia. L. Lancea la. Common in woods. “ Paku Dudok bukit” “ Paku Gurmang.” Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley ~ 1653), Bulit Timah (Ridley 10815); Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley 4148), Hadji Senawi, Sempang Kiri (Ridley 10967); Malacca, Mt. we (Ridley 3347) ; Selangor, Batu Tiga (Ridley) : Negri Sembilan, Per- hentian Tinggi (Ridley), Bukit “Danan (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Ros- tado); Penang, Hill (Hullett); Kedah Peak (Ridley 5164). Distrib. Ceylon, Malay isles, S. America. L. borneensis Hook. In woods. Singapore, Sungei Jurong (Ridley 9842); Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12132) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley 3062). Distrib. Borneo. L. rigida Sm. On clayey soil in woods. Singapore, Sungel Buluh (Ridley)’; Malacca, Mt: Ophir, Gunong Mering (Ridley 3350, Griffith, Lobb, Cuming 397) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis B81, Larut at 2300 to 2500 feet alt. (IXing’s Coll. 3086). Endemic. L. Walkerae Hook. In water in woods. Singapore, Tampinis (Ridley 26791), Changi (6035); Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3333). Distrib. Banka. Lf, divergens, Wall. In dry woods common. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4231a), Bajau (4321), Sungei Morai (1660), Pulau Ubin (Murton) ; Johor, Gunong Banang (Ridley 10970), Tanjong Kupang; Malacca, Batu Tiga (Derry) and Ayer Panas; Negri Sembilan, Jour, Straits Branch FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 21 Gunong Angsi (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scorte- chini 499); Penang Hill (Hullett, Roxburgh); Trin- ganu, Bundi (Rostado); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Dis- trib. Borneo. | L. lanuginosa Wall. On trees usually near the sea. Sing- - apore, Jurong (Hullett), Bajau (Ridley 6553) also es- tablished in the Botanic Gardens; Perak (Scortechin1) ; Penang (Wallich). Distrib. Africa, Burmah, Australia. SCHIZOLOMA. S. lobata Poir. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 9561) ; Malacca (Cuming 392) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12131); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2168) ; Perak, Larut Hills (Scortechini, Ridley 10670), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 292); Penang, Government Hill (Fox). Distrib. India. S. davallioides, Bl. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah common; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2179) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (3348, 3351) ; Negri Sembilan, Gu- nong Angsi (Ridley); Perak, Larut Hills at 4000 feet (Scortechini 230, 4372), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8044) ; Penang Hill; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; . Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Malay isles. S. ensifolia Swartz. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6033, 6028); Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Penang Hill. Distrib. Africa, India, Polynesia, Australia. Se. heterophylla Dry. L. Finlaysoniana Wall. No. 2197. Singapore, Pulau Brani (Hullett) ; Malacca (Robertson) fide Hooker. Not to be found now, perhaps a garden escape. Distrib. Mauritius, India, Malay isles, Hong- : kong. . Se. media Br. Singapore, Pulau Brani (Hullett). Lost like the last. Distrib. Tropical Australia. Sc. cordata Gaud. “Malay Peninsula” (fide Beddome). Distrib. New Guinea and Rawak. R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908. 22 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, Sc. Gueriniana Gaud. Malacca (fide Beddome). Distrib. Eastern Malay islands. I have seen no specimens of these last two. ADIANTUM. A. caudatum L. Perak, Bukit Kupayiang, Sungei Siput (Ridley), Gunong Tundok (King’s Coll. 8351) ; Selan- gor, Limestone rocks, Batu Caves (ee 8142). Dissie% trib. Tropics of Old World. flabellulatum L. Singapore, Pulau Ubin, on rocks near the sea (Ridley 865), Road side near Changi, a flaccid form on shady banks (Ridley 2680); Malacca, Cape Rachado (Hervey). Distrib. Eastern tropics. A. Capillus-veneris L. - Kedah, Pulau Songsong, an island off the Kedah coast, on rocks by the sea (Ridley 5155). Distrib. Whole World. A. aethiopicum L. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2173) - rocky banks of the river; Penang (Curtis); Malacca . (Bishop Hose). Distrib. Africa and South America. A. lunulatum Burm. Penang, Banks by the road side at Balik Pulau (Ridley 9416) apparently an escape from cultivation; Lankawi (W. Fox). Distrib. Africa, Indo- ~ _ Malaya, South America. . stenochlamys Bak. Singapore, Graves in the old cemetery (Ridley) ; Malacca, Walls of the old chapel. Distrib. Borneo. es pe CHEILANTHES. Ch. tenuifolia Sw. “ Paku Telor Belankas,’ “ Paku Resam Padi,” “ P. Resam Lumut,’ common on dry banks, ete. Singapore, Pulau Ubin, Sungei Brih (Ridley), also col- lected here by Norris, Seemann and Wallich; Malacca, Ayer Keroh, Kesang; Negri Sembilan, Seremban; Penang, Penara Bukit, Pulau Tikus; Prov. Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley). Distrib. India to Australia and New Zealand. | Jour. Straits Branch FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 23 HYPOLEPIS, H. punctata Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5015). PTERIS. Pt. longifolia, L. Common on walls and dry spots, “ Paku Uban Bukit.” Singapore, on the aqueduct near the Reservoir, etc.; Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley) ; Malacca, on the old chapel, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8145); Perak, Kuala Dipang (Ridley 9549), Bukit Kupayiang, Sungei Siput (Ridley) ; Penang (Ridley 7079); Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Whole World. Pt. cretica L. Rather rare, usually a nea: grey form. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley, Hullett) ; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3699); Penang Hill (Hullett) ; Lankawi, - Gunong Rayah (Curtis 3381) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley). Distrib. Europe, Africa, Asia and America. P. Grevilleana Wall. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 2163) ; Perak, Tambuan near Ipoh (Ridley). Distrib. India. Pt. ensiformis Burm. Common in dry spots, sometimes in burnt up lalang fields, “ Paku Padang.” Singapore, Garden Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Ridley), Pulau Ubin (Murton); Johor, Tanjong Bunga (Ridley 6549) ; Malacca, Bukit Panchur (Cantley), Selandau, Sungei Udang (Derry); Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Ridley 9877); Penang (Bishop Hose); Kedah (King’s Coll. 1744) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). var. A very stunted tufted plant growing between stones in streams on Gunong Mering, Ophir (Ridley 3340) and on Kedah Peak at 3000 feet altitude (Ridley 5165). Distrib. Type Indo-China, Australia, Pt. semipinnata L. “ Paku medang,’ “ Paku Pelandok.” Malacca, Alor Gajah (Hervey); Pahang, near Pekan (Ridley) ; Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley. 1888) 5 Sungei Ujong (var. dispar) * (Hallett) : ; Perak, Upper R. A. Soc., No, 50, 1908. 24 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Perak (Wray 3528); Kinta River (King’s Collector 830). Distrib. Malaya, Chino-Japan. Pt. Dalhousiae Hook. Perhaps only a fine form of Pt. semi- pinnata. It was first found by Lady Dalhousie in Penang, but was not seen there again till it was redis- covered by Mr, Curtis on rocks, near Mt. Erskine where the original Government house was, and where doubtless Lady Dalhousie found it. Malacca, Hulu Belangkas (Derry 1082), Bukit Besar, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9867) ; Selangor, Langat (Ridley 1681); Penang (lady Dal- housie), Penara Bukit (Curtis 635, Ridley T2700). Endemice. Pt, quadrianuita Retz. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Rid- ley); Johor, Batu Pahat, Patani (Ridley); Malacca, Pulau Undan (Cantley), Bukit Panchur; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8153), Petaling; Perak, Tambun, Ipoh (Ridley 9543), Goping (King’s Coll. 524). Distrib. all the tropics, Pt. patens Hook. anc (Hervey); Selangor, Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 8640) and 15th mile Pahang Track; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3706); Lankawi, Foot of Gunong Raya (Fox). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. Pt. longipinnula Wall. Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3741). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Pt. aquilina L. Common all over the Peninsula, usually in sandy soil, from the plains to 1000 feet elevation or more. The most remarkable forms are a very pubescent one. Selangor, Bukit Kutu (7837) and a variety with very long pinnules found in Malacca by Mr. Hardy. Distrib. the whole world. CAMPTERIA. C. biaurita Lu. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley) ; Din- dings, Bruas (Ridley 7268) ; ; Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley 6946). Distrib. Tropics old world. Jour, Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 25 DORYOPTERIS, D. ludens Wall. Selangor, Limestone rocks at the Caves (Ridley 8135) ; Perak, Batu Kurau (Scortechini 507). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. The Selangor form is a very curious one with thick ovate cordate quite obtuse sterile fronds and all the pinnules of the fertile ones narrow and entire. LITOBROCHIA. L. incisa Thunb. Singapore, Tanglin, Holland Road; Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini 471), Larut (King’s Coll. 2363, Scortechini 102, 419), Max- well’s Hill abundant. var. integrifolia. Grows with the ordinary form on Maxwell’s Hill. Distrib. all tropics. L. marginata Bory. Malacca (fide Beddome); Selangor, Batu Caves, Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 8146), Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7836). Distrib. Africa, Asia, Australia, Polynesia. : CERATOPTERIS. C. thalictroides L. In ditches. This plant has a habit of disappearing altogether at certain times of the year and reappearing in abundance. Singapore, Gardens, Ang - Mo Kio, Seletar, Changi (Ridley 4227) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 1509) ; Malacca (Hervey) ; Selangor, Bukit Bin- tang (Goodenough) ; Penang, Tanjong Bunga (Curtis) ; Kelantan, Kamposa (Ridley) ; ; Lankawi isles (Curtis). Distrib. whole world tropics. LOMARIA. L. procera var vestita. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (3-4000 feet) (King’s Coll. 8065). R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908. 26 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. PLAGIOGYRIA. P. pycnophylia Kze. Larut 5-5500 feet alt. near top of Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 7324). Distrib. Indo- Malaya. P. euphlebia Kze. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Wray tus) Dis- trib. India, Japan, Australia. BLECHNEAE. BLECHNUM. B. serrulatum Rich. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley - 10917);-Malacca (Hervey), Ching (Derry); Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 2160a). Distrib. Malaya, Australia, America. ) B. orientale L. Very common in open country “ Paku Ular,” Paku Ikan.” Singapore, Tanglin, Bukit Timah; Johor, Batu Pahat, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 3750); Malacca, Pulau Besar; Negri Boaaae Bukit Berumbang (Cant ley), Seremban (Ridley 9 875) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. B. Finlaysonianum Wall. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Rid- ley 6121), Reservoir Woods (Ridley 4821); Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry); Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8656); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). Endemic. SADLERIA. S. cyatheoides, Kaulf. Perak (Day) fide Beddome. ASPLENTEAE. THAMNOPTERIS. Th. nidus lL. Common everywhere on trees. The bird’s nest fern. It is supposed to be the home of the demon known as the Langsuir. There are several forms. Jour. Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY,PENINSULA. Zt var. musaefolia Mett. The form with long broad leaves, 6 feet or more long a foot wide. var. phyllitidis Don. Leaves narrow 2- feet long 2-3 inches wide. A crested form also occurs. JDis- trib. Indo-Malaya, Mascarenes. ASPLENIUM. A. Scortechini Bedd. Perak (Scortechini 128), Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 5186). Endemic. A. Mactieri Bedd. Penang (Mactier) (fide Beddome) not seen. A. squamulatum Bl. On rocks and stumps in wet woods com- mon, bulbiferous at the extremity of the fronds. Sing- apore, Bukit Timah on rocks, Chua Chu Kang, etce.; Johor, Batu Pahat, Hadji Senawi (Ridley 10964), a curious branched form, Tanjong Kupang; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 6320), Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley). Distrib. , Malay islands. A. normale Don. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2705). Dis- trib. India, China. A. subavenium, Hook. Penang (Beddome). Distrib. Mada- gascar. A. amboinense Willd. Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini). Dis- trib. Malay isles. A. longissimum Bl. On trees and rocks not rare. Singapore, Mandai (Ridley 10930), Bukit Timah abundant (10810), Tanglin on trees in the Gardens; Prov. Welles- ley, Bukit Panchur (Native Collector) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley) ; Malacca (Hervey), St. John’s Hill (Derry) ; Dindings, Bruas (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2550). Distrib. Mascarene isles, Indo-Malaya. A, Wightianum Wall. On rocks. Sungei Ujong (Hullett) ; Perak (King’s Coll. 8130, 10959). Distrib. Indo- Malaya, RB, A. Soc, No. 50, 1908, 28 pK. ae po A. as a aN ay ay FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. sumatrana Hook. On rocks. Johor, Batu Pahat (Rid- ley 11067); Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7841) ; Dindings, Pangkor (Ridley); Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley 7074). Distrib. Malaya. . tenerum Forst. On trees and rocks. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Ang Mo Kio (Ridley); Johor, Batu Pahat; _ Pahang, Pulau Tawar (Ridley) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley), Gunong Hitam ( Goodenough), Bukit Rutu (Ridley 7847); Perak (Scortechini) ; Penang, Govern-— ment Hill. Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya, Polynesia. . lunulatum Sw. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8048). Distrib. India. boneense Hook. Perak, Bujong Malacea (Curtis 3312, - Ridley 9553), Larut (King’s Coll. 1998). Distrib. Malaya. : hirtum Waulf. Pahang, Tahan (Ridley); Penang, Government Hill. Distrib. Indo-China, a Poly- nesia. .falcatum Lam. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hullett). Dis- trib. Africa, India, Australia. macrophyllum Sw. Rocks and trees. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Kunstler), Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah; Selangor, Batu Caves; Negri Sembilan, Per- hentian Tinggi; Prov. Wellesley, Bukit Panchur; Perak (Scortechini 1079); Penang, Bukit Erskine (Curtis) F Balik Pulau (Ridley). Distrib. of the last. . caudatum Forst. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2351), Caul- field’s Hill (Scortechini 390). Distrib. Africa, India, Australia, S. America. . dimidiatum, Sw. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 432). Distrib. W. Indies. . cuneatum Lam. Perak (Scortechini), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9546). Distrib. all the tropics. . melanophyllum Scort. Perak, Gunong -Bubu (King’s Coll. 7403). Endemic. Jour. Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 29 A. paradorum Bl. Penang (fide Beddome) ; Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 7164). Distrib. Malaya. A. heterocar pum, Wall. Sungei ee (Hullett). Distrib. India, China, Malaya. A nitidum Sw. On rocks and trees. Singapore, Bukit - Timah; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett), Hadji Senawi, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10965); Pahang, Tahan River, Pulau Tioman; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8144) ; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 8180) var. obtusatum. Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya. A, unilaterale Lam. A. resectum Hook. Pahang, Jahan River (Ridley); Malacca, Jeram Nyalas (Derry) ; ; Se- langor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8286, 8649), 15 mile Pahang Track : Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1010), Thai- ping Cottage (Hervey). Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya, Japan Polynesia. ; A. Belangert Kze. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Scortechini, Eteryey); —Penans, Goyermment Hill- (Fox). Distrib. Malaya. A.bulbiferum Forst. Penang (fide Beddome probably culti-- vated). a ATHYRIUM. A. Ridley, Christ. Malacca, Bukit Besar, Ophir (Ridley 9866). Endemic. De ae, D. subserratum Bl. Hills at about 3000 feet elevation. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill _ (Ridley); Penang Hill. Distrib. Java. ; D. larutense, Bedd. Larut (King’s Collection oe Hn- demic. D. pallidum Bl. Singapore, Toas (Ridley) ; Pahane , Tahan River (Ridley 2167) ; Sungei Ujong (Hulett). Distrib. Burmah to Malaya. R. A, Soc., No, 50, 1908, 30 D. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. porrectum Wall. Common in woods “ Paku Naga.” Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 4399), Holland Road (5700), Reservoir Woods, Garden Jungle; Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10978), Gunong Pulai (3751) ; Malcaca, Batu Tiga (Derry 985), Ayer Panas (Derry 16); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley 9868), Sungei Ujong (Hullett) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8648); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2255), Ulu Kul (10503) and Batang Padang; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya. | . sylvaticum Presl. Singapore (Hullett) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 5818); Malacca, Ayer Panas (Hervey) ; Selangor, Batu Caves, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7844) ; Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 7146), Thaiping (Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill (Fox) ; Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib. Africa Indo-Malaya. . bantamense Bl. var. Prescottianum. Singapore (Hul- lett) ; Malacca, Ayer Keroh and Ayer Panas (Ridley) ; Selangor, Ginting Peras (Ridley 7031); Perak, Max- well’s Hill (Fox), Larut (King’s Coll. 2698) ; Penang Hill. Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. . speciosum Mett. D. acuminatum Bl. “ Paku Kijang.” Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley 8937), Garden Jungle, Stag Mount (11271), Reservoir Woods (12202) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12130); Malacca, Ayer Panas (Derry); Selangor, Batu Caves; Dindings, Gu- nong Tungul (Ridley 7271); Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5166). Distrib. India. . tomentosum Hook. In woods, terrestrial, “ Paku Binet.” Singapore, Bukit Timah; Pahang, Tahan River; Se- langor, Labu River, Petaling, Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 658), Thaiping Hills (King’s Coll. 11428). Distrib. Burma, Malaya. . chlorophyllum Bak. Penang (Curtis). Endemic. Jour, Straits Branck, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 31 D. sorzogonense Presl. Singapore, Selitar (Ridley 6557) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2532), Kinta (King’s Coll. 7151), Thaiping - (Scortechint). oes var. major Bedd. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 7403). Distrib. Malaya, D. asperum Bl. D. polypodioides. var. asperum. Malacca (Hervey); Perak (Scortechini), Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10849). var. polypodioides. Pahang, Kuala Tahan (Ridley 2400); Penang abundant (Curtis). Distrib. Indo- Malaya. D. latifolium Don. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid- ley 8652); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2214, 2346), Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 8420). Distrib. Indo- Malaya, Austraha. ANISOGONIUM. A. lineolatum Mett. Perak (Scortechini), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8026); Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib. Malaya. : A. cordifolium Mett. Woods, terrestrial, * Paku Tunjok Langit.” Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5867) ; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur; Negri Sembilan, Kupaiyiang (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2711), Cottage, Thaiping Hills (Hervey). Distrib. Malaya. A. decussatum Sw. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Gunong Hijau (Ridley), Birch’s Hill (Day). Distrib. Malaya. A. esculentum. “ Paku Anjing.” Common on stream banks, leaves eaten as spinach. Singapore, Stream along Bukit Timah Road; Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley 7863) ; Pahang, Pulau Manis (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan, Serem- ban; Perak (Scortechini 437). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. R.A, Soc., No. 50, 1908, 32 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3 ~ ASPIDIEAE. Hs aa DIDYMOCHLAENA. D. lunulata Desy. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid- ley 8659) ; Perak, Gunong Chey at 2600 feet (Murton), Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9538), Thaiping Hills — (Scortechini, Ridley). Distrib. Burma, Malaya, Mas- - carene, Polynesia, America. as MESOCGHLAENA. M. polycarpa Bl. Woods “ Paku Surai.” Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 1658); Pahang, Pulau Padang (Ridley 2401). and Tahan River (2396) ; Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sumaiyiang (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Thaiping (Scorte- chini 464), Goping (King’s Coll.- 371) and Gunong Bintang (243). Distrib. Malaya. POLYSTICHUM. P. semicordatum Sw. Pahang, Tanjong Antan, Pahang River (Ridley); Perak, Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8282). Distrib. Malaya, Burma, Tropical America, _ P. aculeatum var. biaristatum Sw. Perak, Larut 2500 to 3000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 6258); Penang, Richmond Pool. Distrib. of type whole world. ASPIDIUM. A. singaporianum Wall. Woods common, “Paku Todak, Paku Biawak, Paku Murak.” Singapore, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang, ete. (Ridley); Pahang, Tahan River; Malacca, Jasin, Sungei Hudang (Derry) ; Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis), Bukit Kudah (Rid- ley) ; Perak, Ipoh; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; Penang Hill. Distrib. Malaya. Jour, Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 33s A. Kunstleri Bedd. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 405). Hndemie. A tricuspe Bedd. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 975). 2 Endemic. | Agee A. vestum Bl. Woods “ Paku Jari.” Johor, Batu Pahat ~ (Ridley 10669); Pahang, Tembeling River (Ridley 2399); Selangor, Batu Tiga, Batu Caves (Ridley) ; Perak, Kota Bahru (King’s Coll. 382) ; Penang (Bishop Hose). Distrib. India, Malaya. A. angulatum Sm. Singapore, Bukit Timah (King’s Coll. 342), Bukit Panjang (Ridley 12534); Perak (Scorte- chini), Goping (King’s Coll. 580, 586). : A. semibipinnatum Wall. In tidal river mud. Johor, Castlewood (Ridley 12225), Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Muar, Sungei Segal (Ridley 12278); Perak (Scorte- -chini) ; Penang (fide Beddome). Distrib. Malaya, A. subtriphyllum, Hook. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 4713), Tambun near Ipoh (Ridley 9542). A. variolosum Wall. Singapore, Bajau (Ridley 2419), Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah (9566, 8939); Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12129); Selangor, Bukit Kudah (Ridley 1684), Batu Caves (8148), Langat (1685); Perak, Go- ping (King’s Coll. 5908) ; Penang (King’s Coll. 4862), _ Waterfall (Curtis 1608). Distrib. India. A. polymorphum, Wall. “Paku Kikir.’ Selangor, Kuala , Lumpur (Ridley 2409) ; Sungei Ujong (Hullett), Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s Coll.); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2289, 2395). Distrib. Africa, India, Malay isles. A. repandum Willd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 6305). Distrib. Malaya. A. pachyphyllum WKze. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1816, 2347), Maxwell’s Hill (Scort. 218, 493). Distrib. Malaya. 2 R. A, Soc., No, 40, 1908, we) 34 A, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. decurrens Presl. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9535) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado).” Distrib. India, Malaya, — China, Polynesia. . cicutarium Sw. Woods, “ Paku Larat,” “ Paku Sagala,” “Paku Tembaga.” Singapore, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4396); Johor, Batu Pahat ’(Ridley 10976)); Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Sungei Ujong, Bukit Payong, Bukit Danan (Cantley). Distrib. all tropical countries. _ multicaudatum Wall. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2297), Upper Perak (Wray 3604). ternatum Bak. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. : PLEOCNEMIA. . membranifolia Presl. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley — 8149) ; Pahang, T'ahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 5871). Distrib. India. . membranacea Hook. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8140, 8136, 8643); Perak Scortechin1). Distrib. Malaya, China. . Lenzeana Hook. Singapore, Cran Valley, Bukit Timah (Matthew) ; Malacca (Cantley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s — Coll. 2093), Goping (720). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. . gigantea Bl. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridiea: Zi Negri Sembilan, Tampin (Goodenough) ; Penang, a Bu- tong (Curtis 3401). . megalocarpa Hook. Perak, Larut 2-3000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 2236). Distrib. Java. LASTREA. . gracilescens Bl. Rare. Perak (Scortechint). Distrib. India, China, Malaya. Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 35 L.-immersa Bl. In Woods. Pahang, Kuala Tahan (Rid- ley) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7848) at the Batu _ Caves and on the Tras route (8658) ; Perak, Batu Gajah, - Kul (King’s Coll. 10502). Distrib. Malay islands. L. calcarata Bl. Hill woods. Pahang, Tahan River (Rid- 7 ley). wee var. sericea. Larut (King’s Collector 1571). var. ciliata. Wedah, at Yan (Ridley 5161). Distrib. oe 2 India. | LT. (Dryopteris) Ridleyi Christ. Perak, Bujong Malacca : (Ridley 9600) ; Pahang, Kuala Tahan; Malacca, Base of - Mt. Ophir; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7849). This plant was identified first as LZ. viscosa by Dr. Christ, later he distinguishes it as a species. It much resembles L. calcarata in many points. ‘The first number quoted is that of the type. ‘The other plants seem to me to be identical with it. L. unidentata Bedd. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 10.) Pndenuc= ie ‘helypteris Desv. Rare. pike Tea Gardens (Ridley 3058). Distrib. Europe, Asia, S. Africa, New Zealand. L. crassifolia Bl. Common “Paku Knau.” Singapore, Sungei Morai (Ridley 4397), Bukit Panjang (12532) ; Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 6556) ; Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough), Ulu Bumban (Hervey), Gunong Mering, Ophir (Ridley 3335); Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley 2159) ; Selangor, Pahang Track ‘(Ridley 8654) 5 Perak, Larut (King? s Coll. 8814), Maxwell’s Hill (Scor- techini 221); Penang (Ridley). L. ochthodes Kze. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley —. 9843); Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley 9579). L. Dayi Bedd. Singapore (Bishop Hose) ; Penang (Mat- thew) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Day, Kunstler 2126). “ndemic. *- | L. singalanensis Bak. Perak, Thaiping (Ixing’s Coll. 3520, 8520). _ R, A, Soc., No, 50, 1908, ~ + 36 ch im Ll. s FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. fuscipes Wall. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5874) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll. 8742), Upper Perak (Wray 3712). Distrib, Burma, Malaya. padangensis Beddome. River bank close to water’s edge. Perak, Batang Padang, Padang River (King’s Coll.). Endemic. syrmatica Willd. ee Goping (King’s Coll. 8178); - Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. . tenericaulis Wall. Penang (King’s Coll. 1493); Sing- apore, established in Tanglin. Distrib. India, China, Australia. — | . intermedia Bl. Perak:(Day) ; Penang (Curtis). var. Blumet. Perak Cee or Larut (King’s Coll. 6952). . megaphylla Bak. Perak, Larut at 3000 feet alt. a gS Coll. 2822, 6952, 2822). N EPHRODIUM. . unitum lL. Damp spots, “ Paku Hudang.” Singapore, Selitar (Ridley 4394), Galang (4392) ; ° Malacca, Ayer Panas; Perak, at sea level (Day, King). Distrib. All tropics. ‘ pteroides Retz. NV sierminans Wall. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Johor, Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10973) ; Dindings, Pulau Sembilan (Ridley 3145) ; Perak, Max- well’s Hill (Ridley 5187); Lankawi (Ridley 8346). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. . extensum Bl. Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib, Indo- Malaya. . cucullatum Bl. Singapore, behind the General Hospital (Ridley), Chan Chu Kang, Changi 3596a, 2602) ; Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Ridley 9873). Distrib, Mascarene, Indo-Malaya, Poly- nesia, 3 Jour. Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 37 N. aridum Don. Singapore, Jurong, Kranji (Ridley), Green Hill (Hullett); Johor, Castlewood (Ridley) ; Pahang, Pekan ee Perak (King 1025). Distrib, India. N. glandulosum Hook. Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll. 8660). Distrib. Java. 3 N. lineatum Bl. Perak (Day, Scortechini, King’s Coll. 497). Distrib. Malaya. N. urophyllum Wall. Common in woods, “ Paku Gajah,” © “Paku Merah.” Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5870); Malacca, Bukit Besar, Mt. Ophir (Ridley), Bukit Bruang (Derry 681); Pahang, Temerloh, Kota Glanggi, Tahan River (Ridley 2398); Sungei Ujong, Bukit Danan (Cantley’s Coll.), Bukit Putus (Ridley) ; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8154), Ginting Bidai (7839) ; Perak, Slim (King’s Coll.), Upper Perak (Wray 3592); Penang Hill (Ridley) ; Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. var. Pinwillei. Malacca (Pinwill) ; Perak (Day). N. moulmeinense Bedd. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12123). N. costatum Wall. Polypodium penangianum Hook. Pe- nang (Beddome). Distrib, India. NV. pennigerum Bl. Singapore, Rifle Range (Ridley) ; Johor, Pinerong (Cantley); Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley 7861); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 237); Pe- nang Hill (Hullett). var. Malayense. Perak (Scortechini, Day, King’s Coll. 2360). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Africa. N. molle Desy. Singapore, common Selitar (Ridley 4395), Chan Chu Kang (6120), Bukit Timah (5893), Changi (6037), Pulau Brani (Hullett); Johor, Castlewood (Ridley) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7854) ; Perak, . Ula Bubong (King’s Coll. 10127), Ulu Kerling (8657 ys Penang (King’s Coll. 1570). Distrib. whole world. R. A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908. 38 N. N a . NN. NV. NV. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. U amboinense Presl. Singapore, Green Hill (Hullett) ; Pahang, Khol, Tembeling River (Ridley); Selangor, Dusun Tua; Perak, Telok Pinang (Ridley 539), Bernam River (King 8800). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. tectum ( Wall.) Singapore (Wallich 394 and 354 sate Bukit Timah (Ridley 9567) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling Hong 86507), Ulu Bubang (10157? 1205, 8757). . crinipes Hook. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll. et Distrib. India, . feroxr Moore. Hill forests. Selangor, Ginting Peras (7854) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 4064) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 7080). Distrib. India, Malaya. | . hidleyi Christ. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8655) ; Perak, ‘Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9536). Endemie. This very closely resembles NV. feroz. . truncatum Presl. Singapore, Sungei Jurong (Ridley 10774); Johor, Batu Pahat; Selangor, Batu Caves Ridley 8137); Perak, Telok Pinang (Ridley 9540) and Tambun (9544), Goping (King’s Coll 556), Maxwell’s Hill (Seortechini) ; Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). var. subintegra Christ.. Penang (Ridley 10136). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia. . _ brachyodon Hook. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini — 221), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9537). Distrib. West Indies and Peru. sakayense Zeiller— Perak, Valley of Kiang River near Riam Mountain (Scortechini). Endemic. heterocarpn Bl. Singapore, Green Hill (Hulett) ; 5 Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 9869) ; Perak, Larut (Scortechini, King’s Coll, 6345) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 9225). larutense Bedd. Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 7850), 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8632) 5 Perak (Day, King’s Coll. 850, 2398). Jour. Straits Branch: FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, soo IN, Roncnstines Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2046). Endemic. N. perakense Bedd. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Birch’s Hill (Day). Endemic. N. Haenkeanum Presl. Singapore, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 1655), Bukit Timah (Matthew). NEPHROLEPIS. N. exaltata L. Very common in open country. “ Paku Pinang.” Singapore, Holland Road, Ang Mo Kio (Rid- ley) ; Malacca, Pulau Besar, Lubok Kedondong, St. John’s Hill (Ridley) ; ; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley, a curious crested form) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9607), Larut (King’s Coll. 5220); Penang Hill (Ridley 7038). | var. hirsutula. Singapore, Tanglin; Malacca (Her- vey). So eae ee var. pilosula. Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 2408). Distrib. Tropics of old world. _ N.volubilis Smith. “ Paku Baging,” “ Paku Racha,” “ Paku : _ Mrah,” “ Paku Ningek.” Climbing on trees in damp spots. Singapore, Rochor, Sungei Morai (Ridley 4405) ; Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley) ; Malacca, Ayer Keroh, Jus (Goodenough) ; Perak, Batu Kurau (Curtis) ; Din- dings, Pulau Sembilan (Ridley) ; 'Tringanu, Bundi (Ros- tado); Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Distrib. India, Malaya. é = NN. acuta Presl. Johor, Tanjong Kupang; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2373); Selangor, Batu Caves; Perak (Wray 2826, King’s Coll. 165, 4955). var. lancifolia Christ. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Ridley 2422). Distrib, Africa, India. N. davallioides Kze. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini), Larut (King’s Collectors 6325 and 5007). Distrib. Java. R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908. 40 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. OLEANDRA. O. neriiformis Cav. Common from 3000 feet and upwards. Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 1832), Ulu Semangko; Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Wray 1601), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey, Wray, etc.) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (forming dense thickets) (Ridley) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. India, America. . O. Cumingii Sm. Kedah Peak (Ridley 5172) with the variety longipes. Distrib. Burmah, China, Malaya. O. musaefolia Kze. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. India. POLYPODIEAE. PHEGOPTERIS. P. punctatum, Thunb. “ Paku Resam Paya.” Fronds used for poulticing boils. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7867); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5015, Scortechimi), Caulfield’s Hill (Scortechini 396), -Maxwell’s Hill (Fox); Malacca, Bukit Kanding (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley 9470). Distrib. Tropics and subtropics. : P. King Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Collector 2250). Endemic. ; P. laserpitiifolia Scort. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll. 2208). Endemic, 7 DicTYOPTERIS. ~ D, Barberi Hook. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit » Timah (Ridley 10778) ; Malacca (Beddome) ; Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 7840). Distrib. Malaya. D. difformis Bl. “ Paku Siar.” Malacca (Hervey); Pa- hang, Tanjong Antan, Pahang River (Ridley); Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8631) ; Perak Ce Distrib. Burma, Malaya. Jour. Straits: Branch re FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 44 : polycarpa “Mett. Malacca (fide Beddome) who says how- ever he has not seen this species and doubts if there is a specimen in Europe. (Dictyopteris heterosora Baker is Aspidium vastum). . POLYPODIUM. § 1. Fronds entire. . parasiticum Mett. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett); Pe- nang Hill (Fox). Distrib. India. . subevenosum Bak. Johor, Gunong Pulai; Gunong Pantai (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Ridley 8961) ; Pahang, River Ban wee (Ridley) ; Perak (Scorte- chini) Endemic. . hirtellum, Bl. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering (Rid- ley 3354) ; Perak (Scortechini), Tea Gardens, Thaiping Hill (Ridley), Gunong Brumber; Pahang (Wray 1553). Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya. . sessilifolium Hook. Penang Hill (Ridley 10172, 7134). Distrib. Malaya. . universe Bak. Richmond el (Matthew) ; Penang (Cur- tis). Endemic. . Ridleyi Christ. A very small plant with entire fronds thin - and undulate when dry; on knots on Baccaurea parviflora on Gunong Pulai, Johor (Ridley 12136). . adspersum Bl. Singapore (Lobb), probably wrongly local- - ised. . setigerum Bl. Singapore (Moore’s Herbarium). 8 § 2. Fronds lobed. . trichomanoides Sw. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Mering (Ridley 9863) “forma fronde elabra, soris subterminalibus ” (Christ) ; Selangor, Hulu Semangkok (Ridley 12035). Distrib. India, Africa. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908, 42 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. P. cucullatum Nees. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett) ; Pohanke Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Rid- = ley 7877) ; Perak Bujong Malacca on rocks in a stream (Ridley 9612). Distrib. Ceylon. P. triangulare Scort. Perak (Scortechini), Ganong Batu Putih (Wray 294). Endemic. P. cornigerum Bak. Perak, Thaiping Hills, aoe Hine (Day, Scortechini). Distrib. Ceylon. | P. streptophyllum Bak. Singapore (Murton) not seen since. P. Khasyanum Hook. Johor, Gunong —Pulai (Hullett) ; ad Perak at 4000 feet alt. (Day). Distrib. India. P, obliquatum Bl. Perak, Larut at 3-3500 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 2094), Thaiping Fills (Scortechini, Hees Distrib. India. P. nutans Bl. Malacca, Mt. Ophir on trees (Moazer Her- barium). Distrib. J ava. P. subfaicatum Bl. Perak, at 3-4000 feet (Scortechini, Day). Distrib. India. P. decorum Brack. On trees in mangrove swamps, and on ~ mountain tops. Singapore, Kranji. (Ridley); Johor, Gunong Panti, Gunong Pulai, (Ridley 3704) and Tan- jong Bunga; Malacca, Mt. Ophir, and Gunong Mering (Ridley 3342 and 3343) : Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9558); Penang Hill; Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. P. malaccanum Baker. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering (Ridley 3345), Gunong Ledang (9884). _ Endemic. P. fuscatum Bl. Perak (Scortechini), Gunong Bubu — (Wray) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley). ay | P. alternidens Cesati. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9862) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills, Tea Gardens (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. P. subpinnatifidum Bl. Perak, Gunong Kerbau ie Mor- - gan). Distrib. Java, Polynesia. Jour. Straits Branch. N. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 43 . papillosum Bl. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1994), Gu- nong Haram Parah (Scortechini 665), Kinta on lme- stone rocks 500 to 1000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 7206). “Distrib. Malaya. . tenuisectum Bl. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Java. GONIOPHLEBIUM. . subauriculatum Bl. Perak (Scortechini) ; Selangor, Se- mangkok Pass (Ridley 12033, differs in its pinnules ‘being sessile and somewhat decurrent). Distrib. Indo- Malaya, Australia. . verrucosum Wall. Common in open country. Singapore, Pasir Panjang, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3597a) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett); Selangor, Dusun Tua, Batu Caves (Ridley 8138) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5559), Sungei Raya (Iing’s Coll. 965), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Malaya. . Korthalsi Mett.. Perak, Larut on trees (King’s Coll. 2943), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey) ; Penang Hill 22 NIPHOBOLUS. adnascens Sw. “ Sakat Batu” on rocks and trees. Sing- apore, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 9510), Changi Beach (4347) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Malacca, Pulan Undan (Cantley’s Coll.), Ayer Keroh; Dindings, Lumut (Ridley 10145) ; Perak, Harum Parah (Scortechini 844), Kamu- ning (Machado) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). var. longifolius. Perak, Thaiping (King’s Coll. 8336). Distrib. Africa, India, Malaya, China, Polynesia. . acrostichoides Sw. Common on trees in open country. Singapore, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6684) ; Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley), Jambu Larang (Fielding) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Pahang, Kuala Pahang; Perak, Gunone Batu Putih (Wray Bes Distrib. Burmah. R. A. Soe., No. 60, 1908, a 44. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. NV, aes Mett. Perak, Kuala ‘Dipang (Kings Coll. 75). Distrib. India. N. Gee Sw. Perak, Gunong Pondok (King’s Coll. 8361), Batu Kurau (Scortechini). Distrib, India. N. penangianus Hook. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis); Perak, Kinta (King’s ‘Coll. 7083) ; Penang, just above the waterfall (Hullett). Distrib. Burmah. N. hoyaefolium T. Moore. Singapore, Woodlande (Mat- - thew) ; Johor, Mt. Austin (Ridley). . nummulariaefolius Sw. On trees, “ Berunas Jantan.” Pahang, Kuala Pahang (Ridley) ; Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantley); Perak, Tambuan near Ipoh (Ridley - 9829), Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8270). Distrib. . India. DIPTERIS. D. Horsfieldii Br. On rocks by the sea, and also on mountain tops. Singapore, Harbour, Kranji (Ridley 1673), Pulau Tekong (4227); Johor, Gunong Pulai, Gunong Panti, and by the Scudai River (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Selangor, Pahang route (Machado), Hulu Semangkok (Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Penang Hill (Hullett, etc.) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Malay isles, Poly- nesia. D. Lobbiana Hook. On banks of streams. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley 4141); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2170) ; Malacea, Mt. Ophir (Derry) ; Perak (Scortechini, “Wray 2920), Bujong Malacca (Ridley) : ; Kedak Peak Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. | DRYNARIA. D. splendens Hook. Singapore (fide Beddome). D. quercifolia Lu. Common on trees, “ Sakat Laipang.” The leaves are burnt and applied to the stomach for mis- Jour. Straits Branch. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 45 carriage. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 9484), Bukit Timah, Tras (16738); Johor, Scudai River (Ridley 12223) ;. Pahang, Tembeling River; Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Cantley) ; Perak (Scortechini), Batang Padang (King’s Coll.) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Indo- Malaya. D, LTinnaew Bory. Singapore, Changi, Serangoon (Ridley 4352), Tanjong Gol; Pahang, * Pulau Datoh, Pulau Chengei (Ridley) ; Perak, Batang Padang (King’s Coll. — 8087 ) ; Penang, near the Bath (Ridley 7077) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. India. D. Heracleum Kze. “ Paku Sulo.” Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 4353) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 228), , Larut (King’s Coll. 6302), Box Hill (Fox). D. rigidula Sw. On rocks and trees. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang track (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9552) ; Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley 6945); Kedah Peak on Precipices (Ridley 5151). Dis- trib. Malaya, Australasia. PLEOPELTIS. Pi. accedens Bl. Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9616), Larut (King’s Coll. 1900), Kuala Kang- sa (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, Polynesia. P. Wrayi Bak. Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Perak, Gunong Hijau, Cottage and the ‘Tea Gardens, Thaiping - Hills (Day, Scortechini, Wray, King 2358, 3673, Ridley, Hervey). Endemic. P. stenophylia Bl. High up on lofty trees in the low country, on rocks and low trees in the hills. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4350); Johor, Gunong Banag, Bukit Pahat (Ridley 1255); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scorte- chini 263); Penang (Cantley); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya. R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908, — ~~ ~~ “Ss SS ~SS oN FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. . SINUOSsA Wall. On trees common in the colts remarkable for the thick hollow rhizomes full of biting ants. Sing- apore, Gardens, Bukit Timah, Jurong (Ridley 5864) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; _ Penang (Curtis ele Distrib. Malaya. . rupestris Bl. Perak at 4000 feet alt. (Scovtechan 201, King 7355), Gunong Inas at 5000 feet (Wray 4123). . longifolia Mett. Singapore, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah Sn da Sh Agee Laka a) (Ridley) ; Johor, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley), Gunong Pulai : (Hullett) ; : Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 10820) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1904, 2741), Water- loo (Curtis), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9614). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. . superficialis Bl. Perak, Larut 3 to 4000 feet (King’s Coll. 2180, Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill eee Dis- trib. India, China. _ angustata Sw. ‘* Paku Hilan,’ common on trees. Sing- apore, Gardens (Ridley 10162), Pulau Ubin (Iking’s © Coll. 201); Sungei Morai, Bajau, Changi (a forked form); Johor, Tanjong Bunga, 4th mile from Johor Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley, Scortechini- 1082),Kuala Kangsa (Ridley); Penang, Government — Hill, Convalescent “Bungalow cRidley). Distrib. India, Australia. ; . platyphylla Sw. On rocks and trees at high elevations, a beautiful species. Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8653) and Semangkok Pass; Perak, Gunong Haram Parah (Scortechini) ; Kedah, Yan (Ridley 5169). . membranacea Don. Perak (Scortechini). . punctata L. Pl. wrioides. Common on low trees and stumps. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang, Serangoon (Rid- ley 8935), Sungei Buloh, Gardens, etc; “Malacca, Pulau Besar ; Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8657) ; Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini 538); Penang (King’s Coll. 5069), Pulau Badak (Curtis 3958). Distrib. Tropics of Old World. : Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 47 P. musaefolium Bl. Selangor, Ginting Bidai, Batu Caves (Ridley) ; Perak, Sungei Rayah (I Dayti Bedd. Perak Pass between Kuala Kangsa and Kinta at 2000 feet elevation (Day). Endemic. SELLIGUEA. . Feei Hook. On trees low down. Common in mangrove swamps. “Paku Galah Hantu Laut.” Singapore, Kranji, etc.; Johor, Gunong Pulai; Malacca, Batu Tiga - (Derry) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut (Iking’s Coll 3942), Box Hill (Fox), Bujong Malacca (Ridley); Penang Hill (a branched form). Distrib. Meyda. <) . membranacea Hook. Singapore (Moore’s herbarium) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll. 8844, 948, 2986), Upper Perak (Wray 3638). Distrib. Malaya. . Maingayi Baker. Malacca (Beddome). Endemic. . campyloneuroides Bak. Perak, Sclama River (King’s Coll. 3112), Goping on shrubs (8145). Distrib. Borneo. LOXoGRAMME. lanceolata Sw. Malacca, Bukit Tampin (Goodenough) ; Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8646) ; Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 4754), Larut (2235), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9615). Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya, China, Polynesia. A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908. see 50 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. L. involuta Don. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track, Ra- wang Camphor woods (Ridley 7831); Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Perak, Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8280), Kinta (Ixunstler 373), Cottage Thaiping Hills (Her- vey). Distrib, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. : L. avenia Bak. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley’s Collector) ; Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley); Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya. BRAINEA. Br, insignis Hook. On the ground near the sea. Dindings, Pulau Sembilan (Curtis and ee 3056). Distrib. India, Hongkong. MES IGenE M. triphyllum Sw. Singapore, Ditches near Macpherson Road (Ridley 9146); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3922). Distrib. Indo- Malaya, China. M. cuspidatum Bl. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Upper Mandai (Ridley 4399) ; Johor (Hullett), Batu Pahat on Bukit Soga (Ridley 10972); Malacca, Sungei Hudang Road (Derry 86) ; Sungei Ujong, Tam- pin (Goodenough) Penang, Government Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. M. salicifolium Wall. On rocks. Singapore, Selitar (Bishop Hose); Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray 183), Bujong Ma- lacea (Ridley); Penang, Government Hill (Ridley). -Endemie. M. sp. Perak, Larut Hills (Curtis 3717). ANTROPHYUM. I doubt if any of these species are specifically distinct except perhaps the last. A. reticulatum Kaulf. On rocks. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Selitar (Ridley 4345); Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley Jour, Straits Branch. OV: FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Bi 11069); Pahang, Tahan, Kota Glangei (Ridley); Malacca, Alor Gajah; Selangor, Gunong Hijau (Good- enough), Labu River, Batu Caves. (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini), Bujong Malacca (Ridley) ; Penang Hill. var. parvulum Bl. Perak (Hullett). Distrib. India, Australasia. . plantagineum Kaulf. Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. . semicostatum Bl. Dindings, Lumut (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 237). Distrib. Malaya, Polynesia. : . latifolium Bl. Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Perak (Scorte- chini). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. VITTARIA. elongata Sw. Common on trees. Singapore (King’s Coll. 223), Thomson Road (Murton), Green Hill (Hullett), Passir Panjang, Sungei Morai, ete. (Ridley); Johor, Pengaram (Ridley); Muar, Sungei Pauh; Malacca, Selandan, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley) ; Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Rid- ley). Distrib. Tropics of Old World. . lineata Sw. Common on trees. Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Goodenough) ; Kedah (King’s Coll. 1739). Distrib. All 'Tropies. . Sulcata Kuhn. On trees at high altitudes. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley) ; Malacca, Gunong Mering, Ophir (Ridley 3352) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Kedah Peak (Rid- ley). Distrib. Ceylon. . falcata Kze. Malacca, Gunong Tunduk, Ophir (Ridley 9864); Pahang, Keluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Selangor, Hulu Semangkok; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley). . scolopendrina Presl. Singapore, Kranji, Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 1030); Pahang, Tahan River (Rid- ley); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini), Goping (Bishop Hose), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1132); R. A, Soe., No. 50, 1908, 52 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, Kedah (Curtis) ; Lankawi, Gunong Raya at 2500 feet (Curtis). Cr ested and branched forms occur in Tanglin and elsewhere in minigapore: Distrib.. Africa, Indo- Malaya. 'TAENITIS, T. blechnoides Sw. Common in woods all over the Peninsula, D., piloselloides Presl. Extremely common on trees, and very — HT. arifolia Burn. In limestone districts usually on the rocks. — : and very variable. “ Paku Pijai,” “ Paku_Balu.” var. a. Fronds simple. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley — 3366) and Mering. A branched form occurs on Ophir; — Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley). var. b. Fronds pinnate narrow. The commonest form. Singapore, Garden jungle, Sungei Morai, Selitar (Ridley 4334) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley) ; Malacca, - St. John’s Hill, Pulau Besar (Ridley 4335); Pahang, Tahan River, Kuala Semantan (Ridley) ; Perak (Scorte- chini 84); Kedah Peak. var. c. Fronds pmnate very broad. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Tras (Ridley 8568) and Changi Fg: be trib. India, Malaya. DRYMOGLOSSUM. troublesome, covering the branches “ Sakat Ribu-Ribu.” A curious crested form on the trees~of the Cathedral close (Bishop Hose). Singapore, everywhere Bukit Mandai (Ridley 6032), Teban (4346), Pulau Ubin, Tanglin, etc.; Johor, common; Malacca, Ayer Panas; ~ Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini), Kamuning (Machado) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. HEMIONITES. — Perak, Kamuning on the ground (Ridley), Larut (King’s Coll. 4174) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Indo- Malaya. H. sp. Selangor, Gua Batu (Ridley 8135). Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 53 ACROSTICHEAE. ELAPHOGLOSSUM. Most of the local species much resemble each other, and are rather difficult to separate. ‘The species are not so rare as might appear but seldom fruit. EL, laurifolium Bedd. FE. latifolium Bedd. Singapore, Kranji (mangrove swamps); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley), Kluang Terbang (Barnes); Perak, Top of Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 319) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5168). E. conforme Sw. Pahang, Tahan Riyer (Ridley) ; Penang Hall (WwW. Fox). E. Norrisii Hook. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3334, 9870) ; Penang (Ridley); Perak (King’s Coll. 2222). Ende- mic, STENOCHLAENA. _§. palustre L. One of the commonest ferns, “ Paku Ramu,” “P. Mesin, or P. Miding or Lamiding.” ‘The young leaves very popular as a vegetable. Singapore, 'Tanghn, Balestier Road (Ridley 6249) ; Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 4234) and Kota Tinggi; Malacca (Hervey), ~ Pulau Undan (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll, 834), Waterfall Thaiping (Wray, Scortechini 469) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. India, China, Polynesia. S. sorbifolia L. Common in forests. ‘The variation in the form of the fronds is very remarkable. Singapore, Bukit ~ Timah; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Semangkok Pass, Ulu Langat, Batu Caves (Ridley); Perak. (Scortechini), Larut (King’s Colo. 4205), Upper Perak (Wray 3703), Water- fall Hill, Maxwell’s Hill, etc. Distrib. All tropics. S. perakense Bedd. Perak, Thaiping (King’s Coll. 8345). Endemic. - R, A, Soe,, No, 40, 1908, 54 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. POLYBOTRYA. P. appendiculata Willd. On rocks in forest. Singapore, Bukit Timah (ing’s Coll. 335) and all other collectors, abundant. Dindings, Lumut (Ridley); Perak (Scorte- chini) ; Lankawi (Curtis). var. subintegra Bedd. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. : STENOSEMIA. DH aurita (Sw.) Limestone Rocks. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley) ; Perak, Kwala Dipang (Ridley 9547), Goping (King’s Collector 442). Distrib. Malay islands to the Solomon isles, S. sp. Penang Hill (Ridley 7078). GYMNOPTERIS. G. variabilis Hook. Perak, Kinta (Scortechini 7107). var. avillaris. Perak, Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10028). Distrib. India. G. spicata Linn. fil. Not very common. Pulau Tioman (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill, Cottage Thaiping Hills (Ridley, King’s Collection 6373) ; Penang Hill rocks on the top (Ridley, King’s Coll. 1597); Kedah. Distrib. India. Q? . flagellifera Wall. In muddy spots by streams. Singapore, Stagmount (Ridley), Pulau Tioman; Selangor, Ra- wang; Perak (Scortechini). Goping (King’s Collection 1097). Distrib. India. G. subrepanda Hook. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Perak, Chanderiang (IXing’s Collection 5797), Upper Perak (Wray 3379), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Ridley). Endemic. G, Presliana Hook. In dense forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hullett, Ridley, ete.). Distrib. Concan and Philippines. Jour. Straits Branch, FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 55 G.-contaminans Wall. Perak (Scortechin1). G. costatum Wall. Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis). Distrib. India and Burmah. | LOMAGRAMMA. DL. perakensis Bedd. Perak at 400 feet elevation (Day, King’s Collector 8345). Endemic, ACROSTICHUM. A. aurcum L. Common in tidal rivers, but sometimes long persisting after the river has disappeared. I have seen it thus in open places far inland as at the base of Gunong Pantai (Johor), Bukit Asahan (Malacca) and in the Bo- tanic Gardens in Singapore. It is abundant in Singapore even in the town canals; Johor, Batu Pahat, etc.; Din- dings at Lumut; Selangor, Klang, etc.; Perak; Kedah; Penang. Distrib. All tropics. PHOTINOPTERIS. Ph. rigida Wall. On boughs of-trees overhanging rivers and mangrove swamps. Singapore, JKranji, Woodlands (Matthew) ; Johor; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 861) ; Penang (Curtis). Distrib, Malaya. P. drynarioides Hook. Rare. Penang Hill (Bishop Hose). Distrib. Malay isles. CHRYSODIUM. Ch. bicuspe Hook. In mossy spots by streams at 3000 feet elevation. Malacca, Mount Ophir on the banks of the stream above Padang Batu (Ridley 9872) ; Perak, Thai- ping Hills (Ridley). Distrib. Java and Formosa. PLATYCERIUM. Pl. grande Sm. Singapore (fide Beddome, but no one else seems to have seen it here); Lankawi islands, Curtis Ri. A. Soe,, Na, 50, 1908, 56 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. found one or two plants there. Distrib. Malaya, Aus- tralia. Pl. biforme Bl. The common elk’s horn fern, abundant every where and attaining a very large size. Singapore, ‘Tang- hin, Selitar (Ridley 3595), Bukit Timah (Ridley 4354, 8049). All over the peninsula. Distrib. Indo- Malaya. var. erecta. A much smaller plant with the fertile fronds erect and short. Sterile ascending fronds a foot long and as wide, very strongly ribbed, rounded in out- line, and dotted over with hairs arranged stellately, fertile fronds stiffly erect 8 to 18 inches long, 8 inches across, dichotomously branched, the tips of the branches round- ed, fertile lobe spathulate or obovate pedicelled 2-5 inches | long and as wide in the widest part. Singapore, Bukit Timah on very lofty branches of trees (Ridley 10830). Bishop Hose first pointed out this plant to me some years — ago on perfectly inaccessible boughs of a lofty Shorea tree 100 feet or more from the ground. There are a number of plants on the boughs, all are quite similar and there are no typical specimens of Platycerium biforme on the tree though it is abbundant in the surrounding forests. I have only been able to obtain fallen fronds. Mr. C. J. Matthew took specimens to Kew and Mr. Wright notes on them as follows. “I do not think this can be separated as a distinct species from Platycerium biforme Bl. but is a form produced by growing in exposed situ- ations and is worthy of a varetal name. It has also been collected in Borneo by Motley who remarks “ on the high- est branches of trees in very exposed places perhaps only [a form] of the long drooping plant growing in damp and shade.” The plant is certainly most closely allied to P. biforme BL, but I hardly think it can be classed as merely a form or state of that plant. I have seen the ordinary form growing in quite exposed places, on lofty trees and showing no variation. The variety with its short stiff erect fronds, has a most curious appearance, and really looks move distinct from the typical form than any other Platycerium I-have seen, I note however that — Jour, Straits Branch, - FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 57 in P. biforme the young branched fronds when first pro- truded point directly upwards and then first spread out - horizontally, then deflex. On the same trees which bear this curious fern, grows also Lecanopteris carnosa the only lowland locality I know for this plant. SCHIZEACEAE. SCHIZAEA. S. malaccana Bak. Mossy places at 4000 feet elevation. ~Malacea, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9860); Kedah Peak (Rid- evi ley). Distrib. Malay. isles. * dichotoma Sw. Common in dry woods or sandy spots, ~whole peninsula, “Paku Tumbar,” “Paku Jarum.’ Singapore, Toas, Passir Panjang, Kranji, eve. (Chidley); Johor, Pengaram, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Pahang, Kwantan (Craddock), Rumpin River, Pekan (Ridley) ; Malacca, Brisu and Sungei Hudang CR. Derry) ; Perak, Ulu Kul (King’s Coll. 10759). Distrib. nearly all the tropics.. S. digitata Sw. Common in woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle, Reservoir Woods, etc. (Ridley); Johor, .Tana Runto (Ridley); Pahang, Kuala Tembeling; Malacca, Pengkalan Ampat, Selandau (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan, Kuala Pedas; Selangor, Batu Caves on the top of the rocks; Perak (Scortechini), Thaiping Hills, Tea Gardens (Ridley), Waterfall Hill (Wray) ; Penang Hill; Kedah Peak. Distrib, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. LYGODIUM. TL. circinatum Sw. L. dichotomum Bedd. One of the com- monest and best known ferns, “ Ribu-Ribu Dudok,” or “Bukit,” “ Paku Jari Merah” (Tringanu). Leaves used for headache. Singapore, Tanglin, Bajau, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 4229, 8057), ete.; Malacca, Sunget Udang, Chabau (Ridley 9871); Pahang, Tahan River; R. 4, Soc, No. 50, 1008, 58 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, Perak, Waterfall Hill (Wray 2324), Larut (King’s Coll. 7903); Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. L. microphyllum Br. Not rare in open grassy places. Sing- apore, Kranji, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 6917); Johor, Kampong Bahru, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Ree L. flecuosum Sw. Common in the low country, “ Akar- Sidin,” “ Ribu-Ribu Gajah.” Singapore, Botanic Gar- dens; Pahang, Kuala Tembeling (Ridley); Malacca, Pengkalan Minyak, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s Coll.); Penang Hull, Telok Bahang (Curtis 625) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; ; Kedah Peak (Ridley) ; ; Kelantan, Kuala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). | var. alta Clarke. Perak (King’s Coll. 2975). Dis- trib. Indo-Malaya, Africa, Australia. L. polystachyum Wall. Pahang, Kuala Tembeling (Ridley. 2156) ; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray) ; Bo “Waterfall (Iullett). Distrib. Burmah, MARATTIACEAE. ANGIOPTERIS. A. evecta Hoffm. Not rare in woods, commonly known local- ly as the elephant fern. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hul- lett, ete.) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 219, King’s Coll. 5203). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia, Madagascar. IC AULFUSSIA. K. aesculifolia Bl. Terrestrial in damp spots or on rocks. Selangor, Batu Caves covering the ground in great masses, in damp spots (Ridley 8640); Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis 3718, Ridley, Scortechini) on rocks or the ground, Kinta (King’ s Coll. 4784). Distrib. Indo- : Malaya. Jour. Straits Branch FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 59 OPHIOGLOSSACEHAE. . OPHIOGLOSSUM. O. reticulatum L. Penang in dry spots in the waterfall valley (Rtidley 9837, 11394). Distrib. Eastern Tropics. O, nudicaule L. fil. In grassy spots. Singapore, Bukit Pan- - jang (Ridley 4205), Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 2421). Distrib. Tropics. O. pendulum UL. Singapore, Tanglin, Bukit Mandai, ete. (Ridley) ; Selangor, Rawang, Camphor Woods (Ridley) ; Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1133). This plant usually grows on Platyceriuwm but also on trees. It has a habit of suddenly appearing and spreading widely and then apparently disappearing. At one time the only locality I knew for it was on a tree in the Barracks Grounds. This died and the plant disappeared there, but then appeared in the Botanic Gardens, and spread rapidly. Distrib. Eastern Tropics. HELMINTHOSTACHYS. - HT. zeylanica L. In damp muddy spots in open country in : thickets. Malacca, Brisu (Derry); Pahang, common along the Pahang River, Pekan, Pulau Manis, Pulau Jellam, Kuala Tembeling; Selangor, near the Batu Caves (Ridley 8152); Perak (Scortechini), Blanja (Wray 140); Tringanu, Ismail Rantau (Down). Distrib. Eastern ‘Tropics. ADDENDUM. Alsophila glabra Hook. Bukit Timah and other forests in Singapore in damp spots. This is the plant mentioned as Amplicosmia alterans from Singapore. It is named by Mr. Matthew. Rk, A. Soe., No. 50, 1908. ee ae re = Some Visits to Batam Island. C. BopEN K1oss, F.Z.S. Pulo Batam though so close to Singapore and frequently visited by pig-shooters, has never been investigated by a naturalist, so perhaps the following extracts from journals— though of trivial happenings as must: necessarily be the case where the fauna of small islands is concerned—kept during ~ two short visits I paid to it to collect animals may be of interest, This island is 9 miles distant from Singapore, about 15 miles long and 10 miles broad. ‘The northern side is indented and elsewhere it is closely surrounded by other islands. There are hills in the interior covered with jungle, where large outcrops of quartz occur and the boulders are a quartz grit. Much of the low land which has at one time been cleared is swampy or sandy and very poor but where red laterite soil © occurs pineapples flourish under the cultivation of Chinese and Bugis settlers. Many young getah trees (Dichopsis sp.) are found in the forests where roam a tribe of Proto-Malays still little affected by outside influences. My first visit was paid in September 1905. I left Sing- apore in a 10-ton cutter-yacht at 11 a.m., got caught in a> squall off Pulo Sambu in the afternoon, ran on to a-sand-bank at low tide later on but poled off, and anchored off a kampong at the head of Senimba Bay at 5.30 p.m. The upper part of the bay is very shoal and at low water wide mud-flats are exposed all round. I collected some interesting small sponges _ of bright colours on them. There were seven houses in the kampong and others building further along the shore, After getting the baggage landed next morning we found a deserted Chinese shop behind the village. This we broke open and throwing all the rubbish it contained into a side compartment, I set up my bed, table and chair in the centre room while the boy fixed up his kitchen and sleeping place Jour. Straits Branch, R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908, 62 SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. ina third. There was a hole of good drinking water at hand and a bathing well a little farther off so we felt very com- fortable. A row of wooded hills ran south-easterly towards the centre of the island, a river debouched at the head of the bay and across the water a coupk of miles away were the slopes of a long peninsula. As I sat ‘talking to the natives in the doorway of my house in the rea we saw the eyes of a large crocodile above the calm water about 140 yards away and I was asked to shoot it but refused since my gun was only sighted to 100 yards. However, being pressed, I took a very full sight and fired from my chair: there was a furious turmoil and the reptile disappeared. The natives said it was hit, and indeed three or four days later we found it in the mangroves with its brains flicked out—a 13-footer. When afterwards invited to repeat the performance I was not. to be tempted—it was a case of letting well alone. 3 At 3 p.m. I went out with a parang and found a path going up the hills; cleared it and set 3 dozen traps. Coming back found a pair of “ tupai tanah ” (Tupaia ferruginea bata- mana sp. nov.) just caught and saw several small pigs. Skinned tupaia and after dinner went along the shore for pig but saw none, “16th. Set off at 5.380 a.m. to examine the traps which contained a number of rats (Jfus lingensis) and some tupaia, all much ant-eaten. Found this hill jungle practically lifeless as the forest was poor being without fruit trees, but got a species of civet cat (Arctogalidia simplex) which was a valu- able prize, and a horn-bill—the “ burong klinking ” (Anthra- coceros converus). Skinned till 5.30 and then reset traps. - Lent the gun in the evening to a man who wanted to try for pigs in his plantation. “17th. No pig seen by the natives. Very little in traps ~ so brought some away and set them lower down amongst coconuts. Got a pair of horn-bills and some squirrels (Sciurus vittatus) with the .410 gun amongst the palms; both these are numerous near the village and horn-bill steak is Jour. Straits Branch. SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 63 very good. Some men went to set “jerats” for napu and borrowed the gun in order to try for lotong and krawar — (Ratufa sp.) and coming down myself from setting traps without it I saw a large bearded pig! “18th. Some fresh rats from the coconuts: one appears to be Mus jarak and the other rather like Jus griseiventer of Johor. Went to the Bugis plantations inland to the 8. W. of the range. ‘They are on poor flat land and consist of pines, bananas and tapioca: the forest beyond, which was swampy and largely composed of Melaleuca trees, was quite empty. The napu-trappers had no luck. “19th. « 26th. Nothing in the traps and only monkeys in the jungle. Set some large traps for musang and afterwards watched for pig. Went for a walk with bulls-eye dinner but saw nothing. << atth. Only two specimens in the traps: had to shoot squirrels to make work. The pig-shooter returned his gun; says he has sat up for three nights without seeing anything. A large trap caught a tortoise (Cyclemys platynota) later in the day. No luck with the pigs again. Found a large centi- _ pede in my mosquito net which should evidently have been taken as a sign that the bed was not safe as in the night a coconut crashed through the roof and landed on my pillow (Memo. always to strip coco-palms before dwelling beneath them). “28th. The usual frost in the jungle. A young napu was brought in and another tortoise got into the traps; evi- dently these reptiles are attracted of the putrid meat which. forms the bait. A pig had also been caught but he suecess- fully pulled out.” This sort of thing went on for several days during which I got nothing-but monkeys, rats, squirrels and tupaia. ‘Traces of pigs were everywhere, huge tracks some of them, and I Jour. Straits Branch, _ SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 67 twice stampeded the animals in dense vegetation but I was never able to catch sight of them and the spring-guns I set were never effective. However I got a new rat in some beach forest, a very beautiful specimen of the jerdoni type which - made me feel glad I had come to the island again. One afternoon I went up the river which after some distance turned completely on itself and ran south. It was entirely mangrove bordered, though once or twice there were glimpses of old clearings. A number of small side streams were probably only drainage of the swamp. We landed on an isolated hill where were paths and found some old “ jerats ” for mouse-deer. ‘The jungle trees were nearly all of a bark- shedding kind but I saw a quantity of the red stemmed palm (Cyrtostachys sp.) and collected some orchids—Grammato- phyllums being plentiful on the mangroves. As I appeared to have exhausted the district after having made 49 mammal skins, many of the species reported appar- ently not occuring there, on April 3rd we loaded the prau and rowed down the bay to its head where we got a slight breeze. Outside a strong ebb set us to the eastward but. as we neared Singapore Island we met the flood which carried us into the harbour in time to get everything home before night. ; I obtained thirteen species of mammals during the two visits and observed two others, while nine more were reported to exist. Thus Batam is by no means exhausted: for if they ‘really occur, the determination of the reported Presbytes, M. nemestrina, Paradoxurus, Sciuropterus and Ratufa will be ‘interesting, but to obtain this it would probably be necessary to camp in the middle of the island where good jungle may still exist. MAMMALS oF BATAM. 1. Presbytes cristata (Raffles) is fairly common in small ‘herbs both in forest and mangroves. It is known to the natives by the name of “ Klabu.” 2. Presbytes species. A “ Kaka” with a white breast was reported to occur. If this is a fact I am inclined to R. A, Soc., No. 50, 1908. 68 SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. think it will be the P. cana, Miller, of Pulo Kundur and E. Sumatra rather than P. rhionis, Miller, of © : Bintang Island. These are local forms of P. femoralis which, though found in the Peninsula and Sumatra, does not occur on the islands of the Rio-Lingga Archi- — pelago. Macaca nemestrina, Linn. The.“ beroh” was said to occur but has not yet been taken in the Archipelago. M. fascicularis, (Raffles). The “krah” is common ~ everywhere. Cynopterus montanoit, Robin. Bats, apparently of this species, were fairly common and were the only kind I obtained. Malay nama “ klawar.” Galeopithecus volans, Linn. ‘The “ kubong ” was said = ~ occur. : | Tupaia ferruginea batamana, Lyon. ‘This new sub- species of the “ tupai tanah ” was exceedingly common, Externally it only differs from 7’. ferruginea, Rattles, in its slightly greyer tail. It is easily separated how- ever by its longer and wider skull. Arctogalidia simplex, Miller. This is the Archipelago form. A specimen, the third known, was shot early one morning while it was running along the branch of a high tree. As the people called it a “ musang” which they said was common I presume that Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Pallus, or an allied form occurs. Mus concolor, Blyth was taken in the Kampongs where it was not uncommon. Mus firmus, Miller, is the Sumatran form of the Peni sula M. validus, Miller. I have never taken these except on the banks of fresh water streams. Mus lingensis, Miller. The Sumatran form of Mus surtifer, Miller. A dry jungle rat and exceedingly common. It seems to begin feeding at early twilight Jour. Straits Branch. 13. 14. 20, SOME VISITS TO RATAM ISLAND. 69 as traps specimens are always more damaged by ants than any other kind. Mus sp. near rattus. The rats provisionally grouped under this heading are most perplexing. They fall. readily into two groups which handle in the flesh as_ extremely distinct. ‘The one division, almost black above with whitish bellies, are finely built animals with very pointed noses and closely resemble M. jarak, Bonhote, from Johore. ‘The others with greyish bellies and backs rather like I. norvegicus are coarsely built and muzzled and somewhat approximate to M. grise- venter, Bonh., of Johore. All these were taken in ‘swampy ground near the sea as was Mus jarak which I found only amongst mangroves. Mus grisewenter however is a Kampong rat. Mus batamanus, Lyon. This new species is of the jerdont type. It is a very beautiful shaped rat and the only specimen I obtained was captured in damp littoral forest. Swampy ground seems the habitat of all this group. Mus musculus, Linn. Some specimens of the “ tikus padi” were brought me by a Bugis boy who had cap- tured them in his house. : Sciuropterus, sp. Reported; possibly the amenus, Mil- ler of Kundur Island. Petaurista, sp. The “ kubin” was said to occur. . Ratufa, sp. Reported. A yellow type, probably near R. insignis,. Miller, of Pulo Sugi. Sciurus vittatus, Rafiles. Exceedingly common in the coco-nuts where it was very destructive. Cannot be distinguished in any way from Sumatran and Penin- ‘sula forms. Sciurus tenuis, Raffles. Reported as very rare. I only know of one specimen oe the eS taken on Lingga Island. RB. A. Soc., No. 50, 1903, 70 SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 21. Sus rhionis, : Miller. Observed. This is the “ babi bakau ” of the natives and is common everywhere. It is the island form of S. vittatus. 22. Sus oi, Miller. Observed. The “ nang-oi” is plentiful but to a solitary collector pigs are difficult to obtain. Generally one is only aware of their presence by a rush through the undergrowth and distant snorts and unless one is lucky in meeting them in the open they rarely figure in collections. The “nang-oi1” does great damage to the pineapple plantations and is said to be far less timid than other pigs: in fact the natives reported that boars often merely grunted when they tried to scare them away. ‘They are afraid to shoot it with their ineffective ammunition as it charges when wounded. It ranges from Batam to Banka and throughout the swamp of EH. Sumatra. : Pe, Tragulus kanchil, sp. A “pelandoc” is said to oceur. 24. Tragulus javanicus perflavus, Miller. This new species is a strongly marked form having very bright pelage and a pure orange neck entirely free from black shad- ing. I have it also from Pulo Galang and it has been taken since on Bulang. It affords a particularly good illustration of local variation as T’. formosus, Miller of Bintang Island, only five miles away, is exceedingly dark with a collar strongly washed with black. Thus the mammal fauna of Batam is Sumatran and not Peninsular for the above definitely identified species | Mus concolor and Cynopterus montanoi alone are from the Peninsula only. On the other hand, Mus lingensis, M. firmus and Sus oi are known from the Sumatra and the Rio-Lingga Archipelago only. Arctogalidia simplex, Sus rhionis and Tragulus perflavus are found elsewhere only in the Archi- pelago while Tupaia ferruginea balamana and Mus batamanus are so far known from Batam alone. Z I am inclined to think that Batam, Bulang, Rempang and Galang form a small group which faunistically is more nearly related to the islands to the westward than to Bintang Jour. Straits Branch, SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 71 on the east, though Pulo Sauh forms a stepping stone to the latter which is only five miles away. Bintang, however, when it is fully investigated will prove to be by far the most — interesting island of the whole archipelago. A bank of less than 20 fathoms connects all these islands with both Sumatra and the Peninsula, but the 10 fathom contour lines break them up into various groups of which that above noted is one of the largest. I have no notes of value about birds for they were scarce and of common species and I soon left off shooting them. Small collections of reptiles and insects were made but they contained nothing remarkable. | I preserved a few plants during my visits and two of them, which were new, have lately been described by Mr. H. ON. Ridley, viz:—Neckia Klossu and Didymocarpus battam- ensis.. The latter is interesting since it grows at sea-level while I believe that the habitat of the Didymocarpi, in this locality at least, is at some altitude, A few notes on the inhabitants of Batam are given else- where in this Journal. 3 1, J.S. B. R.A. S. No. 49. R. A. Soe., No. 60, 190 2 eet - Some Ethnological Notes, C. BopEN Koss, F.R.A.1. In the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Vol. XXXVII., Mr. F. W. Knocker in the course of some notes on the aborigines of Sungei Ujong—the Orang Belanas —relates that they tell in respect of the Sakais, how “the parents plant a parang in the fore-arm of the young, both male and female, projecting a few inches beyond the elbow. The flesh grows round it and it eventually become part of the fore-limb. In after life this limb weapon is used to clear the jungle and not for hostile purposes.’ I am able to go one better than this. When living in - Johore, it was my practice when travelling in the jungle to endeavour to ascertain whether there were current any tradi- tions of the existence of the orang utan (Simia satyrus) in that part of the peninsula. The native name for this great ape is “mawas.” In the swampy country south of Gunong Pulai I found that the name was known and the people of the locality told me tales of its possessor. ‘The information was interesting but not quite what I then wanted. The Orang _Mawas were a kind of devil-men who lived in the swamps where their foot-prints might sometimes be seen. ‘Their feet were turned backwards and, with sharp parangs which grew from their elbows like spurs, they killed any human beings they met and afterwards devoured the bodies, Nothing discouraged I continued my enquiries elsewhere and learned that the Jakuns of the Endau Sembrong were also acquainted with a strange beast that seemed to be of the kind I was after. This was a huge red hairy man who lived in the trees and was called tuhu. I felt I was on the right track at last, but unfortunately the story went on to the effect that the twhu spoke Chinese to a Chinaman when it met him in the jungle, Malay to a Malay, and the Jakun dialect to a Jakun! B, A, Soe,, No. 60, 1908. 74 SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES. The head-men-of the Belanas are given as 1, Batin: 2, Jinang; 3, Jukrah—the usual titles among the southern in- land tribes. I find that a variant of the latter also occurs among the Proto-Malays of the Kallang estuary in Singapore, a fact which Messrs. Skeat and Ridley failed to elect during their short visit thither (J. S. B. R. A. S. No. 33). ‘These enquirers state that the head-men of the Kampong they visited were 1, Jinang; 2, Batin. I further find in the neighbourhood one Kampong administered by 1, Batin; 2, — Dukrah: and another under 1, Penghulu; 2, Ji inang. At. Telok Senimba , Pulo Batam, a "dozen miles away, the people — who are a branch of the “Orang Sabimba” referred to by ~Logan (Journal of the India Archipelago Vol. I.) have 1, , Penghulu; 2, Batin. The communities of the Kallang River have evidently — been drawn from various sources and some guidance may be afforded by these titles as to their derivation: Amongst these primitive tribes the title of Batin extends — throughout their range from the farthest north of Biliton, and in the islands appears to be the only one except where ‘they have come under the influence of the ruling Malays, in which cases a Malay has often been appointed as Penghulu. In the Peninsula however there are amongst themselves officials subordinate to the Batin known as Jinang and Jukrah. - Where (according to Logan and others) a Malay has been appointed to supervise them he also is called, possibly because of his functions, Jinang, and it is needless to say that in these cases the title would occasionally become the superior one. This might account for the reversed “ Table of Precedency ” noted by Messrs. Ridley and Skeat, as Kampong Roko is a small village hedged in by dominant Malays. The anomaly of Penghulu and Jinang noticed by myself in another Kam- pong I can only account for by supposing that long ago the title of Batin dropped out of use. The word bidoh, boat (also the name of a stream in Singapore) given as a Non-Malay expression, is in common use “amongst the Malays of the west coast of Borneo. Jour. Straits Branch SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES. 75 Messrs. Skeat and Ridley suggest that “ the Sea-gypsies of Singapore owe their origin largely from “ Sakai” hill- tribes of the Rio-Lingga Archipelago ” and class the Belandas as “Sakai” also: surely this is a slip and should be Jakun or Proto-Malayan or some other equivalent of these! It is regrettable that all those English writers who have dealt so interestingly with the primitive people should be re- stricted in experience to the Peninsula for the Jakuns are only the mainland representatives—and probably least pure—of that large family that is spread throughout a great part of Eastern Sumatra and the islands adjacent. Such, for in- stance, are the Orang Akit of Bengkalis and Rupat Islands, -the Palong of the upper tributaries of the Siak River, the Mantong and many others of the Rio-Lingga Archipelago, the Orang Gunong of Banka and the Sika of Biliton. The Kubus and Lubus of the interior of Sumatra also appear to be members of the same family. To Journal 41 of the Society Dr. W. L. Abbott con- tributes a note on “ Human Images among the Orang Man- = long.’ : According to an old inhabitant of a Kampong at Tanjong Ru, an Oorang Laut by descent—though he would never admit himself to be other than a pure Orang Malayu—these images are called “'Tukar Ganti” and, in common with the “ Kapal Hantu ” and “ Rumah Sakit,” are constructed, to his knowledge, by all the inhabitants of the Rhio Archipelago and of the creeks round Singapore in times of sickness. When the Tukar Ganti is completed the “penyakit ” (sick- ness) is induced to enter it and it is then taken away to the jungle or some distant spot and there left. Further, all these objects—and this was unknown to me and perhaps is so to others—are used for prophylaxis as well as cure.