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SIATIC SOCIET
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Agents of the Society
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London: Krcan PAauL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co.
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[No. 49|
JOURNAL
of the
Straits Branch
of the
a Royal Asiatic Society
DECEMBER, 1907
SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
1908.
Table of Contents
Page.
The Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley 1
On Tally Sticks and oe in Borneo, by Dr. Hose and
J. Hewitt pene ae 7
New or Rare Malayan Plants, Series tif; by H, N. Ridley 11
A eney into the Interior of Borneo to Visit the Kala-
bit Tribes, by #&. S. Douglas... re Lae Oe
Notes on the Capture of a Rare Leathery Turtle in Johore
. Waters, by C’. Boden Kloss es Ore
Malayan Pigs, by C. Boden Kloss _... ARE Be NE
Mantra Gajah, by W. George Maxwell = Seay!
Malay Chess, by J. B. Hlewm : see no Or.
Note on the Malay Game fe Jongkak, Popy Meller; (7... 93
Concerning Some Old Sanskrit, by Professor H. Kern ... 95
Miscellaneous Notes, by(@eorgAW/Macwell ... 108
Notes and Queries, by W. G@. M. oy eee LOS
Bark Canoes among the Jakuns and Dyas by Dr.
W. L. Abbott eee x, LOO.
Tin and Lead Coins from Brunei, at Dr. fh. Hanitsch «,..-111
The Pagan Races of the Malay
Peninsula.
By W. W. Skeat and O. Blagden.—
(A Review). By H. N. Ripwey.
As the work of civilization progresses and the forests fall
before the axe of the planter, the more primitive tribes of
jungle folk disappear, to be replaced by the imported and more
civilized labourer from other countries; and should these
old world folk themselves not actually disappear, they amal-
gamate with the later arrivals, and adopting their ideas and
customs, they become so changed that all that is interesting
about them is lost. Many tribes of the human race have thus
passed away, leaving few or no relics of their ever having exist- |
ed. One such race, indeed the makers and users of the stone
implements known here as Batu Lintar, has vanished from
the peninsula; but we have still with us that simple people
commonly known as S’akais, whose manners, customs, tradi-
tions and language, have been long the study of Messrs. Skeat
and Blagden, who together have published a most excellent
record of the vanishing tribes of the jungle folk of the Malay —
Peninsula. The work in two volumes excellently illustrated
by photographs and woodcuts is perhaps one of the most
important of ethnological works that has appeared for some
_ time. No trouble has been spared by the authors, both well
known officials here some years ago, to collect all possible
evidence on all ethnological and anthropological questions con-
cerning these races, and the extensive list of the Bibliography
of the subject shows how thorough their work has been.
The Bibliography dates from 1800, or thereabouts, and is
divided up into three periods. The first two from 1800 to 1850,
and thence to 1890, though giving a good many amateur’s notes
and some amount of research work, supplied little more than
enough knowledge to stimulate research into these interesting
_ Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907, -
; ne
2 THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
races. The only representations of any of the tribes in those days
were the rough sketches of profiles by Miklucho Maclay which |
were to be pean in all ethnological books. Indeed till about —
1890 photographs of these races were quite unprocurable in
Singapore. From 1890 onwards the wild men were the subject
of study by a large number of ethnologists and antropologists. ~
Several scientific men came from Germany, and many local
residents investigated the ethnology and collected specimens of
their handiwork, made researches into their language, and took
photographs of the people themselves, besides securing skulls
and skeletons. The results of this work in which Mr. Skeat
took a very large share himself, are well represented in these
two volumes. One of those who devoted a great deal of time to
the wild tribes was Mr. Vaughan Stevens, a very well
known character here for some years, who was employed by
the Berlin and St. Petersburg Missions to collect ethno-
graphical specimens of the Sakais, and who wandered about all
over the peninsula in search of them. He published volumin-
ous accounts of his researches, on some of which considerable
doubt has been thrown. The authors have made use of his
work while drawing attention to inaccuracies and improbabilities
in his observations and theories. The most important of the
anthropologists who visited the peninsula was Herr Rudolf
Martin whose monumental work ‘‘Die Inland stamme der Malay-
ischin Halbinsel ” was the first sound and reliable work on the
subject.
The book commences with an introductory account of the
environment of the wild man, and his character and relations
to it.
The racial characters and names of the tribes and the
problems of their origin are next dealt with. The three types
of the tribes are the Semangs, negritos with woolly hairs
and brachycephalic heads, the Sakais, dolichocephalic with ~
wavy hair, and the southern Jakuns, brachycephalic and smooth -
haired. The relationship of the Semangs with the Andamanese
and the Philippine negritos is certainly close. The Sakais are
perhaps related to the Veddahs, Australians and Tamils. They
vary much in skin-colour and height, and their origin must
-
Jour. Straits Branch
‘THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. $8
remain at present doubtful. The Jakuns have been stated to
be aboriginal Malays who refused to accept Mohammedanism
and therefore fled to the interior to avoid persecution. The
auther points out however that they are rather a composite
group of heathen Malays mixed with Semang and Sakai, and
this is probably the case.
The methods of hunting, trapping and fishing, the wea-
pons, cultivation, food, arts and crafts, social order, dealings
with other races fill the first volume, which terminates with an
appendix containing much important matter in measurements,
color of hair, eyes, and skin and a large collection of Sakai
songs chiefly collected by Mr. Skeat. Many of these are hunt-
ing songs describing the chase and capture of about all the
jungle animals. Most songs end with a request to give each of
the community a portion of the prey. This is a true charac-
teristic touch of the socialism of the Sakai community. I re-
member once being out with some of the wild tribe of the
Kuala Lumpur district near the well known caves, In the
party were two men and one delightful little boy of about nine
years of age clad as most of the men were in the simple cos-
tume of a strip of trap bark about as broad as a bootlace, and
an armlet of fungus. While at tea we offered the child some
bread and jam which he took eagerly and ran off at once to
divide it with his father. When given a cigar he would not
take it till he had another one for his father, showing the in-
nate socialistic tendency of the race.
But to return to the songs after this digression. One is
struck at first sight by the graphic descriptions of the habits of
the animals, their appearance and cries. Some of the songs
and charms too have an element of poetic feeling running
through them. :
In many cases the language of the Besisi from whom the
author has derived most of the songs and charms is a mixture
of Malay and Sakai words, the meaning of some of the latter
being obscure. Mr. Skeat has translated them as literally and
- carefully as may be, though perhaps it might have been better
not to have called the Kijang, the Roedeer, or if no other
translation was to be found, to have explained what the ani-
RB. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
4 THE PAGAN RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
mal really was, but its common name of Muntjac is fairly well
known. Here and there in the songs and charms we see words
and names of places of quite modern origin, such as Tanjong
Pagar, Singapore, Telasih, (the Hindu Tulsi) for the Basil plant
known to Malay as Selasih, and this has been commented on
by one reviewer as somewhat discrediting the songs, but such
innovations in folk song occur in many nations, having drifted in
later perhaps than the original song was written.
A long list of names of people is given, many of which are
not translated but among them are such poetic ones as
Blossom, Convolvulus, Earth, Wind, Star, Butterfly, and
Father of Leaf for boys, and White, Quick, Mother of Grass,
Little One and Handmaid for girls.
The second volume opens with accounts of customs and
beliefs. The Semangs acknowledge two deities, Kari and Ple
but there seems to be no cult of these gods who are rather
shadowy beings. The Sakais have a similar deity who however
was probably of Malay or Arabic origin. There are however
numerous demons and spirits, which are feared and have to
be kept off by charms, as in all races of the world. The crea-
tion legends seem to be mainly original. In Semang and
- Jakun mythology man multiplied so fast, being immortal, that
the earth was overcrowded, and Kari according to the Semangs
slew them with his fiery breath, while according to the Jakuns,
Tuan dibawah their deity turned half of them into trees. But
this check on the population being insufficient death was institut-
ed as a relief. The Jakuns appear to have anticipated the
discovery of evolution in ascribing the origin of mankind to a
pair of white apes, which is curious, especially in view of the
fact that the ape specified, the wawa (Hylobates) is generally
considered the most nearly related to man of any of the apes.
The charms, ceremonies, traditional sales, dances, and such sub-.
jects are fully dealt with, and the last part of the book deals
with the language, the special task of Mr. Blagden, than whom
it would be difficult to find a better authority. A vocabulary of
the dialects is given at the enc.
The amount of research which this work must have
entailed has been extremely large, and the authors have spared
Jour, Straits Branch
THE PAGAN-RACES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5
‘no pains to get together everything that has been recorded in
the various journals and works on the subject of these strange
races, besides adding extensively from their own observations.
They have collected too a very fine series of photographs of
the different races, and added many of the weapons, houses,
dress, traps, and other objects, so that the whole work gives
_a very full and graphic view of one of the most interesting and
least known of the peoples of the earth. When one looks back
for a comparatively few years ago in ethnological and-
anthropological works to see what was known about this people,
and sees what poor and often inaccurate accounts we then had,
and find the only existing portraits of any of the races were
Miklucho Maclay’s rough sketches, one can appreciate the
value of this work, and the immense labour of the authors in
compiling it, and they are heartily to be congratulated on the
results.
As they very pertinently point out in the introduction to
the work there is great need of a thorough survey of the whole
Peninsula from both a geographical and ethnological point of
view by the local Governments. ‘The Governments of French
Indo-china, the Dutch Indies and the American Philippines
have published and are still publishing excellent works, beauti-
fully illustrated, on the ethnology, geography, and all branches
-of science of the colonies under their control. The British
nation with larger, richer and more important colonies, for
some reason not very clear to anyone, has practically done
nothing at all for the advancement of knowledge of its vast
empire. The whole of this work has been left to enthusiastic
private persons who devote their time and money to such work.
This apathy must be much regretted by all who have the
cause of science and progress at heart,
BR. A, So0c., No. 49, 1907,
On Tally Sticks and Strings in Borneo.
By Dr. Hose ano J. Hewirr.
Amongst the natives of Sarawak, notched sticks and ~
strings are in common use for keeping record of contracts. To
some of the various tribes the custom is one of antiquity whilst
in other cases e.g. the Sea Dayaks, itis certainly a new idea
borrowed from their neighbours.
If a Malanau undertakes to meet another person in a
definite number of days he ties up a piece of string into as
many knots as there are days before the fulfilment of his
engagement: as each day passes by he unties a knot. The
same people often appear in the debt courts carrying a knotted
string or rotan and explaining that each knot represents a debt
of one pasu of lemanta (8 gallons of raw sago). On one occa-
sion a Malanau produced in the debt court a stick notched on
two sides: on the one side the notches corresponded to his
~ debt, and on the other side he had cut a notch each time he
- had made a repayment.
Amongst the Kenyahs, Punans and other tribes of the
interior this custom reaches its highest development. The
string is made from bark of the tree known to Kenyahs as
Kumut and to Sea Dayaks as Tekalong (Ariocarpus sp.) As
before, it is knotted according to the number of days before
that of the engagement, and each party keeps a string, They
wear it on their person tied to the unus, slender leglets of
twisted fibre usually from the ijok palm (Arenga saccharifera).
As each day passes by a knot is cut clean off. -To such people
a definite contract thus arranged is kept quite seriously and
the evidence of his tally string is usually deemed quite sufti-
cient to relieve the wearer of other conflicting duties which
might be imposed upon him by the head-man of the house.
But this custom is by no means confined to men. Even
Bali Atap, a god of the Kenyahs, wears such knotted strings
around his neck to tell off the number of doors in the house
Jour, Straits Branch RB. A, Soc., No. 49, 1907,
8 ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO.
under his care, and also to indicate the number of people under
his protection in each house. The image of Bali Atap outside
the door of a Madang house: has a whole fringe of knotted
strings tied round his neck. This deity (Bali—a hero, Atap—a
spear) is the special protector of the house, and when they want
him to take charge of a house it is necessary to kill at his altar
a fowl or pig, the blood of the sacrifice being sprinkled over
the head of the wooden image of the god and on those persons
of the assembled crowd, who wish for his protection ; in some
cases however an egg in a cleft stick has to suffice as the
offering. To the Kenyah or Punan the tying of the knot for
Bali Atap has a deep significance: it_means to them the sealing
of a fixed contract. They will only tie such knots whey they
receive an omen from Bali Atap sufficiently favourable to
justify them in assuming that the god is willing to make the
agreement with them. The actual manner of obtaining such
an omen is as follows: a man fixes up two vertical poles in the
ground and on the top of these and again two feet belowhe
attaches horizontal poles; then he sits down behind the square
thus formed and looks through it to the area of sky beyond.
At this part of the ceremony the above mentioned sacrifice is
made. And now, after waiting perhaps for hours, if a hawk
soars in this patch of sky ina direction from right to left, he
knows that this hawk will carry his message to Bali Atap, and
seeing it he waves a fire brand in the air towards the flying
bird at the same time loudly shouting the message which is
carried upwards in the ascending smoke to the hawk. Thus
being assured that Bali Atap has been willing to receive and
hence is favourable to his request he completes the ceremony by
tying the knotted string to the image of the god as a seal to
the agreemert just made between Bali Atap and the man.
The same idea in the tying of a knot is met with in entirely
different ceremonies of which we may mention one example.
It is held by Kenyahs that when a person ,falls sick his soul”
lewves the body and to heal the patient all that is necessary is
the return of the soul. The witch doctor (Dayong) in charge
of the case obtains assistance from the next world and thus is
able to persuade the erring soul to return. In the ceremony
Jour, Straits: Branch
ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO. 9
the Dayong affects the motions of a person going along journey—
paddling a boat for instance—chanting all the time and accom-
panied in the chorus by the people whorepeat over and over
again the words ‘ Bali Dayong ;’ then returning with the soul
he with the assistance of a fowl or pig waives it back into the
body. And now, when safely in and the fees paid, the Dayong
knots round the patients wrist with a string of * Daun silat’
(leaf of a Licuala palm) and thus ties in the soul and at the same
time completes the undertaking. During this time however
the soul of the Dayong has been absent from his body and at
this stage to the cries of ‘ Mulai Mulai’ (Come home, come home)
from the crowd it re-enters, the man himself suddenly relapsing
from a quivering hissing maniac into a rational being who, as
if just awakening from a asleep, takes his seat unconcernedly
amongst the crowd.
Tally sticks also are very much used by Kenyahs, Punans,
and other inland tribes (but not Kayans) who have not come in
contact with more civilised peoples. An ordinary Kenyah tally
stick is a strip of wood about a foot long, an inch or- more
wide, andan eighth of an inch thick : at one end is arudely carved
head and hands, a representation of the god. At one side of
the stick are marks each referring to one door of the house.
A debt incurred by the occupant of any ‘door’ is recorded by
a notch in the corresponding position onthe stick. Bartering
among these people is very limited: their objects of barter are
few, being mainly pigs, fowls, parangs, gongs, and pieces of
iron. For each of these different objects there are separate
positions on the stick. Excepting in rare cases debts are not
incurred between occupants of different houses so that one stick
of the type just described is as a rule quite sufficient to record
all the debts owed to one man. When a debt is paid the owner
of the stick will just snip away the wood from either side of
the notch so as to replace the notch by a curved pa in
the wood.
The tally stick is usually to be found Tae up near the fire-
place where it becomes smoked and blackened with age : such
a stick would be accepted as evidence in case of a dispute
respecting a debt of long standing, for it would not be easy to
R, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
10 ON TALLY STICKS AND STRINGS IN BORNEO.
forge an old notch. A stick which has been kept for years
acquires quite a high value as a ‘lucky’ stick: it is customary
also in disputes to swear with such sticks calling down vengeance
on themselves if they tell a lie. Kenyahs, whose conservatism
is not very strong, often content themselves with sticks devoid
of carving or polish and even sometime mthou the image of
the god. .
‘In conclusion therefore it seems to us very probable that
in the knotted string (terbuku tali) of the more civilised and
better known natives of Borneo and perhaps in the tally stick _
we have something which did not originate merely as a means ~
of counting but which is a relic that has sn lost its original
meaning of covenant.
New or Rare Malayan Plants.
Sertes IIT.
By H.N. Riptey.
This is another series of novelties and notes oun little
known plants from the East. The recently published numbers
of the Materials for the Flora of the Malay Peninsula by Dr.
King contains the Scrophularinee, and I find in the genus
Torenia one common species altogether omitted and two very
distinct plants wrongly identified with two common Siamese
plants cultivated here only. I have therefore given descriptions
of these three plants. Some new plants obtained in Sarawak
by Mr. Hewitt, some from Southern Siam by Mr. Down, and
other little known or new plants from elsewhere are described.
NECKIA.
The small genus Veckia comprises a few species of small
half shrubby plants belonging to the section Sawvagesiacee, of
Violacee. They are usually under a foot tall, often only a few
-inches high, with lanceolate toothed leaves, and small rose or
white flowers. The slender woody stem seldom or never
branches and is more or less covered with bristly hairs. The
fruit is a small capsule containing a large number of very
small reticulate seeds. :
The Neckias are to be found on rocks, usually sandstone —
or granitic, in the forests of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Borneo.
NV. Malayana, n. sp. 3
Whole plant 3-12 inches tall. Stem naked below
(from the falling off of the leaves), woody slender, above
covered densely with the bristle-like stipules red brown
4 inch long. Leaves alternate lanceolate acuminate
at both ends, margins biserrate but obscurely, glabrous
Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Sec., No. 49, 1907.
12 NEW.OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
dark green above glaucescent or pale beneath 14 to
7 inches long, nerves very numerous inconspicuous.
Flowers axillary on long slender peduncles 1 inch long,
Bract linear minute, pedicel + inch long. Sepals 5 lan-
ceolate acute toothed. Petals 5 rose pink ovate obtuse.
Stamens monadelphous 10. Pistil conic, style straight
longer than the stamens, capitate. Capsule ovoid acute
with the style persistent longer than the sepals, seed
obovoid punctate dark brown.
Johor: Gunong Janeng (Lake and Kelsall), Telepak
(C. B. Kloss), Gunong Panti (Ridley 4164); Pahang:
Tahan river (Ridley 2264), Lingga, edge of a stream at
200-300 feet (Hullett),
There are two forms of this, one small to 1 foot
tall, the leaves broadly lanceolate 24 inches long by 4
oe wide and more strongly toothed. Thisis the form
common in Johor and Lingga. The Pahang plant has
leaves 6 inches long and # inch wide, and might be
made a variety under the name of angustifolia.
NV. distans, n. sp. -
Stem slender woody overa foot tall, internodes }
inch long. Leaves alternate stipules of dark brown
branched hairs, persistent shorter than in the preceding.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrowed gradually at the
base, margins bidenticulate, 5 inches long 2 inch wide,
scattered over the stem and not persistent only at the
top. Flowers solitary axillary, peduncle very short less
than 4 inch. Bract lanceolate acute minute, pedicel 4
an inch long or very much less. Sepals broadly lanceo-
late acute striate} inch long with a few teeth towards
the tip. Petals shorter ovate, lanceolate blunt pink.
Stamens shorter than in the preceding. Style shorter
than the petals. Capsule ovoid shorter than the sepals.
British North Borneo: Bongaya in Labuk Bay
(Ridley 9054).
Neckia serrata, Boerlage. Ic. Bogor XX VI. may possi-
bly be this species.
Jour. Straits Braneh
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. mes
NV. laneifolia, Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. XXIII. p. 158.
The whole plant about 6 inches tall. Stem woody,
internodes short ; stipules of long erect bristly brown
hairs. Leaves crowded towards the tip broadly ob-
lanceolate obtuse, base narrowed acuminate, edges
stringly bidenticulate dark above rather coriaceous,
pale beneath 4 inches long by 1 inch broad or less.
Flowers solitary axillary on peduncles 4 inch long,
pedicels shorter. Sepals ovate lanceolate, not or little
toothed ribbed, longer than the capsule. Petals very
small ovate. Capsule subglobose shorter than the
sepals. ~
Borneo: Sarawak on Matang (Hullett, Ridley).
Miquel, and Boerlage and Koorders (Ic. Bogor ]xxvi)
identify Hooker’s plant collected by Lobb in North
Borneo, with Korthals’ plant 1. serrata which is des-
eribed as four feet tall and is a native of Sumatra. I
never saw any species of Neckia nearly as big as this.
The plant figured in the Icones Bogorienses as NV. serrata
seems to be different again. It can hardly be Hooker’s
plants, for in his description the leaves are said to be
bidenticulate whereas in the plant figured they are
almost quite entire, remarkably so for one of the genus.
Hocker’s plant is probably the one described above, but
his description is too short for so critical a genus, It
ean hardly be either Korthals’ plant or Berlage’s.
OW. Rlossii, De Sp.
Stemi 4 ob 5 inches ‘tall woody leaves crowded up-
wards. Stipulesferrugineous. leaves oblanceolate, sub-
acute, narrowed towards the base glabrous dark green
above light green beneath edges bidenticulate especially
towards the tip 24 inches long inch wide. Scapes very
slender several togetiner or solitary 4 inch long. Bract
linear very narrow. Sepals lanceolate acuminate very
narrow, acute, with a few rather large irregular teeth on
the edge green. Petals oblong obtuse much broader
and a little shorter white. Staminodes very numerous
R. A. Suc., No. 49, 1907.
14
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
bright yellow, linear clubbed. Stamens pale spathulate.
_ Style a little longer ; fruit not seen.
Pulau Battam (C. B. Kloss, March 1906).
Nearly allied to ¥. parviflora Ridl. but with extremely
narrow sepals and oblong petals nearly as long and much
broader.
N. parviflora, n. sp.
Stem decumbent rooting 6-8 inches long woody,
nude below, stipules dark red. Leaves lanceolate shortly
acuminate blunt, narrowed a little at the base toward
the short petiole somewhat coriaceous bidenticulate
3 inches long 4 inch wide. Flowers very small on slender
peduncles with several bracts. Peduncles 2 or $ in
each axil in a tuft 4 inch long with three linear entire
bracts. Pedicel of flower very short. Flower sepals +
inch long ovate crenulate at the edge enlarging to ovate
denticulate in fruit nearly 4 inch long and ribbed.
Petals much smaller lanceolate ovate, anthers oblong
ovate. Capsule much shorter than the sepals ovoid
oblong. Seeds reticulate.
Sarawak; Banks at Puak (Ridley 12320.)
Distinct in its small flowers, and numerous peduncles,
with several bracts, linear in the flowering stage but
becoming larger lanceolate dentate in the fruiting stage.
The largest bracts I have seen in the genus.
N. humilis, Hook fil. Trans. Linn, Soc, XXIII, p.
158. Labuan. (Lobb.)
NV. serrata, Korth Ned. Kruidk. Arch. I. p. 358 Mig.
Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 2 p. 118. This is described as four feet
tall, a native of Sumatra.
I have never seen anything fitting the descriptions of
either of these two species.
GLUTA.
There are a number of trees belonging to the Anacardiacee
eommonly known to the Malays as Rengas, and all are well
Jour. Straits Braneb
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. Ga)
known for their poisonous properties. This poison lies in a
black resin which is abundant in all parts of the trees, chiefly
in the wood and fruit. Several of these Rengas trees belong
to the genus Melanorrhoa characterised by its small fruit fur-
nished with bright crimson wings, others belong to the genus
Gluta in which the fruit is a larger or smaller drupe with often
a corky brown exterior full of black resin.
- There are about ten known species of Guta occuring in
Cambodia, Andamans, Tavoy, the Malay Peninsula and Islands.
Nearly all these Rengas trees possess a very fine red tim-
ber marked usually with black streaks of the resin and have
been known as Singapore mahogany. When used as furniture
wood however they are said to exhale a certain quantity of the
poison probably in the form of dust which is very injurious to
those using the furniture. An article on poisoning by Renghas
(Melanorrhea) was published by Dr. Brown in Journal 24, 83,
(1892). Cases of poisoning among jungle folk by these plants
are by no means rare, a drop of the juice from a broken bough
even of a seedling falling on the face or body often producing
serious effects. The resin is also said to be used as a poison
with criminal intent producing violent irritation of the stomach
and intestines.
It is interesting to note that though the Mangiperas (Mang-
os) are closely allied to the Gluta and contain to a lesser
extent the same black resin, their timber is more or less of a
yellow colour, while that of the Melanorheas and Glutas is
red. E
Tkere are four species of Gluta known from the Malay
peninsula, one of which however has not been described, and
I have received specimens of fruit and flowers of this fine tim-
ber tree from Mr. Burn-Murdoch.
Gluta Benghas, Miq.
oe A medium sized tree ‘asunlly much branched low
down. Leaves elliptic or obovate coriaceous with a
fairly long petiole, and glabrous panicles of white
flowers. The fruit brown, corky outside, with much
black resin. This tree has only been met with by my-
BR. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
16
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
self in the Malay Peninsula on the banks of the Pahang
river and on the Rumpin river. It occurs also in
Sumatra, Java and Borneo, and a variety is recorded |
from Madagascar. :
G. elegans, Kurz.
Is a smaller tree slender and tall, with rather
long narrow elliptic leaves rather long petioled, and
bright red calyces to the flowers. The fruit is flattened
and rounded 13 inch across smooth and black. It
occurs commonly in Penang, and has been met with in
Malacca and avariety occurs in Tenasserim and the
Andamans. Native Name ‘“ Rengas Ayam.”
G. coarctata, Hook fil.
This I take to be the extremely common bush or
bushy tree occurring in most tidal waters in this
region. It never seems to attain any great size
and is conspicuous in the water edge of the river from its,
bright red young leaves, The flowers are yellowish white
in panicles shorter thantheleaves. The fruitis subglo-
bose, corky, light brown and very resinous.
This is the commonest species ; very abundant in all
our tidal Bees, and also very conspicuous in Sumatra
and Sarawak.
Gl. Wrayi, King.
I have seen no type of this but I take the
description given in the Materials of the Flora of the
Malay Peninsula to apply to this plant, of which good
specimens were sent to me by Mr. Burn-Murdoch, under
the name of Rengas Kerbau Jalang or Red Rengas. It
is a very big tree with stiff coriaceous leaves 4 to 6
inches long elliptic acute narrowed at the base toa
broad flat petiole, nerves about 12 pairs conspicuous
on the lower surface, finely reticulated on both sides.
Panicles 4 inches long with rather distant branches to
near the base; flowers very numerous red and white
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 17
Panicle and flowers pubescent. Calyx half as long as
the corolla bilobed pubescent lobes rounded. Petals
linear oblong obtuse, back pubescent. Stamens slightly
longer, filaments slender glabrous. Ovary rounded ovoid
pubescent style lateral shorter than the stamens. Fruit
oblong red brown, a large hard drupe of a laterite
“red colour 4 or 5 inches long and 3 inches thick elliptic
smooth slightly oblique. Dindings: at Lumat (Ridley
7974); Perak (Wray 2290); Penang: Telok Bahang
(Curtis).
‘“‘Rengas Kerbau Jalang” This gives a very fine
timber known as Red Rengas according to Burn-
Murdoch. There is a plant in the Botanic gardens raised
_ from seed brought from the Dindings in 1894 which is
now about 8 feet tall. The leaves are much larger in
- the young plant, some being 8 inches long and of
a bright green. Compared with Sir George King’s
description this plant only differs in the leaves not
being thickly coriaceous, though rather stiff when dry,
afid the nerves are quite visible on both surfaces and
prominent on the underside, the petiole too is not
channelled but distinctly flat, but there is some variation
in the foliage.
Gl. lanceolata, n. sp. |
A big tree. Leaves narrowly lanceolate obtuse
narrowed into a long slender petiole, coriaceous
blade 6 inches long, 2 inches wide, nerves rather
inconspicuous about 12-14 hairs, reticulations conspi-
cuous, petiole 14 to 3 inches long. Panicles 4 inches
long much resembling those of Gl. Wrayi pubescent.
Calyx half the length of the corolla, tubular split on one_
side, pubescent. Petals linear oblong obtuse 5 back
pubescent tip tufted with hairs, and a band of hairs
down the centre of the inner face. Stamens considerable
longer than the petals, filaments very slender. Ovary
sub-globose quite glabrous, style lateral rather long.
Fruit unripe globose glabrous black.
R. A, Soc., No. 49, 1907,
*2
18 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
Penang: Balek Pulau (Ridley 9465),
This differs from Wray. in the less pubescent
spathaceous not bilobed calyx, the pubescence on the
inner face of the corolla lobes and the perfectly glabrous
ovary.
Pedicels 1 inch long ovary elongate angled. Sepals lan-
ceolate acuminate #inch long. Petals narrower sulphur
yellow. Lip shorter 4 inch long base rather narrow,
lateral wings short round distinct, midlobe fleshy lan-
ceolate acuminate acute reddish brown.
- Sarawak: Sajingkat (Hewitt). Feb. 10,1906. This
belongs to the Sestochilus section and is allied to D.
Treachertanum. I have not seen the old bulbs.
Dendrobium (Sestochilus) radicosus, n. sp.
Rhizome very long slender with numerable wiry
roots, pseudobulbs elliptic oblong + inch long and as
far apart. Older ones larger conic 4 inch long. Leaves
2 to each pseudobulb elliptic coriaceous subacute narrow-
ed at the base 4-2 inch long 2 inch across. Flowers ~
‘solitary terminal, pedicel slender 4 inch upper sepal
lanceolate hardly 4 inch long acute laterals slightly
broader. Petals narrower shorter oblong obtuse. Men-
tum short and rounded. Lip as long as sepals, three lobed
base narrowed, lateral lobes broad oblong triangular
truucate. Midlobe longer elliptic with 2 thickened
papillose ridges at the tip, a number of small papillae
on the nerves of the base of the side lobes. Column
rather long. A
Sarawak: Tiang Lagu (J. Hewitt): ‘ Petals dull pale
yellow with a rosy tinge. Lip yellow with red brown
spots.”
Coelogyne exalata, n. sp.
Epiphytic, pseudobulbs crowded subglobose round-
ed. Leaf solitary lanceolate petioled coriaceous 6-12
inches long by 3 inches wide acuminate at the base
tip mucronulate, petiole 4 inches. Raceme lateral erect,
bearing 6 or 7 flowers, 8 inches long. Bracts convolute
+ inch long brownish green. Pedicel as long. Sepals
1 inch long + inch wide. Upper one spathulate lanceo-
late acute laterals oblong acute green tinted brown or
- R.A. Soc., No. 49, 1907,
sO NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
a
light brown, spreading petals shorter spathulate lanceo-
late acute green, appressed.
Lip spathulate entire, sides at base convolute, tip
acute 1 inch long with three distinct nerves and no
crests, green. Column white 4 as long as lip dilated up-
wards top flattened, apex broad clubshaped truncate
Clinaudrium elevated entire, anther deeply sunk, wings
incurved. Pollinia 4 in 2 pairs each pair on a distinct
lanceolate disc, yellow pyriform, anther 2 celled skull-
shaped beaked beak bifid, rostellum lobes large 2 up-
curved oblong rounded.
Sarawak : on Serapi, the top of Matang end of August
1905 (Ridley 12470). This singular plant differs from
any species of Caelogyne i in having a perfectly entire
lip with no side lobes,
Platyclinis minor, n. sp.
Pseudobulbs oblong void, crowded (yellow and much
wrinkled when dry) 2 inch long. Leaf linear lanceolate
blunt narrowed at a base into a petiole, 3 inches long
1 inch wide, petiole very slender 1 inch long. Peduncle
2-3 inches long very slender flowers crowded in a
raceme 1-3 inches long. Bracts papyraceous persis-
tent ovate acute } inch long ribbed. Pedicels slightly |
longer than the bracts. Flowers 4 inch across. Sepals
lanceolate acuminate acute, 3 nerved, central nerve
thickest. Petals shorter broader oblong slightly dilat-
ed upwards rounded obtuse strongly 1 nerved. Lip
pandurate base broad oblong short side lobes small
rounded inconspicuous, midlobe elliptic obtuse 3 ribbed.
Column narrowed at the base with large triangular
wings acuminate, rising from near the top and projecting
above the column, wings of clinandrium triangular.
Anther ovate.
Sarawak Santubong (J. Hewitt).
Platyclinis minima, Pseudobulbs very crowded conic obtuse 4
inch long. Leaf elliptic slightly narrowed towards the
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 31
rounded tip shortly petioled 1 inch long 2 inch wide.
Raceme very slender 2 inches long rising from the axil
of a broad lanceolate papery sheath. Flowers about
14, distant bracts oblong obtuse papery persistent $
inch long. Pedicel half aslong. Sepals lanceolate acute
long. Petals half as long elliptic obtuse lip
clawed oblong entire dilate towards the tip rounded.
Column have narrow dilated above with lanceolate acu-
minate arms rising a little below the stigma.
Sarawak: Tiang Layu. (J. Hewitt).
Eria (Trichotosia) aurea, n. sp.
Stems rather slender erect 18 inches or more tall
nearly glabrous except for a line of red hairs on the
side opposite the leaf and a circle of red hairs at the
mouth, (young parts sprinkled with short red pubes-
cence). Leaves, lanceolate light green acute with a
broad base rather fleshy glabrous. Racemes | inch long
few flowered red hairy. Bract at the base cup-shaped
covered with red hairs. Bracts lanceolate obtuse red
hairy. Flowers small about 6. 2 inch long, enclusive
of ovary. Upper sepal lanceolate acute red hairy later-
als ovate fulcate acuminate red hairy, mentum scroti-
form. Petals linear falcate obtuse. Capsule elliptic 4
inch long.
Sarawak Santubong (Hewitt).
Flowers golden yellow with reddish brown hairs. The
specimens were nearly past flower.
Eria (acridostachyae) triloba, n. sp.
Stem apparently cylindric 3 inches long. Leaves
lorate or linear-lorate obtuse 14 inches long by one inch
wide, subherbaceous. Scapes a foot long, raceme dense
all coverd with brown wool. Bracts lanceolate 3 inch
long brown woolly, peduncles nearly 4 inch long. Sepals
upper lanceolate obtuse, laterals subtriangular, mentum
short thick rounded. Petals very thin narrowly linear.
Lip three lobed shorter than sepals, base long linear
R, A. Soc., No 49, 1907,
SpA, NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
very narrow, side lobes triangular lanceate recurved
acuminate, midlobe nearly as, long as the claw lanceo-
late obtuse fleshy pustulate, all strongly nerved the
main nerve elevated on the disc. Column dilated up-
wards rostellum projecting.
Sarawak Santubong (J. Hewitt).
This resembles Aeridostachya Rehb. £. but has a very
different lip.
Pholidota grandis, n. Sp. =
Pseudobulbs several crowded elliptic or conical
2-3 inches long, angled and ribbed. Leaves 2 to each
pseudobulb oblong oblanceolate long petioled, acute,
blade 12 inches long narrowed into the 13 inch petiole,
ribbed. Raceme erect 8 inches or more from the base
of a pseudobulb, peduncle half the length nude dull
green spotted red. Raceme dense many flowered. Bracts
caducous elliptic subobtuse, 4 inch long, as long as the
flowers, ovary and pedicel spreading green. Sepals
ovate-obtuse apple green. Petals smaller oblong white
recurved. Lip base rounded saccate edge elevated un-
Julate side lobes, broad irregularly oblong rounded,
bifid on the outer edge white. Column short, hood very
broad truncate retuse narrowed downwards green.
Anther orange Ser cnley, trigibbous two celled
stigma cordate.
Selangor Semangko Pass. Il in H.B.Singapore Aug.
1905.
This fine Pholidota was collected by me with Caelo-
gyne Dayana on trees in the Semangkok Pass. In habit
it quite resembles a Caelogyne. The flower spike with
its dense white flowersis quite attractive.
Tainia borneensis, n. sp.
Rhizome creeping covered with broken upsheaths.
Leaf ovate acuminate 6 inches long 2-24 wide. Glabrous
petiole 1 inch long stem a foot long from the axil of a
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS, 33
leaf pubescent with three or four lanceolate bracts
scattered about. Flowers 2 to 6, crowded at the top,
pedicel woolly, + inch long, bract lanceolate acuminate
glabrous. Upper sepal lanceolate acuminate, laterals
broader, forming a short blunt mentum at the base 4
inch long. Petals narrower, linear acuminate. Lip
shorter obcuneate, base oblong dilated towards the end
into a broad truncate limb with two short side lobes
and one small oblong median one. Column rather long
curved, stelidia short, anther lanceolate. Pullinia ovoid
flattened.
Sarawak : Mt. Lingga (Hewitt).
\
Plocoglottis borneensis, n. sp.
Pseudobulbs several, terete thickened slightly towards
the base and purplish 2 inches long. Leaf solitary,
broadly lanceolate, 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, plicate
tapering to the winged petiole, seven-nerved dark green.
Peduncle 12-16 inches tall pubescent arising from
above the base of the pseudobulb. Bracts small ovate
acuminate.
Flowers several. Upper sepal largest 4 inch long
lanceolate, long acuminate-yellow base red spotted,
laterals similar but narrower at the base, backs pubes-
cent. Petals similar but glabrous. Lip less than } inch
long, quadrate, tip broad equally shortly trifid pale
yellow. Column about as long yellow with two broad
flat wings white with red edges and descending bar, a
violet streak below, widened at the base. Anther cap
thick dark yellow blunt with a strong ridge running to
the tip. Pollinia 4 in two pairs in narrow cells of the
anther, elliptic one slightly above the other, pedicel
linear-pulverulent, discs oblong yellow rather large.
Margin of clinandrium elevate subovate. Stigma large
ovate.
Common in Sarawak especially at Lundu, and Tam-
busan, terrestrial in damp woods. Also at Bidi.
R. A. Soc. No. 49, 1907.
*3
34 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. _
This plant I took at first for Reichenbach’s Ploco-
glottis Lowwi (Xenia Orchidacea: Vol. II p. 142. pl. 154).
But even allowing for very rough drawing this can hard-
ly be intended for the common Sarawak species. The
flowers of this exactly resemble those of P. moluccana
Bl. but that is figured and described as belonging to the
group of many leaved Plocoglottis. No one seems to
have seen Plocoglottis Loww since it was first intro-
‘duced. It is described as having yellow and brown flow-
ers as large as those of cattleya luteola. By some extra- —
‘ ordinary error Hallier has identified it with a plant
which from his figure and description I take to be Pl.
porphyrophylla Ridl. and J. J. Smith has followed this
determination in his orchids of Amboina. No two spe-
cies of the genus are more utterly dissimilar. Pl. porphy-
_ rophylla with its dull purplish flowers half an inch across,
and most peculiar lower sepals cannot possibly be the
plant Reichenbach intended, with flowers 2 inches across, —
bright yellow with the lower sepals quite resembling
the: upper one.
The following are fie species of the genus known.
Some from Borneo.
Species with single leave to each pseudobulb.
Pl. Lowii, Reh. Locality unknown said to be Bornean.
Pi. borneensis, Rid]. Sarawak.
Pi porphyrophylla, Rid]. (Pl. Loww Hallier not Reichen-
bach) recorded from Borneo by Hallier,
Pl. parviflora, Ridl.
Species with leafy stems.
Pl. dilatata, Bl. Sarawak, Mt. Kowa. Braang (Haviland 76)
on limestone rocks.
Jour. Straits Branch
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 35
e Pl. parviflora.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate 2 glabrous thin 5 nerved
narrowed toa long petiole 12-16 inches long 14 inch
wide. Scape lateral from the rhizome, rather stout 2
feet long, scurfy pubescent, flowers distant few, small.
Pedicel and ovary 4 inch long. Closely scurfily
pubescent. Sepals narrow linear oblong cuspidate 3,
inch long. Petals subspathulate narrower. Lip base
_ oblong,-limb broader ovate oblong cuspidate, with two
short linear ridges on the limb. Column tall, anther
cordate in outline, top fleshy retuse. —
Sarawak : Mt. Lingga (Hewitt).
Allied to Pl. Porphyrophylla, Ridl. but the flowers
are much smaller and the lip of a different shape.
Saccolabium aurewm, n. sp.
Stem about 2 inches long. Leaves crowded lorate 3
inches long litte more than 4 inch wide thick, apex very
unequally bilobed, tops rounded. Racemes 1 inch long
dense flowered. Bracts lanceolate acuminate } the length
of the pedicel and ovary. Flowers } inch long pale
greenish yellow or golden yellow, spur white. Upper
‘sepal ovate acute, laterals ovate oblong mucronulate.
' Petals as long oblong obtuse narrower. Lip ovate
rather longer than the sepals, sides elevated rounded
(lateral lobes) terminal lobe narrower half the length of
the hypochil, linear oblong, ending in a fleshy rounded
callus spur as long as the lip nearly as long as the pedi-
cel stout cylindric obtuse upeurved. Column very short
with two much longer erect horns acute. Anther skull-
shaped with a very large oblong truncate beak. Pelli-
nia 2 globose small on an oblong linear pedicel with a
much larger oblong truncate disc bearing a short process
‘beyond the point where the pedicel adheres.
_ Sarawak : Kuching (J. Hewitt).
This curious species is most nearly allied to S. secundi-
florum, Ridley.
R, A. Soe. Noa, 49, 1907.
36 NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
S. brachystachys, n. sp.
Stem short, 4 inches long very thick. Leaves lorate -
coriaceous, thick 8 inches long, 14 inch wide, deep green,
apex bluntly unequally lobed. Panicles short 3 branch-
ed, branches 1 inch long many flowered. Bracts very
short ovate acute. Sepals oblong obtuse 4 inch long.
Petals shorter narrower linear, all yellow with a central
reddish bar. Lip, side lobes large oblong ending ina
cusp, midlobe ovate obtuse violet, spur short rounded
scrotiform white, a broad oblong fleshy bar over the
mouth of the spur, and a short conic boss in the centre
_of the lip between the side lobes. Column thick, wings
incurved white, anther broad long-beaked. Pollinia
elliptic curved, on a long linear pedicel with a small disc.
Sarawak : Tambusan, fl. H. B. S. 1905.
This plant is not rarely brought from Sarawak by
native collectors.
S. validum.
Roots copious thick corky, stem stout 4 inches long 4
inch through. Leaves coriaceous lorate 6 inches long 2
inch through unequally bilobed. Panicles from lower
axils 9 inches long slender, peduncle 3 inches long,
branches 2, upper one longest. Flowers numerous but
remote. Bracts ovate acute small. Pedicels 4 inch
long. Sepals lanceolate subacute. Petals much small-
er, dull yellow, with reddish purple blotching in centre,
Lip shorter, spur nearly as long as the ovary straight
cylindric blunt, side lobes short oblong rhomboid blunt,
midlode longer, short ovate fleshy callus in mouth of
spur fleshy quadrate large decurved. No septum in
spur or callus. Column short, anther 4 celled ovate.
Pollinia transversly bilobed, pedicel oblong linear, disc
oblong truncate column wings short incurved. Rostel-
lum arms horizontal oblong truncate with a minute pro-
cess at the upper edge.
Perak : Kamuning (Machado) July 10, 1905.
Certainly allied to S. pallidus.
Jour. Straits Branch
_NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 37
S. fissicors, 0. sp.
Stem 4 or 5 incheslong. Leaves linear oblong round-
ed emarginate at the lip 4-5 inches long 1 inch across
rather thickly coriaceous. Raceme 10 inches long very
slender, peduncle 6 inches long purple. LBracts very
small ovate. Flowers rather distant small. Rachis
faintly black scurfy. Occasionally one branch near the
base. Pedicel and ovary 4 inch long bright yellow
green. Sepals ovate oblong, ;1, inch long blunt dark
red brown. Petals narrower linear similarly colored.
Lip side lobes small erect truncate yellowish, midlobe
cordate acute, notched on either side, violet with centre
and edges white. Spur nearly as long as the pedicel
parallel to it or deflexed cylindric slightly flatened,
violet, an oblong recurved fleshy lamina truncate in the
mouth, spur not divided. Column rather tall violet,
wings obscure. Anther white scull shaped truncate
emarginate in fruit. Pollinia flattened globose orbicular,
2 bilobed, pedicel, flat, narrowed above and below,
slightly dilate in the middle, disc very small oblong.
Rostellum lobes short oblong truncate with defiexed
points. Stigma cordate.
Perak: Kamuning (A. D. Machado). Flowered
Singapore Botanic Gardens 1906, December. _
This is near S. Scortechinit, but has the habit of
_ Spensile, Ridl.
Trichoglottis punctata, un. sp.
Stem slender branched 18 inches long, sheaths ribbed
linch long, leaves narrowly lanceolate acuminate 4
inches long 4-+ inch wide, narrowed at the base.
Racemes 4 inch long few flowered, 1 or 2. Flower } inch
fleshy, upper sepal oblong obtuse, laterals deltoid tri-
angular. Petals oblong obtuse. Lip adnate to the column
at the base, very fleshy, shorter than the sepals, base
oblong channelled hardly spur-like, but exé¢avate, below
the column a linear fiat lamina obtuse entire, apex
B.-A, Soc., No, 49, 1907,
38
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.
bilobed dilate lobes rounded with obscure fleshy process-
es projecting from the tip, behind two horn like side
processes, all glabrous column thick, anther skull-shaped
shortly beaked in front. Stelidia thick subtriangular,
rostellum very short and indistinct. Pollinia not seen.
“Flowers yellow with red brown spots on the inside
and reddish edging outside.” |
Sarawak : Lingga (J. Hewitt).
Only one specimen with a single flower seen.
Near Tr. lanceolaria, Bl. but the spur is less develop-
ed, the lip is distinctly bifid at the tip. ?
Sarcochilus fragrans, nu. sp.
Stem 3 inches long. Leaves 9 linear lanceolate sub-
falcate narrowed at the base 6 inches long one inch
wide, dull green coriaceous, Scape 5 inches long, sub-
terete winged. Bracts persistent ovate 4 inch long
green. Flowers open three at atime. TPedicels 3 inch
long. Upper sepal orbicular obovate, lower ones much
larger 4 inch long orbicular ovate. Petals small } inch
long spathulate all white with a transverse line of one
or 2 ocreous blotches. Lip # inch long, side lobes
oblong rounded, spur shoe-shaped narrowed to a blunt
point, with a raised boss or tootn in the upper face, calli
in the mouth three, 2 longer than the median one short
blunt tooth-like. Lip all white except an ocre blotch
below the mouth. Column short, with a long foot, —
white with an indian red bar on each side of the foot
running up and meeting behind the column. Anther
broad and flat, thin ovate shortly beaked. Pollinia 2
globular bilobed, pedicel very short, dise oblong lanceo-
late small. Clinandrium shallow. Rostellum bifid of
two linear processes, column wings incurved. This pretty
and deliciously fragrant orchid was found on a coffee-
bush on Matang estate. It is allied to S. unguiculatus,
but very distinct. |
Jour, Straits Branch
NEW OR RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 39
S. stellatus, n. sp.
Stem thick 3 inches Tae Leaves 6 oblong obtuse
unequally bilobed 4 inches long and one inch across,
- thick and stiff. Racemes $ inch long. Bracts small
ovate. Flowers expanded, ovary and pedicel + inch
long, sepals } inch long spreading oblong acute pale
greenish yellow. Petals smaller linear oblong acute.
Lip 4 inch long, side lobe oblong rounded broad yellow-
ish, with dull indian red and ovate markings inside,
spur short blunt white, a large rounded callus just below
the lobes white with 2 violet spots. Column longer
than the foot }inch long yellow, anther thin ovate acute,
with a bar- shaped rib across the top. Pollinia semilinear
yellow, pedicel linear short, disc small obleng. Clinan-
drium very shallow. Rostellum lobes short broad
triangular. Capsule sessile oblong an inch long.
_ Sarawak: cult. in Bishop Hose’s Coden exactlocality
uncertain, Sept. 1905. bye)
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CAPTURE OF A RARE TURTLE. 65
are reproduced here as hitherto illustrations of this species
have given in general a far from accurate representation of its
appearance.
OCIEIY:
ROYAL ASIATIC §
b]
AITS BRANCH
STR
: Pian, JOU
JOURNAL 48
‘(poor ) yan
ALIYJVIT
Malayan Pigs.
A Recent Zoological Paper.
G. S, Miller’s ‘“‘Notes on Malayan Pigs.”
By ©: Bopen Kuoss, F. Z. s.
One of the most recent of publications dealing with the
fauna of the Oriental region is a most interesting and valuable
paper by Mr. Gerrit 8. Miller, which throws a fresh light on
the varieties and distribution of the pigs of the Malayan area.
‘* Notes on Malayan Pigs” * is based on a quite unique
collection of 62 specimens from the Malayan Peninsula and
Islands, presented to the U. S. National Museum by Dr. W.
1s Abbott, and a small contribution of 4 specimens obtained in
Johore by myself. In addition to having all this material to
work upon Mr, Miller has also examined the types and collec-
tions in the Natural History LUNIA 2 at Berne, Berlin, Leyden
and London.
Excluding the Javan species (as not being yet represented
in the U.S. N. M. collection) the pigs of Western Malaya are
broadly defined as belonging to one or the other of three groups
typified as the Barbatus group, the Cristatus group and the
Vittatus group.
In the first group, the “ bearded pigs,” of greatest local
interest perhaps is Sus 07, Miller, the species which occurs in
the Sumatran area, and is, so far, known from the swampy
plains of south-eastern Sumatra, from Banka and from the
Rhio Archipelago, where, inhabiting Pulo Battam, it most
closely approaches the Straits Settlements.
The other members are Sus barbatus, Miiller, of Borneo,
with which Mr. Miller finds Sus longtrostris, Nehring, to be
* Proceedings of The United States National Museum, Vol. eee
pages 737-758, with Plates XXXIX—LXIV.
Jour, Straits Branch BR. A. Soc., No, 49, 1907.
68 | MALAYAN PIGS.
synonymous, and a new species, Sus gargantua, founded by Mr.
Miller on the skull of a young adult male from south-eastern
Borneo. This, besides being the largest of known living pigs
(upper length of skull of young adult 570 mm., of old S.
barbatus 510 mm.), is further distinguished by having its ex-
tremely low occipital region produced backwards to a degree
quite unknown in others of the group.
The members of the Cristatus group are confined to the
mainland and the near-by islands. It has long been thought
that the wild pig of the Peninsula was the same as the Sus
cristatus, Wagner, of India proper and when writing’a note on
the Sumatran Sus oi for the Journal (No. 45, p. 60), I stated.
that “only one species of wild pig is at present known to occur
in the Malay Peninsula and that is the animal regarded as
identical with Sus cristatus of India,” but it appears that the
animal ranging from Tower Tenasserim southwards must now
be separated from the Indian form. It is now described under
the name of Sus jubatus ; and to a form from Pulo Teratau, and
perhaps other islands off the west coast of the Peninsula, that is
like jubatus but not as large, Mr. Miller has given the name
jubatulus. It is unfortunate however that in making into a
separate species an animal that inhabits a shoal-water island
situated close to the mainland, the author has only one example
to work upon.
The pigs of the Vittatus group are purely insular except
one new species from the southern extremity of the Malay Penin-
sula, They range from the Andamans and Nicobars in the west
to the Natunas in the east. The typical Sus vitiatus, Miller
and Schlegel, inhabits the mainland of Sumatra and the Rhio
Archipelago form now becomes a separate species under the
name of rhionis. The largest known member of the group,
which is specially interesting as inhabiting the Asiatic main-
land (so that the Peninsula is now found to possess at least two
peculiar pigs), occurs in Johore. This is Sus peninsularis and
presumably the pig of Singapore Island is of this species also.
The remaining species of this group are widely distributed.
On Pulo Nias, on Pulo Babi together with Pulo Tuanku and
lastly on Pulo Simalu, all islands of the West Sumatra chain,
Jour, Straits Braneh
MALAYAN PIGS. : 69
are found respectively Sus niadensis, Sus babi and Sus mimus
all described for the first time. The animal that occurs in the
islands of the Natunas between the Peninsula and Borneo is
Sus natunensis, Miller, while Sws nicoboricus, Miller, is known
as yet by specimens from Great Nicobar Island only. The
smallest member of the group—smaller even than nicobaricus or
mimus, is Sus andamanensis, Blyth. from the Andaman Islands.
The paper contains full descriptions, keys and measure-
ments, and is illustrated by many plates (amongst which are
reproductions of a mounted Sus barbatus), of mandibular teeth
and skulls in various aspects, all of which greatly facilitate
the identification of the different species.
Mantra Gajah.
By AV Nguores)1 MAXWELL.
In an article, which I contributed to the Society’s Journal
No. 45, and in which I gave a translation of a book of charms
used by Malay elephant-drivers, I mentioned that I had in my
possession another book of similar charms.
It consists of six sheets of stout paper, sewn down the
middle so as to make a small book of twelve sheets or twenty-
four pages. The outer cover has been stained a rich chocolate
colour by the moisture of warm and perhaps not over clean |
hands and by the smoke of the fire-places over which the
Malays keep, in hanging racks, the articles which they wish to
preserve from damp. There is nothing in the book or on its
cover to give any idea of its age, and Mat Jawi, the Assistant
Penghulu of Kuala Plus, who gave it to me, could only say, in
- general terms, that it was old, and that it had been in hig
family for along time. Mat Jawi is the grandson of the for-
mer Orang Kaya kaya Sri Adika Raja, and, as the book of which
I have already given a translation is expressly stated to
contain the hereditary lore “that has come down from the
Datohs Sri Adika Raja unto the present day,” it is only to be
expected that the charms set forth in the two books should
closely resemble one another. ‘This book begins abruptly
without an introduction of any kind, and ends even more
abruptly by reason of the available space on the paper being
exhausted. In the last line, the writer started to give a charm
to soften the heart of an elephant, and then, seeing that he had
no more paper, scratched it out, and scribbled under it
; tatnat 7 the end.”
I here reproduce the book in its entirety in “roman”
characters. I have not attempted to edit it in any way, of
such part of it as is Malay no translation is necessary, and of
such part of it as is not Malay I am unable to give a transla-
tion. I am inelined to think that the non-Malay charms are
nothing but a corrupt form of Siamese, and to ascribe to
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
72 MANTRA GAJAH.
them a much more recent period than I had suggested in my
first article.
It is impossible to say when the Siamese fed came down
the Peninsula in search of elephants. Their own country has
always been richly stocked with elephants; and at this day,
from all accounts, there roam through the forests, in a semi-
wild condition, herds of these great animals for which there is
little or no commercial use. It is unlikely, therefore, that the
Siamese should, at any early period, have gone far afield in
search of animals for which there was but little demand in
their own country; unless, of course, the search was one that
was being made for the sacred white elephant.
It was perhaps not until the development of India and
Burmah caused a demand for elephants for state ceremonies
and for business purposes, and created a trade between Siam and
these countries, that the Malay Peninsula was laid under come
bution to supply elephants.
This trade in elephants was particularly referred to by |
Gemelli Careri, who in 1695 went from Goa to Malacca. He
ein tan Co eae (Vol. III. pp. 358, 359) an
account, which is translated in Churchill’s Voyages, Vol. IV-
p. 284, as follows: -—‘‘all the country of Malacca, Cambaya
‘Siam, Ciampa, Cocincinna and Tunchin abounds in elephants
of which the Siamese particularly make a great trade, carry-
‘ing them by land to the opposite coast and port of Tena-
‘“ zarin, belonging to the King of Siam, near the Gulf of Bengala,
‘where merchants buy to transport them by sea into the
‘dominions of Mahometan princes.”’
The extent to which this trade in elephants grew is shewn
in the records of the India Office. The following notices of
ships with elephants arriving at the port of Masulipatam, from
Tenasserim alone, are taken from the Diary and Consultation
Book of that factory.*
April 25 1680 A ship with elephants
May 324680 Ab’: aghip ob: & bs - 4
April 4, 21> 4681 a i . lin eners
* Anderson’ s ‘* English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth
Century” p, 20.
Jour, Straits Brgnek
MANTRA GAJAH. 73
Feb. 21 1682
iS ship with 15 elephants.
Heb. 22 1682 15
Feb. DF 1682 A BS . Seg a Foe
April 20 1682 a ‘4 Gos;
April 529° 1682 ie a 53 fens
March 1684 Two ships an ce 6 We aes
April 1684 A ship a Poe
Apr ie 1684 B 20
The Siamese ae sage UEEE. the Malay JPenaeenle to
‘supply this surprising demand for elephants probably used the
Mantra Gajah that are recorded in these manuscripts. But
whether it was in the Seventeenth Century that the Malays
learnt these Mantras, or whether their acquisition of this lore
dates from a period before it or after it, can, until further
information on the subject is forthcoming, only be matter for
conjecture. |
_—
Mantra Gajah.
Bab ini hendak tiup tentang atau di-bacha Le batu di-
limpar-kan pada gajah itu.
Ini-lah di-kata-nya
Om kundanga ding lanes sai teluwang tekulin dipin-
tai rambut teluling di-hadapan tibalulon kakanan tibalulun
kakiri sikab piah ieee ee
Hai gajah aku tahu asal angkau mula menjadi,
- Merkubulia ka-mulia asal mu, -
Kau turut kata,
Jika tiada turut kata ku,
Mati di-bunoh Sri Rama;
Jika angkau turut kata ku
Di-hidupi uleh Maha Risi. Kul.
Ini melembut-kan hati gajah di-bacha pada tebu tiga krat
Tni-lah kata-nya,
Om darang muka-nya darang darang lang-li muka-nya
langli telon changku kan kusa mu hati-ku akan chucha-mu
- lidah kau akan sangkal mu tendurong kakanan tenduron kakiri
tundok chinta kapada aku puah rab,
B, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
74 MANTRA GAJAH.
Bab ini buang hantu rimba. Ini kata-nya.
Om berang berat pikat pikau rambin perai siah eae
leku turun luwai hantu rimba puah rengab. Pada tiga likur
bulan Safar pada hari malam khamis, ini pematah hati gajah
barang biut-nya mau katahui asal-nya kata-nya.
Hai Adam lemit aku tahu asal mu,
Allah Tuhan mu, |
Nabi Muhammad penghulu mu,
Siti Hawa nama ibu mu,
Nan Pachi nama mu,
Jusan nama aku,
_Jangan angkau derhaka pada aku,
Jika angkau derhaka kapada aku,
Sarupa angkau derhaka kapada Piarawan.
Fasal pada menyata-kan segala ubat penyakit gajah. - Per-
tama ini ubat besar deripada Pijang, pertama ambil akar pe-
sambu dan daun-nya, dan pesambu kayu ambil akar-nya, dan
daun-nya, dan akar chanerai hitam, dan akar chichir, dan akar
pianggu, dan akar pulai, dan akar rotan dini, dan akar rotan
tetawar, dan akar tutop bumi, dan akar panggai panggai, dan
- akar jerun, dan akar kuchai, dan akar gelenggang, dan akar
kedudok dan akar paku, dan akar tambun tahi, dan akar
temu.
Bab ini patih kusa; ambil daun kekiat segenggam, herat
sosokkan pada kapala gajah dengan kusa-nya sakalli. ;
Bab ini ubat tuai, maka ambil sampah yang lekat kapada
kayu yang ter-gerak-gerak di-ayer itu, maka per-habu harang
buboh minyak, maka sapu-kan pada ekor gajah itu.
Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mau bernang, maka ambil ki-
ambang, maka per-habu harang buboh minyak maka sapu-kan
kapada gumba- -nya, dan piah-nya kiri kanan.
Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mau tidor di-ayer maka ambil
lumut yang lekat di-pangkal-pangkal prahu orang, maka per-.
habu harang maka buboh minyak, maka sapu-kan pada gumba-
- nya dan piah-nya kiri kanan.
Bab ini ubat membuang geli gajah, maka ambil ulun ~
merah sa-genggam herat, maka gosokkan kapada sumba-nya,
dan piah-nya kiri kanan,
Jour. Straits Brauch
MANTRA GAJAH. 76
Bab ini ubat gajahiya-itu maka ambil daun labu yang
naik pada rumah orang, maka mengambil dia itu churi jangan
di-tahu uleh tuan-nya, dan timba perigi orang itu pun churi
juga, maka per-habu harang maka bubok minyak gosokkan
pada belalai-nya.
Bab ini ubat pelambut hati gajah, maka ambil asin asin
- ga-genggam herat, maka gosokkan pada piah-nya kiri kanan.
Bab ini ubat orang kena chemahang, maka ambil getah
merbau yang muntah-kan darah ambil dengan tanah-nya sakali
dan chemara putri dan mempalas dan ayer buku kayu dan
ayer kubang babi, maka ramas sakelian-nya itu maka limau-
kan kapada orang yang kena chemahang itu ’afiat uleh-nya.
Bab ini ubat gajah kena kesar api ambil akar jenjuang
_merah dan ambil umbut tebrau dan daun limau nipis dan
-maswi bawang merah kunyit terus dan lada sulah, maka
mamah dengan sirih pinang, maka sembor tujoh petang ’afiat.
Bab ini ubat gajah kesar ambil akar bunga raia dan akar
jerangau mamah dengan sirih pinang sembor tiga petang ’afiat.
Bab ini ubat gajah sakit perut chirit, ambil kulit pauh
dan buah asam jawa, dan kulit kebantong dan kulit jambu
ayer, dan kulit sena dan langkmang atau kulit-nya sakelian-
nya itu di-tumbok lumat-lumat beri makan gajah itu serta
dengan garam siam ’afiat..
! Bab ini ubat gajah makan tanah, ambil chaching dan
tanah lembah; ada pun chaching itu di-rendang dahulu sudah
--itu champur dengan tanah lembah i makan beri makan
gajah itu tiga petang ’afiat.
Bab ini ubat gajah bengkak kaki- -nya atau tuboh-nya,
ambil halia dan kunyit dan limping dan kunyit terus, maka
giling lumat-lumat buboh garam siam maka hangat-kan pada
api chamur-kan kapada gajah itu barang tiga petang ‘afiat.
Bab ini ubat gajah ter-salah, ambil daun gelenggang dan
daun raminggu dan daun asin, asin semua-nya itu rendang
kring kring buboh minyak buboh di-dalam tempurong hangat-
kan pada api, maka chamur-kan pada gajah sakit itu barang
tiga petang atau tiga hari ’afiat.
Bab ini ubat Shenae beri gemok, ambil kulit nada dan
‘garam siam maka rendam-kan kulit badak itu dan garam siam
“B, A. Soc., No. 49, 1907,
76... MANTRA GAJAH.
itu kapada ayer madu, maka beri minum gajah itu barang ae
tiga hari.
Bab ini ubat gajah hendak | gemok maka ambil buah
pedindang dan garam siam, maka rendam-kan pada ayer madu
beri minum gajah itu barang tiga hari.
Bab ini ubat tiada mahu trum, maka ambil akar can
yang jantan makan dengan sirih pinang sembur kapada segala
siku gajah itu barang tiga hari.
Bab ini ubat gajah mata ber-ayer, maka ambil buah
mating bakar hangus hangus, maka asah dengan ayer limau
-nipis, maka buboh pada mata gajah itu.
Bab ini ubat tiada patih kusa, ambil amas dan perak dan
tembaga dan besi, maka rendam pada ayer maka mandi-kan
kapada kepala gaja itu serta dengan kusa-nya barang tiga
hari.
Bab ini ubat membunoh segala Cae di-dalam perut
gajah, maka ambil terong perat yang masak dan lengkuas
padang dan garam siam dan kulit melak, maka kita belah terong
~ itu dan lengkuas itu tumbok lumat lumat maka kita buboh di-
dalam tebu atau pisang, maka kita beri makan gajah itu —
barang tiga hari.
Bab ini ubat gajah melenggang, ambil akar gelenggang ae
akar terong asam, maka makan dengan sirih pinang sembur-
kan kapada gumba-nya dan pipi-nya kiri kanan lalu pada buah
anchar- “nya Ta kanan barang tiga petang.
5 Bab ini ubat pengasih gajah yang liar akan gajah jinak ©
maka ambil akar tutup bumi maka kita makan dengan sirih
pinang, maka kita semburkan kapada dahi gajah kita dan
sumba-nya dan pipi-nya kiri kanan dan telinga-nya maka
lepas-kan-lah gajah kita itu. :
Bab ini ubat gajah kena kesar ayer, ambil jenjuang puteh
umbut-nya dan kulit bonglai dan kunyit terus, maswi bawang
merah dan lada sulah, maka sembur saperti dahulu juga.
Bab ini akan jarang karang ambil buah kabong dan pisang
benggala dan umbut chiru maka tumbok lumat lumat rendam
di-dalam pasu jaram-kan kepala gajah itu. Ini-lah mantra-
nya ‘
Om kat ti-u tawi sak,
Jour, Straits Branch
MANTRA GAJAH. Lak
Bab ini ubat gajah beri pulang sendiri, ambil tungku
rumah orang tinggal dan tangga-nya dan bendul-nya maka beri
makan gajah itu dengan tebu barang tujoh hari.
Bab ini ubat kena besir, ambil kunyit terus hitam dan
puteh, dan tanah lembah yang hitam dan umbut terau, maswi,
bawang merah, lada sulah, maka masok kapada tebu atau
pisang maka beri makan.
Bab ini ubat gajah hendak gemok ambil temakol dan
pusat buaia beri makan gajah itu di-dalam ayer hingga lem-
bong perut-nya serta garam siam dan kapada bulan tiga-belas
atau lima-belas sudah-nya temakol dengan kulit buaia itu
jemor kering kering.
Bab ini ubat gajah tiada mahu makan maka ambil leng-
kuas dan akar pisang pisang tumbok lumat lumat, maka beri
makan serta garam siam.
Bab ini ubat gajah Rendale gemok, ambil patawali dan
akar terong perat dan akar terong pipit dan akar terong asam
dan akar mentajam chinchang lumat lumat serta garam siam
rendam kapada bekas, maka beri minum gajah itu. Sabagai
lagi ubat gajah gemok ambil jenjuang besar dan jenjuang puteh
dan akar betik dan akar mentajam, maka beri makan serta
garam slam. |
Bab ini ubat gajah sejuk kena penyakit, ambil akar terong
-asam dan akar rotan dini dan akar chekor jerangau dan akar
jenjuang merah dan akar kunyit terus dan bawang merah
lada sulah, makan dengan sirih pinang sembur kapada selerah
tuboh gajah itu.
Bab ini jika gajah kena sakit hangat ambil daun igtawan
dan akar nior dan akar tebu betong dan akar jenjuang puteh
dan akar chiru dan akar rotan tetawar mamah dengan suit
pinang sembur selerah tuboh gajah itu. :
Bab ini ubat gajah kesar ambil buah kayu yang He
pada pasir merah warna-nya, beri makan serta garam siam
barang tiga hari. Danlagi ubat kesar ambil daun sunting
hantu dan daun mentajam dan daun pinang tumbok buboh
kapor tuhor bedak-kan pada tuboh gajah itu barang tiga hari.
Bab ini ubat membunoh biar di-dalam perut gajah, maka
ambil sendawa dan jemuju kharsani beri makan gajah itu ‘afiat,
R, A, Soe., No, 49, 1907,
78 MANTRA GAJAH.
Bab ini fasal pada menyatakan nama penyakit gajah.
Per-tama-tama, jika bengkak hujong beialai gajah itu,
Mersud nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak di-bawah dagu- “nya,
Merchun nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak gumba-nya,
Mertab nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak mata-nya,
Mer-ka-but nama-nya,
Dan jika bengkak pada telinga-nya,
Keron nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak di-dalam perut- “nya,
Merpun nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak pada supek karong atau shahwat-nya,
Mertemu nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak sabelah kaki-nya,
Mernu nama penyakit,
Dan jika bengkak kedua kaki-nya,
Maratalum nama penyakit-nya,
Dan jika bengkak jubor-nya,
Merchap nama penyakit-nya,
Dan jika bengkak hujong ekor-nya,
Merpahat nama penyakit-nya, .
Dan jika bengkak belalai-nya, ubat-nya ambil daun lang-
kudi dan daun peria, daun labu kentang, dan tahi lembu, kapor
tahor dan garam semua-nya itu pipis lumat lumat tampalkan
pada bengkak itu,
Dan jika hens gumba-nya itu,
ambil kulit remunggai dan kulit dedap dan kulit lemping dan
kunyit terus dan lengkuas padang dan limau nipis, maka >
tumbok lumat lumat, maka rebus hangat sapu-kan pada gumba-
nya, dan bengkak di-bawah dagu pun ubat inijua. Dan lagi
ubat bengkak mata-nya maka ambil kulit lembu dan kapala
arak dan daun peria dengan akar-nya dan daun langkudi
dengan akar-nya dan daun labu gantang dengan akar-nya,
maka bakar kulit lembu itu hangus hangus sakelian-nya itu
tumbok lumat lumat champur dengan kapala arak, maka buboh-
kan kapada yang bengkak itu neschaya semboh uleh-nya, dan
Jour. Straits Branch
MANTRA GAJAH. 79
jika gajah bengkak telinga-nya maka ambil buah asam jawa
dan buah limau kerbau, limau purut, limau manis, limau kerat
lintang, maka sakelian itu ambil daun-nya dan akar-nya chin-
chang lumat lumat rebus kapada api, maka tuang dengan
hampas-nya kapada bengkak itu barang tiga hari.
Bab ini pada menyatakan laksana gajah,
Jika ada gajah itu ber-jalan saperti lembu ber-tuah gajah
itu,
Dan jika gajah itu ber-jalan saperti kuda atau pelandok
gajah itu ber-tuah. se
Fasal pada email tuah gajah,
Apabila gajah itu mengerab telinga-nya ber-temu di-ha-
dapan dan belalai-nya sampai ka-tanah dan gading-nya dekat
dengan tanah selak nampak-nya lima lapis atau tiga lapis kuku-
nya dua puloh, dan shahwat-nya sampai ka-tanah, dan ekor-
nya sampai ka-tanah gajah itu chalaka.
Bab ini pri menyatakan chelaka gajah,
Jika hitam langit-langit gajah itu atau bukor lidah-nya
chelaka.
Atau yang kelong gajah itu bidak dua belas chelaka-nya
Atau kuku-nya anam belas,
Atau ekor tiada gajah‘itu chelaka.
Atau bidak di-bawah dagu-nya rupa-nya merah,
Atau di-telinga-nya gajah itu bidak chelaka,
Atau di-bawah perut-nya bidak chelaka
Atau ekor- -nya yang helong tiada baik.
Bab ini pri menyatakan kapada masa iya makan atau
minum jangan di-sembur-kan-nya biar-lah dengan per-lahan
lahan juga, jikalau ada lebih di-makan-nya itu di-letakkan-nya
di- hadapan- “nya gajah itu baik.
Bab ini pada menyatakan bangsa gajah,
Per-tama-tama, Mersan nama-nya gajah itu tinggi-nya
dua belas hesta, akan bangsa gajah itu deripada Membang.
J ika, tinggi-nya anam hesta, bangsa gajah itu deripada
Dewa,
Jika tinggi-nya lima hesta gajah itu, bangsa deripada Indra,
Jika tinggi-nya lima hesta gajah itu, bangsa-nya deripada
Bangsawan, —
RB. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
80 MANTRA GAJAH.
Jika tinggi- “nya lima hesta, maka yang ter-sebut saporti di-
aalam temrai nu ’aini tarong sikan.
Jika gajah itu gading-nya angkat sabelah kanan gajah
itu mata-nya puteh gajah itu ber-tuah. ;
Dan jika gajah itu bulu ekor- “nya puteh gading-nya angkat
sabelah kiri gajah itu tiada baik. “ Finai’’ nama-nya. }
Jikalau gajah itu gading-nya angkat sabelah kanan, —
“ Tink’? nama-nya gajah itu, tetapi baik.
Jikalau gajah itu hitam gading-nya dan sabelah puteh,
chelaka gajah itu.
Ada pun gajah yang baik gading-nya puteh kadua.
Bab ini kita hendak menarek tunggal,
Jika tunggal itu tiada mahu mengikut, ini-lah mantra-nya,
maka ambil tanah tiga kepal, atau barang yang patut dapat di-
makan gajah itu, maka mantra-kan dengan mantra ini, maka
- di-lontarkan kapada gajah itu. Ini-lah yang di-bacha-nya, ©
Ma-tapu chum-kan midun yoh ka-yau ambi kawan teng-
wan wan pirak dut pirak situn duraja os kan lan teng nura
ambi kewat tengwan wan.
Bab ini jika kita di-hambat haneeal Ini-lah mantra-nya
Tut tahai chati chatang lipu tut hai.
Bab ini jika hendak menjerat gajah di-dalam hutan atau
di-dalam kubu, atau membuka hutan atau kubu, a
Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Am kanching kandui kaikitai karum kau chakan tang-
langkan langka peryumaha pau Sidi-kan guru ombak batiya.
Bab ini kenaling kambing hutan, ini-lah kenaling-nya
: Om yang chong bang dai bang tu bang ru bang tipal yang
kemun kamaya om shar wa bang sidi-kan guru om buk batiya.
Bab ini ubat gajah supaya berani ber-juang maka ambil
akar leletup dan akar panggil, maka tumbok lumat lumat
buboh di-dalam tebu beri-kan gajah itu makan barang tiga hari
neschaya berani uleh-nya.
Bab ini jika gajah itu cherdek, pertama ambil kulit
remunggai dan kulit asam jawa dan buah-nya yang masak
ambil ayer limau nipis dan ayer tebu, maka buboh di-dalam
rumput beri-kan makan neschaya ’afiat uleh-nya.
Bab ini ubat mantra suku,
Jour, Straits Braneh
MANTRA GAJAH. Sl
Tima safaha charu s’osi ra ara saufa katu yash a sema
kankha teru kiseru asam pintu.
Ada pun sakelian ubat itu, ini-lah jampi-nya maka di-hambus-
kan tiga kali.
Bab ini mantra membuang perai,
Om biranduk randai kaparai perai pundum nichampaling
cham chik irak ku wan cham yut nacham-mu lang mu terung
kuk miter muchang teping tau peria munteri puah,
Om chating ting chaketang telang kau chung-kan yet kuta
yet kau naret terat tuanku suroh luloh lulai peyak tau ter u
yerwon bat teha teraua biba yun tahom yaman changrai miok
keta wie.
Bab ini membuang hantu kambing hutan,
~Om bing bing bangtu bang dai bangti pada bang kamut
meya om rengab serpa rengab.
Bab ini mantra perabun gajah,
Om pan pang maha pang pit om tau tau sahom siti ker-
tana sahom om sauhom.
Bab ini perengab,
Om rengab chang rengab dzai rengab pital piyat yakrom
rengab per-yom apom rengab rungkang karamai rengab pada
p2yaman pong om rengab maha ee sidikan guru om bok
batiya.
Bab ini mantra gajah naik rengka
- Om pat maha pat chailaku pat kuru hei mihan changrai
mayu tani.
Bab ini mantra mengarang-kan tali rotan
Om kan kat changra mau kau ikat pekarangku.
Bab ini jika menjerat gajah yang besar, maka di-tahan
sidin itu maka di-sembur dengan kunyit terus kemdian di-
kunchi-kan mata sidin itu. Ini-lah mantra-nya.
; Om yok bat kau chabat diran dai bau bangkat chang
pacha nangkrai om maha risi si bok katarak tanta pongtala
cha nangai aurab rab perakamtu rengab, maka lalu Peary
kan dengan kunyit terus lalu di-tahan.
Bab ini jika ber-kubu gajah bacha-kan kapada tet
terus beri-kan kapada orang kubu itu suroh sembur-kan sake-
liling kubu itu. Inilah mantra-nya,
R. A. Soc., No, 49, 1907.
82 3 MANTRA GAJAH.
Ikrai min puni chi chana rak ~
Bab ini per-tahan tunggal. Ini-lah ubat
Tut kerar tut kanching kandai kanpatai tut hei.
Bab ini jika kita hendak masok 8a] jah jinak, maka kawan
ber- tunggal itu, maka bacha mantra ini tiga kali sa’nafas.
Om wi chit terui kambara ula sipu wah suwah suhom dai ;
bang kembang tikada samkam.
Bab ini mantra bomo’ yang kechil kechil, maka orang
hendak menjerat gajah masok kubu, maka bomo’ yang besar
-membacha mantra juga, maka bomo’ yang kechil kechil pun
membacha melepas diri-nya. Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Om kenaling chak chap chap kenaling rengab kenaling om
chap kenaling suwah su hei.
_ Maka di-sembur dengan kunyit terus kakanan dan kakiri.
Bab ini perengab,
Om rengab chang rengab pai tai bakarom rengab pera yom
apom rengab rengkong kangku ramai rengab pada peman pong
rengab maha rengab sidikan guru ombok batiya.
Bab ini pelambai tunggal, maka ambil chamar maka patah
paras mata gajah jinak itu. Ini-lah mantra-nya, ?
Ma tapu chomkan liyon tak chong ambi ya kasayok om-
biya kawan chom-kan lisan tangku an pirak dos pivak siton
nang makaru tangkuan.
Bab ini membuang hantu hutan. Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Om berah berom berah berai patari patarai patabuna ra-
miya tin shah pindah kau turun laui mur-tangan kamui kamai-
lui.
Bab ini perabun pun jadi di-bacha masok hutan atau
barang pilak tiada kita kena atau barang kerja kita. ~
Tni-lah mantra- -nya yang di-bacha dahulu, :
Om kenaling pajanaru pajanari saraba bangkom bangkak
takabonting lai pat pachaupi bangkom bangkamanya turun kau
pindah kahutan yang pana puah karab turun kapadang yang
maha luas karimba yang maha besar.
Bab ini suatu kenaling. |
Om kenaling perah pom perah pai patabu rasin marang-
salik samsatom sirapatom perpai tataban ting tui pat kau chat
pai ai chakat tom bang tom turun-lah pindah kau kahutan
Jour. Straits Branch
MANTRA GAJAH. 8
0
pana puah kerab turun kan kapadang yang maha luas karimba
yang maha besar.
Ini-lah kelamin-nya,
Om kenaling tang chandap kenaling ating kambakut kena-
ling yaku wah yanata baka parom peratang kenaling nai sitikan
guru mu batiya rengab,
Bab ini mantra Raja Gajah, maka kita pergi kapada tanah
kita kuais dengan tumit, maka ambil tanah itu kita mantra
tiga kali sa’nafas, maka buboh kapada ubon ubon kita,
_ Ini-lah mantra-nya,
- Om pan pang maka pang pit om Va sa hom sitikan tana
sahom.
Bab ini hendak buka hutan. Ini-lah mantra- nya,
Om bik bik bang bang bangtu bangru bangti pada, bang
ka-muai mala om rengab sara para ngab.
Ini-lah kelamin-nya,
Om kanching kandai kun pitai naka nara nakaru pi pat
chamdi kam ti pa man da puni sara perengab.
Bab ini penutup hutan. Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Om bang chang bangdai bangtu bangru bangti pada bang-
kemu kamya om bang sara para bang.
Ini-lah kelamin-nya,
Om rengab chang rengab undai rengab piti di yat bakarom
rengab rakang lang kerahei rengab pada pai man pong am rengab
maha rengab ombang chong bangdai bangtu bangru bangti
pada bang kamu kamai am bang sarpa bang om rengab chang
rengalb dai rengab pitai pi yat bakarom rengab rakong lang
karamai rengab pada pal man pang om rengab maha rengab.
Bab ini hendak ber-buat hikmat akan orang jangan ber-
uleh menjerat gajah, maka ambil tanah bekas gajah jinak
orang itu dan gajah yang hendak di-jerat itu di-perbuat akan ~
gambar gajah, ambil daun kandan akan satam-nya, maka
surat nama bomo’-nya dan nama gamala-nya pada daun kan-
dan itu, sudah maka korek lubang sajengkal dalam-nya, maka
tutop dengan papan maka tiup api di-atas-nya jangan padam
padam. Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Am wimata kamarah angkar aula sula chi puan sau hom
suhom. Kelamin-nya
R, A. Soc., No, 49, 1907.
84 MANTRA GAJAH,
Am berah berom berai petari petarai pekuboran mi suti sah
pindah-lah angkau turun kaui ui tatong kambi kamlai. ee
Bab ini mantra melambai tinggi lambai dengan chamar.
Ma tepu cham kan liyan dutang ching abiya ken ane
kewan chum kan liyan tangkuan. -
Bab ini mantra tunggal.
Am kasak kan terak hak chantek junsa nak selak setaha
tikah wi serawi kak wi tera wapu taua ati yan nik mekural
techuntang kepurantai sura mamawi serawikak wi puru purak
binat siyan tiga bulan naik siyan bulan turun.
Bab ini menahan kawan, maka keliling tiga kali.
Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Teru ’om ambi tan bimak lok tu wadin keluwi lok pik
pitai lok mas yata yang kerai chandan kerai perok nangai tuan
ti yang salok tan mu chaku chakkatom.
Bab ini mantra kapada tapak tangan kiri, maka Bosvk
kapada telinga gajah yang kanan dan yang kiri.
Om chikan chichu samit palai a’itu rati duchang bayi du-
chang san bisai yl.
Ini tunggal atau kawan, ini-lah mantra-nya,
Tut sapera tut changlu mi changkan changsu mu kan
chantang pera piyat sitikan kuru bati per-hai kalu hai.
Bab ini makan bomo’.
Pau bub yabub kindi judi tang-pong’ai malab miyaji janak kan
pastak taru chai-ku kat cha king.
Ini-lah kelamin-nya, ;
Ter om pu wat om nya midak midong midak mi-kalang
sata yang chadin karai paruk pangai lo’tu mu chak kan jakat-
om.
Bab ini buang hantu hutan,
Om kali miwah kacharai rai keli duk kalidan tera-yang
kachang kanan sah pindah laui turun kau wi hantu kamsat
kamya nyamihan changral miyu katu wai.
Bab ini kepala segala mantra, maka barang suatu kreja,
ini-lah dahulu di-bacha-nya.
Om kenaling kanalai kanaling tuk-ting kanaling nuk tai
kut kut katakong kalai kamalut kuh kanaling takongkalai om
sing kupasing changrai om sah kapasat changrai arah rah
Jour. Straits Branch
Lee |
=
Be
eo *
te:
“4 d
:
—
mS
ee
sa tea
Pree ae be de a cities hi
MANTRA GAJAH. 85
terong perat tijau beli turun ber-titi salah di-batang tuboh kau
wi mitarau kau miloh sidikan kuruku batiya para-kan haika-
loh kachat pi tukkami kau mipai lui sarapa changrai.
Ini-lah mantra Raja Ibrahim maka jika gajah itu sakit
atau demam mantra-kan kapada ayer, maka mandikan kapintu
kubu dan mandi-kan chelong pun.
Ini-lah mantra-nya, |
Om patabu ramai san kau cha’an angkat matang pin
pindan au kau kuklu mata changrai kachat pit ongpami kau
miki lui sarapa changrai kau minan tara anglai sitikan guru-mu
batiya om setaidai sati yudong sati karang kana parak yatu tuk
sam diyak samdak sakala yak sakadong nai ong nong chakaran
sib ang tong chakaran siyan ontong chaparat pat pat changrai
oksaksi pataradi sarap chatarai matarang changrai kan miman
ter englui situ-kuru-mu batiya.
Bab ini jikalau gajah sakit maka bacha-kan kapada aver
mandikan, atau kunyit terus sembor-kan petang petang.
Ini-lah mantra-nya,
Om pa paru paparai maha rasai sakunta parah Sri Rama
per yit terang siti-kan Oh Maha Risi yak tamarahai parai’ aurai
-.awai dai madong sarpa angkan per-angkau sakang sakom sa-
rapa rengab siti aku Rama batiya. Hu!
Tni-lah kelamin, . :
Om kenaling kanalai perah puat perah pai pata burasan—
materong chai salik sumtom karapatom per pai tut ban ting
tui pat ka chat ai chakatom bangtom turun kau pindah kau
kahutan pana puah karab turun kan kapadang yang maha
luas karimba yang maha besar.
Kelamin-nya,
Om kenaling tang chandai pa kenaling ating kumalut biti
om kenaling yakut yanata baka parom parom paranang kenaling
nai siti-kan guru- -ku batiya rengab.
Bab ini perabun pun jadi dan lagi tetkala hendak masok
hutan di-bacha barang kiblat tiada kena kapada kita.
- Om kenaling paja narui serbabangkom bangkok tak banting
tai pat pachan pai bangkam bangli pada somkom ting kamaia
turun kau pindah kan kahutan pana puak karab turun kau
_kapadang yang maha luas karimba yang maha besav.
RB. A. Soe., No. 49, 1907,
86 MANTRA GAJAH.
Bab ini buang hantu anak gajah, maka pukul dengan
kosa jangan dengan mata-nya kapada anak gajah itu,
Am panirang panarak malachoh kau pindah kahutan pana
puah karab turun kau kapadang maha luas karimba yang maha
besar.
Kelamin-nya,
Om chawi chawat chawi chamarat ialacnone kau pindah
kahutan pana puah karab turun kau kapadang yang maha luar
karimba yang maha besar komya maia.
3 Ini perabun gajah tiada mahu masok chelong maka bacha-
kau kapada kunyit trus sembor kapada chelong.
Om kaling yating tamdit batka lingkit salik santom am
kamin kar kau lasantom.
Kelamin-nya,
Om chau samin samin plai ranghai tamku lamipaina tau —
kalim parak nak tuah tawanta.
Bab ini menahan kawan atau tunggal masok kawan jinak
maka kita patah kayu delapan jarang lebar keliling kawan atau
tunggal itu.
Tni-lah mantra-nya,
Puntang pakachakak tamang pakachakak sangkong paka-
chakak.
Ini-lah kelamin-nya, ;
Ara hak aro puhon kau mihai umok dun au mihai mang-
wa au mihai mang hincha ok chong pak hukdab tang chakang
changma lamatong chun sini karong chong put nak omdib.
Ini membuang hantu rimba.
Ini mantra-nya
Am kenaling kanalai pajanaru saraba bangkom takbun
tau pat kut chat pai ngaban kom bangti pada saiekom salik
suttom mada chak kau turunlah wi kahutan pana karimba
yang besar puah rengab. Temat.
* * * *
Here the manuscript ends. I ought in conclusion to say
that I have madeno attempt to alter, in the hope of amending
the spelling: Sidikan and sitikan, guru and kuru (to take
examples) are in every case exact transliterations,
STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
JOURNAL 49, PLATERUe
MALAY CHESS-BOARD AND MEN.
=e. Malay Chess.
By T. B. ELCuM.
: I have seen few things so amusing as a game of chess
played in a Malay village, with the whole population of the
village standing round, and all of ,them who possess even the
most rudimentary knowledge of the moves, ° assisting” their
champion with vociferous advice, and abusing his stupidity when
he makes a move which for some reason, generally entirely
wrong, they think inferior. The rule of “touch and move”
is not generally observed among Malays. The spectators fre-
quently will seize upon a piece which has been moved, replace
it and make another move, pointing out how superior their
method is. Very frequently the suggested improvement is
absolutely futile, putting a piece “en prise,” or offering an
obvious mate to the opponent, but the suggestor is quite un-
abashed when this is pointed out to him, and the fire of advice
and remonstrance goes on until the game is over.
The appliances for these village games are generally of a
very primitive character. There will be probably a rough
hand-made lot of pieces, perhaps all of one colour, and a hand-
made board. ‘The squares of the board are never marked in
different colours. Probably some of the men are missing, and
various substitutes have to be provided; and sometimes there
are no pawns, and their place has to be supplied by little
stones, or bits of leaf.
Sometimes the pieces used by Malays bear more or less
resemblance to the shapes with which we are familiar, except.
that the tcr, the rook, is generally a flat piece like a draughts-
man. But more usually they are much less distinctive in
shape. The illustrations show a handsome set, gold and
brown, kindly lent to me by one of the Johore Royal Family.
It will be noticed that the board is uncoloured; the king,
queen and pawns are all of the same shape, and distinguish-
ed by size only.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907,
8s MALAY CHESS.
Sd
The rooks in this set are not of the usual flat description.
As arule the carving of the pieces is very rough, and it is seldom
that one sees an elaborate set like that here illustrated. A set
often suffices for a village. It is difficult to procure a genuine
set of Malay chessmen.
In some parts of the Peninsula very few Malays play
chess, in others a large proportion of the inhabitants. On the
whole the proportion of men who can play chess more or less
is probably greater than with most races. The same game is
played in Sumatra as in the Peninsula, and I believe also in
Borneo.
How the Malays acquired the game is a mystery. They
may have done so from the Arabs, or they may have learnt it
directly from natives of India. Neither the peculiar rules of the
game, nor the names of pieces and terms used in play throw |
any light on this point. I give at the end of these notes a list
of the words most commonly used in the game, and the lan-
guages from which they are derived, as given in Wilkinsgon’s
dictionary. ‘The Sanscrit words seem as likely to have come
through the Arabs, who learnt the game from India, as direct.
Nor do Malay records shed any light on the way in which the
game was introduced, so far as I have been able to discover.
The most interesting points about the game are the similarities.
to, and the differences from, the game as now played in Europe,
and as formerly played.
The board is 8 by 8 as in European chess, and the men
except for the modifications to be pointed out, have the same
moves and powers. They are the King (raja) the Queen
(mentéri, minister), two Bishops ( gajah, elephant), two
knights (kuda, horse), two Rooks (t27, a name which appears
to have no other meaning), and 8 pawns (bidak, also only the
name of this piece).
The first great difference between the Malay game and
ours, and one which entirely upsets all book knowledge of the
openings which may have been acquired by a student of our
game, when he attempts to play the Malay game, is in the
arrangements of the pieces. With us king stands opposite king
and queen opposite queen. In Malay chess the mentéri stands
Jour. Straits Branch
MALAY CHESS. 89
on the right of his king, and is so opposite to the opposing
_ king. :
In the early days of HKuropean chess occasional modifica-
tions appear to have been made in the position of the pieces at
starting, before the game had settled to its present strict form.
I have not seen any mention of the Malay method of arrang-
ing the men, but we read of games starting with a © tabiyat ”
or battle array, which seems to have taken may forms, in
which the pieces were arranged in positions quite different
from the normal starting arrangement and it is probable that
the relative positions of king and queen were not always in
early days entirely settled.
However that may be, the next variation between Malay
chess and ours is certainly a survival of a rule, now dead,
which prevailed at one time in Kurope.
The Malay king, provided he has not been checked or
moved, has the privilege of once leaping like a knight, or of.
moving over two squares whether another piece intervenes a
not, laterally but not forward or diagonally. He can thus
practically castle, but in two moves instead of one. Castling
as we know it is not a part of the Malay game.
The “ king’s leap” was recognised in Europe in mediaeval
chess before the present method of castling was generally
_ adopted.
The results of this power of the king are very disconcert-
ing to a player unused to the Malay game. ‘Thus an unguard-
ed knight giving check can be taken by the king, or in a
crowded position the king skips away from an otherwise fatal
check by a knight’s move or over another piece. In playing
Malay chess at first, it is very common to overlook this curi-
ous privilege of the king. The Ma alays frequently give what
would otherwise be an aimless check in order to deprive the
king of this power. I have not played the game sufficiently
to be sure whether it would be generally advisable to do this
between even players—whether the loss of one or two moves
involved in giving the check is made up for by the king’s loss of
his privilege. But it is certainly advisable for a European
skilful at his own form of chess, but a novice at Malay chess;
R.A, Soe., No. 49, 1907,
90 MALAY CHESS.
- to endeavour to force the king to move only in the way to which
he is accustomed, even at the loss of a little time.
A pawn is taken “en passant”’ at Malay chess, as with
us. That a refinement of the game such as this should exist
among a primitive race is curious, but it is well established.
The rules of the game mentioned so far contain nothing
which might not have been naturally developed from the same
form of the game which produced chess as now played in
Europe. The curious rules in force among Malays with re-
gard to the promotion of a pawn appear to be peculiar to Malay
chess only, and to have no parallel, so far as I can discover, in
other forms of chess, ancient or modern. 7
In Europe any pawn reaching the eighth rank can at once
become a queen or any other piece at the option of the player.
Im Malay chess a rook’s pawn, so reaching the 8th rank, may
become a mentéri or any other piece immediately, except that
it can only become a piece which is off the board; it cannot
become a mentéri if the mentéri has not been taken. Should,
however, the pawn so advancing to the eighth rank be on any
other file, it does not acquire the privilege until it has played
back diagonally a sufficient number of moves to enable it to
reach the rook’s file. Thus a pawn reaching knight’s eighth
has to play back diagonally one square, on reaching bishop’s
eighth, two squares, and on king’s or queen’s eighth, three
squares. It is not necessary to actually play the pawn to the
—rook’s file, but it must play back sufficiently far to have reach-
ed it. This curious rule makes winning by the odd ee more
difficult that in the European game.
There are other rules which tend to make it easier for the
weaker force to draw. The king if left alone on the board
must be mated in not more than seven moves or the game is
drawn. When the stronger force is barely sufficient to mate, —
or the position is such as to make it difficult to mate in a few
moyes, Malay players of the weaker force frequently try to
force the capture of these last remaining pawns or pieces, in
the hope of escaping defeat by this rule.
Mate cannot be given by a discovered check. Itis not good
form to exchange queens unless the game can be immediately
Jour. Straits Branch
MALAY CHESS. 91
won or saved by doing so. A prejudice against the exchange
is very common amongst beginners in Europe. There
is, of course, no reason for this, but in Malay chess there is
some. Therulesas to queening a pawn, and as to the lone king
make it so difficult to win a pawn ending that it is seldom
advisable for the stronger force to clear the board by exchanges.
These rules, which make it easier for the weaker force to
draw, are to my mind a weak point in the Malay game, which
otherwise is probably equal in essentials to our own. It is
certainly a pleasant change to play a game in which no open-
ings have been analysed, and in which the player has to rely
entirely on himself from the very beginning of the game.
Malays generally open with a fianchetto to avoid exposing
the king to an early check. Whether this is the best method
of beginning I cannot say. Few Malays are really strong at
the game, though a considerable number play respectably.
~The point of most interest with regard to the game is how
the special rules which differ from those of other forms of
chess, were evolyed—whether they are a survival of the form
of chess originally taught to the Malays, or whether they have
been invented by the Malays themselves.
Terms commonly used in Malay Chess,
English Malay Derivation according to
Wilkinson’s Dictionary.
Chess Chator Sanskrit (chaturanga)
Chessmen Buah Chator (Bauh = fruit)
King Raja Sanskrit
Queen Mentéri (Minister) Sanskrit
Rook Pir
Bishop — Gajah (elephant) Sanskrit
Knight Kuda (horse)
Bayt us 22° Bidak Arabic
Check Sah Persian
R, A. Soe. No. 49, 1907.
>=
92 MALAY CHESS.
English Malay Derivation according te
. Wilkinson’s Dictionary.
Mate Mat
Draw - Séri Sanskrit E
To take Makan
To take “en passant” Makan bidak suap.
; (suap = mouthful or bribe) —
The origin of “tir” is doubtful.
_ The words ‘“‘buah,”’ “kuda,” “makan.” -“‘suap,” are-
probably pure Malay. ; -
“Mat” apparently comes from the same source as © Sah.”
If “Sah” is derived from the Persian, so probably is “ mat.”
“Sah Mat” may mean “the king is dead.” :
Note on the Malay Game ‘Jongkak.’
By M. HELIER.
I lately obtained, and sent to the Raffles Museum for
exhibition, the playing- board and seeds for the Malay game
Jongkak.”’
Haji Othman the Visiting Teacher of Province Wellesley,
from whom I obtained the board, describes Jongkak as a ~
- women’s game originally played by the ladies at the courts of
the Malay Rajas. The playing board is shaped like a junk or
boat, and, according to Haji Othman, the name of the game
is derived from “jong” a junk. The board has 7 holes on
each side, with a larger hole or compartment at each end.
The game is one for two people and is usually played with
Tamarind or other seeds, but marbles are now sometimes used.
Each player has one “ village’’ (kampong) or row of holes,
and in each side hole she places 7 seeds. The board is then
ready for play.
The players start together. Hach player taking the 7
seeds from the hole on her right and carrying them from right
to left, drops one in each hole, the last seed falling into the
large hole at the end. This seed is said to have “ entered the
house”’ (naik rumah) and this house belongs to the player on
- whose left it lies.
Each player then takes all the seeds from any one of the
other holes in her “ village’? and moving as before from right
to left around the board again drops a seed into each hole,
taking care to drop one into her own ‘house’ but none into
her opponent’s. :
Should the last seed fall into an empty hole the player i is
- dead (mati), and must wait until the other player is ‘dead’
before she can again play. If this hole is in the player’s own
‘village”” any seeds in the opposite hole on her opponent’s
side may be taken and put into the “house.” This is said to
be (?) “a sacrifice’ (mati béla).
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907,
94 MALAY GAME ‘JONGKAK”.
When the last seed falls into a hole in which there are
other seeds, these are taken and the player continues in play,
and should the last seed fall into the player’s © house”’
she also continues in play, taking the seeds from any hole in
her “ village.”
When no more seeds remain in a player’ s village’? she
is said to be © once defeated” (kalah ‘sa- -papan). She may
however, take any seeds there may be in her © house” and
place them again in the holes in her “ village” putting 7 in a
hole as before. Should any holes be left empty they are
called “ruined wells” (telaga burok) and the player owning
“ruined wells’? must wait until her opponent is dead before
playing again.
The game goes on in this way until a- player has lost: all
her seeds. She is then ° “utterly destroyed ” (mati kena abu).
Skeat, who calis the game chongkak,”’ gives a short descrip-
ion of it in his “ Malay Magic.” sere a
Concerning some old Sanskrit Inscrip-
tions in the Malay Peninsula.
By PROFESSOR 18t, KERN.
Extract from “De Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke
Akademie van Wetenschappen.’ Division ‘ Literature ’
3rd Series. Part I. *
To complete my former communications in these pages
upon the history of writing in the Indian Archipelago, I now
desire to consider some inscriptions in the Malay Peninsula.
Of these inscriptions, discovered by Colonel Low and published
by him in facsimilé, one only has come down to us perfect ;
the rest are very fragmentary.
The first inscription was found in Kedah. It was engrav-
ed on a stone—a kind of slate—under the floor of a ruined
building which had once measured ten to twelve feet square.
This circumstances together with the contents of the inscrip-
tion lead us to suspect that the building may have been the
hut (kuti) of a Buddhist monk. A transliteration and transla-
tion of the inscription were published by J. W. Laidlay in the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal XVIII 247 (1).
Although this gentleman who was at the time of the publica-
tion Secretary of the Asiatic Society has noticed the chief
points in the inscription which call for comment, I give my
own transliteration of it which differs in a few minor points
from his. It runs thus :—
* Note.—This translation is published with rote Kern’s per-
mission.
(1) The facsimile on plate X. (This paper and plate are repub-
lished on pages 232-234 of Volume I of ‘ Miscellaneous papers relat-
ing to Indo-China’ reprinted for the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic
Society London 1886).
Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soc. No. 49, 1907,
96 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT.
Ye dharmma hetuprabhava tesha (m) Tathagato (hy ava-
dat) ? |
Yesha (m) ca yo nir odho eva (m) wavi Mahagramana, (h)
Ajnac ciyate karma (sc) jenmana-karma karanam
Jnanan na kriyate karmma (s7c) karmabhava (n) na jayate
The first couplet in halting a4ryd-measure is the well
known Buddhist creed-formula and need not detain us. The
second in Anushtubh can be translated thus :—
4 As through lack of knowledge that the Karma (2) ac-
“cumulates. The Karma is the cause that men must be reborn.
‘Through knowledge (of the nature of things) it comes about —
‘that men effect no (more) Karma and from the absence of
‘ Karma it follows that men need not be born (again). |
The idea expressed in the couplet is by no means exclu-
sively Buddhistic but seeing that it follows immediately after
the better known formula there can be no doubt that the sen-
tence must be regarded here as the profession of faith of a
disciple of Sakya. We shall find the same phrase further on ~
in another and indubitably Buddhist inscription from Province
Wellesley. Hlsewhere in British India and in Ceylon it is
usually another sentence which we find coupled with the for-
mula Ye dharma dc. I mean the couplet in Dhammapada
stanza 183 (edited by Prof. Fausbdll).
Sabbapapass ’ akaranam kusalass’ upasampada
Sacittaparyodapanam, etam buddhana sasanam.
2. €. to refrain from all evil, to apply oneself to. the good,
to as one’s heart: that is the bidding of the Buddhas (the
wise
The couplet runs thus with a slight difference in the halt-
ing Sanskrit of Tibet :—
Sarvapapasyakaranam, kugalasyopasampadam
(2) 2. €. the sum of good and evil actions which is the cause of
man’s remaining shackled to life and unable to escape from incarna-
tion.
Jour. Straits Branch
CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 97
Svacittaparidamanam, etad buddhanugasanam (3)
Between the two formulas Ye dharma dc., and Sarvapd-
pasya &c., there is no more necessary connection than between
the former and the sentence ajndndc ciyate &c. There is
therefore nothing strange in finding as the second couplet first
_ the one sentence and then the other (4). The second inserip-
tion in which the couplet dmjdndc dc., is found, was dug up by
Colonel Low in the North of Province Wellesley (5). The
inscribed stone seems to have been the upper part of a column.
On a copy of this ancient record which was published in 1835
without any explanation (6) can be seen the representation of
a sttipa, the under part of which is formed by a sphere and
not as usually by a hemisphere. Above the sphere rises a row
of so-called umbrellas. On either side stands a line of writing.
On the right side can be read : —
Ajnanaec ciyate karmma janmanah karmma karana (m)
Of the writing on the left side I can only make out the
word jndnd (7) Fortunately what is left is sufficient proof that
the inscription, apart from certain differences in spelling, is
identical with the second couplet on the Kedah stone. That
stone reads janmana with a ‘Jihvamiliya’ whilst the in-
scription on the pillar spells the same words with a visarga.’
Besides this two-lined verse the pillar has also another
inscription along the edge. Beginning from the top on the
right-hand side we can recognise the inscription given in ©
facsimile on Plate IV in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society of Bengal XVII 2 and numbered 8 (8) It runs :—
(3) See Csoma Korési in J. As. Soc. B. LV 134 Cp. Spenee Hardy
Manual of Buddhism 198.
(4) Already noticed by B. H. Hodgson in J. As. Soc. B. 1V 211.
(5) J. As. Soc. B. XVII 2, 64 (Misc, Papers relating to Indo-
China. Vol. I. 223-226).
(6) J. As. Soc. B. IV pl. 111.
(7) On the facsimile No. 10 on Pl. IV of J. A. S. B. XVII 2 the
second line is almost entirely missing.
(8) The transliteration and translation given by Babu Rajendra-
lal Mitra bear little resemblance to it.
B.A, Soc., No. 49, 1907,
“
98 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT.
Mahanavika-Buddhguptasya Raktamrittikavasa.
v.€. of the eminent shipowner Buddhagupta, resident at
Raktamrttika (9). The words following these cannot be made
out with certainty, possibly sya (sign of genitive) dandm (gift)
or deyadharmah (pious donation). Even less can we decide
if anything was written on the broken foot of the pillar.
On the left hand side beginning at the top we read—Sary-
vena prakarena sarvvasmat sarvvatha sarvva—Then follows a
gap until at the end of a second line we see :—
Siddhayanasanna. wy
What is left of the first line can be braviclited word for
word: ‘Inevery way, from every thing, in every respect, all’.
Siddhaydndsanna might mean ° who has performed a caccoesaul
journey ’ butitis impossible to decide with certainty that that
is the meaning; too much of the sentence is missing to allow
of its restoration to its original form. —
Despite the incompleteness of these inscriptions which
all appear to be by the same hand it is probable that the —
monument is the gift of a pious Buddhist sea-trader to a temple. —
As regards the man’s residence, Raktamrttika 7. e. Red-earth
T would remark that the Chinese accounts make frequent men-
tion of a port in the Gulf of Siam Chih-tu ‘ Red-earth * (see
Groeneveldt in Verhand: Batav: Genootschap XXXIX8 2-
101) (10) That is probably the place meant.
The style of writing of Buddhagupta’s inscription agrees
exactly with the type found in Wenggi and in Tjampda in
West Java. The agreement is so striking that I have no hesi-
tation in regarding the inscriptions from Wenggi, Tjampa and
(9) Mrittik’ is a misspelling for mrttika. A similar mistake is
found in kritwa in an inscription at Ajanta (Pl. XXIin No. 9 of the
Archaeological Survey of Western India by J. Burgess Cp. No. 10
page 79 inscrip. 7) and elsewhere. The mistake is explained by the .
. fact that in many parts of India r is pronounced as rt. :
- (10) Misc. papers relating to Inde-China Second Series Vo).
page 205, 242,
Jour. Straits Branch
CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 99
Province Wellesley as being of approximately the same date:
z. €. a8 belonging to the same century. ‘The inscriptions from
Wenggi were determined by Burnell—too early lost to science !
—as being of the fourth century (11) and in my opinion, (the
grounds for which I have already published) the views of that
scholar cannot be far wrong. - I should therefore give the date.
of Buddhagupta’s inscription as being roughly 400 A. D. (12)
It is undoubtedly the oldest Buddhist fragment yet found in
these parts unless indeed the Kedah inscription is given the’
preference. In view of the fact that the characters in the two
inscriptions notably differ—especially in the ka and na and
that the difference in type points to different places of origin,
a@ comparison of the two can lead to no reliable conclusion.
Different again is the type of some of the rock- -inscriptions
at Tokun, a place lying in the middle of Province Wellesleys
The seven fragments copied by Colonel Low and published on
Plate IV (18) of the Journal mentioned are so small and, in
part, so indistinct that they have no value except as contribu-
tions to palaeography.
No. 1 I can decipher in part only. It begins with
sarvva which is written quite distinctly and in nearly the same
type of characters as is Buddhagupta’s inscription. The word
following seems to represent drdma or drémam—monastery-
garden. The remaining few groups of letters are indecipher-
able.
No. 2 is in different characters which seem to me, judg-
ing from the great development of the vowel-sign for 2. to be
not older than the 6th century. The type reminds me of that
(11) South Indian Palaeography Pl. XX and XXI.
(12) The oldest inscriptions in the Talaing Country in Pegu are
in the same Wenggi-type and according to Dr. E. Forchammer date
from the fourth Century A.D. ‘The oldest Talaing inscriptions date
back to the 4th Century A. D. and the lythic characters are almost
identical with the Dravidian-Vengi alphabet of the same period.’ -
See notes on Buddhist Law by the Judicial Commissioner British
Burma (John Jardine) Il] Marriage page X.
(13) (Mise. Papers relating to Indo-China Vol. I page 231).
R. A. Soe., No. 49, 1907.
100 CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT.
at Djamboe and of that at Pattadakal in the Deccan and also
of the oldest Cambodian inscriptions of Bhavavarman. The
two first words are quite clear; they are prathame vayast 7. e.
“in time of youth.’ The reading of the next two groups of
letters which stand in the same line, is however uncertain.
I would read ndévvi since this combination is intelligible. The
second line I can make nothing of; the three last groups of
letters might, allowing for defective ‘writing, represent dvivi-
dham.
The two first letter-groups in No. 4 are jaya. In No. 5
IT read with some diffidence 48. No. 6 might represent siddhz.
These fragments of inscriptions from Tokun do not, like
those from Kedah and from the temple ruins in Province
Wellesley, bear a clear stamp of Buddhist origin. The most
noteworthy point of this respect is the word 4rama—the read-
_ ing of which is unfortunately not beyond doubt. Fortunately
it is clear from the other inscriptions that Buddhist establish-
ments existed in the Malay Peninsula at the period to which
the earliest Brahman and Hindu remains in Western Java are
referred. '
With the ee oaea of the inscriptions mentioned no others
‘have, I believe, been found in the Malay Peninsula itself, but
one which formerly stood on a large rock at the entrance of
Singapore River, is worthy of description. In the Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1837 (14) there is a drawing
of this ancient record which shews that even then it had
suffered considerably. Later on, shortly previous to the year
1848, the stone was apparently removed and so damaged that
a few years later only fragments of it could be found. Mr.
Laidlay so far succeeded in deciphering some of the pieces
that he was able to give a facsimile. He rightly recognised
the Kawi characters in the writing and he came to the conclu-
sion that the language of the inscription was also Kawi. This
conclusion was certainly legitimate though Mr. Laidlay could
not have known that the Kawi alphabet was at one time used
in Java for Sanskrit inscriptions.
(14) (Mise. Papers Indo-China Vol. Igepa 219).
J our. Straits Branch ©
CONCERNING SOME OLD SANSKRIT. 101
I have attempted to decipher the three fragments publish-
ed by Mr. Laidlay and to determine the language of the in-
scription but I must confess that I have not succeeded. Most
of the characters can be recognised singly but the gaps are so
numerous that no words can be positively recognised. Thus
I read in the third line of figure 1 the letter-groups saldgala-
lasayananara: in the second line of figure 2 ya-dmdnavana;
in the third line kesarabharala in the sixth line of figure 3
yadalama. Granted that no vowel-marks and Anusswara’s
have been omitted in the facsimile, I see no chance of so divid-
ing these letter-groups as to make an unmistakeable Javanese
word. I cannot however assert that the inscription is written
in any other language.
In a work entitled ‘The Malayan Peninsula’ by Captain
Begbie quoted by Mr. Laidlay, reasons are given for believing
that inscription dates from the reign of Cri-Raja Wikrama _
(1223-1236). Palaeography is not opposed to the conjecture.
As regards the question, which of the Kawi types—that of
Java or of Sumatra, the characters on the Singapore inscrip-—
tion most resemble, some letters, notably ma, which in Java-
nese Kawi differ markedly from those found in Sumatra, re-
appear in their Javanese form on the Singapore stone and I
therefore believe that we must assign the inscription to the
Javanese type. Ma is the most characteristic letter in these
alphabets since it is different both in later Cambodian in the
time of stiryavarman (15) and in the Sumatran Kawi. On the
other hand the form for sa is common to both Sumatran and
Javanese Kawi and different in the later Cambodian.
It is to be feared that the Singapore record has been
damaged beyond hope of restoration; so much the more reason
for fixing our attention on the little of it that remaing in
transcription.
(15) In my paper on the Koetei inscription, I assumed on the
strength of one date that Suryawarman reigned in the 8th century of
Caka; it appears however from the investigations of Messrs. Aymonier
and Bergaigne that this date is two centuries too early, see the re-
marks of the latter savant in the Journal Asiatique (Eebruary March
1882) Note 4.
R. A. Soe., No, 49, 1907,
Miscellaneous Notes.
By W. George MAxweELt.
I have found in an old note book the following jottings
of folk lore picked up by me at various times from Pa’
Senik, an old Kelantan Malay now resident in Kinta. They
_ are mere trivial disconnected scraps, but are perhaps worth
recording.
* * * *
. ‘“When one leaves the house to go hunting deer, one
“ought, in order to avert from oneself any evil consequences, to
‘repeat this mantra, |
* Bukan aku yang memburu,
‘‘ Pawang Do Resat yang memburu.”
Pa’ Senik was unable to tell me anything about Pawang
Do Resat or his connection with deer, but supplied the following
information about deer generally.
“ The first hunter of rusa was Pa’ Chu Seming.* Upon
“his death, which took place in the rimba he became a hantu
rusa.
“ His son Jitan died in the bluker, and likewise became a
“hantu. He looks after the kijang, pelandok and jungle fowl.
“ Nang Peluntong Chai was the wife of Pa’ Chu Seming.
«She died in the padang. It is she who sends the deer
‘away before a drive begins, if the preliminary propitiatory
‘ceremonies have not been duly performed.
‘¢ After the death of these three, the next hunters of deer
‘were Cho Resat, Do Resat, Pran Ali, Pran Rasu, Pran
*“ Maiar and Putri Bongsu.”
* Another account, recorded in considerable detail in a Ms.
(written by a Perak Malay) which I hope to have ready for the next
number of this journal, makes out that Pa’ Chu Seming became the
Hantu Pemburu, the Great Spectral Huntsman.
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. soc., No. 49, 1907,
104 MISCELANEOUS NOTES.
“ Before one goes out shooting, one should make an offer-
“ing at the edge of the forest, and repeat the following mantra,
‘‘ Chorteh, Chordeng,
* Kong Pali, Nak Terining,
‘ Marilah terima idangan kami ini, ~
“ Kami na’ minta menembak rusa didalam rimba ini”
For the word rusa one substitutes sladang, gajah, or badak
if necessary. All that Pa’ Senik could tell me regarding the
_four personages invoked in this mantra was that they were
Hantu Rimba.
The following is a mantra to be repeated after the death
of a rusa.
‘Om Ma’hong gana,
“Gana kechil, gana besar,
‘‘ Gana saratus sembilan puloh ;
‘ Bukan aku mahu buangkan gana,
“ Dewa Agong turun buangkan gana ;
Bukan aku mahu mengalahkan gana,
‘* Dewa Mantra Guru yang mengalahkan gana,
“ Dewa Bantra Umar yang mengalahkan gana,
“ Dewa Puteh yang mengalahkan gana, '
‘‘Sang Kaki Bantra Galah yang mengalahkan gana,
“ Dalang Yahuda Semak Turah yang mengalahkan gana,
“Radina Kreta Pati Selangor Majitan Petra Jangkal
aGajahGemala Kuda Lawi yang membuang gana,”
x * + 1"
Pa’ Senik told me that after the completion of the cere-
mony known as sapu bahdi, whereby the evil influence conse-
quent upon the death of a deer are sweptaway, and after the
animal has been cut up, there is a final cer emony called labor,
of which the literal meaning is “ smearing.” With a stick, the
pawang turns over the blood-covered leaves that: disfigure the
site where the carcase has been out up, and so far as possible
attempts to restore the pristine appearance of the place.
Paty Jour, Straits Traneh
MISCELANEOUS NOTES. 105
As he does so, he repeats this mantra.
“Om déling kadaliang,
* Sorak tepi di rimba raia,
‘‘Sakali aku balik membuang bala,
‘¢ Dua kali aku balik labor,
‘¢ Labor anak bini aku,
‘*‘ Labor segala permainan aku,
* Kalau t’'ada satu, ganti dua,
«Pada dua, ganti ampat,
«'T’ada ampat, ganti delapan,
_ © T’ada delapan, ganti anambelas.
‘Tabor. Labor. Labor.
The paniang in connection with this mantra is, that upon
its completion, the hunting party must leave the place without
looking back.
# x oe %
‘If, by any mischance, a man is attacked by bahdi (the
*‘ premonitory systems are dizziness and trembling) he should
- collect some of the clay and mud that lies nearest to him and
‘‘besmear himself all over witht.”
* * * *
-If bitten by a snake, or stung by ascorpion, in the forest,
one should repeat this mantra.
_ “ Medang aku Si Medang Raia,
“ Tumbuh di padang géla gata,
‘Urat menikam ka bumi,
‘© Puchuk menikam ka angkosa,
‘¢ Aku tahu asalnia bisa,
‘‘Sedang Bruai yang punya bisa.
| # * # * me
If bitten by a water snake, one should call on Hana
Taskun, the great Water Jin. Splash water over the wound
and call out ‘‘ Hei! Hana Taskun !” and the swelling will subside
R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907.
106 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. © :
‘Tf poisoned by Sakais’ poison (ipoh) take some Indian
“corn (jagong), chew it, then rub the wound with it, repeating
‘this mantra.
“ Malim Karimun yang punya tawar,
‘Tawar Allah, Tawar Muhammad,
“Tawar Baginda Rasul Allah.”
* % *% ¥*
Pa’ Senik once told me the following account of the asal
snapang, ‘the origin of the gun.” The story is so ridiculous
that it affords matter for speculation as to the manner in 1 which
it can have been evolved.
‘“‘ Abda’l kaka was the son of Nabi Musa, but disgraced
“his father by persisting in having dealings with Jins, and
ree upon his death, Allah punished him by turning him into a
66 gun.’
* * * *
: Halan Muda, Halan Chapik, Halan Glanggi and Halan
‘«¢ Dosa were four men who became tigers.”
Most people are aware of the Malay belief that a batul intar
(a stone weapon of the neolithic age often found in Perak) is a
thunderbolt, and that when a tree or house has been struck by
lightning a batw lintar may, if it has not been destroyed by its
own blow, be found in the torn-up ground. (Some Malays
tell you that the batw lintar is 4 weapon which the Jins hurl at
one another in their fights). Pa’ Senik supplemented this —
account by saying that it is dangerous to keep in one’s house
a perfect batu lintarasit has life. A batw lintar that has been
chipped in any way is however dead, and therefore harmless.
The live batu lintar will attract lightning to the house, and
then disappear in the flash. |
pt i %* * * vs
‘The sun and earth had once human form, the sun being
‘the male and the earth the female. The tin ore found in the
“alluvial strata of the Peninsula is the earth’s milk, and the
“gold is its blood.
Jour, Straits Branch
pean 0a Garay eae ou Rah
Fe ety Nae? i
*
wy usr enables Geb En mat cn.
ins
+
Set UF eh. PARTE ne oe:
ey ba ak ob A oN % ar ye £ _
Xt 4) )
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 107
‘The pusat bwmi, its navel or centre, is at Acheh. This
‘was first discovered to be the case Lek Nabi Ibrahim‘ by
_ measurements (sukat).”
(When I suggested that Mecca was the centre of the world,
Pa’ Senik was for a minute at a loss. Then, with an al-
_ lusion to the methods of the Survey Department, said that
that, of course, was a re- survey).
™
« * % *
The two following scraps may be assigned to the period
of Hindu influence that succeeded the pagan, and preceded
the Muhammadan, era.
‘The earth is supported upon the horns ofa bull. Facing
“tbe bull is a mosquito that threatens, if it stirs, to enter its
“nostril and bite it. The bull therefore supports its heavy
“load without moving. Sometimes, however, it tosses its head,
‘and then there is an earthquake.”
* * * *
At the end of the world the sun will go down to hell in
“the shape of a bull, and will gore the men who have wor-
* shipped him upon this earth.
Notes and Queries. .
Colonel Low, writing in 1850, A. D., in Volume IV of the
Journal of the Indian Archipelago, page 18, has the following
notice of Perak.
“25th: February 1814. The Perak Raja addressed a
‘letter to the chief authority at Penang: ‘I am’ wrote this
*‘ potentate ‘he who holds the royal sword and the dragon betel
‘stand and the shell which came out of the sea which flowed
from the Hill of Se Guntang.’ ”
Do the dragon betel stand and tbis sea-shell still form
part of the Perak State Regalia? If so, can any one say what
the sea-shell is, and what the legend connected with it is ?
This hill, which is perhaps the Sagatang Maka Miru of the
Sejarah Malayu, is connected with the Perak regalia in the
following lullaby [which was published on page 76 of the ** Notes
and Queries” of the Society].
Mangqueta nama-nya kayu,
Doun-nya luruh menelentang,
Mahkota raja Malayu
Turun deri Bukit Saguntang.
II
Daun-nya huroh meneletang,
Daun puan di-raut-raut.
Turun deri Bukit Seguntang,
Kaluar deri dalam laut.
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
STRAITS BRANCH,
PLAGE
JOURNAL 49.
‘OUNAOY WOUT AONV WAVE—'SG
‘OI
‘sSauvOg HVM
SNO[—'T
D1]
Bark Canoes among the Jakuns
and Dyaks.
By Dr. W. L. ABBOTT.
(See Plate I, fig. 2).
As no one seems to have noticed the use of bark canoes in
Malaya, the following note may be of interest :
In July, 1902, during a trip up the Rumpin River in
Pahang, I saw the Jakuns using some roughly made conoes of
bark. It was merantt barkas well as I can remember. Their
use was said to be confined to the Jekati and Keratong tribu-
taries of the Ulu Rumpin.
They were but little trouble to make and the Jakuns
brought down large cargoes of Rattans and other jungle produce
in them. They did not always take the trouble to take them
back up stream again, or to repair them when split or damaged.
I did not measure any of these © rapakd,”’ as they are / Ss
called in the Rumpin, but they were 4 or 5 metres long.
I sent a specimen to the National Museum in Washington,
- but it warped very much out of shape when drying.
The bark is removed from the tree in one large sheet.
The ends are cut square and stitched up with small rattan.
Ribs are placed transversely about 18 inches apart, and
straight sticks are lashed transversely across at corresponding
places to hold the sides in position. A large split rattan
encloses the edge of the gunwale. The sewn ends are freely K
cauled with mud or clay. as
“In July 1907, I found similar canoes in use among the
Dyaks of the Semundung and Ulu Sempang Rivers, West Borneo.
Slightly more roughly made if possible—a thick spongy bark
is used containing much resin(?) The same bark is much used
as flooring by Malays and Dyaks. The Malays said it was the
bark of bintangor batu (2)
Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soc., No. 49, 1907,
110 BARK CANOES.
The Dyaks dispense with the split rattan along the
gunwales, as they use a much stronger and thicker bark than
the Jakuns. These canoes in no way compare with the
elaborate birch bark structures of the North American Amerindg, ¢
but they are very easily and quickly made. I was told that —
two Dyaks could make a large canoe in half a day. TheDyaks
had no special name for them—they used a term which I can't
recall, but it meant only bark canoe (according to the Malays).
?
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1
STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
JOURNAL 49, PLATE III.
TIN COINS FROM BRUNEI.
Tin and Lead Coins from Brunei.
By R. HANITSCH, PH. D.
With Plate III.
The curious tin and lead coins from Brunei, Borneo, des-
eribed below, were, with one exception, exhibited at the Kuala
Kangsar Agricultural Show, August, 1907, by Mr. Edmund
Roberts, of the P. W. D., Labuan, and subsequently presented
by him, on behalf of Pangeran Shabander, of Brooketon, Brunei,
to the Raffles Museum, Singapore. They had been found in
an earthenware jar, buried two or three feet below the surface,
at Brooketon, in July, 1907. A number of coins were in the -
jar, but most of them were seized by natives and cannot now
be found. Those which reached the Raffles Museum were of
two types only. A few months later Mr. Roberts presented
to the Museum a third kind of coin which he had found when
clearing the site for the Brunei residency, in 1906.
The first two coins differ only slightly from each other;
one of them is of a simpler design and in a less perfect state
- of preservation, so that it may be considered as the older one.
It is 36 mm. in diameter, 1 mm. in thickness and weighs
5°9 grammes (see pl. III, fig. 1). Itis more or less of pure tin,
its specific gravity being 75 (that of tin is 7°29). Its obverse
shows a recumbent buffalo, minus its horns, with erect tail,
the space between the figure and the edge of the coin being
filled up by circles, cloud-like scrolls, and dots.
The reverse bears an inscription, in Malay characters,
which is arranged in what Lane Poole* calls the “ mill-sail
pattern,’ a pattern which is met with on Persian and other
coins, the writing being placed within the four arms of the
sail-wheel. The division into four fields is effected by a line
which starts from near the centre of the coin, runs parallel
*See O. Codrington, A Manual of Musalman Numismatics,
London, 1904, p. 17.
Jour. Straits Branch, R. A. Soce., No. 49, 1907,
112 TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEI.
and somewhat to one side of the radius, then turns along the
periphery, follows it for nearly 90°, runs back along the next
radius, and haying thus enclosed the first field which is some-
~ what smaller than a quadrant, crosses the centre and continues
to form a second, third and fourth field, within the second,
third and fourth quadrants respectively. The inscription is
pla) abe Jalal olla.
or in Romanized characters:
Sultan ul-adil malik ul- dhahir,
i.e. The just Sultan, the acknowledged Ruler.
I am indebted to Mr. M. Hellier for kindly deciphering this
coin for me. Unfortunately neither the year nor the name of
the sultan is given, nor have I any other data to fix even —
approximately the age and the origin of the coin. There were
four specimens of it.
The second type (see pl-II, fig. 2) is practically of the
same size as the first one; viz. 36 mm. in diameter and 1 mm.
in thickness, and is only slightly lighter, viz.5'7 grammes. It
is also of tin. It may be of later date as it is better preserved
and its design is somewhat more elaborate. There is only one
specimen of it.
The obverse shows again the figure of a recumbent rite.
but with the tail curled downwards. The buffalo with its
scroll work is enclosed by a circle, the space between the circle
and the margin of the coin, about 4 mm. across, being filled
up by a zig-zag line.
The reverse contains the same iaseviption as the first coin,
also arranged in mill-sail pattern. Like the figure on the
obverse, the inscription is enclosed by a circular line, the space
between the latter and the margin of the coin containing a
series of dots. :
The third coin, found by Mr. Roberts when clearing the
site for the Brunei residency, in 1906, is of lead. It measures
30 mm. in diameter, 15 mm. in thickness and weighs 106
srammes (see pl. III, fig. 3). Its specific gravity is 10°1, that
Jour. Straits Branch.
TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEI. TRS)
of pure lead being 11°37, the slight difference probably being
due to impurities and oxidation.
The obverse shows the (yellow) State umbrella, one of the
insignia of Malay royalty, surmounted by the Sultan’s (yellow)
flag. The other leaf-like ornamentations have probably no
ed significance.
The reverse bears the Teer atOn
do. al,\
plat Ani 8
ew le tS
S Z)\ Sor
\fAo
or in Romanized characters
Tnilah titah
perentah kamuafak-
atan ka’atas bélanja
Negri Brunei ta-
rikh y
1285
meaning
By order
of the administration
of the Finances
of the State of Brunei
date 1868.
The dates 1285 and 1868 refer, of course, to the Hejira
and to the Christian era respectively, _ Abdul Mumin was
Sultan of Brunei at that time.
- I am indebted to the united efforts of the Rev. Dr. Luer
ing and of Messrs. Hellier, McArthur and Elcum for deei-
phering this coin for me.
RB, A, Soe., No. 49, 1907,
114
Although this coin is of such a recent date, only forty
years old, I have not been able to discover any more speci-
The only other Brunei coin known to me is the
(—1886 A. D.), which until
mens of it.
copper cent, dated 13804 A. H.
TIN AND LEAD COINS FROM BRUNEL
recently was current in Singapore too.
Explanation of Plate III.
(N. B. All figures are reproduced in natural size).
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
e hie:
- Wig,
A;
1A.
.
DA.
3:
3A.
Obverse of tin coin
Reverse of the same
Obverse of tin coin
Reverse of the same
Obverse of lead coin
Reverse of the same
See page
9)
111
Tia
112
112
112
113
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.
Journat No. 1 to No. 49, Price to members, $1.00 each
i *s to non-members, $2.50 Gach
Essays RELATING TO Inno-Cuind, 4 Vols., Price $2.50 each
THe HikayAtT ABDULLAH, Price $2.50 each
Toe Wat-Senc Lorrery, by G. T. Hare Esg., ,, $1.00 each
Ragan Bupiman. A Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifford Hsq.,
Price $2.50 each
en,
ETRAITS BRANCH
Peek ASIATIC: SOCIETY
[No: 5O]
JOURNAL
| September, 1908
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE, SINGAPORE-
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[No. 50]
JOURNAL
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
SEPTEMBER, 1908
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING Housk\
1908.
oe,
ES
_Table of Contents.
*
Council for 1908
Proceedings of Annual General } iWeeting
List of Members
Annual Report of the Council
Treasurer's Account for the year 1907 |
Rules of Straits Branch of Royal Asiatic Society
A List of the Ferns of the ae Peninsula, by
H. N. Ridley, F.R.S.
Some Visits to Batam Island, by C. Boden Kibés, F.Z.S.
Some Hthnological Notes, by C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S. ...
The White-Handed Gibbon, by C. Boden Kloss.
Curriculum of a Course in Malay in Paris ...
Father Civet, by BR. O. Winstedt. .
Sindbad’s Old Man of The Sea, by W. Cine ee
Spada, by W. George Maxwell.
- Two New Species of Cicindela (Tiger beetles) from
Borneo, by Dr. Walter Horn..
Bats in a Bamboo, by A. N. Ridley.
The Labiates of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley y
The Crackling Moth, by H. N. Ridley.
New or Rare Malayan Plants, by H. N. Ridley.
103
105
109
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
COUNCIL FOR 1908,
}
4
“Dr. D. J. Gantoway, President,
ue W. D. Barnus, Vice-President for Singapore.
Hon. R. N. Buanp, Vice-President for Penang.
Mr. EDN: RIDLEY, Honorary Secretary.
: Mr. R. J. BARTLert, Honorary Treasurer.
A Dr. Hanitscu,
MeV. S. Frownr, | ee
Mr. A. Kytenr, — | Councillors.
Mr. C. B. Kuoss, |
Mr. H. Marriorr, epee oe een
PROCEEDINGS
of the
Annual General Meeting.
The Annual General Meeting was held March 23, 1908,
Present :
Dr. GaLLoway, (in the Chair.)
Mr,* KNIGHT. = Mr. R.A. J. BIDWELL.
; HELLIER. - S. V. Flower.
Me BRYANT. of R. J. BARTLETT.
i MarRiortr. os W. D. Barnes.
C. B. Ktoss. Dr. Hanrrscu.
Mr. H.N. Rivtey.
The minutes of the last annual general meeting were read
and confirmed. :
The secretary’s report was laid on the table and accepted.
The Treasurer’s account was also passed.
It was resolved that the members of the society were
desirous of expressing their sense of the loss which the society
had sustained by the departure from the East of the Right
Reverend Bishop Hose p.p., their President, on his well-
deserved retirement after a period of over forty years. It was
to him, the Founder of the Society in 1877 that the
PROCEEDINGS. vil
society was indebted for its inception and for its continuance
for thirty years, during which he occupied the position of
President almost without a break, till the actual date of his
retirement. He also contributed on various occasions to its
Journal and in every way possible assisted in the furthering
of the objects of the society.
A letter from Mr. H. C. Robinson was read stating that
a scheme for the systematic study of the Fauna of the
Peninsula had been laid down. The Reptiles. Batrachians
and birds had been well studied but the mammals had been as
yet little investigated. The Government of the F. M. S.
hid sanctioned the insertion of a certain sum of money in the
estimates for the purpose and it was suggested that the society
might provide a substantial grant to be devoted to the same
purpose. Eventually the sum $500 a year for three years was
voted.
The officers for the ensuing year were then elected wis.
President: Dr. GAaLLoway.
Vice-President Singapore: W. D. Barnes.
o Penang: Hon, R. N. Buanp.
Secretary: H. N. Riptey.
Treasurer: R. J. BARTLETT.
Councillors: Dr. HanitscH.
zi V. S.- FLOWER.
FA A. KNIGHT.
if C. B. Ktoss.
ss H. Marriort.
ee
List of Members for 1908. —
* Life Members. _ + Honorary Members. .
Patron: H. EK. SIR JOHN ANDERSON, K.C.M.G.
ABBOTT, DR. W. L. Singapore.
AcTOoN, R. D. K. Lumpor, Selangor.
ADAMS, A. R. HON. M.L.C. Penang.
ANDERSON, HE. Singapore. —
ANTHONISZ, HON. J. O. Singapore.
BAMPFYLDE, Hon. C. A. England.
“BANKS, J. E. Towa. U.S. A.
BARKER, DR. A. J. G. Sarawak.
BARNARD, B. H. F. Selangor.
BARNES, W. D. Singapore.
BARTEBGTT. ke J. Singapore.
BEATTY, D. Penang.
BENTARA LUAR, HON. DATO, S.P.M.J. Batu Pahat.
BICKNELL, W. A. Penang
BIDWELL, R. A. J. e Singapore.
BrrcuH, Hon. J. K. England.
BIRCH, EK. W., C.M.G. _ Taipeng, Perak.
*BisHop, J. EH. N. Sembilan.
BISHOP, CAPT. C. F. Pulo Brani.
BLAGDEN, C. O., M.A. Switzerland.
BLAND, Hon. BR. N. Penang. ~
BLAND, MRS. R. N. Penang.
BROCKMAN, Hon. E. L. Kuala Lumpor.
MEMBERS OF 1908. ix
Brown, Dr. W. C. England.
BRYANT, A. T-. Singapore.
BUCKLEY, C. B. Singapore.
BuRGESS, P. J. England.
BuRN-MuRpDOCH, A. M. K. Lumpor, Selangor.
DUPER, Alli. Khartoum, Egypt.
BYRNE, H. E. K. Lumpor, Selangor.
CAMPBELL, J. W. Kuala Lumpor.
CAMPBELL, A.
CAMUS, M. DE
CARRUTHERS, J. B. K. Lumpor, Selangor.
CERRUTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Ulu Slim, Perak.
CHAPMAN, W. J.
CLIFFORD, Hon. H. Ceylon.
CoOLLYER, Hon. W. R., 1.8.0. England.
CouLINGH, H. B. Larut, Perak.
*ConLay, W. L. K. Lumpor, Selangor.
Cook, REv. J. A. B. Singapore.
CURTIS, C., F.L.S. England.
DALLAS, HON. F. H. Sarawak.
DANE, DR. R. 3 Singapore.
DENT, SIR ALFRED, K.C.M.G. England.
DENT, Dr. F. _ Singapore.
*“DESHON, Hon. H. F. Sarawak.
DEW, A. T. Batang Padang, Perak.
DEw, E. Costa. Singapore.
Dickson, EH. A. Kuala Pilah, Negri ©
Sembilan.
DONALD, DR. J. Penang.
DOUGLAS, F. W. Batang Padang, Perak.
DOUGLAS, R. S. Baram, Sarawak.
DUNKERLEY, VEN. ARCH. W. H. C., M.A. England.
‘EDGAR, DR. P. GALISTAN. Ipoh, Perak.
EDMONDS, R. C.
MEMBERS OF 1908.
Penang.
EGERTON, His EXCELLENCY SIR W., K.C.M.G.
Ewcum, J. B.
EVERETT, H. H.
FLEMING, T. GC.
* BLOWER. CAPT. S. S., F.L:S.
“FLOWER, V. A.
Fort, Hon. HUGH.
FREER, DR. G. D.
GALLOWAY, DR: D. J.
GARDNER, N. E. A.
*GERINI, LT. Cou. G. E.
GIBSON, W. S.
*GIMLETTE, DR. J. D.
GRANDJEAN, W. D.
GuERITZ, BE. P. His Ex:
HAINES, REv. FE. W.
HAuLgs, A.. -
HANITSCH, DR. R.
HARRISON, DR. H. M.
HAYNES, A. SIDNEY.
HELLIER, MAURICE.
HEMMANT, G.
HERVEY, D. ¥F.-A., G.M.G.
HEWITT, JOHN.
Hari, GA.
Hinn, Hon. B.C.
Hinks; Lt. T. C.
tHoss, Rr. REv. BisHor G. F., M.A.
Hose, E. S.
Hoss, R. E.
Lagos, W. Africa.
Singapore. |
Santubong, Sarawak. —
Pahang.
Ghizeh, Egypt.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
N. Sembilan.
Bangkok, Siam. —
Singapore.
Kelantan.
Singapore.
Sandakan.
Penang.
Taipeng, Perak.
Singapore.
Pekan, Pahang.
England.
Singapore. ~
Kuala Pilah, Negri
Sembilan
Aldeburgh, England.
Sarawak.
Singapore.
Singapore.
England. |
England. 2
K. Lumpor, Selangor.
Busau, Sarawak.
HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT, P. C. Germany.
MEMBERS OF 1908. xi
HULLETT, R. W., M.A.
HUMPHREYS, J. L.
IZARD, REV: HAC.
JANION, HE. M.
JOHNSTON, L. A. M.
KEHDING, DR.
KER, J. CAMPBELL.
KINSEY, W. E.
KIRKPATRICK, JIVONE.
Koss, C. BODEN.
KNIGHT, ARTHUR.
KNOCKER, FE. W.
KRIECKENBEEK, J. W.
LAIDLAW, G. M.
TLAWES, REV. W. G.
LAWS, G., M.E., A.I.M.M.
LAWRENCE, A. E.
LeEemov, A. H.
LERMIT, A. W.
Lewis, J. E. A., B. A.
Lim Boon KENG, DR.
LUERING, REV. DR. H. L. E.
LYons, REV. E.
MACHADO, A. D.
MACLAREN, J. W. D.
~ MacDouGat, DR. W.
England.
Malacca.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Hongkong.
Medan, Deli.
J ohore.
Kuala Pilah, Negri
Sembilan.
Sarawak. :
Kuala Lumpor.
Singapore.
Taipeng, Perak.
Pahang.
Telok Anson, Perak.
New Guinea.
Singapore.
Sarawak.
Singapore.
Singapore.
-Kuching, Sarawak.
Singapore.
Penang.
Dagupan, Philippine I.
Sungei Siput, Perak.
Singapore.
Christmas Island.
MAHOMED, BIN MAHBOB, HON. DATo. Johore.
MAKEPEACE, W.
MARRIOTT, H.
MARRINER, J. T.
MARSHALL, F. C.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Kelantan.
-Raub, Pahang.
xii MEMBERS OF 1908.-
MASON, J. S.
MAXWELL, ERIC.
McCAUSLAND, C. F.
MAXWELL, W. GEO.
MOoOoORHOUSE, SYDNEY.
NANSON, W., B.A., F.S.A.
NAPIER, Hon. W. J., D.C.L.
NORMAN, HENRY.
Nunv, B. -
PEARS, FRANCIS.
}PERHAM, VEN. ARCHDEACON, A.
Pyne ana OG
PRA, C.» Dr..F. DENT
» N. E. A. GARDNER » Hon. A. R. ApAmMs
The Council have to record the loss to the society of the
Right Reverend Bishop Hose who has lately retired from the
East. Bishop Hose was the founder of the Society in the year
1877 and was the last member of the original council of the
Society in the Straits Settlements. He was the first president
of the society and occupied that position almost without break
till his retirement in February of this year.
During the past year, the Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. N. Ridley
was absent on leave for nine months and Mr. Hellier kindly
acted for him.
A journal No. 48 was issued and another No. 49 is ready
for distribution to the Members.
A Map Committee was formed to bring out a new edition
of the map, the old edition being sold out, and they commenced
the work of compiling and revising.
An Index to the Journal was compiled by Mr. W. D
Barnes and offered to the Society. It was decided to complete
and publish it when volume 50 was published.
A number of books and pamphlets were added by presenta-
tion to the Library of the Society.
The Treasurer’s report is appended.
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S.UAYNSVSYL AUVHONOH
RULES
OF THE STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
Royal Asiatic Society. —
I. Name and Objects.
1. The name of the Society shall be ‘The Straits
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.’
2. ‘The objects of the Society shall be:—
(a) the increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning -
British Malaya and the neighbouring countries.
(b) the publication of a Journal and of works and
maps. =
(c) the formation of a hbrary of books and maps.
II. Membership.
3. Members shall be of two kinds—Ordinary and
Feonorary. MN =p Se
4. Candidates for ordinary membership shall be pro-
posed and seconded by members and elected by a majority of
the Council.
ad
5. Ordinary members shall pay an annual subscription
of $5 payable in advance on the first of January in each year.
Members shall be allowed to compound for life membership
by a payment of $50.
RULES OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
6. On or about the 30th of June in each year the
Honorary Treasurer shall prepare and submit to the Council
a list of those members whose subscriptions for the current
year remain unpaid. Such members shall be deemed to be
suspended from membership until their subscriptions have
been paid, and in default of payment within two years shall
be deemed to have resigned their membership.
No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other
‘publication of the Society until his subscription for the
current year has been paid.
7, Distinguished persons and persons who have rendered
notable service to the Society may on the recommendation of
the Council be elected Honorary members by a majority at a
General meeting. They shall pay no subscription, and shall
enjoy all the privileges of a member except a vote at meetings
and eligibility for office.
III. Officers.
8. The officers of the Society shall be :—
A President.
Three Vice Presidents, resident in Singapore, Penang, and the
Federated Malay States oe
An Honorary Secretary.
An Honorary Treasurer.
An Honorary Librarian.
Four Councillors. a
These officers shall be elected for one year at the annual
General Meeting, and shall hold. office until their successors
are appointed.
9. Vacancies in the above offices occurring during any
year shall be filled by the Council.
IV. Council.
10. The Council of the Society shall be composed of
the officers for the current year, and its duties and powers
shall be :—
RULES OF THE mel ASIATIC SOCIETY.
(a) to administer the affairs, eels ye and trusts oes ny
the Society.
(b) to elect ordinary members and to. recotniead can-
didates for election as Honorary members of the Society. |
(c) to obtain and select material for publication in the
Journal and to supervise the pr inting and distribution of the
Journal. 2
(d) to authorise the publication of works and maps at
the expense of the Society otherwise than in the Journal,
Library.
(f) to accept or decline donations on behalf = the
Society.
(g) to present to the Annual General Meeting at the
expiration of their term of office a report of the proceedings |
and condition of the Society.
(nh) to make and enforce by-laws and regulations for
the proper conduct of the affairs of the Society. Every such
by-law or regulation shall be published in the Journal.
11. The Council shall meet for the transaction of
business once a quarter, and oftener if necessary.. Three
officers shall form a quorum of the Council.
Vv. General Meetings.
12. One week’s notice of all meetings and of the sub- —
jects to be discussed or dealt with shall be given. :
13. At all meetings the Chairman shall in the case of
an equality of votes be entitled to a casting vote in ge
to his own.
14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in
February in each year.. Eleven members shall form a
quorum.
15. (i) At the Annual General Meeting the Council
shall present a Report for the preceding year and the Treas-
(e) to select and purchase books and maps for the
-
RULES OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
urer shall render an account of the financial condition of
the Society. Copies of such Report and account shall be
circulated to members with the notice calling the meeting.
(11) Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.
16. The Council may summon a General Meeting at
any time, and shall so summon one upon receipt by the Secre-
tary of a written requisition signed by five ordinary members
_ desiring to submit any specified resolution to such meeting.
Seven members shall form a quorum at any such meeting.
17. Visitors may be admitted to any meeting at the
discretion of the Chairman but shall not be allowed to address
_ the meeting except by invitation of the Chairman. -
VI. Publications.
18. The Journal shall be published at least twice in each
year, and oftener if material is availalle. In the first number
in each year shall be published the Report of the Council, the
account of the financial position of the Society, a list of
members, the Rules, and a list of the publications received by
- the Society during the preceding year.
19. Every member shall be entitled to one copy of the
Journal, which.shall be sent free by post. Copies may be
presented by the Council to other Societies or to distinguished
individuals, and the remaining copies shall be sold at. such
prices as the Council shall from time to time direct.
20. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the
Journal shall be placed at the disposal of the author.
VII. Amendments to Rules.
21. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in
writing to the Council, who shall submit them to a General
Meeting duly summoned to consider them. If passed at such
General Meeting they shall come into force at once.
A List of the Ferns of the Malay Peninsula.
By HeN] RIDLEY, ae
As might be expected in a wet tropical forest region such
as the Malay Peninsula, the number of ferns is very large, no
less than 382 species being recorded, and further the number
of individuals is so large that they form a very ponspiengy
feature in the forests and damp open spots.
That the number of species occurring here will be very
largely increased by futher discoveries may be taken as certain,
for there still remains‘a very large area of the country es-
pecially in the centre and northern part of the peninsula
which has not as yet been investigated by the lovers of ferns.
The ferns of the plain country of the west coast are
probably pretty well known and the Thaiping Hills and some
of the other hill-ranges have been the collecting grounds of
Day, Scortechini, and Kunstler. The ferns of Penang were
well collected by Curtis, but the hill-ranges of Selangor and
Pahang and the low country of the east coast have as yet
been only partially searched and that mainly by myself. The
northern states on the borders of Siam have been hardly in-
vestigated at all, and are likely to produce many additions to
our flora.
In following the arrangement of Beddome’s Ferns of
British India, 1 have incorporated into the list some species
recorded by him from definite localities in the peninsula
which have not been seen by me. There are however a good
many recorded by him as from “ Malay- peninsula” without
special localities, and which have not been apparently met
with again. These I have excluded at present as some authors
include Tenasserim as part of the Malay peninsula and the
plants thus vaguely localised may have been obtained across
the border.
Jour, Straits Branch, R. A. Soe., No. 60, 1908,
2 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
I am indebted to Dr. Christ of Basle for identification of —
oe species, as well as to Bishop Hose, and Surgeon General —
C. 'T. Matthew, who always spent his spare time in Sing-
ae during the short stays of his ship in searching the |
forests of Singapore for ferns, with no little success.
The chief collectors of ferns in the peninsula have been
Father Scortechini, Mr. Day, Mr. Kunstler, who collected for
the Caleutta Gardens, Mr. Hullett, Right Reverend Bishop
Hose, Mr. Curtis and in earlier days W. Norris, Lady Dal- ~
housie, Mr. Pinwill, Dr. Wallich and Cuming.
Habitats. The most abundant and conspicuous fern is
perhaps the well-known “Resam ” Gleichenia linearis which —
covers considerable tracts of country on the edges of forest,
and where the forest has been felled and burnt. In such
spots it produces dense thickets very troublesome to penetrate.
In the hill districts it is replaced by other species of Glei- —
chema, G. hirta, G. glauca and G. flagellaris. In more sandy
places in the low country, we find the common bracken, Pteris
aquilina taking its place. This is probably the most widely
distributed and abundant of any vascular plant in the world.
It is remarkable too how little this plant varies in different
- regions of the globe. There is but little visible difference
between the bracken of the woods of Kent and that of the hot
sandy country of Singapore, the chief difference being the
more woody texture of the stalks in the tropical form.
Another fern which forms thick masses is the local
Matonia pectinata of Mount Ophir and others of our higher
hills. This beautiful fern often occurs growing in close
thickets, hke bracken.
Dipteris Horsfieldu rows in a similar manner over the
sea-coast cliffs and on clay banks at 2000 feet and upwards in
close masses. It is noticeable that all these ferns are re-
markably difficult to.cultivate, abundantly and readily as they
grow in a natural state. All attempts to grow Dipteris and
- Matonia have failed, while the Gleichenias and the Bracken
too are notoriously troublesome to transplant.
Very common and conspicuous too are the Lygodiums,
known here as “ Ribu-Ribu,” literally “ thousands,” from —
Jour. Straits Branch.
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FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3
their numerous leaflets, LZ. circinatum and L. microphyllum.
So abundant are these ferns climbing over bushes and
through grasses, that they are extensively used in decorating
ballrooms in the form of twisted ropes of the ferns.
Anisogonium esculentum is a very common fern fringing
the banks of muddy rivers in dense thickets, and very abun-
dant too is the “Lamiding” Stenochloena palustris scrambling
and climbing over trees and bushes. Both of these last
- mentioned ferns are eaten as potherbs-by the Malays.
Acrostichum aureum a big tufted fern occurring in tidal
river mud all over the warmer parts of the world is very abun-
dant. It occasionally is to be met with in damp places far
away from the sea or any tidal river. In most of these places
however I believe that it has merely persisted for many years
after the river on whose banks it formerly grow has been
silted up and now forms part of the dry land. A large clump
still grows in the Economic Gardens at Singapore where the
original river on which it doubtless first started its growth
has been dry land since any history of it has been known,
though Nipah fruits still dug up in the surrounding soil prove
that at one time the tides reached this spot. I have also
found. the Acrostichum far inland at the base of Gunong
Pantai in Johor, and still further from the sea at Bukit
Asahan at the foot of Mount Ophir and over thirty miles from
the Coast. Most of the ferns however occur in a more isolated
manner, though many are very abundant.
~The richest localities for ferns are the wet densely
forested hills at altitudes of from 1000 to 5000 feet but the
damp rocky woods of the plains are also very rich. The drier
woods are less abundantly supplied, but many species are very
characteristic of this kind of locality. Such are the Schizoeas,
Lindsayas, Nephrodiums.
Even the sands of the sea-coast produce some species such
as Davallia solida and D. elegans, the Humatas and Schizaea
dichotoma. At high elevations there is a noticeable dis-
appearance of the thin textured ferns such as the Nephro-
diums and Lastraeas, which are replaced by the more cori-
R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908. _
4 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
aceous leaved xerophytic Dipteris, Matonia, Polygoaiay
Oleandras and such ferns.
Epiphytic species are very abundant frequently covering
the trees, especially at high altitudes, but as 1t seen in other
eroups of plants, ferns which in the plants only occur on the
upper branches of lofty trees, grow at an altitude of three or
four thousand feet quite low down, and not rarely on rocks.
Some of these high growing ferns are not at all easy to
cultivate at low altitudes, but Davallia triphylla which only
occurs in a wild state on the topmost boughs of trees a_
hundred or a hundred and fifty feet high, I ‘have met with
on several occasions transplanted, accidentally or intentionally
to the base of trees a few feet from the ground and thriving
well. This fern was formerly considered so rare that about
20 years ago few herbaria in Europe had a specimen, but as
a matter of fact it is by no means a rare plant. Growing as
it does only on the inaccessible branches of lofty trees, it
could only be obtained by searching for fallen boughs on
which it happened to be growing. .
Two of the most curious of our ferns are epiphytic plants
remarkable for their rhizomes being modified so as to form
nests for ants. They are Lecanopteres carnosa and Pleopeltis
sinuosa. The former which occurs abundantly on trees at 3000
much after the manner of the rubiaceous plant M/yrmecodia.
Pleopeltis sinuosa has a thick sealy rhizome hollow inside and
also inhabited by ants. It is abundant in Singapore. It
is curious that fleshy and succulent as the rhizome of this
plant is, it is one of the first epiphytic plants to die during —
a short dry ‘spell. One would have thought its supply of
water in the rhizome would have been sufficient to have
prevented this. >
Distribution of Ferns. As ferns are disseminated by the
floating of their dust-like spores on the wind to immense dis-
tances it will easily be understood that many of the species
have a very wide distribution over the surface of the globe.
Ferns indeed are among the first of the higher plants to
appear on newly cleared “ground, if the soil and climate suit
them.
Jour. Straits Branch
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 5
The majority of our ferns occur in the Malay islands
also, and a large proportion are found in the Mascarene
islands, as well as India and Polynesia and South America,
which is not the case with the higher flowering plants, few
of which except some weeds carried about by human agency
have as wide a distribution. Six species even occur in the
British- Isles, viz., Trichomanes radicans, Hymenophyllum
—Lunbridgense, Pteris aquilina, Lastrea Thelypterts and Poly-
stichum aculeatum and Adiantum Capillus-veneris.
There are however about 40 species which are endemic,
never having been collected anywhere else except in the
peninsula at “present.
UssEs oF FERNS. ~
A good many of the local ferns are used for food in the
form of pot herbs in place of spinach, or as sumbuls with
curry, but chiefly by natives; for excellent as many of these
are, Europeans are not acquainted with their merits and rarely
use them. Among the most popular are Stenochloena palus-
tris the “ Miding ” or “* Lamiding ” of the Malays, Anisogo-
nium esculentum “ Paku Anjing,” and the water-fern Cera-
topteris thalictroides, which occurs often abundantly in
ditches. Of these ferns the young fronds are collected and
boiled. :
From the stems of Resam, (Gleichenia linearis) are made
pens, and they are also used for making the walls and ee
titions of the fishing-stakes.
The fronds of the common Pleopeltis Phymatodes, when
dry, exhale a delicious odour of Coumarin, like that of the
Tonkin bean. Hence this fern is known as Paku Wangi or
scented fern. ‘The fronds are dried and put among clothes,
especially I am told by the Eurasian population in order to
give them a pleasant perfume.
_ Comparatively few ferns are accredited here with medical
properties. The golden brown hairs on the rhizome of Cileo-
tium Barometz are used as a styptic for wounds for which they
are very suitable, and the rhizomes are sold in the drug-shops
R, A, Soc, No; 50, 1908,
6 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
under the name of ‘ Penawar Jambi.’ This vegetable fur is
even exported to Europe for the same purpose, being used not
only as a styptic but as an antiseptic in planters.
The fronds of the number of a softer textured fore are
used pounded up as poultices for boils or sores; such are those
of Cyathea Brunonis (also eaten as a pot herb by Jakuns), —
and Phegopteris punctatum.
_ The ashes of Drynaria quercifolia Poe are e apphed to.
the abdomen in cases of miscarriage.
GLEICHENIACEHAH.
GLEICHENIA.
6G. circinata (Sw.) Damp rocks and streams at about 4000
feet elevation. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Derry
605); Perak, Gunong Bubu (Cantley) ; Kedah, Gunong
Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Australia, New Zealand and
New Caledonia.
Gl. dicarpa (Br.) Perak, Gunong Berumbun (Wray 1584) :
Province Wellesley, Bukit Panchur (Ridley 12633).
var. alpina Bedd. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll.
7345). Distrib. Malay isles, Australia, New Zealana
Gl. hirta (Bl.) Hill districts. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (lang,
Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini); Penang Hill (Norris,
Hullett) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley).
Gl. Norrisii Mett. Hill districts. Perak, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9599, Curtis 3314) ; Gunong Bubu (Wray 240) ;
Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 243). Endemic.
Gl. glauca (Hook.) G. longissima Bl. Very abundant at
about 1000 feet elevation and upwards, forming dense
masses. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12127) ; Malacca,
Mt. Ophir (Lang) ; Perak, Larut Hills (Fox 131, Ridley
10658); Penang Hill very abundant (Ridley 7082) ;
Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, China,
Australia, Polynesia, Trop. America,
Jour, Straits Branch =
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.| 7
a Gi, flagellaris Spr. Abundant on hill tops from about 1000
a feet upwards. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Derry 604) ; Negri
i Sembilan, Gunong Angsi (Ridley); Perak, Maxwell’s
Hill (Ridley 10659) ; Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib.
Mascarene isles, Malay-isles, Polynesia.
Gl. linearis (Burn). Gl. dichotoma, Willd. ‘The commonest
-occurring everywhere in the low country, in immense
almost impenetrable masses. Native name “ Resam.”
: The stems used for making pens, and also for fishing
. stakes. Singapore, Tanglin, etc. (hidley) ; Malacca :
= Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12128); Perak, Gopeng,
ae Sungei Rayah (King’s Coll. 1065); Penang. Distrib.
ee India, Japan, Australia, Polynesia, ‘Trop. America.
CyYATHEA.
a C. Brunonis Wall. Common in woods at no great elevation.
_ Native names “ Paku Pahat,” “ Paku Gajah Payah,”
~* Paku Hitam Payah,” ‘“ Paku Salamah.” The leaves
are eaten as a vegetable by the Jakuns, and also used to
poultice sore legs. ey ohor, near Castlewood, Batu Pahat
(Ridley 11061) : Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi
(Ridley) ; Malacca, Tikit Kayu Arang (Cantley’s Coll. 3
Bukit Tungul ( Rid] ey 440; 3), Bukit Bruang; Pahang,
Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Rtid-
ley 10483), Batang Paslang (Murdoch) ; Perak, Goping
(King’s s Coll. AUS), Larut “(king’s Coll. 4885) ; pane
Hill near the top (Ridley 7036). Distrib. Malay
islands.
AMPHICOSMIA.
A. alterans Hook. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 12554) ;
Johor, Batu Pahat (Hullett) ; Selangor, Kwala Lumpur
(Ridley 10173); Perak, Gunong Bubu (Cantley) ;
Penang Hill, Penara Bukit (Ridley ey 1156, 10139).
Distrib. Borneo.
A handsome tree fern in damp temente
R, A, Soc,, No, 50, 1908,
8 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
ALSOPHILA.
A. latebrosa Hook. ‘The commonest tree fern in the low
country, stem 8 to 12 feet tall. Singapore common,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6123), Chua Chu
Kang (Ridley 6029) 5 ohor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley
4400); Malacca, Ayer Panas, Ayer Keroh (Ridley
10705) ; Selangor, Batang Berjuntai (Ridley 7870), Gua
Batu (Ridley 8141) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 23591,
(317), Thaiping (Curtis) ; "Penang Hill, Province Wel-
lesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley 6965) ; Kedah, Yan (Rid-
ley b1Y oe
A. comosa Hook. Not rare in the low country, stem 8 or 9
feet tall. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Jurong (Ridley
5756). Reservoir woods. Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll.
7148), Larut (Bishop Hose); Penang Hill (Hullett),
Road to Penara Bukit (Ridley 7153). Distrib. Malay
isles. o2
A. Ridley: Baker. Stem very short almost none. Damp low-
woods. Singapore, Sungai Morai (Ridley 4401), Chan
Chu Kang (Ridley. 6122), Chua Chu Kang (6031).
Endemic.
A. commutata Mett. Hills at 4000 feet. Malacca, Mt. Ophir
(Ridley 9857, 3319); Pahang, Kluang Terbang
(Barnes) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7869) ; Perak,
Larut (King’s Coll. 1908, 7150), Gunong Bubu (Cant-
ley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9604).
A. glabra Hook. Perak (Scortechini) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley
5156, 5157) ; Langkawi, Gunong Rayah (Curtis). Dis-
trib. ‘India, China, Malaya. :
A. glauca (Sw.) A. contammuus Hook. A dplendiea tree
fern sometimes 20 feet tall, with the rachis and petiole
ashy blue. Johor, Bukit Soga (Ridley 1066); Sungei
Ujong (Hullett); Selangor, Pahang track (Ridley —
8633), Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7868) ; Perak, Larut Hills
(King’s Coll. 4032). Common near the top of the hills.
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 9
Penang Hill common at the top (Ridley 7150). Distrib.
India and Malay islands.
I found a very curious form with fasciated. fronds
on the Thaiping hills near the top.
A. Kingi Bedd. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Perak, top
~ of Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 7402, Wray 3860).
Endemic, |
A. crenulata Mett. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Selan-
gor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7865) ; Dindings, Lumut (Rid-
ley) ; Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9548), Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 95 51); Waterfall, Thaiping Hills (no
7865). Distrib. Java.
A. dubia Bedd. Perak (Scortechini), Larut (King’s Coll.
2493). Endemic.
A. obscura, Scort. Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini).
Endemic.
A. trichodesma Bedd. Perak (Scortechini). Endemic.
MATONIA.
M. pectinata Br. By no means one of the rarest ferns as
Beddome says. It is local but usually very abundant
growing lke bracken, where it occurs usually in open
spots on the top of hills. Malacca, Mount Ophir, Pa-—
dang Batu, (all collectors) 53000 feet elevation. Selan-
gor, Hulu Semangkok (Ridley); Perak, Gunong Bubu
(Scortechini 761) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley).
It also occurs in the Carimon islands quite low
down near the Waterfall and in Borneo.
DICKSONIEAE.
DICKSONTA.
D. ampla Bak. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 5188), (Iting’s
Coll, 2159). Also. Borneo.
R. A, Soc., No, 50, 1908.
10 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
D. Kingu Bedd. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll.
8058) and Larut (2118). “Endemic.
CIBOTIUM.
C. Barometz, Link. In woods at no elevation, not rare.
Native name “ Penawar Jambi.” ‘The hairs from the
rhizome sold as a styptic. The rhizome usually short
creeping but I found it with a stem 4 feet tall on Kedah >
Peak. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10981); Selangor,
Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7864); Perak, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9532), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 489), Gunong
Hijau (Scortechini 1226) ; Kedah, Gunong Serai (Rid-
ley 5176); Penang, Mt. Erskine (C nee Distrib. .
Malay islands and S. China.
LECANOPTERIS.
L. carnosa Bl. Epiphytie with great irregular hollow tuber-
culated rhizomes full of ants. On very lofty Diptero-
carpus trees in the lower country, on lower trees in the
hills. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Malacca,
Sungei Hudang (Goodenough no 1477) ; Selangor, Bukit
Hitam (Kelsall) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Hervey, ete.)
very abundant, Gunong Bubu (Cantley). Distrib.
Malay isles. ,
HYMENOPHYLLUM.
ZH, polyanthos Sw. Common on trees and rocks, in the low
country and up to a considerable altitude. Singapore,
Bukit Timah, Bajau, Kranji (Ridley 5607); Johor,
Kampong Bahru, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Pahang,
Tahan River (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (R. Derry) ;
Perak, Bujong Malacea (Ridley 9609); Penang Hill
(Hullett, Ridley 7072) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley).
var. Blumeana. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Matthew),
Sungei Moral (Ridley 4406), Bukit Mandai (Ridley
Jour. Straits Branch,
Hf.
EE.
Hf.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 11
8938) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Bukit
Kutu (Ridley 7872); Perak (Scortechini 320),
javanicum (Spreng). Rocks and trees from about 1000
feet upwards. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Malacca,
_ Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9992) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (IRid-
ley 8773, 8774); Perak, “Thaiping Hills ‘(King’s Coll.
87 Scortechini, W ray), Bujong Malacca (Ridley).
var. badium. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Bishop Hose,
Ridley 5182, Curtis 2084) ; Penang Hill (Hullett).
Distrib. Mascarene islands, India to Australia.
Smithit Hook. Singapore, Kranji (Matthew); Johor,
Gunong Banang, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10985) ; Selangor,
Semanekok Pass (Ridley 12034) ; Penang Hill (Ridley
7072). Distrib. Malay isles.
productum Ize. Singapore, Kranji (Ridley 1687) ;
Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Wray); Kedah, Gunong Jerai
(Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, Poly nesia.
dilatatum (Sw.) -Perak, Larut (King’s Collector). Dis-
trib. Java and New Zealand.
tunbridgense Sm. Rare. Kedah Peak (Ridley 5178),
Distribution Europe, Africa, South America and New
Zealand. Identified by Dr. Christ.
.aculeatum V.D. Bosch. Singapore, Woodlands (Christ) ;
Perak at 4000 feet alt. (INing’s Coll.) ; ee 3000
feet alt. (Day). Also Java. 3
afine V. D. Bosch. Johor, Mt. Austin (Ridley 12539,
12540), Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12135). Distrib. Java.
. denticulatum Sw. este Kranji (Ridley 1687); .
Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Wray); Kedah, Gunong Jerai
(Ridley). Distrib. Java.
Neesii Hook. Common on trees low country up to 4000
feet elevation. Singapore, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 9840),
Kranji, Woodlands, Selitar; Johor, Pengaram, Tanjong
Bunga (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering
(Ridley), Batu Tiga (Derry); Pahang, Tahan River
BR, A, Soe, No. 00, 1908,
12
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
(Ridley 2153, 2174), Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Se-
langor, Rawang, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 9852), Hulu Se-
mangkok (12036); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi
(Ridley); Dindings, Lumut (Ridley 7145); Perak
(Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis 2083), Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 9610); Penang Hill, Penara Bukit
(Ridley 7146). Distrib. Malay isles, Fiji.
TRICHOMANES.
. Motleys V. D. Bosch. Singapore, Stagmount (Ridley).
Distrib. Tenasserim, Andamans, Ceylon, Borneo, New
Caledonia,
. Henzaianum (Parish). Singapore, Feruvalley, Bukit
Timah (Matthew). Distrib. Burmah.
.. muscoides (Sw.) On Rocks. Singapore, Feruvyalley,
Bukit Timah; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley). Distrib.
India and Tropical Africa and America.
var. sublimbatum. Very near the last species. Perak,
Rocks, Bujong Malacca (Ridley).
neilgherrense, Bedd. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib.
S. India. 3
parvulum Poiret. Perak (Scortechini); Penang Hill
(Ridley 1748); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Mada-
gascar, India, Malay isles, Japan, China and Polynesia.
. humile Forst.. Singapore, Woodlands (Matthew). -Dise
trib. Pacific islands, Philippines.
palidum Bl. On trees and rocks usually at a consider-
able elevation, easily recognized by its ashy grey color
when alive. Singapore, Kranji (Matthew); Johor,
Gunong Panti (Ridley 4161) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Rid-
ley 9885); Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini). Dis.
trib. Java. :
, digitatum Swartz. On trees. Singapore, Kranji (Rid-
ley); Pahang, 'Tahan River (Ridley); Selangor, Bukit
Kutu (Ridley (873); Perak (Scortechini), Gunong
Jour, Straits Branch,
Le.
Te:
Tar:
1 BGS
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 13
‘Hijau (Ridley) ; Penang Hill (Bishop Hose), Penara
Bukit (Curtis 3062); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib.
Mauritius and Java.
proliferum Bl. Perak, Larut 100-4000 feet (King’s Coll.
2565). Distrib. Java, Philippines.
bipunctatum Poir. T. Filicula Bory. On rocks. Sing-
apore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley) ; Johor, Gunong Panti
(Hullett); Selangor, Bukit Hitam, Petaling, Langat,
Batu Caves (Ridley 8143), Pahang Track (Machado) ;
Dindings, Lumut (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll.
1860, 1913, Scortechini), Thaiping (Ridley), Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 9606). Distrib. African islands, India,
Ceylon, Pacific islands.
pyxidiferum L. Perak (Scortechini), Goping (King’s
Coll. 4185) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Brazil.
javanicum Bl. very common on rocks in forest. Sing-
apore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 9569); Johor, Gunong
Panti, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11065); Pahang, Tahan
Woods (Ridley 2181) ; Selangor, Rawang, Bukit Hitam,
Pahang Track (Ridley 8665) ; Dindings, Lumut (Ridley
7149a) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill at 3000 feet (Scortechini
541), Goping (IKKing’s Coll. 584) ; Penang Hill (Ridley
7149) ; Lankawi (Curtis 2423). Distrib. India, Malay
Archipelago.
Mixed with garlic and onion the dried fronds are
smoked as tobacco to cure headaches.
Tr. rigidum, Swartz. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit
b)
Timah, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6119),
Toas (4407); Johor, Castlewood, Gunong Pulai (Rid-
ley) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2161) ; Malacca, Mt.
Ophir (Ridley 3332, 3320); Negri Sembilan, Gunong
Angsi (Ridley 11815); Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley
8661), Bukit Hitam (Kelsall), Bukit Kutu (Ridley
7871); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2404) ; Penang Hill
(Ridley) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley); Tringanu,
R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908.
14
Hes
~
EE
ae
~
de
~
fs
~
Boge:
~S
<4
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. §.' Africa and islands,
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Polynesia and 8. America. -
pluma Hook. Not rare in the hills at about 4000 feet alt.
Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Bishop Hose, etc.) ; Selangor, Bukit
Hitam, Ginting Bidai, Semangkok Pass (Ridley 12107) ;
Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Gunong Bubu (Cant- |
ley), Gunong Hijau (Wray, Scortechini 344).
parviflorum Poi. Tr, foeniculaceum Bory. Singapore,
Moores Herb (fide Beddome) ; Perak, Gunong Bubu
(Murton). Distrib. Mascarene isles, Borneo, Queens-
land. :
gemmatum Sm. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Mering and Tun-
duk (Ridley 9881, Derry 607). Distrib. Malay isles,
Polynesia, 5S. America.
‘, apufolium, Presl. Malacea, Mt. Ophir (King’s Collector
fide Beddome). Distrib. Malay isles, Polynesia.
', hismidulum Mett. Singapore, near Selitar (Matthew and
Ridley) ; Perak and Goping (King’s Coll. 531), Tapa |
(Wray 1365). Distrib. Borneo.
maximum Bl. Johor, Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Malacea
(loc. incert.), (Hervey) ; Selangor, Pahang Track (Rid-
ley 8638), Semangkok (12032) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca
a curious small form (Ridley 9534), Larut 2500-3000
(King’s Coll, 2225-5286), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini
_ 225), Tea Gardens (Ridley 3059). Dsitrib. Malay isles
and Polynesia.
radicans, Sw. Johor, Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley
10979); Malacca, Jeram Nyalas (Derry 1126); Sungei
Ujong (Hullett) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 5183, —
1670), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8045) ; Penang
Hill at 2500 feet (Hullett). Distrib. Both hemispheres,
. denticulatum Bl. Johor, Gunong Pantai, Gunong Pulai
(Ridley 12135); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian. Tinggi |
(Ridley) ; Penang Hill; Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib.
Java.
Jour. Straits Branch.
Shs
Af.
Ef;
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 15
auriculatum Bl. In the hill woods on trees. Selangor,
Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7874); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill
(Curtis, Scortechini), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 351).
Distrib. Malay isles, Japan and Guiana.
‘, malaccense Christ. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Lang) ; Perak,
Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9611) 5 Thaiping Hills. En-
demic.
. obscurum Bl. . Male: Mt. Ophir, Gunong Tunduk
(Ridley 9882, 9883); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley
= ..9008). Distrib. Java.
Tr.
Tr.
Ridleyi Chr. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley).
sp. Penang, Moniots Road (Matthew).
DAV ALLIBAE.
HUMATA.
heterophylla Smith. On dead trees or high up on hving
ones, or also on the ground near the sea. Singapore,
Kranji (Ridley 8940), Bajau, Changi beach (4355),
~ Pulau Brani and Pulau Ubin (Hullett) ; Johor, Bukit
Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley); Pahang, Pekan (Ridley
2160) ; Perak, Lampatang (Scortechini 1554), B. P. D.
(King’s Coll. 7821). Malay isles, Polynesia,
angustata Wall. Singapore (Cuming 335), Sungei Mora,
Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3599) ; Johor, Bukit Pengarum,
Kampong Bahru (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley
3336); Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8647) ; Din-
dings, Lumut (Ridley 7136) ; Perak, Sungei Ryah
(King’s Coll. 828), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 408),
Bujong Malacca, Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9550) ;
Penang, Waterfall (Ridley), Hill (King); Kedah Peak
(Ridley 5179). A very curious form crenately deeply
lobed to the midrib grows on the rocks on Padang Batu,
Mt. Ophir (No. 3339). Endemic.
H. parallela Wall. Singapore, Tanjong Merawan (Ridley) ;
Malacca and Johor; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley) ; Lankawi
(Curtis). Distrib. Burmah to Polynesia.
R. A. Soc.,.No, 50, 1908.
16 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
H. pedata Smith. Singapore, Kranji; Johor, Sungei Bau,
Mt. Austin; Malacca, Tanjong Kling (Ridley) ; Pahang,
Tahan River (Ridley), Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Din-
dings, Lumut (Ridley 7155); Tringganu, Bundi (Ros-
tado); Penang (King 1374), Penang Hill (Ridley
7077) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley 5179); Lankawi (Curtis).
Distrib. Malay isles, India, Ceylon, Mascarene isles.
H. pinnatifida Baker. Rare. Malacca Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ;
Perak, Larut 3-4000 feet alt. on trees (King’s Coll.
6393). Also Borneo.
H. sessilifolia Bl. “Singapore Sinclair”) Beddome. Dis-
trib. Java. Not seen.
LEVCOSTEGIA.
L. hymenophylloides Bl. On rocks and rotten trees. Perak, —
Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9545), Gunong Batu Putih
(King’s Coll. 8046), Kinta (King’s Coll. 7128) ; Penang,
near Richmond pool (Hullett, King). Distrib. Malay
isles to Polynesia. :
LL. nodosa Presl. Perak, top of Gunong Bubu 5000 to 5300
feet alt. (King’s Coll. 7421, Wray 383). Distrib, India
and Java.
L. parvula Sm. On trees in mangrove swamps. Singapore,
Sungei Buluh, Tanjong Merawan, Kranji (Ridley 87).
Distrib. Malay isles.
L. affinis Hook. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1030) ;
Penang (Lady Dalhousie). Distrib. Ceylon and Malay
isles. |
PROSAPTIA.
P. Emersoni Presl. On trees and rocks usually on the hills.
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett); Malacca, Batu Tiga
(Derry); Selangor, Rawang, Bukit Kutu and Bukit
Hitam (Ridley 8964); Perak, Hermitage Hill, Bujong
Malacca (Ridley), Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 120,
Jour. Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 17
215); Prov. Wellesley, Bukit Panchur (Native Coll.) ;
Penang, Government Hill (Ridley, Kunstler 1307) ;
Kedah Peak (Ridley 5170). Distrib. Malay isles and
India. :
P. contigua Swartz. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Sungei
Ujong (Hullett); Perak, Gunong Hijau (Scortechini
490). Distrib. Malay isles and India.
DAVALLIA.
D. solida Swartz. Common on tree trunks and in dry sandy
spots. Singapore, abundant in the Botanic Gardens,
Sungei Morai (Ridley); Johor, Jaffaria (King); Pa-
hang; Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 7068); Selangor,
Ginting Bidai (Ridley 984) ; Penang, above the Water-
fall (Hullett); Kedah, Yan (Ridley). Distrib. Poly-
-nesia and Malay isles. 7
D. elegans Swartz. On trees or sandy points, “ Paku Teru-
tep.” Singapore, Changi beach (Ridley 4351) ; Pahang,
Pekan, Kota Glangegi (Ridley 1598a) ; Malacca, Sungei
Hudang (Ridley), Pulau Undan (Cantley’s Coll.), Jasin
(Goodenough) ; Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley) ;
Perak (Scortechini), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey) ;
Tringganu, Cherating River (Ridley); Prov. Wellesley,
Permatang Bertam on cocoanut trees (Ridley) ; Kedah,
Kedah Peak (Ridley 5159). Distrib. Africa, India,
China, Malay isles, Polynesia.
Dz. epiphylla Bl. On rocks. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih
(King’s Coll. 8037). Distrib. Polynesia and Java.
D, dwaricata Bl. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Jaya.
D. bullata Wall. Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8637) ;
Perak, Larut Hills 3500-4000 feet alt. (King’s Coll.
6081), Caulfield’s Hill (Scortechini 391) ; Kedah Peak,
rocks of the precipice (Ridley 5158). Distrib. Assam
and Nepal.
D. triphylla Hook. On boughs of lofty trees rarely low down.
Singapore (Cuming 339), Woodlands, Bukit Timah
R, A, Soe., No, 60, 1908, :
2
18 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
(Ridley 9095) ; Johor, Bukit Patani, Batu Pahat (Ridley
11064), Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Negri Sembilan, Per-
hentian Tinggi (Ridley 10819); Perak (Scortechini).
Endemic.
MICROLEPIA.
M. pinnata Cav. “ Paku Merah” on banks in the hills.
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Malacca, Mt. Ophir
(Ridley 3318) ; Selangor, Batang Padang (Near dock),
Bukit Hitam (Ridley), Pahang Track (Ridley 8660) ;
Perak, Larut Hills (Scortechini 153, 407), Gunong ~
Keledang (Ridley 9541) and Bujong Malacca (9533) ;
Penang Hill abundant at the top (Bishop Hose, Ridley,
Wallich, Lady Dalhousie).
var. duzonica. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2144). -
Distrib. Philippines.
Ml. strigosa Swartz. Selangor, Rawang, Ginting Bidai, Bukit
Kutu (Ridley 7860); Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis
3061). Bist
M. Kurzgu Clarke. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 8331).
M. marginalis Thunb. Lankawi (Curtis) not in fruit but .
the frond resembles this plant.
D. Mooreana aff. but pinnules much larger. Perak, Larut
Hills (Curtis 3723).
M. speluncae L. Singapore, Ang Mo Kio, Changi (Ridley
6034), Gelang by a tidal stream (6248) ; Johor, Tebing
Tinggi (Ridley); Pahang, Kuala Tahan; Selangor,
Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 8641), Ginting Bidai
(Ridley 7855); Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi
(Ridley 9856); Perak, Thaipmg (King’s Coll. 8371),
Tanjong Malim (Ridley), Telor Pinang (9746) ; Penang
(Curtis); Prov. Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley) ;
Kedah (King’s Coll. 1245), Lankawi (Fox) ; Kelantan,
KKamposa (Ridley) a very glabrous form.
var, hirta. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid- -
ley 8637) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling (Iking’s Coll. 8661).
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 19
M. moluccana Bl. Perak alt. 3000-4000 feet (Scortechini),
Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis 2085) ; Selangor, Pahang Track
(Ridley 8634). Distrib. Malay isles.
STENOLOMA.
S. chinensis Swartz. ‘The Lace fern, on banks at considerable
altitudes, this plant seems to prefer stiff yellow clay.
Pahang, Kuala Pahang near the Sultans tombs (Ridley
4230), Tahan River; Selangor, Ginting Bidai, Semang-
kok Pass common (Ridley) ; Penang, Penara Bukit, ete.
-common (Ridley). Distrib. Mascarene, India, Malay
isles, China, Polynesia.
LINDSAY EAE.
LINDSAYA.
DL. cultrata Swartz. On rocks and banks. Pahang, Tahan
River (Ridley 2151); Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ;
Selangor, Rawang, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7876) ; Perak,
Larut (Scortechini, King’s Coll. 2473), Tea Gardens
(Ridley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9605) ; Kedah Peak ;
-Lankawi (Curtis).
var. Lobbiana. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). Dis-
trib. Mascarene isles, India, Japan, Australia.
L. repens Thw. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Malacca
(Hervey) ; Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7845), Pa-
hang Track (Ridley 8661); Perak, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9603), Larut Hills (Fox). Distrib. Mauritius,
India, Malay isles, Polynesia.
L. scandens Hook. Johor, Sempang Kiri (Ridley), Gunong
Pulai (Hullett); Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ;
Malacca, Selandau (Goodenough), Sungei Hudang, Ma-
chap (Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Hervey, Wray),
Bujong Malacca (Ridley); Penang, Government Hill
(Ridley), Richmond pool (Fox). Distrib. Malay isles,
R, A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908,
: | ;
20 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
L. orbiculata Lam. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Malacca, —
Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Ridley 2349); Selangor, Hulu Se-
mangkok (Ridley); Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley
9560), Gunong Bubu (Scortechini 133), Thaiping Hills
(Ridley) ; Penang, Government Hill road (Ridley),
Richmond Pool (Fox); Kedah Peak (Ridley 5163,
5165).
var. tenera. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll.
8039). Distrib. India, China, Australia.
L. Lancea la. Common in woods. “ Paku Dudok bukit”
“ Paku Gurmang.” Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley ~
1653), Bulit Timah (Ridley 10815); Johor, Gunong
Panti (Ridley 4148), Hadji Senawi, Sempang Kiri
(Ridley 10967); Malacca, Mt. we (Ridley 3347) ;
Selangor, Batu Tiga (Ridley) : Negri Sembilan, Per-
hentian Tinggi (Ridley), Bukit “Danan (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Ros-
tado); Penang, Hill (Hullett); Kedah Peak (Ridley
5164). Distrib. Ceylon, Malay isles, S. America.
L. borneensis Hook. In woods. Singapore, Sungei Jurong
(Ridley 9842); Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12132) ;
Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills
(Ridley 3062). Distrib. Borneo.
L. rigida Sm. On clayey soil in woods. Singapore, Sungel
Buluh (Ridley)’; Malacca, Mt: Ophir, Gunong Mering
(Ridley 3350, Griffith, Lobb, Cuming 397) ; Perak,
Bujong Malacca (Curtis B81, Larut at 2300 to 2500
feet alt. (IXing’s Coll. 3086). Endemic.
L. Walkerae Hook. In water in woods. Singapore, Tampinis
(Ridley 26791), Changi (6035); Malacca, Mt. Ophir
(Ridley 3333). Distrib. Banka.
Lf, divergens, Wall. In dry woods common. Singapore,
Bukit Timah (Ridley 4231a), Bajau (4321), Sungei
Morai (1660), Pulau Ubin (Murton) ; Johor, Gunong
Banang (Ridley 10970), Tanjong Kupang; Malacca,
Batu Tiga (Derry) and Ayer Panas; Negri Sembilan,
Jour, Straits Branch
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 21
Gunong Angsi (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scorte-
chini 499); Penang Hill (Hullett, Roxburgh); Trin-
ganu, Bundi (Rostado); Kedah Peak (Ridley). Dis-
trib. Borneo. |
L. lanuginosa Wall. On trees usually near the sea. Sing-
- apore, Jurong (Hullett), Bajau (Ridley 6553) also es-
tablished in the Botanic Gardens; Perak (Scortechin1) ;
Penang (Wallich). Distrib. Africa, Burmah, Australia.
SCHIZOLOMA.
S. lobata Poir. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah
(Ridley 9561) ; Malacca (Cuming 392) ; Johor, Gunong
Pulai (Ridley 12131); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley
2168) ; Perak, Larut Hills (Scortechini, Ridley 10670),
Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 292); Penang, Government
Hill (Fox). Distrib. India.
S. davallioides, Bl. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit
Timah common; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2179) ;
Malacca, Mt. Ophir (3348, 3351) ; Negri Sembilan, Gu-
nong Angsi (Ridley); Perak, Larut Hills at 4000 feet
(Scortechini 230, 4372), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s
Coll. 8044) ; Penang Hill; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ;
. Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Malay isles.
S. ensifolia Swartz. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley
6033, 6028); Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Penang
Hill. Distrib. Africa, India, Polynesia, Australia.
Se. heterophylla Dry. L. Finlaysoniana Wall. No. 2197.
Singapore, Pulau Brani (Hullett) ; Malacca (Robertson)
fide Hooker. Not to be found now, perhaps a garden
escape. Distrib. Mauritius, India, Malay isles, Hong-
: kong. .
Se. media Br. Singapore, Pulau Brani (Hullett). Lost like
the last. Distrib. Tropical Australia.
Sc. cordata Gaud. “Malay Peninsula” (fide Beddome).
Distrib. New Guinea and Rawak.
R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908.
22 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,
Sc. Gueriniana Gaud. Malacca (fide Beddome). Distrib.
Eastern Malay islands. I have seen no specimens of
these last two.
ADIANTUM.
A. caudatum L. Perak, Bukit Kupayiang, Sungei Siput
(Ridley), Gunong Tundok (King’s Coll. 8351) ; Selan-
gor, Limestone rocks, Batu Caves (ee 8142). Dissie%
trib. Tropics of Old World.
flabellulatum L. Singapore, Pulau Ubin, on rocks near
the sea (Ridley 865), Road side near Changi, a flaccid
form on shady banks (Ridley 2680); Malacca, Cape
Rachado (Hervey). Distrib. Eastern tropics.
A. Capillus-veneris L. - Kedah, Pulau Songsong, an island
off the Kedah coast, on rocks by the sea (Ridley 5155).
Distrib. Whole World.
A. aethiopicum L. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley 2173) -
rocky banks of the river; Penang (Curtis); Malacca .
(Bishop Hose). Distrib. Africa and South America.
A. lunulatum Burm. Penang, Banks by the road side at
Balik Pulau (Ridley 9416) apparently an escape from
cultivation; Lankawi (W. Fox). Distrib. Africa, Indo- ~
_ Malaya, South America.
. stenochlamys Bak. Singapore, Graves in the old cemetery
(Ridley) ; Malacca, Walls of the old chapel. Distrib.
Borneo.
es
pe
CHEILANTHES.
Ch. tenuifolia Sw. “ Paku Telor Belankas,’ “ Paku Resam
Padi,” “ P. Resam Lumut,’ common on dry banks, ete.
Singapore, Pulau Ubin, Sungei Brih (Ridley), also col-
lected here by Norris, Seemann and Wallich; Malacca,
Ayer Keroh, Kesang; Negri Sembilan, Seremban;
Penang, Penara Bukit, Pulau Tikus; Prov. Wellesley,
Tasek Gelugur (Ridley). Distrib. India to Australia
and New Zealand. |
Jour. Straits Branch
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 23
HYPOLEPIS,
H. punctata Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5015).
PTERIS.
Pt. longifolia, L. Common on walls and dry spots, “ Paku
Uban Bukit.” Singapore, on the aqueduct near the
Reservoir, etc.; Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley) ; Malacca,
on the old chapel, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Selangor, Batu
Caves (Ridley 8145); Perak, Kuala Dipang (Ridley
9549), Bukit Kupayiang, Sungei Siput (Ridley) ;
Penang (Ridley 7079); Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado).
Distrib. Whole World.
Pt. cretica L. Rather rare, usually a nea: grey form.
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley, Hullett) ; Perak, Upper
Perak (Wray 3699); Penang Hill (Hullett) ; Lankawi,
- Gunong Rayah (Curtis 3381) ; Selangor, Pahang Track
(Ridley). Distrib. Europe, Africa, Asia and America.
P. Grevilleana Wall. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 2163) ; Perak,
Tambuan near Ipoh (Ridley). Distrib. India.
Pt. ensiformis Burm. Common in dry spots, sometimes in
burnt up lalang fields, “ Paku Padang.” Singapore,
Garden Tanglin, Bukit Timah (Ridley), Pulau Ubin
(Murton); Johor, Tanjong Bunga (Ridley 6549) ;
Malacca, Bukit Panchur (Cantley), Selandau, Sungei
Udang (Derry); Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Ridley
9877); Penang (Bishop Hose); Kedah (King’s Coll.
1744) ; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado).
var. A very stunted tufted plant growing between
stones in streams on Gunong Mering, Ophir (Ridley
3340) and on Kedah Peak at 3000 feet altitude (Ridley
5165). Distrib. Type Indo-China, Australia,
Pt. semipinnata L. “ Paku medang,’ “ Paku Pelandok.”
Malacca, Alor Gajah (Hervey); Pahang, near Pekan
(Ridley) ; Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley. 1888) 5
Sungei Ujong (var. dispar) * (Hallett) : ; Perak, Upper
R. A. Soc., No, 50, 1908.
24 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
Perak (Wray 3528); Kinta River (King’s Collector
830). Distrib. Malaya, Chino-Japan.
Pt. Dalhousiae Hook. Perhaps only a fine form of Pt. semi-
pinnata. It was first found by Lady Dalhousie in
Penang, but was not seen there again till it was redis-
covered by Mr, Curtis on rocks, near Mt. Erskine where
the original Government house was, and where doubtless
Lady Dalhousie found it. Malacca, Hulu Belangkas
(Derry 1082), Bukit Besar, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9867) ;
Selangor, Langat (Ridley 1681); Penang (lady Dal-
housie), Penara Bukit (Curtis 635, Ridley T2700).
Endemice.
Pt, quadrianuita Retz. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Rid-
ley); Johor, Batu Pahat, Patani (Ridley); Malacca,
Pulau Undan (Cantley), Bukit Panchur; Selangor, Batu
Caves (Ridley 8153), Petaling; Perak, Tambun, Ipoh
(Ridley 9543), Goping (King’s Coll. 524). Distrib. all
the tropics,
Pt. patens Hook. anc (Hervey); Selangor, Caves,
Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 8640) and 15th mile Pahang
Track; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3706); Lankawi,
Foot of Gunong Raya (Fox). Distrib. Indo-Malaya,
Polynesia.
Pt. longipinnula Wall. Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3741).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
Pt. aquilina L. Common all over the Peninsula, usually in
sandy soil, from the plains to 1000 feet elevation or more.
The most remarkable forms are a very pubescent one.
Selangor, Bukit Kutu (7837) and a variety with very
long pinnules found in Malacca by Mr. Hardy. Distrib.
the whole world.
CAMPTERIA.
C. biaurita Lu. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley) ; Din-
dings, Bruas (Ridley 7268) ; ; Penang, Penara Bukit
(Ridley 6946). Distrib. Tropics old world.
Jour, Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 25
DORYOPTERIS,
D. ludens Wall. Selangor, Limestone rocks at the Caves
(Ridley 8135) ; Perak, Batu Kurau (Scortechini 507).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
The Selangor form is a very curious one with thick
ovate cordate quite obtuse sterile fronds and all the
pinnules of the fertile ones narrow and entire.
LITOBROCHIA.
L. incisa Thunb. Singapore, Tanglin, Holland Road; Johor,
Tanjong Kupang (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini 471),
Larut (King’s Coll. 2363, Scortechini 102, 419), Max-
well’s Hill abundant.
var. integrifolia. Grows with the ordinary form on
Maxwell’s Hill. Distrib. all tropics.
L. marginata Bory. Malacca (fide Beddome); Selangor,
Batu Caves, Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 8146), Bukit Kutu
(Ridley 7836). Distrib. Africa, Asia, Australia,
Polynesia. :
CERATOPTERIS.
C. thalictroides L. In ditches. This plant has a habit of
disappearing altogether at certain times of the year and
reappearing in abundance. Singapore, Gardens, Ang
- Mo Kio, Seletar, Changi (Ridley 4227) ; Pahang, Pekan
(Ridley 1509) ; Malacca (Hervey) ; Selangor, Bukit Bin-
tang (Goodenough) ; Penang, Tanjong Bunga (Curtis) ;
Kelantan, Kamposa (Ridley) ; ; Lankawi isles (Curtis).
Distrib. whole world tropics.
LOMARIA.
L. procera var vestita. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (3-4000
feet) (King’s Coll. 8065).
R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908.
26 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
PLAGIOGYRIA.
P. pycnophylia Kze. Larut 5-5500 feet alt. near top of
Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 7324). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya.
P. euphlebia Kze. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Wray tus) Dis-
trib. India, Japan, Australia.
BLECHNEAE.
BLECHNUM.
B. serrulatum Rich. Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley
- 10917);-Malacca (Hervey), Ching (Derry); Pahang,
Pekan (Ridley 2160a). Distrib. Malaya, Australia,
America. )
B. orientale L. Very common in open country “ Paku Ular,”
Paku Ikan.” Singapore, Tanglin, Bukit Timah; Johor,
Batu Pahat, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 3750); Malacca,
Pulau Besar; Negri Boaaae Bukit Berumbang (Cant
ley), Seremban (Ridley 9 875) ; Penang Hill (Ridley).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia.
B. Finlaysonianum Wall. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Rid-
ley 6121), Reservoir Woods (Ridley 4821); Malacca,
Sungei Hudang (Derry); Selangor, 15th mile Pahang
Track (Ridley 8656); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley).
Endemic.
SADLERIA.
S. cyatheoides, Kaulf. Perak (Day) fide Beddome.
ASPLENTEAE.
THAMNOPTERIS.
Th. nidus lL. Common everywhere on trees. The bird’s
nest fern. It is supposed to be the home of the demon
known as the Langsuir. There are several forms.
Jour. Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY,PENINSULA. Zt
var. musaefolia Mett. The form with long broad
leaves, 6 feet or more long a foot wide.
var. phyllitidis Don. Leaves narrow 2- feet long
2-3 inches wide. A crested form also occurs. JDis-
trib. Indo-Malaya, Mascarenes.
ASPLENIUM.
A. Scortechini Bedd. Perak (Scortechini 128), Maxwell’s
Hill (Ridley 5186). Endemic.
A. Mactieri Bedd. Penang (Mactier) (fide Beddome) not
seen.
A. squamulatum Bl. On rocks and stumps in wet woods com-
mon, bulbiferous at the extremity of the fronds. Sing-
apore, Bukit Timah on rocks, Chua Chu Kang, etce.;
Johor, Batu Pahat, Hadji Senawi (Ridley 10964), a
curious branched form, Tanjong Kupang; Perak, Larut
(King’s Coll. 6320), Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley). Distrib.
, Malay islands.
A. normale Don. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2705). Dis-
trib. India, China.
A. subavenium, Hook. Penang (Beddome). Distrib. Mada-
gascar.
A. amboinense Willd. Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini). Dis-
trib. Malay isles.
A. longissimum Bl. On trees and rocks not rare. Singapore,
Mandai (Ridley 10930), Bukit Timah abundant
(10810), Tanglin on trees in the Gardens; Prov. Welles-
ley, Bukit Panchur (Native Collector) ; Pahang, Pekan
(Ridley) ; Malacca (Hervey), St. John’s Hill (Derry) ;
Dindings, Bruas (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll.
2550). Distrib. Mascarene isles, Indo-Malaya.
A, Wightianum Wall. On rocks. Sungei Ujong (Hullett) ;
Perak (King’s Coll. 8130, 10959). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya,
RB, A. Soc, No. 50, 1908,
28
pK.
ae
po
A.
as
a
aN
ay
ay
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
sumatrana Hook. On rocks. Johor, Batu Pahat (Rid-
ley 11067); Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7841) ;
Dindings, Pangkor (Ridley); Penang, Penara Bukit
(Ridley 7074). Distrib. Malaya.
. tenerum Forst. On trees and rocks. Singapore, Bukit
Timah, Ang Mo Kio (Ridley); Johor, Batu Pahat; _
Pahang, Pulau Tawar (Ridley) ; Selangor, Pahang Track
(Ridley), Gunong Hitam ( Goodenough), Bukit Rutu
(Ridley 7847); Perak (Scortechini) ; Penang, Govern-—
ment Hill. Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya, Polynesia.
. lunulatum Sw. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley), Gunong
Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8048). Distrib. India.
boneense Hook. Perak, Bujong Malacea (Curtis 3312, -
Ridley 9553), Larut (King’s Coll. 1998). Distrib.
Malaya. :
hirtum Waulf. Pahang, Tahan (Ridley); Penang,
Government Hill. Distrib. Indo-China, a Poly-
nesia.
.falcatum Lam. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hullett). Dis-
trib. Africa, India, Australia.
macrophyllum Sw. Rocks and trees. Singapore, Pulau
Ubin (Kunstler), Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Timah; Selangor, Batu Caves; Negri Sembilan, Per-
hentian Tinggi; Prov. Wellesley, Bukit Panchur; Perak
(Scortechini 1079); Penang, Bukit Erskine (Curtis) F
Balik Pulau (Ridley). Distrib. of the last.
. caudatum Forst. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2351), Caul-
field’s Hill (Scortechini 390). Distrib. Africa, India,
Australia, S. America.
. dimidiatum, Sw. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 432).
Distrib. W. Indies.
. cuneatum Lam. Perak (Scortechini), Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9546). Distrib. all the tropics.
. melanophyllum Scort. Perak, Gunong -Bubu (King’s
Coll. 7403). Endemic.
Jour. Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 29
A. paradorum Bl. Penang (fide Beddome) ; Perak, Kinta
(King’s Coll. 7164). Distrib. Malaya.
A. heterocar pum, Wall. Sungei ee (Hullett). Distrib.
India, China, Malaya.
A nitidum Sw. On rocks and trees. Singapore, Bukit
- Timah; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett), Hadji Senawi,
Batu Pahat (Ridley 10965); Pahang, Tahan River,
Pulau Tioman; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8144) ;
Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 8180) var. obtusatum.
Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya.
A, unilaterale Lam. A. resectum Hook. Pahang, Jahan
River (Ridley); Malacca, Jeram Nyalas (Derry) ; ; Se-
langor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8286, 8649), 15 mile Pahang
Track : Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1010), Thai-
ping Cottage (Hervey). Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya,
Japan Polynesia. ;
A. Belangert Kze. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Scortechini,
Eteryey); —Penans, Goyermment Hill- (Fox). Distrib.
Malaya.
A.bulbiferum Forst. Penang (fide Beddome probably culti--
vated). a
ATHYRIUM.
A. Ridley, Christ. Malacca, Bukit Besar, Ophir (Ridley
9866). Endemic.
De ae,
D. subserratum Bl. Hills at about 3000 feet elevation.
Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill
_ (Ridley); Penang Hill. Distrib. Java. ;
D. larutense, Bedd. Larut (King’s Collection oe Hn-
demic.
D. pallidum Bl. Singapore, Toas (Ridley) ; Pahane , Tahan
River (Ridley 2167) ; Sungei Ujong (Hulett). Distrib.
Burmah to Malaya.
R. A, Soc., No, 50, 1908,
30
D.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
porrectum Wall. Common in woods “ Paku Naga.”
Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 4399), Holland
Road (5700), Reservoir Woods, Garden Jungle; Johor,
Batu Pahat (Ridley 10978), Gunong Pulai (3751) ;
Malcaca, Batu Tiga (Derry 985), Ayer Panas (Derry
16); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan,
Gunong Angsi (Ridley 9868), Sungei Ujong (Hullett) ;
Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley 8648); Perak, Larut
(King’s Coll. 2255), Ulu Kul (10503) and Batang
Padang; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib.
Malaya. |
. sylvaticum Presl. Singapore (Hullett) ; Pahang, Tahan
River (Ridley 5818); Malacca, Ayer Panas (Hervey) ;
Selangor, Batu Caves, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7844) ; Perak,
Kinta (King’s Coll. 7146), Thaiping (Scortechini),
Maxwell’s Hill (Fox) ; Penang Hill (Hullett). Distrib.
Africa Indo-Malaya.
. bantamense Bl. var. Prescottianum. Singapore (Hul-
lett) ; Malacca, Ayer Keroh and Ayer Panas (Ridley) ;
Selangor, Ginting Peras (Ridley 7031); Perak, Max-
well’s Hill (Fox), Larut (King’s Coll. 2698) ; Penang
Hill. Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China.
. speciosum Mett. D. acuminatum Bl. “ Paku Kijang.”
Singapore, Serangoon Road (Ridley 8937), Garden
Jungle, Stag Mount (11271), Reservoir Woods (12202) ;
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12130); Malacca, Ayer
Panas (Derry); Selangor, Batu Caves; Dindings, Gu-
nong Tungul (Ridley 7271); Kedah, Gunong Jerai
(Ridley 5166). Distrib. India.
. tomentosum Hook. In woods, terrestrial, “ Paku Binet.”
Singapore, Bukit Timah; Pahang, Tahan River; Se-
langor, Labu River, Petaling, Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu
(Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 658),
Thaiping Hills (King’s Coll. 11428). Distrib. Burma,
Malaya.
. chlorophyllum Bak. Penang (Curtis). Endemic.
Jour, Straits Branck,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 31
D. sorzogonense Presl. Singapore, Selitar (Ridley 6557) ;
Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley); Perak, Larut (King’s
Coll. 2532), Kinta (King’s Coll. 7151), Thaiping
- (Scortechint). oes
var. major Bedd. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll.
7403). Distrib. Malaya,
D. asperum Bl. D. polypodioides. var. asperum. Malacca
(Hervey); Perak (Scortechini), Ulu Bubong (King’s
Coll. 10849).
var. polypodioides. Pahang, Kuala Tahan (Ridley
2400); Penang abundant (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya.
D. latifolium Don. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid-
ley 8652); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2214, 2346),
Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll. 8420). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya, Austraha.
ANISOGONIUM.
A. lineolatum Mett. Perak (Scortechini), Gunong Batu
Putih (King’s Coll. 8026); Penang Hill (Hullett).
Distrib. Malaya. :
A. cordifolium Mett. Woods, terrestrial, * Paku Tunjok
Langit.” Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5867) ;
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur; Negri Sembilan, Kupaiyiang
(Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2711),
Cottage, Thaiping Hills (Hervey). Distrib. Malaya.
A. decussatum Sw. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Gunong
Hijau (Ridley), Birch’s Hill (Day). Distrib. Malaya.
A. esculentum. “ Paku Anjing.” Common on stream banks,
leaves eaten as spinach. Singapore, Stream along Bukit
Timah Road; Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley 7863) ;
Pahang, Pulau Manis (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan, Serem-
ban; Perak (Scortechini 437). Distrib. Indo-Malaya,
China.
R.A, Soc., No. 50, 1908,
32 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 3
~ ASPIDIEAE. Hs aa
DIDYMOCHLAENA.
D. lunulata Desy. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Rid-
ley 8659) ; Perak, Gunong Chey at 2600 feet (Murton),
Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9538), Thaiping Hills —
(Scortechini, Ridley). Distrib. Burma, Malaya, Mas-
- carene, Polynesia, America. as
MESOCGHLAENA.
M. polycarpa Bl. Woods “ Paku Surai.” Singapore, Bukit
Timah (Ridley 1658); Pahang, Pulau Padang (Ridley
2401). and Tahan River (2396) ; Negri Sembilan, Bukit
Sumaiyiang (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Thaiping (Scorte-
chini 464), Goping (King’s Coll.- 371) and Gunong
Bintang (243). Distrib. Malaya.
POLYSTICHUM.
P. semicordatum Sw. Pahang, Tanjong Antan, Pahang
River (Ridley); Perak, Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll.
8282). Distrib. Malaya, Burma, Tropical America,
_ P. aculeatum var. biaristatum Sw. Perak, Larut 2500 to
3000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 6258); Penang, Richmond
Pool. Distrib. of type whole world.
ASPIDIUM.
A. singaporianum Wall. Woods common, “Paku Todak, Paku
Biawak, Paku Murak.” Singapore, Bukit Timah, Chua
Chu Kang, ete. (Ridley); Pahang, Tahan River;
Malacca, Jasin, Sungei Hudang (Derry) ; Sungei Ujong,
Bukit Sulu, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s Coll.) ;
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis), Bukit Kudah (Rid-
ley) ; Perak, Ipoh; Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; Penang
Hill. Distrib. Malaya.
Jour, Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 33s
A. Kunstleri Bedd. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 405).
Hndemie.
A tricuspe Bedd. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 975).
2 Endemic. | Agee
A. vestum Bl. Woods “ Paku Jari.” Johor, Batu Pahat
~ (Ridley 10669); Pahang, Tembeling River (Ridley
2399); Selangor, Batu Tiga, Batu Caves (Ridley) ;
Perak, Kota Bahru (King’s Coll. 382) ; Penang (Bishop
Hose). Distrib. India, Malaya.
A. angulatum Sm. Singapore, Bukit Timah (King’s Coll.
342), Bukit Panjang (Ridley 12534); Perak (Scorte-
chini), Goping (King’s Coll. 580, 586). :
A. semibipinnatum Wall. In tidal river mud. Johor,
Castlewood (Ridley 12225), Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ;
Muar, Sungei Segal (Ridley 12278); Perak (Scorte-
-chini) ; Penang (fide Beddome). Distrib. Malaya,
A. subtriphyllum, Hook. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 4713),
Tambun near Ipoh (Ridley 9542).
A. variolosum Wall. Singapore, Bajau (Ridley 2419), Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah (9566, 8939); Johor, Gunong
Pulai (Ridley 12129); Selangor, Bukit Kudah (Ridley
1684), Batu Caves (8148), Langat (1685); Perak, Go-
ping (King’s Coll. 5908) ; Penang (King’s Coll. 4862),
_ Waterfall (Curtis 1608). Distrib. India.
A. polymorphum, Wall. “Paku Kikir.’ Selangor, Kuala
, Lumpur (Ridley 2409) ; Sungei Ujong (Hullett), Bukit
Sulu (Cantley’s Coll.); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll.
2289, 2395). Distrib. Africa, India, Malay isles.
A. repandum Willd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 6305).
Distrib. Malaya.
A. pachyphyllum WKze. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1816,
2347), Maxwell’s Hill (Scort. 218, 493). Distrib.
Malaya. 2
R. A, Soc., No, 40, 1908,
we)
34
A,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
decurrens Presl. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9535) ;
Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado).” Distrib. India, Malaya, —
China, Polynesia.
. cicutarium Sw. Woods, “ Paku Larat,” “ Paku Sagala,”
“Paku Tembaga.” Singapore, Bukit Timah, Pulau
Ubin (Ridley 4396); Johor, Batu Pahat ’(Ridley
10976)); Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Sungei Ujong,
Bukit Payong, Bukit Danan (Cantley). Distrib. all
tropical countries.
_ multicaudatum Wall. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2297),
Upper Perak (Wray 3604).
ternatum Bak. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Distrib.
Borneo. :
PLEOCNEMIA.
. membranifolia Presl. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley —
8149) ; Pahang, T'ahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Goping
(King’s Coll. 5871). Distrib. India.
. membranacea Hook. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8140,
8136, 8643); Perak Scortechin1). Distrib. Malaya,
China.
. Lenzeana Hook. Singapore, Cran Valley, Bukit Timah
(Matthew) ; Malacca (Cantley) ; Perak, Larut (King’s —
Coll. 2093), Goping (720). Distrib. Indo-Malaya,
China, Australia.
. gigantea Bl. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridiea: Zi Negri
Sembilan, Tampin (Goodenough) ; Penang, a Bu-
tong (Curtis 3401).
. megalocarpa Hook. Perak, Larut 2-3000 feet alt. (King’s
Coll. 2236). Distrib. Java.
LASTREA.
. gracilescens Bl. Rare. Perak (Scortechint). Distrib.
India, China, Malaya.
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 35
L.-immersa Bl. In Woods. Pahang, Kuala Tahan (Rid-
ley) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7848) at the Batu
_ Caves and on the Tras route (8658) ; Perak, Batu Gajah,
- Kul (King’s Coll. 10502). Distrib. Malay islands.
L. calcarata Bl. Hill woods. Pahang, Tahan River (Rid-
7 ley). wee
var. sericea. Larut (King’s Collector 1571).
var. ciliata. Wedah, at Yan (Ridley 5161). Distrib.
oe 2 India. |
LT. (Dryopteris) Ridleyi Christ. Perak, Bujong Malacca
: (Ridley 9600) ; Pahang, Kuala Tahan; Malacca, Base of
- Mt. Ophir; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7849).
This plant was identified first as LZ. viscosa by Dr.
Christ, later he distinguishes it as a species. It much
resembles L. calcarata in many points. ‘The first number
quoted is that of the type. ‘The other plants seem to me
to be identical with it.
L. unidentata Bedd. Perak, Gunong Bubu (King’s Coll.
10.) Pndenuc=
ie ‘helypteris Desv. Rare. pike Tea Gardens (Ridley
3058). Distrib. Europe, Asia, S. Africa, New Zealand.
L. crassifolia Bl. Common “Paku Knau.” Singapore,
Sungei Morai (Ridley 4397), Bukit Panjang (12532) ;
Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 6556) ; Malacca, Sungei
Hudang (Goodenough), Ulu Bumban (Hervey), Gunong
Mering, Ophir (Ridley 3335); Pahang, Kota Glanggi
(Ridley 2159) ; Selangor, Pahang Track ‘(Ridley 8654) 5
Perak, Larut (King? s Coll. 8814), Maxwell’s Hill (Scor-
techini 221); Penang (Ridley).
L. ochthodes Kze. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley
—. 9843); Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley 9579).
L. Dayi Bedd. Singapore (Bishop Hose) ; Penang (Mat-
thew) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Day, Kunstler 2126).
“ndemic. *- |
L. singalanensis Bak. Perak, Thaiping (Ixing’s Coll. 3520,
8520). _
R, A, Soc., No, 50, 1908,
~ +
36
ch
im
Ll. s
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
fuscipes Wall. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 5874) ;
Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll. 8742), Upper Perak
(Wray 3712). Distrib, Burma, Malaya.
padangensis Beddome. River bank close to water’s edge.
Perak, Batang Padang, Padang River (King’s Coll.).
Endemic.
syrmatica Willd. ee Goping (King’s Coll. 8178);
- Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
. tenericaulis Wall. Penang (King’s Coll. 1493); Sing-
apore, established in Tanglin. Distrib. India, China,
Australia. — |
. intermedia Bl. Perak:(Day) ; Penang (Curtis).
var. Blumet. Perak Cee or Larut (King’s
Coll. 6952).
. megaphylla Bak. Perak, Larut at 3000 feet alt. a gS
Coll. 2822, 6952, 2822).
N EPHRODIUM.
. unitum lL. Damp spots, “ Paku Hudang.” Singapore,
Selitar (Ridley 4394), Galang (4392) ; ° Malacca, Ayer
Panas; Perak, at sea level (Day, King). Distrib. All
tropics.
‘ pteroides Retz. NV sierminans Wall. Singapore, Bukit
Timah; Johor, Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10973) ;
Dindings, Pulau Sembilan (Ridley 3145) ; Perak, Max-
well’s Hill (Ridley 5187); Lankawi (Ridley 8346).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
. extensum Bl. Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib, Indo-
Malaya.
. cucullatum Bl. Singapore, behind the General Hospital
(Ridley), Chan Chu Kang, Changi 3596a, 2602) ;
Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Negri Sembilan, Seremban
(Ridley 9873). Distrib, Mascarene, Indo-Malaya, Poly-
nesia, 3
Jour. Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 37
N. aridum Don. Singapore, Jurong, Kranji (Ridley),
Green Hill (Hullett); Johor, Castlewood (Ridley) ;
Pahang, Pekan ee Perak (King 1025). Distrib,
India.
N. glandulosum Hook. Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll.
8660). Distrib. Java. 3
N. lineatum Bl. Perak (Day, Scortechini, King’s Coll.
497). Distrib. Malaya.
N. urophyllum Wall. Common in woods, “ Paku Gajah,” ©
“Paku Merah.” Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley
5870); Malacca, Bukit Besar, Mt. Ophir (Ridley),
Bukit Bruang (Derry 681); Pahang, Temerloh, Kota
Glanggi, Tahan River (Ridley 2398); Sungei Ujong,
Bukit Danan (Cantley’s Coll.), Bukit Putus (Ridley) ;
Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley 8154), Ginting Bidai
(7839) ; Perak, Slim (King’s Coll.), Upper Perak (Wray
3592); Penang Hill (Ridley) ; Lankawi, Gunong Raya
(Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
var. Pinwillei. Malacca (Pinwill) ; Perak (Day).
N. moulmeinense Bedd. Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley
12123).
N. costatum Wall. Polypodium penangianum Hook. Pe-
nang (Beddome). Distrib, India.
NV. pennigerum Bl. Singapore, Rifle Range (Ridley) ; Johor,
Pinerong (Cantley); Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley
7861); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 237); Pe-
nang Hill (Hullett).
var. Malayense. Perak (Scortechini, Day, King’s
Coll. 2360). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Africa.
N. molle Desy. Singapore, common Selitar (Ridley 4395),
Chan Chu Kang (6120), Bukit Timah (5893), Changi
(6037), Pulau Brani (Hullett); Johor, Castlewood
(Ridley) ; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7854) ; Perak,
. Ula Bubong (King’s Coll. 10127), Ulu Kerling (8657 ys
Penang (King’s Coll. 1570). Distrib. whole world.
R. A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908.
38
N.
N
a .
NN.
NV.
NV.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
U
amboinense Presl. Singapore, Green Hill (Hullett) ;
Pahang, Khol, Tembeling River (Ridley); Selangor,
Dusun Tua; Perak, Telok Pinang (Ridley 539), Bernam
River (King 8800). Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
tectum ( Wall.) Singapore (Wallich 394 and 354 sate
Bukit Timah (Ridley 9567) ; Perak, Ulu Kerling Hong
86507), Ulu Bubang (10157? 1205, 8757).
. crinipes Hook. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll. et
Distrib. India,
. feroxr Moore. Hill forests. Selangor, Ginting Peras
(7854) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 4064) ; Penang Hill
(Ridley 7080). Distrib. India, Malaya. |
. hidleyi Christ. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track
(Ridley 8655) ; Perak, ‘Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9536).
Endemie. This very closely resembles NV. feroz.
. truncatum Presl. Singapore, Sungei Jurong (Ridley
10774); Johor, Batu Pahat; Selangor, Batu Caves
Ridley 8137); Perak, Telok Pinang (Ridley 9540) and
Tambun (9544), Goping (King’s Coll 556), Maxwell’s
Hill (Seortechini) ; Penang, Waterfall (Curtis).
var. subintegra Christ.. Penang (Ridley 10136).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia. .
_ brachyodon Hook. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini —
221), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9537). Distrib. West
Indies and Peru.
sakayense Zeiller— Perak, Valley of Kiang River near
Riam Mountain (Scortechini). Endemic.
heterocarpn Bl. Singapore, Green Hill (Hulett) ; 5
Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 9869) ;
Perak, Larut (Scortechini, King’s Coll, 6345) ; Penang
Hill (Ridley 9225).
larutense Bedd. Selangor, Rawang (Ridley 7850), 15th
mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8632) 5 Perak (Day, King’s
Coll. 850, 2398).
Jour. Straits Branch:
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, soo
IN, Roncnstines Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 2046).
Endemic.
N. perakense Bedd. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Birch’s Hill
(Day). Endemic.
N. Haenkeanum Presl. Singapore, Bukit Mandai (Ridley
1655), Bukit Timah (Matthew).
NEPHROLEPIS.
N. exaltata L. Very common in open country. “ Paku
Pinang.” Singapore, Holland Road, Ang Mo Kio (Rid-
ley) ; Malacca, Pulau Besar, Lubok Kedondong, St.
John’s Hill (Ridley) ; ; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley,
a curious crested form) ; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley
9607), Larut (King’s Coll. 5220); Penang Hill (Ridley
7038). |
var. hirsutula. Singapore, Tanglin; Malacca (Her-
vey). So eae ee
var. pilosula. Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley
2408). Distrib. Tropics of old world.
_ N.volubilis Smith. “ Paku Baging,” “ Paku Racha,” “ Paku
: _ Mrah,” “ Paku Ningek.” Climbing on trees in damp
spots. Singapore, Rochor, Sungei Morai (Ridley 4405) ;
Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley) ; Malacca, Ayer Keroh,
Jus (Goodenough) ; Perak, Batu Kurau (Curtis) ; Din-
dings, Pulau Sembilan (Ridley) ; 'Tringanu, Bundi (Ros-
tado); Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Distrib. India,
Malaya. é =
NN. acuta Presl. Johor, Tanjong Kupang; Pahang, Tahan
River (Ridley 2373); Selangor, Batu Caves; Perak
(Wray 2826, King’s Coll. 165, 4955).
var. lancifolia Christ. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Ridley
2422). Distrib, Africa, India.
N. davallioides Kze. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley) ;
Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini), Larut (King’s Collectors
6325 and 5007). Distrib. Java.
R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908.
40 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
OLEANDRA.
O. neriiformis Cav. Common from 3000 feet and upwards.
Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Ridley
1832), Ulu Semangko; Perak, Ulu Batang Padang
(Wray 1601), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey, Wray,
etc.) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (forming dense thickets)
(Ridley) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. India, America. .
O. Cumingii Sm. Kedah Peak (Ridley 5172) with the
variety longipes. Distrib. Burmah, China, Malaya.
O. musaefolia Kze. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. India.
POLYPODIEAE.
PHEGOPTERIS.
P. punctatum, Thunb. “ Paku Resam Paya.” Fronds used
for poulticing boils. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley
7867); Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5015, Scortechimi),
Caulfield’s Hill (Scortechini 396), -Maxwell’s Hill
(Fox); Malacca, Bukit Kanding (Cantley’s Coll.) ;
Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley 9470). Distrib. Tropics
and subtropics. :
P. King Bedd. Perak, Larut (King’s Collector 2250).
Endemic. ;
P. laserpitiifolia Scort. Perak (Scortechini, King’s Coll.
2208). Endemic, 7
DicTYOPTERIS.
~
D, Barberi Hook. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit »
Timah (Ridley 10778) ; Malacca (Beddome) ; Selangor,
Rawang (Ridley 7840). Distrib. Malaya.
D. difformis Bl. “ Paku Siar.” Malacca (Hervey); Pa-
hang, Tanjong Antan, Pahang River (Ridley); Negri
Sembilan, Seremban (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Selangor, 15th
mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8631) ; Perak Ce
Distrib. Burma, Malaya.
Jour. Straits: Branch
re
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 44
: polycarpa “Mett. Malacca (fide Beddome) who says how-
ever he has not seen this species and doubts if there is a
specimen in Europe. (Dictyopteris heterosora Baker is
Aspidium vastum). .
POLYPODIUM.
§ 1. Fronds entire.
. parasiticum Mett. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett); Pe-
nang Hill (Fox). Distrib. India.
. subevenosum Bak. Johor, Gunong Pulai; Gunong Pantai
(Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Ridley 8961) ;
Pahang, River Ban wee (Ridley) ; Perak (Scorte-
chini) Endemic.
. hirtellum, Bl. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering (Rid-
ley 3354) ; Perak (Scortechini), Tea Gardens, Thaiping
Hill (Ridley), Gunong Brumber; Pahang (Wray 1553).
Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya.
. sessilifolium Hook. Penang Hill (Ridley 10172, 7134).
Distrib. Malaya.
. universe Bak. Richmond el (Matthew) ; Penang (Cur-
tis). Endemic.
. Ridleyi Christ. A very small plant with entire fronds thin
- and undulate when dry; on knots on Baccaurea parviflora
on Gunong Pulai, Johor (Ridley 12136).
. adspersum Bl. Singapore (Lobb), probably wrongly local-
- ised.
. setigerum Bl. Singapore (Moore’s Herbarium).
8
§ 2. Fronds lobed.
. trichomanoides Sw. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Mering (Ridley
9863) “forma fronde elabra, soris subterminalibus ”
(Christ) ; Selangor, Hulu Semangkok (Ridley 12035).
Distrib. India, Africa.
A. Soc., No. 50, 1908,
42 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
P. cucullatum Nees. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett) ; Pohanke
Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Rid- =
ley 7877) ; Perak Bujong Malacca on rocks in a stream
(Ridley 9612). Distrib. Ceylon.
P. triangulare Scort. Perak (Scortechini), Ganong Batu
Putih (Wray 294). Endemic.
P. cornigerum Bak. Perak, Thaiping Hills, aoe Hine
(Day, Scortechini). Distrib. Ceylon. |
P. streptophyllum Bak. Singapore (Murton) not seen since.
P. Khasyanum Hook. Johor, Gunong —Pulai (Hullett) ; ad
Perak at 4000 feet alt. (Day). Distrib. India.
P, obliquatum Bl. Perak, Larut at 3-3500 feet alt. (King’s
Coll. 2094), Thaiping Fills (Scortechini, Hees
Distrib. India.
P. nutans Bl. Malacca, Mt. Ophir on trees (Moazer Her-
barium). Distrib. J ava.
P. subfaicatum Bl. Perak, at 3-4000 feet (Scortechini, Day).
Distrib. India.
P. decorum Brack. On trees in mangrove swamps, and on ~
mountain tops. Singapore, Kranji. (Ridley); Johor,
Gunong Panti, Gunong Pulai, (Ridley 3704) and Tan-
jong Bunga; Malacca, Mt. Ophir, and Gunong Mering
(Ridley 3342 and 3343) : Perak, Gunong Keledang
(Ridley 9558); Penang Hill; Kedah Peak (Ridley).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia.
P. malaccanum Baker. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Mering
(Ridley 3345), Gunong Ledang (9884). _ Endemic.
P. fuscatum Bl. Perak (Scortechini), Gunong Bubu —
(Wray) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley). ay |
P. alternidens Cesati. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9862) ;
Perak, Thaiping Hills, Tea Gardens (Ridley). Distrib.
Borneo.
P. subpinnatifidum Bl. Perak, Gunong Kerbau ie Mor-
- gan). Distrib. Java, Polynesia.
Jour. Straits Branch.
N.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 43
. papillosum Bl. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1994), Gu-
nong Haram Parah (Scortechini 665), Kinta on lme-
stone rocks 500 to 1000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 7206).
“Distrib. Malaya.
. tenuisectum Bl. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Java.
GONIOPHLEBIUM.
. subauriculatum Bl. Perak (Scortechini) ; Selangor, Se-
mangkok Pass (Ridley 12033, differs in its pinnules
‘being sessile and somewhat decurrent). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya, Australia.
. verrucosum Wall. Common in open country. Singapore,
Pasir Panjang, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3597a) ; Johor,
Gunong Pulai (Hullett); Selangor, Dusun Tua, Batu
Caves (Ridley 8138) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 5559),
Sungei Raya (Iing’s Coll. 965), Thaiping Hills Cottage
(Hervey) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Malaya.
. Korthalsi Mett.. Perak, Larut on trees (King’s Coll.
2943), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Hervey) ; Penang Hill
22
NIPHOBOLUS.
adnascens Sw. “ Sakat Batu” on rocks and trees. Sing-
apore, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 9510), Changi Beach (4347) ;
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Malacca, Pulan Undan
(Cantley’s Coll.), Ayer Keroh; Dindings, Lumut (Ridley
10145) ; Perak, Harum Parah (Scortechini 844), Kamu-
ning (Machado) ; Penang Hill (Ridley).
var. longifolius. Perak, Thaiping (King’s Coll. 8336).
Distrib. Africa, India, Malaya, China, Polynesia.
. acrostichoides Sw. Common on trees in open country.
Singapore, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6684) ;
Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley), Jambu Larang (Fielding) ;
Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Pahang, Kuala Pahang; Perak,
Gunone Batu Putih (Wray Bes Distrib. Burmah.
R. A. Soe., No. 60, 1908,
a
44. FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
NV, aes Mett. Perak, Kuala ‘Dipang (Kings Coll.
75). Distrib. India.
N. Gee Sw. Perak, Gunong Pondok (King’s Coll.
8361), Batu Kurau (Scortechini). Distrib, India.
N. penangianus Hook. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ;
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (Curtis); Perak, Kinta
(King’s ‘Coll. 7083) ; Penang, just above the waterfall
(Hullett). Distrib. Burmah.
N. hoyaefolium T. Moore. Singapore, Woodlande (Mat- -
thew) ; Johor, Mt. Austin (Ridley).
. nummulariaefolius Sw. On trees, “ Berunas Jantan.”
Pahang, Kuala Pahang (Ridley) ; Sungei Ujong, Bukit
Sulu (Cantley); Perak, Tambuan near Ipoh (Ridley -
9829), Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8270). Distrib. .
India.
DIPTERIS.
D. Horsfieldii Br. On rocks by the sea, and also on mountain
tops. Singapore, Harbour, Kranji (Ridley 1673), Pulau
Tekong (4227); Johor, Gunong Pulai, Gunong Panti,
and by the Scudai River (Ridley) ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir;
Selangor, Pahang route (Machado), Hulu Semangkok
(Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Penang Hill (Hullett,
etc.) ; Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Malay isles, Poly-
nesia.
D. Lobbiana Hook. On banks of streams. Johor, Gunong
Panti (Ridley 4141); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley
2170) ; Malacea, Mt. Ophir (Derry) ; Perak (Scortechini,
“Wray 2920), Bujong Malacca (Ridley) : ; Kedak Peak
Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. |
DRYNARIA.
D. splendens Hook. Singapore (fide Beddome).
D. quercifolia Lu. Common on trees, “ Sakat Laipang.” The
leaves are burnt and applied to the stomach for mis-
Jour. Straits Branch.
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 45
carriage. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 9484), Bukit
Timah, Tras (16738); Johor, Scudai River (Ridley
12223) ;. Pahang, Tembeling River; Malacca, Bukit
Bruang (Cantley) ; Perak (Scortechini), Batang Padang
(King’s Coll.) ; Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya.
D, LTinnaew Bory. Singapore, Changi, Serangoon (Ridley
4352), Tanjong Gol; Pahang, * Pulau Datoh, Pulau
Chengei (Ridley) ; Perak, Batang Padang (King’s Coll.
— 8087 ) ; Penang, near the Bath (Ridley 7077) ; Tringanu,
Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. India.
D. Heracleum Kze. “ Paku Sulo.” Johor, Tanjong Kupang
(Ridley 4353) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 228),
, Larut (King’s Coll. 6302), Box Hill (Fox).
D. rigidula Sw. On rocks and trees. Selangor, 15th mile
Pahang track (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini), Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 9552) ; Penang, Penara Bukit (Ridley
6945); Kedah Peak on Precipices (Ridley 5151). Dis-
trib. Malaya, Australasia.
PLEOPELTIS.
Pi. accedens Bl. Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Selangor, 15th
mile Pahang Track (Ridley); Perak, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley 9616), Larut (King’s Coll. 1900), Kuala Kang-
sa (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya, Polynesia.
P. Wrayi Bak. Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Perak,
Gunong Hijau, Cottage and the ‘Tea Gardens, Thaiping
- Hills (Day, Scortechini, Wray, King 2358, 3673, Ridley,
Hervey). Endemic.
P. stenophylia Bl. High up on lofty trees in the low country,
on rocks and low trees in the hills. Singapore, Bukit
Timah (Ridley 4350); Johor, Gunong Banag, Bukit
Pahat (Ridley 1255); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scorte-
chini 263); Penang (Cantley); Kedah Peak (Ridley).
Distrib. Malaya.
R. A. Soe., No. 50, 1908, —
~~
~~
“Ss
SS
~SS
oN
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
. SINUOSsA Wall. On trees common in the colts remarkable
for the thick hollow rhizomes full of biting ants. Sing-
apore, Gardens, Bukit Timah, Jurong (Ridley 5864) ;
Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; _ Penang (Curtis ele
Distrib. Malaya.
. rupestris Bl. Perak at 4000 feet alt. (Scovtechan 201,
King 7355), Gunong Inas at 5000 feet (Wray 4123).
. longifolia Mett. Singapore, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah
Sn
da Sh Agee Laka a)
(Ridley) ; Johor, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley), Gunong Pulai :
(Hullett) ; : Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley
10820) ; Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1904, 2741), Water-
loo (Curtis), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9614). Distrib.
Indo-Malaya.
. superficialis Bl. Perak, Larut 3 to 4000 feet (King’s
Coll. 2180, Scortechini), Maxwell’s Hill eee Dis-
trib. India, China.
_ angustata Sw. ‘* Paku Hilan,’ common on trees. Sing-
apore, Gardens (Ridley 10162), Pulau Ubin (Iking’s ©
Coll. 201); Sungei Morai, Bajau, Changi (a forked
form); Johor, Tanjong Bunga, 4th mile from Johor
Ridley) ; Perak, Thaiping Hills (Ridley, Scortechini-
1082),Kuala Kangsa (Ridley); Penang, Government —
Hill, Convalescent “Bungalow cRidley). Distrib. India,
Australia. ;
. platyphylla Sw. On rocks and trees at high elevations,
a beautiful species. Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley
8653) and Semangkok Pass; Perak, Gunong Haram
Parah (Scortechini) ; Kedah, Yan (Ridley 5169).
. membranacea Don. Perak (Scortechini).
. punctata L. Pl. wrioides. Common on low trees and
stumps. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang, Serangoon (Rid-
ley 8935), Sungei Buloh, Gardens, etc; “Malacca, Pulau
Besar ; Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8657) ;
Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini 538); Penang (King’s
Coll. 5069), Pulau Badak (Curtis 3958). Distrib.
Tropics of Old World. :
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 47
P. musaefolium Bl. Selangor, Ginting Bidai, Batu Caves
(Ridley) ; Perak, Sungei Rayah (I
Dayti Bedd. Perak Pass between Kuala Kangsa and Kinta
at 2000 feet elevation (Day). Endemic.
SELLIGUEA.
. Feei Hook. On trees low down. Common in mangrove
swamps. “Paku Galah Hantu Laut.” Singapore,
Kranji, etc.; Johor, Gunong Pulai; Malacca, Batu Tiga
- (Derry) ; Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak, Larut
(Iking’s Coll 3942), Box Hill (Fox), Bujong Malacca
(Ridley); Penang Hill (a branched form). Distrib.
Meyda. <)
. membranacea Hook. Singapore (Moore’s herbarium) ;
Perak, Ulu Kerling (King’s Coll. 8844, 948, 2986),
Upper Perak (Wray 3638). Distrib. Malaya.
. Maingayi Baker. Malacca (Beddome). Endemic.
. campyloneuroides Bak. Perak, Sclama River (King’s
Coll. 3112), Goping on shrubs (8145). Distrib. Borneo.
LOXoGRAMME.
lanceolata Sw. Malacca, Bukit Tampin (Goodenough) ;
Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley 8646) ;
Perak, Kinta (King’s Coll. 4754), Larut (2235), Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 9615). Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya,
China, Polynesia.
A. Soc,, No. 50, 1908.
see
50 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
L. involuta Don. Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track, Ra-
wang Camphor woods (Ridley 7831); Sungei Ujong
(Hullett); Perak, Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8280),
Kinta (Ixunstler 373), Cottage Thaiping Hills (Her-
vey). Distrib, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. :
L. avenia Bak. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley’s Collector) ;
Selangor, 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley); Penang
Hill (Ridley). Distrib. Malaya.
BRAINEA.
Br, insignis Hook. On the ground near the sea. Dindings,
Pulau Sembilan (Curtis and ee 3056). Distrib.
India, Hongkong.
MES IGenE
M. triphyllum Sw. Singapore, Ditches near Macpherson
Road (Ridley 9146); Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley) ;
Perak, Upper Perak (Wray 3922). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya, China.
M. cuspidatum Bl. Singapore, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Upper Mandai (Ridley 4399) ; Johor (Hullett),
Batu Pahat on Bukit Soga (Ridley 10972); Malacca,
Sungei Hudang Road (Derry 86) ; Sungei Ujong, Tam-
pin (Goodenough) Penang, Government Hill (Ridley).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
M. salicifolium Wall. On rocks. Singapore, Selitar (Bishop
Hose); Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray 183), Bujong Ma-
lacea (Ridley); Penang, Government Hill (Ridley).
-Endemie.
M. sp. Perak, Larut Hills (Curtis 3717).
ANTROPHYUM.
I doubt if any of these species are specifically distinct
except perhaps the last.
A. reticulatum Kaulf. On rocks. Singapore, Bukit Timah,
Selitar (Ridley 4345); Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley
Jour, Straits Branch.
OV:
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Bi
11069); Pahang, Tahan, Kota Glangei (Ridley);
Malacca, Alor Gajah; Selangor, Gunong Hijau (Good-
enough), Labu River, Batu Caves. (Ridley); Perak
(Scortechini), Bujong Malacca (Ridley) ; Penang Hill.
var. parvulum Bl. Perak (Hullett). Distrib. India,
Australasia.
. plantagineum Kaulf. Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib.
Indo-Malaya, Polynesia.
. semicostatum Bl. Dindings, Lumut (Ridley) ; Perak,
Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini 237). Distrib. Malaya,
Polynesia. :
. latifolium Bl. Sungei Ujong (Hullett); Perak (Scorte-
chini). Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
VITTARIA.
elongata Sw. Common on trees. Singapore (King’s Coll.
223), Thomson Road (Murton), Green Hill (Hullett),
Passir Panjang, Sungei Morai, ete. (Ridley); Johor,
Pengaram (Ridley); Muar, Sungei Pauh; Malacca,
Selandan, Mt. Ophir (Ridley) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley) ;
Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Rid-
ley). Distrib. Tropics of Old World.
. lineata Sw. Common on trees. Selangor, Ulu Selangor
(Goodenough) ; Kedah (King’s Coll. 1739). Distrib.
All 'Tropies.
. Sulcata Kuhn. On trees at high altitudes. Selangor,
Bukit Hitam (Ridley) ; Malacca, Gunong Mering, Ophir
(Ridley 3352) ; Perak (Scortechini) ; Kedah Peak (Rid-
ley). Distrib. Ceylon.
. falcata Kze. Malacca, Gunong Tunduk, Ophir (Ridley
9864); Pahang, Keluang Terbang (Barnes) ; Selangor,
Hulu Semangkok; Perak, Bujong Malacca (Ridley).
. scolopendrina Presl. Singapore, Kranji, Tanglin, Chua
Chu Kang (Ridley 1030); Pahang, Tahan River (Rid-
ley); Perak, Maxwell’s Hill (Scortechini), Goping
(Bishop Hose), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1132);
R. A, Soe., No. 50, 1908,
52
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,
Kedah (Curtis) ; Lankawi, Gunong Raya at 2500 feet
(Curtis). Cr ested and branched forms occur in Tanglin
and elsewhere in minigapore: Distrib.. Africa, Indo-
Malaya.
'TAENITIS,
T. blechnoides Sw. Common in woods all over the Peninsula,
D., piloselloides Presl. Extremely common on trees, and very —
HT. arifolia Burn. In limestone districts usually on the rocks. — :
and very variable. “ Paku Pijai,” “ Paku_Balu.”
var. a. Fronds simple. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley —
3366) and Mering. A branched form occurs on Ophir; —
Selangor, Pahang Track (Ridley).
var. b. Fronds pinnate narrow. The commonest
form. Singapore, Garden jungle, Sungei Morai, Selitar
(Ridley 4334) ; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley) ; Malacca, -
St. John’s Hill, Pulau Besar (Ridley 4335); Pahang,
Tahan River, Kuala Semantan (Ridley) ; Perak (Scorte-
chini 84); Kedah Peak.
var. c. Fronds pmnate very broad. Singapore, Bukit
Timah, Tras (Ridley 8568) and Changi Fg: be
trib. India, Malaya.
DRYMOGLOSSUM.
troublesome, covering the branches “ Sakat Ribu-Ribu.”
A curious crested form on the trees~of the Cathedral
close (Bishop Hose). Singapore, everywhere Bukit
Mandai (Ridley 6032), Teban (4346), Pulau Ubin,
Tanglin, etc.; Johor, common; Malacca, Ayer Panas; ~
Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini), Kamuning (Machado) ;
Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Indo-Malaya.
HEMIONITES. —
Perak, Kamuning on the ground (Ridley), Larut
(King’s Coll. 4174) ; Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-
Malaya.
H. sp. Selangor, Gua Batu (Ridley 8135).
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 53
ACROSTICHEAE.
ELAPHOGLOSSUM.
Most of the local species much resemble each other, and
are rather difficult to separate. ‘The species are not so rare
as might appear but seldom fruit.
EL, laurifolium Bedd. FE. latifolium Bedd. Singapore,
Kranji (mangrove swamps); Pahang, Tahan River
(Ridley), Kluang Terbang (Barnes); Perak, Top of
Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 319) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai
(Ridley 5168).
E. conforme Sw. Pahang, Tahan Riyer (Ridley) ; Penang
Hall (WwW. Fox).
E. Norrisii Hook. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3334, 9870) ;
Penang (Ridley); Perak (King’s Coll. 2222). Ende-
mic,
STENOCHLAENA.
_§. palustre L. One of the commonest ferns, “ Paku Ramu,”
“P. Mesin, or P. Miding or Lamiding.” ‘The young
leaves very popular as a vegetable. Singapore, 'Tanghn,
Balestier Road (Ridley 6249) ; Johor, Tanjong Kupang
(Ridley 4234) and Kota Tinggi; Malacca (Hervey),
~ Pulau Undan (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak, Goping (King’s
Coll, 834), Waterfall Thaiping (Wray, Scortechini 469) ;
Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. India, China,
Polynesia.
S. sorbifolia L. Common in forests. ‘The variation in the
form of the fronds is very remarkable. Singapore, Bukit
~ Timah; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Pahang, Tahan
River (Ridley) ; Selangor, Semangkok Pass, Ulu Langat,
Batu Caves (Ridley); Perak. (Scortechini), Larut
(King’s Colo. 4205), Upper Perak (Wray 3703), Water-
fall Hill, Maxwell’s Hill, etc. Distrib. All tropics.
S. perakense Bedd. Perak, Thaiping (King’s Coll. 8345).
Endemic.
-
R, A, Soe,, No, 40, 1908,
54 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
POLYBOTRYA.
P. appendiculata Willd. On rocks in forest. Singapore,
Bukit Timah (ing’s Coll. 335) and all other collectors,
abundant. Dindings, Lumut (Ridley); Perak (Scorte-
chini) ; Lankawi (Curtis).
var. subintegra Bedd. Johor, Batu Pahat (Ridley).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. :
STENOSEMIA.
DH
aurita (Sw.) Limestone Rocks. Pahang, Kota Glanggi
(Ridley) ; Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley) ; Perak, Kwala
Dipang (Ridley 9547), Goping (King’s Collector 442).
Distrib. Malay islands to the Solomon isles,
S. sp. Penang Hill (Ridley 7078).
GYMNOPTERIS.
G. variabilis Hook. Perak, Kinta (Scortechini 7107).
var. avillaris. Perak, Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll.
10028). Distrib. India.
G. spicata Linn. fil. Not very common. Pulau Tioman
(Ridley) ; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill, Cottage Thaiping Hills
(Ridley, King’s Collection 6373) ; Penang Hill rocks on
the top (Ridley, King’s Coll. 1597); Kedah. Distrib.
India.
Q?
. flagellifera Wall. In muddy spots by streams. Singapore,
Stagmount (Ridley), Pulau Tioman; Selangor, Ra-
wang; Perak (Scortechini). Goping (King’s Collection
1097). Distrib. India.
G. subrepanda Hook. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ;
Perak, Chanderiang (IXing’s Collection 5797), Upper
Perak (Wray 3379), Thaiping Hills Cottage (Ridley).
Endemic.
G, Presliana Hook. In dense forests. Singapore, Bukit
Timah (Hullett, Ridley, ete.). Distrib. Concan and
Philippines.
Jour. Straits Branch,
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 55
G.-contaminans Wall. Perak (Scortechin1).
G. costatum Wall. Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis). Distrib.
India and Burmah. |
LOMAGRAMMA.
DL. perakensis Bedd. Perak at 400 feet elevation (Day,
King’s Collector 8345). Endemic,
ACROSTICHUM.
A. aurcum L. Common in tidal rivers, but sometimes long
persisting after the river has disappeared. I have seen
it thus in open places far inland as at the base of Gunong
Pantai (Johor), Bukit Asahan (Malacca) and in the Bo-
tanic Gardens in Singapore. It is abundant in Singapore
even in the town canals; Johor, Batu Pahat, etc.; Din-
dings at Lumut; Selangor, Klang, etc.; Perak; Kedah;
Penang. Distrib. All tropics.
PHOTINOPTERIS.
Ph. rigida Wall. On boughs of-trees overhanging rivers and
mangrove swamps. Singapore, JKranji, Woodlands
(Matthew) ; Johor; Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 861) ;
Penang (Curtis). Distrib, Malaya.
P. drynarioides Hook. Rare. Penang Hill (Bishop Hose).
Distrib. Malay isles.
CHRYSODIUM.
Ch. bicuspe Hook. In mossy spots by streams at 3000 feet
elevation. Malacca, Mount Ophir on the banks of the
stream above Padang Batu (Ridley 9872) ; Perak, Thai-
ping Hills (Ridley). Distrib. Java and Formosa.
PLATYCERIUM.
Pl. grande Sm. Singapore (fide Beddome, but no one else
seems to have seen it here); Lankawi islands, Curtis
Ri. A. Soe,, Na, 50, 1908,
56 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.
found one or two plants there. Distrib. Malaya, Aus-
tralia.
Pl. biforme Bl. The common elk’s horn fern, abundant every
where and attaining a very large size. Singapore, ‘Tang-
hin, Selitar (Ridley 3595), Bukit Timah (Ridley 4354,
8049). All over the peninsula. Distrib. Indo- Malaya.
var. erecta. A much smaller plant with the fertile
fronds erect and short. Sterile ascending fronds a foot
long and as wide, very strongly ribbed, rounded in out-
line, and dotted over with hairs arranged stellately, fertile
fronds stiffly erect 8 to 18 inches long, 8 inches across,
dichotomously branched, the tips of the branches round-
ed, fertile lobe spathulate or obovate pedicelled 2-5 inches |
long and as wide in the widest part. Singapore, Bukit
Timah on very lofty branches of trees (Ridley 10830).
Bishop Hose first pointed out this plant to me some years —
ago on perfectly inaccessible boughs of a lofty Shorea tree
100 feet or more from the ground. There are a number
of plants on the boughs, all are quite similar and there
are no typical specimens of Platycerium biforme on the
tree though it is abbundant in the surrounding forests.
I have only been able to obtain fallen fronds. Mr. C. J.
Matthew took specimens to Kew and Mr. Wright notes
on them as follows. “I do not think this can be
separated as a distinct species from Platycerium biforme
Bl. but is a form produced by growing in exposed situ-
ations and is worthy of a varetal name. It has also been
collected in Borneo by Motley who remarks “ on the high-
est branches of trees in very exposed places perhaps only
[a form] of the long drooping plant growing in damp
and shade.” The plant is certainly most closely allied
to P. biforme BL, but I hardly think it can be classed
as merely a form or state of that plant. I have seen the
ordinary form growing in quite exposed places, on lofty
trees and showing no variation. The variety with its
short stiff erect fronds, has a most curious appearance,
and really looks move distinct from the typical form than
any other Platycerium I-have seen, I note however that —
Jour, Straits Branch,
-
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 57
in P. biforme the young branched fronds when first pro-
truded point directly upwards and then first spread out
- horizontally, then deflex. On the same trees which bear
this curious fern, grows also Lecanopteris carnosa the
only lowland locality I know for this plant.
SCHIZEACEAE.
SCHIZAEA.
S. malaccana Bak. Mossy places at 4000 feet elevation.
~Malacea, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9860); Kedah Peak (Rid-
evi ley). Distrib. Malay. isles.
* dichotoma Sw. Common in dry woods or sandy spots,
~whole peninsula, “Paku Tumbar,” “Paku Jarum.’
Singapore, Toas, Passir Panjang, Kranji, eve. (Chidley);
Johor, Pengaram, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Pahang,
Kwantan (Craddock), Rumpin River, Pekan (Ridley) ;
Malacca, Brisu and Sungei Hudang CR. Derry) ; Perak,
Ulu Kul (King’s Coll. 10759). Distrib. nearly all the
tropics..
S. digitata Sw. Common in woods. Singapore, Garden
Jungle, Reservoir Woods, etc. (Ridley); Johor, .Tana
Runto (Ridley); Pahang, Kuala Tembeling; Malacca,
Pengkalan Ampat, Selandau (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan,
Kuala Pedas; Selangor, Batu Caves on the top of the
rocks; Perak (Scortechini), Thaiping Hills, Tea Gardens
(Ridley), Waterfall Hill (Wray) ; Penang Hill; Kedah
Peak. Distrib, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia.
LYGODIUM.
TL. circinatum Sw. L. dichotomum Bedd. One of the com-
monest and best known ferns, “ Ribu-Ribu Dudok,” or
“Bukit,” “ Paku Jari Merah” (Tringanu). Leaves
used for headache. Singapore, Tanglin, Bajau, Chan
Chu Kang (Ridley 4229, 8057), ete.; Malacca, Sunget
Udang, Chabau (Ridley 9871); Pahang, Tahan River;
R. 4, Soc, No. 50, 1008,
58 FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,
Perak, Waterfall Hill (Wray 2324), Larut (King’s Coll.
7903); Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; Lankawi (Curtis).
Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China.
L. microphyllum Br. Not rare in open grassy places. Sing-
apore, Kranji, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 6917); Johor,
Kampong Bahru, Tebing Tinggi (Ridley); Perak
(Scortechini). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Ree
L. flecuosum Sw. Common in the low country, “ Akar-
Sidin,” “ Ribu-Ribu Gajah.” Singapore, Botanic Gar-
dens; Pahang, Kuala Tembeling (Ridley); Malacca,
Pengkalan Minyak, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s
Coll.); Penang Hull, Telok Bahang (Curtis 625) ;
Tringanu, Bundi (Rostado) ; ; Kedah Peak (Ridley) ; ;
Kelantan, Kuala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). |
var. alta Clarke. Perak (King’s Coll. 2975). Dis-
trib. Indo-Malaya, Africa, Australia.
L. polystachyum Wall. Pahang, Kuala Tembeling (Ridley.
2156) ; Perak, Upper Perak (Wray) ; Bo “Waterfall
(Iullett). Distrib. Burmah,
MARATTIACEAE.
ANGIOPTERIS.
A. evecta Hoffm. Not rare in woods, commonly known local-
ly as the elephant fern. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hul-
lett, ete.) ; Pahang, Pekan (Ridley); Perak, Maxwell’s
Hill (Scortechini 219, King’s Coll. 5203). Distrib.
Indo-Malaya, Australia, Madagascar.
IC AULFUSSIA.
K. aesculifolia Bl. Terrestrial in damp spots or on rocks.
Selangor, Batu Caves covering the ground in great
masses, in damp spots (Ridley 8640); Perak, Thaiping
Hills (Curtis 3718, Ridley, Scortechini) on rocks or the
ground, Kinta (King’ s Coll. 4784). Distrib. Indo-
: Malaya.
Jour. Straits Branch
FERNS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 59
OPHIOGLOSSACEHAE.
. OPHIOGLOSSUM.
O. reticulatum L. Penang in dry spots in the waterfall valley
(Rtidley 9837, 11394). Distrib. Eastern Tropics.
O, nudicaule L. fil. In grassy spots. Singapore, Bukit Pan-
- jang (Ridley 4205), Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 2421).
Distrib. Tropics.
O. pendulum UL. Singapore, Tanglin, Bukit Mandai, ete.
(Ridley) ; Selangor, Rawang, Camphor Woods (Ridley) ;
Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1133). This plant
usually grows on Platyceriuwm but also on trees. It has
a habit of suddenly appearing and spreading widely and
then apparently disappearing. At one time the only
locality I knew for it was on a tree in the Barracks
Grounds. This died and the plant disappeared there,
but then appeared in the Botanic Gardens, and spread
rapidly. Distrib. Eastern Tropics.
HELMINTHOSTACHYS. -
HT. zeylanica L. In damp muddy spots in open country in
: thickets. Malacca, Brisu (Derry); Pahang, common
along the Pahang River, Pekan, Pulau Manis, Pulau
Jellam, Kuala Tembeling; Selangor, near the Batu Caves
(Ridley 8152); Perak (Scortechini), Blanja (Wray
140); Tringanu, Ismail Rantau (Down). Distrib.
Eastern ‘Tropics.
ADDENDUM.
Alsophila glabra Hook. Bukit Timah and other forests in
Singapore in damp spots. This is the plant mentioned as
Amplicosmia alterans from Singapore. It is named by
Mr. Matthew.
Rk, A. Soe., No. 50, 1908.
ee
ae
re
=
Some Visits to Batam Island.
C. BopEN K1oss, F.Z.S.
Pulo Batam though so close to Singapore and frequently
visited by pig-shooters, has never been investigated by a
naturalist, so perhaps the following extracts from journals—
though of trivial happenings as must: necessarily be the case
where the fauna of small islands is concerned—kept during ~
two short visits I paid to it to collect animals may be of
interest,
This island is 9 miles distant from Singapore, about 15
miles long and 10 miles broad. ‘The northern side is indented
and elsewhere it is closely surrounded by other islands.
There are hills in the interior covered with jungle, where large
outcrops of quartz occur and the boulders are a quartz grit.
Much of the low land which has at one time been cleared is
swampy or sandy and very poor but where red laterite soil ©
occurs pineapples flourish under the cultivation of Chinese
and Bugis settlers. Many young getah trees (Dichopsis sp.)
are found in the forests where roam a tribe of Proto-Malays
still little affected by outside influences.
My first visit was paid in September 1905. I left Sing-
apore in a 10-ton cutter-yacht at 11 a.m., got caught in a>
squall off Pulo Sambu in the afternoon, ran on to a-sand-bank
at low tide later on but poled off, and anchored off a kampong
at the head of Senimba Bay at 5.30 p.m. The upper part of
the bay is very shoal and at low water wide mud-flats are
exposed all round. I collected some interesting small sponges _
of bright colours on them. There were seven houses in the
kampong and others building further along the shore,
After getting the baggage landed next morning we found
a deserted Chinese shop behind the village. This we broke
open and throwing all the rubbish it contained into a side
compartment, I set up my bed, table and chair in the centre
room while the boy fixed up his kitchen and sleeping place
Jour. Straits Branch, R. A. Soc., No. 50, 1908,
62 SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND.
ina third. There was a hole of good drinking water at hand
and a bathing well a little farther off so we felt very com-
fortable.
A row of wooded hills ran south-easterly towards the
centre of the island, a river debouched at the head of the
bay and across the water a coupk of miles away were the
slopes of a long peninsula.
As I sat ‘talking to the natives in the doorway of my
house in the rea we saw the eyes of a large crocodile
above the calm water about 140 yards away and I was asked to
shoot it but refused since my gun was only sighted to 100
yards. However, being pressed, I took a very full sight and
fired from my chair: there was a furious turmoil and the
reptile disappeared. The natives said it was hit, and indeed
three or four days later we found it in the mangroves with its
brains flicked out—a 13-footer. When afterwards invited to
repeat the performance I was not. to be tempted—it was a
case of letting well alone. 3
At 3 p.m. I went out with a parang and found a path
going up the hills; cleared it and set 3 dozen traps. Coming
back found a pair of “ tupai tanah ” (Tupaia ferruginea bata-
mana sp. nov.) just caught and saw several small pigs.
Skinned tupaia and after dinner went along the shore for pig
but saw none,
“16th. Set off at 5.380 a.m. to examine the traps which
contained a number of rats (Jfus lingensis) and some tupaia,
all much ant-eaten. Found this hill jungle practically lifeless
as the forest was poor being without fruit trees, but got a
species of civet cat (Arctogalidia simplex) which was a valu-
able prize, and a horn-bill—the “ burong klinking ” (Anthra-
coceros converus). Skinned till 5.30 and then reset traps. -
Lent the gun in the evening to a man who wanted to try for
pigs in his plantation.
“17th. No pig seen by the natives. Very little in traps ~
so brought some away and set them lower down amongst
coconuts. Got a pair of horn-bills and some squirrels
(Sciurus vittatus) with the .410 gun amongst the palms; both
these are numerous near the village and horn-bill steak is
Jour. Straits Branch.
SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 63
very good. Some men went to set “jerats” for napu and
borrowed the gun in order to try for lotong and krawar —
(Ratufa sp.) and coming down myself from setting traps
without it I saw a large bearded pig!
“18th. Some fresh rats from the coconuts: one appears
to be Mus jarak and the other rather like Jus griseiventer of
Johor. Went to the Bugis plantations inland to the 8. W.
of the range. ‘They are on poor flat land and consist of
pines, bananas and tapioca: the forest beyond, which was
swampy and largely composed of Melaleuca trees, was quite
empty. The napu-trappers had no luck.
“19th.
« 26th. Nothing in the traps and only monkeys in the
jungle. Set some large traps for musang and afterwards
watched for pig. Went for a walk with bulls-eye dinner
but saw nothing.
<< atth. Only two specimens in the traps: had to shoot
squirrels to make work. The pig-shooter returned his gun;
says he has sat up for three nights without seeing anything.
A large trap caught a tortoise (Cyclemys platynota) later in
the day. No luck with the pigs again. Found a large centi- _
pede in my mosquito net which should evidently have been
taken as a sign that the bed was not safe as in the night a
coconut crashed through the roof and landed on my pillow
(Memo. always to strip coco-palms before dwelling beneath
them).
“28th. The usual frost in the jungle. A young napu
was brought in and another tortoise got into the traps; evi-
dently these reptiles are attracted of the putrid meat which.
forms the bait. A pig had also been caught but he suecess-
fully pulled out.”
This sort of thing went on for several days during which
I got nothing-but monkeys, rats, squirrels and tupaia. ‘Traces
of pigs were everywhere, huge tracks some of them, and I
Jour. Straits Branch, _
SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 67
twice stampeded the animals in dense vegetation but I was
never able to catch sight of them and the spring-guns I set
were never effective. However I got a new rat in some beach
forest, a very beautiful specimen of the jerdoni type which
- made me feel glad I had come to the island again.
One afternoon I went up the river which after some
distance turned completely on itself and ran south. It was
entirely mangrove bordered, though once or twice there were
glimpses of old clearings. A number of small side streams
were probably only drainage of the swamp. We landed on
an isolated hill where were paths and found some old “ jerats ”
for mouse-deer. ‘The jungle trees were nearly all of a bark-
shedding kind but I saw a quantity of the red stemmed palm
(Cyrtostachys sp.) and collected some orchids—Grammato-
phyllums being plentiful on the mangroves.
As I appeared to have exhausted the district after having
made 49 mammal skins, many of the species reported appar-
ently not occuring there, on April 3rd we loaded the prau
and rowed down the bay to its head where we got a slight
breeze. Outside a strong ebb set us to the eastward but. as
we neared Singapore Island we met the flood which carried
us into the harbour in time to get everything home before
night.
; I obtained thirteen species of mammals during the two
visits and observed two others, while nine more were reported
to exist. Thus Batam is by no means exhausted: for if they
‘really occur, the determination of the reported Presbytes, M.
nemestrina, Paradoxurus, Sciuropterus and Ratufa will be
‘interesting, but to obtain this it would probably be necessary
to camp in the middle of the island where good jungle may
still exist.
MAMMALS oF BATAM.
1. Presbytes cristata (Raffles) is fairly common in small
‘herbs both in forest and mangroves. It is known to
the natives by the name of “ Klabu.”
2. Presbytes species. A “ Kaka” with a white breast was
reported to occur. If this is a fact I am inclined to
R. A, Soc., No. 50, 1908.
68
SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND.
think it will be the P. cana, Miller, of Pulo Kundur
and E. Sumatra rather than P. rhionis, Miller, of © :
Bintang Island. These are local forms of P. femoralis
which, though found in the Peninsula and Sumatra,
does not occur on the islands of the Rio-Lingga Archi- —
pelago.
Macaca nemestrina, Linn. The.“ beroh” was said to
occur but has not yet been taken in the Archipelago.
M. fascicularis, (Raffles). The “krah” is common ~
everywhere.
Cynopterus montanoit, Robin. Bats, apparently of this
species, were fairly common and were the only kind I
obtained. Malay nama “ klawar.”
Galeopithecus volans, Linn. ‘The “ kubong ” was said =
~ occur. : |
Tupaia ferruginea batamana, Lyon. ‘This new sub-
species of the “ tupai tanah ” was exceedingly common,
Externally it only differs from 7’. ferruginea, Rattles,
in its slightly greyer tail. It is easily separated how-
ever by its longer and wider skull.
Arctogalidia simplex, Miller. This is the Archipelago
form. A specimen, the third known, was shot early
one morning while it was running along the branch of
a high tree. As the people called it a “ musang”
which they said was common I presume that
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Pallus, or an allied form
occurs.
Mus concolor, Blyth was taken in the Kampongs where
it was not uncommon.
Mus firmus, Miller, is the Sumatran form of the Peni
sula M. validus, Miller. I have never taken these
except on the banks of fresh water streams.
Mus lingensis, Miller. The Sumatran form of Mus
surtifer, Miller. A dry jungle rat and exceedingly
common. It seems to begin feeding at early twilight
Jour. Straits Branch.
13.
14.
20,
SOME VISITS TO RATAM ISLAND. 69
as traps specimens are always more damaged by ants
than any other kind.
Mus sp. near rattus. The rats provisionally grouped
under this heading are most perplexing. They fall.
readily into two groups which handle in the flesh as_
extremely distinct. ‘The one division, almost black
above with whitish bellies, are finely built animals with
very pointed noses and closely resemble M. jarak,
Bonhote, from Johore. ‘The others with greyish bellies
and backs rather like I. norvegicus are coarsely built
and muzzled and somewhat approximate to M. grise-
venter, Bonh., of Johore. All these were taken in
‘swampy ground near the sea as was Mus jarak which
I found only amongst mangroves. Mus grisewenter
however is a Kampong rat.
Mus batamanus, Lyon. This new species is of the
jerdont type. It is a very beautiful shaped rat and
the only specimen I obtained was captured in damp
littoral forest. Swampy ground seems the habitat of
all this group.
Mus musculus, Linn. Some specimens of the “ tikus
padi” were brought me by a Bugis boy who had cap-
tured them in his house. :
Sciuropterus, sp. Reported; possibly the amenus, Mil-
ler of Kundur Island.
Petaurista, sp. The “ kubin” was said to occur.
. Ratufa, sp. Reported. A yellow type, probably near
R. insignis,. Miller, of Pulo Sugi.
Sciurus vittatus, Rafiles. Exceedingly common in the
coco-nuts where it was very destructive. Cannot be
distinguished in any way from Sumatran and Penin-
‘sula forms.
Sciurus tenuis, Raffles. Reported as very rare. I only
know of one specimen oe the eS taken on
Lingga Island.
RB. A. Soc., No. 50, 1903,
70 SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND.
21. Sus rhionis, : Miller. Observed. This is the “ babi
bakau ” of the natives and is common everywhere. It
is the island form of S. vittatus.
22. Sus oi, Miller. Observed. The “ nang-oi” is plentiful
but to a solitary collector pigs are difficult to obtain.
Generally one is only aware of their presence by a rush
through the undergrowth and distant snorts and unless
one is lucky in meeting them in the open they rarely
figure in collections. The “nang-oi1” does great
damage to the pineapple plantations and is said to be
far less timid than other pigs: in fact the natives
reported that boars often merely grunted when they
tried to scare them away. ‘They are afraid to shoot
it with their ineffective ammunition as it charges when
wounded. It ranges from Batam to Banka and
throughout the swamp of EH. Sumatra. :
Pe, Tragulus kanchil, sp. A “pelandoc” is said to oceur.
24. Tragulus javanicus perflavus, Miller. This new species
is a strongly marked form having very bright pelage
and a pure orange neck entirely free from black shad-
ing. I have it also from Pulo Galang and it has been
taken since on Bulang. It affords a particularly good
illustration of local variation as T’. formosus, Miller of
Bintang Island, only five miles away, is exceedingly
dark with a collar strongly washed with black.
Thus the mammal fauna of Batam is Sumatran and
not Peninsular for the above definitely identified species |
Mus concolor and Cynopterus montanoi alone are from the
Peninsula only. On the other hand, Mus lingensis, M. firmus
and Sus oi are known from the Sumatra and the Rio-Lingga
Archipelago only. Arctogalidia simplex, Sus rhionis and
Tragulus perflavus are found elsewhere only in the Archi-
pelago while Tupaia ferruginea balamana and Mus batamanus
are so far known from Batam alone. Z
I am inclined to think that Batam, Bulang, Rempang
and Galang form a small group which faunistically is more
nearly related to the islands to the westward than to Bintang
Jour. Straits Branch,
SOME VISITS TO BATAM ISLAND. 71
on the east, though Pulo Sauh forms a stepping stone to the
latter which is only five miles away. Bintang, however, when
it is fully investigated will prove to be by far the most —
interesting island of the whole archipelago. A bank of less
than 20 fathoms connects all these islands with both Sumatra
and the Peninsula, but the 10 fathom contour lines break them
up into various groups of which that above noted is one of the
largest.
I have no notes of value about birds for they were scarce
and of common species and I soon left off shooting them.
Small collections of reptiles and insects were made but
they contained nothing remarkable.
| I preserved a few plants during my visits and two of
them, which were new, have lately been described by Mr. H.
ON. Ridley, viz:—Neckia Klossu and Didymocarpus battam-
ensis.. The latter is interesting since it grows at sea-level
while I believe that the habitat of the Didymocarpi, in this
locality at least, is at some altitude,
A few notes on the inhabitants of Batam are given else-
where in this Journal. 3
1, J.S. B. R.A. S. No. 49.
R. A. Soe., No. 60, 190
2
eet
- Some Ethnological Notes,
C. BopEN Koss, F.R.A.1.
In the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
Vol. XXXVII., Mr. F. W. Knocker in the course of some
notes on the aborigines of Sungei Ujong—the Orang Belanas
—relates that they tell in respect of the Sakais, how “the
parents plant a parang in the fore-arm of the young, both
male and female, projecting a few inches beyond the elbow.
The flesh grows round it and it eventually become part of the
fore-limb. In after life this limb weapon is used to clear the
jungle and not for hostile purposes.’
I am able to go one better than this. When living in
- Johore, it was my practice when travelling in the jungle to
endeavour to ascertain whether there were current any tradi-
tions of the existence of the orang utan (Simia satyrus) in
that part of the peninsula. The native name for this great
ape is “mawas.” In the swampy country south of Gunong
Pulai I found that the name was known and the people of the
locality told me tales of its possessor. ‘The information was
interesting but not quite what I then wanted. The Orang
_Mawas were a kind of devil-men who lived in the swamps
where their foot-prints might sometimes be seen. ‘Their feet
were turned backwards and, with sharp parangs which grew
from their elbows like spurs, they killed any human beings
they met and afterwards devoured the bodies,
Nothing discouraged I continued my enquiries elsewhere
and learned that the Jakuns of the Endau Sembrong were
also acquainted with a strange beast that seemed to be of the
kind I was after. This was a huge red hairy man who lived
in the trees and was called tuhu. I felt I was on the right
track at last, but unfortunately the story went on to the effect
that the twhu spoke Chinese to a Chinaman when it met him
in the jungle, Malay to a Malay, and the Jakun dialect to a
Jakun!
B, A, Soe,, No. 60, 1908.
74 SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES.
The head-men-of the Belanas are given as 1, Batin: 2,
Jinang; 3, Jukrah—the usual titles among the southern in-
land tribes. I find that a variant of the latter also occurs
among the Proto-Malays of the Kallang estuary in Singapore,
a fact which Messrs. Skeat and Ridley failed to elect during
their short visit thither (J. S. B. R. A. S. No. 33).
‘These enquirers state that the head-men of the Kampong
they visited were 1, Jinang; 2, Batin. I further find in the
neighbourhood one Kampong administered by 1, Batin; 2, —
Dukrah: and another under 1, Penghulu; 2, Ji inang. At.
Telok Senimba , Pulo Batam, a "dozen miles away, the people —
who are a branch of the “Orang Sabimba” referred to by
~Logan (Journal of the India Archipelago Vol. I.) have 1, ,
Penghulu; 2, Batin.
The communities of the Kallang River have evidently —
been drawn from various sources and some guidance may be
afforded by these titles as to their derivation:
Amongst these primitive tribes the title of Batin extends —
throughout their range from the farthest north of Biliton, and
in the islands appears to be the only one except where ‘they
have come under the influence of the ruling Malays, in which
cases a Malay has often been appointed as Penghulu.
In the Peninsula however there are amongst themselves
officials subordinate to the Batin known as Jinang and Jukrah.
- Where (according to Logan and others) a Malay has been
appointed to supervise them he also is called, possibly because
of his functions, Jinang, and it is needless to say that in these
cases the title would occasionally become the superior one.
This might account for the reversed “ Table of Precedency ”
noted by Messrs. Ridley and Skeat, as Kampong Roko is a
small village hedged in by dominant Malays. The anomaly
of Penghulu and Jinang noticed by myself in another Kam-
pong I can only account for by supposing that long ago the
title of Batin dropped out of use.
The word bidoh, boat (also the name of a stream in
Singapore) given as a Non-Malay expression, is in
common use “amongst the Malays of the west coast of
Borneo.
Jour. Straits Branch
SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES. 75
Messrs. Skeat and Ridley suggest that “ the Sea-gypsies
of Singapore owe their origin largely from “ Sakai” hill-
tribes of the Rio-Lingga Archipelago ” and class the Belandas
as “Sakai” also: surely this is a slip and should be Jakun
or Proto-Malayan or some other equivalent of these!
It is regrettable that all those English writers who have
dealt so interestingly with the primitive people should be re-
stricted in experience to the Peninsula for the Jakuns are only
the mainland representatives—and probably least pure—of
that large family that is spread throughout a great part of
Eastern Sumatra and the islands adjacent. Such, for in-
stance, are the Orang Akit of Bengkalis and Rupat Islands,
-the Palong of the upper tributaries of the Siak River, the
Mantong and many others of the Rio-Lingga Archipelago,
the Orang Gunong of Banka and the Sika of Biliton. The
Kubus and Lubus of the interior of Sumatra also appear to
be members of the same family.
To Journal 41 of the Society Dr. W. L. Abbott con-
tributes a note on “ Human Images among the Orang Man-
= long.’ :
According to an old inhabitant of a Kampong at Tanjong
Ru, an Oorang Laut by descent—though he would never
admit himself to be other than a pure Orang Malayu—these
images are called “'Tukar Ganti” and, in common with the
“ Kapal Hantu ” and “ Rumah Sakit,” are constructed, to his
knowledge, by all the inhabitants of the Rhio Archipelago
and of the creeks round Singapore in times of sickness.
When the Tukar Ganti is completed the “penyakit ” (sick-
ness) is induced to enter it and it is then taken away to the
jungle or some distant spot and there left. Further, all these
objects—and this was unknown to me and perhaps is so to
others—are used for prophylaxis as well as cure.