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.< Po PP ey
Assam, GOVERNMENT OF ;—List of Earthquakes recorded in Assam
during the Years 1879 and 1880,
Batt, V.;—On the Identification of certain Bishiona Mines in
India which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especi-
ally those which were visited by Tavernier. With a note on the
History of the Koh-i-nur, (with two Woodcuts),
;—Additional Note on the Identification of the Pe
Diamond Mines visited by Tavernier,.
Buanrorp, H. F.;—On the Relations re oe oe Beinfall ‘a
Temperature in India, and on the opposite Variations of Density
in the higher and lower Atmospheric Strata, (Plate XV),
W. T.;—On the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayas,
Tibet, and Afghanistan, (Plates I & II), a
;—On Pao een fuscicapillus, Blyth, (Plate IL,
part),
;—LNotes on an eet PRES ok Varanus from
Tenasserim, and on other Reptilia and Amphibia, (Plate XVI),
;—A numerical Hstimate of the Species of Animals,
chiefly Land and FKresnwater, hitherto recorded from British
_ India and its Dependencies,
FEISTMANTEL, O. ;—A Sketch of the iar of the ecu of the
Indian Gondwana System,
Nevitt, G.;—New or little-known Mollusea of the jn Mulan
Fauna, (Plates V, VI, & VII),
;— Description of a new Species of Rastelldrin Srom the
Bay of Bengal, ce wee dee
Nice’vitis, L. pe;—A yee of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in
October, 1880, with Notes on Habits, ¥e, gs: ne
—__—___—— ;— See Woop- Mason,
Peat, S. E.;—Report on a Visit to the Nongyang Lake, on the
Burmese Frontier, February 1879, (Plates VIII—XITD),
THEOBALD, W.;—List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mart
and Tandiani, ee
Woop- Mason, J. ;—On some Babee Insects belonging to the
Rhopalocerous Genera Euripus and Penthema from India and
Burmah, (Plates III & IV, part), ... ae —
Page
61
dL
219
44
85
iv List of Contributors.
Woov-Mason J. ;—Description of a new Species of the Lepidopte-
rous Genus Huripus from North-Eastern India, (Plate LV, part),
——§ & L. DE Nice’vit1e ;—List of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands, (with a Woodcut), a
& L. DE Nicer’vinuE ;—Second List of Rhopalo-
cerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with
Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known Species and
Varieties, (Plate X1V & Plate IV, part),
SON es
Dates of Issue of different numbers of Journal, Part IT, 1881.
No. I.—Containing pp. 1—67, with Plates VIII, IX, X, XI, XIT,,&
XIII, and Title-page, Index, &e. to Vol. XLIX, was
issued on April 380th, 1881.
No. II.—Containing pp. 69—123, with Plates 1, II, & XV, was
issued on July 380th, 1881.
No. III.—Containing pp. 125—238, with Plates V, VI, & VII, was
issued on October 22nd, 1881.
No. IV.—Containing pp. 289—273, with Plate XIV, was issued on
December 21st, 1881.
ac a a a ee Se Oe
Page
272
224
243
nis? OF .PLATES.
—Q—.
a t Dentition of Arvicolae and of Ellobius fuscicapillus.
I wv 4 Butterflies from India and Burmah.
Land, Freshwater, Estuarine, and Marine Shells, mostly belonging
to the Indo-Malayan Fauna.
bi
1X.
X. } Outline Sketches of the Nongyang Lake and surrounding scenery.
Al.
Dell.
XIII. Map, showing proposed route from Assam to Yang-tse.
XIV. Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Andamans.
XV. Elevation and Section of a Raingauge-evapometer.
XVI. Varanus macrolepis.
OP ees: 0 ee EO Eee
ERRATA AND ADDENDA,
— > —
Page 53, line 10, for ‘ Pupilio” read “‘ Papilio.”
92 53, 9? 37,
29 55, ) 27,
» 58, , 20, ,, “ Shtbochiona” read “ Stibochiona.”
» 94, ,, 1, 4, “the upper molar” read “the last upper molar.”
95, lines 10 and 12 from bottom, for “the anterior lower molar’ read
*‘ the anterior upper molar,”
108, line 18 from top, for “are added (2) as” read “are added (2).
pean”
, 121, ,, 21 from top, ,, “received” read “ viewed.”
» 121, , 5 from bottom for “molars” read “ molar.”
» 187, , 8 from top, after ‘‘ mil.” insert “and Conch.-Cab. II, Pl. 26,
figs. 16-17.”
» 187, ,, 4 from top, dele “ or Conch.-Cab. II, Pl. 26, figs. 16-17.”
» 168, ,, 3 of foot note, for “1886” read “ 1866.”
», 196, ,, 23, for “ kingianam” read “ kingianum.”
w209. , bk , “rhombicas” ,, “rhombicus.”
» ‘* Mycaleris” read “ Mycalesis.”
ape
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S. E. PEAL.—Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol L, Pt. II, 1881.
Wath 7§fo°
Y
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PLATE IX.
Ba tay) y
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S. BE. PEAL.—Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. L, Pt. II, 1881
° ss go" 96° (vo foe
Pass at Y 3,400 above Sea. Crest of Patkai, contracted between 1
> A -
Outline of the Hills East from Sonkap Bim, 96v to 100 vv is the hollow where clouds rest in the mornings, and site of the old passes.
° si PLATE X,
1§2 4) Yue 2 . 200
i
i fa
Zz
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ma
XY Vb
we
ee a
YAOTOSINCOGRAPHED AT THE SURVSYOR GENERAL'S OVFICE, CAtcUTTs,
‘90° & 174°. High Peak of Maium, Sonkap Vilage. = Longyoi Pipoi,
SE -
——EeEeE——E———E_——eeeeEeaee Oe
S. E. PEAL.—Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. L, Pt. II, 1881.
Outline of the Hills seen from Nongyang Lake to the S.-H. & South (from the Western end) . Outline of the Hills to the South of N
z Part of the Island.
(20 A 70
Ty dd RAL! Sel ve
SS ee ee ae - =
aad,
fongyang Valley looking towards Namyiing.
Maium Peak 6,939 ft.
2SS-
a a
REO (Gs epithe: Big
Outline of Patkai from Nongyang Lake facing West.
f
SES aL
2 bef 179
PLATE XI
S¥/
‘TIX 0d 29 woyomweguoo soy
Continued from Plate XI.
8. E. PEAL.—Journ. As, Soc, Bengal, Vol L, Pt. 1, 1881.
Fier SSS Dae oa
— off ;
om ~, Uf (a Vee a
ral) fp
es i itd iid ty
eh ns lade WM
Pod
—————_
LM fiat
ft ¥eE tt.
Outline of Patkai from Nongyang Lake facing North ~~. Pass and path, dotted lines......--.
iM xl a
s, ara /
wrath IA Nid ay 4
Se
PLATE XII.
AL Outline of Patkai to the left and Digam Bim to right, from West end of Nongyang Lake looking Hast.
2 | aby [ao
F, PHOTOZINGOORAPRED AT THE SURVETOR ORMRRAL'S OFIOB, CALOUTTA, MAROH 1881
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( Signed) S. EB. Peal ‘ \
Sibsagar Assam
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1879
PLATE XIII.
MAP SHEWING PROPOSED ROUTE FROM ASSAM TO THE YANG-TSE.
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
—o—-
Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
annem
No. I.—1881.
~ eee
I.—Report ona visit to the Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier,
February 1879.— By 8. E. Prat, Esq.
[Received November 11th ;—Read December Ist, 1880.]
— (With Plates.)
Last year, I prepared a short note on the old Burmese route over
Patkai, oi4 Nongyang, viewed as the most feasible and direct route from
India to China,* and, having a month’s leave in the cold season, I determined
to proceed, if possible, to the pass over the Patkai leading to Upper
Burmah, report on the same, take altitudes, &c., and explore the Nongyang
Lake, in the valley of the same name beyond, on the Burmese side of the
water-parting.
Permission to travel east and to cross the frontier was kindly given to
me by the Chief Commissioner of Assam, in time to enable me to start from
Jaipur, on the Dihing river, by the end of January 1879.
Hitherto, on this line of route considerable delay and inconvenience
have always been caused to travellers from the want of a sufficient
number of trustworthy load-carriers; parties have been detained eight
and ten days while the necessary men were collected, and en rowte exorbitant
demands have often been made. At times, as in the cases of Major Sladen’s,
and Mr. Cooper’s parties it completely frustrates all attempts at progress.
I therefore secured enough men whom I could rely on as porters before
starting. The party consisted of seven picked Bengali coolies, an Assamese
* Journal, A. 8. B., Vol. XLVIII, Part II, 1879.
1
2 S, E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. as
orderly and his mate in charge of my arms and instruments, &c., a cook
used to camping, a Khampti boatman and his Duania mate, and, subse-
quently a Singphti guide,—as small a party as possible.
Among us all we could manage to speak English, Hindustani, Bengali,
Sonthali, Assamese, Khampti or Shan, Singpht, and N aga.
The lingua franca of the party was Assamese, though as we went east
Singpht and then Naga of the Namrup was chiefly spoken to outsiders.
Three Alpine tents, 7 ft. x 7 ft., weighing about 8 tb each, poles
included, enabled us at any moment to camp comfortably and very quickly ;
at the same time, when rolled up they served as padded poles on which to tie
baggage. Six small and extremely light boxes, measuring 10 in. x 12 in,
x 18 in. and provided with locks and hinges, served to carry stores, presents
and sundries securely, a great object being to avoid bulky and heavy or open
packages. As it was desirable to explore the Namtsik river and Nongyang
lake, a small dug-out (ob Roy) was also taken slung on a bamboo between
two men, with bedding stowed inside. A Snider carbine, a double-barrelled
central-fire No. 12 shot-gun, a revolver, and a Deringer were the arms.
Our first day’s march was east to Jaipur, at the junction of the
Dhodur Ali with the Dihing river, formerly a place of considerable import-
ance, and likely to become so again. Large steamers can reach it from the
Brahmaputra in the rains, and small ones during about eight months of
the year. Coal, petroleum, and timber are also to be found in large quanti-
ties not far off. It is also the point at which a route from Burmah would
practically emerge. Government has wisely reserved large tracts of forest
up-stream, and already some teak has been planted.
The first care on arrival was to secure a good boat for the heavy stores
to go by water up the Dihing, and, this done, an application in person to
old Turkong, of the Phakial or Khampti village, secured mea good boatman —
named Ming, a Khampti who has piloted many up and down this river,
who knows all the people, villages, and folk-lore of these parts, and is withal
intelligent and communicative. By noon all supplies of rice, tobacco, salt,
opium, cloths, sugar, &c., were stowed, and six of the men started lightly
laden, by land, the rest of us in the large canoe.
Soon after leaving the station of Jaipur we passed up some very
beautiful reaches of the river, where the water, deep and still, slowly winds
among wooded hills (the gorge in fact), with huge bedded sandstone rocks
along the flanks covered by ferns, bamboos, wild plantains, canes, and other
products of a sub-tropical jungle. Towering above all, here and there, rose
the great bare branches of dead rubber-trees, once so plentiful and now so
rare, a silent protest against reckless tapping.
Some of the reaches are nearly a mile long, water 80 and 40 feet deep,
though here and there becoming more shallow and rapid.
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 3
At one spot a picturesque pile of rocks, capped by forest trees, divides
the stream equally, and is called “Hita Tatol, from Sita’s tat-hal, the
weaving-hall in which Sita was found by Ram.
Here and there we passed camps of people who were cutting bamboos
to raft down to Jaipur for building, also native boats of the usual small
dug-out pattern. Having the Rob Roy, I was enabled to paddle ahead or
stay behind sketching, and at one place made a small careful memo. of a
huge dead rubber-tree that had fallen over into the river,—the trunk and
branches resembled a huge dragon.
As rain appeared to be coming on, we camped early at a large high
sand-bank, near a rapid called Digoli Gagori. In a very short time we
were all comfortably housed, fires blazing under the cooking-pots, and a
pile of dry logs got in ready for the night-fire. Our three tents and the
boatmen’s bivouac were generally so placed as to form a cross, the openings
facing a log-fire in the centre, that was at once light and heat for all.
The assembling round this camp-fire every evening after dinner was generally
looked forward to all day. Here we met strangers, heard the local news
or stories, the inexhaustible Mung generally giving us the traditions, often
illustrated by very creditable maps in the sand. Villagers, if near, always
joined our circle, enabling me to collect a large amount of information, or
explain the objects of my trip, which is an item of some moment in cases
of this nature.
The monotonous rush of the rapid at last was the only sound heard.
The night turned out cold and foggy. Once the echoing bark of the little
hog-deer roused me, and I put the logs together that had burnt apart.
In the early morning the dew-fall was sufficiently heavy to be audible
several hundred yards off, the moisture condensed on the higher foliage
falling like a steady slow shower on the dried leaves on the ground. Ere
starting at 9 a. m. I made all the people cook and eat their breakfasts. At
10 a. M. we passed the mouth of the Namsang river on our right (but the
left bank of the river). It rises among the hills of the Namsang Nagas,
and near its mouth is a small tea-garden.
More or less scattered up and down the river Dihing, there are names
and traditions that unmistakably indicate this as the old Ahom route to and
from Burma,—-a highway of the past. The earlier portions of the “ History
of the Kings of Assam,” detailing the Ahom invasions, clearly enough
point to the Dihing river as the line of entry, and Nongyang as the part of
the Patkai where they crossed, the name Patkai having originated there.
About 11 a. mM. we came to Woralota, a tree-covered ridge jutting
into the Dihing river, which derives its name from Nora-ulota, 7. e., Nora’s
returned. In November 1228 A. D. Sukapha Raja coming to Assam from
Munkong with 1,080 men, 2 elephants and 300 ponies, brought also “ Chum
Deo” (unknown to the owner) Noisanpha Nora Roja of Munkong, Noisanpha
4 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
missing Chum Deo, sent’ men after him for its recovery who followed to the
Dihing whence they returned, this spot being now called ‘‘ Nora-ulota,” a
Nora’s returned.
The following is a copy of the passage in the History of the Kings of
Assam.
Fatal ssee Fat sv Aten BacafH srry Ata PaTsl TH HS BCLS ALS
Bal wWyYR seve, usta ath >, wafer atl », catai woo, ate qr far Aq as apagal
citate @ dtey, sax
mitre, split bamboos also at the corners to hold offerings, and a long rich
red silk Burmese cloth hung on a bamboo some way off, strips of red and
white cloth hung all about on sticks, and waved with a curious effect,
the jungle forming a background.
On reaching the canoe I gave Chauing a dozen rounds of Snider
ammunition to shoot a tiger which was killing their cattle, and started on
up the Namrup, finding that the rapids at once became more frequent and
difficult. At places we had to clear out a track or passage by rolling the
boulders aside ere we could drag the canoe up, a work that we became pretty
expert at, and these same passages were again very useful on our return,
At the Singpha village of Sambiang, or Gogo, we landed and secured
a guide named Lah, who was known to Ming, our boatman, and was re-
puted to have influence among the Tkak Nagas. He owned a gun that he
desired to fire off “for luck” ere starting, so sitting on shingle he pulled
the trigger several times in vain, as the hammer stuck at half-cock. I ad-
vised a hard jerk and turned to go to the canoe. Hearing a fearful bang,
I returned and saw the guide’s feet and gun pointing skywards through
the smoke. He assured me, though in a nervous way, that it was all right,
and usually did that when he put in six fingers of powder and two balls!
From hence to T’kak we had three other Singphus travelling with us,
and at starting most of us walked over the shingle, gravel, and sand near
the river to lighten the boat. I noticed these three men at one place busy
catching some insects, and found that they were bugs an inch long which
lay under the stones, and which had an unmistakable odour. On enquiry,
one of them said they were going to eat them as they were a capital
substitute for chillies! and asked me to give them a fair trial!
By 4 o’clock we found a good camping-ground near the Nmbai Muk,
on the wide dry sands of an “era hute,” open on each side and with high
forest behind and in front. Fires were soon blazing, every one felt com-
fortable, and dinner was over by sunset. Gradually the moon rose over the
tree-tops and lit up the entire scene. While I enjoyed a cigar, the Bengalis
did justice to their ¢amukt, Ming and the Singphts lit up their little brass
bowl pipes, and we enjoyed the long evening. There seemed few birds or
beasts about, the ripple of the rapid not far off yielded the only sound.
Then we discussed Nongyang and the routes: none except Lah had been
there. Queer stories abounded, such as that the island in the lake floated
about and shifted its position with a change of wind. I heard also that
the valley had once been densely peopled with Khamongs or Kamjangs,
Aitonias, and ‘lurong Turai, who had all left in consequence of raids by the
Singphius.
Some of these same Aitonias being now near Goldghat, and the Kam-
jangs gone to the east, the valley is now-a-days utterly destitute of
en ee ee ee ee ee
1881. ] Noygyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 11
people. Mting drew some creditable maps on the sand, and seemed to
thoroughly understand the relative positions of the various countries,
routes, passes, rivers, and mountains, with their inhabitants. From all he
could learn, the Singphti track v7é@ Sitkha was difficult mainly on account
of the want of supplies en route, and at best not so easy as that over
Patkai. All agreed that the line over Dopha Bim to Manchi from the
Upper Dihing was reported both long and difficult, and people very seldom
traversed it. After a while, the moon sank, leaving the line of forest
opposite strongly marked against the sky. One by one we went to sleep,
and all was quiet.
About 6 A. M. we were all astir, boxes packed, camp-chair folded and
stowed, tents rolled up, and for once we pushed on before breakfast. A
cup of hot coffee and milk with a biscuit was my chota hazri. ‘This same
prepared coffee and milk is a most-useful item, and can be made almost in
a moment and milk cannot be procured en route. Here and there we
occasionally saw some fine mahsir, 20- and 380-pounders, and I regretted
not having tackle.
Fine views of the snow-capped hills to the east were seen ere the mists
rose, and Dopha Bim looked beautiful in the early light, the shadows sharp
and blue, while the snow was of that peculiar creamy white, so difficult to
get out of any colour-box, the sky colour behind all being a clean pale
vrey. A good telescope, to one travelling eastward is a necessity ; without
it he misses half the “ sights’’ of these parts.
About 11 a. M. we passed the Mganto Muk, one of the three old
channels of the Dibing, and saw there some huts of elephant-catchers and
rubber-cutters. After passing it, we again found the Namrup perceptibly
smaller, several long shallows so bad indeed that the men had all to carry
their loads ahead and return to drag the canoe over. My Rob Roy,
drawing only two inches of water, of course experienced no such difficulty.
Later in the day we passed the entrance to the Nmbai, or Lumbai as some
eall it, for at times they seem careless which itis, This is not really a
river, but a loop from the Namrup which leaves it here and rejoins the
main stream above Kherim Pani.
Still later we passed the third channel of the Dihing called the Kasan
on the same (right) bank, reaching Namtsik before sunset, and camping
on a sand below the huts of the elephant-catchers employed by, Mr.
Vanquelin. He was encamped close by, and paid me a visit, giving some
information in reference to routes, and kindly lent me a smaller boat to
assist me in getting up the river Namtsik. I was here induced to take
the Namtsik and Tkak route vid Sonkap, instead of the one straight on vid
the Namrup, or, as it is here called, Namhtk, the route by which Mr.
H. L. Jenkins and my brother travelled in 1869.
12 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
Next morning we re-arranged the baggage, leaving some needless
items till our return, and taking only loads which the men could easily carry
in the hills. At first the Namtsik was a succession of deep clear pools,
among wooded hills, with rapids at every bend. The timber was remark-
ably fine, the best I had ever seen. Huge nahars (Mesua ferra), mekahi
and gondserat, rising here and there to immense heights, certainly 100 feet
to the first branch, being 10 and 12 feet, or even 16, in circumference
at the base. Large tree-ferns and wild plantains rose above on either side,
and creepers hung in profusion everywhere, long lines often hanging down
into the water, as a rule everything was beautifully reflected in the still
clear water. Eventually we reached a rapid towards 4 o’clock, where an
immense rubber-tree overhung a deep pool, but with a ledge of shingle
intervening, on which there were remains of some huts made by the
ubiquitous rubber-cutters, these we speedily demolished, and after levelling
‘the ground, pitched our tents in a line. Somehow this evening, in
consequence of the gloom, the weird look of the whole place, queer hootings,
and a slight drizzle, the party all seemed inclined to the superstitious, and
I had to compel them to cook and eat. After they had done so, I issued a
small “ tot”? of grog to all who would take it, which served to rouse them up.
During the night it rained, but, as before, our waterproofs kept us dry.
About 9 a. M. next morning, after all had eaten, we started on, passed
some long rapids and shallows, where I had even to get out and tow my
Rob Roy. At one place I was ahead looking for deer, and enjoying the
beauties of the gorge. Some of the tree-ferns I estimated at 30 feet high.
Dead rubber-trees were also seen here and there, the dead arms standing
out conspicuously against the clear blue sky overhead or fallen over bodily
into the river bed.
Suddenly, on turning a corner, I came on some Naga men and women
who were out for jhiming, they were all nearly naked, the men wearing a
narrow strip of cloth and the women a series of fine cane strips, so girdled
as to look like a miniature crinoline that hung down about a foot below
the waist, and to which a narrow strip of dirty cloth was fastened horizon-
tally. The women also wore nose-studs (which covered the nostrils) made
of pewter, and the size of four- or eight-anna pieces, A profusion of glass
beads, as usual, made up for the scantiness of the costume in other ways,
and brass wire rings were worn through the upper part of the ear, from
which the red and green skins of a small bird depended. Brass wire brace-
lets, a bead coronet, large red cane loops in the hair, two bone skewers, and
shin-rings seemed to complete the outfit. Two lads of 16 or 17 were quite
nude.
None of them could speak a word of Assamese, and seeing me alone
they were considerably astonished, especially as but one or two of them
1881.] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 13
had ever seen a white person before (when the surveyors were there).
Though taken aback, they evinced no distrust, and by signs I called the
lads to haul my canoe up the top rapid; soon after my followers came up,
and my guide could talk to the lads. They were from a village up on the
northern flank of the Patkai. The dress and general appearance of these
Nagas was almost precisely the same as of those found up the Tirap valley,
twenty miles west.
As we ascended the Namtsik if maintained its picturesque look, a suc-
cession of deep still pools, often overhung by rock and trees, shallows and
rapids here and there blocked by fallen trees, at times long ledges of dark
slippery rock with narrow channels, through which the river rushed, mak-
ing it difficult to get the canoes over. In places the gorge was almost
in twilight, in consequence of the masses of foliage all around and above,
where it was not always possible to see much sky. The large whitish
trunks of immense trees (hulong and mekai more especially) here and
there rose very conspicuously against the darker background ; there were
also many large trees that seemed new to us. Ailiks, or Hylobates,
the black gibbon, were very common, and made the forest echo with their
hallooings. The great hornbill, too, was seen in flocks of twenty and
thirty at a time, and could easily be heard, as their wings seemed to
rasp the air, from a quarter to balf a mile off. Otters were common, and
made off with a great fuss; no doubt, from the signs we saw, they have a
nice time of it.
At one place we came to a huge mekat stem hanging or projecting out
in the air from the jungle on the left hand; after passing under I got
out of the canoe and scrambled up on it, the stem was fully four feet thick,
and projected about thirty. On walking back on it, and dividing the
jungle with my knife, I found it was poised on its centre on an island, and
that an equally large portion overhung the other branch of the stream,—it
had evidently been carried along and lodged there during some big flood.
Towards the afternoon we began to get glimpses of dark green and
blue forest-covered hills not far off to the south, the group of Sonkap Bim
on which there were several Naga villages. The highest peak of the ridge
is about 3,000 feet, and as it stands well out north of the main range
of Patkai, it affords some magnificent views.
At 5 P.M. we arrived at the mouth of a small dark gully, which the
guide said was the route to the Tkak Naga villages. Here we camped, and
in the early morning arranged all the loads carefully. Three men were
then left in charge of the boats, while the rest of us went up to the
village.
For some way the .path led up the rough and slippery stream bed,
subsequently over a level spur, through clearings, where we had to scrain-
14 S. E, Peal— Report on a visit to the pal Eb Ce Ya
ble from log to log and walk along large and small tree-stems at all angles
of inclination, the ground being as a rule completely hidden under a thick
mass of creepers, foliage, and smaller lopped branches, all drying so as
to be ready for being set fire to about March.
How the leading men kept the path under such circumstances was
wonderful, for no trace of a track of any sort was visible. In some forest
beyond we met a Tkak Naga and his young wife, who were rather taken
aback on seeing our party. A palaver ensued as to which of the two
villages we should go to, and during it we suddenly saw a long string of
Nagas advance in single file, and, the path being very narrow and in dense
undergrowth, they had to pass us closely. As they went by many spoke
to our guide, and some stopped and gave him some tobacco, asking who
we were and where we were going, many- had flint guns, and all carried
the Khampti dao. Generally, they passed me hurriedly and seemed more
comfortable when they had got by, then turned round, and stared. Those
who had loads carried them in a conical basket (the Naga hura) by a
strap over the forehead; more than half had spears, and all wore the little
cane crinoline and small strip of cloth passed between the legs which
forces the testes into the abdomen, a usual custom among these Nagas
(East). They were not tattooed, and hence looked much paler in the face
than do the tribes who live further west. I found they had all been
summoned by a Singpht Chief to assist in building him a new house.
After passing through another Jhwm we reached Tkak, a village
consisting of ten houses ona spur facing the Nambong valley, where the
guide made arrangements for us to stay in the outer end of the head-
man’s house. After an hour’s rest, the carriers went back to the boats
for the other things, and the whole party came up. While they were away
I had breakfast. It was no easy matter communicating with these folks,
as the only language they knew besides their own was a little Singphu,
Lah, the guide, and Mung, the boatman, hovever, were generally somewhere
at hand to interpret.
The village was evidently not more than five or six years old, as I saw
the stumps of the forest trees everywhere about, and often the stems as
large logs. The houses were not arranged on any plan, but just built
where the owner had a fancy, on a fragment of level eked out by posts,
not over 30 or 40 yards apart, no two houses consequently were on the
same level or faced the same way. They were more or less on the same
pattern as are all the houses of the hill tribes in or about Assam except
those of the Garos and Khasias, 2. e., a long bamboo shed, with floor raised
on posts some 4& or 5 feet, |
It is singular how this custom survives even among people who have
left the hills and been resident in the plains for some 500 or 600 years, as
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 15
for example the Deodhaings, who came in as Ahoms in 1228, and are now
seen occupying a few scattered villages not far from the Disang river, in
the Sibs4gar district. The Aitonias and the Miris also afford other
examples. ‘The custom in all cases seems due to the necessity of keeping
the floor out of the reach of pigs and goats.
It may be called the “Pile platform” system, and to some extent
marks a race distinction between Aryans and non-Aryans. It is probably
the same system which occurs throughout the Malay peninsula, and has
latterly been traced in the Swiss lake-dwellings, and present Swiss chalet.
. Among the Nagas, where houses have been built on a declivity, I have
seen one end of the house only a foot or so raised from the ground, while
the other end, supported on bamboos 30 feet long, overhung a fearful
gully,—the little platform at the extremity, on which the people sit out
and sun themselves and their children, having no rail or protection of any
kind.
The people seemed very quiet and civil, but were more or less curious to
see our things. While they were examining them we heard a loud wail raised
in a house not for off, that made all mute, soon after another, and they all
went there in a hurry, gradually joining in the chorus. It turned out most
unluckily that the old headman, who had been very ill for some time, took
it into his head to die just after our arrival. It made my guide and Ming
and the three other Singphis look serious for a while Guns began to go
off, too close to sound pleasant, and were pointed about promiscuously ;
I began to think matters were getting serious, as the son, a grown
man, rushed about demented, yelling and slashing and cutting everything
within reach of his daéo,—floor, walls, baskets, all got a fair share of his
fury, an unlucky cock that ran past lost his head, and dogs kept aloof.
Guessing that a good deal of the rumpus was “a form of sorrow” in
these parts, I kept our party as unobtrusive as possible, and in about half
an hour the bereaved son came to me, quiet, but crying, and asked for
some caps, as they had a nipple-gun which they desired to use in the row.
On giving him a few, I remarked that had I known the old gentleman was
so nearly dead, I should have gone to the upper village, but he explained that
his death had been daily expected for some time, and I must not be put
out at the noise and fuss, which was their custom. He turned out after-
wards to be a very decent and intelligent fellow, and rendered me good
assistance.
The row still going on, I took my note-book and strolled out by the
path towards Patkai. A fine view which I had of the Namtsik valley shewed
it to be wide, and filled with low rolling hills and undulating land, and
not nearly so steep or high as I had anticipated from the shading on the
Government maps, which extends as far as this village.
16 S. E. Peal
Report on a visit to the [Noa
Patkai here at least presented a high and tolerably level ridge to the
south at 3,000 feet up to 6,939 feet at the Maium peak, all seemed deep
blue, instead of green, forest-covered to the top, and at some five or ten miles
off, the Nambong river below, dividing it from Sonkap, and receiving the
drainage from both sides, to flow east and join the Namrup. The six or
seven large spurs from Patkai are all included in the prospect.
Early in the evening the men arrived with the remainder of the loads,
and I pitched the tent in the usual form on a clear little flat just at the
outer edge of the village. After dinner we had a large audience as usual
of Nagas, men and women, the latter being in the outer circle. The object of
my visit (7. e.. to see Nongyang lake) was explained, and routes in various
directions discussed. There was but one to the lake from hence, 7. €., vid
the Nambong to Ninki, a stream between two of the large spurs, then
across Patkai by the regular and only pass. They made many enquiries
regarding “ rubber,”’ and I was able to show it to them in various forms,
as waterproof sheet, coat, air-pillow, elastic rings, &c. It was little wonder
that they were interested, inasmuch as till about a year ago any enterprising
Naga could earn 2 to 4 rupees a day by its collection, and, both the
inhabited and uninhabited tracts on each side of Patkai had been ex-
plored.
Here, as before, remarks were freely made in favour of our Raj, hill
was favourably contrasted with the state of insecurity known to exist in
Upper Burma, and here also before our arrival in Assam. They spoke of
the visit of the Survey party some years before, to which they made no
objection. A good many of them had been as far as Bisa or Makim and
Tirap, but few to Jaipur, and very few indeed to Dibrugarh. They seem
to work pretty hard, the men and boys in clearing the forest (jhiming)
and house building, while the women plant and weed the crops, reap, look
after the family, cook, &c., though the earrying of water in the bamboo
tubes, often for considerable distances from some gully below, is no joke.
They also bring in immense loads of firewood from the clearings, but
as a rule the women and girls are remarkably sturdy, and think very
little of carrying 150 or 200 pounds on their shoulders and backs, slung
by bands across the forehead.
Like most Nagas, they have no special agricultural seminal but
use the ever handy dado, which is also a weapon. Spears were pretty
common. They were iron-headed and of the elementary form common
all over the world, the other or butt-end often having an iron spike to
help in climbing; the young men also seemed fairly expert with the
crossbow.
Old flint muskets of English make, were not uncommon, the powder
being made on the spot by the Nagas, nitre collected from the sites of old
ant Se ee a
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. ip
cow-houses ; where the sulphur came from I could not ascertain. The
charcoal was made of the wood of citron-trees, jawra tenga of the Assamese.
This powder is not granulated or very strong, so large charges are necessary.
At 9 a. mM. the boiling-point thermometer showed 209°. 60, the
temperature of the air being 64° F.
After a fine cool clear moonlight night we were up at dawn, and our
party had an early breakfast, the loads were carefully arranged, and I
prevailed on five Nagas to carry extra rice for us.
Leaving the village at 11 4. M, we at once passed through the last
year’s shim towards the south-east, and down a long spur, towards a tract
of low wooded hills, on one of which we passed the last Naga village in this
direction, a small one of some five or six houses. There are no Nagas east of
the Dihing and Namrup. Thence through their shim partly felled, and on
down to the bed of a stream, along which we travelled a little way, coming
out on the Nambong, a small river that carries the northern-drainage of
the Patkai east to fall into the Namrup and Namphtik. There was not
much water in it, though here and there we saw pools; the bed was rock,
boulders, gravel, and sand alternately. How they kept to the path it was
not easy to see, for we often cut off bends by suddenly parting the jungle
and finding a rude track below,—at times even this was not to be seen, as it
was over boulders and rock. Still, the faculty of keeping or finding the track
is part of the savage nature all over the world, and when studied and
understood is not at all wonderful On opening their eyes anywhere in the
jungles, these savages can read the surroundings like a book, it is their
book in fact, though sealed up, or the signs invisible, to the civilized
intelligence.
Near the mouth of the Nuki, which drains a valley between two of
the large spurs of Patkai, we camped at a clear spot, where there was also
plenty of firewood, and wild plantains, for the guide, Mung, and the Nagas
to make a hut of.
Bedded rock, laminated shale, was passed frequently inclined at 60° or
70° dipping south.
At dusk, when cooking, the stones under the fires, or supporting the
various pots, frequently exploded, so that the operation beeame rather
exciting, and it was agreed by the Bengalis that the Nambong Deo, or
spirit, had objections to it; however, it was all over ere long, as we were
hungry, and, on the moon coming out, we spent a very pleasant evening.
Stories and jokes abounded; now and then a general howl was raised to
warn off a tiger that prowled about, though none seemed much afraid of
him (his tracks were fresh and plain on patches of sand not far off in the
morning). At 9p. m. the thermometer stood at 60° F.
After breakfast, at 9 Aa. M., we again started on and soon struck
3
18 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
the Nunki, up and beside which we travelled for some hours, and which in
places is anything but easy walking, and, though bare-legged, I found shoes
were necessary. Here and there a man had an ugly fall, and it was well the
things were well packed, as the loads had rough usage. Gradually it began to
rain, which wasa damper in every sense, as where we went on the banks leeches
abounded, and in the river bed the rocks and boulders and the smaller
shingle became very slippery. A small lean-to shelter or old hut marked
where the path left the Nunki bed to ascend the spur, and here I made
the men halt. The Nagas and Singphtis and Ming at once pulled out
pipes, so I made my fellows all take a little rum “ medicinally.”’ We then
started on and found the first 1,000 or 1,500 feet pretty steep, the path
being unmistakeably visible, both by the track below and the blazes on the
tree stems of all ages, from one to ten years; a peculiar feature of the
path was that it very seldom varied from a dead level for perhaps two
miles or so, and never descended anywhere as much as 380 feet, and was in
the main fairly straight. Vegetation began to vary a little, not only trees,
but plants and herbs of new kinds were seen, and after about a couple of
hours’ pretty easy walking the track got steeper and steeper, where the
long spur joined the main range. At last the climbing became no joke, to
the men who had wetted loads especially, and we had frequently to rest ;
half an hour or so of this work brought us through some kako bamboo to
the crest of the ridge, which was quite narrow and densely wooded, the
views either way being simply of clouds and mists.
At about fifty yards from the path we camped on a small level, and
the rain left off in time for the people to hang out and dry their clothes,
blankets, &e. The only thing now needed was what we had too much of
already, z.e., water.
Some of the Nagas, however, went away to the bamboos, getting
about a gallon from the joints, which sufficed for cooking my dinner and
brewing tea for all the party.
I repeatedly told them there was a spring of good water some 400
yards down the path on the east side, in a gully off the same, but both
Lah and the Nagas denied it, and said it was useless to go. Subsequently,
when at Bor Phakial, Il heard that it was true that there was water there.
At 9 p.m. water boiled at 205°. 75, air being 57° F. Considering our wet-
ting and fasting, the people were all in very good spirits, and we were
anxious to see through the veil of mist to the south,—but no sueh luck,
the night proved foggy too. In the early morning I put my orderly to
watch for the view at a part of the crest where there was a patch of grass
some two acres inextent. At about 8 a. m. he reported by shouting to me
that the clouds were clearing and mountains showing beyond. I at once
went up with my prismatic compass, and now and then the driving white
1881.]. Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 19
;
mists or clouds that swept up showed signs of parting. Suddenly below
us, and some way out among the clouds, we saw a patch of bright yellow,
and another to west, of blue, both for the moment a mystery. It turned
out the yellow was dead grass on the plain in sunlight, and the blue was
the lake.
In a little time it had so far cleared that I secured bearings of the
most conspicuous features, including the peak of Maitim, to the south-
west, which is just 7,000 feet high. While I made a hasty outline sketch,
the men struck the camp, and by 9 a. M. we were off down the path that
leads to the Nongyang ford and from thence wid the Digum Bim and
Loglai Kha, to Namyong villages in Hukong.
After a short time, having first consulted with the Nagas, we left the
path and struck south through the jungle, down across deep khuds and over
little hills, where the load-carriers had a job to get along, especially those
in charge of the canoe, the incline in many places being 50° and 60° from
the horizontal. But Nagas are at home in the jungles, and soon piloted
all of us down to the level, which we reached far sooner than we expected, but
found it so soft and swampy that it was too dangerous to go on, and we had
to return to the flanks of the smaller hills trending towards the lake. After
about an hour’s walk we came to where the bottom was more firm and
sandy, and we crossed to the low wooded hills that run along the northern
edge of the lake, passing among which we suddenly emerged on it and had
a splendid view. Giving directions to pitch the camp on the little hill-side
facing the lake, where there are some large hingori trees, we crossed a patch
of reeds and stood on the actual margin. |
The Nagas, Singphus, and Kamptis at once began some sort of puja,
each after his own fashion muttering away, bowing, and touching his
forehead with some of the water. I then had the canoe launched, but
they all begged me so hard not to take the gun, that I left it, and the wild
fowl which I saw out on the lake’s opposite shore got off. One and all said
we should be sure to have heavy rain if I fired, or a bad storm, as the Deo
of the lake would be certain to be offended. So I turned the Rod Roy’s
bow out, and felt the peculiar pleasure of being the first who had paddled
on that sheet of water, certainly the first who had done so in a Rob Roy.
As I went out I saw the margins were low all around, and no forest near,
except where I had started from,
The basin of hills, beautifully reflected in the smooth water, swept
right round in a green-blue curve, the valley of Nongyang extending south
some six or eight miles as a dead flat covered with grass and scrub. The
whole bottom of the valley was flat, except where three small tree-covered
hills stood like islands in the sea of grass east of the lake. ‘The banks were
so low and flat all around that I could see a considerable way inland from
20 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. I,
the canoe. Turning westwards, I began the circuit of the lake at some 100
yards from shore, and soon found little bays and headlands, though no sign
of out- or inlet. When half round, I looked across and saw the smoke of the
camp fires rising blue against the foliage. The water-fowl had apparently
crossed over there. ‘Towards the south-east corner I. passed up a channel,
separating banks barely a foot high, covered by a small sedge, and found I
was rounding the island, a very low flat patch of an acre or two in extent,
with some very scrubby trees on it.
The water was here so shallow, being often barely two inches deep,
that had not the silt been soft I must have stuck. This silt, however, was
so soft and light that the paddle, held upright in it, sank in 23 to 8 feet
from its own weight. Of course I got out of such a dangerous corner as
quickly and quietly as possible,—an upset there meant certain death.
I was surprised to see neither stones, sand, nor clay, all was silt and
peat, except a little sand where I had started, the outlet was from the south-
east corner not far from the island. After about an hour’s paddle I returned
for breakfast, made all snug, took some observations and memo. sketches,
and in the evening went out again, going nearly round, and finding several
inlets. The number of wild fowl must be considerable, as the edge of the
lake was almost everywhere denuded of sedge or vegetation for a couple
of feet in, and had plenty of feathers trampled in. At one place I saw
marks made in the bank by the two tusks of a large elephant at water-
level, evidently one which had got in and could not easily get out, of which
there were other signs beyond. Report says there are large numbers of
tusks in the silt everywhere. Other tracks were very common, though no
game was visible, but no deer, buffalo, nor indeed any large game tracks
except those of elephants.
In the evening we had some strong puffs of wind, and we made all
taut for the night, after dinner settling with the men who were to take turns
at watching. 'The Nagas also drew creepers and some dead branches and
leaves about us outside, so that anything approaching would at once be
heard, then we turned in and slept soundly.
In the morning I started the five Nagas to their homes they were
not wanted and wished to be off, and then prepared to sketch the lake
and hills and get bearings. This occupied me all day, and we prepared
to start next morning for the Nongyang ford, where I desired to search for
the inscriptions in Ahom cut some 500 years ago near the ford, where the
road crosses. The men, however, whom I had sent ahead to find a path,
returned in a great mess, and declared it utterly impossible to cross the
valley, as the peat, or pitonz, was too soft and deep to bear their weight.
This was most unfortunate, and a second attempt, backed by a good prize
if successful, failed equally, so there was nothing for it but to return to
‘
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 21
Patkai at any rate. I then determined to lash my canoe in the large
arms of a big hingoré tree, and did it so as to prevent its being blown, or
shaken down, resting it bottom up on three boughs; being of a very
lasting timber, it may remain safely for some years to come, unless
elephants can reach it, which I doubt, or the Nagas hear of it from Lah.
We therefore, instead of crossing for the Nongyang ford, started back
by the road we had come, and found the return to the pass comparatively
easy, it took but 2 hours or 23. There being no water on the crest,
I had made the men cook and carry extra rations and water in my kettle,
From the crest, it being a fine clear day, I made a sketch and took bearings
again, also by boiling-point thermometer at 4 Pp. M. and 9 Pp. M., and again
at 9 A. M., secured the altitude, which was worked out for me by Mr. H. F.
Blanford, to whom all the observations were submitted. Apparently, the
crest of the Patkai at the pass is about 3,500 feet above mean sea-level,
probably 3,000 above the bed of the Nambong on the Assam side, while
the Nongyang lake and valley stand at about 2,200 feet, showing, say,
nearly 1,300 feet difference in the levels. The valley of Assam, in fact,
being much the lowest, and the Nongyang lake lying about on a level with
the Sonkap villages.
From the pass, looking southwards, the valley extends as an irregular
triangle for some eight or ten miles north and south, by three or four in
width, the lake being near the Patkai end where broadest, and being itself,
say, three-fourths by half a mile. Apparently the lake once filled the entire
valley, the junction of the level with the hills all around being a well
marked line ; the surface also mainly consists of grass and scrub jungle, and
showing very few trees, is apparently all swamp. ‘The three small conical
and wooded hills east of the lake, and at, say, one-fourth to half a mile
distant from it, look precisely like islands, the exit from the lake passes
close to them.
Later in the day I attempted to get along the crest eastwards, but it
was an interminable succession of gullies or saddles and ridges, which would
need a whole day to explore, and the dense forest precluded a view in any
direction. Ata mile east a peak rises which dominates all around and
beyond. While we were camped on the summit a party of Singphis
crossed from Assam en route to Hukong for buffaloes. Starting from the
Nambong that morning about 9 a. M., they intended making the Nongyang
ford ere dusk, thus crossing from water to water iz one march. Three or
four of them had guns. ji
Early on the 14th we struck the tents, and started back down the
northern slope, seeing the tracks of cattle which had crossed since we did.
In about three hours we reached the Ninki, where we had breakfast. I
here caught some orange coloured butterflies which seemed new to me, and
22 S, E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
measured a mekai sapling which was 10 inches diameter at foot and 5
inches diameter at the first branch, 60 feet from the ground.
It was a lovely morning, and, excepting for one or two bad falls, we
got down to our old camp easily and quickly, finding three Tkak Nagas there.
At dusk we heard a barking-deer not far off, a Naga took his gun and
quietly disappeared, a loud report soon after told us he had succeeded,
though, being dark, he could not trace it; by dawn, however, he was out
and returned with it on his shoulders. I gave him some beads for a leg.
These men knew the country pretty well, and had cut rubber on the Upper
Loglai. They said large numbers of Nagas from our side go east on the
side of Burma, taking food for twenty days, and in parties of thirty and
forty or more. It is a large tract of country, and totally uninhabited.
After breakfast, about 9 a. m., we all started on together up the Nam-
bong, thence over the undulating forest land and low hills, jhims, &e.
One of the Nagas we dropped at the first Tkak Naga village, and soon
reached the one we had camped in at night, where we rested an hour and
waited for the guide, who had loitered behind. In the jham close by I
observed each person’s little store-house of yams, chillies, pumpkins, &e.
quite open and exposed, often without doors, yet I was told on all sides that
the contents were quite safe. So close to the path were the things, and so
very tempting, that I had to collect and warn my people against innocently
supposing they might stoop and take what they saw, or there might have
been no small row. While resting in the Tkak village, a Naga woman came
and presented me with a large basket of moad, or rice-beer, which, after
tasting, I passed round; it was not so good as that of the Nagas living
west near me. Like the Singphts, these people make very neat wicker-
work baskets, and line or plaster them with rubber-juice, so as to be not
only water but spirit-proof. They also make pretty bamboo mugs, with
two handles in loops, some of them absurdly like Dr. Schliemann’s early
Greek pottery.
When the guide joined, we went on and climbed another 500 or 600
feet to the Upper Sonkap village of some ten or twelve houses. Several
women and big girls at once, and without a word from us, brought out and
handed over bundles of firewood for nothing. It was done so quietly that
I take it to be a regular custom, and one form of welcome. Water,
however, was at a premium. Some for present purposes was given us in
huge bamboo vessels, but I had to get the Naga boys and girls to bring
more at a pice per tube. Even then, there was a short allowance, till the
spring filled, or they found a lower one next day. I went to see it, and
how they managed to get down and up in the dark surprised me. The .
want of water has a perceptible effect on the complexions of these people,—
the older women seem especially partial to charcoal dust and ashes.
:
*
EE
‘
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 23
We pitched our tents in a row, on a clean piece of ground offered us
among the houses, and after dinner a most motley crowd of people came
‘ound our fire, to whom I had more or less to show myself, my clothes,
guns, lamps, &c.
The imperceptible effect of custom was curiously seen in many very
trivial things here, as elsewhere: for instance, though more or less all
prepared for wonderful guns, I found that whenever I opened the D.-B.
B -L. suddenly and the barrels dropped, there was an instantaneous “ Awa!
he’s broken it,” the idea of a joint at the breech being the last to occur
naturally. At last we got to sleep, after telling them all I would remain
over the next day, perhaps two, and there was plenty of time to see every-
thing.
Early next morning I was up, but the range of Patkai all along was
invisible. In the dark, however, I must mention the Nagas were up and
the women and girls at work and going for water. The muffled tread of
many feet and tinkling of the many shin-rings awoke me, and they came
back in the dark ; meantime, the dull “‘ bump, bump” of the rice husking
went on in every xan till dawn.
I took a turn to the upper few houses of the village, some 800 yards
east, while my man was getting chota hazri (little breakfast) for me, and _
on my return in half an hour, failing to make a sketch east on account of the
mist I found a lot of the women and girls squatted about weaving, and “ got
up regardless,” in beads, red hair, red cane, and such like in lieu of costume,
the tout ensemble when some of them stood up was certainly most remark-
able. The long and in some cases profuse straight black hair was secured
on the poll of the head by two large (engraved) bone hair-pins, from
the projecting ends of which, behind, beads depended, round the head or
over the hair some twenty rings of scarlet cane were fastened, and over the
forehead a bead coronet. A large brass ring hung from the upper edge of
each ear, a bright green bird’s skin dangling below to the shoulder ; the pe-
culiar nose-studs, or nostril-plugs, completed the head. - A profusion of large
small bead necklaces hung from the neck, some close, others long and
reaching to the waist. Pewter armlets, bright and dull, on the arms, and
-wristlets of brass of various sorts, from plain wire to a curious piece of
casting, were on the arms, now and then red goat’s hair being attached in a
fringe or bunch. Round the waist was the curious series of cane rings, some
fifty or sixty, more or less attached to each other, or long strip coiled round
and round, but generally worn as a little crinoline, very much too short, and
which was helped out by a strip of native-wove cloth, going all round, but
ends not joined,—the whole contrivance barely decent. Red cane bands
were often worn round the leg below the knee, as is the custom with the
men, and then the remarkable pewter shin-rings, four or five on each leg
24 S. E. Peal— Report on a vistt to the [No. 1,
placed on edge in front and tied round the leg in some way that prevented
them all from slipping down. In walking or running these made a pretty
loud tinkling as they touched each other.
To-day the belles of the village came out strong, they seemed for once
to have washed themselves and donned all the finery available. As I went
about with an interpreter, looking at the weaving and little sticks used as
a loom, and asking all sorts of questions, they seemed as much amused as
we were, and when laughing, the whole costume seemed to join in, the
nose-studs in particular. I could hardly help every now and then thinking
what a sum one would realize as a model at the Academy life-class, especi-
ally some of them who were remarkably well made and not bad-looking.
The children, as a rule, were not at all prepossessing, and had heads and
faces round and uninteresting as a turnip, the nose a little round knob,
and little eyeholes as in a mask, utterly destitute of modelling. The
men’s costume was limited to the cane crinoline and a jacket without
arms, occasionally a necklace and topi with hair or feathers; but they
do not dress themselves as gaudily as the women, or as the Naga men
further to the west.
The looms I saw were simply two little upright sticks of any sort
driven into the ground, and one loosely tied across the offside, to which the
woof was wound, another similar one being in front and looped to a
band, against which the weaver leaned back to pull it tight. A huge flat
paper-knife seemed to complete the arrangement, being some four inches
wide it, when placed on edge, opened out the strings enough to allow a
little ball of thread to pass through ; letting the said paper-knife lie flat
seemed to open the strands the other way, and the little ball was rolled
back again: with this they wove cloths with a simple pattern, which were
from a foot to eighteen inches wide. Several were weaving men’s cloths
of the strong bonrhea, 5 feet long by 38 inches wide, and with ornamental
ends.
After an early breakfast at 9 o’clock I started with several men for the
summit of the hill, and after a steep climb reached it and found it had been
jhiimed about two years before, so we set to work and in an hour cleared
off a good deal, enough to enable me to see round and get bearings. The
view was a fine one, bounded on the north by the Mishmi Hills, north-east
by Dupha Bum 15,000 feet, well snowed down to 2,000 feet or so from the
summit; east the Phiingan Bim, 11,000 feet, was well seen, but had no
snow on it, the distance about 53 miles; thence round towards the south
I saw the eastern prolongation of Patkai, with the depressions in the
range where the old Burmese route crossed, at probably 1,500 or at the
least 1,000 feet lower elevation than the present pass of 3,500 feet. Over
and beyond this marked depression could be seen a rather high group
'
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 25
of hills,—a feature visible here alone, as elsewhere the range of Patkai
hid them from view.
The hills seen beyond were expressively called the “ Loglai Patkai”’
by the Naga headman, who caught me making an outline and taking bear-
ings. They may be the group that lie between the Loglai and Turong
rivers. From this point west, the entire line of the Patkai crest was visible,
but slightly undulating till near Maium, where there seemed to be several
depressions, before the rise to the 6,939 feet of that peak. The seven
large spurs, running north and more or less at right angles, were very
distinctly seen with their intervening valleys, all, like the main range,
densely wooded, the Nambong draining all that was lying in this direction.
Some of the more western spurs of Patkai were sufficiently high, and form
the sky-line, as Longvoi Pipoi, and Nongya Sapon, projecting into the
Namtsik valley, which lay west, and seemed filled with low rolling hills,
one behind the other, for a long way. ‘Towards the north-west at some
miles off, and seen more or less on end, were the ranges dividing the Namtsik
from the Tirap basins, some peaks, as ‘ Mung phra,’ Kongtam, Rangatu,
and Yungbhi, were from 2,500 to 4,000 feet Ingh; further west again
about Makum, the hills gradually sank to the level of the plains, in a sea
of forest. I observed that the mists in the early part of the morning, or
before noon, poured for hours over the lowest part of Patkai above indi-
eated, like milk from a jug, and the phenomenon was repeated daily
during our stay, thus marking it unmistakeably as the lowest part of the
range. Kast of this part (which seemed the Upper Namrup on our side
and Loglai on the other) the range rose again, though not to any great
height. Between Patkai and Dupha Bim, beyond Dihing, rose a fine
group of hills called by these people Miao Bum, and between Miao and
Sonkap, on which we stood, were the small hills called Nan-nan and
Tantuk, between which Pemberton says the old route lay and the Namrup
flowed, under the name of the Nam-huk or Namhok, and near the village
of Namphuk; the alternative route to the Nuinki, v7@ Nambongmiuk,
passed hence also, it was taken by Mr. H. L. Jenkins and my brother some
years ago, in 1869.
Towards the afternoon we descended through a clearing, where we saw
boys lopping the tree branches that overhung a gully, seemingly a very
perilous job and needing some nerve, as the branches fell quite 500 feet.
In the evening, an old Naga gave many particulars about the Nonyang
lake and valley, and the previous inhabitants, routes to Burma, &c. He
gave the length of the valley as one day’s journey, and says he lived with
other Nagas once on the hills overlooking the western end of the lake,
where there are now no villages, The original inhabitants were, he
said, Khamjangs, Aitonias, and Turong Turai, confirming what I had
4
26 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
heard before, and that Nagas inhabited the hill ranges around on the
west.
At night we had again a large audience, the men and boys seated
round the camp-fire, the women and girls in a circle standing outside. I
was asked all sorts of questions about my country and people, the Queen,
railways, and steamers, on which Mung had been dilating more or less,
Next morning after chota hazrt, 1 started eastwards with my orderly
and a couple of Nagas, and got into a jum on the eastern flank of our hill,
from whence I obtained a fine view. At noon we returned and had
breakfast and after a rest, 1 made an outline sketch of the Namtsik valley,
and then saw a fine sunset. I also fired a few rounds from my revolver, at a
mark, to the delight of the young men, who cut out all the bullets at once
from the old stump. Some eight or nine Kessa* Nagas came to the village
from the other side of Patkai, and were pointed out to me. They were, I
could see, in various ways somewhat different to the Nagas I was among.
Paler in colour, more ugly and sinister in looks, destitute of arms or of orna-
ment, and each wore a large wrap of bonrhea cloth. They also did not
tattoo. It was difficult to communicate with them, as only one or two
knew a few words of Singpht, and their “ Naga” was also very different.
The Sonkap headman and others told me they belonged to a tribe who
sacrificed human beings, and, as this was news to me; I took some pains to
get it confirmed by them. The Nagas replied by explaining that it was
done as an old custom, to secure good crops when there was likelihood of
failure, and not through wantonness, and that they explained this to the
victims, men and women, captured or bought, who were tied to a stake,
aud killed, as far as I understood, by a cut across the abdomen transversely
in some way. It would be very desirable to verify this on the spot, and,
if it proved true, endeavour to suppress the practice of such a custom at
our doors.
The entire Naga question must be taken up sooner or later and
properly settled, or it will be a source of constant trouble to us. We have
had very fair success with the Aryan populations of India, but seem to
fail signally among non-Aryans. Dr. Hunter’s remarks regarding such
races are worthy of the most careful attention. They seem to need a com-
bination of the autocratic and patriarchal,—an essentially Personal as
distinguished from a Departmental Government, with its cloud of Babus,
a race mortally detested by the Nagas and such like tribes (and with
reason). This indispensable element of personal regard our Government
seems to systematically ignore, the most potent tie which can connect us
with these people is frequently and recklessly severed, with results that
* Nagas on our side of Patkai are called “‘ Hijud Nagas,” or cooked, 7. ¢, civi-
lized, those on the Burmese side are Kessa = Kutcha, or raw.
‘
1881.] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. E
act disastrously on them. Yet, instead of blaming ourselves, who should
know better, we blame the savage, and wonder at the result. In time no
doubt these people might be educated and understand us and our institu-
tions, but in the meanwhile they need an intelligent ‘‘ Chief” over them,
rather than a department, and one not changed for every little frivolous
pretext, but one who will elect to live and die among them and work for
them. From being a set of treacherous and turbulent races, they would
become a prolific source from which our Indian army could recruit most
valuable and trustworthy material. They are particularly susceptible to
personal kindness. It is to be lamented that with the opportunity and
power to govern them successfully, there should be deliberate blundering
through thoughtlessness. Such men as Captain John Butler are needed,
they are few and far between perhaps, but are still to be found with a little
trouble.
But to return to these Kutcha Nagas; what they were like in their
houses I can’t say, but here they wore a sinister truculent look, and there
was more difference between them each individually than is usual, though
the colour was somewhat uniform; they wore the hair cropped to a
horizontal line across the forehead, as is so common among all Nagas.
They spoke very little, and in undertones, to each other, their numerals,
like those of all the races in Hastern Assam, being on the same. basis, with
minor variations.
At last we got to sleep, and after a pleasant night were up at dawn.
I asked the Naga headman to assist me in procuring some curios, personal
ornaments, costumes, &c., but it proved to be no easy matter. They might
give away, but how could they sell such things? Of course, if given, a
present was expected in return of, say, at least double value.
At first they quite failed to see why I wanted their costumes and orna-
ments, unless for some unstated purpose, not a good one,—to perform
magic with, perhaps; but gradually I got them to see it as a harmless
and laughable peculiarity of mine, and I secured a few. of the things,
though at exorbitant rates. I got them to see it best and easiest by
selecting a girl well got up, and saying I would like to take the “ lot” as
it stood, bar the girl. Naga-like, they could not resist the temptation to
palm off bad things for good. Eventually, we got what we wanted, had
breakfast, and, while packing, I showed them all another village through
the telescope. Their astonishment was considerakle, and, as usual, they
thought the village had been brought near by magic.
Ere midday we were off down for the Namtsik, where, meeting a
young Naga I secured some samples of his gunpowder in exchange for
some bullets, on which he set a high value. The powder was kept in dry
bamboo tubes, with a stopper and bit of cloth. I also made him sell me
28 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1,
his jacket and crinoline, or at least three-fourths of it, for he said if he
went up home without it, he would be a laughing-stock to all the girls,
even though he had his cloth on. Our men soon appeared emerging from
the gully, and we shipped everything and got off, the dropping down
stream being very pleasant work, and the rapids giving very little trouble.
At one place, a long deep pool shaded by overhanging rocks and trees, we
found a party of Nagas fishing ; their mode was to stake the shallows
above and below, and set a series of traps, then to hoe or dig in by stakes
or daos a lot of the bright red fine clay of the bank at that place, which
renders the water like pink cream, whereupon the fish in the pool clear out,
and in so doing all get caught. They go about, too, on bamboo rafts, and
beat the water, to scare the fish ; generally each person gets two or three
big fish to take home. We shot along pretty quickly, and at last camped
ona bed of shingle at the river side, where there was plenty of grass
to sleep on, and firewood. Here the dam-dums, or moans, small flies on
silent wing, tormented us. Their bites or stings itch the next day and
often cause bad sores. :
Next morning we got off early, and shot some rapids in a way that
made us all hold our breath. ‘The river had risen somewhat. At one place
we came to a huge rock that rose out of the Namtsik, in a deep pool, and
it had four large sculptured circles on it in contact, each about a foot in
diameter, and containing an eight-petalled rose,—whether a Hindu or
Buddhist emblem I cannot say. It is, however, well known to the people
about, who declare it a work of the Ahom Rajas many years ago; a part
of two circles which is missing is said to have been struck off by
lightning.
By 4p. m. we reached the mouth of the Namtsik and the elephant-
stockade, having taken in our remaining stores we pushed on to the
Nmbai mtik the same evening. I had seen the young Singpht Chief,
Kherim Gam, at Namtsik, and he agreed to meet me at Tirap.
Next day we pushed on, passed the Kasam, Mganto and Kherim Pani,
into the Dihing river, landed at Gogo and saw some peculiar men, said
to be Eastern Singphts, from far up the Dihing; the headman wore a
peculiar Chinese-looking cap, jacket, &c., and had a most celestial look
about him, he proved kindly and intelligent, and made some shrewd remarks.
IT also saw here a huge pair of jangphais or amber ear-plugs, worn by
a very old but remarkably good-looking woman. She would not part with
them, though I offered a large sum, their full market value in Assam.
Again we started on and shot some very bad rapids in a way that
astonished all on board, in some places we went for fully 300 yards at
about ten to twelve miles an hour flying over the boulders only just below
us, and which seemed to pass like bands of colour,—to have caught in
a
A
“
a
1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 29
one would either have split the canoe in two, or sent us and it rolling
pell-mell into the deep water below.
Ming, however, seemed to know his work, and only once showed a little
weakness, when in shooting down a rapid with a bend in it, and that seemed
to end in a huge pile of snags and branches, the leading paddlers jumped
overboard, and I had just time to jump forward and give six or seven hard
side-strokes with my large-bladed ob Roy paddle, which served to convert a
frightful upset into a hard bump, We reached the bend above Tirapmik
about 3 Pp. M., and most of us got out and walked across the chord of the are
on the sand and grass; five or six of the men, who had gone on foot and
earried light loads, here joined us, and we got to Tirap itself about 4 P. M,,
camping where we did before, on the sands, just above where the rivers
joined in the fork, and opposite the end of Kherim Gam’s village. They
soon had the tents up, firewood in, and were hard at it cooking, when my
dak by two men turned up, it had been waiting a week. They also brought
a few acceptable stores. Kherim arrived at night, and in the morning came
over and we had a long talk together on many matters. He seemed much
pleased to see me, and asked after Jenkins Saheb and my brother, with
whom he had gone to Hukong in 1868-69. He particularly wanted me to
promise to repeat my visit next cold season, and offered to go anywhere
with me I liked,—especially Hukong, where he was well known, and has
two sisters married to Chiefs. One of these two, over on a visit to Assam
came as soon as Kherim was gone and interviewed me. She is married to
Dubong Gam, on the Turong, and asked me to visit them, guaranteeing my
safety. She was a smart, intelligent little woman, and it was now twenty
years since she had been home to Assam. She had her four children with
her. Through an interpreter we had a long conversation. She seemed
thoroughly to understand the relative positions of the Singphts on our side
and hers, and declared the keeping of slaves not so bad after all, and in
some cases necessary ; at the same time, they all admired the peace and
security to life and property seen on our side. As usual, she came with a
small present,—fowls, rice, milk, &c.,—and in return I gave her an assort-
ment of strong needles, some threads, tapes, and handkerchiefs for the
children. She was soon to return to Hukong, and several of their slaves
had come to take her and the children back, a ten days’ journey v7é the
Naga villages and Namyong. As far as I could see, the system of slaver y
in force in Hukong is not the curse John Bull so often supposes it to be.
and seems particularly well adapted to the state of society prevalent there.
The slaves, often either Assamese or their mixed descendants, are treated
more or less as part of the family, a proof of their happiness being that they
do not run away and join our side when possible. Leaving the Tirap, we
went down to the small Khampti village of Manmo, where I saw and
30 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the Nongyang Lake. [No. 1,
sketched a pretty little Buddhist chang and school-house with very fair
carving about it. For some reason, the Bapu, like the one at Bor Pakhial, has
gone to Burma, and they did not know whether he would return. It seems
a great pity if Buddhism is doomed to die out here among these people ;
theoretically and practically it seems infinitely better than what they are -
getting in lieu of it, z. e., a mixture of the dregs of several superstitions.
We reached Bor Pakhial about 3 P. M. and camped this time up on the
bank near the houses and some bamboos, and soon had a collection to learn
of our success. A little before sunset I fixed up the telescope pretty firmly,
and showed them several canoes full of people in the distance ; there was
great excitement over it, for, though very far off, the boys kept calling out
the names of the girls and women in the boats, and were able to recognize
them. As they came nearer it was a pretty sight, and they made the boats
travel, as most of them had oars and were paddling. As the canoes were too
small to sit down in, all were standing in a row, five or six in each long and
narrow dug-out, then they all ran up to see us. Several old men reiterated
the story about the people who had originally inhabited the valley of Nong-
yang, and who were driven out by the Singphis. They also indicated the
difficulties of a route east vi@ Manchi or Bor Khampti, up the Dihing, of
the Sitkha ; of this latter route, they could only speak by repute.
Taking the configuration of the whole country and the ranges around,
in regard to the countries beyond, it seems that the only feasible in or
outlet is vz7é@ the Namrup basin and Nongyang or Loglai; eastwards the
Patkai not only rises, but the approaches from either side become more and
more difficult and traverse an uninhabited country. Westwards, again,
though inhabited by Nagas, the hills are also more difficult, and the actual
water-parting at a much higher elevation, the tract of mountainous country
on either side becoming much wider.
The discovery of the actual route where it crossed the Patkai in olden
times is not now very difficult, its locality is known, and exploration on the
spot is all that is necessary. ;
It is not unlikely that in ascending some one of the several gaps in
the lower part of the range east of the present pass, and not more than
two or three miles distant, the path may be found to debouch almost at
once on the level, or but little above it, rendering a route anything but
difficult to open there. 3
Certainly, the elevation cannot be over 600 or 800 feet above the
tributary of Loglai first met, that river itself probably running at about
1,000 feet below the crest. Nongyang is but 1,200 feet below a much
higher portion. There are reasons for presuming that this old route was in
use as the ‘ Doi bat”’ in 592 A. D. by the earliest Shans from Mogong.
In illustration of this paper see Plates VIII to XIII.
1881.] V. Ball—Diamond Mines in India. 31
IIl.—On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in India which were
known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those which were
visited by Tavernier. With a note on the history of the Koh-i-nur.—
By V. Batt, Hsq., M. A., F. G. S., Geological Survey of India.
(Zwo woodcuts.)
[Received 26th January :—Read 2nd February, 1881.]
Having recently published a general account of Indian diamond
deposits* in which I unfortunately allowed myself, in more than one
instance to be misled by untrustworthy authorities and having still more
recently had an opportunity of consulting original works not available to
me when I wrote, I am anxious, on this the first opportunity to correct,
as far as possible, the errors to which I have given currency and to place on
record some of the more important conclusions at which I have arrived.
Undoubtedly the best general account of Indian diamond deposits
published up to within the past few years is that by Karl Ritter in his
Erdkunde Asien (Vol. VI, 1836). This most careful and assiduous compiler
has been quoted and misquoted, generally without acknowledgment, by a host
of subsequent compilers, none of whom have supplemented his account by re-
ference to the modern researches published by the Geological Survey of India.
Jam compelled to add that one of the latest writers on Indian Diamonds,f
has by not having had recourse to this last source of information, misled
his readers as to the positive amount of knowledge possessed at present
regarding the mode of occurrence of Indian Diamonds. He has rehabili-
tated several long exploded theories as to their age. In his identification
of the localities visited by Tavernier he has been rather wide of the mark
while other parts of his paper especially his table of diamond weights are
internally inconsistent with one another.
Tavernier’s visits to India took place in the middle of the 17th
century. He describes the mines at three localities, namely, Raolconda in
the Carnatic, Gani or Coulour in the kingdom of Golconda and Soumel-
pour.
The identification of these three localities, has, so far as I can
ascertain never been successfully made out. It is the object of this paper
to describe the result of my investigations and also to draw attention to
the fact that the Diamond mines mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari as being
situated at Beiragarht are known to have been at a spot where traces of
the mines are still to be seen.
* Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, 1880.
Tt Quarterly Journal of Science, N. 8S. Vol. VI, 1876.
} Vide Gladwin’s Translation, Vol. II, p. 58.
32 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1,
It is not within the scope of this communication to describe the
mines themselves, that I have done already elsewhere and hope to do
so again more fully hereafter. It is from the historical point of view alone
that they are discussed at present.
I. Gawnr-Covtour not identical with Gant-Partik{t Lat. 16° 39’
Long. 80° 27’ but with Koutur Lat. 16° 42’ 80” Long. 80° 5’.
(Atlas Sheet No. 75.)
The mines at Gani called also Coulour by the Persians were situated,
according to Tavernier, seven days’ journey eastwards from Golconda.* In
a subsequent chapter} to that in which the above statement is made he
adds some details regarding the route. The itinerary being as follows :
Golconda to Almaspinde, ..... eta csvewece OF GOETIE
Aimaspinde to Kuper, 00. sjssenes cs san sus cwe, | orn
Kaper to Nontecoun 5. ss ie ieie ais ste Se ro 0 ee
Montecour to Nagelpar,’ cs ..<> ae ss ae anaes .-. oe ee
Nagelpar to Hhigada,;.. 02.06 #s0 0s piss a6 J 6/avare 6. dag
Eligada to Sarvaron,..... SA Ganerarare’et tie aintectenens : eyes.
Sarvaron to Mellaserou, .........0. NRT 6 erate [ieee
Mellaserou to Ponocour, ......... i eal saison se
From Ponocour you have only to cross the river
to Coulour or Gani.
Total 142 Gos.
The total of these items amounts to 143 gos and in the English edition of
the Travelst amounts to 15%. But it must be concluded that both tables
contain misprints since Tavernier expressly says that the distance was 182 gos
or 55 French leagues the gos being equal to 4 leagues. ‘Taking this
league to be equal to 4,4443 metres its value expressed in English miles
would be 2°78 and therefore the gos (2°78 x 4) would be equal to 11:12
English miles,§ or rather less than the modern Indian stage distance of ©
6 coss or about 12 miles. The distance of Coulour from Golconda was
therefore, by the route taken by ‘Tavernier, 153 miles (11°12 x 18°75.)
It is impossible to identify all the names of stages mentioned in the
above list, some of them as Almaspinde and Montecour have a very
* Voyages, Liv. II, Chap. XVI, p. 304, Paris, 1677.
t+ Idem., Chap. XVIII, p. 316.
t Lond. fol 1684, p. 142.
§ Heyne (Tracts, p. 94) mentions the Gow as a term in use in his time (1795).
It was, he says, equal to eight miles,
Ieee oF OE Se ee ee,
a i ea *
a A ee a ee ee,
_. '-—
1881.] visited and described by Tavernier. 33
un-Indian sound about them; but Eligada seems to be Oorlagondah of
Atlas sheet 75 (Lat. 17° 15’ Long. 79° 55’) and Sarvaron and Mellaserou
may very possibly be represented by the modern Singawarum and Mailla-
cheroo, they being separated from one another and from the crossing of
the Kistna river to certain diamond mines, by distances which correspond,
nearly, to those given by Tavernier.
If the diamond mines of Coulour were situated south of the Kistna
and that was the river crossed and not its tributary the Moonyair then they
were wholly distinct from those of Partial. In favour of this there is much
to be said. On the south bank of the Kistna west of Chintapilly in Lat. 16°
42’ 30” and Long. 80° 5’ there is a diamond locality which on the oldest
engraved map I have seen, that by Thomas Jefferys, (London, 1768) is called
Kalur or Gani. This it may be thought would finally settle the question,
but as I shall have to say when speaking of Raolconda both this authority
and Rennell evidently took their information, from Tavernier, and not
from independent sources.
Fortunately a manuscript map by Col. Colin Mackenzie, of the
Nizam’s dominions, which is dated 1798, indicates this locality as Coulour
and marks it as a diamond mine. Partial is written separately in its
proper place as Gani-Purtial and so also is a well known intermediate
locality at Istapully and both are marked as having diamond mines. I
think on the whole we are bound to conclude therefore that Tavernier’s
Gani Coulour was not identical with Gani Purtial the modern Partial but
with the modern Kollur as it is written on the Atlas Sheet No. 75. So
far as can be seen from the map its surroundings are not inconsistent with
Tavernier’s description, he says the mine is close to a large town on the same
river (Kistna ?) which he crossed on the road to Raolconda, and that a
league and a half from the town there are high mountains which are in the
form of a cross. In the intervening plain the search for diamonds was
carried on. The locality too, it may be added, is in the middle of presumedly
diamond bearing rocks.
Now as regards this word Gani there is still a remark to be
made. Its recurrence in the titles of two mines which I have shewn
were distinct, suggests that it was not a proper name, and that in fact it
really meant ‘ mine of ’ being only a corruption of Aan 7.* We know that
the letters Gand K are interchangeable in some Indian languages and
therefore no particular effort is required to accept the view that Gani
Coulour meant simply the mine of Coulour, ¢. ¢., the modern Kollur, So that
to speak of, the mine of Gani, as is often done, is meaningless tautology.
-* T am indebted to Mr. Baden Powell, C.S. for this interpretation, vide * Punjab
Manufactures’, p. 197.
5
34. V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No.4
Identity of the Great Mogul Diamond with the Koh-i-nur.
As the identity of the Great Mogul or Kollur diamond has been the
subject of much controversy I think it well to include the following note
here since it properly comes under the head of Gani-Coulour or Kollur.
Tavernier states that not only it, but many other large stones were pro-
duced there, and he adds, that, in his time the miners still continued to find
large stones in the same mines.
I shall first quote verbatim and then analyze what Tavernier has
written regarding this diamond. Having gone to take leave of the Great
Mogul (Aurangzeb) on the Ist of November 1665, he was invited to return
on the following morning to see the Emperor’s jewels. He says,* “ The
first object which Akel Kan (the Custodian of the Jewels) put in my hands
was the great diamond, which is a rose, round, very convex (? haute) on
one side; at the edge of one side there is a small notch (cran) with a flaw
in it. The water is perfection and it weighs 819} ratis which are equal
to 280.of our carats the rati being ¢ of a carat. When Mirgimola who
betrayed the king of Golconda, his master, made a gift of this stone to
Shah Jehan from whom it is descended it was uncut and weighed 900
yatis which are equal to 7874 carats and it had many flaws. If this
stone had been in Europe it would have been differently treated, for some
good pieces would have been taken from it and the stone left much larger,
as it is it has been almost polished away. It was Siewr Hortensio Borgio,
a Venetian who cut it, for which he was badly paid. They reproached him
with having spoilt the stone which ought to have remained heavier and
instead of paying him, the Emperor made him pay a fine of 10,000}
(rupees) and would have taken still more if he had possessed it. If
Hortensio had known his work better he might have taken some good
pieces off without doing injury to the king and without having expended
so much trouble in polishing it, but he was not a very accomplished dia-
mond-cutter.”
It is now believed by some authorities that very large pieces, inclu-
ding the Orloff diamond were as a matter of fact cleaved off from the
original Great Mogul. Certainly cleavage had as much to do with the
shape of the Koh-i-Nur as polishing.
In the chapter on his visit to the mines at Coulour,t he says that
the Great Mogul diamond was found there. If this be true and also that
the mine was only discovered about 100 years before his visit, which
* Voyages, Vol. II, Livre, 2, p. 249. Paris Ed. 1677.
+ Even this item is variously stated by compilers who seem to have been the cause
of much of the confusion that exists about the weights &c., of this historical gem.
tlc. p. 306.
+ ,
1881. ] visited and described by Tavernier. 35
took place between the years 1665 and 1669, then this diamond cannot
have the great antiquity claimed for it by some of those who consider
it to be identical with the Koh-i-nur.
Tavernier’s third mention of this diamond which is accompanied by a
ficure is as follows: ‘ This diamond belongs to the Great Mogul who did
me the honour to show it to me with all his other jewels one sees the
form which it received on being cut. On my being permitted to weigh it I
have found its weight to be 3193 ratis which are 279,% of our carats. In
its rough state it weighed as I have said 907 ratis which are 793-5, carats.
The stone has the same form as if one cut an egg in two.”
He gives us therefore two different accounts of its weight in the
rough, 900 ratis or 787% carats and 907 ratis or 793,% carats. It is
obvious that there is a mistake as the two do not agree in any respect even
the equivalent values calculated at 1 rati = 2 of a carat should be 7874
and 793%. I have already pointed out strange and unaccountable defects in
Tavernier’s arithmetic.
Different weights and measures appear to have been used in different
parts of the country in his time, the mangelin = 1 carats or 7 grains at
Raolconda and Coulour - the ratz = } of a carat or 83 grains at Soumelpour..
If we could wiv approximate accuracy fix the value of the rat mentioned
by Tavernier we might succeed perhaps in instituting a fair comparison
between the Great Mogul and other diamonds, It seems to be difficult to
believe that it equalled 33 grains as he states. In Nagpur in the year 1827
according to Mr. Jenkins the rat was only 2°014 grains. The French
grain was equal to about °77 of a troy grain, therefore since the ratz
contained 33 of these, its value would have been 2°695 or say 27 troy.
This fact seems to have been overlooked by some who have endeavoured to.
reduce the weights given by Tavernier: non-experts too, appear to have
forgotten that the diamond grain is not identical with any other grain,
though our English carat contains 4 of these grains it only consists of
3174 troy grains.* So calculated, the weight of the Great Mogul would
_ 319°5 x 27
3174
see our way to putting the value of Tavernier’s ratz at 1°84 instead of 2°7
then the exact weight of the Koh-i-nur when brought to England would
be obtained but for this there is perhaps no necessity. Another system of
calculation is used by the writer of a note in the Great Exhibition Catalogue of
1851, in which he adopts the known maximum weight of a ra¢7 at 25°; grains
(? what grains) and thence deduces 175 carats as the weight of the Great
Mogul. This is somewhat short of the 18675 carats of the Koh-i-nur while
the other is too large. Supposing the Koh-i-nur to be identical with the Great
* Vide Encyclopedia Britannica, Art. Diamond.
= 271:78 English carats. If in this equation we could
36 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1,
Mogul it may have been mutilated during its travels and this may account
for the loss in weight 271°78—186:06 = 85°72 carats, and for the difference
in its shape when brought to England from the sketch given by Tavernier.
Tue Great Mocuru Tue KouH-I-NUR
(From sketch by Tavernier), (Before recutting).
It is probable moreover that Tavernier’s sketch or diagram as it might be
called, which is here reproduced for comparison, was from memory and was
therefore more regular in outline than the original. The name Great Mogul
was, of course, not of native origin but was’ probably first conferred by
Tavernier. By the natives, it was in all probability originally known as the
Kollur diamond. In reference to this I was quite accidentally informed, by
a native jeweller of Calcutta that it has been suggested, if not absolutely
stated by some native writer that the title Koh-i-nur really owes its origin
to a change in the originally meaningless name Kollur. Such changes, in
which, while the sound is more or less retained, a meaning is acquired are
not by any means rare in Oriental languages while they sometimes occur in
those of Europe. Thus English surnames in the mouths of natives become
changed into words of similar sound which have a meaning in Hindustani or
whatever the language spoken may be.
From the above J think it will be admitted that there are good reasons
for believing in the identity of the Great Mogul or Kollur diamond of
Tavernier with the Koh-i-nur. In spite of the slight differences in weight
in his two statements we cannot suppose that he saw two distinet diamonds,
and the hypothesis that the Great Mogul diamond still exists in Persia
under a different name is wholly without foundation.
Il. Raoxtconpa, identical with Rawduconda, Lat. 15° 41’ Long. 76° 50’—
District of Mudgul in Haidrabad.
It has hitherto been supposed by all the authors to whose writings
I have had access that Tavernier’s Raoleonda can no longer be traced
and certainly the investigation presents some difficulties, but I venture to
believe that the following affords the right clue to its identification.
1881.] visited and described by Tavernier. 37
According to Tavernier* Raoleconda was situated in the Province
‘ Carnatica’+ five days’ journey from Golconda and eight or nine from
Visapour (Bijapur). Remembering that he states that he crossed the river
separating the kingdoms of Golconda and Visapour, 7. e., the Kistna or its
tributary the Bhima and fixing the rate of travelling at 20 miles a day
which seems to have been Tavernier’s average, we should arrive at the con-
clusion that Raolconda was situated somewhere in the angle between the
Kistna and Toongabudra rivers and not far from their junction ; but as in
the case of Gani-Coulour, Tavernier gives a route list of the stages between
Golconda and Raoleonda which, on analysis, proves to be quite inconsistent
with the above stated distance between them. ‘This list is as follows :—
Ey Goleonda to Camapour, .-.........c0.ccsecees 1 Gos.
Canapour 66 Parquel, ....0.00..00.. cee csesee eee? 2g
Parg@el bo Caken0l i sesccs ccctee cen vor voaae 1
@akenol to Canol-Candanor,...,......6...0-8 3
Canol-Candanor to Setapour,... . 1
Setapour to the river,...... Tre Pete seues 1
(This river is the frontier of the kingdoms
of Golconda and Visapour, 2. e., the
Kistna).
Beat ne river 0 Alpeury, 15: iiccdsscncecisdescevee
ee Alpour to Canol, | ....0ciisseses eee vas
fe Ganol to Hadlconda, - is... ek os nae cose veaves
or ee.
2)
w (P)
(?)
bo
tole leo
~~
ss
The total of these items would be 142
Here again there is something wrong in the arithmetic since Tavernier
gives the total as being 17 gos. probably the items 7 and 8 are misprints
for 3 each. To begin with there are here given 9 stages and the distance
17 Gos. or 68 French leagues must have been, according to the method of
calculation adopted above in the case of Gani-Coulour,t about 189 miles,
If Gani-Coulour 150 miles distant from Golconda wasa seven days’ journey
it follows that Raoleonda must have been much nearer nine than five, and
therefore it seems probable that Tavernier really meant to write exactly the
converse of what he did write, and that we should transpose the distances
given respectively of Raoleonda from Golconda and from Visapour.
This being done and these new indices of position being applied to the
map, we are led unhesitatingly to identify Tavernier’s Raolconda with the
* Voyages des Indes, Paris, 1867, Ser. II, Chap. XV, p. 293.
+ This term or rather Karnata was an ancient Hindu geographical division
which comprehended the tableland of South India above the Ghats. See Hamilton’s
Hindustan, Vol. II, p. 247. Also Ferishta’s History by J. Scott, Vol. I, p. 45.
ft «4. ¢., one league = 2°78 English miles,
38 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1,
modern Rawduconda in Lat. 15° 41’ and Long. 76° 50’. That Raoleonda
was not on the Kistna or its tributary the Bhima as some writers have
supposed is evident from the fact that Tavernier states that on his return
journey from Raolconda the governor gave him an escort of six horsemen
in order that he might traverse in safety the tract under his government
up to the river separating the two kingdoms and which was, as shewn above,
at the 6th of 9 stages on his outward journey.
Rawduconda, as the crow flies, is situated 165 miles south-west from
Golconda and by road it must be quite L189 miles. From Bijapour (or Visa-
pour) it is about 110 miles or some five days’ journey to the south east.
The town is 6 miles distant from the western bank of the Toongabudra
river one of the principal feeders of the Kistna. From the station of
Raichtr on the Madras Railway Rawduconda is about 50 miles distant in
a south-westerly direction.
I believe it will be.admitted by all who care to investigate the question
that the above is a legitimate conclusion. Tavernier’s two statements as
they stand are clearly contradictory, but the first being amended as I have
suggested their united testimony seems to compel the conviction that we
have at length identified his Raoleonda.
Tavernier describes the neighbourhood of Raolconda as being sandy
and full of rocks and thickets somewhat similar to the environs of Fontaine-
bleau.* I have not seen any recent account of the locality and the geology
can only be guessed at. All round at no great distance crystalline rocks are
known to occur, but Tavernier’s account of the matrix seems to indicate a
rock other than any belonging to the crystalline series. However, it is no
part of my present object to enter further into this question nor is it
necessary to reproduce Tavernier’s account here.
Captain Burton}t who appears to have located Raolconda on the Bhima
as he certainly did Gani (z. e., Coulour) relates that he heard of diamonds
in Raichtr and that Sir Salar Jung offered to arrange for his going there,
but that he gave up the idea on hearing that there were only crystalline
rocks there. It is possible that a tradition of diamonds at Rawduconda
in the Mudgul Cirear adjoining Raichtr may still linger at Haidrabad.
I let the above stand without alteration though since it was written
I have had an opportunity of examining a number of old maps at the Sure
veyor General’s Office, for which my thanks are due to Mr. James.
* This description is very similar to that given by Newbold of the opposite or
eastern bank of the river where granite rocks rise from a wide expanse of furrowed
sand. Vide Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Vol. XI, p. 126. Unfor-
tunately Newbold never mentions Rawduconda though he passed within a few miles
of it while on two of his traverses.
t Vide Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. VI, 1876,
EE — } i dae
1881. | visited and described by Tavernier. 39
Thomas Jefferys’ engraved map of India, dated 1768 gives Tavernier’s
stages to Raoleonda which is placed in the angle between the Bhima and
Kistna with such accuracy that it is impossible not to conclude that the
route was laid down to fit Tavernier’s supposed line and not from indepen-
dent evidence, there is too, other internal evidence that Jefferys took some of
his localities from Tavernier.
Rennell’s map of 1788 is open to precisely the same criticism. But
a manuscript map of the Nizam’s dominions by Col. Colin Mackenzie,
dated 1798 largely drawn from actual surveys, does not represent any
similar route terminating at Raolconda, but it does give Rawduconda in its
right place. A village called Alpour situated south of Raichtr on this
map may be identical with the locality, two marches from Raolconda, which
is mentioned by Tavernier. Similarly Boorcull another village near Gol-
conda may be Tavernier’s Parquel. Heyne itis true ina map _ published
with his tracts calls Karnul, Canoul and Candul in the text, these are
~ almost the same words as Tavernier’s Canol. ,
In conclusion if Kaolconda be not identical with Rawduconda I can
only suggest that 1( may be Ramulkota a known diamond mine in
Lat. 15° 34’ Long. 78° 3’ 15” but being 120 miles as the crow flies
from Haidrabad and 150 miles from Bijapur, two rivers, the Kistna and
Tungabudra having to be crossed to reach it, en route from the former, it
does not fit so well with Tavernier’s description. Ramulkota is only about
19 miles south of Karnul whereas Rawduconda must have been 30 miles
from Tavernier’s Canol.
III.—Soumenpour of Tavernier situated in Chutia Nagpur and not
identical with Sambalpur as has been supposed by some authors.
Possibly represented by the modern Simah in Palamow, Lat. 28° 35’ N.
Lung. 84° 21’ #.
When writing of Ptolomey’s Adamus flus in the paper already quoted
I pointed out that though doubtless it was intended for the Mahanadi its
upper reaches are represented as passing through a region called Cocconage
which is supposed to be identical with Chutia Nagpur. Though this is not
exactly the case still one of the principal tributaries of the Mahanadi,
namely, the Ebe, which is itself believed to be diamond bearing, passes
through a large portion of Chutia Nagpur.
Although I included Tavernier’s description of Soumelpour under the
heading of Sambalpur I recognised that the facts did not seem to fit which
I attributed to defective geographical knowledge on his part. There
ean be no question, however, that the Soumelpour which was visited by
him was situated far to the north, being if not identical with, at least not
very far removed from, the localities in Kokrah or Chutia Nagpur which
40 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1,
were discussed in a paper by the late Mr. Blochmann* who states that the
Generals of Akbar and Jahangiri were led to invade Kokrah and attack the
Raja on account of the diamonds which it was believed they would find
there. Mr. Blochmann believed the river to have been the Sunk and I
mention in my paper that a spot is still shown in that river where
diamonds are said to have been found.
Tavernier’s list of stages from Agra to this mine as in the other cases
presents some perplexing items. It is as follows with the real distances in
miles added for comparison.
Actual distance
Costes. in miles.
Agra to Hulabas (Allahabad),............ 130 276
Hulabas to Benarous (Benares), ......... 33 95
Benarous to Saseron (Sasseram), ......... 4 1 a
Saseron to Great Town, Pa00. 1 nine ae
Great Town to Rodas (Hhotasy, Gaveants 4: 24
Total 192 465
Rodaz to Soumelpour; - 1 ace | SO
There are several manifest inaccuracies in the above. The distance
between Allahabad and Benaresis in reality about one-third of that between
Agra and Allahabad yet Tavernier makes it only one-fourth. The ‘ Great
Town’ mentioned, probably lay between Benares and Sasseram not between
Sasseram and Rhotas. The items 4 and 21 should be transposed.
If Sasseram were 8 costes from Rhotas then since the distance is 24
miles, the cost would equal 3 miles and the same result would be obtained,
nearly, from the distance between Allahabad and Benares, but by dividing
the above totals of the table, z. e., 465 by 192 we only get 2:4 as the value of
the cost. If again we strike the average between these, 2°4 and 3, we get
2-7 as a final approximate value. Now multiplying the 30 costes which are
stated to intervene between Rhotas and Soumelpour by this we obtain 81
miles as the distance between these places. The next question to deter-
mine is what locality at this distance from Rhotas answers to the following
description of Soumelpour, “ The Raja lives half a league from the town
in tents set upon a rising ground at the foot whereof runs the Gouwel de-
scending from the southern mountains and falling into the Ganges.” Just
80 miles from Rhotas at the foot of the Neturhat plateau there are the
remains of an ancient town called Simah Lat. 23° 35’ Long. 84° 21’ rather
more than a mile from the left bank of the Koel where it enters the
Palamow subdivision from the highlands of Lohardagga.
« J. A. 8. B. Vol. XL. pt. 1, p. 11.
Pr rh dee.
1881. ] visited and described by Tavernier. A]
Simah I take to be the same as Semul the name of the silk cotton
tree (Bombax malabaricum) which attains an enormous size in that
particular region, and Simah or Semul-ptir might have very probably been
written Soumelpour by Tavernier. ‘That the name of the river, Gouel,
is identical with Koel, under the circumstances, admits of no doubt what-
ever as the Koel runs northwards to join the Sone and so reaches the
Ganges ; but it is perhaps open to question whether the present Koel or its
tributary, the Aurunga, may have been intended.
Tavernier states that the diamond searchers worked up to the sources
of the river in the hills 50 costes distant to the south. This though an
exaggeration as applied to the length of the Koel would be wholly in-
applicable to the Aurunga, but on the maps by Rennel of a century ago
the name Koel was applied to the Aurunga while the present Koel, above
the junction, bore the name Burwah or that of the region where it takes
its rise. The highlands separating Palamow from Lohardugga proper form
part of a water-shed between the rivers of the Ganges basin which flow
northwards, and those of the Brahmini and Mahanadi basins which flow
to the south. Among the former the Koel and the Aurunga are the principal
and among the latter the Sunk and another Koel both of which, flowing
Beiwards, combine to form the Brahmini.
If there were really two sets of diamond mines, one in each basin,
it is probable that the sources of the diamonds were identical being situated
in these ranges of hills which form the water-shed, unfortunately we do not
know much of the geology although neighbouring areas have been pretty
closely worked, but it will be interesting to see whether future research will
prove the existence of an outlier of Vindhyan rocks—representatives of the
formation being rarely absent from the vicinity of diamond mines in India.
On Jeffery’s map to which allusion has been made on a previous page,
Soumelpur is placed on a river (doubtless the Koel) south of Rhotas and 15’
north of a town called Jounpur. Asno other towns save Soumelpur are
given in the same region, it is clear that Jefferys took his data from Taver-
nier. Rennell, however, in his map of this region marks diamond mines
south of the water-shed, 2. e., on the Sunk river.
There is still another point of interest to be mentioned with reference
to the identification of these mines. A large picture, representing the
attack upon the fort of Palamow in 1660 by Daud Khan, which has been
described by the late Col. Dalton* contains a figure of the Zamindar i Kén
a almas, or lord of the diamond mines, in the back ground. He is considered
_ by Col, Dalton to be a Kol (Nagbunsi) Raja but why should he not be
regarded as being precisely what heis described. He was probably the very
* J, A.S. B. Vol. XLII. pt. I, 240.
42 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1,
person whom Tavernier found living in tents on a rising ground only five
years later.
I have reason to believe* that the late Mr. Blochmann was somewhat
perplexed by the statement in the Tuzuh-i-Jahangiri that the presence of
diamonds was indicated at particular spots by the hovering (?) over them of
insects called Jhinga. Might not this term Jhinga have been a technical
one meaning the same small pebbles which Tavernier calls ‘ thunder stones’
and by the occurrence or absence of which the skilful miners, he says,
knew whether the sand contained diamonds or not. They are believed to
have been small spherical masses of iron ore.
IV.—Berragarn—mentioned in the Ain i Akbari identical with Wat-
ragurh in the Chanda District C. P. lat. 20° 26’. Long. 80° 10’.
In the Ain i Akbari} which was written towards the close of the 16th
century it is stated that there is a diamond mine at Beiragurh which had
been conquered lately by Bubjeo otherwise called Chanda who was the
zemindar of an ancient city in Subah Berar called Kullem. ?
An earlier notice of the locality occurs in Ferishta’s Historyt from
which we learn that the diamond mines at Kullem in Gondwara, where
stood many temples, were taken possession of in the year 1425 by Ahmed
Shah Wali Bhamuni. z :
Again in the ‘ Brhat Sanhita,’ in the chapter on Trying of Diamonds,
the peculiarities of stones from the following localities are described.
Vena river, Kocala, Surashtra, Supara, Himalya, Matanga, Kalinga
Pundra. The second of these is I find from Genl. Cunningham’s Ancient
Geography probably Berar with Chanda for its capital town. Possibly,
however, it here indicates quite a different place, namely, the modern
Chicacole on the East Coast which might very possibly have been a mart
for the sale of diamonds ; but the Vena river is believed to have been the
Weingunga,
It is needless to enumerate the various suggestions as to the identity
of Beiragurh by Rennell, Karl Ritter and others. It has now been
clearly established that the ancient Kullem was identical with the modern
Chanda and that Beiragurh is to-day represented on the maps by Waira-
gurh on the Sath river a tributary of the Kophraguree which is itself a
tributary of the Weingunga.
The exact position of the town is Lat. 20° 26’ and Long. 80° 10’. On —
the opposite bank of the river the map shews a town called Hirapur.
The existence of ancient excavations long since deserted and which are
locally asserted to have been made for diamonds is attested to by Messrs,
* Vide J. A. S. B. XL, pt. I p. 114, note.
+ Gladwin’s Translation, London, 1800, Vol. II, p. 58.
t{ Ed. J. Briggs, London, 1819, Vol. II, p. 406.
ee ee Oe ea ee a a
188]..] visited and described by Tavernier. 43
Jenkins and Wilkinson, residents at Nagpur,* by Messrs. Hislop and
Hunter} and more recently by Mr. Beglar of the Archeological Survey.
The fact is also recorded in the Central Provinces Gazetteer under the
heading of Wairagurh where, however, there is no mention of the identity
of Beiragurh with Wairagurh although it is fully set forth in the
historical account of Chanda in the same volume ; but this I did not see
until I had independently come to the same conclusion.
As not improbably referring to this last locality it may be of interest
to add the following from the account{ of the Travels of Nicolo Conti in
the early part of the 15th century. I cannot agree with the writer of the
Introduction to the volume which contains this account that Golconda was
intended. Nicolo Conti says that at 15 days’ journey north of Bizengulia
(by which Vijayanagar the modern Bijapur is intended) there is a mountain
which produces diamonds called Albenigaras. Now Beiragarh, the modern
Wairagarh, is as the crow flies about 324 miles north-eastwards of Bijapur
and therefore within a possible 15 days’ journey though, as the actual distance
traversed would be greater it would require very hard travelling. However
_ Albenigaras looks so like Beiragarh with the Arabic prefix E/’ or Al’ that
I am inclined to believe that it was the place intended. He goes on to say
that the mountain being infested with serpents it is inaccessible, but
is commanded by another mountain somewhat higher.. ‘“ Here at a certain
“period of the year men bring oxen which they drive to the top, and
“having cut them into pieces, cast the warm and bleeding fragments upon
“the summit of the other mountain by means of machines which they
“construct for the purpose. The diamonds stick to these pieces of flesh.
“Then come vultures and eagles flying to the spot, which seizing the meat
“ for their food, fly away with it to places where they may be safe from the
“‘serpents. To these places the men afterwards come, and collect the
~“diamonds which have fallen from the flesh.’”? Nicolo Conti continues
with an account of how other less precious stones are obtained, and his
description is that of ordinary Indian diamond mining. The travels of
Sindbad the Sailor and of Marco Polo whose account apparently refers to
localities in Golconda on the Kistna, have made this tradition of throwing
pieces of meat in order that the diamonds may stick to them familiar to most
people; yet an adequate explanation of the origin of the myth does not
appear to have been offered hitherto. I believe the following to be a
probable one.
Heyne in the account of his visit to the mines at Kadapah (Cuddapah)
states that they were under the particular protection of Ammawaru (the
* Vide Calcutta Journal of Natural History, Vol. III, p. 290.
¢ Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. XI, p. 355.
¢ India in the 15th century. Hakluyt Society, p. 29.
44 W. Theobald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [ No. 1,
sanguinary goddess of riches, 2. e., Lakshmi) and the miners objected to.
his riding on horseback up to the mines for fear of offending her.
Now what can be more probable than that the miners, before opening a ~
new mine, in order to invoke the aid of this sanguinary goddess made
an offering to her of cattle or buffaloes. Bloody sacrifices are known to be
offered to Lakshmi in one of her forms.
The opening up of new mines was and is we are told by several autho-
rities preceded by various rites and ceremonies. The miners were probably
never Hindus, and the custom of offering up cattle in sacrifice by the
aboriginal tribes from the Todas to the Sontals is too well known to
require special illustration. If it be admitted that the opening of amine was
preceded by the sacrifice of cattle and the throwing the fragments of the
flesh to be devoured by the fowls of the air, we at once arrive at the
foundation of fact upon which this superstructure of fable has in all
probability been erected.
Casual spectators and travellers may very easily have supposed that
the slaughter of cattle and the subsequent throwing about pieces of meat
was an essential part of the operations. Any one with experience of how ~
Oriental imagination can erect a tale of fiction on a small substratum of
fact will find no difficulty in conceding that in the above supposition there
is a sufficient explanation for the origin of the whole story.
It may be added that this propitiation of malefiant spirits was and
is by no means limited to mining operations connected with diamonds.
In the Journal of this Society* will be found an account of one of the
richest gold bearing tracts in Assam which had been deserted by the
indigenous gold washers in consequence of the expense connected with the
propitiation of the evil spirits who guarded the mineral treasures, being
greater than they could afford to pay.
TiL—List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiani.—
By W. TuEopatp, Deputy. Supt. Geological Survey.
[Received Nov. 25th ;—Read Dec. Ist, 1880.]
The following list, which embraces three new species, was drawn up
during a five months’ residence at Tandiani, the hill station of Hazara. — :
It will give a good idea of the molluscan fauna of the region, but is most
unquestionably not exhaustive, and I trust to some of my younger colleagues
taking up the work, which I regard as here only begun.
* Vol. XXII, p. 511.
ee ee eee eee
1881. | between Mari and Tandiani. 45
The work of the naturalist should resemble in its method, no less than
in the devotion bestowed on it, that of Bees :—
“Ergo ipsas quamvis augusti terminus aevi
Excipiat, neque enim plus septima ducitur estas
At genus immortale manet, multos que per annos
Stat fortuna domus, et avi numerantur avorum,”’
Fam. ZONITIDZ.
HeEicaRion Freminat, Pfr.
This species is extremely abundant at Tandiani though not of quite so
large a size as specimens obtained by Stoliczka at Mari. My largest shell
measures diam. max. 36, min. 27 alt. 16, whereas a Mari shell measured
40 mills.
To judge by Mr. Nevill’s measurements (40 x 23 x 12) his measure-
ments are taken somewhat differently to mine. My ‘diam. maj.’ or length,
‘min.’ or breadth and ‘alt.’ (or axis of Mr. Nevill) are all measured at
right angles to each other and with a straight limbed measure, like a shoe-
maker’s, not curved callipers, whence my ‘alt,’ or axis’ is larger than
Mr. Nevill’s, though the shell is a trifle smaller. )
H. Avusrenranus Nev. (Mollusca of the Yarkand mission).
This species is scarce at Tandiani. The animal is furnished with a
large mucous pore behind, and carries a long linguiform process of the
mantle, capable of extension to the apex, and is one of those species which
E though so provided does not possess a polished shell. The texture of the
_ shell (epidermis) is during life delicately sericeous, from the fine striation
t
of the epidermis. Mr. Nevill correctly describes it, as ‘glossy,’ that is like ~
me silk.
My largest specimen measure diam. maj. 16° min. 13°], alt. 8 mills.
The animal is rather more depressed than H. Flemingi.
H. SrortczKanvus, Nev. (Yarkand mollusca).
This species abounds on the north-east flanks of Sirban hill opposite
- Damtour in a grove, frequented by picnic parties from Abbottabad. My
largest specimen measures :
Diam, maj. 27°5, min. 21, alt. 14°5 mills.
The colour of the body whorl is greenish, of the earlier whorls rusty.
The shell is transversely rugous above, crossed by fine, above almost micros-
copie lines, giving it above a sericeous lustre; beneath the shell is smooth
or sub-polite.
46 W. Theobald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [No. ],
MacrocHLaAMys pRronA, Nev.
(Mollusca of the Yarkand mission),
This species occurs not unfrequently at Tandiani, though it does not
quite correspond with the Naini Tal type. The spire of my specimens is
convex not ‘ flat,’ and my largest shell is rather larger than Mr. Nevill’s
type, but the shells are I doubt not identical.
An unusually large specimen of 6 whorls measures, diam. max. 15,
min. 13°4, alt. 7°8 mills. Adults are rare, as I have only two. The animal
is long and slender, and dark slaty above, with long tentacles. A stout
dwarf form measures diam. max. 11°8, min. 10°3, alt. 5:9 mills.
BENSONIA MONTICOLA, Hutton.
This species is not rare at Tandiani and the shells are usually of a
dark rich chesnut colour, though pale individuals also occur. The abun-
dance of dead shells in the surface soil in sheltered spots among rocks,
suggests here, as in Kashmir that the species was formerly more abundant
than now.
I adopt M.. Nevill’s generic name as a convenient one for this species,
but I am disinclined to refer to it (as Mr. Nevill does in his Yarkand
memoir) Macrochlamys splendens, Hutton, with its lustrous, highly polished
shell which would seem to fall more naturally into the ‘ vztrinoides’ section
of the genus, (Nanina).
Microcystis Neviiii1anus, Theob.
This pretty little species is not rare at Tandiani. I do not deseribe
it here as I have furnished specimens to Col. Godwin-Austen for his forth-
coming work on the genus; it is a very snug little form of 6 whorls, of a
pale brown colour, warmed with orange towards the mouth.
My largest specimen measures diam. max. 8, min. 7:4, alt. 46 mills.
TROCHOMORPHA TANDIANENSIS, N. Sp.
Testi trochiformi, carinatd, anguste wmbilicatd, tenut corned ;
Anfractibus sex, lente crescentibus, transverse rugose striatis. Apertura
parum obliqui, lunate-quadratd. Margine simplict, columellari juata
brevissime reflexo.
Lat. maj. 9°6, alt. 6°7 mills.
Habitat ad Tandiani (in sylvis) montibus Hazarz, ad pedes 8500 alt.
The animal has a distinct overhanging mucous pore. The nearest ally
of this shell is perhaps 7. hyba, B. which is found from Chamba to Kashmir,
but like the present is a somewhat rare shell and of limited distribution.
KALIELLA FASTIGIATA, Hutton.
Three individuals of this widely distributed, but not common shell were
taken by me at Tandiani,
|
1
;
.
;
=~
1881.] between Mari and Tandiani. A7
Fam. HELICIDA.
VALLONTA HUMILIS, Hutton.
Not very rare, on trees at Tandiani.
Fam. LIMACIDZ.
ANADENUs ALTIVAGUS, Theob.
This large slug is not uncommon at Tandiani, though only seen abroad
after heavy rain.
Mr. Nevill doubts if I am correct in writing with this, the A. gigan-
tews, Haynemann, which Mr. Nevill thinks is a larger and distinct species,
of which he has seen specimens from Nipal.
Naprm®us pomina, B.
A dextral form of this shell is very common on the hills between Tan-
diani and Abbottabad, from 4000 to 6000 feet. It is identical with the
form found at Mari and typical (sinistral) forms also occur.
Long. 26, Lat. 9°6 mills.
A small variety is found in places and in the Pakli valley north of
Abbottabad. It is dextral and varies rather in form. Two specimens of
this var. minor measured,
a. Long. 20, Lat. 9 mills.
b. Long. 19, Lat. 7 mills.
Specimen 6 is intermediate between ‘ domina’ and ‘ spelzeus.’
N. Breppomeanvs, Nev.
(Mollusca Yarkand mission).
This is rather a common species at Tandiani. There are three varie-
ties of it var. typica 10 whorls, Long 12, Lat. 2°6 mills.
Var. turrita 11 whorls, Long. 12°4, Lat. 3 mills.
Var. pusilla 9 whorls, Long. 8°5, Lat. 2°5 mills. -
This is the most aberrant species of its genus, and is certainly not very
near any of its allies. The flat expanded peristome it sometimes displays,
suggests a relationship to some pupas, P. canopicta, Hutton, for example.
It is not a little strange too that I have hitherto failed to detect a single
Pupa at Tandiani though the prevailing rock being limestone, would seem
favourable to their presence.
N. Martnwarineranus, Nev.
(Shells of Yarkand mission).
A variety, as I take it of this shell is locally not rare on the hills
north-west of the Pakli valley from 4000 to 5000 feet. It has one whorl
less than the type (which is described as having 7) but is slightly larger,
a difference probably due to the lesser elevation at which my specimens
48 W. Thoebald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [No 1)
lived. Shell with six whorls, outer edge of aperture not quite so convex,
or full, as in Nevill’s plate. In most other respects corresponding with the
description of the type. The surface under a lens displays a microscopi-
cally decussated sculpture, not mentioned in the type. Two varieties
occur.
Var. major Long. 15, Lat. 6:2 mills.
Var. intermedia Long. 12, Lat. 44. This last I do not term ‘ minor’,
as it is actually larger than the type from Mari.
N. Smiruet, B.
This species was found by me at Mari, rarely.
PERONHZUS NEVILLIANUS, 0. Sp.
Testa turritd, rimatd, costaned, Anfract. 8 ad 9 convexiusculis, trans-
verse plicatis, lineisque spiralibus leviter decussatis, ultimo brevissime
ascendente. Apertura oblonga, vertical. Margine pallido, simplici, ex pan-
siusculo, et jucta columellam breviter reflexo.
Long. 15°7, Lat. 41 mills ad Long. 11:9, Lat. 4 mills.
Habitat ad Tandiani, montibus Hazare ad 8500 ped, cirea radices
arborum. :
I have named this elegant species after Mr. G. Nevill whose work on
the Yarkand mollusca and other Indian Pulmonata has so helped to eluci-
date the synonymy and relations of many species of that order,
CLAUSILIA WaAAGENT, Stol.
This species is tolerably abundant at Tandiani on trees. My speci-
mens vary from 11 whorls (Long. 17, Lat. 4 mill.) to 12 whorls (Long. 21,
Lat. 4°75 mills.)
C. CYLINDRICA, Gray.
This species is very abundant in rotten wood.
An undecollated specimen of 11 whorls measured 15°4 mills, a decol-
ated specimen of 5 whorls only 11°8 mills.
Appended is a list of the mollusca known to me from the Mari and
Tandiani hills.
T. Tandiani. M. Mari. H. Hazara.
(An asterisk denotes the species is recorded on Mr. Nevill’s authority.)
Helicarion Flemingt, Pf. T. M. H.
H. Austenianus, Nev. T.
Hi. Stoliczkanus, Nev. H.
Ai. monticola Pir. H.
Macrochlamys, prona Nev. T.
1881.] L. de Nicéville—A dist of Butterflies taken in Sikkim. 49
M. chloroplax, B. M.*
M. Jacquemonti v. Mart. M.*
Bensonia monticola, Hutton T. M. H.
Microcystis Nevillianus, Theob. T.
Trochomorpha Tandianensis, Theob. T.
Kaliella fastigiata, Hutton 'T. M.
Vallonia humilis, Hutton T. M.
Anadenus altivagus, Theob. T. M.
Napeus domina, B. M. H.
N. Beddomeanus, Nev. T. M.
N. Mainwaringianus, Nev. T. M.*
N. Smithei, B. M.
Peroneus Nevillianus, Theob. T.
Olausilia Waagent, Stol. T. M.
O. cylindrica, Gray T. M.
IV.—A list of Burrerriies taken in Sikkim in October, 1880, with notes
on habits, §e.—By Lionet DE Nice’vILue.
[Received December 12th, 1880; Read 6th April, 1881.] _
Part I.
Insects taken on the road between Siligori, elevation 397 feet above
the sea, and Chunabatti, 2,260 feet. |
1. Danais melaneus, Cramer.
Common in the Terai and the wooded slopes below Chunabatti.
2. Danais aglea, Cramer.
Lower hills.
3. Danais septentrionis, Butler.
One male on lower hills.
4. Danais chrysippus, Linneus.
Common in the open between Siligori and the Terai forest-belt.
- 5. Danais plexippus, Linneus.
Common in the Terai.
6. Huplea (Trepsichrois) midamus, Linneus.
Males only observed in the Terai.
7. Huplea core, Cramer.
Both sexes very common in the Terai.
8. Lethe rohria, Fabricius.
Very common on the road through the Terai.
9. Lethe europa, Fabricius.
Only one male seen in the Terai,
7
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50 L. de Nicéville—A list of Butterflies [No. 1,
10. Mycalesis perseus, var. visala, Moore.
Common amongst grass and bushes.
‘11. DMycalesis malsara, Moore.
Common, settles on the road in damp places.
12. Yphthima philomela, Johanssen.
Freqtents grass and herbage, where I found it common.
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——G—
Part I1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE,
Ver woe eee renee s:_ 00 OOOO
No. II.—1881.
PSNI a a a a et a il
VI.—On the relations of cloud and rainfall to temperature in- India, and
on the opposite variations of density in the higher and lower atmos-
pheric strataa—By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R. 8., Meteorological
Leporter to the Government of India.
[Received 25th March, 1881 ;—Read 6th April, 1881. ]
In the Report on the Meteorology of the year 1879, which I drew up
last autumn, and which will shortly be issued, I had occasion to discuss
the two subjects enumerated in the above title, in connection with the
anomalous variations of temperature and barometric pressure, exhibited by
the Indian registers during the last two or three years. As, however, they
have a much wider bearing than merely in reference to the cotemporary
phases of our Meteorology, and indeed may claim to rank among the
more important physical operations which influence Indian Meteorology,
I have thought that.it might be of interest to extract these notices from
their original setting in the pages of the Annual Report, and to ask the ~
Society to give them an independent circulation in its Journal.
I have been the more prompted to do this, because, in a recent number
of the Journal of the London Meteorological Society,* Mr. Douglas
Archibald has discussed at length a nearly cognate subject, viz., the “ Varia-
tions in the barometric weight of the Lower Atmospheric Strata in India.”
In this paper, Mr. Archibald refers to certain articles which the late Mr.
* Vol. VI. New Ser. No. 36, October 1880. Mr, Archibald’s paper was read on
the 19th May 1880.
10
70 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2,
J. Allan Broun, F. R. 8. contributed to “ Nature” shortly before his decease,
and in which he endeavoured to show, that while air must unquestionably
expand and contract according as its temperature rises and falls, the varia-
tion in density so produced in no way adequately accounts for the annual
variation of monthly mean barometric pressure at the surface of the earth.
Mr. Ar chibald, following a method which I proposed in a paper in the
Phil. Trans. in 1874, computes the variations of density, which the at-
mospheric column below Darjiling undergoes month by month, in conse-
quence of the variations of temperature, humidity and top-pressure ; and
shows that the lower stratum of the atmosphere, thus subjected to a
physical analysis, conforms in its changes, with near approximation, to the
indications of theory ; and that, of the several causes affecting its density
and static pressure, temperature is by far the most influential. This con-
clusion is also that at which I arrived in the paper above referred to, work-
ing on far more restricted data than those discussed by Mr. Archibald, but
the best then available to me.
Mr, Archibald has taken as the subject matter of his paper, oh nor-
mal or average values of pressure, temperature &c., as given by many years’
registers at Darjiling and Goalpara. In the latter part of the present paper,
I have compared the abnormal variations of temperature with those of the
density of the atmospheric column, below the three hill stations Chakrata,
Ranikhet and Pachmarhi, and have shown that, in their case also, tem-
perature and density vary inversely, in accordance therefore with the
results previously obtained by myself and Mr. Archibald, and in accordance
also with the indications of theory.
It seems, therefore, to be fairly established that, as regards the lower
stratum of the atmosphere, the anomaly pointed out by the late Mr. Broun
does not exist. Observation and theory are here as consistent as the char-
acter of the data would lead us to anticipate ; and we must therefore look
to the condition of the higher strata of the atmosphere, those which lie above
the level of our Indian hill stations, Darjiling, Chakrata &c., for the expla-
nation of the apparent inconsistency to which Mr. Broun drew attention.
In connection with this enquiry, the facts brought forward in the present
extracts from my report seem to me to have much significance.
I may mention that the whole of this was written and in type (for the
Report) before I had seen Mr. Archibald’s paper above referred to.
Some other general questions of importance are referred to incidentally
in the course of discussion, in the extracted passages.
On the mean of all Indian stations, the temperature of the year 1879
was slightly below the average, but it was by no means generally so in
Northern India. In the North-West Provinces and Bengal, the mean
1881. | and rainfall to temperature in India. 71
temperature of the year was slightly excessive ; and in the Punjab, this
was the case at as many stations as showed the opposite variation. This
excess was due to the preponderance of the high temperatures of the first
five months, which were not quite compensated by the depression of tem-
perature which prevailed during the rains, and, more or less generally, in
the later months of the year. In the Central Provinces, however, and
Rajputana, the great depression of the closing months of the year more
than counterbalanced the excess of the earlier months; and in the Dakhan
and the Peninsula generally, a depression of temperature characterised the
greater part of the year. In Burma and Arakan, only the first three months
of the year showed an excess of temperature ; that of the remainder of the
year being rather below the average.
Thus the progressive increase of the average temperature of India,
which, as was shown in the Meteorological report for 1878, had been in
progress during the four years 1875-78, reached its climax in the last of
these years, and has been followed by a considerable fall. The mean ano-
malies of the five years are as follows :—
1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879.
Number of Stations a a 72 q2 74 74 70
Mean anomaly .. oe «+ | —0-29° | +0-08° | +.0°17° | +0:62° | —0-13°
Progressive variation a a eae +021 | +025 | +045 | —0°75
The result, therefore confirms the conclusion which I drew in the
Meteorological report of 1878, and shows that the variation is not apparent
~ only and due to any progressive change in the instruments employed. So
far, it coincides with that found by Gautier and Képpen for land stations
in the tropics generally ; since the maximum coincides, approximately, with
the recent minimum of sun-spots. j
A recent notice by Dr. K6ppen, in the July number of the Journal of
the Austrian Meteorological Society, gives some highly interesting data
of the temperature anomalies of large land areas of the Northern Hemi-
sphere, during the last five years; which indicate that the oscillation of
temperature, shown above, was not restricted to India, but was shared by
a large portion of Europe and North and Central America.. The data are
reproduced in the following table, in which the temperature anomalies are
reduced from Dr. Képpen’s table, to their corresponding values in Fahren-
heit degrees :—
rials H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2,
1876. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879.
Central Europe, oe »» | —1:06 | —014 | +0°23 | 40:59 | —2°32
Eastern North America, .. -. | 2°30 | —0°31 | +2°02 | 43°38 | +0°38
~
San José Central America 10° N., .. | —0°72 | —0O°07 | +1:31 | +1:55 | —0°47
European Russia South of 55° N., .. | —2°34 | —0°72 | —0°36 | 41°80 P
Ditto ditto North, ,, +. | —842°| 1°08 | 0-86 | are ?
In another table Dr. Képpen gives the temperature anomalies of the
same years for those parts of Europe and Asia which show a departure from
this regular oscillation. It is to be observed that these include all those
countries which are most directly influenced by the Gulf-stream :—
1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879.
ee
Scandinavian Peninsula, .. | —0°92 | —1:06 | +1:96 | +0°90 | —1-04
England, ee .» | —O14 | 40°52 | +011] +018 | —3-20-
Scotland, es .» | +049 | —O-16 | +0°74 |] +036 | —2:05
Iceland and Faroe Isles, ve bed eee +0°9 OT —0°5 +0°4
West Greenland, ve oo | +18 +0°9 +18 +3°6 ?
Italy, aks .. | —0°7 +0°2 +0°4 ae ?
Caucasus, 4 Stations ne —0'7 +1:3 +11 +0°4 ?
South-West Siberia and Amu Darya,
6 Stations, : ap —07 —0'5 +11 4
South-East Siberia and Pekin, 4 Sta-
tions, ve oe | ot 02 +0°4 +0°2 —0°02 r
The subject of Dr. Képpen’s paper appears to have been suggested by
a paper of Mr. Douglas Archibald’s in ‘ Nature’ (26th February 1880),
wherein it is sought to show that the periodical heat waves, brought to
light by Professor Piazzi Smyth, on the evidence of the rock temperatures
of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, are dependent on variations in the mean cloudi-
ness of the atmosphere; since the periods of highest ground temperature
are those of minimum cloud and vice versd. This view of Mr. Archibald’s,
viz., the dependence of temperature on cloud proportion, appears to be in
part identical with that which I put forward originally in my paper, “ On
some recent evidence of the variation of the Sun’s Heat,” &c., in the
XLVth Volume of this Journal (June 1875), wherein I endeavoured to
show that, the temperature of the lower atmosphere, on the land surface,
in India, depends much more on the quantity of cloud and on the rainfall —
than on that variation of the solar heat intensity, the periodicity of which
188].] and rainfall to temperature in India. 73
was brought out in the data discussed in the paper. As regards India, I
go beyond Mr. Archibald, however, in attributing even greater importance
to the evaporation of rainfall than to obscuration of the sun by cloud.
In a short paper, written in reply to some criticisms of Dr. Hann and
Dr. K6ppen, which I have lately communicated to the Journal of the Aus-
trian Meteorological Society, I had given some recent data which bear
strongly on these views ; since they show that both the ground tempera-
ture and that of the lowest stratum of the atmosphere are dependent, in a
very high degree, on cloud and rainfall; and that, in India at least, this
effect is so great, that it must, in all probability, outweigh and mask any
direct influence of variations in the intensity of the solar radiation.
In the first place, I give a comparison of the mean temperatures of
the air and ground at Alipore (Calcutta) Observatory, in the first five
months of the two years 1879 and 1880. The air temperatures are those
recorded under a shed of the usual pattern, consisting of a thatched roof
simply supported on posts, and open, therefore, on all sides to the wind,
beneath which the instruments are exposed, about 4: feet above the ground.
The ground temperatures are obtained with a verified standard thermome-
ter, the bulb of which rests on the ground at the bottom of a wooden tube,
3 feet below the surface, the arrangement being similar to that known as
Lamont’s. The place of exposure is a grassy surface, (the grass being
short and in the dry weather thin), freely exposed to sunshine and rain :—
TEMPERATURE.
CLoup PRo- | RAINFALL:
AIR Grounp PORTION, INCHES,
Rarny DAYS.
—_—_——— eS ||.
1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880.
January, .. 65°0 1° 65°8 |: 72°4 | 72°6.| 0°39 2°03 val 0:05 p
Hepruary,... | 71°7 | 69°9 | 74°65 | 747 | 174 | ..3:05| 0:21 |) 2°91 1 6
Mipreme..... | 7971 ( 786.) 79°8 |. 78°3 \ 0-79 2°72) Nil 0°54 2
April,.........| 85°2 | 842] 863 | 841] 2-43 | 964! wi | 1-91 6
J ae 85:2 | 836 | 90'2 | 85°5 | 4°59 a21} 3°22 4°87 9 12
Mean or Sum| 772 | 764 | 80°6 | 79:0 | 1:99] 3°13] 3°43 | 10:28] 10 27
Difference,...| ... |—0°8 wo» =|—1'6 sent EAT ce «§ + 6°85 +17
Hence, it appears that, in the month of January, an excess of 1°64 of cloud,
with an insignificant rainfall, accompanied an increase of 08° of air tem-
perature. But in February, an increase of only 1°31 of cloud and of 2:70
inches of rain lowered the mean temperature 1:3°._ In March, an increase
of 1:93 of cloud and of 0°54 inch of rain, on only two days, coincided with
a reduction of 0°5°. In April, an increase of only 0:21 of cloud and 1°91
inches of rain, on six days, a reduction of 1:0°; and, in May, an increase
of 0°62 of cloud and 1:65 inches of rain, on three additional days, a reduc-
tion of 1:6° of temperature. But the temperature of the ground, in which
74 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2,
the cooling effects of cloud and rain, (the latter especially,) are cumulative,
exhibits their influence in a far more striking manner. As the result of
the differences of the five months, the ground temperature of May 1880
was not less than 4°7° below that of the corresponding month of 1879.
That the effect of the cloud and rainfall on the temperature of the
air was so much smaller than on that of the ground, is doubtless owing to
the fact that, after January, the winds of Calcutta are chiefly from the sea.
This too perhaps explains the wery striking fact, that on the average of
two complete years’ observations, the temperature of the ground, at a
depth of 8 feet, is not less than 5° higher than that of the air:
Such being the effect of cloud and rain, at a station situated only 60
miles from the sea, and but 20 miles from the broad estuary of the Hoogh-
ly, up which much of the sea wind blows to Calcutta, it may be expected
that, in the continental climate of Upper India, this influence will be far
more pronounced. ‘That such is, in fact, the case, is strikingly shown by a
comparison of the temperature, cloud and rainfall of the North-West Pro-
vinces in the dry and rainy seasons of 1877 and 1879 respectively. In the
former year, the months of March, April and May were unusually cloudy,
and the rainfall, although not excessive, was, on the whole, above the
average. In 1879, these months were unusually dry and serene. On the
other hand, the conditions of the rainy months, June, July, and August
of the two years, were relatively reversed ; the rainfall of 1877 being very
deficient, while that of 1879 was more copious than usual. The result of
these variations on the temperature is well shown in the following table,
which gives the mean temperature anomaly, the mean cloud proportion,
monthly rainfall and number of rainy days deduced from the abstract
registers of the five stations, Meerut, Agra, Lucknow, Allahabad, and
Benares :—
TEMPERATURE | CLOUD PRO- | RAINFALL:
ANOMALY. PORTION. INCHES. Rarny DAYS.
1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879.
Mirch, i. | —14 | +09 | 3:85 | 2-47] 0°58 | 0-18] 2°0 1
April, a7 43 —4'0 | +3°7 | 3:22 103! 052 OOF | He 0
May, —1'3 | 4+4°7 | 2°63 1°38 0 43 0°02 1°6 0
Mean, ... ie sion | HSL | S23 1°63 | O51 0°09/ 1:7 0
Difference, eon eee eee + 5°3 see ——11‘60 eos —0°42 ooo —0*
June, re suis o. | €1°8 |—O'S | 3°26 4°66} 1°40 4°78! 30 92
July, ace ban oo. | t+4°3 | —2°0 5°48 7°91} 3:00 | 11°61 6:0 16°2
August, ... Re | +68 |—2°0 | 4°41 $07 | 3°21} 1147498 226
Mean, ... ae wo | $43 | —1°6 | 4°38 6°88 | 2°54 9°18} 46 16:0
Difference, ww. |—O'9 + 2°50 +6°64| .. ©11°4
ee ————— a a
1881.] and rainfall to temperature in India. | 75
It must not be overlooked that, both in the dry season and in such an
autumnal season as that of 1877, cloudless weather is accompanied by hot
westerly winds, while cloudy weather is usually characterised by compara-
tively cool easterly winds; and it may therefore be objected, that a large
part of the temperature difference shown in the above table, is dependent
on the wind and not on the local effect of cloud and rain. And this objec-
tion may be admitted, in so far, that the temperature effect is not strictly
of local origin. But the heat of the westerly wind, itself, is simply owing
to the dryness of the adjacent tract. For the heaviest rain that falls in
the North-West Provinces in July and August is brought by westerly
winds, which come from the Arabian Sea. These blow across Rajputana
and Central India, the surface of which has then been cooled by the rain
already fallen; and under these circumstances westerly winds are cool
winds. The supposed objection, therefore, has no real validity.
The above data show that, both in the dry season and the rainy
season, the anomalous temperature of the air depends principally on the
cloud and rainfall; the effect of both these being to lower the tempera-
ture ; in the case of the former, by obscuring the sun, in that of the latter,
by the evaporation which ensues, and which reduces the temperature of both
the ground and the air in contact with it, not only on the days of rainfall,
but generally for one or two days afterwards. In November and Decem-
ber, however, when the temperature is falling rapidly, the influence of these
agents is relatively less powerful, and the final result is of a different .
character. In these months, the total loss of heat by radiation from the
ground, under a clear sky, exceeds the total gain from solar radiation under
similar conditions ; and, accordingly, the presence of cloud, which tends to
arrest both, results in maintaining the temperature above the average.
The winds, which bring the vapour to form the cloud, also contribute to
maintain a high temperature ; since they come from the seas around India,
the temperature of which, at this season, is higher than that of the land.
It is true that, in the cold season, as in the hot dry season, a warm period
due to southerly winds and cloud, if rain falls, is almost always followed
by a few days of excessive cold, as in the dry season; but, on the whole,
the former effect is preponderant ; and in November and December accord-
ingly, the rule which holds good for the greater part of the year is revers-
ed, cloudy and rainy months having a positive, and clear dry months a
negative, temperature variation. This is well shown by the following
table, which gives the mean temperature anomaly, cloud proportion, rain-
fall and number of rainy days of the six Punjab stations, Dera Ismail
Khan, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Lahore, Ludhiana, and Delhi, for November
and December, in each of the five years 1875-79 :—
76 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2,
‘sXep Aureyy | : =
Oo
‘SOYOUL : UIVY : Hy
3 =)
no iS)
= ‘uoryz0doad pnojg | x 2
re
= 2
“ATRULOUV oINyeIEduUtd T, a a
SS ES SS SS SS PE SS x
mt . Po)
shep Aurey | : Ss
3
“SOYOUL : ULBIT | ie
, eae =
co SM es ie
@ doad n S
‘uoryz0dord pno : :
A 4 jet 6) | Ss 5
so Nes)
‘ATvUoUY oinyvrodura J, S —-)
i I~
skep Aurey | = a
ea S
‘SOYOUL : UIE | 2 &
s ee = a
~ —————— ers
~ i I~
=, ‘uorzodoad pno[g | = Ze
= ut
‘Ayeumouv ornyerodua J, x =)
‘ de fe
pee I
wo a
skep Aurey | = =
19 Ye)
‘SOYOUL : UleY | Se 2
. oO o
5 2 =z
oe * . °
S uorjazodoad pno[g | z =
a °
‘ATeuoue oinqered way, | 2 =
eee eee
co N
*shep Aurey | Bs 5
= S
e . i
soyour : UIvyYy | 3 =
S g A
oo ; id pno : :
a uorz0doid pno[g | NN Fi
Oo ce
‘ATeuouR orngerodure - nN
tl 4 L + +
- 5462”) 5-499”
Pressure of upper station, ... | 26°335” | 26°252” | 26°225” | 23°209” | 23:153” | 23:118”
On the other hand, the months in which the temperature is lowest on
the plains, and the lowest stratum of air, on the average, most dense, are
December and January; but at the level of the Himalayan hill-stations
Murree, Chakrata, Darjeeling, &c., the pressure in December is lower than,
in November, and in January still lower; and at that of Leh it falls from
October to February, in which month, according to our present data,
occurs the absolute minimum pressure of the year. These facts seem to
point to the conclusion that, at some greater elevation, (perhaps at that of
the Karakoram plateau), the annual oscillation of pressure is probably
approximately the reverse of that which takes place on the plains of India,
the maximum occurring when, in the lower atmosphere, the summer mon-
soon is at its height ; and the minimum in January or February.
In seeking the physical explanation of these changes, it may be postu-
lated at the outset, that the variations in the density of the atmosphere
with which we have to deal, whether those of the higher or lower strata,
are mainly due to variations of mean temperature ; to which, indeed, the
influence of variations in the quantity of vapour constituent, (regarded as
replacing dry air of the same tension), is of quite subordinate importance.
I have shown elsewhere, that the reduction of barometric weight, which a
column of air, 7,000 feet high, undergoes from January to July, over the
plains of Bengal, is due to the rise of temperature in the proportion of 44,
to only ;2;, consequent on the replacement of dry air by vapour; and the
relative importance of temperature may be shown more in detail and with
more direct reference to the present discussion, by the following compari-
son of the temperature and barometric anomalies, extracted from Tables XI
and VIII in the Report on the Meteorology of 1879.
82 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2,
CHAKRATA AND RANIKHET AND PACHMARHI AND
RooRKEE, BAREILLY. HosHANGABAD.
= boy ea dos 1948 gor
Se | saa] #9 | ssl 82 | gaa
Ae | aed ad deg fg |asd
298 SHO 2 90 SHS me) SHS
ae | | a A a = A ofa
Qe Sag Qe SAS 3 sag
SAMUEL fa va wate eietails eoe| —'007 +20 | —-010 +2°7 | —002 +0°3
February sesccoce covveese| —O19 +13 | —014 +15 | +°041 +0°9
WLGBOR. pris esse cian ae aS ae + O11 —0'4 +007 —0'4 + ‘014 —1°'7
AE Oe is oes Vash ald eae o's —'035 +36 | — 038 +35 | —021 +0°8
May oso os teenies ste SOS aire —°044 +43 | —'048 +5'4 | —'016 +0'7
NEG Sony's ce ete erase a fe 5.0 «| +°'058 —2'6 +°046 —1°'6 +014 —1'8
POU esas a6 atvgaek Cea ener + 042 —1°5 +°044 —1'9 +001 +0°4
PGT Ct) eae See win Mew ele +°'031 —2'0 +°030 | —16 +'014 —1'3
September ...... eseceees| +°024 ue +'017 | —O1 +021 | —I1'1
BOCODET oer cw ewes ack ae 8s +°009 Nas + ‘002 —0°4 +009 —1°6
Mioversben!}s 40 Reaver tvs .| -+°067 —2°5 +°037 —2°7 + °034 —4'9
TIECEMDED |} alse loa slant a tale +°028 —1'3 +°015 —2°4, +'024 —d'l
Considering the character of the data, that they can be regarded, at
best, as affording rough approximations to the mean condition of the
atmospheric stratum dealt with, as regards both density and temperature,
and that variations of superincumbent pressure and humidity are entirely
left out of account, the opposite march of temperature and density, exhibited
by this table, is sufficiently striking, and affords a very satisfactory con-
firmation of the fundamental postulate. With respect to the higher atmo-
spheric strata, direct evidence is of course wanting; but it may fairly be
inferred that the variations of temperature therein, are at least as influen-
tial, relatively, on the density, as in the lower atmosphere here dealt with.
If these views be admitted, the frequent concurrence of a diminished
density in the lower strata with an increased density of the higher, and
vice versd, resolves itself into this, that the temperature of the higher and
lower strata tend to vary at opposite directions, the one being in excess
when the other is in defect; and the discussion of the problem resolves
itself into that of the processes by which the temperatures of the lower
and higher strata are respectively influenced.
The conditions which principally affect variations of temperature on
the land, (in India) have already been discussed. It has been shown that
the most influential of these are the presence or absence of cloud and the
evaporation of rainfall. That, excepting in one or two of the winter
months, an increase of cloud is accompanied by a reduction of temperature,
and, at all seasons, without exception, the evaporation of rain produces a
similar effect. But the effect of cloud and the precipitation of rain, on the
temperature of the higher atmospheric strata, must be of precisely the
1881. ] and rainfall to temperature in India. 83
opposite character. In the first place, the very condensation of the vapour
which forms them, sets free a quantity of latent heat, which retards the fall
of temperature, that would otherwise take place in every ascending current ;
and such currents exist in the large majority of rain clouds, if not in
all; and, secondly, the solar radiation, which the cloud stratum sbuts off
from the earth, must be partly absorbed in the evaporation of the cloud
surface.
Hence, there seems to be much probability, that the temperature ano-
malies of the higher strata of the atmosphere, as a general rule, are of the
opposite character to those shown by our land observatories at low levels ;
but if so, the elevation at which this law holds good, must be considerably
greater than that at which the hill observatories of the Himalaya afford
the means of verifying it.
Ne
VII.— Description of a rain-gauge with evapometer, for remote and seclud-
ed stations. By H. ¥. Buanrorp, F. R.S8., Meteorological Reporter
to the Government of India.
(With Plate XV.)
[Received 25th March 1881. Read 6th April 1881.]
In the autumn of 1879, I received, through the Government of India,
a description and sketch of a rain-gauge proposed by Mr. Hutchins,
Assistant Conservator of Forests in Mysore, for the purpose of collecting
the rainfall at remote and rarely visited stations, such as in certain forest
tracts, and other places, where there are no permanent residents, and which
can be visited only at longer or shorter intervals. There are, it is true,
several forms of rain-gauge provided with mechanism for the purpose of
registering the fall, but these are expensive at the outset, and if, as fre-
quently happens, the mechanism becomes deranged, the gauge must asa
rule be sent to a Presidency town or some large Government workshop for
repair ; involving further expense and an interruption of the record, ata
time, perhaps, when it is most inconvenient.
Mr. Hutchins’ idea was to provide a gauge of sufficient capacity to
hold the rainfall of a month or even longer period, which might be mea-
sured on periodical visits to the station ; and since, under such circumstances,
there must always (except in prolonged wet weather) be an appreciable
loss by evaporation, he proposed to use an evapometer with the gauge,
which should show the evaporation in the intervals of the measurement ;
which quantity, being added to the rainfall collected and measured, would
give the total fall in the interval.
84 H. F. Blanford—Deseription of a rain-gauge with Ne; 25 =
The instrument proposed by Mr. Hutchins consisted of two cylindrical
vessels of equal size, viz., 8 inches diameter, one three times as deep as the
other,* which were to be buried side by side in the ground. The deeper
which was to receive the rain, was surmounted by a funnel of the usual char-
acter, also 8 inches in diameter ; having a small hole at the bottom, through
which the rain should run into the receiver. The other, which was to
serve as an evapometer, was closed by a conical cover with a small hole at
the apex; and over this was supported a second conical cover of the same
diameter, leaving an interspace of about 1 inch, through which the vapour
might diffuse and escape around the edges. Both were to be padlocked, to
prevent any vitiation of the results, by unlicensed interference, on the part
of any too curious enquirer.
Before having the instrument constructed, I slightly altered the
design, by reducing the size of the outer or protecting conical cover of the
-evapometer, and surrounding both the receiving cylinders with a second
outer cylinder, in order to protect the upper part of the receiver more
effectually against direct heating by the sun. The instrument, thus modi-
fied, is represented in the accompanying figure ; it was made at the Mathe-
matical Instrument department and in March 1880 was set up at the Alipore
observatory ; (buried in the ground, in the immediate neighbourhood of the
5 inch Symons gauge, which serves for the daily measurement of the rainfall.
At the beginning, 4 inches of water, as measured in the measure-glass,
for the 8-inch gauge, was placed in the evapometer, and an equal quantity
in the receiver of the gauge, (in order to provide for evaporation in antici-
pation of rain). At the end of a month, the water in both cylinders was
measured ; and the difference taken as representing the rainfall of the
period. Four inches of water was then replaced in each cylinder, and the
instruments were closed and left untouched for another month. :
Thus the rainfall collected in the new gauge was measured once a
month only, while that in the smaller Symon’s gauge was measured daily ;
and as this comparison was carried on throughout the rains and the subse-
quent fine and cold season, the new form of gauge has been fairly tested.
The results are given in the following table ; the rain of both gauges having
been carefully measured, and the accuracy of the measuring-glasses verified
by weighment of their contents. The small corrections, resulting from
the verifications, have been applied to the figures in the table.
* In the drawing sent one was 20 inches the other about 7 inches in height.
Fig, 1. PENTHEMA LISARDA, 3.
Fig. 2. PENTHEMA DARLISA, 3.
J. WOOD - MASON, Journ. As.
x
Fig. 2. EurrPpus CONSIMILIS, VAR. MERIDIONALIS
Fig. 1. PENTaoEMA BINGHAMY, é.
Fig. 4. Euripus cINNAMOMZUS, Q
Fig. 3. Eurreus consImitis, Q.
4
2)
Fig. 5. TagraDES BHAGAVA, VAR. ANDAMANIC4,
<
"=e @ |
Peer ee ee ee ere
— ;
1881. ] evapometer, for remote and secluded stations. 85
ee re table of the rainfall at Alipore observatory, as measured daily
im a 5-inch gauge, and monthly in an 8-inch gauge with evapometer.
AcTUAL MEASUREMENT,
wes aa
MontTHLyY. os "aS
| = ©
Month. id ah Ba ) 5
vapo- iffer-. © 45
meter. Gauge. ence. B f = 8
3S 8 HA
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches
Loo SS eee 3°08 5°91 2°83 2°88 2°01 + 0°87
AT Sn eiiw si Piekeeseeeieenh) | 008 8:90 5°53 5°63 4°88 + 0°75
NOR Ee cea d oc ees ee ee ca 3°68 18°70 15°02 | 16°31 14 78 + 0°53
MMMM Gay cleces cccsne sees) oOo | 17°03 13 45 13°71 13°46 + 0°25
PD EUSH «000 Neewtenigisessh es Gey) LATS be aa 1 13-76») 13888 + 0°37
BePrCMIDOF kes cccse uesees 363 | 16°95 | 135382 | 13°67 | 18:17 +0°40
Re ges cine sesess| oO 8:97 bw yi 5°37 5'11 + 0:26
ENOVGRADET’
2 = oh
+
a
¢
y ‘
i hy
~ «
* )
, +
=~
' iin
es
is . iar %
: Ly
4 4 / 7 .
1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 89
mentioned at p. lxviii of the “ Memoir on the Mammalogy of the Hima-
layas,” by W. Ogilby, published as an appendix in Royle’s ‘ Hlustrations
of the Botany &c. of the Himalayas,’ and the dried skin was said to be
undistinguishable from that of A. arvalis. In the same memoir, on the
preceding page (Ixvii), another short-tailed rodent is said to have been
observed by Hodgson and Herbert, and supposed to be a Lemming. ‘The
animals noticed were doubtless Arvicole, no Lemming having ever been
found as yet in the Himalayan area. The original specimen of A. roylez
has been preserved in the British Museum, and was originally procured by
Royle, it is said from Kashmir.
The next notice in order of date was by Mr. Hodgson, who, in 1849,
recorded the occurrence of an Arvicoline animal in Sikkim. For this form,
which he considered the type of a new genus, he proposed the name Weodon
sikimensis. As will be shown presently, the genus cannot be maintained
as distinct from 3 bird 99
The hinder upper molar has two strong salient angles on the anterior
portion of the inner side; on the outer side there are anteriorly two weak
angles rather close together, then a deep sinus or emargination opposite
to the second inner angle, and behind this the tooth terminates in a narrow
elongate process with two slight projecting angles on the external side
only, none on the inside. This process behind the second inner angle is
much less than half the length of the tooth.
The only two specimens of this species hitherto examined are from
the high plateaus of Northern Ladak (Western Tibet).
* In the figure given in the ‘Scientiflc Results of the Second Yarkand Mission
the colour is too dull and brown; it should be more rufous,
98 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2,
2. Arvicola stracheyi. (Teeth, Plate I. fig. C.)
Arvicola stracheyi, Oldfield Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct.
1880, ser. 5, vol. vi. p. 332.
Colour light brown, with a grey tinge above, white below ; forehead
rather dusky ; feet and tail white.
Fur soft, long, slaty grey at the base; on the back there is a pale
whitish band on the hairs, a little way from the skin (this may, perhaps, be
an individual peculiarity or due to season, only one specimen being known)
the first and third fourths of the length being slaty grey and the terminal
fourth brownish yellow, some hairs with black tips being interspersed.
On the lower parts the basal half of the hairs is grey, the terminal half
white.
Ears small, not projecting beyond the fur and thickly covered inside
and out with moderately long hair.
Feet of moderate size; claws pale, overhung with hairs; thumb quite
rudimentary and clawless; fourth toe in the fore foot slightly longer than
the second, and the third longer than the fourth by about the same differ-
ence. In the hind foot the second and fourth toes are nearly equal, third
very little longer. Tarsus hairy below.
Tail short (vertebre preserved), apparently not more than one fifth
the length of the head and body, covered with white hairs, which extend
half an inch beyond the end.
inches.
Length of head and body ....ccsereceeeee OTF
“ tail without hairs, ....... eye Cites 6 OR
A tarsus and hind foot without claws... 0°65
The description and measurements are from a single dried skin
brought by Capt. (now Lieut.-Gen.) R. Strachey from Kumaon, and
presented to the EHast-India Museum, where it was entered in the
Catalogue as Oricetus songarus. When the zoological specimens of the
East-India were incorporated in the British Museum, the skull was ex-
tracted by Mr. Thomas and the real nature of the animal recognized.
The following are the characters of the molar teeth :—
Upper molar 1, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles.
” > II, A ” 3 ” ” 2 ” ”
” », III, 3 ” 4 ” ” 2 ” ”
Lower molar 1,7 , 5 y 3 ” ”
” yy? Ey aS, amine » 38 ” ”
” >» Td, ar? 5 3 ” » 3 ” 3
The hinder upper molar much resembles that of A. stoliczkanus, and
like the latter, has two strong salient angles on the anterior portion of the
1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 99
inner side followed by the straight inner edge of the long posterior lobe.
On the outer side there are, anteriorly, two weak angles rather close to-
gether, then a deep sinus opposite to the second inner angle, and behind
this the tooth terminates in a narrow elongate process with two slight
angles on the outer side only; none inside. This process, behind the
second inner angle, is half the length of the tooth.
In the first lower molar the anterior inner and outer angles are almost
rudimentary on the crown, but they form distinct folds on the sides of the
tooth*. The first three spaces in this tooth are confluent, the first two
especially are scarcely separable. The same is the case with the first and
second spaces in the second lower molar, and with the second and third
spaces in the third; in the latter case the two are just sufficiently distin-
guishable to be counted apart.
8. Arvicola wynnei. (Teeth, Plate I, fig. B.)
Arvicola wynnei, W. Blanford, J. A, 8. B. 1880, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II,
p. 244.
Colour above dark rich brown, with a slight greyish tinget; head
rufescent ; lower parts pale brown; tail the same colour as the back; feet
' covered with brown hairs above, soles pale.
Fur very soft; hairs very dark leaden grey, nearly black at the base,
and for three fourths to four fifths of their length on the back, the tips
being rufous-brown in general, some more or less grey ; the terminal por-
tion on the lower parts pale brown. No longer hairs on the back; a few
scarcely exceeding the rest of the fur, on the rump. The length of the
hair on the back in skins collected in the summer and autumn is half an
inch or rather less.
Ears short and rounded, completely concealed by the fur, thinly clad
with long hair on the external surface, and with short brown hair on the
inside towards the border ; a tuft of long hair on the anterior edge of the
inner surface.
Whiskers brown, the lower greyish, the longest reaching the ear.
Feet moderate ; fore feet rather large ; claws long, compressed, white,
not overhung with long hairs. Thumb of fore foot short, with a short
compressed claw ; the middle toe exceeds the fourth by about half the
length of the terminal phalanx ; the fourth is scarcely longer than the
second, which extends by about the length of its last phalanx beyond the
fifth. In the hind foot the third toe is very little longer than the second,
* They are not counted in the original description ; but I think that similar folds
should be noticed, and they appear to be included by Blasius.
+ In one specimen preserved in spirits the greyish tinge is wanting, and the
colour above dark chestnut.
100 W. T. Blanford— On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2,
which, again, is but little longer than the fourth. This exceeds the fifth
by more than the length of its last phalanx, and the fifth is longer than
the first by about half the same length. There are five pads or tubercles
beneath the fore foot; the two hinder the largest, opposite to each other
and to the base of the thumb ; the three distal pads small, and arranged
in a triangle at the base of the toes. Onthe sole of the hind foot there
are also five tubercles—two in front, one on each side of the base of the
middle toe, another pair at the base of the two outer toes, the outer nearer
the distal extremity of the foot than the inner, and the fifth at the proxi-
mal extremity of the naked sole, and about as far behind that at the base
of the fifth toe as the latter is from the pair at the base of the middle toe.
Lower portion of tarsus hairy.
Tail between one third and one fourth the length of the head and
body, almost cylindrical, diminishing but little in thickness towards the
end, clothed with long hair at the base, and with short brown hair through-
out the terminal three quarters of its length. The hairs only project one
eighth to one fourth of an inch beyond the end of the tail.
The following are the dimensions of the specimens, both adult males,
in spirit® :—
in, in,
Length of head and body from nose to vent .e.e.eee 475 35
Tail from vent (hair at end not included) .......... 1835 12
Height of ear from orifice...... eek « cevceccccte O20 ee
Breadth of Gives 1 see sears ale Nig mie Meleis:o tele oo. O25" Ze
Length of fore foot without ee ait thal a ste ssoon UE 0.4
ks hind foot and tarsus without claws .....- O07 0:7
Claw of middle toe... 0.30% Thin ic wieteee . Of sore
The incisors are deep orange. The following are the characters of the
molars :—
Upper molar 1, 5 spaces, 3 external and 8 internal angles.
39 9 It, 4, 9 3 99 ” 2 ”» ”
9) 9 IIT, 4 9 3 9? > 2 3 39
Lower molar 1,7 ,, 4 M tO ms sf
9 9 UH, 3 Ped 3 9) ”? 3 9 >
99 bP) Ii, 3 9 3 ” 9? 3 ” 99
The two anterior upper molars resemble those in all other Himalesam
Arvicole except A. sikimensis and H. melanogaster, and in the majority
of European and American forms. The hinder upper molar has two small
salient angles on the outer side in front, much closer together and smaller
than the two inner angles. Behind the second outer angle there is a sinus,
* Spirit-specimens always measure rather less in the length of the body and ears
than freshly-killed animals,
*
1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 101
a very little deeper and somewhat broader than that between the first and
second. ‘The posterior portion of the tooth is a nearly oval longitudinal
lobe, forming rather more than one third the length, more prominent
externally than internally, so as to form a blunt third external angle, but
not sufficiently prominent on the inner side to form a third inner saliency.
The spaces or prisms of a tooth like this are always somewhat indefinite ;
_ the first space is enclosed by the anterior outer and the corresponding inner
angle ; the second is not separated-from the first, and is enclosed by the
second outer angle, the third by the second inner angle, and the fourth
corresponds to the posterior lobe.
In the first lower molar the first three spaces are confluent, and so are
the fourth and fifth. The anterior outer and inner angles project less than
those behind ; the first inner angle especially, which is close to the extre-
mity of the tooth, and much in advance of the first outer angle, is weak
and rounded ; these two anterior angles enclose the first space, which is
oblong-ovate, with its longer diameter diagonally placed. The third inner
and outer angles are so nearly opposite to each other that it is almost a
question whether the two spaces they enclose should not be considered as
one. In the secend and third lower molars all the spaces are lozenge-
shaped, the outer and inner angles being nearly or quite opposite to each
other, and each space being bounded both by an exterior and an interior
angle. The outer external angles of the third lower molar are rather less
prominent than the inner. The third molar is considerably narrower than
the second, and the second somewhat narrower than the first.
The interparietal bone is subtriangular. The hinder margin, neglect-
ing small projections and emarginations, runs nearly straight, and consists
of two slightly concave halves meeting in a trifling angle, projecting in the
middle ; the anterior margin is formed by two almost straight lines meet-
ing in the middle of the skull at an angle a little more open than a right
angle, without any point. projecting anferiorly beyond the angle. The
nasals in the only skull I have extracted are slightly injured behind, so I
cannot determine the shape of the posterior extremity ; the outer edge of
each appears to be convex throughout, not emarginate posteriorly.
The following are the dimensions of a skull :—
inches.
Length from occipital plane to end of nasals ....-..... Ld
oo ei ase hale og Wee eae wees E Ree oR Seen 3. § OSS
Breadth across widest parts of zygomatic arches ....... a O74
# between orbits where narrowest ..... Pie te2 «eu ay One
3 of dear bored mm front (ls Vise See ta eaeleteiacs out) Olt
R of interparietal bone .....ecerseeeereeeeenes O28
Length of upper molars together ..... die SU Dae oe OAS
14:
102 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2,
Distance from upper molars to incisors .....ccecerceceese O'S
Length of lower jaw from condyle to symphysis ....... . O75
if of lower molars together ....ee.cesees Saiew as . OF
This species has been described from two specimens in spirit and two
skins, procured at the hill-station of Mari (Murree) in the Punjab by Mr.
A. B. Wynne, of the Geological Survey of India. All the specimens were
captured, I believe, by a house-cat ; so the animal is probab!y common in
the gardens of the station. The native name is Kanis (Kunnees).
There is in the British Museum a specimen in spirit of an Arvicola
of unknown locality, but probably Himalayan, and very possibly from
Kashmir, having the same dentition as A. wynnez, but differently coloured
with larger ears. This specimen was obtained by purchase, together with
a specimen of Wesokia bengalensis (NV. indica, Blyth and Jerdon) and
some other mammals, all apparently Indian, but all supposed at the time
to be from Africa, I shall not name a specimen of such dubious antece-
dents ; there is not sufficient evidence that it is even Indian, or that it
comes from the same country as the associated specimens ; but as it is far
from improbable that it may prove to be Himalayan, the foliowing charac-
ters may enable the species to be identified when met with :—
Colour brown (about the same as a wild rabbit, not dark rufous brown
like typical A. wynnez) above, whitish below. The tail much darker above
than below. Feet brown above, similar in proportions and pads to those
of A. wynnei. Ears rounded, projecting considerably beyond the fur.
Teeth as in A. wynnet,
inches
Length of head and body from nose to vent ...ssseeeeee 4&
7 tail from vent (hair at end not included)........ 18
Height of ear from orifice ..... ¢ 0,0» 9100's 8 seein ae 0:42
Breadth iol, ditho sais se ees SECT Te ee ooo) ian
Length of forefoot without claws ...sccscccccensscesee O89D
; hindfoot and tarsus ; ,,~s% ou06 46a chek 060 oe ai ene
It should be mentioned that the peculiar form of the last upper molar,
characteristic of the Section Alticola, has hitherto only been found in
Himalayan species of Arvicola.
4, Arvicola roylei. (Teeth, Plate I. fig. D.)
Arvicola roylei, Gray, Ann. §. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. X, p. 265 (1842) ;
Schreber, Stiugth. Suppl. III, p. 587 (1848) ; Giebel, Saiugth, p. 613
(1859) ; ? Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1863) ; Jerdon,
Mammals of India, No. 202, p. 216 (1867).
1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 103
Oolour above yellowish brown,* rather rufous in the middle of the
back, below paler and isabelline or fulvous; tail brown above, white below ;
feet apparently the same colour as the lower parts.
Fur dark slaty at the base and for about two thirds of the length, the
terminal third being tawny at first, the tips partly brown, partly black on
the upper parts; on the lower parts all the tips are tawny.
Ears small, hairy, concealed by the fur.
Feet small; claws pale, short, overhung by hairs; thumb in the fore
foot very small, but with a distinct claw ; middle finger but little longer
than the fourth, which is considerably longer than the second. The cha-
racters of the toes in the hind feet, which are contracted in the dried skin,
cannot be made out clearly.
Tail nearly cylindrical, apparently rather more than a third of the
length of head and body together, and covered with short hair, which only
-extends a short distance beyond the end, and is rather darker and more
rufescent above than below.
The measurements are taken from the dried skin (1) ; those given by
Jerdon, from a specimen collected by himself, are added (2) as will be
shewn presently, it is not certain that this specimen was of the same
species.
Cd) (2)
a in, in.
Wem minor head and), body... sc... fspeis1 ssn cases. careberes (OH OO
ns of tail-vertebree ............. Brae eta geet: 1, tse
7 of tarsus and hid: Sot mito cine re ace 0:8
The following are the characters of the molar teeth :—
Upper molar I, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles.
” ” II, a ” 3
” ” {II, 3 ” 3
Lower molar I, 7 |
” oP) II, 5 ” 3 ” ” 3 ”
23 ” iif, 3 mins ” jy te
In the first upper molar the anterior outer angle is a little in front of
the corresponding inner angle. The last upper molar has three nearly
” ) 2 ”? ”?
* Gray calls the colour rufous-grey. As he undoubtedly described the same skin
as I have examined, I can only say that his ideas of coloration were different from
mine, for it is difficult to believe that the colour has changed from rufous-grey to yel-
lowish brown. A change from yellowish brown to rufous-grey would be far more
likely to result had the specimon been exposed to light ; to the best of my belief, how-
ever, the skin has not been exposed. Jerdon calls the colour ashy brown, with a tinge
of rufous more or less apparent ; but he described different specimens, and as he did
not examine the teeth itis by no means certain that they belonged to the same species.
104 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2,
equidistant outer angles, but the hollow between the two posterior angles
is much deeper than that between the two anterior, the three inner angles
are also nearly equidistant ; the hindmost portion of the tooth behind the
third internal angle is a longitudinal lobe, forming about one third of the
whole length, and without angles; the anterior space is continued between
the first inner and first and second outer angles; the second space corre-
sponds to the second inner angle; the third space is enclosed by the poste-
rior angle on each side and the lobe.
In the first lower molar the anterior angle on each side is very small
and blunt, and there is a rudimentary fifth external angle in front; the
first and second spaces, the latter corresponding to the second inner angle,
are not separate. In the second lower molar the first space is confluent
with the second, and the third with the fourth. Similarly in the third
lower molar the first and second spaces are not distinct, nor are the third
and fourth.
The above description is from the single type, a dried skin in poor
condition, obtained by Royle in Kashmir. Jerdon states that he found
this species in Kunawar near Chini, and observed it on the Pir-Panjal pass,
south of Kashmir; but he had no opportunity of comparing specimens ;
and as so many additional species have since been described it is possible
the voles he saw may not have been 4. roylei. The locality given by
Blyth (Pind Dadun Khan, in the Panjab) is probably, as already noticed,
due to a mistake.
5. Arvicola blanfordi. (Teeth, Plate I, fig. HE.)
Arvicola blanfordi, J. Scully, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1880,
Ser. 5, Vol. Vi, p. 899.
Colour above rather light greyish brown, with a very slight rufous
tinge, below greyish white; feet white; tail brown above, sullied white
below. ;
Fur soft, the hairs slaty grey at the base, and on the back for about
three quarters of their length, the terminal fourth on the upper parts fawn-
colour, numerous rather longer hairs with black tips being interspersed.
On the lower parts the tips of the hairs are white. .
Ears of moderate size, rounded, projecting considerably beyond the
fur, covered with moderately short hair inside near the margin, and out-
side except on the anterior part of the outer surface, where the hair is
longer.
Whiskers long, some of them extending beyond the tips of the ears,
the greater portion white, a few dark brown.
Feet of moderate size ; claws white, compressed, not long, overhung,
with long hairs; thumb of fore foot very small, almost rudimentary, but
1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 105
furnished with a small claw; middle finger very little longer than the
fourth, but there is much more difference between the latter and the second,
about as much as there is between the second and fifth. Tubercles beneath
the fore foot five in number, all of good size and near together, three in a
triangle at the base of the middle toes, and two opposite to each other and
to the base of the thumb. In the hind foot the second and fourth toes are
very nearly the same length, and but very little shorter than the third ;
the fourth exceeds the fifth by rather more than the length of the termi-
nal phalanx of the former, and the difference between the fifth and first is
less, being about the length of the distal phalanx of the fifth toe. There
are six pads or tubercles on the sole of the hind foot, the three inner much
further apart than the three outer, the last outer being rather smaller than
the rest, and the last inner pad, which is considerably behind all the
others, being situated rather nearer to the most distal tubercle than to the
heel. Lower portion of tarsus well covered with hair.
Tail between one third and one half the length of the head and body,
cylindrical, scarcely diminishing in diameter towards the tip, well clad with
hair, which projects about one fifth of an inch beyond the end of the verte-
bre.
The following dimensions are (1) of a fresh adult male specimen taken
by Dr. Scully, and (2) of an adult male in spirit :—
(1) @)
in. in,
Length of head and body from nose to vent .....-.. 4°55 389
of tail from vent (hair atend not included) 2:05 1:9
9)
Mehran eal SOM OFINCO. 0.3.5 2.« saree ssiteiiedenssad sounds 07 058
MIRC CAI a oe aki se ewe te nant ac due tie deere - O68 054
Length of fore foot without claws .................006. O4 O-4
of hind foot from heel with out claws......... 0°75: O-7G
”
The molars have the following characters :—
Upper molar I, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles,
o2 99 II, 4 ? 3 7 ” 9) 2 99 ?
mae ott, SS,
3
Lower molar I, 7 iy iy ae =
fa ot 3 AE s 3
” 9) Fit, 3 3 3 9) bP]
In the first upper molar the anterior outer angle is distinctly nearer
the hinder part of the jaw than the anterior inner angle. The third upper
molar has three nearly equidistant outer angles, the sinus intervening be-
tween the second and third angle being much deeper than that between
the first and second, The inner angles in this tooth are much more promi-
wewa w
106 W. T. Blauford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2,
nent than the outer. The longitudinal lobe forming the posterior portion
of the tooth behind the third internal angle is of small length, scarcely
one fourth of the tooth; there are two rudimentary external and one
internal angle on the lobe that are not counted. The spaces are not very
different from those in A. roylei, although one more is counted; the first
is bounded by the first internal and first two external angles ; the second
corresponds to the second internal angle; the third, which is small, to the
third external angle, whilst the fourth is iucluded by the third internal
angle and the posterior lobe.
On the first lower molar there is a rudimentary anterior external angle
that has not been counted, the first internal angle is much smaller than the
others, and the first external somewhat less prominent. The first and
second spaces, the latter corresponding to the second inner angle, are not
separated. In the third molar the second space is almost double, the two
angles not being quite opposite, and it is a question whether this tooth
should be considered as having 3 spaces or 4. |
Interparietal with the hinder border almost straight; each of the
lateral margins forms an ogee curve, concave anteriorly, convex behind, and
meeting the posterior margin at an angle rather less than a right angle.
The lateral angles are not produced; the anterior angle projects very slight-
ly forward.
Dr. J. Scully has done me the honour of naming this Vole after me.
It is found commonly on the mountains around Gilgit at an elevation of
9000 to 10,000 feet. It is closely allied in the structure of the teeth to
A. roylei, but differs widely in external characters, the tail and ears being
much longer and the coloration quite different.
This species, in which the posterior lobe of the last upper molar is less
developed than in the other four forms of the section, shows a passage to
Paludicola.
Section JJ. Panupicona.
The first lower molar with normally 7 spaces, 4 or 5 external and 5
internal angles; the first upper molar with 5 spaces, 3 inner and 8 outer
angles; the second with 4 spaces, 5 outer and 2 inner angles; the third
not terminating in an elongate lobe.
6. Arvicola blythi. (Teeth, Plate II, fig. B.)
Phaiomys leucurus, Blyth, J. A. S, B., 1863, XXXII, p. 89; Theobald,
J. A. S. B., 1862, XXXI, p. 519; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., 1865,
XXXIV, p. 110. Mee Arvicola leucurus, Gerbe (1852) ; nec idem,
Severtzoff (1878).
1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 107
Arvicola blythi, W. Blanf. J. A. 8. B., 1875, XLIV, pt. 2, p. 107; cd.
Scientific Results Second Yarkand Mission, Mammalia, p. 389, pl.
VIII, fig. 2, & pl. X, d. fig. 1.
Colour above earthy brown (yellowish brown with a greyish tinge),
below brownish white. Feet the same colour as the underparts; tail ight
brown.
Fur soft, the basal two thirds on the upper surface, and about one
half on the lower, dark slaty ; the tips on the upper surface of two kinds—
the finer isabelline, the coarser dark brown, almost black ; tips on the
abdomen brownish white.
Hars small, round, not extending beyond the fur, thinly clad with
light-brown hairs inside, more thickly and with longer hairs outside.
Whiskers dark brown above, white below, the longest nearly an inch
in length.
Heet of moderate size; claws compressed, horn-coloured ; thumb short,
with a short compressed claw.
Tail cylindrical, about one fourth to one third the length of the head
and body, covered with short hair.
The-following dimensions are (1) from a fresh specimen taken by Dr.
Stoliczka, (2) from another fresh specimen, a large female, by Mr. Theo-
bald, (3) from an adult specimen in spirit :—
@ @ @)
in. in. in.
Trenath of head and body ......scccccteseescereeeressorvooree 4 49 3-7
Por tail, without hairs at’ end !...........ccseeeeese. P85 °125 11
29
PR MNGER ORE 5 £2.55 gigs wucle wot vis evicuises sas, aunigetaetedasn
1881. | Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 113
descriptions have been published, a large proportion of the anatomical de-
tails figured and explained in Mr. Hodgson’s notes prove to be common to
whole genera or even families. Such is the case in the present instance.
There appears nothing in the anatomy of A. sikimensis to distinguish that
species from European Voles.*
The intestines in two specimens, both females, were 26 and 28 inches
long, the cecum 3% and 4 inches, and # wide, in one case 10 inches, in the
other 18 from the anal end of the intestine. In a male the intestines
measured 25 inches ; the cwcum, 11 inches from the anus, was 62 inches long
and rather less than half an inch broad. “ Liver 3-lobed, each lobe divided,
anda lobulus. Gall-bladder deeply imbedded in largest and central lobe, and
having a large clear duct. Spleen 1 inch, tongue-shaped, and deep red.”? In
the stomach the two orifices are said to be about a quarter of an inch apart.
Several measurements, evidently from fresh specimens, are given.
They are useful as showing to some extent the amount of variation.
i. do , ~24) $d, guy. * 46S" we bs
in. in. in. in. in.
Length from nose to anus......... newelaes ee 44 32 At 4
See Oe Head: GO WAP |"; aa
Pakabsron to"Coulour (Kollur), oi. c ec s.ega ree cone ee ll °,, Se
There runs a great river by the town of Coulour, which
falls into the gulf of Bengala near Masulipatam.
Coulour to Kah Kaly,... s eee ee oad ¢ se wale
Kah Kaly to Beyouar (Berwada)% Mee We pihel Mie het, Fe 6
Near Beyouar you must repass the river of Coulour
(7. 6, Kistna) Beyouar to Vouchir, i. 0s ice. |
Vouchir £6 IIVHWIGN, csiesies seweae ccs seseaten xanteeusets a7 ate ee Sr or
Half way between Vouchir and Nilimor you cross a
ereat river on a timber floating bridge.
Wiltmior to Malmo) cece. ce cdscecaes iclaadeswnate caaenceeate 6
Milmol to Masulipatam,
It would be useless to attempt to fit Tavernier’s distances too -closely
with modern measurements, but it would seem from the equivalent
measurements in miles, taken from the map, that the coste here was
under 13 miles. Tavernier speaks of the badness of the roads which no
doubt necessitated many turnings. He praises the palkis, wherein “ you
are carried with more speed than in any part of India,”
The value of the vrati in Tavernier’s time is a sore puzzle. He gives it
as equal to 84 grains; these in my calculation of the weight of the great
Mogul diamond, as it was when he saw it, I treated of as French grains
the equivalent of which would be 2°7 English grains, and I stated that if
instead of this we could put into the equation 1:84 or more properly —
1:848 we should get out the exact weight of the Koh-i-Nur. Now accord-
ing to Mr. H. Thomas, F. R. 8. the old ratz in the normal Hindu system
* Travels, Part II, Book I. Chapter XI, p. 69.
t+ Percy’s metallurgy, silver and gold, p. 375.
——
1881.] V. Ball— Additional note on the ancient diamond mines. 223
= 1-75 grains and in Akbar’sj,time = 1'935 grains, the mean of these or
1:8437 was so near the required figure that the matter appeared settled ;
but in Capt. Hamilton’s ‘ East Indies’ dated 1727 there is a very full table
of weights in which the ratz is stated to be equal to 85 grains English, so
that one may fairly despair of solving this question,
In reference to the myth regarding the method of obtaining diamonds
described by Marco Polo, Nicolo Conti and many others, not omitting Sindbad
the Sailor, I have, since my paper was printed, met with numerous accounts
of sacrificial rights connected with the opening of mines. The late
Mr. M. Fryar when visiting a tin-washing at Maleewoon in Tenasserim
was requested to take off his boots as he was told that on a former occasion
a European visitor having walked up to the stream without having done so,
the guardian spirit took offence, and the supply of tin ceased till the washers
had gone to the expense of sacrificing two buffaloes.
Of especial interest as accounting for the wooden structure which
Nicolo Conti supposed was for the purpose of. flinging the pieces of meat
from one mountain to another is a description by Dr. John Anderson of a
sacrifice witnessed by himself during his expedition to Yunan. Two
buffaloes were offered up by the Khakyens to the Nats or evil spirits.
The animals having been slaughtered over two bamboo altars were cut up
and the meat distributed, certain portions with cooked rice being placed on
a lofty bamboo scaffolding for the use of the Nats. The Nats under such
circumstances would infallibly be represented by birds, and among the birds,
in most of the hilly regions of India there would probably be included
some of the common white scavenger vultures (Weophron). Curiously enough
one of the early accounts mentions white eagles, among the birds which
carried away the meat with diamonds sticking toit. A naturalist, however,
would object to the idea of this bird carrying anything in talons or bill, it
would devour the offering on the spot. The rest of the story is doubtless
due to the fertile imagination of a traveller who supposed the preliminary
sacrifice to be part of the actual process of finding diamonds.
In conclusion it may be stated that the forthcoming volume on the
Economie Geology of India contains a full réswmé of information on these
subjects and that there is also one though less complete in a small volume
recently published on the Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India.
OO ee a a a a a
224 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3,
XIV.—List of Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands.—By
J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Caleutta,
and LIONEL DE NICE’VILLE. :
[Received January 1st ;—Read March 2nd, 1881. ]
(With a Woodcut.)
In Mr. F. Moore’s paper on ‘The Lepidopterous Fauna of the Anda-
man and Nicobar Islands’* only 33 species of Rhopalocera are recorded from
all the numerous islands of the latter group. The Museum has, during the
past and present years, received from Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff several small
collections of Nicobar butterflies numbering some 42 distinct species, of
which 25 have not been previously recorded; and, since this paper was
read, we have been indebted to the kindness and courtesy of Lieut.-Colonel
T. Cadell, V. C., Chief Commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
for a collection consisting of very numerous individuals of about 28 species,
eight of which we had not before obtained and five of which prove to be new
to the Islands; so that in all.there have passed through our hands, 47 species
of which 30 are now for the first time recorded; this number, of which 4
are new to science and 8 are described as varieties of known forms, added
to the 34 previously recorded brings up the total of species known from
these islands to 64. ‘
In the absence of Danais chrysippus one cannot help speculating as
to what Nicobar females of Hypolimnas misippus may be like: are they
dark-coloured like the males or do they mimic some other red Danazs ?
LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily Danarn a.
1. DANAIS LIMNIACE.
Pap. limniace, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i, pl. 59, figs. D, E.
Nankowri Island (foore). One male and two females from’ Kamorta
(Colonel Cadell).
2. DANAIS AGLEOIDES.
D. agleoides, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatschr., 1860, vol. iv, p. 398, & ; Verh,
zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 486 ; xon Boisd.
D. grammica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 581.
Four males and six females from Nankowri, one male from Great
Nicobar (Sambelong), and two males and one female from Kar Nicobar,
all absolutely identical in structure, markings, and colour with one another
* Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond., 1877, p. 580.
“27 NOe pe
“ ? _—
1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 225
and with specimens from Rangoon (J. W.-JL.); and Felder states that his
specimens from the Great Nicobar agree with the typical ones from Malacca
in the Malay peninsula.
The specimens obtained by Mr. Meldola on Kamorta Island doubtless
belong to this species and not to D. grammica (Boisduval), which is
apparently restricted to South India and Ceylon (D. ceylanica) : it is,
to say the least, improbable that two such closely allied varieties should
inhabit the same limited area (Kamorta, Nankowri, Great Nicobar, and
Kar Nicobar Islands). Nankowri, Kamorta, and Trinkut Islands (Colonel
Cadell).
3. DANAIS SIMILIS, var. NICOBARICA, nov.
Upperside. 2. Underside.
&. 9. Nearest to D. exprompta, Butler, from Ceylon, from the figure*
of which species (probably that of a female, though the sex is not stated)
it differs, im the anterior wing, in having the streak in the base of the
interno-median area broader, occupying all but the entire breadth of the
space, shorter, and marked along the middle by a linear streak (instead of
being divided into two long and narrow streaks connected at the base only) ;
and, in the posterior wing, in having the cell entirely subdiaphanous
greenish or bluish white except for two excessively fine and faint longi-
tudinal and apically-divergent dusky lines much as in D, juventa (instead
of being divided by two very broad and black ones into two streaks, the
posterior of which is strongly recurved at its free end), the discal series
of bluish streaks immediately beyond the cell much narrower and shorter,
and the ground-colour around them consequently of greater extent and
giving to this portion of the wing a much darker appearance, again much
asin D. juventa.
The male differs from the female in the bluish markings of both wings
being of a much deeper shade and, with the exceptions to be stated, larger ;
* Moore, ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ pl. 2, fig. 2, 2.
226 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3,
in the anterior wing being narrower and externally slightly emarginate
(instead of well-rounded), with its outer submarginal series of spots re-
duced to small specks, and the three posterior ones of its inner series
externally distinctly tridentate; and in the posterior wing being also
apparently somewhat narrower and less rounded externally, with both series
of submarginal spots much smaller,—with its two posterior veins margined
on both sides with fuscous of a far lighter and duller tint than the rest
of the ground,—and with the submedian one of them more prominent with
the wing-membrane on each side of it raised into a slight fold and the two
light streaks that bound it dirty whitey-brown: the male of this species is,
in fact, provided with a distinct, though little-specialized, sexual mark or
scent-gland.
Length of anterior wing, # 1:5, ¢ 1:55; whence expanse = ¢ 3:1,
@ 3:2 inches. .
One male and three females, ‘the latter agreeing exactly with ene
another, from Great Nicobar.
D. vulgaris, Butler, from Upper Tenasserim, Malacca, and Borneo, D.
exprompta from Ceylon, D. juventa from Java, and D. nicobarica from the
Nicobars appear to us to be only constant geographical varieties of D. similis
from Formosa and China. Mr. Butler in describing the first-named species
(Ent. Month. Mag., 1874, vol. xi, p. 164) gives ‘Nepal, Bengal’ as localities
for it in addition to Singapur and Borneo. This is probably a mistake ; we
have seen no specimen of it from any region further to the west than
Upper Tenasserim. ,
4. DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.
One male and two females from Nankowri Island; five males from
Kar Nicobar ; also Kamorta (Moore). Numerous specimens of both sexes
from Kamorta and Nankowri (Colonel Cadell).
5. DANAIS HEGESIPPUS, var. NESIPPUS..
D. nesippus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot, Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 486, ¢ ;
Reise Novara, Lep., p. 347, d 2. >
Four males and five females from Nankowri Island ; and Great Nicobar
(Felder).
6. Evurra@a (Macrorpt@a) PH@BUS.
Euplea phebus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 270, d ¢.
Macroplea phebus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1878, vol. xiv, p. 292.
One very fine male from Kar Nicobar Island agreeing (except in its
rather larger size, its expanse being 5°8 inches) exactly with continental
specimens from Cherra Punji.
1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 227
7. Eurtma (SALPINx) NOVAR.
Euplea novare, Felder, Verh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 482,
3 ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 317, pl. 89, fig. 7, d. —
Kar Nicobar (Felder).
8. EuvprpL@aA ESPERI.
Euplea esperi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 482,
9, from Kar Nicobar.
Luplea frauenfeldii, Id., ibid., p. 479, g, from Ceylon; Reise Novara, Lep.,
p. 342, d 9, pl. 41, fig. 4, ¢, from Ceylon!
Euplea felderi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 275, 9, from Sumatra.
Euplea lorquinit, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., p. 340, 3 ¢, from Southern
China.
Two males and two females from Pulo Kondul; three males and a female
from Kamorta ; and six males and three females from Trinkut Islands.
Of the males from Pulo Kondul, one differs from the specimen de-
scribed and figured by Felder in the ‘ Novara Reise’ solely in presenting
no trace of a cellular spot in either wing, in having a minute whitish
dot intercalated between the first and second and another larger added
at the posterior end of the submarginal series of spots on the upperside,
and a short linear cellular mark in the right wing only (instead of a
geminated one in both wings) with a still shorter streak (obsolete in the
left) beyond it on the underside, of the anterior pair of wings; and in
there being only a very indistinct cellular point present in the right wing,
and in the minute geminated spot (= the foremost of the submarginal
series) between the third median veinlet and the discoidal vein being
absent from both wings, of the posterior pair on the underside. The other
male differs from the preceding in having, on the upperside of both anterior
wings, distinct shadows of the rounded white cellular spots of the under-
side, the second dot in the submarginal series absent, the two discal spots
larger, and, on the underside, a discal oval violet-white spot just behind the
subcostal followed from before backwards by two linear marks beyond
the end of the cell, all three faintly marked on the upperside and larger in
the left than in the right wing; on the underside of the posterior wings it
presents a distinct rounded cellular spot smaller than those of the anterior
wings and a submarginal series of minute dots commencing in one wing
with the geminated one, in the other between the two discoidal veinlets and
both ending between the submedian and first median veinlet; and on the
upperside, no trace of cellular spots, but the submarginal series much as
below. The two females differ from one another chiefly in the size of the
markings, and from Felder’s description in having, on the upperside, three
discal white spots (one cellular) with a streak in front of the two extra-
cellular ones, eight submarginal ones with, in one specimen, two linear-
dashes between the first of the series and the subscostal spot, and, on
228 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—LZist of [No. 3,
the underside, a small spot and, in the next cell but one, a linear streak
behind the second subcostal spot.
The three males from Kamorta differ from the second of those de-
scribed above in having the second submarginal dot in the anterior wings
more often present than not, a double series of marginal spots in the posterior
wing, and all the spots larger and more prominent ; the female has no second
subcostal spot and the cellular spot in the anterior wings is rounded.
Of the six males and three females from Trinkut, the former also agree
with the second of the two from Pulo Kondulin the anterior wings, differing
in the great development and prominence of the two marginal series of
spots in the posterior ones; the females differ from those of Kondul Island
in no respect of any moment.
All the specimens differ from the continental variety H. longuiniz in
the wings being merely glossed with dark purple-violet, and not “ vzvide
violaceo-cyaneo suffuse.”
9. EuUPL@A CAMORTA.
E. camorta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 582, 3.
Two males and two females from Nankowri Island ; two males and
one female from Katschall Island; three males and one female from Kar
Nicobar; one female from Kamorta Island; and two females from the
Great Nicobar.
The males from all the islands shew no variation whatever, all have
the basal dark porticn of both wings glossed with very dark blue-violet.
The females, however, present considerable variation. Those from Nan-
kowri differ from their males only in the subcostal spot on the anterior
wing below showing through on the upperside. The one from Katschall is
exactly like its male, except in the absence of the usual sexual characters,
The Kar Nicobar specimen shows the subcostal spot and another just outside
the cell between the second and third median veinlets on the upperside,
and a spot between the two branches of the subcostal on the posterior
wing; there are also two small indistinct specks near the apex of the anterior
wing, the posterior of which only is visible below. That from Kamorta
is altogether much paler, the borders to both wings being pale fawn-colour ;
it has the subcostal and cell-spots on the upperside of the anterior wing. The
Great Nicobar females are the most aberrant of all: the anterior wing has
on the upperside an increasing series of three subapical spots, a spot at
the end of the cell and another just outside it between the second and
third median veinlets, and the subcostal spot; and the posterior, a
prominent spot between the two branches of the subcostal; all these spots
(which are coincident with spots on the underside) are violet-white ;
on the underside of the anterior wing the spot in the cell, the subcostal
one above it, the three subapical ones, an increasing series of spots outside
1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 229
the cell, one in each median interspace, and a large patch below the median
vein are all very prominent and (except the three subapical ones, which are
whitish above) violet-white; in all the other specimens seen (except the
Kar Nicobar one, which has five) and described, there are only four spots ;
in these there are eight.
10. Evpim@a (CRAstia) SIMULATRIX, n. sp.
$. Wings above spotless black-fuscous suffused with the deepest
violet-blue, externally tolerably broadly bordered with paler unglossed
fuscous.
Posterior wing with an oval patch of iridescent lighter modified scales
occupying about the second and third fifths of the length of the organ,
extending fromthe middle of the discoidal cell to the middle of the
interspace between the costal and subcostal veins at its widest part, and
bounded in front by an indistinct streak of cretaceous white; and with
the wing-membrane in front of this oval patch and of the apical portion
of the first subcostal branch cinereous.
Wings below lighter and less sombrely coloured, their dark basal
portions being distinctly glossed with purple-violet, more broadly bordered
with paler fuscous, and marked with prominent spots and streaks.
Anterior wing with eight spots, vzz., a subapical series of three dots,
the posterior of which is equal to the other two taken together, a somewhat
elongated large spot between the first and second median veinlets, nearly
pure white ; a reversed comma-shaped spot near the end of the cell, a rounded
one and a short linear streak beyond it, the former between the second
and third median veinlets and the latter between the second median veinlet
and the discoidal vein, and a subcostal spot on a level with the end of
the cell, bluish or violet white ; with a streak pointed at both ends in the
middle of the interno-median area, and, posterior to this, a similarly
shaped and placed patch divided by the submedian vein, cretaceous-white ;
and with the sutural cell behind the whitey-brown patch cinereous and
satiny.
Posterior wing with a submarginal series of minute violet-white dots,
a cellular spot and a curvilinear series of six just outside it, bluish white,
in addition to the usual basal dots.
Length of anterior wing, 1°8; whence expanse = 3°7 inches.
A single specimen from Great Nicobar. On the upperside, it very
closely resembles H. camorta, of which it is in all probability a mimic,
differing from that species, however, in its rather darker and more sombre
hue and in being devoid of a silky sexual streak, and on the underside in
the presence of a submarginal series of dots in the posterior wing,
30
230 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3,
Subfamily Saryrin a.
11. Mycanesis (ORSOTRI@NA) MEDUS.
Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 488.
», Aesione, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i,-pl. 11, figs. C, D.
Orsotriena medus, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 160.
One male from Katschall Island; a male and a female from Great
Nicobar; a female from Nankowri Island; and Kamorta Island (Joore).
Numerous specimens from Nankowri and Kamorta Islands (Col. Cadell).
12. Mycanesis (CALYSISME) DRUSIA.
Pap. drusia, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i, pl. 84, figs. C, D, 2.
Mycalesis drusia, Butler, Cat. Satyride, B. M., 1868, p. 183; id., Cat. Fabrician
Lep. B. M., 1869, p. 33.
Calysisme drusia, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1880, p. 161.
Five males and three females from Nancowry Island; one male each
from Katschall and Kar Nicobar Islands; one female from Great Nicobar ;
and Kamorta Island (Jfoore). Numerous specimens g 9 Kamorta and
Nankowri (Col. Cadell). |
13. ELYMNIAS MIMUS, N. sp.
&. Wings above black fuscous of a fuliginous tint somewhat paler
on the costal margin of the anterior wing, still paler at the apex of the
same wing, and on the outer margins of all the wings, the extreme edges
and the points of the lobes of which margins are again darker; with the
incisural cilia whitish.
Wings beneath brownish, coarsely and confluently striated with rich
dark chestnut for their basal two-thirds, whence both wings become sud-
‘denly lighter owing to the striation being more rare as well as lighter
coloured.
Anterior wing with the outer margin of the closely striated portion
sharply defined, and angulated outwards between the first and second dis-
coidal veinlets ; and with the ground colour immediately beyond the anterior
and shorter of the two lines forming the angulated outline of the basal
portion whitish.
Posterior wing with the ground beyond the chestnut base pale sepia
passing to whitish around the outer-marginal ocelli, obscurely and rarely
striated before, but more richly and closely at the outer margin beyond
the ocelli with vandyke-brown; and with seven suboval black ocelli occupy-
ing the same positions as those of 2. dusara, of which the second is the
largest of all but only slightly larger than the fifth, the first is subequal
to the sixth, and the third, fourth, and seventh (which touches the sixth
in the same cell) are subequal and much smaller than the rest, the first and
1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 231
second have a white pupil (which in the latter is eccentric) irrorated at
the edges with light metallic greenish-blue scales, and the rest have the
pupil almond-shaped with some mauve-coloured irrorations on and around
its inner end.
@. Wings above much lighter, with a submarginal whitey-brown
common band which passes straight across both wings from near the anal
angle of the posterior one to the second branch of the discoided vein of
the anterior, at which point it turns sharply off at a right angle to the
costal margin; with the light intervals between the striations of the under-
side visible as light bars on the anterior margin, and the apical dark portion
lighter than the basal, of the anterior wing; and with two infuscations
(less perceptible/in the darker male) on the posterior wing corresponding
to the fifth and sixth ocelli of the underside.
Wings below lighter, with the anastomozing chestnut striz less confluent
permitting more of the ground-colour to be seen; and with the anterior
ocellus larger and much diffused circumferentially, the second with the
pupil rudimentary, and the third larger than the fourth.
Length of anterior wing ¢ 1°38, ¢@ 1:4; whence expanse = $f 2°7,
@ 2'9 inches.
One male from Kar Nicobar and one female from Pulo Kondul.
Closely allied to H. dusara (panthera, Fabr.), Horsfield, Cat. Lep.
E. I. Co., 1829, pl. v, figs. 7, 7a, 2 (no description), from which it would
appear to differ in having the light band of the anterior wing distinctly
angulated and the costal margin of the same barred with lighter, inits more
highly developed and unequal ocelli, in the more abrupt definition of the
basal chestnut from the rest of the underside, and apparently also in its
more strongly lobed wing-margins and finer tails.
It in all probability mimics Huplea camorta, a species which abounds
on all the islands of the Nicobar group.
Subfamily NymMpPHALina.
14. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA.
C. nikobarica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 484, ¢ ;
id., Reise Novara, Lep., pl. 48, figs. 7, 8,¢; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877,
p. 583, 2.
Five males and five females from Nankowri Island ; one female from
Great Nicobar ; and two females from Pulo Kondul Island.
This species is equally common at Port Blair, specimens from which
place are absolutely identical with those before us from the Nicobars.
15. CIRRHOCHROA NICOBARICA, n. sp.
$. Wings above bright fulvous powdered with fuscous scales at
the bases, and along each side of the discocellular veinlets.
232 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3,
Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, the apex broadly,
and the external margin decreasingly fuscous, and with a small obscure
patch of fuscous scales near the inner angle.
Posterior wings with a thin discal striga somewhat discontinuous
and nearly straight anteriorly but zigzaged posteriorly, seven rather large
rounded spots, and a short streak between the median and discoidal veins
in the same line as the spots, black, and beyond the spots three regularly
engrailed fuscous strigee, one of which is marginal and the innermost of
which is the darkest and is connected with the discal thin striga by the
dark brown margins of the veins, with the usual white blotch between the
anterior black spot and the discal striga, with the dusky fulvous interval
between the two outermost marginal fuscous strigee continued for a short
distance on to the fuscous margin of the anterior wing at the inner angle.
Wings beneath much paler, all faintly suffused with lilac, with a
common opalescent discal band inwardly bounded with dusky, scarcely
perceptible in the anterior ones but prominent in the posterior, in which
it is nearly straight externally but dentate internally.
Posterior wings with five of the black spots of the upperside (two
interspaces being devoid of a spot) smaller than above, seated, the foremost
one wholly, the second and last (which is twinned) partially, upon a dusky
ground, the remaining ones upon fulvous of a brighter shade than the rest
of the wing; beyond the spots with two opalescent lunular bands, the first
the broader and internally margined with diffused dusky and the second
the narrower and sharply defined, both of which bands are continued
faintly and diffusedly on to the anterior wings; and with the usual basal
and discocellular pale fuscous marks.
Length of anterior wing 1:2; whence expanse = 2°5 inches.
A single specimen from Great Nicobar.
Apparently most nearly allied to O. malaya, Felder, from the Malay
Peninsula.
16. MEsSSARAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA.
M. erymanthis, var. nikobarica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862,
vol. xii, p. 486.
Great Nicobar (Felder), one male from Kamorta (Col. Cadell).
17, ATELLA ALCIPPE.
One very small male from Katschall Island.
18. PYRAMEIS CARDUI.
Papilio cardui, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 1767, I, 2, p. 774,
One male from Kamorta (Col. Cadell).
7 ¥
1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 233
19. JUNONIA ASTERIE, var. NIKOBARIENSIS.
J. asterie, var. nikobariensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 1862,
vol. xii, p. 482.
Kar Nicobar (elder).
20. JUNONIA LAOMEDIA.
Four males and five females from Nankowri (A. de #.) and Kamorta
(Col. Cadell).
21. HYPoLIMNAS MISIPPUS.
Two males, but no females as yet, from Nankowri or any other island.
22. HYPOLIMNAS BOLINA.
One male from the Great Nicobar; and Tillangschong Island (Fe/der).
23. NEPTIS NICOBARICA.
N. nicobarica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586, ¢2.
Numerous males and females from Nankowri Island, one female each
from Nankowri (Co/. Cadell), Kamorta, and Kar Nicobar Islands, and
Takoin.
24. NEPTIS MATUTA.
NV. matuta, Hubner, Felder, Verh. zool,-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 4838.
Nankowri Island (elder).
25. NeEpTIS MANANDA, Moore.
NV. mananda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586, ¢ 2; pl. lviii, fig. 4, 2.
One female from Kar Nicobar Island. It agrees with Port Blair
(Andaman) specimens, except that the markings are pure instead of ochre-
ous white, and the subbasal band of posterior wing is wider.
26. TANAECIA CIBARITIS.
One female from Nankowri Island identical with Port Blair specimens.
Family ERYCINIDZ.
27. ABISARA BIFASCIATA.
A. bifasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 587 ; pl. lviii, fig. 1, 2.
One male from Kar Nicobar Island. It differs from female specimens
(the Museum has as yet received no males) from Port Blair in the mark-
ings on both upper and underside being dusky greenish instead of pure
white ; the upperside is also brilliantly suffused with purple, especially
on the posterior wing ; the female shows no trace of this colour.
234 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—Lust of [No. 3,
Subfamily Lycmyipm.
28. CURETIS THETYS.
A single female of this variable and widely distributed species from
Nankowri Island, and another from Trinkut (Col. Cadel/).
29. CASTALIUS MANLUENA.
Lycena manluena, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol, xii,
p. 484, ?.
Kondul Island (elder).
00. LAMPIDES ALIANUS.
Two males and a female from Kamorta, Trinkut (Col. Cadell), and
Nankowri Islands all extremely pale, especially below.
31. LAMPIDES PANDAVA.
Numerous specimens from Nankowri (Col. Cadell and A. de R.) and
Katschall Islands (4. de #.); Nankowri and Kamorta (Moore) ; Trinkut
and Kamorta Islands and Takoin (Col. Cadel/).
32. LAMPIDES STRABO.
Three males from Nankowri (Oo/. Cadell and A. de R.) ; two males
Trinkut, one male Kamorta, and one female Takoin (Co/. Cadell).
33. LAMPIDES PARRHASIUS.
Lycena parrhasius, (Fabr.), Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., 1829, p. 86, # 9.
A male from Nankowri.
34, LAMPIDES PLATO, var. NICOBARICUS.
Numerous males and females from Nankowri (A. de #.) ; Kamorta,
Nankowri, and Trinkut, (Col. Cadell).
The males differ from specimens of the same sex from Calcutta, Sikkim,
S. India, Ceylon, and Bombay in the greater extent of the blue on the
anterior wing, the broad black outer border of which does not stretch back
towards the middle of the costa in the manner described by Horsfield.
35. LAMPIDES PLUMBEOMICANS, var. NICOBARICUS.
L. plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,
vol. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 231, d 2.
One male from Katschall Island differing from Andaman (Port Blair)
specimens in having the underside purplish slate-colour, the marginal and
submarginal macular fascia more distinct, iron-grey, narrower, and separ-
ated by a wider space of the ground-colour from the discal fascia; in
1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 235
having a very much larger subanal black spot, which is more broadly encircled
with brighter orange ; and in having all the fascize more sharply defined.
36. LAMPIDES CNEJUS.
Kamorta (Doore).
37. LAMPIDES KINKURKA.
Lycena kinkurka, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 481 ;
id., Novara Reise, Lep., p. 273, pl. 34, figs. 24, 25, 2.
Kar Nicobar (Felder) ; and Nankowri (AZoore).
38. LAMPIDES KANKENA.
Lycena kankena, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 481,
3; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 270, pl. 34, fig. 87, ¢.
Kar Nicobar (elder).
39. LAMPIDES KONDULANA.
Lycena kondulana, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wein, 1862, vol. xii,
p. 484, g ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 271, pl. 34, fig. 6, @.
Kondul Island (fe/der),
40. LAMPIDES MACROPHTHALMA.
Lycena macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii,
p. 488, g¢ ; id., Reise Novara, Lep,, p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 35, g.
Pulo Milo (felder).
. 41. LaAMPIDES ROSIMON.
Pap. rosimon, Fabr., Syst. Entom.,, 1775, p. 528.
A single bad specimen from Nankowri (Col. Cadell).
42. PoLYOMMATUS KARSANDRA.
P. karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 505, n. 106 ; pl. 31, fig. 7.
One female from Kamorta (Col. Cadell).
43. POLYOMMATUS SANGRA.
P. sangra, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond., 1865, p. 772 ; pl. 41, fig. 8, ¢.
Kamorta Island (Moore).
44. UYPOLYCHNA THECLOIDES.
Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatschr., 1860, vol. iv, p. 895, @ 3
Hypolycena thecloides, Hewitson, Ill. D. Lep., Lyc., pl. 22, figs. 9, 10, 3.
One male from Katschall and two from Nankowri Islands; Malay
Peninsula (Felder) ; and Singapore (Hewitson),
236 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3,
45. SITHON SUGRIVA, var. ARECA.
S. sugriva, var. areca, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
1880, vol. xlix., pt. 2, p. 232, d 2.
Kar Nicobar (Felder).
46, SITHON KAMORTA.
Myrina kamorta, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 485,
.—Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, vol. xlix, pt. 2,
p. 233, ¢.
One male each from Nankowri and Kar Nicobar Islands; and Great
Nicobar (felder).
47, DEUDORIX ORSEIS,
Kamorta (Moore).
48, MyYRINA ATYMNUS.
Three males from Nankowri Island (Col. Cadell and A. de R.).
Family PAPILIONID.
Subfamily Pirerinz.
49. 'TERIAS HECABE.
Katschall, Trinkut, and Nankowri Islands; and Takoin, probably a
small village near the settlement. Very common.
50. TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS.
T. nikobariensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 480.
We have at last received from Kamorta, through the kindness and
courtesy of Col. Cadell, V. C., Chief Commr. of the Andamans and Nico-
bars, 10 specimens all males, which are no doubt referrible to this species ;
in one specimen only, however, is the external margin of the posterior wings
narrowly and obsoletely bordered with fuscous, the border being reduced
to dots sometimes so small as to be barely visible and connected or not with
one another by a few fuscous scales ; the colour of the specimens is bright
lemon-yellow. Kar Nicobar (Fe/der).
51. TERIAS DRONA.
T. drona, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., 1829, p. 187, pl. 1, fig. 18.
Two males and three females from Kamorta and one female from
Nankowri (Oolonel Cadell).
1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 237
52. TACHYRIS PAULINA, var. GALATHEA.
Pieris galathea, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gegellsch. Wien., 1862, vol. xii, p. 485, g.
Two males from Nankowri and Katschall Islands, both having a round
spot of black scales between the 2nd and 38rd median veinlets on both sides
of the anterior wing, the remains of the intense black spot occupying the
same position in the females of typical Z. pawlina; and Great Nicobar
(Helder).
53. TACHYRIS PANDA.
Pieris panda, Godt., Snellen v. Vollenhoven, Faune Entom. Arch, Indo-Néerland.,
2 me. Monogr., Fam. des Piérides, p. 44, 3 9.
A male from Great Nicobar agreeing perfectly with Vollenhoven’s
description ; Java (Horsfield, Vollenhoven).
54, CATOPSILIA CROCALE.
Kamorta Island (Moore). |
55. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA.
P. lichenosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 591.
One male from Kar Nicobar Island.
Subfamily Paprntonina.
56. PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHI®, var. CAMORTA.
P. aristolochia, var. camorta, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 592, @.
Three males and two females from Nankowri Island; three males and
one female from Kar Nicobar Island ; two males from Great Nicobar Island ;
and Kamorta (Moore).
57, PAPILIO POLYTES, var. NIKOBARUS.
P. pammon, var. nikobarus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii,
p. 483, ?.
One male and two females from Nankowri Island ; seven males from
Pulu Kondul; two males and one female from Kamorta Island; two
females from Kar Nicobar; and two males Takoin (Col. Cadell).
All the females from all the islands are of the First Form, 2. e., like
the males. The male specimens from Pulu Kondul all have on the
underside of the posterior wing external to the discal white macular
band a series of irregular patches of beautiful blue scales, which forms a
very distinct blue macular band across the wing,
58. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON.
Kamorta Island (Joore).
938 List of Nicobar Diurnal Lepidoptera. [No. 3,
Family HESPERIDZ.
59. TAGIADES HELFERI.
Pterygospidea helferi, Felder, Verh. zool,-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1860, vol. xii, °
p. 483, ¢.
Pulo Milo (Felder).
60. 'TAGIADES RAVI.
One male from Nankowri Island.
61. HESPERIA MATHIAS.
Hesperia mathias, (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus., 1869, p. 275, pl. 3,
fig. 8, g.
Kamorta Island (JZoore).
62. HESPERIA COLACA.
Two females, one from Kamorta (Col. Cadell) and one from Nankowri
Island (4. de &.).
63. PAMPHILA PALMARUM.
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 690, pl. 45, figs. 6, 7, ¢ 9, from Calcutta. .
Two males from Katschall and Nankowri Islands, agreeing perfectly
with Calcutta specimens.
64.- TELEGONUS THYRSIS.
Pap. thyrsis, Fab.. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 532; Hesperia pandia, Moore, Proe. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 790.
One male (Col. Cadell).
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
—_—>-—--
Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
NS IN IL kil LIN ek ee ee EO eee
No. IV.—1881.
PDP Pee
XV.—Wotes on an apparently undescribed Varanus from Tenasserim and
on other Reptilia and Amphibia.— By W. T. Buanrorp, F. R. S.
[Received November 3rd ;—Read December 7th, 1881.]
(With Plate XVI.)
The notes appended are on a few reptiles from very different parts of
the dependencies of British India, and on a species of Pseudophidian from
the Himalayas. The Varanus described has been in my possession for at
least three years, and I hoped to identify it with some known species, but
I have not succeeded in doing so.
VARANUS MACROLEPIS, sp. nov.
V. digitis longiusculis ; naribus oblongis, obliquis, ab oculis parum
distantibus, subtus spectantibus ; squamis nuchalibus magnis, planulatis,
rotundatis ; dorsalibus paullo minoribus, sed multo majoribus quam in
ceteris speciebus Indicis vel Burmanis, ovatis, obtuse carinatis ; corpore
cauddque exempli juvenis fasciis latis nigris transversis ornatis.
Description.—The toes are as long as in V. dracena and V. nebulosus,
the middle fore toe being considerably longer than half the distance
between the eye and the end of the snout. The nostril is peculiar: it is
in the anterior portion of a single large shield, and the opening is oblique,
- directed backwards and downwards. The nasal shield is much nearer to
_ the eye than to the end of the snout, the distance from the latter being
about twice that of the former. Tympanum rather smaller and rounder
31
240 W. T. Blanford—Description of a new Varanus, with [No. 4,
than in the allied forms, the breadth being but little inferior to the height
and the diameter less than the length of the eye.
All the scales of the upper part of the body are larger than in any
other Indian or Burmese form. ‘The scales of the nape above the neck are
flat, about as broad as long and much larger than those on the head. The
dorsal scales are oval and bluntly keeled, nearly as long as those of the
nape, but narrower, and rather larger than those of the sides. A few
smaller scales are interspersed, both on the back and nape. The ventral
scales are nearly or quite as broad as long, not more than half as long as
the larger dorsal scales; there are about eighty scales between the gular
fold and the thighs. Scales above the limbs bluntly keeled.
The scales on the top of the head are flat and do not vary much in
size; those in the middle of the superciliary region are slightly enlarged,
but less so than in V. nebulosus.
Tail very much compressed with the upper lateral scales minute, only
half the length of those on the lower portion of the tail, where several
longitudinal rows are larger and sharply keeled.
In the young individual examined, the colour of the body and tail
consists of broad transverse alternating black and yellow bands, the black
bands on the body being more than twice as broad as the intervening yellow
rings, but, on the tail, the difference between the breadth of the two
decreases. The black bands disappear upon the lower parts, except towards
the end of the tail. There is a broad black band across the hinder parts
of the neck, extending to the side in front of the shoulder, and giving out,
on each side, a narrower black stripe that extends above the ear to the eye.
There are three broad black bands between the shoulders and the thighs,
one between the thighs, eight on the tail. None of the bands are broken up
by spots or mottling on the upper parts. The limbs are blackish above
with small yellow spots, yellow below with a tendency to dark transverse
marks. The head and nape are uniform yellowish above; there are a few
short vertical dark marks on the upper and lower labials.
The total length of the only specimen procured is 8°5 inches, of which
the tail from the anus measures 4°5, head from hinder edge of tympa-
num to end of nose 1 inch, fore limb to end of middle toe 1:2, middle toe
without claw 0°88, hind limb to end of fourth toe 1:45, fourth toe without
claw, from division between third and fourth, 0°45, third from the same 0°37.
This well-marked species may be immediately distinguished from all
other Indian forms by its peculiar nostri], situated in a single scale, by the
larger scales on the upper part of the body, and especially by the scales of
the nape being larger than those above the head, or those on the back.
These structural differences will of course be found in adults. The coloura-
tion also is quite peculiar, but young Varani are very differently coloured
1881.] Notes on other Reptilia and Amphibia. 241
from adults, and it is probable that the bands of colour are not persistent
in older individuals.
For the only specimen of this remarkable monitor that I have seen
I am indebted to Mr. W. Davison, who obtained it in Tenasserim, and, I
believe, in the neighbourhood of Tavoy. The specimen was carefully
labelled, but the label, being of paper, has unfortunately become detached.
There isa Philippine species of Hydrosaurus (H. nuchalis, Gthr.
P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 145) that has somewhat similar, though much smaller,
scales on the nape and back, but it is of course distinguished by the form
and position of the nostrils.
DRACO THENIOPTERUS.
In J. A. S. B., 1878, Vol. XLVII, Part 2, p. 126, I noticed some
specimens from near Tavoy, collected by Mr. Davison, and expressed a
slight doubt as to whether they were identical with the typical D. teniop-
terus described by Ginther from Siam (Reptiles Brit. Ind., p. 126). On
comparing the ‘Tenasserim specimens with the type in the British Museum,
I find they agree very fairly. In the latter the markings on the ‘ wings’
are more distinct and darker ; to see them in the Tenasserim form the wings
should be held up against the light and looked through. ‘There is a very
small tubercle behind the orbit, and the nuchal crest is too rudimentary to
be of any importance.
NaJA TRIPUDIANS.
A few snakes collected by Major Biddulph in Gilgit have been pre-
sented by him to the British Museum. Amongst them are three specimens
of a cobra differing in colour and to some slight extent in structure from
any Indian form known to me.
Of the three specimens two measure 4 feet 5 inches each, both being
of precisely the same length, and one specimen is young, being only 1 foot
9 inches long. In the two larger specimens, the colour above is uniform
dark brown, below white throughout with the exception of a few irregular
dusky marks on the ventral scutes chiefly anteriorly and near the tail, the
subcaudals being pretty dusky. The smaller specimen is light grey above
with rather faint darker cross bands, angularly bent forward in the middle
of the back, and rather broader than the interspaces. The lower parts are
white with the exception of two dusky bands across the throat as frequent-
ly found in Indian cobras. Neither in the adults nor in the young is
there any spectacle-mark or ocellus on the back of the neck, but in the
young there is a blackish spot with indistinct edges on each side of the
neck where the anterior dusky band crosses the ventral shields.
In the larger specimens there are 23 to 27 longitudinal series of scales
on the neck, in the smaller 25 to 27, in all 23 round the middle of the body,
242 W. T. Blanford—Deseription of a new Varanus, with, Fe. [No. 4,
The number of ventrals in the three specimens is 203, 205, and 207, there
are 72 pairs of subcaudals in two and 74 in the third, the smallest indivi-
dual, in which the number of ventral shields is 207. It is manifest tht
this variety is more elongate than the forms usually found in India ard
the countries to the eastward. All of the varieties of cobra described
in Ginther’s ‘ Reptiles of British India’ have less than 200 ventrals. The
colouration too is peculiar, especially in the young specimen, and remark-
ably similar to that in the Central Asiatic type described by EHichwald
under the name of Tomyris oxiana.* This snake has since been shewn by
Strauch,f who re-examined the original specimen, to be a true Waja closeiy
allied to WV. tripudians, but distinguished by the form of the head and the
characters of the temporal shields. MV. owiana is founded on a young
specimen, the only one hitherto recorded, 40 centimetres (152 inches) long,
and having 202 ventrals and 66 pairs of subcaudals, so that it resembles
the Gilgit snake in the great number of the former. The essential differ-
ences, however, are considered by Strauch to consist in the facts that in
NV. oxiana the length of the head is thrice the height and nearly twice
the breadth in the temporal region (whereas in WV. tripudians the length is
only twice the height and one and a half times the breadth), and that
there are two larger temporals in front in contact with the postoculars,
the posterior temporals being numerous and scarcely larger than the back
scales, whilst in the Indian cobra the temporals consist of 4 or 5 subequal
shields.
Now in the Gilgit snakes the temporals vary in form. The two anterior
are generally the largest, but the lower posterior temporal is nearly, some-
times quite, as large. The anterior lower temporal is in contact with 3
others. In each of the larger specimens 3 temporals are in contact with
each occipital, in the smaller 4. I find precisely similar temporal shields
in many Indian cobras in the British Museum. ‘The head tooin the Gilgit
snakes is precisely similar in form to that of WV. tripudians.
If, therefore, Strauch is correct in considering the distinctions he has
pointed out in the type of WV. oxiana of specific value, it is clear that the
Gilgit snakes cannot be referred to that species. The temporals are so
variable in form and number in cobras that, were there no other distine-
tion, I should doubt whether the Central Asiatic form really deserved separa-
tion, but the shape of the head is a more important character. At the
same time it is very interesting to find in Gilgit, where several birds and
mammals belonging to Central Asiatic types occur, a cobra presenting so re-
markable a similarity in colour and structure to the form described from .
Central Asia.
* Zool, Spec., III, p. 171: Fauna Casp. Cauc. p, 180, pl. xx,
¢ Bull. Acad. Sci. St, Pet. 1868, xiii, p. 81.
) > y X V
JWOOD-MASON & DE NICEVILLE, Journ. As. Soc. Benqod Vol: 1. Pt. +1881 PI. XI
West, Newmar & Co chr Lith
Behari Lil. Dos del
Y
Figs.1.2. PAPILIO CLYTIA,var. FLAVOLIMBATUS. 6.
Hige.3.-4 6 5.8 HERRBOMOIA ROEPSTORFFIL.
1881.] On the Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 243
ICHTHYOPHIS GLUTINOSUS.
Peters, in his recent monograph* of the Cecilians, gives as localities
for this species (the Hpicriwm glutinosum of Giinther’s ‘ Reptiles of British
India,’ p. 441,) Ceylon, Siam, and Java, and, on Giinther’s authority, South
India, Khasi hills, and Tenasserim. So far as I am aware, no Pseudophi-
dian has hitherto been recorded from the Himalayas.
I received four or five years since, from the late Mr. Mandelli, two
specimens of this species, obtained near Darjiling, and I find, in the British
Museum, two more from the same locality, procured by Dr. Jerdon. In
both my specimens, and in one of Dr. Jerdon’s, the lateral band is wanting,
but there is no structural difference from other specimens.
XVI.—Second List of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Anda-
man Islands, with Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known
Species and Varieties —By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent,
Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Lionet DE NICEVILLE.
[Received July 26th ;—Read August 3rd, 1881.]
(With Plate XIV.)
At the end of 1880, we contributed to this Journal an account of the
Rhopalocerous portion of the collection of Lepidopterous insects formed
during that year for the Indian Museum by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff, an
Assistant Superintendent on the Port Blair Establishment, to whose energe-
tic labours zoologists are almost entirely indebted for such knowledge as
they possess of the interesting Lepidopterous fauna of the Andaman Islands,
for by far the greater number of the specimens belonging to both divisions
of the order reported upon in 1877 by Mr. F. Moore was also collected by
this officer. The collection sent to us in 1880 by Mr. de Roepstorff com-
prised no less than 90 distinct species, of which 25 had not been previously
recorded. ‘The present list is based upon a very fine collection (numbering
more than 1000 specimens in the finest condition, and especially valuable as
furnishing us with the opposite sexes of most of the species) sent to the
Museum in instalments during the current year by the same assiduous
collector, and it adds 22 fresh species to the fauna. In order to render it a
record complete to the end of the year 1881 of the species of butterflies
inhabiting the Andaman Islands, several corrections have been made in
the paper since it was read, and a few additional species, together with the
names of the few forms which have been recorded by Mr. Moore but not
‘* Monatsbericht Ak. Wiss, Berlin, 1879, p. 931,
244 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
seen by ourselves, inserted with an asterisk prefixed to each of the latter to
distinguish them from those of which we have received examples.
LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily Danarnz.
1. HeEsTIa CADELLI.
H. cadelli, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, vol.
xix, ph. iy p. 226.ph., xuiadie a a's
Since our first paper was published, we have received numerous speci-
mens of both sexes of this species from South Andaman from Mr. de
Roepstorff.
@. All the wings broader, with the markings of the same shape,
situation, size, and shade as in the male, from which, in fact, the female
differs in the proportions of the organs of flight just in the same manner
as does H. hadenit 9 from H. cadelli $ (vide J. A. S. B., 1880, Pl. XITI).
*2. HESTIA AGAMARSCHANA,T Felder.
Andaman Islands (Felder).
3. DAaNAISs MELANOLEUCA, Moore.
4, Evpn@a corn, Cramer.
We have received no specimens of this common species since 1872,
when the native collector Moti Ram forwarded a single example from
Port Blair.
5. EvuprpL@a ANDAMANENSIS, Atk.
Subfamily SaryRinz.
LETHE EUROPA, Fabr.
MELANITIS LEDA, Linn.
MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.
9. MELANITIS ZITENIUS.
Pap. zitenius, Herbst, Natur. Syst. Ins. Schmett. viii Theil, p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2.
The single male received from Mr. de Roepstorif has the round black
spot on the yellow-red band of the anterior wings divided longitudinally
ow
into two parts by the yellow of the band, and the white pupil obsolete. In
other respects, especially in its less faleate anterior wings, it agrees best
with specimens in the Museum from Upper Tenasserim.
10. Mvycanesis (CALYSISME) PERSEUS, Fabr.
ll. Mycaresis (CALYSISME) DRUSIA, Cramer.
12. Mycatesis (Virapa) RADZA, Moore.
+ ? ‘agamarsena’ from a&yamos, ‘ unmarried,’ and &ponv-%poevos, ‘ male,’ in allusion
to the fact that the describer was ignorant of the opposite (female) sex, —
— 1881.] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 245
13. Etymntas corronis, Hewitson.
Hewitson states that the sexes are alike in this species, but the three
females before us have the outer margins of all the wings lighter with a
more or less distinct submarginal rounded-angulate macular band in the
anterior ones corresponding to the band of blue spots in the males of
EH. undularis, and in two specimens two, and in the other four, distinct
whitey-brown spots, the blurred pupils of the obsolete ocelli of the under-
side showing through, on the upperside of the posterior wings ; below, they
are much lighter than the males, the subapical triangular patch of lilacine .
ground-colour in the anterior wings and the submarginal lilacine ground of
both wings, but especially in the posterior pair, being whiter and conse-
quently more distinct than in the male; there are also six pupils of ocelli
instead of one distinctly traceable, and the anastamozing chestnut striation
besides being lighter is less confluent. The females, in fact, much resemble
the males of #. undularis. Hewitson makes no mention of the beautiful
rich deep plum-colour which suffuses the dark parts of the upperside
in both sexes almost equally, nor of the faint red-violet reflections emitted
by the light borders.
Danais plexippus, the model of the females of the allied continental
form, has not yet been detected at Port Blair.
Subfamily MorpeHin a.
14. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS, Linn.
Two males and one female.
15. DiscorpHora cELinD®, Stoll.
Two males.
Subfamily NympHaina.
16. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA, Felder.
17. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer.
*18. CrrRRHOCHROA ANJIRA, Moore.
19. CrrrHocHRoA THAIS, Fabr.
20. CynTuia EROTA, Fabr.
21. MEssARAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA, Felder, :
22. PYRAMEIS caRDUI, Linn,
23. JUNONIA @NONE, Linn.
24. JUNONIA ASTERIE, Linn.
25. JUNONIA aLMANA, Linn.
26. DoLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE, Cr.
27. KAtLIMA ALBOoFAscIatTa, Moore.
The underside is, as might have been expected, excessively variable.
28. EURYTELA HORSFIELDII, Boisduval.
A single specimen of the very differently coloured female.
246 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [ No. 4,
29. CYRESTIS COCLES, var. ANDAMANICA, nov.
Our single male differs from a continental (Sylhet) one in the Museum
eollection only in its larger size, whiter ground-colour throwing up the
slightly darker markings, in the finer and rather indistinct submarginal
black lines of all its wings on the upperside, and in the more distinct
ochraceous-fuscous markings of the underside.
Mr. Hewitson, we find, referred a series of specimens of a Oyrestis
from the Andamans to this species, and he justly said of them that for
delicacy of colouring they were some of the most beautiful things he had
ever seen.
30. CYRESTIS FORMOSA, Felder.
Cyrestis formosa, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. vol. iii, p. 412, ¢.
horatius, W.-M. & de N., Proc. As. Soc. Bengal 1881, August, p. 142.
@. Allied to C. cocles, with which it agrees almost exactly in the
character of the markings of the upperside, but from which it differs in its
pure white ground-colour painted with different shades of sepia-brown
instead of pale ochraceous and ochraceous-fuscous and black, the black
marks of C. cocles being represented by the darkest of the sepia colouring,
in its larger and more distinct ocelli, and in having a distinct but pale
fulvous patch at the anal angle of the posterior wing; and, on the under-
side, in having only the lightest portions of the sepia markings absent and
replaced by white or whitish.
Length of anterior wing 1:16; whence expanse = 2°4 inches.
Nine specimens exactly alike from S. Andaman.
We have since received a tattered male specimen from Khurda, a place
25 miles S.S. W. of Cuttack, the chief town of Orissa, in Continental India.
31. CYRESTIS THYODAMAS, Var. ANDAMANICA, Nov.
We entered the name of this species in our previous list without
remark because we had at the time but a single specimen before us and the
characters which distinguish it from the typical continental form might have
proved to be inconstant. We have since received a very large series of
specimens of the male all agreeing perfectly with one another and differing
from all continental (from Kulu to Upper Tenasserim) ones in the blacker
apex and outer margin, in the prominent somewhat diffused black spot on
the third median veinlet between the third and fourth common black strige
at the point where these bend towards each other in the anterior wing;
and in having the fulvous marks of the anal half of the abdominal margin,
of the anal angle, and of the outer margin as far as the discoidal vein, of
the posterior wing, much diffused and darker ;—in having, in fact, all the
markings and colouring darker and coarser both above and below.
382. HyYPoLIMNAS BOLINA, Linn,
33. Herrona anDAMANA, Moore.
34, ParTHENOS GAMBRISIUS, Fabr,
1881.] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 247
35. LIMENITIS PROORIS, var. ANARTA.
36. Nepris cNnacanis, Hewitson.
One male and two females.
37. NEPTIS JUMBA.
N. jumba, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co. 1857, vol. i, p. 167, pl. 4a, fig. 5; Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 7.
A male and a female from S. Andaman.
38. NEPTIS MANANDA, Moore.
39. NeEpTIS ANDAMANA, Moore.
40. ATHYMA RETA.
Athyma reta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50, fig. 3 3, from
Sumatra.
Athyma selenophora, Kollar, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Ben-
gal, 1880, vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 229, 9.
?. Anterior wings above with the divided cellular mark, the triancu-
lar spot beyond this, a subapical largish spot, and a much smaller one just
in front of the second median veinlet in the discal series, orange, and with
the curved series of six discal spots white, diffusedly bordered, from the
costal margin increasingly and afterwards decreasingly to the inner margin,
with orange.
Posterior wings with the discal band white decreasingly from the
anterior margin narrowly edged externally with orange, and with the sub-
marginal sinuous band narrower, broken up into lunules, and orange-
coloured.
Length of anterior wing 1:44; whence expanse = 3:04 inches.
41. TANAECIA CIBARITIS, Hewitson.
42, ADOLIAS ACONTIUS.
Adolias acontius, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, ser. 4, vol. xiv,
p. 358; Exot. Butt. vol. v, Adolias, pl. iv, fig. 11, 9.
Tanaécia acontius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 586.—Wood-Mason
and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 229, 2.
$. Wings above almost black, the ground-colour being very dark
brown of a bronzy tint, and the prominent cellular and basal marks, the
outer margins, and the common discal and submarginal submacular bands
velvety black, the former of the two last-named bounded externally at its
anterior end by a series of four indistinct U-shaped white marks, and the
latter provided at its inner and anterior extremity with two small elongat-
ed subcostal white spots (the posterior of which is the larger), and, in the
posterior wings, composed of distinct subelongate spots each with an
inconspicuous dash paler than the surrounding ground-colour at either end.
The posterior wings strongly glossed with dark greenish-purple anteriorly.
32
248 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
Wings below much as in A. garuda, but all more strongly glossed with
amethyst-purple submarginally and having their basal half coloured greyish-
green and conspicuously marked with black as in the female.
Length of anterior wing 1:28; whence expanse == 2°72 inches.
The characters of the venation and the structure of the palpi remove
this species from the genus Zanaécia, in which it has been placed by Moore,
to Adolias, whilst the form and colouration of the wings in the male assign
it a position in the system next to, or in the immediate neighbourhood of,
A. garuda, of which, indeed, the above described insect might, on a cursory
view of the upperside, be mistaken for a black local race.
43, SYMPHMDRA TERUTA, var. TEUTOIDES,
44, NYMPHALIS ATHAMAS, Drury.
Family ERYCINIDA.
*45, ABISARA KAUSAMBI, Felder.
46. ABISARA BIFASCIATA, Moore.
Our specimens of the female all agree with Moore’s figure of the
upperside, but they all have three anterior ocelli on the underside of the
posterior wing ; the front one, however, reduced to an almost rudimentary
condition.
Our numerous males all have the diseal light bands of the anterior
wing less bent than in the females, but all except two (which have a rudi-
ment of the foremost one) present only two ocelli in the anterior series ;
and our unique Nicobarese specimen agrees with them except in having
the discal band if anything a little more angled.
It is probable that the two foregoing species will prove to be identi-
cal.
Family LYCANIDA,
47, CURETIS THETYS, var. SARONIS.
48. PirnHEcorps HyLAX, Fabr.
49. CASTALIUS ETHION, Hewitson.
Four males and a female from 8, Andaman.
50. CasTaLius ELNA, Hewitson.
Three males and a female from 8S. Andaman, variable in the size and
connections of the black spots and bands of the underside and wanting the
minute black spot at the anterior end of the common white band of the
upperside.
51. Castaxnrus roxus, Horsfield.
Three males and two females.
52. LamPpimpES ZLIANuS, Fabr.
53. LamprpEs straso (Fabr.), Butler.
A single male from 8. Andaman,
1881. } Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 249
*54, LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Felder.
55. LAMPIDES MALAYA.
Lycena malaya, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E, I. Co. 1829, p. 70.
One specimen from S. Andaman.
56. LAMPIDES arDATES, Moore.
57. LAMPIDES ELPIS, Godart.
58. Lampipes panpava, Horsfield.
59. Lamprpes confer PACTOLUS.
60. LampPimpEsS PLUMBEOMICANS, W.-M. & de N.
61. Potyvommarus sanera, Moore.
62. APHN#HUS LOHITA, var. ZOILUS.
63. Hypotyc@Na ERYLUS, Godart.
*64. HypoLycmna ELTOLA, Hewitson.
65. SITHON sUGRIVA, var. ARECA, W.-M. & de.N.
Six more males and two females.
66. ‘SITHON’ WESTERMANNII, var. ANDAMANICA, nov.
Another male.
67. ‘SirHon’ TarprIna, Hewitson.
Three more males and two females.
68. ‘SITHON’ ALBIMACULA, Na. sp.
é. Anterior wings above brown-black of a vinous tint with a large
conspicuous oval white discal spot equai in length to half the breadth of
the part of the organ on which it lies, equally distant from the opposite
margins, and so placed that its major axis and more pointed anterior end
are directed towards the middle of the costa.
Posterior wings above dark violet-blue bordered increasingly from the
base of the anterior margin to the apical angle and thence deereasingly to
the anal angle with fuscous-black and from the submedian vein to the
abdominal margin with greyish-black ; with a fine black anteciliary line
and, immediately internal to this, a very faint and fine silver-grey line
decreasing from the anal angle and dwindling to nothing before reaching the
apical angle; with the cilia dark brown evenly tipped with silvery white ;
and with the tails black-brown, the unequal submedian and second median
‘shorter ones edged internally with silvery white cilia, and the longer inter-
mediate first median one white-tufted at its inner extremity.
Wings below much lighter.
Anterior pair with a broad and prominent white band bordered both
sides with fuscous of a darker shade than the rest of the ground-colour,
passing off from the greyish-white basal portion of the sutural area across
the organ to within a short distance of the costa, increasing in its course
to a little beyond the first branch of the median vein and thence decreasing
to its anterior extremity (which is washed with fuscous), so that its outline,
250 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
while almost straight internally, is bluntly obtuse-angled externally ; and
with the outer margin at the inner angle obsoletely trilineated with white
as in the posterior pair.
Posterior pair with a narrower and less conspicuous discal whitish
band of uniform width throughout, not sharply defined, but on the contra-
ry diffused externally, and bordered internally with a line of fuscous which
is darker than the ground, sharply bent inwards at right angles to itself to
the abdominal margin, and externally margined with brassy, at its posterior
end; with the deep black spot of the small anal lobe, a large patch of grey
scales between the ends of the submedian vein and the first median veinlet,
an intense black spot next to and about half the size of this between the
ends of the first and second median veinlets, and a very short and trans-
versely elongated or narrow similar but inconspicuous black spot between
the ends of the first.and second median veinlets, all internally margined
with a discontinuous line of brassy scales which extends from the point
where the dark discal striga with its brassy edging reaches the abdominal
margin all along the outer margin of the organs, following the inner
contours of the above-described spots, up to the second subcostal veinlet ;
and with the external margin finely lineated with three regularly concentric
silvery white lines separated from one another by the black anteciliary line
and the brown bases of the cilia.
Length of the anterior wing 52; whence expanse = 1:09 inches.
A single male of this beautiful little species, the nearest ally of which
is MW. ciniata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 35, pl. XIV, figs. 80, 31 2.
69. DEvUpDORIX EPIJARBAS, Moore.
70. DEvporix DIENECES, Hewitson.
71. Dervuporrx varuna, Horsfield.
72. DrupoRIx orsEeIs, Hewitson.
73. MYRINA ATYMNUS, var. PRABHA.
74. AMBLYPODIA NARADA, Var. ERICHSONII.
A single male with the upperside coloured the deepest and richest
metallic violet bordered with fuscous-black exactly to the same extent and
in just the same manner as, but more darkly than, in Calcutta specimens of
A. narada, One of the females in the tint and extent of the blue of the
upperside closely resembles Calcutta specimens of dA. narada, but it is
otherwise darkly and richly coloured as in the rest of the Andaman speci-
mens.
75. ARRHOPALA CENTAURUS, var. coruscANS, W.-M. & de N.
Numerous additional males and females.
76. ARRHOPALA AMANTES,
Amblypodia amantes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 4, pl. 2, figs, 1-3.
One small female,
1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 251
*77, ARRHOPALA NAKULA, Felder,
78. NARATHURA FULLA, var, ANDAMANICA, nov.
Ambiypodia fulla, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 10, pl. vi, figs. 67, 68
6, from Boirou.
Narathura fulla, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Proc. As. Soe.
Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143.
Narathura subfasciata, Moore, 'Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond, 1881, September, part
ili, p. 312, ¢ ¢, from the Andamans.
$. Wings above brilliant violet-cyaneous, all slightly more broadly
bordered with black-fuscous than in Hewitson’s figure of the typical form.
Wings below pale ocraceous-fuscous, with faint traces of a discocellu-
lar mark in both wings and of three or four basal spots in the posterior
wings, besides the markings beyond the middle of the wings, darker than the
ground-colour.
The end of the first submedian branch of the posterior wing forms a
minute tooth on the outer margin.
This very slight variety seems intermediate between WV. fulla, Hewit-
son, from Boirou, and WV. arsenius, Felder, from Luzon.
Mr. Moore compares his species to Amblypodia canuta, Hewitson, a
name which we have failed to trace.
79. SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Var. LATIMARGO.
*80. AMBLYPODIA ZETA, Moore.
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily Prerinz.
81. TEeRIAS HECABE, Linn.
82. Trrras HaRtNA, Horsfield.
*83, TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder.
We have received specimens from the Nicobars (vzde supra p. 236), but
none as yet from the Andamans.
*84, FleBoMOIA GLAUCIPPE, Linn.
85. Hesomora nonpsrorrrit, W.-M. Pl. XIV, Figs. 3&4 3,5 Q.
Since this species was described, we have received a very large series
of both sexes.
Z 86. Ixras anpaMana, Moore.
87. CaTopsILIA cATILLA (Cramer), Butler,
One male only.
88. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.
Two males with the apex of the anterior wings slightly more broadly
bordered with black than in Butler’s fig. 1, pl. ix, Lep. Exot., and two
others approaching very closely his fig 4, representing C. flava, but
with the apex of the anterior wings equally broadly black-bordered with
252 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [ No. 4,
the two former, and the outer portion of all the wings, especially of the
posterior ones, paler than the basal. Also two females,
*89, CATOPSILIA CHRYSEIS, Drury.
90. PIERIS NADINA, var. NAMA.
91. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA.
92. FERONIA VALERIA, var. NARAKA.
93. TacHYRIS PAULINA, Cramer.
Subfamily Paprnionrn a”.
94. ORNITHOPTERA POMPEUS (? rectius HELIACON).
Mr. Moore does not inform us, and we have not succeeded in dis-
covering, in what points his Orn. helila]conoides differs from the Orn.
pompeus of Sikkim and Assam.
In one of our four males from Port Blair all the submarginal black
spots of the posterior wings are wanting except the first or anal, which is
fused with the marginal conical spot as it all but invariably is in Continental
specimens; in another the second spot is present on the upperside only ; in
a third, the second and third, and in a fourth, the second, third, and sixth,
while in the feminine male upon which Mr. Moore founded his Ora.
heliaconoides the second, third, fifth, and sixth are present on both sides:
all of which variations are to be met with in a sufficiently large series of
Continental specimens, particularly in our own fine one from the Sikkim
and Khasi Hills.
Of our five females two have the anterior wings conspicuously rayed
with white like some Assam specimens, and three (two from the Little
Brother Island and one from 8. Andaman) have the veins of these wings
either simply bordered both sides with paler black than the general ground-
colour or only exhibit here and there faint traces of white scales like others
from the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills (Sylhet).
The males which are least differentiated from the females in point of
markings, also resemble them in the fuller and more broadly rounded inner
angle of their anterior wings.
95. PaPpILio MAYO.
P. mayo, Atkinson, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 736, pl. 63, fig. 1, ¢
P. charicles, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, ser. 4, vol. xiv, p. 356, 9 ;
Exot. Butt. 1875, vol. v, pl. xiv, Pap. fig. 45, 9.
The shape of the wings and the presence of red markings on the under-
side of the hinder pair prove that P. mayo is more closely allied to P.
androgeus than to P. polymnestor ; nota single red scale being to be detect-
ed in the hind wing of the latter except at the base of the organ, and
the conspicuous blue-grey band on the upperside of the former being no-
thing more than an excessive development and concentration of the radiating
1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 253
lines of grey scales with which P. androgeus is more or less conspicuously
ornamented between the veins and folds of all its wings, but especially of
the posterior pair, on the upperside. P. mayo is also adorned in the anterior
wings with radiating shorter lines of luteous grey scales, a point not
mentioned by Atkinson nor represented by him in his figure.
It is a well-known fact that the Continental P. androgeus is provided
with three different forms of female, two tailless like the male and one
tailed, which mimicks the red-spotted P. dowbledayi just as the corre-
sponding female of the closely allied P. memnon does the yellow-spotted
P. coon. The two rare tailless females of its Andaman representative
have not yet been detected; but there is no doubt whatever that in the
P. charicles of Hewitson we have the commoner tailed form, which mimicks
the red-tailed P. rhodifer. Our first specimens of the supposed two species
were captured by the native collector Moti Ram in 1872 all together in
the same spot; and all the numerous specimens (upwards of fifty in num-
ber) of P. mayo which have passed through our hands during the past two
years are males, and all the (some 6 to 8) P. charicles females.
From these facts we can come to no other conclusion than that the
two are the opposite sexes of one and the same species, and we accordingly
unite them under the former as being the prior of these two names.
96. PapiLio POLYTES, var. NIKOBARUS, Felder.
97. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON, Linn.
98. PAPpimLio EURYPYLUS, Linn.
99. Paprnio RHODIFER, Butler.
@. Differs from the male in having all its wings broader, and the
crimson of the posterior ones not quite so bright.
100. Papim“io cLYTIA, var. FLAVOLIMBATUS. Pl. XIV, Fig. 1, 2, &.
We have since received many males and a female, the former all quite
constant, and the latter differing from them only in its broader wings and
in the paler fulvous markings of both sides of the posterior ones.
*101. PAPILIO ANTIPHATES, Cramer.
102. _Papinio La=sTRYGONUM, W.-M.
g. Wings all lighter above in consequence partly of their greater
breadth, partly of the bands and other black markings being narrower or
less developed, and partly of the smaller extent of grey present on the
posterior pair: the fifth forked black band not reaching the inner angle on
either side and none of the bands of the anterior pair being connected by
a black edging at the inner margin, and the two marginal and sub-marginal
lunular bands of the posterior pair being smaller and less diffused and
more distinctly divided from one another by light scales anteriorly on the
upperside.
Length of anterior wing 1:8; whence expanse = 8°75 inches.
A single specimen,
254 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
103. PAPILIO PREXASPES.
P. prexaspes, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. vol. i, p. 107, pl. xv, fig. d, g, from
Malacca.—Oberthiir, E’tudes D’Entom. ivme livr. p. 46, ¢ 9, from the Andaman Isles.
@. Wings above lighter and dingier, much in fact, asin P. chaon,
Westw., with the fascia of the underside of the anterior ones faintly
indicated.
Anterior wings below with an incurved ashy-white fascia beyond the
end of the cell, commencing near the costal margin, interrupted by the
veins and folds, and rapidly decreasing to the third median veinlet, where
it ends to recommence at the first, whence it increases to the submedian
vein.
Tails of the posterior wings broader at the expanded extremity . and
narrower at the constricted portion, just as in P. chaon 9 as compared with
its males.
Length of anterior wing 2°35; whence expanse == 4°86 inches.
Seven males and two females.
Family HESPERIDA.
104. IsmEeNE cHRomuUS, Cramer.
Andaman females all have only a single small semitransparent subapical
speck between the last two branches of the subcostal of the anterior wing ;
but those from Continental India have sometimes one and sometimes two
besides this on the disk of the same wing, which in one from Bangalore
in South India are enlarged into two conspicuous reversed comma-shaped
spots. ,
105. IsmENE MALAYANA, Felder.
The females have a small semitransparent yellowish discal speck be-
tween the two posterior branches of the median vein and of course lack the
oblique band of short lines of modified scales seen in the males of this as
well as of the preceding closely-allied species,
106. IsmenE arta, Moore.
107. IsMENE LEBADEA, var. ANDAMANICA, nov.
é. Wings above dark brown of a slightly greenish tinge, all without
spots.
Anterior wings bearing a huge and dense pear-shaped sericeous patch
of sete glossed with greyish-greenish and extending nearly from the bottom
of the angle formed at the base of the organ by the subcostal and submedian
veins about to the level of the end of the fourth fifth of the length of the
latter vein, with all the setze directed backwards and slightly outwards ;
with the costal margin purplish; the outer portion beyond the setulose
patch bronzy ; and the cilia pale luteous.
Ss ee le ek eer ee !|hCU lhe
a
1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 255
Posterior wings purple-glossed, with two subparallel raised discal
longitudinal lines of modified scales attached to the apparently thickened
bases of the first and second median veinlets, and with the cilia pale orange.
Anterior wings below bronzy-brown with a patch of brilliant amethyst-
purple sparsely irrorated with white scales and extending from the end of
the cell nearly to the apex of each organ, and with the basal portion of
the wing-membrane behind the median vein and its first branch whitey-
brown passing to ashy posteriorly, and with a tuft of brown-tipped yellow
sete arranged longitudinally upon and on each side of the basal half of
the submedian vein.
Posterior wings below purple-glossed, darkest over the scent-glands,
with an interrupted transverse discal band of white scales from near the
abdominal margin to the middle of the organs, where it diffuses itself
widely over a diffused patch of amethyst-purple.
@. All the wings above and below paler and duller and glossed with
purple, the anterior ones spotted.
Anterior wings suffused with purple on the disk, which bears three
semitransparent yellow lustrous spots of the same size, relative proportions,
and shape as in C. at¢ina, Hew., with a fourth smaller and elongate yellow
opaque spot placed just in front of the submedian vein rather beyond the
middle of the organs.
3. 2. Eyes blood-red.
Antenne purplish brown with the club bright luteous below.
Length of anterior wing g 1:25, @ 1:25; whence expanse = $ 2°65,
¢ 2°65 inches.
The patch of setze on the upperside of the anterior wings, the yellow
tuft (which probably serves as a scent-fan) on the underside of the same
wings, and the lines of modified scales (which probably cover the scent-
glands as they seem soiled as if by some exuding fluid) on the upper-
side of the posterior wings are structures peculiar to the male sex.
108. IsmENE DRUNA, Moore.
9. Differs from the male only in the absence of the sexual streak in
the anterior wings.
In both sexes of this species the anterior wings are tipped with paler
on both sides.
109. IsMENE EXCLAMATIONIS.
Hesp. exclamationis (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabr. 1870, p. 269, pl. iii,
fig. 2.
Numerous males and females.
110. IsMENE HARISA.
I. harisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1865, p. 782, g Q.
A single female.
33
256 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
111. IsmMENE BADRA.
Goniloba badra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 778, g ¢.
A single female in very fine condition.
112. Ta@tapEs atica, Moore.
Numerous specimens of both sexes.
118. - TaarapEs RAVI, Moore.
114. TAGIADES MENAKA. A
Pterygospidea menaka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Lond. 1865, p. 778, 6 9, from ‘N. E,
Bengal.’
Male and female.
115. ‘laGIADES BHAGAVA, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. Pl. IV, Fig. 5, @.
Satarupa bhagava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 781, 3, from ‘N. HE.
Bengal.’
Numerous males and a female from S. Andaman.
$. With the cream-coloured subbasal band of the posterior wings in
one specimen narrower and not continued on to the anterior wings, in an-
other as broad as in an Upper Tenasserim example, and continued faintly
on to the anterior wings ; with the spot at the end of the cell larger than
in the female and not isolated from the fuscous outer margin; and with
the transverse abdominal band concolorous with the subbasal.
@. Wings above paler, with the spots of the anterior wings whiter and
larger, and the band of the posterior ones pure white, much broader, and
extending on to the anterior ones broadly up to the submedian vein and
thence narrowly up to the first median veinlet between the two pairs of
black spots.
Posterior wings with a black speck at the end of the cell on a white
ground on both sides, and the two anterior of the semicircular series of
black spots on the upperside nearly, but on the underside wholly, placed on
the white subbasal band.
A specimen from the Sikkim Hills, 8000 feet, differs in having the
band broader both on the» posterior wings and between the two pairs of
spots in the anterior ones.
116. PrEsionEURA atysos, Moore.
Our specimens from §, Andaman, the Sikkim Hills, and the N. E.
Frontier districts (Sibsagar, ete.,) all agree with one another in always
having three conjugated obliquely placed subapical semitransparent spots
and usually three in the reversed oblique series, the innermost of which is
separated from the next to it by a greater interval than this is from the
outermost, which latter is the absent one in those specimens with only two
in the series.
Males and females.
1881. | Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 257
117. PLESIONEURA PARALYSOS, n. sp.
Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, August 1881, p. 143.
g- @. Closely allied to P. alysos, but differing therefrom, on the upper-
side of the anterior wings, in the discal oblique semitransparent white
lustrous band being broader with less irregular margins, and in only one
small spot, placed between the third median and the discoidal veinlet, midway
between the discal band and the outer margin, being present; and, on
the underside of the posterior pair, in having one or two small white opaque
lustrous spots, one near the end of the cell, the larger and the more
constantly present, and the other just beyond it between the first and
second median veinlets.
Three males and one female.
Length of anterior wing g °78, 9 ‘82; whence expanse = g 1 66,
9 1°74 inches.
Specimens from the Sikkim Hills ; Sibsagar (S. Z. Peal), Dhunsiri
valley and Dafla Hills, Assam (4. H. Godwin- Austen) ; Trevandrum,
S. India (# W. Bourdilion), and Ceylon (F. R. Mackwood) are devoid of
all traces of the spots on the lower surface of the posterior wings,
118, PLESIONEURA DAN, var. ANDAMANICA, nov.
Pap. dan, Fabr., Mant. Ins, ii, p. 88 ; Hesperia fatih, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir,
vol. iv, pl. 18, figs. 5, 6..—Plesionewra dan, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 789.
Our specimens from Port Blair differ from Continental ones in baving
the discal series of spots all run together so as to form an unbroken band,
and the three subapical spots conjugated and in the same straight line,
with their conjoined inner margin nearly straight and their outer festooned :
and two examples exhibit in addition two smaller dots placed nearly par-
allel to the outer margin just below and external to the three subapical ones,
Numerous specimens.
119. PLESIONEURA LEUCOCERA.
Hesperia leucocera, Kollar in Hugel’s Kaschmir, 1848, vol, iv, p. 454, pl. xviii,
figs. 3, 4.
Plesioneura sumitra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 787, from N. E. Bengal.
=p pulomaya, Id., loc. cit. p. 787, from ‘ Darjeeling’.
———— anbareesa, Id., loc. cit. p. 788, from Maungbhoom, Bengal.
chamunda, 14., loc. cit. p. 788, from Bengal.
putra, Id., loc. cit. p. 788, from Bengal.
Our large series of specimens from the Sikkim Hills, Cherrapunji in
the Khasi Hills, the N. W. Himalayas, Travancore, Ceylon, and S, Anda-
man furnishes us with an almost complete series of gradations between
those with the smallest number and the greatest amount of coalescence and
_ those presenting the largest number and the least coalescence of the spots
on the disk of the anterior wings; moreover, the orange spots in the pos-
terior wings are to the last degree capricious in their development, being
258 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Khopalocerous [No 4,
exceedingly prominent in some and totally wanting in others ; not a single
character, in fact, which we have chosen in our attempts to divide our series
into local races has proved to be constant,
120. PLESIONEURA PRABA.
P. praba, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 790, g¢ ¢.
Three males from S. Andaman.
121. Hersprerra canrra, Moore.
The three females have, in addition to the eight spots present it males,
a more or less well-developed triangular bright yellow opaque one touching
the submedian rather beyond the middle of this, and appearing on the under-
sides as an imperfect band between that vein and the first median veinlet ;—
and, moreover, have the whole underside thickly and evenly clothed with
rufous-brown scales.
122. Hesprerra ocErA, Hewitson.
g. Wings above rich dark purple-brown with bronzy reflections.
Anterior wings typically with eight semitransparent pale yellow lustrous
spots, namely, two, dot-like, at the end of the cell, of which the posterior
is the larger, a third subquadrate, the largest of all, between the first and
second median veinlets, a fourth, about half the size, between the second
and third median veinlets, with a dot, the fifth, beyond and in front of it,
and a series of three dots, the sixth, seventh, and eighth, in a series, in front
of this again.
Posterior wings each with a conspicuous tuft of long dark brown pale-
based sete inserted into the wing membrane immediately behind the base
of the subcostal trunk,
Wings below lighter and duller.
Anterior wings with a huge oval ashy patch of a most brilliant
satiny lustre, occupying the middle four fifths of the portion of the organs
between the median vein and the posterior margin, and in the middle of
which is so placed as to be divided by the submedian vein a very much
smaller oval patch of brown modified scales.
?. Wings above paler and scarcely at all suffused with purple, with
the sete olive-green and the cilia pale luteous. + an
Anterior pair all but invariably with nine spots, an additional opaque
one being present just in front of the submedian vein a little beyond the
middle of the organs.
Wings below pure dead uniform olive- brown.
Length of anterior wing ¢ ‘74, ? -86; whence expanse == d 1:63,
? 1°88 inches.
In the male of this species the basal tuft on the upperside of the pos-
terior wings probably serves as the scent-fan, while the patch of modified
scales on the underside of the anterior ones covers, and collects sponge-like
the odorous fluid secreted by, subjacent glands.
1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 259
Obs. The female has been described by Mr. Moore as that of his
HI, cahira (vide supra).
The male varies considerably in the number of spots in the anterior
wings, while the female is almost constant. These variations may most
conveniently be exhibited in such a formula as the following, in which the
numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 stand for the semicircular series of eight
discal spots seen in typical examples numbered in the order of their sueces-
sion from before backwards inwards and forwards, the eypher (0) wherever
it occurs indicating that that particular spot the place of whose number it
occupies is absent, and w representing the submedian additional spot all
but invariably present in females only :—
aed
+
bo
+
co
+
eae =
Typical.
Rae Ce ae eee coin et ae Soe Os
RRB Re YH eee | COCO OOOO OHR EEF
++tH++4+t4+)++44+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4++4
MPNNPNNMNNMNNNW) CNHNNMMNYWPNNWNMNNWKNWLD
tt++t+tH++4+ [+++ 4¢t¢¢+¢++4+4+4+
WOUOWWWWWWW,) WWWWWWWWwWWwWW WD WD
Peete tee ete tt te t+4++4+
PEEP SE LEE SE COCOCOOCOROCKR KEKE BE
++t+4+4+4+-4+t/+t+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4
OU Or OV OT OU OA OL OV OU] Ot St OV Ort OV Or OS OV OF G1 OU SU OV OH
ete deh ree eel teh ee eh eo
DDD DD DAD DAD) ARDAAAIMWAwWAIAAIAIA OS
Ht+t+t+t+et /+++4¢4+4+¢4+4¢444+4+4+4+
NNSNSNN S| NNN NNN NSN NN SST
tHe tttHet(tttt+ ttt ettet+set
CODDADAAMOMA! TAAMAAWDOAOHDHOO WO
+ 2)
+z
Helis
+a1§
+ of Bs
+4¢|H
ae
+ 2)
+ 0
123. Hesprerta conaca, Moore.
Two males and four females.
124. HESPERIA SALA.
Hesperia sala, Hewitson, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond., ser, 3, vol. ii, 1866, p. 500,
from Singapore.
@. Wings above vandyke-brown with a very faint vinaceous tinge.
Anterior wings with four semitransparent white lustrous spots all close
together in the middle of the disk, two in the cell, the posterior of which is
double the size of the anterior, which is the smallest of all, another immedi-
ately behind and in the same straight line with these, quadrate, the largest
of all, being fully double the size of the posterior of the two cellular ones,
260 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4,
and the fourth placed quincuncially between the second and third and rather
smaller than the former of these.
Posterior wings immaculate.
Wings below paler, darkest around the spots in the anterior ones, all
also suffused with vinaceous,
Anterior ones with the sutural area ashy and a large patch in the —
internomedian area whiter and showing ae on the upperside as a some-
what diffused whitish speck.
Posterior wings clothed with ashy scales and bearing a cellular round-
ish spot darker than the ground-colour, around which spot are semicireularly
arranged three or four similar ones, as in H. divodasa.
Cilia dusky-ashy.
Length of anterior wing ‘56; whence expanse == 1:23 inches.
Closely allied to H. divodasa, Moore.
The “three minute brown spots before the apex’ of the anterior
wings mentioned by Hewitson are not discernible in our two specimens ;
they correspond to the dark brown marks which bound the apical dots on
both sides in some specimens of H. divodasa, and, consequently, represent
the apical semitransparent dots of that species.
125. HESPERIA NAROOA.
H. narooa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 687, pl. 45, fig. 4, ¢ ?, from
Bombay and Ceylon.
A male agreeing exactly with Moore’s figure, but not quite so perfect-
ly with his description, five discal spots being described but only four
figured.
Obs. This species is said by Mr. Moore to differ only in its larger
size from the H. contigua of Mabille, a species which we have failed
to trace in the literature.
126. HESPERIA ACROLEUCA, N. sp.
Telegonus acroleucus, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143.
Hesperia hiraca, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. September 1881, p. 318, 9.
6. Wings above dark brown slightly suffused with vinous.
Anterior wings tipped with ashy-white and with three large semitrans-
parent pale yellow quadrangular lustrous spots arranged as in Z. thraa,
namely, one in the cell with its outer margin bifestooned and its inner
biscalloped, another larger and elongated below and partly under this
between the first and second median veinlets, and a third, the smallest of
the three, rhomboidal, between the second and third median veinlets,
and with the cilia dusky at the apex, but gradually becoming pale yellow
towards the inner angle.
Posterior wings darker towards the outer margin with all the cilia
pale yellow.
|
1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 261
Wings below paler and duller, suffused with purple on the disk, and
ornamented, especially on the medial area of the posterior sas, with scat-
tered ochreous setiform scales.
Antenne black with the straight portion of the club broadly and
conspicuously incompletely ringed with cretaceous white and the much
shorter terminal hooked portion red internally.
@. Differs from the male only in its larger size; and in not having
the anterior wings tipped with ashy, nor the antenne nearly so conspicu-
ously ringed with white.
dé @. Hyes blood-red.
Palpi with the terminal joint rudimentary.
Length of anterior wing 6 1:05, ¢ 1:09; whence expanse = ¢$ 2:26,
2 2:32 inches.
127. TrLEGoNUs THyrstis, Fabr.
The male of this species presents, on the upperside of each anterior
wing, three lines of modified scales, namely, one along the posterior side of
the median vein between the origins of its first and second branches, ano-
ther on each side of the first median veinlet from the origin of this up to
the second discal spot, and a third, also double, along an equal portion of
the submedian vein, and a thick clothing of sete paler than the eround.-
colour at the base of the internomedian area and a similar clothing of paler
setee on the middle three-fourths of the sutural area ; and, on the under-
side, a conspicuous and equally long furry patch of pale-fulvous coarse
sete divided by the submedian vein.
Five males and a female.
128. Hare Bpeturta, Hewitson.
129. PaMPHILA MATHIAS.
Hesperia mathias (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus, 1869, p. 275, pl. 3,
fig. 8, ¢.
The are referred to H. chaya in our previous list are now placed
under this species.
130. PAMPHILA PURREFA.
P. purreea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 594, pl. lviii, fig. 10,
?. Larger than the male, with the yellow discal band throughout in
the posterior wings, but only in the internomedian area in the anterior
ones, and the yellow portions of the cilia, especially towards the inner and
anal angles, darker, inclining to orange.
Length of anterior wing ‘55; whence expanse = 1°18 inches.
A male and a female.
131. Pampnina gota, Moore.
132. Pampnina mMa#sorpEs, Butler.
133. PampuHina averas, Linn,
T'wo males.
262 Description of a new Species of Rostellaria. [No. 4,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Fig. 1. Papilio clytia, var. flavolimbatus, Oberthtr. 3. Upperside.
5s ee —_ ———_ ¢. Underside.
5 8. Hebomoia roepstorfii, W.-M., g. Upperside.
» tk g. Underside.
Os ——_—_—- ——— 8. Upperside.
XVII.—Deseription of a new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of
Bengal. By Grorrrey Neviun, C. M. Z. S.
[Received November 38rd ;—Read December 7th, 1881.]
ROSTELLARIA DELICATULA, N. sp.
Distinguished at once from all the other living species of the genus
by its thin, delicate, and translucent substance, in these respects showing
a highly important approach to some fossil forms. Colour a pale ochra-
ceous brown lineated on the last whorl with four narrow white bands, each
of which terminates in one of the four projecting digitate processes of the —
outer lip, one only of these bands appearing in the middle of the preceding
four whorls ; spire not quite half the entire length, apex moderately acute ;
whorls 104, moderately convex, the last conspicuously convexly tumid and
like the preceding one, marked with a slight sutural depression, produced
at the base into a short canaliculation, relatively less developed than in any
of the other known species, this “ canal” is slightly tortuously deflected,
more conspicuously so than in &L. magnus (Chemnitz); the first three or
four whorls are sculptureless, the next three or four inconspicuously but
regularly spirally striated, striae about ten in number, filiform and slightly
punctured, becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, except at the base of
the last of all, where they reappear more coarsely developed than before ;
there are also five varices, somewhat inconspicuous, at intervals on the last
four whorls, which also show, under a lens, minute longitudinal striation,
the striae close set, fine, and flexuous ; aperture oval, rather large, with the
peristome thickened and Jonfipuineaa with four equidistant, relatively
somewhat small, digitate processes. :
Long. 76, diam. 28; from the apex to suture of the last whorl 294,
from base of the aperture to end of the “ canal” 64 mill.
This highly interesting and very characteristic form, quite unlike any
of the other seven known living species of the genus [as restricted] was
dredged in deep water off Cheduba, Arrakan Coast, by Surgeon J. Arm-
strong, late Naturalist to the Indian Marine Survey.
1881. ] W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna. 263
XVIII.—A numerical Estimate of the Species of Animals chiefly Land and
Lreshwater hitherto recorded from British India and its Dependen-
cies.— By Witu1am T. Buanrorp, F. R. 8.
[Received November 10th ;—Read December 7th, 1881.]
A few months ago I endeavoured to obtain an estimate of the number
of species belonging to the animal kingdom that are found in British India
and its Dependencies. I learned, somewhat to my surprise, that not only
did no such census of the nominal species exist, but that, with the exception
of the Vertebrata, the classes and orders had but rarely been catalogued in
such a manner as to render an estimate of the number of species found in
different countries practicable. I learned, moreover that, owing doubtless
to the difficulty of ascertaining the number of species described, it was
impossible to obtain a general enumeration of the fauna of any large area
of the earth’s surface.
The marine fauna inhabiting the seas around India is necessarily of
vast extent and very imperfectly known. Confining myself, in the sub-
kingdoms except the Vertebrata, to the land and freshwater fauna alone, I
found anything like a correct estimate of the known species, except
amongst the Vertebrata and the Mollusca, very difficult to procure. With
the assistance of some friends, to whom I am greatly indebted for their
aid, I have, however, obtained a rough idea of the number of species hither-
to recorded in several orders, and this estimate leads to some very curious
results, so much so that I think it may be useful to publish the data I
have obtained, imperfect as they are.
In the first place, I should state precisely what is the area that I
understand as comprised in the title of British India and its Dependencies.
Of course the whole Peninsula of India proper is included, together with
Ceylon. On the westward, Baluchistan is classed as a dependency, but
not Afghanistan, so that the western frontier extends to Persia. Kashmir
carries the boundary northward beyond the Karakoram pass to the confines
of Eastern Turkestan, but this is the only Trans-Himalayan region com-
prised in the limits adopted; further east the small Himalayan states
between Kashmir and Kamaon, with Kamaon itself, Nepal, Sikkim, and
Bhutan, are allincluded as Dependencies, although in the case of Nepal and
Bhutan the position politically is open to some question. But the fauna
of these countries has always been included in that of India, and but few
forms are known from them that do not occur in Sikkim or some other
truly dependent state. All Great Tibet is excluded and so are the Hima-
layan tracts east of Bhutan. Assam with the hills to the south of the
valley, Manipur, Cachar, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chutiaganj, and British Burmah
34
264 W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna. [No. 4,
(Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim) are comprised within our limits, but not Inde-
pendent Burmah. On the mainland the frontier chosen doves not run south
beyond the end of Tenasserim, the Straits Settlements being excluded ; but
the fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is added to that of British
Burma, of which they form dependencies.
It would be easy to find reasons for modifying various portions of
the boundaries chosen, but they are believed to coincide as nearly as possi-
ble with the “red line” that marks the limit of British power. The
most questionable addition of the whole is perhaps Ceylon, for this island,
though entirely British, is in no sense a dependency of British India. But
Ceylon is included for zoological reasons: its fauna differs very little indeed
from that of Southern India, and the most important and typically Indian
portion of the fauna would be imperfect were the animals of the island
omitted.
The area thus circumscribed includes portions of two great zoological
regions, the Oriental and the Palearctic. To the latter belong northern
Kashmir and part of Baluchistan together with all the Himalayas above
an elevation varying from about 7000 to about 10,000 feet in different
parts of the range ; the former comprises the remainder of the area. The
comparatively small tract of the Palearctic region includes parts of at least
two separable subregions of the higher Himalayas and portions of the Cen-
tral Asiatic plateau, whilst in the Oriental part of the area the whole of
two of Mr. Wallace’s subregions* and portions of the other two are in-
cluded.
The following are the numbers of species known, so far as I have
been able to determine them. I repeat that whilst the number of Verte-
brate species is, I believe, a fair approximation to the real number inhabit-
ing the country, the Invertebrates are, as a rule, much less accurately known,
and that whilst in the Vertebrata both land and marine forms are included,
amongst the Invertebrata, the land and freshwater species alone are enumer-
ated.
The data for the Mammals are various. I have collated the various
works by Jerdon, Blyth, Dobson, Anderson, and others, and as nearly as I
can estimate the following species are known :—
OUADRUMANA. (5. aes tasvancenee ali sisdaciyen eisai onesie sgh 23
DLEMATERG, cn sgdox banaue ta deeaen ied ce ooatec ents bia chee SE 3
CHIROPUUBA,) is; sac sesies'a edcieskipapint nie shen dea ca canoes oe enn
TNSEOTIVORA; 1. iphs tes oct co letews castes an seamsiiey tee ieeer eee
CARNIVORA,! sttisindesseonsinniocbitgeadhaakischtesecl ste aaiaene eee
* It must be understood that Mr. Wallace’s subdivisions are open to a considera-
ble revision, and, as I shewed some years since, the boundaries of his Indian and
Ceylonese subregions at all events are not correct,
:
;
:
7
s
1881. ] W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna, 265
CRPAGHA, at icbctedstias tiidecabardesistes soaccvindvovade sith Ce
PLODMITEA wi esietvasis ecee van Sich ohn Weber aad va at hike ecaee ae ‘ene
EMME TAS Vans Cres s1sa RRLIN GHA t oexd eine LabeaWibeD tadcdvoasaases 4:7
SIRENIA, WeRPCA AIA ARP AUS UN kalau nih ave a Id Raut ah ala gaia die 1
UADEWEATA, scccccscons Hadad vadtcuat Mite a hawt Ndeiaientdeasae Oe
405
For Birds, I take Mr. Hume’s lists* in ‘ Stray Feathers,’ Vol. VIII,
pp. 81—1i16.
It is scarcely necessary to say that the birds of India are
better known than any other class. For the convenience of Indian ornitho-«
logists too, to whom the new classification is, as yet, not sufficiently familiar,
I adopt the old as employed by Jerdon, although I must apologize for
having recourse to an artificial and unscientific arrangement. I give the
numbers of some of the more important orders and families. As Mr. Hume
has shewn, about 70 species here included are doubtful.
RAPTORES :
PME EDS na nicedicrs's canis nie ladies tepeen causes 97
Striges, 0000000010 e COR roi coe ree see roses 805 80@ sas 52
INSESSORES :
CoLUMBI, .
RASORES :
GRALLATORES :
149
SESE COE ead asd dae diside con nteedbdngoae o natives, AKO
Picarie, covececcerne Oboe rer rer res COO rerresces 212
ME SSENCSNS s Haclete euncee a ceiaeeey gebeaire Pindew 952
— 1182
COC CEC CO EHEC HEH HHH FE OHT HEHEHE HEHSHT OSS soe seer eseeeeeese eH see 46
LE LOPOCUIOOE,. aoa weccivenies visaed taleamy eras. 8
GRO rivsene ves dcrad at nee states huienecn OF
72
1449
Otidide, eoeree OCCCFOreseesereos OS eoeeee e@oeseo 6
PERE COPS 5 occ Se naioksc utouvultinn kala bietmote «cs 67
eee hare cae Cassin da eaten dee Be hes
ado oak os nasla's odicca hs feioben ogc nenaree \aee
Oe Sak as ea Sic teehee keene. O
* Mr. Hume’s limits differ from mine by excluding Baluchistan and the Mergui
Archipelago, which I include. There are not, however, I believe, half a dozen birds
known from the two together that are not found within Indian limits elsewhere.
266 W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna.
NATATORES :
The data for
CHELONIA,
CROCODILIA,
LACERTILIA :
OPHIDIA:
Arderd@. i sau sdecacadsiis css batted feateYsvemseeewea as -c ae, aS
Staphylintd@y w.sisisversestaescbiveonssccesces son Rata vlms 476
PselaQntd a ceace sutne sods age se shasusen esse teesnrada st .n as eee
SCY DUENULE, a swsanices sansua ane vine. vecueesena access dst ieee
SUI PHI, acon stow cwiiasaNs eens Scan pexsevctaees eaeeteseas 11
DPrithopterry quads: devs 6d vaiiveaae toa ¥esdseicsaiets pe odes ceugl gees
SCaphidaeda, sh ciishvews ele som -nap ets eslete anh aeons sae 7
Pl astenidaes ide sah di daha Be eva odabo. de Ode c 2a oak et ee
Phalacrid@,. 320i Get Fed dak } Gt ce Shghna, ds ee deauN ieee 18
DV ULNA, «Lass vos «dues sqevn0 sds sess oeneeyctenesieenenyy Wee
DVD GOSUULE. sc eaiidne'eys sce ages coeanenenssheenetepes ie 9
Oolyditdd, .,..0ccoreere beeeeceereecees Ro slcn s4a0s ace eee 19
PAYSON ULE, 5: is5 ads ney «fe besepeces sx teesssssta5s)hvaceeeane 3
OCUCUIIDD, © .aenaa ves ans anyone (her esasnadiavsaoseeagereed ey aan
Ory ptoplagide, wacraixss susxes sésasnagiaks teh teeta 9
Piathriderde,. saesey aie odesed caoes seeks eek’ avon
My cetophigide, \.. cc el Gas ona vceem tintin tad vee ypelee ke
Bgcastdads:. sts intuit. ta ete ewes vane eee
Onyopidad,. [NA texscadee aGebitadénawe 5
Daltrendaby. cis: bil aedecidaodss do dassivotns ae 12
108
To these may be added about a dozen scorpions making 120 ARACHNIDA.
The Myriopopa may be estimated roughly at 50.
The Crustacea land and freshwater ean scarcely exceed 100.
Of Vermes I can only find some 14 described species, 7 Planarians, 5
The following is a summary of the enumeration given above.
VERTEBRATA.
Reptiles, subst atetnipa's tis otic can Eee
1 PHI Cie eeelg RASA TC Reet AAR ec a
SR eats) a ced cam betesscee cations aoes Roches oes
Number
of species.
4058
MOLLUSCA (Lanp snp FRESHWATER ONLY).
Pree OPO DOOD, fr5. css ion ndedee setenededecaca vl ias
Demme DraRC IIa. 4 3... wah voee-cctaatiewrwensp as
INSECTA.
Coleoptera, ; Baia thie
BA VROPMAPUEEAS caustic saline idkeis tan hee Lrincinioas
SPREE Oy, Sakis bold Dai bide th omide dni bbAboiabias
DPA AG hcl dt hid edahaeeidsad cLideabiadl bs
iphymehota,! 2. Gaivs lack. ladewde «cas
Neuroptera, ....... bid chide « ysl edctaca Od flidel Lad okie
MUG BUCA LT tuist.. Cited. tyi/d silane a hlde, Anlenise
35
900
Iam indebted to Professor Jeffrey Bell for
272 J. Wood-Mason—On a new Species of the [No. 4,
MYRIOP ODA, [sedan Sebestipae ti tenaeenbeies Cateye REEE 50?
A RACHINIDA, (0 csasa¥icsunts dincichereieinp ele eae HeR EEE 120
CRUSTACEA SU 0Pe0i as fasten gence sevanbe ee eens 100 ?
—— 270
12,370
VERMES.
Only about 14 species appear to be recorded.
I repeat that the numbers given for the Arthropoda are in some eases
little more than guesses. I have not had time to go through some lists,
an examination of.which would have enabled me to give more accurate
estimates. But except in the case of the four numbers to which a note of
interrogation is appended the figures given are I believe a fair approxima-
tion to the truth, and the result is one that I think should make Anglo-
Indian naturalists endeavour to improve our knowledge of the fauna. It
is scarcely creditable that in a perfectly accessible country, with facilities
for travelling and for living in different parts of the area unrivalled within
the tropics, we should remain so ignorant of the zoology. It is ridiculous
to suppose that the Indian Coleoptera are scarcely more numerous than the
Lepidoptera, that the Hymenoptera (which very probably rival and may
excel, each of the other orders) are only between + and 4 as numerous, or
that the Newroptera, of which, Mr. McLachlan tells me, about 1000 are
known from Europe are only represented by 350 species. Asto the spiders,
it is no exaggeration to say that in most parts of India 108 species might
be collected in a few days’ search. Itis to be hoped that the next five
years will witness a very considerable increase in our knowledge of the
fauna of India.
XIX.—Description of a new Species of the Lepidopterous Genus Kuripus
Srom North-Eastern India.—By J. Woop-Masoyn, Deputy Superin-
tendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.
EvBIPUS CINNAMOMEDS, n. sp., Pl. IV, Fig. 4.
¢@. Anterior wings above purplish black-brown darkest at the base and
along the edges and glossed with steel-blue on the disk, with a conspicuous
suboval or subtriangular patch of changeable lilac-blue divided by the dark
veins, commencing broadly just in front of the ultimate subcostal fork and
rapidly narrowing to the inner angle, and with an indistinct submarginal
series of small roundish white spots placed upon the inner edge of the narrow
black-brown outer border and extending from the inner angle up to the
third median veinlet.
:
‘
:
1881. ] Lepidopterous Genus Euripus. 273
Posterior wings above black-brown of a richer tint, broadly and inter-
digitatingly bordered externally with clear cinnamon-brown, which is
traversed by the dark brown veins and bears, midway between the black
base and the wavy purplish-black narrow outer border of the organs, a
series of four impressed white specks all encircled internally with black-
brown, one in each interspace from the first median to the second subcostal
veinlet, and, at.its junction with the wavy black outer border, a similar
but more complete series of white specks, two to each interspace (except
the second, in which there are four, the middle one of the three being
divided) from the internal vein to the first subcostal veinlet, and all round-
ish, except the first two, which present the form of linear marks parallel
to the outer margin.
Wings below cinnamon-brown all narrowly bordered externally with
purplish black-brown, with the veins rich dark brown and the submarginal
spots more numerous and distinct than above.
Anterior pair slightly darker for their basal two-thirds, with a short
streak of pale lilac between the first and second median veinlets near the
base of the cell and an ill-defined roundish clump of scales of the same
colour beyond it, an externally forked streak of dark violet-blue occupying
the basal two-thirds of the internomedian area and followed by a indistinct
clump of violet-grey scales, a grey streak in the apical half of the sutural
area, and a submarginal series of violet-white spots situated upon the inner
edge of the black outer border, and extending from the sutural area to the
apical angle, with all the spots round except the first six (which have the
form of linear streaks) and the last (which is elongate), and arranged two
in each interspace except the eighth from the apex (in which there are
three) and the last, in which there is only one.
Posterior pair uniformly coloured, with a discal series of seven violet-
white spots and dots, arranged in two series, an anterior curved one of three,
and a posterior straight one of four, the three foremost of which latter,
with the last of the anterior series, coincide with the four impressed spots
of the upperside; and with a submarginal series of spots of the same colour,
situation, and extent as in the anterior wings, but differing somewhat in
shape, the last three being linear streaks parallel to the outer margin and
the rest more or less elongate and those of each pair divergent externally
as if they were the remaining outer ends or horns of lost lunules.
Length of anterior wing 1°6 ; whence expanse = 3°34 inches.
Has. Shillong, Khasi Hills, N. HE. India. A single specimen of this
beautiful and distinct species has been communicated to by Mr. L. De
Nicéville. It was captured in November last by the late Mr. J. P. Cock.
PN Di Bon
tes Names of new Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.
Abietaceze, 206 Alethopteris, 184
Abisara bifasciata, 233, 248 3 indica, 2.
» fylla, 55 re lindleyana, 74.
» kausambhi, 248 ‘3 lobifolia, 186
» prunosa, 86 ” medlicottiana, 184
Acanthini, 267 ” phegopteroides, 185
Acanthopterygii, 267 Algee, 179
Acavus, 133
Accipitres, 265
Achatina amentum, 138
Alticola, 93
Alyczeus expatriatus, 149
Piet a montanus, 149, 167
a bottampotana, 139 © leas hungerfordianus, 149
3 ceylanica, 137 9 stoliczkii, 7d.
> darnaudi, 135 (Diors yx) Swinhoei, 150
R gemma, 7). Amathusia phidippus, 245
$s involuta, 7d. Amblycephalidee, 267
jerdoni, 136 Amblypodia amantes, 250
4 nilagirica, #0. ft canuta, 251
‘ oreas, 135, 136 S55 fulla, 7d.
a orophila, 137, 138 - narada, 250
es paritura, 135 »» var erichsonii, 7d.
% perotteti, 136, 137 zeta, 251
Ammonites, 212, 213
Amphibia, Census of Indian, 271
Amphidromus daflaensis, 134
sennaarensis, 135
Acmella, 144
*Acmelia hungerfordiana, 143, 167
,, moreletiana, 143 masoni, 7,
Acontiophide, 267 Amphithalmus, 165
Acrochordide, 7d. as inclusus, 166
Acreea vesta, 50, 54 53 obesus, 2d.
Acrostichum, 171 * a pellyze, 165
Actinopteris bengalensis, 195 pupoides, 166
Acusta, 133 Ampullaria j javanica, 155
Adolias, 248 ‘3 stoliczkana, 155, 167
bs acontius, 247 - turbinoides, 155
a apiades, 58
i garuda, 248
¥ kesava, 58
sananda, 58
Beista, 133
Afghanistan, Voles (Arvicole) from, 88
Anadenus altivagus, 47, 49
‘s giganteus, 47
Anchistoma, 128
Andaman Islands, Rhopalocerous Lepi-
doptera from the, 243
Angiopteridium, 190
Agamide, 266 i comp. ensis, 191
Agelenidee, 270 e ensis, 190
Agricola, 92 s infarctum, 191
Albertia, 206 vs me’Clellandi, 190
Alethopteridez, 186 ” spathulatum, 7d.
36
276
Ankistrodon indicus, 217
Annuloida, 211
Annulosa, 7d.
Anomodontia, 217
Anomozamites, 196, 197, 198, 218
fissus, 197
jungens, 7d.
lindleyanus, 198
morrisianus, 7b.
af princeps, 2d.
Anseres, 266
Anthicide, 269
Anthribiide, 76.
Apatura parysatis, 51, 58
Aphneeus lohita, var. zoilus, 249
= syama, 58
Appias hippo, 52, 54
Arachnida, 271, 272
Araucarites, 207
brodiei, 7b.
cutchensis, @.
‘3 macropterus, 208
Archegosaurus, 171, 215
Ardeidee, 266
Arrhopala amantes, 250
centaurus, 59
mS % var. coruscans, 250
3 - nakula, 261
Ariophanta, 132
Arthropoda, 268, 270, 271, 272
Arvicolz of the Himalayas, Tibet and
Afghanistan, 88
agrestis, 92, 94, 108, 118
amphibius, 92, 938, 113
arvalis, 89, 92, 94
bengalensis, 88, 117
blanfordi, 93, 94, 95, 104
blythi, 89, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107,
109
brandti, 92
campestris, 70.
glareolus, 91
Gs eregalis, 92
guentheri, 95
” hydrophilus, 117
" indica, 88, 117
leucurus, 106
mandarinus, 90, 98, 95, 96, 108,
he
99
9
109
= melanogaster, 89, 93, 94, 96,
100, 114
5 myothrix, 117
- neotoma, 7.
+ nigrescens, 110
¥ nivalis, 92, 108
“ pyctorhis, 117
= ratticeps, 92
4 riparius, 94
‘ roylei, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95,
96, 102, 106
a rutilus, 91
Index.
Arvicola, savii, 92
‘ saxatilis, 7d.
sikimensis, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96,
100, 110, 113, 114, 116
re socialis, 92
5 stoliczkanus, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98
3 stracheyi, 93, 95, 96, 98
» subterraneus, 92
a thricolis, 110
& thricotis, 110, 112, 113
¥ wynnei, 93, 95, 96, 99, 102
Arvicole, 118, 120, 121, 122
Asplenium, 184
* indicum, 1d.
(Lepidopteris) macrocarpus,
187
i whitbyense, 184
Assam, Earthquakes recorded in, 61
Assiminea, 154
eS beddomeana, 158,.167
: brevicula, 159, 167
7 = subvar, bibalteata
159
; “ subvar. bicolor, 70.
> helicoides, 158
Ds hungerfordiana, 158,.167
6 marginata, 159
i microsculpta, 158, 159, 167
- miniata 159
- rubida, 7.
‘i rubella, 7,
Ms theobaldiana, 158, 167
e woodmasoniana, 7b. 76.
Astictopterus diocles, 60
Atella alcippe, 232, 245
Athyma inara, 51
5 leucothoé, 7d. |
oe mahesa, 58
i; selenophora, 51, 58, 247
rs reta, 247
Attagenidee, 266
Austenia, 129 - a
Axina, 134 ,
* Balea dohrniana, 139
») peruviana, 7b. —
» pyrenaica, 7d.
o - var. luchonensis, 140
Barleeia (?) microthyra, 165 “7
Batrachia, 173, 218, 267
Beddomea, 134, 7
Beiragarh identical with Wairagarh, 42 J
Belemnopteris, 194 |
* wood-masoniana, 75,
Belodon, 172
Bensonia monticola, 46, 49
Bicunedens perfuseus, 110
Birds, Census of Indian, 271
Bombyces, 269
Bostrychide, 7d.
Boysia Reussii, 128
Index.
Brachiopoda, 212
Brachyops laticeps. 170, 216
Brachyphyllum, 209
2 mammillare, #5,
Brenthida, 269
Bruchide, 78.
Buliminus ceylanicus, 134:
”
166
be olivieri, 138
Buprestidee, 268
Butterflies from Sikkim, 49
Byrrhidz, 268
Bythinea evezardi, 157, 167
goniostoma, 156
inconspicua, <8.
35 lutea, ¢d.
ES moreletiana, 156, 167
Lo. philippinensis, 156
- pulchella, 157
~ carinatum, 151, 152, 153
- " (Tropidophora) erroneum,
152, 153
os i a var, subligatum,
153
. o » var. subocclusa, 7d.
= 4 - var.subunicolor,id.
ms fimbriatum, 151
% liénardi, 7b
a ligatum, 153
“, mauritianum, 154
¥, scabrum, 7d.
tricarinatum, 151
78
Cyathopoma, shevaroyanum, 146, 167
3 tignarium, 127
Cycadeacee, 195, 196, 205, 206, 218
Cycades, 170, 204
Cycadinocarpus, 206
Cycadites, 204
confertus, 2d.
“ constrictus, 7d.
Pe cutchensis, 7d.
rajmahalensis, 7.
Cyclomorpha, 144
Cyclophorus, 143
. exaltatus, 148
* 5 formosaensis, 7).
- i (Theobaldius) orites, 147,
166
> (Ostodes), 144
oe ” pealianus, 146, 166
” speciosus, 148
* » var. aureolabris, 7d.
7 stenostoma, 145, 146
* sublaevigatus, 147
5 » var. pealiana, 146
Cyclopitys, 218
Cyclops, 132
Cyclopteris, 185
" oldhami, ¢d.
5 (?) pachyrhachis, 186, 218
Cyclostoma, 131, 154
5 barclayanum, 153
biangulatum, 144
” (Tropidophora) caldwellia-
num 150, 151, 154, 167
unicolor, 151, 152
Cyclostomacea, 129
Cyclotopsis, 127
conoideum, 78,
Cyclotus pusillus, 143, 144
*
var. nana, 143
Cynthia erota, 50, 86, 245
Cyrestis, 246
3 cocles var. andamanica, 7,
me formosa, 75.
% horatius, 1b,
Index.
Cyrestis, risa, 57
~ thyodamas, 50, 57
” ee ‘andamanica, 246
Czekanowskia, 210
*Dactylopteris, 194
Danzopsis, 182
rajmahalensis, 70.
Danaine, 224, 244
Danais, 224
», aglea, 49, 53
», agleoides, 224
5, ceylanica, 86, 225
» chrysippus, 49, 224
5, exprompta, 225, 226
» grammica, 86, 224, 225
5 hegesippus, var. nesippus, 226
» juventa, 225, 226
», limniace, 924
» melaneus, 49, 53
5, melanoleuca, 244
5» nhesippus, 7d,
»» nicobarica, 226
5, plexippus, 49, 226, 245
», sSeptentrionis, 49, 55
» similis, 226
ah ae’ »» var. nicobarica, 226
» vulgaris, 226
Dapedius, egertoni, 214
Dascillidee, 268
Dawsonella meeki, 128
Deinosauria, 217
Delias agostina, 59
», pasithoé, 2d.
Dendrophide, 267
Dermestide, 268
Deudorix dieneces, 250
- epijarbas, 70.
‘ orseis, 2386, 250
Fs petosiris, 59
varuna, 250
Diadema, 127, 144
= (Hestina) consimilis, 85+
a (Pterocyclos ?) parvus, 144
i, rotella, 145
Diamond mines visited by Tavernier,
Identification of, 31, 219
Dichopteris, 188
ellorensis, 7),
Dicksonia, 183, 184, 218
56 bindrabunensis, 183
an hughesi, 7d.
Dictyopteridex, 193
Dictyopteris, 203
Dictyoteniopterides, 191
Dictyozamites, 203
js indicus, 7b,
Dicynodon orientalis, 217
Dicynodontia, 177
Dinosauria, 172 ;
Diplommatina burti, 160
Index. 279
jp pprommintatia, hungerfor diana, 150
japvoensis, 7d.
semisculpta, 7d.
sherfaiensis, ib,
: tumida, 7d,
Dipnoi, 215
Dipsadidee, 267
Diptera, 270, 271
Discophora celinde, 57, 245
lepida, 86
Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Nicobar
Islands, 224
Dodona ouida, 55
Doleschallia bisaltide, 245
Draco teniopterus, 241
Drassidze, 270
Dryophide, 267
Dyctis patna, 57
Dytiscidze, 268
Earthquakes recorded in Assam in 1879
and 1880, 61
Echinodermata, 211
Kchinostrobus, 208
oe expansus. 7d.
eo rajmahalensis, 7d.
© rhombicas, 209
Edentata, 265
Elapide, 267
Elaterids, 268
Ellobius fuscicapillus, 119, 122, 123
ss talpinus, 119, 121, 122
Elymnias caudata, 86
+ cottonis, 245
i dusara, 250, 231
ee mimus, 230
% panthera, 231
- undularis, 51, 245
Endomychide, 269
Ennea (Huttonella) moerchiana, 130
», stenopylis, 7d.
Epeiride, 270
Epicrium glutinosum, 243
Equisetaceze, 179
Equisetites, 180
Equisetum, 7d.
Sy miinsteri, 7d.
as rajmahalense, 7b.
Ergolis ariadne, 50, 57
Eronia avatar, 59
» valeria, 252
‘ $5 var. pingasa, 86
Erotylide, 269
Erycide, 267
Erycinidz, 233, 248
Eryon comp. barrowensis, 212
Estheriz, 171
os kotaensis, 211
9 mangaliénsis, 171, 212
Eucnemide, 268
Eucochlius, 127
*
Kuploea andamensis, 244
ag camorta 228, 229, 231
Si core, 49, 86, 244
pe esperi, 227
is frauen feldii, 7.
i felderi, 7d.
9 lorquinii, ib.
si midamus, 49, 55, 57
= ? montana, 86
ie novare, 227
3 phoebus, 226
iy rhadamanthus, 51
és simulatrix, 229
Kuripus and Penthema from India” and
Burmah, 85
EKuripus, new species of genus, 272
sea cinnamomens, 7,
* consimilis, 85
* var. meridionalis, 86
”
5 halitherses, 51, 57
EKuryphyllum, 210
whittianum, 7d.
Eurytela horsfieldii, 245
Evapometer, description of a raingauge
with 83
Hvotomys, 92, 93
*Fairbankia (?) feddeniana, 158
ae ? (an Bithynia?) turrita,
157
Filices, 182
Fishes, Census of Indian, 271
Fossils of the Indian Gondwana System,
168
Fucoids, 179
Gangamopteris, 179, 193, 194, 217, 218
angustifolia, 193
anthrophyoides, 194
is buriadica, 193
9 cyclopteroides, 7.
as hughesi, 194
= major, 193
whittiana, 194
Gani- coulour identitical with Kollur, 32,
221
Ganoid fishes, 213
Garettia, 144
Gasteracanthidz, 270
Gasteropoda, 213, 267, 271
Geckotidee, 266
Geometres, 270
Georychus fuscocapillus, 118, 110
Gibbus, 154
bacillus, 130
dupontianus, 130, 166
» lyonetianus, 129
Bs 5 var. antoni. 70.
ee var, sinistrorsa, 1,
43 versipolis, 130
Gingko, 209
»» crassipes, 7d.
280 Index.
Gineko lobata, 210
Girasia magnifica, 129
Gleicheniaceze, 182
,, bindrabunensis, 70.
Glessula, 135
4 peguensis, 139
Glires, 123
Glossopteris, 169, 174, 175, 177, 179, 191,
1938, 217, 218
a angustifolia, 192
93 browniana, 2d.
3 aM var. indica, 7d.
1 communis, 7,
= conspicua, 7d.
as damudica, 7d.
FS decipiens, 7d,
Py divergens, 70.
formosa,