ag _ PORE EO? BO PREE | POUR, 12 DNC IOIN BORIS CLEN GE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY nf p} 4 Shi v fa st it if in iat 44 it) : | a Sasa JOURNAL OF THE ASTATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. — VOL. XXXVII. PART I. (Nos. I ann II.—1868.) EDITED BY THE PHILOLOGICAL SECRETARY. \. “Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philclogers, and men of science, in different parts of Asia, will commit their observations to writing and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calentta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long intermitted; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.” Sin Wm. JONES. CALCUTTA : PRINTED BY C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, 1869. SIRE EST SS STS ~ AZ_QquyR- CONTENTS. OD Ou No. I. (Published 28th August, 1868.) Contributions to Persian Lexicography—by H. Blochmann, Esq., M. A., Assistant Professor, Calcutta Madrasah,...... Description of a Hindu Temple converted into a Mosque at Gaganesvar, zillah Midnapur—by W. Herschel, Hsq., PUM ess sercbae sara sl sia actuisuar nse wastes elie a stascieine soadoosen No. II. (Published 28th November, 1868.) On the History of the Burmah Race—by Col. Sir A. me K. C. 8. L, C. B., Bengal Staff Corps, s The Poems of Chand ieee F. 8. Growse, Te M. ae Wixae Ss sie cle Waco wanica ac ono Mammemne ce Sot det nateile aalbiarsut Authors of Armenian Grammars, from the earliest stages of Armenian literature up to the present day—by J. Avdall, IBISGene MARR Oe ice veces ccnticiucss leastarnecuoun desse rs Sabo aclgains Page 73 T4 119 135 (3! j —_ ) CL ek Ck ? H JOURNAL CF THE PStATIC SOCIETY. —— Pant 1L—HISTORY, LITERATURE, &c. PLDI IL LILI IOS LL PD PDD No. 1.—1868. PLP PSL LILI SAS Contributions to Persian Lexicography.— By H. Buocumayy, sq. M. A., Assistant Professor, Calcutta Madrasah. [Received 11th April, 1868.] One of the greatest lexicographical undertakings which so eminently distinguish our present time, is Lane’s Arabic Dictionary. The Arabic student who hitherto had at nearly every step to supply or correct his meagre vocabularies, finds in it all he can desire. The learned natives of India who had looked upon Firiizabadi as insurpassable, are astonished to hear of a Madd i Qamis. England may indeed be proud of a work which marks an epoch in the history of Arabic learning in Europe. We trust that the standard which Lane’s Dictionary has created, will soon be followed by a compiler of a Persian Dictionary. There exists no reliable Persian Dictionary. Nothing worth the name has been done for Persian lexicography since the days of Castelli and Meninski. This is a matter of surprise, as there are most excellent sources from whicha good Persian dictionary could be compiled. The deficiency of all existing dictionaries lies in this, that the compilers, one and all, have used secondary or tertiary sources, instead of having recourse, as Lane did, to original and carefully selected native works. The sources for compiling a reliable Persian dictionary are the lexicographical works written by Jndiwns. In India, as in Turan, 2 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, Persian has been a subject of study and the medium of education. The value of the Indian dictionaries is fully acknowledged by the Persians themselves. Surtri’s Majma’ulfurs is indeed the only dic- tionary written by a Persian, which a compiler will have to consult ; and even this book is half Indian. The number of Irani lexicographists is small. The better dictionaries written before A. D. 1400 are mostly of Turanian origin. The very first Persian dictionary was written at Soghd. With 1400 the period of the Indian dictionaries commences. Hach is an improvement upon the preceding; in each we find the number of words and quotations steadily increasing, till we see them culminating in the Farhangi Jahangiri, which brought the old Turani and Irani dictionaries into oblivion. The practical voca- bulary, entitled Burhan i Qati’, which has been acknowledged to be the el wl ord eel closes the first period, the period of gathering, A. D. 1400 to 1652. With Rashidi commences the second epoch of the Indian dictionaries, the period of criticism. The two dictionaries of this period, though not yet used by European compilers, must be the basis of a critical dictionary of the Persianlanguage. ashidi’s Farhang—let compilers like obedient murids follow this murshid !—is a critical work on all Indian dictionaries up to the Farhang i Jahangiri, whilst the Sir@ ullughdt by Khén Arai is the indispensable Vade Mecum for those who use the Burhan. The Siraj is at the same time the last dictionary of note for the classical Persian. Towards the end of the past century at last, when sufficient time had elapsed since the death of Kalim, the last poet of the silver age of Persian literature, there appeared the Muctalahat ushshu’ara and the stupendous Bahar i’Ajam, two works written by Hindoos on the Isti’mél 1 Mutaakhkharin or usage of the writers alter Jami, the last, though not the least, of the classics. The dictionaries of the present age, with the exception of the Ghias ullughat, deserve no notice. The Shamsullughdt compiled under the direction of a gentleman whose family is known in Calcutta for their liberality, and the Haft Qulzwm of Lucknow are too full of typo- graphical errors, to render their use desirable. We may notice that nearly every province of India can point toa lexicographist. Bengal is represented by the quaint Warhang i Tbréhimi; Bahar by the Kashf; the Dekkhan by the Burhan; the 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 3 North-West by the Adat, “primum in Indis,” the Muayyid and the Siraj ; Sirhind by the Madar; the Punjab by the Farhang i Jahangiri and the Muctalahat ushshu’ara; Sind by Rashidi. Again, four diction- aries are dedicated to princes, and one bears Akbar’s stamp. When we compare the lexicography of the Arabs with that of the Persians, we find some remarkable differences. The Arabs have left us not only more, but they have also shewn a greater interest than the Persians for their ancient literature. Their dictionaries delight in quotations from the ancients. Persian dictionaries on the other hand abound in ancient words, for which there are no proofs, and for which it is now-a-days impossible to find proofs. This absence of proofs has caused varieties of spellings and meanings which are most perplexing. Many words are hopelessly doubtful. To distinguish such words in some way or other, is the first duty of a future compiler. Another difference is this that in Persian dictionaries the language of the prose is not represented. All quotations ave verses. Con- structions of verbs with different prepositions are rarely, if ever, to be met with; phrases are never entered, unless they be poetical meta- phors. Native lexicographists having thus neglected the Persian prose, modern compilers have still a field left for independent research. II. The sources which are absolutely required for the compilation of a veliable dictionary of the Persian language, are the following ten— ee Ad. {Laas} Sof, written A. D. 1419. Bee oh. Eval yh, written after A. D. 1428 and before 1445, Mu. S28) 50, written A. D. 1519. Ma. Ucl2/) Jo, written A. D. 1593. FS. eee bias, written A. D. 1608. S| ee=*, second edition, written A. D, 1629. so OT Oo oe 0 ™ r= ber} css CF R. csoes, B29, written A. D. 1653. Sir. * ola girw, written A, D. 1735. Bh, pe ake, written between A. D. 1739 @1768. 10. Gh. wbUiekse written A. D. 1826. T subjoin here a list of abbreviations referring to other lexicogra- phical works, &c., mentioned below. 4 Contributions to Persian Lexjcography. [No. 1, B. eb wl», written A. D. 1652. F. coy S52,5, written A. D. 1742. SHL. wl meio, printed A. D. 1806. HK. cy 222, printed A. D. 1822. V. Vullers’ Lexicon Persico-Latinum, Bonn 1855. A.A. ce! wT, by the author in the Bibliotheca Indica. The Burhan ought not to be used by future compilers except as 4 guide for the arrangement of the words. The sources used by the authors of the ten works which I consider absolutely necessary for the compilation of a reliable dictionary of the Persian language, are mostly forgotten. Many of them perhaps no longer exist; others are only to be found in the libraries of Hurope. The abbreviations in the following alphabetical list of the sources of the ten shew by whom they were used. 1. pg dias (ads)! 531 Kia,9, FJ., Sur. 2. M2! yd cole pqroiet| g4] Ki2,3, Ad. FU, Sur. esrexbt] Cgomod)| ppabe (yt 3. st2lps! i259, FJ. This appears to be another dictionary than No. 28. 4. Waa) Sof Kid,9, Sh., Mu., Ma., FJ., Sur. Vide below. 5. Ceygalas AU) ose glin) Zia,9, FJ. 6. (5) 3S} Kid ,9, FJ. Vide 10. 7. ebls wa, 2,9 Sir, Bh., Gh. 8. a she Kio,s, Gh, Vide below. 9. wivad Glas] Kast Kiss ists! Btls, : FJ., Sur. Soe” Cros] slyd gr ogee”, Sur., and Ma. who mentions i¢ AS Eye Lio IS |. The Ma. calls it (gy dS Bylamd| dx}. hence it may be the same as No. 6. 11. le cj bppbrowld eclai2,5, FJ. Sur.who found in someMSS, coy? instead of cojle>, 12, carta Sas, Sur, KR. B., Sir, Gh. Vide below. 13. S102 Ele, Gh. Vide below. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. Nees o w| bs as Bix by, uth > Kid 99, Ma2I| yoiwys Bias, ye] ley Kia,s, (ey Ody Sid 59, debe! Liss oles Uy Sl; Bays ep d2 dabad Stokes , csilolve Kia ,9, eek aly, csiteslae ir yn Kids, pated ort Alb ort phe) ext (goa Kia? aro} oe) ae Lams 9 Jt Ss wT» 36. 5 sols Gerold Loren 9, caylas 13 IU wl old UUs Kips Shy wl) ulee as, cstloael | colons? usvoles or; BIG (cyto oan! Kelis Kit,3 il cle ex ll, pale Baljzae Kies, eae (5 >ybes pie! | OLE aS S199, e ld don” eye Kid,9, gsai¥| yin asses Keo 5| cls”, hee Kid 93, ye psvole 519,59, © Bein pstlle SA0 5.5, Fe Bk bs ale Ad ,9, Qo FJ., Sur. FJ. PJ. Ad., Mu., FJ. FJ. Ad., FJ. Sir., Bh., Gh. Vide below. Sh., Mu., Ma. who men- tions it as EpywoRbio WAS 51, FJ.,Sur. My MSS. ofthe Ma. have ae Doened | R. Gh. Vide below. Be Gih: FJ, Sur. Sur. Mu., Ma., FJ., Sur. Vide below. FJ. EJ. This is the Kashf- ullughat ; vide below. FJ. RJ. FJ. Perhaps also Ma., who quotes a dictionary called in my MSS. isthe Kid, 3, FJ. 42. 62. 5 ceprelShad | Contributions to Persian Lexicography. a Kas ihe Kin 8, ela) Eke, AW) slhc Cashes wll 9d? (sty) 9 sly: d5|y3 Gid,8, * tb eels Kia y?, wan Uns) &ais Kio 5, wlakad| &is Ki28, ela} 5 lbs Kio ,9, &S eek L2wo—d (os aU! obs Kio, Ko 9 os alas es, {peatnd old Ki 9, UL ols wd Kia,3, Kl soe ela Ki2 55, Ca Cay] Eee”, usll> ele} a=”, SHlye op Lawliga| wEW) coe, ues? (Ox dos” Kit, ely &S uso BLaegd8d (yd On? Kio 58 aye Lashed Ody Eygod| als yaks” es b55, Ltn BLD Lj yho ox! pd tle! Lyte Kid, hel [yrded| lata Lia, 5, C a ue, (oO ye sfogd] UI geo Ki2,5, cnn cease sl Bi Ls gv0 Kio ,s oly ye *) Maas og “90 io ,3, [No. Ma., FJ. Vide below. Gh. Ad., FJ. KJ. Mu., Ma., FJ. Ma., FJ. Gh. Vide below. Sur. Ad., Sh., Mu., Ma., FU., Sur. FJ. FJ. Vide below. R., B., Gh. Vide below. Gh. FJ. Sir., FJ., Sur. FJ. FJ., Sur. who calls it 1 pve bans to distin- guish it from No. 28. Bh., Gh. Vide below. ras} 2 Slee slaw Kio 9 wo" 6S > me FJ., Sur. FJ. This is the Madar ; vide below. FJ. Ad., Sh., FJ. Sir. Ma, FJ., Sur. below. Ma., Vide 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 7 64. 3 daly 9S] duty 52,5, Sh., Mu., Ma., FJ. 65. wbwal} lai Kia,5, Ma, FS., Gh. The last work is written by Muhammed Badruddin, better known as Abtt Nacr i Farahi, of Farah, a town in Sijistan. The book which has often been printed in India, is an ancient vocabulary in rhyme, and is used in nearly every school in India. There exist several commentaries to it, by es) dy po Gy os” who lived at the time of Akbar, @ilo Gy) days, and cagy ebb, The above list of Persian Dictionaries does not give the names of the oy Kis,5 and the [adJ) wltUa Sia,s two dictionaries often quoted by the Madar; but I suspect they are mentioned above under a different name. Tif. After having specified the sources of the ten most valuable diction- aries, I add a few notes on several ofthem. The notes are necessarily short, as the subject matter of a dictionary is almost entirely indepen- dent of the character and mind of the compiler. I trust, however, that the remarks will be of some value, as they are the result of six years’ lexicographical studies. With the exception of Surtri’s Majma’ulfurs the notes refer to Indian works. 1. Madd) Ff. This Dictionary is compiled by o+=* jos wld (2/8 of Delhi. The author adds to his name the words Jl ylooy G greed. The dictionary was written in A. H. 822, or A. D. 1419, more than twenty years after the sack of Delhi by Taimur. The book is rather a vocabulary than a dictionary; the first part contains Persian words, and the second Persian phrases. The words are arranged according to the first, second, and last letters. No examples are given. For ancient Persian words, especially for such for which there are no proofs, the Adat is of some importance. Otherwise the value of the book is rather historical. MSS. are rare, 9. gst sly! Koolis iS, The name of the author is sil? cls? pa*te!; hence his dictionary is sometimes called (.+4%/y3| Ki2,5. He was a disciple of the famous saint Sharafuddin Ahmad of Munair, a town in Bahar, to whose honor the compiler called his work Sharafidmah. He says in the preface (metre Mutagdrib)— : =) Contributions to Persian Leaicography. [No. 1, a pale ~ awl coho deal Kolss Camel (53 yd 5 gta 5S Ly we “The Sharafnaémah of Ahmad i Munyari is a dress of honor, filled “with the pearls of the Dari-Persian.” Hence the dictionary is best known under the name of Sharafndmah « Ibrahiméi. It must not be confounded with the Farhang i Mirza Ibrahim, a later dictionary used by the authors of the FJ. and Sur. ey The birthplace of Ibrahim is unknown. It is however clear that he was an Indian ; for like the Adat he gives many Hindee equivalents, and mentions Indian pronunciations of Persian words. He lived some time in Persia, and: has thus been able to add words and meanings which he heard from natives. He names several times a Shaikh Wahidi of Shiraz, andan Amir Shibébuddin Hakim, of Kirmaén, whose remarks he enters. Thus gsiloss ese wo wld a0! jt wel Balas ill 5 esl £JLy eee The dictionary must have been written during the time of Barbak, who reigned in Bengal from A. D. 1428 to 1445, as it ends with the following verses (metre Ramal)— 4 K200 lJ Crmd 9 oly he Nic Siinsen® 9! wots jd aemdy gly pile gle BSI Ly PES gs amid y olelle gla SH GL yQbeS 54 ab 2 9 rns = wb} ayo ledly The work consists of a short treatise on Persian and Turkish terminations, a large number of Persian words and phrases, interspersed with a few Arabic nouns and infinitives, and a collection of Chagatai words. The latter are given separately at the end of each jfag¢l of Persian words, which arrangement has been followed in the next dictionary and the Madar. In using the dictionary we have to look to the first, last, and second letters of the words. Hxamples of verses are frequent. The MS. of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 1332,—by no means a good one—has an appendix containing the Turkish numerals, and a list of Persian metres. As a peculiarity of this dictionary, we have to mention that the com-~ piler, though an Indian, follows in the arrangement of the words the rule of Uio and Jis. From the time of the introduction of the Arabic characters up to the time of the poet Jami, the last of the classics, the Trani Persian writers used the letter J{s dzal for Jls dal, after a long A, 1, 1 (Om a5), a8 S94 for oy bud ; and 2. alter every consonant, cs, 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 9 9, ! excepted, provided that consonant has a vowel, 7. ¢., after the S,=i aes orm, as digths, 9533, dad; but never after diphthongs, as in 8440; nor after consonants with the jazm (uySbw A=” W3,> ), as in Ma, o,5, &e. This interchange between Js and Ulo was never extended to Arabic words. Beside the Sharafnamah, Suriri’s Majma’- ulfurs is .he only dictionary in which the rule has been adhered to in the arrangement of the words. The dictionary itself deserves the attention of future compilers, as it has not been sufficiently used. The author is very exact; in his explanations he pays particular attention to legendary names, especially those of the Shahnamah, and to plants and their medical properties. MSS. are rare. 3, Laal) ay4< This dictionary was compiled A. H. 925, or A. D. 1519, by Shaikh Muhammad ibni Shaikh Lad ( SY) of Delhi. His object was to complete the Sharafnamah through the addition of words and phrases from the Qunyat uttalibin. Hence his dictionary is more voluminous. Every facl is tripartite; first come the Arabic, then the Persian, and lastly the Turkish words. The appendix to the dictionary contains the Arabic, Persian and Turkish numerals, and a small Persian grammar. Hxamples of verses occur but rarely. The arrangement is the same as in the Sharafnamah. Nothing is known of the author himself. From a remark in the preface we know that he had two children. The reigning king receives no praise; nor was Ibrahim Lodhi a fit subject for an encomium. MSS. of this dictionary are numerous. Ay, ele) was This dictionary was compiled by ’Abdurrahim ibn i Ahmad Str of Bahar. It contains the words of the Sharafnémah and the Muayyid, and many Arabic werds from the Gurah. The MSS. are numerous. There exists also a rare lithographed edition of 1264 pp. 4to., which appeared at Calcutta several decads ago. The following extract is taken from the preface— “Should any one doubt the correctness of a Persian word in my “ Dictionary, let him look into the Sharafnamah, the dictionary of my 2 10 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, “revered teacher Shaikh Muhammad Lad—May God have mercy on “him !—the Dasttir, the Dictionary by Qazi Nacir uddin Gunbudazi, “the Qunyat uttalibin, the Dictionary by Fakhr-i-Qawwés, the Dic- “tionary by Ali Bég Be, the Dictionary by Amir Shihabuddin of “ Kirmaén, the Qdéfiyah-i-Kish, the Lisén ushshu’ard, the Ictilah ‘“‘ushshu’ara, the Jami’ uccandyi’, and the Dictionary by Shaikh “Muhammad Khaghri ( cey#% ).” The date of the compilation is not known; the work must have, however, been completed about the middle of the sixteenth century, as the author knew Shaikh Muhammad Lad, the compiler of the Muayyid (A. D. 1519). He also alludes to the Shaikh under 4420 G1. This dictionary gives no examples. The Kashf is of importance for those who cannot procure copies of the Sharafnamah and the Muayyid. rye Jolsy) ja This valuable work which has been very little used, was compiled by Maulana Shaikh JTléhdad i Faiszi, son of Asad ul’ulama ’Ali Shér of Sirhind. The year of the compilation, A. H. 1001, or A. D. 1593, is given in the words els (449, the tarikh of the book. As the words are only arranged according to the first and last letters, it is some- what troublesome to use the book. The Arabic words stand in each facl before the Persian. The Turkish words are given after the Persian words. The Arabic words and the examples are more numerous than in the preceding works. There are a great number of verses marked 25 “ad by the compiler. The author makes occasionally ertical attempts, and mentions Indian pronunciations of several Persian words. The following extracts from this dictionary will shew that the com- piler was a poet. His Masnawi entitled Ndz 6 Niyiz must not be confounded with a Masnawi of the same title by Baqi (No. 1240 Asiatic Society Bengal). % Dae (assy st” ares, a peas % ple o aa poe 3 bys", s ee 0 of bas &S 05) OM gd wlalro oad We * Be 8997 5h 5 5 Epzito ES yo 58) Gel Eyl The metre of the compiler’s Masnawi is the same as of the Shirin 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. Y LL Khusran, Jase okyeola0o uliclao, ag will appear from the following quotation* oy oes lw,3 hoy pare aS oe rs ar 0 (ia whe? Bae Be tas lass oy wet? j42 9? bS wlere ee ELD OS cle! Jeo MSS. of this dictionary are as common as those of the Mu. There exist, however, bad copies, where in the e4W} eo) Wes under Nand 531, the compiler is confounded with Faiszi, the great Indian poet. In good MSS. we find— # dyes? lhl wy Sy6 cbs Un25 Xf od sh A225} 531 Bad MSS. read— 3 male éS éals él} Kes) BSL dy Joly SY 9 .28 Od of OS wht ¥ and give also verses of the poet Faiszi marked 4%JyeJ. The reference to ’Allami is quite impossible, as he outlived his brother Faiszi. The confusion, I dare say, is to be ascribed to ignorant copyists who were mislead by the takhallue Fazszé. The compiler clearly gives the name of his father, ’Ali Shér, of Sirhind, whilst the father of the poet is Shaikh Mubarik of Nagér. It is also evident from the preface that the compiler was a piows Muhammadan, which the poet Faiszi was certainly not. It is noticeable that the book does not contain a single reference to Akbar. p The four MSS. at hand have a Khatimah containing grammatical rules. One has the following remark— , BLE jabsldt lle oF 9 whad zle c= ely edly yo? LS de fies © oly? el a we ephee eds wr wart Oe? oO: jf coils wks —- baw 9 9 HIS, af alt at which place the writing is so %dyoJ, that it cannot be read, I 8 15 * Vide also Vullers’ Persian Dictionary, II. p. 518b. In the article wleiwo correct sh) URS ole to wal) KS Gale, the author of the pre- ceding dictionary; and for the verse of Mulla Salik of Yazd, which in Vullers has no metre, read (metre Ramal) [JOS etlearc & lye &=! buoy) oe wlio ys Por 5 5 Kass dS 12 Contributions to Persian Leaicography. [No. 1, Gs Oe a The first edition of Surtri’s Majma’ulfurs appeared in A. H. 1008, nine years before the next dictionary. As thirty years later, A. H. 1038, a second edition appeared, we shall first notice the Farhang 1 Jahaneiri. al coshilye Si 55 The title of the dictionary is a misnomer, and ought to be Farhang i Akbart. The compiler is Nawwab ’Aszad uddaulah Mir Jaméluddin Husain i Anji. He is mentioned in the Ain i Akbari, p. 226, as one of Akbar’s courtiers, holding the office of a cs oved, or commander of nine hundred, a position not necessarily military, for which he received a monthly salary of Rs. 7100. He appears to have been a favourite of the emperor, as in 1604 he was sent to Bijaptr to bring the daughter of ’Adil Shah to Agra, where she was married to Prince Danial. From the preface of the dictionary it appears that the labours of the compiler extended over thirty years. A. H. 1000, or thirteen years after the commencement of the compilation, when Akbar was at Srinagar, Mir Jaméluddin received the order to complete his dic- tionary. Not only did Akbar grant sums for the purchase of manu- scripts, but he even called learned men from Peria to assist Mir Jamalud- din in the compilation. The historian Badaont! indeed tells us that many a word was investigated in Akbar’s majlis 1 khac, the emperor himself evincing that taste for the study of words which Muhammadans so eminently possess. Forty-four dictionaries of those specified above, nine others of which neither the title nor the author’s name were known, commentaries, works on science, Zand and Pazand books, the whole Persian literature, yielded the words for this work. The most ancient dictionaries, of which nothing but the title seems now-a-days to exist, were in Mir Jamaluddin’s hands. Among them were—the dictionary of Abt Hafg of Soghd, who according to some made the first Persian verse ;* that of Asadi, Firdausi’s teacher; the vocabulary of Hakim Qatran, the quaint poet; &c. Akbar unfortunately died A. H. 1014, or A. D. 1605, before the dictionary was completed; and when at * Vide the author’s edition of the Persian Metres by Saifi, p. y. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 13 last, three years later in A. H. 1017, it made its appearance, the compiler thought fit to call it in honor of Akbar’s successor Marhdng tdahangiré. The micré (Hazaj i musaddas) ELE Wott yy) Br 2} is the tarikh of the completion of the work. The preface of the dictionary is followed by an Introduction contain- ing twelve chapters— On the boundaries of the land Cwyls. On the Persian language. On the letters of the Alphabet, and the rule of Sls and ts. On the arrangement of the words in the Farhang i Jahangiri. On the 038 gaid adopted by the compiler.* On the interchange of letters. On pronominal affixes. On certain words, as yo, &, 158, 1, 5°. OI Se I= Ce eae On terminations, as ¢J, ov0, use, c&, &e, 10. On the use of the letters %, 9, w, S, Gs, I, &e., as far as they are used for inflections. 11. On the spelling of certain words, chiefly compounds. 12. On the Ucly ore, The dictionary itself contains only single Persian words and such Persian compounds as have no iszafat. The Ahdtimah is divided into five chapters or doors— 1. Figurative expressions. 2. Compounds with or without the Iszafat, of which either one or both words are Arabic. 3. Words which contain any of the sik Gs,o, viz., U, lo BLS Ub, (uae, GU. 4. Zand and Pazand words. » Lo, 5. Certain rare words, chiefly proper names of towns, persons, &e. - Among the words, a few terms are found of the dialect of Shiraz, to which town the compiler appears to have belonged. The Zand * Hastern lexicographists describe the spelling of words, to avoid mistakes. Thus the ra is called Sox 90 cst’, the —, with onr dot; and as it can now no longer be mistaken, the letter is called OARv0 muqayyad fettered. Hence da3 means the system of descriptive spelling, 14 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. - [No. 1, and Pazand words form a peculiar feature. They are interesting -both for the Zand scholar and the historian of Akbar’s reign. The principles of toleration which no king before Akbar had dared openly to confess, had even laid hold of the philologic mind of the king’s subjects, and for the first time did the words of the worshippers of “the fire which Muhammad extinguished,” find a place in a dictionary, the compiler of which was moreover a Sayyid of the purest blood. Merely to flatter Akbar who, though a Sufi in his heart, was a Parsee by his rites, could not have been the compiler’s sole object. Curiosity had caused some of Akbar’s courtiers to learn Sanscrit, and the same curiosity taught a philologist to look upon the words of another sect of infidels as things worth knowing and registering. This is proved by the spontaneous remark made by the compiler under )$T— aibdyy Ea yo 65 1p whyosle jh corte pte wit wily F aha 289 BAS 9 LS) 150 Wye g Godly Ueog! 2D lS if conse 45 poty oy! aS and sav os [Swoo| oj JI (y2 9d 9 S54 crs? ww las f=: cles eb Eyal ROAR 3965 LI ees 5 # pielore wars? gly wiles Gust SF wy £13 Age gl 9 el gs rtd; wT sty 3) sae 25 oils g O35 5! # 2] Oi ,S2° dbyQw0 sa6 Cty 22 oF Oswe yd 6F OBI Lydd Qgetyo “‘T knew an old Persian, a Zoroastrian, who possessed some parts of “the Zandavesta. As I have a passion for collecting Persian words, “and asno book enjoysa greater authority for Persian than the “ Zandavesta, I often met him for the purpose of investigating some “words; and indeed most of the Zand words which the Khatimah of ‘““my dictionary contains, have been extracted by this Zoroastrian from “the Zendavesta. Whenever he came across the word js in reading “to me from his holy book, he pronounced it ddur, not ddzar, &e. In another place of his dictionary the compiler mentions a Zoro- astrian of the name of Ardshér. Perhaps it is the same. Akbar had expressly sent for him from Kirman, as will be seen from the following extract— wrslay od exta yo 8 Eouye®j) SA Ul crt # 8 @ & ples? cs 2m 9 Od Svmnd |S (00 03970 we Iya! 9 Als oe toy! 2 RAYS) Lels 3 By ha 8 rly? I Leal pe eylat Gast ae was” sthe®T ays || og) Sy 903 Gak=? ESEYS) aan wlosS 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 15 The editor of the Burhan gives likewise the Zand words ; but, as far as I know, he is the only Muhammadan lexicographer who has thought it worth while to copy them. The order of the words in the dictionary is at first sight bewildering. They are arranged according to the second letter. Thus the first Gb contains all words whose second letter is alz/; the second bab those whose second letter is ~ bé,and soon. Within each bab, the words are again alphabetically arranged. For example, j1S1,, wo,5, Kids will stand in the same bab, the ly ob; but jfosl,~ will stand before, and Wo,5 after, the word Kia,3, because Cw sin and & gdf stand in the alphabet respectively before and after the /é. MSS. of the Farhang are numerous. A good MS. may be obtained for 40 to 50 Rupees. Our Society possesses two very good ones; No. 611, marked with the muhr of Tippti Sultan, is very correct. The worth of the dictionary is so generally recognized, that not only the general term ‘‘ Zhe Farhang” is used instead of Farhang « Jahdn- girt, but that the sources from which it was compiled have nearly all sunk into oblivion. For the pre-classical and classical times of the Per- sian literature, it is the completest dictionary and the richest mine of quotations. The Burhan is the Farhang without examples. Hven the Turkish- Persian dictionary which Vullers has used, is chiefly based upon the Farhang, whilst the dictionaries of Rashidi and Khan Arzié are intended to correct its mistakes. Mistakes in a dictionary are, on the whole, of less consequence, than mistakes in works on science; for supposing one of the words be wrong, no one would find it used by authors. Mistakes in meanings are more serious; and in this regard, it is well that the Farhang has been examined, partly by Surtri, but thoroughly by Rashidi and Khan Arzu. On the other hand, it was unfortunate that the Burhan, which through the printed editions of Capt. Roebuck and Vullers’ Lexicon Persico-Latinum, has become best known in Europe, appeared before the critical labours of Rashidi and Khan Arai, so that every mistake of the Farhang has been over and over again printed, or improved upon. The chief fault of the Farhang is this, that he too hastily abstracts particular meanings from the verses which he quotes. Hence the danger to which compilers are exposed that use the Farhang with- out giving his examples, as Burhan and Vullers have done, 16 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. No. 1 raphy } 8. oe will (2nd edition.) The name of the author is Muhammad Qasim ibn i H4ji Muhammad of Kashén in Yrén. Surdri is his takhallue. The author is also known as a poet and a commentator; his Arabic commentary on Sa’di’s Gulistan deserves attention. The first edition of the dictionary which appeared in A. H. 1008, or A. D. 1600, is based upon sixteen dictionaries, including the Adat, the Sharafnamah, and the Muayyid, but is considerably smaller than the second edition which appeared thirty years later in 1038. Those who make use of Surtri must carefully ascertain, whether they have before themselves the first or the second edition, as MSS. of both exist. This seems to have been overlooked by the Burhan. Though a very careful compiler and professing to have used Surtri, Burhin does net give all words and meanings that are in the second edition of the Majma’ulfurs. The MSS. of the second edition contain two prefaces. The second preface which commences with the verse (Hazaj i musaddas) cot GU Att a9 Cay Gudll we? ols “May the Majma’ulfurs of Surtri be indispensable to critical compilers,” is very short, and stands in the MSS. which I have seen, before the original preface. Surtri’s second edition was caused by the appearance of the Farhang i Jahangiri, a copy of which, as late as in 1038, was brought to Surtri from Hindistan. From it, as also from two other dictionaries, Surtri has largely extracted. From the respectful manner in which he speaks of the Farhang, we might conclude that he lay under certain obligations to its author. He must have known him; else he would not call him gprblwe lai] Crgtha 9 Colas w lo ryt 9 SS oh GLU cleo oly #5) ote C2! lee 3b SL5 cule y wolse ol! abo} —titles fit for a king. He passes im silence over the blunders of the Farhang; and if on two or three places he dares openly to differ in the meaning of a word, he modestly says— awd) pats 5 gllA cohav cyt! OF Owe paso Raed Ett _pblS? y or words to this effect, although he would not so easily let off other authors. 1868.} Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 17 Future compilers of Persian dictionaries will do well carefully to compare each word given in the Farhang with the same in Surtri, and remember that whenever Surtiri has left out a meaning or a whole word given by the Farhang, there is, to use Rashidi’s language, a Jeol gle, Surtiri seems to have been acquainted with Turkish, as he mentions among his sources two dictionaries written in that language. The quotations are very numerous. As Suri is an Iranian, his spellings and pronunciations differ occasionally from the Ttrani Persian of the preceding Indian lexicographists. His adherence to the dts and Jj rule has been mentioned. Instead of a final WS kdf, he often has a G& gdf ; thus he writes XK! ashg a tear, Key sirishy a drop, instead of €L| ashk, &e. Instead of ~e! asp he writes | ash. His arrangement of the words is inconvenient, as it is the same as in the Madar. Surtiri appears to have died in Hindistaén during the reign of Shah- jahan, as will be seen from the following extract from the khatimah of the valuable work Mir-dt ul "Alam; vide Morley’s Catalogue of Historical MSS., p. 52 :— < Sa 5] Os} @ 00T digs SUT nro, OE 99 l&el Eoyayes Sie Kia 98) aS np eee a wasly wlyy shy ye Soug 55 Fu rene Kd 980 a OM « awl gl & Ss} wld .05) syle Sat BBS oe Gg Cold 9 pthy — BL AF Gyo Kibywe i! Odverlt “ Suriri of Icfahan came to Hindtstén during the reign of Shah- “‘jahan. Soon after he left for Mecca, but died on the road. The ‘* Majma’ulfurs, so famous under the name of Parhang-i-Suritrt, is “written by him. The following verse is taken from his poems (metre Hazaj) :*— * Tcfahdn is a mistake for Kdshin. The verse is a fine example of the poetical figure called cel] alge thém uttandsub; vide Garcin de Tassy’s La Rhétorique des Nations Musulmanes, p. 101. Poets compare their tears to orphans, because both are uncared for and alone. Orphans grow up to be thieves and murderers (cos); hence Yatém means also the same as rahzan. But tears also are usta or $a5I Tg, and flow from the eyes (o)dSx0 oy 5! ), whilst robbers are daring and wnmindful of their lives, (23) 35.0 Dg yew 3 ust Ody}os Dg yer | 953. ) 3 18 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, “Wear my tear; for it is a wicked orphan, a tyrant, a reckless one.” MSS. of Surtiri’s dictionary are scarce ; the excellent MS. preserved in the Fort William College Library was bought at the high price of Rs. 100. The title Cwyienes” means (wy wt ena eee”. The first edition was dedicated to Sultan Abul Muzaffar “Abbas Bahadur Khan, king of Persia. 2: usils wlll) es This dictionary was compiled at Delhi in A. H. 1053, or A. D. 1643, by Ni’matullah al Husaini of Shiraz. His takhallue is (bes wacli. In his preface he praises Nawwab Makramat Khan, a vizier of Shahjahan, to whom the word (lS refers. The author has not specified his sources; but on examination it will be found that the dictionary is almost the same as the second edition of Suriri, some- what shortened, with a few meanings from the Farhang i Jahangiri. The introduction contais a small Persian grammar likewise copied from the Farhang. The book is a fine example of wholesale plagiarism, and “is therefore deservedly but little known. MSS. are very rare; the MS. of our Society, No. 804, is very fair. The arrangement of the words is the same as in Surtiri. Vullers’ F’. occasionally quotes this dictionary, as under (sles. 10. bul, This Dictionary is well known. The first edition was printed in 1818 at Calcutta by Captain Roebuck, and the third and last, with a few corrections, in 1834 by Hakim ’Abdul Majid. The name of the compiler is Muhammad Husain of Tabriz; Burhan is his takhallue. He completed the dictionary in A. D. 1652, or A. H. 1063, as indicated by the tarikh @bls wla,y eb CUS, and dedicated it to a contemporary of Shahjahan, Sultan "Abdullah Qutbshéh of the Dek- khan, where for atime he must have lived. Hence he prefers Dekhan synonyms; thus under _,3*l5 he says :— 1 OBL gaily 65 OSy97 0 3 Codie es W939 jt ty OT where the FJ. has—oz{,s oigyS sais cl IT 4 Codi Us who 3] Burhan’s object was to compile a practical vocabulary without giving examples. In adopting the order of words as followed in our dictionaries, he arranged them more conveniently than any preceding 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 19 lexicographer had done. Nearly all ‘subsequent dictionaries follow Burhan’s arrangement. His sources were the I'J., the first edition of Sur., the Surmah i Sulaimani and the Cihdh uladwiyah. MSS. of the last two are not obtainable here; but they cannot be very valuable, as the Burhan contains nothing which is not in the Farhang or Surdri. Burhan is a careful compiler; only a few words that are given in the Farhang, appear to have been omitted. Asan example I may mention &4*} pakhtah cotton, which the Farhang gives ob sy crite Jy1l. If Burhan had omitted the useless meanings of the Farhang, his compilation would be more useful than it is. The printed editions of Capt. Roebuck and Hakim ’Abdul Majid are accompanied by appendices of words not given in the Burhan. These appendices which are known under the name of wls,s wade Mulhagat + Burhin, are not written by Burhan, nor are they found in numerous MSS. of the dictionary; but were made under the direction of Capt. Roebuck from the works of several lexicographers of the 18th and even of the beginning of the-19th century. They are untrustworthy and full of the most glaring blunders. Vullers has embodied them ; but we trust that no lexicographer after him will use them. Whatever good they contain, will be found in the original dictionaries written after Burhan. Burhan’s dictionary has produced in India a good deal of critical discussion. During this decade, a book was printed in Delhi, written by Asad ullah Khan, known also under the name of Mirz4 Naushah and, as a poet, under the takhalluc of Gls. The author is the best Persian writer which India now-a-days possesses. We have from his pen a collection of letters, called Gif - Sa, a Diwan, a historical book on Indian kings, entitled 3 ye ye, and also a book written in pre- classical Persian on the Indian mutiny of 1857, entitled ,stwo. The name of the book in which he attacks Burhan, has the title wl, eLls. It has seriously damaged his reputation as a critical scholar. Throughout the book he is abusive, and even obscene. Burhan whom he styles (.¢5o or cs] op” Gyst, is throughout repre- sented as an independent lexicographer, although Burhan in his preface distinctly says ely &) ews! wat Gly ail» wl aola .sk2, Hence most of Ghalib’s attacks are easily refuted by turning up the Farhang or Suriri, But his book is also full of wilful misstatements, whilst 20 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, some of his etymologies are even from a native point of view unscholar- like. He has been well taken to task by Agh4 Ahmad ’Ali, of Dacea, one of the Persian teachers of the Calcutta Madrasah. His reply is en- titled wls,3 350 Muayyid 1 Burhdn, and was printed two years ago at Calcutta. The writer shews a spirit of critical enquiry and scientific truthfulness, which is but rarely met with in native writers. Some of his articles, as Gast)Us1, ST, Q&T, &e., are well worth reading. An index has lately been added by the author. Future lexicographers will do well to obtain a copy of this book. From a perusal of this reply, it appears that of the four hundred words which Ghalib. attacked, about thirty are Burhan’s own blunders, and sixty others must be called doubtful words, because they are given in the Farhang and Surtri without proof. Se- veral other mistakes have been discovered by the author of the Siraj (vide below); but on the whole, the number of mistakes made by Burhan himself is so small, as not to endanger his re- putation of a careful compiler. A few were also corrected by Capt. Roebuck in the foot notes of his printed edition. Ghalib’s rejoinder which appeared in 1867 under the title 333833, is a mistake. He tries in vain to shift the ground by discussing extraneous matter, and thinks to defeat his opponent by giving on the last page of his books the seals and facsimiles of several amfluential men, even Nawabs, living at present at Delhi, who, he says, agree with his statements. The Agha’s second rejoinder, entitled Shamshér < téztar, is in the press. MSS. of the Burhan are numerous, There exists also a Turkish translation of it. 11. Cpdacty Bia ,3 This is the first erttical dictionary. It stands unsurpassed. The name of the author is Mulla ’Abdurrashid of Tattah ( digi ) in Sind. Other lexicographers, especially the writer of the Bahar i ’Ajam, call him &U} dea) os. He completed his dictionary in A. D. 1653, or A H. 1064, as shewn by the tarikh (metre Ramal) Ure csonh Sits ob yd Cosy jt sy ull ens The author is well known as the compiler of the Muntakhab, the most popular Arabic dictionary in India, which in 1635 he had dedicated to Shahjahan. When the Persian Dictionary appeared, the 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. . 21 king was the prisoner of his perfidious son dAwrangzib, for whom Rashidi has no words of praise ; for at that time Aurangzib had not acquired that odour of sanctity which pious Muhammadans acknow- ledge by a SU} Seay, a S coleo never bestowed upon any of the preceding Moguls. There exists also arare Risdlah written by ’Abdurrashid, entitled whye0 Wl, He was certainly one of the best scholars Hindtstén has produced. His Persian dictionary, though less known, cannot be too highly valued ; it is so full of original research, that no Persian scholar ought to be without a Rashidi. As a compiler ’Abdurrashid is most careful ; he rarely copies doubtful words from other dictionaries without removing the doubt ; and when he is unable to do so, he plainly states that he does not know the word, or adds a Gwe} old ole pats or a real &U},. Nor does he hastily condemn. If he has reason to condemn, his proofs are convincing. He does not abuse the preceding lexicogra- phers ; and when he does call the authors of the Farhang and Surtvi Uslé ghéfil, we expect from the nature of the case a stronger epithet. The arrangement of the words is the same as in the Burhan, although it does not appear, as if he had known that book. He chose that arrangement, because from experience he was satisfied that it was the best. ‘The figurative phrases are given at the end of each facl. TRashidi has not specified his sources. Nor was this necessary, as his sole object was to correct the Farhang and Surtwi, which he acknowledges to be the best dictionaries existing. Occasionally he quotes a book written by, or entitled, ..jtelw. Its author is not known to me, but his remarks are so shrewd, that lexicographers would do well to secure a SAémani. The book must have been written after Surtxi’s second edition. From some of his remarks it appears that Rashidi was acquainted with Roman Catholic ceremonies. This may be traced to the fact that his birthplace was for some time in the hands of the Portuguese. The following passage taken from Rashidi’s preface defines the object of the dictionary and gives at the same time an idea of its usefulness—. 9h wd)! 9 ie9 Ja| we yitvo 3 U3 deo 9 39723 9 = La pke0 ws> aS oy5S us” o> sh} Gldel| sites” | yg 23] OAS Gy! Ad > | das 22 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, Ueksic bol oy (Kio, wis ele glist Kadi (69 yo 9 cele Kiss SST Jol sy 5 pst? eid Hj! GUsat sisal bo Oe — yx} 53 oy! yy Seo wy le atl? ot! xy,F GUI wld Ja yo a3 90 oT wl40 eis ole! exer)» BY ere pos # dull Y §3Sio jledty delat wy eles wlrsyy ust? woled ess EST ogae 2d518 5S oly 6S silo wl pda! OST ley Cem Guy) & Nxazeid anid y odlsyS cys ars Sivo SHS F_ 555 la Oba Kio] O52 Ky d2L0 wld» $O3|/ 55 wylean 2h 2 ss (635 SI ty cary oy By ews 650 oly whls SOs} ile po SI) 9 cen)? 9 35 colt ty waa 3 Et 9 oy ly pars wil cglyme # eS Casha jog cool pier Coy SS" J0 wel 9 2223 9 SOF bree yg 2 od ezle0 wylel why yy 6F Cw} ble 5 gp 03 wha slL—atal 45 Sym wT dito 4 ty 9 ly whic s Py GIS wlio woled aS &_i98 51 8 wid D8 (eg saw) yy whe, OIE S 94 BLS} gly ao be” Cot} 99 9% 9 ogi Gls aes BS Gdeekyoy BOT l= 5 cum} pdy0 Ldeehyoy aT lay diy9S 533 CAS EF sai) 8395 eghkad SS Kis * eg ol cr wale PRO 99 yt Se owl depo Coly 9 CojsU GY Fossa LS 595 8595 Bs See) cophl> Kia ,s 39 SI] hass® EeWokg csty® Bdy5 rae Este &S sia Cory 58) 9 9l dlepe sty col? 5 coil Gls ia 8a97 pees Sel 3h 95 cehtedsor SLT la 4 ably GIO Wlypbae 6F Coo} Leoddga By} AS SELF 5 Siler C4039 19 9 OF Onl CHL Gey sly Gry’ OE Lxs ae S53) SIT lag eens! xlo (hres (9 4 W592 Col) g SoE* 51} panKs KSQS rs? os usize W595 9 W553) K— ea 8) 72 Jd 9 rma ps usls Sya—0 anol Liga cl 9 & 25 Jem! ushte (ee ars 3 Dic Js! 2 of 123 t+ Krag) disso Oe OM! gS 395 Ovo &S Wane! baad wy Qa ois’ 3 os* 3 wr 3 cowl? cols bbso SR) dss» BS} gos! gd Lis y wo ave ae 5) ral usite! cee) Led pred 9 _gansd ) os 8 osts on wT a) shes Pai G* ls uslts aL Udo 9 aS Ws 9 dls eal (site? ee us! » les Cr 3 iS. aKil o 9 Law| Lams 19 ew bmn) 3 enti Lvxt YX Aro ester ° Bias es SD) a Cody y) 24 os? S954 ata? 45 OH xe cle iD) Kal wae ens Grd 9 aye alakcr ASG JS rf cu? S95 By) dt yl By dhavo Siays wb)! pst 9 © OWS QT dS gyi _p Aer 9 dvy og aL) Abdi y Slide! a5 lao ‘“’Abdurrashid of Tattah, the son of “Abdulghafar, of the descendants of Husain, originally of Madinah, who is known for his shortcomings 1868.] : Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 23 and sins, and who has sipped a hand full from the intellectual fountain of the poets of Persia, states as follows— I have examined the Farhang i Jahangiri and Surtri, and consider them the best dictionaries existing. But they also contain much that is wrong in matter and principle. 1. Both authors have enlarged their dictionaries by quoting as proofs, useless verses, and repeating them on several places. 2. They are not sufficiently painstaking in ascertaining the correct form of words, their vowels and meanings. 3. They enter occasionally Arabic words, and omit to state that the words are not Persian. 4. Both often enter the same words on different places, but wrongly spelt, or even mistake them for separate words. Thus words occur spelt with av léandaw pé; withaw téandaw nin; with a& kdf and aS gf ; with ah shin and a cy sin; witha} 2é and a 4 2hé anda 7é. Such mistakes are especially frequent in Surtri, though less in the Farhang. Besides there are actual blunders, as shall be shewn below. And curiously enough, both compilers confound words commencing with a SJ kdf and a J lém, with a » wdw and a y ré, and other letters which it is almost impossible to mistake. As an example I may mention the word SUS gurdz, which has in Surtri the following meanings—l, a certain disease. This is a mistake for the Ar. 5155 kuzdz. 2, a kind of vessel, also called 63 tang. This is a mistake for the Ar. jl,5 kurdz. The Farhang again enters }l»5 kawdz, with a wdw instead of a ré. 38, a stick to urge on cattle. This is a mistake for 3155 guwaz. Or, the Farhang gives a word wls95 2érfin [or according to some MSS. zérfdn], the moon. This is a mistake for the Arab. wl8,3) zibirqdén. Again, both the Farhang and Suriri give ws béfand 455 kif; but the former is wrong; or g» and Se squinting, the latter being wrong. Similar mistakes are— 4sa53 nowjabah and S53 taujabah, a torrent; Gesely pdghdsh and Ghyeh naghosh, a dive ; == nakhjad and os bakhjad, dross; y= hasar and yo masar, ice; eos haidakh and ¢o43 baidakh, a swilt horse ; aig» pahndnah and “bo mdhninah, a monkey; &e., as shall be seen below. Such mistakes are more numerous in Surdri than in the Farhang. 24. Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, IT have generally collected the various forms of spelling under that word which, according to the proofs quoted, appeared to be the correct form. Whenever a word appears to be doubtful, it is certainly of no use to pass over it. Let people only look up carefully.” Rashidi’s dictionary is accompanied by an excellent Introduction which forms the basis of the Persian Grammar by ’Abdul-Wasi’ of Hansah, a book which is read in most Indian schools. The first part of the preface which contains the usual praises to God and Muhammad, is written in ancient Persian, and is one of the finest prefaces known to me. There appears to be no &l& to the dictionary, although Rashidi says in the preface— RM pee) Ma 9 kooro Sls yp) | Ue sive ls wil» At least the four MSS. which I have seen, do not give it, but end abruptly with the last word $449 yéléqg. The Khétimnah is several times alluded to in the Dictionary ; thus under L{ aba sowp (or ibd according to Sh., Mu., Ma., FJ.) he says*— * dla GS Kodld yo lab clens a> 3 MSS. of this dictionary are rare; the MS. of our Society (No. 76.) is in a bad condition, although with the exception of the preface, it is pretty carefully copied. *é There are some curious blunders connected with this word on the first and fourth pages of Vullers’ Dictionary. Vullers has on p. 1.— LT jus, jusculum. This form with the madd is in no other Dictionary beside F., and may therefore be struck out. 2) potio, potus. Not to be found in any Persian Dictionary, 8) part. admirandi mirum. This is a blunder for Lj aya. And on p. 4.— SS oohT (patres fauces constringentes) met, gaudium et voluptas; 2) aerumna ( we ) mundi; 3) gaudium de inimico mortuo, B. First, this word is not inB., but in the Appendix of B., and therefore doubtful. Secondly, the Persian Dictionaries spell the word (olf without a madd, colt 4béi,and derive it from abd soup. Ad. and Ma. give also Sich and Boia’ 9l5 col! : hence jusculwm fauces contringens, and met. the surfeiting joys of this world. Thirdly, the meaning aerumna ( ee ) mundi is the blunder of some inatten- tive copyist for lass ia nam % dunyd, the joys of this world. Fourthly, the preceding word in Vullers, casks cg lbT aba 7 ?alawt, is a blun- der for dba1 “ulwt, 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Leaxtcography. 25 12. eplal Elm 13. weslan ele Both dictionaries are written by Siréjuddin Ali Khan, poetically styled 93)f.Arzd, of Akbaraébad. He is the best commentator whom India has produced. His commentaries to Nizdmi’s Sikandarnémah, the Qacidahs of Khaqani and ’Urfi, and his or to the Gulistan, entitled widS LULA, are of great value. The Siraj is his largest work and has gained him the titles of erin) lw and Gpsssove Ka,0, It contains the Persian words of the old poets (G4or%ho ), and many quotations not given in the preceding dictionaries. The words which belong to the ery Keo lgrivo! form the ey}oo ely, or as it is often ealled, the second part of the Sira7. The chief importance of the Siraj lies in this, that it isa commentary on the Burhén and Rashidi. Rashidi is occasionally, though not always convincingly, checked, when he doubts the correctness of a quotation, whilst the critical remarks on the Burhan are so numerous, that the Burhan should never have been printed without the notes of the Siraj. There are also a few words which Rashidi, notwith- standing his great carefulness, has overlooked and for the criticism of which the Siraj is the more valuable. I take as an example the word plivos!. Burhan has— puns ustdm, elias! dstam and Wliws! dstdn. 1. The harness of a horse. 2. A man whom you can trust, 3. The threshold of a house. Vullers gives the same on p. 142a. of the first volume of his Lexicon. The FJ. gives likewise the three meanings with examples, but he has not the form wis! dstdn. Nor isit in Surtiri and Rashid ; who besides have only the first two meanings. We see therefore a Jo gla in the form wli.»s! and the third meaning. The example which the FJ. quotes for the meaning a threshold is taken from Nacir Khusrau (metre Muszari’) pacgls ys a2 a90 aS ply sf BE rmsd obit sd ole pail “ Tf a man owes his very carpet and his threshold, his house is the emptiest in the whole world.” - We see at once that this verse proves nothing ; for the first meaning 4 26 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. | No. 1, the harness of a horse suits far better. Iam ata loss to see why Rashidi has omitted to make a remark on the third meaning. Surtiri, as [ said above, passes a silence over meanings which he thinks wrong or unsupported. The $114) has— erty he nt Shy age y Saks AIL (53159 9 Sot ghys oUbecy! wlast s9.9 # wl L8QS0 cline! # Git! 9 OsJ2.0 pum 9s nS s a Cw “> wi) 9 Gale 4 dodo coy estes ylivegy whet wlisesl cohen ei was wl $8 ,AAzv0 WS yo Oo 95 aS 50 a 5595 ald erthenT 9 wyleS ga) ald Qe] ITs BOAyA ylbwegt 1) pluog! Alb 4 sot sory Totes eeoloedes} FS" Gwloale js adh ble yy ble de Soy Thus we see that Burhan’s form wi.» dstdn is to be struck out as unsupported, and that the meaning a threshold, as given in the FJ., is not proved. The author of the Siraj says in his preface as follows :— “As far as the correctness of meanings and the explanation of difficult passages are concerned, no dictionary comes up to the Farhang i Rashidi, whilst the Burhan has certainly the merit of being the completest vocabulary existing. But in both dictionaries there are erroneous statements; especially so in the Burhan, which is full of wrong meanings and spellings, as shall be seen below. ‘To correct them is the only object of this dictionary. Hence I have not repeated the examples which are given in the FJ., Sur. and R. “ Whilst I was writing this dictionary, I obtained a MS. copy of a work written by a Persian savant whose name is Majduddin ’ All, poetically styled Qust. His book, although it is not known, contains many critical gems; and I have thought best to add them to my own remarks. Beside this MS. copy, I have used the FJ., Sur., R., Mu., B., the Farhang i Minisi, the Kashf, some commentaries on the Gulistan, the Masnawi i Maulawi, &c. My friend Sayyid Muhammad Masih Khan expressed the tdrikh of the compilation of this book by calling it WIA be wos} clr osiol which will be found to give A. H. 1147, [or A. D. 1734-5]. I have followed the order of the words as adopted by B. and R., because it is by far the best system of arrangement.’’* * IT cannot give the Persian text, as the copy of the Siraj in my hands is too faulty. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lesxicography. 27 MSS. of the Siraj are very rare. Ihave only seen one, which Major Lees kindly placed into my hands. It belongs to the Fort William College Library, but is a bad copy. The Siraj is rather voluminous, as it contains the words of the Burhan with lengthy remarks attached to each. The Chirdgh « Hidayat is a much smaller work. It has been several times printed. A very handy edition of the Ghids, easily obtainable in any part of India, contains the Chiragh in the margin. Khan Arzi’s Diwan is much esteemed ; Bh. often quotes his verses. Of his other works which compilers ought to read, I may mention the Tanbth ul ghdfilin, a critical work on the poems of ox5y= Hazin of Icfahén, who died at Benares during the last century. Hazin, though a great poet and a man of learning, is not always exact in his metaphors, and borrows from other poets more than native critics by way of “eke allow. Khan Arati in his attack tries to shew that Hazin is (ool, Byles, and (sv. Many of his objections ‘(wley,s5) are, however, not tenable, and Ték Chand, Mirz4 Qatil and Warastah take frequently occasion to justify Hazin. One of Khan Arzi’s nephews also, Mir Muhsin ’Ali, wrote a critic on the Tanbih. Again, a very fair rejoinder, entitled Uss Js5, appeared in 1862 at Cawnpore (169 pp.), written by Maulawi Im4m Bakhsh, poetically styled (i440 Cahbai. As most remarks refer to Persian style and idiom, compilers and grammarians will do well to procure copies, Two rhetorical works written by Khan Arzu are entitled— HY 399 der éabe and isles By) dee Ard gvo were lithographed at Allahabad in 1830 and 1841, The following extract is taken from the Miftdh ut Tawdrikh,* p. 338— enol! 2s cad Foye Goll Yl party yoy Gila jf of Geos cole jt i Ow yO costes Caybat,S Loge des”: ies) yo bo Ww yb Ns oye”? roa oes”? cei les itst ES psrld sly whlorerc Alas jd 9 O39 35330 kT ol srts 55 ovo Soyo 18 grote coptatt,s ep odd 3 anns? ae * Lucknow 1864, 406 pp. 4to, The author of this book is (lu ass lb [Mr. Thomas William Bell (?)], a clever Persian writer and poet, Some of his tarikhs are excellent, The tdrikh on p. 371 does not refer to the Ma- drasah, but to the former Fort William College at Calcutta, 28 Contributions to Persian Leaxicography. [No. 1, phe Semet! l='Iys 5 HT gle Omy 9S U gh S59 Wee 2 VAly Sxclbinny gy sFosm * wroF do &) 9 nate 5 vo Zs 4 y* Biwe Pee ee) ye say pshday Ls 9315 WA Epmr O45” of Solel yd lit O22 O% bay sile * ws * ai 9S UP S%) 3 Sve As pies 470 A ws l=}, ys) 3) oy h C= st Sy 3 eh I gol veces Jc colt gle 25) ay Tuite IS of 2% ile les oS dager 551 According to this extract, Khan Arzt died in January 1756. Siréjuddin’s commentaries are very rare. In his Sharh to the Sikandarnémah, we find occasional references to the abovementioned Majd ’Ali. 14. The works of Munshi Ték Chand.* 1. ps? ole. 2. Gays lye 3. eoygyd JLby} A, yoload! yal There exist lithographed editions of these four lexicographical works; the last three are somewhat rare. 1. The Bahari ’Ajam is one of the grandest dictionaries ever written by one man. ‘There exist seven editions of it revised by the author. The first appeared in A. D. 1752; the Delhi lithograph- ed edition of 1853 is taken from the author’s last MS., which he completed in 1782, or thirty years after the first edition. The MS. preserved in the Fort William College Library, Calcutta, appears to be one of the first issues. Though not so complete as the last, it is a good MS. and preferable to the Delhi lithographed edition, which unfortunately is so full of typographical errors, as to be almost useless, Future compilers of Persian dictionaries ought to be very careful in using the Delhi edition, especially if they extract examples. The chief object of the Bahdri’Ajam is toexplain the Jste’mal 7 mutaakhkharin. Most examples are therefore taken from the poets after the time of Jami, although quotations and phrases from the older poets are by no means inconsiderable. ‘The work is so well known that it is unnecessary to say more about it. The name of the author is Ode Sh isthe ; some call him Oh> SEN * Munshi is a title given in Upper India tp Hindoos acquainted with Persian and Arabic. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 29 &l) or dd 6 Col. He was by caste a Khetri. His poetical name is yk. He lived at Delhi. From a note at the end of the second volume of the Delhi edition, it appears that he was nearly deprived by one of his pupils of his well merited fame as the author of the seventh revised edition. Ték Chand must have died shortly after 1782, because he was prevented by old age from commencing the eighth revised edition. In the preface the author states that for the first edition he only used the Tanbihulghafilin by Siraj ushshu’ara (Sirajuddin, the author of the Sirajullughat), and a small treatise written by Mir Muhammad Afzal, poetically styled Sabit wl, For the following editions Ték Chand used the Muctalahat ushshu’ara, the Risdlah i Mukhlici i Kashi, and another book whose title and author were unknown: The first of these three works Ték Chand embodied almost entirely ; hence it is so little known. 2. The Jawdhir ulhurif and the Lbtdl 1 Szurtirat were written by Ték Chand during the compilation of the Bahari ’Ajam. The Jawahir ulhurtf contains two chapters : 1. 9,20 Go, why 9 2, Bye 9 dhe Ss,= way yo The former part is the completest treatise on the interchange of letters. It forms an excellent basis for the etymological part of a Persian grammar, and is an indispensable Vade mecum for the compiler, as it is of the greatest assistance to him in the numerous spellings of certain words. The second chapter treats of the syntax of the Persian prepositions and particles. Numerous examples are given. The lithographed edition which appeared A. H. 1267 at Cawnpore, is taken from a wnique MS. in the handwriting of the author. It is on the whole well printed. 3. The Lbtdl « Szwrivrat is the best, if not the only, work on the Tacarrufat + Farst, or the modifications which both Arabic and Persian words have undergone in Persia during the last ten centuries. In plan the book coincides with our popular and interesting works on the study of words, such as by Trench, Richardson, &e. The term ey 990 comes nearest to our “a poetical license,” and the object of Ték Chand’s book is to shew that in good Persian poetry, there is no license, but that every peculiar expression is either based upon sufficient authority, 30 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, or is wrong. Hence the title “ [btdl ¢ Szwrtirat” or the frustrating of that which a bad Persian poet would call a 5% w)»,6, although in reality it is 4.234 5=° or want of poetical genius. A lithographed edition appeared at Delhi in A. H. 1268, 78 pp., small 8vo. It is rare. 4. The Nawddir ul macddir is a complete collection of the Macdars of the Persian language. The quotations are numerous, especially those from the older poets. The book is therefore most valuable for the compiler. The lithographed edition which appeared in A. H. 1272 at Delhi, 120 pp, large 8vo., is taken from a MS. in Ték Chand’s handwriting. The book is very fairly got up. The arrangement of the words in Ték Chand’s lexicographical works is the same asin Rashidi and Burhan. 15, Jad) este thee The title of the work contains the tarikh of its commencement by the author, A. H. 1180, or A. D. 1767. Like Ték Chand he is a Hindoo, and was born at Lahore. His poetical name is S&twyly Warastah, independent ; his real name, according to other books, is be (ei55 Sly. From his preface it appears as if Wérastah had lived for a long time in Tran, where he thoroughly studied the wlysl=* enya lie, His dictionary was completed in 1782 aiter fifteen years, Jabour, although a MS. copy of at least a part of it came into the hands of the author of the Bahar i’Ajam, who has largely extracted from it. There are, however, several phrases which Ték Chand has omitted. Though Warastah’s dictionary is much smaller than the Bahar, because the quotations are not so numerous, it has the merit of being entirely an orzginal work. There exists a very handy copy of the Muctalahat, lithographed in A. H. 1280 at Lucknow, 404 pp., Royal 8vo. It contains in the margin an extract of the Bahar i ’Ajam, whose words are given without the quotations. 16. lel] eles The name of the compiler is Maulawi Muhammad Ghiasuddin of Rampur, east of Delhi. After fourteen years’ labour he finished the work in A. H. 1242, or A. D. 1826. The dictionary contains “ all 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 31 necessary Arabic, Persian and Turkish words,” especially those which occur in such Persian authors as are read in schools. The dictionary is therefore a very useful book; it is infact “ The Student's Dictionary.” Hence also its general use among the natives of India. Embodied with the dictionary are several small treatises, as on il23, (.Rw—v, Leare , the various eras (vide sls), on geogra- phy (vide ees 2), and also grammatical notes (vide 4, & ), a description of Hindustan, &. The work is accompanied be several astronomical and geometrical designs, and a few maps, which shew that the compiler was not unacquainted with western science. A large number of scientific terms are also explained. No Persian dictionary ought to be in future compiled without the words of the practical Ghias ; but compilers will do well to remember that Ghiasuddin is not a native of Persia. Of all Indian dictionaries it contains the largest amount of those peculiarities which belong to the Ist’mal 7 Hind. Hence for the pronunciation of words the Ghids is not always the best authority, Hven among the meanings of the words, Ghids enters occasionally an Indian meaning, taking it for Persian. In some cases, from a comparison of several dictionaries, his attention is forcibly drawn to the Indian usage of words, as will appear from the following extract :— Whe wlan ls KS Sat Aas oc wylas ily Seth 9 worsted WdAd psy awe! Sgdlo sal 523 wosees 9 Woah pble jf Oi Sy get 52) r site! Wored BS Canog. Ad ake cits) dx2 oo) & Worsted ushtes gre! O22,” piel 9 Sl We Wore ee use wy aS, gaol ows 3 wor Urey 9 WO4*) ty csr vey 30 Wee 5 1a 8 ele SI i cop kia 5” oy'90 38 CES] EVS Xd] WOAH I 9 Woe wins 53 “The word wose* means to smell, and belongs to those Arabic roots which the Persians have adopted and altered according to the genius of their language, as Woie?, Wotb, &e., because the word is derived from the Arabic a to smell. After writing this, I found on examination that not we has the sense of fo smell, but wore with the nim, and that the form with the mém iswrong. ‘Thus in the Siraj. But wor, as an original Persian word, means to be frightened, to be perpleaed, to be afraid, as mentioned in the Farhang i Jahangiri and the Muayyid,” (Se) 32 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, There exist two lithographed editions of the Ghids, one together with the Chiragh i Hidayat, and another printed in 1847, by one Mir Hasan, from a MS. corrected by the compiler. 7) etl evasal The name of the compiler is Abdullatif ibn i Abdullah Kabir. His object was to write a special dictionary for the Masnawi of Maulavi Rim. Hence he says— spite Kao ls &ra® Liat , Sad yf days wlat 53 ein crnof Sid yi rts # (5720 CoyJyn He has also written a commentary to the Masnawi, entitled Latdif ul Ma’nawé, of which our Society possesses a very good MS. (No. 846, 220 leaves, small 8vo.), bearing the muhr of ’Abdulwahhab Khan Bahadur Nueratjang. The compiler lived during the reign of Shahjahan ; but the FJ. is the latest dictionary consulted by him. The Catalogue of our Persian MSS. calls him Gujrdéé. TV: T subjoin a few notes on the Jsti’mdl 1 Hind. Those who wish to study this important subject, ought to make themselves acquainted with the writings of Mirza Qatfl, entitled (sloJ 5, yo yo and balaall i; and a treatise by Anwar ’Alt ‘on the spelling of Persian words, entitled Risélah ¢ Imlé 1 Farst. These works have been litho- graphed and are easily obtainable. The change in spelling, form, meaning and construction, which an Arabie word, apparently without any reason, undergoes in Persian, or which an Arabic or a Persian word undergoes in Hindustani, is called 3,25 tagarruf. The tacarrufat of Persian words are included in the cy wy Jlarin| isti’mdl i furs, the usage peculiar to the Persians, and the tacarrufat of the Hindustani language, and of the Persian written in India, in the o4 Ulyatw! dsti’mdl i hind. A knowledge of the latter is of great importance, not only for those who read Persian books written or printed in India, but also for every Hindustani scholar; for although the Isti’mal i Hind is looked upon with suspicion by learned natives, we have to bear in mind that its peculiarities are generally adopted and therefore correct. So at least for the Hindustani, according to the proverb ere 9 es els bls, 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 33 In its relation to Persian the Isti’mal 1 Hind will of course in most eases appear as something faulty ; for the peculiarities may no longer be a natural form of development, or a pls ble but the result of ignorance, a pla el ss ble. Nevertheless the Isti’mal i Hind is visible in every Persian book written by Indians, from the works of their excellent historians down to a common dinner invitation ( 4elisslys ) of the daily life. Even the works of a writer like Abulfaszl, “the great Munshi,” shew traces of it. Hence the truth of Mons. Garcin de Tassy’s remark that every Persian scholar ought to be acquainted with Hindustani. If this be true for the Persian scholar, it is much more true for the compiler of a Persian: dictionary; for a good dictionary ought to be based upon a thorough knowledge of the lan- guage in all its forms of development, and must be a history of the language as well as a vocabulary. But if we only understand by Jstz’mal ¢ Hind the influence of the Hindi and Hindustani upon the Persian, we would almost identify the term with “the usage of the Persian writers since the establish- ment of the Mogul dynasty.” This would be wrong ; for the Isti’mal i Hind includes peculiarities which once belonged to the Persian, as spoken in Persia, but which the modern [rani, in the course of its progress, has entirely discarded. In early times Persian had become the court language of Turan, and from Turan it was carried to India by the waves of the Tiirénian immigrants and invaders. Hence on the whole the Persian of India is Turanian. As Latin in the Middle Ages, so was the Persian in Turan, and subsequently in India, the language of the learned. The works of the pre-classical and classical periods were studied and imitated, and peculiarities have thus been preserved which have long since disappeared in the Trani Persian. The difference between the pre-classical and the modern Persian is, of course, not so great, as between Latin and any of the Romanic languages, because the pre-classical Persian had already attained that logical simplicity to which our modern Huropean lan- guages happily tend; and though representing the growth of the Persian language during nine centuries, it is scarcely greater than the difference between the Hnglish of Fletcher and Beaumont and the English of our century. ‘The Persian language has been compared to a bare tree, stripped of all its leaves, 'This stripping process, however, 9) 34 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, is going on in every spoken language, and shews that the copious and beautiful forms of languages like Sanscrit, Gothic, Greek, and many modern savage languages, are as many illogical incumbrances. The sequences of events and the order of things which the imitative genius of the modern languages expresses by the order of the words, are expressed in the ancient languages by the annexation of words and particles rather than by a logical order of the words, as if the speaker was afraid that the hearer could only understand those ideas for which there was an audible equivalent. Whilst many are apt to look upon stripping off the leaves as a matter of regret, I would consider it as a step towards delivering the human mind from the fetters of form. Perhaps I tread upon contestable ground. But a fact remains; it is this, that of all nations whose languages are preserved to us, the Persians are the first Arians that pitched the tent of speech on the elevated tableland of logical thought. Simplified then as the Persian language is, further change in termi- nations being impossible, the growth, as in modern English, is only visible in the pronunciation, the spelling and the meanings of words. For the study of this development a comparison of the works of the older writers with those of the modern, is essential; and as the Persian written and studied in India has hitherto been imitating the pre-classical and classical Persian of the early invaders, the importance of the Isti’mél i Hind is easily recognised. The following peculiarities are said by native writers to be common to the Persian of Turan and India. a. Many words end in the Turanian Persian in CS (kaf), whilst the Trénian has a S (gaf); as aS a kind of partridge, in Tir. GS; Kimo mishg musk, in Tir, Swe mushk ; S| a tear, in Tir, Slay ; Kee a drop, in Tir, Elie, Similarly, Hy a doctor, Ky jeal- ousy, Kid, &e., in Tur. with a final kaf. 6. Also in the beginning of certain words; as walS, in Tar. WslsS (as every Muhammadan in India pronounces) ; 3345 coriander seed, in Tir. 53445, This difference between the Turanian -S and the Yranian SS becomes very apparent in Dictionaries arranged according to the first and last letters. Thus in Surdri 4) stands in the Qsyl4 GW eo ci] Les, whilst in the Madar in the c6i5 Gly eo i) Les, 1868.] Contributions to Persian Leaicography. 35 e. The Tiranian has preserved a clear distinction between the 91, and 4, when Js-=* (6, & and 39,20 (i, 1). The modern Iranian has only 39,2 forms (i, i). The words which have a majhul letter must be learned from the Dictionaries; Indian Persian grammars specify the cases, when the ending (¢ is pronounced 43,24, d. ‘The Turanian has in all cases preserved the & © ws. The Trénian has given it up in some, especially after an alif. Thus forms like pro, eed, 8 wT, kT 5, &e., are pronounced in Irén mundam, rundam, tingah, hartinchi, but in India still mdindam, rdndan, &e. e. The Ttranian never adopted the interchange of ddl (0) and dzdl (9). f. Certain words are peculiar to the Tirdnians. Hxamples—co he for the Iranian 91; )53 som for_y~s; 90 side for Gyb 5 5% husband, for 25; 8&3 dawn for ~ve; 86 evening for es; cs)! for oh 5 ys brother-in-law for_y|,% 529%; 8G or GY sister-in-law for W} oly) ; polo brother for yl; wes Ces mother-in-law for 5 yoo 5 ymc Sather-in-law for W935 89d ~% for Vijay; Woy and EAI to search for cpm; SU 1) 3 to throw thearrow for urS{ost 1) 35 ephe Lo sit for Epdmind ; eydwld to rise for wdwlds); jah (cf. by LL ) yesterday for jy; CT Wo yly to swell (water) for ST Ud Bal}; 39) WOH ly Lo pass away (day) for 3s) EOS» Wassurgs to die; Wosily for Wr~+) ylyo; WotmS to sleep for UI41y> 5 WAS), the same as Wo, e.9., ayy eHl,3 I am thy sacrifice; VS oxy for WF of; YORE for VIF; wWosle 1. the same as Wold to put; 2. the same as udS/3S to leave behind, e. g., plasesbe Glib ph ijae LT have left the thing on the shelf, where le is a Tiranian form for Sosle ; or, dol WSR Cyl leave this house ( 215% ); 8. the same as WS!d oils to divorce; 4. the same as wolf , wos to leave be- hind; &e. Although several of those words do occur in Jrénian authors, yet we generally find them used in peculiar places, as in rhyme, where it was difficult to avoid them; or in order to prevent repetitions, We. The following peculiarities appear to be limited to the Persian spoken and written in India. a. Words have peculiar meanings. Examples—%5J, the same as si satisfied ; 83)9% yd leavings ; 225 yo absence for warsé ; JA misl @ 36 Contributions to Persian Leaicography. [No. 1 set, the same as 88); &, vide Vull., also board given to a poor student who is to teach children in return; 49 1. a province, 2. the same as [s&s an officer in charge of a province; &/lwy, the same as j!o&/lwy, an officer commanding a troop; cg)1, vide Vull.; 8135 81,4 without reason. 6b. The word 45 is pronounced /é, not kz. This seems to be the old form £, still preserved in S&lf. The Iszdfat is pronounced é, not z, and é in cases of words ending in 3; e.g, Gy &i& khanah é man. The word slsly is pronounced slesb badshah, as oly pdd in Hind. means erepitus ventris. Similarly do the Persians use the form 5%} (a prick to urge on an elephant), in order to avoid the Hind. (| which sounds, as Rashidi observes, like (wSwJ. Other Indian pronun- ciations ar Ley palk and palak for pills an eyelid; wl fighin the same as WL , for fughdn ; 8354 for 8335, already observed by Abul- Faszl in the Ain i Akbari. Words of ne same class as 52°, e. &., sew a mistake, =" a satire, (->9 a revelation, (2 exertion, have lost the jazm and are pronounced "afo, hajo with the Ss.” 519, the accent being on the penultima, but sa’f, waht with the accent on the ultima. | e. Peculiar formsare (sz/oas, Cpby5, Qs (the first and last occur in Abulfaszl), for (51o43, csblagy » csy4, the ending zsh being properly restricted to nouns derived from verbs ; 5 lS for Em acidity ; pgheS (derived from C»S), for esos} humanity ; cpile, ces or eae a groom, jor Utes ; a plural Kia| ajinnah ghosts ; Kiya sS a pack of cards, for SaaS. ie for le~ vide Fall: ; heyy, ’ * Vullers has at least half a dozen blunders in his dictionary, all arising from his ignorance of the meaning of this word. Thus under Je~I, in his Corrigenda If, p, 1558, No. 2, in regione Kashmir Vg prac, a blunder for Dy) 9 phen Kashmir and Persia ; also sub Wo SEALS KQnoe I, p. 546; s. W)ySBy d= I, p. 578, &: Now-a-days in India, ag) meang Ewrope, esp. England. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. Th sch ee, cisw (Abulfaszl), for cst2)d; ost 1540, ss <=” the ending e not leading to an adyject. form in 8; blogs and Zt, a mongrel ; Kyo Lune! for S9o Quel ; Mi for Yi; sy ob for &l| elas, a proper noun ; dais fon ality ; aus for (ah ; te a wardrobe, for cee 5 Silay po a fine, for eo il ey) for 53.) ey; Joi! oles and 3 ola for destiicoks and tse Mi coole ; evlslo for cles; &9)9 for S90; Wiss for ws, a shop; crailss for Exyl903 S94 for 414 a certain dish ; dy for past! 5 cuties pure, for pre ; I for ed; wierd for wlses &o for &; gaye for pe : cy for to> d. In words beginning with 7, the Madd is often omitted ; as yla{ pickles, ,d| lining,* Gai! sleeve, 22] canvass, sole! ready, Lei! a royal order, )'%| a distiller, for jloJ, piv], 22T, solo, AUT, OT. e. After a long vowel we often find a vowel elided; as oy2y97 Gfrint for the Iranian dfartn, (934 maulwt for maulawt, cssol “| amddge for dmddagl, _Sox%»3 pdshidgt for poshtdag?, &adla khaleah for khdlicah, WS 29% GE HON Te wot dzhdan* for dzhadan. f. Two Sakins are avoided; as Odeo} arjamand for arjmand. g. The Persian letters S, Gq ao) me used instead of the Arabic S, or ; as in GES, SIG kS, Woks}, for cy hs Sts, &5 9S, WO3Ks] : cab s, for ww} and ws; b*"for da halts for Kalasy : Sim S for wo h. The Tashdid of many Arabic ae falls away, as Wl»! aid for nawwdb an (Indian) Nawab ; 3)9, pl. wl)s, an atom.} t. ‘The following pronu nent are very common, though gener- ally prohibited in the Dictionaries—wl}% Ahizgdn autumn, for whys khazan ; jlo diraéz§ for the Persian dardz long ; Basic shambah, and even shumbah|| Saturday, for &4% shambih ; oly puldw, and even sJo3, a well known dish of rice, meat and spices, for ol palaw. The modern * Entered by Vullersas Persian. It is Indian. * So in many Persian Dictionaries written by Indians. { There is a curious mistake in Vull. Dict. I, p. 378. Burhan, whom Vullers copies, has wo! 300} bss e whys 3 &bQ) eshte) SONY ; but Vullers does not observe that 662) and wtyd (the Indian printer of the eats left out the Tashdid) are synonymous, reads eld, for the A. w5;5,and translates camities m anteriore capitis ! § Vull. also has dirdz, although Burhan gives clearly jl OSS ee) namdsz. || Vull. also has dnt? panjshambah I, 875. b., and &sAdoe sihshambah II, p. 354, whilst in other places he has correctly shambth, 38 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. }, Persian and Turkish have 3 pili. Cedyyo durwesh,* for darwish a beggar; 243 nimak salt, for namak; eS nimkin, adj., for namakin; 155 gawdh a witness, for %lyS guwéh; 8,8 girah a knot, for girth ; y993° mazdir wages, for 9950 muzdir; 55 kaghidz paper, for dslf kaghadz. k. A great number of Arabic words are universally wrong pro- nounced in India; as 3 qil’ah a@ fort, for qal’ah; «ls qaidmat the resurrection, for qiyamat ; &*43 gat’ah, for git’ah ; (wsy* urs a bride, for ards ;_y=* hijr separation, for har; 5=° ’ijz weak- ness, for ’ajz; ley rija hope, for raja ; Las fiza space, for fuzd ; Ley raza contentment, for rizd ; w= jeb a pocket, for garb ; els ghais for ghids help; wk» shahdb tor shihdb, a meteor; “mas ’acmat chas- tity, for temat ; e559 mauqa’ for mawqv’ ; peo” Inausam @ season, for mausim ; Ss khimah a tent, for khavmah ; wcle*® shuja’at bravery, for shajd@at; ete himagat for hamdqat, folly, y9-23 gagir a fault, for quetir ; 492° ’aqtibat for ’ugébat, punishment; eso hashmat pomp, for hishmat ; “= jinnat paradise, for jannat. Z. Peculiar spellings ; as eles}! for plas}! ; Say for )Ss3 5 53924 for dgy3, Proper nouns are often written together, as (leij~= for gsls wea. Similarly, Josale for A we lJ} sli r for dled AU) ld wy]; jplediivc for Uleiswo consisting of ; wax "J for pany ; ypc, sont, &=S*6, $o2235, for HPF, 6> <58, &e. Reversely, Wels, usmyBolno, for lgild, Lgrogt Sole, Also, lwo for de9?, eye happy for ¢y> khurram, oe for Gyo). m. Barbarous forms; as apne, wh, 2, whe books for Gils; Jia @y° for t=) Cus ye” mucharrab greasy ; pod} dL OS, as we say the strait of Bab el Mandeb; om)? jfirisad, for 4,9 he sends; 3 gulf for J23 qufl, a lock ; ant for &2b3 5 Wodityd 543, Hind, b233 jl, for wryS jlo. V. The following terms, abbreviations, &c., are of frequent occurrence in native Persian Dictionaries :— 1. US=I} ou} Asadulhukama, the poet Asadi of Tus, Firdausi’s teacher. * Adopted by some Indian Dicts., as the Ghias, on a mistaken etymology. + Thus algo in Persian MSS, 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lemicography. 39 ese Colyr® Shéwd ¢ Tust, Firdausi. os aes Facth-i-Ganjawt, Nizimi of Ganjah. pgled| GIS Khalldg ul Ma dni, the “ shaper” of meanings, Kamal of Icfahan. cSils* es or cat faded 8503, Sa’di. sil Satyd, or wl yehet| JUS, or wld, Hafiz. Sd3Le0| ells halém i asdtidzah (plural of ustddz), or . xeoRbeo eds, or S53 Col ye els, the pre-classical and Ragaical poets. In quoting a poet, the word “»]) rdst is often used, as Hw) Lesa Hafiz says. 2. The Moeul emperors of Delhi are rarely mentioned by their names, but by their lagabs. se nroy? jirdaus makdnt, Zahiruddin Babar, 1526 to 1530. eT ed= jannat astdnt, Naciruddin Hees 1530 to 1556. Jannat dshydni is also used. eT ye Varsh dshydnt, Jaliluddin Muhammad Akbar, 1556 to 1605. Sous jannat makdnt, Niruddin Muhammad Jahéngir, * 1605 to 1627. steers? firdaus dshydnt, Shihab udd-n Muhammad Shéh- “jahén. He is also called 3 wly3 Gale céhib qiran i sani, the second lord of conjunction, Taimtr, his ancestor, being the first. 1627 to 1658. pslSe oA khuld makdnt, Muhi uddin Muhammad Aurangzéb, "1658 to 1707. Native historians prefer the name "Alamgtr. J;,iv0 we khuld manzil, Qutbuddin Muhammad Mu’azzim Shah ’Alam, also called Bahadur Shah, 1707 to 1712. Regarding the form of these /aqabs I may mention, that there are Te ; : abstract nouns. Thus eed ese Ineans an occupying of the highest heaven as a resting place. Like the abstract noun &dle ’allémah, it then becomes a title, ‘‘ dwelling in heaven.” Similar terms are es'Kopsy0 miryam makant, dwelling with the Virgin Mary, the name of one of Akbar’s wives; (ees y9 niirchashmt my dear son; (264s qiblahgaht my revered ue esto” majdzubt, pr. my attracted one, my pupil. Native grammarians call this ¢¢ the pSive isk ydt mutakallin, as if ..2\€633 were the same as Gyo Fabs qiblahgah i man We may compare our DMy/ord and the A. sayyidé. When these words 40 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, are followed by a proper noun, they do not take the esle|, as _.2féhss &s des” qiblahgdhi Muhammad Ghaus; but you may say wy e.2lfahs qiblahgéhi i man. Similarly the word (S043 bandagr does not take the Iszdfat, when followed by the name of a Wali or a Shaikh, whilst other titles, as wpas, word, wlojtle, &e., take the Iszéfat. 3. wet lughat means, 1. a dictionary, the same as 42,5; 2, the words of a dictionary are its wl ; hence you may say AU BeS or wal) aes ; 8. langwage, as ce} «J, although in this sense the word wl} is preferred; 4. a particular form of a word. You say Liwos! 5] wo StS Kuo} ust is another form for avestd. pits ’dlam, a class of words. You say, j4S} is jbssy plls 31, be- longs to the ‘same class as rudbar, i. e., to the nowns ending in jb bar. OD|/g& Idee G3}, this requires a proof. SOs Slope oN Wl (de G21, this meaning is supported by the following verse. Ody Ki2,5 0, O95 Cgos%) yo, the author of the Farhang says, Rashidi says. claw sama, and exl3 tasdémw’, verbal information regarding the correctness of a word, obtained from the wh; U2| ahl-7-zabdn, the Natives of Persia, or from an olt»{ uwstéd. The same meaning has the pbrase Ssw9s3 Geek wh; Na} 51. bat lahjah provincial pronunciation. You say Kano] OLD kat! 2190 slp wolys Obs dikdn is the Indian pronunciation of dukdn. So urf or Gyles ta’druf, usage. ass tachif, an error in spelling. Lisy= tahrif, an error in the meaning of a word. ; Lolis fa-ta-ammul or eels fo-gyham, reflect, be careful. pay attention. Lexicographists often use this phrase after explaiing a difficult verse. ess tatabbu’ or pest tafahhug \exicographical criticism. 4, The following grammatical terms are noticeable— cy cols or is)'8 gly, the same as Ugp=*ccks, =” 5/5. 89}, the same aS Ugd9; ©. 2, 895 ee? Odeay!, ‘ pronounce Sexy! arjmand with a jazm above the ¢, and not azjamand,” 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. Al The word jazm is never used in Persian Dictionaries, swhin being the usual word. _ Every alif in the beginning of a word is called 45+ ; hence in spelling sli), you say 3} 24, baszamm-i-hamzah, not baszamm i alif. And in spelling GUST, you would say 89} cgl3 5 AI] 5 8542 ee. The sign is called 8442 US shakl-i-hamzah. This explains the phraseology of Bh. under 3,¢> chihrat pink, where he says :— I] BA peasy jd & Bald yy Sou) siti Syoe: “The word g,¢s, when pronounced, has an alif and a ya-i-tahtani, csl8>e=, but you must not write them.” The sign of the hamzah above the 8 cannot be left out, as Vullers has done, p. 605a. Similar words are Kind, &i4 of the same colour as the fukhtah-pigeon, 5,23, &ow, The spellings sty, cghhend, cghopw are Indian, and not considered good. This corrects several mistakes in Vullers’ Lexicon. Regarding the shakl i hamzah in words as iste 63, dc., vide the author’s Prosody of the Persians, p. 14. In Lucknow and Delhi prints we often find a shakl-i-hamzah above the silent 8, as [OX 5 Fou1gS for [419 34415. This pedantry is also recommended by the grammarian ’Abdulwasi’ of Hinsah. Another absurdity of modern MSS. and prints is the spelling Wb for 4S, though Ghids approves of the former. The letters of the alphabet may be treated as masculines or feminines ; you may say &by8i0 oA, or Lydio wae. For &by2v0 ,15 ghair mangtitah, you may say 6622, or bs bénuqat. The word 445 kindyah is followed by the prep. jl, in imitation of the Arab. ws. You say :— WI yel> Sy 9 yp Jo 5) AUS 63 “ The sorrowful heart of a poet is compared to the plaintive naz.” VI. Among the Dictionaries printed in Europe, I shall only mention Johnson’s Dictionary and Vullers’ Lexicon Persico-Latinum Htymo- logicum. It is difficult to make a comparison between the two, as the objects of the compilers are different. In point of usefulness, Johnson’s work is the better of the two ;* it is eminently ‘ the translator’s dictionary.” It * Vullers does not think much of Johnson. He classes him with Castelli, Meninski, and Richardson, and says :—‘‘ Horum enim operum accurata compa- 6 42 Contributions to Persian Lesxicography. [No. 1, does not pretend to be a critical dictionary, which Vullers does. Johnson gives Arabic words, in which he is exceedingly exact, as he had good sources; Vuliers has only a few. The Persian words of both Dic- tionaries contain a great number of words and meanings that never existed, and many wrong spellings, because both used the B. and the Haft qulzum—works which compilers ought not to use. But the number of mistakes is greater in Vullers, because he has used other bad sources, as shall be shewn hereafter. On the other side Johnson has given many meanings derived from the study of Persian writers, in which point Vullers is sadly deficient. Again, for the Isti’m4l-i- Mutaakhkharin, Vullers is better, as he has used, from the middle of the letter ¢, the Bahar i ’Ajam. For those who use Vullers’ Lexicon, the following remarks may be of use :-— The words marked in Vullers C. (Castelli). C. ex pers. vers. V. Test. (words taken by Castelli from some version of the Old Testament). C. ex G. Ido not know what this means. F, (Farhang-i-Shw uri).* M. ex F. (words which Meninski took from the Farhang-i-Shuw wi). and B. im app. (the appendix by Captain Roebuck) are nearly all doubtiul. As examples of words marked (., C. ex pers. vers. V. Test., and C. ew G., I shall mention—8o2}, a blunder for 804! ; S255 51g] and Co3lo!; S391, a blunder for Ny; wls!, a blunder for OUT ; Spl; Slob, a blunder for Hol ; a1d)b ; Soy: S5L, a mistake for a compound ending in 8); url ; Labs GaSb ; a= a blunder for ee (which itself is doubtful) ; Ks) ,4) 5 &hS?, Worylgs? Crd 5 dy? 5 Was; Wosy ; SSG); Sled, a blunder for Sled ; 91% ; or, to take another letter of the alphabet,—woo2& ; eae 5S ; KSB bas ; pyle ; &e. ‘ ratione cum primariis fontibus ipsis [B. and HK. ?] facta edoctus sum, permultas in iis significationes esse allatas, quae in falsa et perversa interpretatione exempli primarii nituntur indeque utpote falsas prorsus esse delendas.” De te fabula narratur. * T mean those words marked with the letter F., which Vullers did not find in B., Bh., HK., SHL. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 43 The MS. of the Purhang-i-Shw iri which Vullers used, must have been the worst possible in existence. But I do not think that the Dictionary itself is trustworthy. As I have seen no copy of this Turkish Dictionary, I am merely guided by quotations in Vullers which mention the sources from which F. extracted. As F. used the Sharafnamah, Far- hang-i-Jahangiri, Surtri, the Majma’-i-Khani, his Dictionary ought to be amodel. But F. has xo¢ made a proper use of his sources, and gives hundreds of words from them, which are nowhere to be found in the numerous and most excellent MSS. of FJ., Sur., Sh., &e., in my posses- sion. Thus the references of F. in Vullers to the Farhang i Jahangiri under sls, why, eo2, . For the first migra’ of Hakim Sozani’s verse read (metre hazaj) :— LT 6! St Jo 540 lye “T do not want to eat the goznut, because, &e., where |pT ye}! is old for wT 543 3!.”’ Old Persian poets often use |) after the prepositions at? Dh isa ust) D3. The words extracted by Vullers from F.—I mean again those which arenot at the same time marked with B.—are very extraordinary. Hxamples :— Sb and d&sf; 5) S41, a blunder of jfoS ; elit 5 eb for 87}; jl2T; AST; Sot; otyT; WoT; sIT; oT; 80557; C957 for SIT; BigkoF for KsSily, Cas] for wT] ; SEF, a blunder for B51 ; SLES, WoalST and wslsST; UT dial. Kharizmiae, the same as wl& ; but it is Arabic; »T for JT; words]; 2507 dmdgh for 07 dmurgh ; SST dnuk, a blunder for ST Abuk : wlsT a blunder for 8 5) of, the 7é and hé having been drawn together ; eed the non plus ultra of a Persian Infinitive ; 427; ©2:7 and 2YT; wht; Infinitives as wort VT W357, Wosjx0J, and hundreds more, for wsJT, wrds0T, &e. F.’s Infinitives, though perhaps correctly formed, have been invented by grammarians 7m usu tronum, but they ought not to be given in a Dictionary ; just as 5U ta vacca que semper mulgetur (Vull. p. 408), sb si vivum facit omne (Vull. p. 495), &e., were invented tn usu abc dariorum on the C for cow, D for dog principle ! As the above examples are at random taken from the first sixty-five pages, Persian scholars may estimate the number of useless words and blunders in Vullers’ Lexicon. 46 Contributions to Persian Lewicography. [No. 1, Nor is Vullers happy in his etymologies. The reference to pisang under Kims, p. 243, may be learned; but a date-palm is not a plantain-tree. ($3,44, p. 249, does not come from patricius, but from patriarch. Under 8)s4 bddrah hastiness, p. 162, Vullers compares 8) rah with 81) réh, mistaking 8,04 for a Persian word; but the word is Arabic, and should be pronounced bddirah." (e% Kis, eye > 32) Lbs, Obs, la LS Wriiye, Syats So, woe, Oks, Se as given in Bh. and Vull. Bh.’s valuable notes to some of these words, his fine articles headed Wilp, Simysnda Ue, Ube, &e., are entirely left out. * Tt should be Ar. pie! bassdm, smiling ; iSbasrem (metre mujtass)— plas wy) wt)! d)y3! $A ey &s rw Se? enk9y S305 5 oy &S wee “The world which in the eyes of wise men is a book of laughter, is not worth half a smile from the ever-laughing lip of the sweetheart’’—where the FJ. reads pins bistém, inventing atthe same time the meaning a coral. Besides it would not be Persian to say lab-i-bistdm, a coral lip; it should at least be % dye Laas oJ, as you say Kiel > #0 oJ, Similar mistakes of FJ., adopted by B. and Vullers, are {,J{ wlwé, a star, for A. (93) anwd, pl. of 59) NOU 5 (S5 jojam, for the Arabic prs hojam, &c. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. AT In the verses and explanations quoted by Vullers from Bh. we find the same want of understanding, as in the verses quoted by him from F. Examples :— o> jurm, p. 513. For 3h) les baht rdz read 3! yes bahdr az. &e—, p. 517. Vullers has no idea of what Bh. means. He reads WT (& sy yo dar taré 7 dn, and translates fructibus recentibus ; but Bh. has wTc¢s3 yo dar tée dn, in the inside of which. Again by (ps2 sarpésh, Bh. means a lid, so that ($44 will be the cwp or plate, and é&sa= the lid of it. Hence the nice verse of Tasir, which in Vullers has neither sense nor metre (Ramal)— t3 Coe) dy Cg dy Kiva lr &S (eeab JS 4 9 sr US és 5 dob —where the two lips of the sweetheart are compared to a rose and a rose bud, the latter resting like a lid upon the former, and the scent of which is used by the zephyrs as provisions for their journey to paradise. Vullers reads j!8 ddr for 5! 9 6 az. &i8— pp. 519 and 520, c) paedicare. For ws,S pile yo read wa,S ed}. In the verse read uy}! (AY dish azin, for E2ilLMsg pish azin. Kin p. 533. Read AS for os) ; else the verse has no metre. ghe p. 5384. Read uss) ru'unat silliness, for Vullers’ ess 3 za aunat. This verse is quoted by Bh. as a proof for the word LSy slSia jangali i yakpa, an animal of a man’s shape, having only one leg ; tt is proverbial for its stupidity. Hence Vullers has left out the word, but given the verse. a> p. 535, 3) coll. ces fluvius, et dicitur de aqua quam in calamo narcissi servare solent, ut narcissus diutius in statu recenti remanere possit. This isa sad blunder. Bh. has cwSp) 9> jaw-i- nargis, a graim for the narcissus, not (S9> a river. The metre of Mukhlig i Kashi’s verse (hazaj) shews that we have to read jaw, and not yz. The grain is put into the cup of the flower to keep it from shrinking. The reference in the fifth meaning to the Sharafnémah is also wrong. Thus throughout his whole Dictionary. The mistakes in Vullers arising from his being unacquainted with Hindustani, deserve a short notice. Hxamples :— csrt5l, p. 116, 2. ¢., ty T. First, the madd of sty T is wrong; secondly, (sy! is a gold oy silver coin of the emperor Akbar. 48 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1 32S, p. 184, English, an Englishman. The Persians and Arabs say (ptlSy inglis, the Hindustanis 54,1 angréz. We may compare the modern la 5S girjd, a church, with the Portuguese zyreja, and the Greek ekklesia. Sy p. 140, nom. urbis cujusdam B. It is Oudh, the famous Way or Bara. ab, p. 155, a kind of wandering Muhammadan monk, R. Vullers might have left out this error of Richardson’s. Similar mistakes are G17, Wmsi5T, p. 29, for os azab and Wms ’azabistdn (ay Shs? bakhtigdré, p. 194, for Cg 652 pulhtahkirt ; 5> A= p. 197, for 5> (ioe bakhshi-c-juz, a deputy paymaster who serves under the IS 6 ba? bakhsht-t- -kul, or paymaster- -general ; 03, p. 204, for ig badsanj, a8 you say eres ihushsanj, graceful; cs 58 3 O5 badzrgart, p. 207, for CSySiy! barzgart, or css683y1 barzahgart ; ows, p. 239, an Tendon spelling for, bho bastah ; Kis bashgir, p. 246, for Sue peshgir ; Gas Belg). p-. 303, for gk: yéldg ; Sly and 2b, p. 323, for Sis and se Ail &e. wlEs, p. 269, nom. magnae urbis et olim metropolis in Hindustan. This absurdity is supplied by F. élgs, p. 287; the extract from Richardson, with the exception of the meaning, @ violin, is correct. The word is Hindee, but occurs very often in Indian Historians. It is a purse of money kept at court for paying alms, rewards, We. en bilach, p. 279; this should be aos pulay. iJ53 p. 884. This is the Hind. Ys pdld, a word often applied to fruits. 344, p. 406. This is the Hind. term for pulea communis. Je5, p. 465. 8) nom. arcis in Hindustan, B., nomine )%u} zantambur celebris, F. This absurdity is, of course, supplied by F. Tt should be jpg) rantanbhir, as correctly given by FJ., or Rintam- bore. ws fob, p. 475; Vull. does not understand the Hind. wl,3 thdn, a piece of cloth of a fixed number of yards, G'erm. eine Webe. _y<> p. 521, the same as ways, a squall. sbfwlgs, p. 548. Vullers in his extract from Bh. writes twice lysis shdyjahin, for ws*ls Shdhjahdn, the famous emperor of India. I am afraid Vullers has not understood Bh.’s phrase 1 Obgghoe glTols qanaad tly obpch eae bet 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 49 “Tt is from obstinacy that the Persians call this town Jahandbad, and not Shah-jahaénabéd.” The emperor Shahjahan was often ridiculed by the Persians for assuming the title Shdh of the world. Kven the then Sultan of Constantinople ( ¢3) ylfo)s4 ) made once in a letter a satirical remark on the emperors imagniloquence, when his clever court poet Kalim got him out of the difficulty by composing an ode, in which the following verse occurs (metre muszari’)— Wael oy p40 hers wlbs | doo rmndSe Ol ShSe) SO5 (59) whys 9 OSD “The words 4 (6+ 50+ 4 = 59) and whe 845114 © 50 = 59) arein point of value the same; hence the emperor has a clear right to the title Shdhjahin.” For this clever verse Kalim réceived from the 4g) his weight in gold, and his ode was sent to Constantinople. o> chappar, p. 560; this word is the Hind. ,3¢= chhappar. Uisxs~ chétal. p. 607, This isa mistake often to be met with in Persian books printed in Europe. The correct form is Aisa with a E Jim. The word is spelé by Abulfaszl in the A.A., p. 27, 1. 4. Nor is it a nwmus cwprinus, but an imaginary division of a ddm, one silver Rupee (of Akbar) being equivalent to forty copper dams. & Accountants have divided the dém into 25 jetdls.”’ A.A., 1. c. esto, p. 918, a coin, the 8th of a gold muhur. Thus Vullers from Johngon. It is the eighth part of a rupee, not of a gold muhur, oy Toso, dud dlid, p. 923, 3) n. s. nom. magni oppidi in Hindustan F. sine exemplo. This absurdity is likewise supplied by the praeclarwm opus of KF. Whoever heard of a town Duddléd in India? It a blunder for obfestss Daulatébad. is, IL. p. 797; a reference to J3,5 was required. So likewise, p. 920, under Js5, to WyeS; and under 8ys3, p. 479 b., 1. Q4., to (5943. Vullers is also most unfortunate with his wlelé|. As the Iszdfat of the Persians is very badly treated in the existing Persian grammars, I trust I shall be excused for inserting here a few notes on the fakk& frie wn. . . Zi ° a Iszifat ( be! .S9 ), or the omisszon of the Iszafat, reserving some of Vullers’ mistakes for foot notes. The Isz4fat is omitted a, Alter qale, yh, gals, weed, Hib, els rp, od (not in le) 9 9 9 prose), sls as—Jowale, JUS wale, y=? re an admiral, ladys v0 7 50 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, the Keeper of the wardrobe ; ae (gale a passionate hunter we” Gate, od gale, oly Gale . pe wees a foe of science, [ees a foe of decency ; @y5 cae the representative of God’s mercy on earth (a flattering epithet for kings); Sen uty wali ni’mat, a benefactor ; ME egly a viceroy ; similarly, piel one who acts for another ; 5 ie sneee eS pat a beautiful boy, 315) ys, Seana ole xe Shéhjahan, josssl a harbour-master (in poetry the 8 in 34s would have the nimfat- hah) ; olj49032 ge an Indian sweetheart. b. Atter_p, Cyd, wlvo, st, Wl; AS—Y Dy, Khod) yao, 255 0, Jy oy, Bly 59, Keina yo, yigtd ud the space behind a wall, &> 95, yg, loy>cd the day of judgment, ISS? leavings (indian usage) 5 &aLoleo; the same as igh and or 3 after Us| in ws sl, in the Seine of the night, 59) sl, wFosiw, 3 Js! the first of the worship- pers. The last.is poetical usage— ee LF odin ss Js! KS eu cr] chy ye yo rw dh ev0 om (Sa’di) “ What can be the secret of the fiyure of this idol (of Somnath, which moved its hands), the fi: st worshipper of which I am ?—where the metre (Mutaqarib) requires the omission of the Iszafat after Us}. Also 895.019 ddéman koh, the side of a mountain, for %s5us0la ddman i koh.* c. In compounds often used (Shain) 35 ) as, WIS a pomegranate ; wd47 water for the ceremonial ablution ; SS» sugarcane ; wat a night attack ; ste sag-abi a seal, &e. ; ior sbU8, eT, Esl, &e. Thus also 91 dbrd (pr. the lustre of the aes) hones beisy ruzbizdr, the flourishing state of the market, flourishing circum- stances.; Many of these words are even written in one word. * The pretty little linen draper, the pretty little butcher boy. As our poets speak of Jane of the mill, the fair dairy maid, &c., so do modern Persian poets speak of pretty boys belonging to the ‘Trade. + Both words are wrongly marked in Vullers’ Dict. with the Iszafat. In poetry, of course, they have the Nimfathah, Similarly, IL. p. 759b., Lasley kar i giya, which be translates rex ; but LS vig, or better LS yl¢,with the Iszdtat, means regnwm, the business (ls) of a laS (not LS) or prince ; but Sylf, without the Iszdfat, (for ylfiotsS) means vex, and the derived abstr. n ES. Wf regnum. Tt is plain that this abstr, noun could never have been formed from Vullers’ LSily kar i giya rea. Reversely, & 4 Dy oe sly, p. 163, must have the Iszdfat, badd i shwrtah, as correctly given in Johnson. Vullers’ remark regarding the Iszifat, on p. vii. of his preface, has no sense. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 51 The Kasrat-i-Isti’mdl explains also the omission of the Iszafat in NAMES ; aS, GyAw> pile Ghulim Husain, for Ghuldm-i-Husain. d. After Gy bin son; as, (Sa’df) es Ow Ey Sgt}! ELL) Atabal Abubakr bin Sa’d i Zangi. This is not absolutely necessary in prose. The Persians use even the form G|, with the alif, when followed by the name of the father. Hence it would not be wrong to say, (gS) deve Gy! S93! Abtibakr ibn i Sa’d i Zangi. ; e. Under the influence of an alif i wacl. This is poetical; a > Ie, Ur? Ips, Sleile, 898 ode ly, Ulpdptel ; for s3 sly beside you, geile, 5295 Gata cst the price of such a jewel, wpa plecely one who reads (elegies on Husain) sitting at the foot of a banner (as used by the Ski'ahs during the Muharram.) f. After a hedden 8 (Gare ). This is poetical usage, and not found in modern poets ; as, Joes rod, MIU &agS, Sled duole, yy) Kasra, for Joie fred, jb day’. g. Before o3! God ; as, ot eae) bandmizid ( uphyclae ), Ot lplaws stpdsized, the praise of God. This is poetical usage. h. After 45, as brwté&s tah bastt, for tah z bastt, the dust below a mat; £245 tah jur’ah, the last of the cup. i. Aiter the preposition (55 zitowards, as, 99 85) cs) wt dargah v tw (Mir Mu’izz), towards thy throne, for 33 3&0 s- The word cs) does not occur after Sa’di. k. In cwxlolf kafar ni’mat, ungrateful ; xsIb2JU sdlis salisah, a Christian (Niz). l. After we JL; as, sos a » os) ee gseas ie: This occurs sometimes in poetry for 3 wy man «i bandah, i your slave. The word cs® does not occur after the time of Jami. m. After nouns ending in alif or wiw. Thus, wsrbo 551s haléki mal’in the accursed Halak, co95% Uae! Amtnd Harawi,* lor grb (gS 3a and (637% cobs}, which would not be wrong. VI. IT conclude this paper with afew notes taken at random from marginal remarks made by me to several Dictionaries at the time of reading. Ifit be not presumptuous on my part, I would point out that * The Alif at the end of proper nouns is modern rani usage. Thus Lasls nw o s ’ ae AO 1323, Lele? Liile, for wails, (.2) we 52 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, notes such as the following in form of an index, ought to accompany the Persian text of every book now-a-days printed ; for the compilation ofa reliable Dictionary, based upon a knowledge of the Persian language, must necessarily be the work of many. web cultivated. You say a5 wishT ty 5% wz! he built this town. Also, 955 wWlobF Gsiyd eb2 lye wl he built this town and called it after his name. sish] abdftah, made of canvass. In Indian books mostly without the AZadd. Indian Historians use the word as a noun, the same as dbdft, canvass. The forms 4&7 dbdft and 6482] dbaftah appear to be more in use than SL] dbdft and s43b7 dbdftah. yee abjésh gravy. Also, dried raisins. (goe%S kishmish is a smaller kind. y,2+° munaggais the best kind of dried raisins. 549° mowéz is a general term, dried raisins. C5) Leds col Adam 1 haft-hazirt. People say that the number of inhabitants on earth at the death of Adam, had reached the number of seven thousand. Ws)3f. Vullers and several inferior Indian Dictionaries maintain that azurdan is wrong, and azardan correct, as the word ws a contraction for WT. But of dzurd occurs in rhyme with Sys, oye5, and is analogous to Woy shumurdan, WS shumardan and Woe, sya? and WHLA9, Vrs and Wylwo, we. wdx0ol)J drdémtdan, transitive and intransitive. You say do}las wlos wo To, or, pebs wt 1) os fo. cx ds, a millstone, You say WS cpt yale to grind corn. 4.9f dséb, corporeal pain. yo dard, both corporeal and mental pain. vAjlf and w45;/T, to begin. The word is constructed with the accusative, or with & r, j Wolke] d/tdbédan, to become red like the sun. Infinitives in dan are formed from Arabic and Persian nouns, Examples :-— Worth to require, Wésees to understand, W425) to dance, wosdle (Niz.) to plunder, Weashs to swallow down, wosssht to rise (sun), woals? to die (Twiranian usage), woase to go to Mecca, wosyo~ to go to Madinah, wo2,45 and Woy, Sb1* to visit the tombs of "Omar and Abibakr, ws43sb the same as * Wor ws yd s3|- The form with the Alif occurs frequently in this name Similarly ogysly bdyastd, for o2yt52! até yaztd, the famous saint of ~ Saban 1868. ] oCntributions to Persiani Lexcography. 53 WI Slob, WdsXo the same as Wo, Ko, wWosel>s the same as Eid ol ele, wordy the same as Wx), wy the same as WdyS Hye, We es the same as pS SLI) gant, Wos2a0e the same as Wo; Baw, wee the same as wo% xbe. Khusrau (metre Hazaj) coal az ere Sakae al ge poder poslsT Udy 5 worf, You say WoXT)s Gly 3] to get up, and WasysTo Clyd 51 to rouse up. We might expect ws, bar-dmadan, but this is not idiomatic. Nizdmi,— ld Aypd) oxTys wasoty. So also AA,, peaol, tl: 3. exsi9f. The compound ¢5%3] yo means fo fight and to make fight. Vide A.A. p. 205,1.9. The nouns 8439] dwezah and Cf 29] dwézish ‘mean a fight, a battle. Also, a fight between annals. 5LT dydz, or 54) dydz, or +4! dyds, the name of a slave of Mabmid of Ghazni. He is proverbial in the Hast for his faithfulness. The form dydzis the usual form. There exists a Masnawi by Maulana Zuidli of Khwansari, entitled Mahmid o Aydz. Huzni of Icfahan (metre Ramal) awed ght 9 OY ol Sido) Sly jt gns ama Ob) PENS Sees 5 SUIS “Whether it be Ayéz or Mahmiéid, here (on the path of love) his duty is slavish obedience; love ties with the same string the foot of the slave and the freeman.” “eran din, manner, method ; as, cgy45| WY] the manner of governing adopted by Akbar. Also, one’s duties, official work; as, Uleig5 | dS 9S 9! OT Godly) odly “Ti there be no kotwal, he (the collector) will perform his duties. The plural LSas] means orders, laws, the same as esa; as, (woke colesas] dinhd 1 mugaddas, the orders of the king. Hence the dn (singular) i Akbari is divided into several dins. wiles) ctticéf. This word is constr. with Gs sjo and &, You say Sdlo lel) dey2 he possessed piety. 6X3! atkah, ov &3) atgah, a foster father. The latter form of this Chagatéi word is given in the Calcutta Chagatai Dictionary. As 6555 kékah and QUIS, kokultdsh, a foster brother, it often occurs as atitle. Thus wksS| atgah khin, the name of Shamsuddin Muham- mad, whose son, Khan i A’zam Mirza Kokah, was Akbar’s foster brother. . 5 ‘ bray 1 7 1 . Ay Dt aayle eso ahkdmt, adj. In Indian writers the same as soe neydiné, 54 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, referring to Astronomy. Thus Wye) 234, the same as wbsiyl tartkh + munajjimdn, the era of the astrologers. oy! arshad, superlative of 64%), often used by Indian writers as an epithet for a son. <5) artak. The form —S3y9! éirtak also occurs in MSS. A quilted horse-cloth. The word which is often used by Indian writers, is explainedin the AA., p, 142, 1.19, asa opf&ssy Etsga.a piece of chintz stuffed with cotton. ae <3)| artak i kajim, or according to the Chagatai form, oes S15)| artak-i-kejam, the quilt upon which the coat of mail of the elephant is placed. AA., p. 124, 1.3. qs! asp. The form q| asb is the Tranian form. It occurs in the Bostan in rhyme with qamS kasb, whilst no Persian poet would rhyme kasb with asp. The Yrénian Surtiri quotes also several verses, where it is rhymed with W8S)5], which itself stands in the eS} os e rae as, not ty. The Indian Madar gives distinctly em Bcsl ls. Mirza Ibrahim in his grammar has everywhere asb. _yi—s| astar, a mule, Hind. =>, which word is also used by Indian writers. Fir’awn was the first that bred mules. The belief in the Kast is that the mule is not sterile, but dies in foaling. Hence a mule is compared to a man who is liberal beyond his means. Khusrau (metre Muszari’) OS wlylo ws> BS jh Syde! yhoo! eer) Way SWS IY. 8) Sm 2 dls> 39> “ Tf the liberality of a liberal man is unnatural, it is his death, just as the female mule dies when she brings forth a foal.”* Observe also that the metre requires the omission of the Tashdid in the word kurah. In accordance with this idea, farmers are said to place a 4s over the vulva of the mule, in order to prevent gestation, a practice to which Khag4ni several times alludes. Thus in the Tuhfat ul ‘Iraqain, in speaking of the sun, through whose agency all metals and precious stones are called into existence, he says (inetre Hazaj) oe oS de Key pled 259 95 513 DAS L “ Through thee (O sun), the vulva of the mule is closed with a lock . * This corrects the reading in Vullers’ Dictionary, II. p. 826. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 55 (or ring) of gold ; and through thee the neck of the ass has an orna- ment of rubies. wos} uftddan. The spelling wosl45| is an ancient plena scriptio, which in woli3| has become the usual form, although wolb.s} is pronounced. The older Indian Dictionaries, as the Sh., Mu., Ma, mention the pronunciation aftadan as having then prevailed in India. You say o43| &A3 9) Slay 54m Gy! it costs a rupee ; O5RA} H51)} 1 Epoj old celts he takes care that the land does not fall off in cultivation ; solks} G40} land no longer cultivated; (+9) E58 313} the state of being waste land; o§3} “le jo 31) the secret becomes public ; Sst Byer 9 OLAS ya Wh; et) 3K i 31 from childhood he made verses and Jived in Iraq, A.A. p. 251. gk! aghydr, plural of 4©. The word occurs used as singular, a rival. Haydati of Gilan (metre Ramal) rnd) Lact | po ait hy csitegg Og pes cg At p92 3 “TInconstant lovers are hostile to each other on account of the inconstancy of their love; in true love no one has a rival.” Vide cox bulhawas. Similarly, |o£| add, pl. of ’aduww, occurs used as a singular. ’Umar i khayyém (Ruba’i) ww fact ly wa & sol y=” Ou 9S awl) 9 oe 3 wllls es" “s” easly BF fy 9S wed ayy? AU) 9 rmel Era 90° (ge AF phen Wee “T drink wine, and opponents from the right and left cry out to me, ‘Don’t drink wine; it is the foe of faith.’ Since I have learned that wine is the foe of faith, I must drink the red blood of the foe; for this is lawful.” In the third migra’ we have to pronounce ’aduww, and in the fourth ’adi. ces! agdas. In Indian writers the same as royal. So also bie mugaddas and wos qudst. yswos wt dzdt-i-qudst, the royal person. ely) alzdm, ¢. WoyS, Wold, to make a thing ldzim or compulsory ; hence to force, to overcome, to defeat inplay. Soalso, wos cS iho mulzim- t-kasé shudan = wo oJls, ’Urii (metre Ramal) coma aly cus! 959 yoga Foss eis ay! cote 9% Sasjly Wye ** When by way of play I defeat the literary writers (who hold the doc- trine of the jauhar-i-fard, t.e., the atomic theory, which the hukama do not), the jauhar i-fard (here = the mouth of the sweetheart) smiles, and proves the divisibility, (because the lips im smiling divide)” 56 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [Not xls! dlmds, a diamond. The idea is prevalent in the East that diamond dust is a deadly poison. Faiszi, (metre Ramal) AUK Jia ,2; DS ples Sy ges nnd S| peal hl yerace? og hse pug’ “Do not ask to know the ingredients of the antidote against love; they mix diamond dust into a deadly poison.”’ wdlkys al umm 7 ghilan, in Persian generally wlax0 mughilan, the babil tree, a kind of acacia, The pronunciation mughaildn, given by Burhan, is unsupported ; the word occurs in rhyme with was filin elephants, The ashes of mughilan wood are largely used in the Hast for refining gold and silver, whilst the thorns of the tree have become proverbial ; hence jig., the dangerous obstacles on the road of love. Cairafi of Sawah (metre Hazaj-i-salim) Lediee le Estes rae 9s elias R30 4,5 Pogo, KF 81) 5 “ The road towards the ka’bah (of love) is forbidden; else I would gladly direct thither my feet, not caring for the wounds which the sole of my foot would get from the acacia thorns of the road’”’—in allusion to the law which prohibits Muhammadans from sleeping with their feet stretched in the direction of Mecca, which would be disrespectful. Judai of Tabriz (metre Munsarih) gt Walato LA Ele (S95 00 og! erbolay poo rms! F425 Gy Cyn “The beauty of the sweethearts is a ka’bah; love the desert (through which the wanderer has to pass); the obstinacy of the wretches (the 43), the watcher), the acacia thorns of the road.” es imkdnt, adj., human, referring to man. God is dees] Gals necessary; Manis d¢>s/lurS+~o mumhkin ulwujid, possible; idols are d9>)|ei0 impossible. Hence sel colt gS human efforts. wy! andartn, pr. in this, within this. This word is, however, often used asa preposition, within = yo]. Observe that in this case it cannot take the e4l2|, just as_ sls bindbar, or os273_& nazar barin, on account of. Payaémi (metre Mujtass) oy Eros bS &I yo Bivoes sls: jhe &S ral gy Ks < sly copes? 4 ¢ pas . : ‘T am living in a world where my Ydsuf would be better in the pit than in the bazar,”—where Yusuf = life, the pit = non-existence, the baz4r = existence. stl97 9 cei] anfust o dfdgi, referring to the spiritual (anfusi) and to the visible world (alaqi). Hence mard-i-afust o dfdgt, a man who looks upon life as something agreeable, but who at the 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 5T same time strives to grasp the idea of Godhead. Such a man is both 25 ta’allugi, attached to this world, and says? tajarvudi (or &S+0)!3 wdrastah) independent of it. A.A. p. 49, Le ssh Cg yhS| angushtari bdz’. The players sit in a circle and pass on a ring. ” The person standing in the middle has to find the ring. If he says to one g5 poch, empty, whilst that person has the ring, he is 8,3 burdah, defeated, and must continue searching for the ring. Vide Vullers’ IL., p. 802, s. iS kachah. Tashbihi of Kaéshan (metre Haza)) eo ols gee ct Sambo hes Se gy wleeols vlke wil wo 90 “ Both worlds are empty and have nothing concealed in their hands ; J have the ring (of true love); every thing else is empty.” J. él. Indian writers use this word in the phrase oJo4 Uy) WLS pw the rebels became again obedient. MSS. have often Ugly wal, pres. part. of Ji wa-l. we! éman. The fathah of the mim is the same as the fathah in kafar, Hatam, &ec., for kafir, Halim, whilst the first syllable is a common Imalah. Hence the word is a corruption of Gyo] din. me wal bakhtan, 1, to play; 2, to lose a game, opp. Woy! burdun to wina game. Shikébi of I¢fahan (Ruba’!) rmiicle oS RRL Wi Coot SmibdL iia HAS Where ogy) FIST Coby? GUSTS 79 Seward thal ge Ue boy “The world is a nard play, the winning of which is a loss; skilful nard playing consists in being satisfied with a low throw. The world resembles the two dice of the nard play—you take them into your hands to throw them down again.” Payami (metre Ramal) eAEL ots oF wor ya Byal jleday pare oilien jb oil 42,0 “Wate cheats in play and takes back what it lost; one cannot play with a companion that practises such tricks.” Observe that in the first example, the word ( nagsh means the dots on the dice. The dice used in India are rarely cubical, but long, because the four long sides only are used. Sb bérgir, the same as we! asp, and sh bargl, a horse. 2. A slave, Hind. y= chélah, Mug. Bh. 3. pS Gyo harf-t-bargir, an expletive particle. Zdstr (metre Muszari’)— ews} 50 g9l3) aS 4 3, wya— Like an expletive particle, pleonastic 8 58 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. l, 4 "” . . and merely repeated.” Compare ells 6253, which has the same meaning. ybb bdzdér. This word is often used in the sense of a noisy place, Hayati of Gilaén (metre Ramal) werent Wa hy LEM aby Sy ge Sem Lyme ptt Semel GE Log * This is love’s lane, but not a bazar; hush, you must not talk here.” wslhsb bdzydft, stoppages, a fine. Synonyms are, wis tdwdn, loys jurmdnah, exS* ye sarshikan, | y5 ghardmat, @23wasza’,and ely bdzkhwdst. The last word is a general term and may also mean @ de- mand for rendering a satisfactory account ; 2+w\lySjL 33) r6z-1-bazkhwast, the day of reckoning; Vly jK po Cumslydjb bazkhwast-1-sarkar 7 wild that which is due to the state ; hence tares, Silos, ex} ,F, wy signify a fine; you say gS j! WAS, ailoa; cdlyjb and e@4) mean stoppages, deductions from salaries, &c. You say While dale dw oy 3434 three months’ wages of the grooms are deducted ; de B29 pol 5! & Lalo hon ee the fifth part of the monthly allowance of the Amir is stopped; ols eéljb Cgalf sili ele the collector makes a deduction according to the difference in weight (of coins brought by the peasants). The meaning Sle 2sljl in Vullers (from Richardson) is doubtful. Sharshikan is generally used in the sense of military stoppages to which a whole squadron is condemned. For example, A.A. p. 283, 1. 13 :— OS LE Sop0) Sty wlOye 1 ord Ob 2 8 oye “Tfatrooper be found to be without his horse, he (the faujdar) gives him a new one, charging the price to his squad in equal propor- tions.” , | j1y3 burdngdr, the right wing, JUs$ gol the centre, Dyyo chii- rangdar the left wing of an army. These are the usual spellings. Other forms are le!) biréngaér, jl, burungér, as in the Chagatai vocabulary published at Calcutta, and )l*! brangér (as in Zenker’s vocabulary). For )!®ty5>, we also find jluys—, jvirangér, with a jim. Vullers’ form jsts= juwdingdr, with a wdw, is not in my dictionaries. Another Turkish word often used by Indian writers, is — ~>=charkhcht an avantguard ; a foraging party. As the article in Vullers, p. 569, has no sense, I transcribe part of the article in the Muct. and Bh. gil Lab goo Bat oh ccbielle ra GSS “The word charkhchi occurs in the book entitled ’Alam-ara, by 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lewicography. 59 Sikandar Bég, in the sense of fawj ¢ hardwal, an avantguard. Asr (metre Hazaj) piles Luo at pslee aptge HE yy SS, eulovojgy sowlyity 7 oI “Tf on the day of battle thy voice is the avantguard, the opponent is easily defeated by the Muslims.” From some commentary I have copied the following passage— 9 csiare pl—reel Wa Cel? Bd foe SEI 1 Sm 9 ¢ cine Gee N95 oF (5dhy Hence a foraging party. As Vullers did not understand Bh., he might have left out his etymology. The word is connected with the T. S,> chirik and 24,= chirth, vide Vullers, I. p. 572. The T. S54 bulk, a troop, is likewise of frequent occurrence ; only the pl. is not bulékdn, as in Vullers, but esl buldkdt. csbyoy burd o bdi, or colagay) burd o pai, or dp9ck bdio burd. This word, which is often “used by Indian Historians, means betting on fighting rams or other animals. The margins of MSS. generally explain it by the Hind. ss)ls, which has the same meaning. I do not know the meaning of csb baz. At the courts of the Mogul emperors betting on animals was carried on to a great extent. Akbar had to pass several limiting laws. we, barhaman. In the poetry of Hindustan and the later poets of Persia, the Brahmin is enamoured of the ere canam, in the same way as the nightingale of the rose ; the atom (%)5) and the chamelion (4,=) of the sun; the S44ls, or the 954, of the 9, sarw; and the moth of the candle. The following verse is sufistic (metre Ramal)— Oi Shales etsy 9 phe OVypAQIiy) crest Se Byte y Gal mirrdaka yy “Tn reality there is no difference between the -lover and the object loved—idle thinkers speak of the idol as distinct from the Brahmin.” The verse requires the pronunciation barhaman, not brahman or barahman. cso%) bughdé, a kind of camel of high cost. So Shaksp. It would be more correct to say dromedary. The Bactrian camel with two humps (44590 dokuhant) is called in T. #2, s954, or, 9% bughwr. The latter word is used by Indian historians, but is often confounded in the MSS. with the Arab. _,3%2 ba’ér, Zenker’s Turkish vocabulary gives the plena scriptio »s£32, but he translates w dromedary, instead of a Bactrian camel, 60 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, cesels bulhawas. It is wrong to derive this word from the P. prefix Us bul much, as some Indian grammarians and lexicographers have done, whose opinion Vullers adopts. It is another spelling for cvgetigt. This is also confirmed by the fact that but bulhawas occurs, and not bulhds, whilst hés is a Persian tacarruf of the Arab. hawas. Again, the few real Persian compounds with bul are all ancient. The personel of Persian love poetry consists of the (gle, the Sy%x0, the ols gdgid, the 33) ragib (or wes or (.£0 mudda’l) who watches over the ma’shzq, and lastly, outsiders. Among the latter are those who are 491) zahid abstemious, indifferent to love, and those who are werd! bulhawas, who possess no (35, but C52 hawas. "Ishq is SioJis 24 Latiuzzawdl constant ; hawas is transient, Jls5J Eire sari’ uzzawal, though passionate. Uw bish more. This word is followed by 3!; yb we jC sx more than a hundred times. But 5} may be left out, when (Av stands after the numeral; as (#4 y4 we more than a hundred times. A hundred times more would be yo y¥ oe cad bar i digar. S css pai. In pre-classical Persian we never find cs, C69), cox, and Imperatives as (sL&aS, col, &e., without the (Ss: "During the classi- cal period the ae is often thrown away. In modern Persian the forms without the cs are the usual forms. Hence the modern adjective Glaals pa-hisab subject to rendering an account, in the Indian phrase Wr Selwoly fy nS, Similarly, taxes are the esble ek paranj i saltanat. In compounds, when cs!y is not followed by a genitive, the shortened form ¢,3 pai is often preferred ; oy G4 WIO2 LS,® not every one cares for it; Woy jS _5#+,.3 to go straight at a thing, to understand the essence of a thing; Ws,! o92% (.3 to strive to reach the goal; but ways} ciyre? eyS cols, the same. cs occurs also adverbially, under, the same as WkL jo, or wi? 5 dar taht; e. 9., Ommdg) Sy? > ald cols olga) c& the collector writes the name of every Tahgildar below the name of the village. ee) Ss pao gosht. What Vullers has copied from Richardson is wrong. ‘I'he word means 4 flesh, and is the name of a regulation of the emperor Akbar by which he wished to determine the fatness, or otherwise, of an animal in proportion to the quantity of food given, vide A.A. p. 168. sly is Hind. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 61 &= 53 parchah, for &»yls. This form I have only seen in Indian writers. The author of the Mir-at ul Alam uses it frequently. 8o,3 pardah means 1. a screen; 2. the place behind a screen; hence GA3o,3 a woman of good family; 353 yo behind the sereen; 3. the thin membranes in limes, pomegranates, W&c., vide A.A. p. 80,1 6. As 56 so does also 39,3 take the meaning of the king’s court ; hence, in Indian writers, os l)[8d53 the adorning of the court, doing something for the pomp of the court. (gyoe%53 pardah dart a tearing of the screen, the exposure of a secret ; aN p. 198, 20: Wo3,3 parridan and paridan. To fly. Also, to evaporate (scents). Similarly 99) dla 5) loys5 91 (sx its smell remains long in the clothes. Scents, colours are 4s 33 dérpd, lasting, fast. sacty pusht khdr, a hand made of ivory and fixed to a stick. This instrument, which is very common in India, is used for scratching (WoylX) one’s back. A larger kind of this instrument is used as a war club, in which case the whole, or only the hand, is made of iron; vide A A. p. 122,1. 1. The shape of the hand is either fist-like, or half extended with the fingers bent. cui lS is, of course, a back with khdrs or scratchers, hence a hedgehog. Observe that in the Indo-Germanic languages the last component of a compound expresses its genus, and the first its particular properties. Other compounds of pusht are KIS cating pusht tang, %. e., something tight for the back; hence, a broad girth for fixing the saddle, A.A. p. 148, 1. 3. The word is given in Vullers, on p. 364, but his spelling ihe pushtank is wrong. (a? Scents pushtgarmi, support, assis- tance. Sarmadi of Icfahan (metre Mujtass) pute (guy Sm rgd) Essent bs ta ops? a wlres Esisdess 5 “What have I done to myself in the heat of transgression (Whes, as py, Elo, ostls), eaaslee, 8S, love) ; with the help of God’s mercy, what crimes have I committed ! xls palds, the coarse stuff used for making moneybags. The adj. ews palasé means like palds ; but the adj. eredlly paldsin, made of palis, as wyrwdly &maS, The same distinction holds for cst] and (assy ; csdel6 and ude’, we, 62 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, By puyarah lattice work, framework, used for hedging in flower beds, or as supports for creepers ( 8)ly bayaérah*). Pieces of wood or bamboo are stuck into the ground, at proper intervals, and cross-pieces are tied to them. The shape of the interstices may be varied by differently arranging the sticks. In the kind called ceyeem ja'fart, each interstice is a rhombus, the sticks being placed obliquely, but parallel, into the ground; and so also the cross-sticks, which incline, however, to the other side. In ues bs shatranji, the pieces stand at right-angles to each other. More costly are the kinds 55 gird, where the interstices present the appearance of a square with a circle inscribed in it ;_»» gs shash-sar hexagonal, 33}13o dumwdzdah- sar twelve-sided. The ja’faré and shatranji may be sea yts ghar waclé, not tied, where the sticks are not tied to each other with strings ; the other kinds are (ghey wali, as strings are required. In Vullers’ article (¢,8*>, p. 517, the third meaning is the same as the fifth ; Shakspeare’s etymology from $326 is wrong. wles péchin, 1. twisting; 2. twisted. The passive meaning seems to be the usual meaning. Sanjar of Kashan (metre Rajaz) is 32 OE Geyil yo5 2 wlett U5 “(T come from the monastery) with the cord tied round the waist, and the gong under my arm.’’ Vide another example in Vull. I. p. 597, 11. Similarly bole shindsd knowing, and pass., known, as AU ; but the passive meaning is rare; vide A.A. p. 284, 1. 7; Id3 pidzird, accepting, and accepted. &siy 549 pir t pambah a scarecrow. Vullers’ meaning is unsup- ported. wls paimdnah. The paimdnah is larger than the co. we wl tabin, Inf. IT. of Gt ; vide Lane’s Ar. Dict. p. 9. ¢., a leading on, the same as (S3y43 pavrawt. Indian Historians use this word as an ism i fail, SOAS ogys, a leader, pl. wl ¢débindt leaders, officers ; vide AGA’ yo: LOW iL, Wy ; p. 193, 1. 1. G&byxl tdbin bdshé a superior commanding officer, p. 196, 1. 20. Thus also often in the Padishah- namah. * Vullers has s. % bas a reference to Ey botah ; but botah is not a creeper ; it is a plant capable of standing without support. 1868.] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 63 214 térikh. Native lexicographists derive this word from ox muarrakh, which is supposed to be corruption of the Pers. }9)s%l~ miahriz, or 39980 méh o riz, an era, calendar; Germ. Zeitrechnung. Others derive it from the Arab. ¢1)! ardkh, the wild cow (gaw i wahshi), an animal proverbial in the Hast for its stupidity. They then explain tdrikh as meaning the removal of stupidity, hence rendering certain, fixing anything. The custom of fixing the taérikh of an event by a word, or sentence, or a micra’, or a whole verse, is said to date from the sixth or seventh century of the Hijrah. Before this, meaningless words were used composed of the hurifi abjad. Thus in the case of Abi Sina, the Nicab uccibydn (vide above, p. 7, No. 65) has the following verses— Seapt eos jf Oo] ec do Laue sth aet Gel 2 do ke edt dy Bo) ds o> ola pie Ostas 38 * Aba ’Ali Sina was born in ex”, ” A.H. 3878, finished his studies in Law, or 391, and died in 4%, or 427. Such tarikhs are no longer used. The modern tarikhs are either tho mutlaq, or 4025 ta’miyah. The former kind extends over a whole micra’ or verse, as 5! y4 Silpcm S55 yas exe whe. The latter kind may be e)4 kharijé, in excess, when something is to be subtracted, or (hte dékhilé, when something is to be added. For example—(metre Mujtass) ae tt C999 5 Sadho ouas wat in which the words ls > S| uss give A. H. 1015; but as the maldik subtract one alif, we get A. H. 1014. The ee WOXS I] or WOsbS Kay» LUI, is explained by the authors of the Muet. and Bh. as referring to a custom of lovers, dervishes, mowrners, &ec., to cut the skin of the chest, the wound having the shape of an alif. 244 eb ndm 7 tdrtkhé, an additional name which parents give their children, in order to remind them of the year in which they were born—a very necessary thing in the Hast, where few people know their correct age. Thus, if a Muhammadan be born A. H. 1255, he may assume the name of (le ,¢b0 Mazhar’Ali, in addition to his own name, as the value of the letters when added will be found to be 1255. _s tabar, an axe, a hatchet ; also a war axe. If the war axe has the shape of a pointed wedge, like the bill of a bird, it is called Usist} zdghnol, pr. a crow-beak. If the zaghnol has joined to it a common 64 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [ No. 1, axe, the weapon is called Jsi¢1},35 tabar zéghnol. If the axe has an anvil-like piece of iron attached, it is called bax > 35 tabar-takhmdg, from the T. $4553 a hammer. Under J,is!} in Vullers, IL, p. 106, a., read ef secwris bellicae, for et sagittae bellicae, the Delhi edition of Bh. having wrong 33), _y3) tir 7 sartéz, instead of tabar i sar-téz. Jw5=) tahwil, to hand over, to give in charge ; hence y|ohs= tahwilddr a cash keeper. Akbar had for his household a US lolyg=? tahwildar 7 kull, who gave advances to the various 5> obgx tahwildar 1 juz. The latter furnished workmen, the people of the Harem, &c., with money for which they took receipts. The tahwitlddr 7 kull stood under the US £55 khizdncht i kull the Treasurer General. chs? tahwilt deposited, handed over (money); hence a deposit. cig Us fil i tahwili, a new elephant waiting to be handed over to the officer in charge of a é2l= halqah, (elephants which have the same value). The word ey? pl. y=, or wks gs? means also a deposit ; a “ transfer” of money. VII. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 5. In the name of the fourteenth dictionary read (ytw= /husain, for pts husaint. In 33., several MSS. read Coste, instead of pte. Page 6. The author of the forty-first dictionary is often mentioned in Indian historians. He was, according to Badaoni, Qazi of Delhi. In the title of the fifty-third dictionary translate :—‘‘ The Dictionary of Muhammad ibni Hindiishah Munshi who wrote to the praise ( cbs) of (the Amir) Ghids uddin Rashid.” It would be against the idiom to translate: —‘‘ Who wrote under the name of Gh.” This would be expressed by (goth) exo} Eke Clbs?. Observe the final cg in qgose). The word —lb4 in Persian, is followed by an abstract nown ; you say 29 jd Ges he got the title of Khan; Slo Glas! |i} 2 ead 5b he was honored by the title of Malik ushshu’aré. But this is not the case with the participle LIS” mukhdtab, which is followed by & and the title itself; you say o& wl? wLbls* he got the title of Khan; o* [peand | hs able”, Ge. The word al expresses often our alias; you say wld csldigle eb wlojuls Khanzaman, alias 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 65 °Ali Quli Khan. Native Persian scholars in reading these words, draw the word ¢& to the preceding name, without the wld]; as, Khén- zamaénnam ’aliqulikhan. But if the title be a word which cannot take the form of the macdar, khitdb is constructed as mukhdtab ; e. 4., SiJjras lbs? o& 51,50, instead of (AgoJjoee, which would be impossible. Thus also with the word vale ; you say, Arzt takhallue, Sirajuddin Khan, wld.241 ele wale 9))1 . We should invert the order, according to our idiom, and say, Sirdjuddin Khan, poetically styled Arzi ; or, in the above example, ’Alé Quli Khan, alias Khan zamdn. But when the Persians put the takhallug after the real name, they use the e414} ; as pred yee "Umar i Khayyam, ’Umar, poetically styled Khayyam. The author of the ji/ty-eighth dictionary, Shamsuddin, poetically styled Kakhr?, belongs to Icfahan. After the szxtzeth dictionary add psx bt] Codes! ypeto Says Ad. FJ., Sur. This is Firdausi’s ustdd. The author of the second dictionary is the nephew of this _Mangir. It is remarkable that FJ. quotes this ancient dictionary as his authority for the forms Ay! and & , witha&, Page 9. Line 5 from below, read printed, for lithographed. This edition of the Kashf, when obtainable, sells from fifteen to twenty rupees. Page 11. Line 5; in the second micra’, read <-d»94 budé, for 49) bid. Page 12. The author of the Farhang i Jahangir, Mir Jamaluddin Husain, played a more important part during the reign of Jahangir. Accord- ing to the Akbarnéamah of Abul Faszl, he entered Akbar’s service during the twenty-fifth year of his reign, or about 1581. When Abul- Faszl wrote the Ain, the Mir was a Hazari, or commander of one thousand, not a nuhcadt, as the reading of the first note on p. 226 of my Ain appears to be more correct than the reading of the text. The excellent work, entitled t,oY| ple madsir wlwnard,* contains the following biographical notice— ~ * Vide Morley’s Catalogue, p. 104. The MS. No. 77 of our Society, to judge from the corrections, looks like an autograph. Besides it is almost free from mistakes. It contains 574 leaves, The other MS, of our library, No, 181, is much inferior. 9 66 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [Nosye. es anf un! 3) jad wl yle plac] 3 bay | 9ax'| exo | JL 0 ogo” sls , 00 BOW ae shins psbgblye pale | cy! wye> wy? ee wo Jf pro lg eno} ce, a0 nblwy, ue al we! cy le ysl6t 51 wt yl Ble yr 9 ey ory! (ogre uewlerk xle wle5 5) why» eye) CS het gs SU] aol Jlea 40 * asl (yeess| =f eghlans ee wi~9s 9 ny Eset pulse (Ce if ass = dn ly ws Ves & Siwnd ating | chest mS 3 cod! 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Sbolf Cart wile oly Shor TLS 2 sopee g BI ag) BOebY ESTs 5) tgd CHOY Wl} Ent GAS ASSs3 @ dpay HSU 9S 5 ; « OMhSS (al Sol sbi rahas cp gta 3 cme ats ob Sad n0 90 pole wlblro gals Ly o> 3) gy olebles KKK At y9} 553 dls we 9 gy(Qs ror 570 9 colle ps oom” 1} phe lhe &="j &F sly Csghws ciel: ps0 O25)9 us® $55] Ow! el) hii p33 ota es 3 gt ® 9% Grade wlblo ogs Glaio & alc flee &S (gos Kas Ep Okey gO? las) by Ki SS kines Os> Ls3 Gyo a) 4S Sas AAR sho wh; pi bocia 2S! gy S08 5! alee rd] flee 4 joyty ON Shay lf Eptya Ol golhens! dT 1,0] dod con Ge) KA Ly 3) nay he 45i3 5 lo 35 Cole” Wr. v0 Js? soo] wstlaes &S rs nS 6S CY yee we tS os e* lglg peel wld 9 ons Kalra y wile? ria ly sho (BoD OtnKsv0 Lye 4S Of Oxo ol # Sly 52s eu) eS> Oty ol, sylgw AF gis set phe peel Enya iE Ely = ASS 0 og arogKex! ol}! Cyd wa gayd lola pros 2995 Gelyo1 LSpe yah! sldoly = ogiley asl loi) Jeol! ode obs! pros Slo yo 9 % 955 ood les syo oy gly Shay Cols Bape) CaylSpme sytlE™ yo ood 45 peor eS p10 (sa yeh 9 Set KiyS ColpigSlay y OUI s wo Reda Chad plas) ly We JUS so Bl? g Oa dS 5 yt y9s sy955T weiss cy, sbi ct: KS) 9 GILA HLS we Od (2S yj road Kxt9) 9152 B07] yp — as! l=); e Di] dS oo Jos Jie at ved iS, 2 y0 iow Er By ORS yo cszinh Jal * The following words are verbally taken from the Iqbalnamah, ed, Bibl, Ind., p. 87. 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lewxicography. 67 Od & copSilka Kias dom yg diy heh T Gytlb wIloSs 40 wes Bley GES 50 Ga! % ray}! ote kee bud ops yh20 ylaws SS Cred Bee) O23 ly eno Car! ps0 SILT sens 4 $39 53 5 Kitd ogo lwo wl yf chee ES 30.9 a5 dy AE” SES ymio atari} one LIES &sxos 393 Ghat exo QFfom Cpey pod WIA (625.0 yo} pla pay wu dS yy # BOM 9S dv0 “Mir Jamaéluddin Anju, of Anja, belongs to the Sayyids of Shiraz, who trace their descent to Qasim arrasi ibn i Hasan ibn i Ibrahim i Tabatiba i Husaini. Mir Shah Mahmud and Mir Shéh Abi Turab, two later members of this renowned family, were appointed during the reign of Shah Tahmasp i Cafawi, at the request of the Chief Justice of Persia, Mir Shamsuddin i Asadullah of Shuster, the first as Shaikh- ulislam of Persia, and the second as Qézi-lquzdt. Mir Jamaluddin is one of their cousins. He went to the Dekhan, the Kings of which had frequently intermarried with the Anjus.* Afterwards he entered Akbar’s service, and, in the thirtieth year, was appointed a commander of six hundred. In the fortieth year of Akbar’s reign, he was promoted to the rank of a Hazéri. It is said that in the end of Akbar’s reign he was a commander of three thousand. When in the forty-fifth year of the emperor’s reign, the fort of Asir had been conquered, Adil Shah, king of Bijaptir, wished to enter into a matrimonial alliance with Akbar, and offered his daughter to Prince Danyal. To settle matters, Akbar despatched the Mir to the Dekhan, who, in A. H. 1013, after making, near Pattan, the necessary preparations for the marriage feast, handed over the bride to Prince Danyal. After this he repaired to Agra,} in order to lay the tribute and the presents before the emperor, the best of all which up to that time had come from the Dekhan.”’ ** As the Mir had always been a particular friend of Prince Salim (Jahangir), he was promoted after the prince’s accession to the post of a Chahér Hazari, and obtained the privilege of the naqqarah and the flag. When Prince Khusrau (Salim’s son) rebelled, the Mir re- ceived the order, to effect an understanding by offering Khusrau * So also Firishtah, + If this is correct, it must have been after Abalfazl’s death, ~ Accompanied by the historian Firishtah. § To sound the naqqarah, and to have a flag carried before oneself, was a distinction only given to great amirs. The aurang, chatr, saiban and kaukabah are reserved to kings. _ Vide AA, p. 49, 68 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [ Nosy the kingdom, which Mirzé Muhammad Hakim (Akbar’s brother who had held Kabul) had governed. The Prince unfortunately did not agree. When he was subsequently made prisoner, and brought before the emperor, Hasan Bég of Badakhshan, Khusrau’s principal agent, impudently said to Jahangir, that it was not he alone who had favoured Khusrau, but that all the amirs present were implicated; Mir Jamal- uddin, the emperor’s ambassador, had only the day before asked him (Hasan Bég), to promise him an appointment as Panjhazéri. The Mir got pale and confused, when the Khan i A’zam* fearlessly advised the emperor, not to listen to such absurdities; Hasan Beg knew very well, that he would have to suffer death, and tried therefore to involve others ; he himself (the Khan i A’zam) was the chief conspirator, and ready as such to undergo any punishment.” “This satisfied the emperor; he consoled the Mir, and appointed him afterwards Governor of Bahar. In the eleventh year of Jahaéngir’s reign (A. D. 1616), he received the title of ’Aszaduddaulah.; On this occasion the Mir presented to the emperor a dagger, inlaid with precious stones, the making of which he had himself superintended, whilst at Bijaptr. At the top of the handle he had a yellow yaqut fixed, perfectly pure, of the shape of half an egg, and had it surrounded by yaquits, as approved of by Europeans, and old and clear emeralds, so as to make it more conspicuous. The value was estimated at fifty thousand rupees.” | “After this he lived for some time at Baraitch, where he held lands granted to him by the emperor. He repaired once more to the capital, where he died of a natural death.” “The Mir was a man distinguished for his talents. The Dictionary, entitled Farhang 1 Jahdngiri, which is everywhere highly valued, and referred to as the best authority, was compiled by him. The author has indeed shewn a most admirable carefulnegs in his critical investiga- tions, and the correctness of the vowels.” “‘ Of his two sons, the elder, Mir Aminuddin had been with his father in the Dekhan, and was married toa daughter of ’Abdurrahim, Akbar’s Commander-in-Chief; he was promoted to a higher post, when, at an early age, he died; the younger, Mir Husdmuddin Murtasza Khan, has been mentioned before.” * Vide AA. p. 223, No, 21. y+ Vide Toozuk i Jahangiri, ed, by Sayyid Ahmad, Allyeurh, 1864, p. 175. HsGe.| . Contributions to Persian Leaxicography. 69 The Tuzuk i Jahingirt gives the following additional particular :—-* 2 i 5 wylelve fxs 5f BO cha g pty yhaend Gee BgdJ] Mas p40 posers os ELA y Glee do 9 OO Waals aM ty! wT > O99 oy 223 5 S95] 0 9 oa BAS SA x yels ary x 3 O23 AI 9) sh eS glo, af Rap pet ls!) 45,0 9 say] s0yjS eld] OSL S551 91 Eedyr le > s we dyles Jl} egy 9 yer oboit Cgleos * Mir ’Aszaduddaulah having now (A. D. 1621) become very old, and bent from old age, he is no longer fit for employment in the household, the army, or the administration of a jagir. I excuse him therefore of all further trouble, and give hereby the order, to pay him out of my treasury the monthly sum of four thousand rupees cash, payable at Agra, Lahore, or any other place, where he likes to reside, so that he may be happy and comfortable, always praying for the welfare of my kingdom.” The highest rank which the Mir attained, was a brevet Panj-hazari (wld epee Zo) with an actual command (and salary) of a Sihhazar 0) paneadi. ili Towards the end of his life, he seems to have revised his dictionary. As late as 1628, he presented a copy of it at the eighteenth anniversary of Jahangir’s accession. The writer of the latter part of the Tuzuk says :— 3 » wl_2} Erem 9 KhAle csartt gd 9 BOAES li ode? Gs" foeh (+) wl J.iv0 sis wr Wad # Koyg] Ogtidave Leos ustele jled} The word = I have heard generally pronounced Anji, I think Inju is the correct pronunciation, as = appears to be the same as =I and =" , a word thoroughly investigated by Quatremére, Histoire des Mongols, p. 180. From a remark in the Waceaf, it appears that a part of Shiraz was called ro) eyjt. This seems to be the meaning of the word 5 5| unjuyah, inthe first line of the extract from the Maasir ulumara. * Sayyid Ahmad’s edition, p. 327, med. Major Price’s translation of the Tuzuk i Jahangiri mentions Mir Jaméluddin’ on several places; but the imperfect MS. used by him, renders his translation useless. Major Price’s MS., to judge from the translation, resembles the bad MS. of our Society, No, 1339 Ccephilke wl2s}, de + Sayyid Ahmad’s T,i. J., p. 156, 1. 8. { Sayyid Ahmad’s T. i. J., p. 359, 1. 7. 70 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. | Nore As it is then settled that Mir Jaméluddin is a Shir4zi,* we can understand, why he has given so many words belonging to the dialect of Shiraz, a few of which may be found in the B. and Vullers. Page 22. Line 21. For by read cols; and 1.2 from below, read ’Abd ul Ghafir, for ’Abdul Ghafar. Page 24. Line 7 from below, read abai, for aba. According to Tadzkirah by Sarkhush (last chapter), ’Abdurrashid discovered that the following verse of the Qoran (Sur. iv. 62)— eSie_ye| cstala Sproyt] tprabl 9 KL) Joab contains the tarikh of Aurangzéb’s accession. To page 27. Sirajuddin in the preface to the ds Sabo gives a list of some of the books written by him.— le ind S c yd ylylad 2. &013 O50 oe 58d gS& 3 iste oiles om 5. yao dho wp lol dct Resp Nios al ov. ye Qe Speer (er wydtic (ae jladr ys GB. Bae Go! GALE" yy GEE Gol ley Res 9 K39 po OFf59 7d 1593 ylazv0 ew SB. 9 39m “Alles Cpe dy tye & Frey) uss? So aS 9, 9 o9e=? y2'y2 9 gle y Som Uozide us! the 5h 10.cersrbble Kelisle tra yo OT elle TL, p25 5 25 eid yy ailed pre Cogito prone csh5 a4” Sho 1 Sa Ete Seditive JF lero 13, syelerdlnive Slee yo Gre olay ys 14. ¢,J5% ues Hird yy LS Hels * Mirza Nausha calls him (gose 4 1868. ] Contributions to Persian Lexicography. 71 15. 9 85153. 9 U29e Boy yy WE Co2y4] Jb, 16. wbd » whl goslas | To this long list, we have to add the works mentioned on pp. 25 to 27; the (plViec” majma’ wnnafdis, a tadzkirah of Persian poets, alphabetically arranged according to the takhallue ;* and the EWS oly nawddir v alfdz, a dictionary of those Hindi words whose equivalents are rarely met with in Arabic and Persian. Page 30. Line 21, read fifteen years’ labour, for fifteen years, labour. Page 32. Line 4. Read 17, for 27. Page 39. Line 15. I do not know, whether Jannatastdni, or Jannatéshyani, or both, be correct. In some historical books both terms are used pro- miscue, in many dshydné, in others dsténé. In the MS. of the Maasir- ulumara, mentioned in the note of p. 65, dshyant has every where been carefully corrected to dstdné. Hven in Akbar’s laqab, I have found dstént, for dshyant. ‘There is no doubt that dshydni conveys a better meaning, than dstdénv. Line 5 from below, read of Akbar’s mother, for of one of Akbar’s wives. Line 3 from below, read teacher, for pupil. The pious are attracted by God. Page 37. To the Indian pronunciations mentioned in 7., add—pEyricgjle ghazi uddin, for ghdziddin; GAStylors Diddérbakhsh, for (HSyIdes Dadarbakhsh ; bail, baghichah, for gatly bagchah. The Indian pro- nunciation Gle*, for Gls, is said to be Chagatdi. * The MS. of our Society, No. 129, goes only to the letter ~ hé; nor dol know, whether Arzi completed the work. I may mention that this MS., to judge from a marginal remark which the binder has half cut away, is written by Sayyid Ghulam ’Ali of Belgram, Arzt’s nephew. He was himself a poet, and Arzu has mentioned him under his takhallug A’zdd. From this book, it also appears that the Surmahi Sulaimané, the twenty - fourth dictionary of p.5, was compiled by the poet (gdao| os, Tagi Auhadi of Ic¢fahdn, the well-known author of a Tadzkirah. He came to India during the reign of Jahangir (1605 to 1627), and must not be confounded with the poet Taq?, of Shustar, one of Akbar’s nobles; vide A. A. p. 230, No. 352, The concluding chapter of the Mir-at ul’ Alam gives a few of their verses. 72 Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, Page 44. Line 2, read follows, for ollows. Line 11, read UPN! burinsh, for Use y2 yurtnish. Page 45. Line 20, read 3,27 dbrah, for 4,2. Page 50. Line 19, remove the asterisk after the word koh. Page 53. Line 5, read (pj9 sdzish, for Gsyge sorish. R&S" Inconclusion I may mention that this paper is an extract of a larger work written by me, entitled ‘Contributions to Persian Lexicography.” About six years ago, Major Lees asked me to compile a Persian Dictionary. OC I GD orn OD BDO Jaman juddh Kabiljer. jl S . Alhan Gangaju darsan. — — . Alhan Jay-chand milap. 12. Gajar juddh. . Jaganak Alhan sambad. pat ive) 14. Alhan Jaychand sambad. — Or . Brahma barat Batesvi darsan. 1868.] The Poems of Chand Barday. 121 16. Bela bydh. 17. Alhan Kanaujte Mahobeko gaman. 18. Gandhau Alhan juddh tathé Mahilko Ghorinko dand karné. 19. Kalysur pija Alhan sapna. 20. Alha Mahobe nist Lakhan Talhan sahit. 21. Rup Brahma. 22. Prithiraj Parmal do kos antar apna mantrdin. 23. Paninko bida Kélinjarko karan. 24. Raja Parméal Kalinjar gaman. 25. Talhan vadha. 26. Lakhan Talhan vadha. 27. Alhan Arahma sambad. 28. Udal Sanjam Ray juddh. 29. Udal-kanh sangrém. 80. Udal vadha. 31. Raja Parmél srap. 32. Alha bardan. 33. Chanhan Chandel sena. 34, Jaganak Devapur gaman. 55. Brahmajit Kumar vadha. 36. Gorakhnath darsan. 37. Alha jogaérth Gorakhnath sang Kalinjar gaman. 88. Chand bhavishya varnana. Sir H. Hlhot, in his Bibliographical Index, has a note apropos to Rashid-u-din’s mention of Kajraha, which may be here quoted as bearing on Cantos I and IL. “ Kajraha. Its real name is Kajraéi, on the banks of the Ken, between the Chatterpur and Panna, said to have been founded by the great parent of the Chandel race. The ruined temples of Kajrai are of great antiquity and interest. They are described in the Mahoba Sama, and there said to have been built by Hamoti, upon the occasion of her having held a Banda jag, or penitential sacrifice. She had committed a little faua pas with the moon in human shape, and, as a self-imposed punishment for her indiscretion, held a Banda jag, a part of which ceremony consists in sculpturing indecent representations on the walls of temples, and holding up ones own foibles to the disgust and ridicule of the world. Hamoti was the daughter of Hemraj, spiritual adviser to Indraji, 17 122 The Poems of Chand Barday. [No. 2, Gaharwar Raja of Benares.” It is strange to find a scholar like Sir H. Elliot guilty of so many inaccuracies in one short paragraph: for Sama read Samay, for Hamoti, Hemavati, for Banda, Bhandav, from the root bhand, to divide, and for Indrajt, Indrajit. The legend of Hemavati’s amour with the moon is related at full length in the first canto of the Prithiraéj rayasa, which I now proceed to translate. Here the river Ken, or Cane ag it stands in our barbarous maps, appears in its original form as Karnavati, and the city of Kajrai is called Kharjinpur or Khajjurpur. Translation of Canto I of the Prithirdj-rdyasa (Benares MS.) I reverence the gracious feet of Ganesh, Ganga and Gauri by whose slightest favour, highest wisdom is attained. Getting unutterable lore, I sing the glory of Raghupati; after Ganesh and Guirija, not unmindful of the great bard Valmiki. Valmiki composed the Ramayana; Vyasa uttered the Mahabharat ; their works are renowned throughout the world; the Mahabharat has spread through the universe. Men reckon the Mahabharat at 100,000 verses ; the poet Chand, in as many, celebrates the fame of the Chauhans. The king, a second Duryodhan, with his hundred knights inaugurating an era; in asecond Mahabharat the poet Chand records his achievements. With the Tomar king were ‘four godlike sages, lights of the world, lights of the court, endued with the sin-destroying splendours of Hari and Vyasa; four lights born in the world, of pure and boundless wisdom, Vyasa the son of Pardsar incarnate in four portions. With the foes of hares and deer (@. e. chitds) with the kings of the feathered tribe (@. e. hawks) and innumerable dogs, Anangapéla set out towards the north to hunt. On the bank of the mountain stream he espied a dense forest, abode of the king of beasts; thither the monarch turned. Spells, charms and prayers, even the chase itseli, are forgotten: such a marvel met the king’s gaze in the forest. A ram of vast strength, that would dash through a thousand armies, was fighting with eight tigers, and scattered them all. c ao a x z = < ate at Yager <2 : Den =