=. JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. -O—= Vol. LXIII. Part II—NATURAL SCIENCE. EEE No. [.—1894. I.—On new or little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan regi0on.— By Lions. de Nicr’vitie, F. E. 8., C. M. Z. S., &e. (With Plates I, II, III, IV and V.) [Received February 10th ;—Read March 7th, 1894, ] Family NYMPHALIDA. Subfamily Saryrina. 1, Mycazesis (Satoa) mais, n. sp., Plate I, Figs. 1, 3; 2, 9. Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 6, 1°8 to 1°9; 9, 2°1 inches. Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings black, glossed with vinous in some lights; a narrow waved marginal line. Forewing with the costa, apex broadly, and outer margin decreasingly paler; a small black white-pupilled ocellus in the anterior discoidal interspace, sometimes with a smaller ocellus attached to it posteriorly; a large round black spot in the first median interspace, outwardly bounded by a pale line. Hindwing with a broad whitish patch on the costa at the base of the wing; the outer margin narrowly pale. UNbDsERSIDE, both wings fuscous; the outer margin bears a narrow waved black line, then a waved narrow ochreous (in some specimens violet) line, then a nearly straight ochreous (or violet) line, the extreme margin narrowly black. Forewing with the apex washed with ochreous ; a subapical black ocellus, sometimes with a second smaller one attached to it posteriorly, and a J, 1, 1 e ~ 2 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, very large posterior ocellus, these ocelli have a white pupil, the black portion surrounded by an ochreous, a black, and lastly a violet ring; the inner margin broadly whitish. Hindwing with a basal nearly straight and a discal irregular violet fascia; a series of seven ocelli towards the margin similar to those on the forewing, but the outer rings of all of them joined and forming a continuous violet bordering to the whole series of ocelli, the first, fourth and sixth ocelli of medium size, the second, third and seventh small, the fifth the largest. Frmate. Upprrsip3, both wings much paler than in the male. Forewing with an indistinct subapical broad dull ferruginous fascia, reaching from the costa to the first median nervule ; otherwise similar to the male, except that all the secondary sexual characters found in the male are wanting. Nearest to M. maianeas, Hewitson, the only other species in the subgenus Satoa; described by Hewitson from Malacca [?] and Sarawak, of which the female has alone been figured, and from which the same sex of M. maia appears to differ in having a subapical ocellus on the upperside of the forewing, and the “orange band” instead of being very richly coloured and prominent is reduced to an obscure cloud on both surfaces. This species appears to occur not uncommonly in the mountains of N.-E. Sumatra, and there are numerous specimens in Dr. Martin’s collection as well as in my own. I possess specimens taken in July and December. Both Mr. Henley Grose Smith (‘Head Hunters of Borneo”’), and Dr. B. Hagen - Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt von Deli auf Der Ostkiiste Sumatra’s””) record M. maianeas, Hewitson, from | Sumatra, but this species is probably the one meant. Subfamily Morrnina, 2. STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA, n. sSp., Plate I, Fig. 4, &. Hasirat: Manipur. Expanse: &, 5°0 inches. Description: Mae. Upperstpe, both wings deep rich reddish-ful- yous orferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the underside shewing through by transparency; the apical area widely pale fulvous, this pale area extends from the submarginal hastate black markings to just within the discal black line, it ig very wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings, one in each interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the sub- median nervure, increasing progressively in size from the anterior to the posterior marking ; a large black patch at the apex; a submarginal fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary black line, both YORE 1894,] L. de Niceville—Butterfles from the Indo-Malayan region. 3 reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule ; the area enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of six rounded spots regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the smallest, the posterior one the largest, these spots are of a slightly darker shade than the pale fulvous apical area, but not so dark as the dark, rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the anterior one is a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped,* increasing in size from the anterior one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the seventh posterior marking somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the whole width of the submedian interspace; a fine black anteciliary thread. Unpersine, both wings of a reddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade as on the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking towards the base of the cell; a highly irregular and ziz-zag black line crosses the middle of the cell and extends both to the costa and to the submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the line is broken and shifted outwardly below the median nervure ; the upper, middle, and anterior half of the lower disco-cellular nervule defined by a black line; an irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure, just touching the lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five ~ somewhat cordate, reddish ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish lunule and bounded by a fine whitish and then a fine black line, the four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in the first median interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irre gular black line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler than the discal one; the space between these two lines is anteriorly some- what paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight blackish band; a very fine anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an irregular sub-basal and a discal black line, the latter posteriorly curving round and almost meeting the posterior end of the former, both termina- ting above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series of five ocelli on the dise similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the largest and rather misshapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three in the middle nearly equal sized; the outer discal fulvous line and * The late Professor J. O. Westwood well described these peculiar and charac: teristic markings of the genus Stichophthalma as being built up of a much curved lunule on the margin coalescing inwardly with a spear-shaped spot. ‘lo me these markings have a curious likeness to the black silhouette of the head and shoulders of a human figure, especially the third marking from the anal angle of the hindwing in the specimen here figured. 4 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, blackish submarginal band as in the forewing; a small oval deep black spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud above it reaching to the posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Antenne black. Body throughout ferruginous. Nearest to S. howqua, Westwood, var. suffusa, eee * from Western China, differing in the forewing on the upperside in the pale apical area being very much smaller, not extending into the cell as it does in S. howqua, var. suffusa ; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. sparta are well formed, in Mr. Leech’s species they have lost all shape, having coalesced into an almost solid black band. On the underside the ground- colour in 8. howgua, var. suffusa is pale greenish, in S. sparta it is ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference; but in true S. howqua and its named variety the outer discal line and the submar- ginal band on both wings are half the distance apart that they are in — S. sparta; and they have six and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing, while S. sparta has only five. Described from a single example purchased from a telegraph signaller employed at Manipur. Subfamily NympHarina. 3. HERONA PRINGONDANI, Fruhstorfer, Plate III, Figs. 5, 0; 4, @. H. pringondani, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xix, p. 314 (1898). Hapitat: Java. ExpansE: &, 2°9; 9, 2'9 to 3:1 inches. Description: MALE. Uppersipe, both wings dull brown, slightly tinged with ochreous. Forewing with an indistinct pale oblique band across the end of the discoidal cell; a broad very irregular discal white band extending across the wing, divided into oblong spots by the brown veins crossing it, the four anterior portions from the costa to the third median nervule are placed outwardly obliquely, the first portion on the costa is very small, the second is larger, the third is the largest, the fourth not quite so long as the third but broader; the four remaining portions of the band are placed parallel to the outer margin, the upper portion in the second median interspace is oval in shape, the second portion is the largest of all and has a small round black spot in its middle, the third is smaller than the second but bears a large round black spot, the posteriormost portion on the inner margin is short; two subapical crescent-shaped white spots placed obliquely, divided by the upper discoidal nervule. Hindwing with a broad even discal white band extending from the costa to near the abdominal margin, * Butt. from China, Japan, and Corea, p. 114, pl. i, fig. 8, female (1892). 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 5 divided by a highly irregular blackish fascia which is broken at the third median nervule ; an indistinct ochreous cloud across and beyond the end of the cell; some whitish spots on the margin towards the apex. Unpersipe, both wings witha highly irregular narrow discal brown line extending across the surface, commencing above the anal angle of the hindwing and ending ina rather broad dark fascia at the costa of the fore- wing. Forewing whitish, the inner margin very broadly extending half way across the discoidal cell pale ochreous ; an oblique brown band across the middle of the cell, a short one at the end of the cell; the white band of the upperside indistinctly defined, but the two black spots divided by the first median nervule distinct but smaller than on the upperside. Hindwing whitish mottled and clouded with pale ochreous- brown; an oval conspicuous brown spot in the middle of the cell placed against the subcostal nervure. FEMALE shaped and marked precisely as in the male, and can only be distinguished therefrom by the stouter abdomen and the structure of the forelegs. Nearest to H. schoenbergi, Staudinger,* from South-East Borneo, from which it appears to differ in the forewing in the discal white band being broader and continuous throughout, in H. schoenbergi it is broken up intoa double series of spots, the outer series is white, the inner pale ochreous; in the hindwing the discal white band in H. pringondani is placed much farther from the outer margin than in H. schoenbergi, and the black fascia it bears is strongly broken and dislocated in the middle, while in H. schoenbergi the white discal band approaches much nearer the margin, and the black fascia across the band is continuous throughout and divides the band nearly equally; lastly, there is a small round black spot in the middle of the first median interspace in H, schoenbergi which is wholly wanting in H. pringondant. Described from one male and two females received from Mr. H. Fruhstorfer, to whose courtesy I am indebted for a copy of his descrip- tion of the species, which reached me just in time to enable me to sub- stitute his name for the one I had proposed for this interesting Herona. 4, Hrona sumaTRANA, Moore, Plate III, Fig. 7, 9. H, swmatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308. Hapsirat: N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 3, 3'0 to31; 9, 31 to 3:4 inches. * Herona schoenbergi, Staudinger, Iris, vol. iii, p. 337, n. 3, pl. iii, fig. 3 (1890) ; vol. iv, p. 84 (1891). The figure is probably taken from a female specimen. This may be the species referred to by Mr, W. Doherty in Journ. A. §8. B., vol. lviii, pt. 2, p. 122 (1889) thus :-—‘‘ Euthalia (Felderia) macnairi, Distant, is mimicked by a new and remarkable species of Heron (?) of which both sexes were taken by me in Borneo, and are now in Mr. Neumoegen’s possession.” 6 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, Description: Matz. Uppersipg, both wings dull brown, slightly tinged with ochreous. Forewing with a discal macular band consisting of seven separated portions, the four anterior ones elongated, whitish, dusted with fuscous, the three posterior ones rounded, white, tinted with violet in some lights; three subapical small violet-white spots arranged in an equilateral triangle, with the apex of the triangle towards the outer margin of the wing; a large quadrate ochreous spot in the first median interspace within the discal band, a smaller one in the submedian interspace bisected by the internervular fold, a narrow streak on the inner margin. Hindwing with a broad even discal white band, strongly tinted with violet in some lights, extending from the costa to near the abdominal margin, divided by a highly irregular fascia, anteriorly fuscous, posteriorly broader and paler, the fascia broken at the third median nervule; a complete marginal series of whitish spots between — the veins. UNDERSIDE, both wings marked and coloured almost exactly as in H. pringondani, Fruhstorfer, from Java. FEMALE, as in the male, but the violet suffusion of the upperside rather more prominent. Closely allied to H. schoenbergi, Staudinger, from South-Kast Borneo, and to H. pringondani. It differs from both in the violet reflections of the upperside; it agrees with the latter in the fuscous fascia of the hindwing on the upperside placed on the discal white band being strongly broken and dislocated in the middle, thereby differing from the former. The markings of the forewing differ a good deal in detail in H. pringondani and H. sumatrana, as will be noted by a reference to the figures and descriptions of the two species. Described from two males and three females in Dr. Martin’s and my collection, one of which was taken in the virgin forest at Selesseh in September. It may bea mimic of the common species of Huthalia (Felderia) of the group of cocytina, Horsfield. 5. Nepris CLINIOIDES, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 8, &. Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. EXpaNse: o, @, 22 inches. Description : Mate and Fremare. Uppersine, both wings deep black, markings creamy-white. Forewing with the discoidal streak wide, joined to the triangular spot beyond, just “nicked” or indented anteriorly at the end of the cell; the discal series consists of seven spots, placed in two groups, the upper of three, the lower of four spots, the groups well separated, the uppermost spot very small, linear, the two following large, conjoined, divided only by the upper discoidal nervule, the four posterior spots large, contiguous; the submarginal macular line obsolete in the male, composed of small linear streaks in the female. 1894.] lL, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 7 Hindwing with a broad discal band, widest on the costa, gradually and evenly tapering to the abdominal margin; the submarginal band com- posed of prominent narrow portions ; an indistinct pale line between the discal and submarginal bands; a similar marginal line. Uwnpersrpn, both wings reddish-brown, all the markings broader than on the upper- side. Forewing with three marginal lines, the inner one very narrow, the middle one the broadest ; on the margin are two white spots divided by the lower discoidal nervule, and two others divided by the first median nervule. Hindwing with a short basal streak on the costa, behind which is a longer curved one running into the discal band ; between the discal and submarginal bands is a narrow straight line; two lines on the margin, the outer one the broader. Perhaps nearest to N. clinia, Moore,* from Bengal (Moore) and Siam (Druce), known to me by the figure and description only, from which it appears to differ in having the discoidal streak and spot beyond in the forewing joined instead of separated, the discal spots larger, the discal band on the hindwing narrower, tapering, instead of being of equal width throughout ; the submarginal band creamy-white like the other markings instead of being “ brownish-white.”” From the figure of N. nandina, Moore, it differs in the discoidal streak and spot beyond of the forewing being continuous ; the discal series of spots seven in num- ber instead of six, they are also larger and conjoined instead of being well separated ; the markings of the hindwing on both surfaces very similar. Described from two examples in my collection, taken in June; there are numerous examples in Dr. Martin’s collection. 6. Nepris nis#A, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 9, &. Hasirat: Java. Expanse: 6, 1°3 inches. Description: Mate. Upprrsipe, both wings deep black with pure white markings. Forewing with a narrow streak in the discoidal cell well separated from the triangular spot beyond; the discal series con- sists of six spots, placed in pairs, each pair conjoined, divided only by the crossing vein; a submarginal series of small linear spots more or less obsolete about the third median nervule. Hindwing with the discal band narrow on the abdominal margin gradually and regularly increas- ing in width to the costa; the submarginal] band consists of six very narrow well separated spots; there is also an extremely faint line between the discal and submarginal bands, and a similar marginal line. UNDERSIDE, both wings chocolate-brown with pure white markings. Forewing with the inner margin broadly fuscous; the discoidal streak * Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 5, male. 8 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No 1, very wide; the anterior pair of spots of the discal series continued to the costa; the margin bears three interrupted series of spots. Hind- wing with a costal band at the base of the wing; an obscure grey fascia posterior to this; the discal band very narrow on the abdominal margin, very broad on the costa; followed by a grey line; the spots of the submarginal band wider and more lunular than above ; two prominent marginal lines, the outer the wider. It is difficult to say to what group N. nisea belongs. The discal band of the forewing being divided into three pairs of spots allies it to the N, columella group, the pure white markings and general facies ally it to the N. nata group. It is also near to N. nandina, Moore, originally described from Java and Darjeeling, but the middle pair of spots of the discal series on the forewing being conjoined instead of well separated will immediately differentiate between the two species. On the whole it appears to be nearest to N. pampanga, Feider, from N.-W. Luzon, as figured in Herr Georg Semper’s “ Schmett. der Philippinischen Inseln,” pl. xxix, figs. 6, male; 7, female, from which it may instantly be known by the discal band of the hindwing on the underside being half the width at the point where it touches the abdominal margin that it is in that species. Described from two examples received from Herr H. Fruhstorfer. 7. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linneus, Plate ITI, Figs. 1 and 2. The gynandromorphous example of A. niphe, Linneus, here figured was reared by Mrs. S. Robson at Bankipur, Behar, Northern India, and emerged from the pupa on the 2nd March, 1893. It is thus refer- red to* by that lady in describing her experiments in breeding this species :—‘‘ One lusus nature, a male, had one wing as in the ordinary male, and the other as in the ordinary female!” This insect has the right-hand pair of wings masculine, the left- hand pair feminine. In the masculine half of the insect there is, however, in the forewing on the upperside a slight admixture of femi- nine coloration, the round black spot in the lower discoidal interspace in the outer discal series of spots has a streak of white on either side of it, and on the disc are many irregular blue-black streaks more or less connecting the black spots. The hindwing is quite normal. On the underside of the masculine forewing there is the commencement of a well-defined white subapical band as in a normal female example, and the discal black spots have, as onthe upperside, some irregular blue- black markings attached to them. The hindwing on the underside is quite normal. The feminine pair of wings are smaller than the mascu- * Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist, Soc., vol. viii, p, 152 (1893), | =~ 1894.] L, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 9 line pair, and have all the markings and coloration of an ordinary female. The masculine antenna is 14 mm. in length; the feminine is much shorter, being only 10°5 mm, in length. Externally the organs of generation are masculine, I have not dissected them to ascertain their internal structure. Gynandromorphous butterflies are very rare. In all my experience I have met with only one other example in India, a specimen of Cylio- genes suradeva, Moore, collected by the late Mr. Otto Miller, and now in Mr. J. H. Leech’s possession. The late Professor Westwood has figured two separate examples of Cirrhochroa aoris, Doubleday and Hewitson; Mr, George T. Baker has figured and described the primary sexual characters of an Hronia (Nepheronia) hippia, var. gea, Felder, and Herr Georg Semper an example of Papilio castor, Westwood, these are the only other Indian gynandromorphous butterflies of which IT am aware. 8. EUTHALIA SAKII, n. sp., Plate ITI, Fig. 3, ?. Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra. EXxpaNse: 9, 3'1 inches. Description: Femate, Upprrsipn, both wings pale ochreous-brown. Horewing with a narrow fuscous line crossing the discoidal cell near the - base, continued to the submedian nervure; a large ring-spot in the middle and another at the end of the discoidal cell; a series of five semi-transparent sullied-white spots between the veins beyond the end of the cell, from the subcostal nervure to the first median nervule; the anteriormost spot linear ; the second also linear, but a little longer than the first; the third spot triangular, the smallest of the three, the fourth spot larger than the third, cordate; the fifth the largest of all, also cordate; beyond this series of spots is a broad irregular diffused violet-whitish-powdery fascia, narrow at the costa, wide on the inner margin, bearing a series of dark sagittate markings placed between the veins from the lower discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure; a very small fuscous ring-spot in the submedian interspace placed at the point where the first median nervule originates. Hindwing with a small fuscous spot in the middle of, and a much larger ring-spot closing the cell; a discal series of six spots similar to and in continuation of the series in the forewing, the three anterior ones large, cordiform, decreasing in size, placed in the costal, upper and lower subcostal interspaces, the fourth spot in the discoidal inter- space almost obsolete and very small, the fifth and sixth spots in the median interspaces small; the outer margin broadly whitish washed with a metallic greenish-blue of a curious shade, and bearing a prominent J. m. 2 [ 10 LL, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, dentated dark line in its middle. UwNpeErsipn, both wings pale ochreous, all the markings similar to those on the upperside but much more pro- minent. Hindwing with the usual markings in and around the discoidal cell, otherwise as on the upperside. Body above and below concolorous with the wings. legs pale ochreous. : E. sakii is perhaps nearest to H. merta, Moore, described from China, a female of which I possess from Quang in the Malay Penin- sula, but it differs in the discal series of five spots in the forewing having their outer ends more or less excavated, while in ZL. merta the exact reverse obtains, each spot being produced outwardly into a sharp point. In FE. sakii the sagittate markings beyond the discal series of spots also in the forewing have their apices directed towards the base of the wing, in ZH. merta towards the outer margin. On the hindwing in FH. sakii the submarginal dentated dark line is continuous, in HE. merta it is replaced by a series of well-separated small round spots, and there are other minor differences between the two species. Described from a single example in Dr. L. Martin’s collection. I have named it after Saki, a highly intelligent Javan collector in Dr. Martin’s service. 9, Evurnatia (Dophla) va, Moore. Adolias wa, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 195, n. 395 (1857) ; idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new (second) series, vol. v, p. 78, n. 36, pl. viii, fig. 2, male (1859); id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 602, n. 14; Euthalia iva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. ii, p. 197, n, 491 (1886). Hasitat: Darjeeling (Moore) ; Manipur. EXpPANSE: 9, 4°5 inches. Description: Femate. Differs from the male only in being some- what larger, the forewing rather more elongated. I have recently been so fortunate as to acquire by purchase a pair of specimens of this fine species. It was described as far back as 1857 by Mr. Moore from Darjeeling. I am a little doubtful regarding this locality, as itis strange that within recent years this large species should not have been obtained in the Sikkim district, which is for but- terflies perhaps the most completely explored of any in India. However, it may have occurred there in the middle of the century, and since become exterminated, as has its near ally, H. durga, Moore, owing to the enormous destruction of the virgin forests that has taken place for the cultivation of tea. EH. iva comes into the group of ZL. patala, Kollar, B. durga, Moore, and EH. duda, Staudinger, in which the sexes are very much alike, in that respect differing from H. nara, Moore, and E. sahadeva, Moore, in which the sexes differ greatly, the females of these two 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. 11 species being like both sexes of the former group.* My male specimen agrees very well with Mr. Moore’s figure of the same sex, differing only in the lowest white streak of the discal series in the first median interspace in the forewing being slightly less elongated, and the spot in the middle of the submedian interspace of that wing being out- wardly cleft only, instead of being completely separated into two spots. JO. Euruauia (Dophia) zion, n, sp., Plate III, Figs. 8, 0; 6, 9. Hapirat: Java. EXpaNnse: o&, 2°8; @, 3:2 inches. Description: Matz. Uppersipe, both wings fuscous, crossed by a common macular discal pale greenish-yellow band. Forewing, the band consists of seven well-separated spots, gradually increasing in size from the costal to the inner margin, the uppermost spot a little out of line with the rest, shifted inwardly towards the base of the wing, the spots all more or less rounded, the one in the submedian interspace cleft outwardly ; a very small white subapical spot; a submarginal series of increasing obscure black spots placed between the veins. Hindwing, the discal band consists of eight conjoined spots, the three uppermost pure white, each spot has its inner edge rounded, its outer edge brought to a point in the middle ; a submarginal obscure black fascia, beyond which is a de- creasing series of seven small round white spots, one in each interspace. Unpersinb, both wings pale brown, glossed throughout with violet; the common discal band much as above. Forewing with a black ring-spot centred with crimson in the middle of the discoidal cell, a crimson line placed on the disco-cellular nervules, defined on both sides by a black line; some obscure linear black spots placed between the veins midway between the discal band and the outer margin. Hindwing with a very small black ring-spot in the middle of the cell, a black line on either side of the disco-cellular nervules, a submarginal series of linear black spots much as in the forewing. Femate. Uppersipe, both wings much paler than in the male, the disco-cellular markings shewing through. Forewing with the discal macular band as in the male but white, and the four anterior spots larger, all the spots outwardly sharply defined by a fine line of the ground-colour; beyond the macular band is a broad whitish fascia from near the costa to the inner margin, bear- ing an increasing series of six black spots, the spot in the submedian interspace double. Hindwing has the spots of the discal band smaller than in the male, diamond-shaped, well-separated, outwardly sharply * Vide Proceedings A. S. B., 1892, p, 144, 12 1. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, defined as in the forewing, pure white; the broad whitish discal fascia beyond bearing a series of prominent black lunules. Unpursipe, both wings as in the male. The male of LH. econ may be known from the same sex of EF. teuta, -Doubleday and Hewitson, which appears to be confined to Assam and Northern Burma, by the subapical spot of the forewing on the upper- side being smaller, and by the presence of the submarginal series of seven decreasing white spots on the hindwing. The female is at once distinguished by the broad whitish fascia across both wings on the up- perside beyond the discal macular band, also by the spots of the latter being smaller and well separated. J. tewta has been recorded by Mr. Moore from Java and by Mr. Druce from Borneo. It is doubtful if it occurs in either island, the Javan species being ZH. eion, and the Bornean L. bellata, Druce. Described from two males and two females in my collection, received from Mr. H. Fruhstorfer, and one male in the collection of Herr George Semper, taken in February. 11. Evrwaia (Dophila) reson, nu. sp., Plate I, Figs. 3, d; 5, 9. Euthalia cenespolis, Staudinger (nec Hewitson), Iris, vol. ii, p. 73 (1889). Hasitat: Palawan, Philippine Isles. ExpansE: 6, 3‘1; 9, 3°7 inches. Description: Mate. Urrersipe, both wings pale clear brown, all the veins fuscous and prominent. Forewing with a small dark round spot in the middle of the discoidal cell touching the subcostal nervure ; two fine black lines on either side of the disco-cellular nervules; a discal series of eight semi-transparent pale yellow spots, each spot outwardly bounded by a fuscous line, which line is inwardly lengthen- ed out into a point, the three anterior spots lengthened, the fourth and fifth in the median interspaces pyriform, the apex of each spot directed towards the base of the wing, two small spots in the submedian inter- space, a minute one in the sutural area; beyond this series of spots is a pale fascia, prominent at the inner margin, becoming lost anteriorly at a small pale yellow spot in the subcostal interspace; this pale band is outwardly defined by a highly lunulated fuscous line, anteriorly becoming obsolete. Hindwing bearing a discal series of eight spots, the three anterior ones white, the others pale yellow, these five latter are each outwardly defined by a fuscous line, the uppermost spot on the costa narrow, elongated, the second spot the largest, rounded, the third a little smaller, oval, the next four small, equal-sized, the eighth posterior spot the smallest; a submarginal series of seven sagittate fuscous mark- ings, the apex of each directed inwardly, and each bearing outwardly a 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. 13 pale spot placed against it between the points of the forks. Unpersipg, both wings pale ochreous-brown washed with pale violet, the discal macular band of the upperside almost obliterated. Forewing with the markings in the discoidal cell as onthe upperside, but much more prominent; an increasing submarginal series of black spots. Hindwing with a pair of fuscous lines defining the disco-cellular nervules; a submarginal series of eight linear black spots between the veins, the two posterior ones in the submedian interspace geminated. FrMmate, much paler than the male throughout, but very similarly marked. Forewing with all the spots of the discal series very much larger and pure white, the two uppermost spots greatly lengthened. Hindwing with all the spots of the discal series white, of nearly the same size asin the male. Unpversipr, both wings paler even than in the male, of a more ochreous shade, the markings similar. This is a very distinct species and quite easily separable from all those that I have placed before it in the key. The ground-colour of the male on the upperside is quite feminine, being much paler than in any other species of this sub-group of Huthalia. The discal series of spots on the hindwing will separate it from all the other species except LH. externa, de Nicéville, next described, owing to each spot standing alone, and the five posterior ones being outwardly defined by a black ring; from FE. externa it may be known by its generally paler colour, and the discal series of spots on the forewing being smaller and more regular. The female is quite unique, being the only species in the sub-group with the discal series of spots of the forewing regularly increasing in width towards the costa, the uppermost spot being extremely wide. The female of H. eson greatly reminds one of the same sex of #7. (Tanaécia) pulasara, Moore. Described from a single pair of specimens in Herr Georg Semper’s collection, to whom I am greatly indebted for the loan of his entire series of this sub-group of Huthalia. These specimens of LE. eson are from those collected by Dr. Platen, who obtained ten males and eight females. 12. Hurwatia (Dophla) ExTERNA, n, sp., Plate II, Fig.1, 3 ; 2, 9, Hasirat: Nias Island. Expanse: &, 2‘8; 9, 3'3 inches. Description: Mare. Urrnrsipr, both wings shining fuscous, out- wardly paler, Forewing with the usual black spot in the middle and pair of lines closing the discoidal cell; a discal irregular series of seven pale primrose-coloured spots, outwardly (owing to the ground:colour at this point being paler than the rest of the wing) defined rather broadly with fuscous, the anterior spot obsolete, a thin blurred line only, the 14 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region’ [No. it; second and third spots also linear but of a good breadth, the fourth and fifth spots in the median interspaces somewhat irregular ovals, the fifth the largest in the series, the sixtb spot constricted in the middle, almost bisected, the seventh spot small and oval; a well marked submarginal black fascia formed of regular lunules, anteriorly becoming smaller and lost altogether in the subcostal interspace, which bears between the discal series of spots and the submarginal lunular fascia a small round yellow spot. Hindwing with a prominent discal series of eight spots, the three anterior ones white, the five posterior ones pale primrose-coloured, these latter outwardly defined by a broad black line, the uppermost spot on the costa linear, the second the largest, the third next in size, the sixth the smallest, the fourth, fifth and seventh equal-sized ; a prominent highly-lunulated submarginal black fascia placed on a pale ground, the two anteriormost portions of this band quadrate, bearing each a whitish spot on either side. UNprrsipb, both wings ochreous, more or less washed with purplish ; a submarginal series of small round black spots between the veins. Forewing with the ring-spot in the middle and double line closing the cell very prominent; the discal band white, obscure, each spot forming it outwardly defined by a thin dark line. Hindwing with a prominent small black ring-spot in the middle of the cell (this spot is absent in L. eson, de Nicéville, and HL. gupta, de Nicé- ville, but is present in all the other species), two prominent black lines at the end of the cell; the spots forming the discal band much larger than on the upperside, all touching, and outwardly defined with a thin dark line. Femate. Urrersipn, both wings somewhat paler than in the male. Forewing similarly marked, but the spots of the discal band larger and pure white, as is also the subcostal spot; a prominent violet-white fascia between the discal and submarginal bands, extending from the inner margin to the lower discoidal nervule. Hindwing with the discal macular band of the male reduced to five spots only, all the spots very much smaller also, no spots posterior to the third median nervule. UNDERSIDE, both wings richer coloured than in the male, strongly tinted with ferruginous; the submarginal black spots all larger and more diffused. Forewing with the discal white band anteriorly much expanded. Hindwing with a well-formed prominent discal macular white band, extending from the costa to the abdominal margin, the spots posterior to the first mediau nervule run into a single spot undivided by the crossing veins. The male of ZH. externa is nearest to the same sex of Z. eson, de Nicéville; I have pointed out above how they differ. The female of BE. externa is nearest to L. goodrichi, Distant, from Perak, from which it may be known by the spots of the discal series of the forewing on the 1894,] L, de Nicéville—Butterflics from the Indo-Malayan vegton. 15 J upperside being three times as large, greatly reducing thereby the pale area between these spots and the submarginal band ; on the hindwing above there ave two spots less than in I, goodrichi ; the submarginal lunulated black band is also much broader than in that species. Described from a single pair of specimens in the collection of Herr Georg Semper. 13. EvotHarta (Dophla) nurts, nu. sp., Plate II, Figs. 3, d; 4, 2, Hasirat: N.-E. Sumatra. ExpanseE: 6, 2°7; 9, 3'3 inches. Description: Matr. Uppersipe, both wings shining fuscous, paler externally. Forewing with a discal macular very pale green band consisting of seven spots, the uppermost spot of all out of line, placed nearer the base of the wing than those which follow it; the three uppermost spots small and linear, the fourth spot larger, rounded, the fifth spot larger than the fourth, also rounded, the sixth spot the largest of all, outwardly strongly cleft, the seventh spot on the inner margin small and quadrate ; the usual subapical pale green dot in the subcostal interspace ; an indistinct increasing submarginal macular black fascia. Hindwing with a conjoined macular discal very pale green band con- sisting of eight spots, the three uppermost spots, however, are white, the inner edge of the fascia straight and even, the outer edge saw-like, as each spot is produced into a point; a submarginal lunular black fascia, each lunule of which the fascia is composed bearing outwardly a whitish spot, the three uppermost of these increasingly prominent. UNDERSIDE, both wings greenish-ochreous, washed with violet; the discal macular band much as on the upperside; the submarginal fascia reduced to small linear black spots between the veins. Forewing with a black ring-spot in the middle, and a double lunular spot closing the discoidal cell, both filled in with crimson. Hindwing with a black dot in the middle and a double black line closing the cell, the latter faintly tinged with crimson in the middle. Frmane. Uppersipn, both wings shining brownish-ochreous, the disc powdered with pale violet-white which merges again into the dark outer margin. Forewing with the markings on the underside in the discoidal cell shewing through; the discal series of spots increased to eight, white, each spot outwardly defined by a brown line; the three anterior spots linear, large, the fourth and fifth of equal size, the sixth and seventh in the submedian interspace well separated, the eighth on the inner margin oval ; the subapical spot much larger than in the male; a submarginal series of six black spots placed between the veins. Hindwing with the discal macular band as in the forewing, but consisting of seven spots only, the series ending 16s, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, posteriorly in the first median interspace ; the uppermost spot on the costa linear, the second spot the largest of all, the rest decreasingly smaller ; a prominent highly zig-zag submarginal black line. Unpersips, both wings paler than on the upperside, the markings very similar, those in the discoidal cell as in the male. The male of this species, as in the rest of the group, except E. recta, de Nicéville, is barely distinct from its allies, it is, however, nearest to ZL. eion, de Nicéville, from Java, described above, The female is nearest to LH. bellata, Druce, from Borneo, of which latter I possess a specimen for comparison, from which it differs in the broad pale violet-powdered discal area, especially marked in the hindwing. Mr. Hewitson’s figure of the female of H. bellata, in ‘ Exotic Butter- flies,’ vol. v, Adolias pl. iv, fig. 14 (1875), where it appears as Fi. cenespolis, does not quite agree with my specimen, his figure shewing a very large powdery-violet area in the forewing extending within the discal band, this area being very faint in my example, and confined to the region beyond the discal band. My female of ZZ. ewrus differs, however, markedly from Hewitson’s figure of H. cenespolis, and my example also from Borneo, in having a broad discal powdery-violet area to the hindwing on the upperside. Described from two males and a female example in Dr. Martin’s, and two males in my own collection, all from N.-E. Sumatra. The four last butterflies described above belong to a small but well- marked group of the large genus Huthalia, and appear to come into the subgenus Dophla, Moore, of which I. evelina, Stoll,is the type. All the species of Dophla, as I understand the subgenus, are remarkable in having on the underside of both wings a black ring-spot in the dis- coidal cell, and a pair of black lines on either side of the disco-cellular nervules centred with crimson. The ring-spot is absent however in two species, #7. eson, de Nicéville, and EF. gupta, de Nicéville, in the hind- wing only. In the Z. evelina group there are sometimes other crimson markings in the hindwing anterior to the discoidal cell. In all the species of Dophla the discoidal cell is closed in both wings by a very slender almost aborted veinlet, and the subcostal nervules of the fore- wing never anastomose. The outline of the wings is distinctive, the outer margin being highly emarginate in the forewing, giving that wing a more or less falcate appearance. The cilia are very short, and the butterflies give one the idea of having been neatly trimmed round the edges with a pair of scissors. To facilitate reference to the subgroup to which the four species above described belong, I give a key to the known species. The males of several of them are so closely allied that 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 17 they are almost indistingnishable, the one from the other; but the females are in all cases abundantly distinct, so I have based the key mainly on that sex. Key to certain species of the subgenus Dophla allied to KE. teuta, Doubleday and Hewitson. A. Male and female, upperside, forewing with the discal macular band straight. (1.) E. (Dophla) recta, Khasia Hills; Burma; Goping, Perak, Malay Peninsula (coll. Semper). B. Male and female, upperside, forewing with the discal macular band curved, the anterior spot out of line, placed nearer the base of the wing than the rest. a. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the costa of the forewing to the abdominal margin of the hindwing. al, Female, upperside, both wings with a prominent white fascia exterior to the discal macular band. (2.) E. (Dophia) Eton, Java. bl. Female, upperside, both wings with no prominent white fascia exterior to the discal macular band. a*, Female, upperside, forewing, the two anterior spots of the discal macular band small, smaller than the third spot. a’, Female, upperside, both wings with the submarginal black fascia highly lunulated. (3.) E. (Dophia) TEuTA, Assam ; Arracan Hills; [Java, Moore ; Borneo, Druce]. 63, Female, upperside, both wings with the submarginal black fascia composed of quadrate spots, forming a broad fascia with straight edges. (4.) E. (Dophla) piratica, Luzon, Mindoro, Camiguin de Mindanao, Nord- Mindanao, Philippine Isles. b2, Female, upperside, forewing, the two anterior spots of the discal macular band very large, larger than the third spot. (5.) E. (Dophla) tEvtTo1pEs, South Andaman Isles. b. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the costa of the forewing to the submedian nervure of the hindwing. (6.) E. (Dophla) nson, Palawan, Philippine Isles. c. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the costa of the forewing to the third median nervule of the hindwing. al, Female, upperside, forewing with a prominent violet-white fascia between the discal and submarginal bands, extending from the inner margin to the lower discoidal nervule; the discal spots very large. (7.) E. (Dophla) nxteRNa, Nias Island. bl, Female, upperside, forewing with no prominent violet-white fascia between the discal and submarginal bands; the discal spots small. (8.) E. (Dophla) coopricui, Perak.* * Mr. Distant first described this species from Perak in the Malay Peninsula as Euthalia goodrichi, but subsequently sank that name in his ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ p. 436, n. 17, as asynonym of £. bellata, Druce, equals Adolias cenespolis, dn ie. = 18 UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, d. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the costa of the forewing to the first median nervule of the hindwing. al, Hindwing with a prominent powdery-violet fascia between the discal macular band and the lunulated submarginal line. (9.) E. (Dophla) EuRvs, N.-E. Sumatra. bl, Hindwing with no prominent powdery-violet fascia between the discal macular band and the lunulated submarginal line. (10.) E. (Dophla) BELLATA, Borneo. e. Female, upperside, hindwing with no discal macular band; the ae of the forewing small. (1L.) E. (Dophla) eupra, Burma, Plate I, Fig. 5, ¢. 14, CYRESTIS THERESA, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 8, &. Hapitat: Selesseh, N.-E. Sumatra; Borneo. Expanse: o', 1:9 inches. Description: Mate. UPPersiDE, both wings rich fulvous. Forewing with the following black markings :—A short straight line at the extreme base of the wing; a second line oblique but straight, from the costa to the submedian nervure; a third line straight from the subcostal nervure to the inner margin; a fourth line much bowed outwardly, confined to the discoidal cell; a fifth line short, straight, also confined to the cell immediately within the disco-cellular nervules, and touching the fourth ; a sixth line also straight, a little beyond those veins, com- mencing on the subcostal nervure, and ending close to the base of the second median nervule; a seventh line angled, commencing at the costa and ending on the inner margin, the angulation being at the point where it crosses the second median nervule, the angle directed outwards; an eighth line broad, almost straight, slightly outwardly curved only, reaching from the costa to the inner margin; a ninth line narrower than the eighth, slightly sinuous, posteriorly zig-zaged, of a deep black colour, from the costa to the inner margin; a tenth line straight, ex- tending from the costa to the first median nervule, with two prominent small round black spots in continuation in the submedian interspace ; an eleventh line very narrow and straight, from the costa to the first median nervule; a twelfth line broad, paler, of similar position to the eleventh; a thirteenth line narrow, deep black, close to the outer Hewitson, both the latter described from Borneo. As in the female of EF. good- richi the discal band of the hindwing on the upperside ends at the third median nervule, while in ZL. bellata it ends at the first, and in the latter all the spots of the hindwing are much larger, besides other minor differences, I think the two species may be kept distinct, and the name LE. goodrichi revived. I possess one female of the Bornean species, and have access to three pairs of the Perak species in Semper’s, Adams’, and my own collection, 1894,] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 19 margin; the outer margin itself narrowly fuscous. Hindwing with an indistinct sub-basal black line ; a second line from the costa losing itself in the abdominal region; the third and fourth lines exceedingly fine, on either side of the disco-cellular nervules; the fifth line from the costa ending in the abdominal region ; the sixth line answering to the eighth line in the forewing, and like it fuscous, not deep black, extends from the costa, and runs into the ninth line in the first median interspace ; the seventh line narrow, jet-black, from the costa to the first median nervule ; the eighth line, composed of six detached portions, commences posterior to the first subcostal nervule and ends at the first median nervule; the ninth line extremely narrow and deep black, from the costa to the first median neryule; the tenth line broad, rather diffused, fuscous, sub- marginal; the eleventh line fine, deep black, following the margin ; the outer margin itself narrowly fuscous: the usual large rounded clump of confused bluish and black markings at the anal angle anterior to the large anal lobe; a small round black spot encircled with whitish anterior to this clump, placed just within the second angle made by the abdominal margin ; the anal lobe rich fulvous centred with a black spot. UnpeErsiD#, both wings much paler than on the upperside; the markings very similar but usually paler. Forewing with a quadrate whitish patch on the inner margin between the eighth and ninth lines. Hind- wing, anal lobe with the central black spot much larger than on the upperside. C. theres is an abundantly distinct species, and comes into the group containing C. thyonneus, Cramer, which I possess from Celebes ; OC. tabula, de Nicéville, from Great Nicobar Island; and C. lutea, Zinken-Sommer, which is common in Java. In size it agrees with C. lutea. In the coloration of the ground of the upperside it is nearest to CO. tabula, but is rather lighter, it is much darker than C. lutea, lighter than C. thyon- neus. The tail to the hindwing is less than half as long as in either of the above-mentioned species. In markings it agrees best with C. thyon- neus, but differs in many details, as, for instance, the seventh and ninth lines on the hindwing in that species are dark metallic steel-blue, in C. therese they are black without any metallic lustre, Described from an unique specimen in Dr. L. Martin’s collection, taken in the virgin forest of Selesseh, on the 21st May, 1893; also from another example from Borneo given to me by Dr. Martin. At his sug- gestion I name the species after H. R. H. the Princess Therese of Bavaria, daughter of the Prince Regent, who is a student and lover of Natural History. 20 ~=—s L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. Family LEMONIID. Subfamily Nemrosirna, 15. LAxivrA LAOcOON, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 6, 9. Hasitat: Malay Peninsula. Expanse: 9, 1°65 and 1°80 inches, Description: FEMALE. UPpErsipE, forewing with the apical two- thirds of the surface crimson ; the costa and outer margin very narrowly, the discoidal cell not quite to its end; a small spot in the second median, and a much larger space in the first median, and almost the whole of the submedian interspace, fuscous. Hindwing, shining fus- cous, almost bronzy in some lights; the veins slightly touched with crimson; an indistinct marginal crimson line. Unpursipz, both wings marked as in L. damajanti, Felder. - Very near to L. damajanti, Felder, of which I possess six males and seven females from Perak, and five males and two females from N.-E. Sumatra; differing on the upperside in the crimson coloration being practically confined to the apical two-thirds of the forewing instead of occupying almost the entire surface of both wings. Described from two examples from Perak, and one from Rawan in Selangor, both in the Malay Peninsula. 16. LaxiTa Lous, nu. sp., Plate II, Figs. 9, d; 7, 9. Hanirat: §,-E. Borneo. Expanse: @, 2';0 and 2:°2; 9, 2:1 inches. Description: Mave. Uppersipe, forewing with the costa as far as the subcostal nervure and the outer margin narrowly, fuscous; the apical two-thirds of the wing crimson; the disco-cellular nervules marked by a fuscous line ; the posterior half of the discoidal cell, three streaks beyond the cell in the two discoidal and upper median inter- spaces, a larger space in the lower median interspace, and the entire area between the first median nervule and the inner margin, fuscous, Hindwing with that portion of the costal area covered by the bowed- out inner margin of the forewing pale shining fuscous, bearing the usual oval ochreous flour-like “ male-mark,” the rest of the wing fuscous ; the outer margin bearing an indistinct crimson line. UnpER- sipg, both wings differ from L. damajanti, Felder, in all the brilliant metallic blue markings being much reduced in size, the submarginal series in LD. lola, in the forewing, has almost entirely disappeared, the crimson area at the apex appearing thus to be of considerably greater extent; otherwise as in that species. Femate. Uprersig, 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 21 forewing with the crimson area of the same extent as in the male, but of a paler shade, bearing on the disc from the third median nervule in- creasing to the costa a pale buff fascia. Hindwing paler than in the male, the veins streaked more or less with crimson. Uwnpursipe, both wings coloured and marked much as in the male, but the crimson ground-colour paler. The male of LZ. lola may at once be known from the same sex of L. damajanti by the presence of the fuscous areas on the upperside of both wings, the latter being “rubris, supra immaculatis;” the female may be known from that sex of ZL. laocoon, mihi, by the pale buff fascia on the upperside of the forewing. Described from two males and one female in my collection. 17, LAxXiITA LYCLENE, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 10, &. Abisara telesia, Distant (nec Hewitson), Rhop. Malay., p. 449, un. 8, pl. xl, figs. 2, male; 3, female (1886); Tawila telesia, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 239, pl. Ixxxvii, male (1887). Hasitat: Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: o', 1°75 to 1:90; 9, 1:80 to 1°90 inches. Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings fuscous. Forewing with the apex broadly, decreasing to the anal angle where it ends in a point, crimson, crossed by the black veins; an oval milky-white spot placed obliquely outwards across the middle of the submedian inter- space, anteriorly extending slightly into the first median interspace. Hindwing with the costa at the base as usual broadly pale or whitish, bearing an oval flour-like ochreous ‘‘ male-mark ;” the apex narrowly crimson. Unprrsipe, forewing differs from the same sex of true LL. telesia, Hewitson, from Borneo, in having the chrome-yellow (Hewitson calls it “rufous”’) apical area much reduced or obsolete; the two submarginal chrome-yellow lunules in the median interspaces in L. telesia replaced by metallic blue lunules; and in having the discal series of metallic blue spots increased from two to five or six, there being three or four extra ones in the discoidal and subcostal interspaces. Hindwing does not differ from that of LZ. telesia. Frmate. UPPERSIDE, both wings as in L. telesia. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in L. telesia. The male of L. lyclene may at once be known by the crimson apical area on the upperside of the forewing being much larger than in L. telesia, and as regards the hindwing in having the apex touched with crimson. The females of the two species appear to be quite indistinguishable. Described from one male from Rawan in Selangore, and three males and two females from Perak, both in the Malay Peninsula, and numerous specimens from N.-H. Sumatra. True L, telesia occurs in 22 ~=sL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, Borneo, the type being from Sarawak, and in my collection are three males and a female from 8.-E. Borneo. Mr. Distant records LD. telesia from Sumatra, but this species is probably the one meant. 18. LaxITA LYNCESTIS, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 8, &. Hasitat: Malay Peninsula. EXxpansE: 6, 1‘7 inches. Description: Mate. Uppersibe, both wings and cilia fuscous. Fore- wing witha band of crimson on the outer margin, wide on the costa, fining away to nothing at the anal angle; a broad oblique discal bluish- white band, commencing anteriorly just anterior to the lower discoidal nervule, ending just before the anal angle on the submedian nervure, notched inwardly at the origin of the second median nervule, anteriorly inwardly bounded by the disco-cellular nervules. Hindwing with the usual shining pale fuscous costal area bearing the “ male-mark”’ of the genus. UNDERSIDE, forewing differs from L. orphna, Boisduval, in having numerous metallic blue markings on the disc, in the present species there are two such spots placed outwardly against the two inner black spots in the median interspaces, and three such spots placed outwardly against the three black spots beyond the outer end of the cell, with a series of five others beyond extending across the disc; in L. orphna all these blue spots are lacking. Hindwing as in L. orphna.* This species is not included in Mr. Distant’s “ Rhopalocera Mala- yana.”’ On the upperside it differs from two male specimens of L. orphna in my collection from §.-E. Borneo in its smaller size, brighter crimson outer border to the forewing on the upperside, and narrower discal bluish-white band, which latter in LZ. orphna is not inwardly notched below the cell. Described from a single specimen in my collection from Perak. There is one species of Lawita which I am still unable to identify. This is the butterfly figured by Hewitson in “ The Genera of Diurnal Lipidoptera,” vol. ii, p. 422, n. 7, pl. Ixix, figs. 7, male; 6, female (1851), as ‘ Hmesis orphna, Boisduval,” but re-named “ Tawxila”’ tanita, by Hewit- son, in his ‘Exotic Butterflies,” vol. ii, Taaila pl. i, text (1861). Mr. Distant in his “ Rhopalocera Malayana,” p. 192, n. 5, pl. xviii, fig. 14, female (1883), describes and figures an “ Abisara” tanita. This female specimen does not atall agree with Hewitson’s figure of the * The differences pointed out above on the underside of the forewing will be at once observed by comparing the original figure of JL. orphna in Boisduval’s “Species Général,” vol. i, pl. xxi, fig. 4, female (1886), with my figure of L. lyncestis. . 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 23 female. It appears tome probable that Hewitson’s male figure and Distant’s female figure refer to one species, which might stand as L. tanita, the locality for which, as given in “ The Genera,” p. 422, n. 7, is “ Borneo; India,” butrequires to be verified. I have seen no specimens agreeing with these two figures, Hewitson’s n. 7, male, and Distant’s female; the species if distinct is very near to L. damajanti, Felder. The species represented in Hewitson’s fig. n. 6, female, should, it appears to me, if re-discovered, be named, It is apparently nearest to L. telesia, Hewitson, but has the chrome-yellow area at the apex of the forewing on the upperside much larger than in that species. Mr. Distant has further complicated matters by describing Hewitson’s female figure n. 6 asa male. The bowed-out inner margin of the forewing in the males of the genus Lazxita will at once distinguish them from the females, which have the inner margin straight. The species which Dr. Staudinger figures as “ Tawila” tanita, Hewitson, in his ‘‘ Hxotische Schmetter- linge,” p. 239, pl, lxxxvii, male (1887), appears not to differ from what I identify as L. damajanti. Family LYCAANIDA, 19. GERYDUS GIGANTES, n. sp., Plate V, Figs. 1, ¢; 13, 9, Hasitat: Penang; Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Hxpanse: o, 2°0; 2, 1°8 to 2°1 inches. Descriprion: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings pure chalky-white. Forewing with the basal third of the costa reaching to the subcostal nervure dusky; the costa beyond this, the apex and the outer margin broadly black, the inner edge of this large black area very irregular, it just enters the anterior outer angle of the discoidal cell, is pointed inwardly on the second median nervule, closely approaches the outer margin (exactly as in typical Terias hecabe, Linneus) in the first median and submedian interspaces, the black area is wider again from the submedian fold to the inner margin; a small portion of the base of the third median nervule prominently swollen, this being a characteristic secondary sexual character inthis genus. Hindwing with the costa outwardly broadly black. Cilia of both wings fuscous. Unpersipp, forewing black, the disc crossed by a pure white oblique macular band formed of four portions ; two small and obscure ring-spots in the cell, one on the costa about two-thirds from the base of the wing; the apex and outer margin decreasingly pale ferruginous, the inner edge of this area bearing anteriorly a series of four whitish ring-spots; a sub- marginal series of black dots between the veins; a rather large oblong dark spot placed obliquely at the anal angle. Hindwing pale ferrugi- 24 Wi. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. }, nous; bearing regularly over the surface darker red spots arranged much as in typical species of the genus Arhopala, Boisduval, these spots are disposed thus:—A small round one atthe extreme base of the wing; followed by a series of three single spots; then another series of three, but these spots are double; then four conjoined spots at the extremity of the cell; then a discal curved band extending across the wing from the costa tothe abdominal margin, broken only by the first subcostal nervule; some obscure spots on the outer margin. Famate. UppersipE, both wings marked almost exactly as in the male. Unpersipn, forewing differs from the male in having the discal macular band more extensive and run together into a single undivided band, anteriorly bounded by the subcostal nervure, posteriorly by the inner margin, along which it extends to the base of the wing. Hindwing with the macular markings less conspicuous than in the male; the inner edge of the discal series of spots bears on the posterior half of its length a series of black spots often found in the species of this genus. G. gigantes is not only the largest known, but is the most conspicu- ously-marked species in the genus, and has no near ally. Were the ground-colour of the upperside yellow, instead of pure white, it would almost exactly resemble Terias hecabe, I have described the species from a male and two females in Dr. Martin’s and my collection, taken in the Battak Mountains of N.-E. Sumatra, in August and November, and another pair in Mr, A. R. Adams’ collection taken at Penang. 20. GERYDUS GETULUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 12, 9. Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 9, 1:3 and 1'5 inches. Description: Femate. UPppErsipe, forewing pure white; the costa basally, and the base of the wing, dusky; the apex very broadly black, as is also the outer margin at the anal angle, but much more narrowly so. Hindwing with the disc only white, the rest of the wing dusky ; the disco-cellular nervules marked by a prominent blackish line. UnpERsIpE, forewing with the dise white, the rest of the wing pale slate-colour; three increasing dark spots outlined outwardly with white in the discoidal cell, a dark spot posterior to the middle one of these in the submedian interspace; three ring-spots on the costa; a short subapical macular band ending posteriorly in a separated round spot in the second median interspace ; an oblique prominent spot at the anal angle; a submar- ginal series of black dots between the veins, Hindwing, pale slate- colour, with the macular markings as usual in the genus. Nearest apparently to G. zinckenit, Felder, from Java, of which 894.] UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 25 I have a good series, but it may at once be known from that species on the upperside by the hindwing being white on the disc with a pro- minent dark disco-cellular line, G. zinckenti being dusky throughout ; on the underside the ground-colour is a pale slate-colour, in G, zinckenii it is pale ferruginous. Described from two specimens, one in Dr. Martin’s and one in my collection, taken in the Battak Mountains in October, 1892, 21, GeRYDUS GALLUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 11, ?. Hapitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expansge: 9, 1‘d inches. Description: Femate. Uppersipn, both wings fuscous. Forewing with the apical area darker than the basal ; crossed by an oblique discal white band with highly irregular edges, not quite reaching the costa or the outer margin above the anal angle, ending posteriorly on the submedian fold. Cilia fuscous. Hindwing immaculate. Cilia ante- riorly white, becoming fuscous towards the anal angle. UNDERSIDE, both wings highly variegated, being coloured black, white, pale ochreous, and ferruginous. Forewing with the ground-colour black; the discal white band as above but broader, its edges even, reaching the outer margin at the anal angle; a pale ochreous patch at the apex, below which the ground-colour is ferruginous ; three white ring-spots on the costa ; two similar ones in the discoidal cell; a prominent black spot at the anal angle; a submarginal macular black line. Hindwing with the anterior half pale ochreous, the posterior fuscous mottled with ochreous ; the macular markings as usual, though somewhat indistinct. This may be a highly variegated form of G. symethus, Cramer, a common species in N.-E. Sumatra, but it differs greatly from any specimen of that species in my large suite of examples from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, from all of which G. gallus differs in the white band on the upperside of the forewing being half as wide, the hindwing concolorous throughout, and by the highly variegated markings of the underside. Described from a single example in Dr. L. Martin’s collection. As the genus Gerydus, Boisduval, has vastly increased in numbers in recent years, it may perhaps be useful to add a list of the described species, as far as I know them. Many species described in this genus do not belong to it at all, and have been excluded. The flattened legs of all the species is an unique character by which they may be instantly known. The list is headed by the largest, most beautiful, and most aberrant species. J. 1. 4 26 ©. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, [No. 1, (1) Gerypus cicantes, de Nicéville, Penang, N.-E. Sumatra (de Nicéville), (2) Gerypvs symeTHuS, Cramer, Hast Indies (Cramer), Mowinene Penang, Malacca, Perak, Johore, Sumatra, Nias Island, Java, Borneo, Pulo Laut, Palawan, Luzon, Mindanao, Jolo Islands, S.-W. Celebes, Amboina, Sumba, Sambawa, Ceram, Goram, Flores, New Guinea. Mr. Doherty considers that the G. pandu, Horsfield, described from Java, which is generally given as a synonym of this species, may be distinct. I am unable, however, to find any character by which the two species can be separated. (3) GerypuUs PETRONIUS, Distant, N. Borneo (Distant). (4) Gurypvs TE0s, Doherty, Sumba, Sambawa (Doherty). (5) Gerypus caLius, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Nicéville). (6) Gerypvus Bicasi, Distant, Malacca (Distant), Burma, Perak, Sumatra, Nias Island, Pulo Laut. (7) Gerrypus copara, de Nicéville, Perak (de Nicéville), Toleates Singapore, North Borneo. This species is placed by Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. W. Doherty as a synonym of G. biggsii, which is probably correct. (8) Gerrypus prucrt, Semper, Bohol in the Philippine Islands (Semper). (9) Grrypvs zincKeNt, Felder, Java (Felder). (10) Grrypus cxtutvs, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Niceville). (11) Gerypus carvensis, Felder, Hongkong (Felder). (12) GerypUs CHINENSIS, var. CERAMENSIS, Ribbe, Celebes, Amboina, Saigun, Baru, Borneo (Ribbe). (43) Gerypus rrRoRatus, Druce, Siam (Druce), Luzon, Palawan. (14) GERYDUS IRRORATUS, var, ASSAMENSIS, Doherty, Naga Hills (Doherty), Perak, Pulo Laut. (15) Gerrypvus pHItippus, Staudinger, Palawan (Staudinger). This species is placed by Herr Georg Semper as a synonym of G. irroratus, Druce. (16) Gerypus BoispuvaLI, Moore, Java (Moore), Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Burma, Shan States, Singapore, Saigon, Am- boina, Batjan, Buru, Ceram, Ké Islands. (17) GerypUs BOISDUVALI, var. AcRAGAS, Doherty, Sumba, Sam- bawa (Doherty). (18) Gerrypus Learcaus, Felder, Luzon, China (Felder). (19) Gerypus streranus, Butler, Ternate (Buéler). (20) Gerrypus mexanion, Felder, Luzon (Felder), Cebit, Samar, Bohol, Camotes, Panaon, Camiguin de Mindanao, Mindanao. (21) Gerypvs croroy, Doherty, Burma (Doherty), East Pegu. 8 94..J L. de N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 27 (22) Gerypus maximus, Holland, Celebes (Holland). (23) Gerypus ancon, Doherty, Tavoy (Doherty). (24) Gerypus HERACLEION, Doherty, Perak (Doherty). (25) ? Gerypus pLaurus, Fabricius, the Indies (Fabricius), (26) ? Gerypus Luos, Guérin, Bouru (Guerin). 22. PARAGERYDUS PORTUNUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 14, ¢. Hasitat: Java. By Expanse: o&, 1:5 and 16 inches. Description: Matz. Urrersipe, both wings dull hair-brown. Fore- wing with the usual ochreous lines on the costa and pale area on either side of the swollen third median nervule. UnpbERsIDE, both wings pale ochreous, profusely and evenly sprinkled throughout with minute ferru- ginous spots. Forewing with the inner margin somewhat paler and free of markings, though bearing two or three strie larger than the others towards the base of the wing. This species appears to be nearest to P. taras, Doherty, which has the apex of the forewing on the underside “rufous-brown,” while P. portunus has the whole of the underside of that colour, the ground- colour of P. taras is white, of P. portunus pale ochreous. Of P. taras { have captured both sexes in the Meplé Valley, middle Tenasserim, in October. Mr. Doherty, who takes particular interest in this group of tlie Lycenide, has recorded his feelings of doubt as to whether the genus Paragerydus can be maintained as distinct from the genus Allotinus.* As far as the specimens of both genera contained in my collection are con- cerned, Iam of opinion that the two genera may well be kept distinct. The length, and consequently the point of origin, of the third subcostal nervule of the forewing, certainly varies greatly, but in all my examples of Paragerydus the upper discoidal nervule originates from the subcostal nervure well beyond the apex of the discoidal cell; while in all my examples of Allotinus it originates at the apex, which feature consti- tutes a well-marked difference, and can be instantly detected by the application of a little benzine to the wing to make it transparent. P. portunus is a from two specimens sent me by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer. _ 23. PAaRAGERYDUS PYXUS, nu. sp., Plate V, Fig. 2, ¢. Hasitat: Borneo. Expanse: o&, 14 inches. © ees Mate. Urrersipe, both wings rufous-brown Foresotig * Journ, A. S. B., vol. lviii, pt. 2, p. 487 (1889). 28 Li. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1 with the lines on the costa and “male-mark” as usual. UNpDpRSIDE, both wings pale rufous, profusely and evenly sprinked with dots and spots of a deeper rufous colour; a marginal series of very small black spots, one in each interspace. Closely allied to P. portunus, mihi, from Java, but differs on the upperside in being rufous-brown, instead of dull hair-brown, and on the underside in having the ground-colour pale rufous instead of pale ochreous, and in the presence of the marginal black dots. Described from a single example received from the late Mr. W. Davison. 24, LocanidA Luca, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 13, 9. Hapitat: Perak, Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 92, 10 inch. Description: FemaLe. Uprpersipe, forewing with the basal half milky-white, the outer half fuscous, the costa and base dusky, the ex- treme costa dotted with white on the basal half. Hindwing fuscous, the disc obscurely purplish-white. UNpeErsipp, both wings with the ground-colour probably white, but the surface is so thickly irrorated with brownish-ochreous that the ground-colour appears only as minute white dots profusely and evenly scattered over the surface mixed with a few black scales. Forewing with an obscure darker spot towards the end of the discoidal cell, and a similar discal band. Hindwing with some very obscure dark spots towards the base, an oblong one at the end of the cell, and a curved discal band crossing the wing from the costa to the abdominal margin. Probably nearest to L. marmorata, Moore, the two original speci- mens of which, in very poor condition (probably both females, one cer- tainly is that sex, the body of the other is lost, but the shape of the wings is certainly feminine), are before me. JL. luca differs from them in having the outer margin of both wings more even, not distinctly scal- lopped, and the ground-colour of the underside is far redder, with the irrorations much more dense; this latter, however, is a variable feature in L. marmorata, as shewn in Mr. Moore’s and my figures of the species taken from different specimens. J. luca may be still nearer to LD. obscura, Distant, but the short original description of the latter does not in several particulars fit my specimens ; Semper’s and Staudinger’s figures of the species agree very well with my specimens on the upperside, but neither of them agree on the underside, I took two fresh specimens of this species in the high forest at Namoe Oekor, in October, 1893. They were flying amongst and settling on the low bushes growing under the high trees. I also possess two other females from Perak. 1894.) L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 29 As far as Iam aware, the genus Logania contains the following species. I include in it the two species, L. marmorata, Moore, and L. sriwa, Distant, which constitute Mr. Doherty’s genus Malais, as he himself doubted subsequently the validity of the genus.* I have arranged the species chronologically. (1)? Logania reGInA, Druce, Borneo (Druce). This species may be au Allotinus. To judge from the figure, the type specimen must have been a male, as the body is very long. Mr. Druce does not say what sex he described. (2) Locanta matarica, Distant, Sungei Ujong, in the Malay Pen- insula (Distant); S.-E. Borneo; Pulo Laut; Sibulan, S.-E. Mindanao, one of the Philippine Isles. (3) ? Loganta tanomivs, Khiel, Nias Island (Khiel). This species may also be an Allotinus. The specimen figured seems to be a male, as it has a very long body. (4) Locayra MarmoratTA, Moore, Elphinstone Island in the Mergui Archipelago (Moore); Mone in the Shan States; Perak; N.-E. Sumatra; Pulo Laut. (5) Locanta sriwa, Distant, Malacca (Distant); Perak ; Pulo Laut. (6) Loganta opscura, Distant, Northern Borneo (Distant) ; Palawan, Cebu, and East Mindanao, in the Philippine Isles. (7) Loganta vistantI, Semper, Cebu, S.-E. Mindanao, Philippine Isles (Semper). (8) Locanta DISTANTI, Staudinger, Palawan (Staudinger). Herr Semper places this species as a synonym of L. obscura. (9) Locanta massauia, Doherty, Margherita, in Upper Assam (Doherty). (10) Lozanza tuca, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Nicéville). 25. SIMISKINA SOLYMA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 10, ¢. Hasitat: Gapis, near Taiping, Perak, Malay Peninsula. Expanse: 2, 1°6 inches. Description: Femate. Uppersine, both wings fuscous. Forewing with a large oval discal white patch, which, in some lights, is entirely suffused with beautiful rich iridescent emerald-green, and in all lights is more or less bordered by this colour; the patch commences be- yond the discoidal cell just anterior to the third median nervule, and veaches the inner margin, its posterior portion, however, is much dif- fused; just beyond the patch are two rounded emerald-green spots divided by the second median nervule. Hindwing with a rather large # Journ. A. S. B., vol. lyiii, pt. 2, pp. 415, 436 (1889) ; vol. Ix, pt, 2, p. 29 (1891), 30 L. de N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan regions [No. I, emerald-green spot in the second median interspace ; three lunulated emerald-green lines beyond in the two median and submedian inter- spaces; a marginal emerald-green thread, broken where it is crossed by the veins, obsolete towards the apex of the wing; the costa of the wing broadly pale ochreous. UNDERSIDE, both wings with the basal third chocolate-colour, the outer two-thirds ochreous. Forewing with the base of the inner margin ochreous; a broad discal wedge-shaped chocolate-coloured band with its base on the costa, its apex on the submedian nervure; its outer edge closely followed by a nar- row chocolate line ; the outer margin broadly chocolate. Hindwing with a macular, short, but rather broad, chocolate line on the middle of the disc; followed by five large chocolate spots divided only by the veins, the middle one the largest, the one on either side of it smaller, the two outermost spots the smallest ; these five spots are followed by a macular band extending right across the wing of somewhat diffused chocolate spots ; these again are closely followed by a narrow. choco- late line; the margin bears a series of lunular spots between the veins, of which the one in the second median interspace is the largest and black, the rest are black and chocolate; a fine anteciliary inner white and then an outer chocolate thread. This species is quite unique, there is nothing remotely resembling it in the genera Poritia or Simiskina. The white patch on the upperside of the forewing at once reminds one of Lawita telesia, Hew- itson, which has a similar patch in the male. The type and only known specimen of this species is deposited in the collection of Mr. A. R. Adams of Penang, who caught it himself. I am much indebted to him for allowing me to describe so beautiful and interesting a species, 26. PirHecors MaRrg, n. sp., Plate IV, Figs. 2, &j 9; 2. Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra. Exranse: o@, ‘8 of an inch to 1:2 inches; 2, 1:0 inch to 1°] inches. Descrivtion: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings rich deep shining blue, almost invisible in some lights. Forewing with the apex some- what widely, the outer margin narrowly and decreasingly black. Hindwing with the costa broadly, the outer and abdominal margins less broadly, black. Unprrstpn, both wings milky-white, a series of very fine black dots on the outer margin; an anteciliary black thread. Forewing with a very narrow blackish line defining the disco-cellular nervules ; two small black dots on the middle of the costa, often absent; a sub- marginal decreasing ochreous fascia, which becomes dusky at the costa ; within which at the anal angle are two fine ochreous lines one above the 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buttenflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 31 other. Hindwing with a large round black spot at the apex; a sub- marginal ochreous line. Femate. Uppersipe, both wings dead plumbeous- black. © Forewing with a short streak of blue scales in the lower discoidal interspace beyond the end of the discoidal cell. Hindwing anmarked. UNDpDERSIDE, both wings as in the male. Cilia throughout more prominently marked alternately black and white than in the male. A comparison of the figure here given of the male (which, how- ever, is a very poor one, drawn from a very small specimen, the first I received), with that of Pithecops fulgens, Doherty,* from Margherita, in Upper Assam, of which I possess three males and two females, including the type specimens, will at once disclose the fact that on the upperside the male of P. marie has the blue area of much greater extent (it is also of a deeper, more truly blue, shade), and on the underside, that it is far less heavily marked, the two costal dots of the forewing being often absent, and the apical spot of the hindwing often smaller. The discovery of a second blue species of the genus is highly interesting. I have described it from several male examples received from Hofrath Dr. L. Martin; one taken by myself at Namoe Oekor in October, in the virgin forest, and three female examples in my own collection, and one in Dr. Martin’s, after whose amiable wife I have great pleasure in naming it. Though this butterfly is so small, the male immediately attracts attention when flying by the wonderful refulgence of the coloration of the upperside of the wings. 27. CYANIRIS CRissa, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 12, 0. . Hasitat: Nilgiri Hills and Ashamboo Hills, South India. Expanse: o, 1:35 inches. Description: Mate. Uppersipr, both wings shining violet-blue. Forewing with the costa narrowly, the apex widely, the outer margin broadly and evenly, black. Hindwing with the costa widely, the outer margin narrowly, black; five round black spots placed against the black border, one each in the discoidal and median, two in the sub- median interspace. UNDERSIDE, both wings dead white, all the black markings unusually large and prominent ; a marginal series of prominent spots, oval in the forewing, round in the hindwing ; a submarginal promi- nent line, broader and lunulated in the forewing, narrower and more highly lunulated in the hindwing ; a very fine anteciliary black thread. Forewing with a broad prominent comma-shaped mark closing the dis- coidal cell ; a discal series of seven spots, the two anterior and two pos- terior spots in one straight line, the three middle spots out of line, * Journ. A. 8, B., vol. lviii, pt. 2, p. 127, pl. x, fig. 6, male (1889). 82 LL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, shifted outwardly. Hindwing with three large rounded spots across the base of the wing; a fine line at the end of the cell, a very irregular discal series of eight spots, of which the one on the costa and the one on the abdominal margin are the most prominent. Cilia above dusky white, on the underside the cilia under a magnifying glass appear to be white at the base tipped with dusky. C. crissa on the upperside agrees best with C. placida, de Nicéville, from Sikkim, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Java, but the outer black margin on the forewing is rather broader, and the submar- ginal black spots on the hindwing are better separated from the black margin. On the underside the two species are abundantly distinct, the markings in C. crissa being almost throughout deep black, while in C. placida they are dull fuscous, they are also far more prominent and larger in C. crissa. In the rains form of C. puspa, Horsfield, the markings on the underside are quite as prominent as in C. crissa, but they differ somewhat in character; im the hindwing especially the sub- marginal line is much nearer to the marginal spots in C. puspa than in ©. crissa. CO. cyanescens, de Nicéville, from the Nicobar Isles, is another allied species, but the markings on the underside are different, being smaller, less prominent, and more or less fuscous. Described from a single example obtained at Kalar in the Nilgiri Hills by Lieut. E. Stokes Roberts, R. E., on the 17th August, 1892, another male taken in March, in the Ashamboo Hills of Travancore, and received from Mr. Harold S. Ferguson. 28. Everes moorel, Leech, Plate II, Fig. 11, ¢. Lycena moorei, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 109, n. 45, pl. vii, fig. 3; idem, id., Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, p. 310, pl. xxxi, fig. 9, male (1893), Hapitat: Kiukiang, Chang-yang, Central China (Leech) ; Khasia Hills. The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton has sent me eight specimens of this species obtained by his native collectors in the Khasia Hills. It occurs also at Kiukiang and Chang-yang in Central China. The In- dian specimens are a good deal smaller than the Chinese examples (23 as against 29 mms.), but do not differ in coloration and markings. The species is a true Hveres, as I have ascertained by bleaching the wings of a specimen, but is a little abnormal, as the hindwing has no trace of a tail. This, however, in the Lycenide, cannot be accepted as a feature of generic or even specific value, as several instances occur in which the same species is both tailed and tailless. In the genus Hveres not only is EH. moorei tailless, but the type species, FH. argiades, Pallas, is sometimes without tails, Mr. W. Doherty having obtained tailless 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buttenflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 33 specimens in the Naga Hills, and Lieut. E. Y. Watson similar ones in the North Chin Hills of Upper Burma (Fort White, 7,000 ft., March and April; Tiddim, 5,500 ft., April), of which he has sent me a consider- able series. FE. mooret is not mentioned in Colonel Swinhoe’s “ List of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills.’’* 29. LamMPIDES LUCIDE, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 3, ¢. Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expans£&: o, 1°6 inches. Description: Mate. Upprrsipe, both wings milky-white more or less glossed with pale blue; all the fuscous bands, the dark costa, and base of the wing of the underside shining through as pale blue bands. Forewing with the apex broadly, and the outer border rather broadly and decreasingly black. Hindwing with a black anteciliary thread, within which is a series of small indistinct linear black lines between the veins ; cilia white, tipped with black ; tail black, tipped with white. UnpERSIDE, both wings chalky-white. Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the costa and the base of the wing sprinkled thickly with plumbeous scales; a broad straight fuscous band from the dusky costa to the sub- median nervure covering the disco-cellular nervules; a similar but dis- located band beyond from the costa to the third median nervule; between these two bands is a quadrate spot in the second median interspace; a third short band from the costa,to the lower discoidal nervule; a fourth band, submarginal, curved, from the costa to the submedian nervure ; a fifth marginal narrow band; a rather broad anteciliary black thread. Hindwing with the base narrowly thickly sprinkled with plumbeous scales ; crossed by seven fuscous bands which are more or less straight till they approach the abdominal area when they are all recurved to the ab- dominal margin, except the second band from the base of the wing, which ends on the first median nervule and is not recurved; a large oval black spot near the margin in the first median interspace, bearing at the corner nearest to the base of the tail a few brilliant metallic green scales, the spot broadly crowned with rich ferruginous; a small anal black spot bearing anteriorly a few metallic green scales, crowned by a ferruginous line; an anteciliary fine black thread. Abdomen plumbeous above, the segments marked with a white line, the abdomen below white. This is a very remarkable species, and unlike any other. The coloration of the underside is reversed. In the other species of the genus the ground-colour is dark and the markings are white, in L. lucide the ground-colour is white and the markings are black. The broad black apex and outer margin of the forewing above, and the * Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1893, p, 297. J. mu. 5 34 Ty. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, markings of the underside of both wings being represented above by pale blue bands, are also quite unique characters. On the upperside L. lucide reminds one of L. aratus, Cramer, as figured by Heer P. C. T. Snellen in Tijdsch. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii, p. 271, pl. xi, fig. 1, male (1890), from Tanah-Djampea Island, near Celebes, but that species has no broad black border to the forewing. Described from one specimen obtained by the Battaks in January, 1893, in my collection; Dr. Martin possesses a single female example, which I hope hereafter to have an opportunity to figure and describe. 30. ARHOPALA CONSTANCEZ, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 11, 9. Hasitat: South Andaman Isles, Expanse: 9, 1°8 inches. Description: Fema. Upprrsipr, both wings rich shining rather light blue. Forewing with the costa as far as the subcostal nervure, the apex very widely, and the outer margin widely, purplish-black. Hind- wing with the costa and outer margin broadly purplish-black, the abdo- minal margin pale fuscous; the anal lobe small, purplish-black; tail rather short, purplish-black tipped with white; cilia purplish-black throughout. Unpersipe, both wings purplish-reddish-brown, the markings a little darker only than the ground-colour. Forewing with a small round dot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a larger oval one at its middle, a large one at its end, with a spot below filling the base of the first median interspace; the discal band straight, even, formed of six nearly equal-sized spots, extending from the costa to the first median nervule; two indistinct submarginal macular bands; the inner margin broadly pale, this pale area reaching to the submedian nervure ; with an indistinct spot (its outer edge sharply defined) within and posterior to the point where the first median neryule arises, Hindwing with the usual basal spots small, the quadrate spot closing the discoidal cell touching the large second anterior spot of the usual discal fascia; the submarginal band broad; the anal lobe bearing a small deep black spot crowned with dull dark green scales, with a few scattered similar scales in the interspace beyond. There is no allied Indian species with which I can compare this, but it appears to be very similar on the underside to A. ate, Hewitson, from Amboina, differing, however, in the discal band of the hindwing touching the disco-cellular spot instead of being widely separated from it, and in having the metallic green sprinklings at the anal angle much fewer. Described from a single example obtained at Port Blair by the late Mr. R. Wimberley, after whose widow I have much pleasure in naming it, ca Or 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjies from the Indo-Malayan region. Genus Listeria, nov. Mane. Forewine, rather long and narrow; costa almost straight, apex to termination of third median nervule truncate, outer margin below truncation emarginate, inner angle rather acute, inner margin lobed before the middle ; costal nervure ending just beyond the upper end of the discoidal cell ; swbcostal nervure with three branches, excluding the terminal portion of the nervure which is often counted as an additional subcostal nervule, terminating on the costa just before the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule arising from the subcostal nervure a little beyond the middle of the cell, ending on the costa beyond the end of the cell; second subcostal arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to the origin of the first subcostal; third subcostal arising midway between the end of the cell and the apex of the wing; wpper disco-cellular ner- vule wanting; mddle disco-cellular arising at the point where the upper discoidal nervule is given off, concave; lower disco-cellular longer than the middle disco-cellular, in the same straight line, concave; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; jirst median arising twice as far from the base of the second as the second does from the end of the cell; submedian nervure straight; a sexual tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin before its middle and turned under and upwards. Hinpwine, large, broad; costa nearly straight, outer margin broadly curved to the anal angle, slightly produced at the termination of the third median nervule; anal lobe very large; abdominal margin excavated anterior to the anal lobe; costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing, very much curved at the base, then straight to the apex; first subcostal nervule arising well before the apex of the cell, ending at the apex of the wing; wpper disco-cellular nervule straight, lower disco-cellular also straight, in the same straight line as the upper, both slightly outwardly oblique, a little longer than the upper; second median nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell; swbmedian nervure straight; internal nervure short, recurved; a sexual glandular “ scale” patch extending from the base of the first subcostal nervule to the termination of the discoidal cell, not extending into the cell, but with as large or rather larger an area anterior to the first subcostal nervule as there is posterior to that vein. Antenne about half as long as the costa of the forewing, with a large well-formed club. Palpz rather long, porrect. yes hairy. Thorax rather robust. Abdomen short, extending to two-thirds the length of the abdominal margin of the hindwing only. Cilia of the hindwing very long and coarse. Type, L. dudgeonii, de Nicéville. The secondary male sexual characters of the genus are nearest as far as Indian genera go to those of Bindahara, Moore, the “scale” 36 -L, de Nicéville—Butterfles from the Indo-Malayan region, [No. 1, patch on the hindwing being placed in much the same position, though it is not quite so large and reaches quite up to the origin of the upper disco-cellular nervule, which it does not do in Bindahara, and it has a similar tuft of long hairs on the forewing; but it differs from the five Indian genera—Hysudra, Rapala, Bindahara, Virachola, and Sinthusa, all of Moore—which possess the “scale” mark and tuft of hairs, in being entirely devoid of a tail to the hindwing. The genus is so entirely aberrant that it is very difficult to know where to place it, though its affinities are perhaps more with Thecla, Fabricius, than with any other. 31. LisTERIA DUDGEONH, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 3, &. Hasitat: Bhutan. EXxpaNse: o@, 1°25 inches. Description: Mate. Upprersine, forewing black; the discoidal cell, a small area at the base of the second and a larger area at the base of the first median interspace and thence broadly to the inner margin of the wing, but not nearly reaching the anal angle, bright blue. Hind- wing with the costa broadly extending into the cell, the outer margin broadly but decreasingly to the anal angle, black; the abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous ; the rest of the wing bright blue. Unprr- sipE, forewing pale fuscous inclining to pale ochreous broadly on the inner margin; a large reddish spot at the end of the cell, a discal macular reddish band from the costa to the first median nervule; a sub- marginal broad black-mixed-with-red band; the sexual tuft of hairs on the inner margin turned under and upwards pale ochreous. Hindwing with the base rather broadly black, the rest of the wing reddish, be- coming darker towards the outer margin, where it is umber-coloured ; beyond the black basal area is a broad area extending across the wing consisting of a confused mass of ill-shaped ochreous spots; the outer margin bears a double lunulated fuscous line, each pair of lunules enclosing a small space of the ground-colour. Cilia reddish throughout, broad and coarse, aud very long on the hindwing, especially where they fringe the anal lobe. The butterfly is so entirely different from all others known to me in shape, markings and sexual characters that I can compare it with none. It remotely reminds one of Thecla frivaldszkyt, Lederer, and allies, in the markings of the underside ; but the coloration of the upper- side, the truncated apex of the forewing, and the “ male-marks ” are wholly dissimilar. Described from a single example not in very perfect order, captured at 2,500 feet elevation above the sea by Mr. J. L. Lister, after whom I haye much pleasure in naming the genus. As my friend Mr. G. C. 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 37 Dudgeon “discovered” the species in Mr. Lister’s collection, I have named it specifically after him. 32. CAMENA CREMERA, un. sp., Plate V, Fig. 16, &. Hapitat: Java. Expanse: 6, 1'7 inches. Description: Mate. Uprersipe, both wings cerulean-blue; cilia black, faintly tipped with grey on the hindwing. Forewing with the costa at the base very narrowly black, but the black area broadening out and reaching the subcostal nervure before the apex of the cell; the apex of the wing very widely black, narrowing away to nothing at the anal angle. Hindwing with the costal area broadly pale ochreous, polished ; the outer margin narrowly black, but widening out somewhat at the apex of the wing; anal lobe small, inconspicuous, black, with a few turquoise-blue scales posteriorly, obscurely crowned with ochreous ; the abdominal margin whitish. UwnpbeERsIDE, both wings plumbeous; a common discal even-edged straight white band, widest at the costa of the forewing, ending on that wing at the first median nervule, in the hindwing commencing on the costa, ending on the submarginal dark line; a common submarginal narrow dark line, not quite reaching the costa of either wing, in the forewing slightly outwardly bowed, ending at the submedian nervure, in the hindwing much outwardly bowed, posteriorly zig-zag and recurved to the abdominal margin, defined on the zig-zag portion on both sides by a fine white line; a very fine anteciliary black thread, defined inwardly narrowly with whitish on the hindwing. Forewing with the inner margin broadly whitish ; the large tuft of hairs turned under and forwards deep black, and lying across a polished area. Hindwing with a small round black spot in the first median interspace near the margin, anteriorly broadly crowned with a large orange spot which reaches as far as the submarginal dark line; the anal lobe bearing a prominent large round deep black spot, crowned with a thin line of turquoise-blue scales; the area between the anal lobe and the second median nervule broadly sprinkled with grey scales; tails black, fringed and tipped with white. Body above blue throughout; below whitish. Closely allied to C. cotys, Hewitson, from Nepal, Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, East Pegu, and Burma, and to C. anysis, Hewitson, from Macassar (Celebes), and the Philippine and Jolo Isles, differing from the figure of the latter in the black area of the forewing on the upperside being less wide and reaching the inner angle in a regular curve, in C. anysis it appears to end abruptly at the first median nervule; in the latter species the apex of the hindwing appears to be blue, in C. cremera 88 . de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1, it is somewhat broadly black; on the underside of the hindwing the black spot in the first median interspace is half as large, while the orange area anterior to this spot is many times larger than in C. anysis. From C. cotys it differs on the underside in the common white discal band being narrower, in the absence of the common ‘submarginal obscure rufous band,” by the large size of the orange patch crowning the black spot in the first median interspace of the hindwing, and by the anal lobe being crowned with blue instead of orange. Described from two male examples sent me by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer. 33. APHNEZUS HIENDLMAYRII, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 5, 2. Hapitat: N.-E. Sumatra. EXPANSE: 9, 1:7 inches. Description: FemMALe. UPppErsine, both wings fuscous with strong reflections in certain lights, in one light dark purple, in another ochreous- bronzy. Hindwing, anal angle and lobe bearing a large patch of deep red (dragon’s blood) colour, this red area outwardly marked with a black line centered with a line of pure silvery scales; tails also deep ved, but becoming black towards the end, tipped with white. Unprrsipx, both wings dull brownish-ochreous, the disc somewhat mottled with deep red, profusely marked with spots of the purest metallic silvery colour. Forewing with the silvery spots thus :—A series of dots along the costa, the series not quite reaching the base of the wing, increasing in size as they advance towards the apex of the wing, the series not nearly reach- ing the apex; a large oblique streak near the middle of the discoidal cell; an upright one across its end; two spots beyond placed obliquely ; an elongated curved streak below the cell divided by the second median nervule ; a lengthened narrow streak lying along the first median ner- vule ; a chain-like submarginal band—all these silvery spots narrowly outwardly defined with a black line and more broadly by deep red; a marginal deep red line; the base of the wing yellowish, the inner mar- gin broadly whitish, becoming plumbeous at the first median nervule, Hindwing with sixteen silvery spots and streaks as in the forewing spread fairly evenly over the base and disc; a submarginal red band recurved to the abdominal margin, the band anteriorly slightly, posteriorly profusely, marked with silvery; a narrow deep red anteciliary line; the anal lobe deep red bearing a small black spot anteriorly crowned with yellow. Body above concolorous with the wings on the upperside. Face in front, palpi, body beneath, and legs yellow. As far as I am aware, this species has no near ally, it does not even remotely resemble any Oriental species with which I am acquainted. In the type specimen, being a female, the upperside is not brilliantly 1894.] L, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 39 blue coloured as the male will probably prove to be; the rich silvery markings on a ground of an unusual shade, the markings themselves also being of a shape hitherto unknown to me, make the lower surface of this insect not only singularly beautiful but extremely different from all other Eastern species of the genus. Itis possibly more nearly related to the numerous richly coloured African species allied to Aphnceemor- pha orcas, Drury. It is not a little remarkable that while continental India is so rich in species of the genus Aphneus, Sumatra should not possess more than one other species, the wide-spread A. lohita, Horsfield ; while the Malay Peninsula and larger islands (Borneo and Java) should only possess two or three species, A. lohita and A. syama, Horsfield, and A, vulcanus, Fabricius. Described from a unique example taken at Selesseh on 15th August, 1893, in Dr. L. Martin’s collection. At his suggestion I have named it after Herr A. Hiendlmayr, the Custos of the Munich Museum, Bavaria. 34. TAJURIA BLANKA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fie. 4, 9. Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-H. Sumatra. ExpANse: 9, 1°6 inches. Description: Femate. Uppersipe, forewing with the costa at the base very narrowly, the apex very widely, the outer margin decreasingly, black; the rest of the wing rather light clear blue. Hindwing with the costa broadly fuscous; the apex widely, the outer margin narrow] y> black ; the abdominal margin as far as the submedian nervure whitish ; the rest of the wing blue; the anal lobe small, black, crowned with a few blue scales, the lobe anteriorly bearing against it a white fascia the tails rather short, black, tipped with white, the longer one from the termination of the first median nervule, the shorter from the submedian nervure. Cilia black throughout. Unopersipz, forewing immaculate, drab, the inner margin extending broadly on to the disc dull ochreous. Hindwing drab; with an irregular outer discal dark line outward] y defined by white from the abdominal margin to the third median ner- vule; a small oval black spot on the margin in the first median inter space; a slightly larger black spot on the anal lobe, anteriorly and posteriorly bearing some fine turquoise-blue scales; the space between and above these spots ochreous; an anteciliary black thread inwardly defined by a narrow white thread from the anal lobe to the third median nervule; cilia of the forewing and the anterior moiety of the hindwine drab, the posterior moiety whitish. Body above clothed with long ines, of the shade of blue of the wings; thorax beneath drab, abdomen: be- neath dull ochreous. Probably nearest to T. mantra, Felder, and T, relata, Distant, from 40 UL, de Nicéville—Butierflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1 both of which T. blanka may instantly be known by the forewing on the underside having no markings whatever, Described from a single example in Dr. Martin’s collection, which was taken in October. Namoe Blanka is the name of a Battak kam- pong or village. 35. CHARANA CEPHEIS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 10, &. Hasitat: Assam. ExpansE: &, 1°8 inches. Description: Mate. UPpPERSIDE, both wings glossy purplish-black. Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the interno-median area ending outwardly in a point and the basal half of the sutural area rich deep blue of about the same shade as in the male of Camena icetas, Hewitson. Hindwing with the outer half from the second subcostal nervule to the submedian nervure, crossed by the black veins, rich deep blue; a diffused and indistinct submarginal black spot in the first median interspace; the outer margin narrowly black; the anal lobe orange-ochreous, bearing a few white and blue scales; the tails black, fringed and tipped with white. Unpersip8, both wings with the basal two-thirds pale chrome-yellow, the outer third purplish-brown. Forewing with the purplish-brown area bearing two macular deeper brown bands, which are farthest apart in the middle but meet at each end, thus enclosing an oval space of the ground- colour; a submarginal whitish thread reaching from the anal angle to the middle of the wing. Hindwing, the outer purplish-brown area bears two macular deeper brown bands, the inner one posteriorly highly zig-zae and recurved to the abdominal margin, the outer one reaching only to the second median nervule ; the first median interspace bears a round black spot with an outer rust-red ring; the anal lobe is jet-black, anteriorly bearing a few turquoise-blue scales, and bearing anteriorly to these again a rust-red line, which is continued to the abdominal margin along the edge of the incised portion of the wing anterior to the anal lobe, this red line defined on both sides with a very narrow black line. Cilia of the hindwing narrowly tipped with white, those of the forewing black. This species is very near to C. mandarinus, Hewitson, from Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, and Burma, from which it differs in the following particulars :—The blue coloration of the upperside is quite different, being of a much darker and richer hue, in C. mandarinus it is distinctly “dull cernlean blue,” the blue colour also does not extend into the discoidal cell of the forewing as it does in that species; on the under- side the outer area of both wings is purplish-brown instead of rufous, in the forewing the macular bands touch at both ends instead of being 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region, 41 parallel throughout; and in the hindwing of C. mandarinus beyond the inner zig-zag black line from the second median nervule to the abdominal margin there is a considerable white band, this being obsolete in C. cepheis, the purplish-brown area being continued uninterruptedly and of equal width thronghout from the apex of the wing to the anal angle. Described from two male specimens exactly alike captured by Lieut, C. H. Ward, on Nemotha, a peak in Cachar, 3,634 feet high, on October 15th, 1892, one of which he has generously presented to me, Lieut. Ward captured C. mandarinus at the same time and place. 36, NEOCHERITRA NAMOA, Nn. sp., Plate V, Fig, 9, ¢. Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N-H. Sumatra, Expanse: o, 1:6 inches. Description: Mare. Upprrsipe, forewing and cilia black; a broad oblique pale non-iridescent blue band crosses the base of the wing, this area commences narrowly on the costa, crosses the discoidal cell at about its middle, meeting the median nervure at the point where the first median nervule arises, and reaches the inner margin at about two-thirds of its length from the base. Hindwing with the costa at the base of the wing broadly pearly shining white, bearing in its middle a large round fuscous “scale mark,” this mark being placed at the base of the first subcostal nervule by which it is equally bisected, not extending into the cell, the mark shewing clearly on the under- side of the wing as a raised area: the apex of the wing reaching to the second median nervule broadly black, the rest of the wing pale non-iridescent blue shading off into pure white broadly towards the anal angle; a large round black spot placed close to the margin in the first median interspace; a similar one in the submedian inter- space, but placed further from the margin; the anal lobe with a large round black spot in its middle almost hidden by overlying long white hair-like scales; an anteciliary fine black thread which extends some little distance along the middle of the two tails, the thread commences at about the first median nervule and ends at the base of the inner long tail; cilia anteriorly black, posteriorly pure white; outer tail at ter- mination of first median nervule tipped with white, anterior to this it is black, then again white to its base, in length it is 5 mms.; inner tail at termination of submedian nervure white, in length 17 mms., or about 65 of an inch. Unpersips, both wings pale bluish-white. Forewing with the costa and apex broadly dull brownish-ochreous, shading off into the white discal area; the inner margin broadly highly polished at-the base ; across this polished area lies a thick tuft of long dull brownish-ochreous po Ue 42‘, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, hairs. Hindwing at the apex with a short dull ochreous-brown sub- marginal line ending in the second median interspace in a narrow black line; four short black lines placed in echelon across the disc, one each in the second and first median, submedian and internal interspaces; the three large round black spots on the margin towards the anal angle as on the upperside, but larger, more prominent, and of a deeper shade, the one on the anal lobe with a black line placed against it anteriorly ; between the anal lobe and the line above it are a few pale greenish metallic scales, the middle black spot also bears a few similar scales scattered over it; a fine black anteciliary thread traverses the whole length of the margin and extends as above for a short distance along the bases of the tails. Head, thorax, and abdomen above pale blue; beneath, palpi and legs white. The antenne are very interesting—the club and shaft above are black, but the shaft beneath is pure white. Unfortunately I possess no male specimen of the type species of the genus, Neocheritra amrita, Felder, with which to compare the struc- ture of N. namoa. As far as I can judge, however, it comes into that genus, as it possesses four subcostal nervules and a tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin of the forewing and turned under and forwards, and the cup-like depression (as seen from above) to the hindwing mentioned by Hewitson as found in the typical species. Both Hewitson and Distant figure the male of N. amrita, from which N. namoa differs on the upperside in the forewing having the blue area of less extent, in the hindwing in having the black apical area twice as large, in both the tails being very considerably shorter, and on the underside in having the apical area of the forewing duil brownish-ochreous, not deep ful- vous or reddish-ochreous. I have female specimens of N. amrita from Perak, Singapore, and Sumatra. To this genus probably belongs the very distinct ‘‘ Sithon” teunga, Grose Smith, from Borneo.* Another allied species is ‘‘ Hypolyceena” clella, Weymer,t from the Island of Nias, of which I possess a female specimen. It has much shorter tails than N. namoa, and the discal series of black spots on the underside of the hindwing instead of being placed in echelon are arranged in a straight line, as they are also in N. amrita. The ground-colour of the two species on the underside agrees exactly, but N. clella (the species is a true Neocheritra) has the dull brownish-ochreous coloration more extensive on the forewing. Probably still another allied species (which I have not seen) is “ Sithon” paluana, Staudinger, from Palawan in the Philippines. Described from an unique specimen taken on 21st May, 1893, in the * Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series, vol. iii, p. 317 (1889). + Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 10, n. 8, pl. ii, fig. 5, female (1887). t Iris, vol, ii, p. 107, pl. i, fig. 9, female (1889). 1894,] LL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 43 Battak mountains, deposited in Dr. Martin’s collection, I have taken its name from Namoe Oekor and Namoe Blanka, two Battak villages. 37, SINTHUSA MALIKA, Horsfield, Plate V, Figs. 18, ¢ ; 6, 9. Thecla malika, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., p. 90, n. 22 (1829); Dipsas malika, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., vol. i, p. 37, n. 43, pl. ia, fig. 5, male (1857) ; Myrina malika, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 37, n. 34, pl. xv, figs. 41-43, male (1863) ; Sithon malika, Kheil, Rhop. Nias., p. 32, n. 112 (1884) ; Sinthusa malika, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. iii, p. 487 (1890); Sinthusa amata, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 461, n.2, pl. xliv, fig. 20, female (1886); id., de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. iii, p. 488 (1890). Hasirat: Java (Horsfield, Moore, Hewitson, coll. de Nicéville) ; Sumatra (Hewitson, coll. de Nicéville) ; Nias (Kheil) ; Penang (Distant, coll, de Nicéville) ; Perak (coll. de Nicéville). Expanse: &, 100 to 115; 9, 1:2 inches. Description: Matz. Uppersipe, forewing deep indigo-blue, viewed. from the side iridescent rich ultramarine-blue; the costa and outer margin narrowly black, broadly black at the apex. Hindwing much lighter blue than on the forewing, not iridescent, the costa broadly black, the abdominal margin broadly fuscous. Cilia of the forewing black, of the hindwing pure white, except at the apex of the wing, where they are fuscous. UNDERSIDE, both wings white with a bluish shade, the markings brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the costa narrowly, the apex widely, the outer margin fining away to nothing at the inner angle, brownish-ochreous ; an oblong broad spot at the end of the discoidal cell; a discal macular band consisting of six increasing spots, the band strongly broken in the middle, the three posterior portions of the band shifted towards the base of the wing ; an obscure submarginal macular fascia from the submedian nervure, becoming lost anteriorly in the dark apical area. Hindwing with a broad oblong spot at the end of the cell; eight small discal spots arranged in pairs irregularly across the wing from the costa to above tlie anal angle; a round black spot in the first median interspace on the margin; a black spot in the submedian interspace sprinkled with metallic-blue scales; a double series of small lunules on the outer margin between the spot in the first median interspace and the apex of the wing, obsolete in a Javan specimen; the small anal lobe black, crowned with metallic-blue scales. Cilia of the forewing brownish- ochreous; of the hindwing white, with a fine black anteciliary thread. Tail white with a black central line. The tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin of the forewing towards the base and turned under and upwards, large and black, FemaALe. Upprrsipt, both wings shining hair-brown. Forewing unmarked. Hindwing with an outer white area, 44 Ii de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, separated from the outer margin by a narrow band of the ground- colour, the white area commences narrowly at the second subcostal nervule, increases in width to the abdominal margin; a narrow black anteciliary thread from the anal angle to the third median nervule. UNDERSIDE, both wings with the markings similar to those in the male, but of a pure ochreous shade margined with fuscous. Forewing with the apex also pure ochreous. The tail twice as long and twice as broad as in the male. My single Javan male specimen here figured has the blue coloration of the upperside of the forewing more extensive, the markings of the underside smaller,* the double marginal macular bands obsolete in the hindwing, the brownish-ochreous apical area of the forewing more re- stricted than in my numerous specimens from the Malay Peninsula and the Battak Mountains of Sumatra, but as all these features seem to be somewhat variable in my series of specimens, I think the §. amata of Distant should fall before §. malika of Horsfield. The figure of the male is taken from my Javan specimen, that of the female from a Penang example. I have also figured, Plate V, Fig. 17, the unique type male specimen of Sinthusa aspra, Doherty (Journ. A. 8. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 180 (1891), from Mount Arjuno, 5,000 feet, Wastern Java, the specimen being in my collection. Family PAPILIONIDA. Subfamily Prerinz. 38. Durtias pyMas, u. sp., Plate V, Fig. 7, ¢. Hasitat: Java. Expanse: of, 2°6 inches. Description: Maus. Urrrrsidé, forewing black; tke disco-cellular nervules marked on each side with a white line; a submarginal series of six white streaks; a small patch of grey scales at the base of the first median interspace, a much larger one below this in the sub- median interspace. Hindwing with the extreme base, the costa, and the outer margin black, the rest of the wing white, but the area between the abdominal margin and the second median nervule tinted with prim- -rose-yellow. UnperrsipE, forewing as on the upperside, but the grey patches on the disc smaller. Hindwing with the base broadly black, bearing a broad crimson patch, the disc of the wing rich chrome-yellow crossed by the narrow black veins, the outer margin black, that colour ascending the veins on either side for some little distance. - * Noted also by Hewitgon. 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 45 Nearest to D. crithoé, Boisduval, also from Java, but differing in the submarginal series of spots on the forewing being twice as numerous, and all the disco-cellular nervules, instead of the lower one only, defined on each side with a white line; the hindwing has the white and pale yellow area much larger, thereby reducing the outer black area by one-half. Also near to D. tobahana, Rogenhofer,=D, derceto, mihi, from Sumatra, but that species lacks the two discal patches of grey scales on the fore- wing, has the white and yellow area on the hindwing smaller, and on the underside has the crimson band of the hindwing at least twice as broad. Described from a single example collected by Mr. W. Doherty in Java and given to me by him as a new species. After the description above was written and the specimen figured, I received Herr Fruhstor- fer’s description of D. bromo,* also from Java, from which D. dymas appears to differ mainly in the entire absence of the crimson base to the hindwing on the upperside. Subfamily Papi.ionina. 39. Papitio (Pangerana) HAGENI, Rogenhofer, Plate IV, Fig. 6, ¢. Papilio hageni, Rogenhofer, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xxxix, p. 1 (1889) ; id., de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 55, n, 16, pl. M, fig, 2, female (1893). Hasitat: Sumatra. ExPAanse: do, 5°6 inches. Description: Matz. Upprrsipn, both wings rich glossy black. Forewing with some paler streaks in the discoidal cell and between the veivs. Hindwing with a large white patch occupying the outer half of the wing, anteriorly bounded by the second subcostal nervule, pos- teriorly extending just beyond the greatly curved first median nervule, not reaching the outer margin, this latter bearing four large conjoined Innular black spots; the white area bears outwardly four large round black spots, the three anterior ones equal-sized, the posterior one smaller; the white area between these last-mentioned four spots and the four black lunular spots on the margin sprinkled with black scales; the abdominal margin is as usual twice folded over, and is lined within with a white flocculent substance, the edge of the fold within being rose-pink, UNDpERSIDE, forewing paler than on the upper- side. Hindwing as above, except that the white area has no black sprinkling, and that there is a small white spot at the posterior end of the cell, with three similar ones in the first subcostal interspace, these latter * Delias bromo, Fruhstorfer, Hut. Nach:, vol. xix, p; 335 (1893). 46 IL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. ], really forming an incomplete white edging to a fifth discal black spot. Antenne black. Head in front and thorax anteriorly pale buff-yellow, thorax and abdomen above black, thorax beneath and legs black, abdo- men beneath rich crimson, cross-banded with black, and bearing on each side a series of small black spots; anal valves black. Described from a single male taken on Sth May, 1893, and gene- rously given to me by Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, who possesses one other male in his magnificent collection. 40. Partito (Menamopsis) rersts, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 7, o. Hasitat: Gayoes Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. EXPANSE: o, 3°7 inches. Description: Mate. UPpersipE, both wings fuscous. Forewing with the basal two-thirds very dark fuscous, the outer third lighter. Hindwing with a submarginal series of sullied-white streaks placed in pairs between the veins, reaching neither the outer margin nor the dis- coidal cell, most prominent at the anal angle, becoming obsolete towards the apex of the wing; a small round chrome-yellow spot outwardly surrounded by a black line at the extreme anal angle. Unpersipz, both wings uniformly pale fuscous. Forewing immaculate. Hindwing with the anal spot as on the upperside; the submarginal series of white streaks longer, reaching almost to the outer margin, wider and clearer white. Head and thorax in front black, spotted with white, rest of thorax and abdomen black, the latter bearing three series of white spots on each side, the anal valves white, edged with black. Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly compared the drawing here reproduced with the specimen of P. hewitsonit, Westwood, in the British Museum, which is probably the type of that species, and was figured by Mr. Hewitson in his “Exotic Butterflies,’ vol. ii, Papilio pl. iv, fig. 9, (1859) as the female of P, slateri, Hewitson. Mr. Kirby informs me that the species here described in quite distinct from the Bornean P. hewitsonii. The latter I have not seen, but from Hewitson’s figure of it, which he says is taken from a female (Wallace, however, says the specimen is a male,* as also does Westwood,t again Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has examined it and tells me that it is, with two other specimens in the British Museum, undoubtedly a male), it differs in having the outer third of the forewing lighter coloured than the rest of the wing instead of concolorous throughout; the hindwing with a prominent submar- ginal series of white streaks, instead of, as in P. hewitsonii, “two rows # Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., vol. xxv, p. 6], n. 86 (1864). + Proc. Ent, Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 10 (1864). 1894.] 1, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo- Malayan region. 47 of indistinct white spots, in pairs, between the median nervules near the outer margin” on the upperside, those on the underside are said to form “two rows, united into distinct hastate spots pointed inwards.” The chrome-yellow anal spot in P. perses is half the size of that in P, hewitsonii, and the wings of my specimen are also narrower. Described from a single example in my collection received from Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, who has other specimens in his own collection, It is a perfect mimic—except for the chrome-yellow anal spot to the hindwing—of Luplea (Penoa) ménétriésti, Felder, which is found flying with it, 41. Papttio (Menamopsis) pntTRA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 5, ¢, Hasitat: Gayoes Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expansp: o, 4°1 inches. Description: Mate. Uppersipt, forewing fuscous, the area at the anal angle broadly paler; a curved discal series of eight inwardly- pointed white streaks placed one each between the veins; the series anteriorly well removed from the outer margin of the wing, approaching the anal angle posteriorly ; the spots forming the series largest anteri- orly, rapidly decreasing in size posteriorly ; each spot bisected longi- udinally by the internervular fold. Hindwing fuscous at the base only, the rest of the wing much paler; a submarginal series of sullied- white streaks placed in pairs between the veins, well removed from the outer margin except the two anteriormost ones, which approach it closely ; 2 small round chrome-yellow spot placed on the anal angle, anteriorly crowned with a black lunule. Uwnpersipe, both wings concolo- rous, shining pale fuscous, Forewing with the discal series of white streaks smaller and becoming obsolete. Hindwing with the submar- ginal series of white streaks more prominent, each streak whiter, larger, and almost reaching the outer margin. Head and body as usual. Closely allied to P. hewitsonit, Westwood, from Borneo, and P. perses, de Nicéville, from the Gayoes Mountains of N.-E. Sumatra. From both it differs in its larger size, and in the presence of the conspicuous discal series of white streaks on the upperside of the forewing. It differs from P. hewitsonti in having the submarginal series of white streaks on the hindwing, these being obsolete or absent in that species ; the anal spot is also very much smaller in P. petra. Described from an unique example in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, brought down from the mountains by his Gayoes col- lectors in January, 1893. 48 i. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No 1, Family HESPERIIDA. - Genus CHARMION, nov. : Mate. Fornwinc, triangular, entire; costa gently arched; apex rather acute ; outer margin very straight in general direction, slightly convex ; inner margin straight, in length equal to the outer margin ; costal nervure ending opposite the apex of the discoidal cell; first subcostal nervule arising nearly twice as far from the second subcostal as that vein does from the third; fourth and fifth subcostals arising close together ; upper disco-cellular nervule stout, long, strongly outwardly oblique; middle and lower disco-cellulars thin, gently curved, concave, placed inwardly obliquely, the lower slightly longer than the middle, consequently the lower discoidal nervule lies nearer to the upper discoidal than to the third median nervule ; discoidal cell reaching to a little less than two-thirds the length of the wing* from the base; second median nervule arising far from the lower end of the cell; first median arises near the base of the wing, with its base further from the base of the second median than that vein arises from the third; suwbmedian nervure slightly sinuous. HInpwING, entire; costa much arched at base, then nearly straight ; apex rather acute ; owter margin regularly curved to the abdominal margin, slightly produced at the termination of the second median nervule, between the second median nervule and the anal angle slightly concave; costal nervure nearly straight, ending at the apex of the wing; first subcostal nervule arising far before the apex of the cell ; disco-cellular nervules slightly outwardly oblique ; wpper disco-cellular sinuous ; lower disco-cellular concave, slightly longer than the upper ; discoidal nervule well developed ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; jist median arising twice as far from the second, as the second arises from the third; submedian and internal nervures straight. ANTENN® with a well-developed club, the thin apical portion of which is directed at right-angles to the shaft. Patri erect; pressed close to the face, densely pilose, third joint hidden beneath the hairs. AbpomeN reaching to the level of the outer margin of the wing, Leas. Foreleg with an epiphysis on the tibia. Hindleg with a long tuft of hairs attached to the tibia at its base, and two pairs of spines towards its apex. Femate. Differs from the male in the wings being slightly rounder and fuller, and lackiny the tuft of hairs on the hindleg. Type, C. ficulnea, Hewitson. * Lieut. E.. ¥Y. Watson, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, pp. 15 and 16, divides his subfamily Hesperiinz into Sections A and B by the discoidal cell of the forewing being more or less than two-thirds the length of the costa. This is a measurement which I find yery difficult to verify. 1894.] UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 49 Charmion differs from Hantana, Moore, in the discoidal cell of the forewing being a little less than two-thirds the length of the wing, in Hantana the cell is obviously more than two-thirds thelength. It differs from both Hantana, Moore, and Celenorrhinus, Hiibner, in having the middle and lower disco-cellular nervules of the forewing considerably more upright, and the second median nervule arising far from instead of close to the lower end of the cell. The imago rests on the underside of leaves with wide-spread wings. (1) CuHARMION FICcULNEA, Hewitson. Hesperia ficulnea, Hewitson, Descr. Hesperide, p. 37, n. 33 (1868) ; —— jiculnea, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 113; Plesionewra signata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 360, n. 3, pl. xxxiii, fig.8; Notocrypta signata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, p. 191, n. 14 (1889); idem, id., 1. ¢. vol. vi, p. 880, n, 26 (1891). Hasirat: Borneo (Hewitson and Druce); Victoria Point, Lower Tenasserim ; Perak, Malay Peninsula; Siam; N.-E. and §,-W. Sumatra; S.-E. Borneo (de Nicéville). (2) CHarmion ToLA, Hewitson. Plesioneura tola, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i, p. 340 (1878); Notocrypta tola, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, p- 191, n. 15 (1889) ; Plastingia ? plesioneure, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 299, pl. c, female (1888). Hasirat: Tondano (Hewitson) ; Minahassa, Celebes (Staudinger). Thave not seen the “ Plesionewra” tola of Hewitson. From the description it appears to differ from C. ficulnea, Hewitson, in the fore- wing in the discal band extending posterior to the first median nervule, in C. ficulnea it ends on that vein. I have put P. tola in the genus on Lieut. E. Y. Watson’s authority. Neither have I seen Dr. Standinger’s “ Plastingia ?” plesioneure, but as the figure agrees exactly with Hewit- son’s description, I have no hesitation in placing it here. Genus SmpPa, nov. Matz. Forewine, costa almost straight; apex acute; outer margin almost straight, very oblique; inner margin straight, exactly as long as the outer margin; costal nervure ending a little before the apex of the discoidal cell; subcostal nervules arising at gradually decreasing distances apart; discoidal cell long, extending beyond the middle of the wing; wpper disco-cellular nervule short, straight, outwardly oblique ; middle and lower disco-cellulars of nearly equal length, straight, strongly inwardly oblique, the middle a little longer than the lower; second median nervule arising a little before the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer the base of the wing than the lower end of the cell; submedian nervure straight ; a sexual brand, or ‘“ male-mark,” a 50 I, de Nicéville—Putterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, extends obliquely across the submedian and first median interspaces and ends anteriorly on the second median nervule a little in front of its origin. Hinpwine, costa greatly arched at the base, thence straight to the apex ; apex rather acute ; outer margin evenly and regularly convex to the anal angle; anal angle very acute; abdominal margin straight; the wing extends a little beyond the apex of the abdomen; the cilia towards the anal angle very long; costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing; jirst subcostal nervule arising long before the apex of the cell; disco- cellular nervules almost in one straight line, outwardly oblique, the upper a little longer than the lower; discoidal nervule obsolete, but its position is indicated, were it to be present, by a fold in the wing membrane, and by this fold the relative length of the disco-cellular nervules is given; second median nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell; first median arising about four times as far from the second as the second does from the third; submedian and internal nervures straight. Lecs. Hindley with two pairs of spines on the tibia. Sepa is nearest allied to Matapa, Moore, from the type species of which it may be at once known by the discoidal cells of both wings being more truncate at the end owing to the disco-cellular nervules being less strongly oblique; the shape of the wings differs also, the inner margin of the forewing in Matapa is longer than in Sepa, con- sequently the outer margin in the former is less oblique than in the latter ; the hindwing differs in that, in Matapa, the anal angle appears to be somewhat produced owing to the wing about the termination of the first median nervule being somewhat emarginate, in Sepa the wing is evenly curved throughout. Type, Sepa cronus, de Nicéville. 42. Sepa cronvs, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 4, &. Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. ExpansE: &, 1:7 inches. Description: Mae. Uppersipr, both wings rich dark shining brown. Forewing with three pale ochreous dots, two subapical, the anterior one most minute, the third in the second median interspace about twice the size of the lower subapical spot ; a narrow obscure discal black stigma or “male-mark” crossing obliquely the submedian and first median interspaces, that portion of the stigma in the latter inter- space having a prominent pale ochreous semi-transparent line placed outwardly against it. Hindwing immaculate. Unoersipg, both wings exactly as above except that the ground-colour is dull, not shining. Cilia concolorous with the wings throughout, those of the hindwing at the anal angle unusually long, though not quite as long as in Lophoides iapis, de Nicéville, from Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buitterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, 51 and Pulo Laut. Antenne black, the club beneath, except the extreme tip, ochreous. Hyes with a band of dull ochreous sete encircling them. Body concolorous with the wings throughout. Described from a single example from the Battak Mountains taken in September, and deposited in Dr. Martin’s fine collection. Genus OcHUs, nov. Mace. Forewine, entire; costa strongly and evenly arched through- out its length; apex somewhat rounded ; outer margin strongly convex ; wmner Margin considerably longer than the outer margin, nearly straight, slightly concave in the middle ; costal nervure ending opposite the apex of the discoidal cell; subcostal nervules very long owing to the highly arched costa, arising progressively from the base of the wing at de- creasing distances apart; discoidal cell broad, short, extending to a little beyond the middle of the wing; upper disco-cellular nervule long, straight, slightly outwardly oblique; middle and lower disco-cellulars of equal length, a little longer than the upper, directed inwardly slightly obliquely, the middle concave, the lower straight; lower discoidal ner- vule lying midway between the upper discoidal and third median ner- vules ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than the base of the wing; swbmedian nervure nearly straight. Hinpwinc, entire, oval; costa arched; owtfer margin evenly rounded to the anal angle; abdominal margin short, nearly straight ; costal nervure short; first sub- costal nervule arising a short distance before the apex of the cell ; discoidal cell short, less than half the length of the wing; disco-cellular nervules concave, placed slightly outwardly obliquely ; discozdal nervule absent; second median uervule arising very close to the lower end of the cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than the base of the wing; swbmedian and internal nervures straight, the latter rather short. ANTENN# short, less than half the length of the costa of the forewing; club rather slender, long, straight, ending regularly and evenly in a point. Patri rather thinly and laxly clothed with hairs, porrected forwards in front of the face; third joint rather long, hairy. THorax weak, small. AspomEeN very slender, long, extending beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. Male with no secondary sexual charac- ters. Femate differs from the male only in its broader and more rounded wings. Leas. Foreleg with an epiphysis on the tibia. Hind- leg with two pairs of spines on the tibia. Type, O. subvittatus, Moore. Ochus apparently finds its place amongst the final genera of Lieut. E. Y. Watson’s subfamily Pamphiline, Section A (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,* 1893, p. 72), which contains the genera Argopteron, Watson, Lode N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. IN ont, Heteropterus, Dumeril, Pamphila, Fabricius, and Cyclopides, Hubner. Ochus is apparently nearest to Pamphila, of which the type is P. palemon, Pallas, and from which it is abundantly distinct; the costa of the fore- wing is greatly arched instead of straight, the apex is rounded instead of being acute, the outer margin is more rounded, the discoidal cell is much shorter and broader; the hindwing is more oval, the discoidal cell is again much shorter, the discoidal nervule is obsolete, in P. pale- mon it is present; besides many other minor differences. The imago rests with wings closed over its back. Of all the Indian species of Hesperiide, O. subvittatus probably has the feeblest flight, appearing on the wing to be a dark-coloured, low-flying lyceenid, similar to a female of the wet season form of Zizera maha, Kollar, or some other dark-coloured “blue.” Lieut. Watson suggests in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 97, that ‘“ Cyclopides” subvitiatus belongs to the North American genus Ancyloxypha, Felder, or to one closely allied to it; but this is not the fact, Ochus is widely distinct from that genus, and comes into the first section of the subfamily instead of the second containing the genus in question. (1). OcHus sunyirrarus, Moore. Cyclopides subvittatus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 692; id., Wood- Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 392, n. 249, pl. xvii, figs. 6, 6a, male, x 2 (1886); id., Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1888, p. 453, n. 487; Cyclo- pides subradiatus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 693. Hanitat: Darjeeling ; Salween district, Moulmain, Burma (subvitta- tus); Khasia Hills (subradiatus, Moore); Kumaon (Doherty); Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma (coll. de Nicéville). It is, I think, quite intpossible to separate O. subradiatus from O. sub- vittatus. Mr. Moore places the former in the middle of the region inhabited by O. subvittatus. I have caught it as far south as the Dawnat range and Meplé in Middle Tenasserim, in the month of October. 43. Erynnis pimiza, Moore, Plate I, Fig, 7, &. Pamphila dimila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 576; id., de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 355, n. 28, pl. J, fig. 9, female (1892) ; Erynnis comma, var. dimila, Leech, Butt. from China, Japan, and Corea, p. 595, pl. xli, fig. 12, male (1898). Hapitat: Runang Pass, south-east side, about 13,000 feet elevation, Busahir (Moore); Khibber Nala, about 16,000 feet elevation, Spiti (Sage); Ganges Valley, near Nilung Pass, 16,000 feet, August, 1893 (Mackinnon) ; Ta-chien-lu, Western China (Leech). As I have already figured the female of this rare species, I now take the opportunity to figure the male. Mr. P. W. Mackinnon through his native collectors obtained three male specimens, of which he has 1894.} L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 58 generously presented me with two. The species appears to me to come into the genus Erynnis of Schrank, of which the type is L. comma, Linneus, the British “ Small Skipper.” The shape and markings of the two species is very similar, but the male of ZL. dimila has the ochreous ground-colour of the upperside much more extensive than in F. comma, especially so on the hindwing; the spots on the underside of both wings arealso more prominent, larger, and whiter than in L. comma. The club of the antenna is somewhat differently shaped, the terminal portion or apex in HL. dimila being considerably longer than in LH. comma. Since the above was in type, I have received Part V of Mr. Leech’s “ Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea,” in which a single male of Hj. dimila is recorded from Western China and duly figured. If this specimen is really typical (the plate in which it is figured has not as yet been published), it greatly extends the range of the species. Mr. Leech considers HL. dimila to be a “var.” only of HL. comma, Linnzus, and records the parent species from Kurope, Amurland, Corea, Japan, N.-W. Himalayas, N. and W. China. 44, PADRAONA PAYOR, un. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 8, &. Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 6, 12 to 13 inches. Description: Mate. Uprersipe, both wings shining black tinged with bronzy. Culia golden-orange, broadest towards the anal angle of the hindwing, gradually becoming dusky as the apex of the forewing is reached in some specimens. Forewing with an orange streak on the basal two-thirds of the costa, widening out at the end of the discoidal cell, crossed by the black costal and subcostal veins ; an orange streak on the basal two-thirds of the inner margin; a discal straight series of seven orange spots, extending from the costa to the submedian nervure, the series broken between the third and fourth spots from the costa; the three uppermost spots linear, small, increasing; the fourth in the second median interspace quadrangular ; the fifth in the first median interspace also quadrangular, but twice as large as the one anterior to it; two spots in the submedian interspace, the anterior one very small. Hindwing with some orange streaks from the base reaching to the middle of the wing formed of long sete; a transverse band of five orange spots across the middle of the disc. Uwnprrsipn, both wings rich dark brownish-orange. Morewing with the posterior half black; a prominent oblique orange-yellow streak at the end of the cell; the discal series of spots as above, except that the four posterior ones are larger than on the upperside, the two posteriormost conjoined. Hind. wing with a curved discal series of five spots, the four anterior ones are 54 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1, of a slightly lighter shade than the ground-colour, outwardly defined by a very narrow black line, the fifth posterior spot the largest and of a bright yellow colour, with another somewhat diffused spot beyond reaching the outer margin; a black anteciliary thread from the apex of the wing to the first areata nervule. This appears to be a very distinct species, differing from all others of the genus known to me (Padraona dara, Kollar,=P. mesa, Moore ; P. mesoides, Butler ; P. pseudomesa, Moore; P. gola, Moore; P. goloides, Moore; P. augiades, Felder; P. olivescens, Herrich-Schaffer ; P. palma- rum, Moore; P. procles, de Nicéville) in lacking in the forewing on the upperside the two spots divided by the lower discoidal nervule invariably present in all those species. It agrees with P. procles and P. olivescens in haying no spots in the hindwing anterior to the discal band towards the costa and base of the wing. It possesses, moreover, a male-mark, which is, I believe, unique in the genus, consisting of a shining pale silky streak to be seen in some lights only on the upperside of the fore- wing placed within the discal band of spots in the lower median and submedian interspaces. I may add that the entire coloration of the species is very dark and rich. Described from numerous specimens in Dr. L. Martin’s collection aud my own, some of which were taken in June. 45. HAtrp HIERON, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 1, ¢. Hasirar: N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 6, 1:15 to 1°25 inches. Description: Mate. Upperside, both wings shining hair-brown. Forewing with, in some specimens, two exceedingly obscure pale spots in the median interspaces, placed obliquely as usual in the genus, the lower one nearer the base of the wing than the upper; in some specimens these spots are entirely absent ; no “‘ male-mark.” Hindwing immaculate. UnpersiDb, forewing with the inner margin broadly pale fuscous, the rest of the wing dull ochreous-grey ; the two median spots sometimes present on the upperside always present, conspicuous, whitish; a very obscure submarginal series of pale spots in a curved series from the costa to about the first median nervule; a very fine anteciliary dark thread. Hindwing pale fuscous, heavily irrorated throughout with dull ochreous- grey scales. Cilia of the forewing sometimes faintly checkered, more often concolorous with the wing, on the hindwing always concolorous. Antenne black, the base of the club beneath pale ochreous. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen above hair-brown; palpi, thorax, and abdomen » beneath dull ochreous-grey. This dull-coloured, obscurely-marked species is evidently allied 1894.] L. de Nicéville—Budlterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, 55 to Halpe homolea, Hewitson (H. sikkima, Moore), from which it may instantly be known by the upperside being practically spotless, and the underside but very faintly instead of prominently marked. It has also no discal stigma on the upperside of the forewing in the male. Described from numerous specimens in Dr. Martin’s and my collec- tions taken at Bekantschan in August and September, and in the Battak Mountains, in August, both in N.-H. Sumatra. 46. KERANA FULGUR, n. sp., Plate I, Fig, 6, 9. Hasitat: Selesseh, N.-E. Sumatra, ExpansE: &, 9, 1°7 inches. Descrirtion : FemaLe. UPppERsIne, both wings dark shining purplish- fuscous. Cilia concolorous. Forewing with a broad discal orange fascia, anteriorly not quite reaching the costa, posteriorly ending on the sub- median nervure. Hindwing immaculate. UNDERSIDE, both wings with the ground-colour duller than on the upperside. Forewing with the apex faintly dusted with ochreous scales ; the discal orange band more extensive than on the upperside, reaching the inner margin, where it is much paler, the edges of the band more irregular. Hindwing un- marked, except by the following steel-blue spots, which can be seen in all lights, but are more prominent in some lights than in others:—An elongated one closing the discoidal cell, one in the first median inter- space about its middle, and three in the submedian interspace at about equal distances apart. Antenne black above, the club beneath ochreous. Palpi black above, beneath chrome-yellow. yes encircled by a band of chrome-yellow. Head, thorax, and abdomen above fuscous ; abdomen beneath with six ochreous lines. Nearest to K. gemmifer, Butler,* (which also occurs in N.-E. Sumatra, as well as in Perak and Malacca, I have taken it on the Penang Hill at 2,200 feet elevation above the sea, in November), from the same sex of which it differs in being larger, the ground-colour of the upperside darker, the gem-like spots of the underside quite different, and the abdomen beneath striped with ochreous instead of being concolorous. The “gems” of K. gemmifer have never been described in detail. Mr. Butler refers to them thus :—“ End of cell and apical area of pri- maries and disk of secondaries [on the underside] spotted, in certain lights, with shining amethyst-coloured spots” in both sexes. They are thus disposed :—orewing with an elongated one placed on the fold in the middle of the discoidal cell just anterior to the inner edge of the discal orange fascia; three subapical ones placed one above the other, * Astictopterus gemmifer, Butler, Trans, Linn. Soc, Lond., Zoology, second series, vol, i, p. 555, n, 3 (1877). 56 IL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1 divided by the veins; hindwing with from four to six placed one each between the veins in a curve beyond the end of the cell. It is doubtful if Mr. Distant recognised the species, as he makes no mention* of the ‘‘oems,” and his figure of the species does not shew them, nor does it agree with my specimens of K. gemmifer, the orange band on the un- derside of the forewing in true K. gemmifer being almost of equal width throughout, while in Mr. Distant’s figure the costal portion is much narrowed and constricted. Lieut. Watson, indeed, sayst that Mr. Distant’s K. gemmifer equals Koruthaialos xanites, Butler, which is probable: enough, that species being infinitely more common than K. gemmifer, the latter occurring very sparingly. A single example of K. fulgwr, now in Dr. Martin’s collection, was taken by myself in the splendid virgin forest at Selesseh, in the Langkat district of N.-E. Sumatra, on 31st October, 1893. Since this specimen was drawn and the plates illustrating this paper made up, Dr. Martin sent me in a letter a male of K. fulgur. I hope to figure and describe it fully hereafter, It greatly differs from the female on the upperside in the orange fascia of the forewing being much paler, more chrome- yellow in shade, larger, and posteriorly continued almost to the base of the wing ; and the base of the hindwing and base of the abdomen are clothed with long chrome-yellow sete. 47, PLASTINGIA VERMICULATA, Hewitson, Plate V, Fig, 15, &. Hesperia vermiculata, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i, p. 346 (1878) Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: 6, 1°7 inches. Description: Matr. UPpersipde, both wings black. Forewing with the following opaque chrome-yellow markings:—A narrow subcostal streak extending from the base of the wing to about its middle, a similar but shorter and broader streak in the submedian interspace ; with the following semi-transparent yellow spots :—Two very narrow and small ones placed obliquely towards the end of the discoidal cell, the upper the larger, furthest from the base of the wing, the lower minute; a dot in the lower discoidal interspace ; a spot four times as large in the second median interspace; a very large spot in the first median interspace. Cilia black. Hindwing with a basal streak of long chrome-yellow hairs which runs into a broad transverse fascia of the same colour placed in the middle of the wing; the anal area very broadly chrome-yellow, which area rapidly fines away to nothing at about * Kerana gemmifer, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 403, n, 2, pl. xxxiv, fig. 29 (1886). + Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., as p. 77. 1894.] lL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 57 the termination of the third median nervule; a streak of chrome-yellow placed in the submedian interspace springs from the base of the wing and runs into the yellow anal area; the abdominal margin and cilia chrome-yellow. UNDERSIDE, fovewing fuscous; the costa, discoidal cell, apex and outer margin decreasingly to the anal angle streaked with chrome-yellow ; the five semi-transparent spots as above ; a broad, short, chrome-yellow streak towards the base of the wing in the submedian interspace ; a pale blue slightly iridescent streak just beyond the end of the cell in the upper discoidal interspace. Hindwing chrome-yellow, with the following black markings:—The costa at the base of the wing, two subcostal streaks from the base to the apex of the wing, the posterior of these interrupted towards its end; a streak in the subcostal interspace also outwardly interrupted; a streak in the cell; a very broad one twice interrupted in the submedian interspace ; a rather obscure streak in the internal interspace, extending from the base to a little beyond the middle of the wing; three small spots on the disc between the veins: also with the following pale blue slightly iridescent elongated spots:—Two in the discoidal cell, and a series of eight others extending right round its outer end. Antenne black, club prominently chrome-yellow above, the apex black. Palpi black above, yellow beneath. Thorax above black clothed with long yellow hairs. Abdomen black, ringed with yellow. Legs yellow. The nearest ally to P. vermiculata appears to be the “ Hesperia” flavescens of Felder (Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 517, n. 905, pl. Ixxii, figs. 7, male; 8, 9, female, 1867), from Celebes, from the female sex of which the present species differs in several particulars on the upperside, and conspicuously on the underside, in the presence of the pale blue slightly iridescent spots, these being apparently entirely absent in P. flavescens. This very lovely species is described from an unique example in Dr. Martin’s collection taken at Bekantschan, at the foot of the Battak Mountains, in N.-H. Sumatra, in July, 1893. Mr. Hewitson originally obtained it from Sumatra also. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Priate I, Fig. 1. Mycalesis (Satoa) maia, un. sp., &, p. 1. 2 ” ” ” ” ¢ »P- 1 3. DPuthalia (Dophila) eson, u. sp. #, p. 1 4, Stichophthalma sparta, nu. sp., o", p- 2. » 5. Huthalia (Dophla) eson, n. sp., ¢, p. 12. 6. Kerana fulgur, n. sp., §, p. 55. 7. Erynnis dimila, Moore, 2’, p. 52. di & ett dt ale a CP en a SPeyansenh Neptis clinioides, nu. sp., &, p. 6. » nisea, 0. sp., d, p. 7. Puate II. ) ELuthalia (Dophla) externa, n. sp; 0, p. 18. — ” ” ” » ¢, p. 13. 4 = eurus, X. Sp., dt, p. 15. ' re ” ” ry) PoeDspl Os Site a rs gupta, de Nicéville, 2, p. 18. aad F itt i Laxita laocoon, nu. sp., $, p. 20. x an 3. lola, 1.8p.," 9. Dp. 20. Pen » lyncestis, n. sp., d, p. 22. a 3) Lola, n.‘Sp.ic, p: 20: eho » lyclene, u. sp., &, p. 21. Everes moorei, Leech, @, p. 32. Cyaniris crissa, u. sp. &, p. 3l. Logania luca, un. sp., 2, p. 28. Prate III. ide é At Argynnis niphe, Linnzeus, # and 2, p. 8. rele ts ” ” ” ” p. 8. Buthalia sakii, nu. sp. $, p. 9. hae Herona pringondani, Fruhstorfer, 2, p. 4. “ + =% ” ” » a, Pp. 4, nda? Lag Euthalia (Dophla) eion, n. sp., 2, p. 11. ee r Herona sumatrana, Moore, ¢, p. 5. t BLY Me f rh Euthalia (Dophla) eion, n. sp., #, p. 11. s a Prare IV. ‘ Halpe lieron, nu. sp., &, p. 54. a Pithecops marie, u. sp., &, p. 30. sees Listeria dudgeonii, n. sp., o%, p. 36, : oP Tajuria blanka, n. sp., 2, p. 39. (NE of Papilio (Menamopsis) petra, u. sp., d, p. 47. ‘ ‘) » (Pangerana) hageni, Rogenhofer, d, p. 45. ee » (Menamopsis) perses, n. sp., &, p. 46. ; 7) AG Ba Padraona pavor, n. sp., do, p. 53. Pithecops marie, n. sp., ¢, p. 80. : Mee 4 Simiskina solyma, nu. sp., °, p. 29. ATO Arhopala constancee, nu. sp., 2, p. 84. j Puate VY. Gerydus gigantes, n. sp., d, p. 23. Paragerydus pyxus, 0. sp., a, p. 27. Lampides lucide, n. sp., &, p. 33. Sepa cronus, nu. sp., &, p. 50. Dae ; f és ia Aphneus hiendlmayrii, n. sp., 3, p. 88. By Sinthusa malika, Horsfield, ?, p. 48. Delias dymas, nu. sp., o&, p. 44. 1894. } P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of Food Stuffs. 59 Fig. 8. Cyrestis therese, nu. sp,, d, p. 18. » 9 Neocheritra namoa, nu. sp., o, p, 41. » 10. Charana cepheis, nu. sp., d, p. 40. » 11. Gerydus gallus, nu. sp., 9, p. 25. coy be © getulus, nu. 8p., 2, p. 24. a Lo. us gigantes, 0. Sp., $, p. 23. » 14. Paragerydus poriunus, un, sp., d, p. 27. » 15. Plastingia vermiculata, Hewitson, d’, p. 56. » 16. Camena cremera, n. sp., &, p. 37. » 17. Sinthusa aspra, Doherty, &, p. 44. ap lSi5 % malika, Horsfield, ¢, p. 43. On the Chemical Examination of certain Indian Food Stuf's. Part I, Fats and Oils—By P. C. Ray, D. Sc. Communicated by Ax. Peper, F.R.S. [Read February 7th. | Of late years a belief has been gaining ground in Calcutta, Bombay and in many other important towns in India, not apparently without reason, that wholesale adulteration is practised in many of the common articles of diet, notably in ghee, butter, milk, mustard oil, &c. The present investigation was undertaken with a view to throw some light on these points, and it embodies the results of work carried on at intervals during the last four years. PRELIMINARY. As butter enters largely into the dietary of the people of Europe and America, abundant work has been done by Chemists on its analysis. It is, however, well-known that the composition of milk and of the butter made from it is, within certain limits, dependent on the breed, climate, method of feeding the cows, period of lactation, and so on. The standard for genuine butter as generally accepted in England, especially at Somerset House, cannot therefore be always accepted as a safe guide in this country. The analysis of the fixed oil of mustard and the various other oils with which it is generally sophisticated also presents considerable diffi- culties. Not much work has been done in this field. The history of the substances which have been subjected to analysis is seldom given, and the experimental methods are not generally described in sufficient detail to enable the results tobe compared. While the information available is meagre on the one hand, the results published from time to time are in themselves in some cases contradictory. It was thus found to be 60 ; P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1, necessary to work out in the first instance a series of constants for such Indian food-stuffs as mustard oil, butter, ghee, es which might be of some help in deciding cases of falsification. Particular care was taken in procuring genuine samples of the substances. The oils were, in many cases, expressed under direct super- vision from seeds carefully selected, so that the purity of the products was unquestionable. A sample of pure mustard oil was also obtained through the courtesy of the Superintendent, Alipur Jail, and another of cocoanut oil from the officer in charge of the “ Copra” works, Viper Island, Port Blair, with a certificate from him, guaranteeing its purity, and stating it to be a standard sample. The preliminary examination of the fats and oils is much helped by the determination of certain physical constants, e. g., melting point, specific gravity, index of refraction, &c. The work in the present com- munication is confined solely to the chemical methods. The application of the physical tests, is reserved for a future occasion. The fats and oils are simply combinations of certain acids, the so-called fatty acids, e. g., butyric, stearic, oleic, palmitic, &c., with glycerin; hence they have been named the glycerides. By estimating the amount of both or either of these constituents of fatty substances, valuable information is obtained as to their nature. Now, if a fat be treated with an alkali, the fatty acids contained in it com- bine with the alkali, resulting in the formation of organic salts, commonly called a soap, and the separation of glycerm. It so happens, however, that the molecular weights of some of these fatty acids vary within wide limits. Thus, butyric acid, occurring ‘in butter- fat has a molecular weight equivalent to §8, while erucic acid, a compo- nent of mustard oil, has a molecular weight of 338. A molecule of caustic potash weighing 56, will exactly neutralise 88 parts by weight of butyric acid or 338 parts by weight of erncic acid. Hencea given weight of butter-fat will require afar larger proportion of caustic potash to convert itinto soap—to saponi/y it, as it is technically called— than the same weight of mustard oil. Koettstorfer has made use of this principle. It has in fact been found by actual experiments that while 100 grammes of butter-fat require very nearly 22 grammes of caustic potash for saponification, the same weight of mustard oil requires only 17 grammes of the alkali. The amount of glycerin in a fat or oil also will vary in a corresponding manner. Again butyric, caproic and other volatile acids present in cocoa-nut oil, butter-fat, &e., may be easily separated from the non-volatile acids by distillation, and their amount ascertained by their potash neutralis- ing power. Upon this principle is based the well-known Reichert’s 1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 61 test. The amount of iodine absorbed by different fats and oils also lies within wide ranges. The iodine absorption test has been employed with remarkable success by Baron Hiubl in deciding cases of adulteration. The following processes have been made use of :— 1. Direct titration of the fats and oils by alcoholic potash— Koettstorfer’s test. 2. Estimation of the amount of glycerin. 3. Iodine absorption test of Hiibl. 4, Estimation of the volatile fatty acids—Reichert’s test. The detailed results obtained by each of these methods as applied in the present inquiry will now be described. KOETTSTORFER’S METHOD. Most of the oils, when recently expressed, contain suspended im- purities derived from the seeds, &c., ina very fine state of division. These settle down in course of time. The oils thus clarified by sub- sidence were filtered through bibulous paper to remove any traces of adherent moisture which might be present. The application of even a gentle heat cannot be resorted to for this purpose. Mustard oil, which is classed among the non-drying oils, was found to gain in weight con- tinually when placed inside the chamber of a water-oven and weighed at intervals of 15 to 20 minutes. PREPARATION OF AzcoHoLIC PotasH.—The alcoholic solution of potash, approximately of semi-normal strength was prepared by dissolving sticks of potash in pure alcohol. The solution, filtered off the insoluble residue, is generally found to have a reddish-yellow color. It has therefore to be decolorised by shaking with pure animal charcoal. Orn or Musrarp. Sinapis nigra, 8. alba (Nat. order—Crucifere.) Different samples of mustard seeds were found to yield a fixed oil varying from 32°/, to 36°/, of the air-dried seeds. 1, 2°534 gm. oil were weighed into a bottle of about 12 oz. capa- city, and 20c.c. of alcoholic potash solution were added. The mouth of the bottle was closed with an India-rubber cork, fastened by means of wire. The bottle was kept immersed in boiling water for 45 minutes, A blank experiment under exactly similar conditions was made side by side to determine the strength of the potash. The indicator used was phenolphthalein— 20c.c. KOH=20°7 cc. = HCl. 62 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1, 4°95 c. ¢. = HCl were required to neutralise the excess of alkali. N (20°7 —4°95) c.c. or 15°75. ¢. 3 HCl represent the amount of alkali required for the saponification of the oil. lc.c. ~ HCl = 0:02805 gm. KOH Amount of potash consumed by 1,000 gm. oil (=saponification. 15°75 x 002805 x 1000 2°534 2. 1:713 gm. oil were heated in a flask over a water-bath for ten minutes with 20 c.c. KOH solution, the mouth of the flask being covered by a watch-glass— 20cc. KOH=20°7c.c. = HCl (Blank experiment) equivalent), is therefore equal to gm.=174'5 gm. 10'1c.c. HCl were required by the excess of potash. f 10°6 x 0:02805 x 100 Saponification equivalent = See =173°5 3. Mustard oil expressed from a different sample of seeds. 3°084 gm. oil were treated with 20c.c. KOH solution in a bottle, which was immersed in boiling water for about 40 minutes; the mouth of the bottle being closed by an India-rubber cork tied down by means of wire— 20¢e.c. KOH=20'8 c. ¢. =! HC! (Blank titration) 15 ¢. c. = HCl were required for the excess of potash. or 19°3.¢.c. > HCl represented the amount of alkali used up. ; : _19'3%0:02805 x 1000 Saponification equivalent = “1 Sede 175°5 4, 2*222 om. oil were treated with 20 c. c. KOH solution and heated in a flask over a water-bath for 12 minutes; the mouth of the flask being covered with a watch-glass— N Excess of alkali required 7 c. c. s HCl 20ce.c. KOH ee cile BeS ;, (Blank titration). E .. 13°8x0'0280: Saponification equivalent= — 74:2 1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 63 5. 1.8012 gm. oil were saponified under the same conditions as des- cribed above, with 40 c.c. KOH solution— 40cc. KOH =82°0c.c. = HCl Excess of alkali=21°0 ,, 3; 0:02805 x11 x 10° 18012 6. Pure mustard oil from Alipur Jail. 3'493 gm. oil were mixed with 20 c. c. potash solution and the mixture kept immersed in boiling water for over half-an-hour. The mouth of the bottle being closed by a cork fastened by a wire— Saponification equivalent = =171°3 Z0e.¢. KOE — —=30*7 c.c, z HCl Excess of alkali= 9:2 ,, =f ‘5 x 0°02 i Saponification Crepe eee = a HP 3°493 7. Duplicate analysis of the above. 2°195 gm, oil heated to boiling on a water-bath with 20 c.c. KOH solution for 15 minutes, the mouth of the flask being covered with a watch-glass. 20c.c. KOH =380°7ec.c¢. > HCl (Blank experiment) Excess of alkali=17'2 ,, a5 13°5 x 0:02805 x 10° qe Tso Te 172°5 It would thus appear that mustard oil is very easily saponified by alcoholic potash, and that a large excess of the latter is not necessary. The oil was in some cases found to have a pale yellow color, in others the tint was somewhat deeper. The soap solutions were tinged accordingly. The want of exact uniformity in the tint sometimes interfered with the exact determination of the conclusion of the reaction during the titrations. It may also be stated that the soap solutions were generally diluted with about 25 c. c. of hot water, from which all traces of carbonic acid gas had been driven off by boiling. In the above experiments it will be seen that the saponification equivalent of the samples of mustard oil has varied between 175:5 and 171°3, the average of the seven determinations being 173°5. Hence it would be safe probably to adopt the saponification equi- valent of mustard oil as lying between 171—175. Saponification equivalent = 64 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1, SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT FOR Nicer-Ssep Om. Guizotia abyssinica (Nat. ord.—Composite), As this oil is one of the commonest adulterants of mustard oil, a genuine sample of it was procured for experiments. 1. 1.4605 gm. oil were weighed out into a flask, 20 c.c. of alcoholic potash were then added, the mixture covered with a watch-glass and treated to gentle boiling, with occasional agitation for 15 minutes. 20¢e.c. KOH =15.95c.c. = HCl (Blank experiment) Excess of alkali=6'l_,, a hlnps ; 9°85 x 0° 02805 x 10° Saponification equivalent = Wir ad Hague ae 189:2 2. 1:906 gm. oil were saponified as above with 40c.c. alcoholic potash. 7 40c.c KOH =31.9c.c¢. 5 HCl Excess of alkali =18°8 ,, “3 : 13-1 x 002805 x 108 Saponification equivalent = = oo = 192'8 3. 2°:184 gm. oil were treated as above with 40 c. c. alcoholic potash solution. ra 40c.c.KOH =81°8c.c. 3 HCl (Blank experiment) Excess of alkali=17°0 ,, re : 14°8 x 002805 x 108 Saponification equivalent = ARORA tac =190:0 The determinations described above were made in November 1891, when the oil was fresh. It was preserved in a stoppered bottle and a year after (November 1892) the saponification equivalent was found to be 1916. The saponification number for niger-seed oil may be taken as 190. SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT FOR Cocoanut OIL. The sample was obtained from pe Island, Port Blair, and was guaranteed to be a “standard sample.” 1. 1:275 gm. oil were treated with 20 c.c. alcoholic solution and heated to boiling on the water-bath as in the previous cases. N 20c.c.KOH =30'45c.c¢. Oy HCl (Blank experiment) Excess of alkali=18°75 ,, 3 : 11:7 x 002805 x 108 Saponification equivalent= So =257'4 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 65 2. 1:24 gm. oil were treated with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash as above 20c.¢. KOH =30'4c.c. ~ HCl (Blank experiment) Excess of alkali =19°0 ,, - . 3 Saponification equivalent — es 257°8 3. 1:038 gm. oil with 20¢. c. alcoholic potash solution. 20 c.c. KOH. =20°4c.c. _ HCl Excess of alkali=10°8_,, ” 9°6 x 0'2805 x 108 1-038 The saponification equivalent for cocoanut oil is thus found to lie between 257—260. = 259°4 Saponification equivalent = SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF PURE FRESH GHEE (CLARIFIED BUTTER), 1. 13°525 gm. ghee were heated in a water-oven and then kept inside a desiccator fora week. The ghee was then found to weigh 13°5 gm. It would thus appear that ghee is not hygroscopic; nor does it contain any moisture, 1, 1°8196 gm. ghee were treated with 20c.c. alcoholic potash solu- tion. Details as in the previous cases. 20. Cc. KOH —31,0 exc, a HCl (Blank titration ) Excess of alkali=16°55 ,, Pr . of) 3 Saponification equivalent = cea a = 222°7 2. 2°0776 gm. ghee saponified with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash solution. 20c.c. KOH =30'8c.c¢. = HCl (Blank titration) Excess of alkali=14°5_,, ” 16°3 x 0°02805 x 108 Saponification equivalent= ee 220°07 3. The same ghee re-melted and filtered. There was no residue on the filter. 1-294 gm. saponified with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash. 20c.c, KOH =30.9¢. a=5 HCl (Blank titration ) Excess of alkali=21°45 ,, ‘3 9°45 x 0°02805 x 10° Saponification equivalent= =o =220'1 dee it: 9 66 P. C. Ray—Chemical Hxamination of [No. 1, ANOTHER SAMPLE OF GHEE. 1. 1:547 gm. were treated with 20 c.¢. alcoholic potash, the mouth of the flask was closed with a cork to which was attached a long glass tube, which acted as a reflex condenser. 20c.c. KOH =165c.c¢. 5 HCl (Blank tit.) Excess of alkali =4°5 3 12 x 0°02805 x 108 1547 2. 1°1512 gm. ghee treated with 30 c. c. potash. 30c.c.KOH =25 cc. > HCI (Blank tit.) Excess of alkali=16°0 ,, - 3 9 x 002805 x 108 i i a CS — et ee | 2 Saponification equivalent TisiD 219 Saponification equivalent= =217°6 SAPONIFICATION EQuivaLent FoR Mowa ‘ Borrer.” Oil of Bassia latifolia—( Nat. order—Sapotacee. ) This substance by its physical characters, e. g., color, consistency, melting point, &c., much resembles ghee, and is therefore frequently used for its falsification. 1. 1:396 gm. oil were placed in a stout 120z. bottle, together with 40 c.c. alcoholic potash solution. The mouth of the bottle was closed with a India-rubber cork, fastened by means of wire. It was then kept immersed in boiling water, with occasional shaking. 40 ce. c. alcoholic potash were also heated under exactly the same conditions— 40ce.c. KOH =81'6c.c¢. a HCl (Blank exp.) Excess of alkali=21°6 ,, - 10 x 0°02805 x 10* 1396 2. 2-086 gm. oil heated under pressure just as above— 20c.c. KOH =293 c.c. 2 HCl (Blank.) Saponification equivalent = —200°9 Excess of alkali=14°6 _,, Ps Saponification equivalent= kan = ove The soap solutions were perfectly clear and colourless. To ensure complete saponification it is preferable to treat Mowa oil under pressure as above. Ifthe oil be simply heated on a water- 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 67 bath, with a watch-glass at the mouth of the flask, the soap solution is sometimes found to have a turbid appearance, and the Saponification equivalent comes out rather low. SAPONIFICATION NUMBER FOR Morton-FAtT. The fat was melted over a water-bath and filtered to get rid of the shreds of membrane, &c. 1, 1:3906 gm. of fat were treated with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash and heated over a water-bath for 15 minutes. 20c.c. KOH =16'2 ¢. e. = HCl (Blank. ) Excess of ,, SHI 2, = meen : 0:02805 x 10'2 x 10° 3s Saponification equivalent = Sees oT a 205°7 2. 0°9318 gm. of the same sample treated with 20c.c. alcoholic potash, &c. 20c.c. KOH =16'lic.c. = HCl (Blank. ) Excess of ,, ey r Saponification equivalent eee 206°2 ANOTHER SAMPLE OF MUTTON-FAT. 0'8354 om. was treated with 20 c. c. KOH. 20e.c. KOH =16'15 c. on HCl (Blank. ) Excess of ,, = tC ae 5°95 x 0'02805 x 10? _ 199°8 aponification equivalent = ———-—=~ Saponifica g EET Duplicate analysis of the same sample gave the number as 199°2. SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF OIL OF SESAME.* Sesamum indicum (Nat. Order : Pedaliacez. ) 1. 1:6835 gm. oil were heated over a water-bath with 20 c.c., alco- holic potash solution for 15 minutes. 2. 1:3145 gm. oil were heated as above with 30c.c¢. alcoholic potash solution. Fe 20c.c. KOH =16°2 c.c. 3 HCl (Blank, ) SOU! GC, Cs =24'3 ,, ” # The oil was extracted by means of carbon bisulphide, 68 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1, 48. ae HCl were required by (1) for the excess of alkali. 15°4 99 9) 9 7 (2) 79 99 99 11:4 % 0°02 8 Saponification equivalent of ( je =190°0 - i ° N92 3 Do. do. (j= sa Nae 189-9 SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF Larp.* 1. 1°4245 gm. lard were heated over a water-bath with 20 c, c. alco- holic potash solution. 2. 1:432 gm. lard heated as above with 30c.c¢, alcoholic potash solution— 20c,\c. KOH =35:8c. . HCI 30 ,, =o eae BS (1) Consumed 5:9c. os HCl for the excess of alkali. (2) - LY ee Z a 7. Saponification equivalent for (1) ees 194°9 by = (2) = ni $1959 Mean of two=195'4. ESTIMATION OF GLYCERIN ACCORDING TO FOX AND WANKLYN’S METHOD, AS IMPROVED BY BENEDIKT AND ZSIGMONDY. In view of the contradictory statements which have appeared from time to time as regards the applicability of this process, a few preli- minary experiments were undertaken with the object of testing its trustworthiness :— (a) A-solution of pure oxalic acid was divided into two equal portions. ‘The oxalic acid was thrown down by means of calcium acetate in presence of acetic acid. The oxalate precipitate was in one case dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid, the solution diluted with water and further acidified with sulphuric acid, warmed to about 60°, and titrated against accurately standardised permanganate solution. In another case the oxalate precipitate was converted by ignition into lime. * The lard was a standard sample and was not taken off any particular part of the pig’s carcass. 1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 69 ¢ C. Cc. = KMn 0,=0-0028 em. CaO ). The two results were toned to be thoroughly concordant. (b) Oxidation of glycerin to oxalic acid :— 1, 5°62 om. of glycerin were weighed into a flask and diluted to 500 c. c. with water. 25c.c. of the solution were oxidised to oxalic acid.* ‘62 : 25 ¢. ¢. sol =~ gm. glycerin=0°281 gm. glycerin on the sup- position that the sample contained cent. per cent. of glycerin. The potassium oxalate solution was made up to 500c. c. of which 100 c. c. gave 0:028 gm, CaO (by ignition ) or 500 c.c. KO Sol.=0:028%5 gm. CaO =0:02 x5 Ca But 0:002 gm. Ca=0°0046 om. glycerin. *, 0°02 gm. Ca=0°046 gm. glycerin. or (0°02 x5) gm. Ca= 0:046 x5 gm. glycerin=0:23 om. glycerin. 23 The Sample thus contained 100 x x 5a7 OF 81:8 °/, of glycerin. 2. 5°895 om. glycerin (the same sample) were dissolved in water and diluted to 500 c. c., of which 25 c. c. were oxidised to oxalic acid, 5°895 25 c. c. sol.= 5 ¢. ¢. sol 70 The oxalate solution was made up to 500 c.c., of which 100 c. c. yielded 00285 gm, CaO =0'02035 om. Ca. om. =0'2947 gm, glycerin. But le.c. = KMnO, =0:002 Ca from CaC,0, =0°0046 gm. glycerin. . 002035 gm. Ca = 0:046805 om. glyc. or 500 c. c. oxalate sol. = (0°046805 x5) gm. glye. oi =0:234 gm. glyc. 0-234 0:2947 The mean of the above two determinations may be taken as 80°/, approximately. The sample thus contained 100 x ———= or 79°75°/, glycerin. Saponirication or Musrarp OI. (Estimation of glycerin.) 1. 8°65 gm. oil were saponified according to Allen’s method.} The soap solution was treated with dilute sulphuric acid, the beaker in * An abstract of Benedikt and Zsigmondy’s method will be found in Jowr. Soc. Chem. Ind. IV, 610. + The use of alcoholic potash is highly objectionable; “ pure methyl alcohol” ig difficult to procure. “Hence,” as Allen remarks, “IT have latterly aimed at 70 P. C. Ray—Chemical Lxamination of [No.1 which it was contained was immersed in ice-cold water to completely solidify the separated fatty acids. The glycerin solution was then filtered off and made up to 250c. c. of which 20c.c¢. were each time oxidised to oxalic acid. The oxalic acid was thrown down by calcium acetate. The precipitate of CaO was dissolved in HCl, further acidified with H,SO,, and titrated with N/10 KMnO,. The strength of the permanga- nate solution was ascertained each time by titration against re-crystallised oxalic acid and sometimes against ferrous ammonic sulphate. 75 c. c. N/10 KMnO, were used up by the oxalic acid solution. = le.c. N/LO KMn0O,=0:0063 gm. O=0:0046 gm. glycerin; hence ~ amonnt of glycerin in 20 c. c. sol. =0°0046 x 7°5 gm. .. Total glycerin in 250 ¢. c. = (0-0046 x 7:5) xan an =0'431 gm. Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=4°98. But the N/10 KMn0O,=0:0061 em. O instead of 0:0063 gm. O. Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=4°82. 2. 8:48 em. oil were saponified just as above. The glycerin solution made up to 250 c. c., of which 50 c. c. were oxidised to oxalic acid. The oxalate solution was divided into two equal portions, one-half (a) (=25c. c¢. glye. sol.) was acidified with H,SO,, heated to boiling and titrated, the other half () was treated with Ca Ac, and the pre- cipitated CaO dissolved in dilute H,SO, and then titrated with N io KMn0O,. (a) Required 17°0 c. c. = KMn0O, (0) % 15'0 ‘» %» N : 1c. ¢. i0 KMnO,=0°0046 gm. glyc. 15c. c. = : =0°0046 x 15 gm. glyc.=0°069 om. glyc. “, 250¢.¢. glyc. solution contains 0°69 gm. glycerin. Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=8'14. Experience has shewn that the oxalate solution if titrated direct, after addition of H,SO,, gives the result too high. Precipitation of the effecting saponification by aqueous alkali, and thus completely avoiding the source ~ of error in question.” Jowr. Soc. Chem. Ind. V. 70; also Sutton’s Volumetric Analysis, 6th ed. p. 345. ; ie 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs, 71 oxalate as CaO cannot be dispensed with. These experiences are in con- formity with those of Allen and Belcher. Two more saponifications carried on as above yielded the percentage of glycerin as 53 and 6:0 respectively. An ImproveD METHOD OF SAPONIFICATION. It is thus evident that the saponification was by no means com- plete, as the percentage of glycerin ranged between 814 and 4°8. Allen’s method had thus to be abandoned. It was, in fact, noticed that the oily layer invariably floated over the solution of caustic potash and that shaking simply brought about a momentary incorporation of the oil and alkali. The two layers separated as soon as the bottle was placed in the boiling water. This difficulty was obviated*by the intro- duction into the bottle of asbestos wool, thoroughly ignited previously to get rid of accidental organic impurities. This absorbing medium brought the oil and the alkali into intimate contact with each other and thus complete saponification was ensured. The heating was done just as in the previous cases, 7. e., by immersion in boiling water. 1. 1573 gm. oil were treated as above, the fatty acids liberated by means of dilute H,SO, and filtered off. The mass of asbestos, which had become slimy by the absorption of the fatty acids was then thrown on the filter-paper and repeatedly exhausted with hot water. Scarcely a trace of the fatty acids was found to pass through the filter-paper.* The filtration was carried on with the aid of a Bunsen’s pump. The glycerin solution was made up to 250¢, c., of which 100c.c. were oxidised to oxalic acid. The latter thrown down as CaO. The CaO dissolved in dilute H,SO, and the solution made up to 250 c.c., of which 100 c.c. reqd, 4°7¢. ¢. = KMn0O, Mean tei TL To 5, » (=100c.c. glycerin sol.) *, 250 c. c. glycerin solution = 29°37 c. c. a KMn0O, and le.c. 2 5 KMn0,=0° 0046 gm. glye. RAN otras. ¥5 =0°135102 gm. glye. or 1°573 gm. oil yielded 0°135102 om. glye. whence glycerin °/, =8°6 2. 2°167 gram. oil were saponified as above. The glycerin solution made up to 250 c.c. of which 100 c.c. * The filtered solution of glycerin was sometimes perfectly clear, sometimes slightly opalescent, 72 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1, 5 athiey N oxidised to O, precipitated as CaO, &c., and titrated =16:0c. cg KMn0, whence percentage of glycerin = 8°45 3. 1:99 gm. oil saponified as above. Details exactly the same as in the preceding. 250c.c. glycerin solution=35c. ¢, = KMn0, glycerin °/, =8'1 4, 1:3165 gm. oil saponified according to the improved method. Details the same as in the previous cases— N 250c. ec. glycerin sol. =25°0c. c. To KMn0, =0:115 gm. glycerin elycerin °/, =8'7. The permanganate solution on direct titration against ferrous am- monium sulphate gave le. €. =5'6 (1—0°02) mgs. Fe. Whence glycerin per cent. (corrected)=8'7 (1—0°02) =8'53 5. 2°0365 gm, oil saponified: details the same— 250c. c. glye. sol. =37°5 at KMn0, Glycerin per cent. =8*33 (corrected). 6. 1:264 gm. oil saponified as above N 250c. c, glycerin solution = 23°75 C.0.75 KMn0O, Whence glycerin per cent. = 8°64. It would thus be safe to take the percentage of glycerin in mustard oil as 8°5. The oil used was not in every case identical, but from different samples, in fact, the same as used in the determination of the saponification equivalent. DerTERMINATION OF GLYCERIN IN Murton-FAT BY THE ASBESTOS METHOD. 1. 1:0425 gm. fat were saponified under pressure as in the case of mustard oil. The glycerin solution was made up to 500 c. c. of which 100 c. c. were oxidised to O. The CaO was dissolved in dilute H,SO, and made up to 250c. c.; 50c. c. of the latter were equivalent tole. c. = KMn0, or 250CaO sol.=100c. c. glye. sol.= de. c. i KMn0, 10 1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 73 or 250c. ¢. elycerin solution = 25 ¢, c. = KMn0, and lc.c. = KMn0, =0°0046 gm. glycerin Total amount of glycerin =0°0046 x 25 gm.=0'115 gm. whence percentage = 11°03. But, loo. = KMnO, when titrated against pure oxalic acid was found to be equal to, le. c. = KMn0O, (1—0°02) 0 .*. per cent. of glycerin (corrected )=11:03 (1—0°02) =10°81. 2. 1:8877 om. fat were saponified as above; the heating was con- tinued for 6 days on an average of 3} hours each day. The filtrate* (=glycerin solution) was made up to 500c. c. of which 50c. c. were oxidised to KO, &c. The CaO sol. was made up to 250c.c. of which 100c. c. required N 76; ¢. To KMn0, 5 N “, 250c.¢. CaO sol. =(1°7 x3) C. ©. 55 KMn0, or 50c. ¢. glyc. sol. =4'25c. c. = KMn0, or 500,,_ ;, y 2425 5 yy oy whence percentage of glycerin = 10°36 per cent. corrected =10°36 (1—0°02)=10°16 Theoretical percentage of glycerin in mutton-fat, calculated as tri-stearin=10°33, DETERMINATION OF GLYCERIN IN Nicer-SrEp OIL. 1, 3:165 gm. oil were treated with potash solution and asbestos, &c., as in the case of mustard oil. The glycerin solution was made up to 250c. ec. of which 50c. c. were oxidised to O, and the CaO sol. also made up to 250 c. c— 50c.c. CaO sol. =3e.¢. = KMn0, * The filtrate in the above cases was very faintly milky. It was therefore surrounded by ice-cold water to solidify, if possible, minute traces of fatty acids which might have remained in suspension. The opalescence, however, could not be got ridof. On standing for 3 to 4 days the solution kept in a stoppered flask became clear, but was at the same time the nidus of a kind of fungoid growth. resembling flakes of cotton-wool. J i,10 74 P. C. Ray—Chemical Ruamination of “, 250c.c. CaO sol. =Il5e.c. AKMn0, or 50 glycerin solution =15,, ,, 3 or 250 5, =75 5, 5 os N : But le. c. io KMnO, =0:0046 om. glycerin, 2 Percentage of glycerin = XO AI 109, 2. 1°704 gm. oil were treated exactly as above, the glycerin solu- tion made up to 500c.c. of which 100c. c, were oxidised to oxalic acid. The CaO dissolved in dilute H,SO, was made up to 250c. ¢. 50 ¢.¢. CaO sol. =L1'6e.c. = KMn0, DoeOD Gr Ge a5 0 as =O 0 3 or 100 c.c. glycerin sol. =8°0 ,, ,, ‘3 . 500 3 ” ” =40°0 eh ” __ 40 x 0:0046 x 10? Percentage of glycerin = =10°8. 1°704 The percentage of glycerin in niger-seed oil is thus practically the same as in mutton-fat. ESTIMATION OF GLYCERIN IN Burrer-FAt. The oxidation of glycerin by the alkaline permanganate is not applicable in the case of butter-fat, as the soluble fatty acids, e g., butyric, caproic, &c., it contains yield notable quantities of oxalic acid under the same treatment. The same remarks apply to the case of cocoanut oil (See Chem. News, Vol. LXIII, p. 251). | NOTE ON THE FOX AND WANKLYN METHOD OF ESTIMATING GLYCERIN. This method, although it yields accurate results, can scarcely be made use of by the ordinary commercial analysist on account of its tedious and troublesome nature. Moreover, the manganese precipitate, sometimes bulky, cannot be properly washed without the aid of a Bunsen’s filter-pump. The details recorded above will show that each determination of glycerin involves steady work of several hours. If ordinary alcohol be used as a solvent for the fats and oils, saponification is easily effected, but there is considerable risk of the loss of glycerin during the evaporation of alcohol. - / _ ; na a r __- 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 75 ON THE LOSS OF GLYCERIN BY VOLATILISATION. 2165 gm. glycerin were diluted with water to 250c. c.; 50c. c were each time mixed with 25c. c. pure alcohol, the latter evaporated off on a water-bath in— (1) A platinum basin of 3 in. diameter, (2) A porcelain basin of 5 in. diameter. (3) Do. do. of about 3 in. diameter. In (1) and (2) the percentage of glycerin was found to be 74:0; in (3) the percentage was 77:8. The percentage as found before (see p- 69) should have been 80. It is thus evident that during the evaporation of alcohol consider- able quantities of glycerin are carried off. IODINE ABSORPTION FOR FATS AND OILS.+ Cocoanut OIL. The sample was the same as used for the determination of the saponification equivalent. 1. 1°3585 gm. oil were digested for 24 hours with 10c. c. chloro- form and 20c. c. iodine solution. In this as wellas in the subsequent analyses a blank experiment was each time made side by side, and under exactly similar conditions, to determine the strength of the iodine solution. The time allowed for digestion was from 18 to 24 hours. 20c. c, iod. sol.+10c. c. CHC]l,=35'0c. c. Na.S,0, (Blank exp.) Excess of iodine = oir i Dita ee ue 4p 7d¢c. c. Na,S,0, represent the amount of iodine absorbed by the oil. But Je. c. Na,S,0,=0°01265 gm. iodine. Hence amount of iodine consumed by 100 gm. oil, “ iodine degree,” __ 0°01265 x 7°5 x 100 _ 6.99 13585 But the actual strength of the thiosulphate solution, as checked by titration against pure iodine, was found to be equal to 0:01265 (1—0:03) gm. per Ic. c. Corrected iodine number=6'99 (1—0°03) =6°78. 2, 1°459 om. oil were digested as before. 26°5 cc Na,S,O, sol. were taken up by the excess of iodine, and 20c. c. iod. sol. =35:0c. c. Na,S,0s. 0:01265 x 8°5 x 100 1459 Corrected number =7'37 (1—0°03) =7'15 + For details of Hiibl’s method, see Journ. Soc,, Chem, Ind. iii, 642 also Allen’s Org, Analysis, = 7°37 Iodine degree = 76 P.C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No ae 3. 1-016 gm. oil were digested for 24 hours with 20. c. 1 and 10c. ¢. CHCl, 20c. c. 1+10 c. c. CHC], =16:0c. c. Na,8,0, (Blank exp.) Excess of iodine =10:4"., a Dif. 5°6 9 ” : 0'01265x56x100 Iodine degree ee = 6°97 Corrected number =6:°97 (1—0:03) =6°76. 4, 1/984 gm.oil were digested with 30c.c. iod. sol. and 10 ¢.c.CHCl,. Excess of iodine=13c. c. Na,8,0,. 30c. c. iod. sol.410c. c. CHC], = 24. c. Na,S,0, (Blank exp. ) _0°01265 x L1= =100 4.3 1-984 Corrected number =7:01 (1—0:03)=6'81. Iodine degree GHEE (CLARIFIED BUTTER.) 1. 0955 gm. ghee was digested for 24 hours with 10c.c. CHCl, and 20 c. ec. iod. sol. 10 c.c. CHC], +20 ¢. ¢. iod. sol. =32°8 c. c, Na,S,0, Excess of iodine STOO s as Dif, =26°5 0:01265 x 100x265... Todine degr ial a Ca = 35°] 2. 0'216 gm. ghee was digested as above 27:0 c. c. NagS,O, was taken up by the excess of iodine. 0:1265 x 5°8 x 100 ah RT Mean of the two determinations =34'5 Corrected number = 34°5 (1—0:03) =33°5 The saponification equivalent of this sample of ghee was found to be 221 (See p. 65). Iodine degree = ANOTHER SAMPLE OF GHEE. 1. 0355 gm, was digested with 20c.c. iod. sol. and 10 cc. CHCl,. 10'3c. c. Na,S,O, were required for the excess of iodine. 20 c. c. iod. sol,+10 c. c. CHC], =22'6 c. c. Na,S,O, 12°3 x 0:01265 x 100 — ous =43°8 2. 0303 gm. substance was treated with 20 c. c,iod. sol.and 10c. ¢. CHCl,; 12'l cc Na,S,O, so], were taken up by the excess of iodine. 10°5 x 0°01265 x 100 _ 43.9 0°303 rT Iodine degree= Todine degree= : 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. . « 77 Mean of the above two determinations = 43°8 But lc.c. N,S,0, was equal to (L—0'1) gm. iodine. Corrected number =39°4 The saponification equivalent for this sample of ghee was 218 (p. 66). Topins Decree For Mustarp OIL. (1) 0°140 gm. oil was digested for about 24 hours with 20 c. c. iod sol. and 10 c. ec. chloroform. (2) 0:202 gm. oil was digested for the same length of time with 30c. c. iod, sol. and 10c. c. CHC1, 20c. c. iod. sol.4+10c. c. CHC], =27*5ec. ae 20, (Blank exp.) 30 ,, ” ” ‘a4 25¢. FD (1) required 16°6c. c. Na,S,O, for the excess of iodine. (2) 39 25 “4 39 39 9 99 Amount of iodine consumed by ( 1) i is Bednivalont to 10°9¢. c. Na,S,0, ” ” ”» (2); ” » lo85c.¢. _,, . ] . Todine degree for ( y= as 100 = 98:5 5, _ 0°01265 x 15°85 x 100 : ” > eee But le. c. Na,8,;0;-= le. c: xg (as found by actual ti- tration with pure iodine). Iodine degree (corrected) = 96°9 or 97-0 loping Decree ror NiGcer-spep OIL. (1) 0°137 gm. oil was digested with 30 c.c. iod. sol. and 10 c.c. chloroform. (2) O:E71 -,, , ‘i 40 (3) 0:098 ,, 3 S00. 3 30c.c. 1+10c.c. CHCI, = 45°2c.c. Na,S,0, (Blank oe Whence also 40 ,, ” ” = 60°26 ,, ” (1) Required 32°0c. c. Na,S,0, for the excess of iodine. (2) ,, 43°4 ,, » (3) Ph) 30°6 »” ” 29 ”? 9 29 ” 39 33 3) 0:01265 x 13° 2% 100 Iodine degree for (1) = at ee os =121°8 001265 x 16°86 x 100 | ” ”? Gc Ere mcreaer C7 MESH 124, a 0°01265 x 9°6 x1 ” ” (3)= a = 123°9 0-098 78 P,C. Ray—Chemical Hawmination of (No, Eerie sae The mean of the three numbers is 123°5 N 10 But Ic.c. Na,S,0, =1c.c¢. To * ios 103 Hence the iodine degree (corrected ) = 120 Topine Decree For Hartu-nut O1L.* (1) 0181 gm. oil was digested with 20 c. c. iod. sol. and 10 c. ¢. CHCl,,. 20c. c. 14+10c. c. CHC], =20°8c. c. Na,S,0, (Blank titration) 4:7c. c. Na,S,O0, were required for the excess of iodine. ; 16°1 x 0°01265 x 100 Iodine degree or ts el a =112°5 : N 10 But Ic. c. Na,S,0, =I1c. c. To Ix 73 Corrected number = 112'0 x aeaer's 5 (2) 0°1645 gm, oil was treated with 30c.c. iod. sol. and 10c.c. chloroform. (3) 0° 1535 9 9 30 9 9 ~ 99 (2) Required 15:0c.c. Na,S, 0, for the excess of iodine. (3) 99 16: 0 99 9 ”° The iodine degree for ( 1) = 108: 8 < *s (2) =T030 Mas of two determinations —=103°4 N 10 But lc.c. Na,S,0, =I1c.c. To Ix Tos Hence corrected number —103'4 x —— =O Mowa Far. (1) 0°1815 gm. oil was treated with 10c.c. CHCl], and 2Cc.c. iod. sol. (2) 0°186__,, .) and 30c.c. 5, % 1l‘5¢e.c. Na,S,O, were reqd. for the excess of iod. by (1) 21'5 ,, : » (2) 20°0c. c. iod. sol. ner e: CHCI, = 20: 6c. ¢. .. Na, 8, CO) 30° 0 33 ” 99 3 areas ail 9 ” LP] From which we get the iodine degree for (1) as 63°42, and that for (2) as 63°88 Mean of two =63'7 £ 2 N 10 But lc. c. Na,S,0,=I1c.c. io X 793 10 Corrected number =63'7 XTog7 Ol 8 oa * The saponification equivalent of this sample was found to be 195°0. 1894") certain Indian Food Stuffs. 79 Topine Drcree FoR Sesame’ O1r.* (November 29, 1893.) (1) 0°2806 gm. oil was digested with 20c. c. iod. sol. and 10c. c. CHC),. 5'9c.c. Na,.S.O, were required for the excess of iodine. 20c. c. I = 29°8c. c. Na,S,O, (Blank exp.) 23°9 x 0:01265 x 100 Iodine degree 5 ee LORDES GT 107°7 But le.c. Na,S,0, had the actual strength lc. c. x (1 —0:02) = I Corrected number =107°7 (1—0:02) = 105°5 (December 5, 1893.) (2) 0:1721 gm. oil was digested with 20c.c,Isol. and 10c.c. CHCI, (3) 0°2065_,, 5 “ , : (4) 0:227 ”? ” ” ” ry) 29 20c.c. I sol.+10c.c. CHC], = 25'5c.c. x Na, S,0, (Blank titration) No. (2) required 10°9c. c. Na,S,0, a the excess of iodine. No. (3) 3 8°2 9 9 ” 9? 9 72 No. (4) 99 6°4 bh) 9 ry) ” oF) From which we get the iodine degree for (2) = 10°73 (3) 1060} mean == 1066 106°4 But Ic. c. Na,S,0, Corrected number lec. I (1—0:02) 1066 (L—0:02) = 1045, lopinE Decree For Larp. (1) 0:2215 gm. lard was “eee with 20c.c. I and 10c.c. CHCl, (235°0:1995 _ ,, 15"1ce.c. Na,S,O, were required by (1) i the excess ae iodine S lu ua 16° 1 9 ” ” 9 (2) bb) 3 20c. c.1+10c. c. CHCl, = 241 ¢.c. Na,S,0, (Blank cha ; 9 x 0°01265 x 10? ; Todine degree for (1) = ca 0) Ua 51-4 8 x 0°01265 x 108 ” ” yi Saeco Te et Mean of the two determinations = 51:0 N But le.c. Na,S,O, ace e. 75 Lx (1-002) Whence corrected number =— 50'0 * The oil was extracted from the seeds by means of carbon bisulphide, and it was the same as used for determining the saponification equivalent. ah ied a . 80 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination, Sc. [No. i; NOTE ON HUBL’S IODINE ABSORPTION METHOD. There is some difference of opinion as regards the excess of iodine, which should be present after its absorption. Thompson and Ballantyne, who have carefully revised the constants required in the analysis. of some fats and oils, are of opinion that ‘‘at least double the amount of -jodine absorbed should be present.” Care was taken to fulfil this condition in most of the analyses as recorded above. On reference to sesamé and earth-nut oils, it would appear, however, that it is not always necessary that the iodine should be in large excess. Thus in one case the excess of iodine corresponds to only 5°9c. c. N/10 Na,S,0, solution, and in another to only 4°7c. c. Na,S,O,, solution without the results being discordant. For convenience of reference the results obtained above are pre- sented below in a tabulated form:— Table of constants in the analysis of fats and otls. Saponifica- Gl i ; Nature oF Fat or OIL. tion equi- eee Todine calont per cent. | absorption. Mastard oil ; ae 172-176 8:5 97-0 Niger-seed oil =. as 190:0 10'8 120 Cocoanut oil oe ose 258°0 dae 6:9 Ghee ... wa wee 218-222 Ne: 33°5-39°4 Mowa fat nee ove | 199°3 te 6L:8 Mutton tallow. ..! 199°5-206 105 wea Sesamé ave ae 189°9 hi 1045 Tad. aie mh 195°4 mh 50-0 Earth-nut oil sb bag 196:0 ak 98:0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. It would thus appear that as the saponification equivalents of niger- seed oil, mowa fat, mutton tallow, sesamé oil, lard and earth-nnt oil are very close to one another, their admixtures in considerable proportions cannot be detected by Koettstorfer’s test. Even the saponification equivalent of ghee is not far removed from that of lard or tallow. The saponification equivalents of mustard oil and cocoanut oil are, however, highly characteristic. The iodine degrees, on the other hand, afford us valuable hints as to the nature of adulteration, the most remarkable feature being the exceedingly low numbers for cocoanut oil and ghee. : The results of the. application of Reichert’s test will be communicated later on. Novice. Foreign Societies who favour the Asiatic Society of Bengal with their publications are informed that they may be sent either to the address of the Society at Calcutta, or to the Agents of the Society in London, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Lid., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road. AVIS. Des Sociétés Etrangéres qui honorent la Société Asiatique de Bengale de ses publications, sont priées de les envoyer ou directement 4 l’adresse de la Société, 57, Park Street, Calcutta, ou aux Agents de la Société a Londres, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner et Cie, Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road. ANZEIGE, Auslandische Gesellschaften welche die Asiatische Gesellschaft yon Bengalen mit ihren Publicationen beehren, sind hierdurch ersucht dieselben entweder direct an die Adresse der Gesellschaft, 57, Park Street, Caleutta, oder an deren Agenten in London, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Ld., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road. JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. 2 = Vol. LXIII. Part Il.—NATURAL SCIENCE, No. I].—1894. Novicix Indicss VII. Description of a new species of Meconopsis from Sikkim.— By D. Pratn. [Received March 3lst—Read April 4th. ] Among the novelties obtained by the collectors working under Dr. King’s supervision in the Hastern Himalaya since the publication of the first volume of Sir J. D. Hooker’s Flora of British India, one of the most interesting and elegant is a small species of Meconopsis collected in two localities near the Nepal frontier in 1888, Seeds of this plant were sent by Dr. King to Europe in that year, but unfortunately none of the numerous foreign correspondents of the Royal Botanic Garden appear to have succeeded in raising plants, and though the species has been carefully looked for since, it has not again been met with. When it is at length obtained it is likely to prove a very acceptable addition to European and North American horticulture, It has been the writer’s intention for some years to publish the results of a critical study of the Indian Papaveracee, but the pressure of more urgent duties has hitherto prevented the completion of his notes. As, however, members of the Society and others, in annually increasing numbers, make tours in Sikkim, it seems better no longer to defer the publication of a des- cription of this species so as to make its recognition possible to those who—and all who can use the work should—take with them on their journey a copy of the Flora of British India. To the brief diagnosis, in which its place among the species described in that work is shewn, a full botanical account is appended. J, mu, 1h * ae ae 82 D, Prain—On a new species of Meconopsis. [No. 2, MECONOPSIS Vicutrer. (Flor. Brit. Ind. i. 118.) * Scapes radical, one-flowered. + Leaves pinnatisect. ; 1. * MEcONOPSIS BELLA Prain; quite glabrous. Aupine Hiataya: Western Sikkim and Eastern Nepal; allt. 12-14,000 feet ; Dr. King’s collectors ! Root stout, fusiform; neck clothed with sheaths. Leaves many, 2-4 in. long, petioled, 2-3-jugately imparipinnatisect. capes slender, numerous, glabrous. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., pale blue. Petals 4-5. Ovary globose, style short, stigmas 5, Capsule obovoid, 3-2 in.; seeds with lax reticulated testa. + + Leaves subentire or entire. 1. M. simmpricironia H. f. § T. ; softly hairy. 2. M. Horriputa H.f. §& T.; prickly. * * Stems leafy. Flowers racemed or panicled. 3. M. acuneata Royle, etc., asin “ F. B. I.” MECONOPSIS BELLA perennis; glaberrima; rhizomate minimo digito crasso collo extruso et vaginis foliorum anni antecedentis vestito ; foliis omnibus radicalibus longe petiolatis, glabris; petioli margine ad basin versus in vaginam membranaceam dilatato; lamina circumscriptione ovato-lanceolata, 2-3-jugim inparipinnatisecta, segmentis 3-partitis, lobulis ovato-obtusis; scapis numerosis gracilioribus, simplicibus, 1-floris ; floribus majusculis coeruleis, sepalis 2, petalis 4-5, staminibus co (cirea 80); ovario ovato, placentis 4-5, stylo distincto, stigmate radiatim 4-5-lobo ; capsula substipitata, obovoidea; seminibus numerosigs testa laxa reticulatis et pseudostrophiolatis, embryone basilari parvo. In Himalaya orientali: Sikkim, in tractu Jongri apud Pe-kiong-la, circa 12,000 p.s. m., et in Nyegu ad fines Napali orientales, 14,000 p. 8s. m., Kingii mercenar. ! In mense Julio floret. Rhizomate 12 cm. longo, hoc 1°5 em. crasso, parte subaério plus quam 2 cm.; foliorum, iis Corydalis leptocarpe similium, petiolo 6-10 em. longo, lamina 2°5 cm. longa hoc 1-1°5 em. lata, lobulis 5 mm. longis his 3 mm. latis; scapis 6-10 cm. longis; sepalis 12 mm. longis, his 8 mm. latis, ovatis; petalis 30 mm. longis, his 20 mm. latis, ovato-rotundatis ; staminibus filamentis filiformibus 6 mm. longis glabris, antheribus (esp. sicco aureis) 2°5 mm. longis, vix 1 mm. latis, oblongis ; ovario 5 mm. longo, stylo 3 mm, longo; capsula matura 15 mm. longa obpy- riformi in stipite 4mm. longo attenuata; seminibus 1-25 mm. 3. mm. latis. - . Nulli speciei Meconopsidis adhuc descripte arcte affinis, longis, i894.) D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. 83 Noviciee Indice VIII. Some additional species of Convolyulacer.— By D. Prain. [Received Mar. 3lst ;—Read April 4th.] It is now nearly eleven years since the account of the Indian species of this order by Mr. C. B. Clarke, was published (flora of British India, iv., pp. 179-228: June 1893). In this interval, some forms new to the area dealt with in the Flora, including a few that appear to be new to science, have been reported from various localities, chiefly, however, from British Indo-China, and from Malaya. Having been directed by Dr. King to re-arrange the Indian mate- rial of the order preserved in the Calcutta Herbarium, in such a manner as to incorporate the new material as nearly as possible on the lines of Mr. Clarke’s account, the writer, while doing so, has drawn up, as he did in the case of the Labiatc, descriptions of all the species, whether new to science or not, that are new to the Indian area, with a view to their presentation to the Society, in the hope that they may prove use- ful to members who require to use the Flora of British India in the field. As on former occasions, the descriptions have been made as nearly as possible in the style of those of the Flora. Of the majority of the forms which have been previously de- scribed, but which are now for the first time reported as Indian, and of all the forms that are now being described, as the writer believes, for the first time, examples have been sent by Dr. King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, to Mr. Dyer, Director of the Royal Gardens, | Kew, for favour of comparison with the Indian material in the great national Herbarium there. In this way it has been made certain that none of the species now described as new exist under older names in the two Herbaria of Kew and Calcutta, which are the most richly endowed with Indian specimens. The writer would wish to convey his thanks to Mr. Dyer, the Director, and to Dr. Stapf, the Assistant for India at Kew, who made the necessary comparisons, for their kindness in affording him the assurance required to render the validity of these species probable. 1. ERYCIBE Roxs. 1b. Erycree pecuensis Prain. Erycibe paniculata Roxb. VAR. peg- uensis: Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind., iv, 180. E. glaucescens Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii, 214 in part, not of Wall. Besides the points alluded to by Mr. Clarke, this plant is distin- guished from E. paniculata Roxb., by the much larger fruit and by the margin of the corolla, which is white, not yellow, being undulate only, not finely crenulate. 84 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacese. [No. 2, CHITTAGONG: common. ARRACAN; Prain! Precu: Kurz! Trnas- SERIM, common. ANDAMANS; Coco Islands. Prain! South Andaman ; common. Nicopars; Kurz! This plant appears to take the place of #. paniculata throughout South-western Indo-China. This constitutes, by his specimens, the major part of E. glaucescens of Mr. Kurz, in the Forest Flora of British Burma. 2, Erycipe ExpaANnsA Wall, Erycibe coriacea Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii, 213 in part not of Wall. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—Matay Peyinsura; Kedah, Curtis, n. 2128 ! Flowers pinkish-white (Curtis), There is no example of Wall. Cat. n. 1337 (Erycibe coriacea Wall.) at Calcutta; Mr. Kurz has identified with that species both Wall. Cat.n. 1331 (the type of EZ. expansa) and Helfer 5879 (E. ferruginosa Griff. K. D.), hence the discrepancy between his description of #. coriacea, and those of Choisy, and of the Ff. B. I. 3. Erycipe susspicata Wall. Erycibe paniculata var. subspicata, Choisy, Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i, 222 and DC. Prodr. ix, 464. Erycibe pani- culata Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii, 214, hardly of Roxb. Add to localities of F. B. I. :— Booran; alt. 2000 ft., King’s collector! Uvrrr Assam; Akha Hills, King’s collector! Golaghat district, Jenkins! Mann! Ternasseriu : Brandis! Parish (Dr. Stapf in litt.). This is certainly, as Choisy and Kurz indicate, and as Mr. Clarke admits, very near E. paniculata Roxb. The writer, however, agrees with Mr. Clarke in consi- dering it quite distinct.* The flowers and fruits in this species are larger than in 2. paniculata, the flowers being larger than even in HE. peguensis. The lobules are more deeply erose than in £. paniculata; much more so than in E, pegu- ests. 4b. Erycipp ancuiata Prain; branchlets angular pubescent, leaves obovate, base cuneate or rounded, apex shortly acuminate or rounded sometimes deeply emarginate, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves visible above, distinctly raised beneath, cymes in axillary and terminal racemes. Erycibe paniculata Mig., Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 248; not of Roab. Matay Peyinsuta; Perak, Larut, Kunstler n. 7379! Dijong, Scorte- chini n. 1816! Disrris. Sumatra (Teysmann Hort. Bog. n. 3682!) Java (Kurz !) A robust scandent shrub (Scortechint) or strong creeper (“over 100 feet,” Kunstler) with stem 4-6 in. diam., branches terete glabrous, ultimate branchlets angular rusty: * Equally distinct appears to be a species collected in New Guinea by Hellwig (n. 87 ex Mus. Bot. Berol.) and by Forbes (n. 489). This has flowers much as in E. paniculata, but the racemes are shorter, the fruits smaller, and the leaves ovate- acute with rounded bases and petioles 3-} in. long, much smaller (13-23 in. by 3-1 in.) and more thickly coriaceous. To this species the writer would give the name Erycibe Hellwigii. This has been issued as &. paniculata from Berlin, Aj _ 1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 85 pubescent. Leaves petioled 4-8 in. by 2-4 in., lateral veins 5-8 pairs, raised beneath as in E. glomerata though not so prominently (and not asin that species impressed above) secondary veins indistinct; petioles }in., rusty puberulous. Cymes with angular rachis clothed with dark-red tomentum, axillary 1-6 in. by 1-13 in., termi- nal 7-10 in. long, with at times floral leaves intermixed. Pedicels 4-1 in. Sepals orbicular, outer stellately rusty tomentose, inner ciliate. Corolla white, lobes spread- ing }in., interlobular portion hirsute externally, lobules glabrous, ovate-oblong, margins slightly undulate. Berry not seen. This very distinct species is the Lrycibe paniculata of Miquel’s Supplement from Sumatra, as the example of Teysmann’s gathering from Danoh Tjaloh, Moerie, preserved in the Calcutta Herbarium, shows. It also occurs in Java. 6. Erycrpe MALACcENSIS Clarke. Add to localities of #. B. I. :— Matay Prninsuna: Perak, Scortechini 2196! Kunstler 3180! 3575! Penang, Maingay 1154! Berry purple when mature. Corolla tube very much shorter than in B. panicu- lata. 7. Erycipe Princet Wail. Add to localities of F. B. I. :— Sineaprort, Kurz! Hullett! Add to distribution ; Sumatra (Forbes n. 1826!). The plant that is known in the Buitenzorg garden as Eyycibe tomentosa BI. is this species. The Hort. Bogor. identification is most probably accurate, in which case Blume’s name (Bijdr. 1048) will replace Wallich’s more recent one. 8. Erycore Grirritam Clarke. . Add to localities of F. B. I. :— Penance: Gaudichaud 120; Curtis 181! Kunstler, 1458! Corolla waxy cream-yellow, lobes very narrow, spreading tin., interlobular portion _ densely red-pubescent externally, lobules small, glabrous, narrowly oblong, obliquely cut, acute, divergent. 11. Erycise GLomeRATA Wall. A small tree, 10-20 feet high, with strong straggling shoots; flowers creamy yellow, “with strong odour of unripe turnips” (Proudlock.) Corolla lobes broad, spreading #in.; interlobular portion rusty-pubescent externally, lobules ovate, margins erose throughout. The corolla is much like that of H. coriacea VAR. fragrans, but the lobules are broader and are erose instead of merely undulate. It is still doubtful if this be the same as Blume’s EL. glomerata. Miquel says it igs not; but there is no example of Miquel’s plant (Zollinger n. 706) at Calcutta, nor is there any Java specimen here that will suit Miquel’s description, or that will match with Wallich’s plant. Blume’s description is quite inadequate, 12. Erycipe annna Prain; branchlets round, densely rusty-tomen- tose, leaves quite glabrous, narrowly oblong or elliptic to an obtuse apex, base cuneate, very coriaceous, nerves impressed on both surfaces, cymes z-Ijfin., minutely closely rusty-tomentose. 86 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. [No. 9, Matay Peninsuta: Perak, at 2,000—2,500 ft. elev., Kunstler n. 7337 ! A very large climber, ‘‘ 100-150 ft. long, 2-3 in. diam.” (Kunstler). Leaves 23-5 in. by 1-2 in., shining, often blistered beneath; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs with a distinct marginal nerve, secondary veins also distinctly impressed especially beneath, petiole 2 in., or less. Cymes axillary 3-20-fld. peduncles and bracteolate pedicels(}in long) rusty close-pubescent. Sepals orbicular, closely brown-tomentose. Corolla lobes spreading 3 in., pale yellow; interlobular portion pale-brown tomentose externally, lobules ovate-oblong, margins undulate. Berry not seen. Allied to Erycibe coriacea, but with smaller and more coriaceous leaves, and with flowers more like those of E. glomerata. The leaves when dry are of a coppery red colour. 3. ErRycine prancipua Prain; branchlets round, quite glabrous ; leaves very coriaceous, nerves obscure on both surfaces, long petioled, narrowly elliptic, attenuated to both ends, apex obtuse ; cymes axillary, small lax few-fid. Penane : Government Hill, Curtis n. 911! 1273! A large climbing shrub, branches round. Leaves 14-3 in. by 3-1} in, all nerves quite obscure; petiole }in., glabrous. Cymes } in. 5-8-fld., minutely ad- pressed pilose, pedicels bracteolate, } in. Sepals orbicular, outer minutely, inner densely, closely rusty pubescent. Corolla lobes very narrow, spreading } in.; inter- lobular portion rufous pubescent internally and externally; lobules small, glabrous, narrowly oblong, subacute divergent. Berry coriaceous rough, ovoid, # in. long % in. across, pointed. This species is not easily differentiated from TZrycibe Maingayi—of which there is no specimen at Calcutta—by the somewhat incomplete diagnosis of the F. B. I. All the characters given for 2. Maingayi apply to E. praecipua, except the explicit one of ‘hairy innovations’ and the implication that its secondary nerves are distinct. H. Maingayi is, however, said to appear tobe allied to #. Princei—an alliance by no means marked in EL. praecipua. This, coupled with the fact that Z. praecipua has been distributed by Mr. Curtis as EZ. coriacea, and that Dr. Stapf informs him that the plant has been associated (though not identified) with E. coriacea at Kew, assures the writer that it is distinct from B. Maingayit. E. coriacea is a species founded on Wall. Cat. n. 1337, from Chittagong, a plant that has apparently been lost. It was seen and described by Choisy (Ann, Sc. Nat. 2, i, 224), but it is not present now in the Wallichian type Herbarium, or in the Herbaria at Kew and at Calcutta. But Choisy considered EF. fragrans, Wall. (Cat. n. 1336) con-specific with E. coriacea; whence we may infer that the flowers of HL. fragrans are similar to, if not identical with, those of H. coriacea. In E. praecipua the corolla lobes are long and narrow, with small divergent auriculate lobules, as in EH. Grifithit, and to a lessdegree in FE. Stapfiana, while the interlobular portion of the corolla lobes are densely pubescent within as well as without. In E. fragrans the lobes are short and wide with large ovate over-lapping lobules, the interlobular part of the lobes being glabrous within as in every other species of Erycibe in the Calcutta Herbarium except E£. praecipua. Had this character been present in the lost EL. coriacea, Choisy would never have united with it Wallich’s EB. fragrans; unless the same character is present in the corolla of EZ, Maingayi (which has not as yet been described), this alone should be sufficient to distinguish EZ. praecipua from all the hitherto described species of Erycibe. 1894.] D, Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 87 14. Ervyorsn Srapriana Prain; branchlets round glabrous, leaves large usually elliptic or oblong, narrowed to a cuneate or narrowly truncate base, apex shortly blunt acuminate, sometimes narrowly lan- ceolate, coriaceous, glabrous paler beneath, lateral nerves raised beneath, cymes in axillary clusters, Matay Peninsuta: Perak; at considerable elevations, 300-3000 feet, Kunstler, 4015 ! 4115! 7784! Scortechini, 1793! Tenassertm Parish ! A shrubby or slender climber, much branched. Leaves 4-7 by 2-3 in. oblong or elliptic in all the Perak specimens, narrow lanceolate 43 by 14 in. in Tenasserim ones, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, obliquely ascending (the lowest pairs extending more than }-way along the margin) visible above and raised beneath, secondary veins reticulately raised beneath inconspicuous above, petiole 4 in. glabrous. Cymes 2-2 in. long, in fascicles of 4-9, from an axillary woody protuberance, 5-20-fld., peduncles densely dark-brown tomentose as are the bracteolate pedicels -4-} in. Sepals orbicular densely brown-tomentose. Corolla lobes narrow, spreading } in., waxy white within; interlobular portion very dark-brown tomentose externally, . lobules narrow divergent, slightly crenulate along the obliquely truncate apex. Berry ovoid, 2 in. long, 3. in. diam., densely clothed with a fine dark-brown velvety tomentum. A remarkable species, well characterised by its leaves, which bear a striking superficial resemblance to those of Casearia macrocarpa, and by its velvety epicarp. 15. Erycrse FEsTIvA Prain; branchlets angular, sparingly pubes- cent, leaves rather long petioled large thinly coriaceous glabrous, elliptic or oblong, base cuneate, apex long acuminate, lateral nerves distinct on both surfaces, especially beneath, cymes very short, few-fid. Mauay PENINSULA: Singapore, Hullett n. 624! Perak, Kunstler n. 6445 ! A small tree (Hullett) or creeper, 60-70 feet long (Kunstler) branches grooved or angular. Leaves 3-6 in. by 13-23 in. dark green, lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, secondary veins invisible, petioles 3-$in. Cymes axillary many-fid., peduncles 3-2 in., rusty pubescent; pedicels bracteolate rusty pubescent 3 in. Sepals rusty pubescent orbicular. Corolla lobes broad, spreading $ in., pale greenish white; interlobular portion brown tomentose externally, lobules ovate, margins deeply erose throughout. Berry not seen. Resembles most closely H. albida, but differs very markedly in tomentum, in size of flowers and in shape of corolla lobules.