genet TSG babes ee, ates eget, Se URAE Piri, Ete ee ahr EEN, Sith a rere ee ee i aT ee & Uap Hie pE SageT oye. Vat! fos, : Waa? EAR rahe td ere Sr a penne oe we ee es i i Sing FO ee ate “hgh oie! : ¥ ‘ Vey ee He on oa ty, a &p rita oh, | bf ety, tl eh & ty ld ts cae fs ‘ (li an Se! vente” ae 2 By ge Bs, LabBy. Tnbef. Ser t : nae sp aio pe Taaa a , . wa ae Sia ty, es BN ome IN V) Mire) Saray ee Settee gl tg ee " wa pd pele! | i Liye } FE ip Fe dp he =f oy eg aac § dnd S cs cots: ash pene Ta SEO Marae BEY Raia ara 2 ae pers Base ag be “eae Ee a” oe rae aE : J& HER pe ee Ae Woy Pappa ee af o ee Scr %, fa. pats as fee aE 2S inh oa Or, ae) i ay “ , or oy Mai GS ey, | < es r ate tt “ Op, a . 752 pet ‘Wncratt = PET oe | | ! Mt 1 ies : be H: Hp flbit ee it Pyth ! i | ih | \ oy eee ig A TOTO ny, a Hi Soo gave eae Sueur Aaa. Sa Rene Wf O 4 i onan = e : A PNM A CH Be haa oe oa oe ¥- eee z : Pom seh sant Fe ~~ ars ¢ RE ae te ee e. i auarPagonys iain os Pit eak oie ope Y Z Ripon Rs — “HS, ; ea ail fa toreeeeeerent al | Va ah AE Bi Hh “ rel 1 | t : 4 : 7 i ' ! a \ : Ss ' 4 w u uh aby al ft — - os — Ew ie Pie 7 ; a Dea Y 7 Mt, ve ee 7 Dae) iM ‘ iv a i Deo Va een ee at a} i en v 7 Misses i a JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, INDEX AND TITLE PAGE. VOL. XXIX., f Lee PARTS 3&4. BomBayY : Printep AT THE Trives Press. 1924. WHE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. EDITED BY R. A. SPENCE, F.Z.S; P. M. SANDERSON and S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S, VOL. XXIX. 2114S eS rs, Parts 3 and 4. Containing 2 Coloured Plates, 44 Lithographed Plates, 1 Diagram and 12 Text-figures. Dates of Publication. Part Ill, (Pages 577 to 847) ... 3Ist December 1923. Pe IV.( ., 849 to 1070) .. 15th May 1924. LONBON AGENTS : DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margareat Street, Cavendish Square, W. PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY, : Hee nea Bont ©s ney Me ait ee, 5 Aelia Sipeet hs sod we he Av CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIX. No. 3. THe Game Birps oF Inpra, Burma AND CrEyYLOoN. Part XXXVI. (Coturnix coromandelicus) The Black-Breasted PAGE or Rain Quail (with a plate). By EH. C. Stuart Baker, — Tape OUBene WES ag RY 7 SM. Bs OsU is OM SALOU, fy oho 4 cig, emis A Hanp-List oF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN Emprre. Part i By. Col. Bo Wall; ©.M.6.5 \O:M.Z.8., °F U8., FAs. Bs TEIAC) VASCEL A hy DACP eee ge ae a A ee CRN EM Duane Sento ena oa AnimMAL Lire— oF THE Gances. By Dr. Annandale, D.sc., OE Naat eas eR Ue tae naar aan a eA dance ation Some New or INTERESTING ORTHOPTERA FROM PERSIA, BALUCHISTAN AND WESTERN InprA (with a plate). By Bree Uivarova. Hob Seta cS. Cis denne earn ne oe AY OT SMALL GAME SHOOTING IN KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hin Provinces. By Col. A. EK. Ward (witha plate) ...... InprAN Draconruies. Part XVII (with two plates and four _ Text-figures). By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s., F.E.S. ...... ‘Tue Rep Ant. Part IT. By Major R. W. G. Hingston, 1.M.s. ORNITHOLOGICAL Notes From A Trip IN LapaKk. By Mrs. INE eS pe Nate uct 8 atl eles ge cea al yng 8 dade vay tae Tue ComMonN BUTTERFLIES OF THE Puains oF [nptA. Part ROX, By, Re Bell) Ctr Re (Retd.).uc.3 at... oe: A JOURNEY TO S1Am AND Back. Part III (with two plates). By Major C. H. Stockley, WS Ome ee tei bt eae an _ Notes oN THE BIRDS OF THE SIKKIM Himanayas. Pari II (with three plates). By Herbert Stevens, M.B.0.U. ........ DRAGONFLY CoLLectiIne IN Inpia. Part FV (with three places). ByaiajorsheoG fraser i MiS:, WE Sie ues. ec. ce 3 's.\6 oes a 577 598 633 643 693 - 659 681 694 703 718 723 141 iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIX. PAGE A Description oF THE NESTS AND Eaas oF THE Commo n Birps OCCURRING IN THE PLAINS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES. Part LV (wath two plates) ly i. TN] Gillet. ci. T5T A Review oF THE AsrATIC SPECIES OF Contia IN INDIAN Musnums. By Col. F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.G., C.M:Z.S.°.......° 769 THE [DENTIFICATION or INDIAN BurrerFuies. Part ITT (with four plates). By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.s.0., B.E., F.Z.S., IES ERG te ep Me edo ectoing Se: oes op Cay RNR topes Ren 07 ete eee eta (80 Nores on Hucu WuHuistier’s ‘“‘ A CoNTRIBUTION TO THE ORNT- THOLOGY OF CASHMERE” in Vol. XXVIIT, No. 4 (with a plate). By Capt Ro Se Po Bates uli) rc ie skeen Wet. 798 KLEPHANT Catcuing IN Assam. By A. J. W. Milroy........ 803 Reviews.—A Naturauist in Hinpustan. By Major R. W. G. Einegston,” (TMS. 9) one ee cee eeaueee ea eacn 812 A BroLogy oF THE British HemiererRA HETEROP- TERA. ?- By Ho AY Butler seer ae. eri terete 812 Manuva oF Enromotoay. By H. Maxwell Lefroy. 812 InpDIAN EartrHworms. By Lt.-Col. J. Stephenson, ABAD /S. Co TMS OCU ae caw eae ae Poe ear Uhetacns, bee Sols. AC SURVEY OF THE PAUNA ORGIRAQEE vee ea enn oe 815 DET ORTAT Ms gi escons nase tse eae ohne ee he URES reas eee ae Mee OL 818 OpiTuaRY.—_JOHN Duncan InvERARITY, Bar.-at-Law...... 822, MiIsceELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. On the Forms of the Himalayan Serow (Capricornis sumatrensis) (with two plates). By Major C. H. Stockley, SiS J08 se air or eh cn bey Gea, 824 II. A Panther Shoot in Simla (with a photo). By Feostamdd wu Si Pieee aerospace hoec un ie ete ae tee 827 Il. A Fresh Hypothesis in regard to Protective Colour- ation In Animals. By W..Forsyth. ............- 829 IV. The Mishmi Takin (Budorcas tazicolor). By EH We Wells) oe teresa, esse | nee ee area 2 830 xT: XIV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIX, Notes on Porcupines. By Major C. R.8. Pitman . Change of Colour in the Blackbuck (Antilope cer- vicapra). By Major H. M. Simmonds Double Nest of the Kashmir Great Tit (Parus major By H. Whistler, F.z.s. Late and early Snipe in the Deccan, Poona Dist. By Major W. B. Trevenen On the Breeding of the Black-winged Stilt (Himanto- pus candidus). By H. W. Waite Range of the Tufted Pochard (fPuligula fuligula). By R. F. Ruttledge Late Stay of Pintail (Dafila acuta) in the C. P. Bye We AL Bindeausc wt ena de et is Bo By C.E.C. Fischer The Common Flamingo (Phenicopterus antiquorum) in the Punjab Salt Range. kashmuriensis). By H. Whistler, F.z.s. ........ eoeeee eee es ee @ @ @& Cr Drongo and Cicada. Birds attacking a Snake. Woodcock in the Nilgiris. Home By George Brown .... By Major W. M. Logan Cr ee ee | The Corvide of the Punjab. By Major Ronald T. Foster ooer eo eee e eee ee ee eo ee wm me wee Hee oe em eo woe we we eo The Affinities of Eryx jaculus and Eryx johnei. Col. F. Wall, 1.m.s. An unusually large Labeo from the Indrayani River. By Major W. R. Trevenen eeoe ee se ee es Peo eee wo wR ee ww eo ew & cooeo we ee ee ee ee wwe we XIX. A Note on some discrepancies in Fauna of British PROCEEDINGS India. (Butterflies). By S. N. Chatterjee 2 No. 4. THE Game Brrps or Inpra, BuRMA AND CEYLON, Part XXXVITI. (Cryptoplectron (Microperdiz) e. erythrorhynchus) The Painted Bush Quail (wiih a plate). By HE. C. Stuart alcers huss. W.7:S,, MoB:O-U,, O.K.A-O.Us 6 as ls. so, vie/s c's ole 2 By H. W. Whistler. | 846 vi _ CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXI1X. A Hanp List oF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN Empire. Part Til By Goll Walls muss :C-M.G.. C.N7/8., 5... te. eae | THE MAMMALS AND Brrps oF KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hitt Provinces. By Col. A. E. Ward (with five plates BNG A pPHOLOS) Mine esate. cones af ula ales ale Guba ate neee SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SuRVEY No. XLIV. On A NEw Fretp-Movss, rrom NEPAL, WITH A Nore on THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS APpopEmuS. By Oldfield homas. WR Si” pee eee OE AGRE PAGE 864 879 888 THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BuTTERFLIES. Part IV (with | 5 plates). By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.s.0., R.E., F.Z.8.,. ¥.E.S. 9 te -e.@ 0.8 © (9 @ 10 © (so (@ 0: © © .8).0 0 0: fe: \e «6 ‘ee ‘a 0) 0 (ee. 0 ce'\0 0 je ce (8) \ 0) jes Je) \e: 6 THe Rep Ant. Part JIT (with a text-fixure). By Major RaWe-G: Hingston, TMCS. (s . Shr ae een ee ee ee eee THe CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLaINS oF InpiA. Part XXX. “By T. BR. Bell, cas, eS sal hetd eo. ce Birps’ Nesting witH A CAMERA IN INDIA. Part I (with 6 plates). By Capt. R.S.0P./ Bates! ea ee eee OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING HaBits OF SOME FRESH Water Fisnes In THE PunsaB (with 2 plates). By M. Hamid ‘Khan, M-8:0)) 9 B.MSS fo 2 ee A DEscripTION OF THE Nests AND Eccs or THE Common Birps OCCURRING IN THE PLAINS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES. Part TV’ “(with a:plate). “ By Hoi N; Gill eee. Nores on Inpian Burrerriies. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, DS.OnR HY RUZ Sie PBS. cst, te eee er eee Ghee. A JournEy To Stam AND Back. Part IV (with 2 plates). By Major C. H. Stockley, D.8.0. ,........+-0+ ++ sewn ences InDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Part XVIII (with 2 plates and 2 text- figures). By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.8., F.E.S.........4. Notes ON THE Birps or SrkKim Himarayas. Part III (with 4 plates). .By H. Stevens, M.B.0.U. ...........00. 890 908 921 947 958 963 oT 974 982 1007 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXLX. ‘vil PAGE Reviews.—Burrerriy Lore. By velo eitrimghane 2 arash 1031 A BrBLioGRAPHY OF FisHes.. By Bashford Dean AVCHO UES Ath wy cept in eerie tatrn agp oy'- eo) LOU! WILD. ANIMALS IN CENTRAL INDIA. By A. Dunbar. dD e a0 Cop rasta Means aCe Menke ta anes nce Ne Groene a Ata 1032 HimaLavan snp Kasumrrt Birps. By Douglas Dera sce zat atthe Caen ary a aa eR eS sa a0 EDETORIAT FS 054.0 a: SEO te ak PAU CE AaUT I ON Ht oan RRS OP 2, 1038 OBITUARY.—COLONEL CHARLES SwINHOE, M. A. (Oxon), F.L.S., eZ Siae BANIGGs sieh soc oterens ah tree ne. oe Piet hse SAE TEN OREN Sera Shoe 1042 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES: I. Readers’ Comments on previous notes and articles.. 1043 II. Large Tusks of Indian Elephant (Z. maximus) (with a photo). “By Cx Ri, Congreve: 3.5.2 2. is aalel te 1044 III. Inthe Haunts of the Indian Wild Dog (C. dukhun- ensign By C. ie Oirk TuMlalss aise estas ey or ieat 1046 IV. A Novel Method of Shooting Black Bear in the eGalise., By Ox EUS: aime’ tg oes Sekai 58 1049 V. Black-Buck and Jackal. By Capt. L.G.W.Hamber. 1050 VI. Malformed Horns in the Cheetal (Aais axis) (with a BHOtO Dy Bical Pari ee Teun cae ae 1051 VII. Southern Range of the Mallard (Anas boscas). By J Re Wbercrombie and, others: . 42454524 654555 1052 VIII. Nest of Mrs. Gould’s Yellow-Backed Sunbird (Aitho- | pyga gouldie). By S. M. Robinson, M.B.0.U. 1052 IX. Nesting of Walden’s Yellow-Backed Sunbird (4itho- pyga sanguinipecta). By S. M. Robinson, TVESTSS OMIM papul Sri’ a Ap eh eee: «uta wah Stirs we ere nat aes 1053 X. Nidification of the Western Spotted Babbler (P. ruficeps jonest). By B. B. Osmaston, ¢.1.5., TRIN c cMayay st creche. cPayel sys ie, Goode a taNa, Siayqenettees ace Ala! 1053 viii CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX1X. PAGE XI. Migration of Eagles. By C. H. Donald, F.z.s., ME OU ahs oe Ware «junta Ries ene eee OE Ie Aes 1054 XII. Wire Nests. By Major W. P. Pakenham Walsh, RHC witha phObO)h. sae ee eRe rows eis. 1055 XII. The Incubation Period of Bulbul’s Eggs. By Satya Chun alianwals e213 ae ae coer rete ernie 1056 XIV. A Note on the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaétus LeUucogaster.\'< VOW lea wow eel emer eee bie 1059 XV. . Flighting on a Delhi Jheel. By Rostand........ 1059 XVI. A Mugger Shooting Experience. By L. Stansfiled.. 1061 XVII. A Note on the Habits of the Large-scaled Earth Snake (Szlybura macrolepis). By Charles MoCanii) (CpG). Sua eck ee PA ele & 1062 XVIII. Further Notes on the Breeding-habits of the Pearl Spot Fish (Htroplus suratensis). By N. P. Pama Kar 20s Cine i geteiate alee i) eer emma a vege 1064 PROCEEDING Stie)n. e eee ay eae Pe erate gs gt GAR A 1065 ACCOUNTS BOR ONGI3: t earners ee ee tee at eas gee ee eae ca 1069 1X ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOLUME x= I~ NOS. 3S & 4. ABERCROMBIE, J. R.; Sou- thern Range of the Mallard (Anas boscas) ANDREWS, Mayor FF. L., O.B.E., D.C.M.; Note on the colour-change of the Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) .. ANNANDALE, N., D.Sc., C.LE.; Animal Life of the Ganges .. Baker, E. C. Stuart, J.P., O.B.E., HS 3 8 Za, M.B.0.U., C.F.A.0.U.; The Game Birds of India, Burma & Ceylon, Part XXXVI (with a coloured plate) of (Coturnia the Black- breasted or Rain Quail, the Common or Grey Quail, the coromandelicus), Japanese Grey Quail Sols s Part XXXVII (with a _ coloured plate) of Cryptoplectron (Mi- croperdix) e. erythrorhynchus, the Painted Bush Quail, Ble- witt’s Bush Quail, the Mani- pur Bush Quail, Primrose’s Bush Quail .. ie Bates, Capt. R. 8. P.; Notes on Hugh Whistler’s «« A Con- tribution to the Ornithology of Cashmere’? in Vol. XXVITI, No.4 (with a plate) ; Birds Nesting with a Camera in India, Part 1. (With 6 plates) PAGE 1052 Bett, T.R., C.1.E., 1. F.8.(Retd.) The the Plains of India (including those met with in the Hill of the Bombay Presidency), Part XXX. ee Part. Sox XT... Common Butterflies of Stations 836 Bompay Natura History So- 633 cIETY’s MamMMAL SURVEY OF Inpra. Screntiric REsutts, No. X LIV.—On a New Field- Mouse from Nepal, with a Note on the Classification of the genus dApodemus, By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. Brown, Greorce; Birds attack- ing a Snake Burton, BrIGADIER-GENERAL R.G.—* Strange’ Behaviour of a Panther CHATTERJEE, 8S. N.; A Note on some discrepancies in Fauna of British India (Butter- flies) ConGREVE, C. R. T.; Large Tusks of Indian Elephant E. maximus ( Text-figure) 849 Duar, H. H. THe Manarasa oF; Comment on the colour- change of the Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) 798 Donat, C. H., F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.; 947 Migration of Eagles Paar > 703 921 888 .. 840 1044 844 1044 835 1054 x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PaGE EDITORIAL 818,10 Epitors; Famale Antilopes developing horns “3 834 ——Colour-change in the Black Buck.. 834 Evans, Lirut.-Con. W. H., D.S.0., R.E., F.Z.S., F.E.S.’; The Identification of Indian Butterflies, Part III (with 4 plates)... aR on ae 780 Part IV (with 5 plates) FiscHEer, C. EH, C.; and Cicada Drongo Forsytu, W. A.; Fresh Hypo- thesis in regard to Protective colouration in animals 829 Foster, Magor R. T.; The Coryide of the Punjab 841 FRASER, Mason F. W., 1.M.S., F.E.S.; Indian Dragonflies, Part XVII (with 2 plates and 4 text-figures) .. 659 —————; Part XVIII (with 2 plates and 2 text-figures) .. 982 a >. Dra- India, (with 3 piates) | gonfly collecting in Part IV 741] Gint, E. H.; A description of the nests and eggs of the com- mon birds occurring in the Plains of the United Pro- vinces, Part IV (with 3 plates) . ; Part IV a] Or ~J — —_——_——_ (with. ‘a plate) 963 Hamper, Capr. IL. Black Buck G. W.; and Jackal... 1050 PAGE Hineston, Masor R. W. G, I.M.S.; The Red Ant, PartII 681 ——— ———Part III . (with 1 text-figure) 908 Homzn, Masor W. M. LoGan ; Woodcock in the Nilgiris .. 841 Kannan, K. Kunut, M.A., Ph. - D.; Protective colouration in Wild Animals.. 1043 Kuan M, Hamip, M.Sc., F.R. M.8.; Observations on the breeding habits of some Fresh- water Fishes in the Punjab (with 2 plates) 958 Law, Satya CuHurn, M.A.,, F.Z.S., M.B.0O.U.; The Incuba- tion period of Bulbul’s eggs.. 1006 —_—_-__——__—— ; Note on the White-bellied Sea- Eagle (Haliaéctus leucogaster) 1059 McCann, (CHARLES ; A Note on the habits of the Large- scaled Earth Snake (Silybura macrolepis) Mirtroy, A. J. W.; catching in Assam John Inverarity .. oe a's 106 Elephant 80 OBITUARY ; Duncan 822 ; Colonel Charies Swinhoe 1042 OsmastTon, B. B., TES. -° Nidr- fication of the Western Spot- ted Babbler (Pellornewm ruficeps jonest) Pantkxar, N. P., B.A., F.LS. ; Further notes on the breed- 1053 ing habits of the Pearl-spot Fish (Ltroplus suratensis) .. 1064 LIST OF. CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Parr, B. R. ; Malformed Horns in the Cheetal (Axis axis) (with a photo) 1051 _ Prrman, Masor C. BR. 8.; Notes on Porcupines BA ieee ——— ;s The Haunts of the Red Indian Wild Dog (Cuon dukhunensis) 1046 = pamela A novel method of shooting Black Bear in the ‘ Galis ” 1049 PRIDEAUX, F. W. A.; Late stay of the Pintail (Dafila acuta) ; A Survey of the Fauna of Iraq 815 ; Butterfly Lore 1031 ; 9 ject to same Vari- Aimona, Pi., Fig.3,Wing .. 796 ation oe af ; ‘ pape Sen Agriocnemis,Pl., Fig. 7, Wing.. 744 |———-__—_—_ rubescens, PI1., Fig. clausent, Pl., Fig. 9, 11, Terminal seg- second ab- ments, dorsal dominal aspect .. ots ‘ + ° segment, Alectoris greeca chukor, Pl. .. showing = Pare he a ted be (A) characteri- staedorsal | Nest and UL Gus marking 74.7 | abnormal As teh > eo 5 PI clutch of —--——_-—_—— -Pl., Fig. 12 are 21 eggs.. End of ane oe Amathusia, Pl., Fiz. 7, Wing .. 6th and Need I = A; uxidia a ing Tels sex Amathuxidia, Pl., Fig. 8, Wing eae eae Anadebis, Pl., Fig. 21, Wing .. ON ey Anthus roseatus, Pl... He ———— ——— —— Fl. Fig. 15, Apatura, Pl., Fig. 7... ae Head and es = i Arachnechthra asiatica, Nests, Pl. thorax showing a common type of marking . Arge, Pl., Fig. 12, Wing aye Argiolestes, Pl., Fig. 6, apex of Wine | 2): oe eee ate 747 | Aulocera, Pl., Fig. 9, Wing .. PaGe 747 747 653 XVlil ‘PAGE Axis axis, Malformed Horns, Photo .. A LOST Bos gruniens, Pl). Caconeura, Pl., Vig. 7, Base of wing shaped Stigma .. RAE ROO ee eto. Head and thorax, showing a broad and unusual marking .. Calicnemis, Pl., Fig. 3, Base of wing Calinaga, Pl., Fig. 14 .. Capricornis sumatrensis, Pl. (A.) Female Serow, Chenab Valley, April 191] —_______________-P]. B., Old Male Serow, Kashmir Valley, October 1922 —_———— Rl Large female Kashmir Serow, show- ing white area on the under- surface of the jaw. .. Ceriagrion, Pl., Fig. 2, Head of, showing the ridge on frons. No postocular. spots Charaxes, Pl., Figs. land2 .. Pl., Fig. 9, Diamond- INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Chhenawan Farm for Carp breeding, Pl., Figs. 1 &2.. 882 | Chryptoplectron (Microperdix) e. erythrorkynchus, Col. Pl. .. 741 ‘Celiccia, Pl., Fig. 8, Stigma .. 744 906 825 747 894 didyma, Pl., Fig. 14, Head and thorax, showing unusual nature of mark- ings ae ais Celites, Pl., Fig. 19, Wing Cenagrion, Pl., Fig. 5, Apex of wing ae ite Copera, Pl., Fig. 5, Leg, showing dilatation of 1DIA, Hs is ae annulata, PL, Fig. 4, Ter- minal segments great and anal appendages marginipes, Pl., Fig. 3, Terminal segments and anal appendages. The appendage than the superior. Lateral inferior much — longer view Corvus coronoides intermedius, vl Coiurnix coromandelicus, Pl. .. Cyanosylvia cyanecula abetia, Pl. y : Cyllogenes, Pl., Fig. 23, Wing.. Diagora, Pl., Fig. 11 Dichorragia, Pl., Fig. 16 Dilipa, Pl., Fig. 6 Discophora, Pl., Fig. 10, Wings. Disparoneura, Pl., Fig. 8, Base of wing PAGE 959 849 744 747 789 744 747 747 747 948 577 950 789 897 800 897 796 741 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. X1x PAGE Paar Dove’s nest made of wire, Photo 1655 Gomphidia fletcheri Fig. 3,1, 6, Drepanosticia, Pl., Fig. 3, Base Lateral of wing 741 and ventral Elaphas maximus, Large Tusks ees ey of, Photo .. 1045 ments and Hiymnias, Pl., Fig. 25, Wings. 789, 794 anal ap- Emieriza cia stracheyi, Pl... 948 pendage .. 667 _ Enallagma, Pl., Fig. 17, Terminal ve —P.-nigrum, Fig. 3-3, segment seen from the side, Lateral showing the spine under seg- view of end ment 8 749 segment Enispe, Pl., Fig. 11, Wing 796 oa appendage 667 Equus hemionus, Pls. 880, 881] — pee aR By siti 3: Erebia, Pl., Fig. 13, Wing 780 ‘Markings of Eribea, Pl., Fig. 2 894 3 3a. Mark- Erites, Pl., Fig. 17, Wing 780 ings of head : of 3, facial Esme, Pl., Fig.4, Base of wing 74! ok Me a a Pl Wig Or... 897 ciate me hy BIB © — williamsoni, Fig. 2, Humenis, Pl., Fig. 8, Wing 780 6: ‘Base. of Euripus, Pl., Fig. 10 804 wings 666 Euthalia, Pl., Fig. 18 900, 902 ee ip 3) 28 Faunis, Pl., Fig. 2, Wing 794 Lateral Felis pardus, Text Fig. 828 and ventral Gomphidia abbotti, Pl., Fig. 4, | views of Markings of ¢ 4a. end seg- Markings of head of ment and 3, facial view 663 anal ap- ——_———fletcheri, Fig. 2 a. pendage 667 Base of ae Se ee wings 666 5, Markings of ¢ 5a. Markings eee a tly LY of head of ¢, facial view .. . 663 2, Mark- "ings of a Helcyra, Pl., Fig. 4 897 2a. Mark- Hemichelidon sibirica cacabata, ings of Pl. 950 head _ of ; 2, facial Herona, Pl., Fig. 8 897 view .. 663) Hestina, Pl., Fig. 12 897 xx INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Heterogomphus hannyngtoni, Ischnura, Pl., Fig. 1., Head of, Fig. 3, Lateral view of and anal appendage 667: Wings of ¢ .. Lely. Fig. Markings of ¢ 3a, Markings of head of @, facial view : is flavicolor, Pl.,Fig. 2, Markings of 9 2a. Markings of head of ©, facial —_———— hannyngtoni, end segment ceylonicus, 2 Os view Aad i Fig. 1, Markings of § la. Markings of head, facial view .. ——smiihii, Pl, Fig. 4, Markings of ¢ 4a, Markings of head of ¢, facial view Himalagrion exclamationis, Pl., Fig. 8, First four abdominal segments, seen from the side, showing markings Himeriia kinneari, External genitalia of the male, Pl., Fig. Ictinus rapa, Pl., Fig. 1, Mark- ings lof id “la: Markings of head of 3 facial view .. —_—_——— Fig. 3, 4-7 La- teral and ventral of end segment and anal views appendage —— ———— Wings.. Indoneura, Pl., Fig. 5, Base of wing wie 45 674 678 675 678 663 |= ,Dujorceps, showing postocular coloured spots —— = ely Bie 26. ndion abdomen, showing dorsal tubercules on segment 10 —-_——— Pl. Fig. 10, Bico- lorous Stigma of forewing 4 —_—_——— Pl., Fig. 11, Unico- lorous Stigma of hind wing 5 —_—_——— Pl, Fig: 17, Termi- nal segment, from the side, showing the spine under segment 8 .. seen forcipata, Pl., Fig. 12, Bicolorous and unevenly shaped Stigma Lamellogomphus acinaces, Fig. 982, Pl., Fig. 2 Pl Fig. 3 ————-—. drummondi, Fig. 6 IPL ——_ inglist, + ae malabarensis, FP., Bigs 5. |______. nilgiriensis,. Pl., Fig. 1 Lebadea, Pl., Fig. 2] Timinitis, Pl., Fig. 24 .. | Lyrotylus persicus, 9, Pl, Figs. ples 1OGcee* de ys ahs Mai (‘‘Khola’’) Valley, East Nepal from Kalo Pokhari, May 1912, Pl. B. Maniola, Pl., Fig. 7, Wing — Melanitis, Pl., Fig. 22, Wing .. Fig. Pace 747 744 747 744 984. 984 984 984 984. 984 906 906 643 738 730 789 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PaGE Melanoneura, Pl., Fig. 6, Base of wing 741 Meping River at Raheng, Siam, Ag oa Mesogomphus lindgrent, ic Ss. ——————lintaius, Pl., Fig. 1 a .. 1001 —_—_—_—-—— rist, Pl. Fig.2.. 1001 Mortonagrion, Pl., Fig. 2, Base of wing a i .. 744 Musicapa superciliaris, PI. (B. 1), Nest and eggs .. 799 Myiophoneus horsfieldi — tem- mincki, Pl. 955 Nepal, Below Kalo-Pokhari, Ply het a0» LOG7 Kalo Pokhari, Pl., Fig. 2 1007 Looking west from Phalut, Pip wigs 1010 ‘‘“The Snows’ and Pine Forests from Sandak- pou, Ely fis. 2". Valley, below Phaiut, Pl., Fig. 1 : is Tonglo, Pl., Fig. 2.. Mai (‘‘Khola’’) Valley from Kalo Pokhari, Pl., Fig. 3 Neorina, Pl., Fig. 20, Wing 1010 1014 i014: 1014 784 Neurasigma, Pi., Fig. 22 906 ‘Observations on the breed- ) ing habits of some Fresh | Water Fishes in the Pun- | tab— Pl., Fig. 1, Netting for | Murral. \ Fig. 2, Live car for Eggs and | Fry under observation. | Fig. 3, Tank at Sirkian | for Murral. cf 958 | meanyar, Ovis vigner vigner, Pl., Fig. 1, 884, 887 Paknampo, Siam, Pl. B. Parthenos, Pl., Fig. 26... Penthema, Pl., Fig. 15... Phalut Summit, Pl. Ploceus baya, Pl. and ‘‘female’ Nests Nest sero Pl Nests co: Pl., Nest tall Elephant grass | es Plicigeia himalayana, 2, S-end of the abdomen from below.. (A) “male” b) (B) An abnormal in 718 906 906 723 XX1 Pace Onychargia, Pl., Fig. 1, Base of wing : o- |, 444 idee Nig. 7, End of abdomen, showing dorsal tubercules on segment 10.. 747 Onychogomphus bistrigatus, Pl. Fig.4 .. 1001 ————— dingavant, Pl., Fig. 7 LOO] — duaricus, PL, Rigo oe, LOL —— M. flavum, P1., Big. 6... .: a, .. 106) Oreicola ferrea ferrea, Pl. .. 951 Orsotricna, Pl., Fig.16,Wing.. 783 Ovis ammon ammon, Vig. 1, 380 Fig. 2 884 -—-——-——— hodgsoni, Pls., 880, 883: 884 —__———— poh, Fig.3 885, 886 Ovws ammon + O. vignet, PIi., Roses 884 Ovis vigner + Ovis ammon, PE Rigs 884 | XX11 Platysticta, Pl., Fig. 2, Base of wing Prothoe, Pl., Fig. 3 Protosticta, Pl., Fig. 1, Apex and’ base of wing Pseudagrion, Pl., Fig. 4, Base of wing Ist and 2nd ab- dominal segments UE ite Bae ke indicum, Pl., Fig. 20, Ist and 2nd abdominal seg- ments HE ei EO Pe Terminal ab- dominal seg- ments —williamsoni Pl., Fig. 19, Ist and 2nd abdominal segments cagadia, Pl., Fig. 18, Wing .. Rhyacornis fuliginosa, Pl. Sandakphu, North face of the summit, Dwarf Rhodcden- dron, March 1912, Pl. A Sasakia, Pl., Fig. 13 Sephisa, Pl., Fig. 9 bengalense, Pl., Fig. 18, Paaet 741 894 741 747 747 747 897 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Siam, a journey toand back. ) Pliage. 1, Head) oie Bison shot in Me’wang. > 974 . PL., Fig. 2. Open jungle in | the Mauwang Valley. )_ Pl., Fig. 1. The track down } the Melamoung, 995. Pl., Fig. 2. Fording. the Meklong. Sikhim Himalayahs, Plates 1230 727,. 733 Singile La and Everest, PI. 723. Singile La Ridge. A, looking South to Sandakphu from Phalut, Feb. 1912. B, lock- ing South toTonglo from San- dakphu, March 1912 .. 727 Silybura macrolepis, Diagram to illustrate method of clos- ing burrow, Fig. 1063 Stibochiana, Pl., Fig. 17 900: Stictopthalma, Pl., Fig. 4, Wings, 794 Thaumantis, Pl., Fig. 5, Wing.. 796 Thauria, Pl., Fig. 6, Wing 794. Tropidauchen edentulum, 3, Pl., Fig. 2 643. = _subulosum, 2, Pl, Fig. 1 643 Xanthotenia, Pl., Fig.1,Wing. 794 Ypthima, Pl., Fig. 14, Wing .. 789 Zeuxidia, Pl., Fig. 9. Wing 796 Zipetis, Pl. Fig. 15, Wing ..) 1° 780 PAGE. XXlll ERRATA. Page 890, line 5, for 707 read 797. », 1009, ,, 13, for macocercus read macrocercus. ONG 5.305 fOr atrogualiris read atrogularis. XX1V INDEX OF SPECIES. NUMBER. Abaratha ransonnettii .. oe sae TU) Ablabes ankapura ——_—_ -—_—_wardi .. '——— semiflava a3 ——— swinhoei .. e; ais VenuUsta, 1. wa ———zelmira .. Be Aprion carinatrm sis — curvifrons ——-— strictum .. oe —robustus .. ihe Aproaspidops antecursorum INDEX OF SPECIES. Nv MBER. | 300, 950, | : Aquila bifasciata we — heliaca .. sts Arachnechthra asiatica .. Ardea gigantea .. is Arge halimede montana Agriocnemis ae a Argynnis adippe jainadeva ————-. kalama bee lathonia isscea Arhopalas alla ea —— atosia .. ae Arigiolestes melanothorax hae a brachyorrhus —— copei .. be ———. drummondhayi ———— guentheri ae trachyprocta Atomarchus multimaculatus Auzakia danava.. Aulocera brahminus brahminoides --—- brahminus Se dokwana.. —_———padma chumbica - : fulva = loa. 742 ——— padma —_————. garaswati re swaha garuna kurrama : — swaha Aulophorus tonkinensis Axis axis aK, re AZ UMS Gears Aig ae Barbus tor re ar Bains eancilla .. a Bhringa remifer tectirostris Blythia reticulata ca Boiga andamanensis .. ——— cyanea .. He ———- eynedon .. oe ———- forsteni .. ae ——— irregularis oie xk NUMBER. .. 1055 .. 1054 fae oO Bye 718 ane 783 ne eo Oe he 972 we 972 975 975 ; TJ44 * Gil ane 611 2 611 oll ie 61) 500 845 782 ; 782 ‘ 782 783 : 183 : 783 783, 972 ee Oe ; 783 783 972 eho Si4 : 1051 +. made or 960 oe 962 een LOLS a oll su: 873 Par 873 ae 874 nee 374 a ie XXVI1 Bos grunniens Ai Bothrodytes subminiatus Brachythemis contaminata Budorcas taxicolor Bungarus bungaroides .. Caconeura : —— -— anandalei autumnalis .. ———-—— botti = = Canning! ————— mackwoodi.. nigra o doneli sita .. —————theebawi .. ——-———— verticalis Ceenagrion dyeri gravelyi er oe msriceps —— violacea Calamaria pavimentata Calandrella acutirostris .. Calicnemis chromothorax erythromelas —_—_——_—— eximia a an kS5) ee a er Onvong —————— pulverulans.. Calinaga buddha aborica — ——— brahma buddha gautama sudassana Calipheea confusa | Calmaria catenata Campanulina ceylonensis Camponotus _ Cantoria violacea ‘Capellea argenteovittata Capricornis sumatrzensis NUMBER, | INDEX OF SPECIES, 881° _Capricornis sumatrensis jamrachi 604'- Do 830 615 | ——____ 753 743 744 743 743 743 744 743 743 70] 745, 754 745, 754 745, 754 745, 754 745, 754 745, 754 745, 754 899 899 899 899 899 753 627 640 688 868 650 824 ——-__— —-___—_.-—_- —- humei 824, 825, 826, 827 — ———--—_— rubidus —————. thar Carpocoris fuscispina as Carpodacus erythrina roseata .. Castalius decidia. . —ethion .. TOxUS Catla catla Catopsilia. . Cephalophis : Cephalopyrus flammicens Ceratophyllus vittata Cerberus .. us on ote = = DOCTOLMIS rhynchops Cercaspis .. ———_— —carinatus Cercomela fusca .. Ceriagrion aurantiacum — cerinorubellum coerulescens .. coromandelianum erubescens —_—_—_—+— fallax ——--—— melanurum - olivaceum rubige .. Certhia discolor discolor -——--- familiaris nipalensis ——— himalayana ——— himalayana stoliczkee Ceryle rudis leucomelanura Chaimarrornis fuliginosa fuliginosa milne-edwardsii —rodoni 824, 825, 826, 827 NUMBER. . 824, 827 824 824, 825 824, 827 812 699 .. 845 958, 959 845 ae ee ire 1014, 1015. 603 867 867 867 612 614 757 748 748 Ye ae 748, 755 VR TAS 748, 755 748, 755 748, 755 748 1010 1010 798 954 1010 861 799 Chaimarrhornis leucocephala 698, 799, 951, 954 Chaptia snea enea Charaxes aristogiton —-——— distanti ———-— durnfordi nicholi ———-— fabius cerynthus —_——_-——— --—-— fabius .. 1009 894. 894 804. 895 895 | INDEX OF SPECIES. NuMBER. _Charaxes fabius sulphureus 895 kahruba 894. ———_—-—— marmax 894. = polyxena agna 894 ————— - hemana 894 —_____—. __—__---—_ hierax 894 ——____—. ——___— hindia, 894 a hipponax 894 a ——— Imna, 894 “7. Ppleistoanax 894 * ——_-— psaphon 894: Chersydrus granvlatus .. He 598 Chibia hottentotta hottentotta 1009 Chilopoma rufopunctatus 609 Chloebora crassa 643 Chloroneura 753 , — apicalis 742 —— quadrimaculata 742 Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons .. - 740 7 hardwickii hardwickii 740 Chrysopelea ornata 878 Cinclus cinclus kashmiriensis .. Ae tee A : pallasii tenuirostris 951, 954 Cirrhina mirgala 958, 959 reba 958 — Ceeliccia ae 754 ——_—-— didyma 745 | renifera 744 — Celites epiminthia binghami 789 nothis adamsoni 789 -Coladenia indrani ales Colias cocandica irma, subsp. n. 972 —-— glycia te a 845 montium longto, subsp.n. 973 ——— pugo sp. n. Way See 7) Columba leuconota ' 951, 954 —— — leuconota 702 rupestris turkestanica .. 702 Coluber a Het rieOOe berus .. 602, 604, 616 : blumenbachi ee cn eGL6 Soa. — cantoris .. 621 -frenatus .. 620 helena 622 Coluber hodgsoni — irregularis leonardi .. ——— melanurus ——— oxycephalus ——— pavo ——— porphyraceus See PLOSIUS) ar. ——— radiatus reticularis . | ————— teenlurus.. Conostoma smodium Contia ——_—- angusticeps coilaris condoni ——— coronella .. < | —-_—— decemlineata fasciata’ .. as ———~- memahoni ————— persica sebrina walter ——— zebrina, sp.n. Copera -——— annulata .. ————_ Marginipes vittata deccanensis Sa ee a Copsychus saularis Corixa geoffroyi .. -——— hieroglyphica Coronella . — austriaca — brachyura teeniclata Corvus corax tibetanus .. Coryphodon Cotile sinensis Coturnix communis XXVI1L NUMBER. .. 632, 769, sition t Los AT. Tas: TIO. TGs 632, 771, 776, 632, 769, 776, 778, coronoides intermedius... 696, 798, monedula scemmeringii .. 622 873 621 621 XXvlil INDEX OF SPECIES, NuMBER. NuMBER. Coturnix coromandelica. . 593, 594| Delias singhapura agostina 7 —_—— coturnix coturnix DNs eOon am ein oh aun 971 eugene) japonica 591| Delichon urbica .. 700 a dactylisonans 578 | Dendrelaphis caudolineatus 625 pe era ——— ViNGIcUs 579 | — biloreatus 625 —— erythrorhyncha 849, 850 1 — subocularis 625 a= japonica 591 | tristis 625 Mee, ort A False 594! Dendrophis bifrenalis 624 ee ay pula lis 594 — caudolineolatus 623% —_—_—_—- vulgaris SSM eas effrenis 623 ee — japonica 591 — gorel 623 Criniger tephrogenys flaveolus .. 1007 — grandoculis 624. Crocothemis servilia 753 pictus 623, 625 Crvptolopha affinis 10 25)) erg a proarchus 624 — aS SS burkn purku 1O251|\ seca subocularis 625 —_—_—__—_— cantator .. 1026) sap tristis 625 —_—_— - castaneoceps 19026 | Diagora mena 899 | eee SE Holiogenys 1026 — persimilis persimilis S99 — 2a xanthoschistos jer sdoni 1025 a a zella 899 | Crytoplectron Be Diastatomma rapax 661 = ery pur ae ius we itti 849, 5G, 50. | Diceum erythrohynchus 968 854, ee | Dichorragia nesimachus 906 ak ice ede ee ee erythrorhy- Dicrurus annectens annectens .. 1009 nehus 849, 850, 851) — —— exrulescens 1009 ______—_— manipurensis inglis1 850, 861 | ———_ leucopheus stevensi .. 1009 SENT oa es manipurensis 850, 851 | ——-— Macrocercus albirictus 1009 — Cuculus canorus .. 891 | Dilipa morgiana .. .. 897% ______.— telephonus 701 | Dinodon gammiei 614, 615 Cuon dukhunensis 1046 | —— septentricnalis 615 Cutia nipalensis nipalensis 738| Diplacodes lefebvrei 660. Cyanosylvia cyanecula abbotti 951 | — nebulosa 753 Cyclophis persicus 632, 769 Diplophallus piscator . .. 6039 Cylindrophis rufus 865 | Dipsadomorphus andamanensis 870, 873 — Cyllogenes janete 791 | barnesi 869 — — suradeva 70) | = beddomei 870 Cyornis superciliaris 953 — ceylonensis 840, 879, 8738, 874 Cyrestis cocles 845 cyaneus ecg dal nivea 844 — dightoni 872, 873 Cyrtostomus zeylonicus. . 840 —_——-— forsteni 874. gokool eon Ope — hexagonotus .. 870, 872 | Dafila acuta 839 — jollyi 868 Danais mulciber .. 974 —_ multifasciatus 871 Delias singhapura 97) | —-_—-——_———_ multimaculatus .. 869% agoranis 971 ——— nuchalis 870, 872 INDEX OF SPECIES. 29:0 15:< NUMBER. NuMBER Dipsadomorphus quincunciatus 869) Drepanosticta viridis 742 pee stoliczke 872| Dromicus .. , 604 trigonatus 871| Dryobates himalayensis 801 Dipsas barnesi oy ne 869| Dryocalamus davisoni 616 ——— ceylonensis SOS O0 oy a -- gracilis 616 =~ cyanea 874 -- nympha 616 —-— cynodon .. 874| Dryonastes cerulatus ceerulatus 728 ——— dightoni.. 872 | — — ruficollis TI | ———— drapiezii.. 873 | Dryophis dispar .. 877 | forsteni 874 | — mycterizans 877 ——— fusca 873 | ————— perroteti 876 —— gokool oe ..- Ofl|————_ frontianctus: .. 875 hexagonotus ie ONUSS1 2,510) Drasinits 877 multimaculatus 869 | ——-—— pulverulentus.. 877, 878 rhinopoma 868 | Dumetia albigularis albigularis 840 trigonatus 871 | —— hyperythra 732 Discognathus 636 | Dysphaea ethela 756. | Discophora oe Be 794 — continentalis andamensis 197 ——_-__ eontinentalis 797] Elachistodon westermanni 878 == deo 797| Klachura formosa 1012 lepida ceylonica 797 | Elaphe 620 -=—_—_—_—_ —_—_~. lepida 797| Elaphas maximus 1044. — spiloptera 797 | Klapoides 612 — tullia muscina 796 | Elaps 867 a] 796 | ———— marcgravi 604. ; Diaparoneura s 753 Elephas indicus .. ve ae oe 803 — atkinsoni.. 743 | Elvmnias casiphone saueri 792 — cexsia 743 | ————— cottonis cottonis 792 — campioni 743 | ————-_ — obnubila 791 oo _Gentralis .. 743 dara deedalion .. ae a 792 -— fletcheri .. 743 | —————._ esaca andersonii 793 nigerrima 743 |————— hypermnestra caudata 791 — tenax ON eee fraterna 791 a tetrica 743 | —————- ———_——_—_- paraleuca 791 Dissemurus paradiseus grandis 1010 | ————- ——-——-— tinctoria 791 Dolycoris baccarum 812 \ —————- ————_——- undularis 791 Dophia patala 844. | ———_— malelas malelas 792 Drepanosticta digna 742 | —__—_——_ ——— nilamba 792 hilaris 742 | ——-—— nescea cortona 792 michaeli . TAG ee eS mama 792 ——.— montana. . 4 742 panthera mimus 792 ars quadrata 742 | _———-—- patna patna .. re jon how _— tropica .. die 742 |} __—-—. — patnoides athamas .. 792 XXX Elymnias pealii .. -—-_——. penanga chelensis singhala —_—-——. vasudeva burmensis .. EO OE a ae, yp iscieveniey eh Emberiza cia stracheyi .. luteola.. stewartl Enallagma A cyathigerum — ——_. —_—_——_—_— insula | —_—_—-——— malayanum.. —__—_—-—- parvum Enhydrus Bee 5 Enicognathus punctato striatus Enicurus macujatus maculatus Enispe ———- —— cycnus cycnus —_——__—_—— —-—_— verbanus -——_—— euthymius .. paw eee tosella tas. Equus hemionus : Erebia annada annada .. — orixa —_——- ———— suroia ——— hyagriva .. ———- hybrida kalinda chitralica puede Se alinds mani ee ——-— narasingha dohertyi narasingha. . = — nirmaia, daksha... —— kala nirmala reducta scanda —‘shallada .. Eremiaphila levivrons .. EKremocharis brachycera Eremopeza brachycera .. Eribcea arja ——— athamas.. 5 ———-~ athamas agrarius: NuMBER. 792 792 793 792 793 793 700 947 799 755 747 748 |. 748 895 ——— phyllis irma subsp. n. INDEX OF SPECIES, Kriboea athamas andamanicus.. —madeus delphis samatha Bie dolon centralis.. dolon grandis .. eudamippus eudamippus jamblichus — nigrobasalis © —— >—— magniplaga —— hebe chersonesus ——— Jalysus!; 7. oe ——-— moori sandakanus ——— narcceea aborica lissainei nepenthes schreiberi assamensis tisamenus —_— ——_ wardi Krites angularis .. ——-~ argentina delia falcipennis falcipennis --— rotundata Krpornis xantholeuca xantholeuca Erythrospiza mongolica Eryx jaculus ——— johni Esme cyaneovittata Etroplus suratensis Kudipsas .. EKulaceura manipuriensis ——- osteria kumana Eumenis heydenreichi shandura mniszechii baldiva lehana parisatis parsis SEL ———-— persephone enervata —_——-— semele diffusa thelephassa Euploea diocletianus ee oom NUMBER. 895 | 895 EKuploea godarti : klugii reepstorfi Euripus consimilis meridionalis — ——-== sonsimilis halitherses ae Bs — alcathosides —_____ ______——- cinnamomeuts ed es —_—_ ———_—— isa nyctelius Eurydema dominulus Hurygaster maura EHutaenia .. Eutainia gaurita .. Kuthalia anosia anosia .. : saitaphernes .. cibaritis ———— cocytus satrapaces et ee tet re: curvifascia ———— cyahnu jahnu ———_— duda dunya .. ———-— durga durga — splendens evelina derma -laudabilis francie franciz rajah garuda anagama acontius garuda meridionalis .. -suddhodana .. — vasanta —————_ godarti asoka .. ————— jahnu jahnita.. ——_—- jama jama —-— jamida oo Ne eo oe verena juliiadima —-— appiades sedeva ——_—_—. —— xiphiones kanda elicius .. ——____—- kesavaarhat .. ee eee 5 INDEX OF SPECIES. NuMBER. 974 |Kuthalia kesava discispilota 1S Lean, ——— kesava 899 |-—-— lepidea andersoni SOON nes ame a oes lepidea SO0laaa Gkam@arsia uyone: 399 |-——-—— ——_— sthavara 399 |—-———_ Iubentina arasada SOOiNe oars fats a an indica 399 |——-——- ——— psittacus 812 |} mahadeva binghami.. 812 |———— merta eriphyle 602 |———_—_ nais 600) nae eae Bana 902m a patala patala .. OGOt eye — taooana GE1) ne cara Dole? 990 |——— phemius 905 |/-—— recta 901s ea sahadeva narayana .. 904. \snaaaee ose sahadeva 0064 ae telchinia 904 |— teuta gupta 004)\—_ aes ee teuta CYS actrees teutoides 905 994 |Falco subbuteo subbutico 904 |—-—— tinnunculus 903 |Faunis 903 *. arcesilaus. . 903 |——-— eumeus assama .. 903 |—--— —-—— incerta 903 |--—— faunula faunuloides 003 |Felis pardus 991 |Fordonia leucobalia 9v2 \Fowlea peguensis 994 Francolinus vulgaris 994 |Franklinia cinereocapilla 904. | gracilis 99] |\--—_ rufescens 901 |Frenatus liopeltis 901 |Fringilauda nemoricola altaica. . 901 |Fulica atra 903 |Fuligula fuligula 902 |\Fulvetta vinipecta vinipecta XxXI NUMBER. 902 902 901 901 901 901 904 904 904 902 903 905 905 905 905 $01 904 905 905 905 802 906 906 906 702, 801 702 793 794 794 794: 794. 1034 868 602 801 1018 1017 1018 864 700 839 839 734 xxxii INDEX OF SPECIES. NUMBER. NuMBER. — Galeritadeva .. 43 So .. 966 |Helicops schistosus indicus 608 Gallinago ccelestis 33 “4 .. 837 |Hemichelidon sibirica cacabata 952 — ' Gallinula chloropus oe d 801, 839 |Hemixus flavala flavala 1007 — | Gampsorhynchus rufulus Made INA TNE bce macclellandi macclellandi .. 1007 Garra 54 ie yr she .. 636 'Heodes phleas stygianus 972 : Garrulax albogularis albogularis .. 729 |Herona marathus andamana 898 --—— leucolophus leucolophus Se exe) -—_ ———_-—- angustata 898 ————— moniliger moniliger .. sy Oh — marathus 898 — pectoralis pectoralis .. .. 728 |Herpetodryas prasinus .. 622 Gerardia prevostiana .. Se .. 868 |Herpetoreas sieboldi 604. Gomalia albofasciata .. se .. 942 |Hesperia alpina 972% Gomphus bicornutus .. 3 ee) OT9 galba 939 Sarre bistrigatus .. By, .. 999 |Hestia lynceus reinwaidtii 1937 — grammicus .. a .. 994 \Hestina nama : 899 see LG ick Bh 44 .. 678 |Heterogomphus Mcoraiitae 4h .. 679% Gomphidia abbotti . .. a 672, 680 |-_——-————— ceylonicus_ .. 676, 680 — a5 fletcheri, sp.n. .. 666, 667, 669, 680 |——-——--hannyngtoni, sp.n. 667.674,680 — ——_—— kodaguensis,sp.n. .. © 667,671 |———-—_ flavicolor ie 678, 680 — t.-nigrum 4 667, 668, 689 |-—-—-—--——— ris] 5 678 williamsoni, sp.n. ..666, 667, 670, 680 }-— ———~ smithi.. a 677, 680 Gonopteryx oe ca oF .. 8465 |Hilarocichla rufiventer .. 739 ——- —aspasia zaneka .. .. 972 |Himalagrion exclamationis .. t47— -— zanekoides .. 972 |Himantopus candidus .. 0 802, 838 — _______ farinosa chitralensis .. 972 |Himerta kinneari, sp.n. .. si 651, 652 Gonyodipsas .. se a .. 873 |Hipistes hydrinus : 868 Grammatoptila striata striata .. .. 730 |Hirundo daurica 4 800 Grayia lubrica .. * My se nO08 erythropygia .-. 768 Gryllus miniatus as oe .. 643 |/———— fluvicola 767 — Gymnopleurus militaris Ae .. 684 smithii 766 — Gymnorhis flavicollis .. wl .. 763 /Homalopsis buccata 867 | Gypetus barbatus “as Ae .. 702 |Horeites brunnifrons 1029 © aairas — —-— grandis .. .. 950 | pallidus 798 — Gyps sp. .. e wh * .. 702 |Hormonotus modestus .. , 612 — Horornis acanthizoides brunnescens .. 1028 —_-__——— fortipes fortipes 1028 Haliztus leucogaster .. B, .. 1¢58 |-——-— major 1028 — leucoryphus .. _ .. 80] |-——— pallidipes 1028 — Haplocercus ceylonensis re ei G10 — pallidus pallidus 948 — Harpodon nehereus on om .. 642 |Humbe oe a4 643 Helcyra hemina .. 4 as .. 897 |Hurria 614 Helicops oy s ey .. 602 |- Peaches: 867 —indicus.. ue ny .. 868 Ligdvosheliden leucopareia indica 802 — ———— schistosus .. 45 .. 608 |Hydrophasianus chirurgus”.- 802, 839 — a andersoni .. .. 608 |Hydrophobus davisoni .. os + 616 INDEX OF SPECIES, ) Hydrophobus gracilis -nympha .. Hydrus ee platurus .. Hypsirhina blanfordi bs —— enhvdris ——__——— plumbea —— sieboldi Tanthia rufilata Janthocincla ocellata ocellata .. Icerya re TIetinaetus malayensis Ictinus angulosus atrox ae predator | rapax mordax ———- —-— precox | —-— rapax Idionyx Indagrion gautama Indocnemis kempi Indomacromia as Indoneura gomphoides. . ramburi Indothemis Ischnura annandalei aurora. . elegans. . forcipata inarmata rufostigma 7 — senegalensis Ixops nipalensis nipalensis Ixulus flavicollis flavicollis occipitalis lynx torquilla japonica. . Junonia atlites | —iphita .. Kach uga donghoka gangapuputakas. . —— rufogularis rufogularis .. .. 66] NuMBER. 616 616 867 607 866 866 866 866 949, 954 729 729 691 1054 665 664 659 663 663 , 667, 680 753 746 745 756 743 748 753 746, 754 746, 754 746, 754 746, 754 746, 754 746, 754 746, 754 735 737 737 956 845 845 633 633 XXX1ll NUMBER. Kallima sp. , 845 Karanasa acteea magna. . 782 = ai ames DIGa ania: 782 —_—_——- digna digna 782 ——_—_—— ——.—_ pallas.. 782 —_——— hubneri.. 782 —-— regeli moorei .. 782 Katophis picturatus . 600 Labeo calbasu 958, 959 fimbriatus. . ed gor =) — gonius 958, 959 —— micropthalmus 22 958 — rohita aw 958, 959 Lamellogomphus gen. nov. 983 acinaces 982 a biforceps 983 drummondi, sp. n. 985 — inglisi, sp.n. 984. = malabarensis, sp.n. .. 980 nilgiriensis, sp.n. 986 Lanius schach erythronotus 799 Laringa glaucescens 975 Larus brunneicephalus .. 702 ——— sp. 702 Lathrecista asiatica 753 Lebadea martha .. 975 —-—-— -— attenuata 907 —.-—-—_ —--—- ismene.. 907 ——-—.- ——-— martha.. 907 Leioptila annectens annectens. . 735 capistrata capistrata 735 Leptacris filiformis 650 — greenl «« 6 it, 6a0 Leptophis 604, 616 —-—— saurita.. 600 Leptorhynchus maynardi 619 -—- paradoxus 619 —— -—-- ridgewayi 619 Letana nigrosparsa 651 Lethe irma seh ond Leucanium 690, 691 Liminitis trivena, . 845 xxXiv INDEX OF SPECIES. Lindenia biforceps quadrifoliata. . tetraphylla — Lioparus chrysotis Liopeltis calamaria - dori .. frenatus hampsoni ———_—-— nicobariensis .. —— frappl . scriptus ———— stoliczke Liophallus i s: Liothrix lutea callipyga Locustella neevia straminea Lophophanes ater zemodius - dichrous dichrous oe —_—————— _ rufonuchalis beavani Luscinia suecica abbotti Lycena orion tytleri, subsp. n. Lycodon .. : anamallensis .. ——_—— atropurpureus ——--——— audax .. aulicus.. aT Cat laa lus fasciatus - flavomaculatus ————— gammiei jara ————- mackinnoni ——_———. septentrionalis - striatus travancoricus. . Lycophidion bipunctatum Lygceus equestris Lygosoma sikkimense Lyrotylus, gen. n... ———— persicus, sp.n. Machlolophus spilonotus spilonotus Macrocephalus Macromia NUMBER. 983 |Macromia ida .. 659 |Macropisthodon .. 659, 660, |—-_ himalayanus .. 734 plumbicolor 965 |Malacocinda sepiaria abbotti 964. |Maniola cononympha 864 \—- davendra chitralica 865 |-———_ davendra .. 865 |-———.__ latistigma.. 865 |—— hilaris .. 964 |-— narica .. 364 |———_ pulchella 873 [ese pulchra 737 — wagneri mandane 1015 |Maniolalupinus centralis ORS nga Tae ie ¢ cheena.. Oa kashmirica 795 (Melanitis leda ismene —phedima bela.. 699, 800 973 |-—— — bethami G14 2 oe Get ee ee isee G19) ac ee ea BIAS ae Ee tambra B19 ee varale: 613 -—zitenius andamanica e 614. —- auletes 614, 615 Tam eonale eS ara ara area We kalinga GIANG Scour Cay aR zitenius 612, 613 Melanochlora sultanea sultanea 614 |Melanoneura bilineata .. 615. 612 Melophus melanicterus . Merops apiaster .. 613 Mesia argentauris argentauris . 612 |Mesogomphus S19) aa ee eMMMICUS 600 toa lindgreni, sp.n .. GI UGKON cpm rT CAGE, lineatus .. 650, 652 | Lisi, Sp. .. Micromerus Microperdix 725 ——- blewitti 873 —— erythrorhyncha 793 | inglisi { « 4 | INDEX OF SPECIES. XXXV NUMBER. NUMBER. ‘Microperdix manipurensis inglesi- 861 |Neorina chrishna archaica 789 — — manipurensis857,861 |——-—— hilda 789 ‘Micropus apus pekinensis 702 patria westwoodi 789 ‘Microscelis psaroides psaroides 1007 |Neornis flavolivacea flavolivacea 1928 Minla ignotincta .. 740 |Nerodia 602 Mirafra cantillans 965 |— — fasciata 602 erythroptera ; 966 |—____— modesta 603 Mixornis rubricapilla Ripiicapits 733 |——_— piscator 603 Mizodon variegatus 600 |—_-——- punctulata 603 Mnais earnshawi ae : 7( 55) aes sipedon 602 Molpastes hemorrhous Hetealentis 1007 tessellata 604. —-- -— hemorrhous .. 840)|Neurobasis chinensis 753 —___— leucogenys 1008 |Neurothemis fluctuana .. 153 —— leucotis LOS 7s) 2 —— fulvia 753 ‘Monophlebus A i 691, 692 |- tullia feralis 753 -Monticola solitaria pandoo 799 —.— tullia 753 Montifringilla nivalis adamsi .. 700 |Neusterophis levissima. . 602 Morsimus carinatus.. 651 |Notonecta furcata 812 -Mortonagrion varralli_ .. Sh Soe) - glanca 812 Motacilla alba hodgsoni 701, 800, 956 |—- maculata 812 oo cinerea melanope 701, 800 | Novaculina 63 -______—- citreola calcaratus 701, 800 ——- maderaspatensis 963 -Muscicapa parva hypery ane We Odontopilum angulata .. 703 = geaeles o 199 |Gicophylla 684, 685, 688, 689, 911 Mycalesis maianeas = -5 +: 797 Cnusude balteata 645 -Myiophoneus horsfieldi temminckii z SOO as ea te oe 643 ; 951, 955, 1037 eat _ Myrmecocystus .. 681, 682, 688, 903! 7 Staves 2g Re -Myzornis pyrrhoura ote “ve Pevensie Ol et, hour HOTS 7. © O28 . —_—_—— miniata 643 ——-—— obscurata 644 Natrix baileyi .. 602 schochi - 643 __ khasiensis 601 |nanthe deserti atrogularis 699 leonardi - .. 602 |Oligodon affinis .. 630 Bee atric +. 600, 602, 604, 616 |--—_ albocinctus 631 -_——— nicobariensis ee 601 |———— arnensis 629 -_—_—— parallelus - 601, 613, 625, 628, 630, |--——--— beddomei 630 | 631, 869, 872, 875 |__- brevicauda 628 -——— peali oye 600 |——-—-_ cruentatus 629 —---— rianguligerus 601 ;—---_ dorsalis 627 ——-— _venningi 601 |——-——— elliotti E8 627 — ——— vulgaris.. a 600 |—_—-—-—— erythrogaster ae ws» 629 —__--- xenurus .. A 601 |—-———_—- erythrorhachis -- 626, 629, 630 Nemorhedus bubalinus typicus se (O28 — evansi.. ve se GTZ XXxXvi NUMBER. Oligodon herberti is “4 ~« 626 — juglandifer . . — 630 ——-—— melaneus 628 ———— melanozonatus 630 ———— medougalli 626 —— octolineatus 630 ——-— planiceps oe 4 626 ———_— purpurascens .. 631 —___—— splendidus 631 ——- subgriseus 627 —_——— sublineatus .. be 627 ———— subpunctatus 599 teeniolatus 627 ———— templetoni 627 ——— theobaldi 628 ae TT Lorguatus 626 ————. travancoricus | see O29 ———— venustus 629, 630 —__._——.. yjolaceus 628 ————- woodmasoni .. 630 Onychargia atrocyana 745 Onychogomphus 982 — acinaces 988 —__—_-——_—_— biforceps 983 ——_—_—- —-- nilgiriensis 986 a bistrigatus 999, 1001, 1003 ———_—_—_—— ‘dauricus, sp.n. 1001 dingavani, sp.n, 1005 t } —__—_—_-—_—_—— grammicus 994 = dineatus 982 om. lava 1003 al —— nilgiriensis 673 ———— striatus, sp.n... 1001 Opetiodon 3 873 Ophiocephalus -- 638 —_—_——— gachua 961, 962 oo marulius. . 961 Re ‘punctatus 961 —_—_—__—_—-— striatus 961 Ophites anamallensis $13 — atropurpureus. . -. 614 Ast - aulicus 612, 613 ———\-— fasciatus ve tO Ophites flavomaculatus 613 {Parus major cinereus .. os INDEX OF SPECIES. NUMBER. Ophites jara.. 612 — mackinnoni 614 striatus 612° —-——-— gubcinctus 612: —— subfuscus 614. NE ERGE travancoricus .. 613. Orcaella brevirostrus 639. Oreicola ferrea .. 956 —_—_..-_ —-.-— ferrea 800: Oreocincla dauma dauma .. 948 Oriolus oriolus kundoo .. 698, 700: Orogomphus xanthoptera 753 Orsotrizena medus mandata 788 — —- medus 788 Orthetrum : 752. Orthotomus atrogularis .. 1016. sutorius sutorius 1016. Otocompsa emeria 1057, 1058. —_—______ ——_-—— emerla 1908 —— flaviventris flaviventris 1008 Otocorys alpestris longirostris . . 701 Ovisammon ammon .. S83 hodgsoni . 882, 1066. —_—_-——-— poli a a -- 885 —— vignei Seay ae) 887 Paleornis schisticeps .. ote 801 Papilio paradoxus telearchust . . O74. — telarchas oie 845. Pappophis ‘ 873 Parantirrhwa marshallii 791 Pararge .. os 797. — schakra 972. Parnassius delphius kafir.. .. bee Ms Parceneis palearcticus sikhimensis .. 782 - pumilus bicolor 782 --— pumilus a be: On, Parthenos sylvia cyaneus i ete -- 906. a gambrisius .. .. 806. _ roepstorfi o~ «o 906 iw. — virens os we COG _ ——_——--— fuliginiventer Parus major kashmiriensis mahrattarum ——-— melanolophus monticolus monticolus .. Passer domesticus —_———— parkini ———- rutilans debilis .. Pellorneum ruficeps jonesi «mandelli .. Penthema darlisa —— binghami binghami .. — merguie yoma ——-— lisarda lisarda. . mihintala Perdicula erythrorhyncha —— manipurensis.. Perdix coromandelica — coturnix .. ———. erythrorhyncha .. ——— olivacea .. ——— textilis Petaurista annamensis .. Petrophila cinclorhyncha solitaria pandoo Phanerophera nigrosparsa Phayrea isabellina Phidole .. Philothammus - Phyllergates coronatus . Phyllomacromia .. Phylioneura westermanni Phylloscopus affinis — collybita tristis .. —_—_____——— fuscatus fuscatus . —_—_——_—_— homeyeri ——__—_—_—-—. inornatus inornatus pee lugubris .. —————— maculipennis —_—_—_—_—-— magnirostris ey ——_———-— nitidus plumbeitarsus INDEX OF SPECIES. XXXvib NUMBER. 697, 837)Phylloscopus occipitalis occipitalis 799: .. 840 proregulus newtoni. . 1020: 798 |. pulcher 1020 723 |——_————- trochiloides .. 1024 764 |Phoenicopterus antiquorum 840: 700 |Phragomaticola zedon 1018. 956 |Pica pica bactriana 696 1053 | Pieris callidice kalora 972 732 |—-— canidia 972 800 |Piprisoma squalidum 969 900 |Plagiopholis blakewayi .. 610 900 |Planesticus castaneus castaneus 949, 953. 990 |Platanista. . ot 634 800 gangetica 639 . 909 |Platyenemis latipes dealbata 744 850, 854 |Platysticta apicalis 742 857 deccanensis. . 742 593 : maculata 742 577 |Plectrurus perroteti 865 g509 | Plicigera gen, n. .. 651 594 ——himalayana sp. n. 652 504 Ploceus baya 759 975 manyar.. 761 954 Pneepyga pusilla 1014 yi} squamata 1013 65] Podiceps albipennis 839 ruficollis capensis 802 on Polistes : 681 Polyergus ae ee 654 le: Polymmatus eros drunela 972 1029 \polyodontophis bistrigatus .. 600: oe ——_——_——— collaris 598 742 sagittarius 599, 62T subpunctatus . -. 599 698 |Pomatorhinus erythrogenys haringtoni 731 1019, 1029 \_—-——— ferruginosus ferruginosus 731 1919 ruficollis ruficollis 731 1020 schisticeps schisticeps .. 731 1621 |Pratincola caprata es oe eit On 1022 | Prenolepis 682, 685 1020 |Presbytes entellus eee 1022 |— -— robinsoni 917 1023.|Prinia socialis socialis 1030 . . 896 —_— —-—__.———_—— — viridanus 682, 688 950, 1018 NUMBER. 799, 1021 |Prothe calydonia belisama ri be. 4 XV111 ue othoe franckii angelica regalis ' Protoncura ‘Protosticta cerinostigma —— oravelyi hearseyl himalaica lindgreni mortoni — sanguinostigma : stevensi - Prunella rubeculoides strophiata jerdoni ——<—$——— = — a= Prymnomiodon .. chalceus Psammodynastes pulverulentus -Psammophis condanarus leithi longifrons schokari triticeus ee Pseudagrion azureum bengalense .. bidentatum decorum hypermelas indicum laidlawi microcephalum pruinosum .. rubriceps spencei —_—__———. williamsoni Pseudocyclophis bicolor : olivaceus. persicus walteri.. INDEX OF SFECIES. NUMBER. NuMBER, - $97|Psittiparus gularis gularis 727 $97 ruficeps ruficeps yar 753 |Pteruthius erythropterus 738 741 |\-——_—_ melanotis melanotis 738 74] xanthochloris xanthochloris 739 741 |Ptyas 604 74] |-———- mucosus 616 74] |—--—— nigromarginatus .. 617 74] |-—— tenasserimensis 617 741 |Ptyonoprogne concolor .. 766 741 |Pycnonotus leucogenys .. 798 699 —— luteolus 840 950 |Pyctorhis sinensis sinensis 739 600 |Pyrrhicia connata 651 800, 607, Pseudominla castaneiceps castaneiceps —_—_————_ cinerea Pseudopheea etheli Pseudoxenodon angusticeps macrops i 876 |Pyrrhulauda grisea 875 |Python 875 875 _. 875|Ragadia crisilda crisilda 749, 755 gio 750, 755 ——— critolaus _ 74g|— — critolina 750. 755 |Rana cyanophlyctis 749, 755 |Ranee formos 750, 755 |Regina leberis : A 750, 755 |Regulus regulus Meatay ena oe 749, 755 |Rhabdophis 749, 755 |———— beddomei 750, 755 |————— ceylonensis .. 749. 755|————— chrysargus .. wey firthi. . 619 himalayanus .. 619|————— monticola 632, 769 — nigrocinctus 632 |_—-—_ olivaceus 734 |—_—_-—_—— platyceps 734 |\——— stolatus 753 subminiatus 601 |Pyrrhocorax graculus 376 pyrrhocorax 607 | Pyrrhocoris apterus 756 |Rhabdops bicolor 608 |Rhapdia .. : = 608 |Rhaphicera 5c Ad -- 616 604, 609 -- 605 604, 620 610 Dey ais > Rhinocypha Rhodischnura nursei Rhodothemis rufa Rhyacornis fuliginosa Rimator malacoptilus Riparia rupestris Rita rita of ae Ruticilla ochrurus pheenicuroides Saccobranchus fossilis Sarangesa dan dasahara purendra Sarcogrammicus indicus Sasakia funebris .. Satyrus .. Scaphula Scolopax rusticola Seiysiothemis nigra Sephisa chandra .. See a DIG... —— — ———— chandrana ——-— dichroa .. Serinus pusillus .. Sibia picaoides picaoides Silybura ocellata .. macrolepis ————. phipsoni Simotes .. ss albocinctus arnensis ———— beddomii ey aa. cruentatus cyclurus juglandifer octolineatus planiceps purpurascens .. ———-— splendidus theobaldi torquatus violaceus ———-—— woodmasoni _—_———. ———__. —_—_ INDEX OF SPECIES. On x NUMBER. NUMBER. 752, 753 |Sitta castaneiventris castaneiventris.. 1008 747, 755 |—-—— formosa a 1008 7538 |—— _ frontalis frontalis. . 1009 947 —— himalayensis 1008 733 Siva cyanouroptera cvanouroptera 736 700 strigula strigula 736 958 |Speleornis caudata 1012 698 |Sphecodes albofuscus 612 Sphenocichla humei 1012 Sphingonotus amaranthinus 645 638 —-balteatus .. 645 922 -—___—--— balteatus 646 929 himalayanus, subsp.n. 646 925 |_—---__- ——-rosens, subsp. n. 646 802 |--_—___——bifasciatus 645 899 |_——_—_ brunneri 644 797 lameerei 644 639 -—— g1ga8 647 841 -intutus 646 .. 660 -latifasciatus 646 845, 898 ae obscuratus 644 898 octofasciatus 644. 898 |———___— quadrifasciatus 644 898 |— satrapes 646 699 |Sporeeginthus amandava ) 763 735 |Stachyridopsis rufifrons ambigua 73: 865 |_—_- ruficeps ruficeps 733 1062 |Stachyris chrysea chrysea 733 875 |——-——_ nigriceps nigriceps 733 626 |Staphidia striata rufigenis 735 630, 631 |Steirophis chrysargus 604 629 |Sterna hirundo tibetana 7€2 629) = co. 702 629 |Stibochiana nicea nicea 800 631 }———-—_- ——— subucula 800 630 !Stictopthalma 793 629 |_--_-_-_—--—- camadeva camadeva.. 795 626 | —— ——— camadevoides 795 631 |— sags eines nagaensis .. 795 Cli == -— nicevillei 795 628 |---———__-—- godfreyi .. 795 626 Licncaae howqua sparta .. 795 628 |. louisa louisa 795 : O30) ee by tlerl 795 a i, 4 ia < | A NUMBER, NumpeEr, | xt INDEX OF SPECIES, Stictopthalma nourmahal nourmahal.. 795 |Thereiceryx zeylonicus zeylonicus .. 840 | —_———— - nurinissa .. 795 |Tholymis tillarga ss ie .. 753m Stoliczkala khasrensis .. “i .. 598 |Tichodroma mtraria_ .. si? -- LOL Streptopelia orientalis meena .. 702, 801 |Tickellia hodgsoni hs Ly .. 1027 Styporhynchus truncatus .. : .- 600 Timalia pileata bengalensis ..° .. 732m Sus cristatus .. 7 .. 1040 |Tmethis cinerascens .. oe .. 6468 Suthora fulvifrons rations 4 .. 727 |————— hotsoni.. .. At -. 649 — poliotis humii. . we .. 726 |-————— saussurei violacea .. .. 6464 ruficeps ruficeps oe .. 727 |Toxicodryas ss + + -» 873 | unicolor J -. -. 726 |Trachischium fuscum .. aff » 608, Suya atrogularis .. oe ats 029 eS ouenthen , -- 609) crinigera crinigera.. te ey) 1020) Seek Ses amonticola: i eo Sylvia altha = .. 0 .. 0s. s+. 697 | __ quinquelabialis .. _-._ 609 | curruca affinis .. re Pe 8 jee ee ibrivienter he .. 609 | Sylviparus modestus modestus neh 2e ee ee WenuiCensi bes .. 60am Sympetrum | ., >. -. -~.. 753 |Tribura lateoventris ../. 4, |) +s 10a major .. a “is .. 697m thoracica. . she oe .. 1016 Triglyphodon, 6. 720. Sas 0.82 eae glareola_ .. Ae ae .. 8028 Tapena thwaitesi as us .. 934 |Trirhinopholis nuchalis .. a .3 | Cle | Taphrometapon lineolatum .. $75 |Trithemis aurora 36 iS -. Tddq Tarbophis rhinopoma .. Ae 868, 869 |-- festiva bys oy. ae), Ae | Tarucus .. ny 48 we .. 845 |Trochalopterum affinis affinis .. -. 730m Terias .. ws ee wees 89455 | -_+-_—-—- erythrocephalum nig- | Tesia castaneocoronata castaneocoro- rimentum 729 MLA aes ie o ee OLS lineatum ro oe 798 | cyaniventer .. oe -. 1012 |J-——— pheeniceum pheeniceum 729 | Tetragonosoma effrenis .. Be .. 612 |-———--—— squamatum .. - 136 Tetrao coromandelicus .. ve .. 593 |-——-—— subunicolor subunicolor 729 | —ocotumnix.. .. .. -. 877 {Troglodytes troglodytes neglecta = -._ 9509 — israelitarum we ca Pee Dg —_- —_——— nipalensis .. 1012 | Tetrathemis platyptera .. ie Phy he rordesy ina See oe “3 6 OL | Thamnobia cambaiensis. . ie .. 758 }Troilus luridus .. a ee Aa dite! | | Thamnosophis lateralis .. ae .. 604 ;Tropidauchen edentulum, sp.n. 648, 652 | —_———— scalaris .. ae He 1600 ——— sabulosum, sp.n... 649, 652 VThaumantis a es ae ts (6 3 lTropidonotus ting i 600, 602, 604 | ih dioresy ts crate ees ——asperrimus .- +. 608 | ~ lucipor is 5 .. 795 |-—-—--- beddomii ..__-- tei?) OOm hasiria.) ss r, ae Be es 7S | ceylonensis ‘3 -- 605 | alirisintermedia .. .. 796 |. chrysargus “jg sa) OOM a -— pseudaliris |... .. 796 |\-—————— firthi .. + -. GOTH Thelasyla .. es O72 himalayeanus, 31.) ee Therapha hyposcyami ,. ols », 812 -——--——- modestus ., hs 601, 603 | Tropidonotus monticola —_____-~— natrix —_—_—_—_—_—- nicobarensis -— nigrocinctus piscator platyceps. . —_—_—_—_—_—- plumbicolor punctulatus quincunciatus sanctijohannis —_—_—__—_—— stolatus subminiatus —— tessellatus tytleri vibakari .. xenurus Turdoides terricolor terricolor .. furdus unicolor .. o. Typhlops bothriorhynchu Tytleria hypsirhinoides Upupa epops —_——___—__. epops Urocissa flavirostris Uroloncha acuticauda — malabarica punctulata — Vanessa cashmirensis .. a Varuna litterata .. Vipera. He Ae a Sp... ap ie Nallagoattu... a —__—__ PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY. nsOMlatl HST ‘a 5 a - ali THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS. Mesopotamia. | A Survey of the Fauna of Iraq. Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, etc., made by Members of the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force “D”, 1915-1919. Rs, 7-8. : Birds. A Hand List of Genera and Species of Birds of the Indian Empire by E. C. 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List of Indian Butterflies by Lt.-Cot. W. H. Evans, R.E. Rs. 2. * Note— VERN/ CULAR CHARTS. These Snake Charts with letterpress in the Vernueular are obtainable from the Oxford University Press, Elphinstone Circle, Bombay, at the following rates:— Rs. a. Dp. Urdu and Hindi .... ee sie oe -- 3 8 O each, The pair “3 6 ae Ae Ps 6 0 0 Marathi, Gujerati, Sindhi and Kanarese “% -. 2 8 0 each The Vernacular Charts will be found exceedingly useful for small Police Posts, Dispenzaries, Vernacular schools and Indian Overseers. Enna 2) Moa eh Tse ete = th IMonaL MUS CONTENTS OF Vol. XXIX, No. 8. |/Tue Game Brirps oF Inpia, BuRMA AND Cryton. Part XXXVI. (Coturnizx coro- mandelicus) The Black-Breasted or Rain Quail. (With a plate.) By E. C. iM akere Ur leS..c 8. 7. Srs Me be Osea Oss AsOs Ue) (sls oe sielele os: acer sidse Shida) ea ¥ ala biele es |A Hanp-List oF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN Empire. Part II. By Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S.5 F.A.S.B., H.C.Z.S.1., I.M.S. OO 1 @2 6:50) O10 (6) '@ 6.6: 6: O° 8 0) 06:8 8 60.8. 4 8 06 o 6 8 ee HANIMAL LIFE OF THE GANGES. By Dr. Annandale, D.S.C., C.LE. 6... . cee ccc cee eee |\SomME NEW OR INTERESTING ORTHOPTERA FROM PERSIA, BALUCHISTAN AND WESTERN PDEA (Wun a plate.) By B. P. Uvarov, FBS. ..6 0. ees ebes se osce eee ceae ds |SmaLct GAME SHOOTING IN KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hitt Provincys. By Col. PMN VAT (DUEL ON ULE), seheecce, fee: cy 0R vata Oa Shyu a apie lol as ail teee aw ah dite lere bara deare 4h \Inpran Draconrures. Part XVII. (With two plates and four text figures.) By Pe Om HOME raser. T.MsSs5) Woks Sy ie eaieties, cc: ailelaceis) «yecaiavesaliontne Auatelie & 6 bie elw/ ada Wl ecalg ete an Rep Ant. Part IJ. By Major R. W. G. Hingston, LM.s. ............. 0000s ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM A TRIP IN LADAK. By Mrs. M. L. Wathen .......... |Tue ComMon BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF INDIA. Part XXX. By T. R. Bell, GMenGE.S., (Retd,) 02.5.0’. HER Lshe els issinc ets) sitet Miehe tones res Ue taena bth Pecge A Me is Koos |A JourNEY To Siam AND Back. Part III. (With two plates.) By Major C. H. Benge ISlON ADI S| Ontetaryes iayelz 20 8 mm., and the extremes are : maxima, 30-6 x 21°7 and 30:8 x 22:2. mm.; minima, 25°5 x 20-8 and 26:9 x 192 mm. This Quail is undoubtedly monogamous, the cock-bird keeping close to the hen whilst she is sitting and if he wanders away a short dis- tance when feeding he keeps on calling to her as much as to say he has no intention of deserting her altogether. He also assists her to feed and watch the young after they are hatched but apparently 596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX1X. does not assist in the actual incubation of the eggs. The hen is a very close sitter, often sitting until almost trodden on, or, if dis- covered, remaining squatted on her eggs until the hand is within a few inches of her. -- Davidson remarks on the very large percentage of the eggs of this mrd which are destroyed by vermin, and this not only in regard to those nests which he had discovered and left, but also to eggs not pre- viously found until they were seen by him lying broken and scattered about. Davidson suspected the Common Crow Pheasant and a large lizard of being the culprit, but birds in India have many foes to contend with, both amongst their own order and from outside. Crows of almost all kinds, Treepies and some Owls are all arrant egg thieves ; snakes make odlogy their special study, and rats and mice are equally destructive. The cock Rain Quail during the breeding season, although he is content with one wife, is very combative and, according to Reid, the natives of Lucknow place his fightmg qualities above those of his larger cousin, the Common Quail. Habits. —The Rain Quail is certainly resident over the greater part of the area he occupies but he is generally believed to be locally migra- tory in many of the parts mto which he comes durmg the breeding season. Thus Hume says “ the majority are only seasonal residents, spending the drier months of the year in the low-lying and moist tracts of Lower Bengal and other Provinces and the monsoon in the higher, drier regions of Upper and Western India”. Reid says that it is not found in Lucknow until the rains commence and it is not until this season that observers have recorded anything but a few casual birds in the Punjab and North-West Provinces, Cutch, Sind, Katiawar, the United Provinces and Rajputana. In Behar I understand they are to be found all the year round 7f one knows where to look for them, as during the driest months they seek shady cover of some kind; either reeds and long grass, bush or even tree jungle and the cover which is always to be found in Mango and other orchards round villages. Nowhere, however, is there any record of this bird being more numerous in the driest months than it is in the wetter ones, and it seems possible that the migrations are very local and consist merely of short journeys to the nearest dense cover, and especially to quarters where a little water 1s available. In Bengal I never found them more common in the dry months than in the rains, and in Assam they were equally rare in Winter or Summer. ) Davidson has probably correctly explained what takes place. “The Rain Quail is very common in the Deccan, and is a permanent resident, though it wanders about a good deal in search of water, food and shelter. Thus, while in November or December this Quail will be found scattered about singly or in THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 597 pairs everywhere, in the hot weather hundreds will be found collected in a few nallas and gardens, and the most careful beating will fail to flush a single bird elsewhere for miles and miles. More- over, it deserts its most favourite haunts at once if food begins to run short. In 1876, when the rains failed in Sholapur, and the ground was as bleak and uncultivated as in the hot weather, [ never saw a single bird. Nor did they return till about June, 1877. ‘¢ In Tamkér, Mysore, in the middle of November, they simply swarmed. They were then in pairs and commenced calling hours before daylight, and in one camp positively kept me awake from four in the morning. I was very busy, and had no time to look for nests ; but [never started any young ones. They after- wards collected in the scrub jungle, some of the flocks were very large, and they were still there in the middle of May. During June and July before leaving Mysore, I was working in a jungle country, so can hardly say whether they migrated or not, but I certainly never saw one in these months.” They are typically plains birds, but they wander up to considerable height, having been killed at 8,000 feet’in the Simla Hills, and also as high in the Nilgiris. In Travancore they are common between two and four thousand feet, and in Nepal and the outer Himalayas they certainly breed up to nearly 6,000 feet. They are not gregarious, though the two old birds remain with their young until the latter are about eight months old, when they are driven off and scatter into twos and threés. Where numerous, as in the Deccan, and parts of Central India, Mysore, etc., many birds may be flushed from the same field of crops, but they rise singly, or in twos, and never in coveys once the young have left their parents. They are essentially birds of open country, cultivation and grass plains and plateaus, though, as already suggested, they may take to scrub or even heavier cover during the dry season. They are often found in compounds and gardens and very commonly in the semi- cultivated semi-bare areas round villages. In such places they are very tame and confiding but away from villages and towns they be-~ have much in the same manner as does the Common Quail. No one seems to have made this bird a definite object of sport, though a few are nearly always shot during Quail shoots as they haunt the same crops and grass lands as the Common Quail does and, on the wing, one cannot be distinguished from the other. The flight of the two birds is identical, equally direct and swift and each ending in the head~ long dive into cover after some 50 yards or so have been traversed, The notes of the two birds are, however, quite dissimilar, that of this bird being a rapidly repeated and musical ‘“‘ whit-whit-whit-whit,” uttered principally in the mornings and evenings but in July and August almost throughout the day. | : | 72, 73. 74, oo Or cc 92) A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. By BP) Wark, CMG.) ORE Z. SI FD.S.) FLAGS. B., HCl. Sale, COLONEL, I.M.S. Part II. (Continued from page 361 of this volume.) Family.—COLUBRID. Subfamily.—ACROCHORDIIN &. Genus.—CHERSYDRUS Cuvier. (443) Chersydrus granulatus (Schneider). The Rasp-skinned Water Snake. Annandale, J.A. S., Beng., 1905, p 175; Mem. Ind. Mus. 1915, p 169, Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 174; 1. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 597; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIV, p 386; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 131; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 45; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXIII, p 372;1t.¢. Vol. XXV, p 756a ; 1. ©. Vol. XXVI, pp 583 and 584; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 79. Length.—1,220 mm. (4 feet). Distn.—Coasts of India. From Bombay on the Malabar Coast, and Hijili (Ind. Mus.) on the Coromandel Coast to Tuticorin. Ceylon. Coast of Burma, Andamans. Coasts of Maloy Peninsula to Cochin- China. Malay Archipelago. Papuastia. Genus.—STOLIczKAIA Jerdon. (442) Stoliczkaia khasiensis Jerdon. Stoliczka’s Snake. Annandale, J. A. 8. Beng. 1904, » 209; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 176. Length.—809 mm. (2 feet, 73 inches). Lepid.—Frontal partially divided anteriorly by mesial suture. Posto- culars 3. Supralabials 8; the 4th and 5th touching the eye on the left side, 5th and 6th on the right*. Costals, 31 to 33 about mid- body. (In the ‘‘ type” I count 31 about midbody). Ventrals. 209 to 210. Subcaudals. 115 to 117. Distn.—Assam. Khasi Hills. (Nr. Shillong. Ind Mus.) Subfamily.—COLUBRIN 4h. Genus.—PoLyopontoPuis Boulenger. (363) Polyodontophis collaris (Gray). Gray’s Polyodont. . Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 46 and 53; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, » 184; 1. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 597; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 17; Wal’. Bomb..N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 315, lc. Vol. XIX, pp 340 and 7d7a.: Distn.— Western Himalayas. As far West as Simla. Hastern Hima- layas. As far East as Sikkim. Bengal. Calcutta. (Ind. Mus.) Assam. Hills North and South of the Bramaputra. Burma. As far North as Sima. (Lat. 25°:2° Long. 97° Bombay colln.) South to Arakan Hills and Pegu Yomas. Siam. North of Kra (Malcolm Smith). China. Yunnan. Ichang. Fokien Prov. Formosa. Note.—Improbable as Calcutta may appear for this hill. species, I have it on Dr. Annandale’s authority that an example was indubi- tably acquired there, which I have ete It was probably washed down by floods, * In the specimenin the Indian Museum, ¥ 75. 76, af HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 599 (364) Polyodontophis subpunctatus (Dumeril and Bibron). Jerdon’s Polyodont. Oligodon subpunctatus. Vidal, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. I, p 144. Polyodontophis subpunctatus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon. 1910, ' p» 71; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 186; 7. c. Vol. ILI, 1896, p 598; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 17 (part, All except No 7073); Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 297; Ll. c Vol. XVII, p 823; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, pp 397 and 406; Oph. “Tap. 1921, p 84; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Lepid. aventalss 151 to 214, Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. South of Rajputana, and South of the Ganges Valley. Note.—In the Bombay Natural History Journal (Vol. XVII, p 823) I referred to a specimen, that appeared to unite the characters of subpunctatus and sagittarius, and which suggested the union of the two species under the latter and older name. Iam nowin a position to show that the two species previously held as such are both valid, and that the specimen referred to is an aberrant subpunc- tatus. This viewis based on skulls in my collection. The dentition is as follows:—subpunciatus. Maxillary 44 to 45. Palatine 23 to 24. Pterygoid 21. Mandibular 40.— sagittarius. Maxillary 32. Palatine 14 to 16. Pterygoid 13, Mandibular 30. The specimen referred to was probably from the Northern part of the Western Ghats as it was preserved in the same bottle as a Lycodon jfiavomaculatus, which has a very restricted distribution (¢. 2.) (365) Polyodontophis sagittarius (Cantor.) Cantor’s Polyodont. P. subpunctatus. Selater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 17 (part No 7073). P. sagittarius. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 175; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 187; l. c. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 598; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 17; Wall, Bomb, N. H. J. Vol. XVIT, p 823. Length.—292 mm. (114 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 205 to 236. Subcaudals. 54 to 70. | Disin.— Western Himalayas. As far West as Chamba. Sewaliks, North of Saharanpore. (*. W.) Dhikala, Garhwal . Dist. Melaghat, Almora Dist. (Ind. Mus.). The Ganges Basin. Nowgong, C. P. Darbhanga. Purnea. Dinajpore. (Ind. Mus.). Bettiah, Behar. (Bombay colln.) Lower Bengal. Manbhum. Chaibasa, Serampore. Calcutta. (Ind. Mus.) N ote,—Penang as a locality calls for confirmation. The note appended to 7. yphlops bothriorhynchus shows that some of Cantor’s localities are open to doubt. De Roepstorfi’s specimen in the Indian Museum, labelled Nicobars, is undoubtedly correctly identified. I feel justified however in raising the strongest doubt as to the authenticity of the locality for this species. The fact thatde Roepstorff is also alone responsible for the Nicobars as a locality for Oligodon sublineatus, and Amblycephalus monticola strengthens the justification for doubt. Both Polyodontophis sagittarius, and Amblycephalus monticola are known from Northern India, but not from Assam or Burma, and. the record of the Nicobars for the species must have perplexed other herpetologists as much as it has done me. Oligodon sublineatus known only from Ceylon with the exception of de Roepstorff’s record from the Nicobars, is equally surprising. 600 | JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XKIX. _ Nearly every keen herpetologist has snakes sent to him ‘by friends from distant parts of the Empire, and it is not surprising if these exotics sometimes get mixed with those collected from the locality where he is domiciled. In these cases the common species with which he is familiar are probably discarded and only the uncommon species retained. If all the species so acquired were retained the mixing would probably be discovered by future herpetologists at once. 7 : 77. ° (366) Polyodontophis bistrigatus (Giinther) Gainther’s. Polyodont. Annandale, J.A. S8., Beng.,: 1905, 9 175 : Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I,. 1893, p 188; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 18. Distn.— Burma. Prome. Pegu. Nicobars. Note-—De Roepstorfi’s specimen labelled Nicobars is correctly identified, but the doubts I have raised in the note appended to P. sagittarius makes confirmation of the Nicobars as a locality desirable. Genus.—-X ENOCHROPHIS Giinther. . (441) Xenochrophis cerasogaster (Cantor.) The Painted Keelback. 1768. 1826. 1842. 1853. 1858. 1860. 1861. 1863. 1875. 1877. 1883. 1893. 79. Boulenger, Cat. Vol, I, 1893, p 191 ; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 146 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, » 45; Wail, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 104, Lengih.—775 mm. (2 feet, 63 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 140 to 154. Distn.— Ganges Valley. Fyzabad (F. W.) Bengal. yey (Ind. Mus.) Assam. Goalpara. (Ind. Mus.) Khasi Hills. (Brit. Mus.) Note.—Penang on the authority of Cantor I doubt for reasons cited in the note appended to T'yphlops bothriorhynchus, Genus.—NaTRIX Lauwrenii. Natrix. Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p 73 [type N. vulgaris = Natrix naitriz (Linné). | Tropidonotus. Boie., part, Isis. p 205 [type N. natrix (Linné).| Leptophis. Holbrook, N. Am. Herp. IV, p 21, pl LV [type? L. sauritus= N. saurita (Linné). | EKutainia. Baird & Girard, [iype E. saurita=N. saurita (Linné).] Coronella. (non Laurenti, 1768) Giinther, Cat. p 39. Thamnophis. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, p 369 (type N. scalaris). Mizodon. Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad.,p 358 (type N. variegatus). Styporhynchus. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., P 399 (type NV. truncatus). Chilopoma, Cope, Wheeler's Rep. V. S. Ea. Surv., p 544 (type N- rufopunctatus). Katophis. Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales II, p 36 (type N- picturatus). Atomarchus. Cope, Amer. Nat., p 1300 (type N. multimaculatus). Prymnomiodon. (non Cope, 1860). Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 192. (Nil.) Natrix peali (Sclater.) Peal’s Keelback. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. T, 1893, p 214; Sclater, List, Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 41. Types.—In the Indian Museum. From aa Distn.— Assam. Sibsagar. .' A -HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 601 \ 80. (427) Natrix parallelus (Boulenger.) Anderson’s Keelhack. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 223; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 337 ; Sclater, “bist. SR. ind.) Mus, 1891, 937°; Wall, Bomb. Ni: Ho J. Vol: XVIII, p 223; 1.c. Vol. XIX, p 340. Length.—712 mm. (2 feet, 4 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 162 to 175. Subcaudals. 73 to 110. Disin.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam. Khasi Hills. Burma. Sanda, China. Yunnan. Note.—The locality of No 4397 of Sclater’s list of snakes in the Indian Museum reported as ‘* Madras Hills’? by Colonel Beddome is to be discredited. The same authority records also T'ropidonotus sub- miniatus, T. himalayanus, Oligodon splendidus, O. octolineatus, Dendrelaphis caudolineatus, and Lycodon java, from Hills in South India. These records are equally untrustworthy as regards habitat. 81. (425) Natrix khasiensis (Boulenger.) The Assam Keelback. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 210; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 49 and 53; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 223; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 317. Length.—673 mm. (2 feet, 23 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 143 to 155. Subcaudals. 73 to 100. Distn.—Assam. Abor Hills. (Ind. Mus.) Khasi Hills. Garo Hills, (Ind. Mus.) 82. (Nil.) Natrix rianguligerus (Boie.) Boie’s Keelback., Boulenger.gCat.. Vol. I, 1893, » 224; Uc. Vol. III, 1896, p 604 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus, 1891, p 42. Lepid.—Ventrals. 134 to 150. Disin.—Burma. Tenasserim. Siam. The Peninsula. S. China. Tschon- glok. (Muller). Malay Peninsula. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra to Celebes. 83. (Nil.) Natrix venningi (Wall.) Venning’s Keelback. . Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 774; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 345. Type.—In the British Museum from the Chin Hills, Burma. Co-types in the Bombay colln. Length.—750 mm. (2 feet, 54 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 19 at midbody, 17 behind. Ventrals. 161 to 172. Subcaudals. 108 to 138. Distn.— Burma, Chin Hills. Note.—I have examined ten specimens. 84, (Nil.) Natrix xenurus (Wall) Wall’s Keelback. T. modestus. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 36.(part, No 4278). T. xenura, Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVII, p 616; Rec. Ind, Mus. 1909, p 145. - Type.—in tle Bombay collection from Khasi Hills. Lepid.—Costals. 19 at midbody, 17 behind. Ventrals. 158 to 165. Anal. divided. (entire (?) in the type). Subcaudals. 81 to 107; entire. Disin.— Assam, Khasi Hills. (Near Shillong. Cherrapunji.) 85. (Nil.) Natrix nicobariensis (Sclater.) Sclater’s Keelback. _ Prymnomiodon chalceus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 192. T. nicobarensis. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, pp 174 and 175 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 42. 602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. Type.—In the Indian Museum, (No 8895) from the Nicobars. Lepid.—Costals. 19 in midbody, 17 behind. The anal shield appears to me to have been entire, and the division now seen traumatic, already suggested by Annandale. Disin.— Nicobar Islands. Note.—I have examined the maxillary dentition and find there is no gap posteriorly, and that the posterior teeth are distinctly enlarged. It appears to me without doubt a Natriz. 86. (Nil) Natrix leonardi (Wall). Zeonard’s Keelback. N. leonardi Wall. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXX, p 466. T'ype.—In the British Museum from Burma. Length.—660 mm. (2 feet, 2 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 17 in midbody, 15 behind. Ventrals, 152. Anal divided. Subcaudals. 46, divided. Distn.— Burma. Sinlum Kaba. (Lat. 24° Long 97°5°) FOOTNOTE. - Natrix baileyi (Wall.) Bailey’s Keelback. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p 617. Types.—In the British Museum from Thibet. Length.—762 mm. (2 feet, 6 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 19 at midbody, 17 behind. Ventrals. 201 to 221. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 98 to 111 (? 91) divided ; some of those at the base frequently entire. Distn.—Thibet, At about 14,000 feet elevation. ¥ Note.—Strictly speaking, this is not a species within the political boundaries of British India, but it is convenient to include it in this paper. J have examined the maxillary dentition of one specimen and find it accords with that of the genus Natrix. The teeth number 21 (? 22) are syncranterian, and coryphodont. Genus.—NERoDIA Baird and Girard. 1766 Coluber. Linné, part. Syst. Nat. 1, p 378 (type C. berus): _ 1768 Coronella, Lawrenti, part. Syn. Rept., p 87 (type C. austriaca). 1799 Hydrus. Schneider, part, Hist. Amph. 1, p 247 [type H. dicolor=H. platurus (Linné)] 1816 Enhydrus. (zon Latreille 1802.) Oken, Lehrb. Naturg III, p 232. 1824 Natrix. (non Laurent: 1768.) Wagler, Spix. Serp. Bras., p 29, pl X, fig 2. 1826 Tropidonotus. Boie, part, Isis, p 205. [type N. natrix (Linné) |. 1853 Nerodia. Baird and Girard, N. Amer. Rept., p 38 [type N. sipedon=N. fasciata (Linné) | 1853 Regina. Baird and Girard, N. Amer. Rept., p 45 |type N leberis=N | septemvittata (Say) | _ 1860 Amphiesma. (non Dum and Bibron, 1854.) Hallowell, Proc, Ac. Philad, p 503. 1863 Neusterophis. Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 16 (type N. laevissima). _ 1863 Enicognathus. Jan. Arch. Zool, Anat, Phys II, p 278 [type N. punc- tatostriatus—N olivacea (Peters). ] 1865 Helicops. (non Wagler, 1828.) Jan. Arch, Zool. Annat. Phys. ILI, p 246. 1868 Fowlea. Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p 57 [type N. peguensis =N. punctulata (Giinther) } 1871 Contia. (non Baird and Girard, 1853.) Cope, Proc. Ac. Philads p 223. 1885 Eutaenia. (non Baird and Girard, 1853.) Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. XXII, p 386. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 603 1893 Diplophallus. Cope, Amer, Nat. XXVII, p 483 [type N. piscator (Schneider) | , 1898 Grayia. WSc.ater, Ann. 8S, Afric. Mus. I, p 109 [type G. lubrica =N. laevissima (Giinther)] 1893 Ceratophyllus. Cope, Amer. Nat. XXVIT, May, p 483 [ type R. vittata (Linné). | 1905 Macropisthodon. (non Boulenger, 1893.) Annandale, J, A. S., Beng., p 210. 87. (438) Nerodia punctulata (Ginther.) The Burmese Keelback. Tropidonotus punctulatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 228: “* Keswal,” Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. I, p 173; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 41; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, p. 351. Lepid.—Ventrals. 138 to 154. Distn.—Lower Burma Pegu. (Brit. Mus.) Watiya. (W. and Evans.) Rangoon. Amherst. (Ind. Mus.). Tenasserim. (Mergui. Ind. Mus.) 88. (423) Nerodia modesta (Ginther.) Giinther’s Keelback. Tropidonotus modestus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 229: Sclater. List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 36. (vart, all excepting No 4278 which is N. xenurus Wall.) | Distn.— Assam, Khasi Hills. China. Yunnan. 89. (435, 437) Nerodia piscator (Schneider). The Chequered Keelback. Tropidonotus quincunciatus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, p 46 ; “ Keswal”, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol I, pp 119 and 173. Tropidonotus asperrimus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, p 48: Spol. Zeylan. 1911, p 206; 1. c. 1913, » 146; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. If. 1893, p 232 ; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool Jahr. Jena. 1910, pp 127 and 144; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1910, p 35; Willey, S'pol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Tropidonotus tytleri. Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., Vol. XXIII, p 291; And. Islanders, p 365. Tropidonotus sanctijohannis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 230; l. c. Vol III, 1896, p 604. Tropidonotus piscator. Abercromby, Sn. Ceylon. 1910, pp 51 and 76 ; Alcock and Rogers, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1902, p 452; Annandale, J.A.S., Beng. 1905, pp 174 and 175 ; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 49 and 53: Beghie, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI. p 516; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 230; 0. c. Vol. III, 1896, » 604; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, » 338; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 72; Millard, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XV, p 348; Richards, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXV p 150 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 40; Wall and Evans. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 351 and 619 ; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XFL, p 373 3.1. c. Vol. XV, p 524; lc. Vol. XVI, pp 305, 388 and 390; 1. c. Vol XVII, pp 107 and 857; l.c. Vol. XVITI, p. 318; 0.c. Vol. XIX, pp 340, 611, 756, 757a and 898; l.c. Vol. XX, p 1034; lc. Vol. XXVI, p 560); Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156. _Nerodia piscator. Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 397; Oph. Tap. 1921, p9l. Length.—1,290 mm. (4 feet, 23 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 125 to 154. Subcaudals, 58 to 90. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To Baluchistan in the extreme North-West. N. W. Frontier. To Malakand. Western and Hastern Himalayas. Assam. Abor Hills. Burma, As far North as Mansi, and 604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCLETY, Vol.-X XIX, ~Bhamo. Andamans. Malay Peninsula. Siam. Indo-China. China. As far North as Fokien. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Borneo. Java. Formosa. FOOTNOTE. Nerodia tessellata (Laurenti.) Lauwrenti’s Keelback. Tropidonotus tessellatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 233; l. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 605 ; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p798; lc Vol. XXI, p 133. | Distn.—S8. E. Europe. N. Africa. Central and 8. W. Asia. Note.—Has not yet been recorded within the political limits of British India. I obtained a specimen from Mastuj in North Chitral Territory and on that account it is convenient to mention it here. Genus.—RHABDOPHIS Fitzinger. 1766 Coluber. Linné, part, Mus. Ad. Frid., p 26, pl XVIII, fig. 2 (type C berus). 1768 Natrix. Laurenti, part, Syn. Rept., p 74 [type N. natrix (Linné)]. 1801 Elaps. Schneider, part. Hist. Amph. II, p 299 [type FE. marcgravi (Wred)}. 1826 Tropidonotus. Bote, part. Isis., p 205 [type N. natria. (Linné)]. 1843 Rhahdophis. Fitzinger, Syst. Rept.. p 27 (type R. subminiatus (Schlegel)]. 1843 Steirophis. vizinger, Syst. Rept., p 27 [type R. chrysargus (Kuhl.)]. 1854 Amphiesma. Dumeril and Bibron, part. Erp. Gen. VII, p 724 (type R stolatus). 1854 Leptophis. (non Holbrook,’ 1842.) Dumeril and Bibron, part, Erp. Gen. VII, p 541. 1858 Xenodon, (non Boie, 1827.) Giinther, part, Cat., p 58. 1858 Dromicus. (non Bibron, 1843.) Giinther, Cat., p 133. 1863 Thamnosophis. Jan., part, Elenco, p 82 [type R. lateralis (Dum and Bibron)}. 1867 Zamenis. (non Wagler, 1830.) Steindachner, Sitz. Zool. bof. Ges. Wren. XVil, p 513. 1876 Herpetoreas. Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., p 16 [type H. sieboldt = platyceps (Blyth)]. 1877 Ahaetulla. (non Gray, 1825.) Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges. XI, p 33. 1881 Philothamnus. (non Smith, 1840.) Boetiger, Abh. Senck. Ges. XII, p 526. 1882 Ptyas. (non Fitzinger, 1843.) Giinther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) IX, p 263. 1886 Bothrodytes. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Sc. XXIII, p 495 [type R. sub- miniatus (Schlegel). 90. (424) Rhabdophis platyceps (Blyth). Blyth’s Keelback. Tropidonotus platyceps. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 49 and 53; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 248; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 36; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 340. Disin.— Western Himalayas. As far West as Kashmir. Hastern Himalayas. Assam. Abor Hills. Khasi Hills. Note.—No 8622 of Sclater’s list is reported from Allahabad. The same donor, Mr. J. O. Cockburn, records specimens of T'rachischium guentheri (Nos 8763 and 8764 of Sclater’s list) from the same loca- lity. Both records are equally untrustworthy. No 80—4 Bombay collection from Taunggyi, S. Shan States, donor Mr. Lightfoot, I A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 605 discredit. It is significant that Nos 620 and 621 of the same col- lection, bothof which are Macropisthodon plumbicolor; are also reported from Taunggyi, and presented by the same Collector. 91, (432) Rhabdophis himalayanus (Gimther), The Orange-collared Keel- back. Macropisthodon himalayanus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 210. Tropidonotus himalayanus. SBoulenger, Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, p 251; Ree. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind, Mus. 1891, p 38; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 341; Lc. p 773; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, p 537; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 319; l. c. Vol. XIX, pp 341, 614 and 7T57a., Length.—864 mm. (2 feet, 10 inches). Lepid.Ventrals. 157 to 177. Subcaudals. 78 to 97. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim, Assam. Plains and Hills. Kaptai. Nr. Chittagong. (Nos 14574 and 14579. Ind. Mus.) Burma, Manipur. Chin Hills. 8. Shan States. (Taunggyi, No 81-9 Bomb. colin.) Moulmein. (Nos 7417 and 7418. Ind. Mus.) Tenas- serim. (Sclater.) China, Yunnan. Note.—Reported by Beddome from the Anamallai Hills evidently in error. (See note below Nairix parallelus.) 92. (430) Rhabdophis ceylonensis (Ginther). The Ceylon Keelback. Tropidonotus ceylonensis. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon 1910, p 75; Spol. Zeylan. 1913, p 145; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 252; lc. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 607; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Rhabdophis ceylonensis. Wall, Oph. Tap. .1921, p 103. Lepid.—Ventrals. 131 to 141, Subcaudals. 35 to 54. Distn.—Ceylon. Hills, 93. (426) Rhabdophis beddomei (Giinther). Beddome’s Keelback. Tropidonotus beddomii. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, » 252; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 72; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 137; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 37; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVI, p 560. Length.—692 mm. (2 feet, 34 inches). Lepid.—Subcaudals. 62 to 81. Distn.—Western Ghats, Mahableshwar to Tinnevelly. 94, (434) Rhabdophls stolatus (Linné), The Buff-striped Keelback. Tropidonotus stolatus. Abercromby. Sn. Ceylon, 1910, pp 46, 47, 49, and 76; Spol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 206 and 207; Lc. 1913, pp 144 and 146; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, » 175; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 218; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 253; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H, J, Vol. X, p 72; Pearless, Spol, Zeylan, 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N.H. J. Voi. XIII, pp 351 and 619; Wall, Bomb. N. A. J. Vol. AIT, p 765; l.c. Vol. XV, p 525; l. c. Vol XVI, pp 302 and 390; 1. c. Vol. XVIII, pp 108,. 205 and 320; 1. c Vol. XIX, pp 341, 615 and 8983 l;.c Vol. XX, p 603; l.¢c. Vol. XXVI, p 5625 Spel. Zeylan. 1905, p 146; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156 ; Willey, Sol. Zeylon. 1906, p 233. Rhabdophis stolatus. Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, » 397; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 105. Length.—762 mm. (2 feet, 6 inches), 606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX, Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. Up to about 5,000 feet. As far North as Sind. VN. W. Frontier. (Malakand F. W.) Himalayas. Assam. North and South of the Bramaputra. Burma. As far North as Myitkyina. (Lat. 26°. Long. 96°3°), South to Tenasserim. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Peninsula, Siam. . China. Yunnan. Formosa, Philippines. 95. (429) Rhabdophis nigrocinctus (Blyth). The Black-banded Keelback. Tropidonotus nigrocinctus. Boulenger, Cat, Vol. 1, 1893, p 255 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 37. Lepid.Ventrals. 155 to 171. Distn.— Burma. Pegu. Tenasserim. Tavoy. (Ind. Mus.) Kawkareik, Dawna Hills. (F. W.) Siam. Klong Bang Lai. Patiyu. (M. Smith). 96. (431) Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel). The Vermilion-necked Keel- back. Tropidonotus subminiatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 256, Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 38 ; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, pp 341 and 773; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XL11 pp 351 and 619; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 320; 1. c. Vol. XIX, pp 341, 618 and 757a. Length.—1,080 mm. (3 feet, 64 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 132 to 175, Subcaudals, 61 to 97. Disin.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam. As far North as Dibrugarh. Burma. As far North as Myitkyina. (Lat. 26°. Long. 96°3°). South to Tenasserim. (Mergui. Ind. Mus.) East to 8. Shan States. (Taunggyi.) Siam. Indo-China, China. Yunnan. Malay Peninsula. Malay Archipelago. Java. Celebes. Ternate. Note.—Beddome’s record ‘‘ Madras Hills’ is to be discredited. See note below Natrix parallelus. 97. (428) Rhabdophis chrysargus (Schlegel). Schlegel’s Keelback. T. chrysargus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 258; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 37; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 145. Tropidonotus vibakari. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 41. Length.—728 mm. (2 feet, 48% inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 156 to 175. Subcaudals. 60 to 102. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas? Burma. Tenasserim. Peninsular Siam. Malay Peninsula. S. China. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Java. Borneo. Palawan. Note.—This species, and firthi Wall, have been confused, and it is difficult to define the exact habitat of the former North of Tenasserim in consequence. Two specimens from Nepal submitted to Mr. Boulenger by Dr. Annandale were pronounced chrysargus. These with another from the Eastern Himalayas constituted the types of my jirti, and other specimens from the Eastern Himalayas, and Assam Hills identified as chrysargus may prove to be firthi. Aspecimen from “Burma” is in the British Museum (‘“‘g” of Boulenger’s Catalogue) but “Burma” has been often loosely applied by our older herpeto- logists, and it is possible that this may have come from Tenasserim a Province within the Political boundaries of Burma. I have examined 12 specimens from Tenasserim. 98. (Ni.) Rhabdophis firthi (Wall). Firth’s Keelback. Tropidonotus chrysargus ? Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 337: Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 607 Tropidonotus firthi. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol, XXIII, p 166. Types.—In the Indian Museum. (Nos 15817 and 15818 from Chitlong, Nepal). Length.—About 455 mm. (about 1 foot, 6 inches). Not measured, Lepid.—Ventrals. 173 to 199. Subcaudals. 80 to 88. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam ? Silonibari, N. Lakhimpur (Boulenger). Note.—See note below last species. 99. (433) Rhabdophis monticola (Jerdon). Jerdon’s Keelback. Tropidonotus monticola. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 259 ; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. S. Vol. XIV, p 386; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 137; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 39; Wall, Bomb. N. H, J. Vol. XXVI, p 562. Length.—577 mm. (1 foot, 102 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 133 to 145. Subcaudals. 78 to 92. Distn.— Western Ghats. From Talevadi, Goa Frontier (Ind. Mus.) to Travancore. Genus.—PHAYREA Theobald. 1868 Phayrea. Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus., » 51 (type Pisabellina). 1896 Psammophis. (non Wagler, 1830). Boulenyer, part, Cat. Vol. Il, p 165. 100. (Nil.) Phayrea isabellina Theobald. Phayre’s Snake. Phayrea isabellina. Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p 51; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 109. Psammophis condanarus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. III, 1896, p 165 (part). Type.—In the Indian Museum, from Bassein. Length.—520 mm. (1 foot, 83 inches). Tail 145 mm. (5? inches), Lepid.—Costals. Two heads-lengths behind the head 19, at midbody 19, two heads-lengths before the vent 17; smooth. Ventrals. 166. Anal. Divided. Sukcaudals. 82, divided. Distn.— Burma. Bassein (Theobald). Note.—This snake is closely allied to the members of the genus Rhabdophis, and is not an Opisthoglyph. The teeth in the left maxilla are diacranterian. The praecranterian are 17 (?) in number and moderately coryphodont in type. The cranterian teeth number 2 and are about twice the length of the last praecranterian. Genus.—MacropistHopon Boulenger. 101. (489) Macropisthodon plumbicolor (Cantor). The Green Keelback. Tropidonotus plumbicolor. Abercromby, Spol. Zeylan, 1911, p 206 ; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 72; Fischer, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVII, p 527; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sclater. List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891. p 41; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Macropisthodon plumbicolor. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 267 ; 1. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 609 ; Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 1164 ; Fischer, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol, XVII, pp 1 and 527; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan. 1908, p 99; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Wall, Bomo. IN. LOS. Vol. XVI. p 390%, ..c: Volt Vil, po ls tse, Vol. XIX, p 756; 1. c. Vol. XXVI, p 563; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 128. Length.—890 mm. (2 feet, 11 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In midbody 21 to27. Ventrals. 144 to 163. Sub- caudals. 34 to 50. 608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XAIX, Distn.—Peninsular India, Except the Ganges Valley. In or near elevated terrain usually up to 7,000 feet. Punjab. Ambala (Sto- liczka). Sind. (Murray.) Ceylon. Note.—See note to Rhabdophis platyceps. Genus.—PsEUDOXENODON Bouwlexger. 102. (422) Pseudoxenodon angusticeps (Blyth). The Mock Cobra. “P. macrops. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 49 and 53; Boulenger, Cat. Vol, 1, 1893, p. 270; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, » 338; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J, Vol. XX, pp 340 and 772 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 363 Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol, XVIII, p 321; l. c. Vol. XIX, py 341, 757a and 898 ; l. c. Vol. XX, p 446. Type.—From Ramri Island, Arakan, in the Indian Museum. Length.—1,283 mm. (4 feet, 24 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 152 to 180. Subcaudals. 55 to 82. Disin.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim, Assam. Hills North of the Bramaputra. Burma. As far North as Myitkyina (Lat. 26°. Long. 96°3° Bombay colln.) South to Tenasserim. (Ind. Mus.). East to S. Shan States. (Taunggyi. Bombay colln.). China. Yunnan. (de Scabra) Sze-Chuen. (Brit. Mus.) Note.—The name Pseudoxenodon angusticeps Blyth has page preference over P. macrops of the same Author (J. A. 8., Beng., XXIII, 1855, p 296). Genus.—Heticorps Wagler. 103. (440) Helicops schistosus (Daudin). The Olivaceous Keelback. Sub-species—Helecops schistosus indicus. Abercromby, Spol. Zeylan. 1911, p 206; l. c. 1913, p 145; Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 218; Boulenger, Cat. Vol I, 1893, p 274; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p72; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 131; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 44; Wall, Bomb. N. A.J. Vol. XVI, p 391; 1. c. Vol. XVIII, » 109; 1c. Vol. XIX, p ° 146; 1. c. Vol. XXI, p 1009; Oph. Tap. 1921, » 135; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Length.—870 mm. (2 feet, 104 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 128 to 161. Distn.—Peninsular India, South of Rajputana, and to base of Hima- layas further east. Ceylon. Note.—A specimen in the Bombay collection (91-3), donor Major F. Wall, is labelled by mistake ‘‘ Shillong.” Sub-species, H. schistosus andersoni is known from China. Yunnan, (Ind. Mus.). Genus.—IRACHISCHIUM Giinther. 104. (336) Trachischium fuscum (Blyth.) The Black-bellied Roughside. Ablabes gilgiticus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 210; Wall Rec. Ind. Mus. 1919, p 147. Trachischium fuscum. Aznandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 208; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 297 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus, 1891, p.11; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 342. Lepid.—Ventrals. 150 to 165. Subcaudals. 28 to 42. Distn.—Himalayas. Gilgit. Loharganj, Garhwal Dist. (Ind. Mus.) Sikkim. Assam. (Ind. Mus., Annandale.) Khasi Hills ? (Brit. Mus.) Note.—I have not been able to trace the specimens referred to by Annandale (J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 208.), presented by the Assam A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 609 Government to the Indian Museum. Khasi Hills rests on the authority of Jerdon who presented one specimen to the British Museum said to be from this locality. 105. (337) Trachischium guentheri Boulenger. The Rose-bellied Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 298; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 11, Wall. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 343. Length.—437 mm. (1 foot, 5} inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 132 to 154, Subcaudals. 29 to 38. Distn.—Sikkim, Note.—Nos 8763 and 8764 of Sclater’s list of snakes in the Indian Mu- seum presented by Mr. J. Cockburn, labelled ‘‘ Allahabad’, are obviously not from this locality. (Vide note attached to Jihabdophis platyceps.). 106. (338) 'rachischium tenuiceps (Blyth.) The Yellow-bellied Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 299; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910. p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 11; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 343. Length.—406 mm. (1 foot, 4 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 125 to 140. Subcaudals. 28 to 42. Distn.—EHastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Bengal, Hills near Barakar. (Anderson, J.A.S., Beng., Vol. XL, p 33). Note.—Improbable as “‘ Hills near Barakar”’ may at first sight seem, Annandale (Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, p 47) from fairly extensive and varied collections, finds a Himalayan element in the fauna of Paras- nath Hill. (4,480 feet.) Among other reptiles he obtained the Hima- layan Lizard Lygosoma sikkimense there, so that Anderson’s record of the snake 7’. tenwiceps from “‘ Hills near Barakar ”’ claims credit. 107. (339) Trachischium moaticola (Cantor.) Cantor’s Roughside, Trachischium rubriventer. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, p 300. Trachischium monticola, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 45 and 53: Boulenger, Cat. Vol. J, 1893, p 299; 1. c. Vol. ILI, 1896, p 612; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 12; Wall, Bomd. N. H, J. Vol. XVIII, p 322 ; 1. c. Vol. XIX, footnote, pp 343 and 618. Distn.—Assam. Hills North and South of the Bramaputra, astern Himalayas ? Bengal. Barakar. (Ind. Mus.) Note.—I have examined the Barakar specimen and can confirm its identity. This may have come from Parasnath Hill. (See note attached to 7’. tenuiceps.) Eastern Himalayas rests on the authority of Jerdon who sent nine specimens from Darjeeling to the British Museum. This would lead one to suppose the species is common there, whereas it has not been found by any of the many other her- petologists who have explored that locality. I suggested (Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 343, footnote) that these specimens might have been collected in the Assam Hills where this species is common, and where Jerdon: collected extensively, Eastern Himalayas seems to me a locality that calls for confirmation. Jerdon’s 7’. rubriventer (Proc. A. 8.. Beng., 1870, p 80) does not appear to me sufficiently differentiated to consider a. distinct species. 108, (Nil.) Trachischium quinquelabialis Wall, Wall’s Roughside. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X XI, p 201. Type——From Muktesar, Western Himalayas. In the Indian Museum, 5 610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, Lo9, 110. at, 412. p13. il4, Length.—324 mm. (123 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 13 rows in midbody. Ventrals. 141 to 147. Sub- caudals. 29 to 39. Supralabials. 5. Disin.— Western Himalayas. Muktesar, and near Naini Tal. (F.W.) Note.—I have now seen four specimens, three of which were taken at Muktesar at about 7,000 feet. Genus—-RHABDOPS Boulenger. (361) Rhabdops olivaceus (Beddome), Leddome’s Smooth Snake. Pseudocyclophis olivaceus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 300. Rhabdops olivaceus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 300; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p. 187; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVI, » 564. Length.—750 mm. (2 feet, 6? inches). Lepid.—Ventvrals. 202 to 215. Subcaudals. 63 to: 74. Distn.— Western Ghats. Wynad. (362) Rhabdops bicolor (Blyth.) Blyth’s Smooth Snake. Pseudocyclophis bicolor. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Mus. 1890, p 300 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 16. Bhabdops bicclor. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, » 301; Wait, Bomb. N.H. J. Vol. XIII, p 322; l.c. Vol. XXI, p 686. Length.—676 mm. (2 feet, 22 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 190 to 214. Distn.—-Assam. Ihasi Hills. China. Yunnan. Genus—PLaGIOPHOLIS Boulenger. (Nil.) Plagiopholis blakewayi Boulenger. Dlakeway’s Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 301. Wall, Bom. N. H. J. Vol. X XTX, p 467. Distn.— Burma. 8. Shan States. (Taunggyi. Brit. Mus.) Sinlum Kaba Lat. 24 (Long. 97°5) Bombay Collection. Genus—XYLoPHIS Beddome. (334) Xylophis perroteti (Dumeril and Bibron.) Perrotet’s Dwarf Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 304;1. ¢ Vol. III, 1896, p 612 . Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena 1910, p 138 ; Sclaier, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 11; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX VI, p 564. Lenid.—Ventrals. 130 to 150. Subcaudals. 14 to 40. Distn.— Western Ghats. Wynad to Tinnevelly. (335) Xylophis stenorynchus (Ginther.) Giinther’s Dwarf Snake. annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, » 208; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, o 304; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X,p 71; Sarasin, Zocl. Jahr. vena. 1910, p 138. " repid.—Ventrals. 108 to 132. Subcaudals. 12 to 31. Distn.—-Western Ghats. Anamalais to Tinnevelly. Genus—HAaPpLocercus Giinther. (346) Haplocercus ceylonensis Ginther. The Black-spined Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 309; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, w 127; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 7843; Oph. Tap. $921, p 143 ; Willey, Sol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. 21. 116. 417. 118. 119, 120. HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 611 Length.—450 mm. ( 1 foot, 5} inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 177 to 217. Distn.—Ceylon. Hills of Central, Uva and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. Genus--ASPIDURA Wagler. (345) Aspidura trachyprocta Cope. The Common Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, p 313 ; 1. c. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 613; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan. 1908, p. 98; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891 p12; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1905, p 144 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 209 ; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. . Length.—412 mm. (1 foot, 44 inches). Distn.—Ceylon. Hills of Central, and Uva Provinces. (Nil.) Aspidura drummondhayi Boulenger. Drummond-Hay’s Rough side. Boulenger, Spol. Zeylan. 1094, p 95; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127; Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 213; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 239. Types.—From Balangoda. Preserved in the British Museum. Lepid.— Ventrals. 112 to 135. Subcaudals. 18 to 26. Distn.—Ceylon. Hills of Uva Province. (Balangoda.) (342) Aspidura brachyorrhus (Boie.) Boie’s Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 311 ; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 12; Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 204; Willey, Spol. Zeulan. 1906, p 233. Length.—390 mm. (1 foot, 3 inches). Lepids.—Ventrals. 139 to 159. Distn.— Ceylon. In or near Hills. (343) Aspidura copei Giimther. Cope’s Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I 1893, p 311; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1919, p 217; Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 207; Willey, Spotl. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Length.—650 mm. (2 feet, 1 inch). . Distn.—Ceylon. Hills of Uva and Central Provinces. (244) Aspidura guentheri Ferguson. The Pigmy Roughside. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 312; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p12; Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 208 ; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 398; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906. p 233. Disin.—Ceylon. Western Province. Genus.—Biytuta Theobald. (341) Blythia reticulata (Blyth.) Bilyth’s Snake. Aproaspidops antecursorum. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 46 and 53. Blythia reticulata. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37 and 45; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 314: Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 12; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, pp 336 and 771; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 323. Lepid.—Ventrais. 122 to 157. Subcaudals. 16 to 32. Distn.—Assam. Hills North and South of the Bramaputra to Manipur (F. W.) Burma. Hills. Sima. (Lat 25°, Long, 97-2° Bombay colln.). Cain Hills. (Haka.) Lushai Hills. 612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. Genus—-TRIRHINOPHOLIS Boulenger. 121. (Nil.) Trirhinopholis nuchalis Boulenger. The Arrow-head Snake. Oligodon evansi. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXII, p 514. Trirhinopholis nuchalis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 419; lc. Vol. ITI, 1896, p 612; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVI, p 863; 1. ¢. Vol XX VII, 6175; Lc. Vol. XXVIII, p 43; l.c. Vol. XXIX, p 46. Length.—470 mm. (1 foot, 63 inches). Lepid. a enerals 131 to 141. Subcaudals. 23 to 27. (I omitted to remark against one in a previous paper with subcaudals 19 from Taunggyi, that the tail was incomplete.) Disin.—Buima. Hills between the Chindwin and Salween Rivers, as far North as Mansi and Sima, Lat. 25° Long. 97:2°. (Bombay colin.) S. Shan States (Thondaung. F. W. Taunggyi. Bombay colln.) Karenni: (Brit. Mus.) Stam. Ratchaburi, on the Western Boundary. (M. Smith.) Genus—OpnitEes Wagler. ° 1826 Lycodon. Ferrusac, part, Bull. Scien. Nat. p 238 [type L. audax= Hor- monotus modestus (/-umeril and bibron). 1830 Ophites. Wagler. Syst. Amph., p 186 [type O. subcinctus (Bore)]. 1853 Sphecodes. Dumeril and Libron, Mem. Acad. Scient. XXL11, p 461. (type S. albofuscus). 1858 Tetragonosoma. Gunther, Cat. p 253 [type 7. effrenis (Cantor) |. 1863 Lycophidion. eters, Mon. Berl. Acad., p 403 [type L. bipunctatum= Ophites jara (Show) |. 1868 Tytleria. Theoba/d, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus., p 66 [type T. hypsirhinoides= Ophites aulicus (Linne)]. 1870 Cercaspis. (non Dumeril and Burbron., 1854.) Beddome, Madras Monthly Jour. Med. Sc. 1884 Elapoides (non Boie, 1827.) Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Phil. (7), VIII, p 144. 122. (347) Ophites striatus (Shaw) Shaw’s Wolf Snake. Lycodon striatus. Annandale, J. A. 8., Beng., 1904, p 208; Mem. A.S., Beng., Vol. I, p 194; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 3493; Green. Spol. Zeylan. 1905, p 205; 1. c. 1906, pp 233 and 234; Sarasin, Zool; Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 13; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1907, p 174; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 110 l.c. Vol. XIX, p 102; 1. ¢. Vol. XX, p 1034; Willey, Spol. Zeylan 1906, p 233. Ophites striatus. Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, pp 147. Lepid.—Ventrals. 150 to 196. Subcaudals. 34 to 66. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To the Himalayas. Western Himalayas. Kasauli (F.W.) Punjab. Sind. Baluchistan. Persva. Khwaja. (Ind. Mus.). Transcaspia. 123. (348) Ophites jara (Shaw.) The Twin-spotted Wolf Snake. Lycodon jara. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 350; 1. c. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 618; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 14; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, pp 344 and 619. Length.—539 mm. (1 foot, 94 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 167to 188. Subcaudals. 52 to 74. Distn.—Bengal. Alipur. Sibpur. (Ind. Mus.) Saraghat. (F. W.) Last Himalayas. Pashok. Tindharia. (F. W.) Assam. Dibrugarh. Sadiya. Makum. Namsang. (F. W.) Dejoo, N. Lakhimpur. N. Cachar. (Ind. Mus.) Monacherra, Cachar.(Bombay colln.). Burma. Manipur. (F. W.) Pegu. ? (Stoliczka.) A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 613 Noté.—Specimens in the British Museum of Colonel Beddome’s collect- ing are labelled ‘‘ Malabar ”’, and ‘‘ Anamallays’’. These localities are to be discredited for reasons cited in the note below Nairiz parallelus. Pegu on the authority of Stoliczka calls for confirmation. 124. (349) Ophites anamallensis (Giinther.) Gunther's Wolf Snake. Lycodon anamallensis, Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 351; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 138. Disin.— Western Ghats. Anamalais. Wynad. Note.—In_ view of the fact that I have had specimens of striatus and aulicus in which the loreal is divided into two, and specimens of both in which the anal is entire, I think this species may have to be united with aulicus. Only two specimens are known both of which are in the British Museum. 125. (351) Ophites aulicus (Linné.) The Common Wolf Snake. Lycodon ulicus. Abercromby, Spol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 205 and 206 Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, pp 173 and 175; Boulenger, Cate Volt, p. 352; l.c. Vol. ILI, p 618; Blyth, And. Islanders, pp 365 and 366; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan, 1909, p 54; Sarasin. Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 14; Wall and Evans, Bomb, N. HA. J. Vol. XITT, pp 348 and 616; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XV. p 706-:1.c. Vol. XIV, pp 293 and 387; 1.c. Vol. XVIII, p 112; lc. Vi XIX, pp 87, 344, 619, 756, 757a; 898; lI. c. Vol. XX. p 521; 7c. Vol. XXVI, p 565 ; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 156; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Ophites aulicus. Wall. Oph. Tap. 1921, p 151. Length.—838 mm. (2 feet, 9 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 177 to 224. Subcaudals. 53 to 80. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. Sind. Larkhana. (Bombay colln.). Himalayas. Kuluto Sikkim. Assam. As far North as Dibrugarh. Burma. As far North as Myitkyina. -South to Tenasserim. East to Shan States. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Peninsula. Indo-China. China. Yunnan. Southern Provinces and neighbouring Islands. Matay-Archipelago. Java to Timor. Philippines. 126. (Nil.) Ophites flavomaculatus (Wall.) Wall's Wolf Snake. Lycodon flavomaculatus. Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 138 ; Wall; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVII, p 612. Types.—In the British Museum from Oudi and Kirkee. Length.—350 mm. (1 foot, 1# inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 165 to 182. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 53 to 62. Distn.— Western Ghats. (Nasik. Kirkee. Poona. Deolali. Dharwar. Sangli. Lat. 16° & Long. 75°.) Berar. (Buldana. Lat. 20°5°. Long 76°). . Note.—Was confused with L. jara for many years. 127. (350) Ophites travancoricus (Beddome.) Beddome’s Wolf Snake. Lycodon travancoricus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 355; Ferguson Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 138; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 14; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 297; I. c. Vol. XIX, p 756; 1. c. Vol. XXVI, p 565. Length.—742 mm. (2 feet, 5} inches). Distn.— Hills of Peninsular India. Western Ghats. (From Matheran to Tinnevelly.) S. Arcot. Vizagapatam. (Bombay colln.) Jubbul- pore, C. P. (Bombay colln.) 614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX. 128. (352) Ophites atropurpureus (Cantor.) Cantor's Wolf. Snake. Lycodon atropurpureus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 356. Type.—From Mergui, is lost. Distn.— Bengal. Assam ? Burma. Mergui. Note.—The type of Cantor’s subfuscus (synonymous) from Bengal is also lost. No representative is known in any Museum. 129. (354) Ophites fasciatus Anderson. Anderson’s Wolf Snake. Lycodon fasciatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 358; l. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 618 ; Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI,p 169; Sclater, List Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p15; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 372 and 616; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, pp 324 and 779; l. c. Vol. XX, pp 279 and 948. Length.—934 mm. (3 feet, # of an inch). Lepid.—Ventrals. 201 to 213. Subcaudals. 74 to 94. Disin.—East Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (Ind. Mus.) Mungpoo. 3 (F. W.) Assam. Tezpur. (Ind. Mus.) Khasi Hills. Burma. As far Northas Mansi and Sima. (Lat. 250. Long. 97°. F.W.). Chin Hills. Shan States. (Mogok. Maymyo. Taunggyi. F. W.) Siam. In the Peninsula N. of Kra. China. Yunnan. Note.—I have examined a young example in the British Museum labelled L. gammiei by Mr. Boulenger, in which the costals are 17 in midbody, ventrals 208, and subcaudals 91, which emphasises the close resemblance of this species to Dinodon gammiet. (Vide note on that species. ) 130. (Nil.) Ophites mackinnoni (Wall.) Mackinnon’s Wolf Snake. Lycodon mackinnoni. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p 29. T'ype.—From Mussoorie. Preserved in the British Museum. Length.—387 mm. (1 foot, 34 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 164 to 184. Subcaudals. 47 to 57. Disin.— Western Himalayas. Mussoorie. Almora. Muktesar. Near Naini Tal. Note.—I have now seen eleven specimens. Genus.—CercasPis Dumeril and Bibron. 1820 Hurria. (non Daudin 1803.) Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Verg. Anat, p 95. 1837 Lycodon. (non Ferrusac, 1826.) Schlegel, Phys. Serp. I, p 109, pl LT, figs 6 and 7. 1854 Cercaspis. (non Wagler, 1830.) Dumeril and Bibron, VII, p 390. 131. (356) Cercaspis carinatus (Kuhl.) The Ceylon Wolf Snake. Lycodon carinatus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, » 297 Cat. Vol. I, 1893, » 358; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 127 Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Cercaspis carinatus. Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, pp 399 and 404. Oph. Tap. 1921, » 162. Length.—730 mm. (2 feet, 4? inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 188 to 198. Subcaudals. 51 to 64. Costals. Two heads-lengths behind the head 17, midbody 19, two heads-lengths before the vent 17. Disin.—Ceylon. Plains and up to 3,000 feet. Note.—My reasons for removing this species from the genus Ophites are given in Spolia Zeylanica, 1921, p 404. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 615 Genus.—Di1nopon Dumeril and Bibron. 132. (355) Dinodon gammiei (Blanford). Gammie’s Wolf Snake. Lycodon fasciatus. D’Abreu, Bomb. N. H. J. Volo. XX: p 857; bce Vol. XX, op 1385. Lycodon gammiei. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 358; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 15 ; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXI, p 279. Type.—From Darjeeling Dist. in the Indian Museum. Length.—1.118 mm. (3 feet, 8 inches). Lepid.—Costals. At midbody 17 or 19. Ventrals. 206 to 222. Sub- caudals. 98 to 105. Disin.—Hastern Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (Ind. Mus.) Kurseong. (D’ Abreu. ) Note.—I have examined the type (No 8447 in the Indian Museum) and count the ventrals 222, and the subcaudals 100 in pairs. The costals are 17 anteriorly for about six heads-lengths, then become 19 and remain 19 till behind midbody, when they become 17, and later reduce to 15. In this feature I believe the specimen will prove aberrant. A second specimen (No 17129 in the Indian Museum) has the costals in 17 rows to well behind midbody. I count the ventrals 207, and the subcaudals 105. The species is extremely like Ophites fasciatus in almost every detail, but I am satisfied is not only distinct but should be placed in the genus Dinodon. I find that in both the specimens referred to, the praecranterian teeth are small and number 2. The cranterian number 3 and progressively reduce in size, the first of the 3 being considerably larger than the praecranterian. This is the arrangement of the teeth in three other species of Dinodon of which I have skulls, viz., septentrionalis, rufozonatus and semicarinatus. In the genus Ophites there are 2 small praecranterian teeth. The cranterian number 2 only, the posterior being the shorter. In this respect my four skulls of fasciatus agree with other Ophites. I have skulls of 7 species. The specimen referred to by D’Abreu as Ophites fasciatus was submitted to me for examination, and proves to be this species. I have seen four examples, 133. (353) Dinodon septentrionalis (Giinther.) Jerdon’s Wolf Snake. Sub-species.—Dinodon _ septentrionalis septentrionalis Gunther. Bungarus bungaroides. WSclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 58. (part, No 7741). Lycodon septentrionalis. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 295. Dinodon septentrionalis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 363; 1. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 619; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 235; Wall, Pol Sela. p 90; bomb. No He J. Vol. XVILL, p. 118); Keo. Ind. Mus. 1909, » 621. s Length.—1,020 mm. (3 feet, 4 } inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 207 to 217. Subcaudals. 81 to 92. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (Ind. Mus.). Phoobser- ing, below Darjeeling. (F. W.) Assam. Namsang. Lat. 27°. Long. 95°5°. (F. W.) Burma. Mogok, Ruby mines. (Boulenger.) Karen Hills. (Brit. Mus.) S. China. Kuatun, Fokien. (Boulenger.) Hills N. of Kiukiang. (Brit. Mus.) 616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X. Genus.—DRYOCALAMUS Giuinther. 134. (357) Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin.) The Bridal Snake. Hydrophobus nympha. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p | 298 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 16. | Dryocalamus nympha. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 370; Ferguson, | Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 128; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 287; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 399 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 166; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Length.—508 mm. (1 foot, 8 inches). Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. As far North as the Balarangam Hills on the Western side and Orissa (Rumbha. F. W.) on the Eastern. 135. (359) Dryocalamus davisoni (Blanford.) Davison’s Bridal Snake, Hydrophobus davisoni. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890. p 299 . Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 16 (part, No 3201). Dryocalamus davisoni. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 372. Length.—700 mm. (2 feet, 33 inches). Distn.—Burma. Tenasserim. (Nawlabu Hill. E. of Tavoy. Ind. Mus.). Siam. Indo-China. 136. (358) Dryocalamus gracilis (Giinther.) The Scarce Bridal Snake. Hydrophobus gracilis. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 298, Hydrophobus davisoni. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 16 (part. No 8690). Dryocalamus gracilis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 371 ; Sarasin; Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 128; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 147. Bomb. N. H.J Vol. XIX, p 290; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 169; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Lengih.—607 mm. (1 foot, 11% inches.) Lepid.—Ventrals. 199 to 243. Subcaudals. 75 to 87. Anal. Sometimes divided. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. Anamalais and Cuddapah Hills (Brit. Mus.) Berhampore, Orissa. (F. W.). Note.—Specimen No 8690 of Sclater’s list is undoubtedly this species. The costals are in 15 rows. Ventrals. 236. Anal. Divided, (and in this feature aberrant). Subcaudals. 85. I support Sclater in the doubt he has raised to the locality of this specimen (labelled False Island, Arrakan ?). Genus.—Pryas Fitzinger. 1758 Coluber. Linré, part, Syst. Nat. 1, p 226 (type C berus). 1768 Natrix. Laurenti, part, Syn. Rept. I, p 388 [type N natriv (Linne.)] 1843 Ptyas. Fitzinger, Syst. LRept., p 26 [(type Coluber blumenbachi) = P mucosus (Linné) |. 1854 Coryphodon. Dumertl and Libron, part, Erp. Gen. VII, p 180. 1854 Ablabes. Dumertl and Bibron, part. Erp. Gen. VII, p 326 1860 Zaocys. Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, p 563 [type Z dhumnades (Cantor.)| 1860 Leptophis. (non Dumeril and Bibron, 1854). Hatlowell, Proc. Ac. Philad. p 503. 1864 Zapyrus. Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p 256 (type Z fuscus). 1890 Zamenis. Boulenger, part. Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 324. 438. © fa A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 617 137 (397) Ptyas mucosus (Linné.) The Dhaman or Common Rat Snake; 29, Zamenis mucosus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910; pp 47, 63 and 73 ; Spol. Zeylan. 1911, p 205;¢.c.1913,p 145; Alcock and Rogers P.R. Soc. 1902, p 451; Annandale, J. A. S8., Beng, 1905, p 175; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 48 and 53 ; Beadon, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 228. Boulenger, Cat. Vol I, 1893, p 385; 1. c. Vol. III. 1896, p 621 ; D Abreu, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXI, p 1099: lc. Vol. XXIV, p 753. Fenton, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 1002; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Gleadow, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVII, p 245 ; Kelsall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XII, p 783 ; Millard, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XV. p 348;l.c. Vol. XVII, p 245; Millett, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XLX, p 759; Mullan, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 919; Pearless ; Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 132 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891 p 26; Sundara Raj, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XXIII, p 789; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 339; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Voi. XIII, pp 353 and 620; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1905, p 3; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, pp 298 and 393 ;1.c. Vol XVII, pp 259, 1017, and 1033 1. c. Vol. XVIII; pp 113 and 157; lc. Vol. XIX, pp 267, 345, 623 and 757 ; lc. Volo XXL, pp 134 and 1034; 1. c. Vol. XXIII, p 168; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Zaocys mucosus. Wall Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXIII, p 168; l.c. Vole XXVI, p 566 ; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 399. Ptyas mucosus. Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921. p 172. Length.—3,583 mm. (11 feet, 9 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 180 to 213. Subcaudals. 95 to 146. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To the Himalayas. Sind. Baluchistan. Afghanistan. Transcaspia. Assam. North and South of the Bramaputra. Burma. Andamans. Malay Peninsula. Indo-China. S. China. Including neighbouring Islands and For- mosa. Malay Archipelago. Java. Note.—In the Bombay Natural History Journal Vol. XXIII, p 168, I gave reasons for removing mucosus (Linné) from the genus Zamenis, and included it with the genus Zaocys, but Cope’s Zaocys 1860, is antedated by Fitzinger’s Piyas. 1843. All the six species referred to in Boulenger’s Catalogue under Zaocys (Vol I, p 374) must now be grouped with mucosus under the name Ptyas, (405) Ptyas nigromarginatus (Blyth.) Blyth’s Rat Snake. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 217; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893 p 376 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 29; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 325; Le. Vo. XIX, pp 344 and 621. Length.—2,363 mm. (7 feet, 9 inches.) (Blyth). Lepid.—Ventrals. 189 to 205. Subcaudals. 120 to 142. Distn.—Lastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam. — Khasi Hills. Naga Hills. (Kohima, F. W.) China. Yunnan. (Lu-shui-ho, Su-chuan Province. Annandale). (Ni.) Ptyas tenasserimensis (Sclater.) Sclater’s Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 378 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 30. Type.—In the Indian Museum from Tenasserim. Distn.—Burma. Tenasserim. Note.—Known from a single specimen in the Indian Museum. 618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X. Genus—ZAMENIS Wagler. 140. (596) Zamenis korros (Schlegel.) Schlegel’s Rat Snake. Zamenis korros. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 3843; lc. Vol. IIT 1896, p 621 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 26; Wall and Evans, Bomb.N. H. J. Vol. XTIT, pp 353 and 620. ; Wall, Bomb. N.H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 326 ; l. c. Vol: XIX, pp 345 and 622. Length.—2,198 mm. (7 feet, 24 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 160 to 187. Subcaudals. 120 to 147. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Assam. North and South of the Brama- putra. Hastern Bengal. Chittagong. (Ind. Mus.) Burma. Plains. and Hills. Shan States. (Lashio. Bombay colln.) Tenasserim. (Ind. Mus.) Malay Peninsulas Siam. Indo-China. China. Yunnan. South; Provinces, and neighbouring Islands. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Java. Formosa ? 141. (398, 399) Zamenis ventrimaculatus (Gray) Gray’s Rat Snake. Zamenis rhodorhachis. Alcock and Finn, J. A. S., Beng., 1896, p 563.. Annandale, J.A.S., Beng., 1904, p 209. Boulenger. Cat. Vol. I. 1893, p- 398 ;1. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 623; P. Z S. 1919, » 301; Wall, Bomb. N.H. J. Vol. XVITI, p 198: tc. Vol. XX pp 3s and A035: Zamenis ventrimaculatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, p 399 ;1. c. Vol- ITI, 1896, p 623; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 143; Sclater,. Last. Sn. Ind, Mus. 1891, » 27; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXII, p 38. Zamenis ladacensis. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 27. Length.—1,232 mm. (4 feet and 4 an inch). Lepid.—Ventrals. 199 to 246. Subcaudals. 82 to 145. Distn.—A frica. Egypt to Somaliland. Arabia. From Mesopotamia in the North to Aden Hinterland in the South. Persia. Transcaspia- Afghanistan. N. W. Lndia. Baluchistan. Chitral. Gilgit. Ladak. Sind. Punjab. Peninsular {ndia. TRajputana. Gujerat. (Deesa. Bombay colln.) Bombay Pres. (Khandesh. Deolali. Bombay colln. Western Himalayas. As far East as Lamgarrah, Almora District (F. W.) Note.—I cannot separate this species from rhodorhachis Jan. It is: as variable in colouration as Z diadema, but I do not think these varieties deserve recognition as subspecies. 142. (400) Zamenis karelini (Brandt.) Karelin’s Rat Snake. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng. 1904, » 209; Alcock and Finn, J. A. S- Beng. 1896, p 563; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, pm. 401: Sclater, List.- Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, » 28; Wall, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XX, p 1035. Lepid.—Ventrals. 192 to 213. Subcaudals. 92 to 111. Disin.—Transcaspia. Lurkestan. Persia. Afghanistan. Baluchistan. 143. (401) Zamenis gracilis (Giinther.) Giinthers Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, p 404 ; 2. c. Vol. ILI, 1896, p 624. Distn.—Peninsular /ndia. Bombay, Poona. (Murray.) Satara. Asirgarh, Lat. 21°5° Long. 76°2° (Bombay colln.) Sind. (Murray. ) 144, (Nil.) Zamenis florulentus (Geoffrey.) Geoffrey's Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 7;.1893, » 402; Jvc) Volo ite =p 624: (Pa 7.8: 1919, p 302; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 689. Disin.—N. E. Africa. Egypt to Somaliland. Baluchistan. Quetta. (EF. W.) \ A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 619% 145. (402) Zamenis fasciolatus (Shaw.) The Fasciolated Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 404 ; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p. 131; Sclater. List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 28; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIUI, p 115; bc. Vol. XXIII, p 34; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 1913; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Lepid.—Ventrals. 191 to 2382. Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To the base of the Himalayas. To Calcutta in the N. East. To the Punjab in the N. West. (Ambala. Bombay colln. ) Note.—I doubt its occurrence in the Malay Peninsula for reasons cited in the note to Typhlops bothriorhynchus (q.v.). 146. (Nil.) Zamenis ravergieri (Menetries.) Ravergier’s Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 405 ;1. c. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 625; Sclater. List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, » 29; Wall, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XXI, pp’ 137 and 1036. Distn.—Transcaucasia. Transcaspia. Turkestan. Persia. Afghanistan, Baluchistan (F. W.) Chitral. (F. W.) N. W. Frontier. (Paiwar Kotal. F. W.) 147. (403) Zamenis diadema (Schlegel.) The Royal Rat Snake. Annandale, J. A. S.. Beng., 1904, p 208; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I 1893, p: 411; 2. c. Vol. III, 1896, p 265; P. Z. S. 1919, » 302; Sclater, Lnst. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 28; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXI, pp 138- and 1036; 1. c. Vol. XXIII, p 210. Distn.—N. Africa. Algeria to Egypt. Arata, Persia. Turkestan. Afgha- nistan. Baluchistan. N. W. lndia, Chitral, N. W. Frontier. Punjab., Peninsular India. Rajputana. As far South as Cutch. (Bhuj. Bom- bay colln.) and Guzerat. (Ahmedabad. Bombay colln.) As far East as Farukhabad, U.P. (F. W.) 148. (404) Zamenis arenarius Boulenger. Murray’s Rat Snake, Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1893, p 413. Distn.—N. W. India. Sind. Rajputana. Genus—LYTORHYNCHUS Pelers. 149, (Nil) Lytorhynchus ridgewayt Boulenger. Ridgeway's Desert Snake. Alcock and Finn, J. A. S., Beng. 1896,, » 562; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng. , 1904, p 208; Boulenger; Cat. Vol. 1, 1893, p 415; Wall, Bomb. Ne wiHecd V0), Xone. 7 ORT. Lepid.—V entrals. 171 to 185. Subcaudals. 42 to 52. Distn.—Transcaspia. Afghanistan, Baluchistan. Man, Gusht, Kacha, Sib, Kanki. (Bombay colln.) Quetta. (F. W). 150, (395) Lytorhynchus paradoxus (Ginther.) Giinther’s Desert Snake, Boulenger, Cat. Vol I, 1893, p 416. Distn.—Sind. Punjab. Multan. (Bombay colln.) 151. (Nil.) Lytorhynchus maynardi Alcock and Finn. Maynard’s Desert Snake. Alcock and Finn, J. A. S8., Beng, 1896, p 562; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 208. Type.—From near Probat, Perso-Baluch Frontier. Preserved in the Indian Museum. Co-type in the British Museum. 520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXLX. Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows in midbody. Ventrals. 181 to 192. Ana Divided. Subcaudals. 55 to 58. Distn.—Baluchistan. Genus.—XENELAPHIS Giinther. 1 152. (415) Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cantor.) Cantor's Rat Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IT, 1894, p 8. Distn.—Burma,. Arakan. Malay Peninsula. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra Borneo. Java. Genus.—CoLuBER* Linné, 153. (413) Coluber frenatus (Gray.) Gray’s Coluber. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 58. Distn.—Assam, Khasi Hills. 154. (412) Coluber prasinus Blyth. Blyth’s Coluber. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 218; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894; p 59; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 32; Venning, Bomb. N. H J. Vol. XX, p 337; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Voi. XIX, pp 346 and 825. Lepid.—-Ventrals. 191 to 209. Subcaudals. 91 to 110. Disin.—kastern Himalayas. Sikkim. Assam. Garo Hills. Khasi Hills. Naga Hills. (F. W.) Burma. As far North as Mansi+ (Lat. 24‘32. Long. 96°32. Bombay colln.) Bhamo. (Ind. Mus.) Chin Hills. N. Shan States. (Ruby Mines. Bombay colln.) 8. Shan States. China, Yunnan. (Ind. Mus.) t+Note.—There is another Mansi (Lat. 24°7°. Long. 95°7°). 455. (373) Coluber porphyraceus Cantor. The Broad-barred Coluber. Ablabes porphyraceus. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 217; 1. c. 1912, pp 37, 47and53; Boulenger. Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 308; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, » 19; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 337; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XIII, pp 343 and 611. Coluber porphyraceus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, » 175; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 34; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 326; l.c. Vol. XIX, pp 345 and 827. Length.—991 mm. (3 feet, 6 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 190 to 218. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Jalpaiguri Dist. Sikkim. Assam. Abor Hills. Sadiya. (F. W.) Sibsagar (Ind. Mus.) Garo Hills. Khasi Hills. Naga Hills. Burma. Kachin Hills. (Hotha., Ind. Mus. Sadon Lat. 24°7°. Long. 98°. Bombay colin.) Manipur. Chin Hills. 8S. Shan States. Andamans, (Annandale.) China. Yunnan. Fokien. Note.—I do not credit its occurrence in the Malay Peninsula for reasons cited in the note to T'yphlops bothriorhynchus. I cannot trace the authority for Sumatra, and also discredit this as a locality until confirmation, *Stejneger (Herp. Japan 1907, p 307) attempts to invalidate Coluber Linné, 1766, and substitute Hlaphe Fitzinger 1833, on the representation that Linné did not cite a definite genotype, and Fleming in 1822, and Boie in 1826 selected ‘as types species that were unknown to Linné. The matter should be referred to an International tribunal to decide, and until a decision has been given it would be unwise to change the name. (See also footnote to Vipera.) A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 621 156. (411) Coluber melanurus Schlegel. Schlegel’s Coluber. Annandale, J.A.S., Beng., 1905, pp 173 and 175; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IT, 1894, p 60; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 145, Sclater, List Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 32. Lepid.—Subcaudals. 89 to 115. Disin.-—Burma. Tenasserim. (Mergui. Ind. Mus.) Andamans. Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Nias. Borneo. Java. China ? Note.—Malcolm-Smith questions the authenticity of China. 157. (410) Coluber radiatus Schlegel. The Copper-headed Coluber. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 210; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 61; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 358; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 32; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 345 and 614; Wall, Bom. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 327; 1. c. Vol. XIX, pp 347. 757a and 825; l.c. Vol XX1I/, p 206. Length.—2,135 mm. (7 feet). (Rev. C. Leigh, S.J., in a letter to me from Kurseong, 21-7-09.) Lepid.—Ventrals. 224 to 250. Subcaudals. 85 to 106. Disin.—Orissa. Cuttack. (Ind. Mus.). Bengal. Backergunj. (Ind. Mus.) Kakina, Rungpore District. Cooch Behar. (Bombay colln.) Eastern Himalayas. Buxa Dooars. (F. W.) to Sikkim. Assam. As far North as Sadiya. (F. W.) Khasi Hills. Naga Hills. Burma, As far North as Monywa and Mandalay. 8. Shan States. Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Java. Siam. Including Coastal Islands, Cochin China, China, Southern Provinces and Coastal Islands. 158. (Nil.) Coluber leonardi Wall. Leonard’s Coluber. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVIIT, p 43, l.c. Vol. XXIX, p 467. Type.—From Sinlum Kaba. Now preserved in the British Museum. Length.— 685 mm. (2 feet, 3 inches). Tail. 113 mm. (43 inches). Lepid.—Costals. Two heads-lengths behind the head 19, midbody 19, two heads-lengths before the vent 17. Ventrals. 205 to 223? Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. £0 to 56 divided. Distn.—Burma, Sinlum Kaba (Lat. 24°. Long. 97°5°). Assam. 159. (407) Coluber cantoris Boulenger. Cantor’s Coluber. Coluber reticularis. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 332 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 31. Coluber cantoris. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 35; Wall, Bomb. N.H. J Vol. XIX, pp 345 and 898. Length.—1,372 mm. (4 feet, 6 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 213 to 236. Subcaudals. 65 to 88. Distn.— Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam. Garo Hills. Khasi Hills. Burma ? Note.—The localities Pegu and Ramri Island (Ind. Mus.) seem to me to call for confirmation. 160. (Nil.) Coluber pavo (Annandale.) Annandale’s Coluber. Ablabes pavo. Annandale, Rec. Ind, Mus. 1912, pp 37, 47 and 53 3 Prater, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVI, p 683. Coluber pavo. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XXVI, p 865. Type.—From Abor Hills, preserved in the Indian Museum. Length.—1740 mm. (5 feet, 84 inches), Tail. 330. mm (1 foot, 1 inch). §22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXLX., Lepid.—Costals. In 21 rows in midbody (not 19). Ventrals. 225 to 238. Subcaudals. 80. Distn.—Assam. Abor Hills. (Rotung. Ind. Mus. Type.) Burma, Kindat. (Lat. 23°82. Long. 94°5°. Konglu. Lat. 27-20. Long. 97:50. Bombay collin.) Note.—I find the scales 21 in midbody in the type and two others. J61. (408) Coluber hodgsoni (Giinther.) Hodgson’s Coluber. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IT, 1894, »m 35; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr Jena, 1910, p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 31. Length.—1,614 mm. (5 feet, 33 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 23 (rarely 21) in midbody. Ventrals. 233 to 247. Subcaudals. 79 to 92. Distn.— Himalayas. From Ladak and Kashmir (Srinagar. Bombay colln.) to Sikkim. Assam. Garo Hills. (Ind. Mus.). Note.—Flower very properly questions the authenticity of Hanitsch’s record of this species from Singapore. 162. (409) Coluber taniurus (Cope.) Cope’s Coluber. Coluber teeniurus. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1911, p 217; L. c. 1912, pp 37, 48 and 53 ; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 473 /. Vol. ILI, 1896, p 627; Butler, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XII, pp 424 and 425: WSclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 31; Venning, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XX, p 338; Wall, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XIX, p 346. Length.—1,677 mm. (5 feet, 6 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 230 to 235. Subcaudals. 90 to 107. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Assam. Abor Hills. Burma. Chin Hills. China. Yunnan. (Ind. Mus.) Yangtse Valley to Pekin. Formosa. Korea. Manchuria. Amur. / Note.—Stejneger (Herp. Japan 1907, p 319) points out that the speci- mens from Siam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra recorded as teniurus conform to a type specifically distinct from this species, viz., grabowskyi Fischer. With this opinion I fully concur. 163. (414) Coluber oxycephalus Boie. Boie’s Coluber. Herpetodryas prasinus. Blyth, Andaman Islanders, p 365; J. A. S., Beng., Vol. XXIII, p 291. Coluber oxycephalus. Annandale, J. A. S. Beng. 1905, p 175: Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IIT, 1894, pp 56 and 357; 1. c. Vol. IIT, 1896, p 627 ; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 145; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 33; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, p 614. Lepid.—Subcaudals. 121 to 157. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Darjeeling (Dist. ? Ind. Mus.). Burma. Pegu. (Ind. Mus.) Tenasserim. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Peninsula. Siam. Peninsula N. of Kra. (Malcolm-Smith) Malay Archipelago. Borneo. Java. Philinnines. 64, (406) Coluber helena Daudin. Daudin’s Coluber, or the Trinket Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, pp 36 and 357; Ferguson, Bomb. N. A.J. Vol. X, p 72; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin. Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; WSclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 31; Wall, Bomb... N. H.J. Vol. XVI, p 394; t.c. Vol. XIX, p 757; Lic. Vol. XXII, p22; l.c. Vol. XXVI, p 566; Spol. Zeylan. 1921. Pp 399 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 197; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Length. ge 601 mm, (5 feet, 3 inches). A HAND.-.LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 623 166, £67. 168. Lepid.—Ventrals. 217 to 265. Subcaudals. 73 to 100. Disin.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To Sind in the North-West, and Jalpaiguri Dist. in the North-East. Western Himalayas. Almora District. (If W.) Assam. Naga Hills. (Samaguting. Ind. Mus.) Genus—DENDROPHIS Bote. (420) Dendrophis caudolineolatus Giimther. Giinther’s Bronze-back. Dendrophis caudolineolatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, p 85; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, 1895, p 72; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 128; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 151; Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 218. Dendrophis caudolineatus. Walley, Spol. Zeylan, 1903, p 86; 1. ¢. 1906, p 233. Length.—876 mm. (2 feet, 105 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 149 to 164. Subcaudals. 119 to 128. Distn.—S. India. Ramnad (Ind. Mus.). Travancore. (Ferguson.) Ceylon. Note.—1 have examined all the Indian specimens referred to, (Nil.) Dendrophis effrenis Werner. Werner's Bronze-back. Dendrophis effrenis. Werner, Rept. Nat. Hist. Mus., Hamburg, 1909, p 221; Wall, Rec. Ind, Mus, Aug. 1921, p 152; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 219. Type.—¥rom Ccylon. Preserved in the Hamburg Natural History Museum. % Length.—884 mm. (2 feet, 103 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 13 rows in midbody. Ventrals. 175. 129. Loreal. none. Distn.—Ceylon. Acquired from Mr. John Hagenback, said to - be from Colombo. Note.—May prove to be an example of D. caudolineolatus aberrant in that it has no loreal, as I have seen a specimen with the lorea! confluent with the praefrontal on one side. Boulenger (Cat. Vol. IIL, p 630) records a similar anomaly in a specimen of D. tristis, Subcaudals. (Nil.) Dendrophis gorei Wall. Gore's Bronze-back. Dendrophis pictus. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 34 (part Nos 3945, 4042, 7703, 7705, 7707 and 7736). Dendrophis gorei. Annandale, Rec. tnd. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 48 and 53 (part No 16871 from Kobe); Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX p 829; lc. Vol. XXII, p 639; Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 153. Types.—From Namsang, Jaipur at the base of the Naga Hills. Preser- ved inthe British Museum. Length.—825 mm. (2 feet, 83 inches). Lepid.——Costals. In 13 rows in midbody. Ventrals. 187 to 199. Anal. divided. (Rarely entire.) Subcaudals. 139 to 153. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (Nos 7703, 7705, 7736. Ind. Mus.). Assam. Kobe. Abor Expedn. (No 16871. Ind. Mus.) Dibrugarh (F. W.). Sibsagar (No 4042. Ind. Mus.). Garo Hills (No 3945. Ind. Mus.), Naga Hills. (Jaipur. F. W. Samaguting. No 7707 Ind. Mus.) Burma. 8. Shan States (Taunggyi. Bom bay colln.). (417) Dendrophis pictus (Gmelin) Gmelin’s Bronze-back. Dendrophis pictus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, pp 174 and 175: Blyth, Andaman Islanders, pp 365 and 366; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IT, 1893, pp 78 and 358; Sarasin. Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; 624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X.- Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 34 (part, Nos 4074, 4483, 4484, 4485, 4486, 4487, 4489, 4490, 4491, 4492, 4493, 4494, 7682; 7683, 7686, 7687, 7691, 7692, 7696, 7698, 7700, 7701, 7704, 7706, 7709, 7710, 7711, 7712, 7714, 7718, 7734, 7735 7886, 8614, 8886, 8894, 8897, 8898, 12542); Wall and Evans, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XIII, pp 345 and 615; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 189 s. lc. Vol. XIX, pp 347, 787 and 827; 1.c. Vol. XXV, p 509; Ree. Ind. Mus, Aug. 1921, p 153. Dendrophis gori. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 48 and 53: (part, Nos 16836 and 16993). Length.—1,220 mm. (4 feet). Lepid.—Costals. In 15 rows in midbody. Ventrals. 173 to 211. Subcaudals. 119 to 164. Disin.— Western Himalayas? Kathgodam. (F. W.) (Stoliczka.).. Eastern Himalayas. Sikkim. Assam, Plains and Hills. burma. As far North as Sima. (Lat. 25°. Long. 96°. Bombay colln.) 8. Shan. States. (Taunggyi. Bombay colln.) Tenasserim. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Peninsula. Stam. Indo-China. China? (Hongkong. ? I’. W.) Malay Archipelago. Sumatra, Further East to Philippines. Note.—It is not certain whether it is this snake or D. tristis, Stoliczka refers to from the Western Himalayas, and there is a similar doubt with regard to the specimen I encountered at Kathgodam. 169. (416) Dendrophis grandoculis Boulenger. Beddome’s Bronze-back. D. grandoculis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. 11, 1893, p 84; Ferguson, Bomb. N. A. J. Vol. X, p 72; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 1383. Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 156. Lepid.—Costals. In 15 rows. Ventrals 167 to 188. Disin— Hills of S. india. South of the Goa gap. Tinnevelly. Travancore. (Brit. Mus.). Nilgiris. (Kollengode. Bombay colln.) Wynad. (Brit Mus.). 170. (Nil.) Dendrophis proarchus Wall. Wall’s Bronze-back. Dendrophis pictus. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 34 (part Nos 3998, 4046, 6909, 7680, 7713, 7717, 11368); Wall, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XVII, p 189. D. proarchos. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, pp 827 and 898 ; Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 157, Types.—From Upper Assam, in the Bombay Natural History Museum. Length.—1,296 mm. (4 feet, 3 inches). Lepid.—Costals, 15 in midbody. Ventrals. 181 to 196. Subcaudals. 141 to 157. Anal, Entire. Disitn.—N. LE. India. Upper Godavery Dist. (No 6909. Ind. Mus.) Bengal. Jalpaiguri Dist. (I. W.). Chittagong (F.W.) Assam. As far North as Sadiya. Sibsagar. Narainpur. Silchar, N. Cachar. Garo Hills. Naga Hills. (Ind. Mus.). Burma, Ramri Island, Arrakan. (Ind. Mus.). Upper Burma. (F.W.) 171. (419) Dendrophis bifrenalis Boulenger. Boulenger’s Bronze-back. Dendrophis bifrenalis. Abercromby, WSpol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 205 and 207; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II. 1893, pp 80 and 358; Ferguson, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. X, p 72; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p. 128; Wall, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XXII, p 639; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, pp 399 and 406; Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 158; Oph. Tap. 1921, p215; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1904, p 116. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 625 Lepid.—Ventrals. 154 to 176. Subcaudals. 144 to 165. Distn.— Western Ghats. South of the Palghat gap. Travancore. (Ind. Mus. F. W.) Ceylon. Genus—DENDRELAPHIS Boulenger. 172. (Nil.) Dendrelaphis biloreatus Wall. The Biloreate Bronze-back. Wall, Bomb. N..H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 273; l. c. Vol. XIX, p 830; Ree. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 159. Type.—From Sadiya, now in the British Museum. Length.—699 mm. (2 feet, 34 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 13 in midbody. Ventrals. 192. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 147. Distn.—Assam. Sadiya, on the North Bank of the Bramaputra. 173. (418) Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger.) Fea’s Bronze-back. Dendrelaphis subocularis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, p 89; Malcolm Smith, Bomb. N. H. J. 1915, p 785; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 159. Dendrophis subocularis. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 35. Lepid.—Ventrals. 157 to 188. Distn.— Burma. Bhamo. Siam. Fat Bua Kao. Bangkok. (Bombay colln.) Den Chai, Bangtophan, Sriracha-Koh-Lam Island. (Malcolm- Smith.) Indo-China. (Pavie Mission.) 174, (417) Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin.) Seba’s Bronze-back. Dendrophis pictus. .4bercromby, Spol. Zeylan. Vol. IX, p 146; Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, pp 45, 48 and 75 ; Annandale, Mem. A.S., Beng., Vol. I, p 194; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1893, p 337 (part.); D’ Abreu, Bom. N. H. J. Vol. XXV,p 306; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p73; Green, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 220; Luard, B. N. H. Vol. XXV, p 306; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 34 (part. Nos 7684, 7685, 7715, 7716, 7720, 7721 and 12952); Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 301; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. Vol. I, p 117; 1. c. 1906, p 233. Dendrelaphis tristis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1893, pp 88 and 358 ; lc. Vol. III, p630; Luard, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol XXV, p 306; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; Wall, Bomb. N. H. aE Vol. XIX, pp 347, 757 and 776; Lc. Vol. XX VI, p 567; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 406 ; Rec. Ind. Mus. Aug. 1921, p 160; Oph. Tap. 1921, 1.c. 1910 p 35, Lc. 1921 p 221. Length.—1,320 mm. (4 feet, 4 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 163 to 205. Subcaudals. 110 to 150. Disin.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. As far North as Sind (Brit. Mus.). Bengal. Jalpaiguri Dist. Kalna. (F. W.) Hastern Himalayas. Darjee ling Dist. Burma. Mergui (Nos. 7684 and 7685. Ind. Mus.). 174, (421) Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray.) Gray’s Bronze-back. Note.—The occurrence of this species in India rests on the authority of Beddome. ‘Two specimens in the British Museum are labelled ‘““Wynad”’, donor Colonel Beddome. I discredit this locality for reasons stated in my note to Natrix parallelus, Genus.—CoRONELLA Laurenti. 175, (374) Coronella brachyura (Giinther.) Leith’s Smooth Snake. Coroneila brachyura. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1893, » 2063 Sarasin Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, pp 140 and 145. Length.—545 mm. (1 foot, 94 inches). 626 176, E is ATs, 179, 180, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. Lepid.—Ventrals. 200 to 224. Subcaudals. 45 to 53. Distn.— Peninsular India. Poona District. (No 11410. Ind. Mus.) Berar. (Wun. Lat. 20°. Long. 79°. No 7335. Ind. Mus.) Note. —I have examined all the three known specimens. Genus.—OLIGopDoN * Boie. (385) Oligodon pianiceps (Boulenger.) Boulenger’s Kukrt Snake. Simotes planiceps. Boulenger, Cat. -Vol. II, p 232 ; Sclater, List. Sn, Ind. Mus. 1891, p 25. Lepid.—Ventrals. 132 to 142. Subcaudals, 22 to 27. Distn.— Burma. Minhla. (Lat. 20°. Long. 95°.) Note.—A specimen in the Indian Museum is dubiously from Upper Burma or Yunnan. (Nil.) Oligodon herberti Boulenger. Hampton's Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 235. Wall. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVIII, p 44 51. c. Vol. XXIXX, p 467. Type.—In the British Museum from Mogok, Ruby Mines. Burma. Length.—560 mm. (1 foot, 10 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 13 rows in the whole body length. Ventrals. 186 to 208. Subcaudals. 37 to 40. Distn.— Burma. N. Shan States. (Mogok.) Sinlum Kaba. (Lat. 24° Long. 97°5°. Bombay colln.) (Nil.) Oligodon mcdougalli Wall. McDougall’s Kukri Snake. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 251. Type.—From Sandoway, in the British Museum. Length.—350 mm. (1 foot, 1# inches). Lepid.—Costals. 13 in the whole body length. Ventrals. 200. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 39, in pairs. Nasal. Entire. Loreal. Absent. Postocular. One. Distn.— Burma. Sandoway. (384) Oligodon torquatus (Boulenger.) Fea’s Kukri Snake. Simotes torquatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, p 232. Length.—292 mm. (11$ inches). Lepid.—Ventrals, 150 to 153 (144 to 159, Boulenger.) Distn.—Burma. Between Lat. 24° and 26°, and East of Long. 96°. Bhamo, (Brit. Mus.) Myitkyina. (F. W.) Note.—I have seen four specimens including the types. I count the. ventrals in the types 153 and 150, and the subcaudals 31 and 29. (Nil.) Oligodon erythrorhachis Wall. The Red-spined Kukri Snake Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 923. Type.—From Jaipur, Assam in the British Museum. Length.—375 mm. (1 foot, 2} inches). Lepid.—Costals. 15 to behind midbody, 13 two heads-lengths before vent. Ventrals. 154. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 46 to 64 ? divided. Nasal. Entire. Loreal. Absent. Temporal. One. Supralabials. 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye, 6th reaching edge of lip. Distn.—Assam. Jaipur (Namsang at the foot of the Naga Hills). * In the Bombay Natural History Journal Vol, XIX. (Footnote, page 556) I have shown that the separation of the genus Simotes from Oligodon was based on faulty observations on the part of Ginther, and later Boulenger. I can find no differences between the two of sufficient value to warrant their separation, and Oligodon has precedence dating from 1827. (Simotes Dumeril and Bibron, 1853). A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 627 181. (390) Oligodon dorsalis (Gray.) Gray's Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 241; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 25; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, pp 338 and 772; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 327. Length.—508 mm. (1 foot, 8 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 162 to 188. Subcaudals. 27 to 51. Distn.—Eastern Bengal. Chittagong Hills. Assam. Garo Hills. (Ind. Mus.) Khasi Hills. Naga Hills. Burma. Chin Hills. (Mansi Lat. 24°8°. Long. 97°6°. Bombay colln.) Note.—Calmaria catenata. Blyth, (J. A. 8., Beng., X XITIT, 1854, p 287) may prove to be thissnake. I have known aspecimen where the costals reduced to 13 at midbody. 182. (391) Oligodon templetoni Giinther. Templeton’s Kukri Snake. O. templetoni. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, p. 73; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, pp 241 and 359 ; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1916, p 127; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 400 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 245; Willey, Spel. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Length.—292 mm. (114 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 127 to 152. Subcaudals, 20 to 34. Distn.—Ceylon. 183. (392) Oligodon sublineatus Dumeril and Bibron. Dumeril’s Kukri Snake. O. sublineatus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, p 72; Spol. Zeylan. 1911, » 206 ; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 175; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 242; 1. c. Vol. III, 1896, » 640; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 134; Sclater, Last. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 25; Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1910, p 37;l.c. 1921, p 400; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 248; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Lepid.—Ventrals. 134 to 161. Subcaudals. 23 to 37. Distn.—Ceylon. Note.—I have examined de Roepstorff’s specimen in the Indian Museum, and can confirm the identification, but I doubt the reported locality (Nicobars). See note to Polyodontophis sagittarius. 484, (393) Oligodon elliot iGiinther, Elliot's Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. I, 1894, » 242; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910. p 138; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 533, Length.—343 mm. (1 foot, 14 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 149 to 152. Subcaudals. 29 to 31. Distn.—S, India. No precise locality. Ceylon ? (Bombay. colln.) Note.—Confirmation of the latter locality is desired before acceptance, 185. (394) Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon.) The Variegated Kukri Snake. O. subgriseus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 243; Ferguson, Bomb, N. H. J. Vol. X,p 71; Millard, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XV, p 348; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind, Mus. 1891, p 25; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p 298;1.c. Vol. XIX, p 556; lc. Vol. XXVI, p 568; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 406 ; Willey, Spol. Zeylan, 1906, p 233. O. taeniolatus. Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 239. Length. —584 mm, (1 foot, 11 inches), Lepid.—Subcaudals. 29 to 56. 628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX,. Disin.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. To Sind, Baluchistan, and N. W.. Frontier. Inthe North-East to Bengal. (Karagola, Purnea Dist; Ind. Mus.). Western Himalayas. Garhwal Dist. (Dhikala. Ind. Mus.): Note.—Jerdon (J. A. S., Beng., Vol. XXII, 1853, p 529) describes. a snake under the name Coronella taeniolata which is clearly this: species. Costals 15, ventrals 185, subcaudals 41, which he says “is. common at Madras,” and he cites Plate XIX of Russell’s first volume: as the snake he alludes to. 186. (Nil) Oligodon melaneus Wall. Wall’s Kukri Snake. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol, XIX, p 349. Type.—From Sukna, in the British Museum. Co-type in the Bombay~ Natural History Society’s collection. Length.—333 mm. (1 foot, 14 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 15 in the whole body length. Ventrals. 152 to: 159. Anal. Divided or entire. Subcaudals. 40 to 42, divided. Distn.—Lastern Bimalayas. Sikkim. (Sukna.) 187. (389) Oligodon brevicauda Ginther. The Short-tailed Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 240; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J.. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr, Jena. 1910, p 138. Disin.— Western Ghats. South of the Goa gap. Nilgiris. Ana-- malais. Travancore. 188. (378) Oligodon violaceus (Cantor.) The Violaceus Kukri Snake. Simotes violaceus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 222; 1. c. Vol, III, 1896, p 640; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 23; Wall’ and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 350 and 618; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XII, pp 672 and 766; 1.c. Vol. XIX, p 831. Lepid.—Ventrals. 157 to 182 (196, Boulenger.) Subcaudals. 29 to 42, Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Eastern Bengal. Chittagong Hills. Assam. — Nazira. (Ind. Mus). Baroi. Tinsukia. (F. W.) Khasi Hills. Naga | Hills. Burma. As far North as Mansi. (Lat. 24°7°. Long. | 95°7°.) Manipur. Arakan Hills. S. Shan States. (Taunggyi.) | Tenasserim. Siam. Peninsula North of Kra. Indo-China, | Camboja. China. Southern Provinces, and South Coastal Islands. Lepid. Costals. Rarely in 19 rows. 189. (382) Oligodon theobaldi (Gimther.) Theobald’s Kukri Snake. Simotes beddomii. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 229; Sarasa | Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 138; Wall, Bomb. N. H.J. Vol, XXII 170. Simotes theobaldi. Boulenger, Cat Vol. II, 1894, p 230; Sclater, List. | Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 24; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. — XIII, pp 350 and 618; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 7835 lc. Vol. XXGT Tip Wi0: | Lepid.—Ventrals. 164 to 180; Subcaudals. 30 to 42. | Distn.—Assam. Garo Hills. (Tura. Bombay colln.) Burma. As far North as Myitkyina. (Bombay colln.) To Tenasserim. (Mergul. | Ind. Mus.) Note —Wynad on the authority of Beddome (Types of beddomer) must | be discredited for reasons cited in the note to Natria parallelus. Karachi (No. 11712, Ind. Mus.) is also untrustworthy. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 629 190, (380) Oligodon arnensis (Shaw.) Z7'he Common Kukri Snake. Simotes arnensis. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, p 72; Boulenger. Cat. Voi. II, 1894, pp 229 and 359; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Sclater, Inst. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, » 24; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, pills; le. Vol. XIX, p 532; lc. Vol. XXII, p 749; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 233. Oligodon arnensis. Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 400; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 231. Length.—700 mm. (2 feet and 2 of an inch). Lepid.—Ventrals. 164 to 202. Distn.— Ceylon. Peninsular India. To Dera Ghazi Khan. (Bombay colln.) NV. W. Frontier. (Bannu. F.W.) Western Himalayas. Almora Dist. (F. W.) Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. 191. (383) Oligodon cruentatu ? (Gunther.) The Crimson-tailed Kukri Snake Simotes cruentatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, p2381; Sclater, Inst. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 24; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 349 and 617. Length.—387 mm. (1 foot, 34 inches). Disin.—Burma. As far North as Bhamo, and South as Rangoon. Note.—Stoliczka’s record of a specimen from Penang I discredit. ‘192. (Nil.) Oligodon erythrogaster Boulenger. The Red-bellied Kukrt Snake. Simotes octolineatus. Giinther, P. Z. S. 1861, p 216; Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 206. Oligodon erythrorhachis. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, p 48. Oligodon erythrogaster. Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 217; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, p 1000. l. c. Vol. XXII, p 639. Type.—From Nagarcoil, Nepal, in the Indian Museum. Length.—510 mm. (1 foot, 8,5 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 17 rows to behind midbody, 15 or 13.two heads- lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 163 to 186. Anal. Divided. Sub- caudals. 42 to 59, divided. Nasal. Entire. Loreal. Absent. Temporal. One (rarely two). Supralabials. 7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye, 6th cuneate, not reaching edge of lip. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim (Tindharia. F. W.) Assam. Abor Hills. Note.—I have now seen six specimens including the type. 193. (387) Oligodon travancoricus Beddome. Beddome’s Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 236; Ferguson, Bomb. N, H.J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 138; Wall, Bomb. NHS. Vol. XXIII, m. 169: Lepid.—Ventrals. 145 to 155. ; Distn.— Western Ghats. South of the Palghat gap. Travancore. (High Range.) Tinnevelly. Note.—In 1914 (Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXIII, p 169) I questioned the validity of this species apart from venustus. My doubts were based on a study of external characters. Since then I have acquired one skull, a comparison of which with my seven skulls of venustus supports Boulenger’s view. Maxillary. Venustus 7 to 8 (8 usually); travan- coricus. 7. Palatine. venustus 0 to 3; travancoricus 0. Pterygoid. venustus 4 to 8: travancoricus 12. Mandibular. venustus 9 to 11; travancoricus 8 630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX,. 194. (386) Oligodon venustus Jerdon. Jerdon’s Kukri Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II. 1894, » 235; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 138; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXIII, p 169; l. c. Vol. XXVI,. p 567. Length—495 mm. (1 foot, 74 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 138 to 165. Subcaudals. 27 to 36. Distn.— Western Ghats. South of the Goa gap. Wynad. Nilgiris. Palnis. Cochin. Travancore. 195. (Nil.) Oligodon melanozonatus Wall. O. erythrorhachis. Annandale. Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, p 48. O. melanozonatus. Wall. Rec, Ind. Mus. Vol. XXIV, p 29, Type.—No 16799 in the Indian Museum from Upper Rotung Valley, Abor Hills, Assam Frontier. Co-type No 16798 Ind. Mus. Length.—513 mm (1 foot, 8} inches). Lepid.—Costals. Two heads-lengths behind the head 17, midbody 17, two heads-lengths before the vent 15. Ventrals. 171 to 173. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 42 to 45, divided. Loreal. Absent. Distn.— Assam. Abor Hills beyond the Frontier. 196. (388) Oligodon affinis Ginther. Génther’s Kukri Snake. O. affinis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 236; Ferguson, Bomb.. N. H. J. Vol. X, p 71; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 188; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXVI, p 568. Lepid.—Subcaudals. 23 to 36. Distn.— Western Ghats. South of Goa gap. Wynad to Travancore (High Range. Ferguson). (381) Oligodon beddomei Boulenger. Note.—See Oligodon theobaldt. Oligodon octolineatus (Schneider.) Note.—This I feel certain does not occur within Indian limits. Ana- malais on the authority of Colonel Beddowe is to be discredited. See note to Natriz parallelus. 197 (Ni.) Oligodon woodmasoni (Sclater.) Wood-Mason’s Kukri Snake. Simotes woodmasoni. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, pp 173 and: 175; Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, » 223; Sclater, Lust Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 24. Lepid.—Subcaudals. 46 to 57. Loreal. Absent on both sides in: specimen No 8459, and absent on the right side in No 12547 of the Indian Museum. Distn.—Andamans. Nicobars. Note.—I have examined both the co-types in the Indian Museum, The 3rd labial is divided in both, and the upper part, and the 4th touch the eye. Ventrals. 180 in both. Subcaudals. 54 in No. 12547 ; 48 (tail slightly incomplete) in No 8459. 198, (Nil.) Oligodon juglandifer (Wall.) The Large-spotted Kukri Snake. Simotes albocinctus. (part) Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 220 (part: Var. C.). Simotes juglandifer. Wall, Bom. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 1162. Type.—In the Bombay Natural History Society’s collection. From: Tindharia, Darjeeling District. Length.—717 mm. (2 feet, 44 inches). A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 631 Lepid.—Costals. 19 in midbody. Ventrals. 162 to 208. Anal. Entire. Subcaudals. 53 to 68. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Nepal to Sikkim. Assam. Khasi Hills. (Brit. Mus.). 199, (377) Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor.) The Light-barred Kukri Snake. Simotes albocinctus. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 48 and 53; Boulenger, Cat. Voi. II, 1894, p 220 (part, Var. A. and B.), Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Hvans, Bomh. N. H. J. Vol. XVI, p169; Sclater, List Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 23; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 338; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIX, pp 348, 757a, 830 and 898 ; l. c. Vol. XXIT, p 756. Length.—864 mm. (2 feet, 10 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 177 to 208. Subcaudals. 47 to 69. Distn.—Bengal. Rangpur District. (Kaligang. Ind. Mus.) Chittagong Hills. Hastern Himalayas. Buxa Dooars to Sikkim. Assam. Plains and Hills. Burma. As far North as Simla. (Lat. 252.° Long. 97°. Bombay colln.) Kachin Hills. Manipur. Chin Hills. Arakan Hills. 7 200. (376) Oligodon purpurascens (Schlegel.) Schlegel’s Kukri Snake. Simotes purpurascens. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. IJ, 1894. p 219. Simotes cyclurus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 219; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 22; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIII, pp 350 and 617; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 780; Lc. Vol. XIX, p 348. Length.—865 mm. (2 feet, 10 inches) (Malcolm-Smith). Lepid.—Ventrals. 159 to 195 (156 to 210. Boulenger). Subcaudals. 40 to 60. Distn.—Bengal. Purnea Dist. Rangpur Dist. Jalpaiguri Dist. Calcutta. (Ind. Mus.) astern Himalayas. Assam. Garo Hills. (Ind. Mus.) Khasi Hills (F. W.) Burma. Manipur. (F. W.) S. Shan States. (Taunggyi, Kalaw.) Plains South of Lat. 21°. Karen Hills. Diamond Island (Ind. Mus.), Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. (Stoliczka). Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. (Flower.)} Siam and Coastal Islands. Indo-China. Cochin-China. Chena. In the South. Hongkong (Specimen so labelled in City Hall. Museum. F. W.) 201. (375) Oligodon splendidus (Giinther.) The Ornate Kukri Snake. Simotes splendidus. Loulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 217; Heana, Bomb H. N. J. Vol. XVI, p 362; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 142; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Voi. XXIII, p 164; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. Wd. J. Vol. XIII, p 537; Wall, Bomb. N. HJ. Vol. XVIII, p\781; Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol, II, p 105. Length.—730 mm. (2 feet, 43 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals, 169 to 193. Subcaudals. 35 to 47. Distn.— Burma. Between Lat. 20° and 23° and Long. 94° and 98°. Yamethin. (Wall and Evans.) Sagaing. (Evans.) Pyawbwe. (Venning.) Shwebo, Monywa, Mandalay. (Bom. colln.) N. Shan States. (Ruby Mines, Evans) 8S. Shan States. (Kyaukse and Pakokku. Ind. Mus.). Note.—The locality of the type, presented by Beddome to the British Museum (Wynad) is to be discredited. All the other preserved specimens are from Burma. See note to Natix parallelus. 632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, Genus.—Contra Baird and Girard. 202, (Nil), Contia persica (Anderson). Azxderson’s Contia. Cyclophis persicus. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1872, p 392. Blanford, Zool. E. Persia. 1876, p 408. Pseudocyclophis persicus. Boettger, Zool. Jahrb. 1888. III p 922. Contia persica. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II. 1894, » 263. Ingoldby, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXIX, p 129. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 801. Contia angusticeps. Annandale, Bom. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 801. J. A. S. Bengal. 1904, p 208. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II. 1894, p 262. Ingoldby, Bomb. N. H.J. Vol. XXIX, p 129. McMahon, Bomb. N.H.J. Vol. XIV, p 181. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XVIII, p 501. Contia walteri. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 1037. Lepid.—Loreal. Sometimes absent. Costals. Two heads-lengths behind head 15, midbody 15, two heads-lengths before vent 15 or 13. Ventrals. 185 to 214. Subcaudals. 63 to 82. Distn —Persia. Baluchistan. Cherat. (No. 13680. Ind. Mus.) N. W. Frontier. Malakand. Parachinar (Bombay colln.) Western Himalayas. Murree. (Bombay colln.) Note.—In an anomalous specimen from Malakand in the Bombay collection, the fourth costal row above the ventrals divides and blends several times so that the rows count 17 in places. 203. (360) Contia walteri (Boettger.) Walter’s Contia. Pseudocyclophis walteri. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 300 Contia walteri. Boulenger, Cat. Vol. II, 1894, p 263. Distn.—Transcaspia. Sind. Kolustan. Note.—I suspect the Sind specimen will prove to be persicus, 204. (Néi.) Contia mcmahoni Wall. McMahon’s Contia. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XX, p 1038. Types.—In the Quetta Museum. From Baluchistan, Length.—311 mm. (1 foot and $ of an inch.) Lepid.—Costals. Two heads-lengths behind head 13, midbody 15, two heads-lengths before vent 13. Ventrals. 204 to 212. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 91 to 96. Distn.— Baluchistan. Quetta. Mach. Loralai. Spintangi. Note.—I have seen four specimens. (To be continued.) i} 633 ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GANGES. {A lecture delivered in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, on the afternoon of August 22nd, 1923.) By N. ANNANDALE, JD. Sc., C.LE., Director, Zoological Survey of India. The study of the animal life of the Ganges is no new thing. For many cen- turies it has attracted the attention of rulers, of religious leaders and of natura- lists, who have regarded the matter from a practical, a superstitious or an jntellectual point of view. Even in a strictly scientific sense it dawned in Bengal before the beginning of the 19th century. Apart from casual mention of a few real and mythical animals, the earliest document we possess is the Fifth Pillar Edict of Asoka? by which game laws and fishery legislation were instituted in northern India in the 3rd century B.C. In this inscription the Emperor Asoka had carved on enduring stone a list of birds, beasts, fishes and possibly even insects which were to be strictly preserved from slaughter, and he decreed ‘that no fish of any kind should be caught or sold on fast days throughout the year or for three days at four full moons in each year. Unfortunately the names of aquatic animals in his list of protected species are very obscure. To judge, however, from modern Bengali two names have preserved their meaning for all these centuries and are still in use in a modified form. They are those of the Sting-rays (of which two species are common in the Ganges)? and of a common river tortoise or terrapin now known to science as Kachuga donghoka.*® Possibly Asoka also included the Gangetic Porpoise in his list, for the word gangapuputakas, which has puzzled the commentators, may be partly onomatopeic, representing the noise made by the animal as it expels its breath on the surface. Asoka’s motive was neither economic nor scientific. He was an ardent Bud- dhist reformer interested in animals as partaking of life and thus being in the stream of transmigration. We do not know why he considered certain species more important than others from this point of view: perhaps because their names were mentioned in ancient legends current in his time and already adopted into Buddhism. Perhaps, on the other hand, their flesh or some other product ‘of them was regarded as a luxury and not as a necessity of life. After about seventeen centuries another emperor appeared in Hindustan who was a real naturalist—Babur, the first of the Moghuls. Babur is one of the most human characters in Indian history, in which he lives as few others live because ‘of the intimate personal memoirs he left behind him. These included not only an account of his own adventurous and momentous life but also a description ‘of India and its natural products—the first Imperial Gazetteer. Amongst many practical and intellectual activities Babur, who was probably in a sense illiterate, was a keen botanist. The only two things he admired in India were 1: For the latest translation of this edict see Vincent A. Smith, Asoka in the “Rulers of India’ series, p. 204 (Oxford: 1920). *+ Asoka’s name, which is translated ‘‘(?) skate’? by Smith, is samkujamachi 4 compound word in which the last two syllables of course mean fish. The equiva- lent for the first two syllables in Sanscrit and modern Bengali is sankar, which is said to. mean ‘bastard’ or ‘mongrel,’ i.e., between a fish and a tortoise. See Chau- ‘dhuri, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal VII, p. 627 (1912). *: Asoka called it dadi or dudi and the name is translated ‘ female tortoises’ by Smith. The modern Bengali is dundi, dudr or dhoor. The flesh of this tortoise can be eaten even by Brahmins. See Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus. VII, De2l2 (loez): ‘and Haraprasad Shastri, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal X, p. 137 (1914). 634. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX,. the wealth of the country and the red Hibiscus flower, but he took an interest. in its animals also. He was the first to describe a peculiar habit of the commo- nest of our north Indian frogs (Rana cyanophlyctis), which skips lightly along: the surface of the water when disturbed. He gave also a description of the Gangetic Porpoise, evidently from his own observation, and of the crocodiles: of the river, all of which must have seemed strange and unnatural beasts to a. man from central Asia. After Babur more than two centuries were to elapse- before the animals of the Ganges were first studied in a scientific spirit. The initiation of this new work was due to a Scotchman, but he was by no means the first European naturalist who wrote on the fauna of the river. To the- Greeks and the Romans? India was a land of marvels. Herodotus, the Father - of History, remarked in his sober way some twenty three centuries ago, how strange it was that the uttermost parts of the earth produced the most admir- able products. He gave as an instance the supposed fact that the animals of. India, except the horse, were larger than those found elsewhere.* Later writers. greatly improved cn this. They talked of eels 300 feet in length, of the mons-. trous turtles of the Ganges and of a sky-blue worm 60 cubits long and armed with a pair of tusks (or gills) by means of which it seized the elephants which came to drink at the river’s edge. The elder Pliny, who lived in the Ist century A. D. quoted this story of the elephant-eating worm with some reserve, but also. gave an account, only exaggerated in point of size, of the Gangetic Porpoise, which he called by the modern generic name Platanista. Further, he recorded the fact that certain fish of the Ganges migrate overland to breed in isolated. pools. To this point I will return later. After Pliny the next writer of impor- tance on the Gangetic animals was Aelian, who wrote in Greek about a century later. He added little, except a fairly accurate description of the Gharial.. Neither Pliny nor Aelian had visited India: they relied on travellers’ tales. We need not follow out the history of the myths they transmitted, but may note in passing that for once Sir John Maundeville, the notorious liar of the Middle Ages, was more moderate and reduced the length of the Indian eels from 300 feet to ‘‘ 30 foote or more.” To come to modern zoology, Dr. Francis Buchanan, the Scotchman to whom. I have already referred, came to India in 1794 as an assistant surgeon and was. stationed in this capacity for some years in the Sunderbans. There, influ- enced probably by the great French naturalists of his time, he spent his leisure- in studying the fish of the deltaic creeks and estuaries. Later he was appointed to conduct a statistical survey of certain parts of Bengal and in the course of his work continued and extended these investigations and prepared an elaborate. account of the fisheries, which was published many years later by Hunter in. his Statistical Account of Bengal.* In 1822 after leaving India he published in. Edinburgh his ‘‘ Fishes of the Ganges,”’ which is still an indispensable work of reference. Many of the original drawings of Gangetic fish prepared under his. supervision are still preserved inthe Asiatic Society's library in Calcutta; if published they would settle many disputed points. After the time of Buchanan (who later assumed the name of Hamilton) a suc- cession of zoologists worked on the Gangetic fauna in Calcutta. I have time- only to mention the names of a few who are no longer living : :—Benson, tesla 1- See Mrs. Beveridge’s edition of the Memoirs of the Emperor Babur, fasc. p- 503 (1918); also Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, p. 122 (1919). 2+ See M Crindle’s Ancient India (London : 1901) foe which I am_ indebted for: the references to Pliny and Aelian. s+ A few very large animals are found in India and might give the impression of. a gigantic fauna, but those species which have a very wide range are usually larger in temperate regions than they are in the tropics. ++ The MS is in the possession of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and would repay: re-editing. ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GANGES. 635. land, Blyth, Theobald, Stoliczka, Anderson and Wood Mason.‘ Of these men the first was a judge, one was a doctor, two were geologists and only three were professional naturalists. Where are the successors of the _ bril- liant amateurs? The work was continued by Lt.-Col. A.W. Alcock, formerly Superintendent of the Indian Museum and now Professor of Entomology in the London School of Tropical Medicine, and is still being continued by the members of the Zoological Survey of India. On recent work we cannot linger, for we must now turn from literature to facts. From the faunistic point of view the Ganges system is divided into three parts, but the divisions are not quite the same as in the vegetation. Firstly we must distinguish the little streamlets which rush down the southern slopes of the Himalayas and unite in the valleys to form the larger tributaries; secondly we have the middle reaches, in which the Ganges and its great tributaries the Jumna and the Sone roll slowly across the great plain of northern India, and finally there are the deltaic tracts, where the main stream breaks up into innumerable tidal creeks and estuaries. Each of these regions has its own type of animal life. In the tiny mountain streamlets there is an assemblage of very curious little animals, few if any of which could be mistaken for those from any other habi- tat. This is an interesting fact, for the animals of mountain torrents in Europe or North America or Japan, or even in the extreme western parts of the Himala- yas, are few and very ordinary in appearance. Some of the insect larve are ex- ceptionally flat and broad, or even are provided with special organs of adhesion but among the higher groups, in so far as they occur at all, there is rarely any, characteristic species. It is only as we approach the tropics, though temperature can have little to do with the matter in the cool Himalayan waters, that we find the fish and tadpoles of the little hill streams assuming peculiar forms and developing apparatus that will enable them to overcome the sudden floods and rapid rush of water to which they are exposed. So far as the fish are concerned, we find equally remarkable, but of course quite different, forms in the mountain torrents of South America,? but in Asia itis chiefly in the great tract of mountain- ous country which extends from the eastern Himalayas eastwards across China, and southwards through Burma and the Malay Peninsula into the Malay Archipelago that the young of the frog and toads seem to have conspired with the fish, to put the matter metaphorically, to produce special organs or modifications of existing organs that will enable them to cling tight in the cascades and eddies of the smallest streamlets. Three principles are as a rule involved in their modifications, the principle of the sucker, that of producing friction in the right place and the right direction and that of reducing friction where it is undesirable. The last of these principles is illustrated mainly in the general outline of the fish and tadpoles. Almost any species from the hill-torrents of the lower eastern Himalayas will be found on examination to have very little depth, to be flat below and to have a peculiar outline in its upper profile, which rises in a gentle curve from the tip of the snout to about the middle of the body and after this point is nearly horizontal. An outline of this kind enables the animal to overcome, to a very large extent, the 1, For further particulars see the Centenary Review of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1885),and Dr. Gravely’s address on the history of Indian Zoology in the Proceedings of the Eighth Indian Science Congress (Proc. A. S. B, 1922, p. cxxxii); for more recent work my lecture ‘“‘ On Some Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Freshwater Fauna of India ” in Journ. As. Soc, Bengal (n. s.) VIII, p. 39 (1912) and reports on the Zoological Survey of India for the years 1917 to 1920 and 1920 to. 1923. Female: Abdomen 48mm, Hindwing 40mm. Very similar to the male but rather paler. The occiput yellow and outer part of head beyond eyes also yellowish; thorax has a yellow tint on the sides replacing the bluish, The Ist, 2nd and base of 3rd segments yellowish green, segment 2 having a broad subdorsal band of dark brownish orange prolonged for a short distance into base of 3, the dark spots on segments 7 to 9 better defined. Anal appendages yellowish. | Hab. Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia, also South Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Persia. I have seen it taking long flights down the Persian Gulf during which time the exhausted insects would come aboard ships plying up and down the Gulf and would remain on board for some long time. Thus the insect is spread and carried along the Mekran coast and must ultimately reach the Indus. When discussing other Mesopotamian dragonflies I remarked on some that they would probably be found in Sind and therefore included them in our Indian list. Since then specimens of Diplacodes lefebvrei and Selysiothemis nigra have both been taken in Karachi and we shall probably hear of L. tetraphylla before long. The distribution is a very natural one, Sind and the river Indus having much in common with Mesopotamia and the Shat-el-Arab, . Lindenia tetraphylla is very nearly akin to the next genus Ictinus and must be regarded as an Ictinus modified by the influence of its desert surroundings, continued as rows of 2 cells ; nodal index 4or5cellsin anal triangle INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. ee BSE ‘ Genus—Ictinus, Ramh. YY LY Ryo HATES Sauseeresse Peon Sy ory Meise [oa 5 A ea cadunennn Tey TIS OO WIRY nee FEROS ehh see LAD sents seer sacri ‘< Fig. 1. Wings of Ictinus rapax rapax, Ramb. Ictinus Ramb, Ins. Nevrop. p. 171 (1842); Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi (2),. p. 86 (1854) ; Mon. Gomph. p. 263 (1857); Will. Proc. U.S. Nat. Hist. Mus. Xxxili., p. 278 (1908) ; Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. xxiv, p. 373 (1922). Head large and transversely elongate ; vesicle very prominent, elevated into two robust points; thorax and abdomen black marked vividly with yellow ; wings long and narrow, membrane narrow, stigma long, braced, trigones of fore- wing with 3 to 4 cells, subtrigone with 2 or 3 cells. Abdomen tumid at the base narrow and cylindrical from 3 to the basal half of 7, 8 and sometimes the apical: half of 7 with wide lateral winglike prolongations, 9 and 10 narrow, the latter very small, Legs moderately long and robust. Superior anal appendages straight, longer than segment 10, the inferior much shorter, deeply cleft. Genitalia and larve as for the series. Resting with head inclined downward, abdomen held ina _ strong scimitar-like curve. Both rapacious and pugnacious, often holding a resting place for days against all- comers. Breeding in still or running waters from sea-level to an altitude of over 3,000 ft. Ictinus rapax rapax (Ramb) (Diastatomma rapazx) l.c.p. 169 (1842). Ictinus rapax, Selys, l.c.p. 90 (1854) ; l.cp.. 276 (1857) Kirby, Cat.. Odon. p. 77 (1890) ; Will. Le.p. 279 (1908) ; Laid. Lc. pp. 370, 375 (1922). Male: Abdomen (with appendages) 52mm. Hindwing 40 mm. | Head. Eyes bluish grey; labrum yellow bordered with brownish; labrum either yellow with a heavy black border and a median prolongation of — black from the base which nearly cuts the yellow in two, or black with two large lateral yellow spots, the median prolongation in this case meeting the black on anterior border of labrum. Face and frons greenish yellow with a black stripe traversing the lower part of front or frons and expanding upwards at its middle to cut the yellow into two large lateral triangular spots ; anteclypeus. yellow, postclypeus black with a large lateral spot of yellow on either side; a black spot at the base of frons above in the middle line which does not extend as far forwards as the crest ; vertex black ; occiput greenish yellow fringed with short yellow hairs. Prothorax black marked with yellow, Thorax black marked with yellow or greenish yellow as follows :—a complete: mesothoracic collar, oblique dorsal spots short and broad above, pointed below 662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, where it is widely separated from the mesothoracic collar, a large central spot in alar sinus, yellow spots on tergum, a humeral stripe represented by an upper triangular spot and often a lower broad streak, laterally yellowish green with a median broad black stripe and the posterior border of the metepimeron narrowly. Vestiges of a third yellow stripe on the median lateral band of black, sometimes an upper spot of yellow, sometimes an upper and lower or again a row of three yellow spots (I have never seen a complete yellow band.) Wings hyaline and clear but in adults they may be slightly enfumed. Stigma black braced long over 5 to 6 cells ; trigones of forewings with 4 cells, 3 in the hind; subtrigone of forewing with 2 cells, only 1 in the hind ; hypertrigones traversed PENS) ANE Paroles) aes the forewing, 2 in the hind ; 5 cells in anal triangle. Discoidal field begins with a row of 4 cells and continued as rows of 2. Legs black, coxe and trochanters yellow and a stripe of the same colour on flexor surface of anterior femora ; hind femora extending just beyond hind margin of thorax, furnished with an inner and outer row of spines, the inner closely-set and numerous at the base, gradually lengthening and more widely spaced towards the apex, outer row closely-set and small near the base, followed by 5 or 6 robust widely spaced gradually lengthening and then gradually shortening “spines. aie black marked with bright yellow as follows :—segment 1 with an apical dorsal stripe confluent with a large triangular spot on dorsum of 2, a narrow lateral apical stripe on 1 confluent with a broad lateral spot on segment 2 which involves but does not pass beyond the oreillet, 3 with nearly the basal half yellow, this turning to pure white low down on sides and beneath, 4 to 6 with large dorsal basal spots confluent across the middle line except at apices, the basal half of 7 yellow, rather more than half of 8, the black here indenting the yellow on dorsal carina, the leaflike expansions all black, 9 with a lateral basal stripe and a small apical lateral spot, 10 very variable, in a large number of specimens examined it was quite unmarked, in others a small subbasal subdorsal spot on either side and a dorsal subapical pair of small spots. Some- times the basal spot is much lower down on the sides and in one specimen all four spots were actually joined up so as to form a bow-like stripe on sides and dorsum of segment. Anal appendages black, as long as the two last segments, cylindrical and tapering. Inferior much shorter, deeply bifid, black. Genitalia : lamina tumid, broad and deeply cupped along free border, internal hamules robust hooks, external short flat and tonguelike, all hidden beneath a fringe of stout bright yellow hairs directed inward and meshing across the genital orifice, lobe short trowel-shaped. Female : Abdomen 50 mm. Hindwing 42-44 mm. Very similar to the male, yellow markings more extensive, abdomen much -stouter, laterally compressed and shorter. The humeral stripe is nearly always almost complete and the lateral black band is always spotted, and there may be an almost complete yellow stripe here. Segment 10 is usually entirely black. Anal appendages short, conical black. Occiput raised, a robust spine situated at its middle which in some specimens is minutely bifid, black, the floor of occiput yellow. Wings with a dark brown basal marking extending out as far as the Ist -antenodal nervure. This is often present also in the male but never so well -defined as in the female. Vulvar scale black deeply cleft into two narrow tongue- like processes which extend nearly to the base of segment 10. Hab. Throughout India save in the desert tracts, Burmah, Ceylon and the Andamans. In the Deccan it breeds in running water and I found exuvia once or twice ; membrane whitish ; nodal index Journ , Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate I. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. For explanation see end cf article, INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, | 663 commonly along the borders of the Mullah Canal, Poona, which has a three or four knot current. In Coorg however I have lately found it breeding in large tanks around the borders of which it is very common. Here it may be seen perched on a prominent twig facing out to the water, head inclined downward and abdomen held well up. Should it be disturbed either by a rival, a passing female or by the collector, it dives gracefully towards the surface of the water and then banks and turns flying swiftly off along the borders of the pond or stream, If disturbed it usually returns to its resting place again and again or settles close by until the danger is past when it again returns to its first resting place. Females are rarely seen and then only when coming to oviposit, their stay then is of very brief duration. Pairing takes place over water, is not of more than a minute or two’s duration, after which a few eggs are depo ited by swift dips over the water, the insect then rising and ‘disappearing high over the tops of neighbouring trees. Unlike most Gomphines the males frequently engage in fierce combat especially if females are frequenting their locality. The two following species are separated with difficulty from true rapax and cannot be regarded as of more than local race value. I have seen them so frequently mixed up with rapax that I have come to regard them as mere varie- ties and an examination of the genitalia does not help one, these organs being identical in all. Actinus rapax mordax, Selys, I.c.p. 433 (1857). Ictinus rapax, race (?) mordax Selys, 1.c. Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xxxv., p. 768 (1873) ; Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 77 (1890); Will, l.c.p. 279 (1908) ; Laid., Le.p. 373 (1922). Abdomen 47mm. Hindwing 42 mm. Differs from rapax rapax by the greater extent of yellow on the face. Ina ‘specimen I have from Malabar (female) the whole of the ante and post-clypeus is yellow save for two minute black points lying between them near the middle -of face. The black basal spot on upper surface of frons is almost obsolete and the yellow of occiput is much more extensive, the spine being finer and markedly longer. Selys mentions that the basal yellow ring on segment 9 is reduced to two lateral spots but it is very rare to find a complete ring on this segment even in true rapax (The end segments of the type of rapax have been lost so we do not know what the markings were. ) The vestigial lateral yellow stripe marking the black lateral band is absent ‘in the male of mordax but is well marked in the female. Other points mentioned by Selys are a slightly longer stigma and the minute spines on the anal appendages less rudimentary, and lastly segment 10 entirely black. Hab. The type is from Assam and was regarded by Selys at first, as nearly related to I. melenops but was afterwards thought to be amere variety of rapax, an opinion shared by Dr. Hagen. I have male specimens which may be regarded as this insect from Malabar and the female which is much more specifi- -eally distinct, is also from that part of India. ‘ilctinus rapax praecox, Hagen, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi. (2) p. 89 (1854); (2) xlvi., p. 677 (1878) ; Mon. Gomph. p. 275 (1857); Kirby, Il.c.p. 77 (1890); Will. = Le.p. 279 (1908) ; Laid. l.c.p. 373 (1922). Male: Abdomen 53mm. Hindwing 39 mm. Differs from rapax rapax by the slightly longer abdomen and_ the slightly shorter wings. The superior appendages a little longer and less abruptly ‘truncate. The lateral winglike expansions on segment 8 have the teeth more “robust. Lastly the black at base of frons above is much more extensive and fuses with the black on front: of frons, G64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, . The dorsal spots on segments 8 to 6 are shorter, whilst segment 10-has the same: extensive yellow markings which I have described above as not uncommon in: rapax rapax, Forewings with 20-21 antenodal nervures, 15 in the hind, 11-12 postnodal nervures in all wings. The basal brown clouding of wings is moder-- ately marked. .: _ Hab. Pondicherry, Himalayas. Type in Copenhagen Museum is from Pondicherry. Female unknown but 1 have two females which may be regarded. as precox both from Malabar. In one the black on upper surface of frons is: hardy fused with the black on the front, whilst in the other the separation is. hardly perceptible. In all other respects these’ two insects are identical with typical rapax. Ictinus atrox, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi. (2) p. 92 (1854); (2) xlvi. p. 677 (1878); Mon. Gomph., P. 282 (1857) ; Kirby, Le.p. 77 (1890) ; Will lc. Pe 279 (1908) ; Laid. l.c.pp. 370,374 (1922). A single male in the Pusa collection, probably from Bihar. ~ Male: Abdomen 51mm. Hindwing 41°5 mm. Head. Labium yellowish ; labrum, face and frons yellow, the labrum very finely bordered with black, a fine transverse line across lower part of frons and two tiny spots of black below this. Above frons, black at base; vertex and. occiput yellow, a black stripe crossing the former just behind the ocelli. Prothorax black marked with vellow laterally. Thorax black in front marked with yellow as follows:—a complete meso- thoracic collar, oblique broad dorsal stripes not meeting the alar sinus above nor the collar below, the alar sinus and, a complete humeral stripe slightly, constricted about its middle. Laterally broadly yellow marked with fine black lines on the anterior and posterior lateral sutures. Legs entirely yellow with black spines. Wings hyaline, tinted with yellow, a basal dark brown mark extends as_ far: out as the first antenodal nervure ; stigma yellow, 7mm. membrane ashy grey. Abdomen black marked with yellow as follows :—segment 1 entirely yellow, 2 with a broad triangular spot, its apex just reaching the apical border of seg- ment and its basal angles fusing with a broad latéral stripe which involves the: oreillets and extends from base to apical border of segment, segments 3 to 7 with the basal half of each yellow, segment 8 with very large wing-like lateral proces- ses of which the base is broadly yellow, this continuous with a broad yellow annule covering rather more than the basal haif of the segment, 9 and 10 have: narrow basal annules which extend apicalward on the sides of each segment. Anal appendages very similar to those of rapaz, black. Female: Abdomen 54 mm. Hindwing 44 mm, Stigma 6 mm. Lips and face reddish yellow changing to citron yellow on the frons which: _has a fine sinuous basal black band slightly notched before the ocelli; vertex and occiput yellow, the former margined with black in front, the latter margined: with brown, its border concave, with a small spine on either side of the conca- vity, fringed on the outer side of spines with fine yellow hairs; back of eyes. glossy. black with a lateral vestigial yellow spots Prothorax black broadly bordered with dark yellow on each side. Thorax black marked with yellow as follows:—a complete mesothoracic: collar, moderately narrow oblique dorsal bands pointed below and diverging widely but not meeting the collar below, a humeral band a little tapered above, broader below and uninterrupted. The sides broadly yellow, the sutures only marked finely with black. Legs yellow marked with black, femora reddish yellow the four anterior ones. with an external black stripe broadening apically, the hinder pair with only a vestige of this and bearing two rows of black spines, the apical 5 of which are: much longer than the others. Tibie and tarsi black. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, | mh) 665: ~ Wings hyaline with a slight saffronation at the bases; costa yellow ; stigma long, dark yellow between black nervures, over about 8 cells; membrane brownish ; trigones in forewings with 3 cells formed by the confluence of three nervures in centre of trigone, trigone of hindwing with only 2 cells; discoidal field begins with a row of 8 cells in forewing, followed by rows of 2, in hind " : 20") 22-131) begins with 4 cells ; nodal index ee ; subtrigone of forewing divided. into 2 cells, that of hind entire, small. _ Abdomen tumid at base, a little compressed, black marked with yellow as. follows :—segment 1 has a transverse dorsal stripe and the sides yellow, 2 a dorsal stripe extending the full length of segment, very broad at base, taper-. ing apically, the sides broadly yellow, 3 to 6 with the basal half yellow, the apical black extending basalwards for some distance along the sides, segment 7 with basal half yellow, the black encroaching slightly on the dorsum and more so on the sides, 8 with a fine basal black ring followed by a narrow yellow ring and then black as far as apical border, the yellow ring extending a little apicalwards on the sides, the winglike processes on this segment black narrowly yellow at the base, rounded, strongly denticulate except at bases: segment 9 with a large dorsal black spot, its base at the apical border of segments. tapering basad, the rest of segment yellow. segment !0 black, rather less than the apical half yellow, the apical border finely black. Anal appendages black, longer than segment 10, fusiform pointed. Vulvar scale dark yellow, deeply cleft to its base into two contiguous lamelle: pointed at apex. Hab. The type (a female) is doubtfully from India or China. The male described above, which I think is undoubtedly conspecific with airox ig in the Pusa Museum and was probably taken in Bihar. It is distinguished by the large amount of yellow both on the face and body. Selys remarks that it is nearly related to angulosus but the description of the: latter insect, of which the male alone is known reads very differently from that of atrox, The armature of the female occiput differs from other species of Letinus. ictinus angulosus, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi. (2) p. 92 (1854); Mon. Gomph, p. 281 (1857); Kirby, le.p. 77 (1890) ; Will, lic.p. 279 (1908) ; Laid. Le.p. 374 (1922). Male: Abdomen 53 mm. Hindwing 43mm, Stigma 6 mm. Head. Labium and labrum yellow with the borders finely black; rest of face and frons yellow with a vestige of black on anteclypeus, 2 small points on postclypeus and a large spot on front of frons, the latter above with a broad black basal line ; vertex and occiput both yellow, the former black in front, the- latter narrowly bordered with black. Back of eyes black with a large yellow spot above. _ Prothorax almost entirely black. Thorax black marked with yellow as follows:—a complete mesothoracic collar, broad dorsal oblique bands converging above and resting on the borders. of the alar sinus, pointed below but not meeting the mesothoracic collar. my broadly yellow, the sutures outlined in black. Tergum spotted with vellow. Legs black, femora broadly yellow on the outer sides and a fine line of the same colour on outer sides of tibize ; hind femora with 2 rows of spines, the distal 7 or 8 being much longer than the others, Wings hyaline, bases clouded with dark brown as far out as the 1st antenodal -hervure; costa finely yellow; stigma reddish brown; trigones of forewings with 3 cells, that of hind also 3 cells ; 19 antenodal nervures and 11 postnodal: ‘in the forewings ; membrane blackish brown especially at base. Base of wing deeply: excavate, the tornal angle very prominent, 12 666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, Abdomen black marked with yellow as follows :—-segment 1 broadly yellow -on dorsum, the marking constricted at its middle, 2 with a broad even dorsal ‘stripe not extending as far as apex, the sides including oreillets broadly yellow, 3 to 6 with large yellow lanceolate basal spots, extending nearly to the apex -on segment 3 and for about three-fourths the length of the others, 7 with a broad basal ring occupying the basal two-thirds of the segment, rather less than this -on the sides, 8 with the basal half and its sides yellow, the moderately large leaf-like expansions entirely black, not visibly denticulate along borders, 9 black above, yellow laterally, 10 similarly coloured. Anal appendages black, superior a little longer than segment 10, subcylindrical, excavate within, pointed, moderately divergent, inferior about half the length forked branched straight but separated. Hab. India. Described from a male in the Saunders collection. The abdominal markings are sufficiently distinctive to separate it from other Indian species. Female unknown. Genus—GOMPHIDIA. Sean x vy, @ Mabe ae Fig. 2. a. Base of wings of Gomphidia fletcheri. b. Base of wings of Gomphidia williamsont, ‘Gomphidia, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi. (2) p. 86 (1854); Mon. Gomph. p. 259 (1857) ; Will. lc. p. 281 (1908) ; Laid. l.c. p. 374 (1922). The genus is very nearly allied to Ictinus and species of the two genera closely resemble one another. They are readily distinguished by the absence of any ~ | leaf-like dilatations on the 8th abdominal segment, the abdomen especially of the male is rarely held curved scimitar-like to the extent it is seen in [ctinus. Head transversely elongate, frons elevated and prominent, vesicle prominent, raised into two robust points on either side, occiput slightly raised but notched in the middle, in the female. Thorax bulky, rather square, black marked with yellow or yellow marked with black ; wings long and narrow, membrane narrow, stigma long braced, trigones -of forewings with 3 to 4 cells, 3 in the hind, subtrigone of forewing with 2 or 3 cells, only 1 in the hind. Abdomen tumid at the base, narrow and cylindrical thereafter as far as middle of segment 7 where it dilates as far as base of 9 after which it rapidly narrows ay INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 667 again. No leaf-like dilatations on sides of segment 8. Segments 9 and 10 very short. Anal appendages, superior longer than segment 10, of even width, Jaterally compressed, inferior much shorter, cleft as far as base into two flat triangular diverging lamina, waved and directed upward.as seen in profile. Legs robust, of moderate length, variably spined. Genitalia, Lamina short broad depressed, hamules very prominent and projecting, the internal robust hooks, the external flat and tongue-like, lobe funnel shaped. Vulvar scale deeply cleft, its branches slightly divergent, extending nearly to base of segment 10. Hab. Breeding in still or running waters, habits as for Ictinus. Larve very similar to Ictinus. Gomphidia fletcher, williamsoni and kodaguensis were not included in the key to the Gomphine as they were unknown at the time it was written. 6 7 & Fig. 3. Lateral view of end segments and anal appendages of :— 1. Gomphidia fletcheri. 2. Gomphidiawilliamsoni. 3. Gomphidia T-nigrum 4, Ictinus rapax, 5. Heterogomphus hannyngtoni. Ventral view of end segments of abdomen and anal appendages of :— ©. Gomphidia fletcheri. 7. Ictinus rapax. 8. Gomphidia williamsoni. 668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. . Gomphidia T-nigrum Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi (2) p. 86 (1854); Mon Gomph. p. 260 (1857); Kirby, Cat. Odon. p.76 (1890); Will. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii, p. 282 (1908); Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. xxiv, pp. 370, 374 (1922). Male: Abdomen 53mm. Hindwing 38 mm, Head. Eyes bluish grey; lips, face and frons bright citron yellow, upper surface of frons marked with a black line in floor of sulcus, which forms a ‘“‘ T ” by meeting a short medial transverse black line on front of frons ; vertex black, the two points of vesicle yellow, occiput largely yellow, its hinder border raised, its floor filled by a pyramidal eminence. Prothor rax brownish black, ” ‘Thorax black marked broadly with bright yellow as follows :—a broad meso- thoracic collar barely interrupted at its middle, two broad short dorsal oblique stripes pointed below and not meeting mesothoracic collar, the sides broadly yellow with a broad median black stripe marked above and below with a small upper and a large inferior spot of yellow. Humeral spot vestigial, represented only by a small upper spot, alar sinus black, the tergum spotted with yellow. Legs black, coxee and trochanters spotted with yellow. Hind femora with two rows of very robust evenly and widely spaced spines, longest at the middle of femora, crowded at the extreme base where they are very minute. Wings hyaline, costa yellow as far as the stigma which is yellow bordered with black ; trigone in forewing 3 cells long, the basal cell divided into 2 cells, 10-16|16-9 4 cells in all in the trigone, trigone in hindwing 3 cells long ; nodal index | 3 cubital cells in forewing, 2 in the hind ; subtrigone in forewing 2 cells, that of the hind entire ; anal triangle 5 cells. Abdomen black broadly marked with yellow as follows :—segment 1 diffusely yellow on dorsum, segment 2 all yellow except for an irregular black ring at the apex which extends forwards on either side of dorsum and also below along the ventral border. Genitalia except the lamina bright yellow. Segments 3 to. 6 with basal half yellow (rather less on segment 6), segment 7 and 8 with narrow black apical rings, broadest on 8, extending forwards along the ventral border on both segments ; 9 has a fine lateral stripe at the base and _ the basal part of dorsal carina finely yellow, 10 has a small dorsal spot. Anal appendages brownish, the superior longer than segment 9, broad at the: bage, compressed and of even width thereafter, bevelled at the apex, curving at first out and then in, the apices meeting ; inferior one-third the length of supe- viors, seen in profile undulated, from below diverging and broadly triangular. Genitalia very similar to that of fletcheri (to which this insect is more closely related than to other species, both by anal appendages and genitalia), lamina short and broad, bluntly pointed, somewhat excavate; internal hamules long tapering hooks, the apices curling alittle outwards, external hamules long narrow and acute tongue-like processes, bright yellow in colour, projecting markedly from the genital sac and hugging the lobe, which is also yellow and ‘broadly funnel-shaped. Female: Abdomen 53mm. Hindwing 43 mm, Very similar to the male. Mandibles marked with black at the base ; labrum all yellow ; occiput concave at its middle, dorsum of segment 2 bears a triangular yellow spot, the other black markings of abdomen of greater extent, segment 9 without any dorsal stripe, 10 entirely black. Anal appendages short, conical, brownish, Vulvar scale cleft om about three-fourths of its length, the atone slightly divaricate, extending nearly to base of segment 10. e Hab. .The type is trom Northern India but the exact locality is unknown. (I have never received specimens of this insect from that part of India so that: it must be either very rare or very local.) 9-12|12-10- Gs ea i a INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, Wie 669, ! Personally I have seen it in considerable numbers on the Katraj Lake, Poona, Bioccan, where it has established itself. In flight it looks very like an I clinus but its bright yellow colour is sufficient to distinguish it even on the wing. It patrols the borders of the lake for long distances, the males engaging each other in combat as they pass, Gomphidia fletcheri, sp. nov. . Male: Abdomen (with anal appendages) 63mm, Hindwing 42 mm, Head. Eyes bottle green ; midlobe of labium brownish, lateral lobes yellow ; labrum black marked with two greenish yellow spots at the base ; face and frons greenish yellow, a black stripe across the lower part of front of frons which sends a prolongation up to meet a medial black marking on upper surface of frons occupying the floor of sulcus and expanding towards the vesicle; vertex and occiput black, the former raised into two prominent points, the latter raised laterally and medially and fringed with pale coloured hairs, _ Prothorax black marked with a yellow anterior collar. Thorax black marked with greenish yellow as follows:—a broad meso- Poricio collar interrupted in the middle line, very short and broad, oblique dorsal stripes rather widely separated from the mesothoracic collar. Laterally broadly yellowish green with a medial broad black band which is marked above and below by large vellow spots. Tergum spotted with yellow. Legs black, coxe and trochanters yellow, the hind femora with two rows of robust spines, short, numerous and crowded at the base, longest and widely- spaced at the middle and 5 or 6 short closely spaced ones at the apex. - Wings hyaline, enfumed somewhat patchily with warm brown ; stigma black, very long, over 6 to 7 cells, braced ; trigonein forewing 3 to4cells, 3 cells long, that of hindwing with 3 cells in a line ; hypertrigones traversed twice in all wings ; subtrigone in hindwing entire, in forewing formed of 8 cells by conjunction of } 14-20 | 20-12. 15-18 | 19-15 aes 3 nhervures at centre of cell ; nodal index. 1414 | i614 [4-14 | 14-14 ;2 cubital nervures in hindwing, 3 to 4 in forewing ; 6 to 7 cells in anal triangle. (In the second specimen the trigones in forewings are 3 cells long and have only 3 cells and the subtrigones have only 2 cells.) Abdomen black marked with yellow as follows :—segment 1 with a broad dorsal spot and a narrow apical streak low down on the sides confluent with a lateral spot on segment 2 which involves the oreillet and is limited apically by this structure ; genitalia tipped with yellow, segments 3 to 6 with elongate dorsal spots confluent over dorsal ridge except at extreme apices and gradually dimini- shing in size from 3 to 6, segment 3 has also the ventro-lateral border narrowly yellow, segment 7 has the basal half yellow, 8 has a complete narrow basal ring, 9 has a mere vestige of this and 10 is entirely unmarked. , Anal appendages black. Superior broad at base, compressed in apical half, apices bevelled off and turning in to meet each other. Inferior only one-third Ss length of superiors, undulated in profile, flat and triangular as seen from elow. Genitalia. Lobe rather flat, the border emarginate; internal hamules very long robust hooks ; external hamules long flat narrow tongue-like lobes projecting well out from the genital sac; lobe funnel-shaped prominent, embraced on either side by the outer hamules. Hab. Coorg. Two males taken at Hallery near Mercara on the borders of @ rocky mountain stream, 3,800 ft. altitude. Both were very shy and unapproa- chable so that I finally had to bring them down with a charge of dust shot. They bear a close resemblance to Jctinus when on the wing or resting or to Hetero- gomphus hannyngtoni for which the insects were actually taken to be until secured and examined. When settled they rest with the head inclined somewhat down- 670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX wards and the abdomen held stiffly and straight out, this latter feature distin- guishing them from the curved scimitar-like abdomen of Ictinus. Their large size will distinguish them from any other Indian species of Gomphidia ; other oriental species approaching it in size are krugeri, Martin, which. has the oblique dorsal stripes joined to an upper humeral spot, and perakensis, Laid., in which the ante and post-nodal nervures are much more numerous than fletcheri. This magnificent species is named after Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcherin ack- nowledgment of his long and unstinted aid in contributing material which has. much facilitated the preparation of this work. Gomphidia williamsoni, sp. nove One female and several males from Hasimara, Duars, Bengal, coll, by Mr. H. V. O’Donel, 20.v.23— 6. vi.-23. Male: Abdomen with appendages 54mm. Hindwing 43 mm. Head, Eyes bottle green ; labium yellow ; labrum black enclosing two moder- ately large yellow spots ; frons greenish yellow above and infront, a medial basal spot of black sometimes present above but never extending as far forwards. as the crest ; face greenish yellow below, black above, this colour invading the yellow of front of frons so as to cut it into two lateral spots; vertex and occiput black. Prothorax black with an anterior yellow collar. Thorax black marked with greenish yellow as follows :—a mesothoracic collar slightly interrupted in the middle line, broad oval oblique dorsal stripes narrowing below where they may be connected to the mesothoracic collar or widely separated from it (separated in one male and in the single female examined ; connected in two males); laterally two very broad greenish yellow stripes separated by a broad black stripe which is quite unmarked. The anterior yellow band sends a tongue-like process back above, which may have been formed by confluence with an upper yellow spot, the posterior stripe covers the whole of metepimeron ; tergum spotted with yellow. Wings hyaline, rather deeply enfumed with warm brown ; costa black ; stigma blackish brown, very long, braced ; trigone in forewing four celled, four also in the hind ; anal triangle with 5 cells ; nodal index ad | a Legs entirely black, the hind femora with two rows of robust spines which fuse to form a close field of smaller spines at the base. Abdomen black marked with yellow as follows:—segment 1 with a dorsal apical triangle and an apical lateral spot low down on the sides, segment 2 with a broad dorsal stripe not quite reaching the apex, laterally a broad spot of yellow which just meets the dorsal spot at its base and extends‘to the ventro-lateral border below involving the oreillet, segments 3 to 6 with elongate dorsal spots confluent over the dorsal crest save for the extreme apex. These spots gradually decreasing in size from 3 to 6, the 3rd segment witha long basal streak low down on the sides, 7 has the basal half yellow, 8 a tiny lateral basal streak, 9is unmarked, whilst 10 has a small rounded spot on the centre of the dorsum, Anal appendages black, the superior long and sinuous, laterally compressed, blunt and bevelled at the apex, the inferior very much shorter, leaf-like and curling upwards as seen in profile, flat and triangular as seen from below. Genitalia. Lamina deeply excavate, more pointed and longer than in fletcher: ; internal hamules short robust hooks, much shorter than in fletcheri; external hamules broadly triangular flat and not markedly projecting from genital sac ; lobe funnel-shaped. The external hamules and lobe are tipped with yellow. Female: Abdomen 54mm, Hindwing 45 mm, Very similar to the male but the yellow markings broader and better defined. Wings rather more deeply enfumed ; all trigones with 4 cells; nodal index INDIAN DRAGONFLIES; 671 13-20 ; 20-13. “ : ; te {2-15 | 14-12. Occiput raised, a small point at its ‘centre, finer than that found in Ictinus ; vesicle black marked with two small yellow spots. Dorsal oblique- stripes widely separated from the mesothoracic collar ; the black stripe, traversing sides of thorax, marked with a large lower spot. Segment 2 almost entirely yellow, the lateral band very broad and extending the entire length of the segment, the dorsal stripe also very broad in its basal two-thirds, the apical third connected to it by a narrow neck only ; segment 9 has a fine lateral basal streak similar to that on 8, whilst segment 10 is unmarked, Vulvar scale very characteristic, deeply cleft at base into two long narrow tongue-like foliate processes, the apices of which extend as far as the base of segment 10. Anal appendages very short conical black. Hab. Duars, Bengal. Iam indebted to Mr. H.V. O’ Donel for these specimens, the type of which will be sent to the British Museum. The species belongs to: the abbotti-kodaquensis group, to both of which it is closely allied, especially to the latter. It differs from kodaguensis by the greenish-yellow on upper surface of frons not being divided up by black, this colour being either entirely absent or present as a very small spot at the base only. It also differs by the absence: of an upper humeral spot and of spots on the lateral black band. From abbotti it differs by the absence of spots on the lateral black band of thorax and also by the absence of black on upper surface of frons, lastly by the much greater extent of yellow on segment 2, etc. This species is named after Mr. E. B. Williamson who has done so much valu- able work on the subfamily Gomphine. Gomphidia kodaguensis sp. nov. A single male, Dubarry, Cauvery river, Coorg, 21, vi. 23. Male: Abdomen with appendages 53mm, Hindwing 42 mm. Head. Eyes bottle green ; face and frons bright citron yellow, the latter with. a black mark in floor of sulcus which is continuous with a black mark on the upper: part and front of frons. This again is confluent with a transverse black line on lower part of front of frons, in other words the black on front of frons tapers: rapidly and irregularly to meet the black on its upper surface, leaving a broad space of the ground colour on each side which is irregularly triangular in shape. Labium yellow ; labrum yellow narrowly bordered with black, the ground colour split into two large spots by a medial vertical streak of black running from the base ; occiput black raised, fringed with very short pale yellow hairs; vertex black, the vesicle elevated into two very acute prominent points. Prothorax black with a narrow anterior collar of yellow. Thorax black marked with yellow as follows :—a mesothoracic collar broadly broken in the middle line, two broad oval greenish yellow short dorsal stripes, pointed below and not nearly meeting the mesothoracic collar, a small upper spot representing the rudimentary humeral stripe. Laterally broad yellow stripes separated by a broad black stripe, marked by an upper and lower spot of yellow. The posterior yellow covers the whole of metepimeron. Tergum spotted yellow. Legs black, coxe, trochanters and anterior pair of femora yellow. Hind femora with two rows of widely separated robust spines, the two rows coalescing at base where they are small and crowded, mid femora with small evenly sized crowded spines. Wings hyaline, costa black, the apices and posterior borders palely and evenly 13-22 | 22-15 14-15 | 15-137 trigones of forewings with 3 to 4 cells, 3 cellsin the hind (traversed twice) ; 5 cells: enfumed with warm brown ; stigma very long, black ; nodal index 672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X, in the anal triangle ; 5 cubital nervures in forewing, 3 in the hind ; subtrigone, in forewing traversed once, free in the hind; hypertrigones traversed once or. ‘twice. Abdomen black sap with yellow as follows :—segment 1 with a fine apical dorsal ring, 2 with a small oval dorsal spot extending from the base for two- thirds of the length of segment, and a small lateral spot which involves the oreillet, Subdorsally and subapically a very tiny yellow spot, segments 3 to. 6 with dorsal basal elongate spots confluent over the dorsal crest except at the extreme apices, segment 3 has also a narrow basal streak of yellow along the ventrolateral border. Apices of lobe and external hamules also tipped with vellow. Segment 7 has the basal half yellow, 8 hag an elongate transverse basal spot, 9 is unmarked, whilst 10 has a dorsal spot expanding apically and covering almost the entire dorsum, Anal appendages black. Superior nearly as long as segments 9 and 10, late- rally compressed, sinuously curved at first down and then slightly up, bluntly pointed at apex which is bevelled. Inferior only one-third the length of superiors, curling upward, undulated as seen in profile, broad and triangular as seen from below, markedly divergent branches. Genitalia similar to that of williamsoni to which the insect is closely related, as also to abbotti, its markings being a combination of these two insects. It differs from both by having the face and lips almost entirely yellow and by the black on frons joining up with that on the upper surface. From williamsoni it again differs by the restricted yellow markings on segments 1 to 3 and by broader markings on segments 8 to 10. From abbott by the greater number of antenodal nervures and by the vestigial humeral spot on thorax which is absent in williamsoni. The single male was taken about a quarter of a mile inland from the Cauvery river in a dense teak plantation. I mistook it for an Jctinus but my curiosity was aroused by the curious locality in which I had found it. The name is derived from the vernacular way of spelling ‘“‘ Coorg ”’, the latter being the English corruption of the word, Gomphidia abbotti Will. l.c. pp. e828 (1908.) Male: Abdomen 53 mm. Hindwing 4 mm. Head. Eyes bluish green ; labium brownish ; labrum black marked with two large transversely oval lateral spots ; anteclypeus yellow, postclypeus black: with a small lateral yellow spot ; frons black, its crest narrowly in front and the upper surface yellow, the sulcus black, this colour extending forward nearly to the crest (In the Burmah specimen, this black area is much restricted) ; occiput raised, black, fringed with short hairs. | Prothorax brown, yellowish laterally. Thorax black marked with yellow as follows :—a mesothoracic collar slightly interrupted in the middle line, oblique dorsal spots resting on the alar sinus above, widely divaricate below, extending about halfway to the mesothoracic collar, humeral stripe entirely absent, laterally black marked with a narrow anterior stripe of yellow on the mesepimeron and another wider on the metepi- meron, between which there is a small upper spot on the black between the two’ yellow stripes. Tergum spotted with yellow. ~ Legs black, armature as for williamsoni. Wings hyaline, evenly and palely enfumed ; membrane white; stigma dark brown, over 4-5 cells, braced ; trigone of forewing with 4 cells, 3 cells long, the basal divided into 2, that of hind 3 cells long ; subtriangle on forewing traversed once, that of hind entire ; 1-2 nervures in hypertrigones ; 3 cubital nervures in 9-18|19-ll . ; 5 cells in anal triangle. forewing, 2 in the hind ; nodal index ——— 10-13! Ja? INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 673 Abdomen black marked with yellow as follows :—segment 1 with a dorsal basal spot and a narrow apical low down on the sides, 2 with a dorsal median spot and a small lateral which involves the oreillets, 3 to 6 with dorsal spots con- fluent over the dorsal carina except at the extreme apex of spots, 7 with nearly the basal half yellow, 8 with a small basal lateral spot and a smaller still on segment 9, 10, with a median dorsal spot (this in the Burmah specimen covers the basal half of the dorsum). Anal appendages. Superior considerably longer than segment 10, compressed of about even width to the apex which is squarish, separated in entire length but converging at the apices, inferior much shorter, a little sinuous and directed up as seen in profile, deeply cleft, the branches widely divaricate and triangular seen from beneath. Genitalia black tipped with yellow, similar to williamsont. Hab. A single male from Trong, Lower Siam, the type in U.S.N. Museum, I possess a specimen from Burmah which answers to the above description, the slight variations between it and Mr. Williamson’s description being probably due to changes in decomposition. The ground colour in the type is dark brown but I notice that the jet black of most species of Ictinusis apt to turn brown where no care is taken to prevent decomposition changes and I surmise that the type was in lite deep black. The entire absence of the humeral stripe separates it from kodaguensis, whilst the lateral upper yellow spot on the median lateral black and the presence of a black basal spot on the upper surface of frons found in abbott: will serve to separate it from this insect. Series, Gompuus Williamson. This series contains a somewhat miscellaneous group of genera and species, the position of many of which is at present doubtful. Gomphus sens strict and Onychogomphus will need further splitting up, a greater knowledge of their larve may facilitate this asis well demonstrated by that of Onychogomphus nilgsriensis. The whole series is characterized by the following characters :—All trigones, ’ hypertrigones and subtrigones entire ; transverse nervures between Mi-iii and Miv greatly reduced in number, usually only 1 in the hindwing and 1 to2 in the forewing ; sectors of arc very distinctly separated at and beyond their origin from the arc ; stigma variable ; no accessory sectors to Rs and Miv. - As Dr. Laidlaw points out, clear-cut venational characters are not to be found for the series as a whole owing to the large number of doubtful species included in the series. Specialization of transverse nervures between Mi-iii and Miv is much more constant in the hindwing although in some genera it is about equal in fore and hind. Genus—HETEROGOMPHUS, Selys. Heterogomphus. Selys. Bull. Acad. Belg. xxi (2) p. 27 (1854); Mon, Gomph., p. 94 (1857.) Moderately or very large insects with hindwing 40 mm. or more, abdomen usually considerably longer than this ; at least 16 antenodal nervures in forewing, not more than 2 transverse nervures in the forewing between Mi-iii and Miv, never more than 1 in the hind. Wings long and narrow, extending to end of segment 8 in the male, to end of 9 in the female or in one species actually longer than the abdomen, base of wing in the male strongly excavate, anal angle promi- nent, Head very massive, face deep, eyes tumid posteriorly, occiput low straight in the male, often spined in the female. Thorax robust, black marked with greenish yellow or yellow marked sparingly with black, Abdomen similarlv is 674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X. coloured, tumid at base, rather narrow and cylindrical as far as segment 7, 8 and 9 slightly dilated, the 3 last segments diminishing successively in length, Legs robust but short, spines variable. Anal appendages long and tapering, as long as the two last segments of abdomen, of nearly equal length, superior simple, inferior deeply cleft, its branches equally divaricate as superior appendages, bearing a robust internal spine at the apices of branches. Fae Ey Co eles Sate Pe , S, ’ 2480, ag , ane s ES RLIS PEE eee ngewe em ATES Fig. 4. Wings of Heterogomphus hannyngtoni, sp. nov. 3 Genitalia ; lamina bonnet-shaped, a little raised, internal hamules robust straight hooks, the external thin, tongue-like processes projecting perpendicu- larly from the genital sac, lobe markedly projecting, with a long constricted neck, the end expanding laterally, the expansions curling inwards, Vulvar scale small, strongly cleft. Hab. Breeding in mountain streams. Habits closely resembling those of Ictinus for which the insects may be mistaken when on the wing or resting. india, Western Ghats, Himalayas, Bengal, Ceylon, China and Cochin China, | Keterogomphus hannyngtoni, sp. nov. Male. Abdomen (with anal appendages) 58mm. Hindwing 48mm. Head very large and massive, triangular. Eyes bottle green ; labium chrome yellow ; labrum bright greenish yellow margined narrowly with black ; face black, the lower epistome citron yellow and a spot of apple green on either side against the eyes ; frons apple green above and in front with two small points of — black in the sulcus just in front of the vesicle ; vertex and occiput black, the _ hinder border of latter raised and scale-like with a small rounded tubercle on the’ | superior surface, fringed with long black hairs. ( Prothorax black marked with a postero-lateral spot of yellow and two small spots on middorsum. Thorax black marked with bright greenish yellow. In some specimens the markings are bright citron yellow above changing to bright apple green below. Markings as follows:—the outer angles of the alar sinus a broad subtriangular oblique dorsal stripe more or less separated from a mesothoracic coilar which Heterogomphus nannyngtoni, ana jiavicoior were not included in the key to the Gomphinae as they were unknown at the time it was written. [INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. §75 may be either entire or interrupted. (In one specimen the separation between these two markings is bright reddish brown.) A rudimentary humeral stripe represented by a small upper spot, laterally two broad apple green stripes sepa- rated by a broad black band, the upper part of which bears a small yellow spot, The posterior stripe covering the whole of metepimeron. Legs short and robust, black, the cox and trochanters of the first pair yellow. Hind femora with two rows of short robust closely set black spines. Abdomen black marked with bright citron yellow as follows:—segment 1 with a small apical dorsal triangle and the whole of the sides low down, 2 with a dor- sal stripe, broad at the base and tapering to but not reaching the apex, laterally a broad stripe, broadest at the base and including the oreillet, interrupted just after the latter structure, lastly a narrow stripe bordering the genitalia, 3 with a _ trilobed dorsal stripe and a lateral wedge-shaped spot at the base, segments 4 and 5 with a chain of three dorsal spots, the apical one cordate and larger than the two basal, 6 with a single basal dorsal spot, 7 with rather more than the basal half yellow, the margins of the yellow concave laterally, segments 8 and 9 with small lateral basal triangular spots, 10 entirely black. Anal appendages black. The superior long and tapering, the inferior but little shorter and armed with a small inner apical spine. Genitalia : lamina scuttle-shaped, its sides straight and at right angles to the dorsum ; internal hamules projecting from under shade of lamina, long curving robust hooks ; external hamules narrow triangular plates projecting perpendi- cularly from the genital orifice; lobe with a broad black base, narrowing to a truncate neck which projects markedly from the genital sac, bifurcates at its apex, the bifurcations curling inwards. Wings hyaline. long and rather broad, reticulation close ; stigma long blackish brown, braced ; Mia very indistinct, only 2 rows of ceils between it and Mz. In females Mia is always quite distinct and there are always 3 rows of cells between it and Mi, this applying to all species. Only 1 cross nervure between Miv and Mi-ivi in all wings. Nodal index 13-19 | 19-15 14-14 | 14-14 Female. Abdomen 56 mm. Hindwing 55 mm. Very similar to the male but the ratio of wing length to that of abdomen strikingly different. The wings enormously lengthened and broadened, evidently for carrying the extra weight of the very robust thorax and abdomen. Apart from the abdomen which is slightly shorter, the female is a much more robust and bulkier insect than the male, Labrum bright citron yellow instead of apple green; frons with a semicircle of black at the base of upper surface ; occiput flat with a robust spine at either end against the eyes. Lateral spot of prothorax much larger than in the male. Metepimeron citron yellow with a blush of green at its centre ; markings of abdomen much broader and more crowded, the dorsal marking on segment 2 being trilobed, its basal part square, the median large and broadly oval, whilst the apical lobe is smaii and round, the lateral stripe on this segment is unbroken at its middle, the dorsal marking on segment 3 partially constricted to form four lobes, whilst laterally a broad stripe runs its entire length, broken slightly at the transverse suture, segments 4 and 5 have an additional lateral basal _ spot, whilst 6 has this spot and another still larger following it, segment 9 has a minute lateral basal spot. Anal appendages very small, conical, tapering black. Vulvar scale very small, deeply cleft, the apices of the two lobes thus for ned curling strongly inward towards each other. Wings hyaline, nodal index similar to that cf male. 676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTX, -Hab, Haunting the banks of jungle mountain streams, perching on twigs or more rarely settling on rocks. The male when settled bears a strong resemblance to Ictinus but may be recognised by its abdomen, which is held stiffly and straight outward instead of curved, scimitarlike as in Ictinus. Like the latter insect, it rests with the head lowermost, the body inclined upwards. When disturbed, it plunges downwards as it takes flight. It travels long distances up and down stream but makes long rests and if followed up, is soom met with again. The only female taken was in the act of ovipositing beneath the dark shade of a tree overhanging the stream at a point where the current was very swift and racing over a bed of pebbles. It was performing a series of figure-of-eight evolutions, striking the surface of the water at the waist of each figure-of-eight. This and the first males were taken on the Cauvery near Bhagamandala (where the river rises), two subsequent males being taken at Hallery near Mercara on a mountain stream which empties lower down into the Hatty river, a large tribu- tary of the Cauvery. The streams here are not more than ten feet across and I have never seen the insect on the main river where it becomes much wider. Type in British Museum. In May 1906 the late Mr. Hannyngton, I.C.S., who was then Commissiorer of Coorg, discovered a huge exuvia of some unknown dragonfly which he pre- sented to the Pusa Museum. No notes are available as to where he discovered this exuvia in Coorg but from local hearsay evidence I should think it was found on the banks of the Hallery stream. Mr. Hannyngtor was a keen lepidopterist ind spent much of his spare time collecting in the Hallery valley. The insect ploy: Length.—972 mm. (3 feet, 24 inches). (Captain Frere in a private letter, dated July 1911. Locality, Minbu. Burma.) Distn.—Peninsular India. North-East litoral, North of the Godavery tiver. Anakapalle, Vizagapatam. (Russell.) Orissa. Berhampore. (F. W.) Puri. Kendrapara. (Ind. Mus.) Bengal. Manbhum, Calcutta, and Sunderbunds. (Ind. Mus.) Burdwan. (D’Abreu in private | letter.) Behar. Darbhanga. Siripur. (Ind. Mus.). Gonda, Oudh. (Bombay colin.) Patna. (D’Abreu in private letter.) Jalpaiguri. (F. W.) Assam. Goalpara and Cachar. (Ind. Mus.) Dibrugarh. (F. W.) Burma. From Mandalay (Ind. Mus.) in the North, to Tavoy (Ind. Mus.) in the South. Stam. Bangkok. (Bombay colln.) Patani. Cochin-China. China. Southern Provinces and Coastal Islands. Malay Peninsula. Kedah. Penang. Singapore. Malay Archipelago — | Borneo. Note.—Both Flower and Boulenger mention Ceylon within its habitat but I can find no authority for this. Possiblyit has been confused with Helicops schistosus, a mistake I have discovered in examining various collections. 216. (468) Hypsirhina blanfordi Boulenger. Blanford’s Water Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol II], 1896, p 10; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 5d. Type.—In the Indian Museum. Locality dubious. Lepid.—Ventrals. 122 to 125. Subcaudals. 33 to 45. Disin.— Burma. Pegu. (Blanford.) Bassein ? (Sclater.) 217. (469) Hypsirhina sieboldi (Schlegel). Siebold’s Water Snake. ‘* New Homalopsid.”’ Dreckman, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol I, p 24. Ferania sieboldi. Murray, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol I, p 219. Hypsirhina sieboldi. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, » 11; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 144; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XI, p 732; l.c. Vol XVIII, pp 118 and 920. Length.—775 mm. (2 feet, 64 inches). 3a . a | A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 867 Lepid.—Costals. In 27 to 33 rows. Ventrals. 143 to 158. Subcaudais. 43 to 56. Distn.—Peninsular India. Malabar Coast. Travancore. (F. W.) Bombay. (Brit. Mus.) Ganges River System. Delhi. (F. W.) Agra. (Ind. Mus.). Saugor. (Bombay colin.) Fyzabad. (fF. W.) Champaran. (F. W.) Patna. (D’Abreu in private letter.) Monghyr. Purneah. (Ind. Mus.) Pusa. (Bombay colln.). Brahmaputra River. Samaguting. (Ind. Mus.) Mymensingh. (Bombay colln.). Rangoon River. Pegu. (Ind. Mus.) Note.—I discredit Penang on Cantor’s authority for reasons cited in the note to T'yphlops bothriorhynchus. Genus.—Homatopsis AKuwhl. 218. (464) Homalopsis buccata (Linné.) Linné’s Water Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 14; Sclater, List Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 53. Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 349 and 616; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 388. Length.—1,310 mm. (4 feet, 34 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 157 to 173. Subcaudals. 65 to 106. Distn.—Burma. Lower reaches of the Bassein, Rangoon and Moulmein Rivers, and adjacent tanks. Siam. Indo-China. Malay Peninsula. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra. Java. Borneo. Genus.—Hvurrisa Daudin. 1799 Hydrus. Schneider, part. Hist. Amph. I, p 246 (type. H. platurus (Linné)]. 1801 Elaps. Schneider, part. Hist. Amph. II, p 301 [type E. marcgravi. ( Wied)). 1803 Hurria. Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. V, p 281 [type H. bilineata=H. rhynchops (Schneider) |. 1803 Coluber. (non Linné, 1766.) Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. VII, p 167. 1820 Python. (non Daudin, 1803.) Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph., p 89. 1826 Homalopsis. (non Kuhl, 1822) Fitzinyer, N. Class Rept., p 55. 1829 Cerberus. Cuvier, Regne. Anim. IT, p 8\[ type Coluber cerberus =H. rhynchops (Schneider) |. { 219. (465) Hurriarhynchops (Schneider.) The Dog-faced Water Snake. Cerberus beeformis. Blyth, And. Islanders, pp 365 and 366. Cerberus rhynchops. Alcock and Rogers, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1902, p 449 ; Annandale, J. A. S. 1905,» 176; Mem. Ind. Mus. 1915, p 170 ; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 16; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol X,p 74; “ Keswal,”’ Bomb. N. H. J. Vol I, p 173; Selater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 54; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp. 345 and 612; Wail, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 307; t.c. 1919, » 89. Hurria rhynchops. Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 257. Length.—991 mm. (3 feet, 3 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 122 to 160. Disin.—Coasts and tidal Rivers from Bombay to Indo-China. Ceylon. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra to Celebes, Philippines. Formosa. Note.—One was brought to me in Bangalore on the 22nd of July 1920 by a snakeman, who tried to convince me he had procured it locally He eventually confessed that he had captured it on the West Coast. ‘“‘ Nilgiris ”’ as the locality of a specimen in the British Museum 868 220. bo i) Lo 223. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, presented by Mr. Theobald may be similarly explained. In every case where a snake has been acquired through snakemen the fact. should be recorded. Genus—GERARDIA Gray. (471) Gerardia prevostiana (Eydoux and Gervais.) Gerard’s Water Snake, Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 20; Phipson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol IX, p 486; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 6163 Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 307 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 262. Lepid.—Ventrals. 145 to 156. Subcaudals. 29 to 36. Distn.— Coasts and Rivers of India. Alibag. (Bombay colln.) Bandora. (Brit. Mus.) Cannanore. (F. W.) Burma. Rangoon. (F. W.) Pegu. (Brit. Mus.) Amherst. (Ind. Mus.) Ceylon. Kelani River. Note.—The Ceylon record, though disputed, is on the authority of Ferguson, a thoroughly reliable observer. Further I found a speci- men labelled Kelani River in the Colombo Museum obviously the one referred to by that authority. Genus.—¥oRDONIA Gray. (470) Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel.) Fordon’s Water Snake. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 176; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 21; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 55; Walland Evans. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 347. Distn.—Rivers and Coasts from the Sunderbunds to Cochin-China. Bengal. Sunderbunds. (Ind. Mus.) Burma. Rangoon. (Theobald.) Watya. (Wall and Evans.) Moulmein. (Bombay colln.) Nicobars, Cochin-China. Malay Peninsula. Singapore. Penang. Malay Archi- pelago. Java. Borneo. Ceram. New Guinea. North Australia. Genus.—CanToria Girard. (472) Cantoria violacea Girard. Cantor’s Water Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 23 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p55; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H.J. Vol XIII, p 611; Wall, © Bomb. N. H. J.. Vol XXITI, p 126: Length.—1,220 mm. (4 feet). Lepid.—Ventrals. 241 to 284. Subcaudals. 52 to 69. — Distn.—Rivers of Burma. Irrawadi. (Wakema.) Moulmein. Amherst. Andamans (F. W.) Malay Peninsula. Singapore. Malay Archipelago. Borneo. Genus.—HIPIsTEs Gray. (473) Hipistes hydrinus (Cantor.) Gray's Water Snake. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 24; Sclater, cist. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 56; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 347 and 616, Lepid.—Ventrals. 153 to 172. Subcaudals, 21 to 35. Distn.—Coasts and tidal rivers of Burma. Rangoon River. (Watiya. — Rangoon. Pegu.) Thaton. Moulmein. Amherst. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. Selangor, Penang. Kedah. Singapore. Siam. Bangkok. — Genus.—TARBOPHIS Fleischmann. (Nil) Tartophis rhinopoma (Blanford.) Blanford’s Cat Snake. Dipsas rhinopoma. Blanford, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (4) XIV, 1874, p 34; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 48. " Dipsadomorphus jollyi. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Val XXIII, p 167. A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 869 Tarbophis rhinopoma. Boulenger, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol IX, p 325 ; Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 50. Type.—From Karman. In the Indian Museum. Lepid.—Costals. In 21 to 25 rows to behind midbody, reducing to 17 before the vent. Ventrals. 247 to 280. Anal. Entire. Subcaudals. 76 to 99. Distn.—Sind. Baluchistan. Kacha Thana. Miranshah, Tochi Valley. Persia. DIPSADOMORPHUS Fitzinger. 1827 Dipsas. (non Laurenti, 1768.) Bote, part Isis, p 548. 1843 Dipsadomorphus. itzinger, Syst. Rept., p 27 [type D trigonatus (Schn- erder)]. 225. (448) Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus (Boie.) The Argus Cat Snake. Dipsas multimaculatus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept., 1890, p 360; -Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus., 1891, p 46. Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 210; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 63; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 346 and 615; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 534; 1. ¢. Vol XXV, p 525. Length.—997 mm. (3 feet, 3} inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 202 to 245. Subcaudals. 80 to 111. Distn.— Eastern Bengal. Chittagong. (F. W.) Burma. As far North as Mandalay. (Bombay colln.), and South to Moulmein. Shan States. Siam. Pachebon. Pitsanuloke. Sanam Cheng. Bangkok. Indo-China, China. Southern Provinces and Coastal Islands.. Fumun. Canton. Hongkong. Malay Peninsula? Penang. (Cantor.) Malay Archi- pelago. Sumatra. Java. Celebes. Note.—I attach a query to the Malay Peninsula for reasons cited in the note to Natrix parallelus. Cantor appears to be the only authority for this locality. _ 226. (445) Dipsadomorphus barnesi (Giimther.) Barnes’s Cat Snake. Dipsas barnesi. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, pp 47 and 78 ; Spol. Zeylan. 1911, p 206; Boulenger, Faun, Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 359; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1903, p 81; 1. c. 1906, p 233. Dipsadomorphus barnesi. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 738; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 127; Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, p 283. Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, reducing to 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 208 to 220. Subcau- dals. 99. Disin.—Ceylon. Gangaruwa. Note.—-I have examined the type, and the only other known specimen in the Colombo Museum. 227. (Nil.) Dipsadomorphus quincunciatus Wall. Waill’s Cat Snake, Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVIII, » 272; 1. ¢.. Vol XIX, p 833. Type.—In the British Museum from Tinsukia near Dibrugarh, Assam. Length.—1,055 mm. (3 feet, 53 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 237 to 242. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 118. 870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. Distn._-Assam. Tinsukia and Rangagara, both near Dibrugarh. Notes.—I have seen two examples the only ones known. 228. (446) Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis Giinther. Giinther’s Cat Snake. Dipsas ceylonensis, Abereromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1901, pp 49 and 77; Spol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 205 and 207; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J . Vol X, p 73; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1903, p 82. Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 66 (part.); Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909,» 152; Bomb. N. AH. J. Vol XXVI,p 519; Oph. Tap. 1921, » 278. Length.—1,283 mm. (4 feet, 23 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, 13 or 15 two heads- lengths before vent. Ventrals. 214 to 235. Subcaudals. 91 to 111. Distn.—Western Ghats. From Matheran to Travancore. Ceylon. Hills of Central and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. Note.—Has been confused with beddomei, nuchalis, and andamanensis. I have examined 82 examples. Annandale (Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 281) contests my view that these four “forms ”’ are entitled to rank as species, and I expect many others to accept his view in opposition to mine, which I adhere to. In the circumstances it is open to those who agree with Annandale to relegate beddomei, nuchalis, and andamanensis to the rank of varieties of ceylonensis. 229. (446) Dipsadomorphus beddomei Wall. Beddome’s Cat Snake. Dipsas ceylonensis. Abercromby, Spol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 205 and 207, Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890; p 359 (part); Ferguson, Bomb. N. H, J. Vol X, 1895, p 73; Willey, Syol. Zeylan. 1903 p 82. Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol IIT, 1896, » 66 (part); Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, » 152. Dipsadomorphus beddomei. Wall, Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 406; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 282. Length.—1,232 mm. (4 feet and 3 an inch). Lepid.—Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, 15 or 13 two heads- lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 248 to 266. Subcaudais. 111 to 129. Distn.— Western Ghats. Matheran to ‘Travancore. Ganjam Dist. (Berhampore close to Hiils.) Ceylon. C. Prov. (Kandy. Peradeniya.) N. Prov. (Mullaitivu). Note.—I have examined 13 specimens. 230. (449) Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus (Stoliczka) (non Blyth) The Tawny Cat Snake. Dipsas hexagonotus. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p 185 (part); Boulenger, Faun. Ind. Rept. 1890, » 361 (part); Stoliczka, J. A. S., Beng., 1870, | p 198 (part); Wall and Hvans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XITI, pp 346 and 615. | Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus. Roulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, 65 (part); Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XX, p 342; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 154. Length.—1,016 mm. (3 feet, 4 inches). Lepid.—-Costals. In 19 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before vent. Ventrals. 221 to 246. Subcaudals. 89 to 107. Distn.—Burma. From Bhamo in the North to Tenasserim (Kawkareit) in the South. Chin Hills. (Haka.) §S. Shan States. (Taunggyi.)} Andamans. A HWAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 871 Note.-—This is not the snake described by Blyth as hexagonotus. (J. A. S., Beng., 1856, p 360.) His type specimen (No 8048 in the Indian Museum) is a voung D. cyaneus (Dumeril and Bibron). It is pro- bable that the specimens reported from Siam, Cochin-China and the Andamans are hexagonotus, but precise details regarding the lepidosis are wanting. I have examined 22 examples. | 93), (444) Dipsadomorphus trigonatus (Schneider.) The Common Cat Snake or Gamma Snake. Dipsas gokool. Phipson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol II, p 2473; Traiill, Bomo. Need nV ol, LX pi 4go. Dipsas trigonatus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 360; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol X, p 73; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 45; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, » 307. Dipsadomorphus trigonatus. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 209; Boulenger, Cat Vol IIT, 1896, » 63; Mullan, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p 919; Nurse, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XITI, p 340; Sarasin,,. Zool. Jahr. Jena, 1910, p 144; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XV, p 524 ;. lc. Vol XVIII, pp 120 and 543; 1. c. Vol XIX, pp 267a and’ 352; l.c. Vol XX, pp 864 and 1038; 1. c. Vol XXVI, p 569; Oph.. Tap. 1921, p 269. Length.—940 mm. (3 feet, 1 inch). Lepid.—Costals. 21 to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before: vent. Ventrals. 206 to 256. Subcaudals. 75 to 96. Distn.—Peninsular India, To the Himalayas. Punjab. Sind. Baluchistan. Transcaspia. N. W. Frontier. Western Himalayas.. Subathu. (Ind. Mus.) Almora. (F. W.) Eastern Himalayas. Sikkim.. (Ff. W.) Bengal. As far East as Calcutta. Ceylon. Uva Prov.. (Haldamulle. F. W.) Note.—The snakes referred to by Anderson (J. A. S., Beng., Vol XU, p 35) from Assam and Naga Hills are probably D. gokool, a species. with which D. trigonatus was frequently confused by early herpeto- logists. 232. (447) Dipsadomorphus gokool (Gray.) Gray’s Cat Snake. Dipsas gokool. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 360; Sclater, Inst. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 46. Dipsadomorphus gokool. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37 and 49; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 64; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J.. Vol XIX, p 831. Length.—870 mm. (2 feet, 191 inches). Lepid.—-Costals. 21 to behind midbody, 17 or 15. two heads-lengths. before the vent. Ventrals. 224 to 232. Subcaudals. 87 to 101. Distn.— Bengal. Jessore. Jalpaiguri. (Ind. Mus.) Darjeeling Dist. (Ff. W.). Assam. Sadiya. Sonapur. Sibsagar. (Ind. Mus.) Dibrugarh. Dejoo. (F. W.) Cachar (Monacherra. Bombay colln.) Garo Hills. (Tura. Bombay colln.) Khasi Hills. (Shillong. F. W.) Naga Hills. (Samaguting. Ind. Mus.). Burma. Manipur (F. W.). Note.—Malay Peninsula I discredit for reasons cited in the note to: Typhiops bothriorhynchus. 233. (Nil.) Dipsadomorphus multifasciatus Blyth. The Himalayan Cat Snake. Dipsas multifasciatus. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 46. Dipsadomorphus multifasciatus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 69; Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1907, p 157; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIX, p 352 3 l.c. Vol XXVI, p 866. 872 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX, Length.—1,157 mm. (3 feet, 93 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 21 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 223 to 251. Subcaudals. 96 to 116. Distn.—Himalayas. W. Himalayas. Subathu. Mussooree. Naini Tal. (Ind. Mus.) Naini Tal. Muktesar. (F. W.) EZ. Himalayas. Nepal. (Chitlong. Ind. Mus.) Darjeeling Dist. (Ind. Mus.) Pashok. Tindharia. Mungpoo. (F. W.) Note.—I have seen over 20 specimens, and though uncommon, it ap- pears to be about as numerous in the Western Himalayas as in the Kastern part of that. Range, up to 7,000 feet. 234. (449) Dipsadomorphus stoliczkx Wall. Stoliczka’s Cat Snake. Dipsas hexagonotus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 65 (part); Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 47 (part, No 7932). Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 281; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 65 (part); Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIX, pp 352 and 758; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 154. Dipsadomorphus stoliczke. Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 155. Length.—1,105 mm. (3 feet, 74 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 21 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 223 to 252. Subcaudals. 100 to 119. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Buxa Dooars to Sikkim. Assam. Goalpara. Sibsagar. Cachar. (Ind. Mus.) Note.—Has been confused with D. hexagonotus Stoticzka, so I give only localities I can guarantee. J have examined in all 74 examples. It is to be noted that two specimens in the British Museum from Burma conform to this type, but their donor Colonel Beddome has been shown unreliable in many of his records. See note to Natriz parallelus. Annandale (Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 281) contests my view that this deserves specific rank apart from hexagonotus. To those who share his view this “form” should be considered a “ variety’’ of hexagonotus. 235. (446) Dipsadomorphus nuchalis (Giinther.) The Collared Cat Snake. . Dipsas ceylonensis. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 66 (part); Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1890, p 46 (part except No 7932). Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 66 (part). ; Dipsadomorphus nuchalis. Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol XIX, p 153; lc. Vol. XXI, p 279; Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XXVI, p 571. Length.—1,309 mm. (4 feet, 33 inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 21 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before vent. Ventrals. 234 to 251. Subcaudals. 90 to 108. Distn.— Western Ghats. South of the Goa gap. Wynad to Travancore. Shevaroys. Hastern Himalayas. Nepal (Chitlong). Assam. Sibsagar. N. Cachar. (Ind. Mus.) Note.—I have seen 60 examples. I have two skulls, the teeth of which | number. Maxillary, 14 praecranterian, 2 cranterian. Palatine, 6 to 7. Pterygoid, 15 to 17. Mandibular, 20 to 23. 236. (Nil.) Dipsadomorphus dightoni (Boulenger.) Dighton’s Cat Snake. Dipsas dightoni. Boulenger, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol VIII, p 528 ; Ferguson, Bombs N.S Vol Xp fe: A HAND.LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 873 Dipsadomorphus dightoni. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 210; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 69; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910 p 136. Lepid.—Costals. In 23 rows to behind midbody, 17 or 15 two heads- lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 228 to 241. Subcaudals. 95 to 102. Distn.— Western Ghats. ‘Travancore. | Pirmed. Brit. Mus. Ind. Mus. (No 13787). ] Note.—I have examined three specimens, the only ones known, all from Pirmed. Botea Fitzcnger. 1803 Hurria. Daudin, part, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris. I1I, No 72, p 187 [type Hurria rynchops (Schneider) ]. 1826 Boiga. Fitzinger, part, Neue. Class Rept. p 29 [type Coluber irregularis —Boiga irregularis (Merrem) i 1827 Dipsas. (non Laurenti, 1768.) Boie, part, Isis., p 548. 1843 ? Macrocephalus. Fitzinger,. Syst. Rept. p. 27 [type Dipsas drapiezii= Boiga ? drapiezi (Bote) }. 1843 Gonyodipsas. Fitzinger, S: yst. Rept. p 27 |type Dipsas irregularis—Boiga irregularis (Merrem) ]. 1843 Eudipsas. Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p 27 [type Dipsas eynoson. Beige cynodon (Bote) |. 1843 ! Cephalophis. Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p 27 |type Dipsas dendrophila= Boiga dendrophila (Boie) |. 1853 Opetiodon. Dumeril, Prodr. Class. Ophid. p 98 [type O. cynodon= Boiga cynodon (Bote) |}. 1853 Triglyphodon. Dumeril, Prodr. Class. Ophid., p 1 [type T. irregulare= Boiga irregularis (Merrem) ]. 1857 ! Toxicodryas. Hallowell, Proc. Philad. Acad. p 60 (type T. blandingi). 1877 Pappophis. Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, II, p 39 [type P | laticeps=Boiga irregularis (Merrem) }. 1895 ? Liophallus. Cope, Proc. Philad. Acad. p 427 [type Dipsas fusca=Boiga? fusca (Gray) |. 237. (446) Boiga andamanensis (Wall.) The Andaman Cat Snake. Dipsas ceylonensis. Stoliczka, J. A. S., Beng., 1870, p 198 (part). Dipsas fusca. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 47 (part, Nos 7928, 7929, 7930 and 8641). Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 174 (part): WStoliczka, J. A. S., Beng., 1856, p 360 (part). Dipsadomorphus andamanensis. Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1909, p 153. Types.—In the Indian Museum from the Andamans. Length.—1,486 mm. (4 feet, 104 inches). Lepid.—Costals, 21 to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 259 to 269. Subcaudals. 118 to 133. Distn.— Andaman Islands. Note.—-I have seen 9 examples. I have one skull, the teeth of which number. Maxillary. 13 praecranterian, 3 cranterian. Palatine 7 to 8, Pterygoid 20. Mandibular 21 to 22. 288. (450) Boiga cyanea (Dumeril and Bibron.) The Green Cat Snake. _Dipsas hexagonotus. Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., 1856, p 360; Stoliczka, J. A. 8., Beng., Vol XX XIX, p 198 (part). Dipsas fusca. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 47 (part, No 8048), | Dipsas cyaneus. Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 361; Evans, | Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 553 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, | p47; Wall and Evans. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 188 and 346, 44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XAIX. (e6) ae) Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis. Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1905, p 174 (part); Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 134 (part). Dipsadomorphus. cyaneus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 72; Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 170; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vot XVIII, p 329; 1. c. Vol XIX, p 353 ; Rec. Ind. Mus, 1909, p 154. Length.—1,448 mm. (4 feet, 9 inches). Lepid.—Costals. 21 to behind midbody, 15 two heads-lengths before the vent. In some specimens the vertebral row divides as in other species of this genus. making the scale rows appear 23 in places. Ventrals. 237 to 257. Subcaudals. 124 to 134. Distn.—Kastern Himalayas. Darjecling. (Brit. Mus.) Tindharia. (F. W.) Assam. Cachar. (Ind. Mus.) Sonapur. Monacherra. (Bombay colln.). Khasi Hills. (Cherrapunji. Ind. Mus. Nongpho F. W.) Burma. Kokine, near Rangoon. (Evans) Insein near Rangoon. (Wall and Evans) Tavoy. (Ind. Mus.) Siam. Klong Menao. East of Sriracha. Koh Phai » Island (Malcolm-Smith) Indo-China. (Mocquard.) 239. (Nil.) Boiga cynodon (Boie.) Boie’s Cat Snake. Dipsas cyanea. Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 615. Dipsas cynodon. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 47. Dipsadomorphus cynodon. Boulenger, Cat. Vol IIT, 1896, pp 78 and 164;.Wall, Bomb.. N: H. J. Vol XTX, p33: lo cs, Vol Xie pp 832 and 899. Lepid.—Costals. In 23 or 25 rows to behind midbody, 15 two heads- iengths before the vent. Ventrals (for Indian specimens). 249 to 277, Subcaudals (for Indian specimens). 114 to 147. Disin.—Eastern Himalayas. Jalpaiguri. Tindharia. (F. W.) Assam. (Dibrugarh. F. W.) Cachar. (Ind. Mus). Garo Hills. (Ind. Mus.) Naga Hills. (Samaguting. Ind. Mus.) Burma. Thayetmyo. (Ind. Mus.) ‘Toungoo. (Brit. Mus.) Rangoon. Myitkyina. (F. W.) Mergui. (Ind. Mus.) Burma-Siam Hills. (Ind. Mus.) Stam. Bangnara, Patani State. (M. Smith). Malay Peninsula. (Brit. and Ind. Mus.) Malay Archipelago. Borneo. (Brit. Mus.) Philippines. (Brit. Mus.) 240, (451) Boiga forsteni (Dumeril and Bibron.) Forsten’s Cat Snake. | Dipsas forsteni. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon. 1910, pp 47 and 78 ; Spole Zeylan. 1911, p 206; U. c. 1913, » 145; Alcock and Rogers, Proc. Roy- Soc. 1902, 9 449; Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. 1890, p 362; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol X, p 73; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan. 1909, p 54; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 47; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1903, p 82; l.c. 1906, p 233. Dipsadomorphus forsteni. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, » 80; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 130; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol ALX, p 757; 1.¢c. Vol XXVI, p 571; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 406. Boiga forsteni. Wall, Oph. Tap. 1921, » 285. Length.—2,313 mm. (7 feet, 7 inches). if Lepid.— Costals. In from 25 to 31 rows to behind midbody, 17 or 15. before the vent. Ventrals. 254 to 273. Subcaudals. 102 to 119 (131 Boulenger). Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. Western Ghats. Matheran to Travancore. Ganges Valley. Orcha. Fyzabad. Gorakhpur. (Bombay collin.) Balrampur. (F. W.) Purnea. Manbhum (Ind. Mus.). Orissa. Berhampore. (F. W.) Bengal. Sijna (F. W.). Western. Himalayas. Naini Tal Dist. (Kaladungi. I. W.) astern Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (F. W.). rae A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 875 Genus.—TAPHROMETAPON Brandt. 241. (Nil.) Taphrometapon lineolatum Brandt. Brands Sand Snake. Psammophis leithi. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 50 (part, No 11697). Psammophis schokari. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XX, p 1039 (part). Psammophis triticeus. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. X XI, p 634. Taphrometapon lineolatum. Alcock and Finn, J. A. S., Beng., 1896. p 563; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, p 210; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 151; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus, 1891 p 49. Length.— 870 mm. (2 feet, 10} inches). Lepid.—Costals. In 17 rows to behind midbody, 13 two heads-lengths before the vent. Ventrals. 174 to 197. Anal. Divided. Subcaudals. 72 to 107. Distn.—Baluchistan. Quetta. Marachak. Chaman. Baleli. Afghanistan. Persia. Turkestan. Aralo-Caspian Steppes. Genus.—PSAMMOPHIS Bove. 242. (454) Psammophis leithi Giinther. Leith’s Sand Snake. P. leithi. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 155; WSclater, List. Sn. Ind, Mus. 1891, p 50 (part, Nos 7596, 8663, 8705 and 11453); Wail. Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVIII, pp 120 and 203 ; l. c. Vol XX, p 1039, Lepid.—Ventrals. 161 to 185. Subcaudals. 85 to 107. Distn.— Ganges Valley. Fyzabad. Rae Bareli. (F. W.) Gwalior. (Brit. Mus.) Banda. N. W. P. (Ind. Mus.) Cutch. (Ind. Mus.) Rajputana. Ajmer. (Brit. Mus.) Punjab. Campbellpore. (Bombay colln.) Sind. Karachi. (Ind. Mus.) Baluchistan. Munro Khalat. (Brit. Mus.) Duki. (Quetta Mus.) NV. W. Frontier. Thal. (F. W.) Note.—A specimen in the Bombay collection (No 652 ) is labelled *“Cannanore. Donor Major F. Wall.” This is a mistake as I never obtained it from that locality. It is necessary to remark upon this to show that the records of this collection are not completely reliable, in spite of every care. (See note to Stlybura phipsoni.) 243, (Nil.) Psammophis schokari (Forskal.) Schokar’s Sand Snake. P. leithi.. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 50 (part, Nos 4612. 4613, 4614, 7602, 7603, 8440, 8584, 8585, 8593, 10974, 11421, 13421, 13422.) P. schokari.. Boulenger, Cat. Vol IIT, 1896, » 157; P. Z S. 1919. : pp 290 and 305; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVIII, p 808; 1. c,. Vol, (XiXE > 1039. Lepid.—Ventrals. 174 to 186. (Boulenger, 162 to 195.) Subcaudals. 112 to 187. (Boulenger, 93 to 149). Disin.—Punjab. Lahore. (F. W.) Sind. Karachi. Sukkur. Baluchistan, Afghanistan. Persia. Syria. Arabia. Somaliland. N. Africa. Sahara, 244, (456) Psammophis longifrons Boulenger. Boulenger’s Sand Snake. P. longifrons. Boulenger, Cat. Vol ITI, 1896, p 165; D° Abreu, Bomb. N. A. J. Vol XXII, p 634; Dreckman, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol VII. p 406; Gleadow, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol VIII, p 553. Lepid.—Ventrals. 166 to 175. Distn.—Peninsular India, Cuddapah Hills ? Bombay Dist. (Godra. Thana. Kalyan. Bulsar. Bombay colln.). Central Provinces (Nagpur). Note.—I attach a query to Cuddapah Hills as this locality rests upon the sole authority of Beddome. (See note to Natrix parallelus.) 876 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIX, 245. (455) Psammophis condanarus (Merrem.) Merrem’s Sand Snake. P. condanarus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 165; Sclater, List, Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 50 (part, all except No 8730); Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 617; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVIII, p 121; Ul. «. Vol XX, p 626. Length.—978 mm. (3 feet, 24 inches). © Lepid.—Ventrals. 156 to 188. Subcaudals. 71 to 92. Distn.— Cutch. (Ind. Mus.) Punjab. Chillianwala. (Brit. Mus.) Sand. Kotri. (Brit. Mus.) Western Himalayas. Simla. (Ind. Mus.) Mussoorie. Almora. Muktesar. (F. W.) Ganges Valley. Fyzabad. (Ff. W.) Lower Bengal. (Ind. Mus.) Burma. Pegu. (Brit. Mus.) Prome. Bassein. (Ind. Mus.) Tharrawady. (F. W.) 8. Shan States. (Brit. Mus.) Siam. (Brit. Mus.) . Genus.—PSAMMODYNASTES Guinther. 246. (453) Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Ginther.) The Mock Viper. P. pulverulentus. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37,50 and 54 ; Boulenger, Cat. Vol IIT, 1896, p 172 ; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 49; Venning, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XX, p 342; 1.c. Vol XX, pp 72 and 774; Walland Hvans, Bomb, N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 349 and 617; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVIII, pp 204 and 330; 1. c. Vol XIX, pp 353, 758 and 833; lc. Vol XX, pp 73 and 686. Length.—629 mm. (2 feet and # of an inch). Lepid.—Subcaudals. 44 to 71. Distn.—Eastern Himalayas. Buxa Dooars to Sikkim. Assam. Hills and Plains North and South of the Bramaputra. Burma. From Katha (Long.-96°1°. Lat. 24°1°) in the North to Tenasserim. Malay Peninsular. Siam. Indo-China. S. China. Malay Archipelago. — Sumatra to Celebes. Philippines. Formosa. Genus.—Dryopuis Dalman. 247. (457) Dryophis perroteti (Dumeril and Bibron.) Perrotet’s Whip Snake. D. perroteti. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, » 178 ; Sarasin, Zool, Jahr. Jena. 1910, » 138 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 513. Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p17; L.c Vol XXW I; prai2: Length.—585 mm. (1 foot, 11 inches). Lepid.—Subcaudals. 65 to 84. Distn.— Western Ghats. N. Canara. Nilgiris. 248. (459) Dryophis fronticiactus Ginther. Ginther’s Whip Snake. -D. fronticinctus. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, » 179; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind: Mus. 1891, 951; Walland Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, p 346; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p 7; 1. c. Vol XIX, p 353: Length.—864 mm. (2 feet, 10 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 168 to 196. Distn.—H astern Himalayas. Darjeeling Dist. (F. W.) Assam. Sibsagar. (Ind. Mus.) Burma. Watiya. Rangoon. (F. W.) Pegu. (Brit. Mus.) Note.—I think the specimens from Darjeeling and Assam will prove to constitute a species distinct from fronticinctus. In two Burmese specimens in the Indian Museum (Nos 7791 and 7792) I find the praecranterian teeth (behind the second edentulous space) 6, and 7 (? 8) respectively. In the specimen from Dibrugarh (preserved in | the Bombay collection) these teeth number 3, and in a specimen from Sibsagar in the Indian Museum (No 6924) they number 4. I cannot A HAND-LIST OF THE SNAKES OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 877 however discover any difference in lepidosis. It is significant that the Burmese species which Stoliczka (J.A.S., Bengal, Vol XX XIX, p 197) reports a true brackish water species common about the mouth of the Moulmein River, and Theobald (Cat. Rept. Brit. Burma,,. p 53) reports “‘by no means scarce’ in the Mangrove swamps on the Arakan Coast, should not have been recorded anywhere in Burma except at the mouths of rivers, and should again be found far inland. in Assam,-and in the Darjeeling District. 249. (458) Dryophis dispar (Gimther.) Beddome’s Whip Snake. D. dispar. Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 179 ; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol X, 1895, p 73 ; Fischer, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XXIV p 194; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 142; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p. 51; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVII, p 7. Length.—788 mm. (2 feet, 7 inches). Lepid.—Ventrals. 136 to 156. Subcaudals. 78 to 106. Distn.— Western Ghats. Nilgiris to Travancore. Note.—The snake alluded to by Mocquard (Rept. L’Indo-Chine, 1907,, p 47 ) is obviously not this species, or if the identification is correct did not come from Indo-China. 250. (460) Dryophis prasinus Boie. Boies Whip Snake. Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. 1912, pp 37, 50 and 54; Boulenger, Cat.. Vol III, 1896, » 180; Rec. Ind. Mus. 1913, p 338 ; Hvans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 169; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XITI, p 616; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 51; Wall, Bomb.. N.H.J. Vol XVII, p73; l.c. Vol XIX, pp 353, 825, 834 and 899. Lepid.—Ventrals. 194 to 235. (196 to 215 for Indo-Burmese specimens). Subcaudals. 151 to 207. (155 to 182 for Indo-Burmese specimens. ). Disin.— Bengal. Jalpaiguri Dist. (F..W.) Eastern Himalayas. Sikkim. Bhutan. dssam. Plains and Hills North and South of the Bramaputra River. Chittagong Hills. Burma. As far North as Mansi. (Lat. 24°7°. Long. 95°7°.) South to Tenasserim. East to 8. Shan States. Malay Peninsula. Siam. Indo-China. Malay Archipelago. ee to Celebes. Philippines. 251. +(461) Dryophis mycterizans (Linné.) Zhe Common Green Whip Snake, D. pulverulentus. Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 52 (part, Nos 7811 and 7816). D. mycterizans. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, pp 49 and 63: Spol. Zeylan. 1911, pp 205 and 207; 1. c. 1913, p 144; Alcock and Rogers, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1902, p 450 ; Annandale, Mem. A. 8., Beng., Vol 10, p 196; Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 182; Caius, Bomdé. Ne Vol XXVIT, p 862; Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 169 ; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol VI, p 420; 1. ¢. Vol XX. Pilar; Green, Spol. Zeylan. 1903, p 36; Kinlock, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XXVI,, p. 681; Kinnear, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XXI, p 1336; Pearless, Spol. Zeylan, 1909, p 54; Primrose, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XV, p 347; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 131; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 52; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XIII, pp 347 and 615; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, pp 308, 394 and 542; lc. Vol XVII, p 731. c. Vol XVIII, pp 783 -and 919 ; 1. c. Vot XIX, p 75731. ¢. Vol Ox pp 229 and 524 ; 1. c. Vol DEX, p 572 ; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 401 ; Oph. Tap. 1921, p 291; Willey, Spoi, Zeylan. 1906, p 227. | Length.—1,944 mm. (6 feet, 44 inches). 878 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, Lepid.—Ventrals. 168 to 206. (Peninsular India, 168 to 188. Bengal, E. Himalayas and Burma, 176 to 206.) Subcaudals. 136 to 174. (Peninsular India, 187 to 174. Bengal, E. Himalayas, and Burma. 140 to 153.) Distn.—Ceylon. Peninsular India. Excluding the Ganges Valley West of Patna. Bengal. Eastern Himalayas. Assam. Burma. Siam. Indo-China. Note.—I question the reliability of Mount Abu (Ind. Mus.) and Allaha- bad on the authority of the von Schlagintweits. These collectors are also responsible for the records of Hryx conicus and Eryx john from Sikkim at 4,900 and 9,800 feet respectively. Thisis an extremely common species in the stock in trade of itinerant jugglers, and all the three species alluded to may have been derived from this source. Vide my note to Hurria rynchops. 252, (462) Dryophis pulverulentus (Dumeril and Bibron.) The Brown Speckled Whip Snake. D. pulverulentus. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910 pp 49 and 79; Spol. Zeylan. 1913, p 144; Boulenger, Cat. Vol IIT, 1896, p 184; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XIV, p 386 ; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 128 ; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891 p 52 (part. No 8386); Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol. XXII, p 639; tc. Vol XXVI, p 574; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 401; Oph. Pap. 1921 ge 302; Willey, Spot. Zeylan. 1908, p 84. Lepid.—Ventrals. 179 to 202. Subcaudals. 161 to 207. Distn.—Ceylon, Western Ghats. Nuilgiris to Travancore. Genus.—CHRYSOPELEA Boie, 253. (463) Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw.) The Gold and Black Tree Snake. (©. ornata. Abercromby, Sn. of Ceylon, 1910, pp 49 and 80; Annandale, J. A. S., Beng., 1904, » 210 ; 1. c. 1905, p 176; Boulenger, Cat. Vol ITT, 1896, » 196; Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XVI, p 170; Ferguson, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol X, » 74; Millard, Bomb. N. Hf. J. Vol. XV, p 348; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. 1910, p 134; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 53; Wall and Evans, Bomb. N. H. J. Vel XIII, pp. 345 and 614; Wall, Bomb. N. H. J. Vol XV, p 525; 1.¢. Vol XVIJ, p 1035; 1, ¢c. Vol XVIII, p 227; 1. c. Vol XIX, pp. Tola sane 899; lc Vol XXVI, p 574; Spol. Zeylan. 1921, p 401; Oph. @ Tap. 1921, » 305 ; Willey, Spol. Zeylan. 1906, p 230. Length.—1,400 mm. (4 feet, 74 inches). Lepid.—Subcaudals. 100 to 144. Distn.—Ceylon. Western Ghats of India. South of the Goa gap to Travancore. Bengal. As far West as Patna. Lastern Himalayas, Buxa Dooars to Sikkim. Assam. Burma. Necobars. Siam. Indo- China. S. China. Malay Peninsula. Malay Archipelago. Sumatra to Celebes. Philippines. Sub-family 6.—ELACHISTODONTINAE. Genus.—ELaAcuHIstopon Reinhard. 254. (452) Elachistodon westermanni Reinhardt. Westermann’s Snake. . Boulenger, Cat. Vol III, 1896, p 264; Sarasin, Zool. Jahr. Jena. | 1910, p 146; Sclater, List. Sn. Ind. Mus. 1891, p 48; Wall, Bomb | N. H. J. Vol XXIT, p 400. » | Lepid.—Costals. Two heads-lengths behind the head 19, midbody 15, two heads-lengths before the vent 15. Ventrals. 208 to 217. Disin.—Bengal. Rangpur. (Type, Copenhagen Museum.) Purnea (Ind. Mus.) Jalpaiguri. (Bombay colln.) ( Zo be continued. ) 879 * THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT HILL PROVINCES. Bring NatruraAu History Norss. ; BY Gor. At EL Warp: (With 7 plates and four photos.) The task before me is to write a series of articles on the fauna of Kash- mir and the adjacent hills; the idea is to produce a book of reference ina popular form and at the same time not to lose sight of the scientific side. When describing the larger animals, it may be possible to interest a large number of the readers of this magazine, but the naturalist alone will care to study the notes on the small mammals. The difficulty ahead is the prevailing fashion of sub-dividing species, and giving generic rank which in many instances is not due. Environment often conduces to change in size and colour. In many cases these characteristics pass from the parent stock to the offspring, this however cannot be said to be the universal rule, hence latent variations may be found in some of the descendants, in plain language a throw back may occur and these variations may be transmitted; hence great caution is required before the acceptance of a new type. Take the “ Voles” asanexample, the variations seem to be endless, and many of the smaller Rodentia present great difficulties in their classifica- tion. - Without implying that the naturalist is not in need of further knowledge of large animals, it is undoubtedly the case that by far the largest scope for research is amongst the small mammals such as the rats, mice, bats, etc. Hence it is proposed to note on the larger animals before passing on to the smaller, for this arrangement will give more time in which all the ‘specimens can be arranged and examined. Crass—MAMMALTIA. OrRDER— UNGULATA. In this group are included the four-footed animals which have no claws at the ends of their toes, they are provided with sheaths or hoofs into which the digits fit ; these vary in number, for instance the elephant has five in the front and four on the hind foot, and each toe has a sheath. The horse has one hoof, the ruminants and pigs have cloven hoofs which contain the two central toes, whilst the exterior toes are less developed a do not reach the ground, but here again these two are provided with oofs. The cloven hoofs stand flat on the ground and are the only ones of any use to the animal except perhaps when it treads on soft snow or mud, even then very little support would be given to the body; it is reasonable to Suppose that in some future stage of evolution these apparently useless _ toes may disappear. *The following Natural History Notes have been written by Col. Ward asa supplement to his articles on ‘“ Big and Small game shooting in Kashmir’, [Eds. } 880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, The feet of the camel do not follow the usual formation of the ruminat- ing quadrupeds, the two toes are enclosed in a common sole and have a fatty covering. The Ungulates are divided up into various suborders and families, the first to be dealt with is that of the horses. SuporpEr I,.—PERISSODACTYLA. Family—EquliDAE. THE Horsz, Ass AND ZEBRA. A single member of this family is found in the area now dealt with :— THE Asiatic Wi1LD Ass—Equus hemionus, The “‘ Kiang ”’ of Tibetans, Distribution.—Ladak, Turkistan, Mongolia, and in various countries in Asia. Tho variety of wild ass known as the “‘ Ghorka’” which differs little from the “ Kiang” is found in Cutch, Sind and Baluchistan. Description.—The colouring of the upper portion of the body is a ruddy chestnut which varies in tinge, in some specimens being more or less red. Underneath white. A dark brown dorsal stripe extends from the nape of the neck to the tuft of the tail, the hair in this tuft is practically black, so also is that round the coronet and at the tip of the ears. Height of a stallion shot in Ladak just overil hands. The skull 18ins, Looking at the body of a “ Kiang,” attention is at once drawn to the large size of the head, and the small hard hoofs, which look as if contracted. The “ Kiang” is much given to galloping. On the hard stony plains, its great weight and the velocity with which it travels, but for the protection afforded by nature, would destroy the whole structure of the leg. The foot bone known as the coftin bone of the horse or ass does not fill the hoof, moreover it is provided with passages which permit the flow of the blood to a padding of fleshy material which is elastic, and thus the jar caused is so much reduced as to be innocuous. The leg of a horse presents. a most interesting study, itis very complicated and delicate, but the above note indicates why a ‘ Kiang.” can gallop over the rocky ground with impunity. General — Notes. The wild ass is shy but inquisitive; when suspicious the herd willap- | proach at a considerable pace, then, when the danger is confirmed, they | will sometime stand for a second or two, snort and gallop off. A herd may | consist of almost any number, but asarule three to ten or twelve asses | are to be seen together. | Many astalk after wild sheep and antelope is spoilt by the ‘“ Kiang.” ... The photographs, for which I am indebted to Col. C. B. Wood, show three . asses standing between the wild sheep and the stalker, and the ending of | the chance of a shot, for the “ Kiang” have got suspicious and given the | alarm. | To the sportsman the “Kiang” is only a disadvantage ; the skin is useful | for the soles of numdah boots and for patching the coverings of mule trunks. | The Tartars will eat the flesh, and so also do the wolves, | Rarely a young “Kiang’’ is caught and partially tamed, one or two were | with the Wazir of Ladak’s ponies ‘and wandered about near Leh, but the “were very shy. ' (7, (‘po a V OSOCTOH N Olt of WV OM FT '°D 109 fq o0Yq) “! 32314 Se ey S1 AO) dada HS NV LAGI LV Huo dO GUGH GUNV YAMWIVIS HAL Naa La € ONIGNV.LS ONVIM °2SIH ‘37UN Avquog “usanor er “MIV.LS AHL LTWOds x VH WHO OYNIOD DNVI 2 "ll 92Uld *90S 3SIHM *(3CN Aequwog “usnor THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR. 88! _SusBorper LL—ARTIODACTYLA. Section A.—Prcora.: Family—BovipakE. Subfamily i.— Bovine, Included in this family are cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes and gazellea, all of which have horns consisting of a core covered with a sheath. These are permanent. In many of the species both sexes carry horns. The genus Bos has only one representative in the area dealt with. THe YaK—Bos grunniens. The “Dong” of Tibetans—also the “Bon-Chour’’—-is found in Northern Ladak and op most of the uplands of Tibet. | Description.—Male. Height 16 hands, a big bull 163 ; length 7 ft. ; horns’ 30” to 83” any measurement above this being rare, 353” is undoubtedly a correct measurement of a pair, and 39’ has been recorded. The females are smaller and have short horns. An old bull when standing within about 50 yards looked as if it were a mass of black hair with scarcely any length of leg. These masses of hair hung down nearly to the ground from the shoulders and sides, also from the chest. The tail which does not reach the ground had a very large oe of black hair over a footin thickness. After shooting the bull the ollowing notes were made:— i Colouring blackish but with a brown fie annals grey, hoofs very large, fore legs almost entirely concealed by hair, both at the sides and front, probable weight 900 to 1,000 lbs. Height just over 16 hands.” | The photo of a bull yas is unfortunately much fore-shortened, but the horns are clear and show the outward and inward curves, they are 31” long and 17” in girth. The sense of smell is highly developed, as also appears is that of peerings it is said that sight is deficient but this seems to be doubtful. General Notes. Yak are gregarious, seldom found in large herds except in the spring and summer when large numbers of cows and calves congregate on a good grazing ground. Bulls are generally found in parties of three or four until the late summer, when the rutting season commences and extends through July, August and September, then one male is accompanied by four or five or more cows. The calves are well grown at a year old. Wild yak cross freely with the Ladaki cattle which are turned out when the pairing season begins, Dr. Heber informs me “The hybrids do not breed at all but the crossing of the yak and cow is quite easy.’ The local name of the hybrid is phonetically ‘‘Zo” for the male, and ““Tsomo ” for the female animal. The cross-bred beasts are very sure - footed, they are used for riding, and are capable of carrying a load of 200 lbs. on very difficult ground. When the camping ground is reached the yaks are turned out to fend for themselves, up to a certain point they are enduring but when once tired, they lie down and refuse to move, The Ladakis declare that many of the wearied animals get up when hungry and wander off to where they can get grazing, and are retrieved in the following summer. When starting on a long fp I was pressed to buy a small sized red baggage yak which would ‘bring luck; this animal was seldom loaded for fear the ‘ mascot’. should tire, yet on the return journey, and when within two Marches of Tankse, the driv er reported the creature hai lain dewr 5 | 882 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX, and would not go on and would have to be sent for later. At any rate the purchase of that red ‘Zo’ was a cheap form of amusement, for the price paid was Rs, 10 only. There may be some superstition which exalts the red creature into the position of a ‘ Mascot’, but I suspect the Ladaki coveted it and thought of this method of acquiring it. Subfamily ii.—Caprine. SHEEP—Ovvs. This genus is 4s poptesenited by O. hodgsont, O. ammon and 0. ‘poli ana allied forms, but these are the three large sheep of Ladak and Central Asia, and in addition there is O. vignezi, this last has a wide range in both hot and cold climates and also has closely allied races. THE Great TIBETAN SHEEP—Ovis ammon hodgeon. This is the Nyan of Ladakis, and is known to sportsmen as the Ammon, whereas the true Ovis ammon is the species found in Siberia and Mongolia. Description —The ram weighs about 240 lbs. and measures 46” at the shoulder, from between the horns to the tail 5’-4”, tail 3”. A very large ram was 47” at the shoulder. Length 5’- 5 and scaled 280 lbs.; it owned very thick horns with the points broken off. There is some doubt as to the size of the largest horns. Rowland Ward’s ‘‘ Records of Big Game ’”’ mentions a_ pair of horns from Tibet as 57”. If. this was from a Hodgson’s ram it is far the longest. Three trophies of 50” to slightly over 51” in length have been carefully measured, one of | these had a girth of 19”. Horns of 45” with a girth of 17” are good and exceptional. Ca Judging from many heads of ewes which were picked up, the ewes carry horns 708 18”, but one pair, found near Haule, was 20” long; they are straight for the greater part of their length and gently twisted at the top. The female is of “considerable size and must weigh 150 lbs. or more. The male is light brown above, and white on the chest, stomach and on the insides of the legs. The ruff is whitish, a dark brown line of long hair extends along the back. Early in the summer the upper portions are greyish brown. When viewed through glasses the white chest and neck are very obvious. Females are brownish onthe upper part, the colour merging into a brownish or yellowish-white in the lower parts. I never had a chance of measuring a ewe. The females of the Central Asian sheep are all large, : Genel Notes. There is no beard. Like the rest of the sheep, the glands under se eyes and in the division of the cleft hoof are present. Gregarious and migratory, the Hodgson’s sheep wander in small docks from place to place searching for their food, hence in’ one year numbers _ may be found in a tract of country whilst i in the next season not a single animal can be seen. The flocks in the very early summer may consist of both sexes aa may number from about three or four to ten or more, then as the season advances four or five rams may be alone ; the females and young Corer gate in mid summer. As recorded in the ‘‘ Sportsman’s Guide ”’ ] have seen three lambs with a single ewe, and on two or more occasions, twine. ' Shy by nature, also possessing keen powers of scent and apne thead sheep are hard to approach. When they have taken up their summer quarters, having found grazing, the rams may be sighted day after day, + ——- == weer | ~ y N BULL YAK FROM TIBET (BOS GRUNIE ‘ . : oS is - 2 : fy ; ee oS > ees es 2 ES See Re: s ; ‘Al 928ld ee zi ‘90S °3SIH "2 UN Aveqwog “uanor THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR 883 ‘it.is therefore desirable to be patient and to wait until the game is favourably placed for a stalk before making the attempt, for once _ thoroughly frightened they will trek for many miles and ascend the highest mountains. At the best of times it is useless to expect to find them under 14,000’ to 16,000’ in the summer. The open ground, which is the general rule in Ladak, tells both ways for and against the sportsman, it may make the stalk difticult, but it enables the game to be located. Plate IV shows a Hodgson’s sheep left out at night to freeze and photographed in the morning by Capt. J. Y. Allan. Plate V shows heads of three animals, including a hybrid between -a ram of Hodgson’s sheep and a Ewe Urial (Vigne’s sheep). ‘This hybrid was at one time called O. brookei, and was first noticed in the Rampak _ ravine, Ladak, Three or four of these cross-bred sheep have since been _ obtained, whether they would produce offspring or not cannot be discov- ered, but that the two species occasionally cross is not open to doubt. | The pairing season is in the early winter and the Hodgson’s ram probably __was driven down to the lower ground by the weather and could easily _ ‘force the Vigne’s ram away. | The cross-bred between Vigne’s ram and the Hodgson’s ewes is more _ difficult to explain—possibly the ram was killed ‘and ewes were joined ‘after this by the male Oorial. I have only heard of one such hybrid which was shot by Major Cumberland many years ago. The .Oorial must have - wintered much higher up the hill than is their usual habit, for the _ Hodgson’s sheep rarely come below 13,000’. The Ladakis say that the presence of the ewes of the Nyan must have been due to their being _ driven by wolves. SIBERIAN ARGALI—Ovis ammon Ammon. ~ Fig, I ~ eh dal Siberian or Altai Argali, Ovis ammon 4mmon from the Altai. Shot by Major C. S. Cumberland The typical race of Ammon is found in Mongolia and differs from Hodg- S8on’s sheep in the shape of the horns and in the absence of the white ruff, dt has been stated that the Ammon is the largest of the Central Asian 884 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX.. sheep. I have however no record of any. that: exceeds that of the huge. Hodgson’s ram which weighed 280 lbs. . There is a considerable difference between an animal shot in April that.. has gone through 5 or 6 months of semi-starvation, and one obtained in August or September which has been grazing freely for 3 or 4 months. Probably any full grown ram of the larger Se exceeds 200 lbs. and does not reach 300 Ibs. in weight. ~The Siberian or Altai Ammon (0. ammon ammon) is decd of the — white ruff on the neck, and comes chiefly from the Altai, the southern parts of Siberia, and northern Mongolia. The Mongolian Ammon (OQ. ammon mongolica) is not entirely devoid of the ruff, but the hair is not pure white nor so much developed as in Hodgson’s sheep. Itis found to the eastward in Mongolia. The type locality being the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. -The Altai animal has very large horns of 60” in length and upwards. Rowland Ward gives the record at 6234” by 19%” in girth. The. second form which for’ convenience sake has. been styled the ‘* Mongolian Ammon ”’ has smaller horns, and in addition differs slightly in colouring. Fig. I shows ‘the Altai ‘Ammon’s head, it was shot by Major Cumberland and measures Length on Curve, Girth. Tip to Tip. 562” 182” 384” This i is a typical head, the horns turn abruptly outwards we an down-- wards at the points.. In some specimens there is a slight tendency to do so, but not toa marked degree. See the head of the Siberian Argali, B. N..H. Society Journal Vol. XXVIII, page 336. Below is given a fine specimen shot by Colonel C. B. Wood. Bie. il: —Siberian Argali (Cris ammon ammon). From the Altai shot by Col. C. B. Wood. 621” by girth 193” Tip to tip 412”. ‘yepey ‘yeduey wo st puqdy oy, (1auba *Q + “Uuowutn *Q) “‘dTYad AH ‘A 97€8ld (uosbpoy Uowun $:2gQ) dHHHS NVLAPIL LV Wo ( ‘aubia raubhra sag) "IVIAOO IA 93¥Iid “APL WIS ,,{g9 ‘wearing “yp ‘Top £4 yo4g ‘ITOd NOWWY STAO ne 20s +SiH 7eN ACqQwoad uanor THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR, 885 There are three closely allied forms:—one to the westward and south- west of the Altai on the Irtish river and adjacent mountains; this is a smaller race, the horns are more twisted at the extremity and turn down- wards, but the habitat of these and other closely allied forms is beyond the geographical scope of this article, in fact the real object of dwelling on the various forms of the Ammon which are outside Ladak and the Pamirs is to point out to sportsmen who visit Kashmir territory that the Great Tibetan Sheep or O. ammon hodgsoni is not the true ammon. THe GREAT Pamir SHEEP—Ovis ammon poli. ag. TL, HGt oat, Pamir Sheep. Ovisammon polit. A picked up head brought to Kashmir—1874. The Kulja.—This sheep is in many respects like the closely allied race from Ladak (O. ammon hadgsoni). The ram is smaller and measures 43” to 44” at the shoulder and weighs about 220 lbs. The white ruff and dark crest are present in both species, but the Poli has a white muzzle. In this ‘respect it resembles the sheep found in the Irtish and Sair district, which have been briefly alluded to already. The few skins I have seen of this sheep are darker on the upper Bede ‘than those of the Hodgson’s sheep, the tail is longer, but the chief difference is in the horns which unlike those of the Ammon turn consider- ‘ably downward at the tips. The ewe is of large size and has horns which are very similar to those of the Great Tibetan Sheep, and are about 17” long. The horns were brought down to Srinagar in large numbers between 1875 and 1888. Every collector wanted a specimen and every sportsman who could afford the expense and could get a permit wanted to shoot a iTam. 886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1X. There is not much difference in the general shape of the horns, although some have the downward bend much tucked in towards the sides of the skull, and in others the outward turn is a good deal splayed. At first there was a «ood deal of speculation as to whether there were two species of Marco Polo’s sheep, and one was tentatively called Karelini. This name is now apparently used for an inferior form of poli which come from Tian Shan. As many of the horns were obtained through traders, the exact locality from which they came could not often be guaranteed. The two photos show the horns which were amongst the first to arrive in Kashmir, © both, as is evident, were ‘ picked up heads’. No. 2 is 73” along the curve and is 16” in girth hence it nearly approaches the record of 75” x 1638” which used to hang on the walls at Snowdon in Simla, Fig. [V.—Great Pamir Sheep, Ovis ammon polr. 73” x 15”. One of the first to be brought from “ Little Pamirs.” The horns of the Great Pamir sheep do not girth as much as those of the Great Tibetan sheep, (O. a. hodgsoni) and out of dozens of heads I have seen none come quite up to 17”. A‘reference to the B.N.H.S. Journal, Vol. XXVIII, page 337, will show that, out of the 13 heads of O. ammon hodgsont mentioned, 8 exceed 17” in girth, which is by no means uncom- mon. Large horns are now seldom seen. The photo of a poli shot by the late Colonel G. Sulivan shows what is the best obtained of late years. The length is 63’, girth 142”. A good hsad just under 60” was brought down in 1922, butfrom all accounts the increase in the number of rifles owned by the Khirgis and others has enabled them to shoot large numbers of poli and the many horns lying about point to the reason for the decrease mentioned. Lately I was told that this shéep had suffered from rinderpest; this is quite possible for the disease has been prevalent in some of the far hills, but the improved rifle is probably the main cause of the trouble. UANVIA SLAVS LVL400 LHe HA 33€@Iid "90S ' SIH ‘ICN Avquiog “usanor eet THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR On a, 887 UrIAL on OorIAL.—Ovis vignei. There is but little difference to be traced between the various sheep which are generally known as the Urial or Vigne’s sheep. The following are the forms of local races :— 1, The Sha or Sharpu of Ladak. Ovis vignet vigner. 2. The Urial of the Punjab. Ovis vignet punjabensis, 3. The Gad of Baluchistan. Ovis vignet cycloceros. 4, The Ouch or Arkhar of Persia. Ovis vignei arkar. The Urial is smaller than the Sharpu, rarely exceeding 32” at the shoulder whilst the latter stands 34”. The weight of the Sharpu is about 125 to 130 lbs., that of the Urial 10 to 15 Ibs. less. The ruff, which is almost black, is fully developed on the Punjab Urial, whilst the Sharpu, although it has a decided ruf'in the winter, does not even carry. the very dark ruff which in the Urial falls well down the chest. The Urial horns are not so thick as those of the Sharpu or the Gad. The Ouch or Arkhar of Persia has horns exceeding in length and equalling in girth those of the Sharpu or the Gad. The Gmelin sheep’ O. orientalis gmelini of Asia Minor is known as the Red Sheep and is allied tothose mentioned, au ewes which in. all the other races carry small horns do not do so, After all that can be said in regard to the shane of the horns the variations in colouring and the presence or the partial absence of the ruft, there is practically nothing to justify the separation of these sheep into different species. They extend from the Salt Range of the Punjab to the North-Western Frontier, from Sind to Baluchistan and Afghanistan, and from Ladak to Turkistan and into Persia. With so extensive a habitat. it would be strange if there were no variations in size and colour. The record horns of the Punjab form are figured in Rowland Ward’s last edition, they were got by my friend Col. H. V. Biggs, R.E., and taped 36” by 93” in girth, the points turn upwards rather sharply, more so: than is generally the rule. The finest Sharpu horns are 39’ x 11}?’. | The horns also mentioned as near ‘Leh’ are 364” X 112” and, if they had not been broken at the points would probably have been nearly the record, they are very circular in shape and resembles those of the Afghan Urial (Ovis v. cycloceros). The winter garb of a ram is a greyish-brown or red on the back, the legs have dark hair on the outside, the rest being white as also is the chest and the lower part of the body. The ruff is black in some of the races and induced to rufousin others. As the Summer approaches the colouring is generally less defined and redder. _ Ewes are as a rule greyish-brown and keep much the same colouring in both seasons, the under parts are of a paler tinge than the upper. General Notes. Active and shy if at all persecuted, Vigne’s sheep is easily tamed and crosses freely with tame sheep. It frequents for choice fairly easy ground but when disturbed will take to the precipices. Sharpu and Urial kept four miles from Srinagar used to be loose on the hills, and would join the tame flocks when out grazing, they would come back as far as the homestead but did not enter the enclosures, but would stay close at hand and go up hill in the morning. Dogs used to worry them and finally they disappeared and were probably killed by leopards. (To be continued.) 888 SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY No. XLIV ‘ON A NEW FIELD-MOUSE FROM NEPAL, WITH A NOTE ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS APODEMUS. By OLpFIELD THomas, F.R.S, (By permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Among the mammals obtained in Nepal by Mr. N. A. Baptista, on behalf of the Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey, are 16 specimens of a mouse quite unlike any we have hitherto received, and evidently a very distinct species. With a certain superficial resemblance to Mus pahari or the Metad, it is really an Apodemus, and would seem to be the most western and oneof the most southern members of the group with 2-2—8 mamme, of which various spe- cies have been described from Burma and further east. It may be called :— Apodemus gurkha, sp. n. Size medium. Fur rather soft, but not very long, hairs of back about 8—9 mm. in length; no spines intermixed. General colour dark smoky or bluish— grey, nearest to “deep mouse-grey”’ of Ridgeway, darker on the back, more drabby on the sides. Under-surtace soiled greyish, the hairs slaty for two-thirds their length, washed with greyish white ; line of demarcation not sharply defined. Ears medium, blackish, darker than the head. Hands and feet white. Tail rather longer than the head and body, with about 13 rings. of scales to the centi- meter, finely haired, not tufted, blackish above, dull whitish below, not very sharply defined. Mamme 2-2—8. Skull smooth, rounded, with well-filled braincase, somewhat asin A. mystacinus, although smaller. Less angular and ridged than in spectosus, though faint but distinct supraorbital ridges are present, which do not however pass back- wards on to the braincase. Palatal foramina of medium length. Bulle small. Teeth with the characteristic structure of the sylvaticus-speciosus sec- tion of the genus, not as in agrarius ; tri-lobular character of m3 well marked. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 102 mm.; tail 118 ; hindfoot 24; ear 16. Skull, greatest length 29; condylo-incisive length 26°3; zygomatic breadth 14°5; nasals 11; interorbital breadth 4:5; breadth of braincase 12°8; palatal foramina 6; upper molar series 4:2. Hab,—Nepal. Type from Laprak, Gorkha; altitude about 11,500’. Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 23.11.5.44. Original number 941. Collected 9 May 1923 by N. A. Baptista, and presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. 16 specimens examined. This species would appear to be most nearly allied to the A. speciosus group, of which a number of species and subspecies have been described. But it is readily distinguishable by its dark greyish colour and by the detailed characters of its skull and teeth. The related western forms all have 1-2=6 mamme. While studying this Nepalese mouse I have again examined the characters that separate the various groups of Apodemus, with especial regard to the question as to whether they are all strictly congeneric. The most salient point concerns the considerable differences that exist between agrarius, with its near allies chevrieri and fergussoni, and the sylvaticus-mystacinus-speciosus group. These differences, in external form, skull and dentition, have been set SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 889 ~ out by Forsyth Major*, by myself+ and more fully and completely by Hinton, { the latter giving a good account, with figures, of the dental structure in the_ various forms. The characters, however, are inclined to be nearly all inconstant, either individuals or races, and it would therefore seem to be inadvisable to separate the two groups as genera. But none the less I think the subject would be sim- _ plified if they were considered as subgenera, the name Apodemus to be used for the agrarius-chevriert group and the new name Nemomys for the sylvaticus- mystacinus-speciosus group, Linneus’s .Mus sylvaticus being taken as the genotype of the latter. That these groups are natural is evidenced by the general external appearance -of the animals, by the shape of the skull, compressed, ridged, and convex upwards - in Apodemus, rounded, smooth, and with flat or concave forehead in Nemomys, as well as by the various dental characters described, of which the most constant are the trifid structure of the inner side of m3 in Nemomys, while bifid in Apode- mus, and the common presence in the STU of an antero-exterior cusplet on m2, this being absent in Apodemus. The following is a list of the more important names which occur in A podemus, arranged alphabetically under their respective subgenera; those of Nemomys again divided by the number of mamme.§ Apodemus (s. 8.) agrarius (type), chevrieri, core, fergussoni, harti, mantchuricus, ning- poensis, rubens. Nemomys. Mamme 1-2—6, arianus, epimelas, flavicollis, fr idariensis, hayt, hebridensis, hirtensis, wlex- mystacinus, pentax, rusiges,. semotus, sylvaticus (type), tscherga, wardi, win- ton. Mammz 2-2—8, ainu, draco, geisha, gurkha, laironum, nigritalus, orestes, peninsule, speciosus, * Proc. Verb. Atti. Soc. Tosc. IV, p. 135, 1884. Tee Zases LOD. p., 135. { Hist. Brit Mamm. II, p. 504, 1914. § This divison is inserted as an ’aid to memory, but is clearly no certain indi- eation of the true affinities of the species. Thus A. (N.) semotus, with six mammz is obviously more related to the speciosus group, with eight, than it is to sylvaticus and its allies, 850 THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. By Linvt.-Cononet W. H. Evans, D.S.O., R.E., F.Z.S8., F.E.S. Part IV. (With 5 plates.) (Continued from page 707 of this Volume.) F. Nymphalidze.—The Nymphalids. Key to genera. la (51a). Hindwings channelled to receive abdomen. lb (48a). F v12 not swollen. le (18a). Larva, where known, smooth and the head with horns. Palpi with no long projecting hairs. 1d (4a). I v8 from before the middle of v7. Eyes smooth. Palpi smooth Pal and white. Antenne longer than half costa, club gradual. J ceil closed and upper apex right angled. Body stout. le (3). F costa serrate. H pre-costal as a spur forward. Larva with 4 horns: on the head. 1 (2). H cell closed. Charaxes, Ochs. The Rajahs. (Plate 17). 2 (1). H cell open. Eribeea, Hub. The Nawabs. (Plate 17). 3 (le). F costa smooth. H. precostal! curved back. Prothoe, Hub. The Begums. (Plate 17). 4a (1d). F v8 never from before the middle of v7. 4b (14a). F upper end of cell opposite well before the origin v3. 4c (9a). Palpi white or brown throughout. Antenne longer than half costa. — 4 (5a). F upper end of cell obtuse; v10 ex 7; cell open. Eyes smooth. Antenne club sharply spatulate. Helcyra, Fd. The White Emperor. (Plate 17). 5a (4). F upper end of cell right angled or acute ; vl0 ex cell. Antenne | club stout, yradual. 5 (6a). Cells closed. Eyes hairy. F v9 from well beyond end cell. H pre-costal forked. Forelegs hairy. Dilipa, M. The Golden Emperor. (Plate 18). 6a (5). Cells open. 7 (7a). EF v3 much shorter than the mv. Genitalia of 4 protruding. Eyes: hairy. . ani M. The EJegant Emperors. (Plate 18). 7a (6). EF v3 nearly equaltothe mv. ¢ genitalia not protruding. 7 (8). F origin v8 nearer termen than origin v9. Eyes smooth or hairy. Larva with 2 horns. Apatura, F. The Emperors. (Plate 18). 8 (7). F origin v8 nearer origin v9 than termen. Eyes smooth. Herona, Db. The Pasha. (Plate 18). 9a (4c). Palpi black or black and white. Antenne equal to half the costa. Cells open. H pre-costal mostly straight. “4 9b (12a). Fvl0ex 7. Larva with 2 horns. 9 (10a). Palpi very lony, black with a white tip. Sephisa, M. The Courtiers. (Plate 18). 10a (9). Palpi short, only white at base. 10 (11). Eyes smooth. Euripus, Wd. The Courtesans. (Plate 18). 11 (10). Eyes hairy. Diagora, Snell. The Sirens. (Plate 18). 12a (9b.) Fvl0 excell. Eyes smooth. Palpi mostly black. 12 (13). Fend v 12 long before origin of v9. Hestina, Wd. The Circe. (Plate 18). eT eee eee — my JHE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 891. F. Nymphalidae.—Key to genera.—(conid.). 13 (12). F v12 ends after the origin of v9. Sasakia, M. The Empress. (Plate 18). 14a (4b). F upper end cell opposite origin of v3 or beyond. Cells closed.. Antenne and palpi black. 14b (16a). F upper end of cell right angled. 4H pre-costal straight or curved. back. 14 (15). F lower dev straight. Antenne equal to one-third costa. Eyes. hairy. H v8 ends before apex. Calinaga, M. The Freaks. (Plate 21). 15 (14). F lower dev highly curved. Antenne equal to half the costa.. Eyes smooth. H v8 ends at apex as usual. Penthema, Wd. The Kaisers. (Pate 21). 16a (14b). F upper apex of cell acute. Eyes hairy. 16 (17). H pre-costal straight. Antenne longer than half costa. Dichorragia, But. The Constable. (Plate 19). 17 (16). H pre-costal curved forward. Antenne shorter than half costa.. Stibochiona, But. The Popinjay. (Plate 19). 18a (1b). Larva not smooth. 18b (30a). Larva with tubercles, never with more than a few rows of spiny processes. Palpi and antenne never black. 18c (20a). Larva on either side with a complete row of very long horizontal: pinnate processes. Eyes and palpi smooth. F upper end cell opposite beyond. the orgin of v3, right angled or acute. Pre-costal well curved forward and. arises from well before the origin of v8. F origin vll from far before the end of the cell, opposite origin v2. Antenne longerthan half costa, club gradual. 18 (19). F cell, if closed, lower dev ends at origin v3. Euthalia, Hub. The Barons, Counts, etc. (Plates 19-20). 19 (18). F cell closed and lower dev ends weil beyond origin v3. Adolias, Hub. The Archdukes. (Plate 20). 20a (18c). Larva without long horizontal pinnate spines. 20b (27a). Larva without long horns on the head. 20c (22a). H precostal from beyond origin v8. Eyes smooth. Cells closed.. F upper apex cell acute and far beyond opposite origin v3. 20 (21). Palpi with thin long hairs. H pre-costal forked at end. F v9: distorted and arises just before 8. Parthenos, Hub. The Clipper. (Plate 21). 21 (20). Palpi smooth. H pre-costal curved forward. F vs. 9, 10, 11 distorted, but 9 rises well before 8. Lebadea, Fd. The Knight. (Plate 21). 22a (20c). H pre-costal rises from origin v8. Antenne club slender. 22b (26a). H v8 reaches apex. Palpi smooth. H_= pre-costal curved for- ward. 22 (23a). F vl highly sinuous, vs 9 and 10 distorted. Cells closed. Eyes. smooth. Antennz equal to half costa. Neurosigma, But. The Panther. (Plate 21). 23a (22). F vl straight. 23 (24a). F lower dev highly concave. H cell open or shut; F shut. Eyes. smooth. Antennz equal to half costa. Abrota, M. The Sergeant-major. (Plate 21). 24a (23). F lower dev nearly straight. Antenne equal to or longer than, half costa. Eyes smooth or hairy. Cells open or shut. 24 (25). F upper end cell opposite origin v3 or beyond. Liminitis, F. The Admirals, etc. (Plates 21-22). 25 (24). F upper end cell before opposite origin v3. Pantoporia, Hub. The Sergeants. (Plate 22). 892 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIX. F. Nymphalidae.—Key to genera—(conid.) 26 (22b). H v8 not to apex. Cells open. Eyes smooth. Palpi hairy. F upper end cell opposite es beyond origin v3; vl0 ex cell or 7. H pre-costal ‘straight. Neptis, F. The Sailors and Lascars. (Plate 22). 27a (20b). Larva with very long horns on the head and very few processes ‘on the body. Cells shut. Eyes smooth. H _ pre-costal from beyond origin v8. Palpi smooth. Antenne equal to half costa, club slender. 27b (29). F v9 not to apex.. Palpi very long. 27 (28). F-vl0 ex cell; vs 10 & 11 free, Cyrestis, Bdv. The Maps. (Plate 23). 28 (27). EF vl0 ex 7; vs 10 & 11 anastomosed. Chersonesia, Dist. The Maplets. (Plate 23), 29 (27b). EF v9 to apex; v10 ex cell. Palpi comparatively short. Pseudergolis, Fd. The Tabby. (Plate 23). - 30a (18b). Larva spiny with many rows of spines or knobs (Melita) F ‘upper end cell opposite origin v3. 30b (35a) Palpi smooth and abnormally long. Eyes smooth. Larva with ‘2 stout branched horns on the head. Antenne equal to half the costa, club gradual. 30 (3la. 33a). H not tailed. F apex produced, termen rounded, but apex ‘broadly truncate and termen concave just below. Hypolimnas, Hub. The Egeflies. (Plate 23). 31a (30. 33a). H shortly tailed at v4 and Jobed at vl. F apex sharply ‘truncate and falcate. 31 (32). Cells closed. Yoma, Doh. The Lurcher. (Plate 23). 32 (31). Cells open. F termen highly concave in middle and convex bet- ‘ween vs 1 & 2. Rhinopalpa, Fd. The Wizard. (Plate 23). 33a (30-3la). H long tail at v1 only. 33 (34). Cells open. F upper apex of cell right angled (acute in rest of group). F apex broadly truncate and concave below; convex above tornus. Doleschallia, Fd. The Autumn Leaf. (Plate 23). 34 (33). Cells closed. F. apex sharp pointed, termen highly convex opposite ‘v2. Kallima, Bdv. The Oakleafs. (Plate 23.) 35a (30b). Palpi not abnormally long and usually more or less hairy. 35b (47). Claws normal and with appendages. 35¢c (41a). F lower dev, if present, ends well beyond origin v3. Larva with no horns on the head. 35d (37a). F ends vs 6, 7, 8, 9in a straight line. 35 (36). Eyes smooth. Palpi smooth. Cells open. Antenne equal to half ‘costa, club gradual or sharply spatulate. ae Hub. The Pansies. (Plate 24). 6 (35). Eyes hairy. Palpi more or less hairy. Cells closed. nak ee douree than half costa, club gradual, stout. Vanessa, F. The Tortoise. Shells, etc. (Plate 24). 37a (35d). F ends vs 6, 7, 8, 9 not in line, 9 well back. 37b (39a). Eyes hairy. Antenne equal to half costa, club stout, gradual. *Cell F closed, H open. 37 (38). Palpi hairy. Araschnia, Hub. The Mongol. (Plate 24). 38 (37). Palpi smooth. Symbrenthia, Hub. The Jesters. (Plate 24). 39a (37b). Eyes smooth. Antenne equal to or longer than costa, club THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 893: F. Nymphalide.—Key to genera—(contd.) abruptly spatulate. Palpi hairy. 39 (40). H cell closed. F upper end cell acute or right angled, opposite: beyond origin v3; v10 ex 7 orcell. Larva spiny. Argynnis, F. The Fritillaries. (Plate 24). 40 (39). H cell open. F upper end cell right angled or obtuse, opposite. origin v3; v10 ex 7. Larva with humps. M eliteea, F. The Small Fritillaries. (Plate 24). 41a (35c). F lower dev ends before, at or only just beyond the origin of v3. 41b (46). Eyes smooth. Palpi with long fine hairs at the sides. 41c (44a). F vl0 ex 7, v9 ends on costa and v8 behind a line joining the ends of vs6and 7. Larva head hornless. 41 (42a). H cell open. F origin v10 well beyond origin v7, v8 very short. _ Antenne equal to half costa, club absent. Cupha, Hub. The Rustic. (Plate 25). ; 42a (41). H cell closed. F origin v10 just beyond origin v7. Antenne equal to half costa, club moderate. | 42 (43). H no spur from the angle of v4. Atella, Db. The Leopards. (Plate 25). 43(42). H with a spur from the angle of v4 towards v5. Issoria, Hub. The Vagrant. (Plate 25). 44a (4lc). F v10 ex cell, v9 ends on apex behind a line joining the ends. of vs 6, 7, 8. H with a spur or fold from the angle of v4 towards v5. H cell open. Larva with or without horns. 44 (45). Flower dcv ends at or just beyond the origin of v3. Antenne longer than half the costa, club gradual. Cynthia, F. The Cruiser. (Plate 25). 45 (44). F lower dev ends before the origin of v3. Antenne equal to half the costa, slender and clubless. Cirrochroa, Db. The Yeomen. (Plate 25). 46 (41b). Eyes hairy. Palpi smooth. H with fold inthe wing from the angle of v4 towards v5. Cells closed. F v10 ex cell; v9 ends at apex behind the. line joining the ends of 6, 7 , 8. Antenne equal to half the costa, club gradual. Terinos, Bdv. The Assyrian. (Plate 25). 47 (34b). Claws very long and without appendages. Eyes smooth. Palpi white with long thin black hairs. Antenne equal to half the costa, no club. Cells closed. F v10 ex 7, from well beyond end cell. Larva with 2 fine horns. Cethosia, F. The Lacewings. (Plate 25). 49a (1b). F vl swollen. Larva spiny with 2 thin horns on the head. Eyes smooth. Palpi slender, smooth. Antenne equal to half the costa. Cells. closed. . 48b (50). Posterior tibiz and tarsi with rows of spines. 48 (49). Antenne club sharply spatulate. Apex F not truncate. Byblia, Hub. The Joker. (Plate 25). 49 (48). Antenne slender, clubless. Apex F truncate. Ergolis, Bdv. The Castors. (Plate 25.) 50 (48b). Posterior tibiz and tarsi without rows of spines. Antennz slender: and clubless. Apex F truncate. Laringa, M. The Dandies. (Plate 25). 5la (la). Hindwings not channelled to receivethe abdomen. Antenne hardly as long as half the costa. Palpi sparely hairy. Eyes smooth, Wings sparsely scaled. 1 (52). Antenne club gradual. H v7 ex 6. Pareba, Db. The Yellow Coster. . (Plate 25). 52 (51). Antenne club short, abrupt. H v7 ex cell. Telchinia, Hub. The Tawny Coster. (Plate 25). 394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXTX, F1. Charaxes.—The Rajahs. (Plate 17). la(7). Abovetawny orchestnut. ¢ more or lesstoothed and Q tailed at v4. 1 (2a). Uph margin broadly pale greenish white, bearing, a central series ‘of black rings. Bases chestnut brown, outer half of F dark brown, bearing 2 rows of crescentic white markings. durnfordi nicholi, GrS. (95-115). The Chestnut Rajah. Assam—S, Burma. VR. | 2a (1). Uph margin not broadly pale. 2b (6). Unf costa not silver white at base. 2 (3a). o upf border broad black, never with tawny spots atthe apex; 9 ‘with broad white discal band. Below purple tawny. a. Upt black border immaculate, border broad, equal to one-third of the wing at the dorsum; d _ never with pale discal band, basal area uniform ‘tawny with only a black bar at end cell. Q white discal band immaculate, reaches costa. @ with a tail at v4 H. polyxena psaphon, Wd. (90-112). The Tawny Rajah. Ceylon. R. 8. As last, black border narrower. In DSF @ some tawny markings appear on the border upf towards tornus. *nolyxena imna, But. (90-100). S. India—Orissa. NR. y- o& upf black border with tawny markings from dorsum to v2 or 3; uniform tawny with a black discal line and bar at end cell. 2 discal band yellow- ish white and on inner side of border there are some pale tawny spots in- wardly bordered by a lunular line; pale discal band not quite to costa and always with 2 black spotsin middle in 5 and 6. 6d only toothed H. polyxena hemana, But. (85-100). Mussoorie—Kumaon. R. 5. As last, but very variable; ¢ with several well marked varieties. @ discal band white and pale spots on the border mostly white. Typical 4 with no pale band upf and uph white dots in centre of black spots along border. polyxena hierax, Fd. (80-100). Sikkim—N. Burma. C. dv. corax, Fd. No pale band: white spots uph on inner edge of the black ‘spots. A dv. hindia, But. Upf pale discal band ; base fulvous and margin spotted. av. hipponax, Fd. Upf pale band ; base fulvous to dark, margin not spotted. - dv. pleistoanax, Fd. Upf pale band; base dark, margin white spotted and uph with the white discal band from F continued to v3 or 4. <6 upf with no pale discal band; discal line usually absent; very like -corax. Below darker and more variegated. *nolyxena agna, M. (80-100). Karens—S. Burma. NR. 3a (2). o upf black border narrow, bearing tawny spots reaching to the apex -and inwardly bordered by a lunular dark line. 2 never with a pale discal band; 3 (4a). Upf apical spots not above v6. Below purple tawny. aristogiton, Fd. (70-95). The Scarce Tawny Rajah. Sikkim—Burma. R. 4a (3). Upf tawny apical spots into 6. Below ochreous. 4 (5). Below more or less uniform and markings regular; unf black bar mid ‘cell macular ; unh dark discal line beyond cell more or less straight, except just. beyond end cell. In WSF central band darker. marmax, Wd. (90-120). The Yellow Rajah. Kumaon—Burma. R. 5 (4). Below markings prominent and irregular central band much darker. Unf all cell bars entire; unh dark discal line very irregular and breken, highly ‘concave in 6. kahruba, M. (90-120). The Variegated Rajah. Kumaon—Burma. R. 6 (2b). Unf with a silver white bar at the base of the costa. Above much as No. 3. Below tawny. distanti, Hon. (90-120). The Silver-edged Rajah. VR. 7(1a). Above dark brown with a yellow or whitish discal band. H long ~ vequal tails at vs 2 and 4. ourN. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. Puate XVII. cement OE yes FE. Nymphalidae. 1. Charaxes: 2. Hriboea: 3. Prothoe. ES - (THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 895 ¥1. Charaxes.—(conid.) a. Above pale band narrow and dark yellow. fabius cerynthus, Fruh. (70-80). The Black Rajah. Ceylon. NR. g. Above pale discal band wide, dark in WSF, pale in DSF. *fabius fabius, F. 8. India—Kangra—Sikkim. NR. y. Above pale discal band wide and sulphur yellow ; H spotting on termen ‘wider. fabius sulphureus, Roth. Assam—Burma. R. F2. Eribcea.—The Nawabs. (Plate 17). la (4a). Above dark brown with a broad pale discal band, which does not reach the dorsum H. Uph termen with small white spots on the outer edge of the broad dark border. 1 (2a). Unh dark basal band passes through the outer half of the cell. Above discal band white, broadly blue edged. | a. Upf discal band continued evenly to v5, with 2 adjacent spots beyond in 5 and 6. *schreibert wardi, M. (90-100). The Blue Nawab. S. India VR. g. Upf discal band tapers at the upper end and just reaches 4; white spot in 5 much nearer apex and with an apical dot in 6. schreibert assamensis, Roth. Assam—N. Burma. VR. y. Upf as last, but discal band not into 4, detached spot in 5 very small and spot in 6 absent. schreibert tisamenus, Fruh. Karens—S. Burma. Andamans. VR. 2a (1). Unh dark basal band passes through inner half of cell. Above dis: al band not blue edged. 2 (3). Above discal band pale yellow, width varies greatly with the season ; races only very slightly differentiated. a. Small, band broad. athamas madeus, Roth. (60-75). The Common Nawab. Ceylon. C g. Larger, usually 2 pale sub-apical spots upf. athamas agrarius, Swin. 8. India. C. y. Large and very variable. *athamas athamas, Dr. Kulu—N. Burma. C. 6. Smaller and darker. athamas samatha, M. Karens—S. Burma. C, e. Much larger and very dark. athamas andamanicus, Fruh. Andamans. C. 3(2). Above discal band pale greenish white. Three seasonal forms as in last and width band varies very considerably with the season. arja, Fd. (75-85). The Pallid Nawab. Sikkim—Burma. NR. 4a (la). Above pale yellow or greenish yellow, base H never dark; F with _ ‘broad black apex. ey 4b (11). Unh dark discal band through basal half of cell meeting post- ‘discal band at tornus. 4c (7a). Unf curv dark band from base through end cell to sub-marginal lunular band. U'pf single pale spot on black apex. 4 (5a). Upf black margin not decreasing towards tornus, 4 Been sandakanus, Fruh, (80-85). The Malayan Nawab. Sikkim—Burma. 5a (4). Upf black margin decreasing markedly in width towards tornus. 5 (6) Unh pale area coves more than half wing. yalysus, Fd. (75-85). The Yellow Begum. Karens—S. Burma R, 6 (5). Unh pale area covers less than half wing. hebe chersonesus, Fruh. (75-85). Victoria Point. VR. 7a(4c). Unf broad barend cell extending to base v2; sub-marginal band 896 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol; XXIX. F2. Eribeea.—(contd.) continuous, not lunular and nearer cell. 7b (Ya). Unt costa dark chocolate brown ; upf single row pale spots on margin, 7 (8). Upt and Unt no broad bar from end cell towards discal band. Uph sub-marginal dark band bearing pale spots along the outer edge and. blueish Junules along the inner edge. a. Smaller and paler. dolon dolon, Wd. (80-90). The Stately Nawab. Kulu—Kumaon. R, 6. Upf pale spots smaller and shorter. dolon centralis, Roth. (85-95). Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan. R. y. Upf spots larger thanin a. Uph sub-marginal band narrow and blue- lunules small. *dolon magniplaga, Roth. (95-105). Assam—N. Burma. R. ° 5.. Uph more deeply scalloped and uph blue sub-marginal lunules more. — prominent. dolon grandis, Roth. (95-110). Shan States—Karens. R. 8 (7). Upf and unf broad dark bar from lower end cell along 3 to the discal band, enclosing a large pale spot beyond end cell; spots on margin increase in: size totornus. Uph with a postdiscal dark band. | ‘a. Larger. Usually a postdiscal pale spot in 7 upf. Uph sub-terminal narrow dark bars in spaces up to 6. *narceea aborica, Evans. (70-75). The China Nawab. Abor Valley. RB. 68. Smaller. Upfnospotin 7. Uph sub-terminal dark bars obsolete above 3: narcea lissainei, Tyt. (70-75). Naga Hills. R. 9a (7b). Unf costa white and upf with sub-marginal as well as postdiscal row spots. Uph band as in No. 7. Upand unf bar from lower end cell towards discal band asin No. 8, but much shorter. 9 (10). Upf 2 pale spots end cell; dark margin becoming obsolete at tornus. nepenthes, Gr S.(80). TheShan Nawab. Shan States. VR. 10 (9). Upf single pale spot end cell and 2 spots beyond. a. Large. Seasonal forms differ much in size and size of spots. eudamippus eudamippus, Db. (100-120). The Great Nawab. Kumaon— Assam, NR. 6. Upf cell all black or very nearly so. *eudamippus nigrobasalis, Lathy. N. Burma. N.R. y. Asa, but smaller. Uph no blue border to band and outer white spots larger. eudamippus jamblichus, Frun. Karens—-S. Burma. R. 11 (4b). Below no dark bands; large spots end cells, base 2 F and mid costa H.; sub-marginal row reddish spots preceded by a blue line and on H followed by a greenish yellow line as well as aterminal blue and greenish yellow line. Above broad black apex bearing one or two pale spots and on H sub-terminal blueish, white centred, line. *delphis, Db. (95-100). The Jewelled Nawab. Assam—Burma. NR. F3. Prothoe.—The Begums. (Plate 17). 1 (2). Above pale yellow, broad black apex and margins. Below variegated red and black. FEF lower dev evenly curved. *calydonia belisama, Crow. (110-120). The Glorious Begum. Karens— S. Burma. VR. | 2(1). Above dark brown witha blue band F. Below variegated dark brown and whiteish; H with broad greenish marginal lunules. F lower dev highly concave at lower end. a. Upf blue band very broad and not marked with white; complete series terminal blue spots, upper 2 being white. : : * ; 33 : ; ‘ : . = es f o : - : nant. ‘ ‘ ' . ’ 7 \ ye me A Ph F =. » ' a ry - t f . ne 1 ' : 7 ‘ 6 ' ‘ : ¢ 1 \ . ‘ 7 ‘ - 1" 7 - i. ‘ re . : i 3 4 - : eG Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE XVI: F 10.2 F, Nymphalidae. 4. Helcyra: 5. Dilipa: 6. Eulaceura: 7. Apatura: 8. Herona: 9. Sephisa 10. Euripus: 11. Diagora: 12. Hestina : 13. Sasakia. | THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 897 F3. Prothoe.—contd. franckii regalis, But. (70-80). The Blue Begum. Manipur, Upper Assam. VR, 8. Upft blue band narrow and centrally with white splashes ; white marginal spots only in 5,7 and 8. | *franckit angelica, But. Karens—S. Burma. R. -F4, Helcyra.—The White Emperor. (Plate 18). Above glazed white ; upf black spotsin cell and 1, broad black apex with 2 white spots; uph with afew irregular black discal spots. Below only a thin discal line of black lunules. *hemina, Hew. (65-75). The White Emperor. Sikkim—-Burma. R. F5. Dilipa—The Golden Emperor. (Plate 18). Above dark brown , & with golden bronzy, Q with white, central and discal spots F and whole disc H ; upf 2 white apical dots. *morgiana, Wd. (70-80). The Golden Emperor. Kashmir—Shan States. R. F6. Eulaceura.—The Elegant Emperors. (Plate 18). 1 (2).. Above transparent pale brown, with dark brown costa F and large spot in 2 as well as margins and discal band H. manipuriensis, Tyt. (75-80). Tytler’s Emperor. Manipur. VR. 2 (1). Above dark brown with a continuous white discal band, extending on F from dorsum to 3. Below asin last, glazed pale violet brown with an ocellus in 2) FE and’ H, *osteria kumana, Fruh. (65-70). The Elegant Emperor. S. Burma. R. F7. Apatura.—The Emperors. (Plate 18). la (6a). Unf no row of minute sub-apical white dotsin 5, 6 and 8. lb ((8a). Unf no black spots in cell. 1 (2). Upf single discal pale band, macular in ¢ continuous in 2, in addition to the white apical spots. Above dark brown, no pale band H. Below ocellus in 2 F and H fulvous ringed ; dark discal line white edged at upper end. a. Upf discal band white. Uph ocellusin 2 prominent. Below pale brown. sordida sordida, M. (60-70). The Sordid Emperor. Sikkim—N. Burma. R. 6. Upft discal band yellow tinted. ae ocellus in 2 absent. Below pale greenish brown. sordida naga, Tyt. Nagas. R. (1). Upf 2 pale discal bands in addition to the apical spots. Unh dark discal line pale edged throughout. Above dark greenish brown;