oe i i v . . aa SACU ANNO ORD CEN Ray yl wo he Vv W vy Le ay, ARN Trae th ‘® Aer Yaa | 2 oe pe Ae te Wi give baad alibi ee a") fy ead | ‘ j | {! ia Sheth) ye 4 } aibed ¢ i i f} Ad , fan 3 ; ‘ ae MOIS I ASR, SEE dy , 7 3 \ " we park as } i TE aan a Meet TAAL AN Ae Bid te ‘ , » in ui ‘ Ta ay wee pce OEY. } iit ts i Me at a} 1 oe wea bode ° ua a a ae) Ea eed) “Pike a Bi ite ph’ a SOLD RE oa cana sitet igo oe Fi j | Wel: aN Pett as , fa ee ys Aen ie Z ep ont es aE ae RPE ce eee L Na am ee ‘ 3 af See py : Sn roiak oaete (as Seoul ie ani ati, ay Ay ae O : Ay i oe (a || whey Pri a HEL PN, Pswovr a ib 2P Fig ee ey Ry Nha ie. Cpa a ake Sn, PAE: F “sea Say SLD at “Etrsauusanite” ks \ ‘y seh pets: set reeg! rr (rg pO bon at ‘s, a hoy ‘I ae ies rig aS (it crs al Le agent Feit oy Sea ti pai Ey Ti FL “Sis i N f fa, Sp dt rt . a ee a a ae "Hepat hte” Shier naam a. ie 0 tgs ty " AL rips oe a APs ait pet eas rer Bs eA 2] “i ou i _ i ' i on } ag _ “ly 4 . \ THE JOURNAL OF THE © BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY INDEX AND TITLE PAGE SUWIAN Mayon oh Zar\i' fon Ls a (s SEP 7 1927 VOL, Xxx \ ; Veg chy PARTS 3 & 4 MADRAS PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS 1926 THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY EDITED BY SIR REGINALD A. SPENCE, KT., F.Z.S., P. M. D. SANDERSON, F.Z.S., and S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S. VOL. XXX. | 217469 ae Cy , “4 rb a} ” e a Parts 3 & 4. Containing 44 Black and White Plates, 29 Text-figures and a Map. . Date of Publication. Part Ill. (Pages 509 to 718) ... 30th June 1925. Pe IV. ( ,, 719 to 927) ... 15th December 1925. LONDON AGENTS DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34—36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS. ACURAIGHAE, ch ay ss ett ae ie ek aft ® . + en } t 7 ore ne ee ee es i te ands wn ‘sa af A304 a Aan Z rues | anit ne ee ate a sorrcteaten® mele SS whe: it 4k wh et mo ‘Ss ' GONTENES OFF VOLOGOMTIE XXX, No. 3. THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hive PRovincus. Patt lV. (With a plate and 11 text NILES Sami aypae Ole eh ins VVIAEC acai taaaccl Banh wed se eee BomMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Report No. 37 (a), Nepal. EKARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME Eeree WATER FISHES IN THE PUNJAB. (With 3 plates.) By M. Eianic nana MiSC:CEeRNGS.s ont a TAS tae ens as THE CREMASTOGASTER ANT. (With a plate.) By Major Eee Wis, Gra ato StOM), iM. Gs Tally ML st Oe ioc tM SomME New ALPINE GRASSHOPPERS OF THE GENUS Conophyma Zub., from Central Asia. By B. P. Uvarov, 12) OSB eae Oa ra LS Bile PR ee va re treaty Ree THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part XOING (Wath a, feng teeure.). “By, b. IR. Bell,, Crass, Meee Seb OINCEG I) Mie Tl etek ate ll bate ah newts cv at \Nagl aa tall ml Ie aon Two New BurRMESE SNAKES. (With a plate.) By Col. F. AVERY Us Wiest 5) EXE GOR MAAS TN Gi MR RUE Oe alia be red kee Na aces, NOTES ON CHAROPHYTES FROM GONDA, U.P. (With 5 plates.) iva Gra Oe Ailey Me © Shes 5 Nl ads crea Mans even aye ae: BirpD’s NESTING wITH A CAMERA IN INDIA. Part IV. (With CP DIGIES Nam oy Oat. Is io. Bales lea, aisle deanna ee THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Part VII. (With plates.) By Col. W. H. Evans, D.S.0., F.Z.S., F.E.S. NOTES AND DESCRIPTION OF INDIAN ASE aas Parti lh By de [UAW Ved sia) id (SV IRG annie ee cnr oR ara) eariniy CO Mene RMR ner AN ENCOUNTER WITH A FIGHTING TIGER. (With a ae By Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.) INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Part XXI. (With 1 plate and 1 text figure.) By Major F. C. Fraser, I.M.s., F.E.S.. ss NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE SIKKIM Fea Part (With a plate.) By Herbert Stevens, M.B.O.U. ..,.. PAGE 509° 525 531 541 Jol 561 587 589 600 610 640 652 657 664 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. REvVIEWS—IN THE HIGHER HIMALAYAS. By H. Whistler, EDITORIAL BZ Se sh tcastere ciee's SO ele ected eater ORE AER epee A GENERAL TEXT BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY. Be A. D. Imms eeoeeeteeermeceerer eC Geez eese ove SKU FeH8ee2F HH CHO eeeoseeecee- eeoveattereereese ose Oree.eorceereetoeos Fee i eee eetoortzseh eos MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— Ie Be XT. XIV: DN XVI. Breeding season of the Nilgiri Langur. By Rev. Cs Leigh, Soy 0 ae, wun caetecer eae ene eee Wild Dogs and Jungle ‘Tragedies. fe ReyeC. MLO REIS. oj Wasa odelg te tennareo sa Nate Aiken ee schars Suee eee eas ‘Wild Animals ,.of. Central, India.’ . By. RK. jC: Morris (with a Note by A. A. Dunbar Brander) A Black Jackal. By M.S. Tuggerse ............... The Record Sind Wild Goat. (Capra hircus blytht.) (With a plate.) By R. L. McCulloch... The Allied Grosbeak (Perrisospiza atfinis Blyth). By, Ho Whistler, BE St pe. 2000 JW, suena eaiaanenacineds On the breeding of the Indian Tree Pipit (dAzthus hodgsont) in Kulu. By H. Whistler, F.L.s., F.z.S. The Cotton Teal. By Sir Harcourt Butler ......... Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Fuligula marila) in Northern India. By S. H. Prater, c.M.z.s.... The length attained by and the habits of the Ghavial (G. gangeticus..) By Major C. R. S. Pitman eC RG eeSeceoeeGeeeesescseeeesGeceeF CHESS Lor eoecePOseeeereoseoee Boa Constrictor vs. Alligator. (With a phot) By Editors e7FFreeees eR CHOCHHHSOHF Cee eee FEFOHEEREHOLECHO HELE ee ee COS OCE Tiger killed by a Cobra. (With a photo.) By Editors 2 eA ba ee Ae Record of a death from bite of the Hamadryad or King Cobra (aia hanna.) By C. Theobald, Recovery from the bite of Echzs carinata. By Capt. 71. J. “Rice, MS); 4:5 ues ee eee Viper and White Throat. By B. B. Osmaston, LPS. (Retds) 7.12 g/ ie ee A List of Fishes obtained in the Saran District, Bihar, chiefly from the Ghogra River, near the town of Chapra and in its vicinity. By E. A. D’ Abreu, F.z.s. S meeeeernerne SP eereoeet® tt Coewoesewe Qergesees %® 797 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. XVII. The Occurrence of the Spiny-Eel. By E. A. PARC PAZ his Ad none ce eh TC eM XVIII. Formula for estimating weight of Mahseer. By Majom Wi B. TGeviemen. o.\ tue. tii ss cease coun es XIX. The Ceylon Races of TZerias blanda Bdv., and sa7z, Horst. By H. T. G. Watkins ........, ee 12215. OX) 2 58 DIT CRS) eA | ee Pe Re Ry TE No. 4. THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hitt Provinces. Part V. (With a plate and 3 text Lngunesn) oe, iy: COlonel na Ty. Ward 3: 6y5 4.9). ces eee ees BIRDS OF THE PERSIAN GuLF ISLANDS. (W7th4 plates and a Map.) By Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.B.O.U., Major-General Sir Percy Z. Cox, G.C.M.G., G.C.1.E., K.C.S.I., M.B.o.U. and Major R. E. Cheesman, M.B.0.U., REGO Maer etre NIN eat AI yore, Ante nce oaict winner hs getvitoas nanny rslat Maem NEw SNAKE FROM BurMA. By Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., K.H.S. AN ORIENTAL HuntTinGc Wasp (Sphex lobatus.) By Major R. W. G. Hingston, 1.M.s. ........ bie Sates hae eee teat AN ACCOUNT OF SOME FRESH WATER CILIATES FROM LAHORE. (With 2 plates.) By Amar Nath Gulati, mM.s.c. THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Part VIII. (With a plate.) By Col. W. H. Evans, D.S.0., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ON THE ANTIQUITY AND THE THERAPEUTIC USES OF THE INDIAN SPIKENARD. (With a plate.) By S. C. Sinha, NII ae acess oth pAccctic ies cearpis eiausla ciate citlotctttetec asset iela sn easetH Me ainatle Sete aistoaneinieisa Two New THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTH INDIA. (With a plate and a text figure.) By T. V. Ramakrishna lyer BIRDS NESTING WITH A CAMERAIN INDIA. Part V. ce 5 plates.) By Capt. R. 8. P. Bates.. SE SSERR NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN BURMA IN 1924, By Col. WAN COMINGS KEES ero 2. eo arck po guetoa paz bob aatine bsjep'h epee soes THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part MOXVE) Bytl. Ko Bellic1.,,/a-Fs.(Retd.)-.. A Few Days AFTER URIAL IN THE PUNJAB. By fe -Col. Ree Wee Binion. siAcr (ICO: ) Wicca o. avacnnttinecnnoe centage be'paceae INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Part XXII. (Witha plate and 10 text iocanes) way Niajor FCP raser, Li.) BE-S.c¢t pence. sense Gals) 725 734 735 744 756 dh 788 793 805 822 838 846 vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. NOTES ON A NEST OF THE CoMMON INDIAN Hornet. (With a plate.) By B. Chopra, D.Sc. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE THYSANOPTERA KNOWN FROM INDIA AND CEYLON. By T. V. Ramakrishna Iyer. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF SIKKIM HIMALAYAS. Part VII (Concluszon) ais eC ane By Herbert Stevens, M.B.O.U. ed Arak ule amen mance Se av REVIEWS :—THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. fy Lewis R. W. LOW cacteeaceease peaieistas A MONOGRAPH OF THE Ne omen OF pea or I. By H. Kirke Swann, F.z.S., M.B.O.U. NATURE AT THE DRFSERT’S EDGE. By R. W. @ Hingston, M.C., M.B., I.M.S. TiS ce wactea seca. FAMILIAR FLOWERING TREES IN INDIA. By TaacColthurstiee se ie dr Nd eRe OBITUARIES :—Prof. H. M. MAxwEeLL LEFROY; PRor. F. HALLBERG 3" Mr. U. JOSE DG WICK, 1Cis eee. PADTTOR TAT cde cuecarhe sssewe eter boas cee es oe MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— l.. The Slow Loris.. By Major. Jo DScale*.2e.. Il. Phe 'Occutrence::of *"Hodeson’s Bat. , By 7.4. D’ Abreu, F.zZz.S. eee: Sea EO en we {Il.: The. *Sambhar Cal’ see ee pee. ie ee Ne Dunbar Brander .. : IV. Tiger-netting in Ree By 1 Toe oe VDA Onoenede: D.F.O. Sie sie pice Lickatchcteleb einig moved nee ened ROR V.. Panther with abnormai a By Maharaj Kumar Shree Vijayarajji VI. Abnormal Clavicle Bones of a Tiger. By Lt.-Col. Wo Giitchinso ti 2i¢.c. saa eae eee eer eee Vil. ‘Panther ‘and. Wild Dogs. > By :Lt!-Col) RoudWw: IDMTCOMt ceo. Ae Sta Awake Suen VIII. -A Hybrid Biack Bae and Gites. 1. (With a photo.) By Maharaj Kumar Sri Sadul Singhji Bahadur. IX. Duel between two Bull Elephants. By H. F. Mooney, I.F.S....... x: “An Elephant Trap.) By C:.G; Seligman’ 2222'..4. XI. Crow’s Nests and Eleetric Cables. By S. H. Prater, CoM.Z-S. : ses PAGE 858 861 872 894 894 896 898 899 902 904 905 905 907 909 910 910 911 912 912 93 MIT XITI. EVE: GV Dovel: XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XO. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. Predatory Habits of the Magpie. By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey... ais Fresh Light on tiie Taentity of the ‘ Deen Bird.’ Biya FiGILOUS 2s. escene csc Hawks and Se aTienes D.S.O., O.B.E. af An Albino Hoopoe. win a t pte) By fs elpe Ke IN iGlaiiseneaes ccc enai By F. Field . arene ome ee Breeding of the Painted eae Grace in the Punjab Salt Range. By H. W. Waite, F.z.s., M.B.O.U. és . Meee The Nesting of the Se ne eesa in the ns Major J. D. Scales, Occurrence of the eet at Mussoorie. ‘Kalij District of 24-Pergannas. ae, a ese By Satya Churn Law ........... Weights of Woodcock in Shillong. “By I Lt.-Col. Gk. Ow, Toa (etd) . uta | ease stte Records with Snipe. By Udaji E RAO, Pur we: The Snake Watrix venningi (Venning’s Keelback.) By Wee Cosi, VW allt Sosa aes tte sadiees ocho The Common ‘ Fire Fishes’ of Madras. By S. T. MOSES %..c.-u2. A Run of pene on he iotieame. falline 4 into mae Yamdrok Tso. By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey Extraordinary Display of ‘ Leucodice soracte’ of the Genus ‘AportA.’ (With a plate.) By Rae VE NG OTS CAG: feentae cancer tess ti hint sein eee Captosoma ostensum, Dist. and its enemy Syzza melanaria, Muls. By TT. V. Subramanyam, AG See a ney an ebro omnes a eNO cabal eciucea mele tee aca esaeeee PAG) GEE IEG She oceans iret ae Wala s wise be beau spa cacau eevee vii PAGE 914 914 vYilis 916 S27 ois 918 923 924 926 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VCON TRIBE TOS. VOLUME XXX PAGE AIVAR, T. V. RAMAKRISHNA ; Two new TZhysanoptera from South India (wzth J plate and 1 text figure) ie Pre cicte: = ; An annotated List of the TZhysanoptera known from India and Ceylon . 861 ALLEN, ‘G.O., 1:C.S.-; Notes on Charophytes from Gonda, U. P. (with 5 plates) tes DoW BAHADUR, MAHARAJ KUMAR SRI SADUL SINGHJI; A Hybrid Black Buck (A. cervicapra) and chinkara (G. bennetit) (with a photo) F a. coe ML BAILEY, LT.-CoL. F. M. ; Preda- tory Habits of the Magpie =< O14 A run of Fish on the streams falling into the Yam- drok Tso a whe tee BATES, CAptT,. R...S, Pe: Birds nesting with a camera in India— Part IV. (wth 6 plates) . 600 Part V. (with 5 plates) ERE) Bre De. SC alah ween. (Retd.) ; The Common Butter- flies of the plains of India— Part “XXXIV (weth- dy. text figure) Peon Part XXXV 6 oy Occ BoMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SocieEty’s Mammal Survey No. 37(a) Nepal ... Puy) BRANDER, A. DUNBAR; Com- ments on Wild Animals of Central India aan «»» 696 ae —— —; The Sambhar Call of Tiger . 905 BURTON, LT.-Cor. R. W.,<1) A; (Retd.) ; An encounter with a fighting Tiger (w7th a photo) ... 652 | Cox, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR PERCY PAGE BURTON, Lt.-CoL. R. W., I. A. (Retd.) Panther and Wild Dogs. 910 BUTLER, HARcouRT ; The Cotton Teal . 702 CHEESMAN, Mayor R.E., see Ticehurst, Dr. C. B. CuHopra, B., D.Sc.; Note on a nest of the Common Indian Hornet (Vespa cincta, Fabr.) (with a plate) : Zi. = see Ticehurst, (or..Ce B. D' Abreu, E.cA., E:Z:3S:" A. List of Fish obtained in the Saran District, Behar, chiefly from the Ghogra River, near the town of Chapra and in its vicinity ae a OV ; Formula for esti- mating weight of Mahseer pedal ; The occurrence of Hodgson’s Bat (JZyotis formo- sus) in the Central Provinces ... 905 DELANOUGEREDE, L. J., D.F.O.; Tiger-netting in Assam (wth 1 plate and 2 text figures) . 907 EpItToRS; Boa Constrictor ws. Alligator (with a text figure) ... 704 ; Tiger killed by a Cobra (with a text figure) ... 705 ——_——_——-; Fresh light on the identity of the ‘ Devil Bird’ ... 914 Evans, COLONEL W. H., D.S.O., HZ... bao.) nem identi: cation of Indian Butterflies— Part VII (wzth I plate) sae OO Part Vill (w7tk 7 plate) 4756 FIELD, F.; Occurrence of the Nepal Kalij Pheasant (G. leu- comelanus) at Mussoorie 5 Shy LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PAGE FowLerR, Henry W.; Notes and Descriptions of Indian Fishes— Part III ea ... 640 PRASER, Mayor F. C., 1.M.S., F.E.S.; Indian Dragonflies, Pato xX (orth 1 plate and J text figure) see aay ; Indian Dragonflies (with 1 plate and 3 text figures). Fry, T. B., see Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Sur- vey of India, Burmah and Ceylon = oe eee yas) GULATI, AMAR NatH, M.NSC. ; An account of some Fresh- Water Ciliates from Lahore ... Hincston, Mayor R. W. G., I.M.S.; The Cremastogaster Ant (wth a plate) . O41 ; An Oriental Hunt- (Sphex lobatus) Part ee oe a is) HUTCHINSON, LT.-CoL. W. G.; Abnormal Clavicle Bones of a Tiger es es Pe ou KHAN, -Me°Hamip, M.Sc., F.R.M.S.; Early Stages in the Development of some Fresh- water Fishes in the Punjab (wth 3 plates) sis 2 oon LAW, SATYA CHURN; The nest- ing of the Little Green Heron (Butorides striatus javanica) in the District of 24-Pergannas 846 744 ing Wasp. (with a photo) f. son GS LeIcH,C.S.J. - Breeding season of, the Srileta Langur 2 O08 McCuttoun, R. L.; A Record Sind Wild Goat (wth I plate). 699 MOONEN,* Els Ei; LE.S.; Duel between two Bull Elephants ... 912 Moors, J. PERcy ; Wanted: In- formation on Indian Leeches... Morris, R. C.; Wild Dogs and Jungle omeedies : SOO ; Wild Animals of Central India . 694 MorSHEAD, R. Y. A. apoteen ordinary Display of ‘ eee sovacte’ of the genus (Aporid) (with a plate) 23 925 —- ———— oe PAGE Moszs, S. T.; Two Common ‘ Fire-Fishes ’ of Madras (Pterois russellit, Van Hass.) and (P. volitans, Linn.) A preli- minary note on their variations. OsMASTON, B. Be, LFS; (Retd.); Viper and White-throat Pirman, Major C. R. S.; The length attained by and the habits of the Gahrial PRATER, Sl, © MEZ5.; Oran rence of fie Scaup Duck (Fuligula marila) in Northern India —; Crows Nests and Electric Cables ... PUAR, UDAIT “RAO; with Snipe . es oes Rick, Cari. fH. 4 1M. Re- covery from the bite of Achis carinata see of Row, sEr.-Cor, Le A. (Retd. e Weights of Woodcock in Shillong RUDKIN, Mrs. H. K.: one Aino Hoopoe (Upupa Bins 7naica) (with a photo) SCALE, MAJOR: J.D: The Siow Loris (Nycticebus ime SCALES, Major J. D., D.S.O., O.B.E.; Hawks and Swallows. SELIGMAN, C. G.; An Elephant Trap Sinha. C.. On ihe Antiquity and the Therapeutic uses of the Indian Spikenard (wth a plate) STEVENS, HeReEee M. B. OF U.: Notes on the Birds of the Sikkim Himalayas— Part VI. (with 2 plates) Part VII (conclusion) (with 2 Records plates) ; re a SUBRAMANYAM, T. V., B.A. ; Coptosoma ostensum Dist. and its enemy Syuzd melana- via, Muls. (with I plate) THEOBALD, CHARLES, F.Z.S., Record of a death from a bite of the Hamadryad or King Cobra (Nazia hanna) 921 107 706 . 919 . 916 . 904 915 Bs hes ot hd . 664 Ore ieee . 706 PAGE TIcHHURST, Dr.C. B., M.R.C:S.,; M. B.O.U., Cox, Major-General sit Percy, 24.0" Gie MeG.. GeO. be (K.C.8-1, MaB.0-U.; and Cheesman, Major, R. E., M.B.O.U. Birds of the Persian Gulf Islands (w7zth 4 plates and QUAD) © Vass obs Pe 35) TUGGERSE, M.S.; Black ane 698 Uvarov, B.P., F.E.S., Some new Alpine Grasshoppers of the genus Conophyma, Zub. from Central Asia Bes ie 52. OL VIJAYARAJJI, MAHARAJ KUMAR SHREE ; Panther with abnormal feet . sas PRU, WAITE, H.W. “BZS. ;M.B OU; Breeding of the Bamed Sand- Grouse (Plerocles indicus) in the Panjab Salt Range ie Pe DL) WAEL;, COLONEL FF. ©.M-°G:. K.H.S., I.M.S. Two new Burmese Snakes (with Z plate). 587 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PAGE WALL, COLONEL F., C.M.G., K.H.S., I.M.S., A new snake from, Burman 9 ee BRA w. 734 ~; Notes on Snakes collected in Burma in 1924 ... ; The Snake Natrix venningt (Venning’s Keel- back) a correction ee WARD, Cot. A. E.; The Mam- mals and Birds of Kashmir and adjacent Hill Provinces— Part 1V (wth 1 plate and 11 text figures)... ‘ »- 009 Part V (with 1 plate ae. } text figures) .. us ery Ike) WATKINS, H. T. ae The Gesion races of Zerzas brah ae. Bdv., and sarz, Horsf. . 714 WHISTLER, HUGH, F. Z. S.. The allied Grosbeak Vee ie arfinis,; Blyth)... ven 100 ; Oni the Breediny of the Indian Tree Pipit (Azthus hodgsont) in Kulu Poe eo OL 805 LESTAOT PEAICES, VOLUME XXX No. 3 PAGE The Mammals and Birds of Kashmir and the adjacent Hill Provinces—- Tibetan Antelope (Panthalops hodgsont) - ins ee @ 909 Early Stages in the Development of some Fresh Water Fishes ia the Punjab— Plate I—Ophtocephalus marulius ace ay, tei, -OOe Plate Il—Wallago attu sie Be dee Pw 2535 Plate I1I—Zabeo gonius ei =~ A eee 030 The Cremastogaster Ant (C. aubertz) ... wii ee ql OE Two New Burmese Snakes— (A) Natrix nigriventer bs: fee i egae OO7 (B) Matrix githodest ... eee as oy 5 © OF Charophytes from Gonda. U.P.— Plate I—Fig.1. Chara brachypus bs a ese 2,890 Fig. 2. Tyriplostichous ... ae ae Pe eu Fig. 3. Dzplostichous ... ing ae Fen owl) Plate II—Fig.1. Nitella amminata - eee Pool Pig 2. »5, mirabilis at re? J. eog6 Plate WI— Chara braunii = ae 33 a) Oud Plate [V— Chara wallichit as an ies sas 098 Plate V—Chart rae noe te aes Mee ye eee, Birds Nesting with a Camera in India— Plate I—(A) The Indian Great Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus sten- toreus brunnescens ) .. 600 (B) The Paddy-Field Warbler t dopocPbralis Wot 600 Plate II—(A) The Common Coot (Fulica atra atra) _... 601 (B) The Central Asian Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis faa) 601 (C) The Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirur- gus) ioe 601 Plate III—(A) The White-eyed Pochard Nip ruta Pues ; 604 (B) Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail (Motacilla cttreola citreoloides) on ie .. 604 Plate 1V—(A) The Eastern Baillons Crake ( Porzana pusilla pusilla) 605 (B) The Northero Ruddy Crake Oa aie fuscus bakert) oe oe OOS Plate V—The Indian Little Grebe lPoaivepes ruticollis pReinse 606 Plate VI—The Little Bittern (/vobrychus minutus minutus ) ee OUT The Identification of Indian Butterflies— Plate I-LYCAANIDA:, Amblypodia a eth mee!) 3 xii LAST OL TAILATES PAGE Indian Dragonflies— Plate I—Figs. 1-2. Gomphus personatus 62 ans Rr oes) Fig. 3 dy nilgivicus Ew. oo Bane = OSS Fig. 4. a o’doneli 8 Ap ae ies Oe Fig. 5. Heliogomphus ceylonicus & BR PERO Ghote) Fig. 6. e promelas 8 AS ee) Se) Fig. Tis 3 nietneri & aes eo OS Birds of the Sikkim: Himalayas— Plate I—(A) Above Karponang ... bee ne a. 008 (B) Lachung Valley above Kedom 668 Plate II—(A) Lachung Vailey. Looking North-east elevation, 9, 000 674 (B) Lachung Valley, elevation, 8,800’ 5p nite AO! A Record Sind Wild Goat— Capra hircus blytht oe es ese ane er hOO9 No. 4 The Mammals and Birds of Kashmir and the SIGNS Hill Provinces— Shou (Cervus wallicht) .. sas be woe ses Tu ttlo Birds of the Persian Gulf Islands— Sketch-Map of Persian Gulf and Islands oa ene § E725 Plate I—The Home of a Crab Plover Colony, Warba Island here ee ti4e} Plate I[—Cormorants nesting on Halul Islands a! See ae, Plate III—(A) Cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis) Colony on Halul Islands oe Ge (B) Young Cormorants (P. nigrogularis) in Ge mown on FarsilIsland ... oes ee OD Plate IV—(A) Young Ospreys in nest Halul Islands ia ete OO (B) Site of Osprey’s nest on Halul Islands... creas oo Plate I. Fresh-water Ciliates from Lahore ... aa eset. ZO Plate Il. is 3 sas ae SOAR lO) The Identification of Indian Butterflies— Plate XXIX—LYCANIDA. Surendra, Loxura, Spindasis, Tajuria, Jacoona, Marmessus, Horaga, Catapeecilma, Hypolycena and Artipe Are ie: “a OO Indian Spikenard (Vardostachys jatamansi) ... at ene SAME. Kleothrips subramanii ... Be sae ui ie PEO Birds Nesting with a Camera in India— Plate I—The Common Sandpiper (7rzmga hypoleuca) ... ves: 194 Plate II—(A) Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba hodgsoni).... 795 (B) The Common Sandpiper (7vinga hypoleuca) Perper ics) Plate III--(A) The Common Sandpiper (7ringa hypoleuca) & 798 (B) Jerdon’s Little Ringed-Plover (Charadrius BD es jerdont) — 798 (C) Jerdon’s Little Ringed: Plover (Charadrius es jerdont) ile —. 79S PlateIV—(A) The Indian Pied Kingfisher i\Gne rudis leucome- lanura) ee 10o (B) Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba eon map) Le) (C) Kashmir Roller (Coracias garrula semenowt) reg 2 RE) LIST OR PEATES Plate V—Jerdon’s Little Ringed-Plover (Charadrius dubius jerdont) Indian Dragonflies 1—3 Cyclogomphus ;—4-7 Microgomphus Nests of the Common Indian Hornet (Vespa Caer) Birds of the Sikkim Himalayas— Plate XII—(A) Crags, North-west of Lachung Village (B) Lachung Valley above the village Plate XIII—(A) Sandakphu from Kalo Pokhari (B) Kalo Pokhari Camp 10,160’ ... Tiger-netting in Assam— Plate I—No. 1. Men pulling on one of the ‘ Dhenki’ Ropes No. 2. Asmall portion of the spectators No. 3. Tiger rushing across the enclosure Crow’s Nests and Electric Cables— Plate :—No. 1. Crow’s nest (weight 11 ib ) made almost entirely of wire, built on the side strain insulator Brackets Crow’s nest of wire in process of construction on the over-head girder A Butterfly swarm. (Leucodice soracte) Synia melanaria, Muls., Predator on Coptosoma avon: Dist. Xiil PAGE 802 854 858 876 876 886 886 807 907 907 913 913 923 924 INDEX FO ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME XXX PAGE PAGE Acrocephalus agricolus, P\. fig. 2 600 | Colpidium striatum, Pl. fig. 13... 750 -stentoreus brunnes- Colpoda cucullus, Pl. fig. 16... 750 cens Pl. hig. 1 ar .. 600 | Coptosoma ostensum, Pl. figs. ... 924 Alcedo atthis pallasii, Pl. fig. 2... 601 | Coracias garrula semenovi, Pl. Amaurornis fuscus bakeri, Pl. fice 3) a 799 igen | as ‘3 -- 605 Corvus splendens, Pl. eee OS Amblypodia, sp. PI. + 629 Cremastogaster auberti, Pl. ie Antilope cervicapra, fig. 2 wos DZ 1.23 a 54] Artipe, sp. Pi. figs. ... 796 | Cyclidium panies Rive. : 195.8750 Butorides striatus javanica figs... 918 | Cyclogomphus gynostylus, P1. fig. 854 Capra hircus blythi, Pl. JeGO9 tN a cas oe aig er ae figs. ... 856 Capreolus pygargus, fig. Ae mre re wilkinst, Pl. fig. 2. 854 Catapacilma sp., Pl. fig. LEET56 | Re a eer ae ay figs. 856 Cervus wallicht, Pi. ih 7A) ——_-—-__ypstion, Pl. fig. 1. 854 Ceryle rudis leucomelanura, Pl. Ege Serena a al figs. 856 fig. 1 on a .. 799 | Didinium balbianit, Pl. fig. 6 ... 746 Chara brachypus, Pl. fig. 1 PASCO hepa nasutum, Pl.fig.5 ... 746 brachypus, Pl. v, fig. _ 599 | Dileptus gigas, Pl. fig. 7 ... 746 _—__— braunii, PI. iii. .. 597 | Diplosctichous, Pl. 1, fig. 3... 590 ie ee IV ... 599 | Felts tigris ... “Se sh be, (NS contraria, Pl. v, fig. _.. 599 | Formicomus ninus, Pl. fig. 2:... S41 —_-corallina, Pl. v, fig. _ 599 | Mulica atra atra, Pl. fig. ] ... 601 EMSA) 2011S el. N 5 fig. ... 599 Gastrostyla setifera, Pl. fig. 24 ... 750 s gymnopitys, Vv, fig. . 599 | Gazella bennetii, fig. 11 £4592 _____hydropitys, Pl. v, fig. et SOQ ti =e - fuscifrons, fig. 10 ne Oy aes ___wallichii, Pl. iv. _., 598 | -——— gutturosa CULOtCH, iS. O17 ibid ro BY yy ap 41.500) .| age (Procapra) gutturosa, = zeylanica, Pl. v, fig. ns 009 Fig. 4 Ba ae ore oe NG) Charadrius dubius jerdont, Pi. ———-~ setstanica, fig. . ee 520 figs. 1-2 ... ae .. 795 | ———- subgutlurosa satrensis, eee ee Pis02 Fig. 7 ee sek at = 3519 Chilodon cucullus, Pl. fig. 11... 746 | ———-suggutturosa subguiturosa, Coleps hirtus, Pi. fig. 4 Lan74e Hig i620. 2% foe ses ee LO Colpidium colpoda, Pl ie elo wc: OU —_—-—yarkandensts, fig. 8 ... 519 ———— | compyla, Pl. fig. 14... 750 | Glaucoma scintillans, Pl. fig. 12. 750 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Gomphus nilghiricus, Pl. fig. 3... 659 ——-— o0’doneli, Pl. fig. 4 . 659 ——-—— personatus, wings of %. 657 Be fol Seuss @ 659 Halophrya simplex, P\. fig. 1... 746 Ftalteria grandinella, Pl. fig. 21. 750 Heliogomphus ceylonicus, P|. HO Si i... as .33 650 —_-—- — nietnert, Pl. fig. 7. 659 —--——-—-— promelas, fig. . 846 —_—-——- -_- —_____—P]. fig. 6. 659 fioraja; sp., El. igs: . 756 Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Pi. fie 3 oe oe is. ... 601 Hypolycaena, sp., Pl. figs. 2.5 790 Lxobrychus minutus minutus, P\. 607 Jacoona, sp., PI. figs. ie FO Kleothrips subramanit, Pl. - TBF Labeo gonius, Pl. figs. 12, 13 . §33 Lacrymarta striata, P\. fig. 3 . 746 Leeuwenta karnyt, fig. ... eho Leucodice soracte, Plate ., 923 Loxophyllum meleagris, Pi. fig. 8 746 Loxura, sp., Pl. figs. . 156 Lychnothamnus barbatus, PY. v, fig. aa wat 599 Marmessus, sp., Pl. figs. 756 Microgomphus burmicus, Pl. fig. 6 ... 854 —— fig. 3... 856 —_——_——_-——_/illiputians, Pl. fic. 7 os wo» 854 - ———souteri, Pl. fig. 5. 854 ——————-——-—— fig. 1... 856 - torguatus fig. 2 ... 851 —————_—_—_— ———— Pl. fig. 4 854 PEAT Sa figs 2 ..8,000 Moschus moschiferus moschiferus, fig. aes mee eee Motacilla alba hodgsont, Pl. fig. 1 795 Br ne. 2799) —_— ——-- cilreola citreoloides, Pl. fig. 2 a ae .. 604 Nardostachys jatamansi, Pl. Teh Nassula ambigua, Pl. fig. 10 .. 746 4 XV PAGE Nassula rubens, Pl. fig. 9 . 746 Natrix gilhodesi, P1. fig. 2 et OW, - —nigriventer, P|. fig. 1 587 Nitella acuminata, P\. ii, fig. 1... 596 —————— ——— PI. v, fig. 2 ... 599 ——— batvachosperma, Pl. v, fig. 10 jon VSR) -hyalina, P|. v, fig. 16 BSN! —Mirebilts,. PlNii, iS. 2° a. O96 Pl. v, fig. 1 . 599 mucronata, Pl. v, fig. 5... 599 Nyroca rufa rufa, Pl. fig. 1 . 604 Ophiocephalus marulius, P). figs. 1-6, 14-19 Ma SqeIOe Pandion haliaétus, P\. eae 2) Panthalops hodgsoni, P. . 509 Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, Pls. 728, (32 Pleurotricha grandis, Pl. fig. 23... 750 Podiceps ruficollis albipennis, P|. 606 Porzana pusilla pusilla, P\. fig. 1. 605 Procapra przewalskit, fig. 3 sees DLO Saiga tartarica, fig. 1 > o10 Stgmostomum indicum, P1. fig. 20 750 Spathidium spathula, PY. fig. 2 ... 746 Spindastis sp. V1. figs. = 756 Suastus gremius, fig. ae 7A) Surendra sp., Pl. figs se. 700 Synia melanaria, P|. figs. .. 924 Tajuria sp., Pl. figs. see ZOO Lelotrochidium natthaii, P\. fig. 18 ie re 7 OU Tolypella prolifera, Pl. v, fig. ... 599 Tringa hypoleuca, P\. ae 74 ———————-—— Pl. fig. 2 Be RE — Ply fiona .. 798 Triplostichous, Pl. 1, fig. 2 oe O00 Upupa epops indica, fig. «= 916 Urocentrum turbo, Pl. fig. 17 ~~ ... 750 Urostyla weissi1, Pl. fig. 22 seu /O0 Vespa cincta, Pl. .. 858 Wallago attu, Pls, figs. 7-11 eS) ERRATA Page ii, line 4 for marzlla read maria. ,, 17 legend for fig. 4 vead fig. 5. ,, 020 line 5 from bottom for yarkandentsis read yarkandensts. », 603 ,, 3 for Zersebhone read Terpsiphone. ,, 604 legend for Vycroca read Nyroca. ,, 677 line 35 for fusctphaga read fuciphaga. ,, 682 ,, 21 for xanthorhunchus read xanthorhynchus. ,, 688 ,, 11 from bottom for Psztaacula read Psittacula. » 688 ,, 32 for Rostratulla read Rostratula. , 4/03 ,,.2 for marilla read marila. ae OO vurnt eGe aa r F - ,, 726 ,, 33 for Phaleropus read Phalaropus. ,, 728 ,, 25 for Hirunda read Hirundo. , (29 ,, 35 for Caladris read 'Calidvzs: ,, 429 ,, 37 for Phaleropus read Phalaropus. | , /87 plate illustrating Aleothrips subramanii should face page 789. ,, /98 line 4 from bottom for garulla read garrula. , 799 legend - i s ,, 893 line 6 from bottom for ruficollies read ratficollzs. ,, 896 ,, 5 for Acctpier read Accipiter. » 926 legend for Epopa read Upupa. INDEX OF SPECIES Accipiter affinis ... ——-—— nisus Pclsnocanietne Aceros nipalensis Acineta tuberosa : Acrocephalus agricolus .. Aidon ¢. familiaris Aeolothrips fulvicollis Aeromachus indistincta jhora Aeshna ceylonica ues Promelas H#gypius monachus ose Aithopyga gouldiz gouldie ... ———--— ignicauda ignicauda ——_— ——_ nipalensis nipalensis ——-—--——— Saturata —— siparaja seherize Ailia coila Alauda arvensis leiopus — gulgula euttata Alcedo atthis bengalensis -——-— -——- pallasii -—— iredalei Aleurodothrips iaccia penis Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti... Alsocomus pulchricollis Aimaurornis fuscus balicri Ambassis nama ... ——---—— ranga ... Amblopala avidiena Amblyceps mangois Amblypodia aberrans -—— abseus abseus indicus mackwoodi eee VGA ————---—— adatha regia -——_— ---——— adorea —-——.-- ——. adriana --———--—— xeta --——— stentorlus brunnescens. PAGE 880 880 675 753 606 600 727 864 835 835 849 848 873 666 665 666 666 665 709 664 664 674 600 674 869 671 885 608 710 710 622 709 637 637 637 637 635 629 629 638 635 Amblypodia agaba agaba ---———. ——--- qurelia ———---——— agelastus .. —_——--—— agesilaus ... ———--——. agnis -_—_---——- agrata Z ~_—_—.---———- alaconia operant ——— --———. albopunctata —_—_— --——— alea alea 3 constancex .., —____—- ---——— alemon ~———~--——— alesia ie —_—_—_--——- alitaeus fens a OO ManLeoaimantes —____---—— --__-- amatrix... -——_---—— ammonides ammonides... -_————. ariel ——--——— amphimuta ——---———-— anarte en pa eras Mella arco ley. a = eis antheaw. —--——-— ———— anthelus ——---——-— antimuta ... -——---——— apha 2 —— --——-— apidanus oleae apidanus ——— = = BPI ——__———---— areste areste | -——---——-— ——_-- arestina —---——. — ariana — -——--~—— arvina ——_—. -- ——_ asoka —_———---——. asopia ——— --——_ atosia aricia -- atosia atrax bazaloides —_——--—— bazalus belphebe . —__—— -- —— birmana ‘ale ———-----—— camdeo camdeo ... ee = PAGE 630 630 634 627 626 629 634 628, 630 630 631 633 628 632 632 636 636 627 625 638 625 625 635 629 638 638 629 638 638 628 635 638 634 657 627 628 633 632 635 636 626 XViii Amblypodia camdeo varro ——--——— canaraica ... centaurus centaurus --—_——- ——_—- —— -——-_ coruscans —See — ———- —-- — pirama —————_—_—_ ——--—— pirithous chinensis ... comica =a =-—____— Cooperi ane corinda acestes ... diardi dispar dodonea ... duessa ellisi seh -—_—_— -—— epimuta elsiei ... dee eumolphus eumolphus... nellenore ————— -—______— maxwelli fulgida : —_——_—_——— fulla andamanica —_—__—_—_ ——-- ignara ~=—_—__——- ganesa ganesa -watsoni ... mae hewitsoni.. “jee horsfieldi a ieratones A he ——_——__———. karennia ... —— —— Khamti ——_—_—__——-- metamuta... —__—_—__——— moolaiana SO SC —_—_—_——- opalina —__—_—_——-_ pagaiensis —___—___—_—_ paraganesa paraganesa.. zephyretta... paralea paramuta... perimuta perimuta -——_—_——— ns a ———$ ——— —_- — revia .. —_——— ——— phoenops aroa pryeri ——. -- —-— rafflesii rama rama —_—__ ——_—— ——- ramosa silhetensis arama ——- ————- silhetensis singla subfasciata —— — -——-_ suffisa vihara woodii — PAGE 626 630 631 631 631 631 638 634 631 633 637 626 634 635 637 627 632 632 632 637 639 639 636 636 630 632 626 629 627 627 629 626 627 636 636 631 634 635 635 630 630 628 634 634 629 628 632 625 626 633 633 INDEX OF SPECIES. Amblypodia zeta Amphileptus gigas Ampittia dioscorides Ampulex assimilis Anaphothrips oligochztus —_——-——. ramakrishnze Anas acuta acuta -——- penelope ——- platyrhyncha pletyahynieta ——- strepera Andropogon Scheananthee Androthrips flavipes ——_ --———— ramachandrai Anguilla bengalensis Anisogomphus nietneri Anser indicus : Anthracoceros pornnate: Hanes Anthus campestris griseus - hodgsoni triviates triviates Antilope cervicapra Apistus carinatus : Apodemus (nemomys) pier Aporia leucodice soracte Aptinothrips rufus, var. cornis nee ° Aquila nipvalensis Aan: Arachnothera magna magna ... Araotes lapithis ... i Arborophila mandellii... -——-—— rufogularis rufogularis ... -———_-——. torqueola ... Ardea insignis Ardeola ralloides Arenaria interpres Arnetta vindhiana aes Arrhenothrips ramakrishnze Artipe eryx woe ae a4: ae —— v,, Skinner «.. Arvicola He has Asio flammeus flammeus leucopsis Aspidisca costata —--—— lynceus Astur badius dussumieri —- gentilis schedowi... —-trivirgatus rufitinctus ... Austrothrips cochinchinensis, Aviceda jerdoni jerdoni Ayyaria chaetophora ... Nes oa Bactridothrips cerraticornis connati- PAGE 635 747 832 735 871 871 893 893 608 893 780 869 871 709 847 892 675 figel 701 728 911 641 530 923 867 875 667 775 890 889: 889. 892 733 729. 574 869 770 770 530 684 684 793 753 879 879 880 868 881 871 870 INDEX OF: SPECIES Bagarius yarrellii Bandicota nemorivaga Barbus crysopternus —parrah ———-sarana —stigma ae —stoliczkanus ers Barilus bola Batrachostomus Hodgson: Belone cancila see Biduanda melisa cyara —__—__—_—__-——- melisa ——~—--—nicevillei —-—scudderii ——-——thesmia fabricii —thesmia Bindahara phocides areca —_—_ —_- —________moorei -————phocides ... eee ——————— ee Biscunedens perfuscus ad Blythipicus pyrrhotis pyrrhotis Boiga cynodon ee Boleophthalmus Godaners Bosephalus tragocamelus Botia dario ——gelo ‘ Brachytrypes Relarnns Bregmatothrips parviceps -ramakrishne ... Britomartis buto —— -——-—-cleoboides ... Bubulcus ibis coromandus Bungarus fasciatus —_——_—magnimaculatus —multicinctus Butastur teesa Buteo ferox ferox hemilasius japonicus ... Butis butis ——-caperatus ae es Butorides striatus javanicus ... Cacomantis merulinus passerinus --——querulus Calandrella acutirostris tibetana ee ee ——_———-brackydactyla dukhunensis. Calidris alba ‘ Callichrous pineaiaeus. Calliophis macclellandi Callophrys chalybeia PAGE 709 528 708 708 708 708 708 708 678 710 766 766 767 767 767 767 774 774 - 774 530 671 818 644 523 708 708 135 867 867 761 762 892 819 820 819 877 878 878 878 644 643 918 631 681 664 664 729 709 820 619 XIX PAGE an ae leechii 619 ee rubi 619 Canis indicus 527 Capella nemoricola 891 solitaria 892 892 Capra hircus blythi 699 Capreolus pygargus or 721 Caprimulgus indicus jotaka ... 678 —macrurus nipalensis 677 Carchesium epistylidis 753 -——_— —polypinum 755 Casarca ferruginea 893 Catla buchanani 708 Catopeecilma delicatum 768 —— -elegans major 768 ———_______-+__-——__myositina 768 ————-subochracea 768 Cecidothrips bursarum ; 868 - Centropus bengalensis RAT Sets 2 | O83 sinensis sinensis 683 Cephalothrips hispanicus 868 Cerchneis tinnunculus saturatus 881 —_—_—___—___-——-—sub-sp. ? 881 Cervus albirostus 720 —wallichi ai 719 Ceryle lugubris guttulata 674 - rudis leucomelanura 799 Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus 674 Chaetoprocta odata ae 622 Chaimarrornis leucocephala .. 799 Chalcococcyx erythrorhynchus 682 wa —--maculatus ‘ 682 Chalcoparia singalensis singalensis ... 668 Chalcophaps indica .. O84 Chara brachypus 597, 599 - braunii 597, 599 —contraria .. 597 ‘corallina ... 597, 599 fragilis 597, 599 —_——gymnopitys 597, 599 hydropitys 597, 599 ———wallichii 597, 599 = zeylanica ... 597, 599 Charadrius Ate ance ralesnaiiine (20,5120 ae curonicus dubius 729 SS DIS Curonicus 726 See —jerdoni 795 —_————leschenaultii 729 -~.—— -———monjolus atrifrons .. 729 INDEX OF SPECIES XxX PAGE Charana cepheis... 764 —_———-mandarinus 764 ——_-——flavigula 528 Chela gora 708 Cheritra freja freja 766 ——-—— jaffra 766 —___-——_—— pseudojaftra 766 — = regia 766 Cheritrella truncipennis 765 Chetusia leucura . 891 Chilaria kina cachara ... 769 kina 769 ——_——-merguia merguia 769 —_——— watsoni 769 Chliaria othona ... ey see, 2/09 Chilodon cneullus fe. 49521095409 Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni 726, 733 Chlidonias leucopareia indica... 605, 606 Choridactylus multibarbis 642 Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus Pate cristatus.. 671 enmconeles, ornata 819 Chrysophlegma flavinucha Anaagens 569 Cinclus paliasii tenuirostris 800 Circus cyaneus cyaneus 878 -—-—— macrourus 878 melanoleucus 878 -——— pygargos... 877 - spilonotus 605 Cirrhina latia He sees 17708 mrigala 531, 537, 538, 708 ——-—— reba 2 708 Clamator coromandus ... 682 —_——— jacobinus 682 Clarias magur 709 Clupea chapra 708 - ilisha 708 Cocotropus echinatus 643 Coenurothrips affinis 868 Coleps hirtus 793 kenti These uncinatus 753 Collacalia fuciphaga Heeuinestns 677 Colpidium colpoda 748, 753 ——— comyla 748, 753 ——- striatum 748, 753 2 — truncatum .. ces OD Colpoda cucullus 748, 753 Coluber leonardi 813 ——_—— porphyraceus 812 ——_——— prasinus 812 PAGE Coluber radiatus a 813 | Columba leuconota gradaria .. 884 ——_——_-——_- ——— leuconota 884 — rupestris turkestanica pelt OOF Conophyma fedtschenkoi 559, 560 ——- 7?kONNIROVI Sp. n. 559, 560 —- jacobsoni sp. n. 554, 560 ———_——-- miram@ sp. 0. $53; 4.500 —_———-—— mitchelli ; 552, 5500 -—_——-—— plotnikovi sp. n. ... 556, 560 —_——-—— pylnovi sp. 0. 558, 560 —— -— semenovi 551, 560 —————- simile 556, 550 —_—__—- sokolowi 554, 560 —- —- uvarovi 560 —— -—_—_—-- weberi aie! aH OOO) ~ -—— zubovskyt sp. n. 551.7560 Coptosoma ostensum : we co24 Coracias benghalensis beaanalents | 673 — garrulus semenowl 732,93 Corvus corax ruficollis ... 12D, ALO. ———- coronoides intermedius 802 604, 798 = - splendens JS Coryllis vernalis 684 Cothurnia sp. 753 Coturnix coturnix coturnix 889 Cremastogaster auberti sorokini 941 Creusa culta Hg ae ocean AO, Crocopus SHOeRibOnters phoenicoptera. 883 Cryptocheilus rubellus 735 Cryptothrips longus 869 Ctenogobius cyanomos... 646 ——_- — -——- gTiseus 648 —-——-— horai sp. n. 645 ——-—-——_ masoni aon 648 —- —-—— /uticorinensis sp. n. 645 ——-—-——_ viridipunctatus ... 647 Cuculus canorus subtelephonus 728 a telephonus 678 ——_——interinedius interme anus 679 ————-micropterus micropterus 679 ———_——optatus 675, 802 Cuncuma leucorypha ... 877 Curetis acuta dentata ... 623 ——— bulis bulis 623 ——— malayica ... 623 ——-—phoedrus ... 623 —saronis gloriosa... 623 ——— -———nicobarica 623 —_-——--——saronis 623 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Curetis sperthis . 623 ———thetis 623 Cursorius cursor... 729 —————-gallicus 729 Cyanops asiaticus asiaticus 673 ——-—duvanceli cyanotis 673 ——-—franklini franklini 673 Cyanosylvia suecica magna eo Coo | Cyclidium glaucoma 705.750 Cyclogomphus gymnostylus 856 —— -—— ——torquatus 852 ——-—— ——wilkinsi 856 ———————-ypsilon ... 856 Cylindrophis rufus 506 Cynopterus sphinx 529 Cypselurus unicolor : 640 Cyrtostomus asiaticus selene 666 Dacalana pennicilligera 760 ——-—— vidura burmana ... 760 Demiegretta sacra asha 1265 7305139 Dendrelaphis subocularis 813 Dendrophis pictus 813 Dendrothripoides ipomex 866 Dendrothrips bispinosus 865 —-——indicus... 865 —— —-——sexmaculatus 865 Dendrotreron hodgsoni S84 Deudoryx epijarbas amatius ... : 770 = - ————-v. diara... 770 —_—-- ——- —— ——ancus 770 ——___-——__-—_—-epijarbas... 770 —-—--——hypargyria gaetulia 770 a ———hypareyria 770 Diacaiothrips bruneitarsis 870 --— crassiceps... 870 ——-——__- dal la-torrensis 870 —_——_--——-g reenei 870 —__—_—_-- levis 870 —-—- novus 870 —_——_--——- procer 870 ——~-—- ———proximus... 870 Diaphorothrips unquipes 870 Diastatomma pars : 657 Diczeum chrysorrhoceum nutenelnn 667 -—- ——ignipectum ee 667 —minullum olivaceum ... 667 Dichoceros bicornis 675 Dicrurus macrocercus Aer : 802 Didinium nasutum 746, 753, TS —~ ——balbianii 746, 753 Dileptus gigas ar 747 Dinothrips furcifer... ————— sumatrensis... Dinurothrips rutherfordi Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus a multimaculatus Dolichothrips ochripes... varipes Doryichthys cuncalus —— | Dremomys lokriah lokriah Drina donina | —-—-maneia “ae Dryobates cathpharius chitipnarits wae ————— darjellensis.. os hyperythrus iypeeyiiae = ——-- macei macei Dormas ardeola... Dryophis mycterizans ... ————prasinus ; Ducula insignis insignis Keacantnrothrips sanguineus... Echis ceerinata Elanus ceeruleus yoteuus Eleotris fusca Elephas maximus oe Emberiza cineracea semenowi -hortulana — melanocephala Enchelys arcuata Entomothera coromanda eotonionan Eothrips floriperda Eoxylides tharis Epistylis articulata Erethistes hara ... Erionota acroleuca Euaspa milionia., Eugraulis tilara . Eumorphothrips Fister Euplotes charon ie Eurystomus orientalis erentalie Euthrips citrianictus mavicinctus Eutroptichthys vacha Falco severus indicus ——subbuteo centralasiz tinnunculus tinnune Giles Peete AMUNENCIS. 27 Felis affinis ——-pardus —-tigris ae a 652, 905, seo lee XXi PAGE 870 870 867 818 818 871 568 709 528 75/ Tis 670 670 669 670 IR) $19 819 883. 867 706 877 710 728 733 728 758 675 871 767 733 709 586 585 619 708 868 753 673 866 867 709 831 881 728, es =/08 AS) 888 927 909, 910 907, 910 xxii INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Formicomus ninus 549 Frankliniella sulphurea 865 Frontonia leucas (93 Fuligula manta ... 703 Gavialis gangeticus See | 4038 Galerida cristata 120, 720 Gallinago ¢.' gallinago 608 Gallinula chloropus parvifrons 890 Gallus ferugineus murghi 887 Gangara thyrsis ... 582 Gastrostyla setifera 7 52, 133 Gazella bennetti ... us e5i4s 522, Old: : —fuscifrons re 514, 521 ‘ -gutturosa altaica Teka 516, 507 —__—__—_——__—— gutturosa 514, 516 4. __-siestanica cs 514, 520 -subgutturosa saviensis 514, 517, 518, 519 Peel eee ep etburocawol 4, oly 518 _—- ——- —_ - ——~—typica 513 < -yarkandensis 514, 519 Gecinulus grantia grantia 669 Gennzeus leucomelanos melanotus .. 887 2 leucomelanus 917 Gigantothrips spinosus 870 pet ——- tibialis 870 Glareola nordmanni 733 Glaucidium brodiei brodiei 873 —— -—~ cuculoides cuculoidés 873 Glaucoma pyriformis BAS Decor) ee scintillans 748, 753 Gomphius ceylonicus 849 —— nietneri 847 — nilgiricus 660 pow © done, $7 OO? ____———personatus 657, 638 +——— promelas 848 we xan tuenatis 658 Gunomys bengalensis ... 529 Gynaikothrips annuticornis 869 —__—_ —— fasciata 869 +. --___-——interlocatus 871 —--—___—_-—karnyi 869 eee mirabilis 869 2.2) _ ___ plantaginis 869 — ——watsoni... 869 Gypeetus barbatus grandis 874 Gyps fulvus fulvescens... 873 .—+— himalayensis 873 ~—- indicus tenuirostris 874 PAGE Heematopus ostralegus longipes 726 Haliastur indus indus ... 877 Halteria grandinella 751 Haplothrips ceylonica ... 868 _ ganglbaueri 868 ———— pictipes 868 —_——-—--—ramakrishneze 871 SPS soror 868 ———--———sororcula .. 868 —_—_—-———tenuipennis 868 —-—-- terminalis io oOe Heliogomphus ceylonicus 849, 850 —— -—--—--——nietneri ... Hs 847, 850 —_—_—_—_—_—-—-promelas ... 846, 848, 850 ——_— -———_——pruinans 848 a —selysi sp. n. ne. BOO —— —walli sp. n. 849, 851 Heliophorus androcles androcles 618 —— —— - coruscans 618 ——_— -——— brahma ds 618 ——--——— moorei birmana... 618 ——-———_ — sena 618 —_——-----——-- tam 618 ss iri dipuactata eae 618 eee -- ~ viridipunc- tata : ‘ 618 Heliothrips DE aNBeIDeATS 865 —_——— heemorrhoidalis 865 ——--——_ indicus 865 - minutissimus 865 Heodes casyapa evansii 617 -- -— susanus 617 -___-~ kasyapa ... 617 Es 4 --— V, zariaspa 617 —_—_——. - pavana a 616 -__—-- phleas flavens ... 617 i 2 indies. 616 —____- ——-—-- stygianus 616 ._—- phoenicurus 617 - solskyi aditya 617 -__—- tseng mandersi Wi, Herpestes'auropunctatus Sa ——---—.nipalensis 527 Jee ee nval 527 Heliophous epicles facie 618 Spe oss aie ee 2 kohimensis 618 Hieraetus fasciatus fasciatus .. 875 Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor ... 681 2 ee = sparvenoides 680 Ui 4 varius 681 868 Bie alecekna apicalis Hippolais languida Hipposideros armiger ... Fe Hirudapus caudacuta nudipes Hirundo daurica nepalensis ... -————— rufula ——_——- rustica ... # gutturalis Helophrya annandalei ... —— bengalensis -———-—— - indica —_—— —— lateralis — simplex Homalopsis buccata Hoplopterus ventralis ... Horaga albimacula — halba . -~ onyx cingalensis ————— onyx ... —-—— rana ... —_——— - viola oe we Horsfieldia anita andamanica --—_——-——. anita... —____——__—_——— v. darana -—___——_—_—— _ naradoides ... —— narada taooana Huhua nipalensis Hurria rhynchops Hydatothrips ramaswamiah Hydrophasianus chirurgus Hypolyczena erylus andamana himavantus Miloirica -... ————— thecloides Hypsirhina enhydris -—— plumbea Ibidorhyncha struthersi Ictinaetus malayensis perniger Idacapus sylvatica Idolothrips halidayi schentilingi Indicator xanthonotus ... Irania gutturalis... Iraota rochana boswelliana Iraota timoleon nicevillei — ———_-—- timoleon Ischyrothrips crassus niger obscurus ... : Ithagenes cruentus cruentus ... Ixobrychus minutus minutus ... _ ere INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE | 745, thecloides nicobarica .. 124 526 677 601 731 728 601 qe 732 192 752 752 817 891 768 768 768 768 768 768 624 624 624 624 624 872 817 871 605 769 769 769 769 769 817 817 891 875 677 870 870 672 728 624 624 624 869 869 869 888 601 Iyngipicus semicoronatus Iynx torquilla japonica Jacoona anasuja... : Jamides bochus bochus ——— cerulea... ——-- celeno bairana celeno kinkurka ————__— ——— nicevillei tissama cleodus pura coruscans ————-- elpis eurysaces kondulana ———-- —— meilichius ————-- jesous gamra... ———-- kandena kandena ot lacteata ———_-——— lugine purpura ———— philatus subdita —--—— ubaldus —— — uranus —— urios wed Ketupa ceylonensis nigripes -———-~ flavipes ... — zeylonensis Kleothrips subyvamanii sp. 0. ... Soe 575 Labeo gonius rohita ae Lacrymarta striata sp. n. -—— vermicularis Lanuis excubitor e. aucheri ——— isabellinus —— nubicus ak —— phoenicuroides ... ———- schach erythronotus senator niloticus . vittatus os fuscus taimyrensis gelastes —-— genei hemprichi ——— ridibundus Leeuwenia coriaceus ——— engeniae ———-——- indicus karuyi sp. 0. Lepidocephalichthys gantea Larus nicobaricus .. — pseudelpis ... Xxill PAGE 746, 671 672 765 613 613 615 614 614 614 614 614 614 615 614 615 614 615 615 615 614 615 614 615 615 615 872 872 914 788 538,708 708 Zoo 753 726 727 Va! ipa 42h 798 727 712i 73 726 731 it 731 870 870 870 789 708 XXIV Leptogomphus nietneri Lepus ruficaudatus Lerwa lerwa Liopeltis dorix — frenatus Liothrips niger -————-- ordinarius ——-—— sp. ae Liphyra braseolis Listeria dudgeoni bt Lobivanellus indicus aigneri . Lophastur leuphotes leuphotes Lophophorus impejanus Lophotriorchis kieneri Loxodes rostrum Loxophyllum fasciola ... PAGE 847, 747, a -———— puryabensis ... meleagris Loxura atymnus arcuata ——--—— atymnus —_—--. prabha — --—_—_- -——— sury Lyceena fusca cymbia ... a fusca ———— tessellata ... Lyceenesthes emolus andamanicus —-—_- — --——-——- emolus —_—--——— lyczenina lycambes a lyceenina Lychnothamnus barbatus Lycodon aulieus ———— fasciatus see Lyncornis cerviniceps cerviniceps Macaca mulatta Macrocarpus integrifolia Macrones aor —-——- cavasius ——-—— tengara Macropygia tusalia tusalia Mahathala ameria — atkinsoni Maneca bhotea Manto hypolenea eee Mantoides licinius Mareca penelope Marmessus lisias boisduvali Mastacembelus armatus pancalus Matapa aria Megalema virens raat sett Melanocorypha maxima 097, 710, 850 530 890 816 816 567 867 867 775 619 726 881 887 875 (53 753 793 125 757 TYE aD, 737 616 616 616 615 615 616 616 599 811 812 678 525 865 709 709 709 886 624 625 761 765 765 608 767 7pet ck o/7 672 664 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Melittophagus erythrocephalus erythrocephalus 674 Mergus merganser orientalis ... 893 Merops apiaster 728 ———~ orientalis orientalis 604, 674 ——~—- persicus persicus 728 Mesodinium pulex (33 Mesothrips angusticornis 869 ———. — apatelus &71 ———-—— brevis 869 ——-———- indicus 869 ————— karnyi 869 ——-—-—— melinocnemis 871 Microgomphus burmicus sp. n. 854, 856 ———_-——__———- chelifer ... 856 —-———— — — lillipulians, sp. n. 855 ——_— ———_ —_— souteri 853, 856 we torquatus .. 851, 852, 856 —_——-- ———- verticalis 857 Microhierax czerulescens ferniecnene: 882 Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps... 671 Micropus affinis affinis ... 676 -—- melba melba 676 Micropus murinus 725 ~——-——-— murinus 728 Microscelis psaroides psaroides 842 Microtus sikimensis 530 Milvus lineatus soesh OWE - migrans 720;,./29; £32 —__—.-— -———. govinda 877 Minous monodactylus ... 642 Mollotus phillippinensis 784 Monacanthus setifer kis ee O50 Monticola saxatilis 728, (32, 733 Moschus myschiferus 530 —— —--_— — Hee EMEC TaS 723 ete ees sifanicus 724 Mota massyla ; ci LOO Motacilla alba dalimedsie 728, 731 - --- hodgsoni 604, 795 ——-—— cinerea 728 lacs cera melanope 799 ——-—— citreola citreoloides 606 —_———.-— feldegg melanogriseus 728 —_-—--— flava beema MALS POLO? Mugil corsula 710 Muntiacus crinifrons (22 —— vaginalis 530, 722 Mus brunneusculus 929 —— dubius 529 —— homourus 529 INDEX OF SPECIES Mus manei —— rattus —— urbanus Muscadivora zena eyivatica Muscicapa hypolema semitorquata ... Mustela subhemachalana Mycterothrips setiprivus Myiophoneus horsfieldi temmincki ... Myotis formosus —-——— sicarius Nacaduba akaba SythiOn -—— aluta ccelestis —_——--— ancyra -——--—— angusta kerriana -———--— atrata euplea -_—_—— ---—-——— promineus -__—— --— berenice nicobaricus -———--— bhutea ———--— dana ... -———--—- dubiosa araaees fulva —__-—___--—-—_ indica. —_— ——_ ———-— nora —_——_—_—_ — -——-—_ sivoka ——--—— hermus nabo = —— Ora af —----—— noreia hampsoni ee TOTEIA ————— pactolus andamanicus ————-—— — —— ceylonicus ———-— — ——— — continentalis ee ee — macropthalma ——— pavana ————— sinhala ————— vajuva ————— viola Merona Peay sidoma Naia hanna : —-— hannah re ae Ss —-— naia. Nandus Be, Oraithls Nangra viridescens Nardostachys jatamansi Nassula, sp. ——-—— ambigua ———— rubens ... ———— stromphii sites Natrix bitentata, sp. n, ——-— clerki, sp. n. ; sen ——-— gilhodest, sp. n. a 748, 753 587, 808 PAGE og 529 529 883 727 528 871 800 905 926 612 612 611 610 612 612 612 612 613 613 E13 613 613 613 610 612 613 613 610 610 610 610 611 612 611 611 611 611 706 820 820 710 709 Fa 753 747, 753 793 806 809 Natrix khasiensis ——-— leonardi... ——-— nigriventer, sp. n. — —-— nuchalis... ———- venningi Nemachilus botius —_——-—-— tibetanus Nemomys gurkha Neniorhzedus hodgsoni Neocheritra amrita --- —— fabronia Neodon sikimensis Neoheegeria citripes ——indica —_——_——~——fumipennis zizyphi Neolyczena sinensis Neomyrina hiemalis Neophron percnopterus Nerodia modesta piscator Ninox scutulata lugubris Nitella acuminata —batrachosperma —-hyalina -——._-niirabilis ———- -—mucronata Notopterus chitala —_——-——kapirat as; Numenius arquatus lineatus ... Nuria daurica Nycticebus coucang Nycticorax n. nycticorax Nyctiornis athertoni Nyroca rufa rufa Ane Ochotona roylei nepalensis Odontogobius byncensis (Edicnemus oedicnemus astutus (Enanthe deserti atrogularis .. ——_—-—-isabellina : ————--leucomela leneomelas ———--cenanthe —picata © Oligodon albocinctus ———-calamaria ———-cyclurus ——_ - — hamptoni ——-herberti —_———-major | —— —--purpurascens —-——--rappi —— —--splendidus —— XXV PAGE tee 808 898 588 808 921 708 ves 530 530 765 765 530 868 868 868 868 618 766 726 509 809 873 598 598 597 598 yeeiete: 708 708 726 708 904 605 674 608 530 649 729 (eH Gad 730 731 727 815 816 814 814 813 816 815 816 816 XXvi Oligodon theobaldi eno LOL acts ——-——--- tricolor ————-violaceus Ophichthys boro Ophiocephalus gachua marulius a I NCLAEES — eri} — ——--— striatus ... Ophryoglena sp. » Oriolus oriolus Anco! Otocorys alpestris elwesi Otostoma carteri Otus bakkameena lettia ——--SCOps pennatus —— pulchellus ... ——-spilocephalus Ovis vignei punjabensis Oxytricha fallax © Oxyurichthys tentacularis Pachyglossa melanoxantha Pachyura sp. —-perrotteti Paguma grayi Palumbus palumbus casiotus Panchoetothrips indicus Pandion haliaetus ——-- halizetus Pantholops hodgsoni Parachceturichthys polynema Paramececium aurelia —_——— bursaria —-—- caudatum Parexoccetus mento Parus major kashmiriensis Patrinia jatamansi INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 534, 534, Oe, GUE 728; e200, 029; eee 7193; Penthoceryx sonneratii sonneratii Perissospiza affinis Perissothrips parviceps Pernis cristatus ruficollis Petaurista caniceps ee magnificus ————— nobilis Pheethon zetherius indicus Phalacrocorax carbo ——————— fuscicollis ———-- nigtigularis Phalaropus lobatus Phloeothrips anacardii ... stenomelas oe) Zonal eu. 731, 72; 815 814 816 814 709 710 Sol 710 534 710 753 804 664 753 873 872 732 872 838 759 650 667 526 yar! 527 884 867 73 867 880 528 528 528 /3i 726 892 (se 729 867 867 ee C8 PAGE Phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides.. 728 ——_——_——- pheenicurus mesoleucus. 728 ———_————_ ———- pheenicurus 732 Photodilus badius nie ae .. 684 Phoxothrips breviceps 2 Sse BOAO ————— ceylonicus cue were OO a Ga SANS gerne cif nee O00 Phylloscopus c. collybita Nae wad bh SOE — CY tristis a. ays see SO HET Physothrips andrewesi ... ae be OG — = brunnercormiss (2... iz, £866 —_——-——-- flavidulus ... be 2, O06 ——————-- lefroyi er Be: Aeraieco| oS) —. -longiceps ... ane et Ae OO —_—_————- minor ts be Pia OOO ~———_——- peculiaris ... Be SO oa LOS — -—usitatus ©... ie rie BBS ——- vitata oes a ee oOo Pica pica bottannensis a4 Picumnus innominatus imnomintiek 672 Picus canus gyldenstolpei oes a 1669 —chlorolophus chlorolophus ... 669 Pipistrellus babu ae ade syA6. Piprisoma squalidum sae thie Mens ynOO7 Pithecus schistaceus, 72. ae ne eo Pitta-brachyura....j<:0:. ate petal (O10) —- cucullata Praise td rae O06 -——- nipalensis nipalensis ... ee OOS Pitymys an abt te 0) Plagiopholis pine atin ae on OLO Planesticus unicolor ... we eae Oe Plastingia submaculata Ne near O03 Pleurotricha grandis... Sue (IELTS Plurlatis dominicus fulvus —... pee Lucky! Podiceps ruficollis albipennis YS OZ, ————————— capensis ... ia EtOOD Podisina almasyi ae or oy OO Podophrya fixa ... ApS: a bagi hos) ea libera a ye Se wits) Polyodontophis collaris ae so. er B06 Polyrhachis an 546 Porphyrio potiocephats ae ey lus ; A Se is sc27 | O90 Portax Borde sie ae . F523 Porzana bicolar ... oe ee Sar stotell) ———-- fusca bakeri ... ae Res exotes0) ———-- pusilla pusilla at --» - 608 Pratapa cleobis ... ae ee bis Ol ———--cotys ... Le a3 ave 760 ———--ctesia ... | «. a ee /O0 ———-- deva deva aes uct Bestiee Ol INDEX OF SPECIES Ptyas mucosus oat ——- nigromarginatus ... Puffinus persicus Purlisa gigantea Pycnonotus leucotis Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus Syeo. cephalus Python molurus Pyxicola carteri te Ramaswamiahella eapatculs Ramakrishnaiella unispina Ramphalcyon capensis gurial Rapala abnormis ———.- buxaria ... ; ———- dieneces aeneces ——_—-——-—_—-- intermedia ———- hades ———- jarbas —-—-— kessuma ASioeiue -lankana -melampus | ee PAGE Pratapa deva lila 761 | Rapala micans selira ——-—--- icetas extensa ... 761 | ——-—nissa nissa —— icetas 761 | ——————nissoides ee mishmia 761 | —————— rectivittay i. ———-- icetoides carmentalis 761 | —————————— v. rosacea ae icetoides 761. | ——-— pheretimus pheretimus ———-- lucida argentea 760 | —————-——— petosiris a minturna .. 760 | ———+refulgens ... Procapra gutturosa 514, 516 | ———schistacea .. ——-——- picticaudata ... ve .. 14 | ———scintilla : ae przewalskii de oO, 017) |) oD x fA OCCUS 2, Prorodon eudentatus 753. | ——————— sphinx oe teres 753 | ———subguttata... Psammochares metas 735 | —-——suffusa rubicunda Se rutilus’-<.. 735 | —————— suffusa Psammadynastes pulverulentus 818 | ————tara sae Psarisomus dahousix 669 | ————-varuna grisea ... Pseudeutropius garua ... w. =. 09 | ———_—-—_—_— lazulina... ‘Pseudodendrothrips oraaeeGuna 865 | | ——__-___—_ orseis Pseudogyps bengalensis 874 | —-——-—-_—_—- rogersi ... Pseudeutropius murius 709 | Rasbora daniconius Psittacula alexandri fasciata ... 683 | Rathinda amor ————— eupatria indoburmanica ... 683 | Rattus eha a schisticeps schisticeps 683 | ———- fulvescens Pterocles indicus 917 | —-—— niveiventer = ————- senegallus 729 | ———- rattus brunneusculus ... Pterois russellii or oN. 921 | ——————- rattoides ... ———- volitans ... 921 | Rhabdophis speciosus, sp. n.... Pteromys caniceps $28 | —————-— stolatus ————- magnificus 928 | ———-—_-— subminiatus 812 | Rhabdops bicolor 812 | Rhamphothrips lineata 730 | Rhinolophus a. himalayanus... 765 || ———_—. ——luctus perniger .. 726 | —-——_—_-__rouxi Rhipiphorothrips bicolor 076 | cruentatus .. 806 | Rhopodytes tristis 753 | Rhynchobdella aculeata 871 | ————_-_—__— dhanashorii 871 | Rhyacornis fuliginosa .. 674 | Rhynehothrips pallipes... 771 | Riparia riparia 773 | Rita buchanani .. 773 | Rohtee cotio ai XXV11 PAGE 773 773 Fie 773 773 773 713 771 772 V2 Gz Whe Tigh rigs 771 TEL Te 772 772 dda 708 767 529 529 529 529 529 734 810 810 810 866 526 526 526 865 865 683 710; 740 fA 799 871 (ou 708 708 773 | Rostratula Hone nalensle mehenalensis 608 772 | Rousettus leschenaulti ... 7/3 | Saccobranchus fossilis ... 771 | Saiga tartarica . 771 | Sarcogrammus maces eaten 773 | Sasia ochracea ochracea bys) 709 510 890 672 XXVili INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Saxicola torquata maura se See URS. Schizopygopsis younghusbandi the ie scicena coitor' ... bes sae See vahie LO Scirtothrips dorsalis... bh «865 —_—_——-— signipennis... a sac BBS Sciuropterus caniceps ... te eer ole) —————— chrysothrix ee aoe OLS. —————— magnificus a al O28 a ne@bilis ... ae 22) OLS ae senex me ie i, SOLS Scolopax rusticola Hn Bie ais QL ———-——— —— — rusticola ... w. O91 Scyphidia formentelii ... ee soa OD Selenothrips mendax ... me «2. 865 Saat mibrocinctus "7.2. ws 865 Semanga superba ae aa FOF Scrilophus lunatus sanispeeaee ». 668 Sigmustomum indicum sp. 0... ise, VO Silundia gangetica ie i seo +, #09 Sinthus nasaka amba ... a w. 774 —————-—— pallidior es Sn Sinthusa chandrana chandrana as 774 ——————-——— grotei .. dees (AAA a v. albidus ga i v rubidus sic ATE ————— virgo... ae ee Swart TAA —--— ———— Vv, Comitusa: yt. eae Ai Sisor rhabdophorus ... ee beet OOO Sithon nedymond ismarus ... ea ALS Slylothrips brevipalpis... fon eo ROTEL Soriculus caudatus ee ne ear sy4 5) —_——-— nigrescens centralis se 4O26 Spathidium spathula moniliforme ... 745 ——— — ————— —-— var. monileforme bhatia ie eee Sy. Spheerophrya sp. ane as Leos ——-—_——— pusilla... 5 ee OO Sphenocercus apicauda ee a2 3883 ———_—_--—-— sphenura sphenura .... 883 Sphex lobatus ... ; a Agen koe Spilornis cheela oieeler She eer? wOLO Spindasis abnormis _... ats seat 2798 ———-— acamas chitralensis.. ee NSS ——--—_——— a rea ose) OS —————elimaelima ... te Peo yor) —__—___—__—--. fairliei Key eke oS) —_____——_—-- uniformis ... OO ——_—_—+-— elwesi ... ae as poeta ot) ———_-—— epargyros.... coe OW, —_—_-— 1ctis Ceylanica re shane (LO -— ictis oth 90 Se A ThSS) tee ee SX es Spindasis lohita himalayanus — —- —-—- lazularia - seliga zoilus ——-—— lilacinus ——_——-- maximus ——~—- — Nipalicus ‘evansil ———_—_——_—-—— nipalicus SS EE a _— ————— _ ——-—-— nubilus ————- rukmini a ————-- sehistacea gabriel .. plea eee hd Ce ip mac Steen ———-— syama peguanus ————- vulcanus fusca —— tavoyana ... ge Se ee vulcanus ... Spizaetus cirrhatus ASE lip a ep ceylonensis ———-— nipalensis nipalensis Squatarola s. squatarola Stentor ceeruleus sige Streptopelia chinensis suratensis ————_-—-- orientalis agricola ae ee meena eae an to stale lr orientalis —-—_-. = —__ ffirtur arenicolor Sterna albigena PAGE 760 760 760 760 758 tao 759 759 759 758 799 758 758 759 758 758 758 914 915 876 729 755 886 886 885 885 733 "es ——-— anzthetus rales 1. F260; 729; 730, ——-— bengalensis bengalensis ———- bergii velox ——-— repressa 726; 729, 730; —-——- s. sandwichensis Stigmostomum indicum g.n. sp. Nn. Strix aluco nivicola ——- indrani newaxensis Strymon mackwoodi ————--— sassanides Suasa lisides Suastus bipunctus ——-—- gremius Surendra amisena a florimel oe quercetorum bipiveiare —— discalis —— quercetorum. —_._.-— todara distorta oe eee tees ICE TN a eee eet Odand 731, 139 726, 7315733 726, 713 73%,,'738 726 (ss) 684 684 619 619 765 573 568 756 756 756 756 756 756 756 756 INDEX OF SPECIES Surniculus lugubris dicruroides Sylvia curruca affinis ——— h. crassirostris ——— mystacea ——— n. nana Synia melanaria Syrrhaptes tibetanus Taccocua leschenaultii infiiseata Taeniothrips major Tajuria albiplaga ———- cippus cippus .. —_—— longinus diaeus ———- donatana ——-— iliurgroides illurgis ——-—- isaeus ———- ister ———- jalindra indra —__——_———-—- macarita ——— —-———- tarpina ——— - jangala andamanica .. ao ravata ———- jehana vat des —— var. ceylanica ... ———- luculentus nila ———- maculata ———- mantra ———- megistia Meee ———- mela stigma -——~---—-—— oeeta mm, 7 Osyac> ———— sebonga ———- thyia ———- yajna ellisi —_———_——- istroidea .. ———— ——- yajna Taractrocera ceramas ... we meevius Telotrochidium matthaii sp. n. ———————- natthait sp. n. Terias blanda -——— rotundalis ——— sari ——— silhetana ... -——— templetoni ——— uniformis es Terpsiphone paradisi paradici Tetraogallus tibetanus tibetanus Tetrodon cutcutia PAGE | 735 682 707 724 aa, 727 924 887 683 865 763 764 764 768 762 764 764 763 763 764 764 764 762 762 764 764 764 764 763 762 762 763 763 763 763 763 762 762 762 824 829 754 749 714 714 714 714 714 714 603 896 (14 Thaduka multicaudata kanara —— multicaudata Thamala miniata Thecla ataxus ataxus —-——-—hbirupa ———-doni ———- duma duma we dumoides : — Vv. fnitermedia. ee es ———-jicana ———-jakamensis ———-kabrua ———-~khasia ——-—-kibariensis Se giic ——-—-paona ———-pavo rola ———-syla assamica ———-vittata ———-ziha ———-70a fs Thereiceryx lineatus mod econ Thrips colorata wees Bid eee ———-~florum ———-longalata ———-magnipes ———-nigriflava ———-oryzce ———-parva ———-pallida ———-pallidulus ——-—-striatopennata .. ———-sulphurea Ticherra acte Tiga shorei Tokophrya Maanparcts Tolypella prolifera Tomeutes lokroides ... Torgos calvus Tragopan satyra : nae Treron curvirostra nipalensis Trichoda pura Trichogaster lalius Trichothrips fructuum Trichothrip; hadrocerus Sus, XXX Trimeresurus gramineus ——_————-monticola Tringa hypoleucus ———-ochropus Trirhinopholis nuchalis Tryphactothrips mundus — octarticulata Sot aE rutherfordi Turdoides somervillei Turdus unicolor Turnix dussumieri ———-pugnax ocellatus ———-tanki tanki Typhlops diardi Upupa epops epops ee indica ——— orientalis —— saturatus Urocentrum turbo Uroleptus mobilis Uroloncha malabarica ... Urostyla weissii Urotricha globosa Vaginicola sp. Valeriana jatamansi INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 726, 728, ... 604, 676, 749, (sP4 821 821 798 891 Sil 871 867 867 687 804 890 890 890 805 731 916 802 676 sys) (ist) 728 (es) 793 193 Valeriana officinalis a wallichii Vespa cincta ——w—orientalis Vibris anser Vipera lebetina ———-russelli PAGE Virachola isocrates isocrates .. ——— rosacea —_——— perse ghela Viverra zibetha Vorticella campanula ————— citrina -_———— convallaria ... —_———— microstoma ... ————— pattellina Wallago attu Xenopeltis unicolor Yasoda tripunctata Zamenis korros Zeltus etolus Zesius chrysomallus Zographetus ogygia Zosterops palpebrosa el wesi Ai Paavo)! rove ton 784 782 858 S50: 747 707 821 770 770 770 FFA Sy) 7o3 753 753 793 753 709 806 757 812 769 760 5/5 665 ie y THE JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natura Higrory Socrery. ’ EDITED: BY R. A. SPENCE, F.Z.S., P. M. SANDERSON, F.Z.S., and S. H. PRATER, G.M.Z.S. _ eee VOL, XXX, No. 3. eae ess Date of Publication, 30th June 1925. ESE Price to Non-Members - ... te =o tie 1220-0 or 16s. For terms of membership see inside front cover. NN ee LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W., —--— PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY, VATIONA p MUee THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS. Mesopotamia. A Survey of the Fauna of Iraq. Mamma's, Birds, Reptiles, etc., made by Members of the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force “D’’, 1915-1919. Rs. 7-8. Birds A Hand List of Genera and Species of Birds of the Indian Empire by E. C. Stuarr ~ BaxeEr, O.B.E., M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.,C.F.A.0.U. _ Rs. 6. (Price tu Members Rs. 4-12). Game Birds of India, Vol. I. (Indian Ducks and their allies) 2nd Edition. Rs. 63. (Price to Members Rs. 50). Game Birds of India, Vo!. II. (Woodcock, Snipe, Bustards, and Sandgrouse) Ist Edition. Rs. 55. (Price to Members Rs. 42). Set of Game Bird Plates (30), Vol. 1. Rs. 20, (Price to Members Rs, 15). Set of Game Bird Plates (19), Vol. Il. Rs. 13-8. (Price to Members Rs. 10). Snakes. 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Such members should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers tc pay the amount of the subscription, plus postage—in all Rs, 26-8-0 to the Society in Bombay on the Ist January ineach year. If this cannot be done then the sum of £t-15-4 should be paid annually to the Society's London Bankers—The National Rank of India, Bishopsgate Street, London, E. C. COM TEN TS OF Vol rXXX,;, No. 3. Tart MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND THE ADJACENT Hitt Provincxs. Part LV, By Col. A. E. Ward. «(With a plate and text-figures.).....ccccecccececncccecens Bompay NAtTuRAL History Socirety’s MAMMAL Survey or Inpia, BURMA AND SuymoON, /veporl No..o0s(a)) Nepal: By Ty Bu Bry eee. 2 oie/as sie scareless otat ofere ss EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME FRESH WATER FISHES IN THE PUNJAB. ye iamid han, M.Sc, F-R.M.S." (With) 3 plates)’ 05. ashe sedlelelels oleic «lt gielere THE CREMASTOGASTER ANT. By Major R. W. G. Hingston, I.m.s. (With a plate) ... Some New ALPINE GRASSHOPPERS OF THE GENUS Conophyma, ZUB., FROM CENTRAL Palenet ioy Mealbar WO VALOV MH Sia ots ecn 2's ele eaieleluisieis o wpe oho ctlel of os e'e ele'olerele ane satehe THE Common BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF InpIA. Part XXXIV. By T.R. Bell, Caras Se (eta. ( Wathe Gi Let fiGurre)) jee sate cis aioe o wlaysre oes, acj8\cleis cheleg e's elniels Two New Burmese Snakes. (With a plate.) By Col. F. Wall, LM.s., etc......... Notes on CHAROPHYTES FROM GonpDaé, U.P. (With 5 plates.) By G. O. Allen, L.c.s... Birps’ NEsTING wItH A CAMERA IN INDIA. Part IV. (With 6 plates.) By Capt. R. 5. embseebeSiaeen cracsster tn hm dat fae etl aretstaies Sly laches: Syo/e:coie: suet. ale era's, grates ‘Shbispevetel trate ehesl THe [DENTIFICATION oF INDIAN BurtTerRFites. Part VII. (With pilates.) By Col. W. PMU V AUIS IONS Oey Wa Zi Caco SHNG Uo ois, 6 7ah 5 cy 1 ole: ale Stee aoanmiencceveserele c ecnreuclevel she; vie cake Sisyene ber eile Notes anp Description oF Inp1an Fisaes. Part III. By H. W. Fowler. ...... AN ENCOUNTER WITH A Figutine Tiaur. (With a photo.) By Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (ECU OLAIGE Oo Ak SAS, 9 Oe ea cere At eae sherevecele de eke ain aeeltt Serer ame ao a cme InpIAN DraconrFuies. Part XXI. (With a plate & a text-figure.) By Major F. C. ESS BS Ma Sits HGP. MSc) asbee. 6 desc) eteratets ciscareks BAC eich gets ees legac Me PRE cs) came a Oe Ge NoTEs ON THE BIRDS OF THE SikKImM Himatayas, Part VI. (With a plate.) By Her- bert Stevens, M.B.0.U. .........c0000. She evaial oiniattretoLel otele onsoe oleic dateliel eter eteirakenclcnemnre ane Reviews.—In THE Hicoer Himatayas. By H. Whistler, ¥.z.s........... Nas i oan ae A GENERAL Tex? Book or Entomotoay. By A. D. Imms ............ METIMOR UAT a's, «alessio svelele & eves ess fa Aree SGN eAmER A CR ea BRE se Pe Op Re AE MISCELLANEOUS NoTES :— I. Breeding season of the Nilgiri Langur. By Rev. C. Leigh, s.s. .... II. Wild Dogs and Jungle Tragedies. By R. C. Morris ...............00005 Iii. “‘ Wild Animals of Central India.” By R.C. Morris (with a note by Woe NANO STATIONS). s.cis oye shelele' + watelclmieusieyein ots be alas al sty 4 sat enh IVa aebiecki Jackal. By M. Si Tuggerse uci...) 25 ti. .g clo actos Sings o aralece cele « V. The Record Sind Wild Goat (Capra hircus blythi). (With a plate.) By R. eae SCO Geli reps namy ley cave h echoes Meek netfee lace, 5.8 SR cle onus caupetave VI. Phe Allied Grosbeak (Perrisospiza affinis, Blyth). By H. Whistler, F.z.s... Pack. 509 CONTENTS (OF Vole ZAAK NO. 3: On the breeding of the Indian Tree Pipit (Anthus hodgsoni) in Kulu. By H. Whistler; p88 aegis, 30d ae hee ee oh i ait La, Whe, Cotton Leal. \ By isir Harcourt Butler a...” «ee ane cre eee Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Fuligula marilla) in Northern India. By S2(JH. Prater, CO: MeZiS) osc ce b te Ne leige eh Hats eee: cco GN ee eee ee The length attained by and the habits of the Gharial (G. gangeticus). By Major’ C..R. Si Pitman i oo eee. resists aioe tie Bosse eae enya Boa Constrictor vs. Alligator. (With a photo.) By Editors.............. Tiger killed by a Cobra. (With a photo.) By Editors................... Record of a death from bite of the Hamadryad or King Cobra (Naia hanna). By..C. Theobald, BiZiSi0 1. sieia'ais «jets ol lecane the ticgete iets © tale ehchs («openers Recovery from the bite of Echis carinata. By Capt. H. J. Rice, IM.s. Viper and White-Throat. By B. B. Osmaston, 1.F.s. (Retd.) ............ A List of Fishes obtained in the Saran District, Bihar, chiefly from the Ghogra River, near the town of Chapra and in its vicinity. By E. A. DEN DEW EZ. ee CS eae a A Ae fee a anand a The Occurrence of the Spiny-EKel. By E. A. D’ Abreu, F.2z.S... .......0.0.- Formula for estimating weight of Mahseer. By Major W. B. Trevenen. .. The Ceylon Races of T'erias blanda, Bdv., and Sari, Horsf. By H. T. G. VV URIS! {oP oo 2 ais ster, a i Lec uay eeoaners ate ean eetone Meera Peas de a Aun PROCEEDINGS. ... ‘(tuosbpoy sdojuyjung) AdOTHINY NVGIAALL ‘20S "1SIH 3eN Avquiog “uanor | fuscifrons. >», bennetti. In order to follow the geography of the countries where these animals are found it will be necessary to look at the map of Ladak and of Sikkim and Southern Tibet for No. 1. Then that of Mongolia for No. 2. Turn to Western China for No. 3. Next for No. 4 part of the country from Asia Minor—Persia to China has to be studied. For No. 5 the maps of Yarkand and Kashigar suffice. It is rather a relief to look up Seistan bordering on Baluchistan and Afghanistan for No. 6 and 7, for these countries are near to India. While No. 8 is purely Indian. Material aid will be got from Rowland Ward’s 8th Edition of the Big Game Records, in regard to Kennion’s Gazelle a specimen of which I have never seen in the body. Some of the photographs from which the plates are herein produced are pro- bably taken from the same specimens as in Lydekker’s work for owing to the kindness of the British Museum, Colonel Harry Ward was able to give me a great deal of assistance (see part 1V—Game Animals of Kashmir etc., page 882 of the Journal, 20 Dec. 1922) and took the photographs in the B. M. Other photos are reproduced from the B. M. Catalogue of Ungulate Mammals. Sub-genus—PRocAPRA. i TIBETAN GazELLE— Gazella (Procapra) picticaudata, Goa ot Tibet; Ragco in Northern Ladak. Distribution.—This is the Gazelle which is best known to the majority of sportsmen who shoot on the borders of Central Asia. It is an inhabitant of Nor- thern Ladak—Spiti and Tibet. It lives on the plateaux in the open country and is seldom seen on the mountain sides, it does not descend in Ladak much below 14,C60’, and is found at higher elevations in summer time. Colcur—The plateaux of Tibet are very hot at midday and the winters are intensely cold, hence as must be expected, the Goa assumes a long coat at the latter season, this is a grizzled and sandy colour. In summer the hair is pale rufuous and comparatively short. The buttocks are white, the tail is dark brown and very short: the disc round the tail is white. The lower parts are lighter than the back and gradually merge into almost pure white underneath. No suborbital gland, or knee tufts. Females hornless. Height at shoulder 23 to 24”—weight 40 to45 lbs. The horns are much curved backwards then slightly forward at the tips and are covered with rings almost to the top. _Notes.—It is rare to see more then 8 to 12 in a herd. In the country, more accessible to most sportsmen, this gazelle is scarce, and does not appear ever to collect in large flocks. En w t THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR. St Blanford quotes a recorded length of horn at ‘‘ 15:75,” measured along the front curve, and a basal girth of 4”. This length is very great and Ludlow’s trophy of 142” by 32” has not I believe been excelled in recent dates. PRZEWALSKID'S GAzELLE—G. (Procapra) przewalskir. Fic. 3.—Prezewalski’s Gazelle (Gazella (Procapra) przewalskit). Distribution —This Gazelle is said to have its habitat in parts of China from Kansu northwards to the bend of the Yellow river, and also in Mongolia—also eastward to the north of Pekin. Notes.—The head figured above is that of an animal in winter coat and is reproduced from the B. M. Catalogue. The pronounced inward turn of the horns at the tips appear to form a character by which it is considered a distinct species. The most that can be said in support of this distinction is the shape of the horns and the large size. Tt closely resembles the Goa, perhaps in summer it is rather more brown. _ Females are hornless. The bucks carry horns of about 12” in length, and these are rather stouter than those of the Goa. 516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. THe Moneorran GazeLrLE—Gazella (Procapra) gutturosa.. The Hwung—Yang or Yellow Goat of China. The Djeron—Terrev (Turki). These names are however employed locally for most of the Gazelles. If the Altai animal is distinct the following two races may be recognized, 1.e.. Gazella gutturosa guiturosa and Gazella gutturosa altaica :— Fie. 4. Mongolian gazelie—(G. gutturosa guiturosa). The name gutturosa was given because the throat of the bucks swells during the pairing season, this is due to the dilation of the larynx which gives a swollen appearance to the upper portion of the neck. Distribution —The habitat of the typical race gutturosa gutturosa is Northern and North-East Mongolia to the vicinity of the Gobi desert, to the hills north- ward of the Tian-Shan and also tothe north and north-east of Pekin. A closely allied race comes from part of the Altai. Notes.—The Mongolian Gazelle is as far as is known the largest of any of the Central Asian races. One shot north of the Gobi measured 28”, a second 273”, in some books it is stated that this Gazelle stands as high as 30” at the shoulder. The skulls illustrated show the heads of the typical race gutturosa guiturosa, The tail is very short like that of the Goa. There are indications of knee tufts. No face marking. The rump is white. Females are hornless. A gooc pair of horns on an old buck measured 12” in length by 43” in girth, they are of a grey- ish brown hue, and are stout and strong. This is not a ‘‘ Gazelle of the desert ’’ nearly to the same extent as are other races, nor is it addicted to resting during the day in an oper. bare grassless plains. Unless much worried by men or wolves, it does not penetrate far into the hills, but is found on grass flats and in the ravines in the lower hills. Like the Tibetan Antelope and some of the Tibetan Game Animals, the does congregate in the spring, the herds running into many hundreds, they then move into reasonably good and open grazing ground, there in May and June the young are born: wonderfully active the little creatures are,"and they need to be if the wolves are not to take too heavy a toll. ! THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR, 517 The Jate Ney Elias mentions coming across herds of hundreds all the way from the benc of the Yellow river to the Altai—most of these were probably the Mongolian Gazelle, though some were probably G. procapra przewalsku : this was about 40 years ago—and it was from that intrepid traveller’s specimen of this Gazelle that Blyth gave the name “‘ procapra gutturosa.”’ It was about 1879 that Biddulph shot a then unknown Gazelle on the Maralbashi country, this*must have been the Yarkand race (the ‘‘ Saikik ’’). Fic. 4. Altar Gazeile—Gazella gutturosa altaica. Distribution—The typical locality of the Altai race (G. guttwrosa sairensts) is given as the ‘‘ Suok Plains near the little Atlai, N. W. Mongolia. The photos above illustrate the Altai race. The colour of the animal is a light fawn with pale cheeks, the small suborbital glands are to be seen. The face is devoid of markings. a The record horns are I believe just under 14” and I see Rowland Ward quotes 132” by 42”. The horns of the specimen figured above are 11 inches. Sub-genus—GazZELLA. Tue GoIreRED GazeELLE—Gazella sub-gutturosa, Persian name ‘* Ahu ”’, The various races of the Goitered Gazelle wander over a very large area In Asia Minor, Northern Persia, the Caspian Provinces—Turkestan and parts of China proper. G. sub-gutturosa is essentially a desert animal and is found in small herds, which probably do not get together except when migrating. They have not the habit of going much amongst broken country and are hard to stalk. They are often found in the open desert during the day time. It is hard to give the limits of the habitat of the races and still harder to say when the variations are sufficiently constant and marked to separate the races (9) a oo 518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXX. or tend towards establishing a distinct species. Two races are recognised :— (A) Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa and (B) Gazella subgutturosa satrensis. Via. 6. (4) Goitered Gazelle (G. subgutturosa sub-gutturosa). The Goitered Gazelle (G. S. sub-guttwrosa) is the typical race from Persia and the Caspian. The Goitered Gazelle stands about 26” at the shoulder, thus it is considerably larger than the Goa, and is smaller than the Mongolian gutturosa gazelle. The photo above shows heads of the typical Persian race, these specimens are in the Hume collection. The tai! is long, and measures about 8 inches, it is dark coloured. Knee tufts are well developed, cheek marks are more or less clearly defined; suborbital and groin glands exist. Colour.—The colouring of the upper parts is rufuous, the lower parts lighter, buttocks white, with a clear brown line separating the white from the rufuous fawn above and at the sides. On the younger bucks a dark line extends from below the eyes to the base of the horns and there joins, and forms a frame to the white or pale fawn on the upper part of the face but this marking is faint on old bucks. The bucks appear to carry finer and less stumpy horns than the Mongo- lian race. The horns of a good specimen tape 14%” with a girth of 4)” with the ridges clearly marked. The second race of goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa sairensis) is the form jrom N. W. Mongolia. Jairam of Turkistan. The typical locality of the race is given as ‘‘Saiar, or Jair Mountains, Zungaria, The Gazelle of the Saiar is larger than the typical Persian race, standing 27” at the shoulder but with smaller horns. ~ re 519 THE MAMMALS AND RIRDS OF KASHMIR. Fie. 7. (b) Sair Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa sairensis). The heads figured show distinctly the dark lines under the eyes but the face in front is devoid of the markings or nearly so, they were probably buck. killed in the winter. Fig. 6. shows a typical but very fine pair of horns, for as a rule the Gazelle from the Sair carries a poor head. THE YARKAND GazELLE—Gazella yarkandensis. Fie, 8. Yarxand Gazelle (Gazella yarkand ensis). 520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXX, The Jeron or Saikik. Distribution The Type locality is given as the “plains of Yarkand, Chinese Turkestan.” This Gazelle is found in the vicinity of Kashgar and Yarkand and eastward of the Khotan river to the Tarim country and Lob-nor, this is the country to the southward and westward of the habitat of the Mongolian species. Itis a large sized gazelle. The ears are long and the face markings very pronounced, unfortunately I have no photograph of a set up head. The colour above is fawn, so also is the forehead, in thisit differs from other allied races. ‘ The Gazelles afford sport to hawking parties, in Kashgar an eagle is flown which pitches on the heaa of a doe and pecks viciously, whilst the flapping of its wings bewilders the gazelle, and enables the horsemen to ride up and catch it. Hawking used to be a very popular recreation in many parts of Central Asia. Fig. 7 illustrates a head in the Hume Collection, it represents a very fine specimen. The horns, 16” in length, are densely ridged which was not always the case in the Yarkand specimens first obtained in 1879. The record horns are I believe those figured in Rowland Ward’s | Eighth Edition of records, page 237, they are 17’—43”. THE SEISTAN GAZELLE—Gazella seistanica, Fic. 9. Seistan Gazelle (Gazella seistanica). Distribution .-—Apparently Northern and Eastern Persia. The Type locality is given as ‘‘ Seistan, Eastern Persia ” This, I take it, is the name now given to the gazelle which is found in Seistan, to the north-west of Baluchistan and te the pour of Afghanistan. It is figured in Rowland Ward’s Records, and the locality of the recorded heads are Northern Persia. The bucks appear to carry horns which are generally smaller, but rather resemble those of yarkandensis, see photo ot yarkandenisis. I was under the impression that the gazelles which were very occasionally to be seen and still more rarely to be shot to the westward of the Peshin Valley were the same as this animal—but I have not enough to go upon. However seistanica is described in the British Museum Catalogue as being “ closely allied ESS THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR. 521 to yarkandensis ”; and although yarkandznsis and seistanica are now regarded as distinct species [ am however inclined to adhere to the original idea that these gazelles are merely races of G. subgutturosa sub-guttiurosa. . At the risk of boring the readers of the Journal I propose to dwell on the recorded distinctions between yarkandensis and seistanica, the most noticeable is the ‘‘ white muzzle of the latter.” Next the forehead is sometimes greyish in seistanica, this is a slight difference and may be simply ‘‘old age,’ and there isa whitish band at the base of the horns and an indistinct nose spot above the white muzzle. I have never seen this on any specimen of a Yarkand Gazelle. As to the smaller amount of white on the buttocks in seistanica, there is no doubt that the white varies in different individuals of yarkandensis but it has to be admitted that the small extent of white if constant, creates a difference, because the tendency towards white is one of the distinguishing features of the Seistan animal. Still it would appear as if the evidence to justify establishing distinct species amongst many of the Central Asian animal is not sufficient. At one time I was in correspondence with an eminent American Naturalist who deplored the hasty decisions to sub-divide species, but, as he remarked, ‘‘ it is easier to do this, than to rectify the error when done.” The animal figured above is from a photo by Col. Kennion and is reproduced from the B. M. Catalogue. KeEnnion’s GazELLE—Gazella fuscifrons. No. 10. Kennion’s Gazelle (Gazella fuscifrons), From Lydekker, Proc. Zool Soc. 1911. 622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. é . Distribuiion.—Seistan and the borders of Baluchistan. This Gazelle is, as far as I can ascertain, closely allied to the Chinkara. The female carries horns of considerable length which have frontal ridges. Appa- rently the horns tend towards a turn inward at the tips and the maximum length of a buck’s horns is about 14 inches. ee I have not had the pleasure of meeting Col. Kennion since he shot this gazelle and have not in consequence been able to get any information In the B. M. Catalogue of Ungulates Kennion’s gazelle is described as being “‘ apparently somewhat smaller than siesianica’’ (shoulder height probabiv about 28"), the male is without a ‘goitre’. There is no marked inturning of the horns as in siestan’ea. I have already commented on the colour differences. Tut INnIAN GazELLE—Gazella bennetii. No. 11. Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennett), Tue Chintara on ** RAVINE DEER ”’ OF SPORTSMEN, tn former years a few of these Gazelles were to be found in the foot hills border- ing on the Punjab, they have now been practically shot out from South and South East of Jammu—hence it is only in Baluchistan and in Persia, to the West cf Khelat, that this Indian Gazelle is found in the country mentioned in ' these articles. 7 Male—Height at shoulder 25”, at croup 28” (from a big buck), length 40” to 42”—the ear 1s about 6” long—horns 11” to 14’—record 152’—weight from 45 .; os, to a little over—horns rather upright, curve quickly backward and slightly forward at tips, which are from 4” to 8” apart. : Female—Weight 30!bs. horns from about 5” to 7’—as long as 8” are recorded. THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR. 523 1 have not kept records of many measurements, and have in fact only shot one female which was of the weight mentioned. The horns of the male have many ridges almost to the tips—those of the females are generally devoid of these rings or ridges but are not invariably smooth. I saw a pair of horns in Quetta and in Peshin which were distinctly ridged. Dunbar Brander men- tions that female Chinkara in certain localities in the C. P. carry annulated norms. Colour.—The colour of the upper part is a fawn chestnut, the chin and lower parts and inside the thighs white. Tail blackish. The knee tufts generally very dark brown, the white caudal disk, which is present in the Tibetan Gazelle, is absentin the Chinkara. Face markings of white with a rufuous border and from the horns to above the nostrils a darker tinge of rufuous. Some of the Northern India animals are very much paler in colour, and the gazelles of S. E. Persia seem to be closely allied. General Notes.—Chinkara are gregarious, it is however rare to see more than half a dozen together. They inhabit broken grcund and eschew the open plains, thus differing in their habits from their Central Asian allies. It is not at all uncommon to see twins—but probably one young one at a birth is the general rule. With alight small bore rifle the pursuit of this daintv gazelle is rather an entrancing kind of sport which can be indulged in without going into camp, the drawback is that this animal does not show up well in the daytime, for it generally rests until late in the evening. Outside the area with which we are now concerned Chinkara are found in most parts of Northern India and southwards into Mysore. | The photograph is by Major C. H. Stockley. Sub-family—TRAGELAPHINAE. Genus—BosELAPHUS. THE Nizeat (Bosephalus tragocamelus), Poriax pictus of Jerdon. This well known animal is common in Jammu, it is sometimes called Roz but Ne is the common name. This is the only representative of the subfamily in India, for others we have to turn to Africa. The suborbital glands are present, so are the interdigital, there are no ingui- nal glands. Colowr.—The colour of a bull is either bluish brown or bluish grey, the female is a brownish grey, both sexes have white on the cheeks, and white rings on the legs above and below the fetlock. The stomach is whitish and there is a white throat patch. There is a tuft of black hair on the throat of the male and both sexes have manes. The voung are brown. The female is hornless. The male earries horns of 8” to 9” long and about 8” in girth. A very exceptionally long horn was 11”. Two heads of 12” have been recorded in the Society’s Journal. Measurements of a large bull shot in Kumaon. Height. Length. Tail. 54” 86” 184 exclusive of the tuft. The weight was about 580 Ibs., but the scale was not very accurate when _ weighing heavy animals. General Notes.—Nilgai live in the so-called Game reserves in Jammu, and wander where they please. As a-rule they live in the scrub jungle during the day, but in the mornings and evenings and sometimes throughout the day they graze in the fields. Much damage has been done by the herds of Nilgai hence they are now out of favour, but until lately the mantle of sacredness has protected them. A big blue bull is often solitary, otherwise Nilgai are seen in small herds. How deceiving the lumbering gallop of the bullis! It takes a gooc horse to overtake a Nilgai, and a very good one to run down a female but if on easy ground both car be ridden down and speared. When at all hemmed 524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. in the blue bull will charge if wounded. I can remember being out on two occasions when this occurred. We were riding in line through a detached piece of grass looking for a wounded bull which got up between two horses and made straight at the nearest, luckily on the right side. On the other occasion I did not see the charge, but one horse was upset though not damaged. In captivity they are dangerous. There is a grim satisfaction in shooting females and even young Nilgai, for they are absolutely pestilential in the crops. Certain parts of Kumaon jungles hold numbers—any way they are not wasted when dead for the Mahouts will eat them although they do not appreciate an old bull, but for the skin they get rupees, hence they are quite ready to load the carcass on to a pad elephant. (To be continued .\ 525 BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON, Report No. 37(a), NEPAL. By TB,’ fry. COLLECTION .. oy, sh Noy 37 (@). Locality i eh ein ) Nepal: DATE : sie -. May 17, 1922 to May 17, 1923. COLLECTED BY : .. N. A. Baptista. A Collection made by Col. R,. L. Kennion between August 19 and December 23, 1920, and another by N. A. Baptista between January “VT and April 20. 1921, were:examined and commented upon by Mr. M. A. C. Hinton in Report Ne. 37% (Nepal) ; and in addition to considering the actual specimens obtained he wrote very fully on the known fauna of this country. Later during the period May 17, 1922, to May 17, 1923, Mr. Baptista working in the districts lying to the west of Katmandu collected son.e 591 specimens, most of which belong to species to which reference was made in the above mentioned Report ; infact only two new species were discovered, viz., A podemus (Nemomys) gurkha described by Mr. Thomas in ‘Scientific Results,’? and Neodon sikimensis, to which attention will be drawn under their respective headings. In view of the foregoing facts no detailed report of this Collection appears to be necessary so the following List only, with occasional remarks, is subn ittec. for publication in the Society’s Journal. (1) Macaca MuULATTA, Zimm. The Bengal Monkey. (Synonymy in No. 7). Chengli, ¢1 ; Bouzini, 5,000’, 2 1. ‘* Found in large troops in Nepal, not sacred, period of gestation about six months, usually only one young at a birth, do much damage to crops. “Vernacular names :—latio Bandar (Pahari) ; Mugger (Bhotia) "—N. 4. B. (2) PiraEcus scuistaceus, Hodgs. The Himalayan Langur. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Satthar, 11,000’-12,000’, ¢ 1. ‘“ These animals are said to pair in February and the young to be born in May, but this needs verification. They are not destructive to crops like other mon- keys.”°—N. A. B. (3) ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTI, Desm. The Fulvus Fruit Bat. (Synonymy in No. 11.) Boitari, 4, 94. (4) CYMOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl. The Southern Short-nosed Fruit Bat, (Synonymy in No. 6.) Satthar, 12,000’, ¢ 3, 2 1. “ Common in Nepal, frequently found on plantain trees. It breeds in Decem- ber. Eaten by Passis only.”—WN. A. B. * Jou”. Bom. Nat. Hist. Scc., Vil XXIX, p. 399. 526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. (5) KRHINOLOPHUS AFF, HTIMALAYANUS, K, And. The Himalayan Horse-shoe Bat. (Synonymy in No. 37.) Bouzini, 5,000’, 3 1. (6) KRHINOLOPHUS LUCTUS PERNIGER, Hodgs. The Great Black Horse-shoe Bat. (Synonymy in No. 14.) Banss Bahari, @ | ; Bouzini, 3,000’, 92 1. (7) RHINOLOPHUS ROUX!, Temm. The Rufous Horse-shoe Bat. Sipuri, 6,000’-8,0U0’, @ 1. (8) HIPPosIDEROS ARMIGER, Hodgs. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat, (Synonymy in No. 14.) . Hathiban, 5,000’, 2 5; Bouzini, 5,000’, @ 1, 2 4; Bachek, g 3, Q 5 Dano Kharka, 12,000’, 2 4; Bachek, @ 3, Q 5. (9) PrIpistRELLUS BABU, Thos. The Babu Pipistrel, (Synonymy in No. 26.) Bouzini, 5,000’, @ 2; Sipuri, 2 1. (10) Myotis stcarius, Thos. The Sikkim Myotis. (Synonymy in No. 26.) Banss Bahari, 2 4. (11) Sorzrcunus caupatTus, Horsf. The Sikkim Brown-tocthed Shrew. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Satthar, 12,000’, @ 1; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, 2-1, 2 3; Apoen Sotti- danda, 12,000’, @ 1. ‘’ Very common at about 12,000’ ; trapped on steep rocky banks. Vernacular :—Chichunder (Nepalese), Heimboo (Bhotia).”—N. A. B. (12) SorIcuLUS NIGRESCENS CENTRALIS, Hint. The Nepal Dusky Shrewlet. (Synonymy in No. 37.) Satthar, 12,000’, 2 1; Bouzini, 5,000’, ¢@ 4, 9 5;Sipuri, @ 1; Tarro Bir, 76 ale Probably rarer than §. caudatus. (13) PacHyURA, sp. Gorkha, 31,2 1; Chengli, ¢ 1; Deorali, $1; Boitari, 2 2 ; Dorom. danda, 12,000’, @ 1. This genus has still to be studied. Eventually it may be found that two cr three distinct species occur in Nepal. MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 527 (14) PacHYyURA PERROTTETI, Duvern. The Indian Pigmy Shrew. (Synonymy in No. 4.) Knaping, ¢ 1. _ Probably comparatively rare but owing to its small size it may easily escape notice, (15) Frvis aFFrnis, Gray and Hardw. The Jungle Cat.. . Hathiban, 5,000’, ¢ 2 ; Syartang, ¢1 ; Satthar, 12000’, 3 1 ; Mircourt, 361,92; Knaping, ¢ 2, 9 1; Manglopani,2 1. (16) ViIvERRA ZIBETHA, L, The Large Indian Cwet. (Synonymy in No. 14.) Banss Bahari, ¢ 1 ; Gorkha, ¢ 1;Chengli,? 1; Boitari,g 1, 2 1; Satthar, 12,000’, 2 2; Syartang, 5 2, 2 2; Mircourt,? 2. (17) PacumMa GRAYI, Benn. The Himalayan Palm Cwvet. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Hathiban, 5,000’, 2 1; Bachek, 9 1. (18) Herpestes auropuncratus, Hodgs. The Small Indian Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 27.) Hathiban, 5,600’, 1, 9 1. (19) HERPESTES NIPALENSIS, Gray. The Small Bengal Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 19 under H. auropunctatus.) Sepetar, gj 1; Boitari,2 1; Satthar, 12,000’,g 1°; Knaping,? !- Syartang, @ 1; Mircourt, J 2, 9 1; Manglopani, d 1. H, npalensis differs but slightly from H. auropuncitatus, the grizzling being finer and the under parts lighter coloured, but it is note-worthy that the two forms are found in Nepal. (20) HeErprstes urRvA, Hodgs. The Crab-eating Mongoose. (Synonymy in No. 23.) Gorkha, 2 1; Chengli,2 1; Boitari,? 1. (21) Canis inpicus, Hodgs. The Jackal. (Synonymy in No.1. under C. aureus.) Hathiban, 5,0C0’,g 2; Syartang,? 1; Doromdanda, 12,000’, eo. ; ; ** Destructive among poultry, and does damage to corn and sugar-cane “"— Nee Atel, 528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. (22) CHARRONIA FLAVIGULA, Bodd. The Northern Indian Marten. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Sepetar, d 1; Satthar, 12,000’, ¢ 1, 2 2; Mircourt,? 3; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, @ 1, 2 3; Knaping, 2 1 ; Syartang,Q 1. (23) MusTELA SUBHEMACHALANA, Hodgs. The Himalayan Weasel. (Synonymy in No. 23.) Barpak, g 1. “* Lives on small birds and eggs.” —. A. B. (24) PrTAURISTA CANICEPS, Gray. The Grey-headed Flying Squirrel. 1842, Sciwropterus caniceps, Gray, A. M. N. H., x., p. 262. 1843. Sciuropterus senev, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., xiii, p. 68. 1889, Pteromys caniceps, Blanford, Mamn., No. 231. Apoon, 12,000’, 4,9 1; Barpak,@ 1, 9 2. (25) PrETaurRisTa MAGNIFICUS, Hodgs. Hodgson’s Flying Squirrel. 1836. Sciuropterus magnificus, Hodgson, J. A.S. B.. v., p. 231. 1842. Sciuropterus nobilis, Gray, A. M. N. H., x., p. 263. 1844, Sciuropterus chrysothrix, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., xii, p. 67. 1889. Pteromys magnificus, Blanford, Mamm., No. 229. Satthar, 12,000’, d 5,9 2. (26) PETAURISTA NOBILIS, Gray. The Himalayan Flying Squirrel. ° (Synonymy in No, 23.) Tarro Bir, 3 1. This and the foregoing squirrel are much alike, but each shows certain well marked characters, which appear to be stable and not merely seasonal, which suffice to distinguish the one from the other. (27) DREMOMYS LOKRIAH LOKRIAH, Hodgs, The Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 20.) Sipuri, 6,000’-8,000’, ¢ 1; Satthar, 12,000’, ¢ 1, Q 2. (28) ToMEUTES LOKROIDES, Hodgs. The Hoary-bellied Himalayan Squirrel. (Synonymy in No. 23.) Hathiban, 5,000’, 2 2; Chengli, ¢ 1; Kuwapani, ¢ 2, 92 2. (29) BanpicoTa NEMoRIVAGA, Hodgs. The Bengal Bandicoot. (Synonymy in Ne. 19 under B. elliotana.) Manglopani, 12,00’, @ 1. anes BP; MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 529 (30) GUNOMYS BENGALENSIS, Gray and Hardw. The Bengal Mole-Rat, Chengli, ¢ 2 (1 juv.), @ 1; Mircourt, g¢ 1;Syartang, ¢ 1. ‘* Eaten by most people.”’—WN. A. B. (31) Rattus EHA, Wr. The Spectacled Rat. (Synonymy in No. 23.) Apoon Hill, 12,006’, 2 1. Highteen specimens of this rat were collected in ‘Sikkim by Mr. Crump, and were “recognised as a new species by the late Mr. Wroughton. (32) RatrTus FULVESCENS, Gray. The Chestnut Rat. . (Synonymy in No. 15.) Bouzini, 5,000’, ¢ 2, 2 2; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, ¢ 2, 9 1; Satthar, 12,000’, @ 2, 2 1. (33) RatTTUS NIVEIVENTER, Hodgs. The White-bellied Rat, (Synonymy in No. 15.) Satthar, 12,000’, @ 2, @ 2. (34) RaTTUS RATTUS BRUNNEUSCULUS, Hodgs. The Common Nepal Rat. 1845. Mus brunneusculus, Hodgson, A. M. N. H. (1), xv, p. 267; 1889. Mus rattus, Blanford, Mamm., No. 272. Gorkha, 3 1, 9 2 ; Chengli, J 5, 2 3; Deorali, J 13; Syartang, ¢ 1 ; Manglopani, 12,000’, @ 1, 9 1. (35) RATTUS RATTUS RATTOIDES, Hodgs. The Nepal House Rat. (Synonymy :—See R. brunneusculus.) Satthar, 12,000’, 2 1. (36) Mus Homourvs, Hodgs. The Himalayan House Mouse. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Satthar, 12,000’, @ 2, 2 1; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, 9 1; Barkek, ¢ 1; Syartang, ¢ 3, 9 2; Laprak, ¢ 1. The name M. homourus has been retained to distinguish this bluish-bellied mouse from the darker form lM. urbanus. (37) Mus urpanus, Hodgs. The Common Indian House Mouse, (Synonymy in No. 5.) Bouzini, 5,00C’, ¢ 1. This dark-bellied mouse has been noted in various Reports as M. manew, M. dubius and M, urbanus but it has lately been settled that the last name should be accepted for the present. 530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. (38) APODEMUS (NEMOMYS) GURKHA, Thos. The Nepal Apodemus. 1923. Apodemus (Nemomys) gurkha, Thomas, J. B. N. H.S. Vol. X XIX, p 888. Satthar, 12,000’, Q 1; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, ¢ 2; 9 2; Apoon Sotti- danda, 2 2; Barpak, g 2; Laprak, ¢d 4, 9 3. Mr. Thomas published a description of this new species in the Journal under « Results.” (39) NE@poN sIKImENsISs, Hodgs. The Fiower Mouse of Sikkim. 1849. Neodon sikimensis, Hodgson, A. M. N. H. (2), iii, p. 203; genotype, J. sikimensis. 1863. Biscunedens, Hodgson, in Gray Cat. Spec. and Drawings, Mamm. and Birds, etc., of Nepal and Tibet, Brit. Mus., ed. 2, p.2; genotype, B. perfuscus apparently a M. 8. name for NV. sikimensis. Arvicola, Microtus, and Pitymys ot later authors. Apoon Hill, 12,000, g. 1. In January 1923 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton after studying a large number of voles collected by Mr. G. Forrest in Yunnan published a paper in the Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9, Vol. xi, p. 145, in which he revived the name Neodon. “The name Neodon, applied long ago by Hodgson to the Flower Mouse of Sikkim (Microtus sikimensis, ot current literature), is available for this genus, since this species proves on examination to be ‘a conspicuous member of the group, although its characters and relationships have hitherto been but imperfectly understood.” —M. A. C. H. The present specimen is rather young and cannot be satisfactorily distinguish- ed from NV. sikimensis and it is therefore hoped that more specimens from Nepal may be forthcoming. (40) Lepus RUFICAUDATUS, Geoff. The Common Indian Hare. (Synonymy in No. 15.) Bouzini, 5,050’, ¢ 2,92 2; Sipuri, 61, 9 1; Deorali, 91; Boitari. Q1;Syartang, ¢ 1, juv. (41) OcHOTONA ROYLEI NEPALENSIS, Thos. The Nepal Mouse Hare. Satthar, 12,000’, ¢ 3, 2 2; Apoon Hill, 12,000’, 2 1; Apoon Sotti- danda, ¢ 4, 2 6; Barpak, ¢ 7, 2 4. (42) NEMORHAEDUS HODGSONT, Pocock. The East Himalayan Goral. (Synonymy in No. 37.) Deorali, g 1, 9 1; Apoon, 12,000’, @ 1. (48) Munttacus vaGiInatis, Bodd. The Bengal Rib-faced Deer. (Synonymy in No. 2.) Banss Bahari, g 1; Chengli, @ 1; Doromdanda, 12,000’, 2 1; Deorali, g 1; Mircourt, 9 1. (44) MoscHus moscuirerus, L. The Indian Musk Deer. (Synonymy in No. 23.) Apoon Hill, 12,000’, 3 1. 7 " 53l EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME FRESH WATER FISHES IN THE PUNJAB. BY M. Hamip Kuan, M. Sc., F.R.M.S. _ With three plates. Material for study was collected during the breeding seasons of 1921-24 from Departmental farms at Madhopur, Chhenawan, and from different places near the River Beas. The specimens were examined in the living state under a microscope and fixed in different reagents for further study. It is, however, intended to give in these pages a_ bare outline of the early stages, without going into microscopical details, with a view to help a fish-culturist ‘“‘ to differentiate between the successive ages and stages of growing fish, and between fry of the same age, belonging to species, which may be closely allied zoologically, though far apart economically ’’(17). Ophiocephalus marulius is taken as a type of the Ophiocephalide, Wallago ati of the Siluride, and Labeo gonius, Cirrhina mirgala of the Cyprinidae. Ophiocephalus marulius. Freshly laid eggs were taken from the pond, and kept in a live-car under observation, and their growth and development was from time to time compared with those in the pond. Outline of the embryo becomes defined within twelve hours. The embryo appears on the left side of the yolk in a belt-like manner. The tail end is swollen, transparent and granular, while the head end is darker. Overnight stage shows the appearance of unpigmented eyes, auditory vesicles and heart. Just before hatching, heart gives off aorta, which passes dorsally to the posterior end to turn back into caudal vein. The latter vessel passes 2 toto into subintes- tinal vessel just near the attachment of the tail to yolk sac. Subintestinal vessel is formed by the vitelline veins which receive yolk capillaries, and anteriorly open into the heart. Anterior caudal vein brings blood from head, and emerges from behind the auditory vesicle, and breaks up into a set of venous spaces, which together with vitelline network spreads over the surface of the yolk and then goes to the heart (Fig. 1). The embryonic development goes on rapidly, but depends considerably on the temperature of water, and hatching takes place within 30 to 65 hours. Some eggs hatched out while examining under microscope. The movements of tail ruptures the vitelline membrane, and the embryo appears like an egg with a whip like addendum at one end. Total length is 4°5 m.m., head with yolk sac being 2 m.m. and tail2°5. The newly hatched larvee lie on one side, and move their tails now and then, and when they swim they either rotate or spin round. The eyes are colourless, black pigment being confined to the lower portion of the yolk in a semicircular band (Fig. 2.). A few hours later yolk circulation becomes complicated and the caudal vein breaks up into branches, and is joined by the posterior cardinal vein near the bend of the yolk sac (Fig. 3). Blood in the latter vessel flows backward, so that the aortic and cardinal blood circulation is in the same direction. Eight hours after hatching the tail has elongated to3 m.m. Pigment has appeared in the eyes. Yolk sac circulation forms a complicated system of cappilaries. An invagination, which later on forms anus, is seen in the tail region. Hinder extremity of notochord lies straight and there is amassing of tissue a little before its extremity forming the primordium of the caudal ray system. Heart beats 238 timesin a minute. Ten hours later, dorsal aorta and caudal vessel have lengthened backwards, and in the anterior part of the caudal region, close to the posterior extremity of the 5382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vil XXX. yolk sae aorta gives off intersegmental vessels along the anterior face of myotome septa. These vessels run dorsally to form a pair of parietal vessels, which anteriorly fall back into the dorsal aorta just anterior to the auditory vesicle. At this stage pigment becomes scattered and appears in the form of stellate cells in the region of yolk. Second day hatchings grow trom 5°6 mm. to 6 mm. Head becomes dis- tinctly marked off from the yolk sac, and an invagination for the future mouth appears antroventrally (Fig. 3). Eyes are profusely pigmented. Stellate pigmented cells spread round the notochord, multiply. extend to the anterior region of the head, and tend to make the anima! opaque. Intersegmental vessels are seen in the head region as well, and their blood circulation is very’ irregular: in some it flows dorsally to the parietals and in others reversely without any definite alteration or arrangement. Pectoral fins appear as slight bud like out-growths, just behind the auditory vesicles. The posterior part of the embryonic fin shows fine striations. Third day animals measure 7 mm. mouth is open, and respiratory movements have begun. There are no external gills. Lower jaw is well developed, and shows regular rythmic movements. The head is thickened dorsoventrally. The pectoral fins are well developed, and help the animals in their rapid move- ments. ‘hey swim on the surface of water with yolk sac directed up, but when. disturbed they go at once to the bottom and remain there for considerable time. Gut is visible as simple tube with muscular rectal walls, but not yet opened post- eriorly. Yolk is reduced. Pigment cells are scattered throughout the whole body; and the dorsal and ventral embryonic fins are equally pigmented. Nostrils appear anterior to the eyes. Next day larvee measure 7 to8 mm. Air sacs appear dorsal to the yolk bag, anteriorly, just behind the pectoral fins; and the animals now swim with the yolk sac directed downwards. Pigment cells have become rounded in many places, and lie more on the ventral surface than on the dorsal. Kifth day shows no increase in length and the animals remain at the bottom for a long time. Spherical-pigment cells are arranged in rows on the anterior extremity of the upper and lower jaws, where later on teeth are formed. Alimentary canal is convoluted and opens to the exterior posteriorly, while yolk disappears completely. Black pigment is now visible only in the ventral em- bryonic fin. Notochord is curved dorsally at its posterior enc. Pectoral fins have enlarged and are striated, and have stellate pigment cells (Fig’ 4). Next two days neither show any increase in length nor any other remarkable change. It may be noted here that since the formation of ailmentary canal and the disappearance of yolk, the growth has not been uniform ; but the rate of growth so far has been practically the same between the animals kept in live-car for observation and those in the pond with the parents. The total length in both cases is8 mm.; head3 mm.; tail 5 mm. The structure is also the same for the obvious reason that so far they have been getting their food supply mainly from the yolk. On the eighth day the young ones in the pond, which so far have remained in one place, leave their nest and wander about along with their parents. It is now that .a remarkable difference in growth occurs between animals in their natural environments ard those kept in confinement. The animals kept in live-car, were fed on minced sheepliver, sieved through a piece of muslin cioth, er with liver-soup and sometimes with infusions of bacteria and mosquito larve. They were kept under the same environmental conditions as the fry in the pond, but still they did not show healthy growth. Further structural changes, forma- tion of caudal rays and development of external form of body which took a week in the pond specimens, were completed in three weeks in those kept in captivity and their critical stage appeared with the formation of caudal rays, they became sickly, were attacked with fungus and died in large numbers. ee Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate 4, t £ f § é j : 53 4 = K hoo a or Karly stages in the development of some fresh water shes in the Punjab. (For explanation see end of article.) Journ, Eombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Mea OBOE Xa - Plate s in the development of some fresh water fishes in the Punjab. Early stag (For explanation see end of article.) DEVELOPMENT OF SOME FRESH WATER FISHES. 533 On the eighth day circulation in the tail has reached the posterior extremity. The intersegmental vessels are present in the posterior region as well. The pigment cells are round, and are found in a group on the ventral surface of noto- chord near the posterior end ; and to this mass is given off from aorta a capillary vessel, which turns back and pours its blood in the caudal vein. This is the beginning of caudal capillary system which forms the basis of caudal circulation and marks the developmeat of caudal rays. Next four days show the complica- tion of capillaries, increase of pigment cells (Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17). Pigment cells become arranged in radial rows throughout the caudal fin and the blood vessels too, take the same direction. Formation of caudal rays depends mainly on the healthy growth of the fry. In warm water, rays first appear on the 10th day, while in cold temperature the growth is retarded. Development of rays begin from the ventral surface and as notochord curves dorsally the rays are drawn towards dorsal surface. The caudal rays appear as transparent yellowish white strips, in between the radially arranged pigment cells. The loops of blood vessels join together and combine into one. The vessel which carries blood to the ray flows beneath it while the afferent ones lie on its either side. Three basal pieces are also seen. On the twelfth day (Fig. 5), eleven fully developed caudal rays are visible, segmented at their free ends and striated. Four basal cartilages can be dis- tinctly traced. Caudal circulation is typical (Fig. 18). Just below the posterior end of notochord, the caudal artery branches, and each branch carries bloodtothe finary, and then turns back near the end of the fin, and pours its blood into another system of capillaries, which run on both sides of the fin rays and join to form the caudal vein. The length of bodyis10 m.m. On the sixteenth day, caudal fin shows indication of separation from the embryonic fin. The animals have become very active. They come to the surface, exude small air bubbles and then go down and come up, thus causing small whirlpocis, which make their presence visible from a distance. Some fry were kept in a dish: They at first came to the surface after 30 to 36 seconds, but later on their breathing be- came quicker and they were seen rising up after 10 to 26 seconds. On the 17th day length varies from 15 to 20 mm. Caudal fin is separated of ventrally while dorsally itis still continuous. Eighteenth day marks the end of the larval period by the appearance of ventral or pelvic fins as rudimentary buds in the mid ventral line, a little behind the level of the pectoral fin. The caudal fin separates off completely from the embryonic fin. On the 21st day there are 16 caudal rays; and a yellow band runs dorsally and laterally from the eye to the end of the caudal fin, covering seven caudal fin rays. The fry hide at the bottom when approached, and remain under water for considerable length of time. Rate of growth of the same lot and of the same year shows considerable diffe- rence, and is considerably affected by change in weather, temperature and other environmental conditions. Measurements for the last three years from the same locality Go not correspond. For the first four or five weeks the difference in growth is remarkable. Some of the measurements for the last two years are given below:— 1922. 1923. Ist Week. § mm. 8 mm. 2nd Week. 15 mm. 10 mm. ord Week. rae arin, 14 mm. 4th Week. 42 mm. 24 mm. 5th Week. 51 mm. 42 mm. 6th Week. 58 mm. 58 mm. Tth Week, selec 63 mm. 8th Week. 74 mm. 67 mm. ” 11th Week. 90 mm. 80-83 mm. 12th Week. 98 mm. 99 mm. 5384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX. Caudal ocellus near the proximal end of the caudal fin appears, in fry ranging trom 70 to 90 mm., as a reddish yellow mark, in which later on black oval area becomes visible. Black area measures 1°5X 2 mm. and yellow one 5X3 mm. At this stage fry has white ventral surface, dark grey dorsal and yellowish green sides with one deep yellow lateral band running from the eye to the end of the caudal fin just above the lateral line, and four distinct and two indistinct bluish green transverse bands, running across the body and over the dorsal surface, but interrupted at the lateral band (Fig. 6). Caudal fin is bluish black, pectoral yellow with blue tips, dorsal is dark, grey, while pelvic and anal are yellowish in zolour.