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XXXII | NOS. 1 & 2 P2g ge TRS) i: wee «62-50 MADRAS PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS 1929 INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER The contents of these two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound :— Title page ee ae es Contents of Nos. 1 and 20f Vol. XXXIII List of Contributors oh --- | To follow the frontis- List of Plates ... aes ce piece in this order. Index to Illustrations eae Errata oes ee ey Index to species aor .- To goat the end of two numbers. THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY EDITED BY SIR R. A. SPENCE, kt., S. H. PRATER, cC.M.zZ.S. & SALIM A. ALI, M.B.0.U. VOL, XXXII Nos. 1 & 2 Containing 2 Coloured Plates, 56 Black and White Plates, 41 Text-figures, 30 Diagrams and 2 Maps Dates of Publication Part I. (Pages 1 to 221) |... 30th September, 1928. » QI. ( ,, 222 to 471) ... 15th February, 1929. LONDON AGENTS DULAU & Co., Ltd., 32, Old Bond Street, London, W. I. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS, 1929 CONLTLENES OF VOLOME XXXITI No. 1 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. Part VII. (With a coloured plate) of The Sarus Crane (Aniigone anti gone ee y By E. C. Stuart Baker, ¥.z.S., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., H.F.A.O.U., Se ete Poh ens wit i REVISION OF THE Beene OF THE isaraa eae OY, PART) VIL; “By i: Blatter, S.3..°PH-D-, F:L.S;. OxLp Deccan Days. By Brigadier- General R; G. marion. THE Stupy oF PLANT Lirr. Part Il. (With three bites and tour text-figures.) By Charles McCann.. : INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Part XXXI. (With EES pla Bye lee C Ol Pe. SN aSeCl al. MsGayt Reb eGoen.aontesncaat foto a: A SHIELD-MAKING BEETLE. (Sindia clathrata, F.) (With a plate.) By Major R. W. G. Hingston, I.M.s.. THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND THE Memican Hitt Provincsgs. Part VIII. (Witha pe) By Col. A. E. Ward.. Nr APOE sfeaseivetiontets NEw Ce FROM THE Wesueen: Gans “(With two text-figures.) By E. Blatter, $.J., PH.D., F.L.S.. aaa DoNGTSE, OR STRAY BIRD NOTES FROM sie (With tbo plates.) By F. Ludlow.. odeeasacenges THE DUGONG OR SEA-Cow. “(Halicore dugong). “(With four pias.) By Si: Prater, €:M.Z:S.. FuRTHER NOTES AND DeeeereeioNct UF BoE coe FisHes. (With two plates.) By Henry W. Fowlet....... GAME PRESERVATION AND GAME EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA. (With two Baron By Bernard C. Ellison, F.R.G.s., CiM.Z:S 55. FeL.S.: Moin eeaate THE MIGRATION OF THE ea concias fenceoor RCC jacobinus). (With a se) By Hugh Whistler, F.L.s., HiZ.S:, M.B-O.U.. Be A Nore on Viverra Bin Bae. WW. ith ee plats.) ‘By Helen M. Lindsay, M.A., B.Sc.. MopErN Muszum METHODS. Part Tit (With: seven plates.) By_o- EH. Prater,: C.M.z.S.. A Note ON THE WORK OF NCO Saunt. tiene ee AT THE PRINCE OF WALES’ MusEuM, BOMBAY, FROM NOVEMBER 16, 1926 To FEBRUARY 10, 1928. (With a EL DLGN a NES AIM AGA Mp Ms BLO. Use eee 6 cves ue. «tees «ev sceianess PAGE 100 120 136 146 149 163 PAGE iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII THE Stupy oF INpIAN Birpvs. Part Il. (With two plates.) By Hugh Whistler “MsB70°U.C5 7.22 oteeeen cease eee ee REVIEWS :— BiG GAME SHOOTING IN THE INDIAN EMPIRE. .............. A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE GENUS A7istida.... cc cee ces eee A GARDEN BOOK FORYMAEAYV AGE occ) oso eee eee POPULAR HANDBOOK OF INDIAN BIRDS)..5 5.) ete ee BRAUTIFUL- EFEOWERS OF KASHMIR «22 vs .cshe ae ee FUDITORIA Li be nia serene sade soatedie ste ienens see hcocea eee ee eee MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I: it. XI: XII. XIII. XV: XV. OW XV. XVITIL. Woodcock in Burma. A Night on an Observation Machan in the Billttgirirangans.syalk. © Morice see = ecene Notes on the Common Indian Langur (P2thecus entellus). (With a plate.) By C. McCann........ A: Careless Tiger: By Nok. Bor t.rs.....2 An Unusual Find in a Tiger’s Skull. Van Ingen and Van Ingen........... Rae. Tigers climbing Trees. By Sides ai Suan. eae Ses Tiver Pooking % By kW Cy Moriss...3s.ee Sambhar and Wild Dog. By R.C. Morris Wild Dogs attacking Cattle. Gregory Smith.. 23 A Note on the Malayan Wild pee iCuse rutile) (With a plate.) By E. H. Peacock... “ hiadoms Comments on the Aardwolf Gy cnueae Sparrm.) mentioned in ‘A Sporting Trip to Somaliland’, in this. Journal By (C- RS: Pitman.. By Messts. By Capt. H. G. 12 Aon Wiicual AlGrade Reco cn fle Banking Dest (Muntiacus vaginalis.) By A. A. K. Sangster. Aborted Tusks in Elephants. By R. C. Morris.... Birds eating Butterflies. The Speed of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle vrudis leucomelanura.) By C. H. Donald........... The Food of Hornbills. By C. R. S. Pitman....... Pallas’ Fishing Eagle (Haliaétus oes killing Crane. By F. A.C. Munns.. co By Lieut. E. H. oes. ne Notes on the Indian Python Oe He ie in eaptivity. By C. Leigh, s.3.. By CoS a eitoran. 2.0 166 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII XIX: Comment on ‘The Record Cubbany Mahseer’. By Curator, Mysore, Government Museum, Bane alO need. ee ee aetcew os ioc cr acon hice sence debdan sucess XX. Aphidide of Mysore.. By B. Krishnamurthy, B.sc. XXI. Migration of Spiders. (W7th a-text-figure.) By | Wee er a erSOMle: etn. untae oe toes suai ows ocee neue: ESNSWERS- TO: © ORRESPONDENUDGHuisccsecn tars tesces ocecucinseteces PINOCHE DENG Gis Mech ee loa cce aces vanewd No. 2 Tur GAME BrirRpS OF THE INDIAN Empire. Part VIII. (With a coloured plate) oF THE CRAB PLOVER (Dromas ardeola). By E. C. Stuart Baker, J.P., F.Z.S., F.L.S., M.B.0.U., H.F.A.0.U.. * REVISION OF THE none OF THE sere Pete EpRCe. arte V rile “By EK. Blatter,-siJes: PH.D.) F.L:S.. a SOME EXTRACTS FROM My SHIKAR Diary. By Lt. Col. R. W. Burton.. ON THE neous OF = IS Neo Nionuec OF THE Fens Dicrocelium WITH A KRY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS. (With a plate.) By Dharam Narain, M.sc. and Ram eeA IN OAS RIES fate il tat oc cies costco ted cial laowalk Sk chaste es oeeie oe a THE STuDY OF PLANT Lire. Part HI. (With a plate, two - blocks and twenty-six text-figures.) By Charles McCann. Mossges COLLECTED IN WAZIRISTAN By Mr. J. FERNANDEZ tN.192/;.- By -H; N- Dixon, McA, F:L.S. ies TIGER TRACKS. (With four plates.) By F. W. Champion 19 SERS ee oa Pedi Ai cack nad onset ado teeta wel Sei ef INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Part XXXII. (With four plates.) By Lt.-Col. F. C. Fraser, 1.M.S., F.E.S. baie treaties MAHSEER (Larbus tor) IN BURMA AND THEIR eye ‘(With two plates and-a text-figure). By A. Macdonald. A New Species OF Balanophora FROM MAHABLESHWAR, ~ - BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. wae a plate.) By E. Blatter, s.J., PH.D., F.L.S.. ae CNET ech Stee Ate Nts yet THE STUDY OF iat Brees eae Il. (With two plates.) yet oes StICh yt .Z.S. (NB Ossie ., ecndecdec sks 0 Sea cde sat SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SuRVEY, No. XLVIII. INDIAN SHREWS. By Mrs. Helen M. Lindsay, M.A., B.SC.. ee Ga 8 te A ee A Sion OF INSECT PROTECTION: ise ees phasiana, FABR. ee two plates.) By ee R. W. G. Hingston, . PAGE 210 211 215 ZAG 220 223 229 326 34] vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII PAGE - A List of FISHES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE FROM 1901-1915. By R. Shunker Narayan Pillay, C.M.z.s.. 347 SHELLS OF THE TROPICAL SEAS. Part I. (With « a 1: photo.) By’lda -Colthurst.z.2cececctstte. ones 380 REVISIONAL NOTES OF THE GENUS HELIOPHOR US (Lycaenidae) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW Forms. Wath twenty-cight text-figures.) By No D. Riley =....0.....5. ) (384 REVIEWS :— SOME FRESHWATER FISHING IN MAEAVAN.£ Jfiy.c.50-sesteseann es 409 SPORT “AND WILD Line IN THE SOR CCANM Coa ee oem e 403 SHIKAR. fice URE SS KE LE Gal vik By SOREN» cc c3ha RSS IO oe 405 BIRDS AT THE NEST.. ae REA Satan Aon 405 BIRDS AND BEASTS OF THE Romi Hees. ae Pasa Ree A OT, GAME BIRDS.. aon 408 BULLETIN OF THE ae Museum, SS Nereus, Ne. 1, SEPTEMBER 1928.. sak Acnte yaaa Te Meee kaa Bee 410 ‘ WITH A CAMERA IN ieee LAND’ AN Te oroes owen vanheg healed AN APPEAL FOR SCORPIONS :sosccsscces Me enesenes tes deca sateen 412 EPIPORTAL 5 cosck Cac seek ee ee ee eee 413 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :-— I. After Bison and Buffalo in the High Sal Forests. By: J, A. Dukes; 12.. 419 II. Monkeys and ee (fe F. W. ‘Ghanmicae I.F.S. 424 HT. “The Man-eaters of Tsavo;, oe a plate.) By the Editors.. ike Ele WO (eh ek IV. Wounded Moors arin 5 Kill. “iy Ralph C. Morris.. ree 425 Ve Maasitements of ‘Panthers: By. 'R. creation Riopee: Lieut.: Rio Ay ee aaa 426 VI. Breeding Hanite ae nie Coraiten Moneonees Ore pestes edwardsi.) By Lt.-Col. A. G Frere, 1.a., FZ iSisne oan oo 02 soe 8 Veep eet ete cn ei ae ee 426 - VIL. A Stalwart Pariah Dog. By J. A; Duke: rey...22 77-428 VIII. Some Observations on Wild Elephants in Orissa. (With a map.) By H. I. Mooney, LEcSs. 430 IX. On‘ Natural Deaths’ in Wild Elephants. ae 1B Ww. Champion): Hise... See Ck, CRE hee, 433 X. A Large Tusker oe Soon Tadian “(With a plate). By D: R- DaWwadiae j Bea estan hoe XI. Height in Elephants. Be David Bodies aettas 437 XII. Abnormal Antlers of a Kashmir Stag fens ae (With a photo.) By GM. Gamble, Capt....,..,.,... 438 CONTENTS OF VQLUME XXXII XIII. Clicking Noise made by Muntjac. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton.. XIV. Some Notes on aie aneolia (Wane nara in Burma. (Witha plate.) By 5. F. Hopwood, 1.F.s. XV. The Babbler as a Barometer. By C. H. Donald..... XVI. The Nesting Habits of the Northern Grey Hornbill (Lophoceros btrostiis.) By J.D. Finlay .. XVII. Occurrence of the Xmas Island Frigate- Bird Upecata andrewst) on the West Coast of India. By S.H. ALC Ty CUNO sserei te ew ee re AC ae cinatae Vaind ences XVIII. Occurrence of the Sheldrake (Zadorna tadorna)in the United Provinces. By J.C. Faunthorpe, 1-@.S:, COB Hee MC Fy Nie rins Gncweticeies sce atteats onpas's eMicaee i: XIX. Migration of Wildfowl. (With a map.) By the Beit O1Ghie Seen bene i ta tence a tas Bin Hho we Lieto XX. The Flight of Birds at High Altitudes. By R. W.G. EATS SLOT, VU OL. WMG ce hes toe cients is bene sas XXI,. The Occurrence of the Gharial (Gavzalis gangeticus) ine bur ass WG. Bartomedss< oh eiio os pe eoaneens. XXII. On Some Common Indian Lizards. By H. Jouguet. XXIII. Some Notes on the Travancore Evening Brown Butterfly yaad marshalit) in Coorg. By J.A. Yates... Weed Gad ee De eR croceed cee cues aces XXIV. A SHORT Nowe: on a Lymantrid Caterpillar (Dasychira mendosa Hubn.) feeding on Mango Leaves. (Witha block). By S. Mukerji, M.Sc. XXV. A Preliminary Note on the Pollination of the Coral Tree (Arythrina indica) Lamk. (With two plates.) Pat © NOLO NG sock to nat as eaedl hae, coer sae e es. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTG............-+: J, EN, eee a PROCBEDINGS <(W2// two: plates) ..;......s00.s-.2408 Vil PAGE 439 439 442 444 445 446 446 449 450 452 455 458 460 463 468 Al PHABETICAL LIST OF COMPRILELORS VOLUME XXXII Nos. 1 PAGE Ant. SALIM.Ag, M:iBeOLULge A note on the wo:k of Nature Study teaching at the Prince of Wales’ Museum, Bombay, from 16th November 1926 to 10th February 1928 (w7th a plate) ‘ Answers to corecpondenias BAKER,: #. C. ‘STUART,: J-7P., BAZ SS lor eS, eo ND BiOsUs, eA Oe The Game Birds of the Indian Empire. Vol. V. shart Ville GW7th a coloured plate) of Sarus Crane Antigone antigone antigone... ie — ; The Game Birds of the Indian Empire, Vol. V. The Waders and other Semi-sporting Birds, Part VII. (With a coloured piate). The Crab Plover Dromas ardeola... he Barton, C.G.; The Occur rence of the Gharial (Gavzalis gangeticus) in Burma... te BLATTER, E. and McCann, C. ; Revision of the Flora of the Blom biay. Preside miciy. Part Vil. —_—-— } Revtien of fic Hora of the Bombay Presidency, Part Vill. Graminee bn BLATTER, Ee, “Say. -PheDs F.L.S.; New Commelinacee from the Western Ghats (wth two text-figures) SA 163 | 463 223 229 and 2 z PAGE BLATTER. tH Sale blo. PES) 2) mew). species jot Balanophora from Mahablesh- war, Boinbay Presidency | (with a plate) 309 | BORN SL.) an caneless heer 194 BOYLE, DAG D p Height in Elephants eee BURTON, BRIGADIER Cuvee! RG. Old Deccan days .14 4226 Burton Ligur.-Cot. R. W. (I.A, Retired). Some Extracts from my Shikar Diary, mainly for Novices 244 —_—_— ; Clicking noise made by Muntjac 439 CANS) J. Ea An appeal ie Scorpions att 412 CHAMPION, F. W., TEs. Tiger Tracks (with four plates) 284 With a Ghee in mies “Ean An Apology ... “oo 411 Monkeys and Carnivora 424 — —. ; On, “Natural Deaths’ in Wild Elephants ... 433 CoLTHURST, IDA; Shells of the Tropical Seas, PartI. (With a photo) Be a vee S80. Cooks, E. H.; Woodcock in Burma 207 CURATOR (auweores Covemaient Museum) ; Comment on ‘ The Record Cubbany Mahseer ’ 210 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PAGE Das, RAMSARAN ; See Narain, Dharam. Dixon; iH. N., Mo AS, Fob. 5. ; Mosses collected in Waziristan. By Mr. J. Fernandez in 1927... DonaLp, C. H. 32 Lhe speed’ of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanura).. - a ; The Babbler as a Barometer ... hits ee WweR Js ALY I. Po After Bison and Buffalo inthe High Sal Forests ; A Stalwart Pariah Dog EDITORIAL a : Epvitors; ‘ The Man-eaters of Tsavo.’ (With a plate) ; Migration of Wild- fowl (with a map) KE LLiLSoN, BERNARD C.,, Heke Goomnc MiZicos, Bolus, 4 Game Preservation and Game Experiments in India (with three plates) nw bs Ohm ge Oper FAUNTHORPE, Occurrence of: the Sheldrake (Tadorna tadorna) in the United Provinces : a niniayv: J. D.; | The. Nesting Habits of the Northern Grey Hornbill (Lophoceros birostris) FOWLER, HENRY W.; Further notes and _ descriptions of Bombay Shore-Fishes (wzth two plates) 4 ae Bae, FRASER, r-Cor. fei S es 7 hes See Indian | Dragonflies, Part + XXX, (With three plates) ai ———— —— ; Indian mMOragsonflies.- Part XXXII, (With four plates) Ae HRERE,.. LT.-COL. A.\G.,. 1A, F.Z.S.; Breeding Habits of the Common Mongoose (Her- pestes edwardst) Ss i GAMBLE, Capt. G. M.; Abnor- mal Antlers of a Kashmir Stag (Cervus hanglu) with a photo 3 . 184, 279 428 413 424 446 120 446 444 100 288 | 426 438 ix PAGE HINGSTON, Mayor R. W. Gry eve Se ea aA Shield-making Beetle (Sindia clathrata) (with a plate) i gat Uey ;. A. study in Insect Protection (Anoplocnemis pha- stana. Fabr.) (with two plates) ; The Flight of Birds at High Altitude . 5 ay Hopwoop, S: F., le Sa Some Notes on the Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in Burma (with a plate) ne INGEN, VAN AND VAN INGEN ; An unusua] find ina Tiger’s Skull (with a woodcut) JOUQUET, H.; On some Com- inon Indian Lizards KRISHNAMURTHY, B., Apidide of Mysore a3 LAPERSONNE, V. S.;‘ Migration of Spiders’ (with a text-figure) LEIGH, C.,S.J.; Notes on the Indian Python (Python molurus) in captivity .., Ae LINDSAY, Mrs. HELEN M., MAS, Bi) Ser; i tA note ton Viverra ctvettina, Blyth. (With two plates) 33 ; scientific Results of the Mammal Survey No. XLVIII. Indian Shrews. ... a Se LupLow, F.; Dongtse or Stray Bird Notes from Tibet (wth two plates) oe oe McCann, CHARLES ; The Study of Plant Lite; Part: IL... (Wt; three plates and four text- figures) .. 1a. s ; The Study of Plant Life, Part Ill. (W7th one plate, two blocks, and twenty-six text- TUSUTCS ae a Le; si ; Notes on the Coramon Indian Langur (Pithecus entellus) (witha plate) McCann, C.; See BLatrer, E. MACDONALD, A.; Mahseer (Barbus tor). In Burma, and their Habits (wzth two plates and a text-figure) B.Sc. 449 439 208 146 326 Le) on oo 192 302 x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PAGE Mooney, H. F., I.F.S.; Some Observations on Wild Ele- phants in Orissa. (W1th a map) 430 A night on an the Morris, R. C. ; Observation Machan in Billigirirangans... —-.--—— Sambhar ana Wild Dog oe in Elephants . 5) Aborted tusks ° ’ ; Wounded Tiger returning to kills ae MUKERJI, S., M.Sc. ; A short note on a Lymantrid Cater- pillar Dasychira mendosa (?) — -- Hubn. feeding on Mango Leaves with a block... A MUNNS, Bo ANGes Pallas’ Fishing Eagle (Haliaétus leucoryphus) killing Crane NARAIN, DHARAM. M.Sc. AND Ram Saran Das, M.Sc.; On the Anatomy of two New Trematodes of the Genus Dicrocelium with a key to the species of the Genus (with a plate) a cat ee PRACOCK, E.H.;- A note’ on the Malayan Wild Dog (Cuon rutilans) (with a plate) = PIVLAY = OR. Sie. nee VAN, GC, M-Z:S. 3A. List of Fishes taken in Travancore from_1901-1915 ... BAe PitmMaAN, Capt. C. R. S.; Com- ments on the Aardwolf (Pro- teles cristatus) Sparrm. mentioned in ‘ a Sporting trip to Somaliland’, in this jour- nal set Pe we ons ; Birds eating Butterflies ; The Food of MHorn- Dillgy st.2 38 he as PRATER, S. H., C. MLZ < ; The Dugong or Sea-Cow (AFalz- core dugong) (with four plates) Museum Methods, (With seven plates)... Modern Part III. DASH 458 207 250 200 201 204 149 PAGE PRATER}, Oa ae EL, CLM SZ ole Occurrence of the Xmas Island Frigate-Bird (Fregata andrewst) on the West Coast Orandiae... Proceedings plates) REVIEWS :— 1. Big Game shooting in the Indian Empire 2. A Critical Revision of tHe Genus Aristida ... 3. A Garden Book Malaya A Popular Heneone of Indian Birds oe 5. Beautiful Flowers of (with two £07 aN Kashmir 1. Some Freshwater ishing in Malaya aH sic 2, Sport and Wild Life in the Deccan 3. Shikar: being Tales fala by a Sportsman in India. 4, Birds at the Nest ? 5. Birds and Beasts of the Roman Zoo 6. Game Birds : see 7. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, _ Singapore (Straits Settlements) RILEY, N. D. ; Revisional Notes on the Genus AHeliophorus (Lycenide) with Descriptions of New Forms (wth twenty- eight text-figures ) ROPER: Lieut. Re, LAY: Nene Panthers.. ard Se SANGSTER, A, JN K. An un- usual altitude opel for the Barking Deer (Muntiacus vaginalts ) : fee ae SHAH, SADEG Z.; Tigers climb- ing Trees (with a plate) SinGH,:T..C. N.; A Preliminary Note on the-Pollination of the Coral Tree (Hrythrina indica, Lamk). (with'two plates) ... SMITH, CAPT, H. G. GREGORY ; Wild Dogs attacking cattle STOcK- Measurements of 445 468 410 384 426 201 196 460 199 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi PAGE PAGE Wapta, D.R.D.: A _ Large Cuckoo (Clamutor jacobinus) Tusker from South India (With amap) yes sit) 136 (with a plate) oa w. 434 | ——~— ; The study of Indian WarD, Cou. A.' E.; The Mam- Birds, PartI. The Origin of mals and Birds of Kashmir Birds (with two plates) 166 and the adjacent Hill Provin- ——_——— ; The study of Indian ces, Part VIIl. (With a Birds, Part II.(Wzth two plates) 311 plate) ons By . 65 | YAtHs, J..‘A.; Some notes WHISTLER, HuGH, F.L.S., | on the Travancore Evening Bees. al. be Ow Us. *: “Rhe _ Brown Butterfly (Parantir- Migration of the Pied Crested rhea marshallt, in Coorg) ... 455 TIS# OF PIA Bes VOLUME XxXxXiil No. 1 The Game Birds of the Indian Empire— Plate— The Sarus Crane (Axnitgone antigone antigone) The Study of Plant Life— Plate I. (A) Unbranched stems of Palms (Cauder) ... (B) Stem of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) : Plate Il. (A) Armed stem of Silk-cotton tree (Bomax wale baricum) as (B) Stem of forest Sambar or feta: entada Se pneA ae Plate III. (A) A Corm (Amorphophallus campanulatus) (B) A Rhizome (Canna) Dee (C) A Bulb of a Lily (Crinium prey Indian Dragonflies— Plate I. Dorsal View of :Anal Appendages of: Bayadera spp., Antsopleura spp. and Hpallage fatima Plate Il. Larva of Anisoplenra subplatystyla Plate III. Wings’ of Antsopleura lestoides, Dysphea Seale ana FEpallage fatima Sindia clathrata ; ee The Mammals and Birds of. Rashi ial the deaeent Hill pees Plate (A) Otter, approaching cautiously (B) ,, suddenly disturbed (C) ,, eating fish head foremost Dongtse, or Stray Bird Notes from Tibet— ° Plate I, (A) * A most grotesque. Lama dance or ‘‘ cham ’’’ (B) ‘ Four sage-green. brown-spotted eggs in a shale depression amongst the shingle’ Plate II. (A) ‘ Commands a glorious panorama of_the None. Chu Valley’ (B) ‘ The rivers still flow, albeit enee ced mien ice The Dugong or Sea Cow (falicore dugong) — Plate I. Dugongs Captured near Hamrham Island, Red Sea Plate II. Skulls of Dugongs Plate III. (Lettered iv) The Dugong (alice PRA) Photo- graphed from a specimen in the Colombo Museum to show the head and mouth parts Plate IV. 1. Upper jaw of.an old female Dugong 2. Upper jaw of a Young Dugong Further Notes and Descriptions of Bombay Shore Fishes— Plate 1. Pseudochromis spencei, 1 sp. Plate Il. Pomacenirus prateri, n.sp. Game Preservation and Game Experiments in India— Plate I. The Summer Palace of the Maharajah of Patiala at Chail in the Himalayas z ‘sinh PAGE 122 LIST OF PLATES Plate II. (A) Pinjour Gardens (B) Two-months old young pHeadaNts in ‘the feeding pen. Chail ve : Plate III (A) Aridein the jungles, used teinborarily asa Peldas: ing ground for pheasants .. ae (B) Cut jungles ready for the reception of pHeeeHats a The Migration of the Pied Crested Cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) — Map to illustrate the distribution in India of Clamator jacobinus A Note on Viverra civettina, Blyth— Plate I. Upper jaws of Viverra spp. Plate II. Lower jaws of Viverra spp. Modern Museum Methods— Plate I. Shelfless method of exhibiting Birds as applied in the Prince of Wales’ Museum é i Plate II. Painting Backgrounds for Habitat Groups .. Plate IfI. Sind Desert Group Plate IV. Grey or Timber Wolf Group Plate V. Brown Pelican Group Plate VI. Background for Wild Turkey Group ee Plate VIL. (A) Case illustrating how a snake poisons its prey (B) Case to illustrate breeding habits of snakes Plate. A Nature class for blind boys at the Prince of Wales’ Museum, Bombay wee oe es The Study of Indian Birds— Plate I. Legs of ape and a bird to show relationship of the bones Plate II. Hypothetical Restoration of pened pteryx hehoprepnice Notes on the Common Indian Langur (Pithecus entellus)— Plates I & II. Langurs at their Siesta Tigers Climbing trees— Plate. An arboreal Tigress, Mysore Zoo Note on the Malayan Wild Dog (Cuon rutilams)— Plate. A Study in relationship., A Malayan Wild Dog and Terrier. No. 2 The Game Birds of the Indian Empire— The Crab-Plover (Dromas ardeola) ait ee eae Anatomy of two New Trematodes :—Dicrocelium orientalis— D, indica Study of Plant Life— 1. A Compound Leaf. Pinnate of Orvoxylum indica, vent 2. ASimple Leaf: much divided Sauromatum guttatum Tiger Tracks— 1, A double track on either side, with the hind-foot leading 2. A-single track, that of the hind-foot on either side ais 3. Atypical Leopard track ee ae 4, A Tiger Picture in which the two legs on. the near hide will be off the ground at the same time ae oe ove 4 xili PaGE 128 128 129 129 145 146 146 150 154 155 160 161 161 161 161 164 168 172 192 196 200 220 252 268 268 284 285 286 287 xiv LIST. OF PLATES Indian Dragonflies— 1. Philoganga montana and Indophea fraseri 2. Two view of Philoganga pool, Shillong 3. (A) A’small stream at east end of valley in Shillong (B) View of the Hatti River, North Coorg 4. Pseudophea splendens and Indophea fraseri Mahseer ( arbus tor) in Burma and their habits— Plate I. (A) At the entrance of the N’Mai into the Confluence, a mornineg’s catch in the foreground (B) Our last morning’s catch on the Confluence Plate II. (A) A 16 1b. Chocolate Fish and 23 lb. ordinary Manecen: (B) A 44 1b. Thick-lip and 25 lb. ee Fish Balanophora elkinsi, Blatter sp. nov. : The Study of Tnaiat Bird— Plate A. Heads of Drongos (Dicruride) B. Tails of Drongos A Study in Insect Protection— . Plate I. Development of Anoplocnemis phasiana Plate Il. THE SARUS CRANE Antigone antigone antigone Ay Nat. size. JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society SEPTEMBER VoL. XXXIII No. 1 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE BY E. C. STUART BAKER, F.Z.S., F.L.S, M.B.OU., H.F.A.OU. VOL. V THE WADERS AND OTHER SEMI-SPORTING BIRDS ParT VII (With a coloured plate) (Continued trom page 621 of Volume XXXT1T) Genus—ANTIGONE Antigone Reichenb. Handb. Sp. Orn., p. xxiii (1852). Type.—Grus collaris Bodd.—Ardea antigone Linn. The genus Antigone differs from Megalornis in having nearly the whole head and neck bare, the hind neck, face and chin covered with coarse granulations. ANTIGONE ANTIGONE Key to Sub-spectes A. Paler, a ring round the neck and long inner secondaries white aa Pe B. Darker, no ring round the neck and long inner secondaries grey bee Red CA SHATPLL, Di. o A. a. antigone, p. 2 2 JOCORNAC, BOMBAY NATORAL TUST SOG a Cleo ANTIGONE ANTIGONE ANTIGONE * The Indian Sarus Crane _ Ardea antigone Linn., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p- 142 (1758) (India, Hartert). Grus antigone.—Blanf. and Oates, iv, p. 188. Vernacular names.—Saras, Sirhans (Hind.), Ahur-sang (Assam). Description.—A patch of grey-white feathers on the oral region ; a ring round the upper neck and a patch on the throat of black bristly feathers; a few coarse bristles on the lores ; remainder of head and neck bare, the crown smooth, the rest of the naked parts covered with coarse granulations; a ring of white feathers next the base of the bare neck; winglet, primary coverts and primaries black ; remainder of the plumage pale grey becoming almost white on the lengthened inner secondaries. Colours of sott paris.—Iris orange; bill pale greenish-horny with dark tip; legs fleshy red to livid red or red; bare skin of crown and lores ashy-green or glaucous green; the papillose skin of head and neck orange red becoming much deeper and brighter in the breeding season. Measurements.— ff wing 670 to 685 mm. ; tail 255 to 263 mm. ; tarsus about 310 to 355. mm.; culmen 172 to 182 mm.; @ rather smaller, wing 625 to 645 mm. Young birds have the whole head and neck covered with short buff, or rusty-buff feathers. , Nestlings are covered withrich deep brown down above, more rufous and lighter on sides and on the head, and paler below. Pistribution.—Northern India from the Indus to Western Assam (Gowhati); south to Bombay Presidency on the wesi as far as Khandesh and to the Godavery River on the east. Nidification.— The Sarus Crane breeds after the rains have well set in, that is to say from July onwards. Most eggs are laid between the middle of that month and the end of August but many are laid in September. From then until the end of November casuai nests and eggs may constantly be found whilst I have one clutch from the Central Provinces taken in March, a most unusual time. Pershouse took a nest with single egg in December and Captain E. O’Brien found a newly hatched young one on February 12. The birds generally select for their nesting site some piece of ground entirely surrounded by water or by swampy marsh land, but occasionally will lay in comparatively dry open plains. Concealment never seems to be aimed at, rather they choose a place from which they can see danger from afar off. Jackals and other vermin have no terrors for these birds for they can protect eggs and young so long as they can see their enemies coming and get back to their nests in time. Even of man they have butlittle fear and stick to their nests until very closely approached. Hume tells an amusing tale of a pair of birds whom he sent his ‘syce’ to rob of their eggs. ‘‘ As he commenced wading towards the nest the male began to dance about, flapping his wings and trumpeting most bravely ; but when the man got within a few yards and landed safely ona patch of dry ground on which the nest rested, the male put his head dcwn and ran off very THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE 3° crestfallen to aridge in the water some fifty yards. distant, whence he began with loud cries toencourage his lady not to allow ‘that black rascal’ to take any liberties. She sat quite still neither moved nor cried, only as the man came close to her made such vigorous pokes and drives at him that he got frightened and was picking up a great dry branch to strike her with, whenI called out to him to flap her in the face with his waistcloth. Thishe did vigorously and this being more than she could endure, she relunctantly crept off the nest, now complaining loudly and joined the male.’ There was only one egg; this the man brought, but before he could reach me the female had regained the nest, and afterminutely examining it and making certain the egg was gone, she stood on the top and with bill, legs, and feet commenced throwing the straw about in the air in the most furious manner as if beside herself with rage. Then the male came up trumpeting, but directly he came near-she flew at him, and he scrambled off, half running half flapping, through the water, and making more noise than ever.”’ The egg, nearly hatching, was restored to the nest and the female was down upon it before the man had left the island. In curious contrast to this account is one narrated by Captain O’Brien who handled a young one whilst both parents remained about 30 yards away, showing no signs of anxiety. Even when Mrs. O’Brien joined him and inspected their baby the old birds did not seem to object, though Jater when a kite came near the nest they both attacked it. As Captain O’Brien remarks that evidently the old birds knew their real enemy. The nest varies considerably in size. It is made of straw, rushes, grass and all sorts of rubbish and is often added to when floods threaten it with swamping. Nests have been measured as much. as nine feet across the bottom, three feet across the top and three or four feet high. Other nests built on comparatively dry ground may not be more than two-feet across and a few inches high. The eggs laid are normally two, but one only is frequently incubated and even when two young are hatched itis seldom that more than one survives fot more thana few days. They are quite unlike the eggs of the genus Megalornis. The ground colour is white, excep- tionally tinted with reddish or sea green; some few eggs are quite unspotted but most are sparsely biotched with light reddish, deep reddish-brown or purpie-brown with others equally scanty, of pale lavender or reddish-grey. In about one egg in every dozen or so the blotches are bolder, more numerous and darker and consequently the eggs are more handsome. In shape they are long pointed ovals and in texture very strong and coarse but the surface is smooth, often highly glossed, and is invariably covered with tiny pits or pores which collect the dirt and give a speckled appearance to the egg. One hundred eggs average 104°4 «x 64:3 mm.; maxima 113-2 x 698mm. ; minima 932 x 65-0 and 105°5 x 53°8 mm. Habits.—Vhe Sarus Crane is resident wherever found and is always to be seen in pairs, sometimes accompanied by one or two young. Occasionally they may be seen in small flocks but even in these instances the pairs keep together and flocks are but rarely seen except in the driest seasons or in droughts when necessity drives 4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXII1 many pairs to places where there is still enough water left to satisfy their wants. They are essentially birds of the well-watered plains and keep away from hills and broken country or from widespread dry and desert areas. On the other hand the swamps and lakes often satisfy their needs altogether and they wade their existence away without resort to dry land except for nesting purposes. They pair for life and are very devoted mates so that if one is killed it is said that the survivor often dies of grief. Hume comments on this and points out that if specimens are required for skins or if food is needed for servants, étc., it is better to kill both male and female than to let one go. As game birds, however, no one can possibly wish to shoot them. They are sotame that stalking them affords no difficulty and therefore no pleasure, their flesh is not in any way desirable, even if eatable, whilst the delight of watching the birds is more than enough to compensate the greediest of slaughterers for the loss of ashot. Their flight is powerful and by no means slow but they rise off the ground with difficulty, generally running some yards with flapping wings until they gain sufficient impetus ; once started, however, they fly great distances with ease, though the flight is noisy and generally close to the ground, seldom more than fifty feet from it and often far less. They never soaras the Cranes of the preceding genus do and their flight is inferior in every way to that of these migrating birds. It should be noted that Osmaston twice saw these cranes flying in flocks, once of 20 and once of 24 birds and that in the former case they adopted the ‘ V’ shape flight and in the second flew ina long line. On foot, they are even better performers than other cranes and often walk considerable distances over plains and shallow swamps to favourite feeding places, step- ping along with care and no little grace of movement. Like all cranes they indulge in all kinds of fantastic dances which are not graceful or conducted in the deliberate, rather dignified. style of their normal walk. These dances are indulged in by both sexes, more often, but not only, in the breeding season. The cock bird usually starts the performance by picking up a straw or branch in his bill and then strutting with a dancing motion towards his lady love. When within a few feet of her he bows, throws his head back, trumpets and with wings outspread dances a das seule of half a dozen steps, each leg lifted high and quickly into the air, accom- panied by a hop off the ground; a few bowings and tossings of the head follow and then once more some steps. This may go on fora few minutes, the female joining in or not as the mood seizes her, and then suddenly both recommence feeding. Their food consists of all kinds of grain, shoots, aquatic plants, frogs, lizards, insects, etc. and they feed alike in shallow water up to 18 inches deep and in cultivated fields and open plains. Two or three pairs in a field of young wheat or rice are said to be capable of doing considerable damage, though this can never be compared with the destruction of crops by a mighty flock of Common or Demoiselle Cranes. Their call is a loud sonorous trumpet uttered chiefly in the morn- ings and evenings and through the night, when the birds of a pair, separated in the darkness, call constantly to one another. Chace THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE ss) The young remain with their parents until they are nearly full grown and the Jatter desire to think once more about their annual domestic arrangements. They are affectionate, quiet and gentle birds in a state of nature but make bad pets, domesticated birds often being very savage and actually dangerous with children, attacking them fiercely and endangering their eyes. . ANTIGONE ANTIGONE SHARPII The Burmese Sarus Grus sharpiit Bianf., B.O.C., v, p. vit (1895) (Burma); Blanf. and Oates: ive p: 169 ,part). Vernacular names.—Gyo-gya(Burm.) ; Khior-sang. (Assam). Wdnu, Wotnuren (Manipur). 7 Description.—The plumage generally rather darker than in the preceding race. There is no white ring of feathers at the base of the neck and the inner secondaries are practically the same colour as the back. Colours of sott parts as in the Indian Sarus. Measurements. —Wing 600 to 675 mm. Distribution.—Assam east of Kamrup, Burma, Siam and Cochin China. Specimens from Penang may probably have not been wild birds. Niditication.—Nests and eggs of this Crane so exactly resemble those of the preceding bird that no further description of them is needed. The country in which they are found, however, sometimes differs in being much more forested. In 1902-3 Coltart noticed a pair of these birds constantly frequenting a wide open space in the forest on the Dehing River. This place, perhaps half a mile across or a little more, was entirely surrounded by virgin forest and in the cold weather was dry and covered with short grass a foot or so high with a deep swamp in the centre much frequented by Wood Duck. In the rains practically the whole area was under water exept for small islands of rather higher land. On one of these the Cranes had constructed their cone-shaped nest and on June 19 when I went to see if they had thoughts of nesting I found it completed and containing two hard set eggs. Wardlaw Ramsay and Oates found it breeding in Burma during August and September and its early breeding in Assam may have been due to the early breaking of the rains in that province and to the naturally wet and marshy nature of the country. The eleven eggs I have seen average101:‘1 x 63-8mm., maxima 1068 x 63°8 and 103°6 x 680 mm.; minima 973 « 64:8 and 98°5 x 585mm. I have seen no pure white eggs of this race. The birds from whom I took the eggs in Margherita made no defence of the nest and no protest beyond trumpeting as they flew away. Hlabtts. Quite similar in most respects to those of the preceding race but it is often found in marshes and plains of no great extent near forest and it seems to be a far more shy wild bird, very wary and very hard to approach close enough fora shot. I have seen them occasionally in Lakhimpur feeding in the rice fields in pairs but always on the lookout and always rising long before I could possibly § JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXII1 shoot at them. They seem to rise more easily than their Indian cousins, a few strides forward with spread wings and they were away and soon mounted two or three hundred feet into the air. Their high-flying propensities are no doubt due to their living in better wooded, more forested countries than the Indian birds, this teaching them to rise more quickly and to keep higher up than they do. Their beauriful trumpet call is that of the genus and is a fine sound when it rings out in the early dawn of aclear Indian Winter morning. ‘The few I have seen were not noisy birds, but Oates says of the Pegu birds that their fine trumpet calls may be heard at all seasons. (To be continued) REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY BY EE; BLATTER, S.J.; PH:D.,; F:E.S. PART VII GRAMINEZ BY E. BLATTER and C. MCCANN (Continued from p. 649 of Volume XXXI/) 50. PSKUDECHINOLANA, Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 494. Annual. Culms very slender with a prostrate rooting base. Leaf-blades lanceolate, soft. Spikelets very irregularly armed or quite unarmed, obliquely ovoid, laterally compressed and mostly conspicuously gaping, falling entire from the pedicels, binate or more often subsolitary or solitary, secund on the flat or subtriquetrous slender rhachis of spiciform racemosely arranged racemes. Involucral glumes herbaceous, of about the same Jength and alinost as long as the spikelet, or the lower distinctly shorter, heteromorphous. Lower more or less flat, 3-nerved, smooth or almost so; uppe1 boat-shaped, gibbous down- wards, 7-nerved, with longitudinal rows of more or less transparent spots between the nerves and with or without shorter or longer, stout, hooked hairs or bristles from the centre of the spots Lower floret male or barren, as long as the spikelet ; glume oblong-lanceolate with a minutely truncate tip, laterally compressed, but rounded on the back, chartacecus, with membranous margins and a delicate hyaline area at the base, smooth, pale almost as long as the glume, more or less convolute, faintly 2-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite, shorter than the lower; glume broad-lanceolate to oblong, subacute, very convex on the back, chartaceous, faintly 5-nerved pale similar to the valve in texture, tightly clasped by it when mature. Lodicules 2, cuneate tamens 3. Styles free at the base, capillary ; stigmas plumose, subterminally exserted. Grain oblong in face-view, semi-obovate in profile, back very convex ; scutellum elliptic, almost half the length of the grain ; hilum subbasal, punctiform. Species 1.—Tropics of the whole world. The only species of this genus was originally described under Achinolena. This genus, however, is exclusively American which, according to Stapf, differs from Pseudechinole@na in many ways, ‘as in its 'densely packed spikes, the many-nerved lower glume, the ‘‘eglandular’’ always unarmed upper glume, the uniformly papery 5-nerved lower valve [lower floral glume] which is accom- panied by a sharply 2-keeled flat valvule [pale], the basally appendaged fertile valve [upper floral glume] and the acutely auricled or toothed flaps of its valvule [pale], and finally the flatter grain which is marked with a panduri- form line on the face extending through its full length and possesses a slender linear hilum.’ Pseudechinolena polystachya, Stapf in Prain F!. Trop. Afr. ix, 495 — Achi- nolena polystachya, H. B.& K. Nov. Gen. ef Sp. i, 119, vii, t 679; Kunth Enum. i, 172, Suppl. 127 ; Hitchcock Mex. Grass. in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. xvii, 223; A. Chase in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xxiv, 118.—4. 7riniz, Moritzi Syst. Verz. Zoll 102 —Lappago aliena, Spreng. Neue Entdeck. iii, 15.— Panicum uncinatum, Raddi Agiost. Bras. 41; Trin. Gram. Panic. 240, and Sp. Gram. Ic.t. 216; Kunth Enum. i, 172; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 60; Hook. f.in F.B.I. vii, 58; Trim. Handb. Fl. Ceyl v, 160.—P glandulosum, Nees ex Trin. Gram. Pan. 174, and Agrost. Bras. 128.—P. xemorosum, 8 Trin. l.c.—F. 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Volz XcegT/ heteranthum, Link Hort. Berol. i, 212, Kunth l.c. 92.—P. echinatum, Willd. ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. II, ii, 193.--P. polystachyum, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost.--Afr. C. 103 (on aliorum). Description: Perennial. Culm about 60cm long, of which about half is rising above ground, and the other half prostrate, giving off numerous short or long branches, growing into secondary culms, their bases often finely filiform, all many-noded and rooting from the nodes near the ground ; erect or ascending portion above the last branch 5-8-noded with as many perfect leaves; internodes exserted, terete, glabrous. Leaf-blades lanceolate from a shortly contracted or rounded and usually slightly oblique base, acutely acuminate, from less than 12 mm. (lowest) to up to over 6 cm. by 4-12 mm., dark green, glabrous, with scattered or very fine stiff hairs above, finely and appressedly pubescent under- neath, midrib very fine, whitish or straw-coloured, lateral nerves fine, numerous, crowded. Sheaths tight, terete, strongly striate, more or less appressedly hairy and ciliate along the margin or only ciliate. Ligules thin, membranous, rounded or truncate, ciliolate, under 2mm. long. Inflorescence up to over 15 cm. long, with up to 6 or even 8 racemes, mostly much shorter and with fewer racemes, occasionally reduced to a solitary raceme; common axis subterete, almost smooth, glabrous, 0°5 mm. in diam.; racemes appressed to the common axis or obliquely spreading, the lowest up to 35mm. long, sometimes quite short ; rhachis filiform, triquetrous, minutely puberulous; pedicels filiform, angular, pruinosely scaberulous, lateral up to 2mm. long, often much shorter. Spikelets often unequally developed, the lower of each raceme or the lower (secondary) of each pair often reduced in a varying degree, if perfect about 4 nm. long. Involucral glumes du!l or brownish green ; lower oblong- to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the spikelet or shorter, glabrous or sparingly and minutely scaberulous, nerves stout ; upper semi ovate in profile, acute with the tip laterally compressed, armature vary variable in the same raceme, from short asperities to sharply pointed hairs bent at a right angle near the base, then appressed and directed forwards, or short or long (to over 1 mm.), cylindric or stoutly subulate protruberances bea-ing terminally at a right angle a fine very sharp bristle pointing mostly forwards, outermost lateral nerves marginal. Lower floral glume pale, greenish only at the tip, very delicately scaberulous, hyalive basal area oblong, 1 mm. long ; upper slightly over 2 mm. long, straw- coloured smooth, shining. Grain 1°6 by 0°6 mm., pale. Locality: Kanara : Siddhapur, evergreen forest (Talbot 1081 !). 51. OPpLISMENUS, P. Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii, 14; Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 630. Species about fifteen, in the warmer parts of the world, but mostly tropical. We retain tne two species mentioned by Cooke ii, 926, 927. 1. Oplismenus compositus, P. Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 54; Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii, 484; Kunth Enum. i, 141; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 161; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 81; Hook. f. F.B.I., vii, 66; Cke. ii, 926 ; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 999; Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 634. For syn. see Hook. f. and Stapf Tice: Description : Cke. 1.c. A very variable plant. Locality : Khandesh ; Toranma! (McCann 9593 !).-- Konkan: At the foot of the Ghats under the shade of trees (Dalzell & Gibson) ; Bassein (Chibber 164 !) ; Kenery Caves (McCann 9445!) ; Sion, woods (Blatter 9591!) ; Matheran, to Louisa Point (D’Almeida A244!, Woodrow) ; Thana (Lisboa).—Deccan : Igatpuri (McCann 4342 !) ; Khandala, common in forests (McCann 5335!) ; Lonavla (Lisboa) ; Panchgani, Tiger path (Blatter « Hallberg B1253!).— S. M. Country : Bidi, shade of trees (Sedgwick & Bell 2962!) ; forests W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick & Bell 1853!) ; Castle Rock (Bhide!, McCann!) ; Londa (Woodrow !).—-Kanara: Yellapore (Talbot 736!) ; Karwar (Talbot 1322!) ; Goond (Talbot 2204!) ; Amshi Ghat (Talbot 2192 ;) ; Kadgal (Woodrow). Distribution: Throughout India, Ceylon, tropical and subtropical Asia. ustralia and Polynesia. 2 Oplismenus Burmanni, P. Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 54; Reem. & Schult. Syst. Il, 482; Kunth Rev. Gram. i, 44, and Enum. i, 139; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 8., Ill. Indig. Fodd. Grass. t.47, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 13; Hook. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 9 fete be Le vil 68); Cker i1,/927;- Elaines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 999 ; Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 636.—For syn. see Hook. f. and Stapf 11. cc. Description : Cke. 1.c. Locality : Gujarat: Surat, shady places (Sedgwick 314 !).— Konkan : Versova (McCann 4313!); Alibag, sandy shore, on the roots of coconut tree (Fzekiel !); Bombay Isl. (McCann !); Parel (Herb. Dehra Dun!, Woodrow).—Deccan : Chakan (Gammie !); Khandala, very common, forming carpets under trees (McCann 9592!); Lonavla (McCann 3898 !); Igatpuri (McCann !); Panchgani (Woodrow).—S.47. Country: S.W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick & Bell 4438!) ; Dharwar, shade of trees (Sedgwick 1837 !); Londa (Gammie 15826 !); Castle Rock (Gammie 15696 !).—Kanara : Halyal (Talbot 2085 !); Karwar (Talbot 1295 !). Distribution ; Widely distributed throughout the tropics of both hemis- pheres. 52. Panicum, Linn. Stapfin Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. IX, 638. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely suffrutescent, of various habit and size. Leaves mostly linear to linear-lanceolate, but also ovate or filiform to subulate. Ligules usually reduced to aciliate rim or a fringe of hairs, rarely a distinct membrane or 0. Panicles usually much divided and at least temporarily open. Spikelets usually loosely scattered, glabrous or hairy, lanceolate to oblong, elliptic or orbicular in outline, symmetrical in profile, rarely somewhat oblique, falling entire or almost so from the often.elongated pedicels of a compound or decompound panicle, without a definite orientation towards the axis. Involucral glumes more or less herbaceous-membranous, lower usually shorter than the upper, often very much so, rarely equalling it, usually with 1 or more nerves, or if very small, nerveless ; upper as long as the spikelet, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved Lower floral glume very similar to the upper involucral glume and equally rounded and curved on the back, 5-9-, rarely 3- or 11-nerved, male or neuter, pale thinly membranous to subhyaline, subequal to the lower floral glume or more or less reduced, rarely suppressed. Upper floral glume subcoriaceous to coriaceous with firm margins, obtuse to subacute, emucronate, faintly nerved, hermaphrodite, pale subequal to the glume and of similar substance, tightly embraced by the more or less involute margins of the glume. Lodicules 2, broadly cuneate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas laterally exserted near the tip of the floret. Grain tightly enclosed by the hardened valve and valvule, dorsally compressed, biconvex to almost plano- convex ; scutellum elliptic to ovate-elliptic, about half as long as the grain ; hilum subbasal, punctiform Species about 400. Inthe tropical and subtropical regions of both hemis- pheres, few in the warm-temperate regions. Cooke mentions 20 indigenous and 4 cultivated species. Of the 24 species we have put Panicum flavidum, Retz., P. punctatum, Burm., and P. fluttans under Paspalidium. Panicum stagninum, Retz. and P. colonum, Linn. have been transferred to Echinochloa. Panicum Isachneé, Roth, P. ramosum, Linn. and P. muticum. Forsk. belong to Brachiaria. Panicum prostratum, Lamk , P. setigerum, Retz. and P. javanicum, Poir. have been described under Urochloa. Panicum interruptum, Willd. and P. myosuroides will be dealt with under Sacciolepts. Panicum patens, Linn. will be transferred to Cyrtococcum. New to the Presidency are P pstlopodium, Trin, and P. auritum, Presl. A. Lower involucral glume as Jong as the lower floral glume or nearly so aoe (4. Ll. P.turgidum. B. Lower involucral glume shorter than the lower floral glume I. Annuals 1. Leaves less than 12 mm. broad @. Panicle about 35 em. lone ... fae Es OOSCUTONS. 6. Panicle not more than 25 cm. long aa. Spikelets gaping mee sO LI DEVON. 66. Spikelets not gaping... .. 4, P. pstlopodium, Z 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL.HIST. SCCLETY, Vol. XXXII 2, Leaves more than 12 mm. broad a. Spikelets 4°5-5mm.long ... ae O WP, miltaceum. 6. Spikelets 2-3-2 mm. long ... ws OL 22. pnileare. Il. Perennials 1. Lower involucral glumes very minute, one or rarely both often obsolete : 7. P. subeglume. 2. Lower involucral glumes distinctly evi- dent a. Culms up to3 m. high As a. 8. PF. maximum: 6. Culms less than 1'7 m. high aa. Culms not more than 90cm. high... 9. P. paludosum. 66. Culms more than 90 cm. high + Spikelets laxly clustered on the branches.. sox .... 10. ° 2. aniidotale: ++ Spikelets solitary aes . Lll.- P. montaniumn. +++ Spikelets fascicled,subsecund, ses- sile or shortly pedicelled ws 12.) 2. auritam: 1. Panicum turgidum, Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.—Arab. (1775), 18; Del. Fl. Egypte 19, t.9, fig. 2; Trin. Diss. Gram. Pan. 189, Gram, Icon. & Descer. ii 227, Pan. Gen. PHA ‘and in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. sér. vi, iii, 307 ; Kunth Enum. i, 97 ; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 88; Boiss. Fl. Or. v, 441; Duthie ‘Fodd. Grass. N. ‘Ind. 13; Balf. f. Bot. Socotra 310 LOOK she Holack ev Als 44 ; Stapf in Kew Bull. (1907), 214: Muschler, Man. Fl. BHeypt i, 97; Cke. 11,1935; Stapf im Prain Fl. Lrop, Afr. ix, 706.—P. nubicum, Vig. & De Not. in Mem. Ac. Torin. ser. 2, xiv, t. TUES ieee Description : Cke. l.c. Locality: Sind: (Duthie feste Cooke); Sehwan, sand hills (Bhide!),— Gujarat - Rajkot, Kathiawar (Woodrow feste Cooke). Distribution : Tropical Africa, Egypt, Cyprus, S. Palestine, Arabia, Socotra, S. Persia, Baluchistan, Sind, Gujarat. Uses: An excellent fodder for camels. 2. Panicum obscurans, Woodr. in Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., xiii (1901), 434 ; Cke. ii, 935.— /sachne obscurans, Woodr. in Gard Chron. 23, ser. 3 (1898), 161. Description: Cke. l.c. According to Woodrow the whole inflorescence breaks off and is driven about by the wind. Stapf says that the tropical African Panicum hippothrix, kK. Schum. is very similar and perhaps identical with P. obscurans, but he adds that the blades of the latter are much wider, measuring up to 14 mm. and that the panicle ‘ is perhaps on the whole more open with slightly larger spikelets.’ (In Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 699.) These are scarcely differences to justify specific distinction, but as we have not seen the African plant, we do not venture to decide the point. If the identity between the two species should be established, Woodrow’s righ name, being of a later date by four years, will have to cede to P. hippothrix. “Locality : Deccan: Mangiri Farm (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Jeur near Sholapur (Woodrow). Distribution : Endemic. 3. Panicum trypheroa, Schult. Mantiss. ii (1824), 244 ; Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii, 47 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 1176; Cke. ii, 936; Haines in Bot. Bihar & Orissa 995. P. miliare, Wall. Cat. No. 8712 (artim) E.—P. mucronatum, Heyne in Wall. Cat. No. 8717 (partim).—P. Neestanum, Wight & Arn.ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 74,— P. Roxburghii, Spreng. Syst. i, 320; Kunth Enum. Pl.i, 126; Steud. l.c. 98.— P. tenellum, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i, 306 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 7. Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 712 has separated P. porphyrrhizos, Steud. from P. trypheron, Schult, as understood by Hook. f. in F.B.I. lc., and with it all the material covered by the following synonyms: P. confine, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 72.—P. jumentorum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss.: ii, 373 (non Jacq.).—P. trypheron, therefore, does not occur in tropical Africa. Description : Cke, l.c. Locality : Gujarat: On the Idar Frontier, Prantij Taluka, sandy waste (Sedgwick !).—Konkan : Malabar Hill (Lisboa feste Cooke).—Deccan - Poona REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY | 11 (Woodrow feste Cooke) ; Jeur (Woodrow Zeste Cooke) ; Malhargad (Woodrow teste Cooke).—S. 17. Country: Dharwar (Garade!) ; Dharwar, on pastures and dry hills (Sedgwick 6144 !). Distribution ; Punjab, Bengal, W. Peninsula, Ceylon, China, Borneo. 4. Panicum psilopodium, Trin. Gram. Panic. 217; Kunth Enum. PI. i, 100; Steud. Syn. Gram. 83; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 161; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6, Field and Gard. Crops i, t. 23, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10 (zz nota) ; Hook. f. F.B.I. vii, 46; Saxton & Sedgwick, Plants of N. Gujarat in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. vi (1918), 312 ; Haines in Bot. Bihar & Orissa 993. Description: An annual, tufted grass. Culms erect or quickly ascending, 30-60 cm.high, ratherslender, simple or branched, usually leafy up tothe panicle. Leaves rather broadly linear, acute or somewhat acuminate, 7-30 cm. by 4-8 mm. glabrous or with few short spreading hairs towards the base, rarely thinly hairy all over. Sheaths often with spreading hairs which leave minute rais- ed dots after falling, more usually glabrous, loose, striate. Ligule a narrow row of hairs. Panicle spreading, 5-20 cm. long, with very capillary branches and slender pedicels which are often 10 mm. long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long, gemi- nate, narrowly elliptic, with abruptly acutetip. Lower involucral glume very broadly ovate-acute, about 3 the spikelet, base amplexicaul but not overlapping itself in front, 5-nerved. Upper involucral glume oblong-ovate, as long as spikelet, minutely cuspidate, 9- (11-) nerved. Lower floral glume similar, with delicate, oblong, margined pale. Upper narrow-ellipsoid, acute, very smooth and polished as is its pale. Locality ; Gujarat: Ahmedabad ard elsewhere in shady wet places in the monsoon (Saxton & Sedgwick). Distribution : India, Burma, Malacca, Ceylon. *5. Panicum miliaceum, Lion. Sp. Pl. (1753), 58; Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.—Arab, civ; Host. Gram. Austr.ii, 16, t.20; Kunth Enum.i, 104, Suppl. 81; Trin. Pan. Gens 194, sp. Gram.ic.'t.i221; Reichb. Ic. Fl’ Germ. vil,t. 82; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum.i,:77; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. $, Field and Gard. Crops t. 23, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind.9; Hook f. F.B.I. vii, 45; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind. vi, 12; Cke. ii, 939; Stapfin Prain Fl. Trop. Afr.ix, 696.—P. asperrimum, Fisch. Cat. Hort. Govenk. ex Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 46, t. 31; Nees Agrost. Bras. 199.—P. Milium, Pers.Syn 1. 83.—MWtlium esculentum, Mcench Meth. 203.— M. Panicum, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii, no. 1. Vern. Names: Common Millet; cheno (Guj.); vari (Decc.); gajro (Panch Mahals); sava (Mar.); chinee (Sind). Description : A tufted annual,0°6—1°2 m. high. Stems erect or geniculately ascending, terete, stout or slender, 4-5-noded, simple or sparingly branched, more or less softly hirsute below the nodes, the uppermost internode usually quite glabrous. Leaf-blades linear from an equally wide or slightly contracted and rounded base, long-tapering to a slender point, 15 to over 30 cm. by 6-20 mm., flat, flexuous, usually glabrous except for the often ciliate lower margins and hispidulous dorsal midrib, rarely sparsely hairy all over, hairs long and fine, midrib somewhat stout and prominent below in large leaves, primary lateral nerves 3-6 on each side, very slender. Sheaths terete, somewhat loose or the upper tight, closely striate, spreadingly hirsute with tubercle-based hairs, pubescent or loosely bearded at the nodes, longer or slightly shorter than the internodes. Ligule a narrow ciliate rim. Panicles contracted and rather dense or open, narrowly oblong, nodding, often with their base permanently enclos- ed inthe uppermost sheath or only shortly exserted, up to 30 cm. long in sub- spontaneous specimens usually scantier, looser and at length mcre open, divided up to the fourth or in cultivated specimens the fifth degree, all the divisions filiform, angular and scabrid ; primary axis slender or somewhat stout below, subterete, striate or grooved and smooth towards the base ; pri- mary branches more or less approximate below, more distant upwards, often much divided from low down; branchlets relatively long, the lower divided again in the same manner or like the remainder from much higher up with spikelets in small loose racemes of 2 (rarely 3) towards the summit; pedicels hardly thickened upwards, with truncate tips, the lateral trom less than 2-6 mm. long. Spikelets ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, apiculate-acuminate, turgid, 4°5-5 mm. long, glabrous, green or brownish green. Involucral glumes per- sistent, unequal, strongly and prominently nerved ; lower broad-ovate, acute, 12. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOGIETY, Vol. Xoo from 3-3 the length of the lower floret, 5-nerved, upper corresponding in size and outline to the spikelet, broadly rounded on the back, 1l-nerved, tip con- tracted, apiculate to shortly rostrate. Lower floral glume barren, very like the lower involucral glume, pale ovate to ovate-oblong, truncate or emarginate, up to about 3 the length of the glume. Upper floret hermophrodite, elliptic-oblong in outline, subacute, very convex on the back, up to over 3 by 2 mm., variously coloured (white, yellow, red, brown or black), very smooth and polished, ‘glume and pale crustaceous. Grain white. Locality : Cultivated in many parts of the Presidency, chiefly in Gujarat and on the Ghats. Distribution : Supposed to have originated in India. But see DeCandolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 376, London 1909. Uses ; Cultivated for its grain and as a good fodder. *6. Panicum miliare, Lamk. Ill. Gen. i (1791), 173; Roxb. FI. Ind. i, 309; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 104; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 159; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 5, Field and Gard. Crops 7, t. 26, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 46, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10 ; Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii, 46 ; Cke. ii, 939 (fartim)'; Haines in Bot. Bihar & Orissa 993. Description : An annual grass. Culms 30-90 cm. high, rather slender, erect or base geniculate, simple or branched, usually leafy up to the panicle. Leaves linear, 15-60 cm. by 12-25 mm., gradually tapering from a broad base, glabrous or finely hairy, sheaths glabrous, rarely hirsute with tubercle-based hairs. Pani- cles very compound, contracted or thyrsiform, and often nodding, 10-25 cm. long (without the subsidiary axillary panicles which are often developed). Spikelets glabrous, rather flattened, suddenly acute or slightly cuspidate, 2-3°2 mm. long, mostly paired on unequal pedicels, but often solitary at the ends of the branchlets, lanceolate in flower, elliptic or broadly elliptic in fruit. Lower involucral glume very broadly ovate, subtruncate, then suddenly acute, or scarcely acute, about 3 the spikelet, white, membranous, 3-5-nerved, nerves arching and anastomosing. Upper involucral glume herbaceous, ovate-lanceo- late, 11-13-nerved. Lower floral glume 9-nerved, neuter, pale as long asits glume. Upper floral glume narrow-elliptic or elliptic-oblong to broadly ovate, acute, shining, white or pale brown, or dark brown, often 3-5-streaked dorsally. Locality : Cultivated occasionally in some parts of the Presidency. Note.--P. miliare is in all probability a cultivated form of ?. psilopodium. It is not always easy to distinguish between the two. Hooker already felt this difficulty. ‘If I remember aright,’ he says, ‘ P. mzliare was conjectured by Munro to bea cultivated form of P. pszlopodium ; and except in the greater size, more contracted panicle, rather larger spikelets and usually shorter pedicels of P. miliare \ failed to find characters whereby to separate them, and these are not very reliable. In its common state the grain of mzliare is broader than in any form of pszlopoditum and much darker coloured.’ (F.B.I. vii, 46). Duthie was unable to distinguish P. mzliare from P. psilopodium (Fodd Grass, N. Ind. 10). Stapf, however, is inclined to think that they are separable. In his opinion the true P. pstlopodium has nearly always glabrous leaves, smaller spikelets and a shorter lower involucral glume. Prain in his Bengal Plants gives as the characters of P. miliare: ‘ Leaves hairy; cultivated’, and of P. pstlopodium: ‘ Leaves glabrous ; wild.’ But he has nevertheless, as Haines points out ‘named most of the glabrous-leaved forms in the Calcutta Herb, as miliare, and I have myself noticed whole crops with glabrous leaves, whereas I have collected pszlopodium with hairy leaves.’ The same author, after discussing the various statements, sums up his own observations: ‘ Although absolutely the leaves of mzlzare are often broader than in psilopodium, yet they are relatively narrower and much more alternate. Moreover the cultivated sz2z/zare and its feralforms always appear to have more or less contracted panicles in contrast to the shorter, always quickly effuse, panicle of pstlopodium. The grain of mzliare is,as would be expected, rather larger, being ‘08-"l'in. long as compared with °07 in. long in pszlopodium.’ 7. Panicum subeglume, Trin. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. sér. 6, ili, pt. 2 (1835), 292 > Stetid.. Syn. “Gram: 827; Hook, £..h7B Ipeyitegole Cre. it, 936272. arcuatum, Br. ex Nees in Wight Cat. ne. 1639 (oz Br. Prodr.).—P. Brownta- num, Wight & Arn. ex Steud. l.c. 98.—P. Zorreyanum, Wight & Arn. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii, 264.—.Wzlium capillare, Roth. Nov. Sp. 39; Kunth REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY | 13 Enum. Pl.i, 67.—/. tomentosum, Koen. ex Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue sehr. iv, (1803); 220; Steud. Syu. Gram. 34; Kunth l-.c..66. ; Description : Cke.1.c. Locality : S. M. Country - Badami (Woodrow ¢este Cooke ; Bhide!). Distribution: W. Peninsula. *8, Panicum maximum, Jacq. Ic. i, 2, t. 13; Collect. i, 76; Trin. Pan. Gen. 180, and in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. 6 sér. iii, 268; Nees Fl. Afr. Austr 36; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum.i, 72:; Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Ind. 549; Doell in Mart. F|.. Bras. ii, ii,,202: Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 159; Baker Fl. Maurit. 436; Bosse Hl Or. v,.439); Hook. f..F.B.Y. vil, 495 “Irim, Fl. Ceyl.v, 153; Stapf .in Dyer beGaps vilj404 5: Cker 1; 939 Haines in: Bot. Bihar é¢ Orissa 995 ; Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 655.—P. maximum var. hirsuttssimum, Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix, Bot. 171.—P. maximum var. obtusissimum, Stapf in Cheval. Sudania 161, 163.—FP. polygamum, Sw. Prodr. Ind. Occ, 24.—P. laeve, Lar. Ill. i, 172.—P. jumentorum, Pers. Syn.i,*3; H.B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i, 104; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 5, Fodd. Grass N.Ind.9.—FP. altissimum, Brouss. Elench. Hort. Monsp. (1805), 42 (zou Meyer); Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 98.—P. trichocondylum, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 74.—P. pample- moussense, Steud. l.c 71.—P. hirsutissimum, Steud. l.c. 72.—P. giganteunt, Mez in Engl. Jahrb. xxiv, 143. Vern, Name ; Guinea Grass. Description : A perennial, densely tufted grass, up to 3 m. high. Culms erect or geniculate-suberect, usually stout, 3-4 noded, simple or sparingly branched with the branches erect, terete or compressed below, usually quite glabrous and smooth, more rarely more or less hirsute and rough from the tubercular hair-bases. Leaves glabrous or more or less soitiy hairy or coarsely hirsute with tubercle-based hairs. Sheaths rather firm, the lower compressed, the others terete and tight, often bearded at the mouth and usually so at the nodes, rarely the nodes quite glabrous. Ligule membranous, very short, ciliolate usually with dense hairs from behindit. Blades linear froni an equally wide or very gradually narrowed and shortly contracted base, long-tapering to a fine point, 10-60 cm. by 4-18 or even 25 mm., flat, margins scaberulous to spinu- lously scabrid, midrib prominent below, whitish and shallowly channelled above, primary nerves up to 9 on each side. Panicle erect or nodding, contracted or open, from 10 to over 45 cm. long, glabrous or more often villosulous at the lower nodes and motile branch bases, divided to the 4th or Sth degree, all the divisions filiform to capillary, often more of less wavy, angular and scabrid or the larger smooth downwards; primary axis compa- ratively slender, smooth, terete and often fluted below, scaberulous upwards ; lower primary branches whorled, suberect or spreading, up to 30 cm. long, mostly remotely divided from 2°5-7'5 cm. above the base, their lower branch- lets often up to 7°5 cm. long, flexuous and remotely divided or like the rest rather short and contracted ; penultimate divisions usually closely 2-3-spiculate with the lateral pedicels shorter than the clustered spikelets, more rarely loose to very loose with the pedicels several times longer, all the pedicels very fine with small subcupular tips. Spikelets oblong, subobtuse to acute, somewhat turgid, broadly rounded on the back, 3-4°5 or sometimes 4 mm. long, light green or tinged with purple, glabrous or rarely more or less densely pubescent. Involucral glumes dissimilar, faintly nerved. Lower rounded orshortly acute or minutely apiculate, about 3 to 4 the length of the spikelet, hyaline, 3-1- nerved or almost nerveless. Upper corresponding in shape and size to the spikelet, membranous, 5-nerved. Lower floral glume male, like the upper involucral glume, 7-nerved, pale slightly shorter, oblong, obtuse. Upper floret hermaphrodite, oblong, shortly acute up to almost 3 mm. long, whitish, glume and pale thinly crustaceous, finely transversely rugose except on the flexures. Anthers 1-15 mm. long. Grain over 1mm. long. Locality ; Widely cultivated, chiefly in Gujarat and Sind. Distribution. Indigenous in tropical and S. Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and in Yemem. Introduced into India and America. Uses; An excellent fodder grass. 9. Panicum paludesum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i (1832), 307 (zon Nees) ; Wall. Cat. noe o7 li Grift. Notul,:37, Ic.PlsAsiat. t. 139. £. 127° Duthte Fodd. Grass: N. Ind. 11.—P. proliferum, Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii, 50 (zon Lam.)—P. proliferum, 144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXII1 var. paludosum, Cooke in Fl. Bomb. ii, 937 (on Stapf).—P. proliferum Haines in Bot. Bihar & Orissa 995 (non Lam.)— FP. proliferum, Prain in Beng. Plants 1176 (zon Lam.).—P. decompositum var. paludosum, '!rim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. The explanation for tiie above synonymy is contained in a note given by Stapf (in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 719) to justify his new Species Panicum longt- jubatum, Stapf of tropical Africa which, on a previous occasion, he had describ- ed as var. longijubatum of P. proliferum (in Dyer FI. Cap. vii, 406). ‘The P. proliferum of authors covers a number of allied yet clearly distinct species. The name is Lamarck’s, but since Hitchcock (in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii. 147) has shown that his plant so named is identical with P. miliare, Lam., P. proliferum becomes a synonym unconnected with any of the forms so far referred to it. Of these, one, namely Hooker’s P. proliferum (F1. Brit. Ind. vii. 50), is identical with Roxburgh’s P. paludosum (Roxb. F1., Ind. ed. Carey, i. 307), another, anative of America, is P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. (Fl. Bor. Am. i. 48). Both appear to me sufficiently distinct from the African plant described above ; P. paludosum mainly by its conspicuously larger and more finely acuminate spikelets; P. dichotomiflorum by its pronounced branching habit and the smaller number of nerves of the upper glume (mostly 7) and lower valve (5-7, mostly 5).’ ; Description: Cke. 1.c. Locality : Konkan: Byculla (McCann A140!) ; Sewri (McCann 3641!) ; Salsette (Lisboa teste Cooke).—Deccan: Khandala (McCann 5310!); Poona (Lisboa este Cooke) ; Loaavla { Lisboa feste Cooke).—S. MW. Country : Devarayi (Sedgwick 4118!).—Kanara - ‘Gersoppa Falls, on rocks ia river ped, common (Hallberg & McCann A139!) ; Karwar (Hallberg & McCann A124 !). Distribution - India, Ceylon. (It certainly does not occur in tropical and S. Africa, but whether it extends eastwards beyond India we are not able to say). 10. Panicum antidotale, Retz. Obs. fasc. 4 (1786), 17; Hook f. in F.B.I. vii, 52; Cke. ii, 937; Blatter Fl. Aden 372.—For other references and synonyms see Hook. Nie lec. Description « Cke. 1.c. Locality : Sind « (Stocks 659 teste Cooke) ; Karachi to Landi (Burns!) ; Laki (Bhide!) ; Sukkur (Woodrow ¢/este Cooke) ; Clifton, near Karachi (Sabnis B797!); Umerkot, sand dunes (Sabnis B1080!); Mirpurkhas (Bhide)) ; Mirpurkhas, in fallow fields (Sabnis B1208!) ; Jamesabad, in fields (Sabnis B1154!); Sanghar (Sabnis B769!); Gharo (Blatter & McCann Ds06!, D€08!). —Gujarat: Bhuj, Rhodi Maka, Cutch (Blatter 3751!); Sumrasar, Cutch (Blatter 3760!) ; Kathiawar (Woodrow ¢feste Cooke).—S. MZ. Country: Dharwar (Garade!).; Londa (Woodrow ¢este Cooke). Distribution: Arabia, Afghanistan, Punjab, Upper Gangetic Plain, W. Pen- insula, Ceylon, Australia. 11. Panicum montanum, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i (1832), 313 (excl. descr. gluma sup. florali); Kunth Enum. Pl. 126; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 412; Hook.f. F. B. I. vii, 53; Cke. ti, 938; Haines Bots Bihar & Orissa, 996.—P. ‘courtallense, Nees & Arn. ex Wight Cat. no. 23425, Leu. 2S. Gram, 83.—P euchroum, Steud. 1e..98; Description: Cke. l.c. Locality: Konkan ; Pen, hills (Bhide!) ; Kenery Caves (McCann A134 !, A136 !).—Deccan : Lohagad, half way up (McCann A137!); Khandala (McCann A136!) ; Lonavla (Garade !).—S. MW. Country ; Castie Rock, on hill behind station (Bhide!).—Aanara : Dandeli (Talbot 2243!) ; Kala Nuddie (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!); Karwar, hillside in snade of trees (Hallberg & McCann A135 !, Talbot !) ; Sumpkhund (Hallberg & McCann 9935 !). Distribution : Hotter hilly parts of India, Ceylon, Penang, Malaya, China, Philippines. 12. Panicum auritum, Presl ex Nees Agrost. Bras. 176; Rel. Haenk, i, 305 ; Trin. Pan. Gen. 176.; Kunth Enum, Pl. 1, 113; Steud. Syn; Gram. 7 ; Baker Fl. Maurit. 437; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 456; Hook. f. F.B.I. vii, 40; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa. 996.—P. insulicola, Steud. 1. c. 78.—P. javanum, Nees REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 15 and Biihse in Miq. Pl. Jungh. 376 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. l.c. 453.--P. patens, Bojer Hort. Maurit. ex Baker l.c. Description : A perennial, tall, erect grass. Culm 0°9-1°6 m. high, soft. Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadly cordate at base,20-35 cm. by 24-30 mm. glabr- ous or sparsely hairy beneath. Sheath glabrous or sparsely hairy with villous mouth. Ligule very short. Panicle long contracted or more or less effuse, 20-45 cm. long, fastigiately branched, branches erect, 5-12 cm. long, branchlets and fascicles of spikelets subsecund. Spikelets green, glabrous, 1:7-2'°5 mm., sessile or shortly pedicelled, strongly nerved, subacute. Lower involucral glume broadly ovate, 3 —4 the length of the lower floral, obtuse or acute, nerves 3-5 arching, upper involucral and lower floral subequal, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved, pale of lower floral glume small, neuter. Upper floral glume as long as the lower, lanceolate-acuminate, smooth, white, thinly coriaceous. Locality : S. M. Country ; Castle Rock (Gammie 15717). Distribution : India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Malaya, China. 53. HYyMENACHNE, Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 48, t. 10, f. 8. Rather stout grasses. Leaves broadly linear. Panicles thyrsoid, branches erect, appressed with spiciform branchlets and very numerous crowded nar- rowly lanceolate acuminate secund spikelets, articulate on their minute pedicels. Lower involucral glume cuspidate, keeled, membranous, shortest, upper with sheathing amplexicaul base on the long internode of the rhachilla between it and the lower flora] glume, prominently 3-nerved, cuspidate or awned. Lower floral glume longest, lanceolate-acuminate, passing gradually into the awn, with three strong nerves meeting in the base of the awn aud two lateral weaker ones empty; upper longer than upper involucral glume, oblong, mem- branous in flower scarcely hardened in fruit,smooth, faintly 2-nerved, embracing the pale except at the tip, pale similar and as long. Lodicules minute. Stamens 3. Stylesdree. This genus is not represented in Cooke. The following species is described in the F.B.I. ander Panicum myurus, H.B. & K. 1. Hymenachne myuros, Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 49, t. 10, fig. S$ (excl. syn. Lam.) , Nees Agrost. Bras. 275 ; Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Ind. 553 (excl. syn.) ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 78 ; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 991.—FPanicum myurus,, H.B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i, 98 (excl. syn. Lam.) ; Kunth Rev. Gram. i. 33. Enum. Pl. i, 86, Suppl. 65; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10 (excl syn.) ; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii, 480 (excl. syn. interruptum) (Lxcl. in omnibus syn. Lam., Rudge, Richard, Trin.) ; Hook. f.in F.B.I. vii, 39.—P. acutiglumum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 66.—P. auritum, Hassk. Pl. Rar. Jav. 22 (non Presl.)— P. Hasskarlii, Steud. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. 54, Syn. Gram. 70; Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. iii. 456.—P. myurum, Meyer FI. Esseg. 50 (excl. syn. Lam. & Rudge). —P. mangaloricum, Steud. 1. c. 78.—P. serrulatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 307 ; Kunth. Enum. Pl.i, 126.—Agrostis monostachys, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. i, 256, ex Kunth l.c. Description ; Culm stout, tall, 0°6-1°8 m. high, spongy below, rooting at the nodes of the prostrate base, erect, leafy. Leaves 20-50 cm. by 18-25 mm. flat, tapering from a broad cordate base toa fine point, margin serrulate ; sheath smooth, glabrous or ciliate ; ligule very short, rounded, hyaline. Panicle very dense, narrow, very compound with closely appressed branches, 15-30 cm. long, rarely 25mm. diam., often interrupted, sometimes quite cylindric. Spike- lets variously grouped, shortly and unequally pedicelled, secund on the erect branches of the panicle, 4-6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, pale green. Lower involucral glume 3 of the lower floral glume, narrow from an amplexicaul base, aristulate, hispidulous on keel and cusp; upper narrowly lanceolate, subaris- tate, hispidulous, 3-nerved. Lower floral gluine much longer than upper involucral glume, narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn as long as spikelet, strongly 3-nerved, hispiduious on nerves, pale imperfect or 0 ; upper small, thin, narrow, finely acuminate, almost embraced by the lower, shorter than the upper involucral glume, enclosing its pale on the edges. Styles distinct. Locality: S. M. Country: Tadas, tanks, elevation 2,000 ft., rainfall 35 inches (Sedgwick & Bell 4917!). Distribution : Tropical Asia, Australia and America. 146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HZIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXIH 54. Cyrtococcum, Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 745. Perennial. Culms weak, rising from a decumbent or creeping and rooting base. Leaf-blades flat, linear-lanceolate or almost linear. Ligules membranous, short. Spikelets on long to very long and capillary or short pedicels, widely scattered or approximate, obliquely obovate to semi-cbovate, laterally much compressed, falling entire from the pedicels of very loose and open or contract- ed and dense panicles. Involucral glume thinly membranous, unequal to subequal, 3-5-nerved. Lower floret barren with or without a pale, glume similar to the upper involucral glume, pale, if present, narrow, 2-nerved. Upper floret about as long asor almost as long as the lower, hermaphrodite, glume narrowly boat-shaped, papery to subcrustaceous with firm very narrowly involute margins, obsoletely 5-nerved ; pale subequal to the glume, witha narrow convex back, of the same substance as the vaJve, with fine keels and thin flaps. Lodicules two, minute, broadly cuneate. Stamens three. Styles distinct ; stigmas sublaterally exserted high up. Grain not known. Species 6 or 7. Tropical Africa, Indo-Malaya. None of the species here described were mentioned by Cooke. Hook. f. in. F.B 1. has them under Panicum, sect. Gibbose. I. Spikelets shortly pedicelled 1. Leaves 2°5-5 cm. long ae . Ll. C. trigonum. 2. Leaves 5-15 cm. long oe ise ele uC DLLEPeSk If. Spikelets on capillary pedicels which are much longer than the spikelets Le sete G Datens. 1. Cyrtococcum trigonum, A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 27 (1921), 118.— Panicum trigonum, Retz. Obs. iii, 9 (excl. syn. Burm.) ; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 116°; Nees Agrost. Bras. 206°; Koxb. Fl,ind. 1, 3055 Hookst 3, aon = P. difforme, Roth. Nov. Sp. 52.—P. radicans, Bthse in Miq. Pl. Jungh, 375; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. iii, 453 (zon Retz.).—P. gibbum, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 87. Description: Perennial. Culms decumbent, branching, interlaced below ; branches erect. Leaves 2°5-5 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, glabrous or laxly hairy. Sheath glabrous or margin ciliate. Ligule rounded. Panicle 25-35 mm. long, contracted, rhachis and short, suberect branches glabrous. Spikelets 1:5 mm. long, very shortly pedicelled, hispidulous. Lower involucral glume about 3 the length of the lower floral glume, obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, pale brown ; upper pale brown. Lower floral glume 5-nerved, pale brown; upper naked or bearded at the tip. Locality : Konkan: Matheran, Harrison’s Springs and Monkey Point (D’ Almeida A251!, A252 !). Distribution : Yudia, Ceylon, Java. 2. Cyrtococcum pilipes, A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 27 (1921), 118.— Panicum pilipes, Nees & Arn. ex Btithse in Miq. Pl. Jungh. iii, 376; Mig. F. Ind. Bat. iii, 453 ; Hook. f. F. B. I. vii, 57.—P. hermaphroditum, Steud. Syn, are 67; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii, 485.—P. oxyphyllum, Hochst. ex Steud. Ie 00; Description - Perennial. Culms 30-60 cm. high, geniculately ascending from a slender, creeping, branching base, lower nodes rooting, upper subpubescent. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 8-35 mm. broad, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, puberulous beneath, finely acuminate, base narrow. Sheath glabrous or ciliate, mouth hairy. Ligule rounded. Panicle 7-13 cm. long, contracted, branches short, rather remote, erect or spreading with short fastigiate branchlets, often slender hairs on the pedicels. Spikelets 1‘5 mm. long, brown, very shortly pedi- celled, glabrous. Lower involucral glume about 4 the length of the lower floral glume, obtuse, 3-nerved. Lower floral glume 5-nerved ; upper white, its pale narrow, patent, hard. Locality : Konkan: Above Kenery Caves (McCann A133!) ; Matheran (D’Almeida A132!, Woodrow !).—Deccan : Mahableshwar, in forests, eleva- tion 4,500 ft., rainfall 270 inches Sedgwick & Bell 4801!) ; Pratapgad Fort (Bhide 1207 !).—S. M7. Country : Castle Rock, in shade of trees (McCann A131!, Bhide!) ; Beigaum (Herb. Bot. Gard Cal. !).—Kanara : Coastal forests, Karwar (Sedgwick & Bell 5113!) ; deciduous forests, Kirwatti (Sedg- wick 3130!) ; Halyal (Talbot!) ; Supa, elevation 2,000 ft. (Talbot 2091 !) ; Yellapore (Talbot 907!) ; Devimani Ghat (Hallberg & McCann A128!) ; REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 17 Gersoppa Falls (Hallberg & McCann A125!); Anmod, forests (Sedgwick 3252!) ; Kulgi, elevation 2,000 ft. (Talbot). Distribution : Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, India, Malaya, Australia, Pacific Islands. 3. Cyrtococcum patens, A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 27 (1921), 118.— Panicum patens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 86; Burm, Fl. Ind. t. 10, £.2; Spreng. Syst. i, 322 (excl. syn. multinode) ; Kunth Enum. Pl. 1, 126 (excl. syn. Roxb.) ; Hook. f. F. B. I. vii, 57.—P. accrescens, Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 88, e¢ corrig. vol. iii ; Kunth l.c. 116.—P. obliquum, Roth. Nov. Sp. 51; Kunth l.c. 103; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. ili, 452.—P. vadicans, Retz. Obs. iv, 18; Nees Agrost. Bras. 206 ; Kunth l.c. 216. Description ; Culms 30-90 cm. high, creeping and rooting and branched below, leafy, nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-15 cm. by 6-8 mm., ovate to linear- lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, glabrous or ciliate below with tubercle-based hairs. Sheath with the margins and mouth ciliate. Ligule rounded. Panicle 5-13 cm. long, contracted or effuse, usually inclined with spreading glabrous or puberulous branches naked below, and very long distant spreading branchlets, rhachis, branches and pedicels capillary. Spikelets 1°5 mm. long. Lower invo- lucral glume 3-3 the length of the lower floral glume, ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved. Upper involucral and lower floral glume glabrous or with ciliate tips.—A very variable plant. Locality : Konkan ; Vasco da Gama (Bhide!) ; Vetora (Sabnis 33440 !).— S. WM. Country: Tadas, in shade of trees, elevation 2,000 ft., rainfall 35 in. (Sedgwick 2102 !); Castle Rock (Gammie 15579!), very large specimen (McCann Al44 !).—Kanara:; Nagargalli, forests, very abundant (Sedgwick 2892 !) ; Gersoppa Falls (Hallberg & McCann A126!, Chibber !) ; Malamani, elevation 1,600 ft. (Talbot 2676!) ; Kulgi (Talbot 2280!) ; Guddhalli, Karwar (Hallberg & McCann A127 !). Distribution : Tropical Asia, Malaya, Pacific Islands. 55. SACCIOLEPIS, Nash in Britt. Man. Bot. 89 ; Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 747. Annual or oftener perennial grasses. Leaf-blades linear and flat or filiform- convolute, or filiform-subulate. False spikes often very dense, dark or varie- gated. Spikelets mostly very small, oblong to ovate-oblong or elliptic or lanceolate, subterete or laterally compressed, usually somewhat turgid, falling entire from the short firely filiform pedicels of a spiciform, very rarely open panicle. Involucral glumes similar in structure but unequal. Lower much shorter, softly or rigidly membranous, with a narrow hyaline margin or hyaline tip, stiffened by the hardening of the prominent and often rib-like nerves, or more or less dissimilar owing to the reduction of the lower glume toa small hyaline scale, or its differentiation into a narrow, hardened obscurely nerved back and broad hyaline margins. Upper with a curved or basally gibbous or saccate back, always much concave, mostly 7- or 9-, rarely 5- or up to 13-nerved. Lower floral glume male or barren, very dissimilar to the upper involucral glume and of the same or almost the same length, but with a straighter back ; pale narrow, hyaline, finely 2-keeled, shorter than the glume, sometimes reduced or quite rudimentary. Upper floral glume hermaphrodite, oblong in outline seen from the back, very convex, chartaceous, ultimately subcrustace- ous, with firm narrowly involute margins, obscurely 5-nerved ; pale almost the length of the glume, tightly embraced by it all along and of the same texture, 2-nerved, hardly keeled. Lodicules two, small, broadly cuneate. Stamens three. Styles distinct ; stigmas long, loosely plumose, exserted terminally or subterminally. Grain tightly enclosed by the glume and pale, elliptic in outline, dorsally compressed, with an almost flat back and convex face; hilum puncti- form. Species over 30.—Tropics of the whole world, I. Lower involucral glume 3-nerved 1. Spikes 1-5 cm. long. Spikelets lan- ceolate-ovoid, hispid, 2-2°5mm.... 1. S. zmudica. 2. Spikes 5-23 cm. long. Spikelets ovoid, 1:3-2°1 mm. long «oe 2. SS. myosurotdes. II. Lower involucral glume 5-nerved .. 3. S. tnterrupta, 8 18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL FIST. SOCIETY, VorrxAeds? 1. Sacciolepis indica, Chase in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xxi (1908), 8 ; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 930.—FPanicum indicum, Lion. Mant. ii, 184 ; Retz. Obs. iit, 9; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 133; Steud. Syn. Gram. 64; ‘Roxb. Ff lwindo wes: Benth. -Fl.Hongek 413, Fl. Austral, vi, 480; Hook. £. Ff) sBelsivinyeat (partim, excl. aliguibus syn.).—Hymenachne indica, Btihse ex Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 458. Description : A slender grass, 15-60 cm. high. Leaves linear-acuminate, 5-13 cm. long, up to 4 mm. wide, glabrous or hirsute, base narrow ; sheath not auricled. Panicle spiciform, oblong or cylindric, devse-flowered, green or slightly purplish, 1-5 cm. long by about 4mm. diam., branches very short. Spikelets longer than their pedicels, 2-2°5 mm. long, crowded, ovoid, acute or acuminate, straight or curved, shortly or hispidly hairy, or glabrous. Lower involucral glume ovate, 3-3 of the lower floral glume, lanceolate from a broad base, acute, 3-nerved; upper usually subcymbiform, curved, obtuse, 7-11- nerved, 2°5 mm. long. Lower floral glume as long as the upper involucral glume, broadly ovate, obtuse, 9-nerved, pale minute ; upper narrowly ellipsoid, very acute, white, smooth, polished, sides overlapping the margins of the similar pale, base obtuse, mucronulate with remains of the rhachilla. Note.—Stapf has separated Panicum angustum, Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 334 from Panicum indicum, \inn. as conceived by Hook. f., and named it Saccio- lepis angusta. In his opinion the various varieties given in the F.B.1. are mostly referable to S angusta, Stapf. S. indica is not a well-defined species. It appears to pass insensibly into S. myosurotdes and S. interrupta. According to Hook. f., the former differs in its caudiform spike and more minute rounded spikelets, the latter in its stouter habit. Haines thinks it is better to confine S. zzdica to those specimens with hairy spikelets. We have not followed him in this. Locality : S. M. Country : Khanapur, elevation 2,500 ft., rainfall 70 inches (Sedgwick 3080 !) ; Castle Rock (Bhide!).—Kanara: Tank near Yellapore (Talbot!) ; Kulgi (Talbot 2291!) : Siddhapur to Sirsi (Hallberg & McCann A118!) ; Karwar (Talbot 1297!, Hallberg & McCann A116!). Distribution « Tropical Asia and Australia. 2. Sacciolepis myosuroides, Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 990.—Panicum myosurotdes, R. Br. Prodr. (1810), 189; Kunth Enum. PI. i, (i Steud) Syn Gram. 56; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 480 (excl. syn. angustum); Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11; Hook. f., F.B.J. vii., 42; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v, 148; Prain Beng. Pl. 1175; Cke ii, 934.—P. curvatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. i, 286 (zon Linn.). Description : Cke. l.c. Locality: Konkan: Savantvadi (Woodrow) ; Alibag (Lisboa).—We have not seen any specimen. Distribution : India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, China, Australia. 3. Sacciolepis interrupta, Stapf in Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 757; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 991.—Panicum interruptum, Willd. Sp. Pl. i, 341; Kunth Enum. i, 87; Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 51; Roxb. FI. Ind. i, 286; Griff. Notul. iii, -26, and Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 139, fig? 221,%t. 146, fics 2-2 DalzeneGibee 316 ; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 66; Hook. f. F.B.I. vii, 40; Stapf in Dyer Fl. Cap. vii, 413.—P. uliginosum, Roth Nov. Pl. Sp. 50.—P. inundatum, Kunth Rev. Gram. i, 34, and Enum. i, 88; Steud. l.c. 66.—Aymenachne interrupta, Biihse in Miq. Pl. Jungh i, 377; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 458; Steud. l.c. 101.— P. indicum, Hack. in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v, 210 (om Linn.}. Description : Cke.1.c. Very variable in size and shape, especially the panicle which varies a good deal as to colour. Locality : Sind : (Woodrow teste Cooke).—Konkan : Bassein, tank (Burns!); Wada, tank (Ryan 453!); Nagotna (Gammie 16074!) ; Borivli-Kanary, in water (McCann A120!) ; Bhivandi (Chibber!) ; Vihar (Sabnis'!) ; Gokura Creek, Bassein (Garade 1708!) ; Virar, on bank of a tank (McCann 9583 !); Panvel (Woodrow) ; Vengurla (Woodrow) ; margins of tanks throughout the Konkan (Dalzell & Gibson).—Deccan : Tingerwadi, Igatpuri (Blatter & Hallberg 3825 !).—S. M. Country: Tadas, tanks (Sedgwick & Bell 4916 !); Londa, in water (Gammie 15854!) ; Hulkop (Sedgwick & Bell3174!); Belgaum (Herb. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY _ 19 Econ. Bot. Poona !).-- Kanara : Sirsi-Siddhapur (Hallberg & McCann A117!) ; Tinai Ghat (Gammie 15791 !) Usually inhabiting marshy and swampy places such as rice fields and the banks of tanks. It is doubtful as to whether Woodrow’s plant from Sind was correctly named as this grass is one of moist regions. Distribution : Tropical and 8. Africa, India, Ceylon, Malaya. 56, VOREARIAS, bs bDeallvaACTOst. ol, t. xiii, fig. i; Ckes i, 918. (In 1897 F Lamson Scribner (in U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. iv, 38) proposed the name Chztochloa for the grasses generally known as Setaria. Stapf has given convincing reasons why the old name should be retained. See Kew Bull (1920), 124-127. Species about 100.—Warm regions of the World, a few species common as weeds in the more temperate parts. Cooke has 5 indigenous and 1 cultivated species. We retain them all. Key: A. Leaves more of less plicate I. Perennial. Culm reaching 2°4 m. aoe la Se DE 7Eara:. II. Annual. Culmreaching 0°6m. ... we 2a. Oe VhaCHItYICha. B. Leaves flat, not plicate AA. Bristles not retrorsally barbellate I. Upper floral glume smooth ... poe Ole 2LQL26. II Upper floral glume rugose 1. Panicle spiciform, continuous ; bristles 6 or more... oes ee 2. Panicle interrupted or subpyramidal ; bristle 1 on pedicel and usually 3-4 below pedicel er e 5; BB. Bristles retrorsally barbellate oy Ss 2lauca, 4. S. intermedia, 5. S. verticillata. 1. Setaria plicata, T. Cooke in Fl. Bomb. ii, 919.—FPanicum plicatum, Lam. Ill. 1 (1791), 171; Jacq. Eclog. Gram. i. t. 1; Trin. Gram. Panic. 183, Gen. Pan. 151, 9p. Gram. tc. t. 223; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 94; Griff. Notul. iti, 24, lic? PlsAsiat. t. 139,/fe.-229; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 6, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. tieiBenth. Pl. Hongk. 411 5:Hook.{. F. B.1. vii, 55; Triny. Fl, Ceéyl. v, 157. —P. amplissimum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 54.—P. asperatum, Kunth Rev. Gram. i, 39, Enum. Pl. 1. c. 39; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 456.—P. excurrens, Trin. Pan. Gen. 131, 249, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 49; Benth Fl. Hongk. 412 (excl. syn.).— P. nepalense, Spreng. Syst. 321; Dalz. & Gibs. 291; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab PI. 160.—P. nervosum, Roxb, Fl. Ind. 1, 311.—P. neurodes, Schult. Mant. II, 228 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 5.—P. Wallichianum, Nees FI]. Afr. Austr. 49. Description : Cke. ii, 919. Locality : Konkan: Victoria Gardens, Bombay (McCann 5376!); Parel (Lisboa) ; western side of the Ghats (Dalzell & Gibson).—D-/ccan: Lingmala, Mahableshwar, in forest (Sedgwick & Bell 4642!); Panchgani, (Blatter & Hallberg B1234!, B1235! McCann!).—S. WZ. Country : Belgaum Fort, common all over Belgaum in compounds (Sedgwick 3066!).—Kanara : Kulgi (Talbot 2278!) ; Halyal (Talbot 2408 !). Distribution : India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Islands, China. Uses : Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass. 2. Setaria rhachitricha, T. Cooke in Fl. Bomb. ii, 919.—Panicum rhachitri- chum, Hochst. in Flora 27 (1844), 254; Parlat.in Hook. Niger Fl. 187; Steud. Syn. Gram. 63; Hook.f. F.B.I. vii, 56; Prain Beng. Pl. 1176.—P. chamaerap- his, Nees ex. A. Braun In. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1853) Append. 20.—(P. homony- mum, Steud. l.c. 48 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 4 (homogynum). Locality : S. M. Country ; Londa (Gammie ex Woodrow). We doubt the occurrence of this species in the Presidency. Neither Cooke nor we have seen any specimens. There are none in Herb. Kew, neither do the herbaria of the Presidency contain any. Besides, the distribution of the species is not in favour of its presence in Bombay. Nistribution : India (subtropical Himalaya, Chota Nagpur, Calcutta), tropi- cal Africa. 20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXII1 3. Setaria glauca, Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 51; Kunth. Enum. Pl.i, 149, Suppl. 106; Griff. Notul. 44, Pl. Asiat. t. 149. f. 1; Dalz.& Gibs, 293; Aitchis. Cat. Punjab, Pl. 162 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 466 ; Duthie Grass.N. W. Ind. 8, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. x, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 14; Boiss. Fl. Or. v, 442; Hook. f. F. B. I. vii, 78; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v, 162 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 1170 ; Cke.ii, 920.—Panicum glaucum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 76; Trin. Sp. Gram.ic: t.195; Roxb. Pio ind.1;) 235;; Benth, Fl. Hongk. 411.—P. lutescens, Weig Obs. (1772), 20.—Setaria lutescens, Hubbard in Rhodora xviii (1916), 232.—For other synonyms see Hook. f. 1. c. Mr. C. E. Hubbard of the Kew Herbarium informs us that he changed Setarta glauca, Auct. into S. lutescens on account of the synonym Panicum lutescens, Weigel Obs. (1772), 20. Dr. Stapf thinks that this name change is unnecessary and we quite agree with him after reading his MS. on this question which he kindly allowed Mr. Hubbard to put at ourdisposal. As Dr. Stapf is now about to publish his MS. we refrain from giving his arguments in this place. Description : Cke. ii, 920. Locality: Gujarat: Nadiad (Chibber!); Ahmedabad (Saxton 1063!) ; Baroda (Cooke).—Khandesh : Toranmal (McCann Al149!, A150!); N. slope of Chanseli (McCann A151!).—Konkan: Bhandup (McCann 3606!); Mulgaum (McCann A147!); Bassein (McCann 9607!); Sion (McCann 3573!); Thana (Lisboa) .— Deccan: Shivner Fort, Junnar (Paranjpe!); Mahableshwar, common (Woodrow !, Dalzell & Gibson, Cooke); Panchgani, behind Maratha well (Blatter 3824!); Chattarshinji Hill, Poona (Ezekiel!); Shewapur, near Poona (Bhide 981!); Khandala, very common (McCann 8406!); Purandhar, foot (McCann 5603 !); Lohagad, top (McCann 9501 !); Nasik (Lisboa).—S. M/. Coun- try : Dharwar Dist. (Sedgwick 2173 !); Dumbai, under trees (Talbot 2300 !).— Kanara : Dandeli (Bell 4224); Halyal (Talbot 2144 !); Onore (Talbot 1063 !). Distribution : All warm, temperate and tropical regions. 4. Setaraia intermedia, Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii (1817), 489; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 150; Aitchis. Cat. Paniab. Pl. 162; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 9, Fodd. Grass. N.wtnd. 143 Hook.f. F: B. 1 vii, 79>) Trim. FL. ‘Ceyl ovil639 = Che sitso705 Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 989.—S. glauca, Hochst. Pl. Hohenack. no. 937.— Panicum intermedium, Roth. Nov. Sp. 47. Description: Cke. ii, 920. Locality ; Gujarat: Doongri (Chibber!); Ahmedabad (Gammie 1635]) ; Nadiad (Chibber !).—Khandesh ; Toranmal (McCann A152 !) ; Umalla village (Blatter & Hallberg 5184!).—Konkan : Dadar, very common in Bombay Isl. (McCann A153 !); common in Salsette (McCann !).—Deccan : Purandhar Fort (Bhide !, McCann 5595 !, 5022 !); Chattarshinji, Poona (Bhide !) ; in cultivated fields about Poona (Jacquemont 355); Igatpuri, common (McCann 4320 !); Khandala, common (Blatter 4410!, McCann !); Lonavla (McCann 4466 !); Panchgani (Blatter & Hailberg B1227!, B1272!).—S. M47. Country : Dharwar (Sedgwick 1839 !); Belgaum (Ritchie 839).—Kanara : Yellapore (Talbot 1520!); Halyal (Talbot 2296 !). Distribution : Temperate and tropical regions. 5. Setaria verticillata, Beauv. Agrost. (1812),51; Kunth Enum. Pl. I, 152; Dalz. & Gibs. 294 ; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 162; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 9, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 15; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 47 ; Hook.f. F. B. I. vii, 80 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v, 163; Prain. Beng. Pl. 1170; Cke. ii, 921; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 989.—S. respiciens, Hochst. ex. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 467.—Panicum adhaerens, Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.—Arab. 20.—P. verticillatum, Linn. Sp: Pled.41,:82°; Roxb: Fl. dud > 1; 30): ;) frin op. Gram. IC te,,.2020— Pennisetum verticillatum, Br. Prodr. 195.—Other synonyms in Hook. f. 1. c¢. Description: Cke. ii, 921. Locality : Sind: Umerkot (Sabnis B748!) ; Sanghar (Sabnis B758!) ; Mir- purkhas, cultivated fields (Sabnis B701!); Bughar, Indus River (Blatter & McCann D640!) ; Ghulamalla, garden (Blatter & McCann D641!) ; Mirpur Sakro (Blatter & McCann D642 !).—Gujarat : Ahmedabad (Sedgwick !) ; Cutch (Blatter 3744 !); Baroda (Woodrow) ; Morvi, Kathiawar (Woodrow) .— Konkan - Sion (Herb. S.X.C. 5236!) ; Juvem (Herb. S X.C. 4237!) ; Malabar Hill (McCann 3626!) ; Byculla (McCann !).—S. M/. Country : In a village, Dharwar Dist. (Sedgwick 3109 !). Distribution : India, Ceylon, temperate and tropical regions. ae REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 2) *6. Setaria italica, Beauv. Agrost. (1812), 51; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t 47; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 162; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 8, Field and Gard. Crops 5, t. 25, Fodd. Grass... N. Ind. 15; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ili 467 ; Hook. f. Bebelevil, 7/8: brain Beno. Pl. 1170; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 988.— Panicum ttalicum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 56; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 302; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. 98.—Pennisetum macrochaetum, Jacq. Eclog. Gram. iii, 36, t. 25.- Rheede Hort. Malab. xii, t. 79— For other references see Hook. f. l.c. Vern. Names : Italian millet, foxtail millet, rala. Description : Annual. Culms erect, tufted, 0’}6—1'5 m. high Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, acuminate, 7-10 mm. broad or broader. Sheath densely ciliate on margin and mouth. Panicle 7-13cm. long, 10mm. wide or more, dense, inclined or nodding, simple, cylindric or lobed or compound ; rhachis very hairy. Spikelets oval, 2-2°5 mm. long, in small clusters on the abbreviat- ed branchlets of the panicle, with 2-3 bristles below each pedicel, bristles nearly smooth or microscopically barbellate, 5-8 mm. long, barbs suberect or spreading. Lower involucral glume oblong or subglobose, hyaline, smooth ; upper ovate, obtuse or rounded, about 7 the length of the upper floral glume, 5-nerved. Lower floral glume hyaline, delicately 4-5-nerved, as long as and same shape as the upper floral glume, but not concave. Upper floral glume oval or elliptic or subglobose, concave, hardening, variable in length, not rugose but smooth and microscopically cancellate. Locality: Konkan: Bombay, cultivated in compound of the Training College (McCann 4286!) ; Bassein, Botanic Garden (Joshi!) ; Chowpatti, Bombay (Herb. S.X.C. 4299 !).—Deccan : Ganeshkhind Botanic Gardens(Patwardhan !), —S. M. Country: Dharwar, cultivated (Talbot 2014 !). Extensively cultivated throughout as a food-grain. Distribution: Most warm, temperate and tropical countries. Origin: See DeCandolle, Origin of cultivated plants, p. 378. 57. SPINIFEX, Linn. Mant. ii, (1771), 163 ; Cke. ii, 913. Species 4,—1 in India, 3 in Australia. 1. Spinifex squarrosus, Linn. Mant. (1771), 300; Lam. Ill. t. 840; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 11; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 415; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 474 ; Hook, ft: F.B.1, vil,63 ; Grab, Cat..240; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.53; Prain Beng. Pl. 1168 ; Cke. ii, 913; Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 1010.—Stipa littorea, Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 29.—Stipa spinifex, Linn. Mant. i, 84 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. xii, t. 75 Description: Cke. 1.c. Locality: Gujarat: Near Domas (Cooke).—Konkan; Vengurla (Chibber !) ; Juvem (McCann 4263!) ; Versova (McCann 9827!) ; Bandra (Blatter !) ; sandy shores near Bandra (Graham) ; Shrivardhan (Woodrow) —Xaunara - Sandy sea shore, Karwar (Sedgwick & Bell 5057!, 5056!) ; Kumpta (Chibber!, Woodrow) ; Honavar, very common (McCann!, Chibber!); Onore (Talbot 1073; 1). Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, China. Uses; A valuable sand-binding plant. 58. TRICHOLANA, Schrad. in Schult. Mant. ii (1824), 1€3 ; Cke. ii, 924. Species 10-12.—Chiefly African. The following 2 in the Bombay Presidency. 1. Tricholena Teneriffe, Parlat.in Welb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. iii, pt. 2 (1848), 425; Hook. f. F.B.l. vii, 65; Cke. ii, 924.--Saccharum Teneritte, Linn. f. Supp!. 106.--For further synonyms see Hook. f. l.c. Description: Cke. |.c. Locality: Sind: Laki (Bhide!) ; Thano-Bullo-Khan (Woodrow). Distribution: Punjab, W. Peninsula ; westward to Sicily and N. Africa. 2. Tricholena Wightii, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. (1855), 93 ; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. v, (1890), 347 ; Hook. f. F.B.I. vii, 65; Cke. ii, 925.— Rhynchelytrum Wightit, Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 21.— For further synonyms see Hook. f. l.c. Description : Cke. l.c. Locality : Konkan : Commonly cultivated in gardens in Bombay (McCann !); Sewri, probably an escape (Hallberg 3592!).—Deccan : Diva Ghat (McCann 22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXII 5599!) ; Malhargad (Woodrow) ; Poona (Woodrow) ; Mahableshwar (Lisboa) ; Panchgani (Lisboa).—S. W/. Country: Badami (Bhide!, Woodow 23). Distribution: India (Rajputana, W. Peninsula), Arabia, CapeVerd Islands. 53. PENNISETUM, Pers. Syn. i, (1805), 72 ; Cke. ii, 914. Species about 40.—In most warm countries. Cooke has 6 indigenous and 1 cultivated species. Weadd another cultivated species : P. purpureum, Schum. & Thoun. The name P. cenchroides, Rich. has to cede to P. ciliare, Link., and P. typhoideum. Rich. to P. shicatum, Roem. & Schult. A. Anther-cells not bearded at the tips I. Bristles of involucel free to the base 1. Inner bristles of involucel scaberulous, not ciliate (a) Leaves 30-45 cm. long om: P. Alopecuros. (6) Leaves 7-15 cm. long .. 2. P. dichotomum. 2. Inner bristles of involucel ciliate below the middle, but naked at the base. Involucel stripitate 1d. We OFIENtAle. 3. Loner bristles) of involucel densely villous or ciliate below the middle, not naked at the base. Involucel sessile (a) Inner bristles of involucel den- sely villous Bp .. 4. P. pedicellatum. (6) Inner bristles of involucel laxly ciliate with long silky hairs, not villous ioe el MEeSCLOSUIIE II. Inner bristles of involucel dilated below, their bases confluent in a coriaceous disk : tee Oth CL Cane B. Anther-cells more or less bearded at the tips Styles connate I. Culms less than 2 m. high. Pale of upper — floral glume truncate oot LAL eS PLCALUN ET: II. Culms more than 2 in. high. Pale of upper floral glume minutely 2-toothed ... 8: PP. purpureum. 1. Pennisetum Alopecuros, Nees ex Steud Syn. Gram. (1855) 102; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 10; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. (1890), 338 ; Hook. f. F.B.I vii, 84; Cke. ii, 914.—P. Hohenackeri, Hochst. ex Steud. lc. 103.—P. aureum, Dalz. & Gibs. 294. —Gymnothrix Alopecuros, Nees in Wight Cat. no. 1663; Steud. 1.c.—G. cenchroides, Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii 499. Description : Cke. le. Locality: Sind: (Dalzell).—Gujarat. N. Sonasan, on dry sandy bank (Sedgwick !).—Xhandesh: Toranmal, very common around lake (McCann 9862 !).—Deccan : Poona (Woodrow !, Lisboa, Jacquemont 407); near Poona (Gammie 15314!); Nasik (Bourke!, Blatter & Hallberg 9863!, Lisboa) ; Purandhar, N foot (McCann 5045!) ; Lohagad, plain (McCann 9502!) ; Panchgani (Blatter 3802!, Blatrer & Hallberg 1292!, McCann!) ; Lonavla