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Pe, phe ura i 7 ee 7” , he in : he ag - ei | " ; ny oht a An at ae : o . eo ' i a a Tans Hi 7 7 ip A a iT oa iy toate a : i iy inal my Le _) p an ont in [ ¥ ‘ ut ¥ Hi (a ar ri ee 7 vi sil : ais U vb + mei) an on ail ee a a Bie Ma og 0 7 a cA “Cine ” i wy # fe 1 te on > a : = 2 : 1 : Pa : 5 el a “ a a ~ = a : ‘ ss ' i ' a 5 7 ' ' 1 t : ‘ ' # 1 i : o yo rn ' oo — ot « ‘ » Weer ae : ' DT eee ae eon anoee : a) Rained DG — i My ‘ ‘ ? Le )oe fi ty . Poa Pow wt? 1 oo 5 0 a I ‘ 0 7a 7 ‘ - 7 ' : y og tin full, THE (aR JOURNA AUG 30 1932 m) SAT ONAL cases BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF THE INDEX AND TITLE PAGE VOL. XXXV NOS. 1 & 2 Pyrtce ois Rs. 2-4-0. MADRAS PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS 1932 506.54 INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER The contents of these-two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound :— Title page oe ath, the Contents of Nos. 3 and 4 of Vol. XXXV List of Contributors List of Plates. . Index to Illustrations Errata Index of Species oo .- To goat the end of _ two numbers. To follow § frontis- piece in this order. THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY EDITED BY SIR REGINALD SPENCE, kKt., & S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S. VOL. XXXV Nos. 1 & 2 Containing 6 Coloured Plates, 45 Black and White Plates, 42 Text-figures, and 19 Diagrams Dates of Publication Part I. (Pages 1to240) ... 15th June, 1931. I. ( ,, 241 t0 474) ... 15th October, 1931. 99 LONDON AGENTS DULAU & CO., Ltd., 32, Old Bond Street, London, W.I. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS 1932 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV. No- 1 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. By ot2.. CG; Sttiant. Baker, J.P., O.B-E., F.Z.Ss, F.L.Ss; M:8.0.U., H.F.A.O.U. Part XIV. (With ee PIAL ins cee REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE Bomiay DHse BENGE By Rev: E. Blatter, S:3:, pip; rts. Patt XV. (Wath SOU Cag PUCL ICS 30) carta ibenay ino ete ict act eet TeR creamer ot Wie wegied eiatinn THE BIRDS OF THE PROME DISTRICT OF LOWER BURMA. Part Til; By.J: K. Stanford; mic; 1.¢:s;; and’ Dr. Claud B. Ticehurst, M.D., M.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.. THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF THE EASTERN Gira1s— Repo ON: THE Monkeys. By R. I. Pocock, F.R.s.. SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. By Rev. E. Bitten, Sede, Ph.pD., F.L.S. and W.S. Millard, F.z.s. Part VI. (With two coloured plates, two black and white plates and five diagvams.)... RE een ac creteeten SRC at ae Ne Monae ea Petar INDIAN DRACONEEING: "By Col. F.C. Fraser; 1.M.S:, F.E:S. Part XXXVII. (Wath a plate and two text-figures.)........ THE FISH SUPPLY OF THE WEST COAST OF INDIA. By Sir Reginald Spence, KT., M.L.C., F.Z.S., and S. H. Prater, M.L.C., C.M.z.S.° Part Il.. (Wth five plates)... THE STUDY OF INDIAN Birbs. By Hugh Whistler, E75. IAB OR Wa 9 deveutate Wilts) pda err tae « eecaredemael eed aadianaseesbreeccae acces THE BUTTERFLIES OF CoorG. By J. A. Yates. Part II. THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION. By Lt.-Col. R:. B. Seymour Sewell; -M.A.,D:SC.,-F.Z.S., F.L.S.5 B.A.S.B., I-M.S..cccec ene ece A SPIDER THAT CAN CHANGE THE COLOUR OF ITS EYES AT Wil. (By. 2. Mathew, M.A. (With four plates and four text-figures.)... : stone THE ROLE OF Seaaiepss AND Risen ages an PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TREE PARASITE Loranthus longiflorus in the Konkan (West India). By Salini A, Ali. (Wzth two plates and four diagrams.)....... SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIONOMICS OF THE LAc INSECT. By Pi... Neos; M..Ps: Misracand-S.- N. Gupta.sjgeisdi ac cisise ss. InN A BURMESE JUNGLF. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton............. PAGE 13 32 51 60 66 77 89 104 ILS) 132 144 150 156 iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV PAGE ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISH FROM THE BHAVANI RIVER, SoutH InpiA. By D. D. Mukerji, m.sc. (With three text-figures.)... Siltion Beano: vontioguh ee tcc tent RamaeO THE Berenice OF THE Sahn ce is Gin Wee DeRhe-Philipe,-Fmsie “Part: Eee oye. ees ee ae eee eS OBITUARY: John ‘CZ Anderson si. yc.coee eee ee LOL REVIEWS :— 1. THe GAmE-BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. (Pheasants and Bustard-Quail.) Vol. U1 es Oo 2. THE FORMENKREIS THEORY AND THE PROGRESS OF THE ORGANIC WORLD _ ... oe , eens! (eG) 3. AN INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY ... et Ss AN OPEN LETTER TO THE Epirors, By Hugh Whistler, F.z.S., M.B.O.U.. ey ee LOO THE FOUNDFRS OF THE BOMBAY eee URAL ehenonet SOCIETY sae ee, we se OG MiscELLANEOUS NotEs— I. A Case of Hybridization between the Wild-Dog and Jackal. By Sadeg Z. Shah. (With a photo.).... ° 198 II. Large Head of Malay Sambhar. By Aes a Brownlow sccieiciee hes eee eee eee 199 Hil. fhe Gayal, or. Mithan.~ By Dok: Teiveeee (With | a plate.).... BS ere ane eee 199 LV.. A:.Note on Go occurrence of ine qhagkeceen Penduline Tit (Remzz coronatus) in the Punjab. By ob Bo JOmeSseesercercdiessesdecee dass co schisee se recat: 202 V. Notes on the Whisiling School Boy or Malabar — Whistling Thrush. By C. McCann; £.i.s..1..2- ->202 VI. Note on the Nidification and Habits: of the Travancore Laue niag ee By cane R. Se: ‘ Bates. (With a plate.)... is 204 VII.-.-The - Occurrence -of.- the. “Gold. Bronted Gren \ (Metaponia pusilla) at Sukker,-’Sind. By ores Cole... Be a = aZOF VIII. The Neste hy: fie Malabar ‘Heart: Saetied Wood: ‘pecker. (Hemicircus canente cordatus) in Travan- core. By Chas. M. Inglis, F.z.S., F.E.S.,M.BO.U. 207 IX. The Nesting of the Besra Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter- | -virgatus attinis) at Simla. By-A, E. Jones....... 208 X. Further Record of the Mallard. (Anas platyryncha) occurring in Burma. By G. M. Turnetr.. : XI. Occurrence of the Spotbill or Grey Dace ie becilorhyncha) in Upper Chindwin, Burma. By eV MUR yeti Sane BAe tect M ene tee tn ae teats, dis oe cen ce XII. ‘The Occurrence of the Tufted Pochard (Myroca fult- oe and the Eastern White-eye (Vyroca baer?) am ‘ournma: «by Gs Mi Turner As icnctasccs cen. t ceed. XIII. The Occurrence of the Clucking or Beara Teal (Nettion formosum) near Hardoi, U.P. By H. : Scot MacDougall........ PER Pre Me ei Ae Wie Senianpnans eye XIV. Notes on the White-headed Duck or Stiff-tail (Erismatura leucocephala). By Capt. W. A. WWI CAGE a trtt cease. anccvn eects tated dott hae iwes XV. Some Races of the Red-billed Chough [Pyrrho- covax pyrrhocorax (Linn)], By Satya Churn Law, M.A., Ph.D., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.. : shhtes XVI. Notes on ae Fauna of Bacon aches eras chiefly with reference to the Central Provinces. Bye Ae, DON DRCUR E76 svar ancee ce citar kon ce cee XVIi.-- A ‘Flying’ Frog. By K. Kearanekaran Nayar, : (VZULIE. C8 DIATE, Voneces BRAD otic rs ty old ne Soe momar ERE XVIII. Encounter with a Peas deyad Bee ise By, Pole We lowe: XIX. Weighing Fish with eMore or more iscuee: a A. MacDonald.. Saks tua eben ae E eee XX. Cannibalism among ae eS. a K. Karunakaran Nayar... é XXI. Extension BE fie Ruaee of H ce eee ane nias pealtt and Bhima undulosa. By D. G. Crawford, I.F.S.. XXII. Curious Behaviour oO Bute wea in ie imeriog aa Extremely Dense Evergreen Forest. By K. Mohan Lal, I.F.s,. RP rae catenin meme cen te XXIII.::‘Notes on the Coftec: eacuer _ [Auilapches miliaris (Linn.)| By Charles McCann, F.L.S.. ie XXIV. Occurrence of Phrynichus phipsont, Beare in Beall Sette island. By C. McCann 8.0.5. 0.56 5.65 cevcas os PROCEEDINGS.. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV Annual Rete A ‘hie Bonn eet History Soe for the year ees December 31, 1930.. Bir cetiva suis oa nousteaeuh sa 209 209 out. Zit rade 217 220 225 226 Cad | 228 239 vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV No. 2. THE GAWE BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. By E. C. Stuart . Baker, J.P.,. F.Z.S.,..M-B.O.Us, HF AO. hath a en (Qhiaeeye DB COLOUPER PIGLE. \ oan etencins abe (oe Deseo ey Cee REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By Rev. ©. Blatter, s4., Pip, F.L.S.. atta Xe alirn eight plates and six text-tligures.)... a THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MonkKEvs (Manon, padeaia. ane MM. sinica) OF SOUTHERN INDIA AND CEYLON. By R.I. POCOCK ee Ris. “Riise otek Sepia harem nern Soce eee SOME BEAUTIFUL apie es ae iE. Blatter, S..9Ph sp; F.L.S., and W. S. Mallard; F:z:s., Part VL. «Wah: Zwo coloured plates, and three black and white plates and SCUCH MIA LVANUSS 5c cess s acto ek eee ee a ee THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES es es tna). Ay WR I, Pocock, i. Ris: Re ese THE STUDY OF CREAN Bree oy are aWihisiien: F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. Part. VII. (W2th a plate.),.. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. By Lt.-Col. F.C. eee I.M.S., F.E.S. Part XXXVIII. (Withtwo platesand text figures.)...... INDIAN NET-VEINED MipGes or BLEPHAROCERIDZ:. Dr? S. LL. Hora, psc. (Wath a plate aid noun tex: EEL UV CSD vai icscdon Paieitela CURA ae Wad AB re ee De THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION. By Lt.-Col. R. B. Seymour pewell, 1.0.S. Part ll. (Wethia. platen © ereenr eee ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISH FROM THE STREAMS IN THE BILLIGIRIRANGAN HI.is (8S. Inp1ia). By D. D. Mukerji, -MiSC.ck Si tcacss olchon cececeeh es aot ee ee rin eertoee. Dipsscas Notes ON INDIAN HAwKmoTus. By Lt.-Col. F. B. Scott, LA., F.E.S. (With three plates and nine text-figures.)... e000 A NOTE ON THE BIRDS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MHow. By Reve FS. Broosse ce ci. accent teeeg ton acey eee ere A-TALE OF FIVE Tiger. By RoC. Morris; 11755 78oR- Gs, (WIth @ PhOLO) we aeeise Sone Races of the Red-billed Cho ue th. eis pyrrhocorax Linn.) LivESEY, T. R.; The Gayal, or Mithan (Bos on inies) (With a plate) ... a oT MacponaLtpD, A.; Weighing Fish with two or more scales. MACDOUGALL, CAPT. ale Scott; Occurrence of the “Clucking or Baikal ‘Teal (Nettion formosum) near ‘Hiardoi, U. P. ace ae MCCANN, C., F.L.S.; Notes on the Whistling School Boy or Malabar Whistling Thrush (Mytophoneus horstieldt, Vigors) ... oo otes on the Coffee Locust (Awlar- ches miliaris Linn.) if — ;Occur- rence of Phrynichus phipsonti, Pocock, in Salsette Jsland ———_— — ———__——— The Cicada Lethama locusta Wal- ker. (With five text-figures) —_-———. ; Notes on the Beetle (Platypria echidna, Guer.) : — ; On hts -Fertiliz: ation of the Hlowers of the Sausage Tree (A7zgelia pinnata DC.) by Bats ——___—_—- —_-——— ;; Occ ur- rence of Iso étes in the Bombay Presidency McCann, C.; See BLATTER, FP MAHENDRA, BENE CHARAN j;— The colouration of the tail of the common Skink (Lygusona punctatum) (With a photo- graph) ; Sas Be NMiACni Wie ON. Pig!) MOA. oA. spider that can change the PAGE tah’) 226 valet aioe) 230 430 467 471 colour of its eyes at will (Myrmarachne plataleoides Camb.) (With four plates and four text-figures) me MILLARD, W. 8.3; Obituarial notice of John C. Anderson. -——-. —_—-The founders of the Bombay Natural History Society i MILLARD, W.S. alee EG sie, E, MILNER, E.; The Occurrence of the Spotbill or Grey Duck (Anas p. pactlorhyncha) in Upper Chindwin, Burma Misra, M.P. ; See NEGRI, P.S. MoRR ES, Re Cis bicZ. Si, F.R.G.S. A Tale of Five Tiger (With a photo)... Sis Vitality of acow mauled by a Tiger ( With two text-figures) A Panther’s strange behaviour ia MvuKERJI, D. D., M.Sc.; On a _ small collection of Fish from the Bhavani River (S. India) (With three text- figures) Ff ——--——-——— ; Ona small collection of Fish from the streams in the Billigiri- rangan Hills (S. India) xi Pace 196 209 405 439 440 359 410 MUELLER, H.C., D.Sc.; Sea fishing on the Bombay ‘ Coast. a ne NAVAR, K. KARUNAKARAN ;} A Flying Frog. (With a plate.) is wee b Cannibalism among Fishes. Neer, PsS.; MIsRA; M2. P.,; and Gupta. S. N. Some aspects of the Bionomics of the Lac Insect PEACOCK, E.H. daung : The Shwe-u- Game Sanctuary, 220 227 150 Upper Burma, with anoteon ~ the Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros (4. sazmatrensts) ( With a plate) ... 446 xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS IPOCOCK; 1 IRh1i.< (HR. Sk ea me Mammal Survey of the Eastern Ghats. Report on the Monkeys : £2 —_—— ———- : The Long-tailed Macaque Mon- keys Macaca radiata and JZ. sinica of Southern India and Ceylon ; ———_ ; The Pig-tailed Macaques Cea nemestrina) S PRATER, S.H., C.M.Z. S. salvia Migration of ie White Stonk (Ciconia ciconia) : = PRATER, S.H., See SPENCE, om REGINALD. Proceedings.... ae Sey Bool REVIEWS :— i. The Game Birds of India, Burma and _ Ceylon (Pheasants and Bustard Quail) vol. iii. : ii. The Wor ie wise es Theory and the Pro- gress of the organic world ; iii. An Introduction to eo logy REVIEWS :— Bird Life in India : Difficulties of the Evaro ‘Theory : oe Abt Scop. t-Con. 2H .B.,. leas, F.E.S.; Notes on Indian Hawkmoths. (With three plates and nine text-figures.) SHINA, 9. 5., Nie SC, Jeb. De: Determining the age of Indian Fishes from _ their scales SEWELL, Lt. “Cor. R. B., M. iN D. Sc. (Cantab), 27 S., BeLo:; “Aco. Be vee: The Problem of Evolution. Part I wae des Nee ———_; Part Il (Witha plate) SHAH, SADEG Z.; A case of Hybridization between the Wild-Dog and the Jackal (With a photo)... PAGE 297 45) 472 185 466 aS 247 198 | StmMons, R.M.; an _ Incident with Wild-Dog in Nimar SPENCE, SIR REGINALD, Kt., M las EZ 2 and PRATER.) Oe wile) Mile Oee C.M.Z.S.; The Fish supply of the West Coast of India. Part. 11 (With fzve plates) ace STANFORD, J. K. ee Cue: ihe: sBirds of the Prome District of Lower Burma with notes on the collection by CLAuD B TicEHuURST, M.D., M°As M-BsOlU EAR G-se Part Ill . SURGIYA, The Maharaja of : Some er of Pantlier shooting : ‘ise a TICEHURST. C.B. See STAN- FOR Dyess. TURNER, G.M.; Further record of the Mallard (Anas platyryncha) occurring in Burma —_ —-- —-—_- Odcurréiice of the Tufted Pechiea (Nyroca fuligula) and the Eastern White-eye (yvoca baert) in Burma WAITE, H. W.; Oéctixaitee of the Sind Red. winged Bush- Lark (MMirafra_ erythroptera sindianus) in the Rawalpindi District of the Punjab WHISTLER, HuGuy; The Study of Indian Birds. Parts VII & VIII. The Reproduction of 32 411 209 Zit 458 Birds. 7.2 a See Ooe Sle —————; An open Letter to the Editors —_—; The indian Great Reed- Warbler [ Acro- cephalus stentoreus brunnes- cens (Jerdon)}... ; — WHITEHEAD CAPT, “Wien: Notes on the White-headed Duck or Stiff-tail (7zs- amatura leucocephala) YatEs, J.A.; The Butterflies of Coorg, Part II 189 450 104 : LIST OF PLATES VOLUME XXXV No. 1 PAGE The Game Birds of the Indian Empire— Plate. (A) The Eastern Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominicus fulvus). (B) The Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) aie sae 1 Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency— Plate I. Cryptocoryne tcrtuosa ... sh eee sie 16 Plate II. Cvryptocoryne cognatoides ae a3 ae 17 Plate III. (1) Cryptocoryne tortuosa nee Sat ae 20 (2) Arisema longecaudatuin af ae nos 20 Plate IV. Zyphonium incurvatum .. ac oie 22 Plate V. (1) Amorphophallus caribaea bes. Open Flower x 26 (2) " ‘y Open Flower se 26 Plate VI. (1) Amorphophallus campanulatus. Bud of .. a os (2) ” ” Spadix of alate 27 Plate VI1. Amorphophallus commutatus tA ne a 29 Some Beautiful Indian ‘Trees— Plate 11. Indian Laburnam (Cassza fistula) ... oe ahs 60 Plate XI. (A) Indian Laburnam (Cassza fistula) sei ses 62 (£) Flowering Branch of the Indian Laburnam (Cassia TUSIUIQ) 0 ses ses 62 Plate 12. Burmese Pink Cassia Geiss eae) z 64 Plate XII. Burmese Cassia (Cass7a renigera) Ae vering in WaCtonie Gardens, Bombay aie se a AG 65 Indian Dragonflies— Plate, Anal appendages of Ps ofosticta spp. Se a 68 The Fish supply of the West Coast of India— Plate IV. Black Pomfret (S. zzger) - Silver Pomfret (.S. cinereus) : White Pomfret (.S. szzensis) : Pala (Clupea ilisha) ... 77 Plate V. Rosy Perch (Lufzanus argentimaculatus) : Black Bream (Chrysophrys berda) ; Cock-Up (Lates calcarifer) ; Rock-Perch (.Sevvravus sp.) - Speckled Perch (Lutianus rivulatus). ee so it 78 Plate VI. Cat-fish Ans LSS Ne Bombay Duck (Harpodon nehereus) » Indian Haddock (Scienoides brunneus) ... 80 Plate VII. Falai (Chorinemus toloo) : Lady Fish (S7llago sihana) : Tunny (Zhynus thunina): Seer (Cybium khulit) : Sakala (Hlacate nigra) i ie = 82 Plate VIII. Hilsa (Mugil dussumier’): Boi (Mugil oeur) ; Sole (Synaptura cinerascens): Indian Halibut (Psetlodes erumel) ... oe Ses ah - 84 XIV LASTS FERIA ES: Change of colour in Spider’s Eyes— Plate I. Diagrams and Dissections Plate II. i 5 Plate ILI. ” ” Plate IV. ” 93 Propagation and Distribution of the Tree-Parasite ay ES nae es, Dest. : Plate I. (A) Loranthus longiflorus in bloom BY: re (B) A sunbird (Leptocoma zeylonica) probing into ZL. longiftlorus flowers for nectar Plate’ -II.. (4) Seed of ZL. longiflorus on a branch, mhotosnaninee immediately on being excreted by Diceum _ erythrorhynchum ... (B) A Thick-billed Flowerpecker. UaM EE Ronn aD) with _aberry of ZL. longiflorus in bill Gayal or Mithan (Bos. frontalis)— | Plate. (4) A Fine Bull of the Mithan (Az6os frontalis) (2) Mithan, showing dewlap and dorsal ridge Nidification and Habits of the Travancore Laughing-Thrush (aie lopteron jerdoni fairbank1)— (4) 2XCaiest (B) Nest oe Flying Frog. (Rhacophorus a ee Jerd.)— Plate. (A) Dorsal view a (#£) Ventral view me | . No. 2 The Game Birds of the Indian Empire— Plate. ° (4) Indian Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobzvanellus indicus Indaicus). (B) Yellow-Wattled Lapwing (Lobipluvia malabarica)... Revision ‘of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency— Plate I. Oberonia bellii Plate II. Oberonta brachyphylla Plate III. Obderonzia brunoniana Plate IV. Obderonia lindleyana Plate V. Liparis nervosa Plate VI. Liparis flavo-viridis Plate VII. (A) Dendrobium microbulbon ~(B) Dendrobium crepidatum Plate VILI.- Ariaminima ... Some Beautiful Indian Trees— Plate. Java Cassia (Cassia javanica) we Plate. Java Cassia (Cassza javanica) trees in flower ... Plate. (A) Flowers-and leaves of Cassia javanica Plate. (B). Flowers and leaves of Cassia nodosa late, Sacred Barna (Crat@va nurvala) Plates (A) Flowers of Sacred Barna (Crate@va Popol) (2) Wkree ” ’ ” PaGE 134 136 138 140 144 144 148 148 18 199 205 205 220 220 241 254 255 256 257 260 261 262 262 274 289 290 290 230 293 294 294 LIS OF PLALES The Study of Indian Birds— Plate. Pendant Nest of the Thick-billed Flower-Pecker (Piprz- soma squalidunt) 25 - Indian Dragonflies— Plate I. Anal appendages of—Ceylonosticla, Platysticta and Drepanosticta atehe eee Plate II. Anal appendages Say ie Vor ee and Ceylonosticta Indian Net-veined Midges or Biesngy ose ee Plate. (1) Fall in the course of a small stream below Shillong— Cherrapunji Road, Khasia Hills, Assam. (2) Stream below Umdong Fall near Dumpep, Khasia Hills, Assam om, : The Problem of Evolution— Chart of Zones Notes on Indian Hawkmoths : Imagos of— Plate I. 1. Oxvambulyx sericetpennts, 2. Rhagastis albomarginatius, 3. Marumba sperchius, 4. Theretra nessus, 5. Rhopalop- syche nycterts, 6. Langia zenzerotdes, 7. Clants phaiarts. Plate II. Caterpillars of—1. Acherontia styx, 2. Psilugramma mene-_. phron, 3. Cephonodes hylas, 4. Pseudodolbina fo, 5. Ma- vumba sperchius, 6. Clanis phalaris, 7. Rhagastis ee: marginatus .. Plate III. Caterpillars a 1. ort Contase, Z. Popa khastana, 3. Theretra clotho, 4. Degmaptera mirabilis, 5. Hippotion celerio, 6. Theretra alecto,7. Macroglossum pyrrhosticta A she Plate. Ceropegia hispida The Shwe-u-Daung Game Sanctuary, Upper Burma— Plate. (A) The Shwe-u-Daung Game Sanctuary. (8) The Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros (2. szmatrensis) shot in the sanctuary XV PAGE Zt o27, 325 342 364 373 409 446 INDEX TOTELUSTRATTONS VOLUME XXXV Nos. 1 and 2 PAGE Acherontia styx, (Caterpillar) Pl., fig. 1 oF . 364 A ar oe phallus camp me aahish Pl. Vo ties. 1 22) lO figs. 1 & 2 eee a sos 20, 27 Amorphophallus commutatus, Pl. VIL 29 Ampelophaga pia aaa owen pillar). Pl., fig. 2 ee = 373 Aviswema Veneicgudavinn, P}. ll, fer a 20 Arius Letina “Pl, Vi, fig. i 80 Barbus micropogon, fig. 2 La- tera] view of anterior portion. 167 --var. mySso- rensis, fig. 1. Lateral view of anterior portion me > «= 166 Bibos frontalis, Pl, fig. 1. A fine bull of the Mithan. Fig. 2 showing dew-lap and dorsal ridge ... ae ee i OD Bulbophyllum neilgherrense, fig. Boe ae see er cy, Cassia fistula. Plea sae bet Bt 60 Pig. of leat is es ae 61 Fig. of flower ... ee age 61 Pl. XI. (A) Tree ey ae 62 (B) Flowering branch ee 62 Cassia nodosa, Flowers and leaves. Pl. fig. 2 ae sar B2o0 renigera. Pi xl a are re 64 Pl. XII. Flowering in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay. 65 Figs. of bud and flower ah 65 Cassia javanica, P). eo See) aeOO — - Flowers and leaves. blo fig Se habe = uu) ——- in flower at the Bombay Yacht Club, Pl. ... 290 Cephnodes hylas, ee Ply, fens ae & % Gerobenr hispida, Pl, Ceylonosticta digna, Anal ap- pendages, Pl., figs. 8 & 9 —— filaris, fig. b. Penile organ A —— Anal a0 pendages. Pl., figs. 5 & 6 —— lankanensis, Anal appendages. Pl,, figs. 11 &12. montana, Anal appendage PI., fig. 11 = neitnert. Anal appendages. Pl. figs. 7&8 tropica, Anal ap- pendages. Pl., figs.1& 2... Chorinemus toloo. Pi, Vil., fiz: 2 Chrysophrys berda. PIL ., fed |. Clanis hn ae Pl. Ag. 7 —-—-- eee, ; ie. 6 a : Pit tlisha. Pl. IV., figs. 4&5 Cow mauled by a Tiger. Fig. (A) Two neck bones. Fig. (B) The same, dislocated. Crateva nurvala, Pl. — flowers of, Pl., fio 2. “Tree Cryptocoryne PES. Pi. I. tortuosa, Pl. I., figs. 1—6 : sae ane -—-—— Pl. III. PRIUS aaa Cybium khulit, Pl, ‘VIL., tie. 3. Degmaptera mirabilis (Cater- pillar). Pl., fig. 4 a Dendrobium crepidatum, P., fig. 2 PAGE 364 409 327 67 328 328 327 328 327 82 78 362 364 77 439 293 294 17 16 20 82 373 262 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Dendrobium microbulbon, P|. figs. Drepanosticta Wanna: AGA appendage. PIl., fig. 4 carmichaelt, fig. d. Penile organ.. —' — Anal ee 3&4 virials. Anal Pl. fig. 10 Anal ap- _pendages, Pl. figs.9 & 10 Filacate nigra, Fl. Vil, fig. 5 Eria minima, PI. —.- rupestris, fig. Eryx johnti, fig. Euliponeura assamensis, fig. ——_-_ ——————— appendages. PI. es =? = appendage. Male horat, Dorsal and Ventral views of Pupa, figs. a &b : oe aed Kae Evolution, The Problem of, Chart of zones. PI. Harpodeon nehereus, Pl. fig. 2 Hawkmoth : Caterpillar oar Chrysalis of, fig. 3 - with tongue-case VI, or "Larva, fig. 4 Mes are — - free tongue- case, fig.5 ... Zea Head of aad fig. eee Pupa of, ig. 3. Hippotion lero. Caterpillar, Pl. fig. 5 Horatia, Larve, figs. 1 & 2 Indian Net-veined Midges. Habitat of, Pl. figs. 1 & 2 Kigelia pinnata. Fig. 1. Position of flower ... Fig. 2. Longitudinal Sec- tion oe wal ae Fig.3. Position of bat in | flower Lates calcarifer. PLN 3) Ss 2 Langta zenzerotdes. Piz, fig. 6 ee? 3 PAGE Boz Leptocoma zeyvlonica. Pl. J., fig. 2: Probire into Loranthns longitlorus Lethama locusta. Fig. 1. Position of, in copu- lation Fig. 2. Tymbal of the left side with both opercula se Fig. 3. A single Tymbal showing Chitinous ribs and plates Fig. 4. Longitudinal section showing the mus- cles er Fig. 5. Section showing both tymbal mus- cles Liparis flavo-viridis, Pl. —- nervosa, Pl. Lobipluvia matlabarica, Pl., Hee 2A, ok ay a ane Lobivanellus indicus indicus, Pl ie. i Dette Dn Pl. I., fig. 1.—in bloom Fig, 1. Diagram of opened bud of. Diagram of flower of. un- iigerg 2 Fig, 3. pecker (Lepto- coma zeylonica) feeding from. flow- ers of. Seed of, with adhe- sive filaments Loranthus longiflorus. Pl. II., fig. 1. Seed of, on a branch photographed im- mediately on being excreted by Diceum . erythrorhyn- chum. Fig. II: : A’ Fig. 4. Thick-billed Flowerpecker (/P7prisoma agile), with a-berry in bill. Lutianus argentimaculatus. Pla Vij hiec —--— rivulatus. Pi. Vv. ie.9 Diagram of a Flower , Xvi PAGE 144 431 433 434 434 435 261 260 24) 241 144 145 148 78 78 KViii PAGE Macroglossum pyrrhosticta. Caterpillar, Pl., fig. 7 373 ‘Marumba sperchius. Pl. fio23 362 (Caterpillar). Pl., fig. 5 364 Mugil dussumtert. Pl. ‘VEH., fig. 84 oeur. Pl.-VIII., fig. 2 84 Myrmarachne plataleoides. Pls. I-IV and text-figs. I-IV. Diagrams and dissections. 134-143 Oberontia bellii, Pl. 254 ——-— brachyphylla, Pl. 259 ——-—— brunoniana, Pl. 256 — —-- lindleyana, Pl. 257, Oxyambulyx sericetpennis. Pl., fig. 1. 362 joa zmbricata, fies 267 Phrynichus phipsont. Fig. 230 Piprisoma jeden, Nest of ... S21 Platysticta apicabes. Anal appendages, Pl., figs. 5 &6 ... ; Se $27 Platysticta Necedn en ie Fig. a. Penile organ... 67 wings of, fig. 325 Platysticta deccanensts. Anal appendages, Pl., figs. 3 & 7 327 —_— — maculata. Fig.c. Penile organ 67 Anal appendages, Pl., figs.1& 2 ae be e 328 Pluvialis dominicus fulvus. Pl: fed . 1 Phe jerdoniana, Bie ee 0269 ~- papillosa, Fig. ... sae«S 209) Protosticta davenporti. Pl., figs. 9& 10. Anal appen- dages aes a wie 68 —-- —_ gravelyi. Fig.e. Penile organ 67 Protosticta gravelyt. Pl., figs. 7&8. Anal appen- dages ... 68 ee INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Protosticta hearseyt. Pl., figs. 1 & 2. . Anal.appen- dages... . a -—— himalaica. Fig. wings of ... Pl, figs.. 1&2. “Anal ap- pendages -—- mortont. Pl., figs. 3&4. Anal appen- aac (FD Galloperdix Res ae ees ane 99 , Spadicea ... io ... 400 —_—_—_—_-——- calrrina... va. 249 Gallus 4 ee me a3: ie 99 : bankiva robinsoni a aoe 4] Gammarus chevreuxi ... i an a4 Gangara thyrsis thyrsis... 68 jose Garra sp. ... ane ee Sed see 00 lamta Re oe ae ... 360 Gennzeus horsfieldi sexe £05 Br 41 - —- lineatus f8 See aa 4] —— -—— cuvieri the en 4] —— -—— oatesi a ‘ve 4] —- nycthemerus... eee moe 4] Geocichla citrina cyanotis ane ee ass! Gerres lucidus _... wa ee Se 78 Gerydus biggsii ... ve ae .. 104 Glareola lactea ... ok ane see 43 == tmaldivarum, 2. _... ee Glaucidium cuculoides... Pop oy 37 ——_—_—__—-——_ rufescens ... oF Glaucoma scintillans... ih Se ite: Gloriosa superba A 24 ee 230 Glottis nebularia ane ae wee 46 Gobius giurus ... a ar with Vd, macrostoma ot oe ae 77 —— masoni ... eae sis rT 77 —— ocellatus... Pe sis on Th —— ornatus ... “ite cas ee 77 -——— striatus... one See Sista 77 —- viridipunctatus ... ... ... 77 Gonepteryx aspasia zaneka ... en elo : rhamni nepalensis ... 181 Gorsachius m. melanolophus == 48 Graucalus macei skis sis ae. POOL Grewia sp. seh eis sii .. 144 Grus ti. a be ao ae) Oa —-antigone ... ue om Gymnuoris xanthocollis Se rnnceil oe oll) Gyps indicus tes a as ae 7 598 Halcyon pileata .. ee es bis 36 —smyrnensis .., oe cee or ee - fUSCAN sise3 oe 36 Haliastur indus indus Halpe astigmata homolea ceylonica ——honorei moorei sitala Harpodon nehereus Hasora alexis alexis - badra badra -chabrona - vitta Heliopais personata Hemicircus canente canente ... ——_ ————_ -——__- ——_ cordatus... Hemidactylus flavivirides Hemiprocne coronatus Hemirhamphus xanthopterus... Herodias alba modesta Hesperia galba Heterophragma roxburghii Heterostalis flagelliformis Hidari bhawani Hierococcyx varius Hilsa ilisha ——- toli es Himantopus h. himantopus Hippolais scita Hippotion celerio Hirundo daurica nepalensis ———— fluvicola ———— rustica ——_—— smithii . filifera... Homo heidelbergensis ... — neanderthalensis - sapiens te Hoplopterus Aiea ventralis Horaga anyx cingalensis - viola Horaia ae Horsfieldia anita... anita ... Huphina nerissa phryne Hyarotis adrastus adrastus ———— basiflava Hydra ‘ Hydrophasianus Sntireus Hydrosine hohenackeri.. Hypocolius ampelinus . - taminatus taminatus ... 45, 100, 241 XXVii PaGE 38 TebZ 112 112 EZ Seen wee ueliZ: 80, 414 109 109 109 109 109 43 33 207 ... 464 37, 398 414 47 ba 111 229, 468 22 aM 4/40) 100, 395 414 . 414 45, 402 we «= O80 373 392 391 391 96 391 354 wee «= Go wee «= 354 241 108 ae 108 342, 346 114 106 180 jg! 111 Al 43, “100, 401 29 454 RVI Hypolimnas bolina —_--——- missippus... Hypoteenidia striata gularis Iambrix salsala luteipalpus Ichthyophaga humilis plumbeus Idiocerus clypealis ep -- niveosparsus Inachus -- Aoreetene Iraota timoleon timoleon Ismene fergussoni —- gomata kanara... Isoétes capsularis coromandeliana Itys microstictum Ixias marianne marianne —— pyrene satadra Ixobrychus cinnamomeus —— sinensis siner sis Iynx torquilla --——— japonica Jamides bochus bochus celeno celeno —————elpis curysaces Josephia lanceolata Junonia hierta hierta Kallima inackus huegeli Kiambam kitsii Kigelia ethiopica - africana - pinnata Kinetta microstictum Koddapail Lacatirus lactarius Lagenandra ovata toxicaria Lampides beeticus Langia zenzeroides Lanius caniceps cristatus erythronotus excubitor lahtora schach ~... vittatus Lantana camara. Ae Larus argentatus cach aa di, brunneicephalus... ridibundus Lates calcarifer Leiopicus ——. | | e ° - icthyaétus icthyaétus ... PAGE 425 425 42 111 219 38 peat 4s) 218 124 124 ie 206 109, E12 109 471 471 AZ 182 182 48 48 394 33 106 106 106 268 425 425 14 ste ye L0 we 470 467 Be 14 414 18 18 oo. eel OS 302973 386 386 Se oeehela) 194, 386 386 386 147 219 “43, 219 s«. - 403 ns MA Ths A 32 INDEX OF SPECIES Leiopicus mahrattensis Lepidocephalichthys thermalis Leptocoma asiatica —-lotenia : ZEVIONICA LS) ware aoe Leptoptilos dubius ——.- javanicus ... Lethama locusta wes Lethe confusa confusa ... goalpara narkanda insanainsana ... jalaurida jalaurida maitrya nicetas pulaha pulaha rohria dyrta sidonis vaivarta ... verma verma yama yama Leuciscus gatensis Pace 102, 169, Leucopolius alexandrinus digeenanare Libythea lepita lepita ————- myrrha myrrha ————-- myrrha sanguinalis... Lichenora jerdoniana Liminitis danava - procris procris eos ————-- trivena trivena Limosa limosa Liparis dalzellii ———- flavo-viridis - nervosa ———- odorata - paradoxa Lobipluvia malabarica... Lobivanellus indicus aigneri ... ———_—_—__.-—_---— atronuchalis -——--——___-_—___——_ indicus Locustella certhiola Lophoceros birostris Loranthus dregei —— kraussi —longiflorus ... Loxura atymnus surya... Lutianus argentimaculatus —— -——_ johnii ... — — rivulatus Lyczenestes emolus emolus ——— lyceenina lyceenina Lyceonopsis akasa mavisa —-—— lilacea... iar 259; 394 359 146 146 146 98 219 430 416 416 417 416 416 416 417 416 416 416 417 361 45 428 428 428 270 4.22 423 423 96 259 206 209 259 260 249 247 248 247 388 397 146 146 144 107 78 78 78 106 106 105 105 —eS SS eS Ul INDEX OF SPECIES Xxix PaGE PaGE Lyceenestes puspa gisca ae ... 105 | Melanitis leda ismene ... ae .. 420 Lygosoma punctatum ... aye ... 463 | Meliteea arcesia sindura sai ee 427 Lyncornis cerviniceps cerviniceps... 37 | Melittophagus e.erythrocephalus _... 35 Lyrurus.... hes oe . ae 99 | Melophus melanicterus ee sia, > OOM Mabuiacarinata... ... =F: ... 465 | Meropsapiaster... .. ... «. 396 Macaca adusta ... a an 298, 303 - javanicus me age ios BOLT —andamanensis ... i 298, 302 - orientalis see — ». 396 - arctoides... ee . .. 297 | —— = DUP US: es sae 30 ~ eyomolgus eee ae ... 297 | -~——- superciliosus javanicus 35, 397 -indochinensis ... ees 298, 299 | Metaponia pussilla aa ae ce 20 - insulana ae wee 298, 303 | Metopidius ia ae site -. 100 - irus ihe ai bee 2 297 -——— indicus bets ae nee 43 os mulatta... er rn ... 300 | Microciona prolifera... . 123 - nemestrina ham 2 297, 298 | Microhierax coerulescens Gictianiece: 38 oe andamanensis ... 305 | Micropternus oe oer ae iter 4320 — blythii i oF 305 brachyura burmanicus... 32 a —— indochinensis .... 393 | ———— —— phaioceps Le ahs 32 ———-radiata ... ae cad 51, 276 | Micropus affinis ... sa ee sve 0 397 ——— diluta, 4. a .. 278 | ———- subfurcatus ... ies ey) ——-silenus ... ae ade ... 297 | ——--—— melba... me ae a8 poor -=———- sinica... AS ee 276, 281 | ——--—— pacificus cooki a er ee 30 —_———--— _ aurifrons... ea ... 286 | Microsarcops cinereus ... oi 45, 252 ——_- inaurea ... e ... 286 | Microstylis rheedei ne oe ee ZOO ——-—- speciosa ... oe : 297 | ——— versicolor... oer sap - 200 Macacus leoninus At. “297, 299, 303, | Miglyptes jugularis = as — 33 304, 305 | Milvus migrans govinda ee 38, 399 -sinicus ... a ae 51 | ————-—-—— lineatus... ve es 39 Machlolophus ee bi ... 9382 | Mirafra erythroptera erythroptera ... 393 Macroglossum pyrrhosticta ... =. of/o | ——————— sindianus ». 458 Macrones punctatus, ... Lm ... 162 | Molpastes heemorrhous pallidus . 384 —- vittatus a oe oye 2277) NLOMIeZia, ys. ae a 7 Macropygia unchall tusalia_... ny 41 | Monticola eee PETdOD ses ee *385 Macrosiphum solarifolia aye ... 127 | Motacilla alba dukhunensis ... seen Ue Maia nae a a .. 124 | -————--—— personata ee ... = 392 Malaxis BRdnOniana ee Lng .. 257 | ———— cinerea ... is ie ane, | CUE ———— lindleyana ie oe = «40208 — citreola veree ree ne ove — odorata ols ae wee «= 299 | -—- caspica eh, "392 ————- platycaulon ... sei ... 257 | ——-——- flava beema ... in se ue ——_—— recurva... bef a ae OF --—— madeéraspatensis ... a +392, -———-—— rheedei ... ay Le ... 259 | Mugil beorneensis ties aie os Li —-— setifera... ee eae ee). COL: dussumieri aah ae ... Jf, 84 ———-verticillata.... re .. 255 | ——— kelaartii ... oe er .. 414 Maniola davendra davendra ... fo ALS oeur re ex A ... 7/7, 84 - lupinus cheena re .. 417 | ——- poicilus ... ve ee fe Vd - pulchra . obs Raa, ah? waigiensis ae a oe 77 Mareca penelope as oe ae 50'| Mulleripicus pulverulentus netterd sits 33 Marumba sperchius _..., a 362, 364 | Muscadivora zenea sylvatica ... 40, 219 Matapa aria sa woe ace .. 111 | Mycalesis francisca sanatana ... ree eS Megalornis antigone hi .. 401 | ——-—— lepcha lepcha ats ae LG Megapodius nicobariensis ae ... 313 | ——-—— mineus mineus oe sve 15 Megisba malaya thwaitesi_... .. 104 | ——-—— perseus blasius ose ce 45 EXX Mycalesis perseus typhlus ———-——-_ visala visala Myiophoneus horsfieldi Myrmarachne plataleoides Nacaduba akaba gythion ————--- atrata euplea ——_——--- dana . ———--- dubiosa jadi ———---- hermus nabo ————--- nora ... ——-—--- noreia erate nt ——--—— pactolus continentalis ——--—— viola viola Naia bungarus Namouna ambica Nelenshena major minor Nemachilus evezardi --—— striatus ... Neocurupira Neohierax insignis icuienic Neophron perenopterus Neopithecops zalmora Neptis ananta ananta hylas astola hylas varmona ,,, —— mahendra narayana Narayana sankara sankara yerburyii yerburyii zaida aes Nettapus coromandelianus Nettion crecca - formosum Nicevillea concinna ————--- gola Notocrypta curvifascia ... - paralysos alysia Numenius arquata lineatus Nycticorax n. nycticorax Nyroca fuligula... -———— fuliodlas —--—- rufa —_——_—--—— beri Nytha mniszechii baldiva — parisatis parsis .. Oberonia arnottiana | ——--—— belli ae sia _———-- brachyphylla re —— ——- brunoniana =—=--——- falconeri PAGE 415 415 202 132 105 105 106 105 105 105 106 105 -105 49, 50, 48, 225 421 22 24 360 360 344 38 398 104 424 424 424 423 424 424 424 424 404 404 211 112 aS IRL UG! 46 404 211 50 210 210 418 418 258 . 256 207 257 2956 INDEX OF SPECIES ——=- polytes romulus oe Pact -Oberonia lindleyana 258 ——_——-- lingmalensis ... 255 ————- platycaulon ... 257 —-——-- recurva 257 ———- sedgwickii 257 ————-- setifera 257 —_- Spirals 256 ——_——-- umbonata 259° ——_——- verticillata Fe e259 ———__-——_--——- var aliquibus ... 255 ee -—— var longibract- eata 255 ——-—— wightiana 258 Odontoptilum angulata 110 CEcophylla smaragdina 140 CEnanthe deserti atrogularis ... 384 ——- cenanthe cenanthe ... 384 —_——- picata .. 384 (Enopopelia tranquebarica pamilie 500 4] ——_—— tranque- barica ... 400 Ophicephalus gachua doa OL Ophiocephalus gachua ... 158, 361 Stratus: vic. aia} Orinoma damaris 417 Oriolus... wee eae 320 - chinensis indicus 389 -oriolus kundoo 389 Oroxylum indicum 468 Orsotrieena medus medus 420 Orthotomus 321 ——- sutorius 388 Otis tarda.. 98 Orocomined emeria igecieaudata 217 Otolithus argentius 414 Oxyambulyx sericeipennis 362 Oxytricha ... Aa 118 Padraona dara pseudomaesa ae 113 ——-_— sunias tropica 113 —————_-———_ var. palnia ... 113 Palemon carcinus ee ane nr WS Pandion haliaétus haliaétus 38, 398 Pantoporia asura asura 423 —— opalina opalina 423 ————— perius : 423 —— selenephora erienephora ce W420 Papilio arcturus arius 177 - demoleus demoleus 177 ———- machaon sphyrus 177 ——=— polyctor polyctor sae Pee aala7) iene Vis INDEX OF SPECIES XXxi PAGE PaGE Papilio protenor protenor 177 | Phalacrocorax fuscicollis 403 Paracurupira 344 -- javanicus 403 Paramoecium site ae 17 — niger 47 caudatum 126 | Phasianus elegans 185 Pararge meoerula ... 417 | Philomachus pugnax .. 96, 98 -- (=Rhaphicera) moorei 417 | Phoeniconaias minor 219 -- (=Satyrus) schakra .. 417 | Phcenicopterus 321 Pareba vesta anomala 428 — ruber 219, 404 Pareronia valeria hippia 182 | Phoenicurus ochrurus phoenicuroides. 385 Parhestina nicevillei 422 | Pholidota imbricata 267 _—— persimilis zella 421 | Phrynichus phipsoni 230 Parnara conjuncta 113 | Phyllanthus reticulatus ... 147 -- plebeia ... 113 | Phylloscopus ee ae 322 -- prominens bs collybita tristis .. 386, 389 -- toona Le Ss indicus : 389 Parnassius epaphus bbaphus eee 178 nitidus viridans! 389 a hardwickei hardwickei 178 | Picus chlorolophus chlorophoides 32 jacquemontiijacquemontii 178 | ——-- vittatus myrmecophaneus 219 Parra goensis 244 | Pieris brassice ... Na 179 Parus atriceps 191 | ——-- calidice kalora 179 ——-- major mahrattarum .. 382 | —-—-- canidia canidia 179 Passer domesticus domesticus... 99, 100, 187 | ——-- napi ajaka 179 eee dics 187, 390 | Piprisoma a. agile 147, 148 ——__-—__ +—___-- nigricolis ... 187 | ——--—— squalidum equaliren 321, 394 pe INS he parkini 187 | Pistia crispata 14 hispaniolensis a. 187 | ——- Stratiotes fa these 14 Pastor roseus .. 989, 457, 461 a - var, cuneata ... — 14 Pathysa eurous kashmirensis ... 178 | Pithecus andamanensis 304, 305 Pavo cristatus 400 |. ————- entellus _ e 52 Pedestes sala ot VI — achates 53 Pelecanus philippensis ... a ee ISes 53 Pellona filigera 414 | ——-———_-——_ iulus... .% 53 Pennaria tiarelia... 20 ee eS Poor Oo Penthoceryx 33 | —-———_—— priamellus ... 53 Perdicula argoondah 401 —— thersites 55 -— asiatica 401 | Pitta brachyura... ; : 394 Pericrocotus ae 1 - 319 | Plastingia submaculata abate 112 : brevirostris brevirostris. 218 | Platalea leucorodia 101, 403 —-~ erythropygius 387 | Platycephalus scaber 78 ee peregrinus 387 | Platypria andrewsi 466 roseus roseus 213: |-———-_— echidna 466 speciosus speciosus 218 | ——-—— hystrix 466 Perilampus cequipinnatus 168 | Platysticta 66 - Periopthalmus WE —— apicalis 327 Periplaneta australis 120 | ————— deccanensis... 325, 328 Peritheates 344 | —— digna 333 Pernis apivorus 219 | -———_—— greeni 326 ——-— Grientalis ey: 39 | ———— hilaris 330 ——-— ptilorhynchus ; .. 38, 89 | ————— maculata 326 ptilorhynchus Huficollis 39, 219 | ———-—— montana 331, 335 Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis .,. 47 | ———-——- quadrata Sec is) XXXii Plarysticta tropica Ploceus - SAI EEEE Plotosus canius Pluvialis apricarius apricarius —-—-—— dominicus ——_———- fulvus Pluvianus cinerea Podiceps cristatus —_—_——-- ruficollis —-——_—-——-— capensis ... Polynemus heptadactylus ——- indicus 555 —_—_—_——-- plebius ——-—— sextarius ——- tetradactylus Porpax jerdoniana - papillosa... ——-— reticulata Porphyrio poliocephalus Porzana pusilla... Pothos decipiens exiguiflorus —— fallax —— pertusus ... — roxburghii Scancdens =... : Pratapa blanka sudica ... -- cleobis .. ———-—- deva deva Precis almana almana ... ——-- almana asterie ... ——-- hierta hierta Ase ——-- iphita ae - lemonias persicaria — -- orithya swinheei ... Presbytis entellus anchises ——-——— priamus Prinia gracilis ; —— inornata inornata socialis ea ———- stewarti... Procellaria pelagica Protosticta at — carmicheli ... cerinostigma ————— davenporti ... ————- gravelyi —————- hearseyi ——sa——— himalaica os .o2l, 322,000 ,. 66, 74 PAGE 332 321 78 2 t 4, 45, 219 251, 252 100 404 50 78 80 78, 414 414 78 269 268 268 42 42 ofl oil 31 31 Si Sil 108 108 108 425 425 425 425 425 425 53 55 321 389 389 328 389 315 68 337 7B 70 tO ,6/2 73 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Protosticta lindgreni 74 —— mortoni a2 ——-————- sanguinostigma 71 ———— stevensi 69 —— uncatus 75 Psettodes erumei... +e 84 Pseudergolis wedah 424 Pseudodolbina fo save Oe Pseudogyps bengalensis 38, 389 Pseudomesa dara 13 Pseudorhombus javanicus 78 Psidium guava ‘ 144 Psilogramma Pere pnran 364 Psittacula cyanocephala 396 ——-—— eupatria a 396 —-—_—_——— iadomerannee ane 34 ——-—— krameri Me Ske (ee borealis 34, 219 ——-——-—_——-—— manillensis 219 —- schisticeps finschi 34 Pterocles coronatus atratus 400 400 ——-——-- indicus 400 Pterocletes 322 Pteroplatea micrura 414 Pteropus giganteus 439 Pteruthius erythronotus 320 Ptilocnema imbricatum... 268 Ptyonoprocne concolor ... 391 Pycnonoitus luteolus 217 Pyctorhis sinensis 383 Pyrotrogon e. Siroceeteine: 36 -—— oreskios 36 Pythoniuim bulbiferum . 27 Pyrrhocorax Deine corse 213 ee —_— beacoapeees 216 —_——__-—_- ——— centralis ... 215 —————_—_—_-——__- ——_ himalaiya- nus 216 -____———__ -——_ pontifex 2413 Pyrrhulauda grisea siccatta me ous Querquedula querquedula 50, 404 Ramphalcyon capensis .. ss oon -—_—__——__-——- burmanica ... 36 Rana tigrina 462 Rapala lankana ... 109 - melampus 109 ——-— schistacea 109 - varuna lazulina... 109 Raphiophallus hohenackeri ... 27, 29 Rasbora daniconius % -», 36} Rathinda amor Remiz coronatus... Remusatia vivipara Rhacophorus malabaricus -——--- nigropalmatus ... Rhagastis albomarginatus -—- confusa Rhapidophora lacera , = Dercusa —... Rhinoceros sondaicus ... -—— sumatrensis Rhipidura aureola aureola albicollis ... ——-——- pectoralis Rhopalocampta benjamini benjamini. Rhopalopsyche nycteris Rhopodytes tristis longicaudatus Rhyacornis fuliginosa ... Rhynchops albicollis Rhyticeros undulatus Riparia riparia.. INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE 108 202 30 220 ws . 225 362, 364 373 SL 3] 447 446 ASF oe Meetsle 218 218 109 362 34 94 ti 36 317, oot Rostratula Benen alensis: emer leasts 43, 93, 101, 403 Saccobranchus fossilis ... Z2i, Salpornis spilonotus 384 Sancus pulligo subfasciatus qa Sarangesa dasahara davisoni ... 110 —— purendra 110 Sarcidiornis melanotus ... sit 48 Sarciophorus malabaricus 249, 402 Sarcogrammus atronuchalis 248 --——--—- indicus... 244 , 247 Sarcogyps calvus 38, 398 Satrupa bhagava 110 Sauromatum guttatum ... 20 simlense ... ee 25 Saxicola coprata ... 95, 384 leucuroides 384 ——-—— torquata 384 —__——_--—_- leuccura 354 Saxicoloides fulicata a 324 ————— -——_——-- cam baiensis 385 Scaphiodon brevidorsalis 169 -—— nashii 169 Scattophagus argus 78 Scizena semiluctuosa . 414 - sina 78, 414 - vogleri : 414 Scizenoides brunueus 80, 414 —=-———— pama 414 Scindapsus peepla 3 5) ee ee eee Scindapsus pertusus Scolopax rusticola rusticola Semiplotus brevidorsalis Semnopithecus pallipes Priam, %,. Semnopithecus priamus sephisa dichroa Serranus sp. Sesbania grandiflora Sillago sihana Silurus bimaculatus Siphia parva parva Sitta castaneiventris Spalgis epius epius Spatula clypeata Spheerozoum Sphenocercus a. aereanae - §. Sphenurus Spilornis cheela burmanica Spindasis abnormis ——- lohita lazularia ——_——-- ictis ictis —————- schistacea sontetieca: ——-——— yulcanus vulcanus Spirogyra bellis Stentor coeruleus Stereospermum xylocarpum Sterna aurantia ; -_—-——_— pusilla... — sinensis melanogaster seena * Stibochiana nicea nicea Stictospiza formosa Stoparola melanops Streptopelia chinensis ... . - tigrina... decaocto a4 orientalis agricola orientalis meena... —_————_—___—_ - senegalensis Strix ; Stromateus cinereus -—— niger -———. sinensis Stylotella e Suastus gremius gremius -- raina bipunctus Surendra quercetorum quercetorum... - todara todara Sylvia althaea XX¥Ili 77, 82, 414 ...00, 404 44, 403 PLFA? XXXIV Sylvia nana curruca affinis = Symbrenthia hippoclus lucina hypselis brabira niphandra hysudra Synaptura cinerascens Synatherias silvatica Synchloe ausonia daphalis Syntarucus plinius Sypheotides indica Syrmaticus Systomus arulius ——- -— carnaticus - dorsalis = Taccocua leschenaulti sirkee ... Tachornis batassiensis infumatus Tagiades atticus me Bae ————-- litigiosa vajuna ————-- obscurus athos Tajuria cippus cippus ... — jalindra macarita — jehana af Talicada nyseus nyseus Tapena thwaitesi e hampsoni Tapinocarpus dalzellii ... — indicus : Taractrocera ceramas ceramas meevius flaccus .. Tarucus ananda ——-—— theophrastus nara Tectona grandis Telchinia violze at Telicota augias augias ... ———— pythias bambusae Temenuchus pagodarum INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE 388 388 426 426 426 84 93, 401] Tephrodornis pondiceriana ROnGICen: ana eee Terias hecake i fimbriata ——- laeta libythea venata venata Terpsiphone paradisi Tetrodon lunaris Thaduka multicaudata eanare Therapon jarbua —_———-. quadrilineatus theraps ee Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni... ——_——__- ——__-— intermedius ——— Thereiceryx zeylanicus caniceps Theretra alecto —-— clotho —————. nessus : Theriophonum crena tum ———— dalzellii ———-—_——_ indicum oe kleinii ———_——_ —- minutum see SSS Var heynei-s ——-—. uniseriatum Thespesea populnea Ss Threskiornis Paelanoce piailag) Thriponax javanensis feddeni Thynus thunina : Totanus totanus subsp.. Trachynotus russelli Tragopan Trebolium confusum Trias stocksii Trichiurus ———_——- haumela —— savala Tringa erythropus glareola hypoleuca indica —— nebularia — ochropus —— stagnatilis —— totanus vanellus ab Trochalopterum eochinnane Troglodytes Sa He eee Turdoides ——_——_-- terricolor BA sindianus Turdus obscurus ne Turnix maculatus maculatus ... - sylvatica ss - tanki blanfordi... ee - spp. eA Typhonium Arai oinence --——— bulbiferum ——-——-- crenatum alee ——_——-- cuspidatum —_—_-——-- divaricatum -——_—_——_- flagelliforme ——-——- hastiferum ——-—- incurvatum jerdoni fairbanki ... PaGE 394 373 362 114 .. 47, 403° 42, 185 Typhonium minutum —_-——-- roxburghii —_——-- trilobatum ——- javanicum Tyto alba javanica Uca ve Udaspes folus vee Upupa epops aor she ——-— longirostris saturata Uroleptus mobilis Uroloncha malabarica —— striata striata Vanellus vanellus -— vulgaris Vanessa canace himalaya ——-——- cardui - ———- c-album cognata ———— indica indica —-— xanthomelas fervescens Virachola isocrates ——-———- perse ghela Viscum articulatum PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS—1932, —- reinwardtianum ... INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE 24 Zz 23 22 a 23 37, 398 124 111 397 36 Xantholeema hzmacephala indica _ -—— lutea Xenorhynchus asiaticus Ypthima asterope mahratta ———— avanta avanta — baldus baldus — hubneri kasmira — hyagriva — indecora — nareda nareda — sakra nikoea Zamenis fasciolatus _... Zeltus etolus Zesius chrysomallus Zetides cloanthus oe ———- sarpedon sarpedon ..,, Zizera gaika lysimon maha ossa otis decreta trochilus putli Zizyphus jujuba -—— sp. A Zosterops palpebrosa C4142 XXXV PaGE 33 394 403 419 419 420 419 419 420 419 420 465 108 107 178 178 105 105 105 105 .- 105 150, 466 144, 147 393 ere, irae Eis bye Ss ae i ae : a ie 4 ~ i 5 g Pare eae nt ‘ees A ae ude vee Crs r) ore F x : a) or. a2 i< ae wee . win wee, SES ae Serie Mele NB Sie reco mer mS REN Pe a me i 7 ba “3 - © 4 . bate 4 F os ; jl ay fs A . * o> : ' : = ; ; . on 7 ‘ ad e oT = = ; 7 ' a4 e os e+ 2 Ps + . ae : i ae es » —_— 14 eo ae ne E ssrrea ° 7 ss ue aT — =i ha OF THE EDITED BY P.M. D- SANDERSON, F-Z-S-, S- H« PRATER, C.M.Z.S., M-L.c. AND C- MCCANN, F.L.S. : VOL. XXXV, No. 1. Date of Publication, 1léth Tune 1981. \See Price to Non-Members fe --- Ls. L5-0-0 . : or £ 1-3-0 For terms of membership, see inside front cover. Honorary Secretary’s Address : BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 6, Apollo Street, Bombay. LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Co., Ltd., 32, Old Bond Street, Ww. I. i el , PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS Bird-Life in India, by Capt, R.-S. P. 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If this cannot be done, then thesum ae of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to the Society’s London Bankers— The. 2 Se National Bank of India, BiShoees miter, London, B.C, td eae eee CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV, No. 1 PAGE THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN Empire. By E.C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.,, eL.S., M.B.0.U., H.F,A.O.U. Part XIV. .(Wztkh a coloured BUGLE? oer. carte ae eee meee Na ta ea Ghshoko eae A ae Reet ae ne pa REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By Rev. Bee blair ssa Phe Me, Belson antec Vis «(W227 PLOLES s)) “ne oo e= ee 13 THE BIRDS OF THE PROME DISTRICT OF LOWER BuRMA. Part III. Bye Ke stantord, M.C,1.c.S.. and Drs Claud Bi. Ticehurst, m.p., IeNee Nor EEO) Li cigs EIR CS Seatac sits ciaciatore-cisealsalae’s

Morris; F2RIG.s. E.Z.8., Coimbatore: .Major E.G. Phythian» Adams, 1.2.5) Nilgirisi-; Dr. Baini Prasad, D.Sc., Calcutta ; Lt.-Col. R. B. Seymour Sewell, M.A., Sc. D., I.M.S., Calcutta ; Mr. H. C. Smith, I.F.S., Maymyo ; Lt.-Col. C. H. Stockley, O.B.E., D.S.O., M.C., Meerut. Szerf.—S. H. Prater, 7M-.L-C., °C_M.Z:s. . sCunator aCe icCann, as. V.S. LaPersonne, M.B.O.U., Asst. Curators. HONORARY SECRETARY’S REPORT. The Society’s Journal. The Thirty-fourth Volume of the Society’s Journal was commenced during the year. Among the more important scientific contributions were :-— Mr. Pocock’s paper on the ‘Panthers and Ounces of Asia’ in which the sub-species and local races of Asiatic Panthers are dealt with on the lines fol- lowed in his previous paper on Tigers. Four new races are recognized and described. The Indian Panther (Panthera pardus fusca), according to the author, is very imperfectly known. He believes that there are probably several distinguishable races now grouped under the name of fusca, which strictly belongs to a Bengalese type. Series of skins and skuils of Panthers from various parts of [India are required for study before any definite conclusions can be arrived at. Members of the Society could help in the solution of the problem by presenting material either to the Society or to the British Museum. Mr. Pocock in a second paper deals with the ‘Lions of Asia’. The author endeavours to settle, as far as the literature and material before him permit, the character and status of the Lions of the Asiatic Cont nent. In a paper on the ‘Abnormal Tusks of Elephants,’ Sir Frank Collyer, of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, discusses the probable causes of the pro- duction of multiple tusks in elephants and describes a few specimens which shed light on their etiology. Our thanks are due to Mr. C.R. Pawsey, I.C.S., Deputy Commissioner, Naga Hills, Assam, Mr. R. C. Morris, Mysore, and the Burma Forest School, Pyinmana, for their kindness in supplying examples of pathological ivory for the purpose of this study. Papers on birds include Mr. P. F. Wickham’s ‘ Birds of the Upper Burma Hills’ which was concluded during the current year, The author indicates PROCEEDINGS 1-230 that a great deal of ornithological work remains to be done in these hills and that the status of various races of birds occurring in these ranges is but imper- fectly known. The paper supplements the information on the birds of the area now available in the new edition of 7e Fauna and corrects certain inaccuracies as regards distribution. The Jast number of the Journal published during the year contained PartI ofapaper by Mr. J. K. Standford, M.C.,1.C.S., and Dr. CB. Licehurst, M.Di,-M.A., on “ The-Birds of the Prome District, Burma’, to which further reference is made under ‘ Expeditions’, A preliminary report on the results of the Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats relative to the birds obtained by the Survey in the Salem District was published under the joint authorship of Messrs. N. B. Kinnear and H. Whistler. The report is the first of a series of papers which are to be published embody- ing the Scientific Results of the Survey. In his notes on a ‘ Tourin Further Kashmir’, Mr. B. B. Osmaston comments on various species of birds observed during an expedition into the Highlands of Kashmir. In his account of the Ornithological Station at Heligoland, Mr. Salim Ali describes the methods employed in investigating and recording the migration of birds and indicates the need in India for a central organization for ornithological research. A paper on the ‘ Monitor Lizards of Burma’ by H. C. Smith, gives descrip- tions and notes on the 5 species of Monitors which occurin Burma, Dr. Baini Prashad gives a list of the Fishes of the Manchar Lake and the surrounding area. Papers of economic interest to Indian fisheries are ‘ Methods of Fishing in the Punjab,’ by M. Hamid Khan and Mr. F. Mitchell’s article on the ‘ Introduction of Trout into Kashmir ’. During the year under review Lt.-Col. F. C. Fraser published Part XXXV of his serial on ‘ Indian Dragonflies ’ which contains a description of a new species. A second new species is described by the same author in a separate paper. In his Report on a ‘ Collection. of Ants in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,’ Mr. Durga- dass Mukerjee includes descriptions of 6newspecies. Papers of economic value have been submitted by the Department of Entomology, Indian Lac Research Institute. Messrs. P.S. Negi, M. P. Misra and S. N. Gupta, members of the staff of the Institute, in an articleon ‘Ants and the Lac Insect’ list 8 more species as associated with the lac insect than have hitherto been recorded. The authors are of opinion that ants in general are not injurious to the lac insect and that many of them, especially the Large Black Ant (Cumpomotus compressus) are helpful. The same authors contributed a paper on the ‘Noctuid Moth’ (#ublema amabilis) which does more injury to lac than any other single predator or parasite of the lac insect. The paper gives a detailed description of the larval, pupal and imago stages of the moth and an account of its life history and concludes with physical and chemical measures to be adopted in its control. In his paper on the ‘Aphidz of Mysore,’ Mr. B. Krishnamurthi makes a further contribution to the knowledge of the Aphidze of Mysore, records notes on common forms and includes descriptions of 6 new species by F. V. Theobald of the Agricultural Coliege, Wye, Kent. Mr.C. E. Fellows-Manson supplements Preston Clark’s ‘ Descrip- tion of two new species of Sphingidz of the Oriental Region’ with notes on the distribution, etc., of these species. Botanical papers include the Rev. Fr. Blatter’s ‘ Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency’ of which Parts XI, XII and XIII were published during the period under review. In his series of articles on the ‘ Flowering of Bamboos’, which were concluded, Fr. Blatter discusses problems connected with the periodic flowering of these plants. His paper forms a comprehensive review of what has been ascertained so far on this complex subject. Other botanical contributions include ‘ Notes on the flowering and vegetative growth of Aroids,’ by C. McCann, and a paper on the ‘ Fresh Water Algz of Manipur, Assam,’’ by K. P. Biswas. We were fortunate in being able to publish during the year Major G. Covell’s paper on the ‘ Malaria Problem in Bombay,’ based on the results of his recent survey. The paper supplements and brings up-to-date the previous investigations of Liston and Bentley into a problem which seriously affects the heaith of this city. In a separate class is Mr. Waite’s interesting paper on the ‘ Origin of Con- tinents and Oceans’ which has been described as a most lucid exposition of Wegener’s celebrated theory of the evolution of the present configuration of land 234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV and sea on this planet—a theory of remarkable interest to Biologists and Palzontologists, offering as it does, an explanation of the reason for the widely different character of the fauna of areas now separated by narrow insignificant Straits—a condition particularly evident in the differing faunal regions of South-East Asia and Australia. The importance of environment and isola- tion in directing evolution along a more or less definite line is being increasingly appreciated. We were glad therefore to be able to publish Dr. Hora’s interesting address before the Section of Zoology at the Seventeenth Indian Science Congress on the subject of the ‘ Value of Field Observation in the Study of Organic Evolution’. Dr. Hora bases his paper on his study of the modifications undergone by the Fauna of torrential streams. The author, while not under-rating other avenues of investigation, professes his belief that the most effective method of interpreting the why and the wherefore of organic evolution is by direct observation of the organism in its environmert. The Zoological Survey of India, of which the author is a member, has always considered Field Research as an important part of the duties of the staff. That the policy of extensive field-work has been effectively pursued in recent years is indicated in the series of articles we published during the year on the History and Progress of the Zoological Survey of India. Besides indicating the manifold activities of the Survey, our object in publishing these articles has been to stimulate the interest of our members in the premier Zoological Research Centre in the East and to show how the work of this Institution can be helped by the efforts of laymen. While scientific contributions form an essential and important feature of the journal, the Editors have endeavoured to identify the publication with one of the main objects of the Society, namely the popularizing of Natural History in all its branches. Popular articles, attractively illustrated in colour and in black and white, have continued to form a distinctive feature of the Journal. The issuing of 3 coloured illustrations with each number is no small item of ex- penditure but the Journal is the principal advantage of Membership and the Committee is doing all that it can to increase its value and attractiveness to Members. Weare confident that in return members will help by making the Journal better known among their friends and thereby increase our member- ship. The serial on ‘ Beautiful Indian Trees’ of which Parts III, IV and V were published during the year is an especially welcome feature. It is the first attempt to issue a really well-illustrated series of articles on the more conspicu- ous Flowering Trees of India and the thanks of the Society are due to authors, the Rev. Fr. Blatter and Mr. W. S. Millard. We hope eventually to issue the serial in book-form. Mr. Stuart Baker continued his interesting serial on ‘ Indian Wading Birds’. His articles have been a feature of our Journal for many years and the Society is deeply indebted to him for his unfailing help in adding to the interest and attractiveness of its pages. His untiring labours and his manifold contribu- tions to Indian Ornithology, deserve the thanks and appreciation of all Orni- - thologists and laymen. Mr. H. Whistler’s serial on the ‘ Study of Indian Birds’ was continued during the year. It is intended as a guide to all those who wish to take up this fascinating study. The author’s skilful treatment of his subject amply fulfils the purpose for which he writes. We must also mention Major Hingston’s very readable and charming studies of Indian Insect Life. His constant contributions to the pages of the journal are much appreciated. Big-Game hunting in India finds its place in this year’s publications in Lt.-Col. A. H. E. Mosse’s instructive articles on ‘ The Panther as I have known him.’ and Mr. Morden’s ‘ Notes on an Expedition after Ozzs polt.’ The author’s experience indicates that, provided one has the means and one is able to obtain a permit to enter the country, a hunting trip after Ovis polz in the Russian Pamir presents no unusual difficulties and can be a very enjoyable ex- perience. Other popular papers include Major W. B. Trevenen’s ‘ Fishing in the Rivers of the C. P.’, in which the author introduces the novice to the attractions, the waters of the Central Provinces hold for the fisherman. We have again to thank a large number of members who contributed to the Miscellaneous Notes published at the end of each number. They forma very readable feature of the Journal and offer an opportunity to every member to contribute to the interest and usefulness of its pages, PROCEEDINGS 235 PUBLICATIONS. During the year under review, the following new publications were issued :— Game Birds of India.—By Stuart Baker, Volume III. Pheasants and Bustard-Quail.The present volume forms a complement to the two volumes in the series previously published by the Society and has long been awaited by members. ‘The next volume will deal with the Partridges and Quails, but publication must be postponed till at least a good proportion of the money invested in the present volume has been recovered. Bird Charts.—As indicated in the previous report, the Society was able to issue during the year under review sets of charts illustrating 210 Indian Birds in colour. The charts are intended primarily for the use of Schools and Educational Institutions. ‘They supply a long-felt want, providing as they do illustrations in colour of a large series of Common Birds of the Indian Plains. We can reasonably hope that they will achieve the purpose of familiarizing the children in our Schools with the birds uf the country. Although designed for Schools, the Charts would be an acquisition in Messes and Clubs in the mofussil. Forthcoming Publications.—The Committee sanctioned the publication by the Society of Capt. Bates’ Book on ‘ Bird Life in India’. The author is well known to the readers of the Journal. His well written and beautifully illustrated articles on Indian Bird Life have formed an attractive feature of its pages. Capt. Bates has been remarkably successful with his camera-portraits of Indian Birds and his book is profusely illustrated with examples of his fine work. Its low cost should ensure a ready sale. The price to members is Rs. 6-12. EXPEDITIONS AND EXPLORATIONS. 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SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV a Pl *AIANSDOAT, AADAOUOTT SLOJIPHY *SJUBIUNOIIY PasazAvyT ‘NOLONTMYOd “V (PS) “OO 8 NOSNOUGA “A “V (PS) *J09IJOO puNnoj pue PSUlUlexy ‘TE6I “IT Y74DW SAVAWOg T € 290°L2 rey ~ [2I0L TE & 290/22 ae w [8}]0.L T £ 290°22 ema GER TEN Foe Sy, 0 0 S2~ uoljeuog puny SUIpliIng UO poAlsao—al JSo10}UT 0 0 02S OL ey 2 puny sulpiing co ‘s 8 §L ZOZ'S a5 ‘oJa ‘Seseg MOUS 10} suoljeuog ‘‘ L 8 8PPr'6L ae | se yOo4S s0uel[eg_ 0} poliivo souvjed ‘* 0 0 00'S ae es oe i Sulpling 9 OT €19°Z i ko ee ae UINSSN]AL 104 ce 63 9 P PPL‘9 eve erry eon ese Oats) *“AIC{BS GS S$ 6f9'Z poe ey? JUNODIDY Se] Jed sv S$ Ja[[epoyT ‘saseg MOUS UO sinjipuedx|” * : sasegQ MOUS 10} souv[eq pepuedxeugQ Ag ; 0 9 698 “AJOYSIY [TOUS Jo AVAINS UO sIn}IpuedxY, OF d V Su d VW sua ad V su id VY St “« SHSOda Nd WATIAdS » LOA SNOILV NOG 4O AINLIGCNHdAXH UNV ANWOINT HOA ‘O€6I *TE WHIWAIAdC CHAN YVAK AHL YOX LNQOIDIK ALHISOS XAYOLSIH TVYNLVYN AVANOE Printed at the Diocesan Press, Madras, and published by Sir Reginald Spence for the Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay Captain R. LP Mrs tama a , | < & With 112 lustrations and a | Sketch Map of Lect Rs. 9. oh esses Yooh Ventre te ase ees e | (Price to Members Rs. ete) . ' . y ¢ Ms a : eg he Ap: ply to: The: ‘Bombay ? Natural History Society, 3 BOMBANG 6, Apollo Street, 9: : .& The Macrolepidoptera of the World ae ie | By Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ . Le eae I The cae existing work of its kind with beautifully coloured: | ae ff illustrations true to life and with accurate descriptions 2 ae ante All known butterflies from the Indo- Australian a can be easily determined _ 3 by means of this wonderful work. wt Rea. Vol. 9. The Indo-Australian Butterflies com plete, - 8 ‘ ‘cau tie peti he : Magnificent double volume bound in half-calf ie 1 » 200 pages | of text and more than 5,000 illustrations on 172 plates. ‘Rs. 239 24 ‘ ‘ tet, Vol. 10. The Indo-Australian Bombycides and Sphinhides. “af a4 ae Pcs Eeek gat 52. parts of this volume have been so far published eonearhiee Ce ee a ee cr OL0 pages of text and 85 coloured plates. (Almost complete). Be AON ga Lat 8 ei Rs. 92-8 Vol. 11. The fea Abstralisn Noctuidae. — 18 parts of this volume have so far been published containing eee 2, | 336 pages of text and 30 plates. x ~ Rs. 35 Rd : é a 4 Vol. 12; The iddotAuctalian Geometrae. | So far 48 pages of text and 6 plates have been published. i ae Rs. 5-8 ( sen as ‘The remaining parts of volume ll ee 12 are in the course of preparation and will be issued as early as possible. _ The Important work is indispensable io? every Collector Each volume may be had separately. Payments may be made in instalments. Ask ae a perieais through your booksellers or direct trom the CEST. - ALFRED KERNAN po Poststrasse, 7, Stuttgart, GERMANY Ree hoe TET aN TomnTTTATNTTN | il eS oi - GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, ‘BURMA & CEYLON N : BY. ee ee pace Mrmr. 8 lt PE CG. STUART BAKER, OBE, ELS, PES, MBO, H.F.A.OU. Imperial 8vo. Half Penns i woe . ee ae VOL. Il. he ae PHEASANTS AND ‘BUSTARD- QUAIL About 320 pp. With 12 Coloured Plates and, ahd numerous Black and White Plates © sa 4 2 ne ek Price to Members who have not Faia i | Vols. 1 & I]: ty ae |. £ 115-0Rs. 25 ; Members who have inkWabed one | ae, of the above Volumes. me 110.0=Rs, 20° Members who . have nese ae nf both the above Volumes | eae ae ie S- 0=Rs. at. ‘Price to Non- members. fat : Two Guineas= Sos, 28 ‘Packing aud postage extra, ; COMMON INDIAN BIRDS : ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR oe Pe? ae OF wet Two hundred hd in Corabidee Birds of the. Indian Plains, arranged in a set. of 5 ‘Charts — measuring 40x 36 in., fitted with wooden rollers and designed ae io for hanging on a wall. pa ae Se Price ys ‘Members oi Se 36) : eee BESS Taga gen A | BD a ~. an Seu SEE Oesig ee ee : logs Non-members ... Rs. 45) Packing extra, Apply. te Ma) The Bombay Natural History Society. 6, Apollo Street, BOMBAY — Ue a Yoo ja | TTT TAR i JOURNAL fe 7. OF THE, Ry ac ogint Se Bombay Navurat History Society. ) EDITED BY | P. M. D. SANDERSON, F.Z.S., S. He PRATER, C.M.Z.S., M.L.C., AND C. MCCANN, F.L.S. VOL. XXXV, No. 2. “Date of Publication, 15th October 1931. Price to Non-Members hae Cone! a > Ok : ; anes es Se IY Oo For terms of membership, see inside front cover. Honorary Secretary’s Address : BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY; G, Apollo Street, Bombay. LONDON AGENTS: DULAU & Go., Ltd., 32, Old Bond Street, W. I. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS. %, cel Indian Pigeons and thee with coloured illustrations, by E. Cc. STUART BAKER, Back numbers of the Society’ s Journal. Rates on application. 4 Game Birds of India, | Vol. I, (indian Ducks and their Allies), 2 2nd Edition. oe : | Rs, oh Ot Shiels EP pice to Metabers 3 35). - Gaine Birds of India, Vol. Il. --(Woodeoek, supe Bustards and Saad eemuey g ‘Ist Edition. 9. 7” 3 : Rs. 42 (Price to Members Rs. Une. _ Game Birds of India, Vol. os Pheasants, Ist Edition. .\ Rs. 28 be (Price to Members Wes AF %: { O.B. Be M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., ete. Rs. 37-8 (Price to Members Rs. Sue mee : Sel of Game Bird Plates (30), Vol. I. | Rs. 20 ( Price to Members ea 15). ‘Set of Game Bird Plates (19), Vol. II. Rs. 13. 8 oe _ (Price to Members Rs. 10). ay Bird-Life in Andia, by Capt. R. S. P. BatEs, M.B.O.U. Illustrated. ~ Re. 9. (Price to Members Rs. 6-12). Common Indian Birds, filactrations in colour of 210 Common Birds of Indian — Plains, arranged in aset of 5 Charts. © ‘Rs. 45 | (Price to Members Rs. 36). = \ «i , yee st ; ; | 4 S i _ Snakes. 4 ; ee ae Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions, 4th Edition. By Cou. F, WALL, C.M.G., I.M.S. ‘Rs. 4 3 : (Price to Members Rs. 3-8). . Identification of Poisonous Snakes— Ue eaters ne “a Hanging Wall Chart, 30” x 40”. Ohh leek to a a (ts ORS OS - Folding Pocket Chart. fo, Pea Rs. 1-12. Snakes of Bombay Island and Salsette, by S. H. PRaTER, C.M.Z.S. Re. 1 x 4 : ay ‘Miscellaneous. vA 2 oS Wall Chart to- dictineech: a Wild Dog from a Mommeetie. Dog or ‘Jackals nena 4 Cte. Po Re Oss - A List of Indian Puttorflies, by CoL. W. H.. Evans. Be eae kee 2s Wood-Destroying White Ants of the Bombay | Presidency, by. JOSEPH ASSMUTH, S.J. - Re. 1 } } TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. ne Members pay an entrance fee of Rs. 20 anda Life Medibership fee of Rs, 350... ‘3 Ordinary Members pay an entrance fee of ae 20 and ano annual | subscription of Rs. 25. The subscription of members Sieaia in October, ce Sens: and December’ covers the period from the date of their election up. till the end. of the ‘following year. ENG: ; ~ MEMBERS RESIDING OUTSIDE. INDIA. oe ie -'Phe terms are the same for members living outside India. Such mentbers ie should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers to pay the amount of the subscription, plus postage—in all Rs, 26-8- 0 to the Society in- Bombay on the Ist January in each year. If this cannot be done, then the sum of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to the Society’s en Bankers— The National Bank of India, Bishopsgate Street, London, E f $ ? s a COMmE IN TS Or VOLUME XXXV No. 2 Pacs THE GaME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EmpIRE. By FE. C. Stuart Baker, F2Z.S-2. FslS., M.B.O-U:, H.F.A:O.U. Part) XV: (With a _ coloured (HGH). > . BRBo Bo cobse Bh Bpbagbcobc ka sic Sobre CBS boar Hibs aun tenn cee ececnenr capac cna rtEnnores 241 REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By Rev. E. Blatter, Spat ON a Wot (erent plates vand. Six. LeXt-fiSUves.) iiss. s00c0 254 THe Lonc-TatLep Macaque Monkeys (Macaca radiata and M._ sinica) OF SOUTHERN. INDIA” AND “CrYLon.” By ‘R.-I. Pocock, F.R-S. | ......... 276 SomE BeauTiruL INDIAN Trees. By E. Blatter, s.j., Ph.D., F.L.s., and W. S. Millard, F.z.s. Part VII. (With two coloured plates, three WiGgeevanad iwiite plates And S€vVen.-dIASrANiS.)h gh eiaereddecdateneus Geeees. 289 THE Pic-TaiL—ED Macagues (Macaca nemestrina). By R. I. Pocock, F.R.s. 297 THE Stupy oF Inpian Birps. By H. Whistler, F.z.s., M.B.o.u. Part WAR itive. plates) ce. = een ease abe Seok ap ate Uae «Mein cls oa Mnles Searcy he INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. By Lt:-Col: FF. ©: Fraser, 1.M.s.,° F-E:S. Part ROCK NIT Cath. twoe plates and a text=fisure.)c Pee ei ied cadvcsocdecss ova coneees 325 InpIAN NET-VEINED MIpDGES oR Blepharoceride. By Dr. S. L. Hora DESC UV tiiaae plate and TOUT LEXD=fURUTES.\ kr scome teers acdsenssabedase tee sclns 342 THE PROBLEM OF EvoLuTIOoN. By Lt.-Col, R. B. Seymour Sewell, I.m.s. Reece mame teat (al OE ime ee PLAC a) lesine clea alc oe ti. Shade tess oi cule aioaln eo Sous G sent ee Piles aoe eiantn 347 On A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISH FROM THE STREAMS IN THE BILLIGIRIRANGAN UICC (OSeENDIA) maby Onan WIUNCeR|l, MiSCie) S cet consis odehecseesscse stiles 359 Notes On INDIAN Hawxkmotus. By Lt.-Col. F. B. Scott, 1.4., F.E.S. (Math tice. piateswand nine text-fLSUress) 9 '2..0i2 tose: Jobcee sso i satan bss began eter < 362 A Note ON THE BIRDS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF Muow. By Rev. F. S. IS motor cele Carseat eee at cio saice eng hon da stemnedlonduce avo tulbee Nowe tusja cats = 332 A Tate or Five Ticer. By R. C. Morris, F.z.s., F.R.G.S. (With a photo) 405 ANOTHER NEW Ceropegia FROM THE WESTERN Guats. By E. Blatter, s.J 3), Pisce and ©. aMeCann,. ES. (Wathiva: plate:) © .i.s....04..c.0kes 409 SEA-FISHING ON THE Bompay Coast. By H. C. Mueller, p.sc. ............ 410 THE BUTTERFLIES OF.THE SIMLA HiLts. By G. W. V. de Rhe-Philipe, F.x.s. pects em ogee ee eC Seer a wo ci. I cas, Liens Muley Balle wl cicicw cg sedsls vee Ue veeebesotowe 415 THE CicaDa: Lethama locusta Watker. By C: McCann, F.u.s. (With em C ML USNS: \i RA So. vee SEoe tee ease ee ce ne nears e loots ciiet ise Bh eae 430 REVIEWS— eae ERO IStE ENG ENDLAG. © Stel oe ck, eek os Opes a een clos dates sateen ees 437 2 ORICULIEG OF" THE HVOLUTION. DHEORY, —.coidsscseessivedecesdesdecsedoess 437 il CONTENTS: OF Viole XXX VG AN Oo. 22 PaGE MISCELLANEOUS NOTES— I.—JLocaL MIGRATION OF THE FLyiING-Fox (Pteropus giganteus) IN: THE PUNJAB By "Gs Breadon-9<. 20 io... 2 oc .00n- sete sek 439 I].—ViraLity oF a Cow Mavtep sy a Ticer. By R. C. Morris. (WE ct0 0: LCXE= fu URES. Noe am. Cae ae eens cece et, oO 439 I1].—A PANTHER’S STRANGE BeuHaviour. By R. C. Morris, F.z.s. 440 IV.—CaNNIBALISM IN PanTHERS. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton. ... 440 V.—SoME SUGGESTIONS ON PANTHER SHOOTING. By the Maharaja OL Sur guar gor 7 wen Socnececeetee Lead vag seu las nuneesen nie accaeeeeees 441 VI.—THE NUMBER OF PUPS IN A WiLp Doc’s Litter. By Lt.-Col. Re OW. (Burton: 6) ov sce ecient < mean ne tree reece See eee 442 VII.—An Ixewent witH Witp Doce iN Nrimar. By R. M. SUMDIMONS. wh ecw ss teeta eee aec ee teen ce eh ener Sarees 442 VIIL—Tae Miteun. By Jo €. Higgins: .0.S. 2.0. ieeseunsactae vee oe 444 IX.—THE SHWE-U-DAaUNG GAME SaNcTuaRy, UPPER BURMA, WITH A NOTE ON THE ASIATIC TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS (R. sumatrensis). By E. H. Peacock. (With a plate.) ...... 446 X.—BirD MIGRATION NOTES FROM PorT BLaiIR. By Lt.-Col. Ma La Ferrars: cagatsntscsespect sosiand@adls tan nde conn aden es 448 XI.—Twe INDIAN GREAT REED-WaRBLER, dcrocephalus stentoreus brunnescens. (ferdon). By H. Whistler. © .i9..0..fac02) 25005 450 XIJJI.—CoMMENT ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE (GREY HyYPOCOLIUS (Hypocolius ampelinus) 1N IND1Ia. By Percy Hide. ......... 454 XI1I.—TuHe Macpre Rosin (Copsychus saularis, Linn.) in NortTH GUyARAT.. By Fart Narayan Acharya. = -eiees-s-benesas ce 455 XIV.—THE MIGRATION OF THE Rosy Pastor (Pastor roseus L.) By Salint As" Ay) ee h Ss Sees cage, Sore eens naa 457 XV.—OccURRENCE OF THE SIND RED-WINGED BusH-Lark (Mirafra erythroptera sindianus) IN THE RAWALPINDI DISTRICT OF THE PunjaB. By H. W. Waite. sii Fis dishes nes KyanasMokeeoe 458 XVI.—ELEVEN Koei Eccs In a Crow’s NEst. By Humayun PRR AAS ok Se Sala diore atte iat oe Ses Caw oieite ool siels oS Ieee eee eee eae 458 XVII.—THE OccuRRENCE OF PIED CRESTED Cuckoo’ (Clamator jacobinus, Boddaert) IN NORTH GuyjsRaT. By H. N. ARRAN Aas eS ee aeari pas cris nsio's anicla ie cote sila ee rene eee nla ea nce 458 XVIII.—TuHe MicraTioN OF THE WHITE STORK (Ciconia ciconia). By S_ aa... Prater; SCeMiZ-Si0 Mee ewaee ee eeeee geosoc sos shond oes S9so4 459 XIX.—OccuRRENCE OF THE FALcaTED TEAL (Eunetta falcata) IN THE JueLum District. By Captain M. C. Frye. .....2...0:. 459 XX.—THE WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (A. albifrons) IN’ MANIPUR. By J- C. Piaggins, 1.0.8.0. ..ssiie. cece scen secede rnme deo hieeaena- any ess se 460 XXI.—On THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EASTERN GREY Duck (Anas ponorypcna). By J.C. PRAMS, T.C.S. 5 no... geese nomen 460 XXII.—NorTes ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PRovINCE. By Lt.-Col. G. de la P. Beresford, MaGreLi VLiglice mab Saardpe de Manmammneedd sted one bas eadeads Gesivedees dsirals els ott — 461 CONTENTS OF (Vol. xXXXV,' No. 2 lil Pace XXITI.—CoNGENITAL ABSENCE OF A FORE-LIMB IN A BULL FroG (Rana tigrina). By G. M. Kurulkar and D. S. Deshpande. (GU ROOR A PILOLOS..) fi Bier ots cate ct ciadle oe aie vine cep « wsisenne ciate se 462 XXIV.—THE COLOURATION OF THE TAIL OF THE COMMON SKINK (L. punctatum). By Beni Charan Mahendra. (With a DIOL 0) MMMM Soo snes tos on ane ses c ciecse Gees ads oacesaensedees 463 XXV.—NUMBER OF VENTRAL SCALES IN THE FASCIOLATED DHAMAN (Z. fasciolatus). By Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.m.s. ...... 465 XXVI.—DETERMINING THE AGE OF INDIAN FISHES FROM THEIR SCALES. Bye Dr Ser Dom CUil aya ESCs. PIs Dag a cece edtis «0c cee wees sess not in, Upper Sind or the Trans-Indus area: East it extends as far as Calcutta and Dacca. 250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Nidification.—-The Yellow-wattled Lapwing breeds over the great part of its area during March, April and May, but on the Travan- core coast Messrs. Stuart and Bourdillon found eggs from the 3rd. March “to; the 13th Aveoust)- and an, almost -equal numbers throughout the whole of this time. I think most birds prefer ploughed fields, muddy shores of lakes, swamps and _ rivers, or waste lands in which to breed. At the same time, whatever site they may select will always be dry and, even when the bird breeds on the shores of swamps and tanks, it does so on the sun-baked mud, well away from the water. In the South of India it certainly seems often to choose the sites last-named, whilst in Northern India it selects in preference dry uplands. The nest is the usual depression in the soil, either natural, or made by the birds them- selves; in most instances no lining at all is present but occasionally a few scraps of grass or leaves may be found in it. Protection in the form of bushes, grass or clods is sometimes sought but very often the eggs are placed absolutely in the open, although from their colouration they are very inconspicuous and difficult to find. The normal colouration of this plover’s eggs is very similar to that of the red-wattled lapwings, but there is a very curious erythritic form which seems exclusive to this species. This red type of egg appears to be a most wonderful instance of environ- mental selection. Along the Malabar Coast, stretching into Travan- core, there is a long, comparatively narrow, strip of red laterite soil. Roughly speaking, the soil looks as if composed of broken red brick, the whole surface scattered with tiny to medium-sized nodules of black ironstone. Throughout this area of red laterite, the eggs laid by the Yellow-wattled Lapwing are exactly like the ground upon which they are deposited, that is to say, the ground colour of the egg is anything from pale to deep buff red, whilst the markings consist of the usual dark blackish brown or reddish brown specks and blotches numerously scattered over the whole surface of the egg: When im situ’ im their nest, the egesare practically invisible. The discovery of this wonderful breeding ground is due to Mr. J. Stuart. In 1915 whilst searching very successfully for the ordinary form of this bird’s eggs on the black soil which covers most of Travancore and Malabar, he obtained on a patch of red laterite a set of eggs of the red form. This he very kindly sent home to me. In the following year he deputed men especially to work the larger area of red laterite, similar to that on which he had obtained the first eggs. The first year neither he nor his men were very successful though the few sets they did find were all of the erythri- tic type. Mr. Stuart however believed that when his eyes got more accustomed to the curious similarity between the eggs and their surroundings, he would be more successful. Accordingly he and his men persisted in their search in subsequent years and even- tually got a magnificent series of these eggs. The birds, he found, were quite as numerous on the red laterite soil as they: were in the black surrounding country but, whereas in the latter, practically every egg taken was of the normal dark, earthy type, those obtained on the red laterite were with almost equal constancy of the erythri- i i hae 0 ee ite lal nee a ee ee ee ere ee THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE Zo tic type. On the rare occasions on which eggs were found on soil contrasting with their colour, they stood up so conspicuously that it was obvious they must have speedily attracted the attention of vermin passing anywhere close by. It would appear as if, in this instance, the Yellow-wattled Lap- wing had become so common on its normal breeding ground of black soil that some of the birds had been pushed into the red laterite, where they had perforce to breed. At first their eggs must have been regularly destroyed by vermin, but amongst the many eggs laid it is probable that some had a certain amount of reddish tinge which rendered them less conspicuous than the others and they thus escaped destruction. In the course of time, as each generation of birds developed, the eggs of those which were more reddish than the rest would survive in greater proportion and thus, eventually, by gradual elimination, only those would be left which laid eggs sufficiently red to ensure the continuation of its kind. It is an extraordinary fact that prior to Mr. J. Stuart’s discovery, the very well-known ornithologist, Mr. J. Davidson had twice obtained erythristic eggs of this bird and, when I wrote to tell him about Mr. Stuart’s discovery, he mentioned in his reply that he had found two clutches himself and that in each instance the eggs had been taken from a soil he believed was red laterite, which rendered them almost invisible, but that in each case he had had his attention drawn to the place where they were laid, by the female bird getting up and running away. The number of eggs laid seems to be almost equally often three or four, and that the threes are not incomplete clutches is shown by their frequently being incubated. Two hundred esses averase 36 4 ° Scape short, terete, lower 2 cm. ebracteate. Leaves. few, fleshy, ensiform, straight or subfalcate, 4-6 cm. by 5-8 mm., broad at base or getting slightly narrower, acute at apex. Raceme 13 cm. long, slender, terete. Flowers pedicelled, densely packed on a left-turning spiral, but the spiral regularly interrupted when the flowers have filled 3 of the circumference, wind- ings close to each other, 27 on 10 cm. of rhachis. Pedicels 1-2 mm. long, pedicels and flowers 3-4 mm. Bracts narrow lanceolate-acuminate, fimbriate, as long asor longer than the flowers. Sepals broad-ovate, unequal, subacute or obtuse. Petals not linear. Lip longer than the petals, obcordate, with subrctund-angular, divergent lobes and a broad rounded sinus between them ; side lobes minute, rounded. Fruit not seen. Amongst the ‘Indeterminable Species’ of Oderonia, Hook.f. (in F.B.I. v, 686) mentions O. spiralis Griff. Notul. iii, 275. As this species wants descrip- tion and locality and cannot, therefore, be determined, we take it for granted that the name spzralis is available. Locality: N. Kanara: Yellapur, rainfall100 in. (‘T. R. Bell 219! type) Flowers: October. 5. Oberonia Falconeri Hook. f. Ic. Pl. (1888) t. 1780; F.B.I. v, 678; Cke. ii. 676; Duthie Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x;)2; t. 94, : , Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Pate ITI. ( | ¢ i | \ f Del. C. McCann after Miss E. Bell. Oberonia Brunoniana, Wight. Journ., Bombay Nat, Hist, Soc. PuaTe IV. “Wow ef oH he: WAY: ATO Ua of Zi a een Glog WM Cee SIGS ¢ ~ ; Oberonia Lindleyana, Wight. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY © 257 Description ;,Cke. l.c. Locality: Konkan (Law, Woodrow!); Thana (Ryan 65!); Kalyan (Millard ! ). . Distribution: Tropical Himaiaya, Kumaon, Nepal, Dehra Dun, Behar, Chota Nagpur, Mysore Hiils at 3,500 ft., Rampa Hiils at 2,000 ft., Vizagapatam Hills at 2,400 ft. 6. Oberonia brachyphyila Blatter & McCann, sp. nov. | Pertinet ad sectionem Oberonie proprie dicte, Accedit ad Oberoniam vecurvam Lindl. sed distinguitur foliis ovato-oblongis acutis, non glanduloso- punctatis, racemis lon2 ior ibus laxis, petalis oblongis subacutis, labio quam sepala multo longiore lobo medio quadrato bifido incurvato. | Description: A small plant, 11 cm. high to top of inflorescence. Scape short. Leaves short, 2°>5cm. long, 1 cm, broad, green, ovate-oblong, acute, nearly straight. Bracts very:short, shorter than the pedicel, lanceolate, entire. Raceme up to 9'5 cm. long, lax, siender. Bud ovate or globose. Flowers 1:5 cm. across, long-stalked, 1°25 mm. long, not gland-dotted. Sepals broadly ovate, dorsal, one obtuse, lateral acute. Petals oblong, subobtuse at apex, margin dentate. Lip much longer than the sepals; side lobes small, rounded, dentate at apex; midlobe quadrate, obcordate, 2-lobulate, incurved with a narrow sinus, iobules oblorg, dentate at apex. Fruit not seen. ' Description after detailed illustrations from live specimens by Mr. T. R. Bell and Miss Bell. Locality : N. Kanara (T.R. Bell). 7. Obderonia recurva Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1839) Misc. no. 8; Hook. f. Ic. Piety 7O4A 2h), bal.ov, O50. Kine, and. Pantl: Ann. Roy.) Bot.1Gard,Cale. viii. t. 9; Cke. ii, 676.—O. setifera Lindl. 1. c. 3.—Malaxtis setifera et vecurva Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann, vi, 210, 212. Description : Cke.1.c¢. Locality: Konkan (Law).— IW. Ghats - Lonavla (Gammie 12678!, Hallberg 26553 !); Khandala (Law 39); Mahableshwar (Cooke!); Mahableshwar to Pratapgad (Agharkar 2 ! Herb. Calc.). Distribution: Konkan, W. Ghats, Travancore. 8. Oberonia Braunoniana Wight Ic. v (1852) 3, t. 1622; Lindl. Fol. Orch Oberon. 2; Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 681; Cke. ii, 677.—Walaxis Brinoniana Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi, 209. Description: Cke.1.c.—According to Fischer, the sepals and lip ¢ are dark brownish, the petals pale yellowish. Locality: Konkan (Dalzell).—N. Kanara: Kalanadi (Ritchie 1405); in forests (Bell 5403!). Distribution : Nilgiris, Pulneys, Malabar, Travancore. 9. Oberonia platycaulon Wight Ic. t. 1623; Hook. f. in F.B.I. v, 682; Gammie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi (1906) 682.—-Mualaris platycau:- lon Reichb. f. in Walp. Rep. vi, 239. Description: ‘Scape very broad, flat, 5-20 mm. broad, very coriaceous, adnate to a leaf tothe iop. Leaves long, narrowly ensiform, straight, subacute, 15-25 cm. by 12-185 mm. Raceme 7-12 cm. long; rachis stout. Flowers whitish or pale yellow, large, densely imbricate, about 5 mm. across. Bracts broad, sheathing the sessile ovary, erose, acute. Sepals ovate, lanceolate, acute, Petals narrow, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip broader than long ; lateral lobes broad, rounded, midiobe very short, bifid or 3-fid. Fruit sessile. Locality : Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards (ex Hook. f. J NMistribution « Nilgiris, Pulney Hills, High Wavy Mountains. 10. Oberonia Sedewickii Blatter & McCann, sp. nov. ' [Pertinet ad sectionem Oberonie proprie dicte. Accedit ad Oberonitam caulescentem Lindl. sed differt foliis oblongis vel ovato-oblongis vel lanceolatis acutis multo brevioribus scapo in parte intertiore bialaio, bracteis ovatis, floribus non subverticillatis, labio bast minime lobato.] Description: A very small peadulous plant, 2-6 cm. high to top of inflores- cence. Seape arising from the side of a central leaf, up to 12 mm. long, lower half 2-winged, upper half clothed with hyaline, ovate-acute, erose bracts. Racemes mostly straight, sometimes flexuose, up to 4°5 cm. long, slender. 2 258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Flowers short-pedicelled, scattered, densely arranged. Bracts aLout the length of the pedicels. Sepals gland-dotted. Dorsalsepal broadly triangular-ovate, acute. Lateral sepals obliquely and broadly ovate-acuminate. Petals linear. Lip without side lobes, midlobe broader than lateral sepals, ovate-rotund, with 2 acute or acuminate parallel processes at the tip with a more or less narrow and deep sinus between them. Capsules (perhaps not quite ripe) 3 mm. long ; pedicels half as long, stouter than the flowering pedicel. Locality: W. Ghats: Castle Rock, 1,600 ft., rainfall 250 in. (Sedgwick’s collector 5615! type, 5540! co-type). Flowers and Fruit: March 1919. 11. Oberonia Lindleyana Wight Ic. t. 1624; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 681.—alaxts Lindleyana Reichb. f. in Walp. Rep. vi, 210. Description « Scape compressed, stout, with raceme 10-18 cm. long. Leaves 7-15 by 1°5-3 cm.. very fleshy, ensiform, subfalcate, obtuse or subacute, broad at base. Raceme stout, drooping towards the apex, brick-red, densely covered with innumerable small, sessile, densely imbricating flowers. Bracts broadly ovate-obtuse, subdenticulate on the margins. Petals narrow-linear, entire. Lip broad, rather longer than the sepals, cordate at base, crenate, broadly 3-lobed, midlobe broad, much smaller than the lateral ones, all gland-dotted. Capsule small, sessile on the thickened rachis. Regarding the colour of the flowers, Wightl.c. says : ‘ Flowers straw colour, lip dull orange.’ According toJ. D. Hooker 1. c. the flowers are ‘ pale with an orange (?) centre of lip.” The label in Sedgwick’s herbarium bears this remark : ‘ Spike brick-red’. Sedgwick very likely gave the general colour- impression of the spike. Wight points out that the very succulent leaves and the long drooping raceme form good marks by which this species can be distinguished. | Locality: N. Kanara: Anmod, 1,200 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 3302 bis !); in forests, rainfall 100 in. (Bell 5402 ! ) Distribution : N. Kanara, Nilgiris, Travancore Hills. 12. Oberonia Arnottiana Wight Ic. 1628.—O. Wightiana Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1839) Misc. no. 9 (parti) ;. Hook. f. F.B.1. v, 683 (partim) ; Fischer FI. Madras pt. 8 (1928) 1407 (artim). We separate this species from O. Wightiana Lindl. and in F.B.I. 1. c. Hook. f. thinks that O. Arnottiana is a longer-pedicelled variety of O. Wightiana. The two are certainly nearly allied, but we think that Wight was correct when ne said that the ligulate lateral lobes of the lip of O. Wightiana is peculiar and at once distinguishes it from O. Arnottiana. This latter species can be recognized by long pedicels, by the rounded ovate-obtuse lateral lobes of the lip, by the racemes not drooping, ciliate bracts and acute sepals. Description: WUzaves short, ensiform, subfalcate or straight, succulent, acute. Racemes erect or very slightly inclined towards the apex, scarcely or not at all drooping. Flowers alternate, longish pedicelled, pale green. Bracts ovate-acute, ciliate, somewhat sheathing at the base. Sepals ovate- acute. Petals narrow-linear, about the length of the sepals. Lip cordate at the base, 3-lobed ; lateral lobes very broad, ovate, obtuse; midlobe small, prolonged, divided at the apex. Capsules long- pedicelled. We have avoided giving measures because the specimen at our disposal is evidently a very small form. Locality: NN. Kanara: Anmod, on trees, 2,000 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 3261!). Distribution : N. Kanara, Nilgiris, Pulneys. Flowers and fruit: December 1917. 13. Oberonia Wightiana Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1839) Misc. no. 9 (partinz) ; Wight Ic. t. 1627; Hook. f. in F. B. I. v, 683 (fartim) ; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. 8 (1928) ) 140 (parti). Description : Leaves broad, ensiform, acute, straight, rarely subfalcate, 2°5- 10 cm. by 4-8 mm. Scape and raceme together 7-15 cm. long, curved or decurved; scape terete, naked or sparsely bracteate. Flowers pale green, scattered, short-pedicelled. Bracts broad, ovate or oblong, erose at the apex, Jonger or shorter ‘than the pedicels. Sepals ovate-obtuse. Petals linear, obtuse. Lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes strap-shaped, embracing the base of the column ee ee ae REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 259 midlobe prolonged ending in 2 obovate spathulate spreading lobes, crenulate on the margins. Locality > N. Kanara: Yellapur, hanging on underside of branches, 2,000 ft., rainfall 100 in. (Sedgwick 2483!) ; Haliyal, 2,000 ft., rainfall! 70 in. (Sedgwick 2863 !). Distribution : N. Kanara, Nilgiris, Pulneys. Fruit : May 1917 (Yellapur) ; August 1917 (Haliyal). 14. Oberonia umbonata Blatter & McCann, sA. nov. [Pertinet ad sectionem Scylle. Accedit ad Oberontam Scyll@ Lindl., sed distinguitur racemts longissimts, bracteis floribus equilongts vel its longioribus, sepalo dorsali ovato-lanceotato, :petalis oblongis, sepalis lateralibus oblique et late ovato-subvotundis umbonatis, labto lunato.] Description : Stem almost 0. Leaves few, up to6cm. by 8 mm., straight or subfalcate, thin, Jinear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Scape about 1 cm. long, terete. Raceme up to 13 cm. long, terete, very slender, slightly bent in the upper third. Bracts narrowly lanceolate-subulate, entire (not erose) hyaline, as long as or longer than the flowers. Flowers pedicelled, verticillate, densely arranged. Dorsalsepal ovate-lanceolate, subacute or acuminate, much longer than the lateral sepals, subcucullate. Lateral sepals obliquely and broadly ovate-subrotund, umbonate. Petals oblong, subtriangular and subobtuse at apex, narrower but longer than the lateral sepals. Lip very small, lunate. lateral lobes erect on each side of the column, lanceolate- subulate. Capsules pedicelled, pedicels as long as the capsule. Locality: N. Kanara; Siddhapur, on atree, 1,400 ft., rainfall 100 in. (Bell & Sedgwick 7270!). Flowers and young fruits in October J917. 2. }, MicROSTYLIS: Nutt. (Ckes ii) 677). Species 100.—Asia, America, We retain the one species mentioned by Cooke. 1. Microstylis versicolor Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orchid. (1830) 21 (zon Wight). Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1408.— A7rcrostylis Rheedet Wight Ic. iii (i843- 45) t. 902; Hook. f. F B.I. v, 690; Ic. Pl. t. 1832.—Malaxis Rheedei Heyne ex Wall. Cat. (1828) swd. no. 1939. Description : Cke. ii, 678. Locality : Konkan: (Law, Stocks); Hills W. of Mulund (McCann!) ; Matheran (Chibber !).—W. Ghats: Khandala (Cooke!, Hallberg !, Blatter & McCann 25836 !, 25837!) ; Lonavia (Garade 11!) ; Mahableshwar (Cooke !); in forest near Lake (McCann !);Koina Valley beiow Mahableshwar (Cooke!) ; Panchgani, Third Tableland (Blatter !); Castle Rock, 1,600 ft., rainfall 250 in. (Sedgwick 2810 bis!).—NM. Kanara; Guddehalli on edge of open spaces in the jungle, 1,000 ft., rainfall 120 in. (T. R. Bell 7869 bis!) ; without locality (Sedgwick 3181 bis!). A terrestrial herb growing under the shade of trees. Propagation is by two ways, one by seed and the other by budding. The buds may be developed either at the side of the old one or upon the stem or sometimes upon the rachis of the inflorescence. During the dry season the leaves dry up leaving only a stump, but this is only true of plants growing in deciduous forests. Fruits are developed in early October. Distribution: W. Ghats of Madras Pres. from 6,000 ft. upwards, Chota Nagpur. 3. LiparRis Rich. Species about 100.—Tropical and temperate regions. So far, 1 species was known from the Presidency. We add anew one. YT. Lip 4 mm. long = ... ae ery lal Ue eErUOSA. 22 ips) mma. Lone. o... ca diy CE ILE SCS OTED ALE 1. Liparis nervosa Lindl. Gen, and Sp. Orchid. (1830) 26; Cke. ii, 678; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1828) 1410.—Z. paradoxa Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. wil( 1861), 21385 Hook. f..F BI. v; 697 and vi, 181; King in Ann. Roy. Bot: Gard. Calc. viii, 27, t. 34.—Z. odorata Lindl. 1. c. 26.—Malaxis odorata Willd. Sp. Pl. iv (1805) 9]; Grah. Cat. 202.—ZL. Dalzelliz Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 698.— Liparis nervosa var. Dalzellit T. Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 679. 9609 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIS?. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Description: Cke. ii, 67. Locality : Konkan: (Stocks.)—W. Ghats : Londa (Spooner!); Castle Rock, very rare, 1,600 ft., rainfall 250in. (Sedgwick 2792!).—N. Kanara (Law). Distribution - Kamaon, Nepal, Khasia Hills, 4,000-6,000 ft., Benga!, Konkan, W. Ghats, N. Kanara, Nilgiris, Anamalais at 3,000 ft., Ceylon.—The species may extend further eastwards, but we are not sure. J. D. Hooker (F.B.I. vi, 181) has this note: ‘Mr. Ridley, who finds this species [Z. paradoxa] at Singapore, informs me that there are two forms, one with pure yellow flowers, the other with the sepals and petals deep blackish purple, and the lip green with purple centre, which latter is the Z. nervosa lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orchid. 24.’ It is strange that Ridley does not mention Liparis nervosa in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula. 2. Liparis flavo-viridis Blatter & McCann, sf. nov. ; L. paradoxa? Gammie in Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi, 565. [Orchidacea sectionis Mollifoliarum accedit ad Liparim mnervosam Lindl. sed distinguitur folits 5-7-nervosis, bractets late lanceolatis acuminatis deftlexis ammo sub anthest, sepalis valde inequalibus, sepalo dorsali anguste lineart- acuminato, lateralibus obovatis convolutis apice incurvatulis, petalis convolutis sursum curvatis apparenter linearibus vel cylindricis, labio subrotundo apice minutim denticulato emarginato-apiculato, protunde concavo, fructu late oblongo, non clavato. | Description: Terrestrial herb. Pseudobulbs ovoid or oblong,. 5-7 cm. below the surface. Stem thickened at the base and covered by several sheaths. Leaves 2-5, lying more or less flat on the ground, not erect, sessile, alternate, sheathing, up to 14 by 8 cm., ovate or eilipticelanceolate, subacuminate or acuminate, subplicate ; main nerves 5-7, deeply depressed above, very promi- nent beneath. Scape together with racenie up to 20 cm. long, erect, slender, with scattered bracts. Bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, deflexed even at time of flowering, shorter than the somewhat twisted ovary. Buds ovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, not obliquely obovate. Scape, lateral sepals, petals and column light green, lip, anther and cap of column very dark green, floral bracts between the twoin shade. Dorsal sepal up to 6 mm. long, narrow lanceolate-acuminate, generally reflexed, leaving the back of the column bare and lying along the ovary. Lateral sepals 5-6 mm. long, straight, convolute, obovate, acute, slightly incurved at apex. Petals slightly longer than the lateral sepals, strongly convolute, appearing Jinear or rather cylindrical, curved upwards, sticking out together with the lateral sepals under the lip, nearly touching its under-surface with their points. Base of lip in its lower third lying close against and almost parallel to the column with 2 well-deve- loped calli at the very base, calli applied against base of column, of moderate length, conical, rounded at top, very shiny and rugose except at top ; limb large, almost orbicular 7 by 8 mm., bent at rignt angles to the narrowed base, minutely-toothed on the upper margin, emarginate at apex with a minute apiculus, deeply concave, the concavity widening from base of sepal forwards and very shiny along bottom for more than half-way, finely darker-veined, the veins running from the concavity towards the circumference all round, generally simple, sometimes forked. Ovary sessile with slightly winged and thin ridges. Column elongate, stout, inflexed from half-way up, dilated at base. Cap somewhat convex with the hinder lateral slopes, a little flattened before it lifts for the emission of the pollinia, fringed with a thin narrow membrane and minutely rugose laterally. Pollinia 4, without caudicles, in pairs, golden yellow, each pair closely pressed together, the 2 pollinia of each pair of different length, the outer faces convex. Fruit broadly oblong, stalked, 2 cm. by 7 mm. In bud, the lip embraces the whole column. The pollinia fall out when the cap rises, which happens shortly after the flower opens. Locality: Mr. T. R. Bell found this orchid in August, 1912, in N. Kanara on the low margin of a tank off the high road from Yellapur to Karwar, on the left-hand side going out from Yellapur, just before the path goes off to Kowdekeri. It was common locally. He found it again in August, 1918, at Dandeli, N: Kanara. It is from this plant that the above description is taken (Bell no. 4217 I). —s. M. Country: Londa (several Sheets by Spooner in Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona). Flowers and at : August. Pee ay me Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATEAYV. Del, C. McCann after Miss E. Bell. Liparis nervosa, Lindl, Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate VI. Del. C. McCann partly after Miss E. Bell. Liparis flavo-viridis, Blatter & McCann, sp. nov. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 261 4, DENDROBIUM Sw. Species about 750. ‘Tropical Asia, Japan, Australia, Polynesia. Of the 8 species mentioned by Cooke DY. Macraei Lindl. has to be trans- ferred to the genus Desmotrichum, the name of Dendrobium chlorops has been changed into D. ovatum Krinzl, Weadd 2 other species not contained in Cooke: D. agueum Lindl. and D. actinomorphum Blatter & Hallberg. Note : The Dendrobiums have a definite vegetative period. During the mon- soons new shoots are formed from the bases of the old ones, full of leaves. At the end of the monsoons the ‘new’ stems reach maturity and are full of reserve material, After the monsoon the leaves are shed leaving the naked stem. ‘Ihe stem thus developed at the end of one monsoon flower during the cold season, and even into the hot weather. After flowering and fruiting these stems wither away and die. No stem flowers twice. This we have found to be particularly true ot Nos. 1, 2,3, 4. Itappears to us that Dendrobiums growing in evergreens some- times flower towards the end of the monsoon as we have observed with No. 7, which we found in flower on the Fitzgerald Ghat, on the 9th October (1930). In this case the superabundant food material probably caused the plants to flower and in such a case the same stem would probably flower again. Evergreen inhabiting plants may deviate somewhat from those found in deciduous forest. A. Pseudobulbs short, tufted, with 2 or 3 leaves; or stems elongate and ieafy. Flowers in slender terminal or lateral racemes, small or medium- sized ; lip often with a flat keel on the disk that ends in a truncate crenate callus on the midlobe. I. Stems simple or nearly so, often a small pseudo- bulb. 1. Small plants with crowded ovoid pseudobulbs. Flowers small, in racemes from the top of the pseudobulb; petals not broader than the dorsal sepal. Sepals and petals white. (a) Lip pink with dark-red veins sa : . micvobulbon, (6) Lip yellow-green... 2. D. Mabvele. Z. Larger plants ; stems tufted. Flowers in terminal and lateral racemes; petals broader than the dorsal sepal. (a) Flowers cream-coloured. Lateral sepais oblong; midlobe of lipsubquadrate ... 3. YD. ovatum. (6) Flowers white, mostly with a tinge of pink. Lateral sepals Janceolate, falcate ; mid- S lobe of lip ovate, acute 4. D. barbatulum. II. Stems long, copiously ‘pranched ; flowers small. 5. D. herbaceum, B. Stems elongate, stout or slender, cylindric, clavate or nodose. Flowers in lateral pairs or fascicles or racemes, rarely solitary, usually large, white, yellow, purple or pink. I. Mentum present. 1. Mentum half as long as the dorsal sepal; lip longer than broad (18 by 12 mm.) ate Ona Le macrosta-. chyum. os Mentum less than half aslong as the dorsal sepal ; lip as broad as long (12by12mm.). 7. D. crepidatuim. 3. Mentum very short, rotund. Lip much longer than broad (25 by 15 mm.) oy eeu now Oe agueum. Il, Mentum absent Ae ve Stee nee 0 actinomor- phum. 1. Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv (1841) 19, f. 8; Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1844) 61; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26i; Hook. t. F.B.I. v, 716; Cke. ii, 681.—D. humile Wight Ic. (1852) t. 1643.—D. crispum Dalz, in Hook, Journ. Bot. iv (1852) 111. 262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL FAUST. SOCIETY, Vor, XKAX Description ;: Cke. ii, 681.—Add: Pseudobulbs one on top of the other, often the whole 2-3-pointed, each pear- Shaped and, of course, constricted at the junctions, one sheath generally reaching over 2 bulbs, 16 mm. long, longitudinally ribbed, light green coloured, embracing the whole bulb at base. Leaves often purple-spotted and marked above with irregularly impressed veins, longitudinally above and simply pointed below. Flowers 16 mm. long, 12 mm. broad. Bracts straw- coloured, longitudinally veined, up to4 mm. long. Dorsal sepal 9 by 3 mn.., lateral ones up to 8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad at middle. Petals 9 mm. or less, apiculate (Cooke has obtuse). Lip 6mm. long, 4mm. broad, broadest at end, 6 mm. broad when spread out, often green with red veins and edges. Cap sguare, cordate, 0°5 mm. broad. Pollinia 0°25 mm. long (Bell MS.). Kranzlin points out that in the lip of the live flower there are tender hyaline papille which disappear very soon and cannot be seen in dried specimens. When, however, the dry flower is boiled, the margin of the papillose lip appears to be what we call ‘ crenulate’. Locality : Konkan : (Stocks) ; Thana forests (T. R. Bell 3842 !).—W. Ghats : Mahableshwar, 4,500 ft. (Cooke!, Sedgwick 7324!, Ezekiel 26568!, Millard 25821 !, Chibber!, Fernandez !).—S. 17. Country : Deciduous forests S.-W. of Dharwar, 1,800 ft., rainfall 40 in. (Sedgwick 3788!) ; Amboli Ghats (Bell!). —N. Kanara: (T.R. Bell 4359 !). Distribution « Nilgiris, Anamalais. . Flowers: January 1929 (Amboli Ghat); February 1918 (Thana); March 1917, 1918 and 1920 (Mahableshwar) ; April 1918 (Mahableshwar) ; September 1418 (N. Kanara) ; December 1918 (Dharwar). 2. Dendrobium Mabele Gammie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi (1905) 567 ; Cke. ii, 681; Kranzl. in Engl, Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 80. Description : Cke. 1.c.—Add: Whole flower dead white except extremity of column outside with a green tip. Column like that of D.szcrobulbon, but stizma comparatively longer. Front of cap quite straight and long (Bell MS.). Locality: W. Ghats ; Foot of Fitzgerald Ghat (Fernandez!) ; Castle Rock, on Phyllanthus emblica, 1,600 ft., rainfall 250 in. (Sedgwick 2855!, 5541 !); Castle Rock (Bhiva!, Gammie 15782!); Londa (Bhiva!); Belgaum Ghats (Gammie!); Panchgani (McCann!).—N. Kanara: Anmod, on the smaller branches of trees (Sedgwick 3370!) ; Tinai Ghat, on small trees, especially on Phyllanthus emblica, 1,800 ft., rainfall 150 in. (Sedgwick 3197!, Gammie 15802 !). Distribution - Apparently endemic. Flowered at Panchgani at end of September 1930. 3. Dendrobium ovatum (Willd.) Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 71; Fischer F). Madras pt. viii (1928) 1416.—D. chlorops Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1844) Misc. 44; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 261; Veitch Man. Dendr. 27 ; Wiiliams Orch. Grow. Man. 7th ed. 329; Sander Orch. Guide 68; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 719; Cke. ii, 682.—D. barbautulum Wight Ic. iii (1843) t. 910.— ea gece ovatum Willd. Sp. Pl. iv, 1 (1805) 101.—Rheede Hort. Malab. male eA : Description : Cke. ii,682.—The flowers are very variable in size and colour. The midlobe of the lip is sometimes subacute or with a minute mucro in the same plant. The pubescent part in front of the ridge of the disk was green in Salsette specimens, the hairs at the very base of the lip on the sides of the ridge yellowish (Hallberg MS.). Locality : Konkan: (Stocks); Thana forests, rainfall 150 in. (T. R. Rell 3624!, 3647!); Salsette (Hallberg!); Tulsi Lake, Salsette (McCann!) ; Wandra forests (Ryan 65!) ; Sagwan (Ryan 359!) ; Pen to Campoli, on trees (Gammie 16087!) ; Khardi (Ryan 566!) ; Wada range (Ryan 528!) ; Bassein (Ryan 483!, 896!) ; Matheran (Birdwood) ; Thana District, on mango trees (Kirtikar).—W. Ghats: Khandala, rare (Blatter & Hallberg 26492!) ; Mahableshwar (Cooke!) ; Phonda Ghat (Ritchie 1410). Uber fae - W. Ghats and the W. coast of Madras Presidency from 150-5,000 ft. 4. Dendrobium barbatulum Lind]. in Wall. Cat. (1828) no. 2013, Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1830) 84; Paxt. El. Gard.-ait. ols, fig. 285 ; Bot. Mag. tf. 5918 (70% CaS eS da tha Ae Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate VII. Del. C. McCann after Miss E. Bell. Dendrobium microbulbon, A. Rich. Del. C. McCann partly after Miss E. Bell. Dendrobium crepidatum, Lindl. ‘ REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 263 5444) ; Hook, f. F.B.I. v, 719; Veitch Man. Dendr. 21; Williams Orch. Grow. Man. 7th ed., 326 ;-Cogn. Dict. Icon. Orch: Dendrob. t: 25; Cke. ii, 682 ; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1416; Kranzl.in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 27 (1910) 70. | Description : Cke. ii, 682.—Notes : Cooke says that the midlobe is bearded at the base with yellow hairs. It would be more accurate to say that the midlobe is bearded in front of the channelled ridge and at the base of lip on the sides of the ridge (Hallberg MS.). Locality : Khandesh (Hallberg !).—Konkan: (Stocks, Law); Thana forests, rainfall 150 in. (T. R. Bell 3637 bis!) ; Thana (Kirtikar) ; Kanari Caves (McCann !) ; Dapoli, Ratnagiri District (Kirtikar); Ratnagiri (Kirtikar).— W. Ghats : Khandala (Hallberg 26539 !, Blatter 26540!, Blatter & Hallberg 26537 ! ; McCann !) ; Kune, near Khandala (Blatter & McCann 26491 !); Lonavla (McCann !) ; Sakarpatar (McCann !) ; Duke’s Nose (McCann!) ; Tiger’s Leap (McCann !) ; near Campoli {McCann !) ; Pen (McCann !) ; Kasara (McCann !); Igatpuri (McCann 26538 !) ; Panchgani (Fernandez!) ; Bilar, 4 miles S.-W. of Panchgani (McCann !) ; on road from Panchgani to Mahableshwar (Blatter & Hallberg B 1682!) ; Mshableshwar, common (Cooke!, Ezekiel 26567 !, 26569 !).—M. Kanara: Tinai Ghat, 2,000 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 36162!) Flowers from January to March. McCann has seen flowers of this species as late as the 29th May (1931) at Khandala. Distribution : W. Ghats from Mysore to Travancore. 5. Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1840) Misc. 69 ; Hook. f. F.B.I. v.07 19); -Cke? ii, 682\; Gammiie in Journ: Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc: xvil, 32:; Kranz. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 72 ; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1416.—D. ramosissimum Wight Ic. t. 1648 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 261, Description : Cke. ii, 682. Locality : Konkan (Daizell, Gibson).— W. Ghats : Mahableshwar (Woodrow !, Acland !) ; Koina Valley, below Mahableshwar (Cooke!) ; Wada, below Mahableshwar (Cooke !).—N, Kanara: Anmod, 2,000 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 3437 !). Distribution + W.Ghats of Madras Pres., from 2,000-4,000 ft., Godavari District, Parasnath, Bengal. Flowers : October 1924 (Mahableshwar), Fruit - December 1917 (N. Kanara). 6. Dendrobium macrostachyam Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1830) 78 e¢ Bot. Reo, t, 1865; Wight Ic: t: 1647; Hook.f: F.B.I. v, 735 3 Cke. ii, 683 ; _Kranzr. in Engl. Pflanzenr, iv, 50, ii, P 21 (1910) 59 ; Sander Orch. Guide 72; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1416. Description : Cke. ii, 683.—Midlobe of lip embraces the whole column (Bell MS.). Locality : S. Konkan (Dalzell 45!).—W. Ghats > Koina Valley below Mahableshwar (Cooke!) ; Belgaum Ghats (Gammie).—/V. Kanara: Forests (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona); Yellapur, 2,000 ft., common (Sedgwick 2469 !, T. R. Bell 6067 !). ; Distribution : W. coast and W. Ghats of Madras Pres. up to 7,000 ft., Travancore, Ceylon, Maldives, Central Provinces, frequent, Chota Nagpur, very doubtfully in Burma. 7. Dendrobium crepidatum Lind!. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. i (1850-51) 63 ; zow ed. i (1882) 53, fig. 40 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4993 ef t. 5011 ; Veitch Man. Dendr. 33 ; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 740 ; Grant Orch. Burmah 78 ; King & Pantl. in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. viii, 48, t. 66 ; Dict. Icon. Orch. Dendrob. t. 40 ; Cke. ii, 683 ; Kranz]. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 39.—D. dawanum Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1859) 10; Dalz. & Gibs. Bom. Fl. 261; Kranzl. 1. c. 297.— D. roseum Dalz. in Hook Kew Journ. (1852) 291. Kranzlin 1. c. 39 considers D. lawanum Lindl. and D. roseum Dalz. as synonyms of JD. crepidatum and has also included Law’s specimen (Low by mistake) collected in the Konkan. We don’t quite see why the same author (1. c. 297) mentions D. lawanum as a distinct species under the heading ‘ Dendrobia adhuc solummodo tn statu 264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV pelorioideo nota.’ He also adduces D: roseum Dalz. as a synonym and mentions the same specimen gathered by Law in the Konkan. Owing to an oversight, another mistake crept in in this place: The Konkan is put down as belonging to the botanical province of the tropical Himalaya. Locality : Konkan (Law, Stocks) ; near Vengurla (Dalzell 33).— WV. Ghats ° Mahableshwar Hills (Cooke!) ; Lonavla (Gammie 16241!) ; Koina Valley below Mahableshwar (Ccoke !) ; Belzaum Ghats (Gammie!).—. Kanara : Anmod, 2,000 ft., rainfall 260 in. (Sedgwick 3319!) ; Tinai Ghat (Gammie 15814 !). Distribution : Chota Nagpur, Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Hills, Upper Burma (Kranzlin mentions Malabar, but according to Fischer, Fl. Madras, this species has rot been found in the area of his Flora). 8. Dendrobium aqueum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1843) Misc. 6, t. 54; Bot. Mag. t. 4640; Veitch Man. Dendr. 18; Sander Orch. Guide 67 ; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 739 ; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 52.—D. album Wight Ic. Pl. (1852) t. 1645; Williams Orch. Grow. Man. 7th ed. 324; Orch. Album t. 407. Description : Stems fasciculate, decumbent, thickened from athin base and slightly compressed, with many or several articulations, leafy, 30-45 cm. long, in the middle almost 1 cm. diam. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; the sheaths widened above ; lamina well-articulated, 8-12 cm. by 2-3cm., striate, persistent during the flowering time, Racemes short, usually 2-flowered, rarely 3-flowered. Bracts very minute. Flowers white, suffused with green, lip suffused with pale yellow inside. Sepals and petals 3 cm. long, 15-18 cm. broad. Sepals ovate, lateral ones ovate-triangular, subfalcate ; mentum very short, rotund. Petals obovate, equal in size, allacute. Lip 2°5 by 15 cm., subrhomboid, ascending from the base to the middle, then deflexed, acute in front, obscurely 3-lobed, rotund on both sides, in the middle of the disk slightly excavate, triangular in front, the whole disk puberulous, the margin of the midlobe denticuiate-ciliate, a raised line from the base of the disk to almost the middle. Ovary with pedicel 2°5 cm. long. Locality : Konkan (Stocks ex Kranzlin).—Sometimes grown in gardens of the Bombay Pres. Distribution - W. Ghats of the Madras Pres. 3,000-7,000 ft. : 9. Dendrobium actinomorphum Blatter & Hallberg in Journ. Ind. Rot. ii (1921) 0, Fig. 4. Description: A pendulous epiphyte with numerous very slender matted roots. Flowering stem reaching 25 em., leafless, jointed, internodes thick, cylindrical, about 2 cm. long, slightly thickened below the nodes, fleshy, green, each internode completely enclosed in a scarious many-nerved sheath arising at the node and extending to about the middle of the next internode, tip of sheath 1 cm. broad, deeply eimarginate, nerves parallel, 9 prominent ones alternating with 10 less conspicuous ones, prominent ones very stout and white. Last internode very short and conical. Leafy shoots appearing after the flowering at the base of the flowering stem. Leaves distichous ; lamina of young leaves about 10 cm. long, with 5 conspicuous and many inconspicuous nerves ; petiole amplexicaul, many-nerved. Flowers in pairs or solitary arising from the nodes. Pedicels stout, 2°5-3°5 cm. long, pinkish in flower, clavate and green in fruit. Flowers subregular, 3 cm. across, shallowly cup-shaped ; sepals and petals subequal in length, pinkish, sepals 15 mm. long, about 7-8 min. broad, oblong, subobtuse or mucronate. Petals and lip broadly ovate-oblong, 15-17 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, rounded or retuse at tip. Column very short, white, with 2 dark Purple processes at the base, behind each of which there is a deep cavity (probably nectary). Anther terminal, flat on top, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, 2 in each cell, waxy, yellow, free in the cells, without caudicle or viscid appendage. Capsule about 2 cm, long, 1 cm. thick, pear-shaped, crowned by a cylindrical clavate process formed by the hardened column slightly trigonous. Can be distinguished by the absence of the mentum. Otherwise Se reeling. in many points with D. crepidatum Lindl. Locality: N. Kanara: Castle Rock (McCann 13768 !). Distribution: Apparently endemic. Flowers ; March 1919. — t~ ede eee eee ees REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 265 5. DESMOTRICHUM Blume (emend. a Kranzlin). Epiphytic herbs. Stems long-pendulous, clothed with imbricating cataphylls, radical, branching. Branches often thickened into fusiform or subcylindrical bulbs which bear usually 1 leaf, rarely 2. Flowers fascicled, arising from the axil of the leaf, fugaceous. Bracts scarious, always much shorter. than the thin pedicels, forming a capitulum. Dorsal sepal and smaller petals attached to the back and sides of the column ; lateral sepals adnate to the foot of the column and forming with it a small mentum (spur) which is more or less closed in front. Basal part of lip always narrow, rather elongate, prolonged in front into small lateral lobes ; midlobe flabellate or dilate, with the margin more or less pinnatifid or sinuate, always undulate or fimbriate or pilose, the 2 lines near the margin of the disk more or less undulate. Column asin Dendrobium. Species about 30.—Indo-Malayan. The only species observed in the Presidency was usually known as Dendrobium macraei Lindl. 1. Desmotrichum fimbriatum Blume Bijdr. (1825) 329; Kranzl. in Engl, Pflanzenr, iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1910) 354; Fischer F!. Madras pt. vill, (1928) 1412)=— Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Oreltid:. (183), 76.. (nec Hook, nec Dalzell mec Wallich).—D. MJacraei Wind. 1.c. 75; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 260; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 714; Grant Orch. Burmah 1604; King and Prantl. ine Ann... Bot.’ Gard”. Cale; viii, 6h. t2 86; Cke.. ii; 680’; Gammie: in” Journ: Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi (1905) 566.—D. plicatile Lind!. Bot. Reg. (1840) Misc. 10.—D. insulare Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, i (1841) 490.—D. nodosum Dalzell in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv (1852) 292.—D. flabellum Reichb. f. in Bonpl. v (1€57) 56 ef Xen. Orch. ii, 75, t.118, fig. 7.—D. Binnendijkii Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. ii (1865) 74, t. 118, fig. 6.—D. Radbani Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1859) 7.—D. pardalinum Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. ii (1885) 230.—D. rhipidilobum Schlecht. in Schum. & Lauterb. Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch, Schutzgeb. (1905) 151.—D. Kunstlert Hook. f. F.B.1. v, 714. Description : Cke. ii, 680. Locality : See Cke. 1. c. 681. Distribution: W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Presidencies, Ceylon, Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to the Philippines, 6, BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars. (Emend.). Hook. f. (in F.B.I. v, 772) says: ‘The species of Bulbophyllum and Cirrhopetalum are in many cases so allied by cross affinities that the two genera might be regarded as one. My keeping them apart is due to the consideration of convenience, and the fact that all my attempts to commingle the species of both have resulted in a chaotic aggregate, with most unsatisfactory sectional characters.’ J.J. Smith in a paper entitled : Bulbophyllum Thou. sect. Cirrhopetalum [Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. sér. 2, vii (October 1912) 19-29} has tried to neglect the view of Hooker’s ‘ convenience’ and to overcome his practical difficulties by transferring the species of Cirrhopetalum to the genus Bulbophyllum, We follow him. : The diagnosis of the genus Bulbophyllum must include those characteristics by which Czrrhopetalum was distinguished before by Lindley and Hook. f., viz. by the more often and regularly whorled flowers and by the short dorsal sepal, rarely half the length of the almost invariably much longer lateral, and finally by the very small stipitate lip. Species about 550. PT repical and subtropical. 1. Sepals green, Flowers in umbels ace vl. be Lomoriatum. 2. Sepals dull brownish ae Flowers in racemes woo, 2, BD. neileherrense. 1. Bulbophyllum fimbriatum Reichb. f. in ‘Walp. Ann. vi, 260.—Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1839) Misc. 72; Bot. Mag. t. 4391; Wight Ic. 1655 ; Gammie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe. xvii (1906) 34; Cke. ii, 686; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1420.—C. Wadllichti Grah. Cat. 205 (non Lindley). | 266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV. Description « Ckeé. ii, 686 (under Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum). Locality: Cke. l.c.—Add: W. Ghats: Mahableshwar (James in Herb. Calc.!, Hallberg!); Tinai Ghat (Bhide!).—N. Kanara : Very common at ane towards Chandwadi, in flower and leafless at the end of March 1911 (Bell !). Distribution: Bombay Pres.: Konkan, Deccan, S. M. Country, W. Ghats, N. Kanara; Coorg. oy 6 4 ee caudiele. {iim > Altace ment of ls. pl - Sool: dl LR. Bell. Fic. 1. Bulbophyllum neilgherrense, Wight. 1. Lateral sepal. 6. Pollinia. 2. Dorsal sepal. 7. Column (front view). 3. Bud, Sa etal: 4, Column and lip. J. ips 5. Column (side view). 2. Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Wight Ic. v (1852) 6, t. 1650; Bot. Mag. t. 5050; Gamie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvii (1906) 33; Cke ii, 686; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1418. Description : Cke. ii, 686.—The pollinia are in pairs, one of each pair smaller than the other, applied clesely along the inner faces, the outer faces convex ; caudicle short, oblong, black. There are bulbs of all sizes bearing a single erect spike of flowers, densely packed, the larger bulbs bear larger spikes. Spikes catkin-shaped, flowering from below upwards. ‘The flowers smell of highly rotten meat, and are chrome-yellow. Column white, the stigmatic hollow bordered thinly red, the foot also bordered red from stigma to end; lip with side lobes bordered blackish ; cap yellow, greenish in front; pollinia pure bright yellow (Bell MS.). Locality : W. Ghats: Belgaum Ghats (Gammie!).—NV Kanara: Ghats (Gammie!); Sampkhand (Woodrow); Yellapur, 2,000 ft., rainfall 100 in, (Sedgwick 2532!) ; Kumbarwada (Bell !). Listribution ; W. Ghats of Madras Pres, REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 267 7. Trias, Lindl. BiG. - 2... Lids. Stocks? Hook, tf. Species 3.—Indo-Malayan. 1. Trias stocksii Hook. f. F.B.I. v (1890) 781; Gammie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. His. Soc. xvii (1906) 34; Cke. ii, 687. Description : Cke. ii, 687. Locality: Konkan (Law).—N. Kanara : (Stocks 59) ; Chandawadi (Bell!) ; Pavhol (Bell!). 8. PHoLiIpoTa, Lindl. PECL alent Fic. 3. Pholidota imbricata, Lindl. Species 30.—Indo-Malayan, China. 1. Pholidota imbricata Lind]. in Hook. FI]. Exot. (1825) t. 138; Dalz. & Gibs, 262; Wight Ic, t. £07; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1213 e¢. t. 1777; King & 268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Pantl. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 144, t. 201; Cke. ii, 688.—P/zloc- nema inbricatum Don Prodr. 33.—Cymbidium imbricatum Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii (1832) 460. Description : Cke ii, 688. Locality: Konkan. (Stocks); S. Konkan (Dalzell 51); near Vengurla (Dalzell & Gibson.).—M. Kanara: Sampkhand, 1,600 [ft., rainfall 200 in. (Herb. S.X.C. 26516!, Sedgwick & Bell 6963 !). Distribution : Nepal, Chota Nagpur, Konkan, N. Kanara, W. and E. Ghats of Madras Pres., 2,000-3,500 ft., Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, China, Malay Archi- pelago to the Philippines, Pacific Islands. Flowers : July 1895 (N. Kanara). Fruit : October 1919 (N. Kanara). 9. JOSEPHIA, Wight. Species 2.—India, Ceylon. 1. Josephia lanceolata Wight Ic. v (1852) 19, t. 1742 (folia tantum), flores in t. 1743; Hook. f: F.B.1L. v, 823; Cke. i, 688 ; -Hischer, tn L- Madras Spt-avaii (1928) 1428. Description : Cke. ii, 688.—Sepals white tinged with yellow. Petals and lip white. Anthers opercular, yellow with a brown spot on connective. Stigmatic lobes just in front of tip of anther (Hallberg). Locality : N. Kanara (Stocks! in Herb. Cale.).—Has never been gathered in the Pres. since Stock’s time. Distribution: W. Ghats of Madras Pres., High Wavy Mountains. 10. Porpax, Lindl. Species 6 —Indo-Malayan. Cooke mentions 2 species, we add a new one. Cooke’s P. lichenora has to be changed into P. zerdoniana Reichb. I. Flowers dark purple or dul! red-brown. 1. Lip panduriform, crenulate Rak l. FP. reticulata. 2. Lip ligulate See os 2. P. papillosa Il. Flowers yellow ... es wee 3. P. serdoniana, 1. Porpax reticulata Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxxi (1845) Misc. 62; Cke. ii, 689; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1911) 165.—47za reticulata Benth. in Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii (1883) 509; Hook. f. F.B.I. v (1890) 786.— Cryptochilus reticulatus Reichb. f. in Bot. Ztg. (1862) 214.—Aggeranthus marchantioides Wight Ic. v (1852) 18, t. 1737 (Kranzl. habet A. reticulatum per errorem). Description : Cke. ii, 689.—Bell & Sedgwick’s specimen no. 6820 shows spatnulate leaves.—Fruit globose, long-stalked, short-beaked, glabrous, about 6 mm. long, stalk almost as long, as the fruit, dorsal ridges of carpels prominent. Locality : N. Kanara: Chandwar (Ritchie 1415); on rocks on the summit of Guddehalli Hill, 1,800 ft , rainfall 250 in. (Bell & Sedgwick 6820!) ; with- out locality, 1,800 ft., rainfall 100in. (Bell 5979!) ; Khumbawada, 1,500 ft., rain- fall 150 in. (Bell 6040!) ; Sirsi, 1,600 ft., rainfall 100 in. (Bell & Sedgwick 7002 !).—Cooke says throughout the W. Ghats. Distribution: NN. Kanara, Madras Pres: Iyamalai Hills; Donipoya in S. Malabar at 700 ft. Flowers : May, June and October 1919 (VV. Kanara). 2. Porpax papillosa Blatter & McCann, sf. nov. [ Accedit ad P. reticulatam Lindl , sed distinguitur foltis et sepalis minutim papillosts, bracteis minoribus, petalis falcatis 3-nervosis, labello ligulato, non panduriform1 vel late ovato crenulato. | Description : Pseudobulbs button-like, 1‘8cm.diam. Sheaths membranous, margin crisped, papillose. Leaves at time of flowering 2, shorter than bract, minutely papillose on both surfaces, conspicuously so on margin. Bract membranous, orbicular, retuse, apiculate. Flowers dull red-brown, brighter inside. Sepals united into a 3-lobed tube, densely minutely papillose with papille in rows, 7-nerved, the outermost nerves from 2 adjoining sepals conni- yent downwards a little below the sinus, Petals 3-nerved, falcate-spathulate. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 269 Fic. 4. Porpax papillosa, Blatter & McCann, sp. tov. reaching the sinus in the calyx. Lip tongue-shaped, slightly papillose along margin, basal process prominent, elongate, narrowly triangular. Pollinia 8, anterior large, broad, pear-shaped, posterior smaller, narrow. Column with 2 ridges along the back, stronger at the top. Stigma forming a deep depression. Locality : Prof. Hallberg found this species at Khandala in the W. Ghats in June 1917. / Wy a iif YW WY ; am) \\oa VY Mf ! ie Ua My ol) lull il x a ws WY S VW WS SS Fic. 5. Porpax Jerdoniana, Reichb. 3. Porpax Jerdoniana (Wight) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi (1861) 267; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, B 21 (1911) 163.—Zyria lichenora Lindl., 270 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1859) 46; Hook. f. F.B.I. v, 787; Cke. ii, 689.— Lichenora jerdoniana Wight Ic. v (1852) t. 1738. Description : Cke. ii, 689.—Cooke is doubtful whether the dorsal sepal is free or connate with the lateral ones. Wight in his description says that the sepals are adherent at the base, though this fact is not shown in his drawing. Kranzlin says in his key: ‘ Sepalum dorsale liberum, cum lateralibus in unum btapiculatum connatis basi tantum coalitum.’ Locality : Konkan : (Stocks, Law).— W. Ghats : Belgaum Ghats (Spooner !). -~-N. Kanara: Sampkhand (Herb. S. X. C. 26489!) ; Kadra, on trees, rainfall 200 in. (2. R. Bell 4285") = Anshi, 1,500! {t:; rainfall’ 300 inss(T ak. Bell 6606 !). Distribution: W. Ghats of Bombay Pres. to Malabar and Travancore, Bababudan Hills. 11. Erria Lindl. Species about 330. Tropical Asia. Cooke has 4 species: £. reticosa, E. Dalzelli, E. microchilos and FE. mysovrensis. We retainthese, but &. mysorensis is being called EZ. polystachya. To these we add 2 species new to the Presidency: &. ex7lis and E. pubescens, and-describe 2 new species: &. rupestris and E. minima. A. Flowers solitary on slender scapes , I. Mentum bilobed ... AK oe wea ha, LE HU PESEVIS. II. Mentum not lobed as i Sue ICMR ELICO SOK: B. Flowers in racemes I. Small plants less than 10 cm. high. Leaves less than 7°5 cm. long. Scapes slender. 1. Flowers secund. (a) Margin of sepals entire. Lip ovate-lanceo- late 3 (6) Margin of sepals ciliate with minute eland- tipped hairs. Lip panduriform Watpes 23 Flowers not secund. (a) Scape bracteate ask “iste sei, Oe LU. CHEMUNG. (6) Scape not bracteate ... meee Oetinly MebLL ZS. II. .Larger plants ‘exceeding: 10cm. high. Leaves 10-20 cm. long. Scapes comparatively stout. ... 1.” Flowers,6-8 som, done. ship: entire, = ovate- E. Dalzellit. E. microchtilos. Oo subpanduriform, subacute 7. £. polystachya. 2. Flowers 12-18 mm. long. Lip ovate- -subcordate, acute at Seg =e: .. 8. E. pubescens. 1. Eriarupestris Blatter & McCann, sf. nov. [Pertinet ad sectionem Conchidit. Persimilis Erie reticose Wight, distinguitur tamen bracteis mucronatis, mento bilobo, sepalo dorsali late oblongo non lanceolato, forma labelli lobo medio rotundato crenulato, fructu oblongo vel paulum obconico. | Description: Frequently found growing on perpendicular sides of rocks. Pseudobulbs disk-like, depressed, rounded or oblong, up to 2 cm. diam., covered with a fibrous net-work, one peduncle arising from the underside of the old pseudobulb. Leaves 2, contemporaneous with the flowers, when young ovate-acute or broadly oblong, mucronate, narrowed into a petiole 2 mm. long, the larger 3 cm. long, 12 mm. broad, dark green tinged with brown-purple, thin-fleshy, midrib depressed above, prominent below, margin densely beset with macroscopic crystalline hairs ; smaller leaf up to 2°5cm. long, up to 8 mm. broad, otherwise like the larger one; old leaves (at time of fruiting) 7 by 2:2 cm. Bud boat-shaped, green at the lower end, dirty purplish in the upper part. Flowers solitary, comparatively large, reaching 25 mn.., arising from between the leaves with sheaths. Sheaths cylindric, up to 13 mm. long, lower part greep, upper dingy purple, mouth oblique. Scape 1-flowered, purplish, curved by the weight of the flower, 1 mm. diam., up to 3°5 cm. long, thickened just below the flower. Bract immediately below the flower, membranous, almost orbicular, cordate, amplexicaul, pale brown-purple, mucronate at tip, Ww ith a dark midrib and 2nerves. Sepals white or slightly suffused with pink ; REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 271 Pa ~ Fic. 6. Fria rupestris, Blatter and McCann, sp. nov. lateral ones elongate-triangular, falcate, mucronate, 2 cm. long, strongly 7-nerved above, obscurely so below, adnate. to the long-produced foot of the column ; dorsal sepal broadly oblong with the apex rounded or acute, more distinctly mucronate than the lateral ones, 2°2 cm. long. Mentum 4 mm. broad, bilobed. Petals broadly lanceolate, mucronate, obscurely 5-nerved, pure white, free, 18 mm. long, 6 mm. broad. Lip oblong-obovate, sessile on the foot of the column and incumbent, 19 mm. long, 9 mm. broad in the middle, white, 3-lobed; midlobe 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, oblong, rounded and crenulate at tip; lateral lobes short, narrew, resembling small ears, acute at apex, 2 pale yellow crests running from the base of the lip to a little beyond the lateral lobes, the tips of the lateral lobes and the area between them golden-yellow, the edge of the lip below the yellow area purple. Column short, at the top a small white hood, foot 10 nm. long, 3 mm. broad, edge purple, on the face many parallel purple lines which get fainter towards the end of the foot. Pollinia 8, obovoid, attached by fours to a short granular membrane. Fruiting scape up to 3°5 cm. long. Fruit oblong or slightly obconical, 6-lobed with 6 strong ridges, sometimes 3 alternate ridges weaker, up to 12 mm. long, 8 mm. diam. where broadest, truncate at apex. This species is nearly allied to &. reticosa Wight, from which it can easily be distinguished by the bilobed mentum and by the shape of the lip. As to the bilobed mentum, we take it for granted that Kranzlin’s statement on this point is correct. He distinguishes, e.g. his &. braccata from E. extinctoria by the large obtuse mentum, whilst 4. ertinctorza has a long obtuse bipartite mentum. The fact that the new species has a bilobed mentum would be sufficient to mark it off as a species distinct from £, veticosa. Regarding the shape of the lip, Wight describes the one of his &. veticosa as ‘obscurely 3-lobed’ and ‘yellow’. Hooker f. (F.B.I. v, 787) says: ‘lip nearly as long as the sepals linear-oblong 3-lobed, side-lobes rounded terminal ovate, disk with 2 crested ridges.’ This description agrees fairly well with Wight’s Ic. 1637, which by the way, does not quite explain Wight’s description. Cooke, finally, gives this description: ‘Lip ? in. long, 3 lobed ; side-lobes long, narrow, rounded, white-edged with a purple line; midlobe 3-3 in. long, ovate, acute, yellow at base and white towards the tip, the margins subcrenulate, disk with 2 crested ridges.’ . The following points become clear from the above: The lip of Z. relicosa is 3-lobed, the side lobes are long, narrow, rounded and the midlobe is ovate, 272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV acute. In the new species the side lobes are very short, and the midlobe is oblong and rounded at the tip. Locality : Panchgani, on perpendicular rocks of Tableland above Convent, also on rocks of Second Tableland, facing the mcnsoon-current, always in exposed situations (May Langham 231! type, Blatter 227!, 2%8!, 229! co-types) ; Lingmala, on tree (McCann !). Flowered at the end of June 1925. Was also found flowering in other years about the middle of June, immediately after the breaking of the monsoon; also at beginning of July. Fruit found on Ist September 1925. In September new pseudobulbs were formed of the size of the old bulbs, surrounded at the base by 3 scarious sheaths. Sheaths broadly ovate, strongly nerved, suddenly contracted-acuminate ; midrib very prominent below near the apex. This species forms large dense patches, sometimes 0°5-1 m. across. 2. Eria reticosa Wight Ic. (1852) :t. 1637 ; Hook. f. F.B.I) v, 787 - Cke. ii, 690.—Z. uniflora Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv (1852) 111.— E. braccata Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 262 (zon Lindl.).—£Z. édraccata Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1911) 18, fig. 1, A-B. (parvtim); Fischer Fl Madras pt. viii (1928) 1425 (partim). We cannot agree with Kranzlin and Fischer in uniting &. rveticosa with E. braccata Lindl. We put the differences between the two species side by side. £e. reticosa E. braccata Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate oblanceolate Pseudobulbs netted not netted Sepals acute obtuse Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate oblong: lanceolate Lateral sepal falcate nearly straight Lip 3-lobed, at least obscurely entire - In our opinion, these differences are sufficient to keep the two species separate. Wight’s plate 1637 of &. vetficosa is, though not perfect, on the whole correct, and Wight’s figure was drawn from the type specimen of &. reticosa. We do not know what to make of Kranzlin’s figure l. Fig. 1A is said to show the natural size. Jn the description the length of the sepals and petals is given as almost 3cm. ‘This size is reached not even in fig. 1 B which is said to be slightly enlarged. Then it is difficult to combine lip of fig. 1 B with its description *‘ labellum ligulatum vel oblongum, obtusum, lobi laterales obsoleti vel plica insiliente formati, vix Conspicui.’ Besides, the bract which is correctly drawn in Wight’s Ic. as touching the flower is removed a good distance from it in Kranzlin’s fig. 1 A and still more so and quite without proportion in fig. 1B. Inthe latter the shape, too, has been changed entirely. Now it is possible that Kranzlin wanted to draw a specimen approaching the type of E. braccafa, but then we would say that the shape and position of the bract certainly forms another distinguishing character between £&. relicosa and £E. braccata. ‘Kranzlin’s Nota at the end of his description does not improve matters. ‘Reichenbachius’ he says, ‘optimo jure Eriam reticosam cum E. braécata conjunxit, labellum enim: quod ex Hookero in E. reticosa trilobum in E. braccata simplex describitur, ve vera formam praebet quae neque stricto sensu simplex neque triloba judicanda est, subtrilobum s. pseudotrilobum, -margine REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 273 laterali tnsiliente tnterrupto,’ We are afraid that the lip in his fig. 1 B is not even pseudo-trilobed. Description :.Cke. ii, 691.—The column is very short, more or less parallel- sided, straight. The anther terminal, surrounded along margin by a thin erect wall except where there is a membranous plate with upturned front-edge. Cap with 2 pockets, each holding 4 pear-shaped poilinia which are smooth and shiny (Bell MS.). Locality : Konkan: (Woodrow!).—W. Ghats: (Dalzell! Herb. Calc.); Mahableshwar, on tree (Sedgwick 7916! ); Lingmala, on rocks, 4,000 ft. (Sedgwick 7899 !), on tree (Sedgwick 4625!); Lonavla, very common (Gam- mie!); Castle Rock, 1,800 ft., rainfall 300 in. (T. R. Bell 4336!); Ramghat (Ritchie 707). Distribution : W. Ghats from the Bababudan to the Nilgiri Hills at about 6,000 ft., High Wavy Mountains. Flowers : Jane 1921 (Lingmala). Fruit; August 1921 (Mahableshwar); September 1918 (Castle Rock); November 191% (Mahableshwar), 3. Eria Dalzellii Lind]. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1858) 47 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 262 ; Gammie in Journ, Bomb. Nat. His. Soc. xvii (1906) 36 ; Cke. ii, 691; Kranzl. in Engler’s Pflanzenr, iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1911) 19, fig. A-C (partim) .— E. filiformis Reichb. f. in Wolp. Ann. vi, 268 (fartin:).—Dendrobium fiizforme Wight Ic. v (1852) t. 1642 (central and top left-hand figs.). Description: Cke. ii, 691. Locality ; Konkan (Stocks).— W. Ghats: Khandala (Hallberg 26520 !, Blatter» & McCann 25839!, McCann 25834!, Blatter 25840!) ; Lonavla (Chibber!) ; Panchgani (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!); Lingmala (McCann !).—W. Kanara - Yellapur, 1,500 ft. rainfall 160 in. (T. R. Bell 3909!); near Karwar, on tree, sea-level, rainfall 120 in, (T. R. Bell 7873!); Jog, on tree, 1,400 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 7171 !); without locality (T. R. Bell 4265 !). Distribution: W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres. Flowers : July 1916 (Khandala); August 1918 and 1920 (N. Kanara); October 1919 (N. Kanara) September 1931 ; (Lingmala). 4. Eria microchilos Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1858) 47 ; Gammie in Journ. Bomb. Nat. His. Soc. xvii (1906) 36; Cke. ii, 691—Z. Dalzellit var. fimbriata Hook. f. F.B.1. v, 789.—Dendrobium fimbriatum Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv (1852) 292.—D. microchilos Dalz.in Kew Journ. Bot. iii (1851) 345.— via Maize Kranz, in wneler’s: Pilanzenr,iv,. 50,/ii,,B 21 (1911). 19 (partim). This species was united by Hook. f. with &. Dadzelli Lindl. and Krdanzl. l.c. has followed him. Gammie and Cooke keep the two species distinct. We agree with them. Gammie has pointed out the following differences : E.. Dalzellii E.. microchilos Venation of pseudo- | principal venation pinnate | principal venation flabel- bulbs. late. Lip oe ... | ovate-lanceolate with 2/| fiddle-shaped, the almost. thickened ridges near obsolete ridges extending base. to the middle of tke lip, where they join to form a single line towards the apex, Colouration of lip... | green suffused with yellow | yellow ou lower half and on the basal half and white on the upper. white on the upper. Colamn: .:. ... | green soe ... | nearly white. 274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Description : Cke. ii, 691. a Locality: Konkan (Stocks, Gammie! ); Wari country, on mango trees (Dalzell & Gibson).— W. Ghats: Khandala, on a boulder in a mountain stream; 2,500 ft., rainfall 250 in. (Hallberg !, Sedgwick 2645 !); Mahableshwar (Cooke!). Flowers : July 1917 (Khandala). 5. Eria minima Blatter & McCann, sf. nov. { Pertinet ad sectionem Conchidii. Accedit ad Eviam exilem Hook. f. a Gur taszen distinguitur scapo bracteato, bractets late ovatis (non lanceolatis), floribus minoribus, sepalis a@guilongis, pede gynostemii longo et labello relative longtore.] Descripiion: A very small epiphyte, 1-3 cm. high. Pseudobulbs flat, irregularly orbicular or obovoid or broadly obovoid or rhomboid, adhering end to end like a chain, up to12 mm. diam., grey or light olive-green when dry, with a membranous coat more or iess reticulately veined, with a thickened matgin. Leaves usually appearing after the flowers or with them, usually 2 sometimes 3, very variable in size and shape, obovate or oblong-obovate and tapering at base, or oblanceolate, or oblong, always rounded and apiculate at apex, always distinctly 7-or 9- nerved when dry, sheathing, very thin, light brown or olive when dry. Scape 1-3 cm. long, capillary, zig-zag, arising from between the leaves with a few minute sheaths at the base, bracteate at every bend of the axis (not nude asin #.exzlis). Bracts broadly ovate-cordate, acute or apiculate or acuminate, hyaline, semi-amplexicaul, as long as the stalked ovary, 1-1'5 mm. long. Flowers minute, up to 6 in a raceme up to 10 mm. long, 1 at every bend of the axis, about 1:5 mm. long; distance between 2 flowers 1-2 mm. Sepals obtuse or subacute, all of the same length ; dorsal oblong ; lateral ones very broad at base, forming a stout saccate mentum almost as long as the upturned tips of the sepals. Petals small, oblong, half the length of the sepals. Lip oblong-ligulate, sessile on the foot of the column and incumbent, curved, longer than the petals, but shorter than the sepals. Column with an elongate foot. Anther ovate. Locality: N. Kanara: Anmod, on trees 2,000 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedg- wick 3260! type, T. R. Bell 4443 shee Siddhapur, 1,400 ft., rainfall 100 in. (Sedgwick 7269!) ; Jog, ontree, 1 400 ft., rainfall 200 in. (Sedgwick 7170 !).—— W. Ghats: Mahableshwar (Blatter & Hallberg B 1683 !, Sedgwick 7631!, Ezekiel 26570 !, McCann !). Flowers : October 1919 (Siddhapur, Jog) ; October 1920 (EIEN) : December 1907 (Anmod) ; February. 1917 (Mahableshwar). 6. Eria exilis Hook. f. F.B.I. v. (189¢) e¢ Ic. Pl, xxi, t. 2074; Kranzl. in Engler’s Pflanzenr. -iv, 50, ii, B21 (1911) 21; Fischer’s Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1425.—. microphyton Schlechter in Fedde Repert. ii (1906) 170. Description: A delicate plant, up to 10 cm. high. Pseudobulbs well approximate, ellipsoid, 1-1'3 cm. diam., leafless at time of flowering. Leaves unknown. Scapes arising near the apex of the pseudobulbs, slender, with sonie hyaline little sheaths, naked, 4°5-6 cm. high. Spike few-flowered (6-15). Bracts ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline, shorter than the flowers. Flowers white. Sepals oblong, acute, scarcely 3mm. long, connate for the lower +, lateral ones oblique. Petals obliquely lanceolate-elliptic, narrowed towards the base, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip oblong-ligulate, obtuse, glabrous, arcuate, slightly shorter than the petals. Column short; foot almost absent ; clinandrium entire; rostellum wide, ascending, triangular, obtuse; another broadly ovate, obtusely apiculate in front, glabrous ; pollinia 8, pyriform, oblique; ovary short-pedicelled, glabrous, 2 inm. long. _Locality : Mahableshwar (Cooke! in Herb. Calc.). Distribution : Travancore, Ceylon, Siam. 7. Eria polystacbya A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2 sér. xv (1841) 20,t. 9; Hook. f. F.B.]. v, 792; Kranzl. in /Engl. Pianzenr.- iv, 00; 41, -B 21 (1911) 64 ; Fischer FI. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1425.—4. pubescens Wight lierrt; 1635¢20 E. mysorensis Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1858) 54; Hook. {5h Boles 793; Gammie in. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvii (1906) 37; Cke. ii 692. ‘Description: Cke. ii, 692. Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE VIII. Eria minima, Blatter & McCann, sp. nov. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 275 Locality: Konkan: (Stocks).—W. Ghats: (Gammie!); Mahableshwar (Gammie!, James!, Herb. Calc. Woodrow !) ; Koina Valley below Mahablesh- war (Cooke!, Herb. S.X.C. 26521 !).—.S.47. Country ; Dharwar (Law). Distribution: W. slopes of the Nilgiris, Bababudan Hills, Malabar, Travancore, Maldives, Ceylon. 8. Eria pubescens Wight Ic. (1856) 1634, 22 tad. E. polystachya dicta ; Hook. f. F.B.1. v, 793 ; Kranzl. in Engler’s Pflanzenr, iv, 50, ii, B 21 (1911) 64, Description : -Pseudobulbs short, ellipsoid, as thick asthe thumb. Leaves pubescent, soon deciduous, up to 15 cm. long, 2cm. broad, lanceolate. Racemes arising from amongst the leaves, slightly drooping, longer than the leaves, sparingly puberulous. Flowers 1:2-1'6cm. long, 2 cm. diam., white, tipped with pink. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved, white with pale streaks, dorsal one longest, mentum almost none. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved. Lip entire, much broader than the sepals, ovate-cordate, acute, slightly sinuate on both sides, with purple blotches and yellow tip, 2 low short ridyes in the lower third of the base: of the disk ; column short, no stelidia. This species is very nearly related to Z. polystachya A. Rich., but can be readily distinguished by its pubescent leaves, its much larger leaves and 5-7- nerved, white and pale streaked sepals. Locality; W. Ghats; Mahableshwar (Hallberg !). Distribution; W. slopes of the Nilgiris. (Zo be continued) THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS (MACACA. RADIATA AND M. SINICA) OF SOUTHERN INDIA AND CEYLON. BY Rl POCOCK, ReRES: (Ze emporary Assistant in the Zoological Dept. Nat. Hist., Museum.) Exatnination of the Bonnet Monkeys collected in the Eastern Ghats and a comparison of them with the splendid series of skins and skulls previously collected by the Mammal Survey in various parts of South India yielded so many interesting results, never before recorded, that I was induced to take up the study of the Ceylon species as well. My observations and conclusions are set forth in the following pages. THE BoNNET MACAQUE (Macaca radiata), The Colour-variations of the Bonnet Macaque. In view of the evidence I have discovered for the existence ot more than one race of this monkey in India, it must be recalled that Geoffroy’s description of his example as ‘ brun-verdatre’ fixes the colour of the typical sub-species or local race. I consequently assign to this race (JZ. radiata radiata) a number of specimens, obtained in several districts by the Survey, which exhibit various shades of olive-brown. . A hasty inspection of the skins suggests at first the occurrence of locai races of this type; but the available evidence points to the conclusion that the marked differences in tint are due to seasonal change. Unfortunately it was not possible to collect throughout the year a series of examples attesting month by month the changes in colour and coat in one locality. When this is done for various districts, it may prove that more than one race is repre- sented by the olive-brown type. But at present there is not sufficient materiai to justify, in my opinion, that conclusion. The general tint of the winter coat on the dorsal area is deep brown or olive-brown with little, if any, pale ticking or speckling in the hair. The long radiating hairs on the bonnet and the short hairs diverging from the middle line of the forehead in front are greyish brown at the base, blackish distally. The outer sides of the arms are rather paler than the back, there being more grey in the hair; and the legs and feet are greyer than the arms. ‘The tail is black above in its basal half, turning to deep brown distally. a. |), a es THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS 277 The under side and inner side of the limbs are clothed with whitish grey hairs which show up. conspicuously on the black pigmented skin of the chest and abdomen. In the spring and early summer the long hairs of the upper side fade through the greater part of their length to a pale buffish tint giving a decidedly pale olive-grey or buffy grey colour to the skins. The hair then looks dull, lustre-less and shaggy and is decidedly coarser to the touch than the rich brown coat of mid-winter. The following skins may be referred to in illustration of this summary. of the seascnal colour-changes. An adult male and female shot:on December 20 by Shortridge on the Haleri Estate, N. Coorg, 3,555 ft., have the coat long and soft, deep brown in colour with scarcely a trace of pale speckling init. Two obtained by. J. A. Graham at the same place on January 16, have the coat somewhat coarser and paler. “An adult male from Ghatmatha, . Satara (S. H. Prater), dated December 17, is also a deep olive-brown with inconspicuous ticking on the nape and shoulders. A male and three females from Dharwar, 2,300.ft., (G. C. Short- ridge); November 14, are very like the Satara specimen but a little paler. Six specimens, an adult male and five females, from Samasgi the Kanara. Boundary, S. W. Dharwar, 2,000 ft., (G.C. Shortridge), on March 12th, have the coat on the average longer, shaggier and much paler owing to an extensive pale buffish-olive area on the hairs. A female from Karumbapatti, Salem, April 21st, and a male and two females from Malakondapenta in the Kurnool District, May 14th (N. A. Baptista), have the coat long and shaggy, consisting of dead hair extensively olive grey in colour. At a little distance these skins appear to represent a sub-species easily distinguishable from the one represented by the deep brown skins from Satara and the Haleri Estate in North Coorg; but the differences between them and the series from Samasgi in S. W. Dharwar are compara- tively slight. | The examples in the British Museum I assign to this race were collected in the following districts :-— Satara (S. A..Prater). Dharwar 2,300’, Kanara 2,000’, (G. C. Shorirdge), Kurnool (NV.A. Baptista), Mysore, Devikop in S. Mahrata, N. Coorg 3,555‘, .S. Coorg 2,000’ (G. C..Skortridge),. Shevaroy tHills 4.500" (VV. A. Bapiisia), Nilgiri Hills 5,120’ (2. Gosse), Kodaikanal 5,500’ (C.McCanz), Cochin 1,500’ (R. O’Brien), Palni Hills 3,000’-4000’ (A. O’Brien and C. McCann), There are, however, a few specimens from other localities which deviate from them in certain particulars regarding colour. For example, a full-grown male from Vijayanagar in Bellary 1500’, obtained by Shortridge on August 12th, can be picked out at once by the distinct yellowish speckling giving a greener aspect to the -pelage, the bonnet and forehead and the base of the tail are not so dark and the legs below the knees are greyer. Buta young male from the same place, shot on August 4, is like the series from Dharwar, | , : 278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Very similar greenish yellow speckling may ke seen in two examples obtained by J. Riley O’Brien on May 28th at Shernelly in Cochin 1,500’. Superficially these examples are’ tolerably uniformly olive-brown in colour, the coat being dull and in process of moulting. But the speckling is revealed in the newly erupting hair when the old coat is parted. These markedly yellow-speckled specimens coming from widely separated districts may for the present be set aside as varieties. A pale example of a different type, an immature female from Cumbum in Madura obtained by S. H. Prater on May 17th also looks suggestively different with its annulated hairs from the typical form. But that too must be set aside. Another specimen,.a sub-adult female collected by G. C. Shortridge on May 27th at sea-level below the Gersoppa Falls in Kanara, differs from the typical form in exhibiting a decidedly reddish-brown tinge especially on the flanks, shoulders and sides of the neck, and tu a lesser degree on the limbs and tail. As may be inferred from the date the pelage is lustre-less and no doubt faded. Probably the reddish tint would have been brighter five or six months earlier. A young one, collected with her, is, however, normally tinted. She measured in the flesh: head and body 1 ft. 62 ins., tail 1 ft. 92 ias.; total 3 ft. 4 ins., and her weight was 9 lbs. Provisionally at all events I treat this example as an erythristic sport. It is, however, the only representative of this monkey taken at sea-level that I have seen; and the interest of the coloration lies in its approximation to that of the Ceylonese Toque. Possibly the record of the Toque from India by Gray was due to his knowledge of similar reddish specimens of the Bonnet. The skin is quite as red on the back as some specimens of the Toque, but it does not show the redness of the thighs observable in the brownest examples of the Ceylonese species. Two specimens appear to represent a distinguishable local race, which may be described as follows :— Subsp. /. radiata diluta nov. Differs from typical J/. vadiata in being much paler in tint throughout. The hairs of the forehead are buff with darker tips, those of the ‘cap’ are a pale brownish buff without dark tips but grey at the base. The hairs of the neck and shoulders are long and, like those of the rest of the back, have long buff tips. The arms, legs and tail are correspondingly paler and _ buffier. The hairs of the belly and of the insides of the limbs instead of being whitish grey are creamy white, and the skin of the chest and abdomen is pallid, not dark blackish grey. | Locality : Boothapaundy in Travancore. Two female examples, one nearly adult, the other younger, obtained by R. S. Pillay on November 18. The skins are in good coat and differ noticeably in their paler coloration from examples of typical zadiata shot by Shortridge on November 14 at 2300’ in Dharwar. They more nearly resemble the pallid, faded skins obtained on March 12 at Samasgi in S, W, Dharwar and those from THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS 279 Salem and Kurnool obtained on April 21 and May 14 respectively, but are not the same tint above and are noticeably different from them and from all the skins of typical zadzata obtained at various months of the year by the absence of dark pigment in the integument and by the creamy tint of the hairs of the under side. The dimensions of the two skins, the adult measuring : head and body 1’ 44”, tail 1’ 104”, total 3’ 32”, and the younger: head and body 1’ 13”, tail 1’ 9”, total 2’ 103”, show that this motfkey is as large as typical sadzata, a conclusion borne out by the measurements of the skull of the type entered on the subjoined table. The measurements and weights, taken in the flesh, of some of the examples of 47. radiata, collected by the Mammal Survey, are as follows :— Locality and Sex Seay Tail | Total | Weight [Remarks Vijayanagar, Bellary, 6 ads| F187 |. 27) 377-40 247: .19% lbs;.| Typical radiata. Dharwar, Gas ILO 0S 2 086.3% 118" Abe ae Rialenielstate, iN. Coorg... fad. i lae GPa 8” 35> SE") 3) Ibs: 5, Samasgi, Kanara, ooads ks GEO ei" 108% 3" 72” | 148 tbs. Rs Ghatmatha, Satara, Cuads eh She 204 te” 3r 96” 116. Tbs: “ih Dharwar, Qiagen’ (B82 tS 10s a Be 7 ee fed pe Samasgi, Kanara, Orads lelepese leloeos. or -4e. |; Oslbs, ; Haleri Estate, N. Coorg, Qad.|1’ 63”/1’ 5S!” | 2’ 112”) 83 lbs, ' Wottekolle, S. Coorg, Qeade le Ge Melhor BES | Ge 2 be a 3 Boothapaundy, Travancore, 2 ad.| 1’ 13”%| 1% 9” | 2’ 102” ne Type of diluta. With regard to general superiority in size of the males over the females, this table confirms the table giving weights and measures of the specimens collected in the Eastern Ghats. The two sexes do not always differ greatly in actual length, but males are always considerably heavier. ‘The specimens enlisted above are the largest procured. Special attention may be drawn to the very big male shot by G. C. Shortridge in Bellary and to the big female, as long as many males, obtained by him in Dharwar. The temale from Samasgi is the largest of a series of six, the weights of the others being 8 lbs. The tail, ii may be seen, is asa rule longer than the head and body. Where it is shorter, the great possibility of artificial abbreviation must be borne in mind. The Skull of M. radiata. Blanford described the skull of this monkey as ‘long, flattened over the brows with the orbits much broader than high and vertical,’ and he gave the total length and zygomatic width of the skull of an (280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV adult male as 4:8 inches (=120 mm.) and 3-5 inches (=871 mm.) respectively. Since all the skulls of adult males I have measured ‘are much narrower across the cheek-bones and have the. orbital -sockets approximately circular and sometimes higher than wide, I have no doubt:that he selected for measurement one of the several skulls, in:‘the British Museum, of examples of this monkey that had been reared in captivity, probably in the Zoological Gardens. These may be distinguished at once by their low brows, imparting a ‘peculiarly scowling aspect to the skull, as wellas by other characters from the skulls of wild-killed specimens. lanford’s record 1s therefore valueless. The following table gives some dimensions in “aallimveters of male and female skulls of the two races recorded akove. The table shows the difference in cranial size between the males and females of 7. radiata and also some of the individual differences between members of the same sex :— cece es ES ire ds Locality and Sex 5 Se 5 U a8 & q |Remarks | Rio ee or | 2 Stina tal Coorg Jf ad. Al 78 61 32 87 | Typical : race. 9 ref ad. 119 77 57 31 86 AN) Nilgiri Hills 3 ad. 117 80 65 30 84 ” Kotagiri, Nilgiris Jad. 116 77 39 31 80 ” Coimbatore © ad. 105 67 56 29 ine ny Coorg 9 old. 105 72 58 ae) 73 y ae 9 old. 103 68 54 30 Tes Aiea Kotagiri, Nilgiris 2 old. 104 69 55 30 oe ap Dharwar © ad. 102 69 55 30 73 ” _ ov raga O9ia4| 63.8 51 :| eral 6am Kanara (sea-level) 2 young 100 Wires enees) cae .. |Reddish variety. Travancore G ad. 105 72 90 22 28 ee toe MEVipe OF diluta. (SL OE I, ES REST Bs CASES Apart from size, the two adult male skulls from Coorg differ in _the shape of the palate and of the orbits. Inthe larger example, the rows of cheek-teeth are approximately straight and parallel, and the orbital sockets are nearly circular, measuring 20 by 20 mm. Inthe smaller the rows of cheek-teeth are noticeably arcuate and the orbital sockets are higher than wide, measuring 22 by 20 mm. ' Female skulls may, of course, be at once distinguished from male skulis by their small canine teeth, accompanied by a narrower and ae » iy PST S re ee 6 MIEN NO OREO MGI Oe TT tc 17 tomeamy THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS: ~ 281 shorter muzzle. In shape they resemble the skulls of sub-adult males; but the cheek-teeth are only Slightly shorter than those of males, and the orbital sockets are quite as large: Tue ToouE MACAQUE (Macaca. sinica). Examination of the specimens of the Bonnet Macaque suggested a revision of the specimens in the British Museum, mostly obtained by the Mammal Survey, of its Ceylonese ally the Toque Macaque ‘(M. sinica). The skins proved a puzzling series and perhaps the following remarks about them may prove of interest :— _Ditterences between the Bonnet and the Toque Macaques. | The degree of kinship between. these two monkeys has always been open to doubt. Most authors have treated them as distinct on account of the prevalent difference between. them in colour and the alleged difference in size, the Ceyion form being redder and smaller than the Indian. Such characters, however, have only a sub-specific value in the case of the Crab-eating Macaque of Malaya and the Sunda Islands; and Blanford, after describing the Bonnet and the Toque, said ‘it is very doubtful if there is any constant difference, [between them]. For my own part, I doubt if the two are entitled to specific distinction.’ Hinton and Wroughton, however, claimed that, apart from its red colour, the Toque may be distinguished by the forward growth of the hairs up to the eyebrows on the forehead, the corresponding hairs inthe Bonnet diverging sideways from a _median parting. Comparison of the skins in the British Museum shows that none of these three characters is absolutely distinctive and constant. But there is one difference, hitherto unnoticed, which appears to admit of no exception. In the Bonnet Macaque, the hair on the cheek in front of the ear grows upwards from the throat and lower jaw to the level, or nearly so, of a line running from the eye to the summit of the ear where the tips meet those of the hairs of the crown which diverge transversely from the middle Jine. In the Toque Macaque, the hairs on the cheek in front of the ear slope obliquely downwards and backwards and meeting the upwardly growing hair from the throat and lower jaw form a distinct whorl on the cheek and often.a definite crest below the ear. This whorl varies in. size .and distinctness, possibly due in part to the ‘ make-up’. and shrinkage of the skins; but it is always detectable. Variations in the Togue Macaque. The available skins of this monkey. are not sufficient to supply:a full explanation of the variations in general colour and in the growth of the hair on the forehead. A series of five collected by Major E. W. Mayor: hence September 24th and October 4th at Mankeni on the: coast of the Fastern Province, may be-selected as a basis for comparison. ! 282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Two adult males, weighing 12 lbs. and 10 lbs. respectively, have the fore part of the back reddish brown; this tint increases in brightness on the hind back and loins and is especially bright, almost orange, on the outside of the thighs and shoulders but becomes duller and dies away distally on the limbs, the arms being brighter than the legs. The tail is greyish brown to blackish above, speckled with orange at the base. On the head the ‘cap’ consists of long radiating hairs, greyish below and yellowish buff at the tip, which overlie and mostly conceal laterally and in front a fringe of shorter hairs rendered conspicuous by a bright orange band preced- ing the black tip. The hairs of this fringe, which narrows in front, grow forwards up to the eye-brows. The cap is set off by greyish hairs on the cheek and over the ear. The under side of the body and tail and the inner sides of the limbs are clothed with whitish grey hairs. A half-grown male, weighing 6 lbs, resembles the adults in colour; but the fringe does not cover the forehead, a short area behind the eye-brow being covered with hairs growing backwards and outwards. A female, unmeasured and undated, has the brow as in the young male; but the pelage is less brightly coloured than in the males. A vety young male, weighing only 2 lbs., is well coloured, but has the long hairs of the cap much shorter and not overlapping the forehead which is covered to the brow with short hairs directed forwards and outwards, there being no definite orange-edged fringe. Compared with this series an adult female from Tellula 300,’ in Ura, shot in April, and an adult female from Wellawaya in Ura, shot in July, are as richly coloured as the adult males from Mankeni and have the forehead similarly covered to the brow by the orange- edged fringe. ‘The coat in the female from Wellawaya is, however, a little longer. A young one killed with her is also very like the young one from Mankeni. In north western Ceylon Major Mayor also secured some interest- ing specimens. An adult male shot at Cheddikulam on November, llth has the forehead covered to the brows as inthe adult males from Mankeni; but the margin of the fringe is dull buffy yellow, not bright, and the general colour of the head, shoulders, back and arms is yellowish olive without a trace of red. The only red present in the pelage is on the outer side of the thigh, which is orange but not so bright as in Mankeni specimens. A younger male, three-quarters grown, from the same place and shot on November 26th, is dark brown in hue, also without any bright yellow or orange in the pelage, but a note on the label states that the coat was discoloured by the firing of a lamp in the drying shed. It may be noted, however, that the normal grey of the under side is unaltered. In this younger specimen the area behind the eyebrows is uncovered by the cap, its hairs being directed outwards and backwards. This specimen closely resembles in its brownish tint a young male shot at Kala Oya, N.C.P., in May ; and here also the fore part of the forehead is uncovered by the cap. The forehead is similarly THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS 283 uncovered in a sub-adult female, weighing 64 Ibs., shot at Tam- manewa in May ; but this specimen is as brightly coloured as the Mankeni series. The specimens so far described carry no convincing evidenee of seasonal colour-change, bright typically coloured reddish- orange tinted specimens being met with in April, May, July, the end of September and the beginning of October. But such evidence is supplied by two examples obtained at Maha Oya in the Eastern Province in August. A sub-adult male, weighing 9 lbs. shot on August 12, has a good deal of the typical orange hue on the thigh, but the coat on the back is short and coarse and dark olive- brown in hue. Beneathit, however, the new coat, with characteristic orange speckling, may be seen sprouting. A younger male, shot on August 17 at the same place, shows the same phenomenon but is redder on the loins and thighs. The cap and fringe on the head in these examples are respectively very similar to those of the adult males and the baby from Mankeni. Passing reference may here be made to an immature female from Hambantota on the coast of the Southern Province, received many years ago from the Colombo Museum. It is a dark coloured monkey iecalling in colour and the uncovered brow the example from Cheddikulam at the northern end of the island. In the toler- ably uniform dusky tint of the long radiating hairs of the ‘cap’, this Hambantota example resembles those described above from the northern and eastern parts of the island; but two other specimens from the Southern Province differ considerably from it in that respect and from each other in other particulars. An adult, or sub-adult, female from Ranna, collected on May 17, has a large area of the forehead behind the eyebrows covered with short backwardly directed hairs of a yellowish grey hue, and the long radiating hairs of the anterior half of the cap are buffy throughout, a little paler at the tips, and contrasted with the duskier radiating hairs of the hinder half of the cap. The hairs of the neck, shoulders and arms are, moreover, paler than usual, being golden buff rather than orange or red, and these areas are brighter i in tint, not duller, than the hinder part of the back. A young half-grown male, weighing 44 lbs., from Kottawa on the coast of the Southern Province, is very different from the example from Ranna and in general colour recalls the specimens from Mankeni, but is more brightly tinted, the orange red being everywhere much in evidence in the long coat, and the bases of the hairs are biackish grey. The forehead too is covered to the eye- brows by a fringe of forwardly directed hairs as in the full-grown male examples from Mankeni. But the hairs of this fringe are bright orange throughout; and the long cap of radiating hairs is markedly two-coloured, the hairs of the anterior half being bright orange buff throughout, whereas those of the posterior half are greyish with buff tips and contrast markedly in tint with the hairs of the fore-part, an exaggeration of the same feature exhibited by the Ranna specimen. An adult female collected by W. W. Phillips on January 15 at Anasigalla Matugama in the Western Province, also has the 284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV anterior part of the cap all buff as in the Ranna and Kottawa speci- mens. The-coat is long as in the Kottawa specimen, but it is only conspicuously red on the loins and thighs, the fore part of the back and the neck being dull brownish, much darker than in typical forms. | Finally, the flat skin of an adult male obtained by Major E. W. Mayor at -Roygam Korali, in the Western Province, resembles the example from Kottawa in all essential particulars, i.e., the colour of the cap, the intensification of the orange redness everywhere and of the deep bluish black of the basal part of tne hairs. Unfortunately it is undated and unmeasured. I have described these specimens at some length to illustrate the great variability of the species in colour and in the growth of the hair on the top of the head, two features by which it has been ' claimed that J/. szzzca may be distinguished from /. radiata. The ~specimens show that the general hue of the body may be almost identical with that of the Indian species, and that the forehead behind the eyebrows may resemble that of vadzata in the direction of growth of the hairs. All that can be said of the differences between the two species so far as these features are concerned is that in J/. sznzca, there always seems to be a certain amount of orange-red on the thighs, and that the short-haired area between the eyebrows and the ‘cap’ is at all events on the average smaller than in JW. vadiata and seldom exhibits so conspicuous a median parting. The following tab!e shows the weights and measurements, taken in the flesh, of some adult or almost adult examples of W/. sinica:— Locahty and Sex Tee Tail | Total. | Weight Cheddikulam, ¢ ad. ip vee 168-2 | 0323" 447 OF bse Mankeni, fad... at SS Avg al cee 2 ei g ae eee Ss Mankeni, gad: “.:. ee jee | eS “ial OR 2 Sas Ue Omelase Kala Oya, ¢ aoe ah salad coe eee al nomena a2 eae lice Wellawaya, 2 Are ee colada Sena lem SOAS 2 a Ranna, 2 as he Bis |e Woke Pace hon ak eee ZO Matugama, 2 ie End Reig (we Gla: acme pay a Ck Bae NAG Although the available skins of adult examples of this species is small, this table, when compared with the table on p. 279, bears out the claim put forward by Kelaart that the Ceylonese species is smaller at least on the average than its Indian ally. I agree with Blanford that there is no character by which the skulls of JZ. sinica can be distinguished from those of J/. radiata. ‘In both species, the skulls are liable to a good deal of individual variation. clean! 5 ae: THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS 285 The following table gives a few of the dimensions in millimetres of some of those that I have examined :— eevee ee | yet | ano | bi | oper | Tower Koliyagalla, gad. ... re 117 78 67 30 83 Mankeni, gad. _... 506 12 Sa ae 27 81 Bee ie uade sie lee ali0 79 62 31 82 Tellula, 2 ad. xe: world OO 64 52 27 68 Matugama, Qad. _... ave 95 ote ee 27 These skulls bear out the evidence supplied by the skins that the - average size of MW. sintca is less than of MW. radiata. The two skulls from Mankeni differ considerably when viewed from the front. In the smaller the orbits are circular, measuring 21 by 21 mm., and the orifice of the nostrils is 11 mm., whereas in. . the larger the orbits are noticeably wider than high, being 21 by 17 mm., and the aperture of the nostrils is 14 mm. Revising the facts, set forth above, relating to the coloration of: examples of this species obtained in various parts of Ceylon, it must be admitted that many of the variations must be set aside as unexplained until more specimens come to hand. The evidence, however, supports three conclusions :— (1) The two specimens from Maha Oya show that the moult begins in August and is accompanied by a marked change in colour when the old brown coat is replaced by new. hair with conspicuous orange annulation yielding the red tinge characteristic of typical-szvzca. (2) There is a general increase in the redness of the pelage from north to south, the difference in colour between the adult males from Cheddikulam and Roygam Korali being very striking. (3) It also seems that examples from the south-western part of the island differ from those from the northern and eastern parts by the tint of the radiating hairs of the cap, a feature particularly noticeable in the very rich red specimen from Roygam Korali, in which the hairs of the anterior half of the cap are noticeably reddish from base to tip. These facts I think supply evidence for the existence of three. distinguishable local races of s#v7ca, a conclusion enforcing a decision regarding the coloration of the cap and coat in typical _stnica for which unfortunately no locality was known. Reliance must in consequence rest upon the descriptions of the Macaque monkey Buffon described as ‘ Le Bonnet Chinois’ to which Linnzus gave the name Szzzca under the mistaken belief that it came from China. By both Schreber (Die Sazigth. I, p. 108, 1775) and Audebert (fist. Nat. Singes, Fam. 4, sect. II, p. 17, 1799), this 286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV monkey was described as red; but neither their descriptions nor their coloured plates indicate that the cap, or bonnet, of radiating hairs was anything but uniformly coloured throughout. I propose, therefore, to restrict szzzca as a subspecific term to the red examples with uniformly tinted bonnets with dusky buff-tipped hairs. The examples above described from Mankeni and elsewhere farther south in the eastern part of the island may be taken as representa- tive of this race. The two new races I propose to admit may be haa and de- scribed as follows :— Subsp. zzaurea nov. Resembling the typical form szzzca in having the hairs of the anterior and posterior halves of the bonnet alike in colour, but distinguishable by the absence of red from the pelage, apart from the outside of the thighs, the general hue of the head, shoulders, back and arms being yellowish olive, the hairs being merely annuJated with greyish buff. Locality and history of type: Cheddikulam (N. P.), north of Adams Bridge. An adult male collected by Major E. W. Mayor. -Since this example was killed in November, just after the August- September moult, the absence of yellow or orange annulation in the hairs cannot be assigned to fading. A second, younger example, also killed in November at Cheddikulam, similarly lacks the red speckling, but is browner thanthe type. The skin, however, is said to have been artificially discoloured. A still younger specimen shot in May at Kala Oya to the south of Cheddikulam is also brown without red speckling ; but at Tammanewa, near Kala Oya, the red race occurs. The likeness in colour between this northern race of szzzca and the Indian /. vadiaza is interesting. Subsp. aurifrons nov. Resembling typical szzzca in the redness of the pelage but brighter coloured, the hairs long, almost purplish black at the base with bright orange-red tips, the arms comparatively brightly speckled to the hands, the outside of the thighs and lower leg almost fiery red, the feet yellow. Hairs of the bonnet very long, those of its anterior half reddish from the base to the tip, of the posterior half dusky greyish at the base, reddish at the tips. _ Locality and history of type: Roygam Korali(W.P.) Flat skin of an adult male sent. by Major E. W. Mayor, but undated and unmeasured. A young male from Rota (S. P.) agrees very closely with the type in its long coat of bright red and deep black hairs, and it has a frontal fringe wholly golden red throughout. This fringe is concealed in the flat skin from Roygam Korali. Examples from Ranna and Anasigalla Matugama also have the hairs of the fore half of the bonnet of a uniform colour, without dusky bases, thus differing from the hairs of the hinder part; but they show none of the vivid -coloration of the two specimens THE LONG-TAILED MACAQUE MONKEYS | 287 assigned to aurifrons and cannot at present be certainly included in the sub-species. SUMMARY. The following analytical key setting forth the distinctive charac- ters of the different kinds of long-tailed Macaques from South India and Ceylon will serve as a summary to this paper. A. Hairs onthe cheek growing upwards from the throat and lower jaw to the level of the top of the ear, or nearly so, not forming a whorl on the cheek; typically a larger short-haired area between the bonnet and the brows ; red usually absent from the pelage, never specially in evidence on the out- side of the thighs; size on the average larger oe -- Macca radiata. (a,) General colour of the winter coat brown or olive-brown, at most faintly speckled, fading to buffy or greyish brown before the summer moult ; hairs on under side whitish grey ; skin of belly blackish. Subsp. radiata. (a,) General colour of the winter (Nov.) coat much paler, markedly buffy throughout ; hairs of under side pale cream; skin of belly pallid, without dark pigment .. subsp. diluta, B. Hairs on cheek in front of ear growing downwards and_ back- wards and forming a_ distinct whorl on the cheek where they meet the upgrowing hairs from the throat and lower jaw; hairs on the forehead very variable but typically a shorter area of short hairs between the bonnet and the brows ; pelage usually ticked with yellow or red, always so on the outer side of the thigh; size on the average smaller... (6,) General colour brownish olive, annulation of hair yel- lowish brown, not bright; hairs of the bonnet alike throughout is ... woubsp. znaurea. Macaca sinica. 288. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV ~ (6,). General coiour much brigh- ter, annulation of hairorange, yellow or red, altogether more vivid (c,) Long radiating hairs of ie ‘bonnet ali alike, greyish at base with buffish tips; hairs of. the back not so black at the base or red at the tips ae we) WUDSP.2. Sz22762. (c,) Hairs of the anterior half of the bonnet uniformly reddish from base to tip,. strongly contrasted with those of the posterior half ; hairs of the back redder and blacker 907s: ... oubsp. auritrons. Journ. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. PrATE 13. John Bale. Sons & Danielsson. Lt’ London. THE JAVA CASSIA Cassia javanica, Linn. (about 4 nat. size) SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. BY Bee BEARER: S.J: PilaDe hese AND: Wo. MILLARD, F.Z.S. EAU ee alele (With two coloured plates, three black and white plates and 7 diagrams.) (Continued from page 65 of thts volume.) THE JAVA CASSIA. Popular names: Java Cassia, Javanese Cassia (Engl.); Dulang. Cassia javanica Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 379. Description : Roxburgh describes this Cassia as the most beautiful he has ever seen. It is a medium sized tree. Its straight trunk, covered with smooth, dark brown bark, supports a spreading crown of sturdy, horizontal branches and numerous, drooping feathery-leafed branchlets. The leaves are from 6 to 12 inchesin length. At the base of the leaf- stalk is a crescent-shaped stipule. Its lower half is narrow, the upper half is broader with a spur in a notch at its apex. A large leaf is composed of from 8 to 14 pairs of leaflets; on the smaller leaves growing on the lateral flower-bearing branchlets there may be no more than 2 to 4 pairs. These leaflets are 1 to 2 inches in length and about half that in breadth. They areall very short-stalked, oblong-oval in shape and rounded or blunt at the tips. ‘There is much variation in the shape of the leaflets, mostly they are blunt at the apex but in some this character is less pronounced. In texture they are smooth and silky, the under surface being covered with a mat of downy hairs. They are quite glossless. Leaf fall commences in December, some of the leaves turn a bright yellow; by February most of the branches are bare—their only ornament is the blackened seed pods. The soft tender green leaves come out in May together with clusters of deep pink buds. ‘The buds are grouped in whorls | at the end of short, lateral branchlets. These presently opening form lovely bunches of rose- pink flowers. In its‘crown of tender green leaves and flower laden branches the Java Cassia is indescribably beautiful. The distinct clusters of flowers intermingled with the foliage is a character which distinguishes the flowering of this Cassia from the Pink Cassia ae 290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST) SOCIETY, Voli Xoo (C. renigera). In the latter the flowering branches are leafless. Except for a few leaves at the extremity they are cover- €d with a flow of pink and white blooms in which the individual clusters are not readily discernible. In Cassza javanita each cluster. of flowers contains about 10 blooms growing on long, slen- der stalks. At the base of each stalk is a leafy, dull- red heart-shaped bract. ‘The calyx has 5 deep red sepals. The oblong petals are of a lively rose-pink, veined in deeper pink. They fadeto white. The red bracts and sepals, the deep pink buds, the pink and white of the petals give the clusters a lively, variegated appearance. There are 10 bright yellow stamens. The 3 lower stamens are long and prominent. ‘They project in a double curve, swell out markedly in the middle and then bend inwards. They are crowned with large brown anthers. The anthers on the smaller stamens are yellow. All of them are fertile. The style is green. The pods grow from 15—24 inches in length ; externally they differ in no way from those of the Indian Laburnum (Cassia fistula). The only distinguishing feature is the soft sweet pulp of C. fzstula. Ina pod of the Java Cassia the space between the partitions—there are 70 to 80. of them—is filled with a spongy mass in which there is a roomy cell for a flattened seed, the size of a pea, smooth and of a shiny brown colour. Flowering season: The tree flowers in May and by mid June the height of the flowering season is past and the ground below the tree is strewn with fallen petals. The seed pods ripen about February. This is another of the beautiful trees which, during the hot weather, brighten the roadsides and gardens of Bombay where it was introduced about the year 1910. Mr. Kemball was prominent in introducing it. Unfortunately the tree has not a long life. Distribution: A native of Sumatra and Java. Pianted in the Peninsula, in Calcutta and Bombay, very likely elsewhere. THE BusuxK-BUSUK. Popular names: Busuk-Busuk, Turucop Bumi, Sibsuk (Malay Peninsula) ; Gnoo-thein (Burm.). Cassia nodosa Ham. in Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 31. The term zodosa means a node. It alludes to a character in the 3 longer stamens of the flowers of this tree which are spherically thickened in the middle. The character is present in the flowers of some other species of the genus. As this Cassia, in common with the Java Cassia, is frequently planted on roadsides and in gardens, we give here a description which emphasises the points of distinction between these two trees which are very similar in general habit. ‘quip yyoeK Avquiog jekoy oy} 4V JoMOy UT saeIq (vorwHAv DISsHD) BISSeD BAL OL, THS @2.9Id ‘009 ‘LSI ‘LVN AvaNog ‘Nunofr JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. His. SOC. Plate XIV. et Se Flowers and leaves of Cassia javanica, Linn. Note the blunt tips of the leaflets. % a3 Sk PSUR ih Ore Flowers and leaves of Cassia nodosa, Ham. The leaflets are more oblong and pointed than in Cassia javanica. (Photos by C. McCann). SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES 291 Cassia nodosa grows to a larger size than the Java Cassia. Like the Java Cassia, it has a crown of spreading branches with numerous drooping feathery-leafed branchlets. The leaf is about from 6 inches to a foot in length. It is composed of from 6 to 13 pairs of ieaflets without an odd terminal leaflet. The base of the leaflet is oval but towards the apex it natrows and becomes almost _ lance- shaped. ‘The leaflets of the Java Cassia are blunt or rounded atthetips. Another point of distinction is the texture of the leaflets. Those of the Java Cassia are glossless, slightly downy below. ‘They have a silky feel. The leaflets of C. nodosa, When full grown, are smooth and leathery in texture with a glossy upper surface. Like the Java Cassia, the flowers come out in big distinct clusters. These clusters, grouped along the branch- es in pairs or solitary, grow from the axils of the leaves or more usually above the scars of the fallen ones. The flowers and buds are of the same bright pink colour and display the same tendency to fade white. They are set in whorls at the end of a short branchlet. The points of distinction are: The flower of C, nodosa has a velvety calyx with green sepals, in C. javanica the calyx is smooth and the under surface of the sepals is deep red; the petals of the former are more sharply pointed at the tips than in the Java Cassia; finally the leafy bracts at the base of the flower stalks are dis- piveile eee shaped in C. javanica while in xodosa they are narrow and lance-shaped. The flowers have 10 very unequal stamens. ‘The lower 3 are the longest, each with a distinctive globular swelling in the middle. These nodes inthe middle of the stamens give the tree its name, but this character is also present in the flowers of C. javanica and in other Cassias. The pods are similar in both trees. Those of the Java Cassia are said to grow longer, reaching from 18 to 24 inches while the pods of C. zodosa are from 12 to 18 inches in length. Flowering season : May and June. Distribution : Burma. Chittazonc,, Malay. Penmsula, China, Sumatra, Borneo. THE RED CASSIA. Popular names : Red Cassia ; Vakal (Tam.); Kada konna (Mal.). Cassia marginata Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 31.—C. Roxburghii DC. Description: A rather small, round-shaped tree, growing about from 15 to 20 feet in height with slender, downward curving branches. Less robust in appearance than the Cassias previously described, the 292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Red Cassia is uncommonly beautiful at all times, particularly when in full ower. The leaf is composed of from 10 to 20 pairs of leaflets. They are leathery, smooth above and blunt at the tips. The flowers — appear in small single clusters growing from the axils of the leaves, on the young twigs of the year. ‘There is a ereat profusion of them covering the upper surfaces of the drooping branches. ‘The petals of the flowers are terra cotta red with fine green veins, deeper in tone on the under surfaces. The older blooms are very bright pink. The 2 lower petals of the flower are usually the largest, though the flower itself is small, the petals not being more than half an inch in jeneth. All the stamens bear anthers. The 3 upper-most are the longest, they protrude and curve inwards and are crowned with dark red anthers. They have no swelling in the middle as with the stamens of C. zodosa and some of the other species. In the cenire there are 4 much smaller stamens with bright red anthers and 2 lower stamens. ‘These 2 are the smallest. They bear yellow anthers. The sepals are salmon pink. There are pale green bracts at the base of the flower stalks. ‘The pods are cylindrical, 8-12 inches long with transverse partitions. Flowering season: The Red Cassia commences to flower in May though the height of the flowering season is June when the treesare smothered with their littie red fowers. The seed pods are ripe in March and April. Distribution : The Red Cassia is a native of Ceylon. It was introduced in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta in 1802. It is a common tree in South India from South Arcot to Tra- vancore and in the forests of Mysore and the Carnatic. It is not uncommon in Bombay gardens. ‘There are anumber of fine specimens in the grounds of St. George’s Hospital originally planted by Lt.-Col. Dimmock. THE HORSE CASSIA. Popular names : Horse Cassia, Pink Shower Cassia grandis Linn. f. Suppl. 230. Description : The Horse Cassia is common in Bombay. It is a smail tree with deep green foliage. The terminal leaflets on the younger leaves have a coppery tinge which is very distinctive. The leaves are velvety to the touch as they are finely hairy above and below. A leaf contains from 10 to 20 oblong leaflets abruptly rounded at both ends. The flowers are rose coloured ; they grow in the axils of the leaves in drooping racemes. ‘There are no ry 7 eae ris my hee ay : v at " ow bel ae ‘ aes a ahi vr eee os Journ. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. PLaTE 14. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. LtS Londor r : THE SACRED BARNA. Crateva nurvala, Ham. (% nat. size) SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES 293 bracts at the base of the flower stalks. The pod is 3 inches or less in length, compressed, cylindrical, smooth, and transversely wrinkled. Flowering season: 'The Horse Cassia flowers in February and March when it has lost its foliage. Distribution: A native of Tropical America; grown in many tropical countries. Cassia multijuga Rich. This is a small South American Cassia which was introduced into Bombay from Peradeniya, Ceylon. Its leaves contain from 20 to 25 pairs of oblong-elliptic leaflets, hence the name mzltijuga which means many pinnee or leaflets. The leaflets are a bright green above and very paie, almost white below. ‘The tree bears masses of bright yellow flowers during August and September when it is in full leaf. ‘This is the latest flowering Cassia. ‘The cycle commences with the flowering of the Horse Cassias in February and ends with this species in September. We append here a key which will heip in distinguishing the various species of Cassias we have described. A. Bracts very small falling off long before the flowers appear. 1. Leaflets few, large, smooth, in distant pairs. C. fistula. 2. Leaflets many, hairy, in closely approximate pairs oa A Ce OV Andes. &. Bracts conspicuous persisting till the flowers open. a.» Leaflets 6-14 pairs. Racemes lateral : 1. Leaflets pointed at the tips ; smooth s. Cn nouosa. 2. Leaflets rounded at the tips, hairy below. C. javanica. 6. Leaflets 8-20 pairs. Racemes growing from the scars of the fallen leaves one VENTS a. c. Leaflets 10-20 pairs. Racemes growing in the axils of the leaves on the young twigs of the year ea Sen G. 2007 CUA 10. d. Leaflets 20-25 pairs os Mana TUILII UCR. THE SACRED BARNA. Popular names : Barna, Barun, Bilasi, Bila, Biliana (Hind.) , Barun, Tikto-shak (Beng.); Tailudu, Bunboronda (Mechi) ; Purbong (Lepcha) ; Barna, Barnahi (Pb., Raj.); Bela, Bel (C.P.); Vayavarna, Bhatavarna, Hadavarna, Kumla, Waruna, Karvan (Bomb.) ; Kumla, Karwan (Mar.); Maralingam, Marvilinga, Narvala (Tam.); Nirvala, Vitusi (Kan., Mal.); Uskia, Usiki Manu, Ulimidi, Urimidi, Urumitti, Tella ulimidi, Tellavule (Tel.} ; Nirujani (Coorg); Kadet, Katat (Burm.); Varuna, Asmarighna (Sans.); Roxburgh says that it is the Tikta-shaka of Sanskrit writers. Crataeva Nurvala Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV (1827) 121.—C. walgeiosa + orst: var. WVurwala Hook, f..% Th. in- Hook. f.. Fi: Brit. + Our plant has been known under the name of C. religiosa for a long time. This, however, is a Polynesian tree and totally different from the Indo- Malayan plant which has to be called C. Nurvala Ham. 294. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIZTY Wel. 2 OCW, ivcliaw leh 7/.2, (Capparidacee or Caper. family). (Cvateva after Cratevas, an obscure writer on medicinal plants, not at the time of Hippocrates, but at the beginning of the first century B.c., since he named a plant after Mithridates. Nurvaia is an Indian vernacular name.) Description: The Sacred. Barna is a small tree with a much branched head of glossy foliage ; its leaves clustering mainly towards 1 by # inch. There is a very narrow the ends of the branches. ‘The tree sheds its leaves during the cold weather. The leaf is trifoliate. It is composed of 3 leaflets growing on a long slender stalk which may be from an inch and a half to 3 inches in length. The leaflets are from 2-6” long. Their shape varies from oval to lance-shaped or they taper to a fine point. They are covered with a net work of veins, smooth on both surfaces, glossy above and pale, almost white below. The young leaves appear with or sometimes before the flowers. The tree is very hand- some when profuse in bloom. The flowers grow in dense greenish- white clusters at the ends of the branches. Each cluster is borne upon a sturdy stalk. The sepals of the flower are small, oval and pointed sat 7 the apex. |, [hey sare green when young ; fading to pale pink or yellow. The white petals also fade to yellow. They measure claw petal + inch in length. A bunch of long, thread-like spreading stamens protrude from the flower. They are much longer than the petais and purple or white when young, lilac when old. The Sacred Barna is one of a class of plants which is called gynophorous, which means that it bears its ovary at the end of along stalk. The gynophore in the present species appears like a lilac thread 2 inches long with the swol- len ovary at the tip. When the petals fall away the thread-like gynophore remains ; it thickens and bears a glo- bular woody fruit which contains numerous brown, nearly smooth seeds. Distribution : Throughout most parts of India and Burma, wild or cultivated. Often found along streams, but some- times occurs almost gregariously on dry, deep boulder formations in the JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIS. SOC. Plate XV. Flowers of the Sacred Barna (Crateva Nurvala, Ham.). The Sacred Barna (Crateva Nurvala, Ham.) (Photos by C, McCann). SOME BEAUTILFOLAN DIAN TREES: 295 sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards. A favourite tree near temples and tombs. It is a common tree in Bombay where it is known as the ‘ Wai-warna’. Leat--shedding, Flowering and Frutting: The tree is leafless in the cold season, the new leaves appearing in February and March. The handsome lax-clustered flowers, white, turning yellowish or pale pink, having numerous prominent stamens with purple filaments, appear in March-May (December-April in southern India ?), and the . fruit, a hard-rinded many seeded berry, 1-2 inches in diameter, ripens in the rains (about August in northern India). The seeds are about + inch in diameter, somewhat compressed, helicoid-reniform or irregularly circular, dark brown; testa hard but splitting readily along a suture round the seed. Gardening: Although often found in moist shady places the tree is more a light demander than a shade-bearer. It is partial to loose deep alluvial soil near streams, while its long taproot enables it to grow on deep boulder formations where water is at some depth. It is sensitive to frost, at all events in its early stages. It produces root-suckers freely. Two conditions favourable for natural reproduction are bare ground and sufficient moisture. Seed scattered in grass or among weeds both on moist and on dry ground, or in dry situations on bare soil, persistently failed to germinate, while if scattered on moist bare ground it germinated both in the open and under dense shade, though in the latter case the shade soon killed off the seedlings. Seed should be sown at the time of ripening, in the rains, on deep loose soil kept sufficiently watered, or in deep pots or boxes, and transplanted during the following rains. The seed may not germin- ate, even if kept regularly watered, until about May or June of the year after sowing, in which case the plants will be ready for transplanting about August or early September; they are then ordinarily about 3--6 inches high. Owing to the long taproot care is necessary in transplanting. Uses: Wood yellowish white, when old, turning light brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Used for drums, models, writing- boards, combs, and inturnery. In Trichinopoly it is also used for making planks and as firewood. Medical uses: The bark is demulcent, antipyretic, sedative, alterative, and tonic; and the fresh leaves and root-bark are rube- facient. The bark is useful in some cases of urinary complaints and fever, and in some mild forms of skin diseases in which sarsaparilla is generally resorted to. It also relieves vomiting and other symptoms of gastric irritation. The fresh leaves and root-bark, particularly the former, are very efficacious in all the affections in which mustard poultice is indicated. ‘Bruised well with a little vinegar, lime-juice or hot water and applied to the skin in the form of a poultice or paste, the fresh leaves of C. religtosa (C. Nurvala) act as a rubefacient and vesicant so efficiently that I do not hesitate in saying that they are not only much superior to the mustard seeds in this country, but also quite equal, if not superior, to the flour of that drug imported from Europe. From 296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 5 to 10 or 15 minutes is the time required for them to produce their full effect as a rubefacient, and if kept longer than this in contact with the skin they begin to act as a vesicant. The existence of one or two plants of C. religiosa (C. Nurvala) in each Hospital and Dispensary will certainly save them from the cost of the supply of Europe mustard for external use. ‘The fresh root-bark of this plant is also a very good rubefacient and vesicant, but it is rather too dear and not procurable in large quantities. The bark of the stem is very thick (from 1 to 2 inches when fresh, and from § to 1 inch when dry), greenish brown on the outer side, and grey or pale white internally and on the inner side, and almost tasteless and odourless. It is one of those barks which can easily be reduced to a coarse powder immediately after its removal from the stem’’. (Moodeen Sheriff). The bark of the stem and root of this plant constitute the principal medicine of the Hindoo Pharmacopoeia for calculus affections. It is said to promote the appetite, decrease the secretion of the bile, act as laxative and remove disorders of the urinary organs. In Bombay, the leaves are used as a remedy for swelling of the feet, and a burning sensation in the soles of the feet. The leaf-juice is given in rheumatism in the Konkan, in doses of § to 3 tolas, mixed with coconut juice and GAz. In caries of the bones of the nose, the leaf is smoked and the smoke exhaled through the nose. The bark and the leaf pounded and tied in a cloth are used asa fomentation in rheumatism. THE. PIG-TAILED MACAQUES (MACACA NEMESTRINA). BY ee le OCOCK, aR: S. Temporary Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. In his volume on the Mammalia of British India, pp. 18-21, Blanford described two species of these Macaques as members of the Fauna, the first, Macacus leoninus, inhabiting Arakan and Upper Burma, the second, M. nemestrinus, ‘Tenasserim. But owing, in a measure, to lack of material, he seems to have had no first- hand knowledge of these monkeys and his descriptions of them contain many errors due to a variety of causes into which it is needless to inquire.' The typical Pig-tailed Macaque (M. nemestrina), which is common in the animal trade and is a familiar exhibit in most menageries, is found in Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, but does not extend so far north as Tenasserim; and since it is not known to occur in any part of British India, it is only incidentally con- cerned in the subject-matter of this paper. Great diversity of Opinion exists with regard to the Pig-tails which replace it in Tenasserim, Siam and Burma; and much confusion over their names and characters has arisen mainly from erroneous identifications made more than half a century ago. These are explained in the following attempt to straighten the synonymy and define the races which appear to me to be distinguishable. By way of preface it must be stated that I agree with Mr. Boden Kloss in thinking that all the different kinds of Pig-tails, ranging from Upper Burma to Borneo, that have been named and described, belong to one species, Macaca nemestrina, a name given by Linneus in ? to an example from Sumatra. Of the British Burmese Pig-tails the first to be described and named was leoninus. . This name was given by Blyth in 1863 to an adult male sent to him with a young specimen from Northern * The skull, alleged by Blanford to be that of a very old @ of M. nemestrina, obtained by Bingham on the Thoungyeen River, Tenasserim, is the skull of a very old og of the Stump-tailed Monkey, M. speciosa, which Blanford called arctoides; and the skull from Mergui, presented by Dr. Oldham to the British Museum, which Blanford also assigned to M. nemestrina, is the skull of an adult § of the Crab-eating Monkey, M. irus, which Blanford called cynomolgus. 298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Arakan by Sir A. P. Phayre. The name leoninus was, however, inadmissible because it had been previously and very appropriately applied to the Travancore species, the so-called Wanderoo, M. silenus. Nevertheless, leoninus was used for this monkey by all writers on the Indian fauna until 1912, when Elliot set it aside and rightly substituted the inapplicable name andamanensis. This name, andamanensis, was given in 1869 to a female Pig-tail received at the Zoological Gardens and stated to have come from Port Blair in the Andamans, its author, Bartlett, not unnaturally supposing the Andamans to be its natural home. But in the follow- ing year (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 220), Capt. F. Hamilton wrote to say that there are no indigenous monkeys in those islands and that the specimen had been imported, with several others, some years previously from the adjoining mainland of Burma. He did not say whether it came from the northern or eastern mainland.’ It might have come from either. In 1906 two new names for British Burmese Pig-tails were intro- duced by Miller. One, Macaca adusta, was given to some speci- mens from Champang and Red Point in Tenasserim; the other, M. insulana, to examples from Chance Island in the Mergui Archi- pelago. To Miller belongs the credit of being the first author to show that the Tenasserim Pig-tail is quite distinct from the more southern form nemestrina.* But curiously enough his paper con- tains no reference to the extensive literature relating to leoninus. Finally, in 1919 Boden Kloss gave the name indochinensis to some specimens from Klong Menao and Lat Bua Kao in Eastern Siam. In the same paper he stated that he had seen from Trang, in Peninsular Siam, two male specimens of the Pig-tail, of which one had all the characters of typical nemestrina, found at Selangore, Perak and other places in the Malay Peninsula, whereas the other approached in colour the Tenasserim form named adusta by Miller. From this he inferred that Trang indicated roughly the latitude where the northern and southern types of this monkey blend. Furthermore, he summarised his conclusions* regarding the races of Pig-tailed Macaques, based partly on Miller’s paper and partly on his own observations, in a tabular key setting forth their differences. This I venture to abridge. 1. Muzzle elongated; back blackened ... nemestrina. 2. Muzzle modified, tapering; back only slightly blackened in the middle line ; annulations of hair conspicuous and markedly present over a larger area of the body. * He spoke of the island of, which Port Blair is the capital as ‘‘Ross Island’’. I cannot ascertain the authority for this, Ross Island being one of the Mergui group, where these monkeys are probably indigenous. His information regarding the monkey was extracted from a private letter and there has perhaps been some confusion about the locality of the specimen. * It may be noted that the characters Blanford ascribed to the Tenasserim monkey were derived from this southern type. * It is significant that he omitted to consider the form from Chance Island, Mergui, named insulana by Miller. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 299 a. Shoulders bright russet [ex Miller | ae Me aie adusta. b. Shoulders tinged with dull rus- | set , .. tindochinensis. 3. Muzzle much reduced and_ shortened, face more vertical; more annulations in the fur; mid-line of back scarcely blackened oe Ss ep ... andamanensts (=leonina). Setting aside nemestrina which is distinguished by its compara- tively immense jaws, browner general colour, with a blackish back, and typically less conspicuously annulated hair, Kloss’s analysis shows that the differences in coloration between adusta, indochi- nensis and andamanensis are comparatively trivial. For reasons given below, I consider them to be inconstant and of no systematic value. As regards the skull-characters by which Kloss separated andamanensis from adusta and indochinensis, they too have no value because they were derived from figures, published by Ander- son, of a skull taken from a Pig-tailed Macaque, which, as stated below, is quite distinct in colouring from andamanensis as repre- sented by Bartlett’s type of that monkey and by Blyth’s type of leonina. It was from an examination of the skin of the latter, in the Calcutta Museum, that Kloss drew up his description of the colours of andamanensis. This specimen was also seen and described by Anderson in 1881 and by Elliot in 1912. It 1s, indeed, abundantly clear from Blyth’s original description of leonina that this male from Northern Arakan closely resembled the Tenasserim and Siamese forms described later as adusta, msulana and indochinensis. The British Museum contains a good number of specimens of these British Burmese and Siamese Pig-tails, including the type of andamanensis, a co-type of indochinensis, as well as others from Eastern Siam, several from Tenasserim and the Mergui Islands, whence the types of adusta and insulana, came, and one from Upper Burma. No two of the skins are alike, even from the same locality, as the following account of them shows. The type of andamanensis, which has never been _ properly described, is uniformly annulated from the crown, which is not darkened, over the shoulders to the middle of the back with ochraceous buff and blackish grey, giving a yellowish olive hue, rather brighter and yellower on the shoulders, where the hair is long and somewhat mane-like. On the hind-back and loins the annulations become more obscure, the pelage here being darker olive, a little intensified in the middle line. The upper side of the tail is black and contrasted with the back. The arms are olive grey outside and annulated to the hands. The legs outside are very much the same hue but without annulations. The sides of the forehead and cheeks are grey, with the tips of the full whiskers duskier and annulated. The under side of body and the inside of arms and legs are greyish white. This specimen, as recorded above, came from Port Blair in the Andamans. But there is nothing in its coloration to preclude 300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV the idea that it is the female of the form described as leoninus by Blyth. It is not, however, quite like the male which Blyth described as having the crown infuscate, the general colour grizzled brown, the hairs being annulated dusky and fulvous, with the long mane on the shoulders strongly tinged with golden ferruginous, the middle of the back behind the shoulders darker and the tail black above with a reddish tip. This description was taken from the specimen when fresh; and since the type of andamanensis was presented to the British Museum in 1871 and not unstuffed and removed from the gallery till r909, it is no doubt somewhat faded and duller in colour than when it was alive. Anderson described an adult @ he shot just to the south of Bhamo in Upper Burma as resembling Blyth’s type but without any darkening of the crown and with the tail yellowish brown. The only example I have seen from Upper Burma is a very old @ collected for the Mammal Survey by G. C. Shortridge at Hkamti in Upper Chindwin, 500/, on July 26. It is very different from the female described by Anderson, being much redder, although the two localities are alike in the valley of the Irawady and less than 250 miles apart. The general colour is a uniform buffish brown, redder in patches; the head is obscurely annulated but the rest of the pelage lacks the annulation characteristic of these Macaques. The coat, however, is long and shabby, suggesting the imminence of the moult which probably occurs in July, as it does in the common Rhesus Monkey (M. mulatta). This may account for the absence of annulation on the hairs of the body and their faintness on the head. From Tenasserim, whence the specimens of adusta came, the British Museum has an adult ¢, shot’ in November, an adult @ and her young one, shot on December 29, and a half grown female, shot on December 43, all collected at Bankachon for the Survey by G. C. Shortridge. In the adult male the crown is only slightly darker than the nape. The hairs of the upper side are everywhere annulated with yellowish buff and brown, their bases being yellowish on the shoul- ders, where they are longer, grey on the back. The general tint is rather rich yellowish brown on the fore part, greyer and more olive behind, with the middle line of the back darker and tinged with greyish black, passing into the blackness of the upper side of the tail. The buttocks are markedly grey and sharply contrasted with the duskier hue of the back. The arms outside are much greyer than the shoulders, with the hairs annulated with buffish grey to the hands. The leg is greyish brown and _ indistinctly annulated. The cheeks and temples are mostly grey, with the hairs of the whiskers apically annulated with fuscous. The throat, chest and inside of the limbs are also grey, but the fore part of the abdomen and the lower arm are speckled with annulations. This specimen differs apparently from the type of adusta in lack- ing the bright russet hue of the neck, shoulders and fore-back, the blackness of the crown and the light ochraceous buff of the buttocks. But I regard these merely as individual differences; and this view is supported by the colour of the adult female from Banka- THIS PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 301 chon, the hairs of which are annulated orange and grey, the orange predominating, the whole dorsal area, except the hind-back and loins, which are duller and darkened in the middle line, being very brightly coloured, russet. The arms below the elbows are greyer than the shoulders but annulated; the legs outside are greyish brown and only indistinctly annulated. The half grown female from Bankachon is not nearly so ‘‘russet’’ as the adult, the. annulations being yellower; but the arms are as bright and as annulated as the shoulders. The still younger speci- men is tolerably well coloured, annulated buffish yellow and brown. The youngest of all, newly born, is pallid buffish grey, without annulations. If we set aside the youngest specimen, which has not moulted its ‘‘baby’’ coat, the rest of the specimens from Bankachon attest considerable individual variation in colour in the same locality. A subadult ¢ from Sullivan’s Island, Mergui Archipelago, col- lected for the Survey on February 31 by C. Primrose, is darker on the crown than the adult male from Bankachon and browner, not so bright on the nape and shoulders, but the buttocks are yellower and the arms exhibit brightish yellow annulation, almost lemon on the hands; the legs, both outside and inside are darker, and there is no annulation on the abdomen. Before these Bankachon and Sullivan Island specimens are set aside, their likeness, or otherwise, to the specimens Miller described from localities near at hand in Tenasserim and the Mergui Archi- pelago, giving them full specific status as Macaca adusta and Macaca insulana respectively, must be considered. About adusta from Champang something has already been said; and since it must be presumed that the Bankachon specimens are representatives of the same race, their considerable variability in colour, both general and in detail, shows that no great reliance can be placed upon such characters as the difference between red yellow and buff or black, brown and dark annulations in the hairs, or even between the presence and absence of annulations in certain parts. The Chance Island specimens, according to Miller, differ from adusta, the main- land form, in having the hair on the shoulders noticeably longer than on the back, the chest and belly more heavily grizzled and the hands and the feet noticeably darker than the arms and legs. But since the male from Bankachon has the hair on the shoulders noticeably longer than on the back, this feature is not distinctive of the insular form. The example described above from Sullivan’s Isiand differs in details from those from Chance Island and from the specimens from Champang and Bankachon on the mainland; but it does not differ more from the Bankachon specimens than they differ from each other. I cannot, indeed, find a single reliable character to distinguish these Tenasserim and Mergui Pig-tails from Blyth’s Arakan specimen. By describing the shoulders of this specimen as ‘‘golden ferruginous’’, Blyth, I imagine, intended to convey the idea that they were the same colour that Miller assigned to adusta, namely ‘‘russet’’. Precisely similar individual variations in colour are exhibited by the Siamese specimens in the British Museum. ‘ 302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV An adult Q shot at Klong Menao in S.-E. Siam, in January, and assigned by C. B. Kloss to indochinensis, is greyish olive brown in general hue, with no bright yellow or red tint anywhere, the annulations, although traceable, being indistinct; the middle line of the back is slightly darkened and the hair below the buttocks is whitish. Another adult Q from Klong Tundai, Tongha, December 21, is much brighter. The annulations are not sharply defined but the shoulders are bright ochraceous buff, there is more black pigment on the lumbar area, the whiskers are yellower, not so grey, the hair on the buttocks is buffy and the hands and fore-arm are clearly annulated pale greyish yellow. This specimen approaches in bright- ness of colour the adult Q from Bankachon but is not quite so russet and in poorer coat. Its coloration also recalls that of the 92 from Hkamti in Upper Chindwin. A female from Pak Jong in Eastern Siam (December 4), also assigned by Kloss to indochinensis, is brighter in tint than the female from Klong Menao, the shoulders and nape being compara- tively rich ruddy yellowish buff with better defined annulations ; the lumbar region and loins are darker, especially in the middle line, much as in the adult male from Bankachon and the buttocks are buffy. It is nearly intermediate in tint between the Klong Menao and Tongha specimens. Finally, an adult male from Selok Poh in Panjang (January 22) is very like the Bankachon male but with more vivid annulations and more reddish yellow, ‘‘russet’’, on the shoulders, the lumbar region a little paler, the buttocks not so grey, more buffy, the whiskers whiter, with the tips of the hairs less pigmented. Reference to Kloss’s key to the races of nemestrina quoted above shows that he distinguished indochinensis from adusta by being duller russet on the shoulders; but, as the available specimens show, this difference of tint is of no systematic importance. I have described these Burmese and Siamese Pig-tails in some detail to show the impossibility of dividing them into races by the characters employed by Miller and Kloss. If these characters are to be trusted the male and female from Bankachon are distinguish- able forms. It is unnecessary to add anything further in justifica- tion of the following synonymy which embraces the names _ that have been applied to the Pig-tails ranging from Arakan and Upper Burma to Tenasserim and the adjoining districts of Siam. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE OF BRITISH BURMA Subsp. andamanensis, Bartlett. Inuus nemestrinus (?) Blyth, Journ. ASS. Sock Bengal. xin, p. 473, 1844. Adult male (type) and young from North Arakan. Inuus arctoides(?) -Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 731, 1847. Alternative identification of the same specimen. Macacus leoninus, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 7, 1863. New name, but preoccupied, for the same _ specimens. Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xliv, p. 2, 1875 (Inuus). Anderson, THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 303 Cote VManm. vind. Vius. Calc) 1, p. 71, 1881. Description of Blyth’s type. Macacus andamanensis, Bartlett, Land and Water, viii, p. 57, ES6g4 “Sclater, Proc: Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 467 (woodcut 9). Elliot, Rev. Primates, 11, p. 208, 1912 (Pithecus). Description of Blyth’s type of leoninus. Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, iil, pp. 343- 344, 1919. Description of Blyth’s type of leoninus. Macaca adusta, Muller, Proc: U.S. Nat. Mus:, xxix, p.. 559, 1906. Specimens from Tenasserim. Elliot, Rev. Primates, ii, p. 206, 1912 (Pithecus). Description of Miller’s type. | Macaca: imsulana, Nillery roc. U.S. Nat... Mus; xxix, -p, 560; 1906. Specimens from Chance Island, Mergui Archipelago. | Elliot, Reo. Primates, i, p. 207, 1912 (Pithecus)., Description of Miller’s type. Macaca nemestrina indochinensis, Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Sam, li pe 342,, 1OLO.. « Specimens: from Eastern, Siam. Locality of type: Port Blair, introduced from Burma. Distribution: Arakan and Upper Burma to Tenasserim, includ- ing the Mergui Archipelago, and the adjoining districts of Siam. Description: General colour comparatively pale with an indi- vidual tendency to erythrism, ranging from greyish olive to buffy yellow, russet or golden ferruginous, these tints being especially noticeable on the long hairs of the shoulders which are brighter than the back, the lumbar and sacral regions being duskier especially in the middle line but never so black as the upper side of the tail, the blackness of which is sharply contrasted. The hairs of the upper side typically profusely annulated with alternating pale bands of buff or yellow or russet and dark bands of brown or black, but their distinctness varies. The annulation is less con- spicuous on the back and hind legs than on the shoulders and arms and may be quite inconspicuous, especially in the old coat. Crown the same colour as the neck or darker. Cheeks greyish or buffy, the hairs of the long fringe apically annulate to a varying degree. Under side greyish white with some darker annulations sometimes on the abdomen and inside of the limbs. Buttocks grey or buffy, sometimes indistinctly annulated, sometimes sharply contrasted with the back. Usually there is a whitish fringe projecting from the lower side of the base of the tail on each side. This race differs from typical nemestrina in being paler and less brown in hue, in the absence of blackish brown unannulated hairs over the greater part of the lumbar and sacral regions which are noticeably paler than the upper side of the tail in the more profuse and widely distributed annulations of the hairs of the dorsal area and the paler crown. The skull also differs in having weaker, less: produced jaws, the elongation of the jaws and their greater expansion anteriorly in nemestrina being correlated with the larger size of the canine teeth of the males. The weights and measurements of some specimens of this race of macaques and some dimensions of their skulls are included in the tables at the end of this paper. 304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV DESCRIPTION OF A NEW Race oF PIG-TAILED MACAQUE. From the synonymy of the race just described I have excluded references to a Pig-tailed Macaque which since 1870 has been cited as leoninus or andamanensis and regarded as belonging to the same type of monkey as the male from Arakan Blyth described as leoninus. Blyth was partly responsible for this. When he visited the London Zoological Gardens in 1870, Sclater showed him a magnificent full grown male Pig-tail which had recently been received through the animal trade. Its locality was unknown; but Blyth at once pronounced it to be leoninus; and under that name it was entered. Sclater published a coloured plate of it by Wolf in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, and declared it to be the male of the female Pig-tail which had been received the year before from Port Blair and named andamanensis by Bartlett. Blyth’s and Sclater’s identifications have been unreservedly accepted, although Blyth’s hasty opinion was given without the possibility of close examination of the specimen or of comparison of it with his type of leoninus in Calcutta, and Sclater’s view involved the conclusion that the sexes of this Macaque differ profoundly in colour, although in other species of the genus the males and females are alike in that respect. In addition to the figure of the very dark male above referred to, in the foreground, Wolf depicted the comparatively pale type of andamanensis in the background. Blanford reproduced, as a woodcut, the figure of the male to represent Macacus leoninus ; and Elliot reproduced the whole plate in colour to illustrate the characters of his Pithecus andamanensis. Neither of the monkeys in question lived more than a year or two in the Zoological Gardens and both when they died were luckily sent to the British Museum where they were examined independently by Anderson and Blanford. They are strikingly different; and the male differs equally strikingly from the Arakan male described by Blyth. So far as I am aware, Anderson was the only author who saw and described as leoninus both these males; but he did not state .that his description of 1898 was taken from the Zoological Society’s specimen; nor when he described Blyth’s type in 1881 did he com- ment on the marked differences, which can hardly have escaped him, between the two. No author but Kloss seems to have been puzzled by the discrepancies contained in Anderson’s two accounts. Needless to say, there is no evidence that the Zoological Society’s specimen came from Arakan, although the skin is thus labelled. It may have done so; but it may equally well have come, as I suspect, from some other part of northern Burma or from north- eastern India. At all events.no specimen like it has been met with in Siam, the Malay Penimsula or the Sunda Islands where tolerably extensive collections of monkeys have been made. Only one other specimen resembling it has been described, namely, one stated by Elliot to have been living in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens at the time when he was compiling subject-matter for his Review of the Primates. It is a pity he did not ascertain on the spot the THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 305 locality and history of this specimen; but he gave a description of it which applies very closely to the example recorded above. The name I propose to give to this monkey and the bibliography relating to it are as follows :— Subsp. blythii' nov. Weacicus leoninus, Selater. Proc: Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 063,, pl. xxxv. Adult male, from unknown locality, exhibited in the Zoolo- gical Gardens, London, and identified by Blyth as his leoninus. Anderson, 2001, Kes. .Yunnans, 1878, p. 52: Description of “skin and skull of Zoological Society’s specimen, which was sent to British Museum in 1872. Blantord, Haun, Brit. India, Mamm., 1891, p. 18. Male specimen with fig. copied from Sclater. Not leoninus Blyth, 1863. Pithecus andamanensis,, Biliot.< Rev. ‘Pronates, 11, -1912, p. 208. In part only, pl: of ¢,° copied from. Sciater. and description of living specimen, from unstated locality, exhibited in Zoological Gardens, Calcutta. Macaca nemestrina andamanensis, Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Sidm, ils 1910, p. 344: °. Skull only, its characters taken. from Anderson’s fig. of skull of Zoological Society’s specimen. Not andamanensis Bartlett, 1869. Type.—The adult do figured by Sclater in 1870. B.M. No. (?) Distribution.—Unknown. Description of type: General colour very dark, the hairs dis- tinctly annulated everywhere except on the lumbar and sacral areas and parts of the lower side and of the limbs. Crown mostly black, its hairs dark reddish brown at the base, broadly black at the tip. Hairs of the nape and shoulders long, especially of the shoulders and fore back, conspicuously annulated with orange red and black. On the lumbar and sacral regions the annulations disappear, the distal part of the hairs being black and their bases dark brown, at least over the lumbar region, towards the rump the bases become greyish white, but when the hairs are not disarranged these areas are mainly black, showing no contrast with the black tint of the tail. At the root of the tail on each side is a tuft of white hairs continuous with the shorter white hairs of its under side; the buttocks beneath the callosities are also white. Arms externally paler than the shoulders, the hairs conspicuously annulated black and buff to the hands; internally the hairs are pale brownish to the elbow, but annulated from the elbow to the wrist. Legs darkish olive externally, the hairs annulated yellowish and deep greyish brown; foot blackish brown, the“hairs not annulated; inside of hind legs brownish on the thigh, dark greyish brown and indistinctly annulated below the knee. Cheeks mostly dusky grey, annulated with greyish buff, but the crest in front of the ear dark, the apical annulations black. Throat grey, the hairs with paler and darker annulations. Chest and fore part of abdomen conspicuously annulated with yellowish and dark grey; hinder part of abdomen * Named in honour of the distinguished zoologist, Edward Blyth, to whom so much of our knowledge of Indian Mammals was due. 5 306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV brownish not annulated, like the inner side of the thighs and upper arm. In the blackish colouring of the crown and of the lumbar and sacral regions, the absence of annulations on the latter areas and the identity in tint between them and the upper side of the tail, this skin resembles typical nemestrina; but differs in the more pro- fuse and conspicuous annulation of the nape and shoulders, the whiteness of the buttocks and of the fringe at the base of the tail, the grey hue and annulation of the hairs of the throat and chest and the generally darker under side. It is strikingly different in its dark coloration from all the examples I assign to andamanensis, although resembling typical examples of that race in the annulation of the hairs of the shoulders, the white or whitish fringe at the base of the tail and a few other points. Anderson figured and described the skull of this specimen and published many measurements of it in 1878; but did not give its history. The information he supplied regarding it was used by Kloss, in conjunction with the colour-charatters of Blyth’s type of leoninus, to differentiate andamanensis from adusta and indochinen- sis. The skull is that of an exceedingly well developed and oldish specimen. It differs strikingly from adult skulls of typical nemes- trina in the shortness of its jaws, comparatively small canine teeth, elevated, massive, wide brow-ridges, nearly vertical orbits, wide zygomata and mastoids, the coalescence of the temporal ridges over the parietals and uptilted occiput. - It is clearly more like the skulls of andamanensis, especially in the shortness of its jaws. I have only seen two male skulls of this race, one from Selok Poh in Eastern Siam, the other from Sullivan’s Island, Mergui. Neither is quite fully developed; but both show certain likenesses to the skull of blythii. For example, in the Selok Poh skull the temporal ridges noticeably converge on the parietals where they are only 7 mm. apart as compared with 20 mm. on the frontals; but this skull has the depressed occipital plane, back- wardly inclined orbits and low brow-ridges of typical nemestrina. The Sullivan Island skull, on the contrary, which is a little younger, has the orbits less inclined backwards and the occiput more uptilted. This skull, I imagine, might have acquired all the peculiarities of the skull of blythii, if the animal had lived another ten years or so under conditions favourable to its development. There is one other point. In the lower jaw of the skull of blythii the coronoid process and condyle are separated by a much narrower space than in any skulls of nemestrina or andamanensis I have seen. And it is necessary perhaps to add that the skull and skeleton of this monkey show no evidence of deterioration from captivity. The animal was evidently captured when full-grown, and it lived only a very short time in the London Gardens. In the following table are recorded the weights and _ principal dimensions of examples of typical nemestrina and of andamanensis taken in the flesh. The only known example of blythii was not measured in the flesh; but Anderson, who probably measured the skeleton, gave the following dimensions: head and body 1 ft. 11 ins., THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 307 tail 8 ins.; total 2 ft. 7 ins., practically the same as the male from Bankachon in the following table. manera Head and! Tal enor cee Locality and Sex Body Sie Name Sarawak, Borneo, Spade te LG hY OL De OL” nemestrina. maribeas Bay, Sumatra,j ad.} 1’ 113” 82” | 2” BL” | 30 oF Kateman River, ,, ros ell Pang aS Fe 7g | 2° 5B” | Zi ee Perak, Malay Pen., race |e OR OE (Age 780 | Selangor, ,, . raat ly Or VEO Ne Oe 25 “ Pahanic. 3, salle Bade less GU 94” | 2’ 64” Pen, Lat Bua Kao, E. Siam,-jad| 1° 9” PO Qog sleedee ven andamanensts Sclok- Poh, Pamjane’, ,;,.c) ad.) 1° ° “108"<) 6671-2" 537 | . a . Champang, Tenasserim, ,,, 0 ad| 1’ 10%” ee a Bankachon, ,, ead. bo. My TN eG OF 18 » Chance Island, Mergui, fad.} 1’ 92” | 72” | 2” 44” | . Sullivan’s Island, ,, , subad.) 17. 9” Ta Wee aaa . Tarussan Bay, Sumatra,Q@ad| 1’ 73” | 8&2” | 2’ 4” 16 | wemestrina. tampanila River -;, ;@:ad.| 1’ 747) 82% | 2" 32 | 10-2 ae Tongha, E, Siam, SAG ed Os oe odes ee We ae, Qndamianensts Bankachon, Tenasserim,Q ad.) 1” 72” | 52” | 2’ 0€” | 10-4 ae Hkamti, Upper Chindwant-Or old yl” 25EO 7k 2 Ie oles. sa, s Notes on the table.—The adult male nemestrina from Sarawak was collected by the late H. C. Robinson at Sarabas. the. examples: from’ -Sumaima, were recorded), by Miller and those from the Malay Peninsula and E. Siam _ by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss. The male from Lat Bua Kao is the type of indochinensis; those from Champang Tenasserim and Chance Island, Mergui, are respectively Miller’s types of adusta and insulana. The other specimens were collected and measured for the Mammal Survey by G. C. Shortridge. I have omitted from the table the dimensions of two females from Klong Menao and Pak Jong in Eastern Siam, assigned by Kloss to indochinensis, because the measurements on the labels, given in millimetres, indicate a size in excess of that of all the males recorded in the table. There was clearly some accidental error which J] ‘cannot explain. 308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV The table shows close agreement in size between the two races, and that the tail is subject to greater variation than the head and body. Large females are not very much shorter than small males; but there is considerable difference in their respective weights. Some skull-measurements of Pig-tailed Macaques :— = Pee wee 3 bo a\3\2 2g] & @ peek ae ths ae Lecality and Sex 4H lags e | | ee vs a @ lee|o| 8/2/28 | ies | w a} a. Seer see ae er bt Sarawak, Cad. iol 100) 82 Sil 2898 12| 115) wemestrina. e df yng. | 138) |: 82 6344.37 e-S. pau mace e Pahang, gad.| 151 | 100; 83) 55} 40/10x9 | 114) 110 2 Selangore, go ad.| 151 92} 78) 48} 38) 9x9} 11) 116 ) Perak, gj ad.| 144 90) 72) 48) 37| 9x8 | 103] 103 it Lat. Bua Kao, © gad.| 138. | 95140.) «. } oe |e | 16l) S8landananen- SUS. Selok Poh, fg ad. | 130 OO) 72) SAS SBS Sai 4 2 oo aa Champang, dad | 136 OA) stele ee |S Seed ia ele a lOO ¥ of ; g ad.| 130 BS aves tl apes beeee | mee mallee se kee me Chance Island, dj ad.| 133 mots MGne cre gil eae redl Quem te eaee™ See le ee ey - RM a Peer Ko ah Dese 1 femon olh Code lesen. || God We a0 a a7 RS Sullivan’s Island. ae 84, 69) 41) 32) 8x8 SET Sul “ ff subad. | A oc.? Gad: |) 136 > | 202) s5i8 47 \\. 35109 <9 9) 102) blythi | (type). Sumatra, Orade| BSA Oa|iecwt |) seen i aes ae ... |93 +] memestrina Tarde, Ovad S| 13k 85) P(e ital 430 | sa O ad A342 dest teal re sera eee Sit Penang, © juv.| 110 Ties) at Feb aricns |feheice ne alec 00 i Klong Menao, Coad) Halls 76 €4) 39) 32) 8x7] ... | ... | andamanen- | StS. E. Siain, Crag 6 76) 64) 39) 32) 8x7! ... 80 ms ‘Port Blair’, -.@ad.| 115 | 76) 64] 39) 34) 8x89) 4.1) 80 s Pak Jong, © ad.| 114 76| 64) 40) -33)-8 x 8ec... |7 61 > 3ankachon, Orad |) 169 75259) - 39a SB SbSe we, slenccu An Hkamti, © old. | 1C4 7A| P58) 238 S5i seas lee ane He Notes on the skull measurements. —The skulls have been arranged in approximately the same order as the skins to which they belong, THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES 309 the Sarawak specimen which heads the two tables being the largest Pig-tail known to me. I have inserted the dimensions of a young skull, with the last molars only just through the bone for comparison with the adult skulls of andamanensis which it closely resembles in length, although, be it noted, decidedly narrower. The canine tooth is not fully erupted. Some measurements given by Miller of Sumatran specimens agree very closely with those from Pahang and Selangore, one being a little longer, namely, 154 mm. The measurements show that the skulls of adult nemestrina are on the average considerably longer and have larger teeth than those of andamanensis; but in details they vary a good deal from each other, as attested by the differences in width, especially of the muzzle, between the examples from Pahang and Selangore. I am able, unfortunately, to give very few complete measurements of male skulls of andamanensis, and one of them from Sullivan Island, is not quite full sized. It may be noted that there is a complete overlap in size between the Champang and Chance Island specimens regarded by Miller as distinct species. The measurements of the, skull of blythii bear out what was said above with regard to some of its peculiarities. In total length it is exactly 25 mm., one inch, less than the adult male from Sarawak, but it is actually a little broader across the cheek- bones (zygomata), the orbits and, it may be added, across the mastoids (the back of the skull behind the ears).° It is almost exactly the same length as the skull from Champang in Tenasserim, the type of adusta Miller. With. regard to the female skulls very few measurements of typical nemestrina are available. Miller gives the length and breadth of two from Sumatra. The larger of these has been entered in the table; the other is a little smaller, namely, 130 by 824 mm. dhewonly sadult sremale. ly have seen is ticketed “India”; . These three specimens show that females of this race are noticeably larger than females of andamanensis. This is borne out by the measure- ments of the young specimen from Penang, in which the first upper molar is only just through the bone, the second being: still buried. Yet this example is about the size of the adult female from Bankachon. It is important to note that the dimensions of the skull of the type of andamanensis, labelled ‘‘Port Blair’’ in the table, are in almost punctilious agreement with Siamese skulls named indochinensis. The only other skull which calls for comment is the small one from Hkamti in Upper Chindwin. This is a very old individual with the molars worn flat, the incisors dropped out and the jaws shrunken in length. SUMMARY. The views above stated regarding the distinguishable races of Pig-tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina) may be epitomised in the following analytical key :— 310. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUORALVHIST! SOCIE DY. Wael seow) a. The back behind the shoulders . at most slightly darkened, not nearly so dark as the top of the tail which offers a strong contrast; general colour much paler; jaws short... andamanensis. a’. The back behind the shoulders, and the crown, deep blackish brown, the same tint as the top of the tail which is not contrast- ed; general colour much darker. b. Hair generally, except on the back, profusely annulated; colour not so brown; white tuft on base of tail and buttocks white, contrasted with the loins; jaws short; brow-ridge massive, orbits nearly vertical, occi- _ put uptilted on ae b’. Hair generally comparatively in- conspicuously annulated ; colour browner, base of tail and but- tocks not white and strongly contrasted with loins; jaws long, brow-ridge low, orbits sloping, occiput depressed ...._ nemestrina. blythii. A.specimen of the Pig-tailed Macaque, which must for the present be regarded merely as a variety or mutant of M. nemestrina nemes- trina, was captured, it was alleged, many years ago at Long Salai on the Baram River, E. Sarawak, and after living in captivity for about five years was given by the Rajah to Major F. Day who brought it alive to England where it died in 1893. Its skin was exhibited. to’. the -Zoolopical: Society (2:Z.S-,.- 1893; p. -325)hepy Mr. Sclater and was presented to the British Museum by Major E. Day. Its general colour, to which Mr. Sclater drew attention, is a golden brown on the upper side, rather darker in the middle of the back, the hairs being uniformly tinted and without annulations. Nowhere is there any black. But the skin exhibits a variation, unnoticed by Sclater, which is unique in M. nemestrina. The hair on the middle of the top of the head grows straight backwards from just behind the brow where there is a short fringe of erect hairs. The head thus lacks the definite cap of hair radiating from a whorl near the centre of the crown which is found in M. nemestrina. The hairs on the cheek, however, are directed upwards to the sides of the crown as in that monkey. The hair- growth on the head, indeed, partakes of the characters of the two species M. mulatta and M. nemestrina; and despite the story of the capture of the specimen as a wild animal, I am inclined to regard it as a menagerie-bred hybrid between those species, an opinion supported by the colour. At all events examples of M. nemestrina, from the Sarawak district, which I have seen are per- fectly normal in colour and hair-growth on the crown. Hence the cubeiiealta antl Bina Witbe oat ont THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUES sual coincidence of two ‘‘mulattine’’ characters, namely, erythrism and backward hair-sweep on the crown, would be surprising in a wild specimen. Nevertheless, the skull, which is just adult, does not, I admit, look like the skull of a monkey reared from birth to maturity in captivity, unless, of course, more favourable conditions are sup- plied in Borneo than England. It only shows a little of the charac- teristic menagerie scowl and prognathism. THE STUDY OF INDIAN BIRDS. BY HuGH WHISTLER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. DART VELL (With a plate). (Continued from page 103 of this volume.) THE REPRODUCTION OF BIRDS. he Nest. However ignorant people may be of Nature and her ways there is practically no one who is ignorant of the fact that birds make nests. It is one of the most conspicuous and widely known of all the attributes of bird life. Just as the egg is one of the salient characteristics of a bird, known alike to savage and civilized man, so too is the construction of a nest to hold that egg, a corollary which is known to all. In this chapter therefore I propose to discuss some of the facts connected with birds’ nests and some of the angles from which they may be considered. We have already seen that the egg is one of the reptilian features which a bird retains from its ancestral heritage. The nest, on the other hand, may be regarded perhaps as one of the mile-stones that mark the rise of the bird above its ancestry. On broad lines most of us are familiar with the reptile’s treatment of its eggs. The snake deposits the grape-like cluster in a rotting manure-heap or in any secret hole or corner. The lizard’s eggs are found within a crevice in a wall. The crocodile and turtle bury their eggs in holes in the sand. The actual site in all cases is doubtless determined largely by chance, influenced by the fairly obvious if unconscious idea of concealment. Occasionally the site may add slightly to the process of incubation. The natural genera- tion of heat in decaying vegetation or the sun scorching the sands must have some influence on the buried eggs. In rare cases the parent guards the eggs, her presence doubtless retarding the loss of heat even if it does not serve to generate it. But in every class of reptile the care for the egg is almost the minimum, probably much as it was amongst the great reptiles of the primeval world whom we may picture as depositing their eggs -in the decaying bogs and leafmould of their sweltering world and then and there forgetting them. But, with the slow development of the bird from the reptile, this treatment grew inadequate. As the temperature of the bird rose and it became warm-blooded, the egg must have become less auto- matic in its development.