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A rt ' rt i _ ia 4 on | 7 i : ; 1 7 ; ey ue Ae Ue hve THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY INDEX AND TITLE PAGE VOL. XXXV NOS. 3 & 4 Price ae Les. 2-4-0. MADRAS PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS 1933 INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER The contents of these two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound :— Title page ae ae oe Contents of Nos. 3 and 4 of Vol. XXXV | List of Contributors dee oy List of Plates ... _ _..' To follow frontis- Index to Illustrations piece in this order. Errata aes wee a Index of Species sed List of Office Bearers, } To go at the end of Life Members and Members two numbers. bad Stare Pat be, +_2*3t9 eo ee . Cae Ree THE JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY EDITED BY SIR REGINALD SPENCE, Kt., M.L.c., J.P. & S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S., M.L.C., J.P. VOL. XXXV Nos. 3 & 4 Containing 5 Coloured Plates, 27 Black and White Plates, 39 Text-figures, 2 Maps, and 7 Diagrams. Dates of Publication Part Ill. (Pages 475 to 702) ... 15th February, 1932. IV. ( , 703t0 926) ... 15th July, 1932. 99 LONDON AGENTS DULAU & CO., Ltd., 32, Old Bopd Streeteaburiton, WI. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS 1933 jun 7 1933 ras Pa PWS, 1 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV. No. 3 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. Bye diac. Stuart Baker Cil.B..F:Z.S., FsLiS., MoB.O.U., H.F.A.O.U. Part XVI. {With a coloured plate of The Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus h. himantopus) and The Ibis-bill (/ézdor- VEN PEC LOMSUIULILCL SED.) \pavncee Ree ucist tates Sp lecetiilsctias wersten Fado see esl diay aa REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. Part XVII. By Rev. E. Blatter, s.3. (With three plates and LCN ESD OU TO) ee ei gi aoe el on ote oiesd siesta Ras edly pana eeaRG es ae A Few NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS IN THE FIRST CENTURY AFTER CHRIST. By Dr. Sir. Jivanji Janishedji Modi, Az.. hae tee : THE VERNAY een ee Garver OF THE Aca unis (Ornithological section). By WH. Whistler, F.z.S., M.B.O.U. Assisted by N. B. Kinnear, m.B.o.u. (With two maps RUC ALE OO LUT Cr tra eres oe icce cts yee sateen ae Lice Stes ees ee SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. By Rev. E. Blatter, S.J., and W.S. Millard, F.z.s. Part VIII. (With two coloured plates, two black and white plates and six text-figures.)..... THE RHESUS MACAQURFS (Macaca mulatta). By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. (With a plate and two text-figures.)... ee eer: THE SNAKES OF IRAQ. By N. L. Corkill, m.z., ena EZ.S:, FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA. By Salim A. Ali. (With four plates and tour text-figures.).......... MEASUREMENTS AND NOTES ON SOME LITTLE-KNOWN CEYLON MamMAtLs. By A. C. Tutein-Nolthenius, F.z.s. (With one text-figure.)... DE eis cies iiat oat ease eee ds SOME NOTES ON THE Momaane a Malcolm A. Smith. (With a plate.)... = Be er ere rer THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE Sa eee By Go W.. V-. DeRhe-Philipe, F.z.s. Part III.. ees THE STUDY OF INDIAN BIRDS. By Er Wiser HiZiss, M.B.O.U. Part IX. (Witha plate and a tlext-figure.).,.... PAGE 484 505 20 30 502 635 iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV PAGE INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. By Lt.-Col. F.C. Fraser, 1.M.S., F.E.S. Part XXXIX. (Wath a plate and @ 1C71A Ue Nery ee 645 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRIFID TAILS IN TWO SPECIMENS OF (Hemidactylus flaviviridis, RUPPEL) WITH A NOTE ON THE ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE TAILS OF THE -‘ TOKHAK’ LIZARD (Gecko verticillatus, Laurenti.) By G.M. Das, M.sc. (With a plate and a text-figure.)... Lf ca sais Siete) cee eee eter ODE OBITUARY: MISS le OAN Spaoctas aE ca hie id Sora een ee 663 REVIEWS. 1. SwHortT HISTORY OF THE CEYLON GAME AND FAUNA PRESERVATION Society. By A. C. Tutein-Nolthe- nius, F.Z.S., 1894-1931 _... BA 1665 2. BUTTERFLIES OF LAHORE ... a kee 667 3. Ostrea cucullata—THE BOMBAY Once te 667 4. AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ms 668 5. A BOOK OF MAN-EATERS _... = i 60S MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. The Occurrence of the Flying-Fox (Pteropus giganteus) in the Punjab. By C. Breadon... ~—670 II. Number of Cubs inva “Tigers Uitter. by AZo: Berrithssakivi3 25 ch oe ee ee ee 670 III. Occurrence of the Panther in the Sind Desert. By Hamid: AvsAl1-AUGiS 7st ct ct rece ie feta 671 IV. Do Lions still: exist in Persia? By- Ronald Sinclatt. di: iG G8 xg eicccepeee 9 ines ace eee V. A useful type of Machan. By W. Forsyth. (W2th BT EA RUAN Nes tircb est, ah ie genatencia mete tae Scere ages yarns 672 VI. Do Wild Dogs hunt and kill by night? By Raman) OF DUPOAMIA ws ..ehee dee kaa eee eee ee 673 VII. The Malay Bear. By J. C. Higgins. (With a PHOLO.\. Sake Shc id edt ae sataieteee ee ate eect 673 VIII. Black Four-horned Antelope (Telvaceros quadri- cornis).. By RatmanujerSureuia.. 22 ee ener IX. Rogue Elephants in the Khasi Hills. By L. L. RGAE 2565 eo vedice cov etet ae Metta: Clee erly eae OTIC XIV. XV. DOV OVE OE XV IIT. DOE. OR XA. O46 XO: DEX, XXV. RON I. XXV II. CONTENTS OF VOLOME XXXV The Migration of the Paradise Flycatcher trea pavadist). By F.S. Briggs.. ; Sex differences in the migration of the Conon AGATE MEV ELI TOM IC CLG) ven fctie oes tae sells sn sg Sec Ao naka 0 Notes on the Nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (A7clpastes cater). By ©; McCann. 1... Double Nests of the Weaver Bird (Pleceus philip- pinus). By S. H. Prater, ¢.m.z.s. (With @ QUE OT AUIDL Neate este Peete (A Gp sue Ae noes tee Rasen Place of the Java Sparrow (Muna oryzivora L.) in the Indian Avifauna. Note on the breeding of the Indian Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus parvitrons). By J. C. Hele Oiy ele CC at yee Senten arse nee he ene, sous aa Description of the immature siumanoe of the Indian Pratincole or Swallow Plover (Glarcola m. maldt- VOUT wa ay N nore laa. CES OMG tad a>. ous. Me lees Early arrival of Fantail Snipe (Gallinago ee!) Me Viadt Puts = ISVs, LINO OIS Teer S. .6 via eeee The Distribution of the Eastern Grey Duck (Anas pectlorhyncha zonorhyncha). By C. M. Inglis.... The Stiff-tailed Duck (L9r7sinatura leucocephala), Bye MG ..derk, isle Stirs: ees Se cccdctes oo “ Pilyane. Enogs. by Jn Gee, UriiminOnd secs ses oa Case of recovery from the bite of a Phoorsa (Ach7s (Tcht- GAY LOLA) =) Dy NN) A, i) lla tinier sa cident aoe Treatment of Snake Bite. By Colonel M. L. Crimmins . Snakes on ae Bi Si one Bikes (ese “By K. Lindberg... Description of a new eWieenet Butterds Gaytens heodes irm@). By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey, c.1.5.. Distinctive characters of the Butterflies (Appias libythea libythea F. f.) and (Appizas albina darada Fd. 3‘) By J. A. Yates. (With a diagram). Dry and Wet season forms of the Butterfly (Przoner7s SILVA LCIL 2. PIATO) BB Jie Din NCAUCS.c20 tae 28 How abundant are Land Leeches? By J. Percy INIT rr ete Gols oh cen enn. Petes MRE Val nw ao vs 681 683 685 700 701 vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV No, 4. THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. By E. C. Stuart Baker, (C4.Bi, FZ:S., “EiLtS:,0 M B-OLU. 4 Pe Osu 2ieane XVII. [With a coioured plate cf The Curlew (Mumentus arguata arguata) and The Bar-tailed Godwit (Lzmosa VAD PONICA LAPDONTIO | oe ences asa te aie eee oe REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. Part XV ili. By Key.” 2. Blatter; Stripers: Waih:? plates Qa DT LCRTIV Uy e.) anes a eae a ee ete THE VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF THE EASTERN GHATS (Ornithological = Secizon). ~ Patholl.= By- e} Wihistles, M.B.O.U.~assisted by N.2bs Kinnear. WMepsOsUeana. ae ee OLp Deccan Dayvys—My TIGER-HUNTING JOURNAL IN 1899. By Breadier-General R.-Gy Burton, 44.2.5. ssneee ee Tue BLiacK AND BROWN BEARS OF EUROPE AND ASIA. Parti. By R.1, Pocock, Finis’) (Wah ai iexi ce 7ess) Some BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. Part IX. (With a coloured plate, 1 black and white plate and 2 text-figures). By Rey. E. Blatter; s., PhD.) #-1L:S., and W. ©. Millard: p.z.s: THE SHELL-FISHERIES OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY— REPORT OF THE BomBaAy NAtrurAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S SURVEY. By H.S. Rai, M.se. (With 5 plates and 2 text- TU QUI CS 0) bot hectn zg oles Wn eee as No net cle anata tree THE STUDY OF INDIAN Birpss Part xX.) “By -Hin Whistien, B.Z:S.,. M.BsO.U. (Witihe ten 1g e pee) ne eee a A NEw GENTIAN FROM N. WAzIRISTAN. By Rev. E. Blatter, 8.3.5 PDS Des BEE cS, occ seas are eee ee eee eee On A COLLECTION OF Carabid@ FROM WAZIRISTAN. By TL AAO WES. 55 ire oi tae ee Ree eee ce eee FISHING FOR ‘ BomBAy Duck’ (Harpodon nehereus). By ©. B. Setna, M.sc., Ph.p. (Cantab.). (With Z plate and 2 LORTALLOUVES \esclSsinacs des 08d Dra get Se ee Oe oe ELE NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF BritiIsH INDIA: BiRDs. Vols. IV., Vaand V1. (New Edn. )a.i2 nee eae FLD PTIOR TAT hice ioa sie'enl nh cd agate bole he esse aa See ene ae eee OBITUARY»... Mir Gey IRVAN? jue cee ee ae ee AN SAPPRA LHe iid aly pigs etn eas et See ee eee ReViIbWs —— THE FAUNA oF BritisH INDIA, INCLUDING CEYLON AND BURMA. Repiilia ANE HUDIE00G ee, ee teen ee PAGE 703 [eae Hoy (hoy 7A 824 826 881 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV KO EExXE-BOOK OF HLEMENTARY- ZOOLOGY .ss..... fier .ces 0s BOTANISCHE .VERSUCHE OHNE APPARATH......:..cccccccce MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— i. GE Ve GONE XV. Wh. roy I. XVII. Age of Animals. By H. N. G. Acharya, B.A., F.z.s. Tiger killing Swamp Deer or Gond (Rucervus auvaucei2). joy Capt, I. WW. Hearsey..n..... The Persian Panther (P. pardus saxicolor) in Baluchistan. “By kh. J: Pocock, BoR.G..-..4.2 nse Use of artificial light in Panther shooting. By IRE MG NEOEERIS) LE ZeScue es cae sae eset cane Leber er Aneeee An Albino Chital (427s axis). By G. Atkinson... Vitality of Bison mauled by a Tiger. By R. C. NEOUS ges Gunn Si, Mer ent sh conaaien «Mae etcne ee eernne eee Unerupited Tusks of Elephants. By R. C. Morris, EV Zee enna bree atts st sue Medes datisce nT ren a eee ens Game Preserves and Miacnliont photography. By NPG NNOGIS p25 Sigs ree Se a en Ne noe ee some Andaman Birds. By B. B. Osmaston, ¢.1.R. Notes on the Birds of Baluchistan. By Col. eek IN Olah Old ae nein ere Teak pete eae eee Bulbuls in Calcutta and its Suburbs. By N. B. Dutt. Migration of Paradise Flycatcher ( 7chitrea paradist). Died wh eee Dales moments atone ee. eoertion Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) attacked by Larvee of Parasitic Fly. By Ore Wie Canis Hale Scare, AG eee ee ean oe ee cee Occurrence of the Nukta or Comb Duck (Sarkidzor- nis melanotus) in the Larkana District, Sind. By ee eam iomle le 1s C See. 5 5 sarees sacl teens en ee ee Occurrence of the Bronze-capped or Falcated Teal (Zunetta falcata) in Kutch. By Maharaj Kumar RYOTE (eae Tai 2) 2 062 ar a en Occurrence of the Bronze-capped or Falcated Teal (Aunetta falcata) in Burma. By C. EH. Milner..... Occurrence of the Golden Eye (Glauctonetta clangula) in the Champaran District. By A.C. fel ail A Otte aetna e Riisletnce hers cceleaNeaaitinet nace ontt: Occurrence of the Smew (Mergus albellus) in Sind. Bye el elves cri IC Kr ©, Ohasece tia coMece Merete ee eee at Soy 898 899 ogg 899 300 Vili CONTENTS OF VOLUME XAXT, XIX. Comparative frequency of Fantail, Pintail and Jack Snipe near Bangalore. By Canta BE. BaGe & Searels, 5d meer sete eciae ta ay Renee en ee Sac Rshes eo XX. Disease among Crows. By Samsar Chand Koul.. XXJ. Migration of Wild Fowl. The Society’s Bird- Rin ome Schemicin. ees cee ae a XXII. Tucktoo versus Dhaman. By HE J.- Curran RAs ME, Coty Wicd ak anutoneteeed obs Ses ee es ee ee er ee XXIII. The Fat-tailed Lizard (Aublepbharis hardwickit). By JANe *Omial es ee oe ee ; XXIV. Some notes on Water Monitors in the Garo Hills, Assan. By NE. Pariyeare.s. 5 ue ee XXV. Note on the Fasciolated Rat Snake (Zaments fasctolatus). By Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, 1I.M.s. XXVI. Cannibalism amongst Cobras.. By A. D; Hieckie.=. XXVIII. A note onthe Fishing Industry at Danda. By G. L. Cameron and C, L. Curzai. (With a plate.) XXVIil. The Giant Locust (Saga ehhippigera). By Lt.-Col. J: Ramsay «Painish.). 05h oa ae eee eee XXIX, Termite Fungi. By C: McCann) pins) (1/2ih @ PROLOGT APN)... ees s hoi ee XXX. Note on Zestus chrysomallus (Hub.). By J. A. Yates XX XI. -‘ Butterflies of Lahore’... By DS RY Pure 2. XXXII. Mycalesis anapita, Moore. By O. C. Ollenbach, BESS. CHC -@ et 17@007 eG.) aasnsee so, Se cdne ee eee XXXIII. A Plantago new to the Bombay Presidency. By Rev. He Blatter Occurrence of the Bronze-capped or Falcated Teal (Eunetta falcata) in Kutch and in Burma. ——--—-— ; On the limnwe af the Golden Kye —_—_—_- —_—— ——— = —_—— - ————— the ——- ; Occurrence of Smew in Sind m -~—-——; Disease among Crows’ © 22: ne a e PAGE 657 687 620 688 894 670 671 680 898 899 900 ~ 900 901 | Epitors; Migration of Wild- Fowl. The Society’s Bird- Ringing scheme *: ‘Tucktoo Dhaman se ssie ee -——; The Fat-tailed Lizard (&ublepharis hard- LUTERULY aac ai das ae ; Note on Water Monitors in the Garo Hills, Assam vEVSUS ——. = eee ; he acne. ce Sa oe ee EVANS, BRIGADIER - Butterflies of Lahore } Forsyvty, W.; A useful Type of Mackan (With a diagram.) FRASER, Ligut.-CoL. F.C., EMoS.; 2... 8.2] Indian raz gonflies, Part XXXIX, (With one plate and one text-figure) GHARPUREY, LIEUT.-COL.K.G., I.M.S. ; Note on the Fascio- lated Rat Snake (Zamenis fasctolatus) : A correction HARMAN, A. C.; Occurrence of the Golden Eye (GJaucio- netta clangula) in the Cham- paran District... 33 on HeARSEY, CaprT:. .: D:-W.; Tiger killing Swamp Deer or Gond piace duvau- cellt) : “eae oe Hickin, A. D.; ~ Cannibalism amongst Cobras — Hie GiIns,.J.C.:C.5.: The Malay Bear ( With a photo er -—— ; Note on the Breeding of the Indian Moor- hen (Gallinula chloropus parvitrons) ai an ; Early arri- val of the Fantail Snipe Hurram, W. T. E.; Case of recovery from the bite of a Phoorsa (#chis carinata) INGLIS, CHARLES M., F.Z.S., DE) 1) OBO. eh hee Distribution of the Eastern Grey Duck (Anas pecilor- hyncha zonorhyncha) W. H. — 685, Pace 901 901 903 905 909 914 672 645 906 899 885 906 673 686 687 688 687 EIST OF CONTRIBSUTORS KHANNA, LPs Mosc... 1 L.s: ; Cotyledcnary Vegetative Re- production in Mango (J/an- gifera indica, Linn.) (With a diagram) ; Bais are. KINNEAR, N. B., M.B.O.U. ; see Whistler, Hugh. KouL, SAMSAR CHAND; Disease among Crows ... LAMBRICK, H, T:, I.C. Ss. OG: currence of the Nore or Comb Duck (Sarkidiornts melanotus) in the Larkana District, Sind ... me - Occurrence of the Smew (Mergus albel- Jus) in Sind . LA PERSONNE, V.S.,M. B. O. U. ; Description of the armature plumage of the Indian Pra- tincole or Swallow Plover (Glareola m.maldivarum) ... Law, SATYA CHURN. Place of the Java sparrow. (Munia oryzivora, L.) in the Indian avifauna LINDBERG, K. ; Snakes on the Barsi Light Railway (Dec- can) ae i: McCanv, C., F. ok S. ; Notes on the Nesting-habits ontne Red- vented Bulbul (Molpastes cater) si fey ae —— Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) attacked by Larvee of Parasitic Fly Termite Fungi (With a photograph). MibEARD! Wwe ms FiZs 2 See BLATTER, E. MILNER, C. E. ; Occurrence of the Broaze-capped or Fal- cated Teal (Lunetta falcata) in Burma Moni, DR. SIR ian a ioe SHpbIL, Kel bea Pe, Ds, C.LE., Lb3D:;; Notes ‘on Persian, African and Indian Lions in the First Century after Christ PAGE 900 895 900 686 683 690 680 897 309 899 496 Moork, J. PERCY ; How abund- ant are Land Leeches ? Morris, R. C., F.Z.S. ; Use of artificial light in Panther- shooting : fat — + ace lity of Bison mauled by a Tiger ae - Un- erupted Tusks of Ele- phants : ees —- — Game Preserves and Flashlight Pho- tography oe, NORTON, Com i; Noa on the Birds of chiocan OBITUARY. MISS JOAN PROCTER — GEORGE MICHAEL RYAN OLLENBACH, O. C.: TUN COIESts anapita, Moore! (With a text-figure) OntIAL, J. N., The Fat- fnled Lizard (eublepharis hara- W2CK11) ce ee “ae OsMASTON, B. B. ; Some Anda- man Birds a sas PARANDEKAR, ©§. A., M.Sc.% (Puccinia heliantht). Schwr. Syd. A Rust Fungus on the Sun Flower (Fe/ianthus annuus). (With a diagram). PARRY, N. E.; Some notes on Water Monitors in the Garo Hills, Assam ae sa Pocock, R. I., F.R:S.; The Rhesus macaques (A7/acaca mulatta) (With a plate and two teat-figures) oie The Black and Brown Bears of Eurcpe and Asia. Part I (With 11 teat-figures) —. “+= — The Persian Panther (P. pardus saxicolor) bis ae PRATER: soo, Hi. (CLM. Z Ss. > Double Nests of the Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus) .. PROCTER, MISS JOAN, Obituarial notice of al PaGE 701 887 888 879 Ss 903 891 916 903 530 681 663 xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PAGE Puri, D. R.}; Butterflies. of Lahore O13 Ral, HARDIT Sinise M. Sin The Shell Fisheries of the Bombay Presidency (With 5 plates and ? text-figures) ... 826 READE, L.L.; Rogue Bleanante in the Khasi Hills... sie 674 REVIEWS :— | 1. Short History of the Ceylon Game and Fauna Preserva- tion Society ... Re wee. 605 2. Butterflies of Lahore eee. HOOy 3. Ostrea cucullata. The Lombay Oyster... 667 4. An Introduction to eiace Physiology ... a wee. (008 5. A Book of Man-eaters ... 668 The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. I: -... : 881 A Text-Book of Plementary Zoology a on 5082 Botanische Ventana: Ohne Apparate... i 883 SCHMIDT, JOHANNES: Re Appeal — Freshwater Eels in British India a 880 SEARIGHT, Capt. E. E.G. ie Comparative frequency of Fantail, Pintail and Jack Snipe near Bangalore wv. aO0 SETNA, S. B., M. Sc., Pu. D. (Cantab.); Fishing for ‘ Bom- bay Duck’ (Harpodon nehe- reus) (With 1 plate and 2 text-figures) ... 867 SINCLAIR, RONALD,. FE. R G. S. Do Lions still exist in Pe eee 671 SmitH, Marcotm A. Some Notes on the Moaitors (W2zth a plate) ... ve sa ee) Oba SPENCF, SIR REGINALD, A?., VEC.” F.Z.S.5 Annual Rkeport of the BombayNatural History Society for the year ending 3lst December 1931... 918 SURGUJA, RAMANUJ of; Do Wild Dsgs Hunt and Kill by night? Black Four- horned Antelope ( Z7etraceros guadricornis ) aie TAINISH, LT.-CoL. J. RAMSAY; The Giant Locust (Saga ephippigera) - ‘TUTEIN-NoLTHENIUS, A. C., F.Z.S.; Measurements and Notes on some little-known Ceylon Mammals (With 1 text-figure) Bee on VIJAVARAJJI, H. H. PRINCE MAHARAJ KUMAR’ SHREE, Occurrence of the Bronze- capped or Falcated Teai (Eunetta falcata) in Kutch ... WHISTLER, HvuGuH, F.ZS., M.B.0.U:; The ‘study ° of Indian Birds, Part IX. ( With a plate and a text-figure) The Study of Indian Birds— Migration. (With 1 text- figure) : eae ae and KINNEAR, N. B., M. B. O.U.; The Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats (Ornithological Section) Part I (With 2 maps and 7 ftext- figure) Ps ——_— —-—_ —_ Pax IL WvatTt, M. D. N.; Sex differ- ences in the migration of the Common Teal -(Vefizon » CYECCR) ee aoe a YaTES, J. . Head,, forefoot and skull Fishing Industry at iseeer Plate (A) One of the large boats at Danda.. (B) One of the Danda boats about to set out for the fishing grounds. Funambulus tristriatus, Pl., fio. 4 bee Gecko verticillatus. With a trifid tail produced artificially, Pl., fig. 2 FHlarpodon nehereus or ‘ Bombay Duck’ complete ‘ ddl’ out- (A) A Bombay fisherman’s sail boat as employed in the ‘ Bombay Duck’ fishery di (B) A boat come back a shore with a part of the day’s catch Diagram showing aver- age monthly catch of ‘ Bombay Ducks’ Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Weontate ae teri Gv tailen sila, fis Vivaes : ys me Diagrammatic sketch of specimen with trifid tail. Fig. a. Dorsal surface, fig. b. ventral aspect ; Hlimantopus h. himantopius, Pl. fig. 1 (coloured) es Lbidorhyncha struthersit, fig. 2 (coloured) a Indian Birds, The study of Pl., figs. 1 & 2. Male and Hemale organs of 4 Bird ss as me Fig. 1. Sketch of egg with shell rernoved Pie XVii PAGE 613 807 907 974 657 868 868 -636 641 XvVili Indian Birds, The study of Reproduction of picture by Olaus Magnus (Archbishop of Upsala about 1550) of fishermen standing on the ice drawing in a mixed catch of swallows and fish : orn oe Lagerstremia flos regine, Pl. (coloured). .2 wee Pl., fig. (A) in flower (B) flowers of Leptocoma astatica, foo Pk; te Or i hearer —— zeylonica, Pl., fig. 3 On Ole of, fig. 1 awe ues ——_—_ -—_——- Pl, fig. Limosa lapponica Jlapponica, Pl., fig.’ 2 Loligo, sp. fig. Loranthus cuneatus. Pollen grains, fig. 4 —— longitlorus. Pollen grains, fig. 4 ... scurrula, Pollen grains, fig. 4 ... Luisia evangeline. Bi macrantha. Pl. ey as truncata. PI. i or rep Macaca mulatta mcmahoni. Pl; upper fie. Fig. of skull -—— mulatta. PI, lower fig. Fig. of skull Machan, a_ useful (with a diagram) Mangitera indica, Diagram Meretrix inpudica Molpastes cater. Pi. fis: 3 Mycalesis anapita. 3 Fig. type of PAGE 574 915 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Mytilus smaragadinus. Plate V., ie. 4 Natica ala papilionis. Plate V., fig: 3 Nervilia infundibulttolia. Pale ek Are ——— monantha. Pi: te ee on} Numentus arguata arguata. Pie. le Ostrea discoidea. Fig. 1 Right valve removed. Fig. 2 Shell of Ostrea gryphoides. Shell of, Plate III Internal organs (soft parts) Pastor voseus. Pl ios3 Pecten townsend. Plate fic. /, right Ploceus philippinus. Figs. 1 & 2. Nests Prioneris sita. PI., Dry and. wet forms ... a we Be Puccinia helianthi on Helian- thus annuus, fig. Purpura carnitera. Plate V, fig. 1 : Saccolabium flabellitorme. Sepia, sp. fig. Shell- Fisheries Clam Fishing Clam net Plate I. Plate II. Sterculia colorata, Pl. (coloured) ne Pine A. in dewer., ». Pl. fig. B., flowers, of Pl. fig. 2, flowers of Tapes pinguts Tellina edentula. Plate fig. 7, top left Termite fungi. Photo Turdoides somervillet. Plo fig. 1 ; Umbonium vestiarium. Plate V, fig. 2 — season INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS xix PaGE PAGE Ursus malayanus (with a Vernay scientific survey of photo)... ae es. tee OFS India :— Varanus flavescens, Pl. fig. 3 Sketch map of Southern Head of is oe Soe LG India ... ree ete tL ———— monttor, Pl. figs. 1 & 2 Map to illustrate the dis- Heads of sa) ae ee OG tribution of the Races —— nebulosus, Pl. fig. 4 of Machlolophus xan- Head of ae ae ee song thogenys oe ee! BOZ0 —— salvato7y, Pl. fic. 5 Zosterops pal pebrosa. Head of oe vt a OLG Tongue of, fig. 2 ne ee AT ERRATA Vol. XXXV, Nos. 3 & 4 Page II (contents) line 15 for creca read crecca. SIZ ,, 18 for philipinus vead philippinus. ,, 29 for peciioryncha vead pecilorhyncha, ,, 30 for zonoryncha vead zonorhyncha. 1 for macrorynchos vead macrorhynchos, 2 for macrorynchos macrorynchos vecd macrorhynchos macrorhynchos. 2 from bottom for leucogastar vead leucogastra. 33 for Biandford read Blanford. 27 for Osmasten 7ead Osmaston. 7 for creca read crecca. 20 for peeciloryacha zonoryncha vead peecilorhyncha zonorhyncha. 13 /or piscotor read piscator, 10 for arquatas vead arquata, ll from bottom for pheoceps read pheeopus. OU ae for Otocampsa read Otocompsa. 9 for Pelicanus vead Pelecanus. INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE Acampe excavata 495 ———-- preemorsa 495 -- wightiana : 495 Achalarus bifasciatus casyapa 630 —_——___-—_——_—— liliana ... 630 Acinopus leevigatus 862 Acridotheres tristis 578, “585, 588, 59, 593, 596, 604 Actinor radians §33 Adhatoda vasica 596 AEgithina nigrolutea 2 ete 0 ——-—— tiphia 584, 590, 603 -——_—__- ——_——- humei ... 749, 750, 751 —-—_—__——__- ——- multicolor FOU; 751 ————_———-- tiphia... 750, 751 A®luropus melanoleucus 774 Aerides crispum 490 ———- guttatum 490 - lindleyana 490 - lineare 490 -————- maculosum 490 - praemorsum 495 = - radicosum 490 - - ringens 490 - retusa 490 - tessellatum 494 - wightianum ; 494 Afromachus inachus mae 632 AEschynomene coccinea : 590 AXthiopsar fuscus. 578, 585, 588, 593, Sheleyy 604 AXthopyega siparaja is ... 604 So vigorsi. "574, 580s 505, 592, 598, 599, 604 Agama tetradactyla 618 Ailuropoda melanoleuca 774 Albama argillacea JIS Albizzia moluccana 911 Alcippe bourdilloni 748 - poioicephala brucei 748 — - - poioicephala 747 Amandava amandava ... 893 Amara (Leiocnemis) pimalaicn 863 Ameiva ... ae ne ee 619 PacE Amherstia nobilis 575, 602 Anacardium occidentale ene Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha 687 Anguilla spp. : 880 Anthocephalus cadamba 896 Anthornis melanura 601 Anthus trivialis 857 Apatura lindleyana 484 -- montana 484 Apaturia senilis 484 Sere os HOON IAL HE oye) 484 Apharitis lilacinus 626 Aphnaeus ictis : 914 Aplosteltis fla bellifanmnis i? font a 724 Aporia soracte 667, 913, 914 Appias albina 698 ——.- darada 698 -- + libythea libythea. ... 698 Araschnia levana 200/, 913 sold Arca sp, - 829, 844 Arcticonus thibetanus .. LIS Arethusa plicata ad, Argya caudata caudata... 740 ———— eclipes 740 ——--_—_—— huttoni 740 malcolmi 740 -———- subrufa ee .. = 740 Argynnis aglaia on O0/s Slow oie —--—— _ maia 913 Arhopala : et 911 ——-——- amblypodia ... Sat ——- --—— ganesa ganesa 626 ——-—— rama rama 626 ——-—— (Amblypodia) dodoncn 626 Aristolochiz aristolochiz 583 Astur badius 636 Athene brama 893 Atractaspis wilsoni 566 Augiades brahma 633 Axis axis 888 Azanus jesous gamra 624 - ubaldus 623 - uranus 623 Badamia exclamationis 630 Xxii Baoris discreta himalayana bevani bevani guttatus bada --——~———-——- guttatus mathias mathias sinensis sinensis zelleri colaca Barringtonia racemosa Bauhinia purpurea ———_ racemosa Bembidion insidiosum . palaciosi —— waziristanum Bibasis sena sena Bletia dabia -- masuca Bombax insigne ... malabaiicum ... Bougainvillea laterita - spectabilis Brachypternus aurantius ——— Brachypteryx atriceps Brachypus gularis ——_——— xantholamus Bruguiera gymnorhiza Bryophyllum calycinum Buchanga longa ——- cinerea Bufo melanostictus Bungarus ceeruleus. Butea frondosa ——-- superba Calanthe emarginata ——_——-- masuca ————-- versicolor wightii Calicnemis chromothorax Callophis trimaculatus ... Calosoma maderz Calotes versicolor Calotropis gigantea — procera Calycopteris floribunda Canna indica Caprona ransonnettii pouphee! Cardium sp. Carduelis caniceps Careya arborea ... — benghalensis .. INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE 852, DL/3.0775 691,693; 839, 489, 634 634 634 634 634 633 634 093 589 590 862 864 862 629 486 485 SYR, 5/9 598 598 585 604 748 758 7oo 758 602 602 587 587 696 691, 692, 693, 694, 696, 697 587 588 485 485 485 485 654 696 862 695 594 Soo 592 602 631 845 893 592 Carolinea sp. Carpodacus erythrinus Toscana! Castalius rosimon rosimon Catachrysops cnejus —— ——_——-- strabo Ceiba pentandra Celzenorrhinus leucocera Tedcoeete ae -~munda ... - pulomaya Cephalandra indica Cephalopoda sp. Cerastes cornutus Ceratopsis rosea ... Certhia spilonota Ceryle rudis Chaetoprocta odata Charadrius himantopus mongolus Cheirostylis flabellata kanarensis ... Chilochista glandulosa Chirocentrus dorab Chilades laius laius Chleenius hamifer lederi 5 ——-—— tenuelimbatus Chlamydotis undulata Chloropsis aurifrons —— —rs — insularis . —— jerdoni Chrysomma Sinensis - sinensis Chrysopelea ornata Cinnyris gutturalis ————— osea ———— pectoralis —— — rhizophoree —— spp. Cocos nucifera Coeliccia bimaculata — — chromothorax ———— didyma ———— fraseri ——— loogali ————_ loringee —_—— poungyi ————- renifera -————. vacca ee ea Aeon “584, 7951, | 584, 603, — hypoleucus Pace Xb MdDSO 582, 585, 604 620 914 623 602 630 630 630 895 ae GZS 569, 572 729 760 897 625 475 856 731 732 488 908 622 862 862 862 Re dio OF! 603, 896 752 752 752 603 745 745 902 580 600 604 579 601 601 647 654 650 655 652 651 653 648 647 584, INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Coelomys bicolor ae te jeer OOS —_——— mayorl ae ae Bee 0S) Ccelopeltis moilensis 565 —— monspessulana_... RO Coereba bahamensis oe 980, 583 Coladenia dan fatih ... ane sie OL Coluber dahlii 556,.5595, 571 -diadema 55/7, O71) - helena 691, 692, 693, 694, 695 — jugularis 08, O71 — ravergieri Sod. o7 1 — ventrimaculatus 900,857! Contia collaris 001s 502, Of 1 - coronella S015. 571 ——-—- decemlineata SO. o - persica 02, 071 Copsychus saularis 584, 603 Coracias vagabunda ... és fee. old Cordia sebestena ve ae .. «= B24 myxa ue ee vee a Oe Coronella brachyura 691, 692, 693, 694, 695 Corvus andamanensis ... we eo oul -corone... oon Sar ey er OOis ———-- coronoides eee Ole - enca compilator om ee OLS - levaillanti _ ie O10 - macrorhynchos Cragin ahs eee ema) yk a ——-——-culminatus ... 510, plz —_———— ———-- ——intermedius... 512 ——- —— —_ —- macrorhyn- chos 012. O13, 004, 998,590, 003 —- monedula 855, 893 ———- - protegatus ar = fi OS - rufus 514, 515 - splendens aplendene 513, 584, 588, ee 996, 603, 900 ——-- tenuirostris a ie OS - zugmayeri oe ae es) - Sp. i a ea a Lous Coryllis vernalis ... Ae ai ... 604 Cossyphus caudatus ... ee (one. 720 Cottonia macrostachya 494 Crateropus cachinnans ie wes O24 ——-delesserti ... aS. era OeS ——- terricolor sindianus ASSa war Gte! Criniger ictericus om is seep OE Crocidura macropus ... es a OZ —--—— miya... 612 Sxill PAGE Crypsirina pallida ee ee Hibant Lo COTTA 2 aise 53 ae, O08 Cuminum cyrnium a oe a) US Curetis acuta dentata ... ane ae! O28 - bulis 625 Cursorius cursor a oe -. 804 Cylindrophis maculatus es oa A617 —— rufus wit sale se Oe Cymbidium aloifolium ... ae eer aoe ~ ——-~ bicolor 488 ——_———- preemorsum ee foe G05 ———_-- tenuifolium ae 491, 492 -—_—_—_ ——- tessellatum as .. 494 ———_-——- tesselloides ae ww. 494 —— - triste re ee sw AO) Cymindis glabrella me rot tu GOO Cyprea sp. sie $$. aos we Ord Cyrtoptera fusca ae as oo. 487 ——- mysorensis ... = eae 487 ————_ nuda... sae ae ihe BO —— per ; 487 Daboia xanthina... Se oF sass SOW Delias eucharis sce on 983, 914 Delichon urbica ... a .. 894 Dendrocitta formosze eeciaenete eee es iY) ~_—--————-— sarkari ... sco. OA ———-—— leucogastra se rem post ———-——- occipitalis ro tite ONG ———_- —— rufa... ... 014, 584, 603 —_—_—-- —---- —— vernayi ie ss = SLO —__+ ——-- rufigaster es 516 ——_—_-——-- vagabunda sis ase Ae ——— —— pallida 5J5 ——————_—_——_———-——- parvula oo, 016 —_—_—_—_—_ —_ vagabunda 514, 515 —— vernayi ee ee Dendrocycna javanica 685, 686 Deudoryx epijarbas ancus 628 Diczeum erythrorhynchum. 577, 582, 590, 592 599, 602, 604 ‘Dicrurus coerulescens ... ae tcc © OU - macrocercus ... . 984, 587, 603 Diplocentrum congestum 495 Dipisadomorphus trigonatus 691, 692, 693, 694, 696 Dissemurus paradiseus ... sie jae OL Dosina sp. eee ae 829 Draco dussumieri ie eae wen (GLE maculatus a ae er od norvilli 617 Dracophyllum longifolium ... vera Ul xxiv | INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Dromas ardeola ... ee a w. =: 644 Dumetia albigulare ... soe wath = 2 OE albogularis... oe, Sse IOUS — hyperythra abuensis . 744 a - albogularis .. 7/44 ~—— hyperythra ae: 743 Duranta plumieri ‘ 597 Echis carinata 552, 553, 870, 572, 688, 691, 692, 693, 694, 696 ——-schistosa ... ae a ee p.oS Elaphus indicus ... re Bhs ne. 0/4 Elathea ... sae ee nae Soe OO --jocosa... ... 084, 591, 596, 603 Emberiza cia a sie ea SenrOu Enhydrina schistosa ... JO), DOO nOn2 —.- valakadyen am f3 OOS Epidendrum pendulum... — .. 488 — premorsum ek ws 495 ——_—- retusum ... = .. 490 aa tessellatum se ww. 494 Epipactis carinata ee _ ne, feu ——-~-—— plicata bes ee vou e eal CL Epipogum nutans of aes ss 120 ——- roseum ony tee some feo Erica sp. ... : mes ae aie. OL Erionota thrax fran wets ate seme wOG2 Erismatura leucocephala a aoe) 1607, Erythrina blakei ... sus me Serger store: ——_——-- crista-galli.... re 583, 586 achive yy. wee +; 0/0) 083, 586 ——_-—-- lithosperma ... oe os OA —_——- stricta at me Sale ROO --——_—-—- subumbrans... We So WOOL, Eryx conicus 56 e 691,693, 694 ——- jaculus ed ee 691, 693, 694 - familiaris ... ee 504,57 1 Euaspa milionia ... ve ee soe. O20 Eublepharis hardwickii sus one OOS -——- macularius ses se SUS eee ficifolia a4 ee Se wersts,) globulus ... “o 593, 603 Euchrysops cnejus ae ae mas FOZ) ——- pandava Peale en O20) Eudynamis scolopaceus ps 585, 604 Eugenia jambolana ... uae on ee Odd — jambos ... a a eee tle Eulophia brachypetala ... ae ere =, 480 —-campestris... oe ASO ————-- carinata ae oS Shean ole ———-hemileuca ... or w. 486 o———- herbacea if Pe Pe heys) Eulophia nuda —- ochreata —- pratensis = =a as ee amentaces: —- ramentosa —- rupestris —-virens ... Eumeces punctatus Hunetta falcata... Euthalia garuda... Everes argiades diporides dipora Felis leo persicus Feroculus feroculus macropus Ficus religiosa - retusa Firmiana colorata Fringilia n:ulticolor Funambulus palmarum pennanti tristriatus Galera nutans rosea Gallinago gallinego Gallinula chloropus pare fOne Garrulax delesserti jerdcni Gecko verticillatus Gegenes nostradamus Gentiana lowndesii Geodorum densiflorum ———— — dilatatum -———--——._ purpureum Glareola m. maldivarum Glaucionetta clangula Glauconia macrorhynchus Gloriosa superba Gmelina arborea Golunda ellioti newera ... Gonepteryx zaneka Grevillea robusta Gymnoris xanthocollis ... Habenaria goodyeroides — lawii x —————- — peristyloides —————. stenostachya —— —— stocksii = ae SUSAN aS. Pace o79; 979, 685, 657, 661, 487 485 486 486 486 486 486 618 &99 914 621 621 671 612 612 581 600 ey) 75) 586 586 586 729 729 687 686 523 524 902 634 861 487 487 487 686 879 554 602 997 610 610 621 603 604 foo 735 734: 734 735 . 736 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Habenaria torta ates os 2225735 -—— wightii ae 735 Heemadispa z. montivindicis ... en ah OZ Heematornis luteolus Thee) Halpe moorei a DOr Harpalus confinatis 863, 865 - -- melaneus 862 Harpodon nehereus 867 Hasora alexis alexis bee 2029 Helarctos malayanus 1134 110 Helianthus annuus ee 916 Heliophorus androcles coruscans 624 odaoda ... ae ve 624 (Ilerda) sena 624 Hemidactylus flaviviridis 657 a gleadovii 661 leschenaulti 695 Heodes kasyapa 624 - phloeas flavens .. 624 ——_——-———- indicus . 624 ————__—__——- timeus ... ‘ a LOet -—-— (=Chrysophanus) pavana ... 624 Hesperia galba et a 403. — alpina cashmirensis ous - O32 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 574, 580 Himantopus himantopus Hanentopte A75 Horaga onyx onyx On -- viola a os 627 Horornis pallidipes osmastoni =e eke Hyarotis adrastus praba 632 Hydrophasianus chirurgus ne 893 Hydrophis cyanocincta 565, 566 —— lapemoides 566 ——_-——- ornata 566 —— spiralis ii O60 Hypothymis azurea 585, 603 Hypsipetes ganeesa a Oo Ibidorhyncha struthersii 480 Innuus sancti-johannis 546 Iole icterica oe ete ee AOL Iraota timoleon Hinbleont 626 Jambosa vulgaris 593 Jamides bochus bochus 623 ———— celeno celeno 623 Jynx torquilla 643 Kittacincla macroura al pivenee a Sok Lacerta agilis 660 -- dracena 619 -- longicauda 619 ——-- punctata 618 -- varia 618 + XXV PAGE Lager: troemia flos-reginze 527 -- indica 529 Lampides (Polyommiatus) beeticus ... 623 Lanius rufus 514 - schach de aronots ae 585, 603 Lapemis curtus .. 566 Larus ridibundus 694 Lebia sp. 862 Leonotis Repetto 602 980, 581, 582, 585, 587, 988, 589, 590, 591, 592, 993, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 602, 604 Leptocoma asiatica, Leptocoma asiatica brevirostris 590, 594 - lotenia, 976, 580, 505, O99, 604 ———_——-- minima, 580, 592, 594, 597, 598. 600, 604 ee - zeylonica, 580, 581, 582, 585, 587, 988, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 602, 604 Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus. 554, 571 Leucocirca pectoralis 584, 603 Licinus corustes 862, 864 Limnodromus taczanowskius cc. «6— FL ‘Limodorum bicolor 486 -——-- densiflorum 487 ———---——- ramentaceuin 486 ———- -- ——_ recurvum 487 —-——-- roseum 729 Limosa Bice Si cote ELIS - lapponica lapporica — teh oe TL ——- limosa limosa ... a 713 ‘ -- melanuroides ... 415 Lobelia sp. ae Loligo sp. 829, 846 Lonicera sp. 602 Loranthus acaciz cae OUD —————--- cuneatus 599, 601 ——_——-- langeniferus .. §98 ———\—--- longiflorus 598, 601 ————--- loniceroides... 598 ———- -- obtusatus 599 Se SCUTTna fois 601 ——_—_——_ — —_——__ var. cordifolia 599 Loriculus vernalis ad ei cae e OOS Luisia evangelinz 493 macrantha 492 pseudotenuifolia 492 tenuifolia 49? xxvi PAGE Luisia teretifolia truncata .. Luminitzera cocunea Lyceena astrarche - eros ariana - galathea galathea ———- pheretes lehana - (Heodes) irmeze Lyceenopsis alboccerulea ——-——-- argiolus coelestina ... ——_-—— -- cardia dilecta huegelii huegelii ——_——--- puspa gisca . —-——-- (Cyaniris) een Lycodon aulicus re Lygosoma punctatum ... Lytorhynchus diadeina cae S61, Mabuia carinata .. Macaca brachyurus - erythreea OBR — mulatta... 330, 033,040, —_—._ —-— ——-- lasiotus ———_— —_-——- mcmahoni —___ ——-——-- sancti-johannis 546, ———- -—- —— tcheliensis -—-—~-- —-——-- villosa... -~- nemestrina nce O52, =- oinops —-——- radiata soe -- siamica ... Macacus rhesus .. 530, 533, ———- SHEE 539, Machlolophus s. subviridis sou. ——- xanthogenys aplonotus. ee - travancor- enlsis ....020, a es - xanthoge- nys ae Macropisthodon plumbicolor... 691, 692, . 694, Macrorhamphus griseus un —-- semipalmatus Malacocercus albogularis ~-——— terricolor.,. malabaricus Malpolon moilensis 565, ——.-——-- monspessulana 564, Mangifera indica Margatifera sp. .. Martes flavigula ... .. 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 738 491 491 603 G226 §22 622 622 697 621 621 0217 621 621 621 696 618 of 1 695 536 535 548 548 544 549 550 | 30%; 536 Syels) Sot ao 543 543 921 519. Sal 520 693 695 719 719 744 738 872 572 917 845 579 INDEX OF SPECIES Pace Melanarctos arctos lasiotus ... ee OOD, od - cavifrons... i.; 798, 799, 801 Meliteea didyma ... 913, 914 ——--— trivia 914 Melursus ursinus .. 7/3776 Mergus albellus ... 900 ~-SErrator ... 893 Meretrix impudica 831 meretrix F ech Ow ——- sp. : 829, 830, 846 Merula nigropileus see) 586, 603 Metabletus ephippiger ... 863, 865 — fuscomaculatus 863. Metrosideros lucida 601 Microcephalophis gracilis 566 Micropalama taczanowskia 7A: Microptera maculata 488 viridiflora : we «=» 488 Microscelis psaroides ganeesa 603, 753 a — humii 754 Microtarsus poioicephalus 759 Millingtonia hortensis ... 595 Mixornis gularis rubricapilla 747 Molpastes bengalensis ... 894 ————- cafer. 584, 591, 596, 600, 603; 680 aa bengalensis 755, 756 -—_—_—_—_—_——. cafer 754, 755 -—______-——- intermedius we 258 —__-_—___-— pallidus oe eeu ae ——_—_-——_—-——. saturatus 754, 755 —— ——-——— heemorrhous pallida... 755 Monochilus affine wi 73 -- flabellatum ues aves — - longilabre... vee FSA Moringa oleifera 582 Motacilla emeria she OE ——-—— rubicapilla ne ee ——--—— tiphia... 751 Mucuna pruriens... vee) ee -Munia oryzivora ... 683 Musa paradisiaca 602 ——- sapientum ... 602 ——-— textilis Bey (81) 7 -Muscicapula tickelliz .., 585, 603 _ Mycalesis anapita peri s oeule ——-——- perseus mercies Mylarctos Sr na ae ——--———- pruinosus 779, 793, 795, $07- Myrmarctos 778 Mytilus sp. as 829, 844 Nacaduba ardates 623 INDEX OF SPECIES XXvii PAGE PAGE Nacaduba dubiosa indica jue ... 623 | Pachystoma sessile ae eed .. «©4684 — -—-- nora.. fee ie OO - smithianum ie . ~ 484 ————--- noreia hampson ed 623 | Padraona dara dara. ... ss erage, Naia tripudians . 691, 692, 693, 694, 696 | Pamphila comma dimila ed Sie OOO Naja morgani a 35; 000; 566, 572 | Panthera pardus saxicolor = en aoSO Natica sp. . : op ie 829, 846 | ————-tigris ... a vee ae 1. O70 Natrix feceellatds oe me 559, 571 | ——-—— spp... mir sr vee - 495 Neottia sinensis ... as 4 ...- 730] Parus jerdoni a pee ver 920 Nerodia piscator... ... 691, 692, 693, 694 | -—— major cncchiminena oF . ~-o918 Nervilia aragoana re a) we 729 | ——- Cinéreus- .., es ee Oe ————biflora ... ee ae .. «6 726 | —- mahrattarum it Ly SOLO, Oo ———carinata....... ia we «729: | -—-~ nipalensis ... a 518, 519 —hallbergii eae tne | Pies . 726 | ——- ziaratensis ... sue) eee OLS -————hispida ... a ..- 728 | ——- nuchalis ... ae ane So Ot) : eS infunaibulizolia: at ... 725 | ——-Sinmensis ... we = vee =A ———juliana ... ae wad ... 726 | Passer domesticus we O85, 604, 636:.853 -—————-— monantha ee Mae .. 724 | ---——-hispaniolensis ... oes Rete) —plicata ... es Bae ... 727 | Pastor roseus 578, 585, 593, 604, 860 Nettion crecca ... ; ... 680 | Pathysa antiphates naira sande ee UU Notocrypta Feletnamielil aie i O62 4 sLectenisp, oi oe ne $29, 845 Nucifraga sp. te ie Soo) Felecamissp., 22 as .. 894 Numenius arquata arauata as 705, 707 | Pellorneum ruficeps ¢ ann a ww. 746 = ——_ lineatus ... ee LOL oe — TuUneeps ae: #20 tee orientalis ici ... 707 | Peristylus elathus wT dei iw. fae pee HUMUeNIIS |... cn .. 704 | ——-—— goodyeroides... vee iat ted oo) ——-— pheopus pheopus... 709, 711 | ——-——- lawii ... Fe ae a 435 —_—_-____-__ yarievatus 711 | -——-—— plantagineus .., ae va 735 Odontoptilum angulata... ©... .... 631 | ————- spiralis... ve Se eS (Ecophylla smaragdina ... sai = = Ol) == stendstachyus oe bate Oe Orchis susanne ... es os ww. 736 | ————: stocksii ue ah a 2 {88 -Oriclus criolus kundoo ... ee 585, 604 | —— - xanthochlorus , sia eco — - xanthornus a see 585, 604 | Phajus albus Y sft rr we = 485 Orthotomus sutorius. .. 585, 603 | Phalacrocorax sp. Ves ie ... - 642 Oligodon arnensis me 691, 692, 693, 695 | Pheropsophus catoirei ... 4. 1, 863 < — teeniolatus ... 691, 692, 693, 695 | Philcetherus socicus... vas ehoos Osiris arborea... ve ae “=. °o89 | Phoentcopterus ruber ... ea .. 894 Ostrea cucullata... 1a aes 668, 835 | Phoenicurus frontalis ... ins .. 854 discoidea ... ov he .. 835 | Phyllornis jerdoni Bas ae Hae LOZ edulis er Koi = ... 668 | Piprisoma agile ... se is whe 4400 gry phoides we cee a. 850 1|) Pithectis brevicatidus ... - 533, 536 -rivertans ... ise oe Piss (ucts --littoralis ibe 2; 540, 546 SPe. ses Bs ae sth ... 829.) ————villosus ... ma tds BEE’) Otocompsa emeria 2 : ns 895 | Placuna placenta... rae ste 829, 845 - flaviventris Aee entris ... 757 | Plantago exigua ... ots ve va OS —- jocosa abuensis_... .. 757 | —~—-—— pumila... ... = i LS —_—_ - emeria zo 756, 757. | ——-—— psyllium wee ee ae) ts) —— ——— - fuscicaudata “s+ 700:| === rosetana ae ae we OS Pachystoma edgeworthii ae .. 484 | ————— stricta ... me os Fo aoo lindleyanum a .. 484 | Platanthera robusta... ae ... 136 —— montanum... oe ww. «= 484 ——- stenostachya &, ie Oe eS senile ‘se es w= 484. | ~ —— -susanne .., me ee foe XX Vill PaGE Ploceus megarhynchus... 683 - passerinus infortunatus = ool --——-- philippinus ...089, 604, 681 Podanthera pallida Hes) Podiceps sp. 642 Pogonia biflora .. 726 ——_——- carinata UES) —— —— flabelliformis ... 729 —— ——. juliana... 726 ——_—— nervilia... ae 729 ———— plicata ... wereear (hi) Poinciana regia ne 970;/558 —<—- ——-—- (Cane icpriC era. 575, 589 Pomatorhinus horsfieldii horsfieldii... 741 -———-——— obscurus ... 742 —_———_-_ _—_——--- melanurus,,. 742 —<—<—<—$__—_—~_ —---- = {ravancore- ensis... 742, 743 Pratapa ( = Camena) icetas icetas 627 Prinia inornata 585, 592, 603, 854 socialis 585, 603 Prioneris sita 700 Prosthemadera novee- Sealandic 601 Psallus seriatus ... wee Psammophis schokari ay 965, 572 Psittacusa krameri 585, 589, 591, 604 Pteropus giganteus ae ae, O70 ——_———_——— —_-— eae e070 Pterygodium sulcatum . : 731 Ptyas mucosus 691, 692, 693, 694, 695 Pucinia helianthi ee POG Purpura sp. ane 829, 846 Pycnonotus aurigaster ... 596 —_— —-—~—- bengalensis 756 ———_——-- gularis 758 ———.——__- intermedius fet aS ————-——-- luteolus 584, 603 —_—- - insulee 759 Eee -luteolus ... 7099 —_——_——-- xantholeemus 758 Pyctorhis sinensis major 745 Pyrrhocorax alpinus 893 Quamoclit coccinea 602 Randia uliginosa 489 Rapala melampus 628 - micans selira 628 - nissa nissa 628 - - Varuna grisea 628 - niviventer 607 Rattus ohiens’s ... i 606 INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE Rattus rattus kelaarti ... se O08 Ratufa gigantea .. 979 Recurvirostra Soren Sreucits 479 Khopalocampta benjaminii benja- minii , Sas 630 Rhopocichla atriceps Rericeoe 748 -—— ——--- bourdilloni 748 -———— -- nigrifrons 749 Rhynchostylis retusa 490 Rucervus duvaucelli 885 Russelia juncéa ... : 594 Saccolabium euniinatenn 495 ---- flabelliforme V22 ——- guttatum ... 490 ——_-—-——. maculatum 488 a paniculatum 490 —_—— papillosum 495 —— preemorsum 495 os ringens 490 a rubruin 490 —_——- speciosum... 490 — viridiflorum Peat: torte) wightianum 490, 495 Saga ephippigera : 908 Salpornis spilonotus magpie: 760 — ——- spilonotus 760 Salvia splendens... os 602 Sarangesa dasahara dasahara 631 ——--——_- purendra 631 Sarcanthus pauciflorus ... 495 - peninsularis 495 Sarcochilus maculatus .. 488 ——- viridiflorus ... 488 Sarkidiornis melanotus ... 898 Satarupa sambara doherty1 630 Saxicola caprata 852 Scarites granulatus ot SZ -- limitaneus 862, 863 Scizenia sp. coe 908 Scolopax arquata 705 -—— ——- lapponica iene, ALO -—————- limosa... 712, 713 — - phzeopus - ae ee LON, Selenarctos thibetanus ... Be everhen ISP Sepia sp. : .. 829, 846, 847 Sesbania Pranciacne 580, 590 Shorea robusta 903 Sinthusa chandrana anandiaae 628 —-——— nasaka pallidior 628 Sitta castanea almore .., 022 ——_—_ ——--—-castanea... 521, 522 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Sitta castanea cinnamoventris ... eee - - prateri 522 —— frontalis corallina ... 923 - frontalis .. Waele solen sp. ... : $29, 845 Sonneratia acida wa 200d Sophora sp. 602 Sorex feroculus 612 Spathodea campanulata She)5 Spelzeus : 778 — cavi fone 798 ————- leuconyx 807 ————- melanarctos 8Q3 -— piscator... 798 Sphodrus indus ... 863 Spindasis elima uniformis 627 ———-~ ictis ictis 627 -——_——- lohita ... ; 627 ——__- himalayanus ... 627 ————- nepalicus nepalicus .. pe O2T —-~- (Aphnezeus) Satente vul- canus . 626 Spiranthes Aistealig 730 sinensis 730 Stachyridopsis rufifrons Amabie ue 747 Stellio punctatus... oe SOLS - salvaquardia 618, 619 salvator : 618 saurus 618 saxatilis 618 tessellatus POLS - thalassinus 618, 619 viridis 618 Sp.. ae Oils Sterculia eoleracas 525,.08 | Stromateus cinereus 908 - ——- niger 9038 Strymon sassanides abs, .. 624 Sturnia malabarica .. 585, 588, 604 Sturnopastor jalla 596 Sturnus v. humei 637 Suastus gremius gremius : 632 Surendra quercetorum quercetorum 626 Syntarucus plinius 623 Tachys tetraspilus 862 Tagiades atticus khasiana 630 ———\-- litigiosa litigiosa 631 ————- menaka 631 Tajuria cippus cippus ... 627 ——-——- longinus 627 Tantalus variegatus aoe aft 711 XXix PAGE Tapes sp. ... .. 829, 830, 846 Taractrocera danna 635 — — mevius flaccus ... 633 Tarbophis fallax iberus 563, 571 Tarucus theophrastus nara 620 Tarucus venosus... : ce OD Tchitrea paradisi “584, 603, 674, 896 Tecoma radicans ; 580 Telicota pythias pembucs ee 083 Temenuchus pagodarum 585, 604 Terias venata ae 914 Terminalia tomentosa ... O11 Terpsiphone paradisi feucop ester 679 ———_——-- paradisi 677 Tetraceros quadricornis 674 Thalarctos maritimus ... 776 Thallasophina viperina 566 Thecla ataxus ataxus 625 - bieti dohertyi 625 = birupa e.. 625 - icana 625 - syla syla... 625. - ziha 625 Thespesia populnea 581 Thunia alba 485 — venosa 485 Timalia hyperythra 743 -- malcolmi 740 -- somervillei 738 -- subrufa . 740 Totanus hypoleucus w. 482 Trichocnemis didyma ... 648, 650 —— — -——-— renifera 648 Trochalopteron cachinnans “eodes --—— -—- —- + —_- cinnamo- meum 524 —___..— jerdoni fairbanki 524 ——_——_—_. ——- jerdoni 524 —— —- ———---—. meridionale 524 Tropidia bellii a 730 Tropidonotus tessellatus 995 Tupinambis texuigin 619 Turdoides somervillei ... 578, 584, “588, 603 a ———— malabaricus 737, 738 ———_——_—_—__ --— sindianus 738 ee somervillei 738 —— terricolor Lets (iste: —_— striatus polioplocamus 738 _— -—— striatus 738 ———-—-— terricolor 584, 603 XXX. PaGE Turdus malabaricus 751 ———-- merula 894 —- nigropileus 603 Typhlops acutus 691, 693, 694 —--—_— braminus §53, 571, 691, 692, 693, 694. -—— -- —— syriacus 5384 -._-——_-- vermicularis 904, 5/71 —_—-———. wilsoni 554 Udaspes folus 632 Umbonium sp. 829, 846 Uroloncha malabarica 585, 604 -— striata 585, 604 Ursarctos ee 778 Ursus arctos arctos 110, 1404 00,2 fO5 beringianus 789, 793, 795, 796 —— caucasicus 787, 788 ———_—_————- collaris “53 —_—— dinniki . 788, 789 — —-———- isabellinus 787, 795, 814 — jeniseensis Fos ——- kolymensis me oo, pes —— lasiotus 779, 795, 796, 793; /99 ——_ marsicanus see OU -———_——_——. meridionalis 787, 788, 789 —- persicus 789 — pruinosus we oO Oud ee shanorum 795, 805 ——_—_-—-—— var. sibiricus 793 —— - smirncvi ... ee sm 409 —_ syriacus 786, 787, 788, 796 _——- yesoensis 779, 799, 803 —— alpinus 780 -—— annulatus a» 480 arctus 775, 814 —— argenteuls 780 ——-— aureus 780 —§— badius Ne or 780 —— arctos baicalensis se 799, 800 —— brunnenus 780 ——. cavifrons 798 ——— crowtheri 780 ——— eversmanni 780 —— ferox 799 — formicarius 780 —._——— fuscus 780 gedrosianus re mo asoe lasistanicus ..«. 788, 789, 790 leusonyx 800, 814 longomyiarius 807 —-— major aT is 780 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Ursus malayanus G13,2775 mandchuricus 794, 796. melanarctos 7) ——— minor fa 789 ——— myrmecophagus 780 ——— niger 780 normalis 787 — norvegicus 780 pamirensis cn ee piscator 194, 199, (902799 polonicus ae wer 180 --—— pruinosus and U. Jagomyiarius and U. clarki 807 -—— pyrenzeus mee eee pyrenaicus 789, 787 rufus 780 schmitzi 786 thibetanus ; Tis torquatus sean Peeks ean // 7h) Vanda parvifolia 494 roxburghii 494 tessellata 404 ——— tesselloides 494 wightiana 495 Vanga flaviventris re osdiads LOU, Varanus bengalensis 616, 618, 619, 905 ——-—-— draccena Pe SW, —-——— dumerilii 616 —-—-———. flavescens 616 -——— griseus ofa iyeiOLG ——.-—-~- monitor 616, 618, 619, 905 ———— nebulosa svind 4 axe paol6 4 niloticus .-« 617, 618, 619 ———— prasinus . Khairpur. Khetri, Raja Sardar Singh Bahadur és ce hetriy Khilchipur, H. H. Durjansal Singh bes . Khilchipur. Kirk-Greene, Mrs. Leslie wa London. Kolhapur, H. H. The Maharaja Lt.-Col. Sir Rania Chhatrapati (G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E.) Kolhapur. Kotah, H. H. The Maharajadhiraj Lt. {Call ‘Sir ined Singhji Saheb Bahadur (G.C.1.E., C.B.E.) ws. eKovah? Lewis, J. Spedan ay sis ae on Ondo, one iG, Rs (ans) oa. ae a ... Woodbridge. Lorimer, Major D. a. R. (Cm. LA) a ... London. Lowndes, Capt. D. G. wes oe ... Lansdowne. Ludlow, F. (M.A., M.B.O.U., I.E.S.) : oo) Srinagar, Lynes, Rear Naaea Herbert (C.B., C.M.G. S) *, London, Mackenzie, J. M. D. (1.F.S.) ... ove ., dtitope. Mandlik, Narayan V. ae ve ... Bombay. Manegrol, The Shaikh Saheb ... see ... Mangrol. Marshall, Arch. McL. 8 bic .. Hagland. Marshall, J. McL.: 2. Sa o 0 scotland: Maxwell, M. ee oes ... Hurope. McConaghy, Lt. Col ron Be (Ms. ) 7S. .. Camberley. Millard, 3a.” We Pin ios. ae eee .. England. Millard, W.S. (#.z:s:) Miraj, Shrimant Sir Gaugeans Rao Garcon as ee Babasaheb Patwardhan (K.C.1.E.) oe ae Mira: Mitenell, TH, El. Gy 7.; sae ae .. England. Montacnon,, Di... ae ee a.) Dibrugarh. Monteath, G. (I.C.S.) ae aes .. England. Morris, Lt.-Col. D. O. Morvi, H. H:.. The Maharaja ‘Sit Lakhdiriji Waghji ’”)’ (K.¢.S.1.) ae ne ENLORVA. Mosse, Lt.-Col. A. H. E. (Co Beh. cA) | es, ... England. Murland, Lt.-Col. H. F. Suntikoppa. Mysore, H.H. The Maharaja Sir Keeanares Too geaat Bahadur (G.¢:S.1.4 G.B.Ey)- 4. ae ... Mysore. LIST OF MEMBERS XXXVil Namjosi, V. K. is aire eels ao Bombay. Naraenji, Dwarkadas Narayanlal Bansilal, Raja — oe Narsingarh, H. H. Raja Vikram Singhji Sahib y)} ») Bahadur a on See .. Narsingarh. Nawanagar, H. H. The Jamsaheb (G.C S.I., C.B.E., BKeCsSi0,) Jamnagar. Nepal, Supradipta Mangeber Genera Sir Month Hine shere Jung Bahadur Rana (K.C.I.E.) ... i. Nepal. Newman, T. H. (F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) i pe OnGOn. Noyce, Sir Frank (1I.C.S.) Eas aie ae > DELI. Nurse, Lt.-Col. C. G. (F.E.S.) ... 6: .. England. Oberholser, Harry C. bit ie ww “Washington, D.C: O’Donnell, C.O. (Benefactor)... ws poe Ue Sak. Ooilvie, G. He (1. F-S.) Set my, ... Rangoon. Olivier Col. 31..8:. (Roms, FZ.S.) tr .. England. Pave, A. J. Ci5.)) ais London. Palitana, H. H. The Thakor nen Bangi Sinhji (CLE) Palitana. Parlakimedi, Shri Shri Shri eebnacnandra Giapatl Narayan Deo, Raja of oes ae ... Parlakimedi. Parlett, L. M. (I.C.S.) .. England. Patiala, H. H. The Manaeaie: Sir Sri Saape naan Singh (G:C.S.1., G.C.LE., G.B.E.) a = Patiala. Patiala, Capt. Rao Raja Birindra Singhj1 Patiala, H. H. Maharaji Kumar Brijindra Singhji Patuek, 2.5: (1.C:S.) Peacock, &.-H.. (BES: ) Pestonji Jivanji (N.c.S.) aii av ... Hyderabad, Dn. ” ie) England. Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji Bombay. Petit, Jehangir Bomanji Rs Phipsonsabe. Mi. G.2:s.) England. Poncins, Viscount Edmund de Prance, Porbundar, H. H. The Maharaja Natwat Sion Bhavsinghji ies ... Porbundar. Radhanpur, H. H. Shebiateidonn ghee .. Radhanpur. Rae, Lt.-Col. M. E. (1.A.) eee wes ... Edinburgh. Rajgarh, H. H. Raja Rawat Sir Brindha Singh (an. Be) a Rajgarh. Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. ‘ Reid, Mrs. D. W. England. Rewa, H. H. The Maharaja Si ‘eulabsnen Banat (K2C.S.0:)) (V2ce-Fatron). ax. os .. Rewa. Ribeiro, J. (L.c.E.) ile ry santa Cruz, Roosevelt, Kermit... re Big ome Welt Roosevelt, Col. Theodore Fe Ross, Major Tyrell England. Roumania, H. M. the King of Roumania. Sanders, Major C. W. Kam ptee. Sanderson, Henry _... U.S.A. Sangli, Meherban Sir SHnmant (GHuES nent ce saheb Patwardhan (K,C.S.1.) ave jae Pang) XXXViii LUST OF MEMBETRS Savile, Sir Leopold (K.c.B.) ... tae re =. JEnoland: Schmid, W. en se ms ... Krenzlingen. Scotts: 1s. ae ae .. scotland. Seton-Karr, Capt. H. W. a a .. England. Smith, A. Kirke Sen ane rp o. Delint: Smith, Maior G. De Heriez ee cs .. Ootacamund. Smith, ElO; ets or London: Spence, Dr. Arthur D. ere Be oh, B.) (Edin.) .. England. Spence, Sir Reginald (A7.) a oe e1. DOmiDay. Standen, Sir B. (K.C.1cE., 1.C.Seretd-). 4: . Surope. Stanton, W. C. oe sn = s.. . Hngland, Stewart, CG. PS. A.) ee ae ... Rangoon. Studd, E. ae :.. ‘Calcutta, Suket state; EH. .H- Rave TaLenien "en... Jao uket. Surguja, Maharaja Ramanuj Saran Singh Deo (C.3.E.) foe ve ae - SuUrewijar Swaine, J. K. ‘ a3 - 2 | Ondon: Swithinbank, Mrs. B. W. ee Rangoon. Tehri-Garhwal, H. H. Raja Narendra Shah Saheb Bahadura(@-s,1.) ds is i. Mehrix Thomson-Glover, Capt. J. W. .. vi. Peshaivar; Udaipur, H.H. The Maharana Sahib SEDO ... Udaipur. Venning, Brigadier F. E. W. (C.B.K., D.S.0.) Ape ied lgay oly Vernay, A.S. (Vice-Patron) ... a .. England. Waite, H. W. os Ae = if Oo ieltim:, Walker, Roland bss se owe =, » bombay. Wauchope, Major R. S. (1.A.) ... oe ., Calcutta. Whistler, Hugh (M.B.0.U., F.Z.S.) RE .. England. Williamson, Sir W.J. F.(C.MiG., BiZ.S 5 M.B.OnU; )s ser e Wilson, SirAtnold (Cis 71.5 CG 7, DS.0. uk. Cle aia . Wyndham, PP. (cB 8.1 C.Sa)i ~ ... London. MEMBERS Acharya, H. ON: (8.2.55 2B os.) een: oe “.+ Ahmedabad: Acland, Rt. Rev. R. D. (Bishop of Bees) i, Soman. Addyman, J. as Sue er ... Ambernath. Aitken, J. E. : = see a. Rajkot: Akka-Saheb Manat, Hi HS: = an oo. Kolhapur. Alimahomed Mecklai ne T ... Bombay. Ali, Salim A. (M.B.0.U.) hee ee: oa 55 Alington,-Capt. N.S. (M.c.).9 a. Fort-Sandeman. Alipur, Agri. and Horticultural Society of TpaGl dh ce Secretary ao Aliptun: Ali Rajpur, Maharaj aren Cape Rattencine (ee peel Ragin: Allen; MajomC, HYP (qos eu. a 2 Avondone Alleyne, Lt. H. Massy 5 ee, ... Cullompton. Allsop, F. (1.F.S.)_ ac 5 ... Rangoon. Ambalal Sarabhai Ahmedabad. American Museum of Natural Higiory The Wear New York, U.S.A, LIST OF MLMBERS Amir Sheikh Mahomed Khan (C.1.E.) Anamalai Game and Fishing Association ... Anderson, J. 5S. ; Anderson-Morshead, Capt. R. y. Andrew, G. P. (1.C.S.) Andrews, E. A. ae Angelo, Capt. N. L. (.A.) PVG CMO V.. Arathoon, J. D. L. Ash, H. D. Asoden,; HH. lL; ee Atkinson; D. J. (1.F:s.) Atkinson, G. Aundh, Shrimant B. S. Papteaned tae Amine Chief of Australian Museum, The Secretary Awagarh, The Raja of Aylesford, The Right Hon’ ble, The Ear] of Bacon, A. L. ok — Bahadurji, D. N. (Bar.-at-Law) Bailey, Lt.-Col: F. M. (¢.1.5.) Bale Sons and Danielson, Ltd., Messrs. Fond Balt Ea Ps Barclay, Jeb, ae ae Mos an Baria, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Raniit Singhjee (i :G.S.1) es Barlee, Hon’ble Mr. quactice ie. W. (1:C.S.) Barnes, Miss Tirzah ... Barraud, Capt.b. J. (B.Z.S., FES. s.) Batrett, 1. Bs (ES. ) Barry, Miss Agnes T. Bassett, A. E. oa te Bates, Capt. R. S. P. (M.B.0.U.) Battye, bts Ry KM. (RsA.) Baxter, N. B. ee Bayley d’Castro, Dr. A. (1.M.D. ) Bazete, tie MM. aa Beadnell, C. B. (D.S.0.) Beadon, W. R. C. (F.G.S.) bea Beeson, Dr. C. F. C. (M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S.) Beg, Nawab Nazir Jung Bahadur Mirza Nazir Begbie, Ut.-Cole Ace >. = aa: ae Belgium, Le Directeur, Musee Royal d’ Histoire Naturelle de Belgique : wee Belle @hetion’ ble: Mr. R. D:. (Csii:, C.1.B., 1-C.8:) Belle Ro( CE.) Bell, W. E. Bengal, Military ReCieIaTS to re E. The @orcnor Benson, Capt. C. E. Benson, Major R. L. (on StO;4, MC.) Benthall, Sir F.C. Berchten, E. se Ne Berlie, Drie €. (M-R.C.S.;.L-R.C.P,;,D.1T.M.H.) Ajatrai. Anamalai. Bombay. England. France. London. Poona. Bombay. Indore. Bombay. Maymyo. Dehra Dun. Aundh. Sydney. Awagarh, Delhi. Magok. Bombay. Srinagar. London. Bombay. 9 Baria. Bombay. Cawnpore. Kasauli. Rangoon, Borsad. Rampur Hat. Bareilly. Ziarat. Poona. Calcutta. London. Cannanore. Rangoon. Dehra Dun. Hyderabad, Dn. London. Brusselles. Bombay. Karwar. Mergui. Bengal. London. Calcutta. Amraoti. Selang Hat. x] LIST OF MEMBERS Bernard, J. L:; . aes jan INairobit Betham, Brig.-Genl. R. NE utCer oe) ae .. England. Bethell> Major-Genl. Ha Ky "C8: MG /Cw..07 D.S.0. ee aie oe so) aCaleuttay Betts, F. N. ae as me ... Mercara. Bharucha, Farrokh E. sie mt .... Bombay. Bhatia, Major S. L. (1.M.S.) fe - Bhosle, Miss Lilabai ve ee ... Kolhapur. Bignell, Major R. G. (R.G.A.) ... ons .. London. Billimoria, N. M. we nas Oe ep anaAciit : Bingham, G. H. ve ee me ... London. Binony, Lt.-Col. AoC. M. a a .... Mymensingh. Birch, Cav; 3 ae Su ... New Zeaiand. Bird, B.-H. (L.C25:) . te a ... London. Biair, Or. 1. Pe. (es ae. ay 2) Liverpool Biantord, EH. ik. (058.2 1.8.S,.) bai -». London, Blatter, Rev. E. (S.J.) ae ate w=. Pancheani, Boag, G. Ly (1-C:8..)<: woe se . London. Bodding, Kev. P.O, ; wos ... Mohulpahari. Bolitho, Capt. E. H. W. (R.F.A. ) a i. - Bombay. Bonnell, Bonavis (M. A.) ie a vo» Madras. Bor, Ne i.:(1-F-Sz)) 2: ue es fn okra. Borao, Rev. Fr. G. Palacios de... oe ... Bombay. Borradaile, Lt. J. W. ioe oH j. Shartoum. Bot, ok. ks er e os ~. ounthaik, Boyd, Major J. KE. M. ae aia, ae :.. Dalhousie. Boyt, N. E. : ee oe .. Kawkareik. Bradbury, Rev. A. Le ie ae ree shbley it Brassey .oe-Col, -.2. (Seine. ae ... Peshawar. Breithaupt, Lt.-Col. E. A. ie wae -. London, Brent, H. A. W. ae as Sue % Bridge, M.'E. (1.F-s.) ai - Pp Csbhiakoyale rideney C.k, an — a a2 Rajat, Briggs, Rev. Frank S. aes bus ... Ghazipur. Brooke, Major A. S. (M.C.) ane ne a. bombay. Broughton, Col, 7, D. (R°B,,/C-R.E, ) a ... Pewsey, England. Brown, L. N. (I.C.S.) Bt fe ee Nasik; Browne, Lt.-Col. C. H. ne a ,.. N.Ireland. Browne, E.G. ta hd aa we bareilly:: Brownlow, A. L. E.... ae os .. Meiktila. Bryden, Lt.-Col. R.A, (RAs MC. D.S.07) .. Gluecairn. Buckwell, B. E. ai: ai ty 1. .Juahore: Burder, John H. sate eae es a» .Caleutta’ Burgess, F. G. (1.F.S.) ae oe ... shwebo. Burma, The Forest Zoologist ... a .. Maymyo. Burton, 5. Vi. (1.eis.) S! aes ... Lahore. Burton, K.ING an io fe .. Jalpaiguri. iBusher, Rey. kh, C. =. om ie ae DNaimiesale Caius, Rev. John F: {s.J.) see , Bombay, Calcutta Zoological Gardens, The Honorary Secretary Calcutta. Caldecott, C. D’a Ve ee ae -.- Bettl: Caldwell, John M. ... oe a ... Panighatta. Cambridge, University Museum of Zoology, Superintendent Cameron, I. L. LIST OF MEMBERS Cameron, Thos. H. (F.z.S.) Campbell, A. A. H. Campbeil, A. S. Campbell, R.. G. Campbell, S. Canning, Fred. (1.F.38.) a Capito, C. Erik (0.B.E., M. INST. C.E.) Captain, Mrs. A. H.C. Cardew, Major C. G. (R.E.) Carnegie Museum, The Director Cassell, Rs. H.. Castens, H. E. (1.F-.S. ) Cateneny. Ne Le (CE, Los). Cave, Capt. F. O. Chamba State, H. H. Raja er Singh Chamier, Major R. O. Champion, F. W. (1. .S.) Champion, H. G. (1.F.S.) Charles, F..D. Chatidhri,,.C.. M.G.r.s.) Chevenix-Trench, C. G. (1.C.S.) Chevenix-Trench, Mrs. C. G. China, The Science Society Chislett, E. V. D. Chopra, Dro. N: Claudius, C.D. Clee, C28. B.. (hu) Clifford, Lt.-Col. R. Clifford, W. Walters Clough, R. J. CLUBS— Bombay Club The Honorary Secretary... Bombay Gymkhana Club, Ltd., Byculla Club, The Honorary Secretary ... Club of Western India, The Honorary Secretary Cuttack Club, The Honorary Secretary ... Darjeeling Club, Ltd. I, D. Gymkhana Club (D.Sc.) Kolar Gold Field Club Madras Club, The Secretary . Mawlaik Gymkhana Club, The Heneran Geutan, Maymyo Club, The Secretary .. Muktesar Club, The Honorary Bede ann. Naini Tal Club, Ltd., The Secretary Nerbudda Club, The Secretary Northern Shan States Club Quetta Club, Ltd., The Secretary Ranikhet Club, The Honorary Secretary... 6 The Secretary Cambridge. Colombo. Devicolam. Mangalore. Karachi. Evegland. Bara Jamda. England. San Fernando. Bandra. Poona. Oe Sse Moniarah. Akyab. Quetta. Petersfield. Chamba. Belgaum. England. Dehra Dun. Bombay. Angal. Udaipur. Namking. Belgaum. Calcutta. London. Bombay. London. Jalgaon, Calcutta. Bombay. Poona, Cuttack. Darjeeling. New Delhi. Oorgaum. Madras. Mawlaik. Maymyo. Muktesar. Naini Tal. Jubbulpore. Lashio, Burma. Quetta. Ranikhet. xli xlii CLuBS—coutinued. LIST OF MEMBERS Royai Bombay Yacht Club, the Secretary Secunderabad Club Library, The Honorary Secretary Sind Club, The Honorary Secretary Srinayar Club, The Secretary... Trivandrum Club, The Honorary Sccreony United Service Club, The Secretary United Service Club, Ltd. Wellington Gymkhana Club, The Honocaty Secretary Cochrane, R. A. Cocke, Lady H. G. Coldstream, Hon’ble Mr. neces i (1.C.8.) Cole, Lt.-Col. B. L. Cole, F. H. COLLEGES AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS— Agricultural College and Central Research Institute, The Librarian American Coilege, The aeceease Assumption College, The Principal Baroda College, The Principal Burma Forest School, The Director Calcutta, The Presidency College Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine ae apiene The Director Carmichael Medical College, The Bane nal Central College, The Principal Central Research Institute, The Director China, The Science Society of China Library Daly College, The Principal ... Deccan College, The Principal Forest Research Institute and College, Botanist Forest Research Institute and College, The Principal gee Government English School, The Head Master Gujarat College, The Principal Gwalior, Victoria College, The Principal Haffkine Institute, The Director H. H. The Maharaja’s College for Women Indian Lac Research Institute : Institute of Plant Industry, The Direcise Intermediate College, The Superintendent Islamia College Karnatak College, The Pancipal King Institute, The Director ... La Martiniese College, The Principal Ludhiana, Government Intermediate College, Principal Madras Forest Gollees The princi Maharaja’s College, The Principal Mayo College; The Principal ... Nowrosjee Wadia College, The Ennoipall Bee The Forest The Bombay. Secunderabad. Karachi. Srinagar, Trivandrum. Bangalore. Simla. Wellington. Rangoon. Bandra. Lahore. Ajmer. Sukkur. Coimbatore. Madura. Bangkok. Baroda. Pyinmana, Calcutta. 3 Bangalore. Kasauli. Nanking. Indore. Poona. Dehra Dun. Virajpet. Ahmedabad. Gwalior. Bombay. Trivandrum. Namkum. Indore. Bangalore. Peshawar. Dharwar. Guindy, Lucknow. Ludhiana. Coimbatore. Ernakulam. Ajmer. Poona. LIST OF MEMBERS COLLEGES AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS—continued. Mrs. A. V. N. College, The Principal Osmania University College Presidency College, The Principal Punjab Veterinary College, The Panera) Rajkumar College, The Principal Rajaram College, The Principal ae Royal College of Medicine, The Professor Royal Institute of Science, The Principal Scott Christian College, The Principal ... St. Joseph’s College, The Principal Trivandrum, H. H. Maharaja’s College for omen University College, The Principal University College, The Principal Victoria College, The Principal Victoria Technical Institute, The Curator Wilson College, The Principal Colombo Museum, The Librarian Colvin, Lt.-Col. E. J. D.-(1: A.) Congreve, C.R. T. Conley, Andrew nee Connor, Col. Sir Frank (A?., D.S.O., I.M.S.) Conservator of Forests, Bhopal State Conservator of Forests, Cochin Government Conservator of Forests. Working Plan Circle Cook, Ardian H. ae Cooke, E. Bernard as Cooper, Khan Bahadur D. B. (M.L.A.) Cosens, Lt.-Col. F. R. ; Cousins, Capt. C. W. Covernton, S. H. (1.C.S.) we Cowasji Jehangir, Sir, K?. (Jr.) (K.C.1.E., O0.B.E.) Cowper, G. St. John... Cox; Gs HC. ULE.S.,, &.Z.S;) Cranfield, J. ies Crawford, William G. 6 F.S.) ees Crerar,oll sames (K.C.Si1.,.C.1. Bs, L.C.oy ).es Crofton, R. M. (I.C S.) Crombie, A. D. (I.C.S.) Cruickshank, F.C, B. (1.C:S.) Cunningham, G..(C.1.e., 0.B.8., 1.C.S.) Currie, A.J. va Currie, The Hon’ble Mr. meee M. Mo U.(1.C. 52) Dalal, M. P. M. Dalal, Miss Perin P. M. : ses Dalal, Dr. Phiroz A. (L,M-S., D.7.M. & H.) Daly, M. O. Me es re Danson, J. W. W. ... sus sis Darby, A. W. (0.B.E.) Darjeeling, The Curator, Nat. ate Mus. Daultana, Khan Bahadur Mian Nieasavar M, A Oe Davenport, Major C, (0.B.E., R.A.V.C.) a, xhii Vizagapatam. Hyderabad, Dn. Madras. Lakore, Rajkot. Kolhapur. Baghdad. Bombay. Nagercoil. Teppakulam. Trivandrum. Rangoon. Colombo, Palghat. Nagpur. Bombay. Colombo. Srinagar. Valparai. Jamaica. Bombay. Bhopal. Chalakkudi. Maymyo. Edinburgh. Jhansi. Satara. Fatehgarh. London. Ahmednagar, Bombay. Amraoti. Travancore. Rangoon. England. Nagpur. Madras. Sitapur. Peshawar. Bombay. Lahore. Bombay. Dumka. Rangoon, Calcutta. Darjeeling. Luddan. Bombay, xliv Daver, Framroze A. Daver, The Hon’ble Mr.-J. D. Davey, G. H. David, Meyer I. Davidson, E. R. Davidson, M. N. Davies, T. G. B. ee Davies, Capt. V. Davis, G.a(l-C.s. Davis, P. W. ‘Ga8:s-) Davis, Dr. W. St. Dawkins, "CG, (ars. Delacour, Mons. Jean Delme-Radcliffe, Lt.-Col. A. aoe SO.) Dent, T. V. (1.47.8. : Deo, Sri Balavadra Narayau Barns deRhe Philipe, G. W. V. (F.E:S.) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, affungsamt Dewas (Sr.) Prince Vikram Siar a0 Dickson, Lt Gol, H, Re Ps (C1) Dinajpur, Maharaja Jagadish Nath Ray Dinshaw, Kaikobad Cowasjee (J.P.) Director of Museunis, Dobson, F. Dobson, Roderick Deds, Wa K. (C.428,) <3. Donald, C. H: Donald, D.-R. Donald; Lt; J40.S: =: Donovan, Lt.-Col. C. (1.M.S.) Doyle, Lt.-Coi. E. E. (1.M.s.) Drake-Brockman, Lt. R. F. H. (R.A.) Drake-Brockman Dubash, J. K. Duke, A, H. Duke, J. A. Dunbar-Brander, A ‘A, (O. BGP; Duncan, Capt... ty. 43 Duncan, John E.. (P.w.D.) Duncan, P. R. (-F-E:S.) ae a Duncan, Major W. E. (D.S.0., N.Ci; R.A.) ... Dundas, A. Dvir. Ce.) Dunkley, FE. J. Dunlop, Dr. W. Dunn, ©. Vi.(C# Ee. LCS.) Dunsdon, A. C. Dyer Or. J.C. Fates, K. R. Ebden, J. W. Edmonds, A. C. 2 Edwards, M. Vincent (1.F-.S.) LIST OF MEMBERS Bar.-at-Law) S.S. & F. M. States Bombay. Kottayam. Bombay. Cairo. Lampang. England. Bombay. Mangalore. Dwarbund., Rangoon. France. London. Darjeeling. Keonjhargarh. London. Berlin. Kolhapur, Persia. Dinajpur. Bombay. Kuala Lumpur. Panposh. Passara. Calcutta. England. Pyinmana. Chitral. England. Poona. Bangalore, Bareilly. Bombay. Bangkok, Nagpur. Elgin, Scotland. Loralai. London. Dehra Dun. Naini Tal. Delhi. Rangoon. Baghdad. Rangoon, Lucknow. Meerut. Sukkur. Rangoon. Bellary. Rangoon, LIST OF MEMBERS Eliot-Lockhart, Lt. Wm. Elliott, A. (C.1.E.) Elliott, A. G. C. Ellis, E. T. H. Ellis, Ralph Jr. Ellis, S. F, Emerson, Gerald H. (I. C.S.) Emerson, Capt. J. Evans, E. J. - Sue Evans, Coll Gall) (ec .1.8s, 8.1.) Evans, T. M. (J.P.) ... ae oe Evans, Brigadier W. H. (C.S.1., C.LE., D.S.0.) Evershed, John Ewbank, R. B. (C.1.8., F.L.S., LC.S.) Ezra, Alwyn (f.R.G.S., F.Z.S.) Pawcus, lL... {1sC.8:) Fedtschenko, Prof. Boris Ferard, R. Ll. . Ferrar, Lt.-Col. M. L. cae oe Fidlin, J. W. Field, Capt. F. D.S. iG M.S.) Field, Frank (M.B.O.U.) Field, Gi°G. {4.P38.)) <.; Fletcher, Thos. Bainbrigge (F.E.S $) Florence, James Flynn, A. iA. (C.0r.Z.S. ) Fooks, H. A. Forrington, A. Forsyth, Dr. Wm. Foulkes, R. . Fountaine, Miss Niateanet (F.E.S. ,) pacer eit. 7h. 4a. 4a. D. ) Fraser, Duncan : a ae Fraser, #t.-Col. F.C. (1.MiS., M.D., F.L.E.S.) Fraser, Major 8. G. G. Frederickson, H. 7a Freke, C. G.(CUC.8.) Prenchiman, 1). P(e ses) Erend, G.-ViaRe Gairdner, K. G. A Galiant, M. N. (8.Sc., I.F.S.) Game Secretary, The : Gamlen, R. L. {0.B.£., Touas| Garbett, C..C.3GC3s..) Gaye, W.C. Geddis, A.. Geer Wao. Gentle, J. A. Ik, oe. Geoghegan, Mrs. O. A. George, Hugh S. (1.F.s.) Gibson, H..C. asCs5.) 0: Gilbert, C. Ea. (ur S) xiv London, Jammu. Calcutta. California. _ England, RED, Murree. yr te’ Bombay. Calcutta. London. Deolali. Quetta, Ewhurst, England. Bombay, Calcutta. Leningrad. Bombay. Eneland. Udaipur. London. Saharanpur. England. Kievcote. Karachi, Calcutta. Bombay. Edinburgh, Madura. London. Deolali. London. Coimbatore. Bombay. Beccles, England. . Bombay. ea Balehonur, Lakon, Lampang. London. Gilgit. Hyderabad, Dn. Lahore. Arlington. Bombay. Golaghat. Chanda. Simla. Betul. . Ajmer. -Karachi, xlvi LIST OF MEMBERS Gilbert, 22. ae Gill, E. EH. N.(k:z:s.): Gill, HooASC: Gillj rie. P: Gimson, C. (1.C.S.) Gladstone, Capt. H. S. (F.Z.S., F.R.S.E.) Gladstone-Solomon, Capt. W. E. (I.&.S.) ... Glass, E. L. é Ay Glennie, Major E. A. fan: S055. Rebs.) Godfrey, E. J.<(8.Se.) oy Goldie, Dr. E. A. (M.C., I.M.S.)... Gondal, Kumar Shree Nutversinhji Goord, T. D. Gordon, F. W. (M.c., M.A. (OXON) I.F.S.) ... Gordon, Major J. W. Gordon, R. G. (1.C:S.) Gough, Capt. W. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS— Deputy Director of Agriculture, Myingyan Circle ... Director of Agriculture, Bombay Director, Bureau of Science Director of Agriculture, B. &. O. Director of Agriculture, Punjab Gould, B. J. (c.1.5., I.C.S.) Gouldbury, C. P. Gow, Cedric J. Graham, A. A. Grant, E. R. Grant, F. A. Gravely, Dr. F. H. Graves, Mrs. D. J. Greaves, J. B. Green, E. Ernest (F.E.S.) Green, M. M. Gregson, T. S. Grier, J.2A..B. oe Guthrie-Smith, F. J.... Guzder, H. B. =a Hakro, Khan Saheb Haji Ali pesean Hamber, Major L. G. W. : Hamid Khan, MM. s(W-Se., 2.83) as Hamilton, Ky bo B:(i:C.s.) Hance,. Lt.-Col. J. B. (0.B.E:; 1.M.S.) Hancock, Major C. P. Hanhart, S. Hardie, J. H. ary. Hare, Brigadier G. A. (R.A.) Harman, A. C. Harper, Lt.-Col. A. Forrest Harper, William Harrison, Mrs. H. Z. Europe. Budaun. Kulu. london. Sylhet. Capenoch, Scotland. Bombay. Ranchi. England. Bangkok. Lahoal, Assam. Jetalsar. Baghdad. Scotland. Jodhphur. England. Dehra Dun. Meiktila. Poona. Manila. Sabour. Lahore, Kurram. Mattupatti. Madras. Rawalpindi. Washington, D. C. London. Madras. Bombay. Cam berley-Eneland. Ardmore, US.A. Bombay. Sholapur. Meerut. Bombay. Larkana. Dharamsala Cantt. Lyallpur. England. Rajkot. Bharatpur. Bombay. Simla. Bettiah. London. Lahore. Bombay. LIST OF MEMBERS Hartnoll, B®: S. GsF.s:) Harvey, ,Captsc. We le (M.C.) a: Hasted, Capt. J. S. H. ae ree Haswell, Capt. F. W. (1.4.) a Hate, Prof. Vinayakrao N. (B.Sc.) Haughton, Lt.-Col. H. L. (€.1.E.) Hawes, C. G. = Hay, Major R. (I.M.S.) Hayes, A. tea Heaney, Capt..G. F.(R.zE.) es Mearsey, Capt. 15, D. W. (M.Cy V.D:) Hector, G. P. (M.E., D.Sc.) Henderson, L. 8S. see Hennessy, Major J. M. R. (1.M.S. y Hewetson, C. E. (1.F.S.) Hicke, Major F. C. Bickin; 3.5: i See ec Dr. Sam Hhiecins, Jo Cy (1.C 52) Hiley, A. C. eee a ills, Gow Ik. te Pee ie, 4 CeS,.) Hillyer, R. A. N. Rs Hingston, Major R.W.G. (1.M.S8.) Hislop, Major J. H. ea I.M.S.) Holmes, H. R. ; ae Hopkinson, A. J. (I. Cs Si) Hora, Dr. Sunder Lal (D.Ssc.) Horner, Capt. B. Stuart Horst, W. (1.S.E.) Horticulturist, Municipal eardene: The Hoshang, N. E. Dinshaw rie Hotz, KE. Howard-Bradshaw, Comar. C, T. (R.N.) Howe, P. A. W. Howell, Sir Evelyn (x. Chee .,7... Cc. S. ) Howitt, Capt. J. F.G Hughes, A. R. Hughes-Hailet, Capt. N, M. Humayun N. Abdulali Hundley, G. Hunt, L. E. Hutton, C. I. Imperial Council of Aericaanal Research Inder, RoW. (1.8:S.): a Inglis, C.C. y at f Irvine, N. G. ee nes wee Irwin, Major H. R: (1.4.S.c:) Isaacs, Miss Mozelle (M.A., M.Sc.) Iswardas Lukhmidas... Jackets, C. H. aes Jackson, Dr.-2. S. England. Imphal. Dehra Dun. Bombay. 9) Karachi. Nowgong. England. Maymyo, Kheri. Dacca. Tinnevelly. Jubbulpore. Chanda. Poona. sukkur. Allahabad. Imphal. Poona. Fyzabad. Calcutta. Siam. London, England, Calcutta. London. Bhimnagar, Karachi. Agra. Lifton. Pyinmana. London. Ferozepore. Colombo. Ahmednagar. Andheri. London. Calcutta, Insein. New Delhi. Nasik. Poona. Bombay. Dombivli. Bombay. Cocanada. Bombay. xlvii xl viii LIST OF MEMBERS James, Lt.-Col. F. H. : Jamesetji, M. Doctor (¥.Z:S., C.M.Z.S.) Jarinan, Capt, Gio Jephson, Major M. D. Jenkin. R. Trevor (1.F.S } Jermyn, Lt. R. O. Jhalawar, Hi. Hy The mamaccn ane Rance Sinen Bahadur John, A. W. Johnson, Kay Jones, A. E. Jones. J. Csr) Jourdain, Rev. F. C. R. Jubbal, Rajkumar Dieviaicvand, Heir oparees OF } is: Junagadh, His Highness the Nawab of Kanga, Miss P. M. (M.Se.) Karachi, Victoria Museum, The Curator Katrak, M.N. Kazi, he D(a) : as Keays, Lt.-Col. R. W. C.e({1.A.)... Keip, Oscar +e = Kemp, W.N.R. we Kempe, J. E. aS Kermode, C. W. D. Gz. F.S.) Khan, Sahebzada Sardar Mahomed Khanolkar, Dr. Vasant R. (B.Sc., M.D.) Khateghat, M. P. (1.C.S.) Kiernander, Major O. G. Kilburne, R. G. = King, E. O. (tA. .0.) Kinloch, Mrs. A. M. Kirby, RoR. i Kirwan, Noel G. &.- ... Knioht, Hob o(ies.) Koechlin, E. L. vas Kothavala, Le. Krishnalal, Rai Bahadur Capt. or R;C., Ms Es-B. &'S., A-E.R.A.SS) Kuroda, Dr. Nagamichi ijaidlay, J.-C Lakshminarayanan, C. Lalliee, Hooseinbhoy A. Lamb, Thos. Lampard, L. A. Landells, W. J. Langdale, A. H. Lane, H. Ss. Latham, H. D: Latif, Sarhan C. ; La POuCche Joh. as. aud, .D.-5; : Laurie, M. V. (12F.s.) + dik Nagpur, Secunderabad, Dn. Jhalrapatan. Ellapatti. Moran, Simla. Rangoon. England. Jubbal. Junagadh. Bombay. Karachi. Bandra. Bombay. Madras. Bombay. Peeprah. Klang. London. Karachi. Bombay. Iraq. Nepal. Kodaikanal. Kotagiri. Tindharia. Mangalore, Sholapur. Pykara. Surat. Indore. Tokyo. Scotland. Madras. Bombay. Calcutta, Ouilon. Monywa. Bombay. Bangalore. Vellore. Karachi. .. Rangoon. Bombay. England. LIST OF MEMBERS Lawther, B. C. A. (C.1.E.) beach, A: Hel: Lee, Capt..G, Hy (M.c.) Leech, Mrs. A. J. . Bees MnCl Cle) ess LeMarchand, A. E. M. LeMarchand, W. M. Leonard, D. G. ae wate Leonard, Lt.-Col. W. H. (1.M.s.) Leonard, P;: M. R. (0.B.5.) Levett, R. W. Ley, Hon’ble Mr. A. H, (Sai CE 1G soi) LIBRARIES— Agricultural Library, The Librarian, U. P. Allahabad Public Library, The Secretary Annamalai University Library Benares, Hindu University Library, The orarane. Burma, Bernard Free Library, The Honorary Librarian Hyderabad, The Tepearian Siar Library Imperial Library, The Librarian Lahore, University of Punjab, The tipracian Lucknow University Library Madras, Connemara Public Library, The Principal Librarian , Rite ae Neilson Hays Biprary Niigiri Library, The Honorary Scorers. Public Library, Museums and National Gallery or Victoria, The Chief Librarian Public Library, Museum and Att Galeay Irie lence United Service Library, The Honorary Secretary Lightfoot, Capt. G. S. (1.P.) Lightfoot, S. St. C. Limbdi, H. H. Maharana Shri Sir Daulatsinhjee (K5CG.DE4) Limbdi, The ay een ny Lindley-Hinde, G. Lister, R..S. Little, E. Locket, A. Lodce, GE. Logan-Home, Major W. M. Longbottom, Capt. J. L. Lothian, W.A< C.(L.C.8:) Lowndes, R. C. Lowsley, C. O. aes Lowther, E. H. N. (#.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) Lucknow, Provincial Museum, The Curator Lunham, Lt.-Col. J. L. (eMtsa)ins Lushington, Mrs. C. G.. Lutyens, F. M. B. 7 Peshawar. Rangoon. Balaghat. Kodaikanal. Rangoon. Europe. Dibrugarh. Cawnpore. Bombay. Rangoon. Ootacamund., London. Nawabgunj. Allahabad. Annamalai. Benares. Rangoon. Hyderabad, Dn. Calcutta. Lahore. Lucknow. Madras. Bangkok. Ootacamund. Melbourne. S. Australia. Poona. Jorhat. Taunggyi. Limbdi. Calcutta. Ghoom, Bengal. Kirkee, Poona. Numaligarh. England. Cannanore. England. Baroda. Bombay. England. Dhanbad. Lucknow. Bombay. ‘Talawakelle, Ceylon. Calcutta. | LIST OF MEMBERS MacColl, H. H. (1.E.S.) MacDonald, A. St. J.... MacDonald, R. Macdonell, J. F. * MacGregor, Lt.-Col. R. Be: ae M.S.) MacGusty, H. M. Mackay, J.a. (1;53S.) Mackenzie, J. M. Mackenzie, T. J. Mackenzie, Wm. Mackereth, J. (1.F.S.) ee Mackie, A. W. W. (c.1.£., I.C.S.) Mackie, Bt.-Col. F. P. (I.M.S., 0.B.E., K.H.S.) Mackinlay, Lt.-Col. Chas. Mackwood, F. E. MacLachlan, D. MacLachlan, R. B.. .. Macleod, A. (1.C.S:) Macleod, Lt. A. J. W. ae MacMichael, N. (c.s.1., I.C.S.) Macnaghten, Sir Henry (Az7.) Macnaught, W. E. : Maconachie, Sir Richard (A‘?., Madan, F. R. (1.F.S.) Madras, H. EF. the Governor Mahendra, B. C. (M.Sc.) Mahon, Col. A. E. Mahon, Major B. Mac. M. (D:8.0., M.C.) Main; 2b (BsSc:) er Major, R. A. M. ae gee Mateolm:, C. 7A. (C.1.E., ES.) «2 Maltby, Major C. M. (1.4., M.C.) Manson,-Dr. Di. (htees, Chas D5.) Maricar, B. E. Marjoribanks, Sir Norman (K.C.1.E., C.S.I. Marshall, A. W. C.L2.) Marshall, Maj.-Genl. F. J. (c.B., C.M.G., Soren Marshall, Mrs. H. A.... oe, Marshall, Brig.-Genl. T. E. (R.A.) Martin, ©, —. aoe ae Martin, Lt.-Col. H. G. (D.S.0., 0.B.£.) Martin, S. J. — ee Marzban, K. B. Mason, Miss E. D. Matthews, W.H. Maude, E. W. ane en Maxwell, R. M. (1.C.S., €.1.£.) .. McCarthy, Capt. G. W. ose McCormach, K.-H. McGlashan, J. (C.1.8,) McLeod, Lt.-Col. D. K. McMahon Museum, The Honorary Ceeretary “Tesot. London. Darbhanga. Chubwa. Bombay. Rangoon. Calcutta. Indore. Udamialpet. London. Poona. England. Edinburgh. Colombo. Poona. Karachi. Bournemouth. Waziristan. London. Perak. Kabul, Bellary. Madras. Agra. Kulu. Parachinar. Poona. Saharanpur. Nagpur. Simla. Cinnamara. Tavoy. Madras. Scotland. England. Travancore. N. Wales. Bombay. Quetta. London. Bombay. Madras. Rungli-Rungliot. Lebong. Bombay. Deolali. Bombay. England. an, Quetta. LIST OF MEMBERS Mears, C. E. D. “ive Measham, Dr. J. E. (M.D.) Mehta, H. M. Mehta, J. N. R. Mehta, K. M. Meinertzhagen, Lt. 1Cor 1G Menezes, J. Hector Merriman, Commdr. R. D. (R.I.M.) Milburne, W. Ea Miller, A. C. (0.B.E., M.A.) Miller, John i. (#.R.G.S., F.Z.S.)... Miller, Lt. R. O. Wiliss Je P(r. C.S..) Milner, C. E. : Mirchandani, U. M. (1. Cc. S.) Mistri,, Dr. J.D: i Mitchell, Lt. E. D. Treneer Mitchell, F. J. Mohamed Raza Ses Mohr, Dr. V. der Meer Moloney, W. J. : Monte, Dr. D. A. de (L.M. @ 3.) Monteath, J. (I.C.S.) Montmorency, H. E. Sir Geotitey (K,CyV20r, KC lak. GiB, LC25 3) Mooney, H. F. (1.F.S.) Moore, Capt. A. C. (I.A.) Moore, G. D. Moore, John Morden, W. J. Morgan, Major J. 8. H. Morgan, R. W. D. Morgan, Vernon Morison, Lt.-Col. John (1.M. Gye Morris, Chas. W, G.... Morris, Ry C.(8.Z.S., F.R-G.S.) .5. Morton, Geo. B, Mott, John L. Mudhol, Shrimant Sir Malojirao Raje Ghorpade CkC1-E;,) ae Mueller, Dr. H. C. (D.Sc.) Mulroney, J. T. Mundy, N.S. Munns, F. A. C. Murphy, P. J. Maursell, 1.0. Musgrave-Hanna, Cane. RP se Mysore, The Director of Agriculture Mysore, Government Museum, he Superintendent Nagpur, Central Museum, The Curator Nawab Nazir Yar Jung Bahadur Neal, Dr. W. L. (1.M.S.) Indore Vaiparai. Bombay. Karachi. Ahmedabad. London. Goa. Bombay. Barjuli. Rajkot. Calcutta. Rawalpindi. Caleutta. London. Thana. Bombay. London. England. Mergui. Medan, Sumatra. Boinbay. Bandra. Ahmedabad, Punjab. Dublin. Rangoon. Bombay. London, i Sak, Sidapur. Calcutta. Agra. London. Attikan, Calcutta. New York City. Mudhol. Bombay. Kurseong, Silchar, Turkaulia. Ramna, Dacca. Sidapur. Jhelum. Bangalore. Nagpur. Hyderabad, Dn. Manipur. lii LIST OF MEMBERS Neaves, J. S. Needham, F.-M. ie Nevill -@apt, SNe Ci: Newcome, Lionel : Newland, Lt.-Col. B. E. M. (inne) Nichole‘ts, W. A. B. Nicholson, Lt.-Col. F. i (D.S.0., ne Nicholson, Lt.-Col. M. A. (1.M.S.) Nilgiri Game Association Norman, Col. H. H. (R.A.M.c.) N. W. F. Province, His F xcellency O’ Donel, H. V. : O’ Donovan, Capt. M. 1, W Oldfield, A. V. Oliver, A. W. L. Ormiston, W. O’Rorke, Major J. M. W. Ortcheson J. G.6.S.)) =: Osborne-Jones, M. T.... Osmaston, A. E. (1.F.S.) sat Osinastons Ba be (Grrsh nie hiss), ee. Osmaston, F. C. (1.F.S.) Oxley, Col. J. C. S. (1.M.S.) Palanpur, H.H. Sir Nawab Saheb quate Mahomed Khan Bahadur (K:C.LE., K.C.v.0; } Palmes, W. T. (1.C.5.) Panday, Mas. J; Ie, Parker, Hl(1-G-S.) Parry, IN. (Cs) a2 Paterson, E. A. Paterson, J. J. Patten, Hugo J. Patterson, A. se Pawsey, C. R7G.Ccs. ’ Pazze, Peter P. Peart, Capt. J. FP. Peck, Mrs. L. J. Peebles, W. J. M. Peet, Major L..M. Péeppe, -F . i. Ses Percival, Ay Ps (acks:) Perfect, E. Pershouse, Maios onnicy Petit... C.D: Petit; FCs... Petley, C. A. Peyton, Lt.-Col. J. H. B. (Tee Ag) Phillips, A. 2. {1S:Ro) Phillips, Charles H. Phillips, W. W. A. Phythian-Adams, Major E. G. Ge. A aE eZ.S:) Jubbulpore. Murkoneg-Sellek. London. Somwarpet. Bareilly. Rangajan. Bombay. Ootacamund. London. Peshawar. Binnaguri. Deolali. Bombay. Shanghai. Haldummulle, Ceylon. London. Rawalpindi. Tanjore. Dehra Dun. Oxford. Sambalpur. Jubbulpore. Palanpur. Minbu. Bombay. Rangoon. London. Calcutta. Hongkong. Edinburgh. London. Dibrugarh. Bombay. Calcutta, Simla. London. Poona. Herbertpur. England. Hubli. London. Bombay. Toungoo. Rawalpindi. Karachi. Ssuffry. Gammaduwa. Mysore, LIST OF MEMBERS Pinhey, Capt. L. A. G. Pipe, T. S. Pirpur, Raja Syed Watorwiad Mehdi Pitman, Major C. R.S. Pizey, R. M. Mt Pogson, Major F, V. ... Popper, x. Ey. Porteous, A. -B. Poulton, Capt.:H. M. Preeston, R. A. Prendargast, H. V. Pickle, Capt. . Pudukottai, State Museum, The recs Pullan, A. U. ils Purkis,) He -G7 (8.5 .S,) Quicke, W.J. BB... Rago, Hi, A. Raitt, W. Chas. Rajkot, H. H. Thakore Saheb Bice Dhar Seadansnni Walston Iot.-ColseW . El. (D.S-0:., 1.As:) Ramadhyani, R. K., (1.C:8.) Rane, K.R. (Met. and S:P.) Ranicar, E..E. “s Rao, S. Raghunatha (1. B.S) Readymoney, N. J. Rees, Roderick REGIMENTAL OFFICERS’ MESSES— Rk. As Mess The Royal Royal Deccan Horse Royal Irish Fusiliers Small Arms School : Ist Bn. The Worcestershire Resiment 6th D. C. O. Lancers 2nd Lancers (G.H.) see sea 4th Bn. 6th Rajputana Rifles (Outrams) 3/15th Punjab Regiment - 3/17th Dogra Regiment (Semi- Life Ween jst North Staffordshire Regiment 1/10th Gurkha Rifles (Semi-Z7fe Member) 60th Rifles 1/7th Raiput Res ment Reuben, D.-B. (L-C.8.) ar Reynolds, Dr. F. [(M.B., ch.B. (Edin. ) ] Reynolds; K, P. Riches, F. C. ed Richmond, R. D. (1.F.s. = Ridland, J..G. He re Raishworth, Dr. ie. Re (1..S.))... Ritchie, Lt.-Col. W. D. (1.M S.) En Roberts; Major ..Cy(v-C.,.D.Ss0.5; M.Gs)) .., liii East Persia. Poona. Pirpur. England. Gohpur. Bombay. Bhilad, Kalat. Calcutta. Cawnpore. Ambala. Pudukottai. Baradighi. Kiminini. Bombay. Munnar. Kutta. Rajkot. London. Amraoti. Andheri. Valparai. Cuddapah. Bombay. Mazbat. Trimulghery. Poona. Deolali. Ahmednagar. England. Sialkot. Meertt. Mhow. Saugor. Shaghae. Madras. Quetta. Lucknow. Peshawar. Cuttack, Loimwe. Kuala Lumpur. Rydak. Madras. Bombay. Jhansi. Tezpur. Baghdad. liv LIST OF MEMBERS Robertson, Lawrence (c.S.1., I.C.S.) Robinson, A. C. Robinson, G. C. ay Robinson, Capt. J. A. Robinson, Mrs. R. B. Rodger, Sir Alexander (1.F.S., Rogers, C. G. (1LF.S.) Rondano, Rev. A. (S.J.) i Roper, Lt. J. R. Stockley (R.A.) Rosenthal, V. ni Ross, Lt.-Col. E.-J. Row, Dr. R. (M.D.) Rowland, J. W. (1.P.) Rowley, Major Guy 8. Rowson, W. S. Roy, M. H. Trevor Rubie, C. PB. Runciman, Rev. J. Ww. Rusby, Capt. UL. #..... eee Russell sUte-Col.G. H(i. b., D5,0.,) Rustomjee, Miss Sherene B. Ruttledge, Capt. R. F. (M.c.) Sanders, D. F. eee Sanderson, P. M. D. (F.z.S.) O.B.E.) Sant, Maharana Shri Jarwar Singji, Raia Sanep Olea. Sarawak Museum, The Curator Sarma, M. R. Venkatarama Satya Churn Law, Dr. (M.aA., M.B.O.U.) ; Saunders, H. F. Saunders, L. (I.P.) Savantwadi, H. H. The CAraeeat Sawyer, H. H. ney, Schomberg, Lt.-Col. RCA: (DeS.0-9) Scott, A. G. (I.P.) a Scott, C. W. (i-#:S.)- «.. Scott, Lt.-Col. F. B. (1.4.) Scott, James E. Scott, J. Ramsay asad Aucalee C.F; Seaton, E. A, (I.F-.S.) ; ene for Agriculture, S. 5S. saad F.M. S. Seervai, Dr. Rustom F. Sevastopulo, D. G. (F.E.S.) : Seymour: Sewell, Lt.-Col. R. B. (1.M.S.) Shah, Major B. (I.M.S.) Sharif, M. (M.Sc., F.R.M.S.) noe Sharples, C. N. (I.C.S.) ee Sas Shaw, G. E. a ine = Shaw, John (B.F.S.) ... Shebbeare, E. O. Sherred, P. R, Bis. PhDs, oF :Z.S.; England. Bedford. Engiand. Bannu. Negapatam. London. Mangalore. Bombay. Dehra Dun. Bombay. Belgaum. London. Vandi-Periyar. London. Karachi. Udaipur. Dhulia. Peshawar. Bombay. Peshawar. Cawnpore. Bombay. Sant-Rampur. Kuching. Aduturai. Calcutta. Madras. Vellore. Savantwadi. Bombay. Herefordshire. London. Rangoon. Simla. Muzaffarpur. Cawnpore. Kohat. Mogok. Kuala Lumpur. Bombay. Calcutta. London. Quetta. Dadu-Sind. London. Hsipaw. Darjeeling. Ramegarh, LIST OF MEMBERS Sherriff, Capt. George (R.A.) Shipp, G. W.I. Shirley, G. 5S. ate Shortt, Major H. E. (1.M.s.) Shoveller, H. L. (a.c.A.) Simmonds, A. Simmons, R. M. ae Simonds, Major M. H. Sinarh, Dre Ve Re Pa; =A see eae Skinner, Lt.-Col. J. M. (1.M.S.) bes Die Pime, Cao bscky tne, en — 6 Sladen, D. A. Sladen, J. M. (1.C.S.) Slater, A. F. (A.M.I.M.E., M.B.E.) Slingsby, Lt.-Col. T. (m.c.) Smith, Capt. D. R. Smith, Dr. Malcolm ... Smith, We J. fs. Simyth, Cir: SOCIETIES— Royal Society of : New York Zoological Socica Sokhey, Major S. S. (1.M.s.) Souter, C. A.: (1.C.S., .¢.S.1.) Sparrow, Col. R. Spong, Major William A. (R.A.M.C.) Srinivasarao, Dr. H. (M.A., D.Sc.) Stable, Capt. R. H. (D.s.o.) 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England. Jodhpur. London. Bombay. Madras. Ootacamund. Meerut. Alleppey. Calcutta. Peshawar. Khartoum. Bombay. a9 lvi LIST OF MEMBERS Swat State, Shahzada Jahanzeb . Wali-ahd. Sykes, H. E. The Right Hon’ ble Si Préderick eae (c GAG Taka, ELCs) tee ied oe --- Bombay. Symes, A. w. J. is oe bas ise Lendon: Symons, C. sor Ane .... Colombo. Tait, Major H. Ci; fan M.S.) A sa ... Bombay. Taleyarkhan, K. M. (Bar.-at- Lae a os a ‘Pasker, gh. Js (O;8.Ey 1 -CeSe) t=, ae .., Myderabad, Dn; Pate, WMaior Je (Ceres) ae Aer ont, «IN aSOt: Vaylor, Lt:-Colz Je D:S.0c, elevinse) eet ee was ath: Taylor, Dr. W. R..(M.R:C.S., ¥.R.C.S,, D.PsH.) ... InSein. Thatcher, aC, sie ee: aN ee ersvaubrsyoyeucy Theobald, Utzds Ay As Pap ae 21.2 Ondon: Thom, W.S. aes oe ace ee SALAM: Thompson, C. H. (1.F.S.) cs ee ... Maymyo. Thomson, E. 8. er vas Py a banda. (horne,. J; An Cao, Cas.) ee ie ... Madras. Thursfield, R. M. C. : ae ... Mawlaik. ‘Ticehurst, Dr.-C,’B, (xe, A. M.B.O.U., R.A, MC.) .. England. Hilden, ib. 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University of Calcutta, The Librarian hes ~- Calcutta, University of Madras, The Registrar ore ... Madras. University of Michigan wa ..« Michigan, U.S. A; U. P. Chief Conservator. of ote ate woe 2 Nein dale Upton, Sir Thomas ( £7.) ioe a. .. England. Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute, The Secre- ee ws 3... Nagar, Kalu, U.S. Department of Aovicaiane The Lae ne a. Washington; D.C: ee een: DeWet wa eas ». . Mysere. Vernon, H.A.B. (c.sa.; L-C.S:) aoe so eene land: LIST OF MEMBERS Victoria) Memorial Park, ‘The - Honorary tary “s Viiayarajji, Maharaj reerers Shri Willa, Av sR: -GIonss.))s.s Volkart, L. ue Wadia, Framji meeab hoy Wadia, Mrs. P. A. Wah, L. H. (1.F-.S.) Wait, W. E. Walton, S. W. Wapeshare, J; HW. — +. Ward, Lt.-Col. A. E.... Waterfield, H. G. at Waterfield, T. E. (1.C.S.) Watherston, D. C. (M.C.Ss.) Watson, Sir H. W. A. (1.F.S.) Watson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (0.B.E., I.M.S.) Watt, W. R: (M.A., B.Sc., D.I.C., F.G.S.) Webb, J. E. N. ae Webb, Lt.-Col. Geo. A. eye re Webster, Major W. J. (M.c., I.M.S.) Weldon, Dr. R. P. (M.D.) Weston, A. T. aaa White, L.S. (J.C.S.) Whitehead, John (1.F.s.) Whitehead, Capt. W. A. Whymper, S. L. s Wickham, P. F. (c.E.) Wightwick, Lt.-Col. H. M. Wilkes, J. S. Wilkie, J. S. Wiikins, P.M. Wilkinson, Dr. S. A. William, Major Chas. H. (1.A.S.C., M.B.O.U. :.) Williams, Lt.-Col. C. E. (1.M.s.) Williams, D. M. Williams, Capt. es B. Williams, J. L. Williamson, A. - C.S.) Willis, Col. Sir George (R.E., C.I.E., M.V.O. . ies Wilson, The Rt. Hon’ble ie Col. Sir Leslie (P.c., G:C.1.E.,°C.MiG., page Wimbush, A. ae Winckworth, Lt.-Col. i C. (R.A.M.C.) Winterbotham, G. L. (M.L.c.) ... Withers, D. S. : Withers, F. W. (1.F.S.) Wolfe, Dr. E. D. B. (M.B., Ch.B. : Wood, Noel H. ee Wordsworth, Major R. G. ye Workman, W. H. (¥.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) lvii Rangoon. Bhuj-Cutch. Rangoon. Ztirich 7. Poona. Bombay. Ketta. London. Bombay. Guynd, Nilgiris. Pandrathan, Kashmir. Gwalior. Poona. Kuala Lumpur. N. Ireland. London. Cawnpore. Adra. Mirik. Saidapet. Chittagong. London. New Delhi. Naini Tal. Lucknow. London. England. Kolhapur. London. Peermade. Somwarpet. Ajmer. Bangalore. London. Katha. Bombay. Valparai. London. Nasik. Brisbane. Madras. Karachi. Bombay. Mariani. London. Kuala Lumpur. London. Quetta. Belfast, Ireland. Iviii LIST OF MEMBERS Wrangham- Hardy, G. Wrenick, C. 1. T. Wright, Capt. D. Moncrieff Yates, J. A. Yates, T. C, fer 8 Young, Major H. G. (D.S.0., R.F.A.) Zerny, Dr. Hans aa Rs Zhob Militia, The Commandant... Zoologisches Museum, The Zurmuhle, E. Darjeeling. Scotland. England. Katha, England. Austria. Ft. Sandeman. Berlin. Bombay. PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS—1933. (C6151 ee : VOL. XXXV, No. 3. oe v . i é. ¢ ute of ‘Publication, 1éth February 193 Pr e to Non-Members | Honorary Secretary’ s Address : eo NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 6, Apollo Street, Bombay. oe Birds of bidia: Vol. Il. 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Rates on application. — . y 3 TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. he = 8 Or ay Life Members pay an entrance feé of Rs. 10 anda Life pe fee of ae 4 ms. 350. ; é Ordinary Members pay an entrance fee of Re, = nee an annual ae : cote subscription of Rs. 25. _ “oe pad] The subscription of members elected in October, November and December ANS covers the period from the date of their election up till the end of the a following year. : z é cae MEMBERS RESIDING OUTSIDE INDIA. cake os ‘The terms are the same for members living outside India. “Such menibers ©” ees -should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers to pay the a amount of the subscription, plus postage—in all Rs. 26-8-0 to the Society in pais goa Bombay on the Ist January in each year. If this cannot be done, then the sum as 5 : National Bank of India, Bishopsgate Street, London, Mik C3. COMMENTS OF VOLUME XXX Nox 3 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, By E. C. Stuart Baker, Cisne eS Pes.) MB On.) (Her. A, OU an Part: OV 1. (W/2tni a DUD BE NAIC oe) ie seb Rede ct ec RCO OREO Ee ee rE REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By Rev. E. Blatter, s.J. Part XVII. (W2th3 plates and a text-figure.)........ TOAC OM ripe. conus nics siucee oid cleee'vosardeiveespan ss « by Number of Cubs in a Piger’s Litter. By A. OH. Berriff........, PAGE 475 484 496 505 657 663 665 667 667 568 668 ii CONTENTS OF Vol. XXXV, No.3 III. Occurrence of the Panther in the Sind Desert. By Hamid A. Alig G.Siee ala’ geldty Ge Suigyee tls hive veteseaie en mrs seas eee cee eiaee Acree taba see IV. Do Lions still exist in Persia? By Ronald Sinclair, F.R.G.s. V. A useful type of Machan. By. W. Forsyth. (With a dia- STON) weese oem enaetaas oe e-skile ines Sasimaletle eae poate casas ae ealenes a weneenecsasiis VI. Do Wild Dogs hunt and kill by night. By Ramanuj of Sur- PU] Ais ecscacstcsan aaletcescnt saa sionaseuae your scene ge sina. geen Reet heer eee VII. The Malay Bear. By J.C. Higgins. (Witha photo}............ VIII. Black Four-horned Antelope (Zetraceros quadricornis). By Ramanty of Sur caja. h..t.c.2.conecsynat eee eee cee ean ee IX. Rogue Elephants in the Khasi Hills. By L. L. Reade.......... ‘ X. The Migration of the Paradise Flycatcher (Zchitrea Paradis). By: FS (BVI GOS. Oh ois wees Cuces cue didneeneanine samen terns onscreen aon XI. Sex differences in the Migration of the Common Teal (Vettion Creca).. "BY NED IN Wivatien. as cone conten. caste ees seme eee XII. Notes on the Nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Jolpas- tes cater)®. “By'C. McCann envi Sasser creases a eee XIII. Double Nests of the Weaver Bird (Ploceus philipinus). By S..H. Prater, CoM:Z.S. “(Wath -a Gia @raut) ae XIV. Place of the Java Sparrow (Munia oryzivora I.) in the Indian Avifauna.. By SA@oWlaw. ee eo ce een eee XV. Note on the breeding of the Indian Moor-hen (Gadlinula chloro- pus parviirons). By J.C. Hicoimseii@ iS a7. ss. ace eeccc en eee XVI. Description of the immature plumage of the Indian Pratincole or Swallow Plover. (Glareola m. maldivarum) By V.S. LWA PELSONNE ise vera onc ttc ans'oe cecate since cone teen ot ee XVII. Early arrival of Fan-tail Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) in Mani- pur, By dsC. sHigeins MSCS... 3. ose cee ee eee eee XVIII. The distribution of the Eastern Grey Duck (Anas peiloryncha conoryncha) BYC. Ne In Gisw nego eee ne ae eee XIX. The Stiff-tailed Duck (Hrismatura leucocephala). By M. G. deL Isle Stuttia.2 Baceeesscenscnes sc neki eesee oes eae ee ee ae KX. Flying) Frogs.“ By. J..G. Pe Drummond.) eee piney crs XXI. Case of recovery from the bite of a Phoorsa (Zchis carinata). Bey Ws CPs SR ener ana 55d. de ae taeecrs seroma cito coer covered XXIT; Treatment of Saake Bite, “By, Colk Mal Crimmincs.. 9 eee XXIII. Snakes on the Barsi Light Railway (Deccan). By K. Lindberg XXIV. Description of a new Lycenid Butterfly. (Lycena (Heodes tyme). By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey, ie ee Soho ae XXV. Distinctive characters of the Butterflies (Appzas libythea liby- thea F. 3.) and (Appias albina darada Beia)s casy, yee Vates.) (With, a diasvain) cn. ee ee XXVI. Dry and Wet season forms ‘of the Butterfly (Prionerts sift (Witha plate.) By J. A. Yates y ( ia). XXVIII, How abundant are land Leeches? By Percy Moore Coat eee ere eres seemeosenseerensceaseerDD seeees Srveeteoe PAGE 671 671 672 673 673 674 674 675 680 680 681 683 685 ; Pe Voy a iy AN i anf qinpe aie; ‘HSdeuyn4igs — eyouAysopig| sndozuewiy y sndoyuewipy ey alate = Stet |e YK IMNLG AAJONIM-WOVIG AHL UOPUOT py] Uoss|aneq SUOS FE_UYOL t “DOS “LSE “LYN AVOQWOG “NEOOP JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society FEBRUARY, 1932. VoL. XXXV No. 3 THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. BN E:C. STUART BAKER, C.1.E., F.Z.S., F-L.S., M.B.0.U., H.F.A.O.U. Vor. Ve THE WADERS AND OTHER SEMI-SPORTING BIRDS. RARTEOV As (With a coloured plate). GENUS : HIMANTOPUS. fHimantopus Brisson, Ornith., i, p. 46; v, p. 33 (1760). Type by taut., Charadrius himantopus Linn. In this genus the most remarkable character is the great length of the legs, the tibia being very long, as well as the tarsus, and bare over about three-quarters of its length; the tarsi are reticulated throughout ; there is no hind toe and the outer toe is joined to the middle toe by a broad web, that between the inner toe and middle toe being narrower ; the billis long, straight and slender, the dertrum not swollen; the nostrils are long slits piaced in the base of a groove which runs about half the length of the upper mandible; the wing is long and pointed, with the first primary longest; the tail is short and even. stilts are resident birds in nearly all tropical and temperate countries ; one species of very wide range occurring in India. HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS. The Black-winged Stilt. Charadrius himantopus Linn., Syst. Nat., 10th. ed., i, p. 151 (1758) (Southern Europe); Stuart Baker, Fauna B.I., Birds, vi, p. 193, 1929. Vernacular Names.—Gaj-paun, Tinghur (Hind.); Lal-Gon, Lal- thengt, Lam-gora (Beng.); Gusling (Sind). Description : Adult Male——Mantle and wings, above and below, black, glossed with metallic green; upper tail-coverts tinged with 476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV brownish-grey ; tail delicate, pale, grey-brown; remainder of plumage white, a few black spots often showing on the head. Colours of soft parts.—Iris bright red; bill black; legs and feet crimson-red, the claws black. Measurements.—f Wing 240 to 253 mm.; tail 80 to 86 mm.; tarsus about 115 to 145 mm. ; culmen 60 to 69 mm. 2 Wing, 227 to 236 mm. - culmen 54 to 68 mm. Females have the back, ‘scapulars and inner secondaries cog instead of black; the white head is nearly always sullied with some grey, whilst the ‘hind-neck also often shows some grey. Young males have the anterior crown, upper ear-coverts and a line down the back of the neck black. Nestling.—Upper plumage pale fulvous, mottled with black, this forming very indefinite lateral and a distinct median coronal line ; there isa fairly distinct dorsal line with an arrow-head cross-line on the shoulders and extreme rump. Distribution.—Southern Europe, Africa, Central and Southern Asia to Ceylon, Malay Straits, etc. In India, the Stilt is very generally distributed wherever there is suitable country near, but onthe other hand there are wide areas where I think it never occurs at all or merely as a wanderer during the cold weather. Niditication.—The Stilt is a resident bird breeding wherever it is found, provided there are suitable places. It makes its nest in swamps and marshes, sometimes actually in the shallow water, sometimes on little islands or on the edges of the swamps. Its time of breeding is governed to a great extent by the question of water-supply, though the majority of birds seem to nest during April and May, before the rains break, when there is a vast extent of shallow muddy water with an ample supply of food. In former days they used to breed in vast numbers on the Sultanpoor salt works, about 35 miles south of Delhi. The birds were present round about these works throughout the year, but about the middle of April they began to congregate in great numbers. ‘The salt works consisted, according to Hunie, ‘ of brine wells and many hundred acres of shallow, rectangular, evaporating pans from 100 to 200 feet square and from 6 to 10 inches deep. These pans were merely depressions dug in the soil and lined with chunam or fine lime obtained by burning kunker, a nodular concretionary limestone found in beds near the surface more ot less throughout the piains of Upper India. Small strips of ground from a foot to five or six feet broad divide the pans, where only a litile brine ever stands. On, these the Stilts build their nests.’ ‘They collect together small pieces of kunker, or the broken lime-lining of the pans, into a circular platform from seven to even twelve inches in diameter and from two to three inches in height ; on this, again, they place a little dry grass, on which they usually lay four eggs, but, not infrequently, only two or three. They begin to lay, according to season, towards the end of April or the beginning of May ; and by the beginning of June, numbers of young are to be seen about, and by the lst July most of the eggs that remain are hard-set. The majority of the birds lay during June, earlier or later according to season.’ THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE 477 ‘The temperature of the nest at this time in the full sun probably averages quite 140° Fahrenheit.’ Doig records it as nesting in a somewhat similar situation in the Eastern Narra in June, where they make their nests on the salt- encrusted ground. They also breed in the marshes of Sind, but here they are sometimes driven away by the drought which completely dries up all water of their breeding places. Even then, however, a few pairs will sometimes stay, as Ticehurst records three pairs of Stilts breeding on the Khinjur Lake at Jhimpir reduced by the drought to a sheet of water less than half a mile around. ‘The nest varies considerably in construction. Those laid on dry ground, such as the saltpans, consist of little platforms of broken limestone or kunker, varying from seven to twelve inches in diameter and from two to three inches in height. Sometimes these are lined with a little grass, sometimes they are quite unlined. .At other times the nest is a mere platform of earth, or just a hole is scraped in the ground and lined with small stones or similar material. When made in muddy soil or actually in the water, the nest is often of considera- ble size consisting of a pile of water-weeds, stones and other rubbish, sometimes as much as a foot in height and comparatively broad. On the top of this pile a small depression is made with a little dry lining cn which the eggs are deposited. Sometimes the nests are scattered about over a considerable area but at other times they are made close together ; thus Hume records finding 38 nests on a strip of high dry ground three feet wide and a hundred feet long, in addition to which there were five nests of the Red-wattled Lapwing. In Mesopotamia, where Pitman found them breeding in vast num- bers on the Musseyib marsh, Euphrates Valley, the nests were often so close together, that the sitting birds almost touched one another ; here the nests were nearly all on little islands, but even in such places the nests were bulky affairs, whilst some of those built in the shallow water were over two feet in height. In Ceylon, these birds seem to have two breeding seasons: the first, from early March to May, and the second, in the North, during July and August. ‘There the birds breed both in marshes and on the great inland lakes, where they generally make use of smallislands. The number of eggs laid seems to be either four or three, though a great many birds only lay two eggs, whilst five have been found in the same nest once or twice. In appearance the eggs are distinctly like those of the plover’s but decided- ly less pyriform than most. The colour varies very little, nine eggs out of every ten having a ground colour of greenish brown or light brown marked with spots, specks and blotches, or occasionally streaks of black, blackish brown or rich umber brown. Secondary markings very seldom occur, and when they do, they are of a rather dark inky grey. The markings are distributed fairly numerously over the whole surface but generally more numerously at the larger end, and nowhere thickly enough to obscure the ground colour. Ina few eggs the tint may be anything varying froma pale yellow or yellow-grey stone colour to a warm tint of the same, but such eggs are exceptional. In shape the egg’s are rather long and pyriform with a smooth and often a silky texture. Jourdain gives the average of 100 European 478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV eggs as 44:0 by 31:;6 mm. Eggs taken in Mesopotamia average rather larger; forty-two averaging 45-1 by 30°7 mm. with a maxi- mum of 48:2 by 33:0 mm., the smallest being 38:0 by 28-0 mm. A hundred Indian eggs on the other hand average almost exactly the same as the English eggs, that is to say, 43°8 by 30°8 mm. In Ceylon, Waite found them breeding in small grassy islets in the salt lakes, where they made no nests beyond a thin lining of reeds to a shallow scratching in the ground. In Southern Burma, where they have also been found breeding, the nests were described as compara- tively thick masses of muddy weeds lined with a few dry ones. The birds are very clamourous round their breeding grounds, circling over an intruder’s head, uttering loud cries the whole time. They are not shy birds when nesting and, generally, allow a fairly close approach to the nest before taking their departure whilst, in the days when they bred in the salt works, they got so used to human beings passing backwards and forwards that they would continue to sit on their nests even when the workers came within a few inches of them. One would have imagined that to birds with such immensely long legs, sitting on their nests would be a matter of no little diffi- culty but, as a matter of fact, they seem to tuck them up under themselves just as comfortably as the short-legged birds can. Habits.--This is a resident bird though it may be forced to make local migrations in times of drought or in the wetter parts when there are heavy floods. It is always a gregarious bird and it will nearly always be found in smail parties though occasionally single birds and pairs wander away some distance in search of food. In the breeding season the smaller parties collect in still bigger flocks and, as has already been remarked, some of their breeding colonies number many hundreds. On the wing the Stilt has an easy, rather flapping flight, though it is capable of moving at a considerable pace when frightened. Its slight form, with the long thin legs trailing be- hind, give it a rather curious appearance, recognizable at a great distance. When feeding, it usually walks slowly and quietly about in the shallow water, though it can run at some speed and it also swims well. Its food consists principally of aquatic and other insects, fish- fry, frog-spawn and tadpoles, small frogs, lizards, etc., as well as small moilusca. GENUS: RECURVIROSTRA. Recurvirosiva Vinn., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., i, p. 151.1758). Type by mon., Recurvirostra avocetta Linn. In this genus the biil is very long, flexible, curved upwards towards the tip, depressed and with both mandibles flattened; the nostrils are placed near the base in an ill-defined groove, which extends over less than half the upper mandible; the tarsi and tibia are long and bare, the former reticulated ; there is a small hind toe and claw and the anterior toes are deeply webbed, the webs notched in the middle; the wing is long, the first primary longest. As in the preceding genus, Hzmantopus, the value of the differences in these birds has been considered from various points of view by THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE 479 different systematists, some considering them merely of subspecific value, whilst others consider them to be not only specific but generic. One species, the type of the genus, occurs in India. RECURVIROSTRA AVOCETTA AVOCETTA. The Avocet. a icouruirosira. avoceiwa Linn. Syst. Nat.; 20th: ed. 1,:p. 151. (1758) (Europe, Oland); Stuart Baker, Fauna B.I., Birds, vi, p. 195, 1929. Vernacular Names.—Kusya Chaha. (Behar). Description.—Upper part of head and neck, scapulars and a line over the shoulders in continuation, median wing-coverts and inner secondaries and primaries black; the longest secondaries greyish at the ends; the inner primaries with white bases; remaining plumage white. Colours of soft parts.—lIris red-brown to red; bill black ; legs and feet pale bluish-grey. : Measurements —Wing 220 to 235 mm,; tail 86 to 90 mm.; tarsus about 84 to 90 mm. ; culmen 84 to 91 mm. (//arte7?), In Winter the tail is greyish, the long secondaries more grey and less black. Young birds have the black replaced by brown, the brown scapulars, coverts, etc., edged with paler brown, giving a mottled appearance. Nestling in down.—Above pale grey; a black line through the lores and another down the centre of the crown with other black marks laterally ; two broken dorsal lines of black and a well-developed black line down the posterior flanks joining round the tail; a few black blotches between this last and the dorsal lines; below dull white. Distribution.—Breeding over the greater part of Europe; the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea to the Yenesei; Tropical Africa and South to North and Western India and Ceylon in winter. Nidtticatiorn.—The Avocet breeds nowhere within Indian limits but breeding coionies may be found as far west as Denmark and Spain. The colonies are sometimes of considerable size and the birds commence laying in the end of April, depositing their eggs either on the bare ground or in scratchings more or less well lined with vegetable debris. The site for the nest is in or around marshy land or sometimes in wet meadows of long grass, and the nest is generally well hidden, though I have seen nests occasionally in Denmark which were comparatively well exposed to any passer-by. ‘lhe eggs, like those of all plovers, number four and are very like those of the Stilt, but average browner on the whole with rather darker and more definite markings, whilst they are also of course much bigger. Jourdain gives the average of a hundred eggs as 50°5 by 35-0 mm., max. 55°6 by 35°6 mm. and 50:4 by 37-5 mm.; min. 46°8 by 34:3 mm. and 48°3 by 37:2 mm. Flabits——In India, this most beautiful bird occurs commonly in the North-West, from whence it decreases in numbers southwards, though it occurs in Ceylon whilst eastward it has occurred as far as 480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Behar. It arrives in India late in October though in the North-West a few birds may be met with in September, whilst Ticehurst has recorded it as early as the 28th of August. It leaves again in the end of March, the last few being seen as late as the second week in April. Ticehurst records having seen one as late as the 24th of May, whilst he saw yet another bird, apparently not breeding, on the 22nd of June at Jhimpir. In countries where it is more or less protected, the Avocet becomes very tame, but, where persecuted, it soon becomes very shy and wild, whilst in approaching its nest it is every- where very cautious and suspicious. In India accounts of its wild- ness vary very greatly, and I have had it described to me by sports- men as being sometimes exceptionally tame and confiding and at other times equally wild and difficult to approach. It keeps entirely to marshy lands, swamps and lakes, feeding on small crustacea, water insects, etc., obtaining its food by sweeping in the mud with a circular action of its curved bill as it walks quietly and slowly through the chalky shallows. It flies well, with its legs outstretched behind it and also swims well, sitting, like the Stilt, very high on the water. Witherby syllabifies its call as ‘ Klweet, klweet’ and says that the male also has a low ‘ Chuck, chuck, chuck, chawy’ which it utters on the ground. GENUS: IBIDORHYNCHA. [bidorhyncha Gould, Century Birds, pl. 19 (1831). Type by mon., lbzdorhyncha struthersti Gould. This very curious genus still requires considerable study before its position can be finally settled. Pending this I follow Lowe in retain- ing it in the Vanelline. The bill is hard, long, slender and curved downwards over nearly half its length ; the nostril is linear and is placed at the base of the bill in a groove which extends over more than half the length of the bill; the tarsi are comparatively short and reticulated throughout ; there is no hind toe; the outer and middle toes are connected by a deeply-indented small web, but that between the middle and inner toes is obsolete; the wing is very square, the first three primaries subequal and the inner secondaries almost as long. IBIDORHYNCHA STRUTHERSII The Tbts-B7z/1. lbidorhyncha struthersit Gould, Century Birds, pl. 19 (1831) (Himalayas); Stuart Baker, Fauna B.I., Birds, vi, p. 196, 1929. Vernacular Names. —Puggah (Hill Miri). Description.—Face as far back as the middle of the eye, throat and crown black bordered by white ; the forehead and lores more or less speckled and streaked with white - neck, sides of head and upper breast bluish-grey, above merging into the ashy grey-brown of the upper plumage; rump-feathers with dark brown bases showing plainly ; tail ashy-grey with narrow, wavy dark cross-bars, the other feathers with broad blackish subapical bars ; primaries rather darker THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE 481 brown, the inner webs marked with white, indefinite broad margins to the first three or four, becoming well-defined white spots and bars on the innermost ; a narrow white band below the grey-blue upper breast followed by a broad black gorget; axillaries, under wing- coverts and rest of lower plumage white. Colours of soft parts.—lIris crimson; bill deep crimson-red to scarlet-red ; legs and feet pinkish-grey (non-breeding and young) to blood-red (breeding adults). Measurements.—Wing 230 to 245 mm. ; tail 113 to 120 mm. ; tarsus about 47 to 49 mm, ; culmen 68 to 80 mm. Young birds have no black and white on the head; the black breast- band is wanting or only just shows; the upper plumage has each feather narrowly margined paler. Nestling in down.—Above grey, this tint formed by the most minute stipplings of blackish and white with, here and there, a tinge of fulvous ; a darker line round the back of the head; a well-defined black and rufous line down the posterior flanks and round the tail; below greyish-white. Distribution.—The Pamirs and Gilgit to North-West China, in Winter moving down to the foot-hilis ail along the Himalayas. In Assam it is common in the hill-streams where they debouch from the hills but never wanders any distance into the plains. In the Himalayas, in Summer, it occurs principally between 9,000 and 15,000 ft. Nidttication.—The breeding of the Ibis-Bill was first discovered by S. L. Whymper in April 1905, when he obtained nests in the streams of the Garhwal Hills between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. The same year Lieut. F. M. Bailey obtained its eggs from Gyantse, in Tibet. Since then it has been found breeding by Osmaston, Ludlow and others in Tibet, up to an elevation of at least 13,000 feet, whilst La Touche also obtained several nests on the Shinho River in North-East Chihli. Mr. Whymper thus describes his finding of the eggs: ‘On May 5, 1906, I found the [bis-Biil (/ozdorhynchus slruthersit) breeding on the Bhaghirathi river—at about 8,000 feet. I got three clutches of eggs (four in each), there being, so far as I could make out, only three pairs of birds there. The nests, composed of small stones, were hollowed out and placed on sand and shingle among boulders and were very like a large nest of the Spur-winged Plover. I found two of the nests by watching the birds, but the first one I found by tracing back the tracks of a bird that was crouching and running along in this manner and at once flew back when flushed. I had to trace the tracks back well over a hundred yards before I came to a well-trampled spot and the eggs were at the side of it.’ ‘T sat down some way off to watch and the bird returned in about five minutes (the eggs were very hard-set), running almost straight to the nest and stood over it bobbing her head like a plover. She then sat down alongside the eggs, not actually on them, and this seems to be a habit of theirs as I saw another bird act in the same way when returning to its nest. The egg's in the different clutches vary a good deal in size, but the largest are 1:95 x 1°45 and are shaped very like 482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV a whimbrel’s eggs. The ground colour is greenish-grey and they are spotted more or less ali over but chiefly at the larger end with reddish-brown and pale purple, in colour and markings they are not unlike some terns’ eggs. Ali the clutches were very hard set and indeed one would have hatched ina very few days. I was overjoyed at getting them, as I do not think they have been recorded before.’ ‘While hunting for these eggs I also founda fresh clutch of the Common Sandpiper ( Zotanus hypoleucus) in quite a neat little nest of twigs and pine needles under a boulder. I am not aware if this nest has been recorded from Indian limits before, though, of course, it breeds freely in Kashmir.’ | Lieut. Bailey adds something to the description of the nest and says: ‘The nest was situated ona stony island in the middle of the river here (13,000 ft.). The nest was made of small flat stones about 4 inch in diameter, forming a perfectly smooth and flat surface. I unfortunately did not measure the nest. The eggs, four in number, were laid with their points inward. This nest was taken on the 9th June when the eggs were hard set. On the same day I saw two birds with two young ones each. On my approaching, the young birds lay among the stones with their necks stretched out flat on the ground while the old bird endeavoured to draw me off in another direction, uttering loud cries. The young when crouching among the stones were very difficult to see, and lay so still that they allowed themselves to be picked up before showing any signs of life. The other three eggs were accidentally broken, sol have not attempted to blow the remaining one.’ The birds breed at least as high as 14,000 ft. though more often between 8,000 and 11,000 ft., and Mr. Macdonald, who sent me several clutches of the eggs of this bird, informs me that they were nearly aiways taken on islands in the middle of streams, though occasionally one might be found on shingle beds running into the river from the banks. Mr. Whymper aiso refers to this predilection of the birds for islands and writes: ‘They are especially fond of nesting on the little islands which are numerous and sometimes rather hard to get at... The nest is always placed right out in the open; I never saw one under the shelter of a stone or stranded log as is mentioned in the Birds of India;:a common site is near the edge of a shingle bank. The nest is usually found by keeping a sharp look-out ahead and the bird will be seen running stealthily away. If the nest is not immediately discovered the bird will return. to it ina short time. I have found fourteen nests in a few days, the egos of which were well incubated although I was a fortnight earlier than in 1906. Infournests I found incubated clutches of three eggs, so it seems they sometimes lay three only. The nests have already been described and all those I saw were made as before, of little smooth black stones.’ La Touche had two eggs of this bird brought to him by his collector in 1915 from a stream in the mountains of Chihli and, on the second of the May following, he himself went out and found numerous nests, mere depressions among the stones of the shingiy beach. The depressions were lined with small stones, all of much the same size. The breeding season of this bird seems to be restricted to THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE 483 April and May. The earliest I have recorded is one taken on the 9th of April by La Touche and the latest, with fresh eggs, is one taken on the 29th of May and with hard set eggs on the 11th June. Birds, however, have been seen in their breeding places after their eggs had been taken, haunting the vicinity, and I have no doubt that they lay again and later than May in these circumstances. The eggs, I think, remind one more of the Woodcock’s eggs than those of any other wader, but they are very pale and weakly marked. The ground colour is a very pale grey, tinted either greenish, yellowish or buff, whilst markings consist of small blotches and spots of light to dark reddish, with secondary markings of pale lavender. Both types of markings are fairly numerous at the larger end but scanty elsewhere, and in no eggs are the markings at all bold. Fifty-two eggs average Or GO mina eemaxiina Jo OC <0:0nmm.s and 50'S: xX 35-0 mm.; minima #6'0 by 34:0 mm. Habits.—In summer the Ibis-Bill keeps entirely to the banks and islands of rivers, between 8,000 and 15,000 feet, or perhaps even higher still. In Winter they seem to remain sometimes as high as 12,000 feet as they have been seen on the Gyantse Plateau all the year round. On the other hand, the majority of birds appear to wander down tc the foothilis and are to be found on most of the Himalayan rivers; where they debouch into the plains, though they never wander far into them. In Winter this species seem to be more common in the foothills in Assam than anywhere else, and Stevens records them as being found regularly every year on the Subansiri and other rivers between November and March. Ihave myself seen them on many of these rivers and saw one small party containing half a dozen birds on the Dunsiri as late as the fourteenth of April. They are said to be very wild in the breeding season, not allowing anybody to come within a considerable distance, but in winter they are distinctly not wild and I found them easy to approach within sixty to a hundred yards as they fed at the water's edge. The birds I saw were walking quietly about, feeding on the shingle, every now and then turning over small stones to quest underneath them. Those on the bare shingle were feeding on insects of various kinds, small mollusca and sandhoppers, but one I shot feeding on some shingle upon which there was a certain amount of scrubby grass and equisetum, seemed to have been feeding entirely on small grass- hoppers. This latter bird allowed me to sit and watch it for at least twenty minutes before it rose up to leave, and was shot. On the wing it is not unlike a large sandpiper, though not, I think, so swift, whilst during the breeding season it is said to indulge in all sorts of acrobatic feats in the air, much like a pee-wit. The only note I have heard is a musical ‘ klew, klew,’ but it is said to have a loud harsh call of fear and a similar warning note to its mate when sitting. It is a very graceful bird, both when walking and flying, and always seemed to me to be particularly charming to watch, so much so that I always felt a regret at turning one into a specimen, even though the flesh was extremely good to eat after the skin had been made ready for the museum. Cz o be continued) REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY EB (BUATTERS “S.J. Phas. Se PART XVII (With 3 plates and 1 text figure.) (Continued from page 275 of this volume.) ORCHIDACEA. BY Ey: “BLATTER, S.J.,/ Ph. D..h. LS. ee CMe Cann. bs) 12. PACHYSTOMA Blume (not in Cke.). Terrestrial herbs; rhizome underground, nodose. Leaves 1 or 2, long, narrow, plaited, often post-floral. Scape pale, with.many sheaths. Flowers racemed, pendulous, moderate sized; bracts large, scarious. Sepals and petals subequal, lateral sepals adnate to the base of the column. Lip sessile at the base of the footless column, erect, side lobes oblong, midlobe small ; disk with 3-5 deeply crested or fimbriate ridges. Column slender, clavate upwards. Anther dorsal, 4-celled ; pollinia 8, pyriform. Species 8.—British India, China, Malay Archipelago, Papuasia, N. Australia, New Caledonia. 1. Pachystoma senile Reichb. f. in Bonpland. iti, 250 ; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vl. 812; King & Pantl... Ann? Roy. Bot. "Gard. Gale." vit, st-3140)eiRidles ie Malay Pen. iv (1924) 116 (P. sessile per errorem); Brthl Orchids Sikkim . (1926) 75; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1426.—P. Smithianum, Edge- worthii, montanum et Lindleyanum Reichb. f.1.c.—Afpaturia senilis, Smithiana et montana Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 3739, 3737, 3738; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 130, 131.—A. Lindleyana Wight Ic. t. 1662. Description: Rhizome 2°5-5 cm. Leaf solitary, very long and narrow. Scape with raceme 20-70 cm. long, white or nearly so. Sheaths 12 mm.-5 cm. long. Flowers about 12 mm. long, glandular pubescent, white, greenish or pinkish. Bracts scarious, longer or shorter than the flowers, strongly nerved. Sepals membranous, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved. Petais narrowly spathulate, acuminate, 3-nerved. Mentum very short. Lip from oblong to nearly orbicu- lar, claw very short ; side lobes large, obtuse or subacute ; midlobe as long or longer, oblong or obovate, retuse or pointed, purplish ; disk with 5, rarely 3 crested ridges from the base to the midlobe, and there thickened. Column puberulous. Locality : S. M. Country: Belgaum, in black soil of grass land, 2,600 ft., rainfall 50 in. (T. R. Bell 940 ! 941 ! 942 ! 9431!). Flowered beginning of March 1926. ‘ The flowers were out at the beginning of March. ‘The leaves were not fully up and grown until towards the middle of August and there was not a vestige above ground before the middle of July.’ (T. R. Bell 77 epzst.) Distribution: Plains and foot-hills of N. India, from Garhwal to Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Manipur, Malay Peninsula, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras (apparently not in Ceylon). 13. THunia Reichb. f, (Cke. ii, 692). Species 4.—Indo-Malayan. There is only 1 species in the Presidency. 1. Thunia venosa Rolfe in Orchid Rev. xiii (1905) 206; Cke. ii, 692; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1167 ; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1427.—FPhajus albus Lind}. (partim) ; Hook. f. in F.B,I. v, 818 (partzm.). REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 485 This species had been mixed up with 7hunia alba Reichb. f. This latter species can, according to Rolfe, be distinguished by the somewhat elongate raceme, by more and much larger flowers, by a yellow disk to the lip and a few lilac radiating veins on the side lobes. Distributioz: Kumaon, Mussoorie, Sikkim, Assam, Khasia, Burma, Chota Nagpur, W. Ghats of Bombay Pres., Travancore. 14. CALANTHE Br. (not in Cke.) Terrestrial herbs, often pseudobulbous with a short or tall, leafy stem. Leaves plaited. Scape axillary, terminal or lateral from a leafy pseudubuib. Flowers medium sized, racemed. Sepals subequal, spreading, rarely connivent. Petals broad or narrow. Lip adnate to the top or base of column, 3-lobed, midlobe often 2-fid, disk lamellate or tubercled, with or without a spur. Column long or short, obliquely truncate ; foot O. Anther conical or convex, 2-celled ; pollinia 8, waxy, cohering in pairs by a granular viscus. Species 120.—Warm countries. One species in the Bombay Pres. 1. Calanthe Masuca Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7337; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 240; Bot. Mag. t. 4541 ; Hook. f. in F.B.I. v., 850 ; King and Pantl. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, t. 234; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1432; Brtithl Orchids of Sikkim (1926) 108.—C. versicolor Lind]. Sert. Orchid. t. 42; Bot. Reg. 1844, sab tab. 37.—C. emarginata Wight Ic. t. 918.—C. Wightit Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi, 933.—Bletia Masuca Don Prodr. 30. Description: A terrestrial herb. Stem short, stout. Leaves elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 25-50 cm. long, 7-15 cm. broad, sessile, or base tapering into a usually short petiole, usually sparsely pubescent, at least below, sometimes glabrescent. Scape lateral, stout, with the lax-flowered raceme up to 90 cm. long, sparsely puberulous ; bracts large, 20-25 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, puberulous. Pedicels with ovary 3-3-7 cm. long. Flowers usually pale or dark purple, sometimes pale rose or white with a purple lip ; lip always bright coloured, 20-25 mm. long, puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, up to 3:7 cm. long, lip hardly exceeding the sepals, side lobes short, falcate-oblong, midlobe much !arger, broadly or cuneately reniform, spur linear-subspathulate, longer than the sepals. Capsule 3°5 cm. long. Locality : N. Kanara: Malemanighat (Sedgwick 7216!). Distribution: Tropical Himalaya from Nepal to Sikkim (1,500-4,000 ft.) Deccan Peninsula, W. Ghats of Madras Pres. (3,000-6,000 ft.), Java. 15. Europuia R, Br. (Cke. ii, 693). Species 200.—Warm countries of the Old World. Cooke gives 4 species. We add another not known from the Presidency before: Hulophia canipestris Wall. A, Column not produced into a foot I, Leaves and flowers coetaneous or nearly so 1, Lip longer than broad; side lobes of lip short or O a. Sepals 12 mm. long ; side lobes of lip O tee Le Le. OCH Venta. 6. Sepals 2°2-3 cm. long; side lobes of lip 3 mm. long Si re oy sha, Lone HEV OACEE: 2. Lip broader than long; disk of lip with 3 crested nerves se me ee wo. 3. LO. pratensis. II. Flowers appearing long before the leaves .. 4. &. campestris. B. Column produced into a foot _... * es I Lee 1. Eulophia ochreata Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1858) 24; Dalz. & Gibs. BoOmO.sEt. 2009 Hook.f. E+ Baly vi, 235 Cke. 11, 693: Pischer Fl. Madras’ viii (1928) 1435. Description : Cke. 1. c.—Tubers sometimes ]5 in a line. Scape up to45cm. Leaves dark green, plicate. Flowers pale cadmium yellow. Locality ; Gujarat: Khodwa, Panch Mahals (Raoji!).—Konkan (Stocks) ; Salsette, hills east of Tulsi Lake, in red earth in fairly open forest (McCann 1651! 1652 ! 1653 !).—S. 17. Country : Dharwar (Law).—Kanara (Law). Distribution ; Vizagapatam Hills at 3,000 ft. 2. Eulophia herbacea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1833) 182; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 265; Hook. f. in F.B.I. vi, 2; Cke. ii, 693; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1435; Duthie Ann. Roy. Bot, Gard. ix, t, 106.—£. brachypetala 486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Lindl, in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii, 24.—Liuucdorum bicolor Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, (1832) 469.— Fulophia carinata Grah. Cat. p. 202 (zon Lindl.) Distribution « W. Himalaya, Garhwal, 4,000-7,000 ft., Bengal, Rungpore, Gujarat, Konkan, Kanara, Bababudan Hills in Mysore. 3. Eulophia pratensis Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii (1858) 25; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, FI]. 264; Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 4; Cke. ii, 694; Fischer Fl. Madras. pt. viii (1928) 1435.—Z. ramentosa Wight Ic. t. 1666 (zon Lindl.)—Z. virens Grah. Cat. 202 (zon Brown). Locality « Gujarat: Panch Mahals (Raoji!).—Deccan : Poona (Woodrow 965 !); canal-side, Poona (Herb. Econ. Bot.!); Pishan, 6 miles W. of Poona (Tukaram !, Paranjpe!, Gammie!).— W. Ghats : Panchgani (A. St. J. Cooke) .— S. M. Country: Belgaum (Ritchie 1421) ; Dharwar, in grass, 2,400 ft., rainfall 34 in. (Bourne 3481!); Havasbhavi in Dharwar Dist., in long grass, not common, 2,000 ft., rainfall 33 in. (Sedgwick 2146!).—N. Kanara: Haveri (Talbot 2225 !).—Hook.f. says from the Konkan southwards. We have not seen any specimen from those parts. Flowers : Nov. 1919 (Dharwar), Dec. 1917 (Dharwar). Distribution : Deccan, S. M. Country, W. Ghats of Madras Pres. 4. Eulophia campestris Wall. Cat. 7617; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 185 ; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii, 24 (eacl. syn. Wight) ; Hook. f. F. B. J., vi, 4; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1171.—£. vamentacea et rupestris Lindl. in Wall. Cat 7367, 7368 ; Gen. & Sp. Orchid l.c.—&. hemaleuca Lind). in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii, 25.— Limodorum ramentacéum Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 69; Fl. Ind. iii., 46— Bletia Dabia Don Prodr. 30. Description: A slender orchid. Flowering stem 15-16 cm., rising laterally from the apex of a chain of erect ovoid tubers which are connected at their base (Haines). Sheaths subappressed, acute. Leaves 2, rising from the apex of the slender sheathing pseudostem, developing long after the plant has flowered, 25-40 cm. long, linear, acuminate. Scape sheathed at intervals by loose membranous bracts. Flowers many in lax racemes, sometimes secund or subsecund, or nodding on slender pedicels. Floral bracts variable, membra- nous, linear or lanceolate, acuminate, usually longer than the slenderly stalked ovary. Sepals slightly attached to the base of the lip, 8-12 mm., linear- lanceolate, or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 5-7-nerved. Petals elliptic or broadly oblong, obtuse, or lanceolate, as or nearly as long as the sepals, 5-6 mm. broad, broader than the sepals, 3-5 nerved, greenish or yellowish, with red or brown clouds. Lip 9-11 mm. long, oblong or cuneate-obovate ; side lobes short, rounded or subacute, erect or upcurved, adnate to the column, veined with red, midlobe orbicular, quadrate or oblong. crenulate, purple? or yellow ?, basal portion of disk with 3 median lamellae, ending in a fimbriate or tubercled patch on the terminal lobe. Spur short or hardly any, obtuse, coni- cal subclavate. Column as long as the lip, slender, without a foct or scarcely any. Pollinia 2, broad, notched and perforated near the base ; caudicle stout ; gland elongate. Capsule 18 mm, long, ellipsoid. Note.—The various botanical writers do not agree on several details of morphology. ‘Their statements show that the plant is an extremely variable one or that further observations are required on several points, We mention only a few: Tuber : ‘From a deformed tuber.’ (Hook. f.). ‘From the last of a chain of erect tubers which are connected at their base.’ (Haines). Colour of flower : ‘Flowers yellowish or green with pink or purple mark- ings.’ , ‘ Flowers pale pink with darker lines.’ (Brihl). ‘ Sepals yellow or green, striped with pink.’ (Hook. f.). ‘Sepals and lateral petals green. Lip white, strongly green-veined.’ (Hallberg in MS.). ‘ Sepals greenish outside, brownish inside.’ (Haines). ‘ Petals greenish or yellowish with red or brown clouds.’ (Haines). ‘ Side lobes of lip beautifully veined with red.’ (Haines). ‘ Midlcbe usually purple.’ (Hook. f. and Duthie). ‘ Midlobe yellow.’ (Haines). | REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 487 Nerves of sepals: ‘Sepals 5-nerved.’ (Haines). ‘Sepals 5-7-nerved.’ (Hook. f. and Duthie). ‘Size of sepals ‘Petals broader than the sepals.’ (Haines). and petals; ‘Petals narrower than the sepals.’ (Hook. f. and Duthie). Shape of petals: ‘ Petals oblanceolate.’ (Hook. f. and Duthie). ‘ Petals elliptic or broadly oblong.’ (Haines). We found them lanceolate. Ridges on palate ‘3 median lamellae.’ (Hook. f. and Duthie, Brihl). of lip: ‘2 crenulate lamellae.’ (Haines). Our specimen shows 2 lamellae. Locality: Konkan: Bombay, Victoria Gardens, wild (Hallberg 15377 !), Flowers: Aprilin Bombay. Distribution : Baluchistan, Afghanistan, sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, Nepal, Sikkim (Terai and Duars), Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Chittagong, Upper Burma, Deccan. 5. Eulopkia nuda Lindl in Wall. Cat. (1828) 7371: Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 5; Kine Pant: Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard..-Calc. vin (1893) 180, t. 243; Duthie 20a: t. 1x, pt. ii, 12/3, Prain: Bene. Pl) 1016 ; Cke, ii, 695; Duthie Fl. Upper Gane, Plain iii, pt. 11 (1920) 200 ; Haines‘ Bot. Bih. & Or. 1171; Bruhl Orchids Sikkim (1926) 109; Fischer Fl. Madras viii (1928) 1435; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. pt. iv (1898) 177.—£. bicolor Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii (1851) 343; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 264.—Cyrtopera fusca Wight Ic. (185?) t. 1690 (Che. habet Cyrtoptera per errorem).—C. nuda Reichb. f. in Flora (1872) 274.—C. mysoren- sis Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii, 32. Description: Cke. ii, 694. More complete in Duthie Fl. Upper Gang. Plain iii, 200. Locality: Konkan: Ambenali at foot of Mahableshwar (Blatter & McCann !).—S. MW. Country: Ramghat (Ritchie !); Amba, Manoli forest (Bhide!) ; Londa (Ahmed Khan 2541!).—N. Kanara: Kalanaddi (Ritchie 708) ; foot of Arbail Ghat, 800 ft. (Sedgwick 6646 !). Flowers: Jan. 1917 (Londa). fyiuit. Oct. 1919 (N. Kanara). Distribution: Tropical Himalaya from Nepal to Sikkim, N. Oudh, Chota Nagpur, Assam, Khasia Hills, Manipur, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, W. Peninsula, W. Ghats of Madras Pres., 2,000-7,000 ft., Vizagapatam Hills at 3,800 ft., Ceylon. 16. GroDoRUM Jackson (Cke. ii, 695). Species 10.—Indo-Malayan. One species in the Bombay Pres. We follow Fischer in changing Geodorum dilatatum R. Br. into G. densiflorum Schlechter. 1. Geodorum densiilorum Schlechter in Fedde Report Besih. iv (1919) 259; Fischer Fl. Madras. viii (1928) 1437.—Lzmodorum densiflorum Lam. Encycl. iii, 516.—Geodorum purpureum Hook.f. F. B. 1. vi (1890) 16; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 266 ; King & Pantl. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii (1898) 181, t. 245 ; Duthie eod. /. ix, pt. ii, 130.—G. di/atatum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2 i (lsla)207) Eo balioawis l/s Wichtlce ty 912; Prain Beng, Pl. 1017 Cke. 11, 695.) ainesiBot) Bikiode Or; 1170; Duthie Fl. Upper ‘Gane? Plain ii; pt.. ii (1920) 203.—Lzmodorum recurvum Roxb. Corom., Pl. i (1795) t. 30; Fl. Ind. iii (1832) 469. Description and Locality: Cke. ii, 695. Distribution: Dehra Dun, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bengal, Andaman Islands, Konkan, N. Kanara, all districts of the Madras Pres. between 200-3,000 ft., Ceylon, China. 17, CyMBIDIUM Swartz (Cke. ii, 696). Species 30.—Africa to Australia. 1. Cymbidium aloifolium Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi (1799) 73 ; Hook. f. F.B.1. vi, 10 (Jartzm) ; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. Grah. Cat. 203: Dalz. & 488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Gibs. Bomb. FI. 266; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii (1832) 458; Wight Ic. tt. 1687, 1688 ; King & Pantl. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii (1898) 189, t. 252; Duthie eod. 1. ix, pt. 2, 136 ; Fl. Upper Gang. Plain iii, pt. ii (1920) 204 ; Cke. ii, 696°; Brihl Orchids Sikkim (1926) 115; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1436.— Gu bicolor Hooke i... dbl. visi (non Lindl.) ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. iv (1898) 179.— E pidendrum pendulum Roxb. Cofom. Blt: 44. Description: Cke. ii, 696. Locality: Add: Konkan: Savantvadi at Tamboli (F. X. Miranda !). Flowers : May 1903 (Poona, in garden). Fruit: Jan. (Savantvadi). Distribution: Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Andaman Islands, Konkan, Kanara, all hilly tracts of Madras Pres., 100-3,500 ft. 18. SARCOCHILUS Br. (Cke. ii, 697). Species about 40.—Indo-Malayan, Polynesian. We retain the 2 species given by Cooke. 1. Racemes shorter than the leaves ae seta let Svercdsioss: 2. Racemes much longer than the leaves woe 2e Se 27ACILALNS. 1. Sarcochilus viridiflorus T. Cooke (zom Hook. f. in F. B. J. vi, 38); Cke. ii, 697..—Saccolabium viridiflorum Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. _ iii (1858) 36 ; Hook. f. F. B. I. vi, 63.—Micropera viridiflora Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ili (1851) 282. Description: Cke.1. c. Locality: Konkan (Dalzell).—W. Ghats : Mahableshwar (Cooke!) ; Koina valley below Mahableshwar (Cooke); Castle Rock (Bhide!) ; Amboli Ghat (Gammie 15067!).—S. 4. Country: Amba (Bhide!).—M. Kanara: Usheli (Ritchie 1426) ; Chandwar (Ritchie 1426) ; Tinai Ghat (Bhide !). Distribution: Endemic in the Bombay Pres. 2. Sarcochilus maculatus Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii (1883) 575; Cke. ii, 698.—Saccolabium maculatum Hook. f. F.B.I. vi (1890) 64. —_Micropera maculata Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii (1851) 282; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 263. Description, etc.: Cke. ii, 698. Locality: W. Ghats : (Dalzell) ; Phunda Ghat (Ritchie 1427!).—WN. Kanara. Idigangi (Bell); Kadra (Bell!); Yellapur 1,600 ft. (Sedgwick 5834!). Flowers: May 1911 (N. Kanara). Fruit: Aug. 1919 (N. Kanara). Distribution : Endemic in Bombay Pres. 19. CHILOCHISTA Lindl. (not in Cke.). Epiphytic herbs; stem very short, leafless, scaly; roots slender, long. Racemes erect. Sepals and petals similar, broad, spreading, the lateral sepals inserted on the apical portion of the foot. Petals usually running down the foot. Lip movable on the foot, 3-lobed, spur saccate, side lobes erect, midlobe very short; disk with a pubescent callus. Column short; foot broad. Anther 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose, deeply furrowed, caudicle short. 1. Chilochista glandulosa sf. mov. Blatter & McCann. | Orchidacea vicina Chilochiste pusille@ Schlechter sed differet ab eu bractets ovario aequilongis, pedunculis, pedicellis necnon ovartis densissinie glandulis albis conicis coopertis, floribus flavis maculis brunneo-rubris ornatis. | Description: Avery small epiphytic plant. Roots loosely tufted, tortuose, up to 15 cm. long and about 2 mm. broad, flattened, when fresh white-satiny with a pinkish tinge, running along the underside of branches. Stem o. Leaves none. Peduncle and: raceme about 3-4 cm. long, thin at insertion, thickening upwards, bearing 2-4 flowers, jointed, with a bract at base and at each joint about the same length as the bracts subtending the flower. Peduncles, pedicels and ovaries thickly covered with minute white conical glandular hairs. Racemes about 15 mm. long. Bracts as long as the sessile ovary, 1‘5 mm. long, glabrous, veined longitudinaliy, straw-coloured. Flowers distichous. Sepals yellow, spotted and blotched irregularly and usually densely with brown-red. Dorsal sepal broadly oblong, 5 mm. long, 2°5-3 mm. broad, subobtuse ; lateral sepals broadly oblong, subacute, 3-3°5 mm. long, 2 mm. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 489 broad. Petals slightly longer than lateral sepals, narrower and subacute at apex, the same colour as the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, 2-3 mm. long, inflexed upon the foot of the column; side lobes more than twice as long as the midlobe, reaching to beyond the inflexed column, then curving towards each other and meeting, even overlapping; midlobe short rounded, slightly emarginate ; each little roundish lobe due to the emargination, white-woolly, the woolliness only slightly encroaching upon the upper side of the lip (not visible owing to the inflection of the whole lip). Column very short, scarcely 1 mm. long, somewhat curved, very much bent inwards towards the long foot (about 1mm. long) to which the lip is joined, white, with the foot purple- blotched. Cap broad, obcordate, yellowish. Rostellum square, transparent, coming away with the gland. Pollinia 2, obovate, slightly compressed, deeply grooved; caudicles short, extensible. The stigmatic surface seems to be a hollow immediately under the rostellum on the front face of the column, Fruit 11 by 2 mm.,, light green, speckled and blotched with purplish brown, curved thickest in the middle, gradually narrowed into the rhachis, 4-sided, the dorsal and lateral faces slightly ridged down centres, the ventral face broadest with a broad low central longitudinal thickening, the whole surface covered with minute, erect conical whitish glandular hairs. (Most of the description from Bell’s MS. prepared from live specimens.) Locality: N. Kanara: Karwar (T. R. Bell 4969, type); Dandulli (T.R. Bell); Yellapur, on Careya arborea and Randia uliginosa (T. R. Bell). Flowers: Jan. 1912 (Yellapur). Fruit: June (Karwar). Note: It is useful to remember that Schlechter has united Chilochista usneoides Wight Ic. t. 1741 and Sarcochilus Wighti: Hook. f. under the name of Chilochista pusilla, Chilochista glandulosa sp. nov. Blatter & McCann: 1. Dorsal. sepal, x 2.. — .2.° Lateral sepal, x 2, — 3. Fruit. — 4, a. Side-lobes of lip, x 4. — b. Petals, — 5..Cap. — 6. Flower, x 8. — 7. Attachment of dorsal sepal. — 8, Lip — 9. Side view of column and foot, x 8. — 10. Top view of same, x 8. — 11. Front view of column, x 8. — 12. Pollinia with gland, x 20. 490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 20. RHYNCHOSTYLIS Blume (Cke. ii, 698). Species 2,~-Indo-Malayan. 1. Rhynchostylis retusa Blume Bijdr. (1825) 286, t. 49; Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 32°) King & -Pantl; im Ann, ivoy. Bot. Gard: Cale. viii (1898) 9 21355t. -284- Trim. Fl. Ceyl. iv, 187; Prain Beng. Pl. 1020; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 178 ss Brahh ee an Sikkim (1926) 128; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1440; Cke. 698 .— Saccolabium guttatuin Lindl. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 7308 ; Dalz. & Gibs. a, Bl) 263% Wight Wc.> tt. 71/4550 1746) Bots Macrat: 4108. —Aerides retusa Sw. in Schrad. Journ, IL (1799) 233 ; Grah. Cat. 294.— A. guttatunm Roxb. FI. Ind. HI (1832) 471.—Hpidendrum retusum Linn. Sp. Pl (1705) 351. Description : Cke. ii, 698. Locality : Konkan: (Stocks) ; Salsette (Dalzell & Gibson, Herb. St. X.C 8691 !); Thana (Ryan 49!); between Chandal and Karjat (Blatter & Hallberg 26534!).—S. AZ. Country « Lanze, on Kolhapur-Ratnagiri Road (R. K. Bhide !); W. of Dharwar (Mrs. Wilkinson 4018 !).—MV. Kanara: Kalanaddi (Ritchie). Flowers: May 1904 (S. M. Country); June 1918 (W. of Dharwar); July 1918 (Salsette). Distribution : Tropical Himalaya from the Punjab eastwards to Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 ft, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chota Nagpur, Konkan, Kanara, Deccan, Circars, Walayar, Malabar Coast, Ceylon, Burma, Malav Peninsula, Siam, Java, Philippines. 21. AFRIDES Lour. (Cke. ii, 699). Species about 50.—Eastern Asia. Cooke mentions 3 species: A. macilosum, A. crispum and A. vadicosum. For the latter we substitute the name A. vingens Fischer. Key in Cke. l. c. 1. Aerides maculosum Lind]. in Bot. Rep. (1845) t. 58; Dalz. & Gibs. FI. Bomb..266; Hook. f. F.B.1. vi, 45; Prain Beng. P].. 1020; Cke. 11, 699 ; Haines Bot. ‘bit. Ge Oral132" Fischer FI. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1442.—Saccolabium sfectosum Wight Ic. tt. 1674, 1675. Description : Cke. ii, 699. Locality: Konkan: Near Vehar Lake in Salsette.—W. Ghats: Lonavla . (Garade!); Khandala (Hallberg!) ; Panchgani (Cooke, Alice Pigott!) ; Mahableshwar (Cooke!).—S. 7. Country: Belgaum, west face of Cheeta Hill (Ritchie 713). Flowers: Jan. 1927 (Salsette) ; May 1902 (Poona). Distribution : Chota Nagpur, Konkan, S. M. Country, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres., up to 4,500 ft. 2. Aerides crispum Lindl. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 7319; Dalz & Gibs. FI. Bomb: 265; Hook. f.'F.8.1. vi. 453 Cke-11,, 700; Bischer Blo Madras.) pt. vant, 1442.— A. Lindleyana Wight Ic. t. 1677. Description : Cke. ii, 700. Locality « Konkan: Between Khandala and Karjat (Herb. St. IC Dis near Vengurla (Dalzell & Gibson); Wari country (Dalzell & Gibson).— W. Ghats: Khandala (Hallberg!); Panchgani (Blatter!) ; Mahableshwar, very common (Blatter 230!, M. Ezekiel 26572!).—S. M7. Country - Devarayi, S. M. Railway, 1,800 ft. (Sedewick 4087 bis!}.—N. Kanara: Yellapur, 1,500 ft., rainfall 100 in. (T. R. Bell 6061 !). Flowers : May 1903 (Poona); June 1925 (Mahableshwar). Fruit ; March 1917 (Between Khandala and Karjat). Distribution : Bombay Pres., Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, 3,000-4,000 ft. 3. Aerides ringens Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii, 1442.—Saccolabtum ringens Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7313; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 220.—Aerides radicosum A: Rich. in “Ann.'Sc. Natcser.’2, xv “C184i) 65,00. a eC Sblook: fob sels vi, 46; Cke. ii, 700.—A. lineare Hook. f. 1. c. 47; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. iv (1898) 189.— Saccolabium lineare Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7312.—S. paniculatum Wight Ic. t. 1676.—S. Wightianum Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7303; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 221 (excl. syn.); Wight Ic: t. 917.—-S. rubrum eS Ic. 1673 {zon Lindl.). As Aerides ringens Fischer is a combination of 2 species which were consi- dered to be distinct before, we are going to give a description including the characters of A. radicosum and A. lineare. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IX. Del. C. McCann after Miss E. Bell. Luisia truncata Blatter and McCann, sp. nov. REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 491 _ Description: Stem short, 4-17 cm. long, as thick as the thumb, with very stout simple vermiform roots. Leaves thickly coriaceous, 10-42 by 0°1-2°5 cm.; scymitar-shaped, linear or linear-oblong, unequally 2-lobed at the apex, keeled, often mottled with purple, bases closely imbricating. Flowers from nearly white to deep rose-pink, in simple or branched racemes or panicles shorter or longer than the leaves; bracts minute, ovate, acute, persistent ; pedicels with ovary 6-16mm. long. Sepals suborbicular ; lateral sepals 6 mm. lony and as broad as long, broadly elliptic or suborbicular ; dorsal sepal 8 by 4mm.., elliptic, obtuse. Petals narrower. Lip 3-lobed; side lobes very smail; midlobe ovate ; disk with 2 large basal calli; spur cylindric, obtuse, incurved. Anther beaked ; caudicle of pollinia short, subtriangular ; gland large. Locality: Konkan: Salsette (Dalzell & Gibson).—W. Ghats : Mahableshwar (Woodrow !).—S. M7. Country - W. of Astoli (Sedgwick 2523 !).—N. Kanara : Near Kanapa on the Kalanaddi (Ritchie 715) ; in forests (T. R. Bell 4089!).— Growing on trees and rocks. Flowers; July 1917 (S. M. Country). Distribution: Konkan, S. M. Country, N. Kanara, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres., 800-8,000 ft., Ceylon. 22, Luista Gaud. (Cke. ii, 791). Species 35.—Tropical Asia to Japan. Cooke gives 2 species as belonging to the Bombay Pres. We add 4 new species. Key : I. Petals as long as the lateral sepals or only slightly longer 1. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse Toe 2 teveu1 ora. 2. Petals strap-shaped, truncate 2a La Ivuncala. II. Petals much longer than the lateral sepals 1. Leaves not caudate a. Leaves rounded at apex 3. £L. tenutfolia. 6. Leaves sharp-pointed at apex 4. L. pseudotenut- folta. c.° Leaves rounded at apex with a short conical apiculus ; 5. L.macrantha. 2. Leaves long-caudate 6. L. Hvangelinae. 1. Luisia teretifolia Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. (1826) 427, t. 37; Hook. f. F.B.I. Wigce >. Kino. Pantlh. in Anns Roy. Bot. Gard. Catc. viii .(1898) 202, -¢..2715 Trim. Fl. Ceyl. iv, 190; Prain Beng. Pl. 1018; Brtihl Orch. Sikkim (1926) 123; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt..vi, (1928). 1438.—Cymb6idium triste Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 63; Bot. Mag. ie 3618 : Wight Ic. t. 911 (Zext. tantum).—C. tenut- folium Wight. Ic. t. 1689 (textu excl.). Locality : Konkan: Vettora (Sabnis!).—S. 17. Counlry : Devicop (Sedg- wick 5786!).—M. Kanara: Usheli (Ritchie 1417) ; Wadehukli, 1,500 ft. (T. R. Bell 6078 ! 6zs.), in forests (T. R. Bell 5414 !). Flowers : May 1919. Distribution: Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Bengal Pegu, Andamans, Konkan, S. M. Country, N. Kanara, W. Ghats of Madras Pres., 3,000-4,000 ft., Vizaga- patam Hills at 4,000 ft., Ceylon. 2. Luisiatruncata sf. zov. Blatter & McCann. [Orchidacea vicina Luisiae teretifoliae Gaud. et L. brachystachyae Blume, sed differt ab ets folits apice apiculatis petalis liguliformibus apice truncatts et epichtlio 3-lobulato.| Description: Stem stout; internodes short. Leaves comparatively stout, up to 1l cm. long, spreading, flexuose, uniformly thick throughout, green or greenish, biotched with purple, apiculate at apex. Rhachis a few mm. long, few-flowered (about 3). Flowers small, atout 10 mm. wide. Dorsal sepal up to 5 mm. long, a little more than 2 mm. broad, oblong, acute, slightly concave, tip incurved yellowish green outside, greenish purplish inside. Lateral sepals ovate, subacute, boat-shaped, size of dorsal sepal, yellowish green outside, spotted with dingy purple inside. Petals slightly longer than sepals, strap-shaped, truncate at apex, greenish yellow on both sides, spreading, tips bent forward and downwards. Lip Z 492. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL FIST: SOCIETY, Vol. 32x. in general outline obovate, a little longer than the sepals, about 7 mm., purple, deeply constricted between hypochile and epichile ; hypochile quadrate, concave, a little shorter than the epichile, distal corners rounded ; epichile broadly ovate, broader than hypochile, 3-lobulate, all lobules rounded, central one double the diameter of the lateral ones, a few yellow streaks from the constriction forward. Anther 2-celled. Capsule shortly stalked, about 18 mm. long, 3-4 min. diam,, slightly thicker upwards, but again contracting towards the apex. (Described from detailed coloured illustrations prepared under T. R. Bell’s direction by Miss E. Bell.) Locality: N. Kanara: Yellapur (T. R. Bell).—W. Ghats: Castle Rock (T. R. Bell). Flowers : May 1911. Fruit: July 1911. 3. Luisia tenuifolia Blume Rumph. iv (1848), 50; Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bom, 266; Hook.f. F.B.1. vi, 245 Trim. Fl: Ceyl. iv, 391¢ Fischer Pls Madrasipt. vi (1928) 1438.—Cymbidium triste Wight Ic. t. 911 (7c. tantum) .—C. tenuifolium Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1833) 167 ; Grah. Cat. 203. Locality: Add: W. Ghats : Castle Rock (Bhide!). Distribution: Konkan, N. Kanara, W. Ghats of Bombay Pres., Madras Pres. : W. Ghats, Melpat in S. Arcot, near sea-level to 4,000 ft. 4, Luisia pseudotenuifolia sf. 20v. Blatter & McCann. [Orchidacea similis Luisié tenuifolie Blume a gua tamen differt caulis internodits longts, foliis ad apicem acumine preditis sepalo laterali apiculato, sepalo dorsati lineart, longitudine petalorum et labii relativa.| Description : Stem very long, sleader ; internodes long, 2-2°5 cm. Leaves up to 20 cm. long, very thin, mostly straight, spreading, forming a knee 2 or 3cm. from the apex and at the same time becoming much thinner ard finally ending in a very thin sharp point. Rhachis of spikes few-flowered, up to 14mm. long, considerably thinner than the stem. Dorsal sepals linear, rounded at apex, 10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad ; lateral sepals ovate-oblong, broadly apiculate, concave, 10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad. Petals linear, obtuse at apex, slightly broadening and bent in the upper half, about 20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad. Lip narrowly panduriform, 13-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, with 2 small rounded spreading lobes at the base and 2 short square, diverging lobes at the apex, these lobes about 2mm. long and over 1mm. broad. Column stout, much shorter than the lip. Pollinia 2, ovoid. Fruit not seen. Locality: N. Kanara. In forests (T. R. Bell 5401, type, 5411, cotype).— Found by T. R. Bell in 1907. 5. Luisia macrantha sf. mov. Blatter & McCann. [Orchidacea ab omnibus aliis Luisie speciebus distinguitur florum magni- tudine multo maiore, petalis linearibus 4 cm. attingentibus. Differt a Lutsia tenuifolia Gaud. cut est vicina labto late oblongo, folits apice conico-apiculatis, partibus omnibus multo maioribus. | Description : Stem more than 56 cm. high, stout, almost uniformly so from base to tip, branched or unbranched, dark brown with green shade, branches almost the same thickness as the stem; internodes 2°5-3°5 cm. long ; roots vermiform, stout, up to 20 cm. long. Leaves up to 20cm. by 3 mm,, cylindri- cal, variable in thickness, light or dark green, spreading or ascending, straight or flexuose, the tip bluntly rounded with a short conical apiculus at outer side. Buds triangular in section, subobtuse at apex, arising from a woody cylindrical support which is covered with membranous closely appressed brownish grey sheaths, with more opaque, lighter coloured annularedges. Flowers few short in extraaxillary usually 1-flowered spikes reaching with the peduncle about 2.5em., very large, measuring in their natural state 3 by 3cm., when spread out, up to 8 cm. wide and over 6 cm. from the tip of the dorsal sepal to the end of the lip. Sepals equal in size, boat-shaped, 1°6-2°5 by 1-1'5 cm., slightly subemarginate-apiculate at apex, surface shagreened, apple-green, blotched with purplish red, lateral sepals underneath mostly purple-red. Petals long and narrow, linear, pointed obliquely at apex, curved outwards and then inwards, 2°5-4 cm. by 3 mm., apple-green outside and on the distal half of the inside, the basal half of the inside nearly completely purple-red. Lip broadly oblong, slightly dilated before middle, somewhat constricted just before the ‘n0u ds ‘UUeQIN PUB IONVIG VY~jUvsIVIE DISINT 19T °A SSUT 49ff0 UNO DIVE 2°79 ‘xX HIVIg "20g 3S1}] “VEN Aequiog ‘vinor PLATE XI. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. y fi 4 /y ~ id ~ Lf A Ze fi f Del. C. McCann atter Miss E. Bell, Luisia Evangeline Blatter and McCann, sp. nov REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 493 endlobes, 2‘5-3 em. long,"5-8 mm. across where broadest, 6mm. broad at base, endlobes well developed, rounded, diverging ; hypochile very broad at base, square, with a small rounded lobe at each basal outer corner, separated from the epichile by an impressed semi-circular curve with the convexity outwards ; calli on epicnhile 3, parallel and close together, the central one triangular in section, high, gradually increasing in height forwards to beyond the middle of its length, then suddenly decreasing to end in the little point separating the endlobes, the lateral calli very much Jower, roundly convex in transverse section, slightly higher in centre of their course; endlobes 1°5-3 mm. long. Colour of lip: Apple-green, the calli darker, endlobes very dark purple, hypochile dark purple except its margins which are increasingly apple-green from base forwards, underside apple-green with half its length in centre dark purple-red. Column opaque white, short, semi-circular in transverse section, the front completely hollowed and containing the stigmatic surface, the top slightly concave, the semi-elliptical gland with its 2 sessile anther-lobes separate one from the other but touching, occupying about} of the area from front back- wards and sideways; length of column about 5mm., breadth 4mm. Pollen- masses ovoid, 1 mm. long by less in breadth. Anther-cap squarish with round corners, broadest in front, convex, divided into 2 by a depressed central line, separating the 2chambers which underneath are partially covered by a mem- brane; cap white slightly sprinkled purple. Length of twisted ovary 2°2 cm. Capsule 3°5-4 cm. long, spindle-shaped, slightly ridged, rising at an angle of 45°. This species is a very distinct one. On account of the great size of the flowers and the characteristic shape of the various flower-parts, it cannot easily be confounded with any other species of the genus. It comes nearest to Z. ¢fenuifolia but the following points distinguish our Species at once: The leaves are not rounded at the apex, but conical-apiculate ; the flowers are much larger in all their parts ; the sepals resemble each other, all are boat-shaped and the apex is submarginate-apiculate; the lip is not narrowly pandurate but broadly oblong. Locality: N. Kanara: In forests (T. R. Bell 5397, 5400, type, 5414, cotype) ; Yellapur (T. R. Bell 5398); Anmod, on Zizyphus, alt. 2,000 ft. (Sedgwick 3224 !).—We made also use of a coloured plate by Miss E. Bell and MS. notes by T. R. Bell. Flowers : Nov. 1919 (Yellapur} ; Dec. 1907 (Anmod). “a Note: The plants are not easy to see owing to the leaves looking like stems or twigs and the flower, being always bent with its face to the stem, is most inconspicuous by reason of the green and red colouring. 6. Luisia Evangeline sf. zov. Blatter & McCann. [Orchidacea similis Lutsiae tenuifoliae, differt tamen foliis apice longe caudatis, sepalis lateralibus subfalcatis, dorsali in dorso subcarinato. | Description: Stem long, slender, olive-green above with dark red-brownish spots and blotches. Roots very stout, vermiform, fleshy Leaves up to 18cm. long, 1-2 mm. in width, long-tailed at apex, tail about 2 cm. long and more or less jointed to rest of leaf, and projecting in a different plane. Buds seen from side triangular, the dorsal sepal flat and convex, broader than the 2 lateral mucronate ones which are keeled in the line of junction and rather prominently winged where they meet the dorsal one. Pedicel half as long as the bud, springing from a short woody support out of a short rounded brown bract ; if several arise from one support, the support is just above a leaf, but not necessarily on the opposite side of the stem ; base of bud suddenly narrowed into the ovary. Flowers very few, 18 mm. long, 20 mm. broad. Lateral sepals boat-shaped, slightly falcate, 8 by 3 mm. greenish, base red-brown. Dorsal sepal slightly longer, dorsally slightly keeled, obtuse at apex, greenish, base red-brown, spotted with red-brown on back. Petals longer than sepals, narrow, 15 by 1:5 mm.; rounded at apex, upper half apple-green inside, becoming purple towards the base, outside light purplish. Lip panduriform, about 13 mm. long, broad and square at base with 2 small rounded lobes ; epichile decreasing in width towards apex, constricted in a wide curve to broaden out again into 2 diverging up-turned lobes 1'5 mm. long ; disk with 3 calli, one central rather broad, triangular in transverse section, highest in middle, having its origin at commencement of epichile, running to and between the lobes, the lateral, one on each side, immediately contiguous, somewhat broad, but of uniform height more or less throughout, only o2 epichile ; hypochile smooth, 494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV flat. Colour of lip: white with a decided green tinge, hypochile dark purple in the middle throughout its length, each basal lobe with a central dark purple spot; the epichile sometimes with a chevron-shaped mark (the hollow side inwards), this chevron being sometimes reduced to a spot ; the purple mark of the hypochile thinly prolonged on each side, sometimes up to the chevron which is, however, always separate, each prolongation sometimes reduced to a spot ; the epichile is separated from the hypochile by a semi-circular slightly impressed curve, the purple marking of the hypochile bordered irregularly towards the epichile. Column very short, semi-elliptical in transverse section, the truncation being the front, slightly broader at top. Pollinia 2, ovoid, sessile, divergent from contiguous bases; gland large, deep purple-coloured ; cap nearly pure white, the same shape as in L. fenuzfolia. Capsule spindle- shaped, stalked, ridged, suberect. Locality : N. Kanara: Astoli and Chandwadi (T. R. Bell, MS. and painting by Miss Evangeline Bell). Flowers: April 1911. 23. CorTrronia Wight (Cke. ii, 792), Species 2.-Ceyion to China. We retain the one species given by Cooke: 1. Cottonia macrostachya Wight. Ic. v, pt. 1 (1852) 21, t. 1755; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 263’; Bot. Mag. t..7099; Hook fF Bal. vi. 26 = irinm, (hl Ceviesy. 203 ; Cke. ii, 702 ; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii, (1928) 1439. Description : Cke. 1. c. Locality - Konkan (Stocks, Dalzell4).—N. Kanara: Supa (Ritchie 1424.) ; Yellapur, 2,000 ft. (Sedgwick 2494 bis!); Astoli (T. R. Bell!) ; without locality (T. R. Bell 6062 bis !). Flowers : May 1911 (Astoli) ; May 1917 (Yellapur) ; June 1919 (N. Kanara). Fruit: May 1911 (Astoli) ; May 1917 (Yellapur). Distribution: Konkan, N. Kanara, Malabar, Anamalais at 2,000 f¢., Travancore, Ceylon. 24, VANDA R. Br. (Cke. ii, 703). Species about 45.—Tropics and subtropics. Cooke has 2 species: V. parviflora Lindl. and V. Roxburghii R. Br. ; the latter name has to be changed into V. fessellata Hook. 1. Vanda parviflora Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxx (1844) Mise. 45; Wight Ic. t..1669:;. Hook. fF. B-1. vi,.50; “Grinn. Bl. -Ceyl icin, 1922 Kame sc) Pantie Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii (1898) 215, t. 286; Prain Beng. Pl. 1021; Cke. ii, 703; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1181; Brtthl Sikkim Orchid. 129; Fischer F1. Madras pt. viii, (1928) 1444.—Aerides Wightianum Lindl. in. Wall. Cat. 7320 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 265; Wight Ic. v, pt. i (1852) 8. Locality: Add: S. WM. Country - Devicop, Dharwar Dist. 1,800 ft. (Sedg- wick 5927!).—N. Kanara: Yellapur (Sedgwick 2478!) ; Wadchukli (T. R. Bell !). Flowers: May 1887 (Poona, cult.); May 1817 (Yellapur); May 1911 (Wadchukli). Fruit: April 1919 (Devicop) ; May 1917 (Yellapur) ; May 1911 (Wadchukli). Distribution: Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Chota Nagpur, Konkan, W. “chats, S. M. Country, N. Kanara, in all districts of Madras Pres. in hilly tracts, 1000-4,000 ft. 2. Vanda tessellata Hook. ex G. Don in Lond. Hort. Brit. 372; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1445; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1181.—-Apidendrum tessellatum Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 42.—Cymbidium tessellatum Swartz in Nov. Act.. Upsal. vi, 75; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii (1832) 463.—C. tessellotdes Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1l.c.—Aerides tessellatum Wight in Wall Cat. 7318.—Vanda tesselloides Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. vi, 864.—V. Roxburghii R. Br. in Bot. Reg. vi (1820) 17506; Wight Ic. t7/ 916: Hook..f-* RB. vi2o2; Erie ie Cey loti, toc Duthie Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, t. 116; Prain Beng. Pl. 1021; Cke. ii, 704. : Locality : Gujarat: Chikli (Gibson).--Konkan (Woodrow !).—V. Kanara: Kalanuddi (Ritchie 1425) ; Astoli (Bell !); in forests (Bell 5399 !). * ere REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 495 Flowers : April 1911 (Astoli). Fruit: April 1911 (Astoli). Distribution : Forests of Dehra Dun and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, Bengal, Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Central Prov., Gujarat, Konkan, N. Kanara, in all districts of Madras Pres., about sea-level to 2,000 ft., Travancore, Ceylon. 25. DIPLOCENTRUM Lindl. (Cke. ii, 704). Species 2.—India. 1. Diplocentrum congestum Wight Ic. v, pt. 1 (1852) 10, t. 1682; Hook. f. yl View/or Rowen im look, Ie; Pl. xxvii (1901) {. 26873" Ckes 11,704. Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1828) 1449. Locality: W. Ghats : Castle Rock (T. R. Bell 7505!).—N. Kanara : Sirsi- Kumpta road (Woodrow !). Flowers and fruit : May 1920 (Castle Rock). Distribution ;: N. Kanara, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres., Travan- core, 26. ACAMPE Lindl. (Cke. ii, 705). Species about 15.—East Africa, Madagascar, India, Malacca, China, There is only one species in Cooke: A. Wightiuna Lindl. We change its name into A. premorsa. 1. Acampe premorsa zov. comb. Blatter & McCann.—Zpidendrum premorsum Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 43.—Cymbidium premorsum Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi, 75; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii (1832) 465.—Aerides praemorsum Grah. Cat. 204 (won Willd.).—Saccolabium premorsum Hook. f. F.B.I. vi (1890) 62; Prain Beng. Pl. 1022; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1180.—Acampe Wightiana Lindl. Fol. Orchid. (1853) 2: Cke. ii, 705; Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1828) 1447,—A. excavata Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 1. c. 3.—Saccolabium Wightianum Hook. f. F. B. I. vi (1890) 62; Trim. Fi. Ceyl. iv, 199; Petech in Ann. Roy, Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 7 (1920) 79-83.—Vanda Wightiana Lindl. ex Wight Ic. v, pt. 1 (1852) 9, t. 1670.—Saccolabium papillosum Dalz. & Gibs. Bom. FI. (1861) 264 (zon Lind}.). Description : Cke. ii, 705. Locality : Konkan: Kanheri, Thana Dist. (Gamme 16273!); Thana Dist. (Ryan 5! Herb. Calc.) ; Bhandup (Blatter 25820 !) ; Condita, Salsette (Blatter 25816!); Sion (Blatter 15371!); Indapur (Graiiam).—.S. M/. Country: Belgaum (Ritchie 716); Devicop (Sedgwick 4084!).—N. Kanara: Dandeli (Sedgwick 2546!); in forests (Bell 5398 !). Flowers: May. Fruit; July. Distribution : Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Bombay Pres., W. Ghats of Madras Pres., Circars, Godavari Dist., Ceylon. 27. SARCANTHUS Lindl. (Cke. ii, 706). Species about 90.—Ceylon, India to New Guinea. Only one species from the Presidency, S. pentnsularis (called by Cooke peduncularis by mistake). 1. Sarcanthus peninsularis Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii (1851) 343; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 264; Hook.f. F.B.I. vi, 67; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. iv, 200 : Fischer Fl. Madras, pt. viii (1928) 1447; Rolfe in Kew Bull. (1914) 71.— S. pauciflorus Wight Ic. (1852) t. 1747.—Saccolabium acuminatum hw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. (1861) 304. Description : Cke. ii, 706. . Locality: Konkan ; (Stocks 35); Wari country (Dalzell).—N. Kanara: Kalanaddi (Ritchie 430); Arbail Ghat, 1,550 ft. (Sedgwick 5836 bis!) ; Yellapur, peo00 tt (LS Re Bell 78204) Anshan E.R Bell). Flowers : May (Anshi). Fruit: Aug. 1919 (Arbail Ghat). é Distribution » Konkan, N. Kanara, W. Ghats of Madras Pres., Travancore, eylon, (Zo 6e continued.) A FEW NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS IN THE FIRST CENTURY AFTER CHRIST. Read on Wednesday the 15th July, 1931 before the Bombay Natural History Soctety. BY, Dr, Sik JIVANIJI JAMSHEDII MODI, KT. BA.) PH.D.) (Cie. ol bep: I INTRODUCTION. The subject of this Paper is suggested by an interesting article, entitled ‘The Lions of Asia’ by Mr. R. I. Pocock, in a recent issue of the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Soctely (vol. xxxiv, No. 3, pp. 638 ff.).. Itis the general account of the lions, and not the too technical, that has interested me. The object oi this brief paper is two-fold : | (1) To submit a few observations on the subject of the lions from an old Iranian or Persian point of view. (2) To submit afew notes on the lions of Persia, Africa and India, as collected from an account of the travels of a Greek ascetic or sddhti, Apollonius of Tyana, as given by Philostratus the Elder, on the authority of the Notes of Damis, a disciple of Apollonius, who accompanied the Greek sédhz in his travels in the countries of the Iranian Magi and the Indian Brahmins. In these few Notes, as regards my account of the observations of Apollonius, I follow a recent publication of the biography of Apollonius, entitled, ‘ Life and Times cf Apollonius of Tyana, rendered into English from the Greek of Philostratus the Elder’, by Charles P. Eells (1923). I will, at first, say a few words on Apollonius and his travels. II APOLLONIUS OF TYANA. Apollonius, who is said to have lived for 100 years, was born about three years before Christ in Tyana, a city of the Greeks which was the capital of Cappadocia in Asia Minor. He was a follower of the philosophy of Pythagoras (d. 500 B.C.), who himself was said to have been a disciple ot Zoroaster, i.e., a follower, to some extent, of the teachings of Zoroaster.! From his very boyhood, he devoted himself to the study of philosophy and practised austerities. He is 1 Pythagoras and the Delphian Mysteries, by Ed. Schure, translated by F. Ruthwell (1918), p. 27. ee 4 NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS 497 said to have observed complete silence for five years in order to discipline his mind. Like Gautama Buddha of India, he distributed his patrimony among the poor, abstained from the company of women, observed vegetarianism and total abstinence from wine. He is said to have predicted future events, read the minds of men, and known what happened in foreign lands. Like the ancient Iranians and like some of their descendants, the modern Parsees, he prayed to God, reverencing the Sun thrice a day, offering incense to the deities, who, he believed, were ‘merely phases and agencies of the Supreme Deity.’ Like Iarchus, the Indian sage, with whom he had long interviews, he compared the universe to a ship, God to its captain and the subordinate deities to the subordinate officers under the | captain. He believed in metapsychosis. He travelled a good deal from the Atlantic in the west vza Persia, to the Ganges in the East, returning to his country, vza the Persian Gulf and Babylon. He went to the south in Egypt up to the Cataracts of the River Nile. He is said to have worked some miracles like Christ and some Indian Brahmins. He was honoured as a god after his death, and, to some extent, even in his life. After his death, the Emperor Hadrian founded at Tyanaatemple in his honour and instituted a special class of priests for worship in that temple. Alexander Severus, another Roman Emperor, is said to have installed in his ‘ private chapel or larariunm’ his image, ‘in company with Orpheus, Abraham and Christ’.! It was Juslia Domna, the queen of the Emperor Septimius Severus, who deputed Philostratus to write a life of Apollonius on the authority of the Notes of Damis, spoken of as ‘the Asiatic Boswell of Apollonius’ 7, that were preserved, and on that of some other materials which she had collected. Sometime after this, Hierocles, a Roman pro-consul of the Emperor Diocletian, in his book Candid Words to Christians, in order to set back ‘the rising tide of Christianity and in his zeal of comparing and extolling him, showed Apollonius in a better light than Christ.’ The followers of the nascent Church, thereupon, began turning the tide upon the fame of Apollonius and represented him as a charlatan, sorcerer, etc. This turning of the tide seems to have continued since, especially with the advancement of new learning. Some of the feats, attributed to Apollonius, remind us of the feats of some eastern adepts, e.g. Azar Kaivan of Istakhar or Perseipolis in Persia, who also is said to have travelled to India, in the time of Akbar with a number of disciples and stayed in Patna, the seat of pilgrimage of Buddhist, Brahmin and Jain devotees. elt THE LION IN OLD PERSIAN LITERATURE. Mr. Pocock says: ‘It is a matter of common knowledge that within historic times the lion extended, so far as Europe and Asia are concerned, from northern Greece and Macedonia to western 1 Life and Times of Apollonius of. czt., Preface p. 4. 207d, pO. 498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Bengal. In Europe, Asia Minor and Syria it has long been extinct.’ (p. 641). This statement has led me to look into old Persian books, to know what is said about lions in those books. Lion not mentioned in the Avesta Books Looking to the older Iranian writings of the Avesta, we find mention made of ferocious beings like the wolf and snakes, but no mention is made of lions and tigers. So, we may saiely say, that lions and tigers were not found in the countries where the Avesta was written. ‘There is a difference of opinion as to the Home of the Avesta, i.e., as to where the Avesta was written. Scholars like Dr. Spiegel, Prof. Harlez and Dr. Dillon! said that the Avesta was (2) co-Achemenian or post-Achemenian and (4) that its Home was in the West in or towards Media. On the other hand, Prof. Geiger and other Oriental scholars say that the Avesta was pre-Achazmenian and pre-Median, and that its home was in the East towards Bactria, and not in the West towards Media. Most of them say that the Home of Zoroaster was in the West towards Media, but that he promulgated his religion and wrote the Avesta in Bactria. Thus, as the Home of the Avesta was in the east of Persia, in Bactria, and as we find no mention of the lion in the Avesta, we are led to think that the lion did not flourish there. The Home of the Pahlavi writings was west-ward. So, when we find a reference to the lion in Pahlavi books written in a comparatively western part of ancient Persia, we are led to think that the lion flourished there, i.e., in the western part of the Persian Empire, e.g., in Mesopotamia. Mr. Pocock’s Association of the Lion with Tigers and Panthers. The same in a Pahlavi Book. Mr. Pocock associates the lions with tigers and panthers in one genus, the genus Panthera and speaks of the three as ‘ these great Cats’.2. When we look toa very earlier Pahlavi book, the Bundehesh (the origin 6% of Creation, dehesh, the Iranian Genesis), we find there some account of the fauna and flora of ancient Persia, but therein we do not find any mention of the lion. ‘This book has its origin in a lost Avesta book, known as the Damdad nusk$’. So, as the lion was not known in the country where Avesta was written, i.e., in and about Bactria, we do not find any mention of the lion in this old Pahlavi book aiso, because it was based on a lost Avesta book. But we find* the lion referred to in some later Pahlavi books,°® (a) Firstly, it is mentioned in the later Bundehesh, known as the Greater Bundehesh, which, as I have shown in my Bundehesh,® is a 1 The Home and Age of the Avesta translated from the German by Mr. T. H. Walsh, Bombay, 1887. 2 Jour. Nat: Hvs. Socrety, op. cit., p. 638. 3 Vide my Transliteration and Translation of the Bundehesh, p. 10. # I am indebted to Mr. Bomanji N. Dhabhar for some of these references. > The Bundahishn, edited by the late Ervad Tehmuras Dinshaji Anklesaria (1808)5.p. 142, 4.03. S/01d 0p. le de. NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS — 499 later amplification of the original old Bundehesh. There we read that the tiger, the lion and the panther are mentioned in the class of wolves. We read: ‘Akhar avartk gtrg sardagian chegin baparg va shéy va palang. i.e. ‘The other kinds of wolf like the tiger,’ the lion? and the leopard.?’ We find from this passage that, like Mr. Pocock, the writer of this later Bundehesh associates the tiger, the lion and the leopard in one group and he speaks of them, as it were, as ‘ the great Wolves.’ (6) Lion in the Pahlavi Shikand Gumanik V ajar. The lion is referred to in the Shikand Gumanik Vijar as a ferocious animal from whom a man is to be afraid. In this respect, he is classed* with wolves, (ferocious) dogs, and robbers (shir va gurgan va kalban va diydan). ‘The lion is referred to again in this book as killing men-at times and as being killed by men at other times.5 ‘ digham khadtitint mardi minash sher ¢ aytp sheri munash mardi bara zaktalunt, 1.e., ‘1 sawa man whom alion killed or a lion whom a man kiiled. ’ Lion reterred to tn a Pahlavi Pand-nameh. We find a reference to the lion in the Pahlavi ‘ Pand-nameh-i-Adar- bad Maraspand’ i.e. the Book of Advice by Adarbad Maraspand who was a divine ofthe reign of Hormuz Shapur, the grandson of Ardeshir Babegan. There we reac: ‘ Dayan abi vaam i nephshman tarskads va ntyokshidar va tarman-bardar yehvinit meman gabré vad abi vaamt zivandeh avin humanak chegtin shir amat dayan visheh min aishich stah ta tarcet’ i.e. ‘Be respectful, careful to hear and obedient to your father and mother, because a man during the life tiie of his father ‘and ‘mother is like: a lion that is afraid of none-in a forest.’ Here we find a reference to a lion as the bravest of all animals. Derivation of the word ‘ Shir’ The Pahlavi and Persian word ‘ Sfzr’ for lion is derived by Dar- mesteter from Avesta khshathrya, king (cf. Pahl. Artakhshathra, Pers. Ardashir)®. Darmesteter gives this derivation, while giving an account of the process of epenthesis, but does not explain the word. The lion is said to be the king of animals. Hence, this derivation. This derivation is supported by what we read in ‘ Pythagoras and the Delphian Mysteries, by Ed. Schure.’? We read: ‘In their TP. ye? or le? ys? babr or babr-i biyaen. 2P. yee shér. ae SKaly palang. + Chap. ty 34,5. 37-5. Babe vol. xxiv, .p. 127. The text of Drs: Hoshane and West (1887), p. 193, 1. 7. 207d. Chapsev,, 32,. Lext, p.. 209; 15 7. S Etudes Iranniennes, vol. i, p. 106. 7 Ed. Schure’s work Translated by F. Rathwell (1918), p. 27. 500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV temples darkness reigned in broad daylight. Lamps were lit with- out humanagency. The Magi gave the name of celestial lion to this incorporeal fire, the agent that generates electricity which they could condense or disperse at will.’ We know, that Parsee writings speak of the sacred fire of the Fire-temple as shéh or king. As a king rules over, and protects, a country or city, so, the Sacred Fire of a Temple rules spiritually over a country or city where it is situated and protects it. This sacred fire which is spoken of as a king was, as told by this author, called ‘celestial lion.’ Hence the derivation of the word s7r (lion) from khshathrya, king, seems to be probable. IV THE LION REFERRED TO IN THE ACCOUNT OF eee: S TRAVELS IN PERSIA. Now, I will speak of what is said of the lion in Philostratus’s account of Apollonius’s travels in Persia and India. Lions tn Mesopotamia, the Western part of the Persian Empire Mesopotamia formed a part of the Persian Empire at the time when Apollonius passed through it towards India. We read about his travels in this region, that, after passing Ctesiphon and entering the territory of Babylon, he met the Persian King Verdanes.? In the account of Apollonius’s approach before Verdanes, we read: ‘About twenty stadia further on, they came upon the largest lioness they had ever seen, which had just been killed by a party of hunters from a nearby village, who were shouting over it as a great curiosity. It certainly proved to be so, for when ripped open it was found to contain eight cubs. Now the normal period of gestation in lionesses is six months, and each lioness produces only three litters in her life, having three cubs in the first litter, two in the second and only one cub in the third, which is said to be unusually large and fierce. No credence should be given to the fable that young lions enaw their way out of the womb through their mother’s body, for the natural instinct to preserve the race is common to all parents and their offspring.’ After silently observing the beast for some time, Apollonius said to Damis: ‘We shall spend one year and eight months of our pilgrimage with the king of this country, for he will not let us go sooner; and besides it will be for our advantage to make that stay. The cubs stand for the eight months and the lioness for the year as perfect things are to be compared with perfect.’2 The 1 This Verdanes was the Parthian King, known in his country as Behram Goudarz. This Gudurz is the Gutarzes of Western writers. He was the third king of the second Arsacide dynasty. He is said to have punished the Israelites for having killed John the Baptist (Malcolm’s A/zstory of Persia, vol. i, p. 66). Vide Eucyclopedia Brit., 9th ed., vol. xviii, p. 601. * Life of Apollonius, op. cit., p. 22, NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS _ 501 stay of Apollonius in the court of the Persian king, lasted 18 months as predicted by Apollonius. We gather the following facts about the lion from Philostratus’s account of Apollonius’s visit of Mesopotamia: : 1. An extraordinary big lioness had eight cubs in her womb. 2. The normal period of gestation in lionesses is six nionths. 3. Each lioness produces only 3 litters in her life. She has three cubs in the first litter, two in the second and one in the third. This last one is unusually large and fierce. 4, There was a belief at the time that young lions gnawed their way out of the womb through their mother’s body. But that was a wrong belief. 5. People took some predictions from animals like the lions. An Iranian King’s Hunt of Lions at Babylon. From Apollonius’s account of the Iranian king’s hunt at Babylon, we gather the following : (a) The Iranian kings had a preserve at Babylon where lions, bears and leopards were kept for their hunt. (6) The king used beaters who harassed the beasts, and fenced them in’ ‘so that they cannot protect themselves in their own way.’ ! We learn from this statement that the modern Indian practice of kings (a) to have their own preserves and (4) to take the help of beaters in the hunt, is very old, more than about 2,000 years old. As to what is said about harassing the lions, etc., and forcing them into an enclosed fence and then hunting them, that does not seem to be now practised in India. I had the pleasure of seeing in December 1924, through the courtesy of the present Maharaja of Oodepur—‘ the Kashmir of Rajputana ’—who was then a prince, atiger-hunt and I saw that there was no forcing the animals within a fence. Lions in the country round Taxala, in the Eastern part of the Persian Emptre. At the time of Apollonius’s visit to India, Taxala and the country round about it formed the eastern part of the Persian Empire. It was ruled over by Phraotes ?, a Parthian king. Apollo- nius had an interview with that king and he speaks thus akout the order of Fhraotes to his lion-tamers: ‘They must never strike the lions, because lions once beaten never forget the injury ; nor must they pat them, because they would become spoiled ; but they could make them docile by stroking them softly and showing the whip at the same time.’ Apollonius thought this instruction about curbing the lion to be equally useful for curbing tyrants. In this connection, we find a reference to AXsop’s lion. Damis says to Apollonius: ‘ Asop tells of another lion, in a den, who, he says, was not really ill though he pretended to be, and who used to pounce on any beasts which came to see him.’ Tbid, Bk. i, 38. Life of Apollonius op. cit., p. 33. ? This Phraotes seems to be Phraotes V (Vide Aucyclopedia Britannica, Uthred; Voleot3;"p. 600;-colt.22) > Bk. vii, 30. The Life of Apollonius, op. cit., p. 204, 502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIS7. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Wws AFRICAN LIONS. We find two references to the lions of Africa: (a2) A reference to the lions of Egypt and (6) A reference to the lions of Ethiopia (modern Abyssinia). The Story of an African Lion: Its Metam psychosts. In this account of Apollonius’s visit, we find the story of an Afri- can lion associated with the belief in metampsychosis. We read: ‘A beggar was leading a lion about in a leash like a dog,! which fawned on its master and on any one else who came near. They begged their way about the towns, and even went into the temples, as the animal was pure and did not lick up the blood of victims, nor try to get at their skinned and cut up carcasses, contenting himself with honey-cakes, and rolls, and sweetimeats and cooked flesh. He would even drink wine at times, without being affected by it. Apollonius being seated in a temple, this lion came up to him and gently rubbed against his knees, soliciting him alone, of all the men there’.1 Some thought that he was begging money, but Apollonius said, ‘ He is begging me to tell you whose soul he has. He was that Amasis who was a king of Egypt in the Saitic Province. On hearing that, the lion howled mournfully and groaned pitifully, crouching and actually shedding tears.’ Then Apollonius said, patting him: ‘I think this lion should be sent to Leontopolis and be kept in the temple there. I do not think it right that a king, who has been metamorphosed into an especially royal beast, should wander about as a beggar. Thereupon the assembled priests made sacrifice for Amasis and sent the animal into Egypt adorned with a coilar and fillets, while they played on flutes and chanted hymns and song's about him.’ Lions of Ethtopia. We read the following about Ethiopian lions in the life of Apollo- nius: ‘ They saw lions and leopards and beasts of that description near the trail, which did not molest the party, but got out of their way as if afraid of man. ‘They also saw deer, gazelles, ostriches, zebras in great numbers, and still more numerous wild cattle (buffa- loes ?) and ox-goats (gnus ?). Of these animals the wild cattle are a combination of the bull and the stag ; and the ox-goats are a compound of the animals whose names they bear. The party often came across bones of these beasts, and their half-eaten carcasses ; for lions, after gorging themselves with a recent kill, would abandon the remnants, trusting to the success of their next hunt, as I suppose.’ 3 Vi: LIONS IN INDIA. We find several references to Indian lions in Philostratus’s account of Apollonius’s visit of India. * We observe even now, practices of this kind in India, wherein beggars lead about animals like a cow, a goat, a bear, etc., and ask fo1 alms. 2 Ibid, Bk. v, 42, p. 146. * Bk. vi, 24. Lifeof Apollonius,,op: cits, 172: NOTES ON PERSIAN, AFRICAN AND INDIAN LIONS _ 503 Lions abounding in India. From the account of the return of Apollonius from India, where he lived for about four months in a hili-town, we learn, that on approach- ing the Erythrean Sea,! he passed through a country abounding with ‘many ostriches and buffaloes, many asses and lions and leopards and tigers, and a different kind of ape from those found in the pepper- trees, these being black and bristly, shaped iike a dog and about as large as a Small man.’? (a) Lions and Apes as enemies in India. Indians protect Apes. In the account of Apollonius’s visit to India, we find a curious instance of how apes help men, and so, are helped in return by men against lions. In one mountainous place there grew pepper-trees in abundance ‘in precipitous rocks inaccessible to men.’ The apes thus helped men in collecting pepper from the trees on these inaccessible cliffs. ‘The native method of procuring the pepper is to gather the berries from the few trees which grow below the cliffs, wherever they can be reached, and then to clean a space about each tree, on which they fling the berries down as if getting rid of a useless thing to which they attach no value. Meantime the apes are watching these proceedings from the inaccessible cliffs, and when night comes they imitate these actions of the natives by plucking the berries from their own pepper-trees in high glee and throwing them down onthe places cleared by the men. Next day the Indians come and take away those piles of spices, which have been gathered without any labour of their own, while they were asleep at their ease.’% Now, Philostratus, the biographer of Apoilonius, says that the lions in this part of the country* killed the apes for their food. So, the natives defended the apes ‘ from lions with dogs and weapons ’5 and killed the lions. | (6) Lionesses breeding with Leopards. ~ Mr. Pocock, in his above-mentioned article, thus speaks about spotted lions: ‘It is .well-known that newly-born lion cubs are not uniformly tawny in hue like the adults; and it was stated by Lydekker (Game Animals of India, p. 293, 1924) that their spotted pattern proves the descent of the lion from a spotted progenitor, like the panther. Unfortunately for this theory lion. cubs are by no means always spotted.’® Then, referring to a certain lion cub Mr. Pocock says: ‘If we take this cub as a criterion, it appears to supply evidence that the ancestor of the lion in the matter of pattern stood midway between the panther and jagaur on the one hand and the tiger on the other; and this pattern is strong corroborative 1 ‘The whole expanse of sea between Arabia and Africa.’ 27000) Wa ei1l,.00 5.) Del Oo. 3 Ibid, Bk. iii, 4, pp. 35-66. * The country is spoken of as ‘the range of the Caucasus which extends towards the Erythrean Seas.’ This seems to be the Hindukoosh. 5 Jbid; Bk. iii, 4, p..65. © Jour. Nat. His. Society, vol, xxxiv, No. 3, p. 639. 504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV testimony of the close kinship between lions, tigers and panthers.’? This view, that, in some cases, lion cubs are the offspring of the lionesses’ union with tigers, is supported by what we read in the account of Apollonius’s, visit to India: ‘It is said of lionesses that they accept leopards, as their lovers, and entertain them in the lions’ lairs in the plains’, (6) that ‘when their preg- nancy (by the leopards) is nearly over they run away to the hiiis where the leopards range’3, (c) that ‘the cubs they bring forth are spotted like their sires (i.e. the leopards)’*, and (d) that ‘for that reason the lionesses hide them from the lions and suckle them in distant thickets, pretending to go there to hunt by themselves ; tor any such cubs which the lions discover they tear to pieces as_ bast- ards.’> Apollonius, in his conversation with Damis, refers to one of Homer’s lions, which ‘ glares fiercely about and nerves himself to fight for his litter of cubs.’® Flesh of Lion eaten by Indians.” When Apollonius came toa region between the Caucasus and the Kophen river, he came across a people who ate the flesh of lions. We read: The nomads ‘raised a joyful shout and called them nearer, and on their approach held out to them a wine which they make very skilfully from dates, and honey obtained from the same trees, together with slices of lion and leopard meat which had just been skinned.’ We read further on that, at times, lions were cookea and ‘served up whole.’® The account of the feasting of the eastern Iranians on lions, etc., is interesting, and so, I will quote it at some length: ‘The king reclines on a couch, and near him recline not more than five of his kindred, but all the other guests sit during the meal. A circular table is set in the midst, which is about knee-high, like an altar, of a size which thirty men could encircle by taking hands like a chorus. On this table are scattered laurel leaves, and another leaf like myrtle, which the Indians use as perfume. Fish and fowl are set on it, with lions, antelopes and swine. served up whole: but only the hind quarters of tigers, for they are unwilling to eat the rest of that animal, because they say that as soon as it is born, it lifts its fore-paws to the rising sun. Each guest rising in turn goes from his seat to the table and selects or carves tor himself his portion of the dishes set on it, which he brings back to his piace and eats there,*®° accompanying it with a great deal of bread. When all have enough to eat, gold and siiver bowls are passed around to them, one for every ten guests, from which they drink, stooping their heads to it like sheep at a trough.’?1 Wot. 2 0d, Bk, Wis 14, pease 2 907d ea word, 2 WOU eo LOT. 7 The India, referred to by Damis in his account of Apollonius, on which the life of Apollonius as given by Philostratus depends, began from a reyion on the west of modern India. ‘The mountainous region on the west of India was known as the Caucasus. This western region had Taxala as its capital and it was ruled over by an Iranian King, Phraotes, who'was a Parthian. § Ota ik liao: 2 TOGA NOV eo: 10 IT remember attending some such dinners at Sweden when I went to Stockholm in 1889. ‘There also the guests serve themselves. 11 Jbid, Bk. ii, 28, pp. 53-54. If the Parthians were Zoroastrian, this custom of drinking from the same cup looks strange as it is non-Zoroastrian. THE VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF THE EASTERN GHATS (ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION). BY HuGuH WHGISTLER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., ASSISTED BY N. B. KINNEAR, M.B.O.U. (With two maps and one text-figure.) | In the Journal for July 1930 (vol. xxxiv, pp. 386-403), we furnished an introductory account of the genesis of the Vernay Survey of the Eastern Ghats and the work which it was expected to accomplish. The introduction was then followed by a preliminary report on the first collection which was sent in by Mr. LaPersonne from the Salem district. Since that report was written, the work of the Survey in the field has been completed, and the whole collection has been received at the British Museuin. The speed with which the specimens from the various collecting camps reached England and the paucity of field-notes from some of the camps, have led us to abandon the idea of reporting separately on the birds from each locality. It was found that this would lead to a good deal of reduplication of work. Single birds would take as much -time to identify as complete series. Whilst in those cases where revision of a species or group was required, it wouid be sheer waste of time to write out in detail the results of an examination, whose value and results might be affected by material received in a subse- quent batch. No further local report has therefore been written. In the mean- time, however, much work has been put in on the collections. We now propose to start the publication, in batches, of the result of our examinations of the collection as a whole. It will, however, be desirable to explain, first of all, the manner in which we propose to deal with our material. After a good deal of consideration, we have decided to deal with the survey material from two aspects, that of the Madras Presidency as a politically defined area, and from the general aspect of Indian Ornithology. There can be no doubt that, ornithologically, the Madras Presidency is the least known part of India. It is not easy to understand why this should be so, but the fact remains. We think therefore it will be useful to write our: report in the form of an account of the birds of the Madras Presidency, mentioning all species which have been recorded from the Presidency whether they have been met with by the Survey, or not. Under each species we shall detail briefly all that is recorded about it from within the Presidency limits. Our idea is that this account should bring to the notice of observers within the Presidency the points on which they can supplement published knowledge. The distribution of even the most common birds is imperfectly known, and if our account serves to underline this fact there will certainly be a response from local observers who alone can fill in the deficiencies. Here a word of explanation 1 is due. Since we started the prepara- tion of this aspect of the report, Messrs. Inglis and H. R. Baker 506. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIAL Yayo neem have published a book on the Birds of Southern India, by which is meant virtually the Madras Presidency. We have had to consider, therefore, whether this book nullifies this aspect of our report. We do not however think so. The authors expressly state that their book is a compilation, and it consists mainly of extracts from the new edition of the Aauza. The distributions are written in general terms and express not so much what are known to occur as what may be expected to occur. The result is not very accurate as the differences between the widely different areas included in the Presidency are marked and not always easy to foresee. We have therefore continued our original design, and because, (as explained below), we have gone back to original records. We have not quoted from the book except in respect of those records which are clearly original and published for the first time. This will explain why our account of the distribution of species in the Madras Presidency does not always agree with those in this book. With regard to those species actually obtained by the Survey, we have gone into far greater detail. We have sought to make the new specimens the vehicle for a revision of the species represented. To this end we have done a great deal of work which will never appear on paper. The first thing has been to coliect and collate ail published records that we could find bearing on the species within British India proper, keeping as a rule to the boundaries of British India, but taking cog- nizance of any records from Baluchistan, Kashmir, Assam, Burma and Ceylon which might appear to be useful and pertinent. These records have been plotted out on skeleton maps of India, similar to those used in the Wammal Survey. ‘These published records have further been supplemented by any records we have collected from private correspondence and from the examination of specimens. When the known range of the species within British India has thus been accurately discovered we have set ourselves to revise the question of geographical races. To this end we have examined and measured a vast amount of material. The main body of our material has of course been furnished by the huge collections of the British Museum. ‘These have, however, been turned over by numbers of workers in the past 50 years. Our hope of finding new results of value are based on the fact that we have supplemented the material in the British Museum not merely with the specimens procured by the Survey, but by the large amount of fresh material contained in Dr. C. B. Ticehurst’s collection from Sind and the large collections made in 16 years’ service in N.-W. India by one of the authors of this report. In addition we have examined many other specimens contained in the Society’s own collection as well as valuable material kindly provided by Mr. H. W. Waite, Colonel R. Sparrow, Colonel R. Meinertzhagen, Mr. A. E. Jones, Rev. F. S. Briggs, Mr. C. M. Inglis, Mr. D'Abreu of the Central Museum, Nagpur, the Director of the Zoological Survey, Calcutta, and Dr. Gravely of the Madras Museum. It will be a long time before so much material is again available, assembled for examination. We are obliged also to Dr. C. B. Ticehurst for reading through our manuscript and assisting us on many points. VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN GHATS 307 In estimating the question of geographical races in India, we have somewhat departed from the customary method of procedure. This is to take the specimens from an established type locality as a basis, comparing all others with them as a starting point. This would be an excellent method if a type locality were originally fixed on scientific principles, so that one might deduce from it some fact such as the origin of the parent form. But it has seemed to us that the basis of the type locality, as at present established under the rules of priority in nomenclature, is necessarily haphazard and unscientific. To take the first species on our list for instance—the Jungle Crow—we find that Poona has been fixed as the type locality for the form culminatus on grounds of nothing more or less than _ historical accident. If the geographical races of the bird in India were negligible and science was merely concerned withthe Jungle Crow asa species, a central type locality like this might be an advantage. But examining the races of the bird and finding marked differences in the bird at the three points of the Indian triangle, differences almost sufficient to separate three species if there were not connecting inter- mediate areas, we can only regard as unfortunate a type locality near the area, where all three races intergrade. In our examination of every species, therefore, we have at first entirely disregarded published opinions and the established type localities of the Indian area. We have worked out the apparent Indian races with their distribution de zovo and then to the result have applied the existing names and type localities. By this means we are able to recognize races which would not be so apparent by the method of comparing extremes, not with each other, but with an intermediate. We are afraid that field-workers in India may not relish the fact that in many cases we have had to differ from the sub-species as recognized in the Mew Fauna. We are in sympathy with their feelings. Twenty years ago, working ornithologists in India were almost alone in the world in the happy possession of a uniform nomenclature, that of Blanford and Oates in the first edition of the Fauna. They worked to a uniform and neatly numbered catalogue. But it was at the cost of a static separation from the progress in ornithology in the rest of the world. The perfection of their happy separation has made their re-entry into world-currents the more difficult. European ornithologists have had a complete generation of gradual changes in which to accomplish the change to recognition of subspecies and the strict application of the laws of priority. Indian ornithologists have paid the penalty for compressing these changes into a dozen years, the usual penalties for haste. The AHazndlist upset the firmly established nomenclature of Blanford and Oates. Then the new Fauna upset the Handlist, and was again itself upset by its own volumes of synonymy and corrigenda. Now we fear that we snall propose a number of changes that will not agree even with the revised list in vols. vii and viii of the Vew Fauna. 1 For the sake of brevity we propose to refer to the Fauna of British India, Birds by Blanford and Oates, 4 vols. 1889-1895 as the Old Fauna and to the Fauna of British India, Birds, second edition, by E. C. Stuart Baker, § vols. 1922-1930 as the New Fauna. 3 $08 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV These changes will be found to fall into two categories. In some instances we are tunable to agree with the names in the check-list of vols. vii and viii for reasons concerned with the ordinary application of the rules of nomenclature. Inthe majority of instances, however, the changes will be found due to the fact that we are unable to agree with the subspecies as defined in the Vew Fauna. This is partly due to the fact that we have examined more materialthan Mr. Stuart Baker, some of which was not available when he wrote. We have thereby been compelled sometimes to recognize races on ditterences which, to some, may seemsmall. But we consider that the study of races must be consistent. If the possession of a large beak is sufficient to separate Parus major newtoni of the British Isles from the continental form, the fact that J/icroscelis psarvoides in Ceylon has a larger beak than in Peninsula India is also sufficient for the creation of a subspecies. The fact itself was recognized by Hume 50 years ago. It is useless recognizing the north-western and south-western races of Pomatorhinus horsfieldit and denying recognition to the other equally marked races. A small difference is just as important as a large difference provided that it is constant and is recognizable under the usual 75 per cent. rule. One thing however Indian ornithologists must clearly recognize. Under the binomial system of the O/d Fauna, clear-cut distributions were easy and possible. A species occurs or does not occur in an area and the only doubt on the point is the credibility of the evidence. Under the trinomial system it is seldom possible to define the ranges of the different subspecies in a continental area like India, because of the intergrading between the subspecies, which are generally easily distinguished at their further limits and grade inwards to a common centre. The worker at Cape Comorin and at Peshawar will have little difficulty in identifying his subspecies. The man in the Northern Central Provinces will, on the other hand, be able to be positive about very few races amongst the wide-spread species. This difficulty cannot be got over and it becomes more apparent with every increase in the number of specimens available. It is not peculiar to India, but to all coatinental areas and species with wide continuous distribution. We do not think that there is much to be gained from the use of the ss signs to express this intergrading. These may be useful ina report on a single collection from an isolated and little-known area. But once full material is available from a large and continuous area, one is forced to make a choice of either dropping these signs altogether or using them in sucha variety of combinations that their value entirely disappears. Remeinbering therefore that nomencla- ture is but a system of labels and convenience, and not in itself an end, we have entirely dropped these symbols and have given our distributions as far as possible in general terms, placing the birds of intermediate areas under those forms with which their inclusion appears most satisfactory. Finally, we should like to emphasize that there is still much more to be learnt about Indian birds, especially as regards distribution, migration and local movements. There is a huge area in the centre VERNAYV SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN GHATS _ 509 of the Peninsula between the Central Provinces and the southern boundary of Mysore which is virtually unknown. and over which we have found no indication of the distribution of the inost common species. So we urge all members of the Society to write to the Journal on any point, large or small, on which they can correct or supplement our conclusions. In our introductory report we emphasized the debt of gratitude which ornithologists in general, and those of India in particular, owed to Mr. A.S. Vernay for making it possible for the Society to carry out the Eastern Ghats Survey. Now that all the specimens have come to hand, we would like to add that the results have fully justified the expense and trouble involved. Many new forms will need to be described from the collection. In addition, much new light has been thrown on the distribution and races of many other species already well known in other parts of India. In all, about 1,550 birds were collected by Mr. V. S. La Personne who is to be warmly congratulated on the keenness and energy with which he pushed through the Survey. In the course of a year’s collecting in places that were often wild and very unhealthy, he maintained the greatest interest in his work until the moment when malaria proved too much for the Survey, and compelled a curtailing of its programme. We are happy to be able to state that the meinbers of the Survey are now fully recovered from the effects of their malaria. A special word of praise is due tothe way in which Mr. La Personne prepared his skins. From first to last, the birds have been collected with a uniform level of technical skill that can seidom have been surpassed. For purposes of record we have, under each species, given a list of the actual specimens coliected in the course of the Survey with a summary of their measurements. Unless otherwise stated, the ineasurement of the bill is taken froin the actual base at the skull in a direct line to the tip. The tail measurement is taken with callipers. One point is inserted between the base of the two central feathers ; the other is extended to the tip of the longest feather, whether central or external. The wing and tarsus are measured in the customary way. Under the heading of each form. we have inserted the original reference, date and type locality on which that name is based. In those cases where a summary of the Indian forms is-given under the account of the race obtained by the Survey, the reference is inserted in the summary and not under the heading. Inthese summaries we have not arranged the races in chronological order. The sequence has been determined only by the convenience of each particular case and so varies. A bibliography of papers and records referring to the Madras Presidency with a note on previous collectors who have worked there will be given as an appendix. A map has been specially prepared under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society to show the collecting camps and the principal features of the Madras Presidency.!. Asthecamps eventually differed somewhat from the original programme, detailed + This map was specially drawn by Mr. H. F. Milne, and we are much obliged to him for the excellence of his work. 510. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV on pp. 387-8 of our introductory report, we now give the following summary of them. ITINERARY Salem District— 8th April 1929 to 7th May 1929. - Kurumbapatti Forest Reserve 1,000-1,500 ft. 10th May 1929 to 26th May 1929. Shevaroy Hills. Camps at varying altitudes 3,500-5,000 ft. 28th May 1929 to 9th June 1929. Foot of Chitteri Plateau 1,500-2,000 ft. 10th June 1929 to 17th June 1929. East Chitteri Hills 3,000 ft. 19th June 1929 to 24th June 1929. Plains north of Chitteri Hills 500-1,000 fi. Trichinopoly District— : Ist July 1929 to 12th July 1929. 30 miles from Trichinopoly town, South Arcot District— 14th July 1929 to 25th July 1929. Gingee forest and open country around Tindivanam, South Cuddapah District— 29th July 1929 to 28th August 1929. Balapalli, Paikonda Hills 1,000 ft. 30th August 1929 to 21st September 1929. Kodur. Below Palkonda Hills 500-1,000 feet. 23rd September 1929 to 27th October 1929. Guvalacheruv 1929. Seshachalam Hills 2,000 ft. South Kurnool District— 29th October 1929 to Ist December 1929. Diguvametta, Nallamalai Hills 2,000 ft. 2nd December 1929 to 2nd January 1930. ‘Cumbum Valley, Cumbum, 1,000-1,500 ft. Godavari Delta— 4th January 1930 to 31st January 1930. Godavari Delta. Vizagapatam Districti— 4th February 1930 to 28th February 1930. Eastern Ghats. Anantagiri 3,000 ft. Ist March 1930 to 19th April 1930. Eastern Ghats. Sankrametta 3,500 ft. 20th April 1930 to 15th May 1930. Eastern Ghats. Jeypore Agency. 18th May 1930 return Bombay. Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus Sykes. Specimens collected :—91 Q 19-4-29, 104 2 21-4-29 Kurumbapatti; 294 ¢ 30-5-29, 391 9 12-6-29 Chitteri Hills, 2,000 ft. ; 1412 2 19-2-30 Anantagiri 3,000 ft. Measurements— : Bill. Wing. ail: ‘Tarsus. yes 62 278 176 945 mm, 42 56 5-58 25 2/9-297 167-174 55mm. As remarked in our first report (xxxiv, 390) there has been much difference of opinion as to the correct systematic treatment of the Jungle-Crow. Since we wrote, the question of whether this bird should be accepted as conspecific with the Australian coronoides has been settled in the negative (Hartert, Mov. Zool. xxxv, p. 53, 1929), and in his final volume Mr. Stuart Baker has accepted the change, regarding the Asiatic forms as forming one group, He has however fallen into the error of calling the species /evaillantz. As pointed out by Delacour (/67s 1930, p. 599), mzacrorhynchos is the older ard correct name. We are by no means certain, however, that further investigation will not show that the Jungle-Crows are merely oriental races of Corvus corone. 1t must be remembered that the two forms are exceedingly difficult to differentiate both in the museum and the field, and much of the supposed overlapping on the borders of N.-W. India is demonstrably due to wrong identification. ay I ureyedese zt BS pyoynddn.104 punts, Ba ae +e IXIA? Treaepog 2} jo syqwnoy epeuesos) } ‘yY sauu)sg 4 e ITP ON @ ER Ed “S| IG nif 's aft # a 7 £ a ‘ 2. WG rie Way - sh NS Sie CHETAN Lk om ae f f 5 | ' uP { oe + ec seoy Bk hy i = ip eee Ae is $ i eS ek baa ght 7 Ut Xs fe om [ ; aa go SR LOULI1a yp, ‘a iS oa, | : a hy Ee “Ss yx) asengny 204 . 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Sketch Map Cape Comorin of SOUTHERN INDIA Showing Collecting Stations in the EASTERN GHATS Statote Miles 2 0 2 40 60 80 100 © Collecting Stations Colombo % HF Milne del Sb Baia Sarat 8 Danson 4 Lenn : i ~ fs ‘ ] t =v = : a u i * Le ' . * ms i 7 7 ~ 7 im < : ‘ oe eee oT hs oe 2 7 . ee - : i ‘ Tah Cae re . r - VE TENVAVOSCIENTTIICG SORVEV OF EASTERN GHATS 511 As regards the races of Jungle-Crow within Indian limits there has been also some difference of opinion. To take two recent instances: Mr. Stuart Baker divides the birds of the Peninsula into’ two races levatllanti and culininatus. The former, he considers, occupies ‘ the whole of India south of the Himalayas, as far South as the Deccan and on the East to about the latitude of the Madras Presidency. To the North-east it is found up tothe Bay of Bengal, but East of the Brahmaputra its place is taken by the Burmese form’. Culminatus, on the other hand, he considers as occupying ‘ India in the Madras Presidency southwards, the Deccan and South through Malabar and Travancore to the South of Ceylon’. Meinertzhagen however (Nov. Zool. xxxiii, 1926, p. 85) differed considerably from this treatment. He placed the boundary between the two forms far lower in the Peninsula, namely ‘ south at least to Madras and the Nilgiri Hills’ thus making culminatus a synonym of /evatl/anti and using anthracinus of Madarasz for the Southern race. Both these writers have made the mistake of keeping the measurements of the sexes together. They have also apparently failed to appreciate the fact that at the post-juvenile moult, the wing and tail-quills are not shed but retained so that all measurements of wing and tail of birds in their first year refer to the juvenile plumage and are so quite misleading. Had they appreciated this point, Meinertzhagen would have avoided (oc. cit. p. 83) dismissing the type of culminatus ‘as a very small specimen’, ‘an aberrant specimen and not typical ’—‘ similar dwarf examples occur at Simla, etc., but are exceptional’. It is in fact an immature bird cdmpleting the post- juvenile moult, and perfectly normal for its age. Whilst Stuart Baker would not have required (vol. i, p. 29) to have suggested that the late Summer birds which decreased the average measurements ‘may well be visitors from the plains wandering into the hills after breeding’. It was disappointing to find that the Survey had missed the opportunity of collecting a large carefully-sexed series of Jungle-Crows. For since all writers on the subject had arrived at different results from the examination of the same material in the Hume collection, the obvious need was to get fresh material. At our suggestion, however, with the co-operation of the Indian Museum, the Nagpur Central Museum, and the Madras and Trevandrum Museums, the Society was able to collect some fresh specimens. Combined with those in the Whistler collection this new material amounted to over 70 birds, of which the majority were from the N.-W. Himalayas, Calcutta and Bombay, virtually to potypes that is of zntermedius, levaillanti and culminatus. With this basis we have re-examined the crows in the Hume collection. The result shows that there can be no hard and fast line of demarcation between the races. Individual variation is great so that individuals as well as first-year birds interrupt slightly any orderly sequence of measurements. But: allowing for this there is a regular and gradual intergradation between the crows of the whole of India from a small-billed race in Ceylon to a large bird with asmall bill in the Western Himalayas and a medium-sized bird with a deeply-bowed Raven beak in Bengal. The sequence continues eastwards until we reach the huge bird with the huge beak of Java. The facts areclear. The problem largely resolves itself into one of convenience as to the best way to express these facts. Birds from the N.-W. Himalayas present no difficulty. Their habitat is largely isolated. That the same race extends to the Eastern Himalayas is a. matter of supposition. No series exists to prove the point. It is clear moreover that birds from Ceylon and Bombay and Nagpur and Vizagapatam cannot be separated, whereas they differ most markedly from the. Calcutta series’ with the strongly curved Raven beak (vde text figure, p. 512). This latter we cannot separate in any way from the Assam, Burma and Andaman birds.” The measurements speak for themselves on this point. Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 4% Calcutta 61-66 310-328 186°5-196°5 58-59 mm. 5 ¢ Andamans 60°5--67°5 265-322 167-199°5 53°5-59 11m. 82 Calcutta 55° 5-65 283-305 165-182 - §2°5-56°5 mm. 52 Andamans 60°5-65°5 287-307 164-185 53°5-56 mm. 1 Corvus levaillanti Lesson, Traité d’Orn. (1831), p. 328—Bengal. * Corvus andamanensis Beavan, Ibis 1866 (October), p. 420—Andamans, - 512, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 4 ps o Ss I Fic. 1. Corvus macrorynchos culininatus, Mahim, Bombay. Fic. 2. Corvus macrorynchos macrorynchos, Chakada, Nadia, Bengal. The birds of the Gangetic plain of the United Provinces and Bihar are in truth intermediate between the two series, but it will be most convenient to unite them with culminatus, and in agreement with the established practice of regarding them as separable from the larger-billed form. Delacour (/é/s 1930, 598) unites these large-billed Andaman birds with macrorhynchos. Macrorhynchos has the bill up to 73°5, and the wing up to 361 mm., a figure never reached by Andaman birds. But if we include in one form in the gradation in size from Calcutta to Java'we are not accepting a wider grading of size than we get in the area assigned to culiminatus from Ceylon to the Ganges. We accordingly recognize the following Indian races* :— Corvus macrorhynchos intermedius Adams. Corvus intermedius Adams, P. Z.S., 1859, p. 171—Kashmir, Dagshai and Simla, restricted*® to Kashmir. A large bird with a weak bill. Plumage a comparatively dull greyish black with little gloss on the hind neck and lower parts. Base of the nape feathers usually whiter than in other forms. : Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 33 ¢ 54-65 311-365 193°5-241°5 52°5-60 mm. LP 54-65 292-343 173° 5-224 51-56 mm. ‘Himalayas from Afghanistan to Bhutan’ (Stuart Baker). It is said to breed on the boundary hills of the N.-W. Frontier but no specimens exist from this area. The extension of this race to the Eastern Himalayas is similarly unsupported by a proper series of skins. Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus Sykes. Corvus culminatus Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832 (July) p. 9s—Dukhun = Poona, A small bird with a strong beak. Plumage black and glossy. Base of nape feathers dusky. Bill. Wing. ait? ‘Tarsus. 18 ¢ 54°5-.66'5 274-317 156-189 48°5-56'5 mm. 222 54° 5-63 260-301 147-182°5 43°5-55 mm. 1 Range of measurements includes adults and first-year birds. * Stresemann, Verhandlungen der Orn.Geselleschaft in Bayern, xii(1916) ,p.282, VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN.GHATS _ 513 The Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. The Jungle-Crow does not occur throughout Northern India as stated in the Fauna, lt is absent from the whole plains area north-west of a line from Delhi to the eastern border of Sindh, in which area it is largely replaced by the Raven. Corvus macrorhynchos macrorhynchos Wagler. Corvus macrorhynchos Wagier, Syst. Av., corvus sp. 3 p. 313, 1827—Java. A large bird with a heavy deeply-bowed beak. Base of nape feathers dusky : deeper and more glossy black than other races. Measurements (Calcutta only) :— Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 4 61-66 310-328 186°5-196°5 58-59 mm, 82 55°5-65 283-305 165-182 52°5-56'5 mm. From the vicinity of Calcutta through Assam and Burma to Java. The Andamans. Corvus tenuirostris Moore, Catalogue, Vol. II, p. 558, 1858, is wrongly attri- buted to the synonymy of this species in the New Fauna, volo vi, p.: 2. ‘The type is in the British Museum and is a specimen of Corvus enca SCHEELS, Richmond, from Sumatra, Borneo, Malay, etc. So far as is at present known the Jungle-Crow is very generally distributed throughout the whole of the Madras Presidency except in certain of the hill ranges of the South-West. In this Presidency the bird somewhat differs in habits as compared with other parts of India. It isa very common and familiar species vying with the House-Crow as a parasite of towns and villages, occur- ring with that bird and often in greater numbers. In Vizagapatam? La Personne found it common from the coast into the interior both in the plains and on the hills and this seems to be its status all down the eastern side of the Presidency. In the Nilgherries and the Wynaad it is exceedingly common everywhere, being the common crow of Ootacamund -and the other hill stations. In Coorg it is common wherever there are human habitations, occurring also, though in smaller numbers, throughout the jungle. In South Kanara and Malabar we have no information about it. South of the Palghat Gap it is far less generally distributed. In the Nelliam- pathy Hills it does not occur at all according to Kinloch, and Fairbank noticed and Bates has since confirmed that it is entirely absent from the summit of the Palnis, where the former placed its limit about Vilpati 5,500 ft. Although Fer- guson found it common throughout Travancore, he also noted its absence from the Southern hills. Throughout the Presidency the breeding season appears to be fairly regular, from about February until June. In the Nilgiris most eggs will be found in April and May and this is the case everywhere. Bates however remarks that although the Jungle-Crows commence to breed about February at Madras in the drier climate of Trichinopoly, they do not start until May. Corvus splendens splendens Vieillot. Corvus splendens Vieill., Nouv. Dict. ad’ Hist. Nat., viii. 1817, p. 44— —Bengal, Specimens collected :—185 9 186 O? 4-5-29 Kurumbapatti ; 537-8 a Is) 9-7-29, Vyampatti, Trichinopoly; 1040 Q 25-11-29 Nallamalai Range 2,500 ft. Measurements— Bill. Wing A DENRA Tarsus. 2 50-50°5 266- 268° 5 162-168°5 47-50 mm. 2° 45°5-59 252-253 154°5-155 45-48 mm. Everyone neglects this common and familiar species with the result that there is very little material for examination from lower Peninsula, India and Ceylon, though 12 fresh specimens from Calcutta and 10 from Nagpur were kindly collected for the Survey by the Zoological Survey of India and the Nagpur Museum. The five specimens collected by La Personne agree with the Calcutta series though their slightly weaker beaks remind one of the complete inter- gradation throughout our area between prvotegatus, the dark Cinghalese bird and zugmayert, ‘the very pale bird of the desert and semi-desert areas of the North-west. -1McMaster (J.4.S.8. 1871, 212) curiously enough says that he could not find it at Waltair. ; 914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXX V On the whole the House-Crow is less generally distributed throughout the Madras Presidency than the Jungle-Crow, though in the towns its numbers are certainly larger. In Vizagapatam, La Personne considered that it did not penetrate into the interior to any considerable extent and in the Godavery delta it was mainly concentrated inthe towns. Throughout the rest of the Presidency east of the Nilgiris and Travancore it is evidently generally distributed, common in the neighbourhood of man and absent from forest tracts. In Madras City it is a positive pest and according to Dewar who dilates at length on its habits there, its numbers must far exceed the human population. An albino at Madras is recorded in SS. /. ix, 507. In the Nilgiris the House-Crow is evidently a recent colonist. Davison specifically remarks that in his day it did not ascend the hills and was absent also from parts of the low country at their base, as for instance from Goodalore to Nellacotta. While McMaster also says that the Jungle-Crow was ‘ the only crow of the Nilgherries, replacing his grey cousin at Kullar, the posting stage at the foot of the Kunur Ghat to which place, and no further, sflendens had penetrated in 1870’. Bates informs us (J.B.N.A.S. xxxi, 291) that in the Nilgiris the House-Crow is now common; indeed almost as numerous as the Jungle-Crow. Inthe Wynaad also it was absent from the hills in Davison’s day- but we have no information whether it has since colonised that area. In Coorg it is still uncommon, a few odd pairs only to be seen about the villages. South of the Palghat Ghat the House-Crow is entirely absent from the Nelliampathy and Palni Hills, and perhaps also from the various Travancore ranges though there does not seem to be any very definite information on this point. Outside the hills it is at any rate common throughout the State. No one has troubled to record much about the breeding of this common bird except that Dewar gives June, July and August as the breeding season in Madras City. In Vizagapatam, La Personne saw birds building in the middle of April and in the Palkonda Hills in August. In Travancore, according to Bourdillon, the eggs are not laid before June, but Ferguson took eggs in February. In the rain area of Malabar and South Kanara, the breeding season may well agree with that of North Kanara where Davidson found that the crows bred in October and November to avoid the heavy rain. Dendrocitta vagabunda vagabunda (Latham). Specimen obtained :—1605 ¢ 26-3-30 Sankrametta 3,000 ft. Measurements :—Bill 34, wing 145, tail 204, tarsus 33. In the northern portion of the Madras Presidency down to the valley of the Godavery the Indian Tree-Pie is distinctly scarce and La Personne notes that he-only saw single birds at Anantagiri and Sankrametta. The latter (¢) was secured and proves to be quite different to all specimens collected south of the Godavery. It agrees well with a female in the British Museum obtained by Blanford in January 1871 in the Godavery vailey near Dumagudiam, and both birds though slightly intermediate in character must evidently be included under the typical race. Consideration of the magpies collected by the survey immediately introduced two difficult problems, the correct name of the species and the races to be recognized in India. Of late years the name of this bird has oscillated between Dendrocitta rufa and D. vagabunda, the former being used again in the new edition of the Fauna. The bird was first described as Lanius rufus? by Scopoli (1786) but that name is unfortunately preoccupied by Lantus rufus of Linnzeus 1766. Latham in 1790 independently described it as Corvus rufus.? Mr. Stuart Baker is of opinion that this name may stand but we agree with ‘Ticehurst (/6zs 1931, p. 585) that as Lantus rufus and Corvus rufus are admittedly the same bird the specific name is not rendered tenable by the 1 Lantus rufus Scopoli, Del. Faun. et Flor., Insub., vol. ii (1786), p. 85. 2 Corvus rufus Latham Index Orn. vol. i (1790), p. 161. Both descriptions are based on ‘ La Pie rouse de la Chiné’ in .Sonnerat’s ‘ Voyage aux Indes Orientales et la Chine’, pl. 106, p. 186. As the bird does not occur east of Indo-China, Stuart Baker has fixed Malabar as the type locality. ‘- VETRINAVESCIENITLIG SURVEY OF HASTERN GHATS. 3515 change of genus. This being so we have no option but to use the next oldest name which is vagabunda. 'The Malabar form is then left without a name. — In our first report we mentioned the divergence of opinion between Ticehurst and Stuart Baker as to the races of the Tree-Pie in India. This has been partly reconciled by Stuart Baker’s final admission (Mew Fauna viii, p. 7) of Blyths’ pallida tor the large pale birds of N.-W. India. We also said that in our opinion neither treatment was entirely satisfactory and this view has been justified by the survey series. Ticehurst had hinted at the possibility of southern birds being separable on their smaller size, but the real position was obscured rather than suggested by the material in the British Museum. The series from south of the Nilgiris consisted of the following specimens, all old and unsexed, 4 from Madras, 1 from Calicut, 1 from Malabar and 6 from Travancore. All are precisely alike, small and richly coloured, agreeing in tint with Bengal birds. They stand out markedly however from the birds from Mysore and the Nilgiris which are pale and at a casual examination recall the birds of the north-west. Individual variation was formerly considered to cover both pale and dark birds. The survey series however cleared up the position. All birds obtained by La Personne south of the Godavery agree in being small and very pale and quite unlike the dark birds enumerated above. It was immediately suggested therefore that this species agreed with many others in having a dark saturated race in the rain-areas of the South-West and a pale race in the dry Carnatic. The only objection to this theory lay in the four birds marked ‘ Madras’ Two of these are from the Gould collection and two from H. H. Baker (missp elt Baber on the labels which are not original). It is known that H. H. Baer S birds were mostly collected in Malabar through nothing is known of the source of these Gould specimens. All four agree so exactly with the other specimens from Malabar and Travancore and are so different to the survey series that we feel justified in concluding that ‘Madras’ on the labels stands not for the town but for the Presidency and that these birds came from the western side. The loose use of the word ‘ Madras’ for the whole Presidency was a common- place of 50 years ago and is still hardly extinct. We accordingly recognize the following races in India :— Dendrocitta vagabunda vagabunda (Latham). Coracias vagabunda Latham, Judex Ornith., vol. i (1790), p. 171—India restricted to Calcutta.” Large richly coloured race. Back and scapulars dark brownish rufous ; rump belly and lower tail coverts fulvous buff. Bill. Wing. “aals ‘Tarsus. 14 ¢ os gee coed 142-158°5 204-253 31-34 mm. 49 31-33 136° 5-149 198-225 31-32 mm. Outer Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, extending to those parts of India not occupied by other forms, and intererading with them. Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida Blyth. Crypsirina pallida Blyth, J/.A.S.B., xv (1846), p. 30—Western Himalayas, restricted? to Simla. The largest race, much paler than all others except vernayi. Back and Scapulars isabelline with a tinge of dusky but devoid of rufous; rump paler; belly and lower tail coverts pure isabeline or buff cream colour. Bill. Wing. ail, Tarsus. WA ee 32°5-35 153— 173 242-315 33°5-36'5 mm. 92 30-34 156 -164 250-295 32-30; Ov tilin. Outer Western Himalayas, N.-W.F.P., Punjab, Rajputana and Sindh. Dendrocitta vagabunda parvula 707. zov. fon Corvus rufus Latham, Index Ornith., vol. i (1790) p. 161 (Malabar). Similar in colour to the typical race but much » / salir Twelve specimens unsexed measure :— > Bilt Wing Tail 30°5-34'°5 | 133-151°5 188°5-238°5 mm. West Coast from S. Kanara to Cape Comorin. a Hicehurst O75, 1922; p. 537, } 516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Dendrocitta vagabunda vernayi Kinnear and Whistler. Dendrocitta ruta vernay? Kinnear and Whistler, Buil B.O.C. cccxliv, vol. li p. 17 (1930—Nallamalai range 2,000 ft. S. Kurnool). Small race, paler even than D.v. pallida; the chin throat and breast are almost sooty grey and the abdomen pale creamy fulvous. y Bill. Wing. ralatl Tarsus. 12 ¢ 29-34'5 144°5-157°5 201-226 . 31-33°5 mm. 92 29°5-32'5 139-149°5 187°5-224 31-32°5 mm. South East India, South of the Godavery, S. E. Hyderabad, Mysore and the Nilgiris. The above measurements include both adults and first-year birds. The latter are easily distinguishable from adults by the pale tips to the tail feathers. They are generally smaller. D. rufigaster Gould P.Z.S., 1838, p. 80, is wrongly given in the Vew Fauna (vii, p. 6) in the Synonymy of this species from which the white nape at once distinguishes it. The description agrees better with JY. occipitalis (Muller) from Sumatra. Dendrocitta vagabunda parvula Kinnear and Whistler. The range of this form in the Presidency lies outside the path of the Survey. There is nothing on record to show the boundary between it and DV. wv. vernayi but it presumably is confined to the area of heavy rainfall. In Travancore according to Ferguson it is found in the low country between the hills and the coast and does not ascend the ranges at ail. It is very rareon the Nelliampathis (Kinloch) but Fairbank obtained it at 5,000 ft. on the Palnis. There is no definite information about the bird in Malabar and South Kanara beyond the specimens from the former district in the British Museum, In Travancore according to Ferguson it breeds in the S.-W. Monsoon, that is between the middle of May and the middle of September. Dendrocitta rufa vernayi Kinnear and Whistler. Specimens collected :—82 ¢ 18-4-29 Kurumbapatti ; 2392 17-5-29, 255 2 20-5-29 Shevaroys; 375 ¢ juv. 9-6-29, 382 ¢ 11-6-29 Chitteri range 3,000 ft. ; 729 2 22-8-29, 770 2 28-8-29 Palkonda Hills 1,000 ft. ; 847 ¢ 28-9-29 Seshachaiam Hills 2,000 ft. ; 957 4 1-11-29, 1027 2 22-11-29 Nallamalai range 2,000 ft. Measurements :— Bill. Wing. Taw. Tarsus. 5 29-33 145-157°5 197-210 31-32'5 mm. 52 30-32'5 139-149°5 187°5-224 31-32 mm. South of the Godavery, in all localities visited by the Survey from the islands of the delta, the various ranges up to 4,500 ft. (Nallamalais, Palkonda. Sesha- chalam, Shevaroys, Chitteri) to the plains round Kurumbapatti and Trichino- poly, the Tree-Pie was very common in all types of country and jungle. All specimens obtained in this area belong to the small pale race which we have named zvernayi and it presumably occurs throughout the whole of the presi- dency down ta Cape Comorin. Westwards this race extends to the Nilgiris and parts of Hyderabad and Mysore. In the Nilgiris according to Davison it is common upto 5,000 ft. more numerous at low elevations and gradually decreas- ing up to that limit, but in many years heonly once met it above that elevation, at 6,500 ft. about 7 miles from Ootacamund. ‘The breeding season is not recorded. Dendrocitta leucogastra Gould. Dendrocitta leucogastra Gould, P. Z. S., 1833 (July 5), p. 57—-Eastern Asia, Malabar Coast.” The Southern Tree-Pie was not met by the Survey and its range lies to the west of the areas worked. Its distribution is not very clearly given in the New Fauna. McMaster (J. A. S. &., 1871, pt. 2, p. 214) states that he procured a specimen in May at Chikalda in the Gawilgurh Hills, but this record certainly must be regarded with suspicion until confirmed. The most northerly authentic records are for N. Kanara where A. T. Crawford (S. #. x. 422) first obtained a specimen and James Davidson later found it very 1 The specimen in the British Museum Jabelled in the handwriting of Gould’s Secretary ‘Dendrocitta leucogastar Gould Irides blood red Malahar Coast’ may safely be taken as the type, ViRNAYeSGLENTIBTC SCORVEY OF BHASTERN- GHATS 517: local and confined to the ghats, and ever rare where found. His account, substantiated by specimens now in the British Museum, is as follows :—‘ The place I have seen it oftenest is at Nilkund on the crest of the ghats between Siddapur and Kumta. I have also seen it at Davimane on the crest of the ghats between Sirsi and Kumta and in the broken country West of Siddapur.’ T. R. Bell saw a pair on the Bhara Ghat a little further north. South of this-the bird becomes far more common. There is no accurate account of its status in Mysore but, at Manzeerabad, Macgregor (.S. /. x. 462) obtained one specimen and at Bangalore Bates found it exceedingly common, though Davison did not meet it in S. Mysore below the Nilgiris. From here it evidently extends over into our area on the Eastern Ghats near Palmaner, where Bates found it on the Munar Ghat. It occurs in Coorg and Malabar and in the Wynaad it is very common. On the slopes of the Nilgiris it is less common but it occurs up to 5,000 ft. A\l- though very common in the Nelliampathis, and in Travancore from the foot of the hills up to about 5,000 ft., it is curiously absent from the Palnis. The ordinary breeding season in all parts of the range is apparently from February to April, but Baker quotes Stewart to the effect that in Travancore there is a second brood about August. Both in Travancore and in the Nelliam- pathis (Bourdillon S. /. iv, 402; Kinloch J. B. N. M. S., xxix, 294) this magpie is said to associate habitually with D7ssemurus paradiseus and further information on this point and the reason for the association is most desirable. Dendrocitta formosae sarkari Kinnear and Whistler. Dendrocitta formose sarkar: Kinn. and Whistler, Bul/, B. O. C., LI (ceexliv) 1930 (October), p. 17.—Anantagiri, Vizagapatam. Specimens collected :—1325 ¢ 5-2-30, 1377 ¢ 12-2-30, 1390 ¢ 14-2-30, 1418 2 20-2-30, Anantagiri 3,000 ft. ; 1690 4 16-4-30, 1696 ¢ 17-4-30, 1708 4 19-4 30, Jeypore agency 3,000 ft. Measurements— Bill. Wing. Tail. ‘Tarsus. 6 2 33-34 136°5-144°5 201-214 28-30 mm. Ee 3225 14225 200 28 mm. Long ago Jerdon wrote that the Himalayan Tree-Pie ‘ occurs very rarely on the hills of Southern India. I got a specimen said to have been killed on the Eastern Ghats and fancied that I saw it on the Segoor Pass of the Neilgheiries. Horsefield also had one specimen from Madras.’! (8. of J. ii, 316). This statement was however discredited by W. Davison (S. /. x. 399) and Hume lent the weight of his authority against it. ‘The possibility of its occurrence in the Peninsula was accordingly disregarded in both editions of the Fauna. | Great interest therefore attaches to La Personne’s rediscovery of this bird in the Vizagapatam district where he procured a good series at Anantagiri and Jeypore at elevations about 3,000 ft. His note is as follows :—‘Common through- out the area under survey in Vizagapatam but not extending beyond the hill tracts. ‘Their call was at once reminiscent of the Himalayan bird. During the “months February, March and April these birds were in various stages of genital development and courtship. ‘They were to be found in rather large numbers feeding principally on the flowers of Bombax malabaricum.’ These birds differ from the typical form (E. Himalavas) in the much smaller beak 33-34 mm. as compared with 36°5-38:5 mm. WD. f. occidentalis (Western Himalayas) is an altogether larger bird, wing in 4 145-160 mm. Parus major mahrattarum Hartert. Specimens collected: 385 ¢ 12-6-29, 497 9 14-6-29, 417 2 419 ° juv. 15-6-29 Chitteri range 3,000 ft. ; 963 9 3-11-29, Nallamalai range 2,000 ft. Measurements :— Bill. Wing. Rail. ‘Tarsus, 1d 1] 67 o9'5 18 mm. 3 11-12 62-68 51-58 17°5-18 mm. The Grey Tit appears to be scarce on the eastern side of the Presidency. There is no actual record north of the Nallamalais where La Personne procured *Cf. Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Mus. H. E. 1. Co. 115). S09). from Wright’s col- lection,’ 518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV the above specimen and south of that he only met with in the Chitteri range, commenting specially on its absence elsewhere. ; In the West we know more about it. In Travancore it is confined tothe hills and is not uncommon, being found at all altitudes from the base to 6,000 ft. but most numerous at 3,090 ft. In the Nalliampathis Kinloch says it is rare. Inthe Palnis Fairbank did not meet with it but Terry found it in the Pittur valley (S. #. x. 478). Northwards it occurs al! over the Nilgiris, the Wynaad and Coorg, being especially abundant near habitations on the higher ranges of the Nilgiris. In the Nilgiris the Grey Tit breeds from February to May, and Miss Cockburn records a nest with young as late as 10th November. There is no other informa- tion on record for the presidency beyond the fact that in June in the Chitteri range the season was evidently ending. The juvenile obtained agrees with two others in the British Musewm (Ahmednagar, Fairbank; Ootacamund, Gosse.) and one obtained by Dr. C. B. Ticehurst at Nasik in having the upper plumage tinged with green and the lower parts faintly washed with yellow. Another juvenile in the British Museum from Ceylon however differs in having no green or yellow tints in the plumage while the upper parts are darker than in the adult. This is probably only an individual variation as although juveniles of caschmirensis, nepalensis anc cinereus (E. Java) examined betray their origin in the major group by possessing the green and yellow tints, two other juveniles of czmereus from Flores and Alor (Moluccas) are duller replicas of the adults as in the Ceylon bird. Ticehurst (J.B. AZ.S. xxxt. 491) and Whistler (407. 6:0... vol. i pao, 1929) both objected to the arrangement of the Grey Tits of India in vol. 3, of the New Fauna and their emendations were accepted in vol. vii p. 12. We are however of opinion that no arrangement is satisfactory which combines the Grey Tit of Bihar, Bengal and Assam with that of Java and the neighbouring Islands. The group is a difficult one but on series we think there should be: no obiection to upholding the following races in India on the distinctions indicated :— . A. Larger and paler forms. Parus majer caschmirensis Hartert. Parus major caschmirensis Hartert, Vogel P. F., vol. i, (June 1905), p. 345—Gilgit. (a) Grey predominates on central tail feathers. (6) Blue fringes of greater coverts broad so that coverts appear blue. (c) White wedge on inner web of penultimate tail feather very long, 20-45 mm., almost always over 30 mm. (d) Outer web of penultimate tail feather practically entirely white. Bill. Wing. Tail- Tarsus. 27 2 12-13 72-78 60°5-71 17-20°5 mm. 18 2 11°5-13 68°5-73'5 56-62°5 18-20 mm. N.-W.F. Province, Kashmir and Western Himalayas, visiting Punjab and Western United Provinces in winter. Parus maior ziaratensis Whistler. Parus major ziaratensis Whistler Bull B.O.C. vol. L, No. ccecxxv (October. 1929), p. 6, Ziarat, Baluchistan. Details as in caschimirensis but differs in the slightly paler bluer grey of the upper parts, the greater amount of white edging on the tertiaries and in the smaller stuimpier bill. Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. VS 11-12 73-78 62°5-71 mm. | (not noted). 239 11°5 70°5-71'5 60 mm. Ziarat, Baluchistan ; Kandahar, Afghanistan. B. Smaller and darker forms. Parus major nipalensis Hodgson. Parus nipalensis Hodgson, /nd. Rev. 1838, p. 31—Nepal. (a) A wide band of black along shafts of central tail feathers, remainder orey. (4) Blue fringes of greater coverts broad so that coverts appear blue. (c) White wedge on inner web of penultimate tail feather 12-33 mm. usually over 25. VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN GHATS 519 (2) Always a black line on white outer web of penultimate tail feather. Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 5 11°5-12 67-68 59°5-61 16°5-17°5 mm. 22 11°5-12 62°5-65 $4 ay mm. Lower Nepal, Bihar, Bengal, Duars and Assam. Paris major mahrattasum Hartert. Parus major mahrattarum Hartert, Mov. Zool., vol. xii (September 1905) p. 499—Ceylon. (a) Central tail feathers black, a line of grey down the outer web. (6) Blue fringes of greater coverts narrow, so that coverts appear black with blue edges. (c) White wedge on inner web of penultimate tail feather 6°5-34 mm., usually over 25. (2) Sometimes a black line on white outer web of penultimate tail feather. Bill. Wine. ail. Tarsus. 18 ¢ 10-12°5 62-73 5 51-60°5 16°5-19 mm, 72 10°5-12 61-68 48°5-58 15°5-18 mm. India south of and including Mt. Abu, Central Provinces and Orissa ; Ceylon. In order to show why we have separated P. mm. nipalensis we enumerate the corresponding points of. Parus major cinereus Vieillot. Parus cinereus Vieillot, Ncuv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat , (1818), p. 316 ex Levaillant pl. 139, fig. 1—Batavia. (a) Anarrow band of black along shafts of central tail feathers, remainder rey. (6) Blue fringes of greater coverts narrow, so that the coverts appear black with blue edges. (c) White wedge on inner web of penultimate tail feather small, 2°5-23 mm., usually under 20. (d) Outer web of penultimate tail feather black, except for a white tip. There appears to be no difference in size. [Parus auchalis Jerdon. Parus nuchalis Jerdon, Madras Jour. Lit. Sci. xiii (1845), p. 131—Eastern Ghats... Jerdon obtained his type of the White-winged Black Tit ‘from the Eastern Ghats, west of Nellore’ where it was said by the shikaris who produced it to be very rare. It is difficult not to feel that there must be some mistake (in spite of the further statement by Jerdon that it had since been obtained by Dr. Stewart at Bangalore) when a bird which is definitely known to be characteristic of the dry country of Rajputana is recorded on native testimony from the densely wooded and moist Eastern Ghats, Jerdon’s and Stewart’s specimens apparently no longer exist and Hume was inclined to think that when rediscovered, the bird of the Eastern Ghats would prove distinct from that of Rajputana. Unfortunately the Survey has thrown no light on the point. ] Machlolophus xanthogenys aplonotus (Blyth). Specimens collected: 1320 2 4-2-30, 1334 4 6-2-30, 1348 ¢ 7-2-30, 1378 12-2-30, 1383 ¢ 1385-6 g¢ 13-2-30, 1397 Q 16-2-30, 1398 ¢ 17-2-30, 1432 of 21-2-30, 1434-5 ¢ QP 23-2-30, Anantagiri 3,000 ft.; 1471 [2] 4-3-30 Sankrametta 3,500 ft.; 1692 4 17-4-30, 1728 °$ 26-4-30 Jeypore agency 3,000 ft.; 1752 ¥ 2-5-30, 1774 $ 5-5-30 Anantagiri 3,000 ft. Measurements :— nouv. ed, vol. xx, Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 1S oe 12-13 70°5-77°5 54-60 18 -19°5 mm. 42 12-12°5 70° =/1 52-53 18°5-19 mm, The Yellow-cheeked Tit is widely spread in Peninsula India, chiefly as a bird of the elevated plateau and hill ranges, and this area is separated from that of the typical race (Western Himalayas) by the great Gangetic plain. The Peninsula birds have hitherto been treated as belonging to one race but an examination of the material shows that this is not correct. If birds from Travancore are compared with those from Mt, Abu (i.e. from the extremities of the Peninsular distribution) it is at once evident that they are different. The former differ from the Jatter in (1) the larger size ; (2) the duller more saturated green of the upper plumage as compared with bright yellow green ; (3) the duller darker blue edging to the wings, the marked reduction of 520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV the white tips of the tertiaries, and the smaller white spots on the median and greater wing coverts; (4) the duller and more olive green colour of the yellow parts of the lower plumage. The following table shows comparative measurements of the three forms, males only, and explains also why previous writers have disagreed as whether aplonotus (in which they included both northern and southern birds) was the larger than xanthogenys or not. Bill. Wing. aite ‘Tarsus. xanthogenys 12 ~—12°5 7 1°5-76 54°5-60 18-19'5 mm. aplonotus 12 ees 70°5-77'5 54 ~-60 18-19'5 mm. Southern birds 12°5-14 76° 5-82'5 97°5-62'5 19-19'5 mm. As in other birds of Peninsula India there is a gradual passage from one form te the other. After a careful comparison of the survey series and other material available we consider that all specimens from the Konkan southwards should be grouped together and all Peninsula birds from Mahableshwar northwards should form another group to which belong the survey series from Vizagapatam district. To the latter group the name ap/onotus rightly belongs, We have considered whether Parus jerdoni Blyth, J.A.S.B. xxv (1856), p. 445, could be used for the southern race. ‘The type apparently does not exist. Biyth said that his specimen was amongst a collection of birds sent on inspection by Dr. G. Buist on behalf of the Bombay branch of the Asiatic Society but no hint was given of the actual locality. The description is not clear enough to refer conclusively to either race and in any case Blyth was thoroughly confused over these Tits (wz7de Hume SS. /. vii, p. 405 fcot-note). We have therefore thought it desirable to name it as Machlolophus xanthogenys travancoreensis subsp. nov. Type ¢ 12 Nov. 1878, Mynall, Travancore (Bourdillon). Brit. Mus. No. 80-8-19, 109. The races will therefore stand as follows :— Machlolophius xanthogenys xanthogenys ( Vigors). Parus xanthogenys Vigors P.Z.S., vol. i (1831, Feb.), p. 23—Himalayas, Simla—Almora district.* Western Himalayas from Murree to Nepal (but apparently not Sikkim as usually stated). Breeding about 5,000 ft. to 7,000 ft. Machlolophus xanthogenys aplonotus (Blyth). Parus aplonotus Blyth, J.A.S.B&. xvi (1847), p. 444—Chaibasa, Singhbhun. Mt. Abu: Parisnath Hill: locally at all elevations in the Central Peninsula from Mhow, Saugor.and Orissa down to a line from Poona to the Godavery valley. Machlolophus xanthogenys travancoreensis Kinnear and Whistler. subsp. nov. The Western Ghats and neighbouring wooded areas from S. Konkan to the Asambo Hills, at all elevations. When the contact zone of MW. xanthogenys and M. spilonotus in Nepal is understood we suspect that J7. s. spilonotus (E. Himalayas and Assam) and M. s. subviridis (Burma and ‘Tenasserim) will prove to be also races of M. xanthogenys. . In the Madras Presidency J/. x. aplonotus (as above defined) is only found in the extreme north. The Survey met with it in the Vizagapatam district whence La Personne notes :—‘ Extremely common around Anantagiri and extending well into the interior. Absent from the plains. Not quite so numerous in the Padwa Valley but I believe these Tits are common in the hill tracts of Koraput and Jeypore. Breeding during the latter end of April, a nest being found in a coffee plant. These Tits feed chiefly on the flowers of Bombax nialabaricum in company with Zosterops, Sitta and Phylloscopus. 1 have seen them chase and devour flying ants.’ A male from Jeypore 4th March 1877 (Hume Coll.) is the only other known record for our limits. The bird is strictly a resident. The breeding season is not easy to define but in the north of Peninsula India it is apparently from April to August, whilst about Poona it is certainly later from July to October as in ¢vavancoreensts. The series collected by La Personne introduce an interesting problem with regard to the plumages of the Tits of this genus. ‘The fifteen males all agree in being black crested and in having a broad longitudinal black band from the 1 [bis, 1924, p. 471. | Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. | MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF (0 COND trim Gs THE RACES OF MACHLOLOPHUS XANTHOGENYS. Mt. Aboo Neemuch Jhalawar Goona Saugor Mhow Sehore Pachmarhi Satpuras @ “"r MYDERABAB®, .” MACHLOLOPHUS X. APLONOTUS. Numbers in round brackets. Melghat Chikalda Beetul Nagpur Moti Nala, Majgon, Kapa Balaghat Raipur Sirguja English Mules 0 50 100 200 300 400 Jashpur Udaipur Sam balpur Chaibasa Parasnath W. Khandesh Egutpura Lanoli Poona HH pe MACHLOLOPHUS X. XANTHOGENYS. Numbers in square brackets. Murree Chamba Dalhousie Dharmsala Kulu Koteghar Simla Mussoorie Naini Tal Ranikhet Nepal Valley MACHLOLOPHUS x. TRAVANCOREENSIS. Numbers in triangular SOON CB wo Hs brackets, S. Konkan Belgaum Castle Rock N. Kanara Mauzeerabad Coorg Wynaad Nilgiris Nelliampathies Palnis Travancore Mahableshwar S.-E. Berar Bastar State Jeypore Sankrametta Anantagiri Wardha Valley Pranhita Yenchapali VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN GHATS — 521 chin to the vent. ‘his is usually described as being the adult plumage common to both sexes. ‘The three females on the other hand (and an unsexed bird agreeing with them) differ in having the black band replaced by dull olive green. It is evident therefore that either the sexes differ or the bird takes a year to assume the adult plumage. Either explanation is unusual in the Paring. Examination of the large series in the British Museum has not settled the problem owing to the scarcity of juvenile birds and the fact that the sexing of all specimens is not reliable. Both green and black banded specimens are found in other parts of the range but the only juvenile which we have been able to examine (5-8-1868 Mt. Abu, King) although marked @ agrees with the adult gin being black banded and black crested. A first winter °% still retaining the juvenile wing coverts (16-10-1911, Nagpur : Central Mus. Col. No. 165) is black banded. An examination of the series of ¢vavuncoreensis, only makes the puzzle more complete. In this area we find not only the black and green banded forins, both with a black crest but also a third type of apparently mature bird. This is green banded but has the crest also green like the colour of the back, the feathers centred with blackish shaft stripes. The black on the lores of travancorcensis and the broad black line through the ear coverts are replaced by dark green slightly darker than the green of the back. There are six specimens of this type in the British Museum, viz. :— © 31-4-67 Ootacamund Hume Coll. °¢ 10-12-74 Mynall Bourdillon. © 20-4-69 Niigiris Theobald o? ‘ Malabar ’ Tweeddale Coll. @ 19-4-69 Coonoor Carter oO? ‘Tndiay Jerdon. Although these specimens have always been passed over as a stage of plumage of the species under review we cannot fit them into the known facts and it is not impossible that they represent an overlooked species from the rain forests of the S. W. of India. But we hesitate so to describe them until the plumages of the ranthogenys group are fully understood. From the area of travancoreensis 3 juveniles exist, one in the British Museum marked ¢ Coonoor 28-8-76 (Wardiay-Ramsay) and two, unsexed, in the Whistler collection (22-12-01, Sigur Ghat, H. R. Baker). All agree in being dull versions of the black crested, green banded plumage. We suspect that the Coonoor bird is wrongly sexed and that travancorcensis and aplonotus agree in having the sexes different, the juveniles of the two sexes agreeing with the respective adults. Examination of other members of the genus does not throw light on the matter as there is evidently no uniformity, In xanthogenys xanthogenys the sexes are alike and four juveniles examined agree with the adults. In spzlonotus spilonotus the female differs from the mnale in a marked restriction of the amount of black on the chin and throat and the black is apparently never replaced by olive green. In spzlonotus subviridis on the other hand the adult male and female are alike, but in both sexes in the first winter plumage the black band is replaced by dull olive green. The correct solution of these difficulties must be left to workers in the field. Careful dissection of a few specimens wil! soon settle the matter. Machlolophus xanthogenys travancoreensis This south-western race of the Yellow-cheeked Tit is common in the western side of the Presidency, but it was not met with by the Survey. It is a common member of hunting parties of small insectivorous birds in Coorg and the Wynaad, right through to the Nilgiris. It does not ascend to the plateau or above 6,000 ft. in the Nilgiris, there occupying a lower zone than Parus mayor mahrattarum, a curious reversal of the zones of the respective races of these two ‘Tits in the Western Himalayas. In the Nelliampathis it is extremely common, though apparently less so in the Palnis. In Travancore it is said by Bourdillon and Ferguson to be a high elevation bird, abundant from 3,000 ft. upwards. Evidently a late breeder from July to August and possibly even later. Sitta castanea castanea Lesson. . The typical form of the Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch is confined in the Presidency to the western side. Birds from this area are not separable from those of the north. Although it occurs in the Wynaad and Malabar, round the base of the Nilgiris and in the Palghat hills it nowhere appears to be as numerous in our 522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Volo XXX area as it is in northern India. Nothing is recorded about the breeding season in this area. Sitta castanea prateri subsp. nov. Specimens collected: 1325 ¢ 5-2-30, 1366 ¢ 10-2-30, 1413-4 4 9 20-2-30, 1429 © 22-2-30, 1435 ¢ 23-2-30, 1443 2 26-2-30 Anantagiri 3,000 ft. ; 1536 2 14-3-30, 1679 © 12-4-20 Sankrametta 3,500 ft. ; 1725 ¢ 24-4-30, 1746 2 29-4-30 Jeypore agency 3,000 ft. Measurements :— Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 5 21-22 77° 5-82 40°5-43 17-18'°5 mm. 62 20-22 75-78 5 38--41 17-18'5 mm. This Nuthatch, which Jerdon had already recorded as common in Gumsoor and the Northern Circars, was found by La Personne to be common. through- out the hills of the Vizagapatam district where it was evidently breeding, chiefly at 3,000 ft. Birds were observed carrying food as early as 3rd March. They were not met with in any of the other collecting camps. The good series collected are very uniform in size and colour and differ from Sztla Castanea castanea in their longer bills, in the paler underparts of the ¢ and in the colour of the lower tail coverts which are ash-grey with narrow pale subterminal bands and chestnut fringes. As the large series of the typical form examined from the rest of the Peninsula are remarkably constant in size and colour, we have no hesitation in accepting this race from the upper Eastern Ghats, and, in its name, have much pleasure in recognizing Mr, Prater’s ereat services to Ornithology. Topotypes of this common species cannot be traced in any collection but we have no reason to think that Bengal birds differ from those of the rest of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The Indian races of this species will stand as follows :— Sitta castanea almore Whistler. Sitta castaneoventris almore Whistler, Bull. B.O.C. li, (Nov. 1930), p. 27— between Pethora and Alimora., Beak very heavy, underparts in ¢ cinnamon brown, under tail coverts ash-grey with broad white subtermina] patches and cinnamon fringes. Western Himalayas.— Bill. Tail. Wing. Tarsus. 73 Zl O=Z23L0 84-87 40-44 18-20 mm, Dee 21-24 79-85 40-43°5 18-19°5 mm. Sitta castanea cinnamoventris Blyth. Sitta cinnamoventris Blyth, /.4.S.8. vol. xi (1842), p. 459—Darjeeling. Beak very heavy, underparts in ¢ chestnut brown, in @ slightly richer than in last, under tail coverts as last but fringes chestnut. Nepal and Eastern Himalayas to Assam. Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, Tic. 19-23°5 81-86°5 38°5-45: 18-20 mm. PSO 18-21°5 77° 5-82 38-41 17-18'5 mm. Sitta castanea castanea Lesson. ‘Sitta castanea Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1830 (Sept. 25), p. 316—Bengal. Beak fine and short. Underparts in ¢ deep chestnut brown, darker than in the last. Under tail coverts ash-grey with chestnut fringes. India. Generally but only locally distributed. Bill, Wing. Tail. ‘Tarsus. 20 ¢ 18-20°5 72-81 36-41 16-18°5 mm. 15° 18-20°5 71°E-78 35° 5-38'5 16-18 mm. Sitta castanea prateri Kinnear and Whistler. Beak medium sized. Underpartsin ¢ as ¢. Cinnamoventris. Under tail coverts ash-grey with narrow paie subterminal bands and chestnut fringes. The underparts of the females of ¢c. castanea and c. pratert are paler and pinker in colour than in the other two races. Bill. Wing. Tail. ‘Tarsus. Pires 21-22 77° 5-82 40°5-43 : 17-18°5 mm. 6-2 20-22 75-785 38-41 17 =)S-S. mim. Sitta frontalis frontalis Swainson. Sitta frontalis Swains., Zool. Illus., Ser. i, pt. i, 1820 (Ist October), pl. 2— Ceylon. VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF EASTERN GHATS — 523 Specimers collected : 225 § 15-5-29, 267-8 ¢ 23-5-29 Shevaroy Hills, 3,500 ft.-4,000 ft. ; 401 9 13-6-29 Chitteri Hills 3,000 ft.; 1370 ¢ 11-2-30. 1438 ¢ 25-2-30, 1,444 2 26-2-30 Anantagiri 3,000ft.; 1470 ¢ 4-3-30, 1,584 2 23-3-30 Sankrametta 3,900 ft. Measurements : Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 6 15-16 71°5-78°5 39-43°5 15-16°5 min. 3Q 14°5 71°5-74 36-41°5 15-15°5 mm. There has been some confusion over the type locality of this species which in the Fauna, vol. i, p. 132 is given as Java and in vol. viii, p. 25 as Ceylon. The latter is correct as explained inJ.N.A.S. Siam vol. v, pt. 3, 334 (1924). The distribution given for this species in India in the Fauna is perhaps too sweeping—‘ the whole of India east * of Bombay, Gwalior and Kumaon’ It is found on the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats from about Khandesh to the extreme south of Travancore; on the Shevaroys; in the hilly country from Dholbhum to Vizagapatam ; and in the submontane valleys of the Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards. Apart from these areas, I can trace only isolated records for Gwalior and Saugor ae Betul district, C.P. The bird is certainly not generally distributed. Careful examination of all available material confirms Ticehurst’s statement (J.B.N.H-S., xxxi, 491) that Himalayan birds are smaller than the typical race and should be separated as S. f. corallina Hodgson, J.A.S.B&., v (1838), p. 779—Nepal. Bill. Wing. Tail. 7 ¢ Sikkim 14°5-16 72-76°5 38°5-40 mm. oe 14 70-72 38 mm, Birds from the Nilgiris, Palnis and Travancore agree with those from Ceylon and measure as follows :-— Bill. Wing. Tail, 3 ¢ Ceylon 16-16°5 76-77 39°5-41 mm. 19 ¢ Nilgiris Palnis 15°5(2) ,16°5-17°5 77-83'5 39°5-46 mm. Travancore 3 2 Ceylon 16-17 72°5-79 38°5-41 mm. 10 2 Nilgiris, etc. 15(1),16-17 74:5-83°5 39-45°5 mm. As measurements alone distinguish the races and intergradation occurs in the few specimens available from the range of the bird between the Nilgiris and the Himalayas it will be convenient to consider all birds south of the Indo- Gangetic plain as belonging to the typical race; whilst the small Himalayan form extends through Burma to Java. In the presidency the Velvet-fronted Nuthatch is widely distributed as a resident hill bird though its range on the eastern side is not properly known. Jerdon met with it in Gumsoor, and inthe Vizagapatam district, La Personne found it common everywhere about 3,000 ft. It has not been yet recorded bet- ween there and the Shevaroay Hills and Chitteri Hills where it is common about 3,000 ft.—4,900 ft. It is common throughout theS.W. group of ghats, the Nelliampathis, Palnis and Travancore Hills, apparently at all elevations, growing commoner above 2,000 ft. In the Nilgiris it reaches its greatest degree of abundance spreading from there through the Wynaad, Coorg and the forests of the Malabar coast. The breeding season in the presidency is from February to April and appears to be well defined. Garrulax delesserti (Jerdon). Crateropus delessertt Jerdon, Madras Jour. Lit. Sci. x, 1839 (December), 256.—Kotagherri. The Wynaad Laughing Thrush is peculiar to the Western Madras Presidency. It is found, but not very commonly, in the Brahmagiris, the Wynaad, and on the slopes of the Nilgiris down to the Palghat hills. South of the Palghat gap it is found in the Nelliampathy Hills and southwards throughout the whole of the Travancore hills at all elevations; in this areait is apparently far more common. Curiously enough however it does not occur in the Palnis so far as is known. 1 By a slip printed as west. 524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Ferguson states that in Travancore it breeds in June. Stuart-Baker however says of Travancore ‘the breeding season is March to May, but Mr. Stuart has taken eggs in February and again in August’. There is no information for the other parts of its range. Trochalopteron cachinnans (Jerdon). Crateropus cachinnans Jerdon, Madras Jour. Lit. Sci. x, 1839 (December) 255 Nilgiris. Confined to the Nilgiris where it is exceedingly common at all elevations above 4,000 ft. The Nilgiri Laughing Thrush breeds from February to June and occasional nests may be found with eggs in July. Trochalopteron cachinnans cinnamomeum Davison. Trochalopteron cinnamomeunt Davison, bis, 1886, 204 (locality unknown). Nothing is known of this bird beyond the fact that Davison discovered two specimens of it in the Museum at Trivandrum, Travancore which were said to have been brought from the west coast of India, though the actuai locality was never verified. The Palghat Hills have been suggested. We cannot help thinking however that the colour of the specimens is due to stain and that there is really no subspecies of this bird. Trochalopteron jerdoni jerdoni (Blyth). Garrulax (?) jerdoni Blyth, J.A.S.B,, xx (1851), 522 no locality—Banasore Peak. Peculiar to the Madras Presidency. Jerdon obtained the type at about 5,000 ft. 6,000 fr. at the top of the Banasore Peak, a high hill at the edge of the ghats separating Malabar from the Wynaad (ZB. of J, ii, 50). Later, Davison obtained a series of 12 specimens from the Bramagherry Hills in Coorg which are about 20 miles away from Banasore (Balasore) and in sight of it. These remain the only authentic records of what must be considered one of the rarest birds of India. R. W. Morgan (S. F. ii. 532) considered that he had met with the Banasore Laughing Thrush on the Palghat Hills and the Chinnaconoor Ghat of the Nilgiris, but it is by no means certain that he did not really observe one of the other allied forms. “> Trochalopteron jerdoni fairbanki. Blandford. Trochalopteron fairbanki Blanford, J.A1.S.B8. (1869) xxxviii, pt. 2, p. 175— Palni Hills. Confined to the Madras Presidency. In the first edition of the Fauna, Oates gave the range of this bird as ‘the Palnisand Anamulli Hills in South Travancore above 3,000 ft.’ ‘This was very misleading as pointed out by Ferguson (/.B.N. H.S., xv, 257) but unfortunately the second edition of the Fauna did not profit by the correction. In Southern Travancore it is not found at all. It iscommonin North Travan- core at 5,000 ft. and upwards on the Kanan Devan Hills, or High Range, the highest peak of which, Anaimudi, is the centre from which spring the Palnis and Anamallais, where it is also common. These two ranges are not in Travancore but in British Territory. A specimen in the Bombay collection was obtained by Prater on 15-5-17 in the High Wavy Mountains of Madura. The breeding season is from April to June. The change of the trivial name in the new Fauna from Palni to Travancore Laughing Thrush is probably a slip. It is at any rate undesirable. A very good account of its habits and nidification by Capt. R.S. P. Bates will be found in the Journal, vol, ¥xxv, pp. 204-7. Trochalopteron jerdoni meridionale. Blanford. Trochalopterum meridionale Blanford, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880 (N ovem- ber), p. 184--S. Travancore Hills [Mynall]. Peculiar tothe Madras Presidency. Hereagain the Vew Fauna (i. p 179) isat fault in the distribution. It dces not occur in orth Travancore as stated but is confined to the summits of the hills above 3,500 ft. in Sow’ Travancore up to and including the Achankovil gap (Autchincoil gap of the Fauna). The breeding season is not recorded. ( Zo be continued. ) JourN. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. Prats “15: John Baie Sons & Danielsson, Ltd London THE CoLOURED STERCULIA. Sterculia colorata, Roxb. (about “2 nat. size). SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. BY E. BLATTER, S.J., Ph.D., F.L.S., AND W. S. MILLARD, F.Z.S. PArT VIII. (With two coloured and iwo black and white plates and 6 diagrams.) (Continued trom page 296 of this volume.) THE COLOURED STERCULIA Popular Names: Bodula, Walena, Samarri (Hind.); Mula (Beng.); Khowsey, Pinj (Berar); Pisi, Sisi (Kol.); Bolazong (Garo); Sitto udal, Phirphiri, Omra, (Nepal); Kanhlyem (Lepcha); Bodala, Bodal (Kumaon); Mutruk (Merwara); Lersima (Kharawar); Bhai-koi, Khowsey, Bheckhol, Samarri, Walena (Bomb.); Karaka, Karu bop- payi (Tel.); Wet-shaw, Yaseng-shaw (Burm.); Berda (Andaman). Sterculia colorata Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 50. By some called Firmiana colorata R. Br. (Sterculiacee). (Sterculia from Sterculius of Roman mythology, derived from stercus, dung. The Romans in the height of paganism deified the objects of their greatest dislike and most immoral actions. Thus they have the gods Sterculius, Crepitus, and the goddesses Caca and Petunda. The flowers and leaves of some species of Sterculia are ill-smelling. Co/orata means coloured, referring to the orange-red calyx.) A very conspicuous tree when in flower from March to May. The tree is leafless at this period and the branches and twigs are covered with coral-red flowers and as these fade, their place is taken by the winged leaf-shaped follicles which are pink at first and turn red later. These bear on the edges one or two seeds. Thetree is fairly common at Khandalla on the Western Ghats and there used to be a few trees growing in Bombay fairly recently. Description: A large tree with a_ straight, sometimes fluted trunk covered with thick, scaly, ash-coloured bark and a crown of spreading branches. The leaves are crowded together at the ends of the branches. ‘They grow on slender _ stalks from 4”-12” long. The leaf is broader than long; it measures 4”-8” in length and is, ftomio. —I2- inewidth., It has 3-5 points formed by shallow triangular lobes which taper acutely towards the tips. In the older trees the 926 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol” XXXV number of these lobes is usually three, but in the younger plants and seedlings, the number of points is increased. Young leaves and shoots are always downy. ‘The older leaves are smooth on both surfaces, but this is a character which differs in different localities. There are varieties of this tree in which the under-surface of the old leaf is hairy. The tree commences to shed its leaves in November and is leafless from January to April, when the young leaves commence to sprout. This generally takes place after the tree has burst into flower. The Coloured Sterculia is then a conspicuous and brilliant sight. In the forests of the Western Ghats and the Deccan where the tree is common, these trees in flower appear on the hill sides and in the ravines like masses of flaming red CO male gale flowers grow in short dense panicles at the ends of the bran- ehes;) (alive: colour varies from.brioht coral or orange-red to greyish brown. The stalks, the flowers and the stem on which they grow are covered with fine downy hairs, giving the whole inflorescence a soft, velvety appearance. The calyx of the flower is funnel-shaped. The petals form a long, lobed tube from which the column of the stamen protrudes, bearing at its summit about 30 yellow anthers. ‘The style is short and recurved. The interior ofthe flower is deep red. The fruits are numerous and conspicuous and might be mis- taken for leaves. The fruit is composed of from 2-5 leaf-like membranous valves growing on acommon stalk. These valves are green or pinkish on the outside and yellowish within. They open much before the fruit is mature, revealing usually two yellow, much wrinkled seeds the size of a small bean, adhering one to each margin of the valve. Flowering Season: March to May. Fruits, May to June. New Leaves, April to May. Distribution: Satpuras up to 3,700 ft; W. Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore, Konkan and Deccan Forest, N. Circars, Mt. Abu, East Bengal, Burma, Andamans, Ceylon. Indo-China, Siam. Uses: The bark yields an inferior fibre. The twigs and leaves are used in the W. Peninsula as a cattle fodder. The flowers are used in some parts of the country such as the Berars to decorate the horns of cattle during the Holi Festival. \ \ y\ {\ Zz PuatE XVI. Bomsay Nat, Hist. Soc. JOURN y UL Te Wi Ua YL Y YUE Flowers of the Coloured Sterculia (Stercwlia colorata). The Coloured Sterculia (Sterculia colorata), in flower. Photos by C. McCann. oy a ® Journ. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. Pirate 16. John Bale Sons & Danielsson. Lt¢ London. THE QUEEN’S FLOWER. Lagerstroemia flos reginae, Retz. (about % nat. size). SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES O27 THE QUEEN’S FLOWER Popular Names: Arjuna, Jarul (Hind.); Jarul (Beng.); Gara Saikre (Kol.); Sekra (Santal); Ajhar, Jarul (Assam); Bolashari (Garo); Taman, Bondara (Bomb.) ; Bondara, Mota-bondara (Konkan); Taman, Tamana, Mota-bondara (Mar.); Kadali (Tam.}; Chennangi (Tel.) ; Challa, Holedasal, Maruva (Kan.) ; Adamboe (Malay.) ; Kone- pyinma, Pyinma (Burm.); Kamaung (Magh.); Murute, Muruta-gass (Sing.); Arjuna (Sans.). Lagerstroeemia Flos-Reginae Retz. Obs. (1789) fasc. 5, p. 25. Family (Lythrace@). (After Magnus v. Lagerstroem, 1696-1750, a Swede and friend of Linnzeus; F/os-Regine means flowers of the Queen.) This tree does not grow to a large size in Bombay, about 20 feet in height only, probably because Bombay is too far North for it to excel in growth, but it is a beautiful sight when in flower from May to July. ‘fhere are various shades of colour in the flowers of these trees, some being purple and others different shades of mauve, approaching to pink and these light pinkish mauve varieties are perhaps the most beautiful. The upstanding panicles of the flowers rather remind one of the shape of the white racemes of the horse- chestnut when in flower in England. Description : A moderate sized tree but when growing on the banks of forest streams, it may reacha height of 60 ft. The trunk is straight. Its pale bark flakes off in irregular patches. The branches spread , widely. The leaves grow on stout stalks; they are paler in colour below, oblong-lance-shaped and bluntly pointed at the tips. A leaf measures from 5”-8” in length and 1$”-3” in width. Its main nerves, there are from 10-13 upward curving pairs, are conspicuous and _ promi- nent. A network of fine veins covers both surfaces of the leaf. The tree sheds its leaves during the cold weather when some of the leaves turn coppery red or yellow. But this leaf-fall is gene- rally gradual. Few trees are absolutely bare. The young leaves come out with the blossoms in May. Then the tree covered with great clusters of large mauve flowers isa delight to the eye. Its massed flowers have not the aggressive beauty of the Gold Mohur or the Flame of the Forest but their soft pastel colouring is tenderly attractive and pleasing. Each cluster or panicle of flowers 528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV “may be quite a foot in length springing from the branch as an upstanding spike, massed with flowers at its base and bearing numerous downy pink and green buds towards its tip. The earlier flowers at the bottom of the spike fade to a paler tone thus varying the colours of the cluster from deep to palest mauve. The colouring of the flowers varies in differ- ent trees; in some it is almost purple, in others mauve or pinky-mauve, while there is a beautiful variety in which the colours are bright pink. The calyx of the flower is green. It is covered with a white, some- times reddish down. It has from 6 to 7 sepals which are fused together and form a heavily-ribbed cup with a lobed brim. There are from 6 to7 petals, very crinkled and wavy, rounded at the apex and clawed or narrowing suddenly at the base. ‘The stamens are all equal, shorter than the style, they are purplish red and bear yellow anthers. The tree fruits in great profusion and the fruits persist for a long lime. Green fruits of the year are seen on the tree together with blackened fruits of the prece- ding season. They are globular in shape and contain smooth pale brown seeds. Flowering Season: Flowers during the hot season and fruits during the rainy season. But young trees may be found in flower late in the rains. Distribution: W. Ghats of N. Kanara and S. Konkan through Malabar to Travancore, along the banks of nalas and rivers and in swampy localities, N. Circars, Chota Nagpur, E. Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malaya, China, Ceylon. Very often cultivated, especially so in the Gora- khpur district of the United Provinces. Leat-shedding Flowering and Fruiting: ‘The tree sheds its leaves about February- March, the leaves turning reddish before falling ; the new leaves appear in April— May. The large terminal panicles of mauve flowers 2-3 inches in diameter, appear from April to June, at which time the trees are extremely handsome. The capsules 5--6-valved, broadly ovoid, 0:7-1 inch long, ripen from Novernber to January, according to locality, though they do not actually open and scatter the seeds for some little time. The seeds are light brown, angular, fairly hard, with a stiff, brittle wing, the whole —,/, inch long ; they are often unfertile. The tree i) seeds at an early age; vigorous plants raised from irrigated broadcast JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate XVII. The Queen’s Flower Tree (Lagerstroenia Flos Regine), in flower in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay. Flowers of the Queen’s Flower Tree (Lagerstroemia Flos Regine). Photos by C. McCann. : p : : : ‘! 4 : , / : , ’ a 7 1 a : a vs pm to SS ey tal igthdede Ei eatneaiet : : £6 fe Fe , ' . | “ ae ay : ' . oe fe Sek Ake S , te ee Ze 7 aT fe | Car ae 7 . fei ie Hf 7 7 : 7 - {fh eh. : aD i ; : wn , cea of Ta ae i ‘ ‘ a ; a : Oe : SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES 529 sowings at Dehra Dun commenced to bear seed at the age of three years. Gardening : ‘In full blossom in the morning the tree looks as if mantled with roses, but the flowers change through the day to a beautiful purple, making it appear at evening, if seen from a short distance, like a bower of English lilacs.’—-(Hunter). During the first season the growth of the seedling is slow, a height of only 2-6 inches being ordinarily attained by the end of the year; subsequently the growthis considerably faster. Weeding and irriga- tion, particularly the former, greatly stimulate growth. Owing tothe lightness of the seed and the small size of the young seedlings, direct sowings are less suitable than transplanting from the nursery. Uses: This is the most valuable timber of Sylhet, Cachar, and Chittagong, and in Burma the next in value after teak. It is used in ship-building, and for boats and canoes, all kinds of construction, timber and carts. Medicinal Uses: The root is prescribed as an astringent. The root, bark, leaves and flowers are used medicinally by the Natives. It is stated that the seeds are narcotic, the bark and leaves purgative. The fruit is used in the Andamans as a local application for aphthe of the mouth. Another species of the same genus is widely grown in Indian gardens: The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstremia indica Linn.) called Chinai-Mendhi. It is a native of China. It is one of the most beautiful shrubs in our gardens, grows to a height of 7-8 ft. The flowers hang in branches at the extremity of the branches. The flowers are usually bright pink, but there are dark crimson, bluish, purplish and white forms. It flowers at the beginning of the rainy season. Easily propagated by cuttings or seeds. (To be continued). THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA).' BY RK. 1. (BOCOCK, FaR:s. Temporary Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. (With a plate and two text-figures.) INTRODUCTION. There is no monkey better known in northern India than this species, the Bandar; and no monkey is more familiar as an exhibit in the Zoological Gardens of the world where it is invariably called the Rhesus. But it has never been adequately studied from the point of view of individual, seasonal and local variation. As I understand the species, it has a far wider geographical dis- tribution than any other Macaque, its range extending through the Himalayas, up to 5,000 ft. or 6,000 ft., from Kafiristan and Chitral to Assam and beyond to Burma and Siam and thence northwards into the Tsheli Province of China. South of the Ganges it occurs, as far to the west as Gujerat and according to Blanford, as far to the south as the Godaverti. Collectors for the Mammal Survey of India secured a large number of specimens, many of which are in the British Museum, and the subject-matter of this paper is based upon an examination of that material, supplemented by specimens obtained from a variety of sources and stored in the Museum. RANGE OF COLOUR VARIATION IN THE RHESUS. A marked specific character of this monkey is the yellowish or orange-red hue of the hind quarters where the hairs are grey or whitish in the basal half and yellow or orange in the outer half. On the fore quarters and head the hairs are typically annulated with orange or buff and blackish or grey. But sometimes a generally orange or yellowish hue pervades the whole of the upper side, although it is never so intense on the fore back, shoulders and head as on the rump and thighs. It may be crudely asserted that the species has an innate tendency to erythrism; and in monkeys addicted to that variation degrees in the brightness and extension of ‘russet’ are untrustworthy criteria for subspecific differences. As an instance of individual variation in the species I will describe two adult males of almost exactly the same size and collected by H. W. Wells at Rajapara in South Kamrup, 600 ft. alt., one on 1 For the substitution of the name Macaca mulatta for Macacus rhesus and for the disentanglement of the involved synonymy of this species, see the paper by Hinton and Wroughton, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xxvii, pp. 665-669, 1921. THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) Dol November 21st, the other on November 25th, both being in perfect coat. a. Head, nape and shoulders yellowish olive in general tint, the hairs clearly annulated with bright yellowish buff, ashy grey at the base; the back brighter and yellower turning to orange on the loins and almost fiery red on the outside of the thighs, the basal half of the hairs on the bright red areas being white and the distal half red and not annulated. Tail like the rump at its base, greyish olive terminally. Arms grey, with yellowish buff speckling giving an olive hue. Legs washed with bright yellow, paling from the thigh to the foot which is greyish yellow. Some black hairs on the brow and close to the face; cheeks speckled, a little lighter than the top of the head. Under side mostly white, slightly reddish on the belly. b. Much darker. Head, nape and shoulders deep greyish olive in general tint, the hairs annulated with pallid greyish buff, deeper smoky grey at the base; the back yellower olive, the lumbar region being like the head and nape of the other specimen. But- tocks and outside of thighs not nearly so fiery, the red being less bright and smaller in extent. Tail much darker. Arms a little darker, with grey ticking, hands blacker. Legs, feet and underside very much as in the first specimen. Here and there occur specimens which are rich rusty red all over the dorsal surface from the head to the rump, although brighter behind than in front. One of this type, an adult female, was secured by A. C. Miller on January 2 in the Dangs, Surat District, associated with another not quite so red and with a young one much duller in tint, yellowish olive in front and not so bright behind. Quite as red as the first is a specimen from Dharmsala 4,500 ft. in the Punjab, shot by H. W. Wells on February 2; and even redder than these is a specimen secured by the same collector at Boska Nadi, N. Kamrup, 2,ooo ft., on January E1920, Another variable character in these monkeys is the length of the tail as attested by the table of measurements given below. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE COLOUR AND LENGTH OF THE COAT In the paper I recently published on the Bonnet Macaque (Macaca vadiata) of South India, I showed that the ccat is at its best, so far as colour is concerned, in the winter months, that it gradu- ally fades. through the spring and has a shabby and dead look just before the moult, which occurs in June or July. The same series of phenomena takes place in M. mulatta. In the winter from about November to January the coat is perfect in colour and texture as described in the case of the two examples from Rajapara in South Kamrup, shot at the end of November. It is then soft in texture, the long hairs overlapping each other so as to conceal the grey tint of their basal portions. There is some evidence that the coat may go on increasing in length during the early months of the year and that fading may set in towards the end of February. For example, a female shot 532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV on January 9 by Baptista at Hasimara, 600 ft., in Bhotan Duars, which is almost exactly like a male he shot 2 miles W. of Gorkha, N.-W. Nepal, on December 7, is shorter in the coat and much more brilliantly coloured than a male shot at Bharnabhavi, 600 ft., Bhotan Duars, on February 21. These differences may, however, be independent of season, because the Bharnabhavi specimen very closely resembles the darker of the two specimens (b) shot in South Kamrup on November 25 and a male shot by J. M. D. Mackenzie 20 miles S.-W. of Kindat in Upper Burma _ on January 3rd. Through March, April, May and June the coat gradually loses its lustre, softness and colour, the hairs tend to become uniformly tinted buffish or brownish grey and to adhere loosely in irregular bands or patches displaying the greyer hue of their basal portions. It then exhibits a shaggy, streaky appearance and is decidedly harsh to the touch. When remnants of the old coat are found in places after the new coat is up, the hairs are all uniformly greyish without a trace of buff in them. I am inclined to think that their distal, originally annulated ends break off from brittleness. ~ The moult is not exactly coincident in time even in the same locality, and no doubt varies still more with altitude or latitude in accordance with the earlier or later onset of warm weather. In two specimens, for instance, shot at Samyala, Kangra, 5,000 ft., by H. W. Wells on May 9g, although the coat is long, shaggy, streaky and obviously faded in both, in one only has the moult set in as shown by a large median cap of new short hair on the forehead. This area appears to be always the first to clear. It is the only part that is cleared, for example, in a male with a faded shabby coat, shot at Kakara in Damoli, 1,200 ft., by Crump on May 12; and in another male shot by Shortridge on June 6 at the Mamsano Falls of the Nano Sao River, 2,000 ft., in the North Shan States. From the evidence of other specimens it seems that the moulting of the forehead is followed by that of the extremities and the tail. A faded, shabby coated specimen, for instance, secured by Baptista on June 15 at Bouzini in Nepal has the forehead, feet and tail covered with quite short fresh hair. The tail, it may be added, in this and similar cases is exactly like that of the Pig-tailed Macaque, M. nemestrina. In several cases in which the crown and feet are covered with short new hair while the rest of the body still carries the old, faded, shabby coat, the new hair of the dorsal surface can be detected beneath the old. This is clearly illustrated by a male example shot on June 15 at Patriata, Murree, 7,150 ft., by H. W. Wells. Here the long, shaggy hairs, sooty grey on the back of the head, the nape and shoulders and tipped with rusty brown on the loins, are everywhere underlain by the new short coat which is annulated reddish and black. A very similar condition of the coat is exhibited by two Burmese examples from Tatkon, 250 ft., near Kindat on the Upper Chindwin River, shot by G. C. Shortridge on July 5, and from Mingun in Upper Burma shot by the same collector on July 12. These three specimens suggest that the moult JOURN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Upper Fia.—McMahon’s Rhesus (M. mulatta memahont) from Chitral. Lower Fia.—Common Rhesus (M. mulatta mulatta) from Bhotan Duars. THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) 233 is later in Burma than in the Western Himalayas. However that may be, the moult is usually completed by August although in one specimen obtained by C. A. Crump on August 1 at Luia, Chaibassa, about 250 miles west of Calcutta, some of the old hair, lustreless and dull grey in hue, is still retained on the back. A still later date for its retention is attested by an example from Lamsakhang in the Cachar Hills shot on September tro. One or two of the specimens from Upper Burma collected by Shortridge and Mackenzie in that country have already been refer- red to. In connection with these, I must add that a_ splendid series, ranging from Hkamti in the north to Prome and Toungoo in the south, was obtained by these collectors at various months of the year, mostly in the summer. These, with tne exception of one probably wrongly-dated skin, bear out the conclusions regarding the moult and colour-change described above. I have been quite unable to find any external character by which these Burmese specimens can be distinguished from specimens of typical mulatta from India. THE LocAL RACES OF THE RHESUS Since several subspecies of M. mulatta are, in my _ opinion, admissible, it is necessary to fix upon one of them as the typical form to carry that name. The selection is narrowed by Pennant’s statement that the living individual he described as the Tawny Monkey, which Zimmerman named mulatta, came from India; but it may have been captured near Bombay or Calcutta or in one of the hill-stations. For the specimen described by Buffon, the type of rhesus, fulva and erythrea which are synonyms of mulatta, no locality was given. But for the monkey represented by the synonym next in order of date, namely oiops Hodgson, 1843, a definite locality, the Nepal Tarai, is known; and since I concur with Ander- son, Blanford, Hinton and Wroughton in considering oimops the same animal as mulatta (rhesus), I propose to regard the Nepal Tarai as the locality of the typical race. THE COMMON INDIAN AND BURMESE RHESUS Macaca mulatta mulatta, Zimm. Macaca mulatta, Zimm., 1780; fulva, Kerr, 1792; rhesus, Aud., 1798; erythrea, Shaw, 1800; oinops, Hodgs., 1840; Hinton and Wroughton, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xxvii, p. 665, 1921. _Pithecus brevicaudus, Elliot, Rev. Prim., ii, p. 216, 1913. Macaca siamica, Kloss, J. Nat. Hist. Soc., Siam, il, p. 247, 1917. To the synonymy of this race published by Hinton and Wroughton I have added, for reasons given below, the last two names on the list. The range of variation in the colour of this race is practically covered by the descriptions given above of the two examples from Rajapara in South Kamrup. 534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL_HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV The following notes on some specimens referred to this race may be interesting. Nagarcot, Nepal, 8,oo0 ft. (R. L. Kennion). October 15th. An adult female, colour very much as in Rajapara a. The coat is soft and short, barely 2 inches on the shoulders despite the altitude which is considerably above that of any other specimen in the collection. It is shorter than in October skins of villosa from Kumaon at much lower elevations. The head and body are 1 ft. 9 ins., the tail 9 ins. Chengl, Ghorkha, W. Nepal (N. A. Baptista). December 7. A male skin, redder than the last, with a softer fuller coat, the hair on the shoulder about 24 ins. Hazaria Pathergatta, the Nepal Tarai, 600 ft. (N. A. Baptista). February 17. A topotype of mulatta as indicated by oinops. The colour almost identical with that of Rajapara a. The winter coat is neither wavy, woolly nor particularly thick, the hair on the shoulders being a little over 2 ins. Bouzini, the Nepal Tarai, June (N. A. Baptista). The moult is just setting in and the old discoloured woolly winter coat measures about 2 ins. on the shoulder. Bharnabai, 600 ft., and Hasimara, 600 ft., in the Bhotan Duars (N. A. Baptista). Several specimens varying considerably in colour and intergrading completely in tint between a and b of the Rajapara pair. In a male from Hasimara, January 1, the coat is only about 2 ins. on the shoulder; in one from Bharnabai, February 21, it is nearly 24 ins. Two Q from Hasimara, January 8, are softer coated than the ¢. The Bhotan Duars are similar in physical features to the Nepal Tarai. Bogra Nadi, 2,000 ft., N. Kamrup (H. W. Wells), Jan. 5. A young well-coloured ¢3 with soft thickish fur but the hair only about 14 in. long. From comparatively low-lying country south of the Ganges the Survey unfortunately secured only a few specimens which seem referable to this race. Luia, Chaibassa, 1,000 ft. (C. A. Crump), Sept. 1. Two young specimens above referred to as just free of the old coat, the new coat being very short and sleek. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad, 1,000 ft. (C. A. Crump), April 10, ¢ adult. The winter coat still retained but shabby, streaky and faded, dull grey, with pallid buff tips to most of the hairs on the fore part and washed out orange on the rump. The cheeks, feet and tail below are white and the hands nearly so. The hair on the shoulders is from 2 ins. to 24 ins. in length. Kokara, Damoh, 1,200 ft. (C. A. Crump), May 12, @. Colour and coat much as in the last but new coat appearing on the fore- head; the colour rather darker, the cheeks, hands and feet and lower side of tail not white. Dangs, Surat, (C. A. Miller), Jan. Three flat 9 skins. The coat is soft and thickish and about 2 ins. long. The colour, as pointed out above, is individually very variable. In Assam H. W. Wells procured specimens from the following localities: —Nangpon, Khasia Hills, 1,200 ft. ; Lamsakhang, Cachar, THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) 535 200 ft.; Golaghat, Dening in the Mishmi Hills, 2,250 ft. These specimens show no distinctive characters; and the same is true of examples collected by Messrs. G. C. Shortridge, S. A. MacMillan and J. M. D. Mackenzie at the following localities in Burma:— Hkamti, Homalin, Tamanthe 460 ft., Kindat 600 ft., Tatkon 200 ft. in Upper Chindwin; at Yin, Alicha in the Chin Hills 1,000 ft. in Lower Chindwin; Pyaungyaung 2,790 ft., Mamsano Falls, Nano Yao River, 2,000 ft., Seen Hsipaw State gro ft in the Northern Shan States; and farther south at Mt. Popa, to the east of Toungoo, 100-500 feet; and 30 miles S.-E. of Prome, 800 ft. The most southern localities for typical mulatta in Burma on this list are Toungoo and Prome. How much farther south the animal extends is unknown; but it is not found in Tenasserim. To the east of the Shan States in Northern Siam this race also occurs. At all events C. B. Kloss gave the name Macaca siamica to an adult male example collected at the Me Ping rapids, below Chiengami, 850 ft., (Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc., Siam, II, p. 247, 1917), and I cannot find either in the description of the skin or the measurements of the skull a particle of evidence to justify the admission of siamica as a symbol even of a local race of M. mulatta. But Kloss’s acquaintance with the macaques of this group was practically restricted to Elliot’s Review which has only a bibliographical value. Kloss drew attention to certain parti- culars in which the Siamese skull differs from the figures of the skull of the Hainan rhesus published by Elliot. But the two skulls are very different in age, the one from Hainan being much younger with the sutures of the upper side very clearly defined, whereas in the Siamese skull all the sutures, according to Kloss, are obliterated. I have seen no examples actually from Siam, but farther east- ward, in Annam and Tonkin, Delacour and Lowe, met with this monkey and sent three females to the British Museum. The Tonkin specimens were taken at Bac Kan, 500 ft., on December 13 and 24. They are therefore in perfect colour. One of them is practically indistinguishable from some examples of mulatta from Hazaria Pathergatta in the Nepal Tarai and from Hasimara in the Bhutan Duars described above; but the base of the hair is more sea-gull grey, and the tail is fuller. The second specimen is distinctly darker, the hairs being more sooty-grey basally, with the pale annuli on the fore part and the rump more rusty. The tail is not so bushy. The Annam specimen taken at Phua-a-Qui, too ft., on February 28th is not nearly so bright as the foregoing, the fore quarters being more olive and the rump is less red. It is not so red behind as a Q from the Bhutan Duars but is almost identical in colour with it on the fore parts. I am unable to distinguish these skins from Indian specimens referred to M. mulatta mulatta. The same must be said of examples from Hainan. Swinhoe was the first apparently to record the existence of a Rhesus-like monkey in, Hainan (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 226). He quite correctly identified it as Macacus erythreus, one of the many names given 536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV to the Rhesus; and one of his specimens, a young male, killed in March 1868, was presented to the British Museum. Subsequently several specimens were acquired from Mt. Washi on the island by the American Museum of Nat. Hist., New York. Elliot got hold of these and described them as representing a new species under the name brachyurus (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), IV, Pp. 251, 1909) which, on account of its preoccupation!, he altered afterwards to brevicaudus (Rev. Primates, ii, p. 216, pl. XXlil, 1913.). He wrote with assurance about the distinctness of this monkey from the Indian rhesus, claiming its tail to be much shorter and its colouring much brighter. He also laid particular stress on some cranial features; but since there seems to be no doubt that he compared his skulls from Hainan with abnormal skulls of mulatta reared in captivity, of which there are many in the British Museum, where he was working at the time, the skull characters he mentioned have no value. The measurements? he quoted for the skin, give the head and body as 510 mm. (=20 # ins.) and the tail as 220 mm. (=8 # ins.), the tail being considerably longer than the foot and between one-third and one-half the length of the head and body. There is nothing unusual about the dimensions. The actual measurements, indeed, of the type of brevicaudus coincide very closely with those of a male, collected at Damoh in the C. P. of India, in which the head and body are 515 mm. and the tail 218 mm., the tail being a trifle shorter in proportion than in brevicaudus. But, as has been shown, the length of the tail is very variable in these monkeys. And Elliot’s statement that the colour of the Hainan rhesus is much brighter than in the typical Indian form, is_ entirely unsupported by the facts known to me. At ali events, the two specimens of it that I have seen are duller in tint than most of the Indian specimens, the topotype being almost as close a match as it is possible to imagine with the two examples from Chaibassa, to the west of Calcutta, which must be assigned to typical mulatta. The two Hainan specimens in the British Museum show certain differences in colour, no doubt mostly, if not wholly, seasonal. In the topotype of brevicaudus collected on October 10, when the coat was almost fresh, it is tidy, comparatively short and the hairs of the head, neck and fore-part of the body are annulated with yellowish buff and blackish grey, the general effect being olive at a distance; and the hind quarters have but little brightness about them. Swinhoe’s specimen, shot in March, has, on the contrary, the coat distinctly longer and rougher, the hairs on the fore quarters being curled and dead at the tips and exhibiting very inconspicuous annulation. The arms also are browner and the under side a less dusky grey. The made-up skin measures: head and body 15 1 By Hamilton Smith (Jardine’s Nat. Libr., i, p. 103, pl. i. 1842), who gave tlhe name to an albino macaque with a very short tail. Elliot put brachyurus amongst the synonyms of nemestrinus; but obviously quite without justification, the tail of brachyurus being much too short for nemestrinus. 2 Presumably these dimensions were taken in the flesh by the collector. But a topotype received from the American Museum and presumably one of the specimens Elliot examined, has no measurements, nor is there any provision on the collector’s label for them. THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) - 537 inches, tail 7°1 inches, and the hind foot 4°5 inches, the proportions being about the same as in Indian specimens. The following table gives the principal dimensions, taken in the flesh in English inches of specimens ranging from Central India to Tonkin. Locality & Sex Snare Tail Sa Weight Hazaria Pathergatta, | Nepal Tarai. i 21-6 16°4 6°4 Ghorkha, Nepal, J 20'8 10 6-4 Rajapara, S. Kamrup, J 21°6 e) | 56 163 lbs, Hasimara, Bhotan Duars, 3 19 8°8 6 ] Damoh, C. India, Jb 20°6 8°8 6:2 Mingun, Upper Burma, mi 22 8 6:4 15 lbs. Homalin, Chindwin, 3 23 8°4 335 Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States, J 2.4 8°2 6°3 154 lbs. Siam (szamica) . 3 19°8 9-4 54 Chaibassa, Bengal. Young ¢ 14-4 9 Ses) As e Young @ 16 (Be 5°6 Nagarcot, Nepal, 2 21 9 6°3 Narbong, Darjiling, 2 20°2 8°4 5°6 114 Hasimara, Bhotan Duars, 2 17°6 9 6 Sohagpur, C. India, © 18°6 Ie) 5°8 Mishmi Hills, Q 1972 dele? 5°8 y - o 16°4 9°6 oT7 Kindat, Upper Burma, 2 i7-2 9°6 a7, 11 Pyaungyaung, N. Shan States, 2 20 7°4 5°4 13 Tonkin, io) 20°8 or4 5°8 os 2 19 8 5°6 Annam, g 18 7°6 38 This table shows tolerably close agreement in size between specimens assigned to this race; but it somewhat surprisingiv reveals very little difference, except in weight, between the males and the females. 5388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV The following are the principal cranial dimensions' of a few specimens assigned to 47. mulatta mulatta. The tail, it will be noticed, although always longer than the hind foot, is very variable, occasionally over one half the length of the head and body, but usually between one half and one third. I have inserted the dimensions of two young specimens from Chai- bassa to illustrate its individual variation in examples from the same locality. this paper the width of the maxilla is -- : $3 ot aba 8+ us) ER nS, g z.8 Sa ray CLS SS} a TS Soo: 3, q ().ons Boe @ mo Sy oyip GS ) ss Os cs mM Gad uw 8 RX a Se FS ene) (on) Se Fs 2 ats 3 Aa Pr ia] e) HA Ay i | = add = eo eS x xX xX xX X Xx SEE ie = 4 NL) cm wommms co | CONN ON es fore) 6 | yIeaL, i ~H HINGMANM TH “a se) 2 SoS HO DOHMH BANOANHS joddq s1qrpuel a at Jo men ote HKININ ; rt M100 SD y}3ua'] omen Nea NEN & BME MAM "A CLLLXVIY + + + jo OOD OCOMMO ;H WeNMNnMOONM . rat rc Ta eee r+ So Sy Se wa qIpImM G Y As. o YIPIM MO RINMONOMW NOMNMOons oO [BVGIO AN ANANAAAN AANAAAANAA Ss a 1G A U4PIM a POD N AN IN LOND . WUO0SAZT N "coe cam en =—M MAA “Namon - | Lo ai SY Wes (ESCO; OPEN 2 1CS COs Ce ier ce [210], SHH SHH SH SH HH SH SH SH at Ht ; MONO NOPOPORNONOOF «OF OFOFOFOFOTOHO+ n a] : 3 ; ee = ae Ss} ae o's & = ae oge soe # ext H. 3. wen Reve eg - oS Si) a Ope 9 3 oO QO. -« poy oes ir 2 8 Soci oie 2) EES, Gi : ath . Bet emee- B- a Sf Seg Seetan O rary} & “To SS ie Tas a Qu a -~3 = gen ee nN Oo aa} dD - Cela eheeiig oN wee otiateb) shee Rn th eet va, Mm OM Z AmeaAts A ere in= 1 Here and elséwh penultimate cheek tooth. taken just above the lst moiar, the se behind: the canine. in The cheek teetlb are t THE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) 539 Although the male skulls in this list agree tolerably closely in dimensions, no two are precisely alike, the individual variation in the roundness of the crown, the prominence of the occiput and of the jaws, the length from the brow to the nares and the degree of concavity of the interorbital and nasal bones, being very consider- able. It may be noted that Kloss’s type of siamica is in close agreement with examples from Bhutan Duars and Chittagong. The female skulls are almost equally variable, a good illustration being supplied by the three from Tonkin and Annam collected by Delacour and Lowe. The first of these is a little larger than any of the Burmese or Indian specimens. This is partly due to the prominence of the occiput. The second, an older animal, from the same locality, has the occiput much less produced, the maxilla much less pinched, the brows less prominent, the nasals much narrower and the teeth much larger. The Annam skull has such prominent brows that the interorbital septum is nearly vertical. In this as in other respects, except the smaller teeth, it closely resembles the Bengal skull (Prof. Oldham). They might, indeed, be sister-skulls. THE RHESUS OF KASHMIR AND KUMAON Macaca mulatta villosa, True. MGcacus “hesus, mlosus; lrule,-roca-U.S Nat. Mus: xvit; p..2, 1894. Pithecus vulosus, Elliot, Rev. Prim. “1, p. 200, 1913. Locality of type: Lolab at the northern end of Wular Lake, about 4o miles N.-W. of Srinagar in Kashmir. Distribution: Southern Kashmir, Upper Punjab, Kumaon. The original specimens of this monkey, collected by Dr. Abbott, were shot on September 8th and oth, from four to six weeks after the completion of the moult when the coat should be comparatively short. But True described it as ‘long, dense, and moderately wavy’, and Elliot as ‘long, loose and woolly’. Otherwise there is nothing in the description of this monkey, apart from a slightly larger skull, to distinguish it from the typical Rhesus. Through the kind offices of Mr. Gerrit Miller junr., I have received on loan from the Smithsonian Institution,. two of the specimens, an adult and a young male, described by True and Elliot. The coat in general is most emphatically neither long, loose, wavy nor woolly, but is short, close and smooth as in the normal new pelage of the Rhesus, although it is a little longer on the limbs, especially on the toes, in both examples and on the head in the smaller. The colour is a little redder and brighter than in average typical mulatta, the tail darker above and the hands and feet duskier; but the differences in the skins amount to very little. Before examining these specimens, I had identified as M. mulatta villosa a fine series of Rhesus skins in the British Museum mostly obtained by the Mammal Survey, from tolerably high altitudes in the Himalayas, Kangra, Kumaon etc. Of this series, one already historical, may be disposed of first. It is a female received from the Zoological Society in 1871 and 6) 540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV labelled Kashmir. But according to Anderson it was purchased at Delhi or Agra from a native who stated it came from Kashmir, which is, of course, no proof that it did. (Zcol. Res. Yunnan, Pp. 73, 1878). Elliot subsequently got hold of this specimen and thinking it belonged to the Macaque from Fokien in Eastern China which he described as Pithecus littoralis, stated that the animal:was ‘evidently erroneously attributed to Cashmere’. (Ree. Prim. “ai, p. 202’). I have no doubt that the monkey came from Kashmir. In tint the skin generally resembles that of typical mulatta and is well coloured; but the coat, although not exceptionally long is remarkably thick, woolly and close. On the toes the hair overlaps the long claws by 4 an inch. In the made-up skin the head and body are about 184 ins., the tail, without the khair, about 9% ins., and the hind foot, although shrunken, about 5 ins. Since the skull is very young, without trace of true molars, the dimensions of the skin indicate a large monkey. The Survey secured examples at the following localities :— -y-Patriata, Murreée, 7,150 ft., (H. W. -Wells). An-adult male shot on June 15th. This specimen has already been alluded to in connec- ° tion with the moult. The old, long, shabby, discoloured winter coat is everywhere being replaced by new characteristically annulated hair. Dharmsala, Punjab, 4,500 ft., (H. W. Wells). A young male shot on February 5. Very like the female from Kashmir and nearly as bright as Abbott’s examples. ) op) op) oe) oO ore) oe) a Sacer x x x x x x x x os ai S fo) op) fo) op) rep) op) oe) nN 3 1199.L Zo) un un xH un 0) =) rH ov ane se) So) se) So) Se) ae) oO At Tail mutilated, a B2 202 20 onl - 1/11 Nasiriyah 1875 186 30 53 4 Lyla Mandali 18 203 31 53 1/10 | Markings very heavy. Sulamainia 10 205 31 bigs) Paleorey 17 10 Belly with speckled. brown markings In all specimens the perioculars numbered eleven and the anal scale was undivided. The dorsal scales were invariably keeled posteriorly. The bellies were of a uniform white or pale straw colour with the exception of the Sulamainia specimen which had a heavy speckling of dark brown. The scale counts of ventrals, caudals and dorsal rows average higher than the Egyptian specimens reported by Anderson. Family ;: COLUBRID. Series: AGLYPHA. Natrix tessellatus Laurenti-—The Tessellated Water Snake. Synonyms.—Tropidonotus tessellatus.* . Vernacular Names.—Known to the Arabs of riverain Iraq as ‘ Haiat al Mai’. The distribution of the species is South Europe and Russia, Egypt and the Levant, Asia Minor, Iraq, Persia, Siberia, West China and 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. VN. H. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. * Boulenger, G. A. + Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96. - 6 556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV North-West India. In Iraq specimens have hitherto been recorded from Basra and Fao,' and also from Basra, Qualet Saleh, Sheikh Saad, Hagqicole, Faleya (Fallujah ?), and Zobeya (Zobeir ?).2 Fifteen new records were obtained in 1928-29. All had the dorsals strongly keeled in nineteen rows, the anal was invariably divided and the supralabials always numbered eight. In all but three specimens the fourth supralabial only, entered the orbit. Colour varieties were numerous and were not related to size or ‘counts’ nor was any one colour variety apparently peculiar to any particular locality or type of habitat. Locality (ans Ventrals | Caudals Colour Remarks | Baghdad ... ee 169 58 _Jet black. Belly | Fourth and fifth | | spotted white. supralabials en- | ter eye, . 29 167 56 | Olive. Belly black and white. 5 oe 25 166 D/ on i a 24 173 60 , Nasirivah) e2s4\) %2580 169 62 | . FP earth eae 171 65 . Nejaf on 25 168 61 by Tuz ae TO 168 66 - oe nh : 19 170 64 Olive with brown | Fourth and fifth markings. Belly | supralabials en- black and white. | ter eye. Baqubah. ... 27 170 61 ass : 7 Ae 34 167 95 is Mosul ae 4) We a be 66 Olive with brown markings. Belly | white. ie Beled Ruz ... ZO ae BY, 73 Olive with brown | Third, fourth markings. Belly | and fifth supra- black and white | labials enter check. eye: inaidi vc 26 17.2 63 is Mandaliiy 2%. 24 169 62 a This is one of the two commonest snakes in the country and may be seen in numbers almost anywhere in Iraq particularly after the annual floods. I have seen many in pools in the Euphrates near Nasiriyah swimming about vigorously and often with smail fish in their mouths. They always assume a very aggressive attitude when approached. Coluber dahlit Fitzinger.—The Dahl’s Whip Snake. Synonyms.—Zamenis dahlit, Vernacular Names.—Shares the Arabic name ‘ Zerrag’ with C. ventrimaculalus. This species is found in South Europe, Egypt, the Levant, Asia Minor, Iraq and Persia. In Iraq specimens have been recorded 1 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. : Notes on the Animals of Mesopotamia, 1916. 2 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. NV. A. Soe. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. THE SNAKES OF [RAQ JO previously from Baghdad.! In 1928a further specimen was secured from a Baghdad garden and in 1929 another was sent in froin a garden in Baqubah. Locality ( nee Ventrals | Caudals Remarks Baghdad ... 45 ZnS BY Both specimens were olive with white bellies. Anteriorly there Baqubah ... 39 215 1353 were 5 pairs of vellow-edged dark green blotches; the anterior pair had united to form a collar. In each case the tail was about a third of the body length, there were nineteen rows of scales, the anals were divided and there were eight supralabiais, the fourth and fifth of which entered the eye. This snake seems to be quite rare in Iraq. Coluber diadema Schlegel.—The Clifford’s Whip Snake. _ Synonyms.-—Zaments diadema.* Vernacular Names.—Known to the Arabs of the plains as fRagta’. Clifford’s Whip Snake is found in North Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Turkestan, Baluchistan and Kashmir. In Iraq specimens have been previously recorded from Basra, Baghdad, Sheikh Saad, Shaiba, Faleya (Fallujah ?), Zobeya (Zobeir ?), Nasiriyah, Baqubah, and Daur.' Twelve new specimens were secured in 1928 and 1929. | Be | g = Localit ae a | 4 e s Remarks er Gs.) es pes n rs ay Pees bers eet > | Oo | aa Ay op) Baghdad a 30 | 220 72 29 g | 11 | Olive, darker mark- ; ings. - aed ane A 218° | 74 33 Sie dd aN > e aes, 226 | 68 31 aac Y ” a Pe AO 22a aan re il 8 1] a me Fallujah ala OD 207 | 60 29 Beg well - 3 INasinivgaliee ss.) 52 214 70 31 8 1] 4 Bs tele OO 218 74 oll 8 Il Fe re Samarra cea OO 216 Tie) 31 8 11 | Brown, darker mark- | ings. Baqubah vult, 46 223.63 31 8 11 | Olive, darker mark- ings, Gebal Hamrin | 42 229 | 68 31 9 11 Me = Khaniqin ...; 41 224, 05 33 9 1] . iy Stilamainia..| 33. 1¢233-| 87 35 9 13. | Pale grey, darker | markings. 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. VN. A. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. ? Boulenger, G. A.: Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96, 558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV In all of the specimens the anal was divided, the dorsals were keeled, particularly posteriorly ; the belly was of a pale uniform straw colour, and the darker markings were heavy and defined. The three longitudinal marks on the head and neck were invariably distinct. The tail averaged a sixth of the total Jength. Specimens were taken in such diverse habitats as houses, riverain cultivation, desert and mountain. A small rat was removed from the stomach of a Baghdad specimen. Coluber juguiar’s Laurenti.—The European Whip Snake. Synonyus.—Zaments gemonensts.* Vernacular Names.— Known to the Arabs of Iraq as‘ Arbid’ or ‘ Abrid’ i.e. the black snake. It presumably shares the name with the much rarer and smaller Vaja morgant. | It has been recorded from the West Coast of Europe to South Western Asia. The ‘astanus’ variety to which most Iraqi speci- mens seem to belong is found in Egypt, the Levant, Iraq and Persia. In Iraq specimens have previously been taken in Baghdad, Basra, Amarah, Haqicole and Faleya (Fallujah ?).2 In 1928-29 further specimens were secured from Baghdad, Baqubah and Nasiriyah, the North of Iraq not being at all represented. The eight specimens recorded below had their dorsals in nineteen rows, the anal divided and eight supralabials with the fourth and fifth invariably entering the orbit. The tail was a third to a quarter of the total length. The colour of the dorsum ranged from dark brown to black, each individual scale having a pale yellow or white longitudinal streak. The bellies were either red, yellow, or white, blotched and peppered with black, or of a uniform white. Locality | Gay Ventrals | Caudals Remarks ee | ine Baghdad a 52 165 104 " 43 198 | 124 ss wen 46 203 | 92+} Tail mutilated. ‘ Sal ees? 198 100 Baqubah | 46 2024) |. edae i Bibs 188 | 107 | Nasiriyah eal: paeuils 193 «100 | - e850 198 99 The ‘ Urbid’ is much feared by the Arabs, possibly on account of its large size and fierceness when cornered, but also I am inclined to think, because it is unlikely to be distinguished from the uniformly black Naja morgant. Certainly the latter is not a ‘biter’ as far as 1 Boulenger, G. A. : Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96. © 2 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. NV. H. Soc. xxvii; INO. 2;:1920, Sri caae THE SNAKES OF lkRAQ 559 records go but it belongs to a poisonous genus, accidents with it have probably occurred and any ‘ Urbid’ or black snake thereafter would be feared. Coluber ravergiert Menétriés.—Ravergier’s Whip Snake. Synonyms.—Zaments raver E7ert. Vernacular Names.—Too rare in Iraq to have one, Would probably be spoken of as a ‘ Zerrag ’. The distribution is ‘Transcaucasia, Persia, Baluchistan and Afghanistan. There are no previous records from Iraq. Two specimens were obtained in the Autumn of 1929, one from a Mosul house and the second from an earthwork near the town. In each there were two pre-oculars and two post-oculars, the anals were divided, the dorsal rows were faintly keeled and numbered twenty- three, and in each case the fifth and sixth labials entered the orbit. The tails were a quarter of the respective body lengths. In both specimens the three characteristic longitudinal dark lines on the tail were beautifully defined. Locality ae Ventrals | Caudals | ee : Colour Remarks oo | Mosul, House 4? 210 98 y Pink with | Markings brown very markings.| defined. Mosul, Earth- | 40 210 102 10 Olive with | Less so. works. brown markings. The snake is a rarity and Iraq appears to be the westernmost limit of Var. typica, further West a Var. nummztfer is found. Coluber ventrimaculatus Gray.—Gray’s Whip Snakes. Synonyms.—Zamentis ventrimaculatus,* Vernacular Names.—Known throughout Arabic-speaking Iraq as ‘Zerrag’ and ‘Nishab’, both words meaning ‘arrow’ and being applicable apparently to any thin and swift snake. The names would thus be used also of C. dahliz and C. ravergiert. I havea note to the effect that in Diwaniyah a specimen taken from a date palm was referred to as ‘ Jaaferiyah’. It is also quite commonly referred to as ‘ Haiat al Asfar’, the yellow snake. The Bombay Natural History Society? gives the distribution as Mesopotamia to India. Wali? iimits the Indian distribution to the North-West of the Peninsula. Tristram records it from Palestine.* In Iraq previous records are from ‘ Huphrates (Euphrates Expedi- tion)’, ‘Mesopotamia’ and Fao,* aiso from Basra, Sheikh Saad, Ezra’s Tomb (Qurna), Shaiba, Faleya (Fallujah ?), Zobeya (Zqbier?), Boulenger, G. A. : Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. : Notes on the Animals of Mesopotamia, 1916. Wall, F.: How to Identify the Snakes of India, 1923. 1 2 %} + Tristram, H. B.: Suryey of Western Palestine, 1883, 560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Nasiriyah, Baqubah and Daur.! Others again from Baghdad and Amarah.? In 1928-29 eighteen further specimens were examined - out of literal dozens sent in. The localities represented were Baghdad, Basra, Nasiriyah, Nejaf, Diwaniyah, Baqubah Hillah and Tuz Khurmatu. Locality | ae Ventrals Caudals Sea | epee Remarks Baghdad- ...| 32 iheneatnny a hes 526 eis 14 200 76 10 4—5 Pe 4] 210 7) 10 €—7 53 14°5 205 93 9 5—6 5 40 210 99 9 5—6 ry 40 210 93 9 5—6 Nasiriyah sk 43 211 90 9 5—6 / . si Ma ders ea 87 91526 Basra At Sho) 204 85 9 5—6 Nejaf - 36 220 94 9 5S—6 Diwaniyah ... 40 215 99 $ 5S—6 | Taken ina date palm. Baqubah as 39 217 86 9 5S—6 . ae 41°5 208 82 9 5—6 " He 34 211 100 9 5—6 Hillah sae 20:5 211 79 9 5—6 i zene Sota 2s 85 3 5—6 Tuz 2 37 209 93 i) 5—-6 Iraq et 28 ZANTE 97 G 5—6 In all specimens the tail approximated to a quarter of the body length, the dorsal rows numbered nineteen, the anal was divided, and the colours were, dorsally, olive barred crosswise with black, and ventraliy a pale straw ground with lateral black spots in a regular series. The nape was invariably heavily marked with a thick black longitudinal line and the vertex of the head usually bore two black markings like ‘commas’ placed back to back. 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. N. A. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. 2 Procter, Joan.: Further Lizards and Snakes from Persia and Meso- potamia, J. B&B. N. AH. Soc. xxviii, No. 1, 1921, THE SNAKES OF IRAQ 561 This snake is extremely common in houses and gardens in Iraq, It feeds on small frogs and lizards. When handled it bites fiercely but of course quite harmlessly. ‘Two natives that were produced on different occasions for me to see because they claimed to be snake- charmers, brought the Gray’s Whip Snake with them as their stock- in-trade. It is probably this snake of which the Sumerians have left a record in their word ‘ Dashna’, a yellow or green snake. Lytorhynchus diadema Dum. and Bibr.—The Diademed Sand Snake. Vernacular Names.—Being rare, insignificant and possessed of no notable attribute it has no vernacular name as far as I know. - Its distribution is North Africa, Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Persia. In Iraq specimens have previously been recorded from Shaiba and Faleya (Fallujah ?).1. At the end of 1929 a further specimen was secured from Rutba in the Shamiyah Desert. The specimen was eleven inches long, the tail being a seventh of the total length. The ventrals numbered 171, the caudais 36, and the dorsal rows 19. The anal was divided. ‘There were eight supralabials of which the fifth entered the eye. There were two pre-oculars. The pupil was circular although, according to the literature, it should be vertically elliptic. The ‘ bobbin’ shaped rostral was beautifully exhibited. The dorsum was coral-red with thirty heavy black cross bars. The belly was white. A black cephalic blotch was continued through the eyes from the vertex to the corners of the mouth. Contia collaris Menétriés.—The Collared Dwarf Snake. Vernacular Names. --None are known of. The distribution is Caucasus, Syria, Iraq, Persia and Arabia. In Iraq, specimens had previously been recorded from ‘ Ruins of Nine. veh’ ? and Baghdad.! In 1929 two further specimens were obtained. One was taken from the crop of a houbara (Chlamydoits undulata), shot in the neighbourhood of Baqubah, and the other was sent from Sulamainia in the Kurdish hills. Locality | Size (ins.) | Ventrals | Caudals Baghdad iv are or 12 V2 62 Sulamainia ... au nae 10 | 195 62 In both specimens the tail was a quarter of the body length, the rows numbered fifteen, the anal was divided, and the supralabials numbered seven of which the third and fourth entered the eye. The colour was fawn with the head and neck heavily blotched with black ; the belly was a pearly white. Contia coronella Schlegel.-—The Syrian Dwarf Snake. Vernacular Names._-None known of. 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J/. B. N.H. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. 2 Boulenger, G, A, ; Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96, 962 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV The distribution is Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Persia. In Iraq, specimens have previously been recorded from Shaiba, Zobeya (Zobeir ?) and Faleya (Fallujah ?).1. In 1928 a specimen preserved ‘in spirit was unearthed from a Baghdad office. It was labelled SRutpa-. : It was 7:4 inches long, the tail measuring two inches. The ventrals numbered 136, the caudals 45, and the dorsal rows 15. The anal was divided and there were seven supralabials of which the third and fourth entered the eye. There were two post-oculars. The dorsum was a dull brown (spirit specimen) with sixty-three darker reguiar cross bars, the first one being markedly heavy and forming acollar. The belly was white with a faint suggestion of speckling. Contia decemlineata Dum. and Bibr.-——-7he Lined Dwarf Snake. Vernacular Names.—-None known of. The distribution is Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Persia. There are no previous records from Iraq, but in 1929 three specimens were received from the Kurdish hills. One specimen had the head and neck destroyed and one had the extremity of the tail missing. Locality ee Ventrals | Caudals Remarks Sulamainia (alt.. 1,300 ft \iiene a es 21 Tl 66 Complete specimen. Tislaja ( alt. 2,500 ft.) ... 21+ 145 + 66 Head and neck de- stroyed. Diana: (alt. <1,600ft.). s2, 13 + 163 30+ | Tail mutilated. The tail of the intact specimen was a quarter of the total length, the dorsal rows numbered seventeen and the anal was divided in all three specimens. The two complete heads exhibited seven supra- labials with the third and fourth entering the eye, one pre-ocular, and two post-oculars. All three were alike in colouring. The dorsum was a pale fawn with two pairs of longitudinal fine brown lines; a pair running down each side of the back. The individual dorsal scales had barely perceptibie, central, paler streaks. The bellies were pearly white. All three specimens were taken in September in gravelly areas at considerable altitudes. Contia persica (Anders.)—The Persian Dwarf Snake. Vernacular Names.—-None known of. The distribution is Iraq and Persia. From Iraq two specimens are recorded?, one from Kizil Robat and the other from the pear i ing Jebal Hamrin hills. Iam not at all satisfied as to the relationship of C. collaris and C. persica and would like to examine a larger series of the genus 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. 4. N. H. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. .2 Procter Joan.: Further Lizards and Snakes from Persia and Meso- potamia, J. B. NV. a SOc. xxvilk, INO 1921", THE SNAKES OF [RAQ ” 563 in Iraq. One or two valuable characteristics I unfortunately made no note of at the time when examining the two specimens recorded under C, co/laris ; in colour they were identical. Series : OPISTHOGLYPHA. Tarbophis tallax tberus Eichwald.—T he Caucasian Cat-Snake. Synonyms.—-Tarbophts therus.} Vernacular Names.--None known of. . _ The distribution is Caucasus, Iraq and South-West Persia. Six specimens have previously been recorded from Baghdad and Meso- potamia.? In 1928 and 1929 a further eight were examined from Baghdad, Mandali and Khanidin. = oa Dorsal Locality es 5 Ss colour Remarks eae o q markings > Ss) Baghdad 44 240 68 46 spots Light specimen. ‘Third, fourth and fifth supralabials enter eye. ep 32 20) fies OOK s.55 Divided anal. Light specimen. i abe 224 91 50m Dark specimen. Seven supra- labials. Belly dark. " 16 239 67 (?) Faded old spirit specimen. i 14 237 80 AS. 5, Belly very dark. Third, fourth and fifth supralabials enter eye. pe 13 202 72 fee 55 | Very dark specimen. Third and fourth supralabials enter eye. Mandali 21 216 63 AT 53 Light specimen. Khaniqin 30 | 239 | 31 (?) ij The tails averaged a sixth of the total lengths. The rows of dorsals numbered 21 invariably and, with the exception of one specimen (Baghdad No. 2), the anals were all undivided. The supralabials numbered 8 in all specimens but one (Baghdad No. 3) and in five specimens (Nos. 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8) the fourth and fifth entered the eye. The iris was invariably golden. The colour of an adult specimen was pale brownish pink with barely perceptible brown biotches 46 to 60 in number. The bellies were white, blotched, peppered, and marbled, irregularly with black. In the specimens under 20 inches in iength, the dorsum was darker and more grey than 1 Boulenger, G. A.: Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893- 96. * Boulenger, G, A.; A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. TA ONE Fy, OG. xxvii, No. 2, 1920, 564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV pink, and the black element very much predominated on the venter, in some cases the venters being practically entirely black. One’s first impression on examining the series was that two species were involved but as the proportions and counts agreed, and as all four of one colour type were smali, and the other four specimens were all large, and of the other colour type, one is led to suggest that the snake grows lighter as it grows more mature. All specimens were taken in gardens or cultivation except one small one which was found amongst the ‘drinks’ in a pantry. Five were handled alive and were of a very tranquil disposition. The Khanigin specimen was killed with a sparrow firmly embedded in its jaws. Malpolon monspessulana Hermann.——The Montpellier Snake. Synonyms.——Ce@lopeltis monspessulana.' Vernacular, Names—None known of definitely. Possibly it is the snake spoken of as ‘ Hannash.’ The distribution is from North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Adriatic to the Levant, Iraq, Caucasus and Persia. Previously one had been recorded from Baghdad.” In 1528-29 nine more specimens were cxamined all from Northern Iraq, being from Baghdad, Mosul, Tuz Khurmatu, and Suwara Tuka, North of Mosul. Locality ee Ventrals | Caudals Colour | Remarks Baghdad aes 26 168 95+ Bluish grey! Tail mutilated, with pale-| Dorsal rows 19. edged darker spots. Belly white. 2 40 200 | 104 “ 3 - 31 176 | 40+ |Olive brown, |Tail mutilated. | belly straw. a bee 36 186 100 a ‘5 a eed 176 2-84 if is Sa 30 174 | 42+ | Fe Tail mutilated. Taz ae 36 LAD ell 8 Mosul foe 33 172 29+ ms Tail mutilated. Suwara Tuka 105 170 66 Chocolate (alt. 2,000 ft.) brown, belly white. In the complete specimens the tail was a quarter of the body length. In all specimens there were eight supralabials of which the fourth and fifth entered the eye. The anal was invariably divided. ae Boulenger, G. A. : Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96. 2 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia, J, B. N. H. Sog¢. Zxvil, No. 2).1920, THE SNAKES OF IRAQ 565 The dorsals were always deeply grooved. Numbers 1 and 2 in the list would appear to be var. zzstzgenztus ' and the others var. zeuma- yert. } It is remarkable that no fewer than four of the nine had mutilated, that is abbreviated, tails. Most of the specimens came from gardens or cultivation. Four of the six Baghdad specimens came from the highly cultivated Rustum Farm, south of Baghdad, a place with a considerable rodent population. Malpolon moilensis Reuss.--The Moila Snake. Synonyms.——Celopeltts motlensis.* Vernacular Names.—-_None known of. The distribution is North Africa, Syria, Arabia, Iraq and Persia. In Iraq, specimens have been recorded from Sodom, Sheikh Saad and Shaiba.2 No fresh specimens were seen in 1928 or 1929, Psammophts schokari Forskal.--The Variable Sand Snake. Vernacular Namés.--None known of. The distribution is from North Africa to Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Sind. In Iraq, specimens had previously been recorded from Basra and Shaiba.* In 1929 a further specimen was brought in from Rutba in the Shamiyah Desert. The specimen was a young snake, twelve inches long with an olive dorsum streaked with two dark longitudinal bands. The belly was edged longitudinally with the characteristic interrupted lines. The ventrals numbered 183, the caudals 96 and the dorsal rows 19. The anal was divided, and of the nine supralabials, the fifth and sixth entered the eye. Apparently quite a rarity in Iraq. Family : HyDROPHIIDA Enhydrina schistosa Daudin.*—The Hook-nosed Sea Snake. Synonyms.—LEunhydrina valakadyen.> Z Vernacular Names.—None known of. The distribution is given by Malcolm Smith as from the Persian Gulf to the coast of Cochin-China and the North Coast of Australia. None have been reported from the waters of the Persian Gulf that wash the coastal extremity of Southern Mesopotamia, but in 1929 four snakes were discovered in spirit in the Laboratory at Rustum Farm, Agricultural College, Baghdad. They were labelled ‘ Hydrophis cyanocincta—Persian Gulf’ and were assumed to be duplicates of the 1921 Cox Cheeseman collection. No helpful literature was available in Iraq at the time and in consequence very few particulars relating to the specimens were looked for and recorded. However the rows numbered 54 at mid-body, the rostral projected over the lower jaw, the ventrals were barely differentiated, and the individual scales were not imbricate; they 1 Boulenger, G. A.: The Snakes of Europe, 1913. 2 Boulenger, G. A.: Catalogue ot Snakes in the British Museum, 1893-96. 5 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J.B. N. H. Soc. xxvii, No. 2, 1920. * Smith, Malcom. : Monograph of the Sea Snakes, 1926. . 5 Gray. : Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1849, 566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV bore the faintest suggestion of a short central keel. The colour was dull olive barred with black dorsally. It was decided that the specimens approximated more to Exhydrina schistosa and they were so labelled. An engineer from one of the dredgers employed at the bar of the Shatt-el-Arab off Fao told me that it was not uncommon for sea- snakes four feet in length to be emptied out in the contents of the sludge buckets of the dredger. He said that these snakes were green with black cross-brands and were known to the native crew as being poisonous. The following additional species of Hydrophiidze have been recorded from the Persian Gulf: ! Thallasophina viperina Schmidt.—Persian Gulf and Muscat. Hydrophis spiralis Shaw.—Persian Gulf, Gangestum and Muscat. Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin.——Persian Gulf. Hydrophis ornatus Gray,—Muscat. Hydrophis lapemoides Gray.——Persian Gulf and Jask. Lapemis curtus Shaw.——Muscat. Microcephalophis gracilis Shaw.-—Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Family : ELAPIDA Naja morgant, Moquard. —The Hoodless Cobra. Synonyms. —Atractas pts wilsonz.* Vernacular Names.—It shares the names ‘ Urbid’ and ‘ Abrid’, that is, the ‘black snake’ with C. jugularis var. asianus. The recorded distribution is Persia and Iraq. Specimens have previously been taken in Shaiba and ‘Mesopotamia’. 3 In 1928 and 1929 five further specimens were secured foetal Mosul 3, Baqubah, Mandali, and Rutba in the Shamiyah Desert. Locality ee | Ventrals | Caudals | Rows | Anal Remarks Mosul ae 12 185 46 21 1/1 | Uniform black. Ys 25 183 43 21 ee $i Baqubah ... 26°5 185 44 21 1/1 | Purplish brown, belly paler. Mandali_... 29 185 30+ 23 1 Tail mutilated. | One preocular, two post- oculars. | | Uniform black. Rutba 2 pe) o 22 182 45 21 A aa . 2 ointh), Malcom. : Monograph of the Sea Snakes, 1926. 2 Wall, we: N. HI. Soc. xviii, p. 804, 1908. 9 Boulenger, GeA ASList of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J, B. N. fl. Son KVL NOw2. 1920, | THE SNAKES OF IR AO 567 In the six complete specimens the tai] was a sixth to a seventh of the total length. There were invariably seven supralabials with the third and fourth touching the eye. The third also touched the nasal. Unfortunately the periocular scales were not noted in four specimens, nor were the caudals closely examined in any. These gave the impression in every specimen of being divided but a photograph in the writer’s possession suggests that a number, six or so, of the more immediately proximal caudals were entire. It is interesting to compare this cobra with Walterinnesia Doni Lataste! of which five specimens are known, all recorded from Egypt. Two only, however, are reputed to have their exact proven- ance known. ‘These were caught on the Cairo-Suez Road. In ‘counts’, proportions and colouration the two species WV. morgant and W. egyptia appear to more or lessagree, ‘There remains however the generic obstacle in the absence of snail teeth behind the fangs in the Walterinnesia type specimen. Mr. H. W. Parker of the British Museum was good enough to examine the type specimen and was of the opinion that if a further examination of Naja morgani revealed an agreement with Walter7nnesza in other externals, such as keeling of the posterior dorsal scales; proportion, numbers and distribution of the perioculars ; and the variation in the division of the caudals, then a dental dissection ought to be made to verify the generic validity of Walterinnesta. I am awaiting with interest the opportunity to again examine specimens. Naja morgant is apparently uniformly distributed throughout Iraq and is not uncommon. It may be found in various habitats and is by no means shy. The young Mosul specimen was picked up on a tennis court. The aduit emerged daily from a hole in the gateway of the Mosul Civil Hospital to glide about amongst the waiting patients. This went on for months and the snake enjoyed a certain status as a sort of ‘divan habitué’ until one day, a request for snakes having been received, he was killed, bottled, and sent in. The Baqubah specimen was brought up alive from a bricked well by an enthusiastic chauffeur. He was passed round an appreciative and inquisitive circle before being killed, pickled, and passed on. Though he hissed very angrily he is said not to have attempted to bite, even when freely handled. The Mandali specimen was taken on a track near cultivation and the Rutba specimen came from the desert. I know of no records of snake-bite by this species or W. @gyftia but presume that its genus alone should be sufficient to procure it respect. Family : VIPERIDA. Sub-family : VIPERINA:. Vipera lebetina, Linnaeus.—The Levantine or Blunt-nosed Sees Synonyus.—Vipera euphi atica,* Datbota xanthina.? Vernacular Names.—In spite of the fairly frequent occurrence ‘of this snake and of its reputation, I could not get hold of a name for it. 1 Lataste : Le Naturaliste, p. 411, 1887. 2 Martin : Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1838. ° Gray : Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, 1849, 568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Everyone north of Baghdad knew of it and could describe it. It was always spoken of as being deaf. On one occasion a Mosuli described it surprisingly well as ‘a dangerously poisonous snake, with a thick body and a thin neck, a tail like a cigarette, of a brown colour, and blind and deaf’. In Cyprus the snake is known as ‘ Koufi’, a Greek derivation meaning deaf. I understand that in ancient Assyria (Mosul and area) a word ‘Kuppu’ was used in application to a ‘terrible snake’. In the Mosul area to-day aninquiry as to the ‘deaf snake’ would, I think, instantly bring descriptions of the Levantine Viper. However, I was unable to collect a definite name. The distribution is from North Africa, Greece and Cyprus to the Levant, Transcaucasia, Iraq, Persia and North-West India. In irag, specimens have previously been recorded from Baghdad and: .Aushuru (?)3t- During) 1928271929) and weeny 1930 seven more specimens were examined ; all of them from places in the north-east of Iraq, namely Sulamainia, Mandali, Mosul, Baqu- bah, Jebal Hamrin, Qaragan and Barazan on the Greater Zab River. Locality pe Ventrals | Caudais Dorsal Remarks (ins.) rows Sulamainia sy.) a2 173 52 27 | Very dark ; young specimen. Mandali eA rail iaae 4 150 44 23 Mosul! Pes 24 181 48 29 | Bit man, result . | recovery. Baqubah ... | 38 162 38 ipa | . Jebal Hamrin...| 40 164 47 23 | Bit man, result fatal. Oaragan Ge eR 176 53 23 | Barazan (Greater| 38 173 46 as) Zab) In all specimens the tail was about a seventh of the body length. The scales were invariably strongly keeled, the anal was always single and ten supralabials were constant. The colour ranged from dark olive in the smallest specimen, with clear cut darker markings, to pale grey or brownish grey with less defined markings in the largest specimens. ‘The larger the snake the lighter the colour. The bellies always exhibited the characteristic viperine speckling. Mr. J. Parlby once spoke to me of having seen a snake answering in description to V. /ebetina, travelling downstream in the Diyala River near Oaragan. Vipera lebetina seems to be confined to the hills and broken coun- try north-east of Baghdad. There is no record of &. carinatus thereabouts and only one of the nine C. cornutus recorded below for Iraq, came from this region. ‘There are no other vipers occurring in Iraq. Out of seventeen cases of bite (viperine type) by unidentified 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J. B. NV. A. Soc. XXvii, No. 2;51920; THE SNAKES OF IRAQ 569 snakes no fewer than fourteen came from this area as did also two cases in which the snake was identified as V. debetina. It rather looks as though the majority of snake-bite accidents in Iraq are caused by this viper. If this is correct, then the mortality from its bite would be forty-four per cent, seven deaths in sixteen cases. This is a high percentage, but, that it is quite possibly of true significance is sugges- ted by the widespread fear in which the ‘ deaf snake’ 1s held in the country north and east of Baghdad. It is spoken of as being deaf and blind on account of its sluggish- ness and torpidity by day, a characteristic also, I understand, of its congener the Indian Daboia, V. vussellz. If shouted at or threatened with a stick it is said to show no perturbation whatever. Cerastes cornutus Linnaeus.—The Horned Viper or Asp. Vernacular Names.— Efa’ and an apparent corruption ‘ Al Fiyah’ appear to be applied in Iraq to all noxious snakes, more particularly vipers, and most particularly to the Horned Viper. ‘Qarna’ and ‘Um Grun’ are also used referring to 1is horns and I have heard it discussed and described in the Muntafik Liwaas ‘Um Jenaib’ in reference to its-peculiarity in coiling (1.e. moving) to a flank, with its head poised and threatening to the front. ‘ Abu Jenaib’ is used of the local fresh-water crab. The distribution is North Africa, Arabia, Palestine, Syria and Iraq. It is figured on the monuments of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, and Assyria. In Iraq previous records, six in number, all of hornless specimens, were from Basra and Shaiba.!_ In the period 1927-30, three more records were obtained, all of horned specimens. One from Nebr in the Muntafik area lived in the writer’s possession for seven months. Another was responsible for a fatality in Dohuk, North of Mosul, and the third specimen came from Rutba, in the Shamiyah Desert. Size Ge) Ventrals | Caudals Rows Remarks Locality Nebr Bo ee es Pe ie a5 No counts done. Lived in writer’s possession for over seven months, Rutha ears | 144 37 29 Anal single, supra- labials thirteen, Dohuk i 30 | Rie oe wey No counts done. Bit a man who died in 24 hours. The characteristic flat triangular ‘ace of spades’ head was notable in both specimens seen. The Dohuk specimen was reported by the relatives of the bitten man as being about four-hand spans long, as having horns, and as having a thick body and a broad head. 1 Boulenger, G. A.: A List of Snakes from Mesopotamia. J.B. NV. Hf. Soc, xxvii, No. 2, 1920. 570 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Incidentally this is the only record I know of in which death has resulted from Cerastes bite. The other eight specimens of this snake caine from the desert plains to the south and west but I feel that the Dohuk fatality rings true and should be accepted although no doctor saw the victim alive, or the snake. Lichis carinatus Schneider..—The Saw-scaled Viper. Vernacular Names.—None known of. Would probably be spoken ofas* El iar: The distribution is from North Africa, Syria and Arabia to Iraq, Persia and India. In Iraq one has previously been recorded from Imam Hamza in the Diwaniyah area.! This was in 1924, the speci- men being responsible for a fatality. Since that date four further cases of snake-bite have occurred in the same region. In three instances followed by recovery, the snake was identified as Achis carinatus. In the fourth case which terminated fatally the snake was not seen and although for various reasons I consider that the snake must have been an /chis, I do not record it as such here as this paper is intended to be more or less purely zoological and should take note only of snakes actually identified. Size Locality fins) Dorsal Rows Colour Remarks Imam Hamzi ... 16 25 Characteristic | Fatal bite. keeled broad arrow Diwaniyah...| .... | No particulars recorded wu Bite—recovery. 3 Ei eac ll as 5 i . * Khan Judwhal |... | yy - re | s +i - It is notable that all these four specimmens came from the Middle Euphrates and none from elsewhere in Iraq. me ee eon i 1 Sinderson, H. C.: Snake Bite in Iraq. Edin. Aled. Journal. Nov., 1924. THE SNAKES OF 1RAQ 571 The conclusions of this rather superficial survey may be conveni- ently tabulated as follows. LS; 16. Species TYPHLOPIDA T. braminus T. vermicularis LEPTOTYPHLOPIDZ L. macrorhynchus ... BoiD# E. jaculus familiaris. COLUBRIDZ Aglypha N. tessellatus Ce dahlit . diadema C, jugularis C, ravergieri C. ventrimaculatus ... L. diadema C. collaris C. coronella . decemlineata C, persica Opisthogly pha T. fallax iberus Distribution in Iraq Basra Riverain Iraq | Riverain Iraq | | Iraq including Kurdistan ee | Throughout Iraq excluding Kurdistan Baghdad area Throughout Iraq including Kurdistan Riverain Iraq Mosul Riverain Iraq Western Iraq Northern Iraq and Kurdistan Western Iraq North East Traqg and Kurdistan North East Iraq Iraq excluding Kurdistan Number of new specimens Nil 15 12 Nil Remarks New for Iraq Colour variety in Kurdistan Colour variety in Kurdistan Var. asianus New for Iraq. New for Iraq. A mountain species ? Relationship to C. collaris ? Young darker than adults 572, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIS1, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Wie 18. 19. ade 22. 23. 24. Species M. monspessulana .. M. moilensis P. schokari HYDROPHIIDZ E. schistosa ELAPIDZ N. morgani VIPERIDZ Viperine V. lebetina C. cornutus E. carinatus Iraq Iraq and Kurdistan Southern Iraq Western Iraq Persian Gulf. Possibly Shatt- el-Arab Iraq as far | North as Mosul North East Irag and Kurdistan Iraq as far be North and East as Dohuk (Mosul) Middle Eu- phrates Distribution in | Number of new | specimens 9 Nil _ Remarks Var. insignitus and Var. neumayeri No records of bite. New for Iraq. No records of bite. Possibly related to W. egyptia. Two cases of bite—one death. Probably responsible for many more. One case of bite —one death. First horned specimens from Iraq. Four cases of bite—one death. FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA. BY SALIM A. ALI (With four plates and tour text-tigures. ) Hermann Miller, one of the most noted pioneers in the study of the fertilization of flowers, summing up our knowledge on the subject, avers that although self-fertilization by itself may suffice for the propagation of organisms for an unlimited number of generations producing healthy and fertile offspring, yet, as has been proved by the researches of botanists, whenever plants which are the offspring of self-fertilization are opposed in the struggle for existence to the offspring of cross-fertilization, the iatter have the advantage. Thus it becomes evident that all peculiarities which aid cross-fertilization will be retained and perfected by natural selection. The importance of bees, butterflies and a host of other insects in the cross-fertilization of flowers is well known, but the significance of birds in the same capacity has been consistently underrated. It is a subject which has hitherto received no attention whatsoever from workers in India inspite of the vast opportunities the country offers for observation and study, and my purpose in writing this paper is merely to arouse a general interest in the subject, and broadly indicate its possibilities. To my mind, this branch of research lies more within the sphere of the field ornithologist than in that of the botanist, and the reason is not far to seek. The ornithologist, even though he may know nothing whatsoever of botany, will seldom have much difficulty in collecting specimens of the flowers on which he has observed bird visits, and in having them identified subsequently. The botanist, similarly placed, will be left in doubt as to the identity of the visiting bird as it cease- lessly hops and flits about among the blossoms or darts off to another tree, and will seldom have the means at hand of getting a satisfactory determination of its species. The result will often be that the botanist’s record will remain incomplete and, as such, value- less from the scientific point of view. While it is but rarely that an ornithologist also possesses sufficient competence in botany to be able to conduct research of this nature without the aid of a specialist, and vice versa, an intimate co-operation between the two is clearly indicated for obtaining optimum results. Although this paper does not claim to be any more than merely casual notes of observations in the field, I could not have written it without constant help in identifications, suggestions and advice principally from the Rev. E. Blatter, s.J., but also from a number of other botanists with whom I have been in constant correspondence, to all of whom my best thanks are due. I am also greatly indebted to Professor Dr. Otto Porsch of the Hochschule fir Bodenkultur, Vienna, for kindly placing at my 574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV disposal the separata of his recent excellent publications on Ornitho- phily from which I have taken the liberty to quote freely. It must be borne in mind that the mere fact of a bird being casually seen en a flower is by itself no evidence of the fact that the flower is ornithophilous or that the bird is an agent in its cross- pollination. But if it is repeatedly ovserved that a particular species of bird is partial to a particular species of flower and frequents them regularly; that the object of its visits is obviously the nectar situated deep down within the flower-tube; that the structure of the corolla and the position of the essential organs—the stamens and the style—are such that in its endeavours to get at the honey, the head, breast or other portions of the bird’s anatomy might reascnably be expected to come into contact with them, then alone can we have justification for assuming that that particular flower may be wholly or in part bird-pollinated. To prove the correctness of this assumption, it will further be necessary to secure the bird and subject its plumage to a microscopic examination for adhering pollen. As Neger points out in his excellent summary of Ornitho- phily (9) it isin a great measure due to the wild generalizations based on insecure premises made in the past that discredit has been brought on the value and importance of birds as agents in the cross- pollination of flowers, and it therefore now behoves workers to exercise special care and attention in the observations they record. The most highly organized bird-flowers as we find them to-day present certain well-marked characteristics which serve to differentiate them in a general way from flowers fertilized by insects, wind or other agencies. The most important of these are: (1) Their structure and pollenizing mechanism is such as to render the transfer of pollen possible only through visits of birds to the nectar: (2) They usually possess bright and conspicuous colours such as crimson or scarlet, yellow, white, bright blue, also brown and others, which react on the keenly-developed colour-sense and sharp eyesight of the feathered visitors. Experiments have shown that red is the most attractive colour to birds. It is also worthy of note that the colours of many bird-flowers are not infrequently reproduced in the plumage of their bird-visitors. I was particularly struck by this in the case of a Yellow-backed Sunbird (4 thopyga stparaja vigorst) recently observed at Lingmala (near Mahableshwar) on the scarlet blossoms of //zbzscas Rosa-sinensts, whose breast and upper plumage harmonized with the brilliant colour of the flowers to perfection. (3) The absence of scent is a feature of the most highly adapted bird-flowers. ‘This dovetails as it were with the completely absent or extremely ill-developed sense of smell in birds, especially in the order Passeres. (4) Their richness in honey production. The nectar which is rich in carbohydrates, is highly nutritious and provides both meat and drink to the birds. ‘Their visits to fowers are without doubt largely with the object of quenching their thirst. The origin of the nectar- eating habit is clearly suggested in the habit, commonly noticeable in arboreal birds, of quenching their thirst from dew or rain-drops PLATE I, JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc. 1. Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus). 2. Dhyal (Copsychus saularis). 3. Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer). 4. Striped Squirrel (Funambulus tristriatus). ma Indica. SOME POLLINATING AGENTS OF E7ythr (Photos by Author.) FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 575 collected on the foliage of trees. In the warmer regions of the globe where there is often a scarcity of water in the hot-weather months, the nectar of flowers constitutes a great boon to thirsty birds. It will be seen from the following list that the flowering season of a great many species closely corresponds with the season of drought i.e. between the cold weather and the S.-W. monsoon. (5) True bird-flowers may, as a rule, be recognized by the absence of broad ‘rims’ or lobes which serve as an alighting place to visitors in entomophilous flowers, but hinder the access of birds to the nectar, There are a great many flowers with structure and characteristics intermediate between typical bird- and typical insect-flowers. Among Indian species, for example, Amherstia nobilis, Potnciana regia and Potnciana (Cesalpina) pulcherrima show adaptations for ornithophily as well as for entomophily, and are visited both by birds and by insects. There are many species of flowers which in their native land are fertilized by insects as well as by birds, while even these may be fertilized in one locality exclusively by birds and in another exclusively by insects. In Natal, for example, according to Scott-Elliot, the pollen of Musa is usually transferred by the Czn2yride, and more rarely by bees, whereas in Mauritius on the contrary, bananas are said to be pollinated by insects. While a great many flowers are visited and doubtless also fertilized to some extent by birds (the magnitude of whose services is on the whole incalculable), it is not unlikely that in India at least the number of species dependent for their pollination excluszvely upon birds is comparatively smali. As regards the origin of ornithophilous flowers, one comes across assertions in literature so often to the effect that these have evolved from entomophilous forms that it would appear as though this were an established fact. Schnarf(Z5), in particular, often refers to flowers transitory between entomophilous and ornithophilous forms. Werth (21) points out that, as long as statements of this kind are confined to specific examples and not implied in a general way, one can have nothing against them, and after discussing various species he comes to the conclusion that although certain ornithophilous flowers can be admitted to have evolved from entomophilous forms, in others (€.¢: Some. /7ica. species) the process.can clearly be demonstrated to have been the reverse. Fossils of ornithophilous forms have been discovered dating back to a geological period where flowers with as yet only the first entomophilous adaptations are met with. Further, Werth mentions that among the Angiosperms, wind-, insect- and bird-flowers, as well as well-established flower- insects and flower-birds are all met with at the same time in the lowest chalk stratum of the earth. In our own day bird-flowers are distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of both hemispheres ; in other words the number of ornithophilous flowers is greatest where representatives of the most highly-organised flower-birds occur : the Humming-Birds ( 7voch lide) and Sugar-Birds (Cerebide) in tropical America, the Wectariniide, Diceide and Zosteropide in the tropics and sub-tropics of the Old World, and the Meliphagide and Trichoglosside in the Austraiian Region. 576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV There has been a tendency to attribute the object of birds’ visits to flowers solely or chiefly to a search after the attending insects, and the importance of the honey has been unwarrantably belittled. As I have pointed out elsewhere (J.B.NV.H/.S., vol. xxxv, pp. 145-46), there seems no reason for doubting that the visits of specialized birds to the flowers of their choice may be exclusively in quest of the nectar. As mentioned before, flower-nectar is rich in carbo- hydrates and provides excellent nutriment, and the fact that Sun- and Humming-birds have been kept in captivity for weeks on end onan exclusive diet of syrup, proves the comprehensiveness and all-sufficiency of this class of food. ‘That birds may, in addition, supplement their diet by any little insects that happen to be present on the flowers, is of course self-understood. With a little practice in the field, it is not difficult to determine whether a bird’s quest on a flower is the nectar or the attending insects. The deliberate and systematic probing of the bill deep into the corolla-tube for nectar is a process quite distinct from the casual hunt for insect visitors. For instance, no one could fail to differentiate between the behaviour of an Iora on the flowers of the Coral Tree and that of a Myna. The former visits the flowers mainly, if not entirely, for the little insects, while the latter is a confirmed nectar-bibber. Having indicated the chief peculiarities of the true bird-flowers, it will not be out of place to mention some outstanding characteristics of the typical flower-birds. I confine my remarks to our Indian representatives, the pride of place amongst whom must unques- tionably go to the Wectariniide (Sun-birds). On account of their resplendent plumage, specialized bill and tongue, and their lively and flower-haunting habits, this group has been called the Humming- birds of the Old Worid. Among all the Passerine birds with a honey diet, the Nectariniide (along with the WWeliphagide, Cerebide and many of the Drepanidid@) possess the most highly organised ‘mouth-parts’. The billis long, slender, decurved and more or less cylindrical. The edges of the tongue are rolled upwards and inwards and meet to form a closed tube which functions as a suctorial organ, and usually terminates in a bifurcation (Fig. 1). The tongue, more- over, is extensile and capable of being projected much beyond the tip of the bill. I once watched a Ledtocoma lotenita which seemed to have along slender and wriggling worm held endwise in its beak. The glasses showed that this was the bird's tongue which it shot out several times and as rapidly withdrew, remarkably after the fashion of a snake. The organ projected quite a third to one-half the length of the bill beyond the tip of the latter. All the members of this family are furnished with tongues following this characteristic pattern, and eminently adapted for a diet of nectar from flowers. The families next in importance in India as flower-frequenters are the Zosterobide (White-eyes) and the Diceide (Flower-peckers) Pac, oe Tongue of Leptocoma zeylonica. FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN 1NDIA 577 whose tongues show half-way stages between the normal general- purpose pattern possessed by the majority of Passerine birds with omnivorous diet, and the highly specialized suctorial organs of the Nectariniide whose diet comprises for the most part of nectar. The edges are only slightly curved in to form an open trough or gutter. In Zosterops palpebrosa it terminates in bristles for about 4 its length, divided into two ‘brushes’ (Fig. 2) while in Diceum erythrorhynchum, the tip presents bifurcated half-tubes. In the Thick-billed Flower-pecker (Piprisoma agile), the tongue is triangular and broad at the base, short and cartilaginous except at the bifidtip. The curled edges | are almost, if not entirely, absent and this together with the stout finch-like bill makes its possessor comparatively a casual visitor Fic. 2. Tongue of Z. pal- to flowers. In both these families the 2¢070Sa (Nat. size about 12 tongue, as in the Vectariniide, is extensile. Ue MOE) Besides these specialized families, it will be seen from my list of bird-frequented flowers that there are a great many heterogeneous species which, without being specially equipped, are nevertheless regular nectar-seekers. In order to show at a glance the birds obser- ved as habitués of flowers, I append a separate list at the end giving the Orders, Families and Species of such. The lists are the result of observations relating to the past three years during which I have been able to pay somewhat more than passing attention to the subject of Ornithophily, especially in Western India and the Bombay Deccan. The records are principally based on direct observations in the field through powerful glasses and although they furnish good circumstantial evidence, it is clear that in a few instances only (where the microscope has revealed pollen adhering to bill or surrounding feathers—indicated by asterisks in the following lists) are they of a sufficiently experimental nature to be considered imore or less conclusive in their application. cross-section Way ©10ss-section \ LIST OF FLOWERS OBSERVED TO BE REGULARLY FREQUENTED BY BIRDS. Order : MALVALES Family : MALVACEZ 1. Bombax malabaricum, DC. (Coloured Plate, J. B. V. H.S., xxxiii 632). Flowers crimson, large and numerous, growing in clusters on short thick stalks towards the ends of the branches. They appear before the new leaves, and the bareness of the tree at this period provides excellent opportunities for the observation of bird-visitors. Petals fleshy, bent back, 3-6” long. Stamens pink, flattened, more than 60, united only at base to form five bundles, each containing 9-12. There is an additional inner bundle of 15 stamens of which 578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV the 5 innermost are longest. The conical ovary tapers at the apex to form a club-shaped style which exceeds the stamens in length and ends in 5 slender processes, the stigmas. The anthers are long and brown. Flowering Season: January to March. Distribution : Indigenous throughout India and Burma except in the most arid tracts. Sub-Himalayas upto 3,500’ (cultivated at 6,000 in N.-W. Himalayas) very common throughout the Bombay Presidency, Satpuras and all forest districts of Madras Presidency. Also Ceylon, Yunan, Cochin-China, Tonkin, Java, Sumatra, Queensland and North Australia. Visitors : The flowers are visited by all the species of birds men- tioned under Erythrina indica with the exception of ! 18, 21, 39 and 46 which have not come under my notice so far. In this part of the country, the commonest visitors seen are Nos. 1*, 2*, 10%, 11*, 14*, 22%, 25%, 26*, 27%, 29%, 41*, 42, 43 and 44. I would, without hesitation, assign the pride of place to No. 25, Pastor roseus L. In an area where both Eyrythrina indica and this species are flowering, practically side by side, it has invariably been my experience that the Cotton Tree is by far the more patronized by this bird, while the Babbler (Zurdoides somerviliez) exercises his preference in favour of the Coral. While the Bombax is in flower, the diet of the Rosy Pastor in many parts of the country seems to consist more or less exclusively of the nectar, a thick sticky sugary juice in the ‘cup’ at the base of the filaments. It comes to the trees imbued with a sense of ownership and launches the offensive against every other visitor to the blossoms, often rushing 15 or 20 feet across from the other side of the tree where it is feeding, todo so. Most small. birds fly before the fury of its onslaught, often being driven from branch to branch. Even the indomitable King Crow has to give way. Alone inthe Mynas Acridotheres tristis and Atthiopsar fuscus does the Pastor find its match. They, of all the feathered company, pay scant heed to its demonstrations. It is common to see a Pastor angrily drooping its wings and spreading its tail (flicking it sideways) perched in a truculent manner shivering with rage and swearing its heart out within a few inches of a completely unperturbed Myna busy on the flowers. At times the chivvying gets beyond the Myna’s power of endurance whereupon it goes for the Pastor causing it to depart precipitately. After it has had its fill of the nectar, the Pastor will sometimes occupy itself solely with playing ‘ Dog in the Manger.’ It sits ona branch and utters its bellicose chzt, chit, chit varied by occasional attempts at a screeching song. When thus engaged, it usuaily takes shelter from the sun by getting into the shade of some branch. From this vantage point it continually launches sallies against Sunbirds and Striped Squirrels feeding from neigh- bouring flowers, twitching its wings threateningly. The nectar seems to act as a laxative and the bird excretes once in every three minutes or so. It feeds from the flowers ail day long, but especially in the mornings before 11 o’clock. After a spell of assaults, angry chattering and ‘song,’ there are invariably little 1 Numerals refer to list of birds under Arythrina indica. . ; j fe 7 - ; ; 4 - ‘ a t : 7 Xue. 7 ite : ; : ; : : = , t an 7 : é ’ ; 4 % - 7 - 7 7 . P : : ‘ * ; + 7 7 Fi 7 : : : <3, S , a : i : x ’ : ie Ki . 7 7 i . ‘ + 2 “S 3 i “TI GLV1Idg ° (4oyyn V 4q $0104 q ‘MN ILADQDIDU xDQuUOog UO (VvIIUOJAaz DUoIOjdaT) pAIquNG poduind-s[ding pue (snaso1 sz0;sVq) 101ISegd Asoy (¢) CS ‘00S ‘“LSIH “LVN Avanog ‘Nanor FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS [N [NDIA 579 pauses of silence when all the company suddenly becomes dumb and motionless. The arrival of some new visitor soon puts an end tothe truce however, and chasing and chattering are resumed once more. Sunbirds appear to act as ‘honey guides,’ for as soon as one is driven off a flower, the Pastor is sure to probe into the corolla itself. For a photographer who has focussed his camera on a suitable low-hanging bunch of flowers for a Pastor, there is nothing more promising than the visit of a Sunbird. In nine cases out of ten the Sunbird will promptly be replaced by the irate Pastor! In a grove of Bombax trees in bloom near Kainat Village (Alibag Taluka), there were two examples with flowers of a lemon-yellow colour. It struck meas particularly strange at the tine, that although there was continuous hustling and rivalry among the birds on the normally coloured flowers, those of the yellow variety remained practically unattended, save for an occasional Sunbird that had been hunted off the crimson flowers. That the yellow flowers also contained nectar was evident on examination, but what the precise factor was that made them distasteful to the visitors I was unable to ascertain. My impression further is that in due course (as a conse- quence ?) when the pods made their appearance, a smaller number was noticeable on these two trees than on their normal neighbours, though I have no statistical evidence. I consider this point most interesting and worthy of a proper investigation. The yellow variety of Bombax malabaricum is certainly not common, and it would be interesting to know if this is merely a temporary aberration brought about by some physiological defect in the tree. In additionto birds I have regularly found the Striped Squirrels (Funambulus tristriatus and f. pennantt) on the flowers licking the nectar and biting the petals. Troup observed Ratufa gigantea eating the flower-buds in quantities, and even Martens (Martes flavigula) visiting the flowers in search of nectar. It is probable that these mammalian visitors also contribute towards the cross-pollination of Bombax flowers. [It is surprising that Knuth (7) mentions nothing regarding the pollination of this species, although, as Porsch (24, Part I) points out, Swinhoe recorded the visits of Czznyris rhizophore Sh. to these flowers in the island of Hainan long ago. ] 2. Bombax insigne, Wall. Flowers larger than in the preceding species, somewhat paler red in colour. Often scariet or white. Stamens 400-600 arranged in bundles, not so distinctly as in malabaricum. Style longer than stamens, terminating in 5-lobed stigma. Flowering Season: January to March. In the Kolaba district this year 193], I noticed the flowers early in January, before malabaricum had commenced to blossom. Distribution : Burma, Pegu, Andamans. Common in Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards ; also Deccan and Anamalai Hills. Visztors ; Almost all the species of birds recorded under malabar?- cum. Also Striped Squirrels. 580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AITST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 3. Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L. Flowers: Large bright scarlet or crimson, 4-5” across, with a projecting red column of stamens and pistil. Flowering Season : Throughout the year. Distribution : Said to be a native of China and Northern India (?) and to have been in cultivation throughout Malaysia and Polynesia before Europeans came east. Cultivated in gardens throughout India. Visitors : The conspicuous flowers, dazzling in the sunlight are beloved of the Sunbirds who visit them regularly. The commonest visitors in the Kolaba District (N. Konkan) are Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica and sometimes also L. lolenta. At Panchgani (4,400 ft.) in the Western Ghats, I have commonly observed Leptocoma minima on the flowers, while at Mahableshwar (4,500 ft.) in more afforested country, 4thopyga s. vigorsi is a constant visitor. In my experience, to get at the nectar all these species bore tiny holes with their bills at the base of the coroila, just above the calyx. Such ‘short-cuts’ have been described by Tiwary (79, 20) in the case of Sesbania granditlora and Tecoma radicans and by Porsch (22) in the case of many flowers in Buitenzorg Gardens, Java, including a Hibiscus of which he unfortunately does not mention the species. According to Lewis Bonhote the Sugar Bird (Cereba bahamensis Rchb.), also bores holes in the calyx of Hibiscus flowers in the Bahamas to get at the honey. This habit obviously does not help to promote cross-pollination, and I cannot conceive of these birds functioning as important pollinating agents as has often been asserted by various writers. I have, however, occasionally seen ZL. aszatica and L. zeylo- nica hovering in front of an open flower to get at smallinsects within, and it is possible that in so doing, some pollen may accidentally adhere to the feathers and be transported to the stigma of another flower. If such a thing does occur, it can, in my opinion, only be exceptional. The plant has never been known to set seed in India (save for one isolated record which does not say whether the seeds were fertile), and Prof. N. K. Tiwary of the Benares University who has investiga- ted its life history, informs me that this is due to some defect in its gametes. Neger (9) in a list of species whose ornithophilous adaptations are — ‘beyond dispute’ includes Alzbiscus Rosa-sinensis. Werth (22) found the beautiful red flowers of this plant in Zanzibar to be visited by the Sunbird (Cizzyris gutturalis) and considers it to be ornitho- philous, while Porsch (J, pt. i, p. 221) states that the genus A/7bzscus contains in its large-flowered species quite a series of highly organized bird-flowers. In view of the fact that all these authors take it for granted, more or less, that the flowers of A. Rosa-sinensis are fertilized by birds, it is presumable that in the countries to which they refer they have ascertained the plant to produce fertile seed. This however is a point on which confirmation is desirable. Besides, though the flowers may occasionally be pollinated by hovering sunbirds in the manner I have above described, if H. Rosa- sinensis was indeed such a highly adapted bird-flower as Neger believes it to be, we should certainly expect a diminution in the size FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 581 of the petals or lobes which at present constitute a broad alighting place for insects but are at the same time a distinct hindrance to birds in legitimate access to the nectar. The need of further observation and investigation is indicated before we can accept the ornithophilous nature of the flowers of this plant. In India certainly all the evidence is, if anything, opposed to such a presuinption. 4. Thespesia populnea, Corr. (Coloured plate, JB.N.A.S., xxxiv, 274), Evergreen tree 30-50 ft. high with heart-shaped pointed leaves resembling those of the Peepal (/icus religiosa). Flowers single or in pairs, 3-4” across. Pale lemon-yellow with deep maroon centre. Finely crinkled petals set in cup-like calyx. The long style grows through a tube decked with acluster of golden-headed stamens. Itis crowned with a club formed of 5 close-set stigmas. Flowering Season ; Throughout the year, particularly at the beginning of the cold season. Distribution : ‘ Tropical shores of Bengal, Ceylon and both Peninsulas. Tropical Asia, the Pacific Islands and Africa’ (Hooker). Along the beach and tidal forests from Konkan southwards. Coasts of Chittagong and Anda- mans. Visttors: I have regularly observed Leptocoma astatica and L. zeylonica taking short-cuts to the nectar by boring with their bills at the base of the yellow crepe-paper-like corolla, just above the calyx. The birds frequently hover in front of an open flower for attending insects (or pollen?) and may occasionally assist in trans- porting ripe pollen in the manner referred to under the preceding species, as the structure of the flowers and the position of the essential organs iS very similar in both. ‘This plant produces seed freely, but to what extent birds are responsible for the fertilization of its flowers, needs to be investigated. Family : STERCULIACEAR 5. Sterculia colorata, Roxb. (Coloured plate, J.B.N.AH.S., xxxv, 57), A large tree, trunk erect, bark ashy, branches spreading. Flowers in numerous short terminal panicles, tubular, orange- or reddish- brown in colour. Calyx 3”, tube 4 times longer than the rounded rather obtuse lobes, Bonny outside, pilose within. Style recurved ; the stigma over-tops the stamens and protrudes beyond the lobes. (Plate lV, 2). Flowering Season : March to May. Tree leafless when in flower. Distribution ; ‘ Eastern Bengal, Pegu, the Western Peninsula and Ceylon ’ (Hooker). Visitors: On March 28, this year (1931) my attention was drawn by Mr. C. McCann to a bare tree in flower near Bhandup (Salsette). I observed a Sunbird (Leptocoma zeylonica) hopping about from one cluster to another, probing into the tubular flowers with its bill. While we watched, a Z. aszatica also arrived on a neighbouring tree and started off on the same quest. An examination of the flowers, about 1” long and hanging in clusters from the ends of the bare 982 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXbV branchlets, showed that the ‘ rim’ is considerably reduced, and much clear nectar is present within, at the base of the corolla tube. From the position of the essential organs it is evident that the flowers are well adapted for pollination by the Mectarinitde and the Diceide, and there seems little doubt that these families play a considerable part in this vital process. Since then I have had several opportunities of confirming my observations, and have also foilowed through glasses a Flower-pecker (D. erythrorhynchum) eating nectar from these flowers. Order: GERANIALES Family : BURSERACE# 6. Garuga pinnata, Roxb. A tree 30 to 40 feet. Flowers -25” long, yellow, in large pubes- cent compound spreading panicles. Flowering Season : February to May (Talbot). Distribution : ‘ Throughout India, and from the Jumna eastwards to Burma and southwards to the Nilgiris and Tenasserim ; ascending to 3,000 feet in the Himalayas. Malayan Archipelago, Philippines ’ (Hooker). Visitors: I have observed Zoslerops palpebrosa and Leptocoma astatica on the flowers, and on one occasion (near the Tulsi Lake in Salsette, March 3, 1929) a party of Rose-finches (Carpodacus erytnri- nus roseatus) were seen feeding from them. A male shot from this flock had pollen adhering to his forehead and upper breast, and nectar dripped freely from the bill when the bird was held up by its legs. It is very probable that besides the species noted, many others also visit the flowers which are rich in honey production. It also seems very likely that the birds assist in cross-pollination. Order : SAPINDALES Family : MORINGACE 7. Moringa oleifera, Lamk. The Horse-radish or Drumstick. A small tree, bark corky, wood soft, root pungent. Flowers in dense masses, creamy-white reminiscent of orange blossoms. Pedi- celled, 1” in diameter, honey-scented. Flowering Season : Various. In Konkan principally November-December Hyderabad (Deccan) noted in March-April. Distribution : Said to be a native of the forests of Western Himalayas and Oudh. Cultivated elsewhere throughout India and in various tropical countries. Visitors: Wherever a tree is in flower—in a garden, some old village site or within the precincts of a populated village or hamlet, or even in the busiest and most crowded part of Bombay City such as Bhuleshwar or Pydhownie—it is invariably attended by the Sunbirds Leptocoma astatica and zeylonica. In areas where other species of this family are comimon, the flowers are doubtless visited by them also. Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica may be seen on the flowers at all hours of the day, commencing almost at dawn though commoner and more noisy after the sun is well up—hopping from cluster to *(4oyjn p 4q sojoyd) “PAIIOAG St1dOAJOIVIJ WO VIYWISY DIMW0I0]GaT "SNAOYISUO] SNYJUVAOT WO VILUOIAa? DI0IO{daT MmNILADGHIVUL XDGUOg UO (snosn{ Avsdoryji@’) CUA OTSUNE (Z) pure (s27s144 Sadayjopi49pP) BPUATA UOWUUIOD (Tf) ‘TIT Gtv1d ‘20S “LSIH ‘LYN AvVaWog ‘Nano FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 583 cluster or darting from one tree to the next, hanging upside down and cliaging to the branchlets in ail manner of acrobatic positions in order to get at the nectar, here is much singing and display of vivacity, and frequent mock-battles ensue between the individuais of different pairs or species as one tries to oust the other from a specially coveted flower cluster. Besides the Sunbirds, the flowers in the Konkan are largely attended by the butterflies Arzstolochie aristolochig (black and red) and Delias eucharis (yellow and red) the former being by far the commoner. These are generally absent in the early mornings, but largely in evidence in the warmer parts of the day, especially on trees exposed to the sunlight. The Avistolochig butterfly often makes a feint at a Sunbird to dislodge him from a coveted flower-bunch and puts him to flight, itself presently returning to reap the fruits of its victory ! Another insect visitor frequently seen on the Drumstick blossoms is the humble-bee, Xylocopa (amethystina?) which doubtless also assists in the cross-pollination of the flowers. Although the structure and other characteristics of the Moringa flowers do not conforni to the truly ornithophilous type, I think there can be no doubt that Sunbirds play a considerable part in their pollination in India. Knuth mentions that the flowers have a great attraction for Humming and Sugar-birds! in the regions where both bird and plant occur together. In the Bahamas the Sugar-Bird Cwreba bahamensis Rchb. is said to be in constant attendance on the blossoms of a large, ail-year flower- ing species of Moringa. Order : ROSALES Family : LEGUMINOS& ‘In this family’ according to H. Miller (8, p. 220) ‘ the essential organs are freely exposed. The petals or the stamens, or both together, attract insects’. In India eight indigenous species of the genus Arythrina have been observed, all with red flowers. Two more have been introduced, viz., E. Crista-galli, L. and E. Blakez, Hort. 8. Erythrina indica, Lamk. (Coloured plate /. B. VW. H..S., vol. xxxiii, p. 624). Bee tree with spreading branches. Leafless when in flower. Flowers large, brilliant scarlet, arranged in racemes at tips of the branches. Corolla composed of five petals: an erect cblong standard which narrows at the base into aclaw, two small wing-petals and two almost similar-sized keel petals of a distinctly darker hue. The wing petals partially enclose the keel. The stamens protrude for alinost their entire length ; they are united into a bundle at the base. Higher up the tenth stamen is distinct and free. The margins of the carina (keel) tightly overlap, and together with the closely-fitted standard form * The Sugar-Birds (Cewreétdz) contain about 75 species divided into 11 genera, and are amongst the mest important pollinators of bird-flowers in Tropical Central and South America and neighbouring islands. 984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV a conical sac at the basal region which is full of nectar secreted by the glands situated at the base of the gyncecium. The exudation of nectar is profuse; I have obtained seven drops and more from a single sac, and as the same flowers are visited by successive visitors, it is evident that the supply is quickly replenished. Flowering Season: February to May. In the Konkan by the middle of April most trees nave finished flowering. Distribution: ‘ Reported to be indigenous inland in deciduous forests of Thana, the Konkan, N. Kanara and Malabar, and from the Sunderbans along the coast through Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, the Andamans, Nicobars, Java, Polynesia ’ (Blatter), Visttors: One of the most familiar and gorgeous features of the Indian countryside when in flower, the Erythrina becomes the ren- dezvous of almost every species of arboreal birds of the surrounding locality. Its branches rock and sway as the eager nectar-bibbers hop from one flower-cluster to another throughout the livelong day, and great noise and bustle prevails. Birds appear’ most busy between sunrise and about 11-30. ‘There is usually a break from this hour to about 3 p.m.—during the hottest part of the day, after which the company gradually re-assembles. I have observed the following species eating nectar from the flowers. Those marked with an asterisk have been shot and ascertained by means of a tube microscope to be carrying pollen on the feathers of their forehead and/or throat. 1. Corvus macrorynchos*— Regular frequenter on the countryside. 2. Corvus splendens *— do. also within town iimits. 3. Dendrocitta rufa—Occasional. 4. Turdoides terricolor—Only once seen, but species uncommon in areas to which my observations have been confined. 5. Turdotdes somervillez*—Perhaps the most common visitor. Invariably present. 6, Chrysomnea sinensis*—Frequent. 7. Dumetia albigulare*—Not uncommon where tree is in suit- able locality. 8. Chloropsis jerdont* —Both these are regular 9. xf aurttrons davidsoni* } attendants but not common. ‘They are very jealous of other visitors, constantly attack- ing and driving them off the flowers. 16. Molpastes cater*—Regular and very common. 11. Elathea jocosa*—Regular and very common. 12. MA githina tiphia—Only once definitely seen eating nectar. Probably visits flowers more in search of attendant insects. 13. Pycnonotus luteolus*—Common. 14. Merula nigropileus*—Regular, but seems to perfer Bombax. 15. Copsychus saularis*—Males singing from nearby trees fre- quently visit the flowers at intervals to have a sip of the nectar. 16. Dicrurus macrocercus*—Very common. Invariably present on flowers singly or in pairs. Jealous and bellicose, attacking and driving away other visitors from its proximity. 17. Leucoctrca pecloralis—Not seen probing into flowers. Proba- bly attracted by attendant flies. 18. Tchitrea parvadisi—Seen only once. Probably in quest of flies. FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 585 19. Muscicapula tickellieé ) —Frequently seen on the flower-laden 20. Hypothymts azurea ; branches, but not probing for nectar. Like the other Flycatchers, insects are probably their objective, and their importance as pollen-carriers can only be negli- gible, if at all. 21. Lantus schach erythronotus—Not uncommon, but only once seen probing into a flower. Probably after insects, or using leafless tree as observation post. 22. Orthotomus sutoritus*—Comimon. 233 VIIA SOCLALLS = do. 24. Prinia tnornata— do. 25. Pastor roseus*—Frequent visitor, but far more partial to Bombax flowers. Very impatient of rival feasters, often attacking and driving them away. 26. ‘Common throughout the greater part of India and Burma ; in the Himalayas upto 3,000 feet, in South India upto 4,000 feet. Rare or absent in arid regions. Often gregarious.’ (Blatter.) 8 588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Visitors : The flowers, which contain a large quantity of nectar, are invariably attended by birds, and the rocking and swaying of the branches as the visitors hop from one flower-cluster to another, gives away their presence from afar. The following species have been observed by me, though very probably a great many Suse visit the flowers besides. Corvus macrorhynchos*-—Regular and common. 5, shlendens*— Do. do. Turdotdes somervillei— Do. do. Acridotheres tristis*— Do. do. LE: thiopsar tuscus— Do. do. Sturnia malabarica--- Do. do. Leptocoma astatica-— Do. do. i. zeylonica— Do. aoe _ [A related species, Butea superba, Roxb., a gigantic woody creeper with a stem as thick as a.man’s leg, found in Central and South India and Burma, will probably also be found to be ornithophilous. So far, unfortunately, I have not had an opportunity of investigating this species, but the structure of its gorgeous orange-scarlet flowers which crowd the leafless branches between March and April, strongly suggests the probability. ‘They are considerably larger than those of Butea trondosa. | 12. Poinciana regia, Bojer. (Coloured Plate, .B.NV.A.S., vol. xxxiii, p. 651), Large deciduous tree 40-50 feet with spreading branches and very handsome feathery leaves. Brilliant scarlet blossoms arranged in immense racemes at the ends of the branches. Each flower is composed of five petals of which four are scarlet while the fifth, the standard petal, is slightly larger in size and much variegated with yellow, white and red. They emerge from between five fleshy scarlet- faced sepals which form the calyx. The ten long stamens surround a slender green style which overtops them. The flowers measure about 4” across. As Werth has pointed out, the flowers show adaptations for entomophily as well as for ornithophily, and are visited by both birds and insects. Flowering Season: The hot weather ; April-June. Distribution: A native of Madagascar introduced into this country within the last 100 years (Blatter). Common in gardens and as a roadside tree in Western India. Visitors: ‘The birds I have definitely observed probing into the flowers for nectar are: Leptocoma asialica zeylonica viet Winkler observed both fe and the next species, Poinciana pulcherrima, to be visited by Sunbirds in the Kameroons, Ledien in the Congo, and Knuth in Buitenzorg, Java.]. 2 3g : 4 FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 589 13. Poinciana (Cesalpina) pulcherrima, Linn. A shrub or small tree. Flowers orange-scarlet or yellow, much smaller than in vegéa and with very long and protruding stamens. Flowering Season: In my experience, in the Konkan the tree is in flower throughout the year, though more abundantly during the latter part of the monsoon and the cold season. Distribution: Universally cultivated through India, and elem here in the tropics ; the native country is not clearly known. (Hooker.) Visitors: The flowers are largely visited by Sunbirds. eftocoma astatica and L. zeylonica may be almost invariably seen on them at ail hours of the day. The nectar appears to form an imiportant item of their dietary and in our garden at Kihim (last season), I observed that a femaie L. zeylonica sitting on her eggs about 30 yards distant from a Peacock-flower tree in bloom, usually made straight for the flowers when a break in the monsoon showers induced her to leave the nest for food. She was foliowed closely by her mate, and the pair would hop about from flower to flower clinging to the branches in every conceivable position and probing into the blossoms with their bills. On these occasions the cock was particularly lively — and attentive to the hen, and between sips was constantly bursting - into little snatches of song to the accompaniment of nervous flicking's of his wings, as if to hearten her in her desultory task of incubation. The scene becaine particularly delightful to watch if the sun hap- pened to peep out of the clouds and beam upon the dripping foliage and the resplendent plumage of the male. The Rose-ringed Parrakeet (Psz/tacula kramer ‘) is also a frequent visitor to the flowers, but as it destroys them by biting through (and also eats the pods), its services in pollination are doubtful. Owing to the length of the protruding stamens and the position of the style, it is however possible that those of surrounding flowers may come in contact with its plumage while it is busy biting one, and thus effect a limited amount of cross-pollination. . The flowers are also visited by Xy/ocopa and various other insects, and like P. segta they show adaptations both for bird and insect fertilization. Genus: BAUHINIA. According to Hooker, this genus contains 37 Indian species occurring in India including Burma, Malaya and Ceylon, with flowers white, yellow, and variegated red and yellow. In the open biossom, as in all papilionaceous flowers, the vexillum is erect and acts as a sign-board for visitors—insects as well as birds. The style is usually recurved at the tip and projects somewhat beyond the anthers, making the flowers suitable for cross-pollination by bird-visitors. , . 14. Bauhinia purpurea, Linn. | Flowers sweet-scented, deep pink—sometimes white—in terminal or axillary short-peduncled, few-flowered corymbs.. Petals 1:5” long x °5” broad; oblanceolate, with a long claw. Fertile stamens 3-4; filaments as long as the petals. | . Flowering Season: September-November (Talbot). 590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Distribution : Sub-Himalayan tract from the river Ravi eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft., Bengal, Burma, Central and Southern India. Cultivated throughout the Presidency, also probably wild in the dry.forests of the Deccan and Konkan. Visttors: The regular bird visitors observed by me, probing into flowers for honey, are the Sunbirds Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica. 15. Bauhinia racemosa, Lam. A small crooked bushy tree with drooping branches and bilobed leaves. Flowers whitish-yellow, °5” long in lax racemes 3-6”, Their structure is well-adapted for fertilization by birds. Flowering Season: March-June (Talbot). Distribution : Throughout the Bombay Presidency. From Punjab and Garh- wal to Ceylon and Pegu. Also China, Malay Isles and Timor. Visitors: Our two common species of Sunbird, ZL. aszatica and L. zeylonica have been observed by me as regular visitors to the flowers. [Altogether the genus Bauhinia contains about 250 species distributed over the tropics of both hemispheres. Three species occur in Australia and F. J. Bernay mentions in a letter to G. M. Mathews that Psztteuteles versicolor Bonap., one of the Trichoglosside, feeds chiefly on the honey of Bauhinia flowers in Richmond (N. Queensland). In the case of two American species, Lindman has recorded visits to the flowers by Humming-Birds. (77, pt. ti, p:. 190.) 16. Acacia arabica, Willd. Prickly tree with spiny branches and feathery leaves. Flowers bright yellow in giobose fasciculate heads, about °5” in diam. Stamens free, indefinite, exserted. Style filiform; stigma minute. |. Flowering Season: Rains, from June to October. Distribution : Indigenous in N. Deccan including Berar and Khandesh ; Rajputana, Gujerat and Sind. Several varieties. Visitors : Among the birds regularly observed on the flowers are the Sunbirds, Leptocoma astatica and L. zeylonica, and the Flower- pecker Lice@um erythrorhynchum. Also occasionally githina tiphia, but the latter probably in search of insects. In Sind, the race brevirostris of L. asiatica is a regular frequenter of the flowers. 17. Sesbania grandifiora, Pers. A short- lived, softwood tree, 20-30 ft. high. Corolla 3-4” deep white (or in 4&schynomene coccinea L. more or less deeply nage with red). The structure of the flowers. as in many of. the Papilionate is well adapted for pollination by birds, and I have no doubt that to a large extent they are ornithophilous. Flowering Season « November to February. Distribution: ‘Plains of the western peninsula (i.e. India proper); a doubtful native. Mauritius to N. Australia, but often cultivated’ (Hooker). FLOWER-BIRDS AND. BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 591) Visitors : I have observed the following species of birds feeding from the flowers in the neighbourhood of Bombay and in the Konkan: Corvus splendens Molpastes cater filathea jocosa Leptocoma astatica <3 zeylonica Acridotheres tristis Psittacula krameri (Destroys flowers ; value doubtful) With the Sunbirds, I have repeatedly found that they bore tiny -holes with their bills at the base of the corolla to get at the nectar, and the large number of flowers both on the ground and from the tree that were examined, almost invariably showed these ‘ short-cut’ punctures. N. K. Tiwary has pointed out (29) that the Red-vented Bul- bul, Rose-ringed Parrakeet and the Myna alsotake these short-cuts to the nectar. (The genus Sesbania Pers. contains about 24 species spread every- where through the tropics and subtropics. Hooker mentions + as occurring within Indian limits.) 18. Mucuna pruriens, DC. Hind. ‘Kawazj.’ An annual of wide-twining habit. Short-peduncled drooping racemes 6” tol’ long, bearing 6-30 flowers. Corolla dark purple, 1:5” long ; keel curved. Flowering Season: October-November (Talbot). Distribution: ‘From Himalayas, in the plains, to Ceylon and Burma. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. Often cultivated’ (Hooker). Visitors: The Sunbirds Leptocoma astatica and L. zeylonica regularly seen clinging upside down or sideways on to the flowers and probing into them with their bills. From the structure of the flowers, it appears very probable that these birds are instrumental in their cross-pollination and therefore in the propagation of this handsome-flowered, but pernicious, weed. _ (Hooker gives 10 Indian species of the genus Mucuna, Adans. including perennials as well as annuals. They all have large showy, usually purple flowers which turn quite black when dry. The pods are covered with brittle needle-like irritating hairs.) Order: MYRTALES Family: LYTHRACE 19. Woodfordia fruticosa, Kurz. Mahr. ‘ Dhaztz.’ A shrub with long spreading branches, brilliantly red with flowers in the hot season. Flowers scarlet, tubular, about 1” long. The ‘rim’ (or lobes) is greatly reduced, offering no alighting place for insects. The flowers contain a good supply of colourless and odour- less honey, and the essential organs are favourably placed for polli- nation by Sunbirds and Flowerpeckers. Flowering Season: Hot weather, March to May, 592. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Distribution : ‘ Throughout India, common; ascending to 5,000 ft. but not seen in the alluvial mud of Bengal, Baluchistan, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, China’ (Hooker) ; also Japan, Sumatra and Java. In the Bombay Presidency, the plant is common on the Deccan hills and in the Konkan, Bombay, Poona, Khandesh, N. Kanara near the sea coast. Visttors: I have noted the following species of birds paolme into the flower-tubes for the nectar : LEP iOloe astolica } Regular in the Kolaba District. * zeylonica : Leptocoma minima—(Partabgad Hill). LEthopyga stpharaja vigorsi—Frequently at Godbunder (Salsette). Diceun erythrorhynchum—Frequently on the hillsides at Salao (Kolaba Dist). For their visits the birds appear to prefer the morning hours upto about 11-30 a.m. when the sun is shining brightly upon the flower- laden shrubs. Ihave seen them, but less frequently in the afternoons also. {Ball has recorded constant attendance on these flowers by Z~. astatica in Chota Nagpur. (6; vol. 1, p. 397).] Family : COMBRETACEA 20. Calycopteris floribunda, Lamk, A dense and diffuse shrub with drooping branches, 6-12 feet high, often gregarious. Flowers sessile, yellowish-green in dense axillary raceines, crowded towards the ends of the branches so-as to form large panicles. The small flowers—each with a lanceolate bract —are very like those of Zerminalia and scarcely larger ; they enlarge later into winged fruit. They are almost entirely devoid of. smeil and contain a quantity of clear honey. (Plate IV, 4). : Flowering Season: March-April. Distribution: On hot hills 500-2,500 feet; abundant throughout the Deccan, and from Assam to Singapore. Visitors: The following species have -been commonly and regularly observed probing into the flowers, and doubtless assist in their cross-pollination : Leptocoma astatica Leptocoma zeylonica Prinia tnornata Family : MyRTACEA 21. Careya arborea, Roxb. ; A tree attaining 30-60 feet. Flowers sessile, large white and pink, a few together crowded at ends of branches. ‘They are of the orni- thophilous type named by Werth the ‘ Brush Type.’ (Plate IV, 3). ‘Flowering Season: March-April. Distribution: Throughout India upto 4,000 feet: from the Himalayas to Travancore and Tennaserim,. In Ceylon at moderate’eleyations, PLATE IV. JouURN. BOMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc. 1. Leptocoma asiatica on Moringa oleifera. 2. Flowers of Sterculia colorata. 3. Flowers of Caveya arborea. 4. Flowers of Calycopteris floribunda. (Photo 1 by Author, 2, 3, 4 by C, McCann), FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA BiSys) Vtsttors: ‘The following birds have been observed feeding regularly from the flowers : Acridotheres tristis LE thiopsar fuscus Pastor roseus Leptocoma astatica 5 zeylonica. {This tree belongs to a family which is large and well-represented in the Tropics. It contains many genera and species which are well known to be bird-poliinated. Among the species occurring in India and recorded as ornithophilous by Werth may be mentioned Jambesa vulgaris DC. (Eugenia jambos, Linn.) which, according to Brandis is _ indigenous in Sikkim and Terai, and Barvingtonia racemosa ce ) com- mon along the coasts in ental and elsewhere. Among the best-known ornithophilous plants of this family how- ever are the Eucalypti, of which numerous species have been introduced into this country. One of these, Aucalyptus globulus, Lab., which now flourishes on the Nilgiris has been recorded as being ‘visited by Sunbirds in South Africa (Marloth) and by Humming-Birds in Chile (Johow), and although I have no definite information, there seems no reason why birds should not act as pollinators in the areas where it has become acclimatized in India also. According to Swynnerton (Jour. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 1906, p. 409) a Pyenonotus also visits the flowers of EAucalyptus fictfolia introduced into South Rhodesia (Porsch). It is believed that the flowers of most of the moderate and large- flowered species of this genus are more or less exclusively ornitho- philous in the Australian Region which is their home. ] Order : GENTIANALES Family: ASCLEPIADACE 22. Calotropis procera, Br. A shrub 6-15 feet bigh. Corolla pale purple, 4”-2” in diam., of a wax-like structure, flowers in umbellate, axillary or terminal cymes. Corolla-tube broadly campanulate ; lobes # the corolla. - Flowering Season: Throughout the year. Distribution : ‘ Western and Central India ascending to 3,5C€0 ft. from Sind and the Punjab to Bihar and Bombay. Ava, Persia, Tropical Africa.’ (Hooker.) I have also seen it at Panchgani in the Western Ghats (4,400 ft.) near the top of Second Table-land. Visitors: I have observed the Sunbirds, Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica on the curious waxen purple flowers so regularly, and in so many different parts of the country (Sind, Hyderabad Deccan, the neighbourhood of Poona, Cambay (Gujerat), Bombay City and salsette, and at various places in the Konkan) probing into the biossoms, that I cannot but consider it reasonable to suppose that they must often carry the pollinia adhering to the feathers of the forehead or throat to other flowers and promote cross-pollination. As far as my observations go, the visits to the flowers are chiefly confined to the early morning or forenoon hours when the sun is shin- ing directly upon the plant. I have often noted that a particular plant 591 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV has its own particular individual visitor (or visitors), and that this forms as it were his preserve from which other comers are jealously excluded. Thus at Panwel (Kolaba Dist.),a plant growing close to the Inspection Bungalow was the possession of a male Leptocoma astatica in non-breeding attire whom I could recognize with certainty by certain peculiarities in his plumage. During the three or four days I occupied the bungalow, he alone visited the flowers of this Calotropis regularly, especially during the hours I have indicated above. While feeding, this Sunbird utters a double ‘ tweet-tweet.’ at intervals of a second or so, by which I was immediately apprised, in whatever part of the bungalow I happened to be, that my friend was on the flowers, and sure enough on every such occasion he was there ! One morning on the bank ofthe river at Panwel, I found eight individuals of this species on a single Calotropis plant which was blossoming abundantly (30-1-31). They were hopping about merrily from flower to flower probing into them with their bills, and often clinging to the branches upside down in the quest. The plant grew in a thoroughly exposed situation, as is its habit, and when the birds were on it, it was exposed to the full blaze of the sun (10 o'clock). In Sind, I have often found ZL. astatica brevirostris on Calotropis flowers, at great distances in sandy wastes where there seemed little else to attract the birds. Among insects Xylocopa is a regular attendant on the flowers. (C. gigantea, Br, will also no doubt be found to be visited by Sunbirds. ) | Order PERSONALES. Family : SCROPHULARIACEA. 23. Russelia juncea, Zucc. A tender shrubby plant with smooth, somewhat rush- like leaves, noddy or pendulous at the top. The dazzling scarlet tubular flowers, about 1” in length, have the rims or lobes greatly reduced, are odourless and rich in nectar, and in all these respects appear eminent- ly adapted for fertilization by Sunbirds. Flowering Season: Practically throughout the year. (Kihim, October- November Panchgani, May-June!) Distribution : A native of Mexico and Central America. A common orna- mental garden plant everywhere in India. Visitors: The flowers are a great attraction to Sunbirds, which visit them regularly in every garden. In Bombay City and North Konkan (Kolaba District) LeStocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica have been noted as the commonest visitors, and in Panchgani I have seen L. minima in addition to these. Porsch quotes Motley (Shelley ‘ Monograph of the Nectariniidee °) who also constantly observed 3 or 4 Cinnzyris pectoralis Bp. on a plant of this species outside his office window, hanging in all possible positions on the branches and probing into the scarlet tubular flowers. In spite of these seemingly suitable bird-visits, the plant has to be propagated in this country entirely by layering and cuttings as for some obscure reason it never produces seed. This is one of the FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 595 many examples of introduced species which in spite of all apparent facilities for cross-pollination fail to produce seed in the country of their introduction. Family : BIGNONIACEA, 24. Miiliagtonia hortensis, Linn. (Coloured Plate /.B.N.A.S., vol. XxXiv, p. 85). An erect tree upto 80 ft. high, lanceolate in outline, with drooping branches. The fragrant flowers grow in large panicles at the ends of the branchlets. Tiny bell-shaped calyx bears the slender tube-like flowers, 2”-3” long x ;, ”, white with a faint green tinge. The tube expands into the waxy white petals, sometimes flushed with pink. The four petalsare oval, pointed at the apex and the largest of them is deeply cleft. Four stamens crowned with yellow anthers. The style protrudes well beyond the anthers. Flowering Season: In Bombay, the Konkan, Hyderabad (Deccan) flowering commences in October and continues till December. In other parts of India, August-September. Distribution : Believed to be indigenous in the tropical forests of Burma, from Ava to Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula. Cultivated in many parts of India, and runs wild in many areas such as the Godaveri Valley, Central India. Frequently planted along roadsides, Visttors : ‘The. principal bird-visitors to the flowers noted in Konkan, Bombay and Hyderabad are the Sunbirds Leptocoma astatica and L. zeylonica which cling to the branchlets and probe methodically into the corolla-tubes for the nectar. In the evergreen forests of Tenasseriin (on the hills surrounding the Mining Company’s dan at Kanbauk), I also observed a great many Sunbirds probing into the flower-tubes. Owing to the height of the trees and absence of binoculars, I was unfortunately unable to determine the species. Curiously enough, the tree does not produce fruit in Western India or the Central Provinces. (Since this paper went to press, I have had better opportunities of observing the activities of the Sunbirds Leflocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica on the flowers of this tree. I find that while it is true that the birds occasionally probe into the tubes in the manner conducive to cross-pollination, by far the more usual methcd adopted by them is to get at the honey by boring short-cut holes with their bills at the base of the corolla-tube just above the calyx.) 25. Spathodea campanulata, Beauv. (Coloured Plates" S BON: Se WOl.exxxiy, p; 716:) Handsome, erect evergreen trees (except in the drier areas where leaves are shed for a few weeks) growing to 70 feet, with large pinnate leaves and very showy scarlet, bell-shaped flowers, mostly near the top. From its curving boat-shaped calyx, the flower emerges as a short tube which abruptly expands into a wide bell some 4” long. Lobes of flower oval and wavy-margined. Flower, orange at base deepening into brilliant crimson further up. Inside rich yellow, streaked with red. Four yellow exserted stamens tipped 96. JOURNAL; BOMBAY NATURAL FIST; SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV ‘with pendant brown anthers. The nectary glands exude a profusion -of nectar. 3 Flowering Season : In Bombay chiefly January-March, but also in the rains. In Ceylon throughout the wet season. Distribution : A native of tropical Africa. Introduced into Ceylon in 1873. Grown in gardens in India and planted as a roadside tree along many of Bombay’s thoroughfares, Lamington Road, Chowpati and elsewhere. - Visttors: The conspicuous large scarlet flowers attract many species of birds who may be seen probing into the ‘ bells’ to get atthe abundant nectar at all hours of the day, but specially from the early morning uptil 11-30 or so. Within City limits the birds usually seen “on duty’ are Corvus splendens, Acridotheres tristis and the Sunbirds Leptocoma zeylonica and L. astatica. On a magnificent specimen flowering in the garden of Khan Bahadur Bhivandiwalla at Uran (Kolaba Dist.) in January, I watched a company of birds feeding from these flowers through binoculars for a considerable time. In addition to the species already mentioned, there were in this assemblage Corvus macrorhynchus, A%thtopsar tuscus, Molpastes cater and Elathéa jocosa. . Through what agency the flowers are pollinated in their native country I donot know, but it is clear that.in India birds play an impor- tant part in their fertilization. My doubts as to whether this tree produced fertile seed in India were dispelled by Mr. D. S. Laud, the Superintendent of the Victoria Gardens, Boinbay, who informs me that the roadside trees in Bombay seed freely. These seeds are used for the propagation of plants on sale at the Gardens and show a high percentage of germination. At the Empress Gardens, Poona, also they collect their own Spathodea seeds for propagation purposes. In the face of this it is interesting to learn from the Curator, Government Botanical Gardens, Ootaca- mund, that this tree produces only a very few fertile seeds at Burliar— at an elevation of 2,500 feet in the Nilgiris—probably not more than 1 per cent. ; [In- the Buitenzorg Gardens in Java, Porsch (12) observed Sturnopastor jalla Horsf. and Pycnonotus aurigaster Vieill. quenching their thirst from the nectar of Spathodea campanulata flowers. | Family : ACANTHACEA. 26. Adhatoda vasica, Nees. Usually a dense shrub, 4-8 ft. high, sometimes arborescent and . reaching to 20 feet. Flowers white in dense axillary, peduncled spikes near the ends of the branches. Corolla1:25” long; tube°5” long, lower part cylindrical, inflated above. Filaments iong, curved. Flowering Season: Kolaba District, January. Distribution: ‘India from the Punjab and Assam to Ceylon and Singapore, common, frequently cultivated. Malaya and S.-E. Asia’ (Hooker). A common hedge-plant throughout the Bombay Presidency from Gujerat to North Kanara. Visitors: I first observed the Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica on some shrubs forming a roadside hedge in a village near Mahad (Koiaba District). Numbers of these birds were in constant attendance on the FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA ©. 597 flowers. Subsequently in other parts of the district, both this species and L. astatica were invariably seen feeding on nectar from the flowers. There is usually great rivalry between the two species, and even between individuals of the same species and many mock-battles and sorties ensue. Order : LAMIALES. Family : VERBENACEA, 27. Gmeliaa arborea, Linn. An unarmed tree, sometimes attaining 60 [t., deciduous, flowering with young leaves. Corolla brown-yellow ; upper lip shortly bifid, longer than lower. The rim of the flower is greatly reduced, and the position of the essential organs seems well adapted for bird- pollination. Flowering Season: March—April. Distribution: ‘Throughout the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequently extending to the foot of the N.-W. Himalayas, Chittagong, Malayan and Philippine Islands’ (Hooker). Visttors : On a tree flowering in the middle of March at Kihim (Kolaba District), the Sunbirds Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica were constantly observed hopping from branch to branch, probing into the tubular nectar-bearing flowers throughout the day. 28. Duranta Plumieri, Jacq. Familiar ornamental shrubs planted in gardens and as hedges. Bright heliotrope-coloured flowers in drooping bunches, succeeded by orange-coloured berries of the size of a pea. Flowering Season: Chiefly during the rains, simultaneously with the appearance of the new leaves on the bare branches, cr soon after. Distribution > A native of South America. Found in gardens all over India and planted as roadside hedges. Visitors: In the Kolaba District and in Bombay City and suburbs Leptocoma asiatica and L. zeylonica have been observed as constant visitors to the flowers, probing with their bills into the tubes for nectar. In Panchgani Leptocoma minima has been noted as aregular attendant besides. The corolla-tubes are short and the stamens and style not sufficiently exserted to permit of their coming into contact with the forehead feathers. Jf the birds are instrumental in cross-pollination, which I consider more than probable, the pollen must be transported adhering to their bills of which not more than 4 can be inserted into the flower. The pollen grains of Duranta under a microscope appear thus: Fig. 3. Fic. 3. Besides the Sunbirds, a number of insects have been noted on the flowers, principally Xylocopa (amethystina ?) and bees (spp.?) 598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Order: CURVEMBRYAE. | Family NvyCTAGINACEA. 29. Bougaiavillea spectabilis, Willd. A large, thorny, extensively climbing shrub. Flowers in profusion, small pale yellow supported by large purple or magenta-coloured bracts, in groups of three. Flowering Season: Hot weather. Distribution : A native of Brazil. Found in gardens all over India. Visttors: The flowers are in regular and constant attendance by Sunbirds of which I have noted (according to locality), the following species carefully through glasses, probing with their biils deep into the flower-tubes and sipping the nectar: Leptocoma astatica a zeylonica re minima tthopyga stparaja vigorst _ Although the flowers appear in every way suitable for pollination by Sunbirds, this climber also fails to produce seeds in this country. What appears surprising is that Bougaznvillea lalerita, bear- ing brick-red bracts, which is sometimes considered only a variety of spectabilis, is reported by the Superintendent, Victoria Gardens, Bombay, to produce seed. Order : ACHLAMYDOSPOREAE. Family : LORANTHACEZ. (Tree Parasites.) (The genus Loranthus contains, according to Hooker, altogether some 350 species exclusively tropical and sub-tropical. He gives 58 species as occurring within Indian limits, besides 13 doubtful and excluded. The flowers are classified by Werth (22) into the ornitho- philous type which he names ‘ Explosive Flowers ,* and to which many of the African Lorvanthi also belong.) 30. Loraathus longiflorus, Desr. Var. falcata. Kurz. Corolla tubular, 1”—2” long, pink or yellowish-white. ; Flowering Season: ‘Throughout the year, most abundantly in the cold weather. Distribution : Deccan Peninsula, Ceylon. 31. Loranthus langeniferus, Wight. Corolla 1:5” long, tube dilated upwards, red below, green above, anthers reddish; style red. Flowering Season: April, May, June. (Talbot) September (Kihim!). - Distribution : Hills of the Konkan. 32. Loranthus loniceroides, Linn. Corolla 1-1:15” long; -tube funnel-shaped; pink: | anthers orange. Flowering Season: February to May (Talbot); June, July (Panchgani !). Distribution : From the Konkan to Travancore, W. Ghats, Nilgiris, Ceylon, FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS 1N INDIA 599 33. Loranthus scurrula, L. var. cordifolia, Blatt. Corolla greenish-yellow, about °5” long; filaments flattened, crimson. | - Flowering Season: November-February (Talbot) ; June, July (Panchgani!) Distribution : Common throughout India, Ceylon, Malaya. Variety found in the W. Ghats. 34. Loranthus obtusatus, Wall. Corolla red outside, dark purple within. Flowering Season: March to May and September. Distribution: Konkan, W. Ghats, N. Kanara. 35. Loranthus cuneatus, Heyne. Corolla tube slender, upto 1” long : greenish yellow outside, orange akin Stigma red. Leaves small and ovate closely resembling those of Oszris arborea, in appearance. Flowering Season: November-December (Talbot); June, July, August (Panchgani). Distribution: W. Peninsula, Ceylon. I have shown elsewhere? how admirably adapted the flowers of Loranthus longiflorus, Desr. are for fertilization by the Nectariniide and the Diceide. Their structure is such that the mature buds wither and fall away without opening, unless and until external pressure is exerted on their tips by the bills of the visitors which alone can cause them to fling open. No insect can get at the nectar contained in the corclla-tubes until the buds are opened. The shape and size of the flower constitutes a perfect sheath for the bill of the Sunbird, and the style which overtops the stamens is so placed that it cannot but brush against the forehead of the probing visitor. In the act of nectar-eating, the anthers carrying the ripe pollen lie flat against the forehead feathers of the visiting bird thus smearing them with a liberal coating of the golden dust which is subsequently transferred to the proiruding stigma of the next flower visited. ~All the Loranthus species above named possess the same spring or ‘explosive ’ mechanism in their buds, and consequently the agency of the birds is indispensable for their pollination. Without their intervention, it is obvious that the parasites would soon die out completely. I believe it is the conspicuous yellowish, reddish or coppery tinge of the Loranthus leaves which plays the role of poster-signs, making the clumps of the parasite stand out clearly from amidst the surroun- ding foliage of the host, and thus helping to attract the attention of foraging birds from a distance. Visitors: The birds responsible for the fertilization of evan thts flowers in the Konkan are: Leptocoma astatica * a zeylonica * e lotenta * Diceum erythrorhynchum * LEsthopyga stparaja vigorst (in wooded country). Wl DarlNe ILL be Se VOL XEXV)) Po i4o., 600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Eisewhere on the Ghats, Mahableshwar, Panchgani, etc., I have in addition noted Leptocoma minima as a very common and regular visitor to the flowers, and a White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) shot off a clump of Loranthus scurrula in the act of springing the buds open and probing for nectar, was found to have some of the characteristic winged pollen grains adhering to its forehead feathers. The only bird outside the typical nectar-eating families observed on Loranthus flowers (scurrula) is Molpastes cater, several pairs of which I have often watched through binoculars for prolonged periods, hopping from one cluster to another parasiting on a Ficus retusa at Panchgani, busily engaged in nipping the mature buds open and probing into the corolla tubes for nectar. The tube in the species named is slender but is slit down for more than half its length, thus enabling the somewhat heavy bill of the bulbul to reach the honey. On one or two of the birds there was clearly visible a whitish streak running from the base of the bill over the forehead towards the crown where the pollen was adhering. There was a Flowerpecker feeding on another Loranthus scurrula clump on the same tree, and I noticed that whenever he flitted across to the clump occupied by the bulbuls, the latter immediately assailed him and drove him off. © A very remarkable case frequently quoted to show the correlation ‘between the geographical distribution of ornithophilous flowers and of their particular pollinating agents, and the complete interdependence between the two, is that of the Sunbird Crzzzyris osea and Loranthus acacie Zucc. in Palestine. It is significant that the northern distribu- tional boundary of the Wectariniide (extending from Senegambia to Kordofan, Nubia, Abyssinia, Palestine, Baluchistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Siam, Cochin-China and up to the Philippines) corresponds more or less exactly with the northern limits of the best known ornithophilous plants such as Musa, Loranthus, Hibiscus (?), Bombax, Erythrina, Kigelia and perhaps also Rhododendron. The only region in Asia above this line i.e. above 30° N.Lat., where a member of the /Vectari- niide occurs is Palestine. Coane osea, the species in question, is found as far north as the Genazareth Sea and perhaps farther. Its principal distributional area however is in the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea, where strangely enough is also found, transgressing its usual bounds, a species of Loranthus, Z. acacia, Tee - The distribu- tion of this plant as given by G. E. Post (Lora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, 1896), overlaps completely that of Ciz2yrzs osea and shows the symbiotic relationship between the flower and the bird. _ [According to Engler (Engler-Prantels Nat. Pflanzenfam. iii, 1, p. 184) Loranthus acacie, Zucc. is found in Nubia, Palestine and Aes It also occurs in Arabia (Hadramaut). Reichenow gives the distribution of Cixnyrzs osea (Die Vogel, Handb. d. system. Ornithologie, ii, 1914, p. 487) as Syria, Palestine and Arabia. Porsch (14, pt. i, p. 234) states that in Palestine it is the oniy Sunbird and ensures the pollination of the Loranthus. Hart (7) also remarks on the occurrence together of Loranthus acacie Zucc. and Cinnyris osea in the Sinai Peninsula, where the former parasites on tamarisk and Zizyphus. He procured specimens of this Sunbird and found their long bills covered with pollen of the tubular flowers for probing which they are well. adapted, and surmises that the plant is dependent FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 601 for the fertilization of its flowers on the visits of. this species. Over other portions of the range of Loranthus acaci@ various other Cinnyris spp. also act as pollinators]. . Clear-cut instances of this kind of symbiosis between Humming- birds and the bird-flowers they chietly frequent are well known, and it has likewise been pointed out that the disappearance of the Honey- eaters Anthornis melanura and Prosthemadera nove-zealandie in the Auckland Islands (south of New Zealand) at the southernmost extremity of tree-growth, would spell the speedy extinction of Metro- sideros luctda and Dracophyllum longttolium whose flowers are depen- dent for their fertilization exclusively on these species. I feel confident that intensive study of the subject in India will lead to much interesting knowledge concerning the connection between flower-birds and the geographical distribution of bird-flowers. Loranthus flowers with their bird-operated explosive mechanism and their undoubted ornithophilous character might well afford a suitable starting point for such an investigation. Another interesting investigation which the subject of Ornithophily opens up, and on which little or no work has been so far done in India, is as regards the shape and structure of polien grains. It is likely that a careful study may reveal special adaptations for ensuring the adherence of the pollen of highly organised ornithophilous flowers to the feathers of their bird-visitors. Thus, according to Stresemann (17, p. 451), the pollen grains of Phrygilanthus and other ornithophilous Loranthi in Santiago are equipped with tiny wing-like processes which make it easier for them to cling between the barbules of the bird-feather than it would be for round-shaped grains. I have examined the pollen grains of Loranthus longittlorus, L, scurrula and L. cuneatus microscopi- cally and find this peculiarity to hold — good in the case of these Indian. species also. A diagram of their structure is given here. (aig. 43). In all three species they are identical “in shape but in cuneatus they are about one-third larger than in the other two. The shape of the pollen grains has obviously a direct connection with the fact that all the three species are highly adapted bird-flowers. I found the pollen grains of ZL. longzttlorus to be indistinguishable trom those of L. scurrula. Fic. 4, MONOCOTYLEDONES. Order : CALYCINA. Family: PatmMa. 36. Cocos nucifera, Linn. The Coconut. Palm. | Flowers unisexual, male and female on the same spadix. Flowering Season : Practically throughout the year. Distribution: ‘Cultivated in the hot damp regions of Tadic eee: and Ceylon, especially near the sea ; (indigenous in the eee: ae eal North Andamans, Kurz). All tropical shores’ (Hooker),- 602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Visitors: Ihave time and again observed both Leptocoma astatica and L. zeylonica on the spadices of the flowers at most hours of the day. At Kihimin December, two or three birds of the latter species were watched on the same tree day after day early in the mornings, just before sunrise, when the dew was yet so heavy that it dripped from the leaves. That they were taking off the dew from the blossoms I have no doubt, but whether they were instrumental in transferring the pollen to the female flowers, it was not possible to ascertain. Hume, Davidson and so many other observers in India have repeatedly recorded these and other species of Sunbirds attending on the coco- nut inflorescence, and it would be interesting to discover the true significance of these visits. Little is known about the pollination agencies of this palm, though insects are believed to operate, and Hermann Miller (7, p. 562) on the authority of Delpino also states that the flowers of Cocos are anemophilous. ) The following is a list of some of the more familiar genera and species of plants occurring in this country as indigenous or well- established exotic species whose flowers have been referred to as entirely, or in part, ornithophilous in the literature I have consulted on the subject. 37. Ceiba pentandra, Gaertn. (= Ariodendron anfractuosum, DC.) 38. Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Lamk. (I have often casually seen Diceum erythrorhynchum among the branches of this mangrove in the tidal swamp at Rewas (Kolaba Dist.) but not noticed it feeding from the flowers.) 39. Quamoclit coccinea, Moench ( = /fomcéa coccinea, Linn.) 40. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb. 41. Sophora, Linn. (Hooker mentions about 10 Indian species. Flowers showy yellow or violet- purple, racemed or panicled.) 42. Salvia, Linn. (Many indigenous species, mostly Himalayan. I have frequently noticed Sunbirds on the scarlet flowers of Salvia splendens, a familiar introduced garden plant which has been recorded by W. Trelease (Amer. Natur. vol. xv, pp. 265-69, 1881. Bot. Centralbl. No. 50, 1881), as Humming-bird-fertilized. 43. Lonicera, Linn. (Many species in India). 44. Leonotis nepetefolia, Br. 45. Lobelia, Linn. (Many indigenous species). 46. Canna indica, Linn. (Sunbirds commonly seen on flowers). 47. Musa. (Hooker gives three species: faradisiaca, Linn., fextilis, Nee., and ° sapientuim, Linn.) 48. Ambherstia nobilis, Wall. FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS ININDIA 603 49, Vitex pubescens, Vahl. 50. Lumnitzera coccinea, Wet. et Arnott. 51. Sonneratia acida, L. f. 52, Gloriosa superba, Linn. 53. Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. 54. Eucalyptus globulus, Lab. and many others of this genus. LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED TO BE REGULAR FLOWER- FREQUENTERS* Order : Passeres Family : CORVIDZ 1. Corvus macrorhynchus Lesson, 1*, 2, 8*, 9, 11*, 25. Dig na Splendens Vieillyl* 2, 8", 11"; 175-25. 3. Dendrocitta rufa Latham, 1, 2, 8. 4, Crypsirina temia Daudin. (Observed by E. Henricks on red flowers of cotton tree in Henzada Dist., Burma, Bombax malabaricum ? ) Family : TIMALIIDA 5. Zurdoides terricolor Hodgs 8, 6. - sontervillet Sykes, 1, 2, 8*, 9, 11. 7. Xiphorhamphus supercitiaris Blyth. (Meinertzhagen, Ibis 1927, p. 575, notes that near Darjeeling, a pair used to visit a red cotton tree in bloom and studiously probe the flowers.) 8. Dumetia alboguiaris Blyth, 1, 2, 8*. 9. Chrysomma sinensis Gmelin, 1, 2, 8*, Sub-Family : LEIOTHRICINA: 10. &githina tiphia Linn., 8, 16, 1i. Chloropsis aurifrons Temm. and Laug. 8*. 12. Chloropsis jerdont Blyth, 8*, 9. (As noted by Porsch, Chloropsis hasa feathery tip toits tongue. The tongue is bifurcated at the tip into two sets of bristles which roll over each other to form atube. Theentire length of the organ, moreover, is concave on the upper side forming a channel. Observation and study is necessary to determine the significance of this.) Family : PYCNONOTIDZ 13. Microscelis psaroides ganeesa Sykes (Noted by Betts, .B.V.H.S., vol. xxxiv, p. 1027, on Erythrina flowers). 14. WMolpastes cafer Linn. 1*, 2, 8*,:9, 17, 25, 33. Sue Zilotfea jocosa. Linn. 1*,.2,8*, 9; 17, 25. 16. Pycnonotus luteolus Lesson, 1, 2, 8*. Family : TURDID Sub-family : PHd2NICURINZ 17. Copsychus saularis Linn. 8*. Sub-family : TURDINZ 18. Zurdus merula nigropileus Lafresnaye 1*, 2, 8, 9*. Family : MUSCICAPIDA 19, Muscicapula tickellié Blyth, 8. 20. TZchitrea paradisi Linn. 8. 21. Hypothymis azurea Boddaert, 8. 22. Leucocirca pectoralis Jerdon, 8. Family : LANIIDZ 23. Lanius schach erythronotus Vigors, 8 Family : DICcRURIDA 24. Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1, 2, 8*, 9. 25. ee caerulescens Linn. 1, 2. Family : SyYLVIIDZ& 26. Orthotomus sutorius Pennant, 1*, 2, 8*, 9. 27. Prinia socialis Sykes, 1. 2, 8. 28, ; tnornata Sykes, 8, 20. 7 Numberts after species refer to foregoing list of plants. 2) 604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Family : ORIOLIDZ 29. Oriolus oriolus kundoo Sykes. 12585 30. », «anthornus Linn. 1, 2, 8, Family : STURNIDZ 31. «Pastor roseus Iainn. I*, 2; 8*, 20. 32. Sturnia malabarica Gmelin, 1*, 2, 8*, 11. 33. Temenuchus pagodarum Gmelin, 1, 2, 8*. 347% Acridotheres (ristis Vanna 14,42, 8% 9, le li eleeco: 35. thivpsar fuscus Wagier 1*, 2, 8*, 11, 21, 25. Family : PLOCEIDZ 36. Ploceus philippinus Linn, 1, 2, 8*. 37. Uroloncha malabarica Linn. 8. 38. ie striata Linn, 8. Family : FRINGILLIDZ Sub-family : FRINGILLINZ 39. Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus Blyth, 6, 8*. 40. Gymnoris xanthocollis Burton, 1, 2 8. 41. Passer domesticus Linn. 1, 2, 8. Family : ZOSTEROPIDAz 42. Zosterops palbebrosa Temm. and Schlegel, 1, 2, 6, 8, 33*: Family : NECTARINIID Sub-family : NECTARINIINZE 43. &thopyga siparaja vigor si pyKes, de 2-3, 8,19; 29:5 44. Leptocoma lotenia Linn. 1, 2, 3, 8*, 9, 30*, 31, 45, 3 asiatica Latham, 1, 2, 3: 4, 5, 617100, 910s dl 12 ee Se. 155 LG aceh7% 18, 19, 20, oe 22,°23, 24, Ze, 26, 27,728, 29, 30* O19.325 33,36, Ooo te. 46. Re minima Sykes, 3, 19, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42. 47, = zeylonica. Linn. 1%, 12,°3,°4; 0, 70"; Oy Os l2 Sa 163.17, 18, 495. 203-215 228-235 245525, 9262 eo coe o0 37, 32,33, 34; 35,) 305.42. (The above family is represented in India by 5generaand 23 species with numerous sub-species. They are distributed in almost every part of India, Burma and Ceylon, and are the most important pollinators of flowers among the birds.) Family : DICHIDA 48. Diceum erythrorhynchum Lathan, 5, 16, 19, 30*, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35. Order: Coraciifcrmes Sub-Order: Picr Family : PICID2 49. Brachypternus benghalensis Linn. 8. Sub-Order : CUCULI Family : CUCULIDZ Sub-family : EUDYNAMINZ 50. Eudynamys scolopaceus Linn. 8. Sub-Order : PSITTACI Family : PSITTACIDZ Sl. Psittacula krameri Scop, 1, 2, 8*, 13, 17. 52, Coryllis vernalis Sparrman, 8, — LITERATURE J. Baker, E. C. Stuart: Fauna of British India—Birds. Second Edition Vols. i-viii, London (1922-1930). 2. Blatter, E. and Millard, W.S.: Some Beautiful Indian Trees, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vols. xxxiii et seq. 3. Gardener, Leon: Ox the Tongue in Birds, Ibis (XII Series) Vol. pp. 185-196 (April 1927). 4. Hart, H. C.: On the Botany of Sinai and South Palestine. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxviii—Science. — Dublin (July 1885). Biles & 15% 16. ays 18. 19. 20. 21. Seana hayes Se FLOWER-BIRDS AND BIRD-FLOWERS IN INDIA 605 Hooker, J.D.: ae of British India, Vols. i-vii, London (1872- 897). Hume, A. O.: Stray Feathers, Vols. i-xi. Knuth, Paul: Handbook of Flower Pollination, Vols. i-iii. Translated by J. R, Ainsworth Davis, M.a., Oxford (1906). Miller, Hermann: The Fertilisation of Flowers. Translated and edited by D’Arcy W. Thompson, B.A., London (1883). Neger, Fr. W.: Biologie der Pflanzen, pp. 649-652. Stuttgart (1913). Porsch, Otto: Blutenstinde als Vogelblumen, Oesterreichische botanis- che Zeitschrift, pp. 125-149 (1923). A Zukunttsautgaben der Vogelbluimentorschung aut Grund neuesten Tatbestandes, Die Naturwissenschaften, Vol. xii, part 47, pp. 1-21 (1924). Vogelblumenstudien J, Jahrbticher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik, Vol. lxiii, pp. 553-706 (1924). sp Die Bedrohung der Lebensgemeinschatt Blume und Vogel, Bulentinul Facultatii de Stiinte din Cernduti, Vol. iii, pp. 192-207 (1929). Kritische Quellenstudien tiber Blumenbesuch durch Vogel, Biologia Generalis, Part J, Vol. ii, pp. 217-240 (1926) ; Part IZ, Vol. iii, pp. 171-206 (1927) ; Part ZI/, Vol. iii, pp. 475-548 (1927); Part ZV, Vol. v, pp. 157-210 (1929) ;- Part V, Vol. vi, pp. 133-246 (1930). Schnarf, K.: Vergleichende Charakteristik der Vogelblumen, Jahres-- bericht des k.k. Staatsgymnasiums im Bezirke Wiens uber das Schuljahr, 1912-13. Singh, T.C.N.: A Note on the Pollination of Erythrina indica by Birds, Jour. Bom. Nat. Hist. Society, Vol. xxxili, pp. 460 et seq. (1928). Stresemann, E.: Handbuch der Zoologie—Aves. Parts i-v, Berlin and Leipzig (1927-1929). Talbot W.A.: Forest Flora of the Bombay Presidency and Sind, 2 vols. Poona (1909). Tiwary, N. K.: A Note on a short-cut to the Honey in Sesbania grandt- flora, Jour. Ind. Bot. Soc., Vol. v, pp. 121-123 (1926). Re A Note on the Flowers of Tecoiia rvadicans, Jour. Ind, Bot. Soc., Vol. viii, pp. 78-81 (1929). Werth, E.: Kurzer Uberblick tiber die Gesamtfrage der Orntthophilte, Botanische Jahrbtcher, Vol. liii, pp. 314-378 (1915). MEASUREMENTS AND NOTES ON SOME LITTLE-KNOWN. CEYLON MAMMALS. Collected at West Haputale, Ohiya. (Altitude 6,000 feet.) BY A. C. TUTEIN-NOLTHENIUS, F.Z.S. (With I text-figure). The following notes have been made while collecting small mammals for Scientific purposes, in the country and jungles adjoining West Haputale estate. The estate lies hidden in one of the deep valleys on the southern face of the mountain range, some 1,000 feet below the Horton Plains, and so far very little collecting of small mammals had been done. The altitudes proper run from 4,000 feet to 6,000 feet and higher. The average rainfall is about 110 inches, October to December being the wettest months during the North-East monsoon. The 8.-W. is dry and very windy. The jungles surrounding the north and east sides of the estate are for the most part high and heavy virgin forest with its usual vegetation. Lower down the patnas border the estate, while in the ravines and along the boundaries much Paspalum grass is grown. Nearly all trapping was done round and near the main bungalow, situated at an elevation of 6,000 feet. Coconut was mostly used as bait, while various shrews were trapped by using meat. I have to thank Mr. W. W. A. Phillips, for having initiated me in this very interesting study, and for all the help and advice he has so freely given me, reading my notes and identifying specimen collected. GENUS: RATTUS. Rattus ohiensis. Phillips. The Ceylon Bi-coloured Rat. Collected and described by W. W. A. Phillips, F.z.s., in the Ceylon Journal of Science, section B., vol. xv, part ii, p. 167. Type.—An adult male, caught on December 1 1928, at West Haputale, Ohiya, in the province of Uva, Ceylon. The type is in the British Museum. AMJzasurements of the type are— Length of head and body see oO mam Length of the tail ... saa OTE es Hind foot ee alee a ee ee Ear wee SPS ay AA) i Description.—This very pretty animal is about the same size as the common house rat but it is more slender in shape and much finer looking. The face is long and pointed, the tail much longer than the head and body. Ears are large and naked. Fur short, very soft, rather woolly on the underparts. Feet are covered with very fine fairly stiff hairs, small tufts of stiff hairs above the whitish claws. - Whiskers are numerous and very long. Tail scaly and covered with minute hairs. Colour.—Upper parts of the head and all over the back, darkish slate grey to black or blueish black. Underparts pure snow white, with a very sharp dividing line where the darker fur meets the white, starting on the lower jaw and running down tothe root of the tail. The snout is light biue-grey and sometimes slightly pinkish. Whiskers black, intermixed with silvery ones. NOTES ON SOME LITTLE-KNOWN CEYLON MAMMALS 607 Most noticeable is the coloration of the tail in all specimen. It is truly bi-coloured, the exact upper half over the entire length of the tail, being darkish dull black, the under half being pure white. The type specimen showed only some pure white at the extreme tip of the tail, but since then several specimen have been collected with a pure white end to the tail, measuring from 25 to 30 mm. in length. I had an idea this might be a sign of age, but most of those specimen, examined by Phillips, proved to be adults. Habits.—At the time Phillips collected the first single specimen, now known as the Type, it was thought that the species which had never been seen before in this neighbourhood, was uncommon, but later experience has proved that it is by no means rare round here, between elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Below 5,000 feet no specimen so far has been collected. Sometimes three or four were brought in on one day, all trapped with coconut, near or in the jungle surrounding the bungalow and gardens, a few were trapped between the tea bushes, while one (No. 50) was caught actually in the bungalow. Sexual differences.—Appear to be very slight, but the female averages slightly smaller in size. Identification.—This rat is very easily identified by the very noticeable, typically bi-coloured tail, and the pure white underparts. Parasites.—A few minute red ticks and very rarely a flea. Feeding .—Stomach contents so far have only shown vegetable matter. Remarks.—Nothing as yet is known about its breeding habits ; several males in ‘rut’ have been collected but none of the seven females appeared to be pregnant. All specimen given in my list were collected during May and July. Phillips remarks that it would appear that this rat is allied to Aattus niviventer, the White-bellied Rat of the Himalayas. The species being new, I give acomple-list of all the different micas Urementst Measurentents : Coll. Head and : Hind Number. body. Tail. foot. Ear. Sex, 28 161 182 33 22 a 29 146 180 34 25 2 34 142 185 33 22 of 3d 146 170 31 20 a 38 161 177 34 2 3 41 166 173 30 ZY a 42 140 176 31 21 a 44 142 166 32 19 a 45 149 178 32 21 rei 47 167 193 34 21 a 50 165 178 33 23 2 57 125 148 28 19 Q Th 134 160 31 20 é 82 167 196 35 22 dé 108 162 187 33 22 a 109 149 170 33 21 dé 114 154 186 32 1622 a 116 140 185 34 2) a 121 175 191 33 21 a 122 164 190 35 22 a 124 137 162 30 21 fe) 125 140 173 30 20 ra 127 161 188 34 20 a 129 163 192 32 22 a 136 155 180 33 20 ee 137 140 168 31 20 a 140 146 180 32 20 J 141 eet 172 31 19 J aE LAE ATI RR SN EAT UI STE ELE GL LIE ESE TEE LENE PLT NEED SRE LEER TIES EPITOME EG s a EIB CN IED BT EN 608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Coll. Head and s Number. body. eee 142 140 180 Sil 19 3 143 143 184 sy 20 3 145 140 172 31 20 3 -146 138 162 30 19 zs 154 125 163 32 20 res 159 141 189 32 20 3 166 “alas 178 31 21 2 167 155 185 31 20 & 174 144 191 32 21 ee 178 180 191 32 23 3 186 167 192 33 22 a 187 148 IIS) 32 22 Q Average 33 males 150°39 179°87 32°24 20°72 Average 7 females 145°57 °° 170°00 31:28 ZAe28 GENUS: RATTUS. Rattus rattus kelaarti The Ceylon Highland or Kelaart’s Rat ; The Common Rat. Rattus rattus kelaarti. Phillips. Ceylon Journal of Science, Sect. B., vol. xiv, part ii, p. 264. I do not propose to describe in detail this common Ceylon up-country rat, so well known to, and so very much disliked by every one who has had to spend some time of his life in an up-country bungalow. The damage this small, prolific rodent does, is well-known and truly amazing. I have known it gnawing wooden picture frames hanging against the wall, and silver mustard pots having been scratched by the sharp little teeth. It seems to have a great liking for flowers left overnight in a room, specially carnations which it tears into tiny little bits and leaving them all over the place. One particular old female here made it a habit to decorate her nest with sraall objects which it carried or dragged every night from the mantelpiece, going so far as to take away and use a box of gramophone needles, a ‘mushroomed ’’ rifle bullet, and a smallivory tortoise. Phillips gives the average measurements for 9 males, as— length of head and Bede Be eehe ol ssoy seay en's length of tail fim eke Ono Wh a, hind foot a aie een amoiles AY ear Br we coe i SEE! 3 and the average measurements for 5 females, as— length of head and ee a 14955 an. length of tail tog wee ORA fen, hind foot aes ae fe O04 Pe ear Ra ey 0 es The average Peau remente of specimen collected here, are— head and tail pay ear body ~ 31 males bee el do270 168°00 30°09 LOW77 25 females .. 149°20 180°64 30°40 19°84 Parasites.—Several large fleas have been collected off these Kelaart’s rats and will be examined and identified, as it is thought that some of these parasites are peculiar to up-country districts. NOTES ON SOME LITTLE-KNOWN CEYLON MAMMALS 609 GENUS : C@LOMYS. Coelomys mayori. ‘Thomas. Mayor’s Spiny Rat. 1915. Celomys mayort, Thomas. Journal B. N. H. Society, vol. xxiii, p. 416. The genus is peculiar to Ceylon. W.W.A. Phillips, Ceylon Journal of Science, section B , vol. xiv, part 2, p. 275. Type Locality.—Pattipola, Central Province, Ceylon. (Elevation 6,000 feet, about 10 miles from here. a.c.t-n.) . Specimen of this small jungle rat were collected for the first time by Major W. E. Mayor, in 1915, at Pattipola, Ohiya, and on the Horton Plains, elevations from 5,700 feet to 7,000 feet. It appears to be fairly common in the jungles round here. Phillips gives the measurements of one male, as— length of head and body ae. LOZ onan. length of tail an get OO hind foot sete a dlee Oly ae ear pe oe: My averages for 20 males, mie a hindfoot measurement of 23°30 mm. and a fair measurement for identification is 23 mm. for the hindfoot, twenty-five out of thirty-two specimen measured show an exact 23 mm. Identtfication.—The small size, half the size of a common Ceylon rat, the very rough, harsh and spiny fur (hence its name of Spiny rat), and the hindfoot measurement of 23 mm. Fur.—Upper hairs or fur, distinctly rough and hard, numerous stiff and longer ‘spines’ interplanted, underfur very soft and short wool. Fur on underparts softer and short. Minute hairs on the feet. Tail scaly with minute hairs. Whiskers numerous and fairly long. Ears naked. Colour.—General colour of upper-parts darkish, reddish brown to black, the spiny hairs sometimes silvery grey, more often quite black. The softer fur . tipped reddish brown, giving a somewhat ‘speckled’ appearance to _ this little animal. Feet grey, tail dusky with slightly lighter coloured underside. Ears dusky to black. Underparts brownish grey. There are said to be only two species of Coelomys in Ceylon, Coelomys mayori, and Celomys bicolor, as the name of the latter implies, of a distinct coloration, the underparts being pure white. : C. bicolor, so far has been found only up to an elevation of some 3,000 feet, while C. mayori is confined to the higher altitudes, but just lately a specimen was collected here with distinctly pure white underparts ; most unfortunately it (No. 54), could not be preserved. In practically every specimen collected, the ears were covered with several, small or quite large, warts of a dirty greyish colour. Habits.—This small rat seems to be fond of living in high, damp jungle, generally prowling about near the trunks or stumps of large or dead trees, or near and under boulders and rocks where the vegetation is rank and damp. All, so far, have been trapped with coconut, while stomach contents showed tiny seeds and vegetable matter. Parasites.—Every specimen swarms with numerous minute red or grey ticks. Sexual differences.—None noted, probably the female is slightly smaller in build. No outward signs of ‘‘ rut’’ were noted in any of the males taken. Measurements : Coll. Number. eenie. | Tail. | Hind foot. Ear. | Sex. 2 90 92 23 i Q 3 80 90 23 18 2 10 100 ~ 90 23 18 2 18 107 101 23 aly; 2 19 85 85 23 15 Q 610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV SS ZS RSE SS ES nS SS Coll. Number. ee and Tail. | Hind tome bare Sex, y. 20 100 82 23 17 ars 22 93 94 23 16 2 23 80 72 22 12 © 35 102 101 22 17 9 43 100 85 23 18 3 46 88 93 23 17 eae | 49 87 112 25 18 oe noe 53 96 109 23 17 p teihaons A 54 99 89 23 18 Q 55 110 100 23 19 -, 56 95 90 23 14 3 60 101 99 23 16 Q 62 97 85 23 15 3g 63 105 99 24 17 Ban 8] 92 93 23 16 3 94 103 104 24 16 Creer 123 116 98 24 17 | so 126 105 88 23 18 Q ea 139 103 96 23 16 See 152 101 100 23 14 ae 153 94 102 23 16 Q 160 96 100 23 Cs hae, 164 94 98 23 18 sere 165 88 102 23 16 3 | 168 101 96 - 23 15 3 169 98 91 24 16 3 185 100 95 23 16 3 Average 20 males, 98°50 96°65 23°30 16°20 Average 12 females, 94°66 91°58 22°83 16°66 GENUS: GOLUNDA. Golunda ellioti newera. Kelaart. The Nuwara Eliya Bush-Rat. . Golunda ellioti. The Indian Bush-Rat. Blanford, No. 299, p. 437. Golunda ellitott newera. The Nuwara Eliya bush rat. Phillips, Ceylon Journal of Science, section B., vol. xiv, part 2, p. 280. Size.—Size of body about the same as asmall Common Ceylon rat, but of a far heavier, more compact, square and clumsy build. Head short and rounded, not pointed or like the snout of a common rat. The tail very short, thick and stumpy, legs and feet short and small in comparison with the size of the body. Ears small and hairy. A very distinct type and form of animal, very different to the ordinary rat. Fur.—Fine, fairly thick and long, intermixed with many long piles, specially over the centre of the back and towards hinderpart ‘of body. Feet and ears are covered with short thick hairs; tail scaly, with many short stiff hairs. Whis- kers short, very fine and not numerous. The skin is very tender, easily torn and extra care must be taken when skinning and preserving these small mammals. Specimens collected here, were all in very fine condition and showed layers of thick, white, and very greasy fat when being skinned. They have a fairly strong and quite peculiar smell, very different to any rat or mouse I have handled. . “NOTES ON SOME LITTLE-KNOWN CEYLON MAMMALS 611 Colour.—Upper parts darkish brown, intermingled with reddish-yellow, finely speckled all over, which gives a very pretty appearance. The longer piles are coal black. Underfur is soft and of a dirty blue-grey colour. The underparts are a dirty grey, yellowish blue, and quite distinctive. Teeth are orange yellow. Ldentification.—This bush rat is easily identified, (specially if once ‘ handled) by the very short, thick tail, the squat clumsy and heavy, soft body. Even when dead for some time, the body feels much softer to the hand than the fairly hard, stiff body of a common rat. Remarks.—At one time this rat seems to have been fairly numerous, and was well-known:to the older generation of planters as the ‘ Coffee rat’, which did considerable damage to the young coffee plants, buds and blossoms of the coffee tree. At the present time it does Hot seem common round here at all, while I much doubt if many of the present-day planters have ever come across or seen this one-time enemy and serious pest... Personally I had never seen one here during the last thirteen years and was most interested when at last some specimen of this pretty little animal were collected, and duly identified for me by Phillips as the Nuwara Eliya bush-, or Coffee-rat. The seven specimens taken ‘here so far, were all trapped with coconut, one being caught by the garden cooly, allin very high and long Paspalum grass which borders the boundary of the high jungle near;the gardens, Thestomach contents make me believe that they too have a great liking for the cabbages in our vegetable garden. They are said to often live in pairs, but I have been able to take only two maies during the last two months. | ee Bo eel ERR Bdsm UE Measurements - Phillips gives the averages of 3 males, as— length of head and Eh ae fo aloo. . Min, length of tail ... - se ec lo -mm: _ hind foot ai Set aoa ioe 2/- mam: COLT ces ee Rear: ate .17°6 mm. and the measurements for one female, as-— length of head and body eS, sa pecta Olt, Stain. length of tail ... ies ee -t,-3¢ 100%2 nm. hind foot abe see sais See eeioee 2 ams Gate fas: fe eee ae sere JOg™ allatiie Measurements of specimen collected here, are— a eae | ee | Be ee 1 oe Mat ah 45 91 25 201. = Q 149 140g. Dp Sse: a —_< Y 644 \ A : g ¥ iS S s SS w“ SS S Yryt iia Ky n set B a 24 Hy TAG Dy Ot oa! B se = === <> =D Qa 2: tO ees Ota 3 Ss x Oe ox \ SE CAS 4 YY Varanus flavescens. KX | ba of seNNe. sy eo asocb Poe Be oe \ a en: ak $4 sa Das Ga ee, wes ya i atanpe é . N AEN = ide CJ (za) YL KN = PROV YS A 3 Use Smears: g f REE ees: = pede, . OC) cr} 2 ) i PSV ) De. My s 490 Oroseg oe. PSO WISER SO re ET 8 Ilieuceeerarenerte || S yy SARI YF weir He ROUT TA weeeall Diwerspetraructenssessn| Ny " WY es 6% a in By rs .’ v4 HH fe) Gers AG eae Varanus salvator. 5. MONITORS. Varanus nebulosus. 4. ce 5s ee a ee trae: mn SOME NOTES ON THE MONITORS 617 among the snakes. The parallel however is generic only and not specific. Draco dussumteri occursin southern India as far north as Madras, D. maculatus and D. norvilli are found in Assam, the former ranging over the whole of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. Cylindrophis maculatus inhabits Ceylon, C. rufus, Burma, Siam and the Malayan subregion. (Plate, Fig. 5). Mr. He. ©. smith, ina recent article in this’ Journal® (xxxiv, pp. 367-73), has given much interesting information upon the habits of the Burmese species. Of the habits of the species in India nothing has been written. All the Monitors are carnivorous and they are usually prepared to devour animal food of any kind that they can overcome ; indeed, it is astonishing considering the non-distensible nature of their jaws what large prey they can swallow. Birds and their eggs, small mammals, reptiles, fish, crustaceans and even large insects are all readily devoured, and they are not averse to eating carrion. V. salvator, when it lives on the coast, spends much of its time hunting along the shore when the tide is out in search of crustaceans and molluscs. With the exception of V. griseus all the Asiatic species are good climbers and take readily to water. V. monitor and V. nebulosus are both experts at climbing and can ascend the trunks of large trees with surprising ease and rapidity, depending for their hold upon their strong claws and the roughness of the bark. The two species are very closely allied, V’. nebulosus being apparentiy the Malayan representative of V. monitor, replacing it in southern Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula. The habits of the two are alike. As far as I am aware, they are the only two Asiatic species that are systematically hunted for their flesh. The natives of Siam hunt V. nebulosus with dogs in precisely the same manner as the Burmans hunt V. monitor (H. C. Smith, p. 369). V. prastnus from New Guinea is said to be entirely arboreal in its habits and its bright green hue is no doubt a protective coloration, the result of environment. V. salvator is more aquatic in its habits than the other species and is thoroughly at home both in fresh and salt water. In the Gulf of Siam I have seen it swimming between islands that were well overa mile apart. V. dumeriliz no doubt also swims from isiand to island in the Mergui Archipelago. V. gr7seus is said to dislike water. Whether it drinks it or not I cannot say but in the desert country in which it lives it must often have to go long periods without water. V. sal- vator can be found on Islands where there is no fresh water except that which is provided by the rain during the wet monsoon. ‘The common African Monitor (V. xzloticus) is said to be able to remain under water for one hour. In disposition the Monitors are rather timid. When cornered, shee have the habit of inflating the body with air and expelling it with a loud and deep hiss, at the same time lashing furiously with the tail. They seem in fact to rely far more upon the tail as a weapon of offence than upon the teeth, though they are capable of giving a very severe bite. Of their powerful claws with which they could inflict considerable injuries they make no use. Owing to the size to which the Monitors grow, the preservation of Specimens-in the field; except very young ones, is not an easy 618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV matter. Dried skins are not satisfactory. The best method that I know of is to skin the creature, leaving the head, feet and end of the tail untouched, and then preserve it in spirit (70 per cent) or formalin (2 or 3 per cent).: A large skin, when carefully rolled up, can by this means be accommodated in a comparatively small space. Care should be taken, if formalin is used, to transfer the skin to alcohol as soon as possible. The type of Vavanus Merrem 1820 is Lacerta varia Shaw. The Stellio of Laurenti 1768 however has no designated type, and as the genus contains three species which are undoubtedly Monitors, one of which might be selected later as the type, it is necessary to deal with it if the name Varanus is to be preserved. In answer to a Jetter of mine upon this point which I wrote to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, of the United States National Museum, he has sent me the following, and with his permission I publish it here :— ‘Replying to your letter with regard to the type of S¢e//zo Laurenti, I will simply quote from an old MS. of mine, which I think covers the case. This MS., which was intended as a critical study of all the genera in Laurenti’s book with type fixations and synonymies, has been lying unfinished in my desk for. many years waiting for a chance tocomplete it. The part covering the present case runs as follows :— ‘ Stell7o Laurenti includes eight nominal species, none of which can be accepted as type ‘ solely upon the basis of the original publication ’ (Intern. Code, art. 30, I,a-d). As none of the eight spevies are exclud- ed from consideration in determining the type (same art. II, e-d) and as nobody apparently has selected as yet a type for Laurenti’s Sted/io (in contradistinction to S¢e//zo Schneider, 1792, or Stel/zo Latreille, 1802) it seems that I am at liberty to designate the type (same art. g). None of the Recommendations of the Code, appended to art. 30, has any direct bearing on the peculiarities of this case. ‘The eight species named by Laurenti were all unknown to him except from Seba's figures and descriptions. Of these there is no difficulty in identifying Stellio saurus, S. salvator and S. salvaguardia respectively as Varanus niloticus, V. salvator and V. monitor (= ben- galensts) of authors. Authors likewise agree that Laurenti’s Szedlio punctatus is a skink, viz. Linne’s Lacerta punctata= Eumeces punctatus of Duméril and Bibron—Lygosoma punctatum of Boulenger. ‘If Laurenti’s Szed/7o were to be restricted to any of these species, it would supplant either Vavanus or Eumeces or Lygosoma respect- ively, as Sted/zo is the older name, a calamity to be prevented if possible. ‘There remain four species, however, the identification of which is more or less doubtful, viz. Stellio saxatilis (Seba, II, 79, 4) | Stellio tessellatus (Seba, I, 76, 2) ‘ Habitat in Virginia.’ Stellio viridis (Seba, I, 75, 2) ‘ Habitat in Virginia.’ Stellio thalassinus (Seba, I, 110, 4 and 5) ‘ Habitat in India orientali.’ The first one Merrem (Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 52) renamed Agama tetradactyla because it is distinguished by having four toes on fore- feet ; the second and third he considered identical and renamed the ss ee SOME NOTES ON THE MONITORS 619 compound Lacerta longicauda ; the fourth one he referred to Varanus dvacena (= Varanus niloticus) with a query. ‘No one has recognised the Agama or the Lacerta since. An inspection of Seba’s figures shows that Merrem’s guesses were not fortunate. In the first place, Nos. 2 and 3 cannot weli belong to the same genus, as the former has smali head scales and a serrated upper edge to the tail, and the latter has large head shields and no upper tail edge. The former may be some Iguanoid, while the latter shows a certain resemblance to 7upinambis teguixin. The fourth is almost certainly not a Varanus, and while not showing any shieids on the head might with greater probability be referred to Amefva. His guess as to the first would seem to be nearer to the truth, especially when one considers the wide limits of the genus Agama, as he understood it, but the character insisted on in Seba’s description as well as plainly shown in the figure, viz. only 4 fingers renders any attempt at identification futile. ‘ Under these circumstances rather than to cause a wholesale mix-up of names current for acentury, it seems the better policy to select as the type one of the unidentifiable names, a procedure calculated to lay the specter of Ste//éo becoming active again in herpetological nomenclature. With this in view I designate Stel/io saxatilts Laurenti the type of Ste//zo Laurenti, Syn. Rept., 1768, p. 56.’ I cannot agree with Dr. Stejneger and other authors that Laurenti’s Stellio salvaquardia, based on Seba I, 101, represents Vavranzs monitor. The position of the nostril alone, which is at the extreme tip of the snout, is sufficient to justify this view. Lacerta dracena Linneus, II, 1766, p. 360, referred by authors, with a query, to V’. monttor = bengalensts, is in the same position, for it is based upon the same figure in Seba’s ‘ Illustrations.’ On the other hand, Laurenti’s Stellio thalassinus, based on Seba. IJ, 110, 4 and 5, might well stand for Varanus monttor. 10 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIMLA HILLS BY G. W. V. DE RHE-PHILIPE, F.E.S. Pact au (Continued from page 429 of this Volume) LYCAANIDZL This family, which includes all the Blues, Coppers and Hairstreaks, is, as might be expected, very well represented in the Simla Hills. The palearctic element, which prevails in Kashmir and to the North-West, is here still very strong ; but a number of Indo-Malayan forms are aiso to be found. Speaking broadly, the species of the Lycenine group affect the open spaces—gardens, meadows and grass-lands and are, for the most part, rather common and much in evidence ; while the insects of the other groups keep to the forests and wooded valleys and nullahs and have to be searched for. 152. Castalius rosimon rosimon. Pepriciie. (Bine. 766; deN. 759-7bv. Hi4gdh): This beautiful blue belongs rather to the plains of Southern, Central and Eastern India than to the hills. It is not particularly common so far to the north-west, but some may be found along the foot of the hills-at almost any time of the year. 153. Tarucus theophrastus nara. Kollar. (Bing. 762 ; deN. 752, 753; Ev. H15 (2) ). Common in the plains and submontane tracts, less so in the hills. Anyone looking out for blues is, however, sure to pick up several each year. Is more often seen after the rains and flies in gardens and round meadow flowers. 154. Tarucus venosus. Moore. (Bing. 763; deN. 7573: Ev J EUlos(3))): Considerably rarer than the last, but taken occasionally in the valleys below ~ 5,000 ft. I have it from the Sutlej] below Narkanda (September) and from the valley below Kasumpti (October). 155. Euchrysops cnejus. Fabricius. (Bing. 761 ; deN. 745-749 ; Ev. H16 (1) ). Very common in the plains and the outer hills, less so in the inner hills to about 8,500 ft. Flies summer and autumn and, like other species of the group, is fond of fields and roadside hedges. Euchrysops pandava pandava. Horsfield. (Bing. 760 ; deN. 750 ; Ev. H16 (3) ). Recorded from the Himalayas, but the Simla Hills seem to be rather beyond its extreme westerly range. It is rare in the Mussoorie Dun where I have taken only one or two, but may possibly extend along the lower hills into our limits. I have noticed that it is fond of leguminous trees and shrubs. TE PORPERELIES OF CHE SIMLA HILLS >= 63¢ 156. Everes argiades diporides. Chapman. (Bing: 735; deN. 716; Ev. H17 (1) ). Probably more common than would appear from the number actually caught, but it is a small inconspicuous insect which escapes notice. I have taken a few, usually in meadows, in the autumn months between 6,500 and 9,000 ft. *157. Everes dipora. Moore. (Bing. /Jo-n eI. 710.. loveehil7 (2). )e The recorded range is from ‘ Kashmir to Northern Burma’, but seems to be very rare in the Western Himalayas and not common anywhere. I have. no personal knowledge of its appearance anywhere west of Sikkim. 158. Lycenopsis (=Cyaniris) vardhana. Moore. (Binge. 685; deN.. 675; Ev. E120) (2) ). ' Not uncommon in this district at elevations between 6,000 and 9,000 ft. and the observant collector will usually secure all the specimens he needs. There were one or two places about Mashobra, Mahasu and Kufri where I generally found quite a number at some periods of the year. May and June are the best months, but a few may also be seen after the rains. Likes wooded surroundings as arule, and I have noticed that the Pierid, Gonepteryx zaneka, is often foun in the same spots, 159. Lycanopsis albeceerulea. Moore. (Bing. 689 ; deN. 678 ; Ev. H20 (6) ). This species is here at its western limits and is distinctly rare in the Simla Hills. My notes show only one taken on the road to Chail in October. 160. Lycenopsis puspa gisca. Fruhstorfer. (Bing. 691 ; deN. 681 ; Ev. H20 (15) ). This butterfly, which is so common. in most places within its range, is comparatively rare in these hills. Is rather more likely to be found in the lower valleys, but has been taken in Simla and as high up as Kufri and Fagu. Summer and autumn. is el. _ Lycaenopsis cardia dilecta. Moore. in a (Bing. 701 ; deN. 689 ; Ev. H20 (18) ). Like albocerulea, is here at the western limits of its range and is very rare. I can record one specimen only, a worn male taken near Kufri village in October. ; 162. Lycsenopsis huegelii huegelii. Moore. (Bing. 704; deN..690 ; Ev. H20 (19) ). No one who takes the least interest in the Simla butterflies can help noticing this beautiul blue. It abounds at nearly all times from March right on to December, flying about the gardens, roadside hedges and shrubs and the sunny clearings in woods. I have seen it as low down as Dharmpore (3,000 ft.) and have taken it at 12,000 ft. on the summit of Huttoo. 163. Lycanopsis argioius celestina. Kollar. (Bing. 703 ; deN. 688 ; Ev. H20 (20) ). Common from the spring to the late autumn and found very neariy evsry- where except deep forest from 2,000 to 12,000 ft. 622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 164. Lycena astrarche. Bergstrasser. (Bing. 705 ; deN. (as szedon) 647 ; Ev. H23 (9) ). Very plentiful from spring to autumn and to be seen even on warm days in the winter months. Likes open, sunny places and flutters about gardens and the low vegetation along the roads and in meadows. 165. Lycena galathea galathea. Blanchard. (Bing. 716 ; deN. 665 ; Ev. H23 (15) ). Common in Kashmir, but getting rarer towards the east and distinctly uncommon here. It will be confined to the inner hills. I know of one or two taken beyond Narkanda. Is mainly a spring and early summer butterfly. *166. Lycsena pheretes lehana. Moore. (Bing. 719; deN. 664 ; Ev. H23 (16) ). A species of the high mountains of the interior. It is not likely to be found in the Simla Hills much below 10,000 or 12,000 ft. and must therefore be looked for on the ranges beyond Narkanda and Baghi. * 167. Lyc@na eros ariana. Moore. (Bing. 709; deN. 649; Ev. H24 (2) ). I have not taken this myself within our area, but it is not uncommon in Kulu and Laboul and is said to come down to 8,000 ft. in Kumaon so it should certainly be found. I expect the best place to look for it would be in the grass country round Matiana, Narkanda and Baghi in the early summer. 168. Chilades laius laius. Cramer. (Bing. 728; deN. 672; Ev. H21 ). A very common butterfly in the plains and fairly plentiful from spring to autumn in the tracts at the foot of the hills wherever the lime trees grow. Does not, to my knowledge, extend any distance into the hills. “169. Zizera trochilus trochilus. Freyer. (Bing.7/29 ; deN. 673+) Ev. H22.(1) 32 Is generally common in grass country in the plains and lower hills, though it is usually overlooked owing to its very small size and insignificance. I have not taken it inside our district but it is certain to be found in suitable places round Kalka. 170. Zizera maha maha. Kollar. (Bing. 721; deN. 694; Ev: H22 (2) ). Very common in the plains and in the country bordering on the plains throughout the year. Extends, though not quite so abundantly, into the hills to at least 9,009 ft., especially in the autumn months. Flies weakly about sunny gardens and grass slopes. 171. Zizera lysimon. Hubner. 172. Zizera gaika. Fabricius. 173. Zizera otis otis. Fabricius. (Bing. 722-24; deN. 699, 702, 703; Ev. H22 (3 to 5) ). All these three are really butterflies of the plains, but spread into the outer hills and will be found round Kalka and probably as far as Dharmpore and Solon. Rough grass country is the place to look for them. ah Ide octet THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIMLA HILLS 623 174. Syntarucus plinius. Fabricius. (Bing. 764; deN. 758 ; Ev. H27). Not uncommon before and after the rains but, like many of the less prominent blues, often escapes notice. Flies about gardens and shrubs and bushes in the open. 175. Catachrysops strabo. Fabricius. (Bing. 759; deN. 743; Ev. H28 (1) ). A plains insect and more or less common along the lower hills, but also found occasionally in Simla and beyond up to nearly 10,000 ft. Spring to autumn. 176. Lampides (=Polyommatus) beticus. Linnczus. (Bins. 772; deN. 767 ;° Ev. 1129). Common up to 10,000 ft., summer and autumn. The specimens found in the hills do not seem to run to the same size as in the plains where it literally swarms in the spring months. *177. Nacaduba nora. Felder. (=ardates. Moore.) (Bing. 746; deN. 730; Ev. H30 (14) ). Nacaduba dubiosa indica. Evans. (Eyv- 130) (45).,). Nacaduba noreia hampsoni. DeNiceville. (Bing. 743; deN. 732; Ev. H30 (16) ). The Nacadubas are a difficult genus and Evans’ recent rearrangement has meant some reshuffling of the names under which some species were listed by the older authorities. ‘The three mentioned above are the only ones likely to be found in our limits. DeNiceville records ardates from Poonch in Kashmir, but I can find no other definite report of any of them having been taken quite so far to the west. I have nora (or ardates) from the Kumaon and Garhwal terais and hampsoni from the Mussoorie Dun, but these are the nearest localities Ican vouch for. They may possibly turn up alone the foot of the hills ; but will, in any case, be very rare. Jamides bochus bochus, Cramer. (imo sg/Ol; deNiasoos, dve7 Eo ()i)): Jamides celeno celeno, Cramer. (pinge: Zoo, GEN. 7357 bv. Hs (6): ). Both these are continental and eastern Himalayan and, as far as I know, there has yet been no definite record from the Simla Hills. Both are to be had in the Mussoorie Dun and their appearance a little bit further west is a possibility. They would only be found in damp, wooded places at the foot of the hills. 178. Azanus ubaldus. Cramer. (Binge (29 deN 107; Ev. H32°(1).). 179. Azanus uranus, Butler. (Bing. 726; deN.-708; Ev. H32 (2) ). _ Both these species are fairly common in the Punjab plains and extend a little way into the outer hills, but are much scarcer. They will be found, usually in the autumn months, around the babul trees in the jungle near Kalka, 624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURALIST; SOCIETY. Vol Vey *179. Azanus jesous gamra. Lederer. (Bing. 727; deN. 709; Ev. H32 (4) ). -A much rarer species of the genus and one I have not taken anywhere in India. It is more a southern and western India insect, but deNiceville records it from Ambala and there is just a chance it may be found with the other two near Kalka. 180. Heodes (=Chrysophanus) pavana. Kollar. (déeN 3879) Shv. 35761) 9), ‘Very common, spring to autumn, from 6,000 ft. to the inner ranges. It may be seen every day in gardens, round road side vegetation and in sunny meadows. 181. Heodes phleeas indicus. Evans. Heodes phtlueas flavens. Ford. These are two very slightly differentiated forms of the species- more familiarly known to us as phlwas timeus. Cramer. Very common at all times except the midwinter months, zuzdicus predominating in the outer ranges and f/avens in the interior, though they overlap considerably. *182. Heodes kasyapa. Moore. (deN. 881; Ev. H35 (7) ). This beautiful ‘ Copper’ is common in Kashmir, less so in Lahoul and Kulu, and very much scarcer further east. Has been recorded by deNiceville as taken ‘on the Himalaya Tibet road near Simla’ and Evans extends its range to Mussoorie. I have never taken it myself in the Simla limits nor heard of a capture within recent years. On the analogy of its habits in Kashmir, it is most likely to be found in the summer in open spaces in woods at elevations of not less than 8,000 ft. and should be looked for in such surroundings in the Matiana-Narkanda-Baghi country. . 183. Heliophorus (= Ilerda) sena. Kollar. (deN.-883 ; Ey. H36 (1) ). Very common spring to autumn. Flies round low vegetation by road sides and in meadows and waste ground. 184. Heliophorus odaoda. Hewitson. (deN. 885; as tamu ; (Ev. H36 (4) ). Common in Kashmir and fairly so in Kumaon, but seems to be rare in the intervening country. I have taken it on Summer Hill and in the Mahasu woods, but saw very few in the course of all my butterfly collecting in Simla. I have seen it only in the spring and summer. 185. Heliophorus androcles coruscans. Moore. (deN. 887; Ev. H36 (5) ). This beautiful insect, very aptly called the ‘Green Sapphire’ by Evans, is not uncommon in the summer months, though it also flies, much less frequently, after the rains. I found some of the nullahs on the north side of the Mahasu ridge were good spots for this butterfly, but it also comes sometimes into gardens. *186. Strymon sassanides. Kollar. (deN. 862; Ev. H39 (1) ). Is said to be not rare but somehow I have never come across it. Its real home is further to the north-west. a od THE -BULTERELIES: OF THE SIMLA HILLS 625 *187. Euaspa milionia. Hewitson. (deN. 876; Ev. H41) ) Another not uncommon butterfly which, however, I was never able to find. DeNiceville records it as single brooded and flying in May and June. I under- stand it keeps to damp and shady surroundings where there is bush growth. 188. Theclaicana. Moore. (deN. 871 ; Ev. H42 (1) }. I have a male from Narkanda taken in August, and Col. Evans has caught it on Kufri Hill, also, I believe, in the autumn. The late Col. Chaldecott took several on the Jalauri Pass in August and September. Is not common any- where. 189. Thecla bieti dohertyi. DeNiceville. (de.N. 872 ; Ev. H42 (2). ). Ranges ‘from Kulu to Garhwal’ but appears to be confined to the inner hills. Col. Chaldecott took a few on the Jalauri Pass at 10,500 ft. in August. This is the only definite record I have of its actual appearance in our neighbourhood. *190. Thecia ataxus ataxus. Doubleday. (deN. 865 ; Ev. H42 (4) ). Is said to occur from Murree to Kumaon, but is a very rare butterfly which I have not come across. 191. Thecla birupa. Moore. (deN. 870; Ev. H42 (12) ). Simla is the western limit of the range of this species and, though fairly common in Kumaon and the Mussorie hills, it is distinctly scarce in our area. I have taken only one or two, flying round the small brown oaks on Kufri Hill in June. 192. Thecta sylasyla. Kollar. (deN. 869 ; Ev. H42 (14) ). The only really common species of the genus in Simla and the neighbour- hood. It will be found in nullahs and wherever there are oak trees, from 6,900 to 10,000 ft. Flies both before and after the rains. 193. Thecla ziha. DeNiceville. (deN. 874 ; Ev. H42 (18) ). Another very rare butterfly. I know of only one taken in Simla and I myself have not seen it. All the records point to its being a summer butterfly. 194, Chaetoprocta odata. Hewitson. (deN. 877; Ev. H43), If you can hit upon one of the walnut trees which this little chap has taken into favour, you will get as many as you want in an hour or two. It does not, however, distribute itself generally over the country and is abundant only for a very short season in June. *195. Curetis acuta dentata. Moore. (Bing. 774; deN. 858; Ev. H45 6) ). This is an insect which has hitherto been looked on as a variety of the changeable C, 6u/zs, Doubleday and Hewitson, but Evans has recently separa- ted it as a distinct species. zlzs itself has been reported from Mussoorie, but I do not think it is likely to be found as far west as Simla. DeNiceville has 626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vel 2Ceu, recorded dentfata from Mandi and it is certainly common in the Mussoorie Dun. I can trace no definite record of its appearance in the intervening country, but have no doubt it will be found in the lower hills and valleys. 196. Iraota timoleon timoleon. Stoll. (deN. 775, 776 ; Ev. H46 (1) ). deNiceville records this from Dalhousie and Dagshai and I got a dwarfed and worn specimen one May on the Kasauli road above Kalka. It is always rarein this part of India. 197. Arhopala (= Amblypodia) dodonza, Moore. (deN. 817 ; Ev: H50 (S51) ). 198. Arhopalaramarama. Kollar. (deN. 807 ; Ev. H50 (52) ). These two, which have at various times been taken to be dimorphic forms or as the male and female of the same species, are so similar in their habits and haunts that they might well be dealt with together. Their respective specific rank is now well established, but they have much in common and they are often, in flight, mistaken for each other. Both are particularly addicted to wooded nullahs where there is running water, and they frequently settle on damp patches of ground and on the bushes round. They are usually common in such surroundings ; but both, and especially yama, may also be found in oak woods and flying into gardens. The best season is before the monsoon, dodon@a usually appearing a trifle later than the other ; but they also fly, rather less commonly, from August to October. 199. Arhopala ganesa ganesa. Moore. (deN, 836 ; Ev. H50 (66) ), Habits and seasons much the same as those of the last two species. Its special haunts are damp, shaded nullahs in wooded country, but it may some- times be taken round oak trees. May and June are the best months, but individuals may cecasionally be seen till October. *200. Surendra quercetorum quercetorum. Moore. (deN. 778 ; Ev. H51 (1) ). Evans gives the Dun as the westerly limit of the range of this butterfly. Itis comparatively common there in low jungle along the foot of the hills. Though there is no authentic record of its appearance further west, I shouid not be surprised if it yet turns up in the very similar country round Kalka. * 200. Apharitis lilacinus. Moore. (deN. 907; Ev. H57 (3) ). This is really a Central India butterfly, and I was very surprised to see that Col. Evans mentioned Hardwar and Kasauli as places where it had been taken. I include it in the list on his authority, but its appearance here must be very exceptional. 201. Spindasis (=Aphneus) vulcanus vulcanus. Fabricius. (deN. 903 ; Ev. H58 (1) ). Mainly an insect of the plains, but will always be found, though never plenti- fully, in the lower hills from Kalka to Dharmpore and Sabathu and, rarely, even as high up as Simla and Mashobra. I have taken one or two specimens in June. It keeps to open, sunny surroundings and flies about shrubs and low trees. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIMLA HILLS 627 * 202. Spindasis ictis ictis. Hewitson. (deN. 914; Ev. H58 (5) ). I have not seen this in the Simla district. DeNiceville records it from Mandi in the Western Himalayas and it should occur but must be very rare. 203. Spindasis elima uniformis. Moore. (deN. 919 ; Ev. H58 (6) ). Said to be not rare but I have only come across it once in our area when I took a specimen on the eastern slopes of the Chail ridge in June. It is fairly common between Mussoorie and Chakrata in the autumn and, since it extends to Kashmir and Chitral, one would expect to pick it up more frequently here. Like all the Spzudasis, it flies fast and settles unobtrusively and calls for a quick eye for detection and capture. * 204. Spindasis nepalicus nepalicus. Moore. (deN. 923 as zaffra; Ev. H58 (8) ). deNiceville has recorded this insect from Kulu in June and Mackinnon from Mussoorie in May. It is rare and I have not seen it within the district. Spindasis lohita. Horsfield. (deN. 910 ; Ev. H58 (12) ). DeNiceville refers to /ofzta as being found throughout the Himalayas, while Evans states that the Himalayan local race, Aimalayanus, Moore, is to be found only from Sikkim eastwards. I have taken one or two of the /ohzta group at Ranibagh in Kumaon, but I doubt very much whether any will be found as far to the west as Simla. 205. Pratapa (=Camena) icetas icetas. Hewitson. (deN. 897 ; Ev. H61 (5) ). A rarity throughout its range from Kashmir to Kumaon. DeNiceville mentions captures on Tara Devi. Coming to more recent years, my notes record three only—two on Summer Hill and one at S. Damiano, Mashobra. These three were all in open spaces in woods between June and August. Tajuria cippus cippus. Fabricius. (deN. 931 as Jonginus ; Ev. H65 (6) ). Tajuria is a genus which belongs rather to the Eastern Himalayas and Malaya and cippus is the only one of its species at all likely to be found so far west. It is stated to occur throughout the outer Himalayas, but I cannot trace any authentic record of its appearance in the Simla Hills. I have taken it in Kumaon and know of a capture near Saharanpore. It may turn up at lower elevations in the District. 206. Horaga onyx onyx. Moore. (deN. 960 ; Ev. H82 (1) ). Kulu, Kangra and Dehra Dun are all mentioned as places where this butter- fly has been taken, so it should occur in the intervening tracts. I have seen one in acollection at Simla but the exact locality was not given. I have not myself found it in this part of the country, and it is presumably very rare here. * 207. Horaga viola. Moore. (deN. 965; Ev. H82 (4) ). A species which ranges from Kangra to Burma but is rare everywhere. I have never found it in the Simla Hills and cannot trace any definite record of a capture here, 628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 208. Deudoryx epijarbas ancus, Fruhstorfer. (deN. 986 ; Ev. H88 (1) .). Not uncommon in June and July. Though strong and rapid fliers, they are easy to catch as they are fond of coming into gardens and settling on flowers. I took several in this way. 209. Virachola perse perse. Hewitson. (deN. 1013; Ev. H89 (3) ). Occurs from Kangra eastwards, but is very rare here near the westerly limit of its range. One taken ‘somewhere near Kalka’ by a soldier collector is the only actual case of capture in the district that I know of. It is elsewhere fond of guava plantations, and these will be the best places to look forit. Will not usually be found much above the 3,000 ft. level. * 210. Rapala varuna grisea. Moore. (deN. 999; Ev. H90 (10) ). A rare butterfly. I have only taken it at low elevations in Kumaon, but there is a record of a capture in Kangra and it should be found in the country between. * 211. Rapala melampus. ; Cramer. (deN. 1006 ; Ev. H90 (15) ). Occurs at low elevations from Murree eastwards, but is rare west of Mussoo- rie. I have not taken it in the district. 212. Rapala nissa nissa. Kollar. (deN, 1002 ; Ev. H90 (18) ). Quite the most common Potceneatic of the genus in the Simla Hills. They were sometimes to be taken in plenty dashing round and settling on low grow- ing shrubs in some of the wooded nullahs behind Jakko and Mahasu in June and July just before the rains. Occasionally come to the flowers in gardens. I have not seen it below 6,000 ft. in the Simla Hills. 213. Rapala micans selira. Moore. (deN. 990; Ev. H90 (19) ). Not uncommon. May, between May and September, be picked up at any time and anywhere except very bare country. Seems to be specially attracted by wild indigo flowers. Does not appear to venture below 5,000 ft. and will probably be found up to 10,000 ft. * 214. Sinthusa chandrana chandrana. Moore. (deN. 1017 ; Ev. H91 (2) ). *215. Siathusa nasaka pallidior. Fruhstorfer. (deN. 1015; Ev. H91 (3) ). Both have been recorded from ‘ Kangra to Kumaon’ and as being rare. I have not found any of the genus anywhere west of Sikkim. They appear to fly only in the spring and summer and will probably not be found below 5,000 ft. HESPERIDA The Siinnc ae as a general rule, receive very little attention from the ordinary collector. The butterflies of which the family is composed are, witha few exceptions in the Indo-Malayan groups, small, dingy and. inconspicuous REE RODE RIES: OF Title SIME A AILS 629 insects. Only a small proportion of the numerous species display any partiality for open country or venture into gardens and habited places. Most of them and all the finer species, avoid flying in the open and prefer to hide in wooded ravines and forest clearings which are not easy of access. ‘Several species fly only in the early mornings or in the dusk of twilight. It is therefore not a matter for surprise that the family should be poorly represented in most collections. Only in the Natural History museums and in the larger specialist collections is it given the place it should have ; and even these are often not as complete as their curators would wish. It is possible that greater interest might have been stimulated had either DeNiceville or Bingham been able to complete their works on the butterflies of India. But neither ever reached the Hesperide ; and the few collectors who did take notice of the skippers had to work under handicap. Watson’s Hesperide Indice furnished descriptions, but it lacked a key and, in the light of our later knowledge, was very incomplete. He later supplemented the book with a key which appeared in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society in 1895; and this, with the Revzszon of the Oriental Hesperide published by Elwes and Edwards in the Transactions of the Zoological Society in 1897 provided the means for diagnosing and recognising the various members of the family. Unfortunately these and the notes and descriptions of genera and species which appeared from time to time in the Journals of the Bombay N. H. Society and in other scientific magazines and proceedings seldom reached the ordinary collector. We are in a better position now. Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica has been completed though its expense puts it beyond the reach of most ; and Evans, in his Jdentification of Indian Butterflies has, after much research, worked out a comprehensive and up-to-date key which will be invaluable. A handbook with descriptions of species is, however, still badly wanted ; and it is to be hoped that the Fauna of /ndia series will soon be completed to meet the need. The North-West of India—plains and hills—~is not a prolific Hesperid country. Still Evans, whom I follow throughout in the list below, has been able to specify thirty species as occurring in the stretch from Kangra to Mussoorie which includes the Simla Hills. It is probable that some others, either of the Palearctic type of the north and north-west or of the Indo-Malayan groups which extend into Kumaon and Mussoorie, will yet be discovered in the Simla district. Information as to the habits, seasons of appearance and particular localities affected by species of a family which has been so neglected by the generality of collectors is necessarily scanty. It is not as complete, as applicable to the Simla district itself, as I would wish; but I am able to supplement it to some extent by the analogy of the ways of the species or connected races in localities where my opportunities for field observation have been greater. I am also indebted to General Evans for some notes of his own experiences of the Hesperide in the Simla Hills. The references, other than those to Evans’ /dentification, are to Watson’s Hesperide Indice or to Journals where detailed description of the butterfly may be found. 216. MHasora alexis alexis. Fabricius. (iv. inal (12). Evesp, Ind. 19); Occurs in the plains and foothills, but is very local in its habits. A species of low tree seems often to attract it and I have found it flitting round these in the Punjab plains and once on the railway line just above Kalka. It usually appears during or just after the rains and flies more freely in the evening than by day. Bibasis sena sena. Moore. (Ev. i. 3; Hesp. Ind. 17). This species has a wide range throughout Eastern and Continental India and along the Himalayas westward as far as Mussoorie. Though not yet recorded from the Punjab, I should not be surprised if it is found by someone who has opportunities for sedulously working the country along the foot of the hills, 630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV 217. Rhopalocampta benjaminii benjaminii. Guerin. (By.4.. 53 Hesp. Ind. 33). This beautiful skipper is fairly common in Sikkim and Assam but is distinctly rare in the Central and Western Himalayas. It is possible that it is less a rarity than it appears to be; but it is one of the species which seems to fly only in the very early morning and therefore escapes notice. I have only taken one in the Simla region. It was quite an unexpected find. Travelling up by the Railway one June, the train halted in the early morning at Koti station ; aud, while it waited, I saw a butterfly settle on some shrubs near. I had nonet, but managed to knock it down with my hat; and was delighted to discover it was a male ‘benjaminit.’ I have taken it from early spring to autumn in the Khasi Hills. 218. Badamia exclamationis. Fabricius. (Ey. I. 6%; Hesp: Ind; 1). Generally common throughout India and extends into the hills to 7,000 ft. at least, though it is rarer here. I have seen it in Simla. Occurs summer and autumn, and flies very rapidly around low trees and hedges. The larva feeds on a species of Bignonia. *219. Celenorrhinus pulomaya. Moore. (Ev.1. 16 (5); Hesp ind 485),. Recorded from Kangra to the Naga Hills. I have never come across it anywhere west of Sikkim, and Evans tells me he never took it in Simla. 220. Celenorrhinus levcocera leucocera. Kollar. (Ev. 1. 16 (13) ; Hesp. Ind.,192), Common in the east and central Himalayas, less sc in the western. It usually keeps to shaded nullahs and forest glades during the day, but sometimes flies into Simla gardens at dusk. I have only noticed it after the monsoon. * 221. Celznorrhinus munda. Moore. (Ev. I. 16 (15); Hesp. Ind. 194). Said to be not rare from Murree eastwards. but neither Evans: nor I ever took it in the Simla district and I have not seen it anywhere west of Kumaon. Would have the same habits as the preceding; and, since it is superficially like it, might easily be mistaken for /ewcocera if only seen in flight. * 222. Achalarus bifasciatus casyapa. Moore. (Ev. I. 18 (2); Hesp. Ind. 224). A western Himalayan butterfly which is very rare everywhere in its range. I have only a single specimen, taken in Mussoorie in July, as a result of many years’ collecting. I found the eastern race, /i/iana, not very rare in Shillong where it was much addicted to flying in the neighbourhood of waterfalls, in and out of the spray. Satarupa sambara dohertyi. Watson. (Hy. 2. 19..2);2 esp aind. 430): Though not yet recorded from anywhere west of Mussoorie, it is just possible that it may be found very rarely in the Simla district. Its haunts would be near wooded streams at low elevations. Tagiades atticus khasiana. Moore. (Dy. 1.920) (1) s aelesp. Indeal36).- A wide spread species which is usually common where it occurs. Though not yet reported from anywhere west of the Mussoorie Dun, a rare straggler or two may possibly find its way into the similar country along the foot of the Simla Hills, cee ee see : , . F Se Sones Leek. _— TES BOLI ERELIES OF THE SIMLA AILLS 631 * 223. Tagiades menaka. Moore. (Ev. 1.20 (8) 3. Hesp. Ind. 141): Found along the Himalayas from Kashmir to Burma and China, but is common only in the east. I got a solitary specimen at 6,000 ft. below Dalhousie and found it fairly plentiful at low elevations in Kumaon; but have never seen it anywhere in the intervening tract. Evans notes it as ‘rather rare’ in the Simla Hills; and it certainly needs a lot of looking for. It keeps to damp, wooded glens, preferably near water; and its snow-white hindwings make it conspicuous as it flashes about in these surroundings. It settles suddenly with outspread wings on the underside of a leaf and, in doing so, disappears as if by magic. I have taken it from spring to autumn where it is common. It is worth while noting that, though the next svecies, 7. litigzosa litigiosa. Mosch., is supposed to be restricted to the Eastern Himalayas, I have taken typical specimens below Mussoorie and in Kumaon. 224. Coladenia dan fatih. Kollar, (By.'1. 25 (2); Hesp.-Ind. 169). Should not be rare but is very seldom seen. I have only one specimen from the district—taken in the nullah near Barogh in August. It affects damp country with plenty of undergrowth; and, like the last, flies quickly and settles suddenly. * 225. Sarangesa purendra. Moore. (Evob., 20 (2)s* Elespr. ind, 71). Has a range from Kangra to Kumaon and is said not to be rare. 1 have, however, not found it common anywhere and neither Evans nor I ever got it in the Simla district. ‘The few specimens I have secured in other districts have always been before the monsoon in rather dry scrub country at the foot of the Hills. Such a small greyish insect easily escapes notice. 226. Sarangesa dasahara dasahara. Moore. (Ev.ch., 26,13); Hesp;, Ind. 72). The races of dasahara are found all over India except the extreme north-west and are generally common everywhere. I have only one from the Simla region—taken at Kalka in May—but it is probably not uncommon in the outer hilis and the plains adjoining. Being, like the last, very inconspicuous, it wants looking for. * 227. Odontoptilum angulata. Felder. (Ey. fe, 31 (1) Hesp. indy 153). Common from Kumaon eastwards but distinctly rare in the Western Himalayas. I have not taken it in the Simla Hills, and Evans tells me he also had not found it here. I have caught it at 5,000 ft. near Mussoorie, but it is more likely to occur in the lower valleys round Kalka. Flies spring and autumn. Caprona ransonnettii potiphera. Hewitson. (Ev. I. 32 (1); Hesp. Ind. 149), Never actually recorded from these hills, but it has been noted from the Punjab and J have taken it in the Mussoorie Dun, so that there is considerable chance of its turning up in the country round Kalka. 228. Hesperia galba. Fabricius. (By. To 34"( lr Hesp:-ind. 220: I have not taken this myself anywhere in the Simla district, and Evans notes it as ‘rare’. I have only taken it elsewhere in the plains and the country bordering on them, so I fancy it is more likely to be found in the tracts round Kalka. It flies both spring and autumn and affects open grass meadows, 632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Though no other Hesperia has yet been recorded from the Simla iliss I think it is more than probable that one or two of the palearctic species, such as F[. alpina cashmirensis, Moore, which are found in Turkestan, Tibet and Kashmir, will be discovered in the high interior country. * 229. Aeromachus inachus stigmata. Moore. (Ev. I. 58 (2); Hesp. Ind. 94). Said to be found throughout the Himalayas from Murree eastwards. Ihave, however, never found it anywhere west of Naini Tal, and Evans tells me he did not get it in the Simla hills. It is not really common anywhere and seems to be very rare in the western part of its range. Flies just before the monsoon in Kumaon. 230, Suastus gremius gremius. Fabricius. (Ev. I. 62 (1); Hesp. Ind. 66) Common in many parts of the plains in India but does not seem to extend much into the Punjab and is definitely rare in the North-Western Himalayas. Ihave onlytaken a couple in Simla, both after the rains on flowers in my garden. 231. Udaspes folus. Cramer. (By. 1. 73.(1)> Hesp. Ind? 476) A larger and rather more striking insect than most of the Northern Hesperidae which does sometimes find its way into the ordinary collector’s bag. It is not common in the hills andI have not seen it flying anywhere in the Simla Hills myseif.- I once noticed one in a soldier’s eollection made around Sabathu and it is probably more likely to be found in the lower country. It-is not uncommon in the Oudh plains and in the outer hills in Kumaon, where I have also taken it as high up as 7,000 ft. Flies by day and in the evening round shrubs and moves very quickly so that a flash of white is all one sees. 232. Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos. Moore. (Ev. I. 74 (4); Hesp. Ind. 177) Another very rapid flier, darting from bush to bush, and terribly easy. to lose sight of even after being glimpsed. It is to be found along the Himalayas from Murree eastwards but. only. becomes. common from Kumaon. .I have -seen. it only. twice in the district—once at Barogh and once near Shogi station on the railway up. Flies summer and autumn. aE _-Erionota thrax.thrax.. Linneeus. ~ - (Ev... -76 (1) esp. Indie 155).. -Has not. yet been tecorded from the district, but it is found from the Mussoorie Dun. eastwards and there is just a chance it may appear in the country at the foot of the hills. It is rare except in the extreme north-east and Burma. ‘The place to look for it would be in plantain groves. * 233. Hyarotis adrastus praba. Moore. (Eyv..1. 824(1)% Hesp. Jind: 166): Found from Kangra eastwards along the Himalayas, but is apparently very..rare anywhere west of Kumaon. Neither Evans nor I ever got a specimen in the-Simla Hills. Would,I think, be more. likely to be found at low elevations. : tp es AS Halpe moorei. Watson. (Ev. I. 99 (26) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 109). he Halpes are a very large group of which one or more members are found in néarly every part of India except, perhaps, -the extreme north-west. None have yet been recorded from anywhere in the Punjab; but woore/ is one of the most wide-spread and common species and has been found in the Mussoorie hills. It may extend rarely into the Simla district. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SIMLA HILLS 633 * 234. Actinor radians. Moore. (Ev. I. 102; Hesp. Ind. 105). This species has a range from Chitral-to Kumaon but is rare everywhere. Neither Evans nor I got it in the district. The only specimens I have ever taken were on a single occasion when I came across a small colony of them one- March in a rocky nullah in the Sewalik Hills near Hardwar. 235. Taractroceradanna. Moore. (Ev. I..105 (1) ; Hesp. Ind. 88). A common but rather elusive little beggar. It is such a small and quick- flying insect that it easily escapes the eye. I found it fairly plentiful on some of the open grassy slopes of the hills round Mahasu and on the Chail road in May and June, but never got it after the monsoon. It darts about the flowers in the grass but settles frequently. * 236. Taracttocera mzvius flaccus. Fabricius. (Ev. FE. 105. (2); Hesp. Ind. 86). ' A butterfly of the plains found more or less generally over India. I have never seen it in the Simla Hills but it will probably occur—though not commonly —at lower elevations round Kalka. 237. Padraona dara dara. Kollar. (Ev. I. 106 (7) ; Hesp. Ind. 78). Another of the small, rapid-flying butterflies which escapes notice but is probably more common than one might judge from the number found in a catch. It darts about bushes and small trees in sunny surroundings and yoes to flowers if there are any about. Flies May to October from 4,000 ft. upwards. * 238. Telicota pythias bambusae. Moore. (vale 103 (2)\s; Tdesp.. Ind. 75). Though recorded as an all India butterfly, this-insect really belongs to the plains and lower hills, and I have never found it.anywhere above 2,000 ft. or so. Thave not caught it in the Simla district, but itmust occur around Kalka, » after the rains being the most likely time. Augiades. brahma. Moore. (G3. rT. 109'(3)'; Hesp. Ind. 77). Said to be not rare from Mussoorie eastwards and may possibly extend into the fringes of the district. “* 239. - Pamphila comma dimila, Moore. (Ev: 1. (110): ;‘Hesp. Ind’, 228). A paiearctic species which is found along the inner ranges of the Himalayas from Chitral to Kumaon. I know of no actual record from the Simla district ; but it will very probably be found in the higher hills of the interior in the Chini neighbourhood. 240. Baoris sinensis sinensis. Mabille. (Evol. WS (5) 3 Hesp. Ind. 38). I have not taken this species in Simla myself, but Evans tells me it is not rare especially around Mahasu. It isa quick-flying insect, and flits about flowering shrubs in the open and is noticeable when present, so it should not ordinarily be missed. Flies both summer and autumn elsewhere. 634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV * 241. Baoris mathias mathias. Fabricius. (Ev. I. 115 (6); Hesp. Ind. 35). _ A very common insect of the plains. Neither Evans nor I got it in Simla but it is certain to occur at lower elevations and should be looked for among the shrubs and small trees which clothe the low hills near Kalka. It is on the wing at all times except the very cold months. 242. Baoris discreta himalaya. Evans. (Ev. I. 115 (20) ; Rev. Oriental Hesp. p. 282). Though not usually rare where found, I have not seen many in the Simla region. Like most of the other species of Baorés, it frequents shrubs and flowers and flies most of the year. I fancy that anyone who keeps a sharp look-out for butterflies of the genus wiil find it is more common than might be imagined. 243. Baoris guttatus guttatus. Bremer and Grey. (Ey. 21528) 391 Hesp: tnd2ai): Baoris guttatus bada. Moore. Two very slightly differentiated races of the common guttatus, the former _ being the hill variety found above about 2,000 ft. while dada keeps to the plains. In Simla, guttatws does not seem to fly much before the rains, but is common after. It flits like a little brown speck about and across gardens but often settles on flowers and can easily be taken. Bada will probably be found round Kalka and Ambala. 244. Baoris zelleri colaca. Moore. (Ev. I. 115 (30); Hesp. Ind. 43). Also common in the plains generally, but does not seem to extend much into the hills. I have taken only one specimen in Simla, but it should be more prolific in the country at the foot of hills. Its habits and seasons are like the preceding species. 245. Baoris bevani bevani. Moore. (Ev. I. 115 (31) ; Hesp. Ind. 44). Also of similar habits and seasons, but far more frequently met with in the hills. J got several in my garden in October one year. * 246. Gegenes nostradamus. Fabricius. (Byv..1. 1163 WHesp: Ind.39): A common but, judging by the few one gets hold of, a very elusive little butterfly. Neither Evans nor I ever caught any in and around Simla; but it is found all over the Punjab plains and I have it from below Dalhousie and one from Almora so that it will probably be found in the low valleys. 1 dup ei ae i ln aa THE STUDY OF INDIAN BIRDS. BY HucuH WHISTLER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Part IX. (With a plate and a text-figure.) (Continued from page 324 of this volume.) THE REPRODUCTION OF BIRDS. The Bog: There are many aspects to the study and interest of Birds and their lives; but it is quite safe to say that by far the most popular is that of their eggs. There is something peculiarly attractive about an egg itself. It is so clean and neat an object. It is often surpri- singly beautiful, even apart from the perfect setting of its nest. To search for nests is to combine the pleasures of nature and of sport. A day’s bird-nesting is a day spent in the open air. The careful search and the patient watching necessary for more than a mere occasional success brings one in touch with every aspect of nature. Exercise and pleasure and interest are all combined. Whilst the attainment of the specially coveted eggs may imply all the care and skill, the extended expeditions and the actual dangers of which the sportsmen’s trophies too are only the symboi and memento. The egg appeals also to the orderly mind of the born collector. A collection of eggs like a collection of stamps affords an outlet for all his instincts of neatness and acquisition. He is abie to blow the egg neatly, label it neatly and arrange it with loving care and precision. The amassing of a large number is within the means of the most moderate income. The infinite varieties found in a single species provide an excuse alike for wholesale depredations and extreme specialisation. It is therefore eminently pardonable, to use Professor Newton’s words, for the victims of this devotion to dignify their passion by the learned name of ‘ Oology’, and to bespeak for it the claims of a science. Though there can be little doubt that the study of Ooiogy has not conferred benefits on scientific Ornithology at all com- mensurate with the number of its votaries and the time which they have spent on it. However that may be, we are here concerned with the egg chiefly as an item in the story of the reproduction of birds. We have already seen that one of the characteristics which Birds retain from their reptilian ancestry is the fact that they are oviparous, that is, produce their young through the medium ofeggs. Theeggs of many present-day reptiles are essentially the sarne as the eggs of birds, though the majority of them have not attained to quite the same degree of development in the formation of hard sheils. The number of eggs laid in the clutch has with development decreased amongst birds. 11 636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISd. SOCIETY. WWols XCex/ Before describing the egg itself it is desirable to describe briefly the reproductive organs of the parents and give a brief summary of the development of the egg. In both sexes of a bird the reproductive organs are situated against the upper wall of the abdominal cavity at the anterior end of the pelvis. This corresponds roughly to what in ourselves we should describe as the small of the back or the region of the kidneys. In both sexes the organs consist of paired germ-producing glands and their efferent ducts, but it will be most convenient to consider the sexes separately. In the male the testes are a pair of whitish-yellow glands, oval, globular or occasionally kidney-shaped or vermiform which lie at the anterior end of the kidneys. Within each testis there is a multitudinous multiplication of germ-cells from which the spermatazoa pass into a convoluted body known as the epididymis and thence into the main duct the vas deferens,1 a narrow tube which extends along the inner wall of tne abdominal cavity to the cloaca or vent. The ends of the two vasa deterentia are often slightly dilated to form seminal vesicles, that is store-chambers for the spermatazoa. The vas deferens is typically of a slightly zigzag character. These parts of the male reproductive system should be clear after reference to the illustration (Fig 1). lt must be understood that, except in the Ratitee and certain other forms such as the Coracide and some of the ducks, the male bird has no penis. The end of the cloaca has to act for it: During the breeding season, these organs, which at other times are very minute in size, become greatly enlarged. The testes in the House-Sparrow (Passer domesticus), for instance, grows from the size of a minute pin’s head to that of a ground-nut, temporarily even displacing the usual arrangement of the intestine, liver and stomach. The two testes are then often rather different in size, and also some- times in shape. ‘The vasa deterentia, also increase considerably in length, the extra length forming a closely convoluted mass round the eitrance to the cloaca, causing it to protrude and in some dried skins to assume a character and shape which lead to much misunder- standing. In the female bird a pair of ovaries are developed in the same position as the testes of the male. With rare exceptions, however, the right ovary dwindles and disappears at an early stage of growth. The known exceptions are chiefly amongst the birds of prey and an example of the presence of a double set of ovaries will be easily found by any one who troubles to dissect the female of the Indian Shikra (Astur badius). It is not known why the right ovary should disappear in most species, or why it should be retained in the few exceptions. It does not appear to function and even when it remains the right oviduct remains quite vestigial. The ovary consists of a mass of embryonic eggs, several hundred in number which may be described as presenting the appearance of a minute cluster of grapes. 1 Care must be taken to distinguish the vas deferens from the ureter which lies parallel with it. JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Seminal — — Semcnal vesicle ; Fig 4 MALE ORGANS oF A BIRD. (enlavged a lhe Kidney { i Hy) Kidney | if \ Funnel | moulk of oviduch Oviduct Uvever Ve Rude menYavy Oviduck \ , | a) End of Oviduck Cloaca ov Vewl. Fig. z FEMALE ORGANS oF & BiQAD. (erlavged m We breeding Season). THE STUDY OF INDIAN BIRDS 637 The oviduct is a gut-like tube which passes from the neighbour- hood of the ovary down to the left side of the cloaca. Its upper end is wide and trumpet-shaped, free in structure but in position pressed against the ovary. The lower end enters the cloaca close to its external entrance. (Fig. 2). As in the male the female organs increase tremendously in size with the breeding season. The ovary which at other times may appear to the naked eye as a mere indistinct film with no granular structure becomes a big bunch of eggs in every stage of development from a microscopic object to a full-grown ripe ovum with a large amount of yolk. -So with the oviduct.. In the common Fowl, according to Gadow, the oviduct is normally six or seven inches long and scarcely a line wide; but at the time of laying eggs it becomes more than two feet in length and nearly half an inch in width. Its volume thus increases about 50 times, and this is an annual change with all wild species. It is clear from the fact that both male and female organs lie dormant for part of the year and then exhibit a huge seasonal enlargement ; that birds cannot indulge in coition and breed just when the fancy takes them. ‘Their breeding is necessarily a seasonal affair, dependant on the development of the organs which must arise from either external or rhythmic stimulus. This stimulus, obscure in origin though it may appear to be, acts so far as we know on each sex separately. If an observer in the Kashmir valley in spring makes a systematic collection of a series of starlings (Sturnus v. humet) which have returned there for breeding he will find that the males have the testes fully developed at the time when the female ovaries only show a slight enlargement. At first thought one is inclined to think that this implies that stimulus from the male awakens the female. It is not so however. The male and female organs both awaken in response to a common external stimulus. The male however develops the more quickly because his function is required in the early stages of the eggs, before they have enlarged enough to bring the ovary to its maximum. Being now, I hope, familiar on broad lines with the reproductive organs of both sexes we can proceed to consider the process leading up to the production of the perfect egg. As any observer may see for himself the union of a pair of birds— insemination as it should properiy be called—is a very brief affair, a matter of seconds usually. The purpose is of course the transference of the spermatazoa from the male to the female, but fertilization cannot be said to have taken place until the spermatozoa meet the ova themselves. I am not competent to describe the minute and obscure processes invoived in the reproduction of the young bird; but put briefly and generally, it is something like this. The ovum (the female germ) and the spermatozoom (the male germ) each contain nuclear rods known as chromosomes. These are the vehicles of the hereditary equipment of the bird and they are set aside in the earliest stage of embryonic development, so that one 638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV may almost say that the ‘hereditary formula’ which makes the bird passes direct from generation to generation independent of the life history of the individuals. (It 1s on this fact that ali the controversies as to the inheritance of hereditary and acquired characteristics hang.) In the ovum (while still in the ovary) and in the spermatozoon, these chromosomes divide as part of their normal maturation, and fertiliza- tion consists of the reunion of the chromosomes, half from the male germ and half from the female germ, to form again the complete unity which is then gradually clothed anew in a fleshly envelope, a fresh unit or segment of the generations which are the vehicle for the ‘hereditary formula’. The mother body no doubt provides much of the raw material which forms the envelope, but it is clear from the fact that each parent provides half the chromosomes, how intimately and how subtly the young creature has exactly half its essential self from each parent. The spermatozoa of birds are not similar in appearance for all species. They are of course exceedingly minute—it is said that a hundred can swim about in a drop of fluid suspended by the head of a pin—and they consist of three parts, a head, a centre and a long tail. The head contains the chromosomes. ‘The centre contains a minute body called the centrosome. ‘The tail is purely locomotive in purpose.. Its moves drive the head. along. It is in the nature of typical spermatozoa to move against a current. After insemination the spermatozoa left by the male in the cloaca of the female move, driven by their long tails, up the slight downward current of secretion in the female oviduct until they meet the ova. This may apparently be either in the mouth of the oviduct or in the ovary itself. To return for the moment to the question of the ova. With the beginning of the breeding season the immature ova on the surface of the ovary start to accumulate yolk, that is nutritive fatty material which is brought to them by the blood and the lymph. ‘They start irregularly so that many different sizes of immature eggs may be seen in the ovary. ‘Then as an egg ripens it bursts from the capsule in which it grew and is caught by the trumpet-shaped mouth of the oviduct. At this stage either before, or generally after, the bursting of the capsule the egg is fertilized by the spermatozoa. If fertiliza- tion does not take place the egg may go through its normal develop- ment and be laid, all to no purpose. Or undeveloped and unfertilized eggs may be reabsorbed into the parent tissues and the ovary dwindles again until the new season again ripens the ova. When the spermatozoon reaches the ovum its head pierces the envelope of the ovum and carries within it the chromosomes and the centrosome. The locomotor tail, having accomplished its purpose, is shed without as waste matter. The centrosome divides and becomes the centres of great protoplasmic activity, in other words become the stimulus to the growth of the embryo. The chromosomes, half of the male complement, unite with the present half of the female complement. ‘The total is once more complete and the ‘ hereditary formula’ (as I have called it to express in one both an idea and an entity) is fulfilled again ready to hand on through the next generation. Once a spermatozoon has entered an ovum, TILE SEU PY OF INDIAN BIRDS 639 the outer surface of the ovum changes in character so that it becomes non-receptive tothe entry of fresh spermatozoa. If this change is delayed, fresh spermatozoa may enter, and in some cases lead to the birth of monstrosities, by disturbing the work of the original centrosome. We will now follow the history of the fertilized ovum. It burst from its capsule, we have seen, because of the pressure exerted by the continued accumulation of yolk and consequent increase in size. Occasionally the liberated egg may miss the oviduct and fail into the abdominal cavity. In that case it is usually reabsorbed by the _ peritoneal surfaces, though occasionally, and doubtless only if the bird is not in vigorous condition, a fatal disturbance is caused to the system. Normally however the egg is caught up by the trumpet- shaped mouth of the oviduct whose position with reference to the ovary generally ensures success. In the oviduct the ovuin or germ-cell becomes the egg as we know it. It is not necessary here to describe the oviduct or its processes in great detail. Suffice it to, say that as the ovum passes slowly downwards, it is surrounded by various instalments of albumen (white of egg): it is surrounded by a shell-membrane and a calcareous shell ; the shell is usually stained with pigments before it is finally set ; and the manner of the deposition of these pigments, that is the markings of the perfect egg, afford some hint as to the order and time when they are laid on to the shell. The fact that the egg travels downwards with the broad end first explains why most eggs have the majority of their markings at that end and why a cap ora zone is so common a type of marking. Finally the perfect egg is expelled from the oviduct and through the vent and is henceforth separate from the body of the parent. We are accustomed to attach a great deal of importance to the actual laying of the egg, and naturally so. At this point the egg appears in human ken. At this point it becomes of importance to the human being, whether as a matter of food or of interest. But strictly speaking, this stage is not of the same importance to the embryo itself. We have got to hold to the idea of one straight line of development starting with the maturation of the ovum in the oviduct and leading through an infinity of phases to the adult bird. The mysterious rhythm of life prepares the ovum ready for this line of Gevelopment. The impetus to the start is furnished by the spermatozoon. Without it the matured ovum fades away again. With it the embryo unfolds like a plant froin the seed. At the start it is housed in the ovary, then in the oviduct, then in the shelled egg, then in the nest ; the finai stages to maturity are passed as a complete bird. But we have to remember that the stage which is passed by the embryo in the shelled egg is no whit the more important to the embryo from the fact that its coffer then becomes, from utilitarian or esthetic uses, of interest to the human being. To emphasize this, we have only to remember the case of the snakes and lizards. Some are oviparous and others viviparous, that is to say, the egg case may break within or without the body of the parent. Their whole clutch is often laid at one time, or at any rate in batches, 640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. “SOCIETY, Vol XO _We attach a false importance to the egg, we are apt to consider it as the starting point of the embryo, for one very good reason. At this point nature usually applies the brake, and we witness the restarting. ; Each egg is laid after an interval of 24 hours on the average. Occasionally the period is shorter. In some species the interval is 48 hours. The clutch of eggs is often quite large, say 12 or 14 eggs. The growth of a young bird is in its early stages particularly rapid. It is easy to see therefore that if each embryo continued its progress unbroken the safety of part of the brood would be greatly endan- gered. In cases of a large clutch—the long-tailed Tits of the genus 4:g7tthalus for instance—some of: the eggs would -be still unhatched whilst the young from the earlier eggs would be almost ready to fly. The labour to the parents would be greatly increased and either the oldest or the youngest members of the brood would of certainty suffer and probably be lost. Originally in the ancestrai bird no doubt there was no halt in the development. The egg was laid ,in the herbage and rotting vegetation of the steaming primeval world and the incubation of the embryo proceeded unchecked by the transfer from the maternal body to the outer world. The same thing continues to-day, as we have seen, in the case of the Megapodes who immediately bury their egg deep in the mound of sand and vegetation and so retain its initial warmth. The case of the Megapodes is however exceptional. The general rule is for the egg to be laid in the open and so experience a definite drop in temperature from the body heat of the mother. This drop in temperature retards the development of the embryo, just as allthe functions of a hybernating butterfly or dormouse remain in abeyance during a fallin the temperature. If the drop is too low or too long the embryo must perish. A few families such as the Owls (St77gzde) and the Herons and Bitterns (A7dezd@) are accustomed to start to incubate with the laying of the first egg. The result is that in these cases there is no gap in the development of cach embryo. The young in the nest are found in regular gradations of size, and their habits are such that no particular injury is inflicted on the broods, or trouble given to the parents by the different ages of the young. In these forms the character of the food and the comparative ease with which it is obtained, probably contributes to success. The vast majority of birds, however, pay little attention to the nest or eggs until the clutch is complete. The newly-laid egg cools to the air-temperature. The embryo becomes torpid and all development is arrested. With the completion of the clutch the parent starts to incubate eggs in which the embryonic development has all been arrested at the same stage. The resulting nestlings all hatch about the same time, are of the same apparent age, and leave the nest about the saine time. When they fledge and leave the vicinity of the nest, the parent is free to continue with them and often remains with them for a considerable period. It may be of interest to describe the structure of the newly-laid egg (Fig. 3). Popularly we talk of the yolk, the white, the inner TPE STODY OF INDIAN, BIRDS, 641 skin and the shell of anegg. These must be considered in greater aetail, Nuelevs ay Gevminal disk. YourwK Cen bral Cove of Rav shace Wh Ve y okk : Chal Chalazae ) Seok WI eer | SOE No rN E: ees / Velrallt we Memirvane . dete eg ce Albumen — Shell memWanes Fig. 1. Sketch of egg with shell removed. The yolk consists of two different textures, known as‘ white yolk’ and ‘yellow yolk’ (though both of them are really yellow in colour). The white yolk contains a higher percentage of water. Reference to the figure will show that there is a central core of white yolk, funnel-shaped, and surrounded by yeilow yolk in which there are alternating layers of the white yoik. On the top of the disk of the funnel core lies the nucleus or germinal disk of blastoderm out of which the embryo is to be developed. It is to be remarked that the yolk as a whole turns about within the egg so as to keep the germinal disk uppermost, whichever side the egg is lying on, so that it is nearest to the warmth of the incubating mother. This explains why the good poultry-keeper turns daily the eggs which are being kept for a setting, in order to insure that the yolk should retain its mobility against the time of need. The yolk with the germinal disk is contained within a vitelline membrane which is really the cell-wall of the original ovum dilated to contain the addition of the yolk which it received in the ovary. The white or albumen is added in the oviduct. It consists of alternating dense and watery layers which give it a spiral arrangement. Some of the denser layers near the vitelline membrane extend as twisted cords (chalazoe) towards the two poles of the egg. They do not quite reach the outer layer of the white though the chord at the pointed end ultimately becomes somewhat superficially attached to the lining membrane of the shell. These chalazce are elastic supports for the yolk and suspend it in position. The complete egg thus constituted is enclosed in the shell-membrane which consists of an inner and outer layer, both of which remain permanently in close apposition over the greater part of the egg and adhere to the shell. At the broad end they tend to separate and develop an air-chamber between them. ‘This air-chamber does 642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV not exist in a perfectly fresh egg but is produced and increases as the bulk of albumen decreases by evaporation. This air-chamber explains why an incubated egg floats. The shell is finally deposited on the shell-membrane as a mamillary and porous layer, which in most species has also an outer cuticular layer. This outer layer is the most variable part of the shell and is responsible for the differences of texture which we find duly chronicled in all descriptions of eggs. It is apparently structureless; if it is poor in calcine salts the egg is very smooth and shiny. If it is greatly infiltrated with calcareous matter we get the rough and chalky eggs ofthe - cormorants (Phalacrocorax) and Grebes (Podiceps). In some forms it is entirely absent. This outer cuticle is spread over the entire surface of the egg, extending unbroken over and into the pits (or surface ends of the air-canals in the main shell) and therefore closing them. When dry, the cuticle is permeable by air, when wet, im- permeable. The poultry-keeper who uses ‘ water-glass’ to preserve his eggs is therefore merely keeping out the air bya sterilized layer of water and so arresting the ordinary process of decay. The actual colour of the egg is produced by pigment-corpuscles,! which may be deposited in various levels of the shell. The pigments are deposited by the oviduct during the formation of the shell and cuticle and they may be deposited according to species in any or every strata. The colour in the innermost layer may not be visible until the blown shell is held up to the light. As the colour and pattern of the egg are deposited by secretions from the oviduct, it is not curious that there is distinct resemblance between the eggs of one clutch and the various Clutches laid by an individual bird. The poorly-marked and pale egg so often found in a clutch is usually either the first egg (before the pigment secretions are fully working) or the last (when they are becoming exhausted). I do not propose to discuss the varied colours of eggs in detail. These my readers can supply from their owa experience. But it is well perhaps to emphasize a few general points. Firstly, there is no connection at all between the colour of a bird and of the egg which it lays. Secondly, there is very little taxonomic significance in the colours and patterns of eggs. Wemay attribute a certain type of egg to a particular family and then find that such a description might almost equally apply to the eggs of a totally different group. I have already pointed out that it is probable that ali eggs are derived from an original white or pigmentless egg similar to those laid by some reptiles to-day ; and I think it is correct to consider that with eggs and nestlings there is a great deal to be said for the theory of protective colouration. With eggs it would have had two active stimulants. First of all, as we have seen, a white egg is a most conspicuous object in the open and colouration and markings must undoubtedly tend to an increase of safety. Whilst at the same time we must remember that light in excess is inimical to protoplasm. Pigment in the shell must therefore also be of importance in protect- ing the germinal disk from direct light. * This subject has not yet been fully investigated and very little is really known about it, THE STUDY OF INDIAN BIRDS 643 It is customary to point to the fact that most hole-breeding species lay white eggs as proof that the original egg was white. It is certainly an indirect proof, but we must also remember that as much development has gone to the making of the highly glazed eggs of the Woodpeckers and Bee-eaters as to the protectively-coloured eggs of the Nightjars and Sandgrouse. In such cases the need has perhaps been conspicuousness, so that the parent bird entering the hole may readily distinguish the eggs and so avoid accidents. There are a few points of interest. Abnormal eggs are common and they are most usual in domesti- cated birds, especially fowls, where unsatisfactory conditions of food and environment or over-production of eggs and consequent strain affects the normal action ofthe oviduct. A ‘ soft-shelled’ egg is due usually to lack of sufficient calcareous matter. A dwarf egg is due to various causes. The ovum may have been liberated from the ovary prematurely and so have not received its proper allowance of yolk. There may be some pathological condition of the oviduct which means that the dwarf egg is its Jast product. In other cases a blob of albumen without an ovum, a blood clot or some foreign body passes through the oviduct stimulating its functions and resulting in the production of a miniature but functionless egg. - Double- and very rarely triple-yolked eggs occur. A double-yolked egg is due to the liberation of two ova into the oviduct from the ovary without the usual interval between. Different varieties of arrangement of such double-yolked eggs are due to the levels within the oviduct at which the ova coincide. Triple-yoiked eggs are of course similarly caused. Twins are known to have hatched from double-yolked eggs. | We may remark here on the explanation of the increase in the comb of domesticated hens at the time of egg-laying, asa similar phenomenon must occur in many wild birds. The increase of the comb is due to a fatty infiltration of the central connective tissue core of the comb. When this fat is decreased, the comb again dwindles. At egg-laying periods the blood is charged with fatty material which provides the yolk for the ova. The excess of this is deposited in the comb and probably also has some connection with the change of colour of the soft parts of many species during the breeding season. Mention must also be made of the unconscious power which many birds undoubtedly have of regulating the number of eggs laid. Not much is known about this but the common Wryneck (/yzx torguzlla) which normally lays some 6 to 10 eggs has in England been induced to lay upwards of 40 eggs. This is done by the simple method of abstracting an egg fromthe nest daily during the laying period so that the clutch isnever completed. These extra eggs would normally never have been laid. We believe that the converse also obtains, that eggs which normally would have been laid on a certain date are delayed or even suppressed when the destruction of the nest, abnor- mal weather or other circumstances render it desirable. The fact is certainly well-known to the poultry-farmer. Runner-ducks at the full height of daily laying immediately stop in response to some sudden change in their surroundings. 644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Connected with the egg is the so-called ‘incubation patch’ on the parent birds. The incubation patch is a bare patch of skin, often of considerable extent, on the under surface of the incubating bird. It reaches its greatest development in the female but is also found to alesser extent in those males which share the work of incubation. One is apt to think loosely that the patch is due to the attrition of the feathers from contact with the eggs or that they are plucked off by the parent. This however is not so. The patch often starts before the eggs are actually laid and it is due to a local moult which is induced by a physiological factor. This is a very definite transformation locally of the skin and blood vessels. The blood vessels increase whilst the skin becomes loose-meshed and watered from an absence of the fatty layer and an escape of the blood serum from the vessels into the tissues. The result is a local inflammation which concentrates body heat on the eggs. In most species the patch is a single Jarge central one, but in the Waders there are two lateral patches. It is noteworthy that that aberrant Wader, the Crab-Plover (Dromas ardeola) has these two lateral patches although it only lays a single egg. Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 oe \ 10 11 12 Explanation of Plate. Anal appendages of 1. Cocliccia fraseri seen from the left side. 2. Coeliccia poungy1, same view. 3. Coeliccia loogali, same view. 4. Coeliccia chromothorax, dorsal view. 5. Coveliccia loring@, dorsal view. 6. Coeltccia renifera, dorsal view. 7. Coeliccia poungyi dorsal view. 8. Coeliccia loogali, dorsal view. 9. Coeliccia chromothorax, seen from the left side. 10. Coeliccia renifera, seen from the left side. 11. Coeliceia didyma, seen from the left side. 12. Coeliccia fraseri, dorsal view. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES BY: F. C. FRASER, LT.-COL., I.M.S., F.E.S. Part XXXIX. (With I plate and 1 text-figure.) (Continued trom page 341 of Volume XXXV.) Sub-family : PLATYCNEMINAE. Forewing of Cueliccia membranipes (Ramb) to illustrate the venation of the Platycneminae. Dragonflies of smal! size, coloured black marked with blue or bright chrome yellow, or red or chrome yellow marked with black, or black marked with red, never metallic: resting with wings closed over dorsum; wings narrow, rounded at apices, always hyaline; the nervure 4c situated about midway between the levels of the two antenodal nervures or ratber nearer the level of the distal one: no accessory basal postcostal nervures ever present: petiolation beginning at or slightly distad the level of Ac ; the nervure Ad always present and continuous with the nervure /A, which latter extends to the middle or beyond the middle of wings ; Cvzz well developed and extending a short distance beyond the end of IA; discoidal cell variable but always elongate, the distal end slightly bevelled or squared, the costal side of discoidal cell shorter than or of the same length as the posterior; sectors of arc arising from lower end of arc, divergent from their origins; individual cells mostly four-sided; origin of Azv + v variable in the genera and species, either arising before, at or more or less distad the level of the oblique nervure descending from the node; pterostigma diamond-shaped, rather longer than broad, usually braced ; no intercalated sectors present except /A72, Abdomen of moderate length, slender or moderately robust, falling well short of twice the length of hindwing, the segments 8, 9, and 10 becoming progres- sively shorter in all genera and species ; anal appendages of male showing great ‘variation both in the genera and individual species, but very homogeneous in some of the geaera such as Coeltecta and Calicnemis. Vulvar scales robust but not as conspicuous as in the Platystictine ; penile organ very varia- ble but usually with the end curling up over the stem and more or less branched at its termination. Larvee known of only a few species and very variable ; breeding in streams or swamps and usually in heavy virgin jungle. Listribution.—Throughout the tropics of the Old World, and, for at least one genus, the temperate zones of Europe and Asia. Within our limits, throughout India, Ceylon and Burma, usually in montane and submontane tracts, but all genera except Copera confined to N.-E. India and Burma. Platycnemts however occurs sparingly in the North and North-west of India. Five genera occur within our limits, 646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Key to the Indian genera of Platycneizinae. Costal side of discoidal cell at least one-fifth shorter 1 than the posterior, usually more than this coe 2s : Costal and posterior sides of discoidal cell nearly equal in length a ae ie% oo Copera. 9 The nervure 46 arising at the level of Ac Se Cueliccia, ; The nervure 4é arising proximad of the ievel of Ac. 3 ( Four cells between the discoidal cell and the oblique nervure descending from the node... e Indocnemis. Boney Three cells between the discoidal cell and the obliqu : nervure descending from the node... ae Calicnemis: | Only two cells between the discoidal cell and th L oblique nervure descending from the node aa Platycnemis, Genus CoEliccia Kirby (1890). Trichocnemts Selys, Sagra, Hist, Cuba, Ins. p. 464 (1857); Id. Bull. Acad. Belg. (2). xvi. p. 195. (1863))5 sld.“"Mem. Cour xxviii p. 114, (1886); Laid. Fascic. Malay. (Odonata) Part ii, pp. 2-7 (1907). Coeliccia Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 128 (1890); Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. xiii, pp. 322,325,331-333 (1916); Ris: (Suppl. “Ent. No. 1. pp. 60-62, (1912). Zygopterous dragonflies of medium size and slender build with abdomen less than twice the length of hindwings; coloured black marked with blue, yellow or bright chrome yellow. Wings hyaline, moderately narrow, rounded at apices, never falcate, with a moderately long petiole ; discoidal cell elongate, costal side about four-fifths or slightly less than four-fifths the length of posterior side, distal side at least half as long again as basal and very oblique so that the cell is acutely pointed at its lower distal angle ; sectors of arc slightly separate at origin, arising from lower end of arc, divergent from origin ; no accessory basal postcostal nervure present ; the nervure 4c situated at a level slightly nearer the distal antenodal nervure ; Aé always present and complete, continued on as JA, which latter extends for nearly three-fourths the length of wings ; petiolation beginning slightly proximal to Ac; Cuii extending a short distance beyond the end of /A, 20 cells or more in Jength; Azv+v arising a little proximal to level of node, 7/777 a little distad but the position of these two latter very variable in species; pterostigma small, its sides nearly equal, oblique and diamond-shaped, poorly braced ; cells of wings mainly quadrangu- lar ; 2 or 3 cells between the discoidal cell and nervure descending from the node. Head narrow; eyes smaller than in species of Platysticta ; occiput simple ; prothorax with the posterior lobe rounded and simple in the male, notched or armed with elongate spines in the female; abdomen cylindrical, slim, broad- ened at extreme base and gradually broadening from segment 7 to the end, about one-third longer than the wings ; anal appendages variable in the species but inclined to be rather homogeneous, superiors usually broad at base, acute at apex and furnished with an inner subapical spine, inferiors longer than superi- ors, broad at base, abruptly tapered and subcylindrical, slightly sinuous, subacute or acute at apex. Genitalia.—lamina narrowly but deeply cleft; hamules broad quadrate plates meeting broadly across the genital pit; penis with apical end curling strongly over stem of organ and with the end variable, deeply cleft, bifid or branched ; lobe pyriform, short, with a shallow longitu- dinal groove running its whole length; vulvar scales robust, stout, extending slightly beyond end of abdomen. Distribution.—N.E. India, Burma, Malaysia, Indo-China, Formosa, Philip- pines, Sondaic Archipelago and Borneo. Only nine species found within Indian limits, of which five occur in Assam, and the others in Burma. Genotype.— C. membranipes (Ramb.). Laidlaw has divided the genus up into three groups according to the relative positions of Az7/+v and /Az7z to the subnode. In the lst group, /A7z2 arises at the subnode, Aiv+v proximal to it; in the 2nd, A722 arises distal and Azv+v proximal to it ;.in the 3rd, 7/772 arises distal to the subnode and Azz +v from it, Most Indian species belong to the first and second groups. LNDIAN DRAGONFLIES 647 Key to Indian species of genus Coeliccia. ( Dorsum of thorax wholly blue Dorsum of thorax wholly golden yellow a Dorsum of thorax with a single pair of oval pale blue spots Dorsum of thorax with two pairs of pale blue spots Dorsum of thorax with a pair of antehumeral stripes Dorsum of thorax pale blue for the lower half is and the basal two-thirds of segment 9 pale blue C. poungyt Fras. C. chromothorax (Selys). C, bimaculata Laid. 2 3h C. renitera (Selys). C. didyma (Selys). Lower pair of spots broad and branching into two above; segment 10 blue marked broadly with black ‘at apical border ; segment 9 wholly blue ; segment 8 with its apical half blue ... ( Antehumeral stripes lying nearer the humeral suture 3 : thanimiddotsal carina’ ;.. 4, "| Antehumeral stripes lying closely opposed | to the { middorsal carina G07 @Se7-2 eaics ( Posterior lobe of prothorax of female simple C. loogali Laid. | Posterior lobe of prothorax of female pr olonged 4.+ and deeply and broadly notched, the corners of | the notch prolonged into long recurved horns as \ seen in profile... = | | ( { Lower pair of spots simple, pyriform ; segment 10 | | 2.4 | rR C. loringae Laid. C. vacca Laid. Coeliccia bimaculata Laid. Coeliccia bimaculata Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. (1914) ; Id. ibid. vol. (1930); Male. Abdomen 36mm. Hindwing 22 mm. Head,—labium pale yellow ; labrum black ; anteclypeus, gene and the bases of mandibles partly blue; postclypeus, frons and vertex black, the latter traversed at the level of ocelli by a broken pale blue stripe ; occiput with pale yellowish pyriform postocular spots. Prothorax black, the sides palest blue or creamy white. Thorax black on dorsum, palest blue laterally, the former with a pair of oval pale blue spots lying in close apposition to the anterior half of the middorsal carina ; a narrow oblique black stripe on each side bordering the mesepimeron anteriorly ; beneath creamy white. Legs palest yellow, femora with two black stripes, tibiz black on flexor surface only, joints and cilia black. Wings hyaline; pterostigma blackish brown. framed palely in brown, its proximal border very oblique, covering 1 cell ; Azv+v arising proximal to the subnode, /A7z7z at the subnode; 18 to 20 postnodal nervures in forewings, 17 to 18 in the hind. Abdomen dark reddish brown on dorsum deepening to black at apical end of segments and on dorsum of segment 2 and segments 7 ae 10. All segments pale yellow laterally, this colour extending dorsalwards on 3 to 6 so as to form paired spots. Anal appendages creamy white; superiors triangular as seen from above, deeply excavated within, the inner border ending in a minute black point. Interiors slightly longer than superiors which are themselves slightly longer than segment 10, slender, curling in at apices forcipate-like and also ending in a minute black point at apex. Penis with a prominent terminal lobe, the apex bifid and ending in a pair of long whip-like processes. Female. Abdomen 35mm. Hindwing 23 mm. Very similar to the male but the blue replaced by creamy white except the facial markings and lower half of eyes which are blue. Prothorax with black posterior and anterior lobes, these two areas confluent by a fine middorsal black line on middle lobe ; posterior lobe with the middle of hinder border prolonged into a small tongue-like process on either side of which is aminute lobe. (This lobe evenly convex along the hinder border in the male.) Ville De Od Din XV15 inikseg va Sly Pps 3505, SSO (1917,), 5 Id. MS 648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Dorsal thoracic markings narrow stripes lying close to middorsal carina and prolonged and narrowing as far as the antealar sinus very much asin C. fraserz. Segment 8 of abdomen with its apical two-thirds palest yellow, or, in tenerals, segments 8 to 10 entirely creamy white. Anal appendages and vulvar scales pale yellow. Distribution.—Several males and females from Tura, Garo Hills, Assam. Type, an incomplete male in the Indian Museum, taken at an altitude of 1,500 ft. June and July. Distinguished from other species by the two oval spots on thoracic dorsum and by the pale undersurface of thorax. Coeliccia vacca Laid Rec. Ind. Mus. MSS. (1931). Female. (Male unknown) Abdomen 36mm. Hindwing 25 mm. Head,—labium pale yellow, labrum black , anteclypeus, genz and bases of mandibles pale blue, rest of head black with a chain of four small spots across the ocellar space and a pyriform postocular spot on eack side of eceIpuc, eyes black above, greenish for the lower half, Prothorax with anterior and posterior lobes black, this dark area connected by a broad median black stripe on middle lobe, the side es pale blue or yellow- ish, posterior lobe prolonged back as a quadrate lobe, deeply and broadly notched, the angles of the notch prolonged as two horns which are angulated strougly forward, and, in profile, are shaped like the horns of an ox. Thorax black on dorsum, pale blue lateraily and. beneath, the dorsum marked with a narrow pale blue antehumeral stripe on each side which lies nearer the humeral suture than the middorsal carina ;:on each side a narrow oblique black stripe incomplete below, bordering metepimeron. Legs creamy white, extensor surfaces of femora, the lower or distal half-of anterior femora on flexor surface and the flexor surface of tibize black. Wings hyaline , pterostigma black- bordered finely along costal border with white, covering 1 cell, braced , 19 postnodal nervures in forewings, 17 in the hind; Azv+v arising at subnode, /Aziz well after it. Abdomen blackish brown on dorsum, yellowish laterally, the sides of segment 8 broadly yellow, this colour extending up on to dorsum to meet above and form a narrow apical annule ; basal half of segment 9 also yellow. Anal appendages black, conical, short , vulvar scale black, robust. Distribution.—Tura. Garo Hills, Assam. Only a single specimen of this curious insect is known, the type, a female in the Indian Museum. Distin- guished from all other species by the unique development of the posterior lobe of prothorax. _ Coeliccia renifera (Selys) (1886) Trichocnemts renitera Selys, Mem. Cour. xxxviii, p. 119 (1886) , Laid, Fasc. Malay. (Odonata) part ii, p. 2 (1907). Trichocnemis didyma Selys, (C. renifera nec JT. didyma) Mem, Cour. XxXxviii, pp. 118-119 (1886). Coeliccia renifera Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 128 (189)), Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. vol: xiii, pp. 322,.3325.333: (1917) ; Fras. Journ Bom. Nat TIiSt 3S 06,, VOW XIX, pad 440923), Male. Abdomen 33-47 mm. Hindwing 22-23 mm. Head,—labium pale brown tipped with black , labrum and bases of mandi- bles steely blue-black, anteclypeus and gene pale sky-blue, postclypeus glossy black, vertex, occiput and beneath head velvety black, the former marked with obscure small triangular spots, one between each outer ocellus and the base of antenne ; a well-defined pale yellow transversely ova! spot on each side of back of occiput, and a small yellow spot beneath head against the eyes, the latter olive green below, black at summit. Prothorax velvety black, unmarked ; posterior lobe rounded, simple. Thorax velvety black marked with pale blue or pale greenish yellow—a broad oval-oblong spot on each side the middorsal carina extending about halfway up the dorsum, narrowly separated from each other by the black carinal ridge; each side broadly coloured, the anterior two-thirds of the mesepimeron except the part just beneath the roots of wings, and the whole of the metepimeron, the whole area narrowly divided by the postero-lateral suture which is finely black. Beneath entirely black. Soe INDIAN DRAGONFLIES 649 Legs black on extensor surfaces of femora, and flexor surfaces of tibie, opposite surfaces of these pale carneous or creamy white; coxe and trochan- ters yellow anteriorly, black behind. Wings hyaline ; pterostigma black, finely framed in pale brown and thick black nervures, braced, covering about 1 cell ; 18 to 20 postnodal nervures in forewings, 16 to 18 in the hind ; Azv+v arising a short distance proximad tc the subnode (or in Simla specimens, at the node or a shade before it, and sometimes in conjunction with J/Azzz), the latter arising at the subnode or a shade distad to it. Abdomen black, yellow beneath ; segment 1 with a small lateral pale yellow spot ; segment 2 with its ventral border broadly pale blue or yellow (according to age) ; segments 3 to6 with elongate subapical lateral creamy white or pale bluish spets, remaining segments unmarked. Anal appendages creamy white, superiors beneath, and inferiors at base brownish black ; superiors about as long as segment 10, conical and rather obtuse at apex as seen from above, cigar-shaped as seen from the side and with a small median black ventral spine ; inferiors one-third as long again as superiors, broad at base, then cylindrical and curled gently in, their apices nearly meeting at the midline, sloping strongly up as seen from the side, apex. obtusely rounded. Penis much broadened anteriorly and shallowly concave, the apical portion curling strongly over, presenting a small dorsal spine within the curve, and a small lappet-like lobe on either side just before the apex bifurcates into short branches which turn directly out at right angles to the body and end obtusely. Female. Abdomen 42-46 mm. Hindwing 29-33 mm. Differs in several respects from the male, the blue markings only present in very adult specimens, and usually creamy yellow. Head similar to the male in most respects, differing as follows,—the pale markings of face pale greenish blue; the small triangular spot on vertex replaced by a chain of six spots, one in the same situation as that of male and connected narrowly with a second which extends out to the eye, lastly a third rounded spot lying between the outer and medial ocelli on each side ; the spot on the under side of head against the eyes very much larger and broadly triangular. Prothorax citron yellow with the whole of anterior lobe black, the middorsal ridge rather broadly and the hinder border ; the posterior lobe vestigial, only a lateral rudimentary process on each side. ‘Thorax black on dorsum nearly as far lateral as the anterolateral sinus and marked with a pair of antehumeral narrow complete bluish green stripes ; laterally pale blue, or yellow in subadults or tenerals, marked with a very fine line on the postero-lateral suture ; beneath pale blue or yellow, unmarked. Legs yellow, all tibia black on flexor surface ; anterior pair of femora with a black stripe on front and back, confluent at distal end of limb ; hinder two pairs with this marking much restricted, especially on the hind pair. Wings as for male, palely enfumed in adults ; 20-21 postnodal nervures in forewings, 18-19 in the hind ; pterostigma with the pale brown frame much more in evidence; A7v+v more proximad the subnode, and J//777 always arising distad of that nervure. Abdomen blackish brown. black towards the end segments, marked beneath and laterally, broadly with greenish blue changing to yellow on the end segments, and laterally and subapically expanding into largish spots ; segment 8 with a broad apical yellow or bluish-green annule covering nearly half. the segment ; segment 9 nearly entirely pale blue or bluish-green, its base narrowly, and the sides broadly black, the black of base prolonged apicad as two submedian points. Occasionally the yellow annule on 8 narrowly interrupted on the middorsal carina ; segment 10 brownish black, unmarked. Anal appendages shorter than segment 10, conical, pointed, black ; vulvar scales projecting beyond end of abdomen, very robust, bright yellow. Distribution.— Upper Assam and Bengal, Sikkim and Simla States. The author has specimens from Darjeeling, Bengal, collected in July; from Pashoke, British Sikkim, collected in May, and from Gopaldhara, Assam, collected in September. Also some specimens from Barog, Simla Hills, 5,400 ft. collected in August, these latter being very small and evidently similar to the specimen described by Selys as from Darjeeling, and determined in error as C. didyma. The single thoracic dorsal marking and the black underneath 650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV of thorax are in themselves sufficient to distinguish the insect from C. didyma which has two spots and a pale blue underside to thorax. These small Simla specimens do not differ in the slightest, except for size, from the larger forms from elsewhere. The single blue dorsal spot restricted to the lower half of the thorax will serve to Getermine this insect. Coeliccia didyma (Selys) (1863). Trichocnemis didyma Selys. Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xvi, p. 155 (1863) ; Id: (C. rentfera nec didyma Mem. Cour. xxxviii, p. 118 (1886). Coeliccia didyma Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 128 (1890) ; Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. xtii, pp. 322, 332 and 335° (1917) % Pras’ Jourz: Bom. Nat. Fizst. ‘Soc., Vol. xxix, “p'.745' (1923); 7 aid Rec. Ind. Mus. MS. (1931). Male. Abdomen 40mm. Hindwing 26 mm. Head labium yellow; labrum and postclypeus steely blue-black, bases of mandibles, gene and anteclypeus pale sky blue, the former narrowly black at base ; vertex and occiput velvety black, the former with a small triangular blue spot on each side lying between the ocelli and antenne, the latter with a pyri- form elongate pale yellow spot on each side ; beneath head broadly pale blue ; eyes olive green below, black above. Prothorax black with a large pale blue spot on each side the middle lobe and the lower border narrowly ; posterior lobe simple rounded. Thorax velvety black on dorsum marked with two pyriform elongate ante- humeral spots on each side the middorsal carina, a lower larger spot extending nearly halfway up the dorsum, pointed above, and an upper smaller spot extending from the antealar sinus for about one-fourth the length of dorsum and pointed below; laterally pale blue, the postero-lateral suture broadly mapped out in black ; beneath palest blue, unmarked. Wings hyaline ; pterostigma blackish framed finely in pale brown and thick black nervures, braced, covering one and a half cells; 18 postnodal nervures in forewings, 17 in the hind; Azv+v arising a short distance proximad the subnode, and /Aiiz a similar distance distad that structure ; 4d, especially in the forewings, arising a short distance distad the level of Ac. Legs yellow, femora with a black stripe running the whole length of extensor and flexor surfaces, more extensive on the former, where it is continued on to the trochanters and coxe ; tibiz black on flexor surface. Abdomen black on dorsum and sides, pale yellow beneath, the sides of segment 1 broadly yellow, the lower part of sides of seginent 2 narrowly so; a linear longitudinal streak of yellow on dorsum of the latter segment, not quite extending to apical border ; segments 3 to 6 with small paired pale blue baso- dorsal spots ; segments 7 and 8 entirely black save for a narrow border bluish on the latter near the ventral surface ; segments 9 and 10 pale blue, but the basal third of former with a broad annule of black. Anal appendages livid or pale yellow, the base of superiors and the apices of inferiors blackish; superiors slightly longer than segment 10, conical and hollowed out within asseen from the dorsum, narrow at base, with a broad ventral tooth, tipped with black, and the obtuse apex with a shallow dorsal notch as seen from the side; in semi-profile view, a fine black spine seen near the base within ; inferiors slightly longer than superiors, very sinucus as seen from the side, the apex obtuse, rounded and curled slightly down and markedly in. Female unknown. Distribution.—Described from a specimen from Kedah Peak, Simla States, 3,800 ft. taken by Capt. Cardew, 29-3-1928. ‘The type, in the Selysian collec- tion is an incomplete male, with end of abdomen missing, locality Thibet. Subsequently Selys described a small form of C. venzfera, from Darjeeling, as a male of this species, giving the supposed and completed description of C. didyma. The female still remains to be discovered. The species is easily distinguished from al] others by the two pyriform dorsal thoracic spots, pale blue in colour. C. loringe which is very closely related to it differs by the “put, eee INDIAN DRAGONFLIES . 651 lower of the two dorsal spots being broader and deeply bifid along its upper border and also by the blue markings of abdomen extending well onto segment 8, instead of restricted to the apical half of 9 and segment 10. Coeliccia loringae Laidlaw (1931). Celiccia loringe Laid., Rec. Ind. Mus. MS (1931). Male. Abdomen 42 mm. MHindwing 27 mm. Head,-labium white: labrum and postclypeus glossy black : bases of mandi- bles, genze and lateral part of frons and the anteclypeus pale sky-blue; rest of head velvety black with a small oval spot obscurely blue on each side of vertex between the lateral ocelli and bases of antennez, and an elongate pyriform post- ocular spot pale yellow on each side of occiput ; beneath black, eyes bordered irregular}y with pale blue; eyes olivaceous beneath and at sides, black above. Prothorax velvety black with a broad border on each side confluent with an elongate spot on the side of middle lobe, pale sky-blue: posterior lobe simple, rounded. Thorax velvety black on dorsum where are seen two large pale sky-blue spots on each side, a smaller upper spot near the antealar sinus and upper part of humeral suture, extending slightly less than one-third the length of dorsum, and a large broad lower spot extending for the lower two-thirds of dorsum, bordering the middorsal carina inwardly and with a tongue-like projection on the outer side near the humeral suture, giving a bifid appearance to the spot: laterally pale sky-blue with the postero-lateral suture narrowly outlined in black ; beneath palest blue. Legs white, extensor surfaces of all femora black, as also the distal end of the flexor surface of hind pair ; tibia black on the flexor surface; tarsi entirely black. Wings hyaline; pterostigma blackish brown, paler at margins, covering one to one and a half cells, strongly braced ; 19 to 20 postnodal cells to forewings, 19 in the hind; Azv+v and /JA772 arising together from the subnode, or /Azzz slightly distad that nervure ; rarely Azu+v a shade proximad to the subnode. Abdomen black marked with pale sky-blue as follows: segment 1 broadly blue at the sides and more narrowly so at apex, the black dorsal spot just reach- ing that border at a point; segment 2 broadly blue at the sides, and witha narrow middorsal stripe extending for three-fourths the length of middorsal carina; segment 3 with a narrow basal annule narrowly interrupted on the middorsum, and a very broad subapical annule also narrowly interrupted on the middorsal carina ; this annule confluent with the blue of sides and beneath ; segments 4 to 6 very similar but the basal annules reduced to two small basal spots which are gradually reduced in size towards sezgment6; segment 7 similar but the basal spots absent ; segment 8 with a broad blue apical annule resting on apical border and covering about the apical half of segment, more so subdorsally ; segment 9 entirely blue, whilst 10 is blue with a large trilobed black spot on apical border, the middle lobe of spot extending to base of segment, Anal appendages pale creamy yellow, exactly similar in shape to those of C. didyma, except for the basal spine of superiors which is absent. Penis similar in shape to that of C. didyma, apex very broad and a little sinuous, very shallowly excavate, curling up over stem of organ and deeply cleft into two long slim branches whiich curl down and forwards and, at the extreme apices, again backwards. A strong dorsal spine within the curling arch of apex. Female. Abdomen 41mm. Hindwing 27 mm. Differs in several respects from the male; labrum bright ochre, its base narrowly black; postclypeus black with a rounded yellow spot on each side ; bases of mandibles and gene bright yellow; the isolated spots on vertex replaced by a complete transverse stripe or witha slight interruption at the middle of head, this stripe very sinuous and traversing vertex between the ocelli; elongate spots behind eyes bright yellow; bordering of eyes beneath yellow. Prothorax black, broadly yellow at the sides and beneath, posterior lobe reduced to a small median tongue-like projection directed straight back. Thorax black marked with bright yellow as follows,—a very narrow ante, humeral stripe on each side of dorsum and atiny upper humeral spot ; the sides 12 652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV and beneath all yellow save for a narrow black oblique stripe mapping out the postero-lateral suture. Legs yellow, marked similarly to the male but tibiz are entirely yellow, as also the trochanters and coxe ; tarsi black. Wings similar to the male in most respects ; pterostigma reddish brown between black nervures ; 19 to 20 postnodal nervures in forewings, 17 in the hind; Azv+v slightly proximad the subnode; //777 at a greater distance distad, but the two arising very close together as in the male Abdomen black with a bright yellow stripe running the whole length of sides; segment 3 with a pair of basal subdorsal spots confluent witb this yellow stripe ; segment 1 broadly yellow, its dorsum with a broad triangular black spot which reaches apical border at a point only ; segments 2 to 6 with the niddorsal carina finely yellow ; segment 8 with nearly its apical half bright ochreous but a small apical dorsal triangle of black with its apex bifid and directed basad ; segments 9 and 10 wholly bright ochreous. Anal appendages short, conical, pointed, bright ochreous as well as a conical protuberance beneath and between them. Vulvar scales ochreous, extending to end of abdomen: Distribution.—Upper Burma. The type, in the author’s collection, is from Gokteik, Upper Shan States; other specimens were taken at Maymyo, Upper Shan States, Burma, during June and July. The species is only to be con- founded with C. didyma from which however it is easily distinguished by the shape of the lower dorsal thoracic spot, by the conspicuous subapical blue annules on abdomen and by the blue markings at end of abdomen extending onto segment 8 as well as the whole of segment 9. The origins of Azv+v and [kRiii are also different and the nodal index is higher. Coeliccia loogali Laidlaw (1931). Coeliccia loogali Laid., Rec. Ind. Mus. MS. (1931). Male. Abdomen 42-43 mm. Hindwing 28 mm. Head,—labium pale yellow; labrum and postclypeus glossy black, the latter with a small spot at each side pale sky-blue; bases of mandibles, genz and outer part of frons pale sky-blue; rest of head black, the vertex with an obscure triangular spot on each side lying between base of antennz and outer ocelli, the occiput with a transversely elongate spot on each side behind eyes ; beneath black broadly pale sky-blue against the eyes; eyes dark olivaceous green at sides and beneath, black above. Prothorax black with a broad pale sky-blue stripe on each side below ; posterior lobe simple, rounded. ‘Thorax velvety black on dorsum to weil beyond level of humeral suture, marked with a pair of antehumeral pale sky-blue narrow curved stripes with the convexity facing outwards and extending the whole length of dorsum ; a small upper humeral spot of the same colour, occasionally quite large, some- times obsolete; laterally pale sky-blue with a small black spot on the upper end of the postero-lateral suture and a similar spot below ; beneath pale sky- blue. Wings hyaline ; pterostigma blackish grey, in a lighter frame and thick black nervures, braced, covering one and a half cells ; A7v+v arising well proximad of the subnode, /A777 slightly after that structure or occasionally opposite it ; 19 to 23 postnodal nervures to forewings, 18 to 19 in the hind. Legs pale yellow as well as trochanters and coxe, femora lined with black on extensor surfaces, tibize black on flexor, tarsi black. Abdomen black on dorsum, pale blue to yellow on lower part of sides of segments 3 to 6, segment 1 broadly blue on the sides, segment 2 more so than on the following segments ; remainder black. Anal appendages deep black as for abdomen, the superiors tipped with bright yellow at apex and another spot of yellow on apex of ventral spine ; seen from above, conical with an inner ventral subapical robust spine, giving a bifid appearance to the apex of appendage, on either side of which groove is seen the strongly contrasted small yellow spots; inferiors one- fourth longer than superiors which are about as long as segment 10, tapered, very sinuous and with apical end turned strongly inward and down. Penis broadly dilated at upex and rather deeply notched at centre, the end curling strongly over stem INDIAN DRAGONFLIES 653 of organ and ending in two broad lobes which embrace the stem closely on either side. Female. Abdomen 40-41 mm. Hindwing 28 mm. Differs in but few respects from the male, much less so than in other species of the genus. Thelabrum broadly bordered with yellow in all but very old specimens ; the outer spots on the postclypeus yellow and very small or almost obsolete in adult specimens ; the blue of gene extending inwards across frons to a greater degree ; a narrow zig-zag transverse stripe across vertex made up of six small blue spots behind the antennz and linking up the ocelli in a chain ; blue beneath head more extensive ; prothorax and thorax as for male but the posterior lobe of former reduced to a tiny median point and a small outer isolated lobe ; wings entirely similar to the male but palely enfumed in adults. Abdomen similar to the male except the terminal three segments,— segment 8 with a broad apical annule yellow covering slightly more than one- third the length of segment and confluent below with a yellow border ; segment 9 dark reddish brown with the apical border yellow or ochreous gradually vignetted off into the darker colour ; segment 10 very short, black. Anal appendages black, conical, rather shorter than segment 10; vulvar scales robust, yellow tipped with black beneath, extending a little beyond end of abdomen. Distribution.—Maymyo, Upper Shan States, Burma, during June and July. A number of males and three females in the author’s collection. Type and paratype to be deposited in the British Museum collection. The species is easily distinguished from others by the curved blue antehumeral stripes on dorsum of thorax, by the lateral blue spots on postclypeus, by the very black abdomen of male, almost unmarked, especially the terminal segments, and by the black anal appendages tipped with two small bright yellow spots. The female is determined by the lateral spots on postclypeus and the broad terminal yellow rings on segments 8 and 9 followed by a black unmarked segment 10. Coeliccia poungyi Fraser. Coeliccia poungyt Fraser, Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx. pp. 52 and 53 (1926). Male. Abdomen 43-40 mm. Hindwing 23-25 mm. Head,—labium black, white at base; labrum, bases of mandibles and lower half of genz, ante- and post-clypeus glossy black ; upper half of genz palest blue, this colour encroaching slightly on frons, which is black; vertex and occiput matt black, the former with two oval spots with their bases on the posterior ocelli and apex directed.towards the bases of antenne, the latter with an elongate pyriform creamy yellow spot; beneath head black, narrowly bluish against the eyes; eyes black above, olivaceous green at sides and below. Prothorax velvety black, the lower part of sides pale blue; posterior lobe rounded, simple. - Thorax velvety black in the humeral area, pale sky-blue on dorsum and laterally from about the middle of mesepimeron. Dorsum almost entirely blue, the middorsal carina finely black, as also the antealar sinus above, and the small triangular area below in which the carinal ridge ends ; a small upper humeral spot sometimes present; laterally the postero-lateral suture heavily mapped out in black; beneath palest blue. Legs black ; coxee and trochanters posteriorly pale blue. Wings hyaline; pterostigma black or very dark brown, covering 1 cell, braced ; 17-18 postnodal nervures in forewings, 16 in the hind ; Azv+v and JRi2z often arising very close together, the former usually very slightly before the subnode but occasionally at its level, the latter generally slightly after or rarely at its level. Abdomen black; segment 1 with the apical half of its sides pale blue, extending up along the apical border and nearly confluent over dorsum ; segment 2 with a narrow longitudinal stripe on each side at the ventral border, also a natrow linear stripe along the middorsal carina, the latter pale creamy white ; segment 3 with a pair of small subdorsal bluish spots at base and its middorsal carina finely yellow, this latter continued for a short distance on to segment 4; segments 9 and 10 bright chrome yellow. 654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL AIST. SOCIETY. Vol: 2X Anal appendages bright yellow ; superiors as long as segment 10, narrow at base, broadening at middie and again slightly tapered to apex which is bluntly conical, asmall black- tipped ventral spine just beyond the middle and a smaller short spine near the base, which is seen with difficulty; inferiors one-third longer than superiors, broad at base, then ungulate and very sinuous, blunt and rounded at apices which are curved slightly inwards. Penis differing broadly from that of other species, very broad at apex which is a little sinuous, the end curling over strongly and ending in three processes, a median tongue-shaped lobe directed straight back over stem of organ, and two very thin, long, greatly curled branches, which curve down like a watch-spring on each side of the organ. Female. Abdomen 40mm. Hindwing 26 mm. Differs rather broadly from the male, the blue markings replaced by bright ochre. Labium yellow; labrum bright yellow with two large black basal spot, narrowly joined across the middle; bases of mandibles, gene and a large spot on each side of postclypeus bright ocherous; the oval spots on vertex replaced by a continuous transverse and very‘sinuous bright yellow stripe traversing the vertex between the ocelli; elongate spots behind eyes bright yellow, beneath eyes almost entirely bluish green. Prothorax black, broadly yellow on the sides; posterior lobe almost obsolete, a mere median vestige present. ‘Thorax black on dorsum to nearly as far as the antero-lateral suture, marked with a narrow bright yellow antehumeral stripe on each side of dorsum ; laterally and beneath yellow with a short vestige of a narrow black stripe on the upper part of postero-lateral suture. Legs yellow, posterior surfaces of femora and anterior of tibize black; tarsi black. Wings hyaline, pterostigma brownish black at centre framed in pale yellow and thick black nervures ; 19 postnodal nervures to forewings, 17 in the hind ; Aiv+v arising widely proximad the subnode, /Azzz in continuation of the nervure descending from it or occasionally very slightly distad of it. Abdomen black with a broad yellow stripe extending along its whole length, more extensively so on segment 1; segment 8 with rather more than its apical third bright ochreous, whilst segments 9 and 10 are entirely of this colour. Anal appendages short, conical, pointed, yellow, as also aconical protuberance beneath and between them. Distribution.—Upper Shan States, Burma. ‘The type, a male in the British Museum, is from Maymyo, paratype female and males in the author’s collection Were taken during June and July. The species is determined from others by the whole of dorsum of thorax pale sky-blue, whilst the female differs by the whole of the under-surface of eyes pale greenish blue and segments & to 10 yeliow, rather less than ie Jase two- thirds of the former black, the apical border unmarked. Coeliccia chromothorax (Selys) (1891). Calicnemis chromothorax Selys, Ann. Mus, Civ. Genov. (2) x, pp. 70-71 (1891); Laid; Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. xiii, p. 327 (1917); Fras.; Journ. Bon. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xxix, p..74 (1923). Coeliccia chromothorax Uaid., Rec. Ind. Mus. MS. (1931). Male. Abdomen 42-43 mm. Hindwing 26-29 mm. Head,--labium yellow tipped with black; labrum, bases of mandibles, gene, clypeus, vertex and occiput black, the vertex with a small oval yellow spot lying between the posterior ocell1 and antenne on each side, the occiput with an elongate transverse pale yellow stripe on each side of occiput behind eyes, and a small point of yellow against the eyes beneath ; eyes black on top, olivaceous laterally and beneath. Prothorax black, sides of middle and anterior lobes broadly yellow ; posterior lobe rounded, simple. Thorax bright sulphur yellow on dorsum, the middorsal carina finely black, as also the antealar sinus and the small triangular area below at end of carinal ridge; the humeral area broadly velvety black as far as the antero-lateral suture, and with a small yellow point above just behind the upper end of humeral suture; laterally and beneath pale yellow with a narrow black stripe mapping out the postero-lateral suture, but incomplete below. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES 655 Legs yellow with extensor surfaces of femora, and flexor surfaces of tibize black, as well as tarsi. Wings hyaline, palely enfumed in adults; pterostigma black very finely framed in yellow, covering rather less than 2 cells, braced; Azv+v very vari- able in origin, often fused with //¢z7z, or arising well before, slightly before or at the level of subnode; //7zz arising at or distad the subnode; 19-22 post- nodal nervures in forewings, 18 to 22 in the hind. Origin of anal bridge variable, arising at or a short distance proximad of Ac. Abdomen black, the ventral border yellow as far as segment 6, broadly so on segment 1 where it passes up on dorsum and is narrowly confluent at the apical border ; segment 2 with its middorsal carina finely yellow, as also segments 3 and 4; a pair of small bright yellow baso-dorsal spots on segments 3 to 5, that on 3 being confluent with the yellow on side; the apical border of segment 9 and the whole of segment 10 bright chrome yellow. Anal appendages bright yellow ; superiors about as long as segment 10, broad at base, broad and shallowly notched at apex asseenin profile, obtuse at apex as seen from dorsum, a small spine tipped with black on the ventral inner surface about middle of appendage; inferiors broad at base, ungulate and very sinuous thereafter as far as apex which is rounded in profile, but curled strongly in and acute as seen from above. Penis with very blunt apex, cupped and with two very narrow branches springing from its middle which curl strongly back to embrace stem of organ and then turn abruptly back at ends; a robust spine on dorsum of stem lying within the arch of apex. Female. Abdomen 40 mtn. Hindwing 28 mm. Differs in several respects from the male, shorter and more robust; bases of mandibles, genz, anteclypeus except for a small black spot on each side, and the anterior border of frons very finely yellow; 2nd joint of antennae tipped with yellow; oval spots on vertex replaced by a beaded transverse stripe traversing the vertex between the ocelli; elongate spots behind eyes larger ; eyes bordered narrowly with yellow beneath. Prothorax very broadly yellow at sides; posterior lobe almost absent, merely a small black lobe on each side, the broad notch between bright yellow. Thorax black on dorsum marked with a narrow bright yellow antehumeral stripe on each side which replaces the broad sulphur yellow fascia seen in the male. Laterally similartothe male. Legs and wings similar to the male; 20 to 21 postnodal nervures to fore- wings, 19in the hind; Azv+v and /Azzz arising a little proximad and a little distad of the subnode respectively; Ad arising at the level of Ac. Abdomen black with a yellow stripe running along the whole length of the ventral border; segment 1 entirely bright yellow save for a small dorsal basal black spot ; segment 8 with a Jarge apical dorsal spot covering nearly its apical half; segment 9 with a similar spot, but bifurcating into two lobes which run slightly outwards and nearly as far as base of segment ; segment 10 black with the dorsum yellow or more commonly, a small round spot on each side the middorsal ridge at the middle of segment. Anal appendages black, short, conical, pointed ; vulvar scales robust, not extending quite to end of abdomen, yellow, blackish below. Distribution.—Upper Burma; the type comes from Puepoli and is in the Selysian collection. Occurs at Maymyo, Upper Burma from June to August. Paratypes in the author’s, and British Museum collections. The male is easily distinguished from all others of the genus by the whole of dorsum of thorax bright sulphur yellow; not infrequently the anal bridge is found to arise proximad the level of dc, thus differing from other species and approximating to Calicnemis and /ndocnemis. The female is distinguished by the yellow markings on the terminal abdominal segments which are very distinctive. Coeliccia fraseri Laidlaw (1931). Coeliccia fraserz Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. MS. (1931). Male. Abdomen 37 mm. Hindwing 23 mm. Head,—labium pale yellow ; labrum dark brown bordered with paler brown ; bases of mandibles, gene, anteclypeus and the lateral part of frons pale blue ; vertex and occiput and beneath eyes matt black, the former with a pair of round bluish spots lying in the triangle formed by the ocelli, and an oval spot 656 JOURNAL; BOMBAY, NATORAL AIST. SOCIL DY, Wola Aaa on each side between the ocelli and base of antenne ; occiput with a vestigial pale yellow oblong spot on each side behind the eyes ; the latter black above, olivaceous on the sides and beneath. Prothorax black, broadly blue or yellow laterally ; posterior lobe rounded, simple. Thorax black on dorsum as far lateral as the anterior half of the mesepi- meron, marked by very narrow dorsal blue or yellow stripes which lie close to and parallel with the middorsal carina, extending the whole length of dorsum. Laterally and beneath paie blue with a narrow black stripe mapping out the postero-lateral suture, incomplete below; a small spot, sometimes obsolete, on the upper part of humeral suture. Legs yellow, posterior surfaces of femora and the tarsi black. Wings hyaline ; pterostigma. reddish brown framed in pale yellow and thick black nervures, covering one and a half cells, braced; 16 to 17 postnodal nervures to forewings, 15 in the hind; Azv+v arising at a variable distance proximad to subnode ; /A7z7 arising at or a little beyond subnode. Abdomen blackish brown on dorsum, bluish near base and yellow elsewhere on the sides; segment 1 broadly blue or yellow laterally; segments 3 to 7 with small paired basal dorsal spots confluent with the yellow on sides and beneath ; segments 7 to 9 black on dorsum; segment 10 black changing to reddish brown and then broadly yellow on the side. Some specimens with the apical border of segment 9 broadly pale yellow, the base black, this extending as two dorsal points apicad ; segment 10 in the same specimens wholly pale ellow. Anal appendages pale yellow, inferiors black on dorsum and apices; superiors narrow at base and hollowed out as seen from above, then broaden- ing and club-shaped, very obtuse at apex and with two inner points or broad spines at their middle; inferiors broad at base then tapered and ending in an obtuse or rounded apex which is slightly curled in as seen from above. Penis closely similar to that of C. chromothorax but the branches forming a watch-spring spiral and not directed back at ends. Female. Abdomen 33mm. Hindwing 24 min. Closely similar to the male, far more so than is general within the genus ; differs as follows, labrum golden yellow with a tiny black point at base in the . middle line; blue of gence almost meeting across frons; spots on vertex coalesced to form a complete slightly beaded stripe extending from eye to eye between the ocelli. Prothorax bright yellow, anterior and posterior lobes deep black, as also a fine middorsal line on middle lobe; posterior lobe trilobate, projecting markedly over front of thorax. Wings with pterostigma ochreous, the central portion brownish; 17 to 18 postnodal nervures in forewings, 15 to 16 in the hind ; Azw+vand /A7z2 variableas in themale. Abdomen similar but segment 8 with a broad apical yellow annule occupying one-third of its length ; segment 9 variable, dark brown or obscurely marked with yellow on dorsum and apical border ; segment 10 reddish brown as also anal appendages which are short, conical pointed. Vulvar scales moderately robust, yellow, the base and beneath black. Distribution.—Khasia Hills, Assam. The type in the British Museum comes from Shillong, 5,000 ft. The species is stated by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher to be common in jungle near streams in June and July, extending into August. Distinguished from other species by the parallel blue or yellow dorsal lines on thorax lying in close apposition to the middorsal carina. The female bears the same marking which will serve to determine it from the females of other species from India. Only old adults have blue thoracic markings, and in veLy old specimens, the dorsal stripes are completely obliterated. (Zo be continued), JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc. Dorsal view of Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Ruppel with a trifid tail. % «2 m\ ORL. ~~ —==-—Med br St mo Specimen B. Puate I, Dorsal view of Gecko verticillatus, Laurenti with a trifid tail produced artificially. OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRIFID TAILS IN TWO SPECIMENS OF HEMIDACTYLUS FLAVIVIRIDIS, RUPPEL, WITH A NOTE 2 ON THE ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE CANES OF Tote OKTIANK” LIZARD, GACKO VERTICLELATLOS, LAURENTI. By GaM=; DAS, Mi Ssc3 Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, Calcutta. . (With 1 plate and a text-figure.) INTRODUCTION. Two specimens of ordinary house-lizards (Geckos), each with a trifid tail, were caught—one from the students’ quarter, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Calcutta, by the author himself and the other from the Professors’ quarters situated within the compound of the same premises by Master Ajit Kumar Sarkar. ‘The chief interest lies in the fact that under ordinary circum- stances, the regenerated tail in Geckos is generally a straight continuation (without any sign of segmentation on the surface, except for certain differences in scaling) of the portion of the original tail left intact, whereas in the present case each specimen bears two lateral accessory regenerated branches in addi- tion to the median regenerated tail. From a careful study of the detailed structure it was found that these two lateral branches of the tail differed markedly from the median one, and also from the double and the triple tails which were produced artificially in the laboratory by injuring either certain portions of the vertebral column of the normal tail or the cartilaginous tube of the regenerated tail of Gecko verticillatus. Regeneration of tails in Geckos is not an uncommon feature, and has been referred to by several authors, and the literature dealing with allied or nearly related cases has been cited in the present communication. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The description of the two specimens of Hemidactylus tlaviviridis, Ruppel, each possessing a trifid tail, is as follows : I. External Characters—Specimen A (Figs. 1 and 2). (a) Measurements : (ije Vent tromrsnout to The Vents os scscseses ores5 00), CHISe (ii) Greatest breadth across the abdomen......... 95 cms: (ie Wenothsof themea ds incase seevces parse a sade eraee. 2 Goris: (iv Rb Geda tli Of HEN CAG 2: ca. cchesscscucsestacscicce-ssaes 1°63 cms. The portion of the original tail left intact (Figs. 1 and 2; S,-S;), measured 2:3 cms. from the vent. This piece of the original tail, as seen externally, is composed of five segments (S,-S;), each segment being marked by the presence of four large conical scales except the basal segment (B.S... or S,), where such scales are not represented. ‘Two of these large scales are lateral in position, and are much more prominent than the two mid-dorsal ones. The whole of the regenerated tail (Med. br.) measures 4°35 cms. in length from its origin up toits tip. Ata distance of nearly 9 mm. from base of the regene- rated tail there arise two small accessory lateral branches apparently from the dorso-lateral walls of the regenerated tail itself. The latter is thus continued as the median tail (Med. br.), though there is aslight indication of a groove on 7 Cf. ah roceedings Of the Indian Science Congress held at Nagpur in 1931. | 658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL GIST. SOGELY, Vole eo. either side, both along the dorsal and the ventral sides, just behind the origin of the two small lateral branches. ‘The grooves run from the lateral sides, converging towards the antero-mesial direction. The right lateral branch (R.L.b) measures 4°5 mm. in length, whereas the left one measures 3°5 mm. The median branches of the tail (Med. br.) measures 3°45 cms. in length from Fic. 1. Diagrammatic sketch of Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Ruppel, with a trifid tail; Specimen A. a. Dorsal surface; 6. ventral aspect of the tail region behind the origin of the lateraltails. The diameter of the common trunk of the regenerated tail, i.e. of the common basal stump (C.R.T.), supporting the lateral accessory as well as the median tails, inmediately in front of the two lateral branches, is about 7 mms., whereas the diameter of the base of the median branch lying just behind them is about 4°5 mm. (b) Scaling: As regards scaling there is a very marked difference between the original portion (i.e. part of the normal tail left intact) and the regenerated portion of the tail. In the former case the scaling on the dorsal surface is more regular, and each segment as seen externally has four large conical scales as referred to above, which are absent from the regenerated tail. The general covering of scales (dorsal and lateral) over the region of the tail in front of the origin of the two lateral accessory branches, i.e., both over the normal portion of the tail as weil as over the common regenerated trunk, are small and very nearly of the same pattern, while those over the three regenerated branches (i.e., the two lateral branches and the median one) are slightly larger and dissimilar, and are arranged irregularly, The mid-ventral row of large laterally elongated TRIFID TAILS OF LIZARDS 659 scales (fig. 24; M.V.S.) prominently seen on the original tail, also extends over the common regenerated trunk as well as over the median branch of the regenerated portion of the tail, but here they are strikingly different in form and shape; and the lateral branches, viz., the accessory tails, are devoid of such large scales; in other words, the latter are covered over by small scales only which are of the same pattern both on the dorsal and the ventral sides. (c) Colouration : As to the colouration, the three regenerated branches are slightly more greyish in appearance than the rest of the tail. SPECIMEN B. (PI. 1) (a) Measurements : (i) Length from snout to the vent..............cscesesees S°1 cms. (ii) Greatest breadth across the abdomen............ 1:95 ems, (iil), beneth of (he Reads... fc tse. vks esas Ri eetercinns acl! “ems, (iv) Breadth: of the head........... ga vedeessaaempener cases 1°65 cms. The portion of the origina] tail (Pl. 1, S,-S,) left intact measured 7°5 mm. This portion of the original tail is really composed of two segments, and, as seen externally, it is marked by a definite groove which separates the basal segment (B.S.T. or S,) from the posterior one (S,)—both of these having no conical scales : the absence of such scales from the posterior segment is an uncommon feature, and is probably due to destruction caused by certain injuries over the area bearing thesescales. Out of the three branches of the regenerated tail, the median branch (Med. br.) is larger than the two lateral ones and measures 2°45 c.ms., whereas the right lateral branch (R.L.b.) measures 1:75 cms., and the left one (l..L.b.) 1:7 cms. The two lateral accessory branches are comparatively larger than these of the specimen A, but the median regenerated tailis relatively smaller. The three branches of the regenerated tail arise directly from the very end of the original tail left intact, and not from a common regenerated trunk as in specimen A described above. A posterior groove on either side is very well-marked (especially on the dorsal side), and runs from just behind the base of each lateral tail towards the antero-mesial direction as seen in specimen A, but the line of demarcation between the original portion of the tail and the regenerated portion is very clearly marked in this particular specimen (not so well differentiated in the former case), and runs postero-mesially from the lateral sides to meet at a common point at which the two posterior grooves (just mentioned) also unite. The diameter of the common base (from which are given off the three branches) of the regene- rated tail is 1°2 cms., whereas the base of the median branch, i.e. of the region lying immediately behind the origin of thetwo lateral accessory branches, measures °4 cm. across its diaineter. (b) Scaling: The dorsal scaling of the three regenerated branches differs from that of the original tail in being irregular and larger in size, but the mid-ventral row of laterally elongated scales are present on all the three branches, and are of the same pattern. In this respect, viz., in the possession of the mid-ventral row of scales on all the three regenerated branches of the tail, specimen B differs very strikingly from specimen A. It is a noteworthy fact that the scales of the regenerated (renewed) tail, or of the accessory tails differ from those of the original (normai) tail in those reptiles, which have the power of reproducing their tail, but according to Boulenger (3) this view is erroneous, and ‘‘ in some cases, the aberrant scaling of the reproduced tail is a reversion to an ancestral form.”’ (c) Colouration : The colouration of the regenerated tail is pretty nearly the same as in specimen A. HISTOLOGY. Specimen A, In the regenerated tail, as we know, a cartilaginous tube extends from the very end of the portion of the original tail left intact, in continuation with the last vertebra (i.e. the portion actually left over), up to the end of the regene- rated tail. By section-cutting it is found that the two lateral accessory branches 660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV- bear no such cartilaginous tube as that seen in the median regenerated portion in which it is continued straight backwards from its base, There is a fairly well-developed groove encircling the cartilaginous tube, i.e., there is a distinct constriction at the point from where the two lateral tails are given off. Serial frontal sections also show that the cartilage cells at the constriction are com- paratively much larger than those of the other parts, and arein a state of proliferation, and they push their way inwards towards the central canal lodg- ing the spinal cord. ‘There is also a connective tissue investment encircling the tube, but this is interrupted at the constriction. The histological condition of the central cartilaginous tube, viz., the presence of a very distinct constriction as well as discontinuity of the connective tissue sheath in the constricted area, suggests that probably the anterior portion of the regenerated tail, i.e., the basal stumpy portion (Figs. 1 and2; C.R.T.) is primarily regenerated from the sides of which are developed the two accessory fleshy lobes (R.L.b. and L.L.b.), whereas the median part (Med. br.) of the tail is secondarily regenerated—the fleshy lobes being probably formed after the median part has sufficiently developed due to. certain injuries being received over the common regenerated trunk near the junction of the two portions of the regenerated tail. The cartilaginous tube is devoid of any segmentation and perforation. It tapers with the tail, and its lumen ends blindly at the tip. Neural and heemal arches are wholly wanting in the area of regeneration. Inside the lumen of the cartilaginous tube the following structures are present :— (a) The tapering part of the spinal cord in continuation with the cellular lining of the canalis centralis, and practically having very few external nerve fibres. (6) A network of blood-vessels—the capillaries being irregularly disposed here and there. (c) A very few pigment celis are also scattered about. (d) The fatty layer is extremely thick, and consequently the musculature is thin within the median regenerated tail, but the two lateral accessory branches are mainly muscular Outs Owais with a limited number of adipose cells. Specimen B: As in specimen A the cartilaginous tube is one continuous piece, and forms the central axis of the median regenerated tail only. The lateral branches are devoid of any such structure ; that is to say, these are merely fleshy outgrowths, without any hard supporting structure inside them. Further, in the absence of any groove or constriction towards the anterior part of the cartilaginous tube and in the presence of a continuous sheath of connective tissue, it is so very characteristically different from the previous case already described. It appears that in this case the whole of the newly added tat! is primarily regenerated, and owing to injuries having been received towards its anterior end, two fleshy lobes (Pl. 1; R.L.b. and L.L.b.) have thus developed later in life. But the injuriesin this specimen had possibly also affected the mid- ventral row of scales of the regenerated tail, which probably thus led to the extension of these scales over the ventral sides of the lateral branches as well, whilst it might be remarked that in specimen A the injuries had not gone far enough to affect the mid-ventral row of scales, and consequently, the latter was absent from the accessory lateral tails of that specimen. GENERAL REMARKS. To be brief, it may be said that the regeneration or the production of double or triple tails in lizards (1, 2,4, 5,6) is by no means an uncommon phenomenon under natural conditions. That might be due to certain accidents, either to partial injuries to the muscular coat only, or to deeper injuries affecting the muscular layers as well as one or more vertebrez of the original tail. Tornier (7) has been able to produce experimentally double and triple tails in the case of Lacerta agilis with cartilaginous tubes forming the central axes or supporting structures for the lateral outgrowths. Woodland (8) has succeeded in producing an extra tail without any cartilaginous tube entering into it in each of the four examples of Hemidactylus ee TUPI D TAILS OF LIZARDS ; 661 flaviviridis, Rtippel. This accessory tail is, therefore, simply a muscular outgrowth from the side of the original tail, or from that of the regenerated tail. From a series of well-graded experiments conducted on the caudal autotomy of a less common lizard, Gecko verticillatus (pl. 3) in the laboratory by injuring the tails in various ways, I have observed in nearly all cases (out of many double and triple tails having been produced), that a lateral outgrowth or accessory tail is produced from the normal, or from the regenerated tail without any supporting skeletal structure when the injury is not sufficiently deep, i.e., when it affects the muscular coat only. In such cases, the accessory regenerated tails are merely elongated fleshy lobes, but if the wound is sufficiently deep, and has affected either the vertebral column of the original tail, or the central cartilaginous tube of the regenerated tail, then in all such cases, an accessory cartilaginous tube? is also developed from the point of injury, and extends as a supporting structure inside the accessory regenerated tail. From the experimental results on the regeneration of tails in certain Lacerti- lians obtained by Tornier (7), Woodland (8), myself and others, it clearly follows that an accessory tail without a cartilaginous tube may not be an unusual feature, and that in order to produce an accessory tail with a central cartilaginous tube, the injury must be deep enough to reach the vertebral column of the original tail, or the centrai cartilaginous tube of the regenerated tail. The three-tailed condition (or the trifid tails) of the two specimens of Afemz- dactylus flaviviridis, each possessing, 7.é.,two accessory fleshy lobes without any supporting skeleton, together with the median regenerated tail bearing a central cartilaginous axis, is undoubtedly the outcome of injuries apparently received twice due to certain unknown causes, firstly, to the deeper parts of the original tail, affecting its vertebral column and severing it completely, and thus producing a median regenerated tail, and, secondly, to the muscular part of the regenera- ted tail thus produced on its both sides: under the latter circumstances two accessory muscular lobes have developed. Here I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor B. K. Das, D. Sc., for his constant guidance, invaluable suggestions and kind criticisms. My thanks are also due to Master Ajit Kumar Sarkar for the gift of the specimen. EXPLANATION OF PLATE, Fig. 1. Photograph of the dorsal view of Hemtdactylus flaviviridis, Ruppel, with a trifid tail. Specimen B. », 2 Photograph of the dorsal view of Gecko verticillatus, Laurenti, with a triple tail produced artificially. List OF ABBREVIATIONS USED. Unsegmented base of the original tail. Common regenerated trunk. Left lateral branch or accessory lateral tail, Median branch of the trifid tail. Mid-ventral row of scales. Right lateral branch or accessory lateral tail. Segments of the portion of the original tail left intact. eee “oTwnkogn nNARSECOW ae ee wy uw LITERATURE REFERENCES, i> Bundiley,, HAH: ‘On a Specimen of Hemidactylus gleadovii, Murray, with a Bifid Renewed Tail’. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, pp. 30-33, 1894-95. 2. Idem. ‘Some cases of Caudal abnormality in Mabuia carinata and other Lizards’. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xi, pp. 680-89, 1897-98. 1Tornier (7) has shown that more than one cartilaginous tube may also extend inside a single accessory tail, if two or more neighbouring vertebre be injured, 662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Val. XXXV “ID - Gq SS Boulenger, G. A. ‘On the Scaling of the Reproduced Tail in Lizards’. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, pp. 351-53, 1888. Gaddow, H. ‘Amphibia and Reptiles’. The Camb. Nat. Hist. Ser. vol. viii, 1909. Mason, F. ‘Burmah : Its People and Natural Productions or Notes ete’., Vvol...1, 1869: Morgan, T. H. ‘Regeneration’. New York, 1901. ‘Lorimer, G, ‘Uber experimentall erzeugte dreischwanzige Eidech- sen und Doppelgliedmassen von Molchen ’, Zool, Anz., XX, pp. 356-61, 1897. Woodland, W. N. F.‘' Some observations on the Caudal Autotomy and Regeneration in the Gecko (Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Rtippel), with Notes on the Tails of Sphenodon and Pygopus’. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sct., vol. 65, part I, pp. 63- 100, 1920. OBITUARY MISS JOAN PROCTER (From the ‘ Times’, September 21st, 1931.) We regret to announce that Miss Joan Beauchamp Procter, pD.sc., F.L.S. F.Z.S., died yesterday after a prolonged period of illness at the age of 34. Miss Procter was born in London on August 5, 1897, the younger daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Procter, grand-daughter of Thomas Procter, of The Hoo, Great Gaddesdon, a Hertfordshire squire and of William Brockbank, a weaithy Quaker iron merchant of Manchester, a friend and patron of the pre-Raphaelite painters, anda proficient amateur in botany and geology. Joan was fragile and delicate from birth, and probably the only time in her life when she was physically happy was during six months spent in Switzerland in her twelfth year, when she gave herself up to botany, dancing and reckless tobogganing. Her education at St. Paul’s School for Girls was much interrupted by illness, but she was recognized as a student of resolute will-power and brilliant ability. Her health made it necessary to give up her intention of going to Cambridge, but an opening congenial with her natural gifts presented itself. From her earliest childhood she was devoted to all living creatures, but specially to reptiles and amphibians. She knew the haunts and the habits of all the British species, and had tamed and kept most of them in homes of her own devising. Asa small child she had rejected dolls for a large green Dalmatian lizard, which travelled everywhere with her and sat at table beside her at meais. While still a small school girl she had gone to Dr.G. A. Boulenger, Keeper of Reptiles. and Fishes at the British Museum, to ask him some question about the structure of a reptile, and he, recognizing that she was a naturalist by disposition, had helped and encouraged her and continued to take an interest in her. In 1917 when her Cambridge ambition had to be given up, Dr. Boulenger invited her to assist him at the Museum. From 1917 to 1920, she worked with him, and on his retirement in 1920 until 1923, she was in entire charge of the col- lections of Reptilia and Batrachia. During that time Miss Procter acquired a wide knowledge of her subject, and was the author ofa series of original papers which established her reputation in the museums of the world. (She contributed various papers on the Reptiles of Mesopotamia and Persia to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.) In 1923 Dr. Chalmers Mitchell, the Secretary of the Zoological Society, who knew her artistic and technical ability from the models she had made for the show cases in the Natural History Museum, and from the surgical splints she had made for one of the War *Editor’s Note. 664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV hospitals, invited her to assist Mr. E. G. Boulenger in designing and constructing the rockwork and backgrounds in the New Aquarium, a task which she accomplished with brilliant success. When the Aquarium was completed Mr. Boulenger became its director, and the council appointed Miss Procter to succeed him as Curator of Reptiles and Amphibia. No appointment could have been more successful. Through her acquaintance with those interested in reptiles in almost every part of the world, Miss Procter rapidly increased the collection. Her knowledge of the habits of her charges and her power of close and sympathetic observation led to many improvements in their health and comfort. She followed the work of the Society’s patho- logists in the jost-mortens room, and was soon able to recognize the earliest traces of diseases and to devise appropriate treatment. She became an expert surgeon, excising tumours, dressing sores, and cleaning out and plugging abscesses, and more than one distinguished surgeon has watched her with amazement and admiration operating on the mouth or the eye of a cobra or rattlesnake with apparatus of her own devising. The old Reptile House was unsatisfactory in many respects, and when the Council of the Society found it financially possible to construct a new one Miss Procter planned every detail from the general lay-out to the drains, electrical heating, and decorative backgrounds. ‘The architects, contractors, electricians and decorators had a rough time until they realized that the positions of drain-plugs, electric heaters in rocks, or shelves for the store of anti-venomous sera had been fixed with a purpose and could not be changed without consultation. The house when completed won universal admiration from visitors, and its technical efficiency has set a new level in the possibilities of keeping reptiles in captivity. Physically Miss Procter was excessively fragile, and for many years she seldom passed 24 hours without severe pain. A Series of severe internal operations had prolonged her life, but had left her in a con- dition which only a resolute will made less than complete invalidism. From time to time, but with increasing frequency latierly, she had prostrating illnesses, but when it was physically possible she went daily to the Reptile House in an electric bath-chair, passing the intervening periods in bed. At the worst she had daily reports by telephone from the Reptile House to her bedroom, and daily visits from her colleagues and subordinates. In between her bouts of pain she was gay, witty, and thoughtful forevery one. All who knew her personally were devoted to her, and those who knew her work recognized her extreme ability. The best likeness of her was a marble bust by G. Alexander exhibited in the Royal Academy this year. It has been purchased for presentation to the Zoological Society. ee eee REVIEWS. 1. SHORT HISTORY OF THE CEYLON GAMIE AND FAUNA PRE- SERVATION SOCIETY.—By A. C. Tutein Nolthenius, F.z.s., 1894-1931. In this ‘Short History of the Ceylon Game and Fauna Protection Society’, compiled and edited by Mr. A. C. Tutein-Nolthenius, F.z.s., and covering the period 1894 to 1931, we are given ‘ The Story of the Society’ which ‘ is that of a long-sustained fight to gain from Government the indispensable protection without which the Game and large Fauna of the Island would have been almost, if not altogether, exterminated long before our time.’ The statistics and other information contained in this booklet of 64 pages (with six illustrations) show very clearly that had it not been for the influence of the Society and its Members, the sambur and spotted deer, and probably the buffalo also, were doomed to extinction. In a most interesting Report (1907) on ‘ The Wanton Destruction of Game in Ceylon’ (which is reproduced in full) by Mr. Harry Storey—7 years Honorary Secretary and 11 years, Chairman of the Society—figures are given which show that during the eight years 1894 to 1901, there was a yearly slaughter of 65,883 spotted deer and 9,930 sambur ; and in 1902, Mr. Thos.. Farr calculated that for the previous two years 69,328 stags ‘and I will not attempt to calculate the number of hinds’ were killed. ‘It is the one great ambition of every adult male’ says Mr. Storey, ‘ to possess a gun, and it may be taken for granted that nine out of every ten men in every village in Ceylon, near which any sort or kind of bird or beast can be shot, possess and use guns’. No restriction of any sort or kind is placed by Government on the possession of firearms by anyone in Ceylon. From this state of affairs in 1907, and other difficulties stated in the same Report, it can be imagined that the Society had indeed an up-hill fight to get anything done; and indeed counsels of despair almost prevailed in the year -1912, for at a General Meeting held in April of that year ‘the closing down of the Society altogether was considered’, Fortunate it was for the future of the Wild Life of the Island that the Meeting was prevailed upon by the Chairman, Lieut.-Col. Gordon Reeves ‘to carry on for two or three years more and see how things went’. In that year Mr. Harry Storey was Honorary Secretary, and for the following ten years he was Chairman ; so the Society struggled on. The Yala Sanctuary was initiated in February 1899, and in 1901 it was reported that deer had largely increased ; while in 1904 it was reported to be an uuqualified success. In 1918 this Sanctuary was reported as ‘not overcrowded ’, but in 1920 it was found necessary to take steps to thin out the number of animals by driving some of them into the reserves: and in 1927 the issue of special licenses for the purpose of thinning out the buffalo bulls and the stags was sanctioned. ‘Thirty-seven bulls and 106 stags were shot. From the history of the Yala Sanctuary, it is evident that such areas should not be too long maintained, but should be thrown open and a fresh area declared. In 1910 there were two Sanctuaries aggregating 367 square miles (238,880 acres), and at the present time, there are three Sanctuaries which ageregate 275,000 acres. In the matter of guns it is stated that in 1910 there were 47,407 weapons licensed, the holders of which had but 523 licenses to shoot game. ‘ An utter farce’ indeed, which still continues as in 1929, the weapons were 66,936 and the game licenses only 836. es Guns and rifles imported into Ceylon for the five years 1922~1927 numbered 20,491 (S. B. guns 16,294, D.B. guns 3,068, rifles 1,129) a yearly average of 3,415 imported weapons ; and with these came a yearly average of 14 million loaded cartridges, Poor birds and beasts, they have indeed a hard struggle for existence. The remark of your reviewer on these figures is that as the people appear to want weapons for purposes of display only (being adequately protected from external enemeis by the British Government), the number of licensed weapons might reasonably be reduced to—say—936 (100 more than the apparent sporting requirements) and the remaining 66,000 unnecessary weapons called in. Why not? 666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Similar figures for India would be very interesting. It is notorious that crop protection weapons are used for shooting in and out of season in neighbouring and distant jungles, and but few shots are ever fired on the land of the license holder. All the ‘ gun’ noise sufficient for keeping animals from the crops can be made by means of the pole, pestle, and detonator method in use in the few localities wiere the people do not possess firearms. But all this is by the way. Despite all the efforts of the Society during 37 years we read that the Wanderoo Monkey—of which a thumb-nail sketch is in the margin of the booklet—and the Rock, or Giant Squirrel, are still unprotected ; and Ceylon seems to have been unfortunate in its governors as regards Game Protection, the only one who is favourably mentioned during all these struggling. years being Sir Henry McCallum, G.c. M.G. etc., under whose auspices (1908), the all important Dried Meat Ordinance became law. It was mainly due to the untiring efforts of Mr. Harry Storey, ‘The Doyen of the Game Preservation Society’, that this Ordinance, without which all else was of little avail, became an accomplished fact. His portrait is the first in the book. Following on this came the Game Ordinance (No. 1 of 1909) and, for the first time since the institution of the Society the object it had been striving for, viz., Protection—seemed likely to be attained. But one thing remained—the proper enforcement of these Ordinances. That is the whole crux of the matter. It is especially difficult without the active co-operation of Government to enforce laws affecting animal life: witness the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act of India which is by all accounts pretty well inoperative. It has been recently urged in the public Press in India that unless action is now taken in the matter of preservation of the larger fauna of the country, it will soon be too late. That this is so those of us who are in a position to find out by visiting forests in various parts of the land know only too well; but without the active and continuous support of Government by means of suitable. laws properly enforced all will be but useless endeavour. Probably at the present time the answer of the Indian Government would be that of the Ceylon Government in reply to urgent representations of the Society for effective action in 1907 : ‘Our Game Laws are quite efficient, dwt we regret we have not the power to enforce them !’ While the practically unlimited possession of arms in India continues, it is but little that can be done except in the Reserved Forests of the Forest Department. And if the policy of hindrance which seems to be gaining ground in one part of one of the Provinces continues, then the animals of even the Reserved Forests are doomed; for it can only be productive of good from every point of view that the right sort of sportsmen be encouraged and afforded every assistance to obtain shooting blocks. The more the shooting blocks are occupied the greater is the check on the destruction of game. Rinderpest is mentioned as having caused much loss among the buffalo, sambur and pig, but the spotted deer were not atfected by the disease. It would be interesting to have authoritative information as to whether this animal has been similarly immune ir: India. The History contains an extremely interesting article (1910) by Mr. Thos. Farr on ‘ The Inflorescence of the Nilu (Stvobilanthes) ’ which will be of much interest to dwellers on the Nilgiri Hills. With this article is reproduced a portrait of Mr. Farr, a true sportsman and lover of wild life, who was for some ten years the Honorary Secretary of the Society and did much in its early days for the Preservation of Game in Ceylon. Of Mr. G. M. Crabbe who was for some 17 years either Chairman or Honorary Secretary, and is now a Life Member of the Society, and who was one of the first to lay aside the rifle in favour of the camera, a portrait is given; also ore of Mr. Henry Englebracht, ‘an irreconcilable Boer prisoner’ who was in charge of, and did so much for the Yala Sanctuary during the years 1807-1928. In that last year he died and the grateful Society placed a memorial on his grave at Hambanteta. There is of course much that remains to be done, for in matters affecting the protection of animal life, the work can never be even relaxed. That this is so is clear from extracts given of a lengthy Memorandum sent to the Colonial Secretary in January 1929 in which, among many matters, it was pointed out that if the present rate of destruction of wild life is to continue a number of useful and beautiful species will be exterminated, and that within a few years REVIEWS 667 the animal and bird life in general will be seriously depleted ; that the Laws relating to game protection, gun licenses, and provision of Sanctuaries sbould be revised; and that a Government Department for the conservation and/or control of game and wild life should be established immediately. And there the matter rests, and, judging from past and present history, is likely to rest for many a weary period of years. Ceylon is a Buddhist country and one of the principal tenets of the Buddhist religion is ‘ Kill not, lest ye slay the meanest thing upon the upward way’; so perhaps the 66,000 unnecessary guns will be withdrawn, perhaps not. Mr. Tutein-Nolthenius closes the History, which he has compiled with so much labour, with a plea for establishment of a National Park; for, as he points out, ‘A Reserve or Sanctuary is proclaimed by Government in the Government Gazette, du/—in the same manner as it can be proclaimed it can also be unproclaimed, and done away with entirely, either by the same or by another Government. A National Park is Permanent for ever, Permanent by legislation, vested in Public Trust, a National Public Property, a property to be interested in and to be proud of’. The thanks of the members of the Society, and of the public of Ceylon in ger.eral, are due to the Compiler of this History who undertook the writing of it as a labour of love in order to answer the question frequently asked ‘What does the Game and Fauna Protection Society do—what has it done in the past?’ This he has amply shown, as also what is required in the future which can be concisely described as Game and Wild Life Department; the withdrawal of all unnecessary guns; the establishment of National Parks. R. W. B. 2.. BUTTERFLIES OF LAHORE.—By D. R. Puri, Punjab University. My attention has been drawn to a somewhat extraordinary paper on the ‘ Butterflies of Lahore’ published by the Department of Zoology of the Punjab University. The author, Mr. D. R. Puri, appears to have made a collection of butterflies in Lahore during the summer of 1925, many members of which he has failed to identify correctly. The paper is a pretentious one, containing long lists of unnecessary references and some elementary information regarding mimicry and protective resemblance, which the author incorrectly imagines to be original. A not inconsiderable expenditure has been incurred upon the production of four coloured plates. Of the 57 species listed the four following can, under no circumstances, apper- tain to the fauna of Lahore: viz., Aforia soracte and Ypthima nareda, Himalayan insects not occurring below 5,000 feet : Argynnis aglaia, a European butterfly which only reaches the Indian Empire in Chitral and the countries nearby, flying at over 6,000 feet : Araschnta levana, also a European butterfly, which does not even occur in the near neighbourhood of the Indian Empire. A number of the other species recorded are most unlikely to have been obtained in Lahore and no serious collector could accept them without verifica- tion by himself or by an accepted authority. To collectors, who wish to know what butterflies can be obtained in Lahore, reference is invited to a paper on the subject that appeared on page 136 of vol. xxv of the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. The author, Mr. G. W. de Rhe Philippe, 0.B.£., is a well-known collector, and his results were based on four years’ collecting. November 2, 1931 Ads ed ie 3. P.R. AWATI,B.A., D.LC.,1.E.S., and H.S. RAI, M.se.—Ostrea cucullata. The Bombay Oyster., xi, 107, 51 figs. Lucknow, Methodist Publishing House, 1931. (Rs. 2-8). The collection of the Indian Zoological Memoirs on Indian Animal Types edited by Dr. K. N. Bahl and started by him with the extremely interesting study on Pheretima has been enriched by a new Memoir on the Bombay Oyster. Already the very idea of providing Indian students and workers with typical collections, such as their colleagues in other countries enjoy, deserves every encouragement; but we are glad to add that considering the work of Bahl, of E.M. Thillayampalam (on Scoliodon) and this one of Awati and Rai, the realization has been so far entirely successful and praiseworthy. 13 668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV The work which occupies our attention is absolutely well done. It is thorough and clear. It not only realizes its purpose, within the limits of the collection, but it also hints at interesting problems which claim further treatment. This is always the immediate result of direct observation and first-hand work: and we should like to urge Messrs. Awati and Rai to let us have the benefit of their studies on such interesting questions as the symbiosis or parasitism of Pinno- theres, the organogenesis, and the sex changes, which have so much attracted the attention of research workers in the case of European oyster, and other physiological problems, which apparently in the mind of the authors would have encumbered the clarity and fluency of the Monograph. May we be allowed to remark that the branchial cavities should perhaps better be called inhalant and exhalant chambers. The book like the others of the collection is well presented and amply illustrated. And we are glad to see that, thanks to the painstaking efforts of Awati and Rai our Ostrea cucullata is no louger a poor relative of the fortunate O. edulis. G. P. de B. 4. W.O. JAMES, B.Sc., PH.D., D.Phil.—An Introduction to Plant Physiology. i-viii--259. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1931. Price 7 sh. 6d. net. The author states in his Preface that the book is written for readers of senior school or junior university status. His main intention was to give a balanced account of the more elementary aspects of plant physiology. He has not neglected recent research but has made use of it only as far as general prin- ciples are concerned. Of controversial matter the student will find very little. Instead he is given a sound general account of elementary physiology which is apt to create a keen interest in the beginner. The treatment of the subject is excellent. After a short and clear exposition of the point under treatment in each chapter, the experimental work is set out in great detail. This is an admirable feature of the book as everybody will admit who has experience of students’ practical work and who knows how important are all those little hints without which the experiment so often fails to be a success. At the same time not many claims are made on the laboratory and no special apparatus of an elaborate kind is generally required. The illustrations, which are mostly original, are exceptionally good and clear. Though the book is primarily concerned with things going on inside the plants themselves, the author constantly draws attention to the ways in which these happenings depend on circumstances outside, i.e., he always takes environment into account. not making an artificial separation between internal and external events. E. B 5. A BOOK OF MAN-EATERS.—By Brigadier-General R. G. Burton. 284 pages, 17 illustrations. Published by Hutchinson & Co. Rs. 12-6-0. In his introduction to this book the author explains that it is for the most part arecord of the experiences of many sportsmen and others ; for it is not possible for any one man to come into contact with more than a few man-kill- ing carnivorous beasts. He also acknowledges his indebtedness for material to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, which he describes as a mine of valuable information, which indeed it is. While, as the author indicates, the book deals with men, beasts, and reptiles, which kill and eat human beings, and perforce contains many thrilling and some gruesome stories ; itis also designed to bea Natural History of Man- Eaters, and in this respect some account is given of the distribution, habits, and character of wild beasts and methods of hunting them. So, in the course of development of the book, the reader is afforded considerable knowledge as to the nature of particular animals and can from this appreciate why they taken to preying on human beings. In discussing the question of fear of manin wild animals the author con- cludes that such fear, when present, is due to acquired experience. That is no REVIEWS 669 doubt the case, for most wild creatures, when accustomed to seeing human beings, allow a very approach. There is no such thingin Nature as instinctive fear of human beings. — Those readers of the book who have practical knowledge of wild beasts and their ways will be interested in the remarks and observations on the question of the power of scent in the Felide. At page 98 it is remarked as to the power of scent of the lion and tiger that further investigation is desirable. Sir Alfred Pease is quoted as being of opinion that the Felide have not a ‘hound nose’ but a‘ winding nose’. No doubt this view is correct. When in the Pidoung Game Sanctuary last year the Game Warden showed the writer the place where he and the Chief Conser- vator watched a tiger walking in the open at right angles to the wind which was blowing from them. When he arrived at the place where the scent was carried to him, he at once bounded away with a grunt of alarm, not even looking to see where were the human beings whose presence was borne to him on the breeze. That was a clear case of the ability of a tiger to scent human beings at a distance of about sixty yards. One knows that for panthers it is possible to sit on the ground to watch over a kill without being detected ; but to do so for tiger is not possible. One sportsman who thought otherwise was detected by the tiger coming to his kill and was fortunate in recovering from the wounds he received. It is probable that the Felzde have sufficient ‘ winding nose’ to be able to detect the presence of game for some little distance. What that distance is, has yet to be ascertained. The author is mistaken in supposing that the female panther which mauled him was over nine stone in weight. It is not many male panthers which attain that weight and probably not one female in ten thousand will exceed one hundred pounds. Eighty pounds is the weight of a large female of the species. As to hyaenas the author is not able to assert that these beasts will kill and eat adult human beings; but cases do occur and the writer shot a female hyaena in Central India which had killed and eaten two women and a boy of twelve. She had cubs and was no doubt unable to find food for them. Of wolves, much that is interesting is related, as also of wolf, children and were-wolves. Of crocodiles, alligators, and sharks, there are gruesome stories. The book has a complete index. The name of a wandering tribe of gipsies in India is given as ‘Brinjara’: ‘ Banjara’ is the pronunciation of the people, and is the more correct spelling of the word. The illustrations, most of them reproductions from photographs, are good. The author’s style of writing is straight forward and easy, and the book will find many readers, R. W.B MISCELLANEOUS NOTES I. THE OCCURRENCE OF THE FLYING-FOX (PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS) IN THE PUNJAB. I. Very numerous during the mango season throughout Gurdas- pur District, Punjab. 2. Numerous while the guava trees were in fruit. 3. Few about in early September. Never seen after the 19th September. 4. Noresting places discovered in the plains of Gurdaspur Dis- trict, but Flying Foxes were gradually traced to Kotla, which is 30 miles from Pathankote on the Kangra Valley road. Gurdaspur is 23 miles from Pathankote. It therefore appears that these creatures travel long distances daily. GURDASPUR, C. BREADON, 26th October 1931. District Engineer. There was some correspondence in the C7zvzl and Military Gazctle a few months ago regarding the distribution of Flying Foxes in the Punjab. Blanford in his Wammalia states that they are not known to occur in the Punjab and that they are not found in the Himalayas except at the base as a visitor from the plains. Presumably changed conditions in the Punjab since Blanfords’ time, improvements in irrigation and the extension of horticulture have provided conditions which enabled the Flying Fox to establish itself in this Province. Writing in this connection Lt.-Col. J. E. M. Boyd says: ‘‘ During the past 20 years I have frequently seen them at Ferozepore, where they come in when the fruit of the Pzpu/ is ripe and also at Pathan- © kote, Gurdaspur District. This year (1931) Flying Foxes have been seen in large numbers flying round the fruit trees at the British Military Hospital, Dalhousie.”’ Recently the Society received a speci- men of a Flying Fox from Mr. A. E. Jones, Simla. It is an example of the Nepal race P. giganteus leucocephalus. — EDS. | II.—NUMBER OF CUBS IN A TIGER’S LITTER. During December, 1930, Mr. Walter Draper of our Factory went out in his car for a jaunt in the country. Being a very keen shikari, he always takes his guns with him. About 30 miles out of Jubbulpore, he came across a likely looking spot and descended to try his luck with a view to securing some game birds for the ‘ pot’. On leaving the car, he and his friend walked about a couple of hundred yards from the main road, where they halted, and while discussing the best pathway to take, they heard the un- mistakable sound of a large animal treading on dried leaves. The jungle here being pretty thick, it was difficult to get a clear view of the country round about. On turning round in the direction from which the sound originated, Mr. Draper caught a glimpse of the head and shoulders of a tigress as she passed broadside on. Fol- lowing up the direction she was making for, he noticed an opening in the thick scrub, and realising she would soon come into view, he rer St MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 671 awaited his opportunity, which took but a few seconds to material- ise. He at once fired, knocking her completely out of action in the one shot, the bullet having struck the base of her neck and lodged itself in the ribs. The skin of the animal was not removed till four hours after she was killed, when six cubs were taken out; all very much alive and kicking. ‘They proved to be three maies and three females, all perfect specimens in every detail including claws, etc. All died within an hour of removal. Presumably they would have been born within a few hours, and, had the proper measures been adopted to rear them, I have every reason to believe they could have been saved. It would be interesting to learn if any member has heard of such another case, i.e., seven tigers in one shot. The measurement of the skin is 10 feet 8 inches. GUN CARRIAGE FACTORY, ARTHUR. AH. BERRIFE. JUBBULPORE, Lith SUlpCIGST: [The Hon. J. W. Best also mentions a case of seven foetuses taken from a tigress. Six, four and five have been noted, but two or three appear to be the usual number.—Eds. | III.—OCCURRENCE OF THE PANTHER IN THE SIND DESERT Some time back, I read in the Z7zmes of Jndia that a ¢tzger had been killed by villagers in the neighbourhood of Umarkot in the Thar and Parkar District of Sind. As it seemed obvious that a panther was meant, I wrote to the Collector, Rao Bahadur Jagatsing, for details. His reply confirms the fact that a panther was killed on or about 20th February 1931 at a place near Chhor, 6 miles from Khekhrapir railway station. ‘The villagers tackled the animal with hatchets and two of them were mauled in the struggle. The Mukhtiarkar, who furnished a graphic account of the incident to the Coilector, says the animal measured ‘3 feet tall, 44 feet long and 33 feet in girth ’(?) It is believed to have strayed in from the adjoining Jodhpur territory, and, according to the report, had destroyed ‘two heads of bovine’ in the Khipro taluka before it was killed. The apnearance of a panther on the edge of the Sind Desert seems an occurrence unusual enough to be worthy of being put on record. ALIBAG, KOLABA DISTRICT, HAMID A. ALI, 2nd August, 1931. LO: S: IV..—DO LIONS STILL EXIST IN PERSIA? (From the /7ze/d) There is a general belief that the lion is now extinct in Persia and in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, one might, after a space of a number of years, come to the reasonable conclusion that such is the case. In one of his books, Sir Percy Sykes somewhere mentions having seen the carcase of a lion floating down the Karun River. That must have been a number of years before the War. Also in 672° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL EIS17. SOCIETY. Vol: oa Amurath to Amurath, the late Miss Gertrude Bell mentions a pair of live lions which she saw in Baghdad, and which had been caught in the swamps of Amarah. In the course of two prolonged motor journeys through Persia during the past five years, the writer made numerous enquiries without being able to obtain any definite information on the subject. Those Persians who might have known something about it all declared that they had never heard of a lion having been seen for many years. There was a reported case of the skin of a lion having been brought into Barfarush by a native trapper. An Englishman who saw the skin said it looked like that of a lioness, but he could not be certain about it, and the skin was purchased as a curiosity by the Soviet Consul. Last year, however, fresh light was thrown on the subject by another Englishman, an engineer on the railway construction work in south-west Persia. According to this gentleman, a party of American engineers had come out to inspect the work which at that time was in progress in the wild and mountainous region around Diziul. Some of the party strolled out one morning to look at the line, and they came across a pair of full-grown lions. The animals showed no fear, and the party being without any weapons beat a retreat back to camp. The lions were not seen again. The above would seem to be definite evidence that lions do still exist in Persia, and if one pair were seen, the presumption is that there may be many more in these wild hilly tracts of the south-west of Persia. RONALD SINCLAIR, F.R.G.s. LONDON, S.W. 7. V.—A USEFUL TYPE OF MACHAN.,. (With a diagram.) The accompanying sketch is of a machan I have used with great success for years. Its good qualities are: (1) it can be put up very quickly by one coolie, with hardly any noise; (2) the shikari if dissatisfied with his post can change to a higher or lower or more open position by moving the ropes which fasten the bag; (3) any move- ments in the bag are noiseless. The mouth of the bag should be constructed with an iron or strong bamboo ring. All the iron work should be covered with sacking, lest the gun barrel, striking the ring, sound a note of warning to any game that may be near. MISCELEANEOCS NOTES. 673 In moving the bag, only one rope should be moved at a time. The supporting ropes should be tested before being tied to the ring. The wood flooring in the bag should be strong and covered with sacking so as to silence any foot movements. DyKE, ETHORPE CRESCENT, W. EORSY LE, GERRARD’S Cross, BUCKS, September 1, 1931. VI.—DO WILD DOGS HUNT AND KILL BY NIGHT? I believe that wild dogs do not usually hunt by night. They may do so under stress of hunger or on nights when there is a good moon. I aim of opinion that their powers of sight would be less keen by night. Wild dogs follow deer calls but whether they do so by night is a doubtful question. I should be glad to hear the views of other sportsmen. August 15, 1931. RAMANUJ OF SURGUJA. VII.— THE MALAY BEAR. (With a photo.) In vol. xxxiv, No. 3, you publish an illustration of a Malay Bear (Ursus malayanus). I enclose another photo- graph of one shot by a sepoy of the 4th Assam Rifles in the Manipur State, about longitude 93°25 and Jatitude -25-77. It was an old female, with broken teeth. Unfortuna- tely, I did not take the measurements, but she was certainly less than 44 feet long. This bear is distributed throughout the hills of the State, but is not common. During the seven years I was on foreign service in the State (1910-17), I paid rewards for the destruction OF = 1,389" @ bears,” and, speaking from memory, I should say that not more than 1 per cent. of these were of this species. During the three years I was in Nowgong (Assam), which is slightly further west than the Manipur State, I ane came across one Malay Bear. Some Mikirs brought in what they claimed 674. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAIURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV to bea‘ black tiger,’ for the reward. ‘This proved to be a full-grown ' Malay Bear. But my classification of the animal as a bear was received with polite derision by the Mikirs, who said that they were perfectly familiar with the bear and that this was certainly not one. Their familiarity with the bear is undoubted as there are few Mikir villages which do not contain at least one unfortunate who has been mauled by a bear. But their claim that it was a tiger was Jargely influenced by the fact that the reward for a bear was only Rs. 5, whereas the reward for a half-grown tiger was Rs. 12-8. They stoutiy refused to be convinced, until the argument was closed by my Head Clerk, with the words, ‘ The Sahib says it is a bear, so it is a bear.’ THE RESIDENCY, J.C AIGGiIns: IMPHAL MANIPUR STATE, LCS: Lh SUy eT OSL. VIII—BLACK FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPE (LETRACEROSSOUADRICORINTS:) A melanistic example of the Four-horned Antelope was shot by Maharaj Kumar Chandikeshwar Saran Singh Deo, second son of the Maharaja of Surguja. The antelope had the colouring of an adult Black Buck. It was shot 14 miles west from the capital town Ambikapur at about twilight. There were evidently a pair and as its little horn could not be distinguished in the bad light, it was fired at and killed. Unfortunately it proved to be a female, but its mate had the normal colouring of the species. I regret that I was unable to secure a photo of this unique specimen. RAMANUJ OF SURGUJA. SURGUJA STATE, CENTRAL PROVINCES. IX.—ROGUE ELEPHANTS IN THE KHASI HILLS. In the Khasi and Jaintia Hills, there are always one or-two solitary ‘rogue’ elephants and not long ago in the Jirang State there were several of them. The local cultivators suffered heavily from the unwelcome and repeated visits of these animals. About the close of the last year two such dangerous ‘ rogues ' were proclaimed and one of them was shot by me. This animal had lost its tail with the exception of a short stump left to indicate its position. On its left side alone, as it laid down dead, I counted some seventeen partially- healed-up wounds, which swelled out about 14” to 2” from the body. On opening out a few of them a thick and sticky matter came out. These were no doubt the marks left on him of the shots dealt by the cultivators during his visits to their cultivations. On the re = a, : - MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES 675 inner side of its right foreleg, there was a big abscess about a foot in diameter with plenty of maggots in it. It is not understood as to how it got that wound though undoubtedly it was the one which nettled its temper most. This animal during some months previous to its death had become a perfect terror to the neighbourhood, chasing: people, robbing paddy from the fields and barns in the Umsaw and other adjacent villa- ges, and, on the evening previous to its death, went close to the village of Mawlein where it attacked a ‘ Khuti-walla’s’ shed, drove out the buffaloes and their keepers, and killed one calf by goring it with its tusk. The rogue had a good drink of whey kept in a wooden barrel and upset the barrel when it no longer wanted it. Then it went to have a taste of giee kept in kerosine oil tins but finding it not to its liking knocked down the tins and their contents and, before leaving the place, pulled down the shed and trampled over it. On the following day, I tracked this animal from the last scene of his depredations and within a mile in the forest suddenly heard the shrill alarm raised by it. By the time I knew whence the sound proceeded; the big rogue was advancing towards me with the speed of alocomotive engine. Knowing that elephants, though they havea very keen sense of hearing and smell, have gota very poor eye-sight, I stood still (my guides had already deserted me) until the animal was only about 30 yards or so from me, then I moved towards its right side, about ten yards from its direct line of advance. The animal stopped for a moment when it reached the spot where he scented or knew that I was, and during that short interval I put in one temple shot which brought him right down and there ended the career of one of the troublesome rogues of that locality. The animal measured 10’ 8” from the shoulder and the circum- ference of its fore foot was 5’ 34”. The length of the tusks was 5’ 4”, each; the girth at their thickest portion was 173” and both tipped the scale at 96 Ibs. SHILLONG, ASSAM, Le Le READE. Lhe July 19S 1: X._THE MIGRATION OF THE PARADISE FLYCATCHER (TCHITREA PARADISI) During the last two or three years a variety of articles in the Journai have made it very clear that our present knowledge of the migration of Indian birds is far from complete. The Bombay Natural History Society’s ringing scheme has already done some- thing, and will in the future undoubtedly do more, to increase our knowledge. But the number of species on which ringing can be practised is strictly limited, and some other method must also be adopted if we are ever to have anything like a complete knowledge of the movements of the smaller migrants. In the past, observation on the migration of birds has largely been observation at certain specially favoured points. Observation of 676. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORALVAIST: SOCIETY, Vol. og, this type has produced such books as Gatke’s ‘ Heligoland’, and Eagle Clarke’s ‘ Studies in Bird Migration’. The information that has been obtained in that way is very valuable, but there is another method of approaching the subject which has the great advantage that it begins with the assumption that the problems of migration may differ considerably in different species. That method is to collect all possible records of migration, species by species. An illustration of that method is to be found in Mr. Hugh Whistler’s article ‘The Migration of the Pied Crested Cuckoo (Clamator jaco- binus)’. (J.B.N.ALS., vol. xxxiii, pp. 136 to 145). The purposes of the present article are (1) to point out some of the contradictory statements that have been made about the migration of the Paradise Flycatcher (Zchitrea paradist); (2) to record the small amount of information the writer has been able to record on the subject from his own observation; and (3) to endea- vour to interest members of the Society in helping by their observa- tions to clear up the status of this very familiar bird. All that the Aauna of British India (Second Edition) has to say about the subject is—‘ The Paradise Flycatcher is a resident bird wherever found, but moves about locally in parts of its habitat, probably on account of food-conditions.’ (Fauna of British India: Birds, vol. ii, p. 267). Similar statements are made in the ‘ Fauna’ about several other species, but, as no definition is given of the difference between ‘ migration’ and ‘local movement’, they are not very heipful. In ‘ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds’, (Second Edition, vol. ii, pp. 22-26), it is stated that this species breeds ‘Throughout the exterior ranges of the Himalayas up to an elevation of 5,500 feet: at any rate from Nepal to Afghanistan’, also at Almora, Kotegurh, the Sutlej Valley, Sooltanpoor, and the Valley of the Beas, and Kashmir itis common.’ Other places where, according to the same book, the species has been recorded as breeding, are the Doon, Terai, north- ern portions of Rohilcund and Oudh, wooded portions of Jhansi, Saugor, Nimar, Raipur,’ and ‘ doubtless other portions of the Central Provinces’, also the Agrore Valley, Barreilly, Calcutta Botanical Gardens, Delhi, Murree, Kashniir, Rajputana, Baroda, Mysore and Ceylon. Whistler states (‘Popular Handbook of Indian Birds’, pp. 99, 100) :—‘ Very little is known of the status and habits of this common and widely-spread bird, but it is undoubtedly migratory to a large extent. Inthe North-Western Himalayas and Salt Range, it is a summer visitor, only arriving about March and April and departing about September : while in most of the Punjab it is only a passage migrant in those months. To Sind it is a scarce winter visitor ; while in many localities it is undoubtedly a resident.’ Since the first and third of the above summaries are mutually contradictory, and the second, which does not in the main deal with inigration, certainly does not support the first, it will be well to collect a number of observations on the bird in various districts. Beginning from the north-west, Capt. R. H. Rattray, writing of the species at Kohat, states :‘ This bird breeds here fairly plentifully ’. JBN AA.S., VOlux, p. 628): MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 677 The following note on the status of the Paradise Flycatcher at Peshawar occurs in vol. xxxii of the Journal (p. 750); ‘A few breed in the Valley, as Briggs found a female feeding three young in trees overhanging the Grand Trunk Road, eight miles east of Peshawar on June 20, 1923. It is, however, a passage migrant in spring and autumn. Briggs states that they pass through in large numbers, but appear to stop only one day. That day fails, as far as his observations go, between April 23 and 29 in the spring, and between September 19 and 29 in the autumn. The race has not been identified.’ In ‘Notes on the Birds of Thandiani’ (/.B.N.4.S., vol. xviii, p. 290); Major: H.. A:-P Masrath states) {On July 9, l.saw a female Paradise Flycatcher hawking dragonflies near the waterfalls on the Sufed Pani stream above Kala Pani.’ In July 1921, I saw an adult male of the species between the falls mentioned above and Thandiani. It was the only occasion on which I saw the species in that neighbourhood. I have found the species breeding in considerable numbers near Murree, chiefly about 5,000 feet. | In Kashmir the Paradise Flycatcher is one of the most familiar birds in the summer. Whistler states (J.B.N.A.S., vol. xxviii, p. 997): ‘ Except for an adult male seen on April 6, no Paradise Flycatcher was seen until April 14. After that date the species was common about Srinagar till my departure and I saw several about the road on my downward journey.’ Referring also to Kashniir B. B. Osmasten states (/. B. NV. A. S., vol. xxxi, p. 988) that the species is common in the Vale of Kashmir in summer, ascending the hills to about 6,000 feet; that it arrives about the middle of April, leaves about the middle of October, and breeds in May and June. Whistler states that the species is common in the Kulu Valley up to a height of about 5,000 ft. adding : ‘...of course only as a summer visitor.’ Leaving the hills for the plains of the Punjab, we find that Dewar states that the species ‘ visits the Punjab in great numbers in summer for nesting purposes’; (Indian Birds, p. 124); and that ‘in Lahore this species nests in considerable numbers along the well-wooded banks of the Ravi.’ The following is a quotation from ‘A Contribution to the Orni- thology of Delhi’ (/. B. WN. A. S., vol. xxxi, p. 268), by S. Basil- Edwardes: ‘ Terpsiphone paradisi paradist (L)(The Indian Paradise Fiycatcher). I did not see this species, and it had not arrived before I left Delhi. (Eggs taken by Bingham. Seven nests on May 27, and June 12.’) F. Field, writing of the Gonda District, U. P., and referring to the breeding of the species, says:—‘In forests and plains, but more common in forests. May, June.’ (J.B.N.A.S., vol. xxviii, p. 757.) In an article entitled ‘A Description of the Nests and Eggs of the Common Birds occurring in the Plains of the United Provinces’, (J.B. N. A. S., vol. xxix, p. 343), E. H. N. Gill states: ‘ During the winter months this attractive bird occurs in most districts and is 678: JOURNAL; BOMBAY, NATURAL FIST. SOCLE TV WVol. OCW frequently met with in gardens and groves adjoining human dwell- ings. Unfortunately, the bulk seem to migrate in summer to the Sub-Himalayan tracts, but a great many remain behind ard breed sparingly throughout the piains. I have found eggs as regularly in the Eastern as in the Western Districts.’ In the Ghazipur District of the U. P., the species appears to occur as a passage migrant and a summer visitor. Perhaps a rains visitor would be a better description, as they do not seem to be established till the middle of June. In 1930 all seemed to have left by September 17, but on October 3 and 13, single birds were seen, and a pair on October 17. This year (1931), fromthe middle of April till the middle of June, occasional birds were seen, often witha gap of several days when none were to be seen. Presumably these were passage migrants, as I believe those seen in October last year were. In ‘ Birds of an Indian Garden’ by T. Bainbridge Fletcher and C. M. Inglis, (p. 60), the following note on the species in Bihar occurs: Olin North-pihar sce. it arrives about the end of March and leaves at the end of October, not being noticed during the cold weather. It is fairly common locally in Bihar, but its distribution seems to be rather erratic: for example, I have never seen one at Pusa.’ In the neighbourhood of Mhow (Central India), the Paradise Flycatcher breeds in the Vindhya Hills, and occurs on the Malwa Plateau as a passage migrant. Whether it is resident in the Vindhya Hillis or only a summer visitor I am uncertain, but I did not observe it there between October 12 and March 27. Cunningham, in ‘Some Indian Friends and Acquaintances,’ (p. 123), says of this species :—‘ They are not very common inmates of gardens about Calcutta, but stray specimens may be inet with at almost every time of the year, and, at the beginning of summer, small parties of them, apparently in quest of good sites for nests, often visit quiet areas, such as those afforded by the more secluded parts of the Botanic Gardens. Such parties include birds of both sexes, some of the males being in all the splendour of fully developed trains and mature black and white colouring, whilst others have trains of chestnut or are still feathered like the females. At all other times of the year.it is very rare to see any but short-tailed, chestnut and black birds. ‘ Eha’ states (‘The Common Birds of Bombay ’, p. 77 ‘...... every- body who has roamed about Matheran or Mahableshwar must be familiar with it, but I dare say some will be surprised to hear that it is a Bombay bird,......1 believe that the Paradise Flycatcher only visits us for a short time during the cold season. I have never heard of its nest being found on this island.’ Lastly, Mr. George Brown includes this species in a list of birds seen on a trip from Pottuvil to Kumna, Ceylon, between April 10 and 21. (IBN GIES. VOL RX KdV ep. ClO MtD) From the above extracts it would appear that, far from being ‘a resident bird wherever found’, (Fazza), it is mainly, if not entirely, a migratory species. Its breeding area, however, does not seem to have been very clearly defined so far, and its winter quarters seem still more vague. In addition to thisthere are certain contradictions amongst the statements quoted above. | i apa eo a MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 679 The species appears to breed through a large part of the Himalayas at comparatively low levels. Presumably all these records refer to the sub-species /eacogaster. South of the Himalayas they breed spar- ingly inthe N.-W.F.P., but are recorded only near Lahore in the Punjab. They have been recorded as breeding at Delhi, and are regular breeders in the United Provinces. As it is recorded as a summer visitor to parts of Bihar, it is fair to assume that it breeds there. ‘Nests and eggs’ records it as having bred in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, but Cunningham's references to the species appear to point it out as mainly a passage migrant at Calcutta. Further south it appears to breed in various parts of the hilly country of Central India. It is also reported as breeding in Rajputana, Baroda and Mysore. Referring to the winter area of the species only two places are mentioned—Sind and Bombay. Whether ‘Eha’s’ reference is meant to apply only to Bombay or whether it also applies to Mahableshwar and Matheran is uncertain. ! The only contradictory statements that need to be mentioned here are those of Mr. Gill and myself. It would be interesting to know to what districts of the U. P. the former is referring. In the Ghazipur, Benares, and Azamgarh Districts, the Paradise Flycatcher certainly does not occur in the winter, and I have been told by reli- able observers that the same is true of the Fyzabad District. What makes Mr. Gill’s statement more surprising is that he spent some time in the Ghazipur District. Is it possible that in some years the species winters in the United Provinces and that in other years it does not ? In any case, enough has probably been said to prove that our present knowledge of the species is far from complete. If every member of the Bombay Natural History Society would note the status of the Paradise Flycatcher in his own area and send that infor- mation to someone carpabie of dealing with it, more might be learned of its movements. The same is true of many other familiar species, but the Paradise Flycatcher is a good bird to begin on, because it is so conspicuous that it cannot be overlooked. Unless someone better qualified is prepared to undertake the task of collating such inform- ation as may come to hand in that way, I am quite ready to do so myself, and shall be grateful to anyone who will correspond with me on the subject. One point to be noticed is that, although the distri- bution of the Paradise Fiycatcher is given as the whole of India, there seems to be a great paucity of information from the south. A second point is that, although sub-specific identifications are useful, notes are also useful where the sub-species is doubtful, and that sub-specific identifications which are not supported by specimens are more likely 1 ‘Kha’s’ reference applies, we believe, to Bombay where the Paradise Flycatcher has been observed occasionally during the cold weather. It has been noted in Bandra, at the foot of Trombay and in the wooded portions of Salsette during this time of the year. In Matheran and Mahableshwar, the Paradise Flycatcher is common during the cold weather and less so during April, May, though young birds have been observed during the hot season.—EDs. 680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV to increase than to clear up the present vagueness of our knowledge of the status of the species. WESLEYAN MISSION, F. S. BRIGGS. GHAZIPUR, U. P., Siily AGST XI.—SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE MIGRATION OF THE COMMON TEAL (NATTION CRECA) It may interest you to know that while I was in Kashmir between January and February, 1930, I shot a considerable number of Com- mon Teal. All of them with one exception were drakes. I believe that it has been noticed by other observers that the females of the Common Teal are in a large majority in early winter and later their places are taken almost entirely by drakes. This was certainly borne out by my observation. PORTLAND PARK, M. D. N. WYATT. ALIPUR, CALCUETA: July *ZO19357. [Differences in migration behaviour related to sex and age have frequently come under notice. Gatke from his observations of the movements of birds at Heligoland held that adult males tended to be later in migration than the females. His view seems to be supported by the observations of Mr. Wyatt and others in reference to the autumn migration of the Common Teal into India. The behaviour of migrating birds must vary in different species and no genera] rule can be laid down without further confirmation.—Ebs. | XII.—NOTES ON THE NESTING HABITS OF THE RED-VENTED BULBUL (MOLPASTES CAFER). A pair of these birds built their nest and brought up three young just opposite the front door of a friend of mine, in the heart of the city. I. R. drew my attention to the nest, and we both watched the parent birds for a considerable time feeding their young. One interesting point resulted from our observations. It is a well-known fact that the nests of birds are seldom soiled by the excreta of the young. ‘This cleanliness is generally attributed to the fact that the young either excrete in such a way so as to ‘ shoot’ the excrements beyond the limits of the nest, a very common thing with the Birds of Prey, for example, or, the parent birds are responsible for cleaning the nest when leaving it after feeding the young. In the former case the excreta of the young is usually in a very liquid state, but in the latter the excreta is generally enveloped in a thin tenacious film which is not easily punctured. This facilitates its removal from the nest. ee ee ee MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 681 To return to the birds under observation, we noticed that in this case, at least, that each time the parents fed one of the young, they would immediately go round to the nether end and wait for it to ex- crete. It is well known that as soon as nestlings are fed, they excrete immediately after. In the present instance it was observed that each time the young excreted, the parent birds would take hold of the excreta as it emerged and swallow it. ‘This procedure was repeated each time the young were fed. Here arises a question. Why should the parent birds swallow the excreta ? In domestic animals, such as the dog and the cat, it is common knowledge that the mother eats the afterbirth and other secretions at the time of birth and later on cleans up both the excreta and the urine of the young. Isit possible that in such cases the reason for such a habit serves only as a means of keeping the nest or lair clean or, is it that there still remains in the excretions of the young a certain amount of undigested nourishment which helps also to nourish the parent? For at the time when animals are burdened with young, they appear to have little time for feeding themselves, being occupied the greater part of that time either in protecting or feeding the young. In the case of birds it seems as though the parents have little time to obtain a sufficient supply of food for themselves when they are burdened with young. The parent birds are seen going to and fro all day from the nest and one wonders what time they have to feed themselves. They can only bring one insect at a time, and young birds take a lot of feeding. Therefore it does seem possible that the parents do derive a certain amount of nourishment from the excreta of their young which is in all probability only partially digested. Another point of interest is that though the nest was in a most exposed situation, these little birds were able to hold their own against the crows that infested the locality. No crows were perinitted to come within a certain distance of the nest. If they did they were immediately attacked, the bulbuls’ rapid movements were too much for the crows, forcing them to beat a hasty retreat. It seemed strange that despite the great difference in size, the crows would not make a stand to defend themselves but would only fly out of the area. | Bompay NATURAL History SociEtTy, C. McCANN, F.L.s., BomMBAY, Assistant Curator. September 30, 1931. XIIL—DOUBLE NESTS OF THE WEAVER BIRD (PLOCEUS PHILIPPINUS). (With a diagram). In Miscellanea Zoologica Sumatrana, \vii, Mr. J. C. Van der Meer Mohr in a note on the nesting habits of the Malay Weaver Finch (Ploceus passerinus tntortunatus) describes examples of ‘ double nests ’ 682. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL FIST. SOCIETY, Vol. SOV of this bird secured by him in Sumatra. The writer illustrates three types of these peculiar nests— ; la ty Y _y e a 1. A new complete nest built under and closing the entrance to the egg-chamber of an old nest, left over from the previous season. 2. Two nests built and woven together side by side. 3. Is a variation of No. 1—four nests ‘storied’ one above the other. The note has drawn my attention to very similar nests built by the Indian Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus). These nests were collected at Indore and presented to the Society by Mr. Mears. The figures on page 682 give an indication of their structure: No. 1 illustrates three connected nests, a, 0, and c. a and 6 are suspended froin the same palm leaf; a from its extremity; 6 from about 1’ higher; ¢ from a neighbouring leaf. a is an incomplete nest without its entrance tube, its egg chamber is solidly interwoven with the entrance tube of 6, while its upper portion is loosely attached. 6 is a complete nest. Its solid upper portion measures 10”, the egg-chamber 7” and the entrance tube 16”. cis acomplete nest with a short entrance tube. Its egg-chamber and tube are closely woven to the entrance tube of 6 while the attachment of its upper portion is rudimentary. It will be seen that Nest No. 1, from Indore, corresponds to type 2 taken in Sumatra, Z.¢., two nests joined side by side. Nest No. 2 follows type 1 from Sumatra, 7.e., a complete nest built under and closing the entrance to an incomplete nest above it. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 683 Whether these nests were the work of the same cock or not, it is impossible to say. Mr. E. G. Herbert in his paper on the Nests and Eggs of Birds in Central Siam (Journ. Siam Soc., Nat. Flist., vol.’ vi, 1923-1926), which Mr. Van der Meer Mohr quotes, also refers to ‘double’ nests of Weaver Birds observed by him—in this instance a new nest built under an old one. Mr. Cripps writing on the nesting of the Eastern Baya (Ploceus megarhynchus), Hume's Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, second edition, vol. ii, p. 119) says: ‘I have on several occasions found a second nest commenced from the bottom of the tube of the old one, the upper nest being useless as the passage is closed up.’ This peculiarity in the nest building of our Weaver Birds noted by many observers may perhaps offer a clue to the origin of the great communal nests of the Social Weaver Birds (Philetherus socicus) of South Africa. These wonderful nests built of grass and twigs are composed of numerous separate chambers for housing individual families. ‘The birds do not occupy the same compartments every year, but at the return of the breeding season build new nests under the oid ones. Thus the aggregated mass increase in size and may contain more than one or two hundred separate chambers. From building separate nests these Weaver Birds may have passed to the stage of joining a few nests together and in course of time was thus evolved the present gigantic structure with its common roof and its component cubicles for the housing of a few hundred families. The material used, the site and the plan of construction adopted, the circumstances and conditions under which these birds built their nests and the effective protection they obtained being the factors which directed and favoured the intenser development of the social habit and the evolution of this particular type of nest architecture as the one most beneficial tothe preservation and continuity of the species. BoMBAY NATURAL HIsrory SocIETy. S..H. PRATER; c.m.z:s. 6 APOLLO STREET, Curator. October 15, 1931. XIV.—PLACE OF THE JAVA SPARROW (MUN/A ORYZIVORA L.) IN THE INDIAN AVIFAUNA. Munia oryzivora (Linn.) attracts notice more as a cage-bird than one which, given its freedom, canthrive and readily acclimatise itself in other than its native habitat. ‘The case of such liberated individuals is not unknown in the annals of Indian ornithology. The introduced species is looked uponas only an exotic form—an escape from the cage. Half a century ago, Blyth mentioned the occurrence of Munia oryzivora (Iinn.)inthe Mergui Province (Burma). Jerdon, Hume and Oates found the bird common enough and nesting wild near Madras. Legge recorded its acclimatisation in Ceylon. A species which had to its credit a record of successes in introducing and maintaining its hold in new situations and under varying circum- stances in many parts of China, Japan, Siam, Cochin China, the 14 684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Malay Archipelago, Mauritius, the Zanzibar Coast and other localities, would naturally raise high hopes in the mind of Oates as regards its rapid multiplication in the jungles of British Burma. The problem arises what would zow be the status of Junta oryzivora (Linn.) in relation to India’s native avifauna? Will the success of its introduction or the extent at its present stage of its naturalisation in this country warrant its inclusion in the permanent list of the Indian avifauna? Oates who edited the first edition of /.&./. (Birds) was merely content with an allusion to this bird in a foot-note. Apparently it was premature then to take for granted its Indian domicile. Almost half acentury has since gone by. From published records during this period one finds hardly any light on its move- ments. A new edition of /.&./. (Birds) has been called forth, and in it, unhappily for AZunia oryzivora (Linn.), Mr. Stuart Baker has not a word to say, nay, he has thought fit to delete even: the former foot-note of Oates. Has the bird then lost its foothold and failed completely in its effort to cope with Indian conditions ? The bird ‘appears to be acclimatised near Madras’, writes Mr. W. E. Wait in 1925 in his Manual of Birds of Ceylon, though round Colombo it seems to him not quite as flourishing as in Legge’s time. Very recently near Calcutta (10 miles to its north), I have under observation a colony of these Munias whose favourite resort is ashrubby situation composed of two or three trees embracing each other and overhanging the paddy-stacks put up in the compound of some villagers close to Agarpara railway station (Dist. 24-Parga- nas). These have not only food within easy reach but also cover and shelter from the hot sun and driving rain. Their hunting ground in the early morning isthe surrounding paddy-fields (from which paddy and straw have been removed), where flocks of considerable size will descend and feed on fallen paddy. ‘Their chirrups are now inces- santly heard and enliven the country-side. They feed here till about 8 o’clock when they retire to their cover and roost, returning towards afternoon to search for paddy. Wary to a degree, they will, on the least suspicion of danger, hurry away to disiant directions, some sheltering themselves in tree-tops and some in thickets and impene- trable reed-beds within jhecls. Once I found while a bird-catcher spread his net to capture them, the birds on the paddy-fields would keep clear of the trap. Frightened birds while seeking cover among trees will so adjust themselves that one tries in vain to look for them in the self-same tree into which they slip into complete oblivion. Evidentiy these birds suffer little molestation from the local people, for they will allow me to watchthem at close quarters. Great are their chances of persecution, as they are much sought after as cage-birds on account of their pretty colour and attractive qualities, and they enjoy hardly any protection under the legislation of the country. They are quite hardy birds and possessed, as they are, with powerful beaks and no inconsiderable power of flight, apparently run little risk of getting worsted in the struggle for existence. Sparrows will dare not bully them. Rather both will tolerate each other, roosting and feeding in each other’s company. I have not yet been able to find out the nesting site of the Munias, but I suspect it lies within the belt of almost impenetrable reeds not far off from their £5 ei A SR ae MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 685 roosting place, The under-noted measurements are those of three specimens which I could manage, with the aid of a bird-catcher, to snare with bird-Jime :— Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen. Agarpara ... ...| 30—1—31 67 47 19 18 mm. Do. a, ...| 31—1—31 66 46 185 17 mm. Wome | 1-2—31 69 47 19 17 mm. So little is known about Munia oryzivora (L.) introduced into various parts of our country. There is no published record of its occurrence in Bengal. Yet the bird has had some success in its efforts to adjust itself to situations and circumstances unfamiliar to it. Will not this success claim for it a place among India’s avifauna? The problem, fascinating as it is, admits of solution by closer observation and concerted effort of the ornithologists in this country. 50, KAmLas Bosr STREET, SATVA CHURN LAW. CALCUTTA, July 29, 1931. [In an issue of the Girl Guides’ Magazine, 1928, under Nature Notes, there is a record of a pair of Java Sparrows nesting near Poona. | XV.—NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF THE INDIAN MOORHEN (GALLINULA CHLOROPUS PARVIFRONS), Sir; In his article on the Indian Moorhen (Gadlinula chloropus parvt- frons) inthe Journal, vol. xxxi, p. 542, Mr. Stuart Baker writes, a propos of its nesting, ‘Hume seemed to think that they had two broods in the year in the hills, laying first in May and again in the latter half of July but other observers think they have only one set of eggs in the season’. It may be of interest to know that Hume was right, though a little out as to the times of laying. _ There is in my garden a large tank, nearly 100 yards squate, in the middle of which is a small island, covered and surrounded by a bed of reeds, on which are three or four trees growing. In the tank are several broad belts of white lotus, and there is a certain quantity of water weed of various kinds. The surroundings are quiet and the tank is a sanctuary, which is visited by a number of water birds. Major-General Sir James Johnstone, who was Political Agent fifty years ago, has recorded that geese were to be seen there in his time, and I have seen nine varieties of duck on the tank. Frequently one or two pairs of Whistling Teal (Dendrocycna javanica) breed on the island. : 686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV For some years past a pair of moorhens have yearly brought up afamily on the tank. Though I have sometimes noticed a late brood, I have never actually seen two in a season, and always thought that a late family denoted the failure of a first brood. But this year I noticed the pair with two young ones (I subsequently saw a third), nearly as large as mynas on May 7. ‘These young birds, now practically as large as the parents, are still on the tank. The day before yesterday I found the hen feeding on the lotus leaves near the bank of the tank. She was very agitated when she saw me, and ran over the leaves in the direction of the island, making the cali which I have learnt to associate with the coilection of her young. I watched, and saw three minute chicks, in black down, running over the leaves after her. Eventually they took to the water and all reached the shelter of the reeds. Apart from young birds, I have never seen more than one pair of moorhens on the tank: I know of no water within half a miie of this tank where moorhens are to be found. I think there can be no doubt that the same pair of moorhens have brought off two broods, hatched (not laid) in late April and late July. THE RESIDENCY, IMPHAL, Je CHIGGINS,s1-C:s: MANIPUR STATE, SUL 25, LOST: [Subsequent to the receipt of the above note Mr. Higgins, in a letter to the Society, says: ‘ In continuation of my letter of July 28, on the subject of the Indian Moorhen (Gadlinula chloropus), | may say that the second brood consisted of six, not three. JI have seen the chicks several times, escorted sometimes by a parent, sometimes by one of the first brood, running about on the lotus leaves. ‘On the 10th instant I saw one of the Whistling Teal (Dendrocycna javanica) on the tank escorting three very small ducklings about the lotus leaves.’—EDs. | _XVI.—DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE PLUMAGE OF THE INDIAN PRATINCOLE OR SWALLOW PLOVER (GLAREOLA M. MALDIVARUM). We are greatly indebted to Mr. C. F. Jeffery, State Engineer, Manipur, Assam, for the above mentioned specimen, a description of which has not been recorded in the new Fauna of British India, Birds. © Forehead, crown and nape dark brown, the feathers faintly edged with buff; a well-defined supercilium creamy buff streaked with brown; whole upper plumage except rump brown, the feathers edged with buff forming crescents on the scapulars, wing coverts and lower back. Rump pure white; tail feathers blackish brown with broad white bases; tipped buff. First three primaries blackish brown ; the remainder edged creamy white. Auxillaries and under-wing coverts rusty red. Chin and throat white, the sides of the neck streaked 2uptshe Minets SRaa MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 687 with brown forming an irregular gorget on the upper breast. Lower plumage white flanked grey. — Bill and feet black. BomBAy Nat. HIST. SOCIETY, V.S. LAPERSONNE, M.8.0.v. APOLLO STREET, BOMBAY, September 30, 1930. XVII—EARLY ARRIVAL OF FANTAIL SNIPE (GALLINAGO GALLINAGO) IN MANIPUR. It may be of interest to record that I shot a Fantail Snipe (Gallinago gailinago) this morning. The earliest date on which one is knownto have been shot previously in Manipur is August 24. Including this one, only 11 have been shot in August in the past 20 years. Our earliest record for the Pintail Snipe (Gallinago stenura) is August 2, 1930, when one was shot by Capt. G. F. Bulfield of the 216th Gurkha Rifles. THE RESIDENCY, IMPHAL, JC; HIGGINS, 1-Cis. MANIPUR STATE, August 10, 1931. XVIII.—THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EASTERN GREY DUCK (AWAS PUECILORYNCHA ZONORY NCHA). I note Mr. Higgins’ remarks, in vol. xvvv, No. 2 of the Journal, on a letter of mine about the first Indian record of the Eastern Grey Duck (Anas pacilorhyncha zonorhyucha). If he will turn to Mr. Stuart Baker’s Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, vol. i, ‘ Ducks and theiy Allies’, he will find that the birds aot by Messrs. Moore and Mundy and others in Assam and Burma (with the exception of the two zonorhyncha mentioned by me) etc., were the Burmese Grey Duck (Aas pecilorhyncha haringtont) a quite different bird with a blue and not a green speculum. In the Fauna of British India, 2nd edition, vol. vi, under ‘ Axas zonorhyncha’ is the following note on distribution:—‘There is one specimen from Kentung, Southern Shan States, in the British Museum collection, whilst Harington also shot one at Taungyi, Burma, in December 1911.’ In vol. vili, p. 702, of the same work Stuart Baker writes: ‘ Inglis obtained a typical specimen of this duck in Behar, an extraordinary extension of its range.’ : Musrum Hovusk, DARJEELING, CHAS. M. INGLIS, October 30, 1931. H.Z.S,, 7.E.S., E.M.B.O.U; XIX._THE STIFF-TAILED DUCK (ER/ISMATURA LEUCOCEPHALA). I was very interested in Captain Whitehead’s article on the Stiff- ‘Pail im yol. xxxv. I relate the following as rather an unusual occurrence. Early this June, during a furious dust storm, I noticed a solitary duck on the 688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL GIST. SOCIETY. Vole reservoir that contains the Peshawar water-supply. As this is a strange resting-place for duck in June, I was determined to identify the intruder, so had it put up and shot it as it came round. It was a Stiff-Tail. BARA Form, (N.-W.F.P:), M.G. DE L’ISLE STURM, August 4, 1931, Captain, Royal Army Medical Corps. XX.—FLYING FROGS. I was interested in the note entitled ‘A Flying Frog’ at page 220 of the Journal, vol. xxxv. I first saw a very similar frog shortly after my arrival in Rangoon at the end of 1930. It lived in our drawing room for many days, being usually seen on the wall or side of a piece of furniture. It appeared quite fearless of humans and jumped freely, giving the impression of never looking before it leapt, but always arriving safely at some unlooked for destination. At night it hid in a pigeon hole of the writing table. We left that particular house about that time so I do not know what became of it. Some weeks later when driving my car it showed symptoms of serious misfiring. On opening the bonnet I found a‘ flying frog’ eripping the steering column and very near the distributor. I removed him gently but firmly and the car ran perfectly, so I can only presume it was causing a ‘ short’ somewhere. A few days later, another, or possibly the same flying frog was found in the porch of our new and present bungalow. As the car always stands in the porch perhaps it was heading for the engine. It was personally conducted by my driver among the shrubs and plants of the front garden which it reached by a series of half-hearted bounds. Two days ago another such frog was discovered in a bathroom, on the first floor, hiding behind a curtain. This was definitely a smaller specimen with black mottled markings on its back and flanks, and a distinctly more pointed snout than the illustration in your Journal. I took it downstairs and it disappeared. I have not seen these frogs fly but should imagine they could glide some distance. I have never seen them feed, but fancy their diet must be similar to that of lizards, as they live the same kind ot life. RANGOON, J.G. P. DRUMMOND, September 18, 1931, Major. XXI.—CASE OF RECOVERY FROM THE BITE OF A PHOORSA (2GH7S (GARTNALPA): - The patient passed over shellfish shingle in the compound to look out for a ship at 4-45 a.m. at Marmagoa on Saturday, May 30. Was bitten in the left foot as he returned to the house, but thought it must have been a scorpion as snakes are not expected on the shingle. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 689 Sent a note at 6-30 a.m. asking for a doctor to be sent, meanwhile painted the punctures with Iodine. A mantra man was seen at 7 a.m. who stated that it was a bite by the snake known as a Phoorsa, and commenced the usual treatment. At 8 a.m. the doctor arrived and since the man was treating the foot he agreed to let him carry on although he had brought an injection of gold chloride. He left, and asked for a report in the evening. The foot was now swelling considerably and turning colour. From the time of the bite up to9 a.m. the patient fainted, and again several times nearly fainted. Was given brandy. Another doctor came in the evening and as the leg was very much swollen and discolored and the blood pressure low, he called in another doctor. The mantra treatment continued with a last application at 6-30 p.m. The patient passed a bad night on Saturday and in the morning on examination by the doctor the urine was thick and blood coloured, the blood pressure worse and temperature sub-normal. Sunday, June 1.—Passed a bad night. The leg was still swelling and extending, dark blue patches appearing on different parts of the body. The doctor applied leeches. The mantra treatment was continued. There was excessive bleeding from the wounds. ‘The patient passed a bad night. Condition low. Monday, June 2.—More dark-blue coloured patches appeared on the arms and body. The blood pressure was unsatisfactory, so another doctor was summoned. At noon the patient was very low, there was excessive bleeding from the wounds, also from the centres of the patches, which had the appearance of the top of a pepper castor. The surgeon from the Hospicio Hospital (Dr. Dias) at Margoa was then called. Margoa is about 20 miles from Marmagoa. He arrived at 3 p.m. and immediately cauterised the whole of the flesh from the toe and well around the place of the bite with a blow lamp and instrument. He injected a full dose of polyvalent anti-venine as no other was available and removed the patient to the hospital 20 miles away, by car. On arrival the whole of the leg was placed in cotton wool and douches of Mag. Sulph. lotion applied day and night for about 10 days (anti-gangrene treatment) and a local lotion applied tothe wound. Nothing but black coffee was given to the patient. After four days the patient was allowed alittie milk. The leg re-acted to the treatment, the patches on the body and the whole of the leg faded somewhat. Another injection of anti-venine was given on Tuesday and one on Wednesday, June 3, after which the whole of the discolorations faded, those on the body fairly rapidly. Except for afew hours after each of the injections, the temperature of the patient was constantly sub-normal. The leg slowly became reduced in size, the discolorations became -less pronounced, the wounds steadily healed up and new flesh grew, covering up the exposed bone. ‘The patient left for Bangalore on June 21 and reported to Colonel McPherson, Surgeon Superintendent of the Bowring Hospital. On arrival there, temperature was 97° and condition low. Internal medicine was prescribed and the leg had to -be kept at rest.. The patient has since recovered in general health, 690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL FAST, SOCIETY, Vol: XXXV but the final healing of the wound is slow, and the foot still discolours on being subjected to pressure. The gold chloride was not injected. Bompay, W. T. E. HUFFAM. September, 1931. XXII.—TREATMENT OF SNAKE BITE We have been interested in the treatment of the bites of the American poisonous snakes and during the last four years, the death- rate has decreased by about 100 a year. We attribute this success to— (1) Reduction ot the amount of venom absorbed by Mechanical Suction, 20 minutes an hour, 15 hours. (2) Neutralizing the venom in the circulation with anti-venine (a polyvalent serum) in repeated doses until neurotoxic symptoms disappear. (3) > ei reat shocl (4) Replace the biood destroyed by the venom by blood transfusion, saline or glucose solutions intravenously and by protoblysis. We have had remarkable success in serious cases by persistent treatment. We have had cases live after the pulse stopped for many hours—in the case of a soldier for 24 hours and a woman for 19 hours. We have had great success with Mechanical Suction in rattlesnake bites and use a rubber bulb made by Fleck Headrick Co.., 521 North Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, in the field or an aspirator in the hospital. See ‘ Mechanical Treatment of Rattle Snake Venom Poisoning’ by Dudley Jackson, mM.p, and W. T. Harrison, Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, June 16, 1928 and 7veatment of Snake Bite by Dudley Jackson, Southern Medical Journal, July 1929, and First Aid Treat- ment for Snake Bite inthe Zexas State Journal of Medicine, July 1927. I also have articles in the same nuinbers. THE STABLES, M. L. CRIMMINS, NAROTON, CONN., U.S.A., Col., U.S. Army, Rei. Dal AO BI STE XXIII], SNAKES ON THE BARSI LIGHT RAILWAY (DECCAN). The Barsi Light Railway extends from Miraj in the south-western corner of the Bombay Deccan to Latur in the northern part of Hydera- bad, covering an area 203 miies long on the Deccan plateau between the river Kistna in the south-west and the Godavari’s tributary, the Manjra in the north-east. It is throughout a fairly uniform country with an average altitude of 1,600 to 2,200 ft. With the exception of a tract north-east of Miraj, between the stations Atbni Road and soma MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 691 Jath Road, where bare rocky ridges and truncated hills rise above the plains and a narrow strip of mountainous country between Pangri and Yedsi made up of forest-ciad hills and deep ravines, the plateau is only feebly undulated. The trap rock is mostly covered by black cotton and murmad soils with here and there patches of red soil. Trees are, as a rule, scarce though the dadu/ is common enough and so are 27m trees along the roads. Stoney barren stretches and cultivated fields of 7wav, cotton and groundnuts edged by the ever-present Opuntia and occasional agaves and here and there a sandy nala are the main features of the tracts covered by the railway— At the sacred city of Pandharpur, where thousands of Mahrattas congregate during the fairs to worship Vithoba, the Bhima is crossed, and 40 miles further north-east near Mahisgaon, its tributary the Sina. At Kurduvadi—the headquarters of the railway, the Barsi Light and Great Indian Peninsula Railways intersect while further north-east Barsi town with its important grain market and spinning mills and Latur with its ginning and pressing factories are given an outlet for their products through the Barsi Light Railway. In order to acquire a knowledge of the kinds of snakes present along the railway and the relative proportion of poisonous species, a bounty of 2 annas was paid for each specimen during a period of about two years. From August 19, 1929, to November 1, 1931, a total of 458 snakes belonging to 19 different species were received at the Kurduvadi dispensary. These are tabulated below giving a percentage of 15:7 of poison- ous specimens (72 out of 458) ;— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... ote OS Lycodon aulicus ae ey aes | Macropisthodon plumbicolor stan A Coluber helena ~~ te vs. 40 Naia tripudians a Paredes deem oF) Zamenis fasciolatus i Ets: Eryx conicus aoe te cone Wee Echis carinata aes ae ees Typhlops braminus es ce eme sag Coronella brachyura ae aoe lit) Nerodia piscator ... is 10 Ptyas mucosus aed nee ae 9 Bungarus ceeruleus.,, 8 Oligodon arnensis ... ie ee 5 Ty phlopsiacutus:\... ne ie + Eryx jaculus 3 Callophis trimaculatus 3 Oligodon taeniolatus aise 1 2 Vipera russelli orn ao a iL Whereas a sufficiently representative number was received from Kurduvadi, only scanty specimens were forthcoming from other stations and from many of these none at all was obtained. It is however likely that all the above species, with possibly one or two 692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV exceptions, occur throughout the entire tract of land covered by the Railway. The distribution according to localities is given below, the stations being ranged from LaATurR, the north-eastern terminus in the Nizam's Dominions to MIRAJ in the Southern Maratha country : — Latur— Macropisthodon plumbicolor Naia tripudians bet pu Hangul— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... due Macropisthodon plumbicolor Naia tripudians Oligodon arnensis Oligodon teeniolatus Owsa Road— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus Macropisthodon plumbicoior Lycodon aulicus ... Ptyas mucosus Murud— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... Naia tripudians sat Res mete Colober helena Bungarus ceeruleus Raise Road (Tadvala)— Coluber helena a Lycodon aulicus — ... aoe MH Oo Me ron bi r+ SO) | ORG pe Naia tripudians ae Rec ce 1 Barst Town— Macropisthodon piumbicolor ,,, ie 1 Shendri— Naia tripudians We ss Ee ea 2 Chink Hill—(and neighbouring viieeoy Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... sue it Lycodon aulicus Coluber helena Echis carinata Macropisthodon plumbicolor Zamenis fasciolatus Coronella brachyura Naia tripudians Ptyas mucosus Typhlops braminus Nerodia piscator ..: Vipera russelli e Re HHH lor ht Om OW | | MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Kurduvadi— Lycodon aulicus Dipsadomorphus trigonatus Naia tripudians ete Coluber helena 5 Macropisthodon cael Eryx conicus sie Zamenis fasciolatus.. Echis carinata : Typhlops braminus... Coronella brachyura Nerodia piscator Ptyas mucosus Typhlops acutus Bungarus ceeruleus... - Oligodon arnensis Eryx jaculus Callophis tr imaculatus Oligodon téeniolatus Padsali— Ptyas mucosus Modlimb— Ashti— Bungarus ceeruleus... Dipsadomorphus trigonatus Lycodon aulicus Echis carinata Typhlops braminus... Naia tripudians Bungarus ceeruleus ... Pandharpur—- Bohali— Lycodon aulicus Dipsadomorphus trigonatus Macropisthodon plumbicolor Oligodon arnensis .. Nerodia piscator Coluber helena Naia tripudians Ptyas mucosus Bungarus ceeruleus ... Eryx jaculus Se Caliophis trimaculatus Dipsadomorphus trigonatus Macropisthodon plumbicolor Coluber helena Echis carinata ae ; ha Zamenis fasciolatus an Bungarus caruleus md DOK LOB Be Se ee 0 0 1 OO a eC CNS mt pe DO DO BD 693 694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV Bamani— | Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... ae @ Lycodon aulicus~.... ie a 1 Wasud— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus 1 Lycodon aulicus i i Macropisthodon piumbicolor il Coluber helena 1 Zamenis fasciolatus 1 Jath Road— Bungarus ceeruleus ... ate ae it Athnit Road— Nerodia piscotor ... te een | Miraj— Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ... Cm it Ptyas mucosus ce ea : 1 The seasonal distribution of the commonest species during the two years’ period, August 19, 1929, to August 18, 1931, was found to be the following. ‘The month in which the largest number of each was observed being given in the table: Dipsadomorphus trigonatus ...°' peptember a8 Lycodon aulicus a (October 16 Macropisthodon plumbicolor ss. October 14 Coluber helena .. september 9 Zamenis fasciolatus ... November 8 Naia tripudians ... November 7 Typhlops braminus sete |ietar9 6 Echis carinata a October 5 Eryx conicus ... May and January4 each Coronella brachyura ... November 4 During the above-mentioned two years’ period, the monthly distri- bution was the following :— October—78;° September—70; November—59; June-—50; July—35;. August—25; March—25; May—22; January—22; December—21; February—18; April—9. Ty phlops braminus, the Common Blind Snaké appeared on the surface after heavy rains. ‘The largest measured 18 cm. body, its tail was mutilated. The smallest 6°3 cm. body, 0:2 cm. tail; this was captured in the middle of September. Small beetles were found in the stomach. Typhlops acutus, one was rescued by day from the beak of a cock ; another was captured after dusk while crossing a road. The largest measured 35:2 cm. body, 0:4 cm. tail; the smallest 23 cm. body, 0:2 cm. tail. Eryx jaculus, the Black Earth-Boa, a decidedly uncommon snake along the Railway. The largest measured 89 cm. body, 10 cm. tail ; the smallest 35 cm. body, 4:8 cm. tail; this was found end of Sep- tem ber. Eryx conicus, the Red Earth-Boa, was captured by day in most instances, Sometimes in quarters, sheds and latrines. The largest MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 695 measured 7Z cm. body, 4 cm. tail ; the smallest 24:7 cm. body, 1'8cm. tail ; this was brought in the third week of July. Rats were found several times in the stomach. A specimen measuring 51°5 cm. body, 4cm. tail was captured in the compound of the Roman Catholic Church at Kurduwadi in the act of crushing a full-grown striped squirrel. Gastric and intestinal nematodes and cysticerci were found in several instances. Lycodon aulicus, the Common Wolf Snake, was chiefly found in quarters and after dusk. The largest measured 64 cm. body, 13-6 cm. tail; the smallest 25 cm. body, 43 cm. tail. Pregnant females were received in March, April and May. Lizards (Hemz- ‘dactylus leschenaulti, Calotes versicolor, Mabuia carinata) and small rodents were the common findings in the stomach. Adult parasitic helminths were sometimes seen, but stomach walls and mesentary studded by cysticerci and nematodeora were almost constantly observ- ed in full-grown specimens. Coronella brachyura, this unobtrusive but handsome little snake was found by day; the first specimen observed climbing on the wall -of the dispensary. The largest measured 49 cm. body, 2°3 cm. tail; the smallest found beginning of November ; 21:4 cm. body, 3:1 cm. tail. Oligodon arnensts, the Banded Kukri Snake, largest specimen 52 em, body, 7:8 cm. tail; smallest 29°5 cm. body, 6 cm. tail. Oligodon tenitolatus, the Variegated Kukri Snake. Largest speci- men 42:2 cm. body, 6°7 cm. tail; smallest 41 cm. body, 6 cm. tail. Ptyas mucosus, the Common Rat-Snake, was found by day. The two largest specimens measured 165 cm. body, 51:5 cm. taii and 163 cm. body, 66 cm. tail. The smallest received in the beginning of November 57 cm. body, 21 cm. tail. An egg-bound female was found in May. A few specimens were infested by ticks and gastric nematodes. The dhaman does not seemto be a very common snake along the Railway, nor does it attain the large size often observed by the author in the United Provinces. Zaments tasctolatus, the Fasciolated Rat-Snake, was constantly found by day and often in open places. In one instance a large specimen was captured in a poultry-yard. The largest and smallest individuals measured 97 cm. body, 24 cm. tail and 29:3 cm. body, 3°5 cm. tail respectively. The latter was brought end of August. Rats were commonly found in the stomach. Gastric nematodes and intestinal cestodes were observed in a few cases. Coluber helena, the Trinket Snake, was chiefly encountered by day and near dwelling-places. The largest and smallest specimens seen measured di4-cem, body, 2o-cmk tail and: 30:5 cm. body, 6:2 cm. tail respectively. The latter found end of November. Egg-bound females were brought in July; one contained eleven full sized eggs. Rats, mice and other small rodents were found in the stomach. Helminthic infestation was not observed in any case. Macropisthodon plumbicolor, the Green Keelback, was captured both by day and by night in grass and while crossing roads. The largest measured 79:5 cm. body, 9°5 cm. tail; the smallest 15-5 cm. body, 2°8 cm. tail (found in the third week of October). Pregnant females were seen in March, April and May. Frogs and toads (Auto 696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV melanostictus) were found in the stomach. Acanthocephala were observed in a few specimens, but the majority were free from helmin- thic infestations. Dipsadomorphus trigonatus, the Common Indian Catsnake, was found both by day and by night, commonly in gardens and around quarters. The largest specimen measured 91cm. body, 16:5 cm. tail ; the smallest 41°5 cm. body, 10 cm. tail. Pregnant females were encountered in May, June and July; one of them containing 14 full sized eggs. Inthe stomach the commonest contents were sinall birds, chickens and eggs. Infestations with gastric nematodes and intesti- nal cestodes were often seen. , Callophis trimaculatas, the Slender Coral Snake. This graceful animal was found by day in the three instances and when captured was seen playing its trick of raising the tail and hiding its head. It never attempted to bite. The largest specimen measured 3:33 cm. body, 2:6 cm. tail; the smallest 20:2 cm.. body, 1:9 cm. tail. Bungarus ceruleus, the Common Krait appeared to be fairly uncom- mon, only eight specimens being received. The largest measured 87:5 cm. body, 12°4cm. tail. The smailest 54:5 cm. body, 9:4 cm. tail. Naia tripudians, the largest Cobra, a male, measured 149 cm. body, 28:3 cm. tail; the smallest, killed end of August, 27°5 cm. body, 5:3 cin. tail. In the stomach were found toads and small birds and in one case another snake—a cobra measuring 44°8 cm. body, 8°8 cm. tail, having swallowed a Lycodon aulicus measuring 45°5 cm. body, 9 cm. tail. A few specimens had gastric nematodes and acanthoce- phali.. Old individuals were generally infested with ticks. Vipera russellz, the Russell’s Viper, is the rarest snake in our series, aS only one specimen was brought. This was killed by a farmer in a cow-shed near a village about 2 miles from Chink Hill station. It measured 133 cm. body, 24 cm. tail. Echis carinata, the Saw-scaled Viper, was found by day and in most cases brought alive to the dispensary. ‘The largest measured 40 cm. body, 3°8 cm. tail; the smallest, received beginning of Novem- ber, 19 cm. body, 1°6 cm. tail. On opening the stomach centipedes were found several times and once a lizard, a Hemidactylus. Some individuals were infested by a few nematodes and cestodes. During the period under review three cases of snake-bite inflicted by poisonous snakes were brought to our notice, and only one of them came totreatment. At Pangri, a gangman was bitten on his right heel on June 6 at 8 p.m. by a snake described as being darkish and about 14 foot long. The wound kept on bleeding continuously until:12 noon the follow- ing day when it was incised and potassium permanganate rubbed into it. The whole right lower limb was then found marked by swollen purpuric patches, and blisters containing haemorrhagic serum deve- loped later on the right foot. There were several vomitings and diarrhoeic stools, but as these occurred after taking of a native remedy by the gangman soon after the bite, it is not possible to say whether they were due to the remedy or to the snake venom. The patient recovered but it took over two months for the cedema to disappear entirely. It is likely that this was a case of bite inflicted by the Saw-scaled Viper (chs carinata). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 697 At 3 o’clock inthe morning of August 8,a sweeper woman at Barsi town sleeping on the floor suddenly woke up saying toher hus- band that she had been bitten by arat. After five minutes she had the sensation of needles and pins. over her whole body and she experienced a great thirst. Her speech soon became stammering and after 4 a.m. she could not utter a word. Frothy saliva came out from her mouth. She was dead at 6 am. ‘There were two punc- tured wounds below her right knee. No snake was seen. This is likely to have been a case of cobra bite. An oil engine driver at Jath Road station was bitten at about 10 p.m.on July 23 on the middle of his back while sleeping on the floor of his quarters. He went for treatment to the temple of the vil- lage 4 mile distant and was given a decoction of zz leaves which he vomited. He then felt better and returned to his quarters at 11 p.m. Shortly afterwards he said that his ‘lungs were getting dry’ and he had difficulty to speak. He was then again taken to the temple - where he was seen by the Station Master at about 10 a.m. the fol- lowing morning. He could then neither speak nor move his limbs according to the report of the Station Master. He expired at about 2 p.m. the same day. The snake in this case was killed and sent to Kurduvadi for identification. It was a Bungarus ceruleus measur- ing 74°5 cm. body and 12:2 cm. tail. KURDUVADI, K. LINDBERG. BARSI LIGHT Ry., November 1931. XXIV. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LYCANID BUTTERELY. Lycaena (Formerly Heodes) irmae Sp. nov. 7 Specimens. Gyantse Tibet 13,000 feet. June. & Above. Purple-brown. F.W. A spot in the cell. An elongated spot marking the disco-cellulars. Beyond this on the disc, three dark spots in a straight line. Below this line and set at an angle to it, two faint spots in interspaces 2 and 3. A terminal dark band having a yellow centre at the tornal end. This yellow streak gets fainter towards the apex and disappears in interspace 3. H. W. A dark line in the cell. At the tornai angle, a very thin terminal line followed by a black spot in each interspace, followed internally by a dark line of lunules inside of which the purple gloss on the wing is slightly brighter almost forming a purple sub-terminal line. All these markings become fainter towards the apex. Below. F.W. Dull yellow. The marks in the cell and on the disc more pronounced. Those in the cell surrounded with white. The discal marks inwardly margined with white. A smoky black sub-marginal line with a few whitish scales down the centre at its apical end. Next, a broad band of the ground 698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV colour of the wing, getting fainter towards the apex. Vol. 10. 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If this cannot be done, then the sum pera re of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to tne Society’s London Bankers—The pales CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV, No. 4 PAGE ‘THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, By E. C. Stuart Baker, CuaHee.7eSey Fal.S.) MoB.O.Us, 9H.F-A.O.U. Part XVII (With a COL DUEABE PUTS Ver RIS DOES SOOPER OE OE EEE TEE LECCE EEE EEE 703 REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. Part XVIII. By Rev. He blatter, S.J. PhabDs, F:biS., (Wh 4 plates and: 1- text- LISULCE eas SLRS Hanon eae Ghias uh as RO dered “HOE THE VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF THE EASTERN GHATS (ORNITHO- LOGICAL SECTION). -PartII. By H. Whistler, M.B.0.U., assisted by AN Pap lore Gla Aiea WIE COAUs tames oie asieralcare wince le. Sete eie soe sleiiowinls cums s\cdeea conus eariees Pot OxLp Deccan Days.—My TIGER-HUNTING JOURNAL IN 1899. © By Briga- Geta Ge metals Gre SURO sccsr Spice ale cies dpb etuty ae ns ogo pls die etionseuaes sas 761 - THE BLACK AND BROWN BEARS OF EUROPE AND ASIA. Part I. ByR. I. OCOC Ke pE ERE Saab iLL Ll CXL U2 LIES Mae ie he nistass vei on etuleds Oo os ukulele sew does Tid SoME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREKS. Part IX. (With a coloured plate, 1 black and white plate and 2 text figures). By Rev. E. Blatter, Se eel Dr sesseams Wee. Millard.) BZ Sis ciht ccc stant aed obec dsseees 824 THE SHELL-FISHERIES OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY—REPORT OF THE BoMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S. SURVEY. By H.S. Rai, IMESCHEN (ALTE OA DULLES, CNALL. LCLU-NLCULTES) Moteas ws ceinc< ous Se544s