ee oe Mec a hl Sipe bee ee trie ee Sora CL Aee RANA ee a. * tat s oO i Po ee 0 Me ee ES a 8 “ ce tebe TE PH NG eK 2 - me es ee ee ee eee * - - -. Ein eat raat os dads Sh Sa =i ee a 7 REE Re ~ . ma < > MARAT y > xe ne te 4 4 & fl l up f a x G | iy > a4: ; ti ' ysez Be | os ar dey i " CM ps Sa" 3. aa i Sai YZ ii i ! Y + ill - ( mM A : \ fal it ‘Bp Qe Pay: ey, + oO f \ ie + | ay O i i | | Pt Te | an | \ | As se ; eT | : SSS SSE = ———— ——— —— | : ‘ fi a i is nel i ly %, oe Tp | “4 es ti 28 | hy gr Fy % HE, me RS @ oS ELTELAS) ay (Sek Aes — ig a IS 0. wan St Wa % ly JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIsTORY Society. INDEX AND TITLE PAGE. VOL, XXVIII. QOUWAN LHS7/j | ve SEP. “4997 st } a1 an ear a7 “a7ONaL MUSE "12 PARTS 1 & 2. Bomsay : PRINTED AT THE Times Press. 1923. For convenience in binding it has been found advisable to issue the Index in two parts. The present issue includes the Index to parts 1 and 2, Vol. XXVITI, pp. 1-570. The Index to parts 3 and 4 will be issued sepa- tately. Instructions to Binder, The contents of these two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound ;— Title page... .. (issued with Vol. XXVIII, Frontispiece. No. 2). Contents of Parts 1 and - Vol. XXVIII ae List of Contributors ; aK .. | To follew the List of Plates .. ae a ne frontispiece in Index to Illustrations .. ue me this order. Errata 4 5 Index to Species = a .- Togo at the end of the two num- bers, Explanation of Plate of Tavoy Butterflies .. To face plate at page 123. ABN 1 ee ev ui) iii wih (ut saat by mine le wn bah gn) Wi, vow ita an yi Noga, ie aah ine Otek Aide ily t. hing Ott, ae ly nie ‘ Lire tr SUM Oe Boe f ct pane Hibs aaa Gi ORG I “VE t xe : ht 4 ai ne ys i € i my tA Nith rit Sia rN OPM 40 h ">. .5 ‘ i) i ’ % A 7 is : ry ‘ : a4 TA y j 0 Bw ne at nf [ia tati Ye me Lyiwits HVE mye vind 1 a? | ey un Wa , ee riniod Wiki op AN Avi rove » a ’ ” ‘ Ads ht Gh Fan hs per 1 Oe i WT ae a. ah ea NET ie ae ui ie wid ND tor LRG it t LE on , WARS at) ‘aunts i ty AN | + ue aoe boda int doen't ho san if ie Pc, Ora ae CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. No. 1. Tur Game Birps or Inp14, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part XXX (concluded). (Genus Arboricola) (With a coloured Plate). By E. C. Stuart Baker, J.p., F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.O.U. .... ScrENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAamMAL Survey, No. XXIX. Bane luce Bo OC. Wiroughton (23.0 ae eh oo. ae Screntiric ResuLtts FROM THE Mamma Survey, Nos. XXX png eee) (By Oldheld Thomas, MRS) 0... Lae ss A NEw ARABIAN Hare. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.s. 6) evie)\ 8) ace Notes on Inpian Butterriies. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.S.0., R.E., F.Z.S., F.E.S. A New SNakeE oF THE Famity Uropeltide (with a Plate). By Col. F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.G., C.M.z.s. Notes on soME NorasBLE ADDITIONS TO THE BOMBAY Naturat History Socrery’s SNAKE COLLECTION (with a Plate). By Col. F. Wall, LM.s., C.M.G., ©.M.z.S. Bic GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR AND ADJACENT HILL PRo- VINCES (with two Plates). By Lt.-Col. A. E. Ward THE Burrerriics OF Mesopotamia (with a Plate). By Col. Le Le SEAS 2725 Sie ofS 0 Lala PR a aD eA THREE NEw ALPINE ORTHOPTEKA FROM CENTRAL Asta. By B. P. Uvarov, F.E.s. ee A Few Hints on CrocopiLe SHootTine (with two Plates). By W. H. O. Shortt Brrps OF THE InpIAN Empire, Part IV. By E. C. Stuart Pee Pit Sy ght Z Cc. MBO. «6.6.0, §.she) cs Meine eee we Ce ey InDIAN DRAGONFLIES (with Text-figures). By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s. Ce | A List oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE Tavoy District, Burma (with a Plate), By O. C, Ollenbach 1 PAGE 41 43 1v CONTENTS OF .:.VOLUME XXVIII. PAGE Note ON THE NIDIFICATION AND HABITS OF SOME BIRDS In British GARHWAL (with 3 Plates and a Map). By PAM IB MORI ABT OTN, ic gavs eS Sig alsa e o.2 chan sete tessa ose nee le 4 ote 140 SHAKLSPEARE ON THE NOBLE ArT OF Hawkine. By Col. C. EH. Mirra UAE Uta Ae ee UG carrer nlg ie toade toa eines lovin « OMe karen 161 MyYRIAPODS COLLECTED By P. A. Buxton (with two Plates). By. Ele WBrolemani. se yee tec are em cio aie alee tect olay si 165 Morus or Mesopotamia AND N. W. Persia. By Various INGGIOTS We Beker oe Mere ec CE ee ee aie ie 170 Annotatep Lists oF ACCULEATE HYMENOPTERA (EXCEPT HETEROGYNA) AND CHRYSIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN MesoporamrA AND Norra-West Persia (with 8 Text- fieunes).) By 1: Ds iMorice, McA ch). ie eleerrmeme ye ee 192 Quaint Beasts AND QUEER Hasrrs. By Major C. H. Stockley, EVENTOS A. w cicscllerase Be RL elite dpe Tar elead boven cne saat TRE NRE oceans aee 204 THE Birps oF Mesoporamia (with two Plates). By Dr. C. Bo Ticehursts MeAy MB OcUe yiseks Gi Seki eae kh eee 210 FurtHer LizARDS AND SNAKES FROM PERSIA AND MEsopo- PAMTA By Joan. Procter, W284 52) ar. nent) ee 261 Reviews (SMALL GAME SHOOTING AROUND OOTACAMUND).. Tyg Livelink Oe egein aan a ten ration cares eee) cc ie 254 THe WaTER Fow. oF INDIA AND Asta. By Frank Finn.. 254 PEDTEORTAMG: + exon tais/couGdasions tase eiecane: <:c. cle ng team eeene arene 255 OBrevary. JOR WADEAGE, CoH ee crore ieee een oa oS MiscsLLaneous Notes -— I. The Power of Scent in Wild Animals. By H. Copley gee. de ae ee erence yey « 262 IJ. Panthers and Artificial Light. By C. B. Beadwell oe eee eee On «cee rs 265 Ill. The Food of the Smal! Indian Civet (Viveri- cula malaccensis), m captivity. By C. M. IngliSMNKBLO;U,, OW Zi Sa. RV BeSe | cise a notary sete 265 XVII. XVIII. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. A good female Chinkara Head (G. bennetti). By G. B. Powar : Wild Dogs in Burma. By C. E. Milner .. Distribution of Serow in Burma. By C. E. TWIN RUT Ps ec ae De STP Le el i ae Some Notes on the horns of the Thamin (Cervus eldi) with a Plate. By Major C. H. MLOee ya DIS Onviavac sateen sista edie a aonies. 4 A baby Hog Deer in captivity (with a Plate). Ee Maer ONG Shek Sarah's ann aende en The Indian Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla, L.). By N.C) Chatterjee, B.Sc, WIE:S). 252 50.0. The Habits of the Grey Mongoose. By C. E. Ou PH ISU HE MAI MH IG APR CP AiR RE. AA. Ay. oe The Effect of a Scorpion’s sting on a Terrier. By bt-Col HO Bren ce Me es A Panther’s indifference. By H. Copley .... Kashmir Bird Notes. By H. A. F. Magrath. The Avifauna of the Nelliampathy Hills. By Ji TESA Sie Oye ale ip ete ear EN le Roosting habits of the Common Babbler (Argya caudata). By Major A. G. Frere, 1.4. Behaviour of the White-cheeked Bulbul (Molpastes leucogenys), when its young is in danger; and the (?) parental mstinct of love for the offspring displayed by the Dark-Grey Bush Chat (Ovetcola ferrea). By 8. Basil-Hdwardes. 5... 44.9 +,-aet a 2203 An albinoid Otoconypsa emeria. By Satya Chima Way ees o.oo eee ee sete ee The White-spotted Fantail Flycatcher. (Rhi- pidura pectoralis). By B. B. Osmaston, TS Sign OdaBhts oy tai Mahle) theta daleueipia ee ase e's vi XIX. XX. XXI, XXII. XXII. OWE XXY. XV TL, XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXII. Butterfly Notes, CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII, The Crested Swift (Macropteryx coronata). By B. B. Osmaston 1.F.8., C.1.E. Breeding of the Indian Pitta. By R. C. Bolster, HOS A Pewee tis be ian The Call of Franklin’s Nightjar (Caprimulgus monticola). By H. Whistler, F.z.s. M.B.O.U. Nidification of the Black Vulture or Indian King Vulture (Otogyps calvus). By Lt.-Col. Ei jO Bren tee ele anaes een Some curious nesting places. By Lt.-Col. A. Re B.Shinttleworthy i. 2/6 ss gts oe Destruction of Birds’ Nests. By R. C. Bolster, LOWS cokats fate ien tron hones spe POE Stee ee eee Breeding of the Khyah or Marsh Partridge (Francolinus gularis) in captivity in Bihar. By C. M. Inglis, m.3.0.U., F.Z.S., F.E.S...... The Adjutant Bird, and other matters. By ) Brig=Genk Re G. Burton: 2.14 ..i fren weemee By Jae PIG OTNS IR@LSL,reecbovce si eecoeee x Severe ania Manipuri names of certain Birds. Crocodile Shooting in Nepal. By Miss Kennion. An aggressive Phoorsa (Echis carinata). By Major AviG) Mrere; As) hci) honen ee aa ee The Enemies of Butterflies. By C. E. C. Fischer, LFS, 0:8) oe US) a -0, a: je) ele) feel e fele) em eile) obec) v) es mie .«, @ 6 6 « By W. M. Crawford, 1.¢.s..... Butterflies at Sea. By Col. F. Wall, 1.ms., Cus, Woz ee eae a ier So On the habits of a Sceliphron Wasp (S. deforme). By. 8) Basil Md wardos ies . See eee aie 284 284 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII, XXXIV. An undescribed natural history enemy of the Castor Semilooper (Achaea (Ophiusa) meli- certe; Hmp.) (with a Plate). By T. V. Ram- Enishita: Anya ot aches oY pohh Cnn eeeesls% RMB RCS RC REITIS ES 22 a Aden ce See AE e Une A ork MNES ik) eneyc.g ay dge wis \ No. 2. THe GAME Birps oF Inp1IA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part XXXI. (Genus Alectoris) (with a coloured Plate.) By E. C. Stuart Baer eeb. Rais Phra. Sey MP Be OU scien eek esse tian BIR eels Birps oF THE INDIAN Empire. Part V. By E. C. Stuart Reece etree Robe n eo Wemere MOS OAM aol eset oi cidsci aya aheten ates fei'cyexe GAME ANIMALS OF KasHMIR AND ADJACENT HILL PRovin- ces. Part II. (With Plates and Text-figures.) By Lt.- NSU SGS GC] Dek AY UEP os NR EO A RAE SRE he ee Er Tue BurrerFiics oF Mesopotamia, Part Il. (With a Plate.) iB ylob Ole ile PsP eile W168) TM Seas ing 0 5 woofs a's ale a ale On Inpran Parasitic Fires. By Harold Russell, F.1.8., F.z.s. THE Brrps or Mesopotamia, Part II. By Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, Wok MBL OuU. WAC WOR tWOlE lates): boi 6 s..)c care see's is eve ee SciENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL Survey, No. XXXII. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.s. A. New and interesting mammals from the Mishmi AQ OE CLG RE REE RTS ee ere Bee (he Porcupine Of Assan), O41 .6 Sack es 6.2 dase C. A new Ferret Badger (Helictis) from the Naga SEY LV aaNet aide eiee ae ge hha Gea eee ePRMTALN Trine ce NoTEs ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NORTHERN SLOW Loris. By Oldfield Thomas, F:B.8, 2.2.5.5. .0 ke eens A Day’s SHOOTING ON THE NILGIRIS NEAR OOTACAMUND. By Lt.-Col. H. R, Baker, 1.4. (With two Plates)........ Notes oN THE Batracuta. By C. R. Narayan Rao, M.A. (Widths, Text block) oo. ou cael nde et ok 285% eee cee vii PAGE 298 301 334 345 370 381 428 431 432 433 434 vill CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. NovEs ON THE HABITS OF SOME CEYLON Bats. By W. W. A. PUNE RA AL GS. ciate: ie Wasateeedes Matern nists elsitns ose 2s : Birps or PacumMarHI. By B. B. Osmaston, C.LE., IFS. OWVTtaE WO MELE GES) isc ls alamo ape weve tel eae ei are!e Nas lel Gi NeEsT-BOXES FOR Birps. By §. H. Prater, c.m.z.s. (With a note by H. Whistler, F.z.s., M.B.o.uU. (With two Plates AMG cag: sex OURS) oar ice a) score be oi cue a ieee Rep ae eek Nores oN THE GENERIC Names OF INDIAN THECLINA AND Avenyeonina, By N. DiBiley. a. ss 2 .s ees oro Norres on Mesopotamian MamMats. By Capt. C. R. Pitman. InpiAN Draconruies. By Major F.C. Fraser, 1.m.s. ( With free: Lext-nomnes) Part: MOLY Go ts eas aie me nctece tele Notes ON SOME LizARDS, Frogs, AND Human BEINGS IN THE Niueiri Hints. By Col. F. WALL, 1.M.8., C.M.z.S. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN InDIA. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.S.0., R.E., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (With 9 Text-figures) ... Review. (ZOOLOGY—A TEXT BOOK FOR COLLEGES AND ‘UNI- VeRsmies. By UD. Woclkerell). (oii akeas evap Opmrusny —bt-Coly dae in Menton se oe ace eo witness ere FSM IRODANS oe. cheese. uctoatle uu th cleon we he. wy Se Wiest Soi GR cine In Licuter Vern. Notes by a Pseudo Collector ............ MisceLLANEous Notes :— I. Notes on Lydekker’s ‘‘Game Animals of India.’ (With a Plate.) By Major C. H. Stockdeys piste) cer Sak eR h toe meraerue e II. Editors’ and readers’ comments on notes which appeared in previous numbers ............ Ili. An interesting Panther incident. (With a photo.) By Major C. H. Stockley, pD.s.o. .. IV. Occurrence of the Tree Shrew (Anathana wroughton) at Khandalla, Poona District. By Dr. wiser, Dis: ... sfioneneet acme PAGE 448 481 493 529 533 535 Vil. VILL. IT: XIII. LY. Ve XVI. XVII. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII, The breeding of Elephants in Captivity. By COMA EAMG ye eh ois 16 oie dae idee wed so Notes on the Tsaine (Bos sondaicus). (With a Plate.) By Major C. H. Stockley, D.s.o. ... Some measurements of Big Game. By Major OPS! 5 baroi) cid) Ataa SNS )eg Ores Far went, Oe Onn S ea ae Abnormal Ibex head (witha photo), By Lt.- Col pe Wi et UcbOlke tue ee once sts: Saisie ste An addition to the list of Indian Birds. By H. WVAMIS ET AS AL OUNOALA ON Ue jd eiate ced ane)es ech Habits of the Southern Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus horsfieldi travancoriensis.) By JAN AST Bg] rial Cove] Tea yA SR Rare Nidification of the Southern Red Whiskered Bulbul (Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata) ey PAu Kam els tir 28.907 s odin ehshas «dak le Woodpeckers ‘“‘ Roosting”. By A. P. Kinloch, TUES os aes boi see cl s abel ane Alegdae ey. (cut > acartena ales at Predaceous habit of the common King Crow. By. By Osmastomy gsi .jcsehe males oid eit Nidification of the Ceylon Thrush (0. inbri- cata, Layard). By T. HK. Tunnard ........ Occurrence of the Malay Bittern (Gorsachius melanalophus) at Ootacamund, S. India. By Lt.-Col. H. R. Baker, 1.4. (Retd.) ...... Notes on Duck in the Rawalpindi District. By Major C. H. Stockley .............+-- Occurrence of the Flamingo (P. roseus) in the Central Provinces. By B. B. Osmaston .. XVIII. Noteson two young Indian Hornbills. (D. bicornis) (With a Plate). By 8S. H. Prater, 540 543 545 545 550 XIX. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XX VI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. PROCEEDINGS A coouUNTS FOR OIOZI) hc Sunige nae Be ae CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. Notes on a fight between the Indian Screech Owland a Cobra. By Major J. E. M. Boyd, 1S ee OR i ap, AOE EN Tees Se Crocodile burying its food. By A. F. A DEFELOMUD Vics cco jewadvke on paocaidene es sabnopehe Hatching of Cobras (Naia tripudians) with remarks on the Oodont, Genitalia, etc. By Col. Bi Wall) tae slo wet Camia se Acquisition of four more specimens of the snake Brachyophidium rhodogaster. By Col. F. Wall, 1.M.s., C..i.G., C.M.Z.S. Leech attacking a snake. By A. P. Kinloch, Food of the Snail-Jndrella ampula. By A. P. Kinloch, F.z.s. Beh yids css Ten oa ee Butterfly feeding on excreta. By Hugh Witistler! 8.2.8. CAF Ac. O90.) ce vost. eceeuneas The Black Rock Scorpion Palamnoeus swam- merdami. By Major A. G. Frere, 1a. .... Scorpion committing suicide. By A. A. Dunbar DrAnGer eo ligul sacl ts tes wrpaaes + Meee es A short note on instances of Syncarpy in Magnifera indica (With a block). By P. M. Debbarman, B.Sc., F.L.S., M.R.A.S .... Folklore of Birdsand Beasts of India. By J. Hitzyatrieky (5). jo? hag dls yale peaan ecehmneas a: a! a) 6,e).e\ eth) lw 6, ue 16 6 lei cu la, \0, 1@, Uae: fete ele) eye) (4) 1G) 6) 10 Oe @. \e) (6) 0) Oe ew) Pace 552 553 5D3 556 o57 557 508 5d8 509 beh ie ees OSSD xi ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. VOLUWEE Se Ir. Apercromey, A. F, ; Crocodile (C. palustris) burying its food AITKEN, E. H. ; Injury feign- ing habits of Birds Atyar, T. V. Ramakrishna ; An undescribed natural history enemy of the Castor Semilooper (Achaea (Ophiusa) melicerte). (With a Plate) Baker, E. C. Sruarr, J.P., BS: IAS.;) MB OoUS The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part MAXX coned. (With..¢@ Coloured Plate.) The Arra- Red-throated Hill Partridge, Tickell’s Red- throated Hill Partridge, the Red-breasted Hill Par- tridge, the White-cheeked Hill Partridge, the Brown- breasted Hill Partridge, the Green-legged Hill Partridge, the Ferruginous Wood Partridge, the Long- billed Wood Partridge Hmp. kan ——_—__—_——— ;.__ Part XXXI. (With a@ Coloured Plate). The Indian Chukor, Hume’s Chukor ; The Birds of the Indian Empire Part 1V Part V 2 PAGE | 298 305 9 31 Baker, Lr.-Cou. H. R., L.A. ; A day’s shooting on the Nilgiris near Ootacamund. | (With 2 Plates) —_— —_—___--—___—_; Oc- currence of the Malay Bbit- tern ‘Gorsachius melanolo- phus) at Ootacamund, S. Basit-Epwarpes, S.; Beha- viour of the White-cheeked Bulbul (Molpastes leucogenys) : India | | | | its when young is in danger; and the (?) paren- tal instinct of love for the offspring displayed by the Dark-Grey Bush Chat (Oreicola ferrea) — ; On the Habits of a Sceliphron Wasp. (S. deforme) | BEADNELL, C. B., Panthers | and artificial light ' BotstEr, R.C., 1.C.S.; Breed- ; ing of the Indian Pitta = -—; Des- truction of Birds’ Nests . History Society’s Mammal Survey, No. XXIX. A re-naming of “ Mungos mungo_ ellioti ” | | Bombay Natural | | | By R. C. Wroughton Pact 434 Or rs bon | 280 he o or 284 286 we Xil Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey ; Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey No. XXX. The Mungooses of the Her- pestes smitht group. By Old- field Thomas No. XXXI. Two New Rats from Assam (2attus wellsi and Rattus listert garonum). By Oldfield Thomas ’ No. XXX11-— (A} New and interesting Mammals from the Mishmi Hills (B) The Porcupine of Assam (C) A New Ferret Badger (Helictis) from the Naga Hills. By Oldfield Tho- mas, F.L.S. Boyp, Masor J. E. M.; Notes on a fight between the Indian Sereech Owl and a Cobra Brotemann, H. W.; Myria- pods from Mesopotamia and Persia. (With 2 Plates) Burton, Bric.-Genu. R.G. ; The Adjutant Bird and other matters Burton, Lr.-Cot. R.W.; Ab- normal Ibex Head. (With a plock) nee P.A., EES. «aad Warkxins, H. T. G.; Moths bf Mesopotamia and N. W. Persia, Part IL ae Ae LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Pages Buxton, P.A., M.B.0.U., T1cE- HuRsT, Claud B., M. A., M.bB.O.U. and Major R. E. | CHEESMAN, M.B.0.U. The | “ Birds of Mesopotamia.” | (With & Plates), Part 1 Part II. (With 2 Plates).. | CHATTERJEE, IN. Cg MESES | F.ES.; he Indian Pan- | golin (Manis pentadactyla). CHEESMAN, Mason R. H., TicEutuRstT, Claud B., M.A., M.B.O,U.and Buxton, P.A., MB OUR che Birds! of | Mesopotamia.” (With 2 Plates) Part I Part Il. (With 2 Plates) .. CopLrey, Hucu; The Power of Scent in Wild Animals | CRawFrorp, W. M.,_ I.C.8.; 428 | Butterfly notes DEBBARMAN, P. M.; A_ short note on the instances of | Synearpy in Magnifera in- dica L. other tropical plants. (Withe Text block) and some DunBAR, BRANDER, A. A.; Scorpion Committing Sui- cide .. Evans, -Lz.-Con. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Notes on Indian Butterflies (contd.) 287 544 | — aa Butterfly collecting in India. (With 9 Text-figures) b) Fenton, Lt.-Cot. L. L.; Obi- 184 tuarial Notice PAGE ho We} bo 560 30 500 519 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Fiscurr, C.E.C.; The Habits of the Grey Mongoose ; The Ene- mies of Butterflies Frirzparrick, J.; Folklore of Birds and Beasts of India. Fraser, Masor F. C., 1.M.S.; Indian Dragontlies. (With 4 Text-figures) Part XII. , (With 3 Text- figures) Frere, Masor A. G., L.A.,; Roosting habits of the Common Babbler. (Argya caudata) EE ee aggressive Phoorsa (LEchis carinata ) ; The Black Rock Scorpion (Pa- lumnoeus swammerdamt) ee Hiecins, J. C., 1.C.S. ; Mani- puri names of certain birds Hunpiry, G.; The Breeding of Elephants in Captivity. Hurton, J. H.; Sore-neck in Sambhar ; Hornbills in Captivity —— ——-—; Indian Hornet. Incuis, Cuas. M., M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; The Food of the Small Indian Civet (Vivericula malaccensis) in captivity Pace | 286 291 558 288 537 533 533 534 265 | Inaxis, Cuoas. M., M.B.O.U., 274 | | the Kyah or Marsh Par- F.Z.8., F,E.8,; Breeding of tridge (Francolinus gularis) | in captivity in Bihar Kevynion, Miss, I. A.; A Baby Hog Deer in captivity. (With a Plate and Teat- figure) —_——_—_——; Croco- dile Shooting in Nepal [ecranpoxereig, AN, dee 8 | UBlnifey / A\ple fauna of the Nelliampathy Hills ; Habits of the Southern Scimitar Bab- ler. (Pomatorhinus horsfieldi travancoriensis) Nidification Southern Red-whis- Bulbul. (Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata) of the kered —; Woodpeck- ers “ Roosting”’ .. Leech at- tacking a Snake —_—______—— ; Hood of the Snail (Jndrella ampula) Law, S. C.; An _ albinoid Otocompsa emeria LuaRp, Lr.-Cot. Combes: Shakespeare on the noble Art of Hawking MacratH, H. A. F. ; Kashmir Bird Notes.. Miner, C. E.; Wild Dogs in Burma : Distribution of Serow in Burma xitl PaGs 557 267 X1V PAGE MitnER, J.; Burmese races of Serow Marrers, 2.30.) LE Bsc) 8 Panther’s Indifference Mills, J: Ps Burma Wild Dogs in Moricg, F. D., M.A., F.Z.S. ; Annotated Lists of Acu- leate Hymenoptera (except Heterogyna) and Chrysids recently collected in Meso- potamia and North-West Persia. (With 8 Text- figures) 192 OxpituaRy, John Wallace, C.E. -Lr-Cour. L. L. Fentcn O’Brien, Lt.-Cot. E.; The effect of a Scorpion’s sting on a Terrier S 2 274 ; Nidi- fication of the Biack Vul- ture or Indian King Vul- ture (Otogyps calvus). (With Text-figure) 284 OLLENBACH, O. C.; A List of Butterflies collected in the Tavoy District, Burma. (With a Plate) As Bog) ek DOE Nidification and OsMASTON, on the Habits of some Birds in British Garhwal. (With 3 Plates and a Map) OsmastTon, B. B., LF.S.; The White-spotted Fantail Flycatcher (Khipidura pec- toralis) 282 5d | 260 | LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Osmaston, B. B., I.F.S.,; The Crested Swift (Macropterya coronata). (With a Text- Jigure) ———_. ; Birds of Pachmarhi. (With 2 Plates.) ; Predace- ous habit of the Common King Crow . Pete, Lr.-Cou. H. D., F.E.S. ; The Butterflies of Mesopo- tamia. Part I. (With a Plate) Part Il. (Witha Plate) .. Puitiirs, W. W. A.; Notes on the habits Ceylon Bats Pitman, Carr. C.R.S., D.S.O., M.C., M.B.0.U. ; Notes on Mesopotamian Mammals .. of some Powar, G. B.; A good female Chinkara Head (G. bennettz) Prater, S.H., C.M.Z.S8.; Nest Boxes for Birds (With 2 Plates.) With a note by H. Whistler, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., +) CLE Oru: By ——-—-— + Notes on) two young Indian Hornbills. (With a Plate) leavenes Miss Joan B., {es Pseudo-Collector. ”’ Further Lizards from Persia KZ.8. 5 and Snakes and Mesopotamia . 140 Prout, Lovis B. ; Moths of Mesopotamia and N.-W. Persia, Part III In Lighter Vein PaGE 546 50 345 448 474 266 460 550 251 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Rao, C. R. Narayan., M.A; Notes on Batrachia. (With a Text block) RitEy, Carr. N. D., F.E.S., F.Z.8.; Notes on the Generic Names of Indian Thecline and Amblypo- dinze (Lep. Rhop.) .. Roruscuitp, Lorp ; Moths of Mesopotamia and N.-W. Persia, Part I RUSSELL, Haroup, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; On Indian Parasitic Flies .. SHorrr, W.H.O. ; A few hints on Crocodile shooting. (With 2 Plates and a Diagram) Lr.-Cot., A.R.B.; Some curious Nest- ing places SHUTTLEWORTH, Stock.Ley, Masor C.H., Quaint Beasts and queer habits .. SrockLey, Masor C. H.; Some notes on the Horns of the Thamin (Cevus eldi). (With a Plate) —__—__________.___- Notes on Lydekker’s Game Ani- mals of India. (With a Plate). —_—+— ; Tha- min Horns . interesting Panther inci- dent, (With a Photo) on the Tsaine, (Bos sondai- cus.) (With a Plate) measurements of Big Game PaGE | 439 465 170 370 76. 285 204 268 529 534 535 540 ~ O45 | StocKLEY, Masor C. H.; Notes on Duck in the Rawalpindi District Suter, M., D. Se.; Occurrence of the Tree-Shrew (Anathana wroughtoni) at Khandalla, Poona District THomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S.; See Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. ; A new Arabian Hare, Lepus oima- nensis cheesmani ; Note on the Nomenclature of the Northern Slow Loris TicrHurst, CLaup B., M.A., MB:O.U., wbusron, (PoA., M.B.O.U. and Masor R.E. CHrESMAN, M.B.O.U ; “The Birds of Mesopotamia Part I (With 2 Plates) bh) Part IL (With 2 Plates) TUNNARD, T. E. ; Nidification of the Ceylon Thrush (Ore- ocincla imbricata) Layard .. Uvarov, B.P., F.E.S. ; Three New Alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. . Watt, Cox. F., I.M.S., C.M.G., C.M.Z.S.; A New Snake of the Family Uropeltide (With a Plate) -; Notes on some notable additions to the Bombay Natural History Society’s Snake Collection. (With a Plate) XV or ey) “I 433 546 41 XV1 Watt, Cot. F., I.M.S., C.M.G., C.M.Z.S. ; Butterflies at sea. Notes on some Lizards, Frogs and Human Beings in the Nilghiri Hills —-——-—— ; Hatching of Cobras (Naia tripudians) with remarks on the Oodont, Genitalia, ete. sAcquisition of four more specimens of the Snake Srachyophidium rhodogaster, Wall Warp, Lr.-Cot, A. E.; Big Game Shooting of Kashmir and adjacent Hill Pro- vinces. Part I. (With 2 Plates) Part II (With 2 Plates and 2 Text-figures) PAGE 293 | 493 45 534 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. WeADEINSS ins a eG. and Buxton, P.A., M.A., F.E.S., Moths of Mesopotamia and IN. ‘W. Persia, Part If WHISTLER, Huan, F.Z.S.; The call of Franklin’s Night- jar (Caprimulgus monticola) Frankl. Notes on nest boxes for birds ANN OIE dition to the List of Indian Birds Soe EEL OR fly feeding on excreta Wrovuauton, R. C., F.Z.S.; See Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Pace 184 bo (0.0) nse 460 XVil Ce SEO OME i PAD BS; VOLUME 2x== Vii. No. 1. The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Green-legged Hill Partridge (7ropicoperdix chloropus) : ; A new Snake of the family Uropeltidee (Lrachyophidium rhodogaster). Some notable additions to the Bombay Natural History Society’s Snake Collection (Coluber leonardt) Big Game Shooting of Kashmir and adjacent Hill Provinces— Plate I. The Kashmir Stag (Cervus cashmirianus) .. II. Do. do. The Butterflies of Mesopotamia A Few Hints on Crocodile Shooting— Plate I. (A) A heavy Mugger. (C. palustris) re (B) Getting out a heavy Mugger. (C. palustris) Plate II. (A) A female Gavial. (G. gangeticus} (B) Male Gavial showing nob at the top Butterflies of Tavov District, Burma Pace A Note on the Nidification and Habits of some Birds in British Garhwal— Map of Garhwal District North of Lansdowne Plate I. (A) Water falls in the Rup Ganga saparnane Be forest an (B) The northern ree of Cranienne Plate II. (A) Chir Forest (Pinus longifolia) (B) Deodar Forest.. : . (A) A Forest-clad Ravine at abeat 10, 000! (B) Dunagiri Peak 23,200’ Plate ITI. Myriapods from Mesopotamia and Persia— Plate I. Figs. 1-2. Strongylosoma persicum Plate II. Fig. 3. Strongylosoma persicum Fig. 4. Poluxenus ponticus The Birds of Mesopotamia— Plate I. (A) Creek at Makina near Busra, Mesopotamia (B) From Table Mt. Jebel Hamrin, N.-E. of Baghdad. xViil LIST OF PLATES. Plate II. (A) Close to Amara, on Tigris. . (B) Broken country on Tigris down stream of Samarra. Some Notes on the Horns of the Thamin (Cervus eldi)— (A) Side view of Stag No.7 .. ; sk . (B) Showing horns forming 3 parts of a circle (Stag No. 2) be oie (C) Stags Nos. 5, 4, 3, 2. Showing greater divergence in the horns of the older animal A ie (D) An old Stag with a very wide head. Tops palmated (No. 5) ‘ Ph Ke (E) A fine Stag. (No. 7, from the front) A Baby Hog Deer in captivity— (A) Surprised vt a wi (B) Creeping along head down, ears back An undescribed natural enemy of the Castor Semilooper (Achewa (Ophiusa) melicerte) No. 2. The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Chukor Partridge (Alectoris greca chukor) _ .. Game Anima!s of Kashmir and adjacent Hil! Provinces—- Plate I. (A) Great Pamir Sheep (Ovis ammon poli) (B) Siberian Argali (Ovis ammon ammon) (C) Great Tibetan Sheep (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) Plate II. (A) Bharal (P. nahura) (B) Oorial (O. vignei) Some new forms of Lepidoptera from Mesopotamia and N.-W. Persia .. The Birds of Mesopotamia— Plate III. (A) Kentish Plover’s-nest on shelly clay, margin of large marsh below Amara. Eggs (3), almost hatching ss a oe a oe (B) A salt pan about 4 mile W. of Euphrates barrage Plate IV. (A) Curious mound-like nest of Black-winged Stilt with 3 eggs, in a shallow inundation a few miles W. of Museyib on the R. Euphrates ‘B) Typical breeding country of Sand Grouse (Pterocles aichaia caudacuta) on right bank of Tigris near Kut. 305 336 336 336 340 340 345 410 410 LIST OF PLATES. A day’s shooting on the Nilgiris near Ootacamund— Plate I. Country round Ootacamund Plate II. (A) Wooded Nala leading down to nae aoa likely spot for Woodcock (B) A fine Jungle Fowl Shola near Ootacamund, Nilgiris aa Birds of Pachmarhi— Plate I. Views of Pachmarhi EI: Do. do. Nest-boxes for Birds— Plate I. Suggestions for Bird-boxes Te Do. do, Notes on Lydekker’s Game Animals of India—Oorial Notes on the Tsaine (Bos sondaicus). Tsaine or Banting (Los sondaicus) Notes on two young Indian Hornbills— (A) Feeding time (B) Joan and Helen x1x 550 550 Imdex to illustrations. WoLwvw0ME Sx VIiIiI. Achaea (Ophiusa) melicerte, Pl.. Zischna erythromelas, Anal ap- pendage, Fig. 3 (i).. juncea, Anal appendage, Hig 2 (i) «i Ne mixta, Anal appendage, Fig. 2 (ii) ornithocephala, Anal ap- pendage, Fig. 3 (iv). petalura, Anal appen- dage, Fig. 3 (ii) Alectoris greeca chukor, Pl. Anacieschna jaspidea, Anal appendage, Fig. 3 (iii). < Anax guttatus,Dorsal and lateral aspects of anal appen- dage, Fig. 3 (1) ——- immaculifrons, Dorsal and lateral aspects of anal appendage, Fig. 3 CSA Cee —— parthenope julius, Dorsal and lateral aspects of anal appendage, Fig. 3 (2) ——- parthenope wings, Fig. 2 .. partheno pe, ——— Dorsal and lateral aspects of anal appendage, Fig. 3 (4).. Occiput of fe- male, Fig. 4.. Apis mellifera, Fig. 8, Teeth .. Argali, Siberian, Pl., Fig. 2 Arhopala pagaiensis, Pl., Figs. vii, Vili ———_—__—_______ PAGE 298 488 115 113 113 109 PAGE Arhopala- sp., Pl., Fig. v 123 —-— woodti, Pl., Fig. vi. 123 Bharal, Pl. : 340, 342 Biduanda nicevillei, Pl. Fig. BcAlvin ere an 123 Bos sondaicus, Pl. 540 Brachyophidium rhodogaster, Pi. 41 | Butterfly collecting in India— Fig. 1. Butterfly-net spe- cification 509 Figs. 2, 3. Setting-boards.. 510 Fig. 4, Setting-box 511 Fig. 5, Method of pinning. 511 Fig. 6, Pins ig eee Fig. 7, Method of setting. 511 Fig. 8, Position of anten- nee 512 Fig. 9, Paper envelopes for Butterflies. 515 Castor semilooper, An unde- scribed naturalenemy, Pl. .. 298 Fig. 1, Semilooper Cater- pillar on castor leaf os pee Fig. 2, The Mothofsame 298 Fig. 3, A parasitised ca- terpillar with the cocoon of the parasite at- tached at the tail end 298 Fig. 4. Cocoon of the pa- rasite .. 298 Fig. 5, The parasitic wasp. Microplitis ophiuse, Ram. dorsal view 298 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Castor semilooper—contd. Fig. 6, The same—side view cf thorax to show crenat- ed fovea atk Cephaleschna, Abdominal end- ing of female, | Fig. 1 (i) 107 ——————masoni, Anal ap- pendage, Fig. 2 | (iii) : 485 | Cervus cashmirianus, Pl. .- 46,48 —eldi, Pl. .. 269 ——— porcinus, Pl... areh hierdie Chaukhamba, (Garwhal District) | Northern slopes of, Pl. 147 Chir Forest, Garwhal District, 1) as ne is nen) (kod Chrysis buxtoni, Fig. 11, Apex of abdomen, Fig. 12, Upper part of head viewed from front.. 203 Cobras, Hatching of— Fig. (A) Side view of | skull 555 Fig. (B) Lower view of skull 555 Celioxys coturnix, Fig. 6, Out- line ot 6th ab- dominal tergite, Fig. 7, Apex of abdomen 198 Coluber leonardi, PI. 43 Crocodilus palustris, Pl. 76 | Decdar Forest, Garwhal Dis- trict, Pl. oe 152 Dichoceros bicornis, Pl... 550 | Dunagiri Peak, Garwhal Dis- trict, Pl. 154 Dragonflies, Indian— Rig. 1, Anaciceeschna jas- pidea 481 ZG! PAGE Dragonflies, Indian—contd. Fig. 2, Anal appendages of (i) AMschna juncea, (ii) Aisch- na mixvta, (iii) Cephaleschna MASON’ .. -e 485 Fig. 3, Anal appendages of (i) dschna eryth- romelas, (ii) Avs- chna petalura,(iii) Anacueschna jas- pidea, (iv) 4isch- na ornithocephala. 488 Garwhal District, Map of, Pl... 140 — Rup Ganga Waterfalls, TEE ae 147 —Chaukhamba, northern slopes of, Pl. ice) iy HE Chir Forest, Pi or weed Na. en Die ord a'r Forest, Pl. 152 —_——— A Forest-clad Ravine at about 10,000’ Pi: -- 154 a — Dunagiri Peak, 23,200! Pi: 154 sere Se A morning bag at 7,000’ 8 Cheer Pheasants and | Kalij, Pl, cn ase) | Gavialis gangeticus, Pl. MA 80 | Gynacantha, Aldominal ending of female, Fig. 1 (3) ae ie ey XxXil PAGE Gynacantheschna, ending of fe- male, Fig. 1 (2) Hemianax ephippiger, Dorsal and lateral as- pects of anal appen dage, Fig. 3 (3) Hog Deer, A baby in captivity. ** Going Mad ” ** Surprised,’’ Pl. .. AG “Creeping along head down, ears back”, PI. Hornbills, Notes on young Indian, Pl. (A) Feeding time (B) Joan and Helen .. Hysudra hades, Pl., Fig. xii Ibex, Abnormal head, Block .. Jacoona anasuja, Pl., Figs. ix,x. Lemonia peilei, Pl. : Lithurgus tibialis, Fig. 5 6, Hind-leg, a. coxa, b. trochanter, ¢. femur, d._ tibia, e. metatarsus Lycena dama karinda, Pl. - damone damalis, Pl. -— peilei, Pl. Macropteryx coronata, Nest and egg of Magnifera indica Mangoes, Instances of syncarpy in Magnifera indica .. Melitea didymeé casta, Pl. -— trivia persea, PI. Mesopotamia, ‘Plate i, (A) A creek at Makina near Busra. (B) From Table Mt. Jebel Hamren, N. E. of Baghdad i Plate ii, (A) Close to Amara on Tigris two Abdominal 107 113 271 271 272 272 550 550 550 123 544 123 345 196 345 345 345 283 560 560 £45 345 230 230 248 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Mesopotamia, Birds of— Plate iii, (A) Kentish Plover’s nest on shelly clay, margin of large marsh below Amara, Pi oes se (B) A salt pan about 4 mile W. of Euphrates barrage, Pl... (BY Broken country on Tigris down stream of Samarra 384 384 248 Plate iv. (A) Curious mound- like nest of Black-winged Stilt with 3 eggs, in a shallow inun- dation a few miles W. of Mxsuyeb on the R. Euph- rates, Pl (B) Typical breed- ing country of Sand- grouse (Pter- ocles alchata caudacuta) on right-bank of Tigris near Kut, PI. Mesopotamian and Persian Myriopods, Pls. 166,168 Lepidoptera, Pl. 345 Microplitis ophiuse, Pl. 298 Nest-boxes for birds— Plate i. Suggestions for bird- boxes, Pl. Plate ii. Suggestions for birds-boxes, Pl... 410 410 460 462 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE | Nilgiris near Ootacamund— Plate i. Country round Ootacamund e. Plate ii. (A) A wooded Nala lead- ing down to mar- shy ground, Pl, .. (B) A fine Jungle Fowl Shola near Oota- camund, Pl. ae Nortonia deceptriz, First and second segments, Figs. 9-A and 10-B ee Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris, Tadpoles of, Fig. A. Mouth parts ; Fig. B, A tier of teeth, showing the a sie Oorial, Pl. A. & B. Oorial, Pl, Otogyps calvus, Nest containing young Ovs ammon ammon, PI. hodgsoni, Pl. oa oe poli, Pl. —— vignei, Pl. .. a — vignei, Pl. : Pachmarhi— Plate i, Views of Pachmar- hi, Pl. Se Plate ii, Views of Pachmar- Vege Panther, An interesting inci- dent,’ Photo .. Ae Pararge megaera iranica, Pl. .. Persian Lepidoptera, Pl. Pinus longifolia, Pl. 434 436 436 201 458 535 345 345 182 | XXul PAGE Polyxenus ponticus, Pl. 168 Pseudois nahura, Pl. 340 Rapala sphinx intermedia, Pl., Fig. xiii 123 subguttata, Pl., Fig. xv. 123 Rhipidura pectoralis, Nest of .. 282 Rup Ganga Waterfalls SNM District), Pl. .. 147 Sceliphron Wasp, Nests (A) on wood of ceiling, (B) stored with spiders, (C) in course of construction .. 294, 296 Sheep, Great Pamir, Pl. 336 - Tibetan, Pl. 336 Strongylosoma persicum, Pl. 166, 168 Strymon abdominalis gerhardti, PL 345 —_—_—— marcidus, Pl... 345 Thamin (Cervus eldi), (A) Side view of Stag No. 7, PI. -. 269 (B) Show- ing horns forming 3 parts of a circle stag No. 2 269 rs (C) Stags Nos. 5, 4, 3, 2, showing greater divergence in the horns of the older animal 269 (D) An old stag with a very wide head tops palmated (No. 5) 269 (E) A fine stag No. 7 from the front 269 Tropicoperdix chloropus, Pl. 1 Tsaine, Noteson, Pl. .. -- 540 Zegris eupheme dyala, Pl. 345 Zephyrus quercus longicauda, Fl: ‘ 345 XX1V ERRATA’. No. 4, VotumEe X XVII. Page 941, No. 22 for “ Lanius erythronotus the rufous-backed shrike ” read *‘ Lanius cristatus, the brown shrike.”’ No. 29, lmes 1 & 2 delete “very common” to “so far South.” 3 e » line 5 for“ Blanford ” read “ Oates.” i a », line 10 delete from “ Blanford to “up here.” » No. 30 for “ Blanford’’ read ‘‘ Oates.” Page 942, No, 45, line 12, for “22” deep read “24 feet deep.” 943, No. 78, delete lines 1 to 4 “ very common ”’ to “breed up here.” No. 1, VotumME XXVIII. ie A A ee ee Se Page 20, line 5 from the bottom for Orygernis read Orttygornes. 9 33 9? , 20, ., 5 from the bottom for Reicheul read Reichenb. , 22, ,, 6 from the the top for N.C. Robinson read H.C. Robinson. Page 50, lme 13 for bemg read Being. 16 delete the comma after copper. 30 for bath white read Bath White. 40 ,, there read here. 9 from foot of page, for “ crocea ie 52 92, » 2 for “ ticarus’’ read ‘* icarus.” 2 for painted lady read “ Paimted Lady.” 15 after hanifa, ansert ' ‘* Nordm.”’ ae 16°5, magne; |, eters” Bepweon lines 17 and 18 insert NYMPHALIDAE. ,», 93, line 22 for Limenitis read Liminitis. ,, 26 after ““C” album, L. insert ‘ Subsp. hutchinsoni, Robson.”’ ,, 27 after “ J” album, insert Esp. ,, 40 for‘ kurdistana”’ read “ kurdistanica.” 2? read “ croceus.”’ 3 ~~) 48g “* marginallis”’ read “ marginals.” » 9» >, 6 from foot of page, for Bov. read Bal. » 54, ,, 4 for 28c. read 28a. », DD. Between lines 1 and 2 insert Genus COKNONYMPHA. lme 9 from foot of page after Hb., insert “f. hanifa, Nord.” FSD Ts. ial CLE. » 99, ,, 93 delete about stony hillscrests. ,, 60,lines 27, 31, 32, 36 & 37, for “palescens’ read “* pallescens.”’ 61. Between lines 7 and 8 znsert NY MPHALIDA! and below this Genus LIMINITIS. ERRATA XXV Page 61 line 8 for “ Limenitis ” read “ Liminitis.” . 28 ,, its read their. » oo 3 32 after India cnsert fullstop followed by Capital O, >» » > 15 from foot, for and read end. Mae a - ,. end read and. Se OSs Js, B dae: W. Persia, Karind valley, August 1918. sia read ** Occurs ”’ for “‘ occurs.’ Ria oO Prom doots 10P<'Costa.: read“ Casta’ Pt eo as aiclnse Seitz I 62b in brackets. pe ee eli for PERAMEKIS read PYRAMKIS. » 3 >, 8from bottom, after May 22nd insert fullstop. en ce ,, for white read with. ipl Ca ae for bottom of page delete p. 7. , 65 Transfer the black line and footnote at bottom to above the description beginning “‘ Vanessa (Grapta)” which is just above them. » >» line 6 after album add Esp. , 66, ,, 20 forthe older name read an older name than lunigera. » »° » 2. ,, “hanmigera’ read “‘lumgera.”’ » » 9: 24 ,, ‘* hutchisonn’’ read “ hutchinsoni.”’ , 67, ,, 3 nsert comma after swamp. ; 69, ,, 30 for “ didyma ” read ‘* persea.” Meee ,, dl after or ensert a. ,, 199, Fig. 8 the words “96 Apis mellifera, L’’ should be inserted at the commencement of the fourth para- graph (line 19) instead of under Fig. 8 and should read thus “96 Apis mellifera, I. Several specimens have been sent by Captam Buxton from, etc.” 266,lme 7 “any” should read curry. 287. ,, 12 from beginning of note “large room” should read “* large run .”’ 292, Miscellaneous note No. XXXI for “ Eulepis eudamip- pus ©” read “ Kulepis eudamippus 3.” No. 2, Vol. XXVIII. Page 26 from the top for fusciphaga read fuciphaga. ., 354, line 7 for figured read recorded and add footnote t ‘ Alpheraky gives a coloured figure of a specimen from S. Persia, lent him by Avinoff, in Oberthiir’s Etudes Vol. VII.” Pe ae Lifer 29° d2sreod over 80 “40.02 | » 9» 7 from foot of page, add over 120 Specimens. i 6 - > 3, alter more insert set. 359, ime 3. for brown read Brown. » >, last lme, for rom read from. 32 XXV1 ERRATA, Page 362, line 24 for “ its ” read << Seitz.” », 366, ,, 7 for comma after appearance read fullstop. » 967, ,, 6 for ‘‘Gerhardi, f. gerhard’’, read “ Gerhardt, f Gerhardti.’’ »» 469, top line (legend) for page 499 read 469. ; INDEX OF SPECIES. XXVli NUMBER. NUMBER. Ablepharus brandtii .. 253 | Adelura ceruleicephala Bter- fit! Acanthion : .. 477| Aigithaliscus erythrocephalus .. 142 -—- millsi, sp. n. .. 431 —_—__—~ niveigularis ara he Acanthis cannabina He .. 228 | Agithina nigrolutea .. 404 —__— fringillirostris .. 228| Ainanthe znanthe enanthe .. 398 Acanthodactylus scutellatus .. 252 |———____ _____- rostrata . 398 Acanthopneuste lugubris .. .. 145|———— _alhboniger .. 402 —————-—— magnirostris ». 455 chrysopygia -. 401 Acanthylis leucopygialis .. 322 |—— deserti albifrons «. O99 —_— sylvatica -. 322 — montana .. 399 Accipiter brevipes .. 425 finschii barnesi .. ote .. 400 -- nisus : .. 164 hespanica amphileuca .. .. 399 nisosimilis .. .. 424 -— gaddi -. 399 —_ nisus . 424 - - melanoleuca . 399 Acersp. .. ae «561 isabellina .. 400 Acerbas ae 33 leucopyga .. 402 nitidifasciata sai ioe lugens lugens .. 402 Aceros nepalensis . 319) — persica a .. 402 Acesina . 465 |—_——_picata .. ts 4 .. 402 Achalarus Jae pleschanka pleschanka . 400 Acherontia styx -. 184 xanthoprymna chrysopygra .. 401 Achcea melicerte jaaegs cummingi . 401 Acidalia albidentaria ols xanthoprymna. 401 ochroleucata -. 187) Airomachus . 33 strigilaria . 187] Asalon chiquera .. 164 Acmonorhynchus vincens -. 91] Aschna affinis .. 486 Acontia hueberi van LSE annulata .. 492 lucida var. lugens eo LSe caucasica . 487 Acridotheres tristis Sis .. 455, 461 coluberculue a He .. 486 Acrocephalus arundinaceus zarudnyi .. 387 erythromelas 111, 488, 490, 610 - babylonicus.. .. 387 guttata ve LIS —. palustris . 389 juncea 111, 487 ——_- schoenobzenus . 389 mediterranea oe aioe bad scirpaceus macronyx 56 Bfefs) || iby 111, 485, 486 — scirpaceus . 388 ocellata es .. 487 - stentoreus brunnescens .. 387 ornithocephala 111, 488, 610 streperus .. ; 388 parisinus « LIS Acrocera.. oa is ws -. 376 | ——— parthenope -- 119 Acronycta pontica .. 180}|——— petalura 111, 491 Actinor 33 | ——— picta ane . 487 4 XXVIlli Aischna propinqua rustica — sp. — tahitenses ——— viridis Adschnidee Aithopyga anomala dabryi ————- gouldese ————— ignicauda flavescens ——__—__- —————- ignicauda —-———— nipalensis horsfieldi — ———— nipalensis _————-— —— victorize ———_—— sanguinipecta .. —-—_—_—— saturata separaja andersoni a ee ——_.____ __*___—= miles .. ————— —__ — nicobarica — ———~—— geherie viridicauda —-— vigorsi . Agama nupta var. fusca — persica Agapetes larissa iranica Agrobates familiaris persica - galactodes familiaris syriaca Agrophilas sulphurails var. algira Agrotis cognita - comes —-—— golickei - ipsilon —-—— pronuba Alzemon alaudipes .. Alauda arvensis .. - cantarella ——_— —-—— cinerea -— dulcivox .. Alcedo atthis bengalensis .. pallasii taprobana — ccerulescens asiatica coltarti INDEX OF SPECIES. NUMBER. NUMBER. . 487 | Alcedo ccerulescens rufigastra -. OLD . 487 — scintillans -. old . 492 euryzona «2 old . 483 | ——— grandis Rela, . 111 | ——— iredalei . 315 . 107, ——— ispida 2 457 87 | ——— —— pallasii .. 414 87 | _—— ——~ pallida .. 414 87 | -—-— meningting sb 87 | Alcippe phzeocephala , 454 87 | Alectoris greeca . 306 7 | ——-—— - chukor .. 306 87 | ——_—— - pallescens . dil 87 | Alispa acervella -. 182 87 | Allotinus horsfieldi . 123 87 | ——-—— subviolaceus isé we Ze 86 | Alophonerpes pulverulentus harterti « AGibe: 86 | Alsocomus elphinstoni 254, 436 86 | Alsophylax tuberculata és 86 | Amblypodia 465, 468 86 | ——————- narada .. 126 86 | Ammomanes deserti ; .. 238 86 | ——_—_—_——_— fraterculus .. . 238 252 | Amoora rohituka .. 561 .. 252) Amphidasis flabellaria 2191 53, 54 | Amphiesma himalayana 43 . 394] Ampittia .. ay os -. 3d . 393 | Anacizschna donaldi sp. nov. .. 482 .. 393 | —————— jaspidea 481, 483 . 180} Anapalis sp. ‘6 SG - 179} Anaphzis mesentina .. 293 -- 1714 Anas poecilorhyncha +s 289 . 179} Anathana elliotti oe OOT .. 171 |————- pallida .. 537 oa! We BR - wroughtoni . 537 .. 240|Anaxephippiger .. LF, avs ve DB 239, 278 | ——- guttatus 109, 113, 115, 117 . 239 | ——- immaculifrons 109, 113, 114 .. 240} ——- magnus HA - 115 .. 239} ——- mediterranea ate oe | .. 314|—-— parthenope bacchus 110, 117 .. 314} ——- --— julius 110, 113, 118 . 314| ——_- —————-- parthenope 110, 113, 119, 120 . 315|——. senegalensis .. of 4 . 121 . 315| Ancylolomia affinis sp. nov. - 175 INDEX OF SPECIES. NuMBER. Andrena bimaculata Riced ty — cordialis als 1B cyanescens eahoe _ dorsata ; 192 flavipes 192 ———— gwynana . 192 —-—— hypopolia .. 192 ———- lucens 192 —-——- thoracica .. 192 | — vetula 192 Androcles androcles 31 ——- viridis Sil Anerastia ablutella 182 Anorhinus galeritus 319 Anorthura neglecta 144 Anser ferus 289 —— indicus 289 Antilope cervicapra 530 Anthidium florentinum 196 —_—\—- strigatum 196 ——_—_—— tessellatum 196 Anthracoceros coronatus affinis 318 —— ——~ albirostris 318 — ae CoLonatus 318 Anthocichla phayrii 92 Anthophilodes baphialis 183 Anthoscopus pendulinus bie 247 — persimilis 247 Anthrax Ac oe ae JeodG Anthreptes hypogrammica hypogram- mica 3 Bice bikexy) mallaccensis malaccensis 89 ————— rhodolema ne 89 simplex xanthochlora 89 Anthus campestris .. .. 242 cervinus «0 242 maculatus .. .. 456 praterisis .. 242 ——— enigmaticus . 242 richardi AS rosaceus 153, 278 rutulus .. 456 sordidus 5. 243 — decaptus .. 243 spinoletta . 241) Anthus spinoletta blakistoni ——— ———— coutellii ——— trivialis Apatura parisatis Aphnzeomorpha Aphnieus acamas ac hypargyrus ———— hypargyrus marginalis .. ———— ictis maximus ———— lohita Apis mellifera re Apopestes spectrum innotata Appias wardi Apporasa : Apporosa atkinsoni Aquila chrysetus —— fulva .. heliaca heliaca — maculata nipalensis orientalis rapax albicans —-— vindhiana Arachnecthra asiatica Arachnothera affinis modesta chrysogenys == longirostra longirostra magna aurata magna.. Araotes lapithis Araneus sp. .. Arboricola atrogularis brunneipectus. . brunneopecta. . brunneopectus chloropus chloropus .. intermedia mandellii rufogularis é intermedia .. tickelli tickelli XX1xX NUMBER. ee 241 . 241 53, 174, .. 466 .. 134 .. 296 OOF DOE xxxX Arboricola torqueola Arborophela atrigularis ——————— brunneopectus ——____——_ intermedia mandellii Archigalleria buxtoni, sp. n. Arctornis chryserrhea Arcyophora denticla Ardea cinerea Ardeola bacchus grayi Arenipses sabella Argya caudata malcolmi Argynnis hyperbius catetsi latona maia Argyramceba trifasciata Arhopala abseus adala Alc ae agaba .. oe agnis bia ve agrata aida albopunctata ammonides anniella .. anthelus .. antimuta antura apidanus aroa oe oe arvina atosia aricia ———— azata ——— camdeo ————. centaurus ———— cumolphus fraquhari diardi duessa —— fulgida — fulla Fie hewitsoni mes hypomuta INDEX OF SPECIES. NuMBER. . 159 Arhopala metamuta moolaiana oberthuri cedias — ormistoni pagaiensis sp, n. perimuta perissa rafflessi selta silhetensis sp. ots subfasciata tunguva .. ——_— vihara woodi, sp. n. Aria bilineilla Arnetta }| Arrhenothrix Artipe ay Artipus 3 ce Artocarpus integrifolia Arunena nigerrima Asio accepitrinus flammeus —— otus otus Asopia ornatalis Astictopterus Astur badius palumbarius .. Athene brama glaux lilith noctua bactriana Athetis clavipalpis .. pertinax Augiades Aurotis 35 Austrozschna intersedens jaspidea Autophyla grantis .. Auxacia bilinecla NuMBER. .. 128 oe 127 «i» ) dae s 129 128 38 Pare) | 131 ea) den Pare by § Ege | se, dau wo) dad ie) Lod . LOT ——— —— schnabli.. te OM Megaderma spasma ceylonensis .. . 448 Megaleema virens marshallorum . 103 ee virens 103 Melanastia cerraticornella Seba Melanocorypha bimaculata AES — -— calandra : 1. 230 —- -—- - calandra . 236 5S —— hebraica ae ee Fae - — psammochroa .. 236 Melcita armata Loe Melitea didyma casta 53, 63 = trivia persea 52, 62 Melittophagus erythrocephalus erythro- cephalus .. 314 Melophus melanicterus .. 456 Melursus labiatus 288 ursinus . 288 Merops apiaster oe 4: 313, 412 —-—-— orientalis beludschicus 313, 413 ——- -—— —— birmanus eens ——_.— —-—_——_ orientalis has ————-- persicus persicus 313, 412 —-.—— guperciliosus javanicus .. oe dhe ———-—- viridis 154, 413 Meruila albicincta .. 149 —— boulboul 149 ——— castanea 149 ——— maxima PAU ——— simillima ir OG Metasia ochrifascialis 178, 183 -— ossealis 178, 183 Metopoceras omar caspica 171 ———-— sacra var caspica 180 Meto ponia pusilla 152 Micrixalus opisthorhodus 497 Microloxia polemia 187 Microplitis eusirus 300 6 SPE CIES. xhii NUMBER. Microplitis . 5 .. 298 ——_——— ophiuse sp. nov. . 298 Micropternus brachyurus gularis. . 99 a. - humei. . 99 —---___---__—_- __--__——_- lantia .. 99 ——_—_—__-—_ —__——_—. mesos . 59 — ——_—.--_— ——_-—---—_ phaioceps 99 ——- ——. —__—_—_— williamsoni 29 Micropus affinis affinis oe Oa —— zalilejensis 321, 410 — -__—-- ——-- -— subfurcatus ee, Oak ———— apus pekinensis. . 320, 410 —-— .—~ melba melba .. 320 —-—----—— murinus murinus 320, 410 ———.--— pacificus acuticauda 32] ———-- eooki 021 —---_—__~ _-—~___—. Jeuconyx 321 - pacificus 320 Microtoridea lissonota 299 Migyptes jugularis 99 ——-—— tristis grammithorax oh) ———— tukki 7 99 Milvus govinda 458 —--— korschun 425 ——--— lineatus 425 ——--- migrans migrans 425 —-—-— milvus milvus 425 Miniopterus fuliginosus 450 Molpastes hemorrhous 154 ———-- leucogenys 280 ——-—.--—leucotis . 535 Monticola saxatilis 398 —_—-— solitarius transcaspicus 398 Mormonia mesopotamica .. L73 ———-— neonympha 173 Moschus moschiferous 49 Mota .. : 470 Motacilla alba 245 —-_—— —-— alba 245 = —— dukhunensis 245 —_—___-—. ---— lugubris 246 ——-_.- —-—— persica 245 —_—_-—_— ——— personata .. 246 oe boarula .. 243 ---——-—- cinerea 243 xliv Motacilla citreoloides feldegg ——-——— flava ———— —— campestris dombrowskii —_———— —— flava —— leucocephaila ———— —— thunbergi leucopsis ———— melanocephala . ————— melanogriseus melanope Mungos mungo ellioti Munia atricapilla Muntiacus vaginalis Mus gentilis Musa sapientum Muscicapa artricapilla men onpalle collaris ———— grisola grisola — - neumauni —————. parva parva Mycalesis oculus Mycerobas melanoxanthus Myelois convixella .. ——-— deserticola. . ——-— pallida Myiophoneus horsfieldi Myvrina Nacaduba —— ancyra nha —_———— andamanica ———— aphya ———-—— ardatis .. ———_— atrata ————— herenice.. ————— bhutea . ceelestis.. NuMBER. —~ —-—-——_-—— semitorquata -— rhodochrella vai. hellenica 5 agebl . 470; Neopithecops zalmora 31, 124 INDEX OF SPECIES, . 278| Nacaduba ceylonica . 243 | — continentatis . 244 | ——_-——— dana A) EN Se euplea . 244° baie wae GMa gythrion - 244 ——_ hampsoni . 244) —_______ kerriana.. : my ——--—~ kodi . 456; ——_——— macropthalme .. .. 243| ———-— - merguiana .. 244| —___—_ nabo DD, LOC ar nicobaricus 23 | —_———-- nora > ge | —-—- pactolus. . . 290; ——_—— pavgna . 46 | -——__—_— perusia .. .. 477; _——_— plumbeomicans. . . 561 : - ———— promineus ; 384 —_—_——-~ sivoka . 384 | | ————— vajuna ; 384 | —-~ — viola .. 383} Nadisepa . 383] Naia tripudians . 384| Narathura Ae . 514; Nemoria pulmentaris . 1511 Neolyczena é hl ES ay . 182; . 182} Neophopteryx joeanegenalls . 182 Neophron ginginianus — perenopterus perenopterus hiemates Nepheluim titchi Nephopteryx nucleolella Nesokia buxtoni Netta rufina 31] Nettium crecca 31 | Nettopus coromandelianus 31 | Nilasera 31| Noctua chalcites 31/— comes conspicua 31 | ——— exigua 32 geometrica .. 3] ‘———_litura NUMBER. 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 31 - 136 . 182 279, 458 - 426 - 123 -. 561 ak 82 Ate .. 548 289, 459 wD . 470 2s ow - 149 Relyis . 180 382 - 180 INDEX OF SPECIES. NUMBER. Noctua loreyi Bie oe a .. 180} Ochus a : margaritosa . 179] Ocneria signatoria poenitens neonympha. . He .. ++ 180] Ocnerogyia amanda ——-ni_... Sy “ at .. 181} Ocnogyna lewii parva i ss bs .. 180} Odina peltiger Le Se om .. 49 — decoratus ——-segetum .. ok de .. 179 | ——— ortygia spinifera .. ms an .. 179} Odontoptium ——— suffusa 5 és Ss .. 179|———-——-— angulata ———tanaceti.. ue ae .. 180; = pygela ————witellingd) 4s a .. 180} Odynerus chloroticus Noctuelia fioralis .. MP: abs sett LOY ag crenatus .. Nomada fucata.. ot my .. 193; —— melanocephalus ——— tigridis sp. n. 195 |= Parietum Nomia diversipes .. uP se sean HOON aia simplex ———edentata .. oe = 292 —__—_— fuscicaudata .. 436, 454, 535, 545 | —-—— podalirius 53, 70 Otogyps calvus 284, 458 | —_—_—- varuna 38 Otus brucei ; .. 417) Parantirrhea marshalli 514 ——-— scops pulchellus .. 417) Pararge megera iranica subsp. n. 52, 58 Ovis ammon hodgsoni .. 995) Parellelia algira 173 aE) ahi 336, 339 | Parnara 33 —— nahura . 529 — oceia ~ LSS orientalis gmelini . 264|———— mathias 53, 369 vignei .. .. 529] Parnopes grandior .. 2. 208 ima ice! .. 540| Parus atriceps 453, 464 Oxylides .. 470 —major.. : 246 Oxyopes sp. eo ~ blanfordi 246 ——~- ——~ major.. 246 ——- —-——- zagrossiensis .. a -. 246 Passer domesticus .. 230, 290, 456 —— ——-——-— hiblicus 230 Pachygiossa melanoxantha 92 | ——-- —— indicus 251 Pachymerium caucasicum . 167| ——- —————— _ parkini.. 231 — = ferrugineum .. 165|——— hispaniolensis 232 Pachyura etrusca .. 474 - transcaspicus 232 Pachyzancla pallidalis . 183|——~— mesopotamicus 232 Paduka .. 33|——- moabiticus 231 Palornis my . 331 |——— montanus 233 —-——--— cyanocephalus . 457 | ——— palestine 232 Wi Palensis 457 | —-- yatil.. .. 232 —_—_-—-—. torquatus . 457| Pastor roseus 226, 455 Palamnzeus swammerdami .. 558]! Pavo cristatus 289, 459 Palparia ocellea . 18] muticus. . os 287, 289 Palumbus casiotis .. 156| Pedestes a 33 Pamphila 33 | Pelecanus philippensis 290 Panchala .. £70} Pellorneum ruficeps.. 454 Pandesma anysa .. 174) Peloperdix chloropus 16 ——— eanysa . 181] Pelosia muscerda 185 Pandion halidétus .. 426 uniformis sp. nov. .. 135 Paniscus lineatus .. 299) Pempelia cautella. . 182 Pantoporia ranga .. 292|— hieroglyphiella 182 Papilio . 471 | Penthoceryx sonneratii sonnerati- 327 INDEX OF SPECIES. xlvii NUMBER. NuMBER. Penthoceryx sonneratii waite .. .. 327| Phaleena sacraria .. ae Bs -- 188 a ee en asheh ct: .. o27|——— semirubella ue Sie -- 182 Beetontacaintiosiis.) |) 2!) )2 0 2 apg) op Sentosa wie)! ot. osu. 18D | —— sticticalis Bs oe -- 183 Perdix chukar se oe ye OPO Se ate ay eM ay i _. 188 oe Kakelil s se Ei -- 306) Phaleratus . : Bi ay are -. 471 ——— longirostris .. s . -- 20|Phasianus humie .. a Hs -. 289 “S oculea ae ae xs -- 18|Phenicophees pyrrhocephalus .. ». 329 Pergesa elpenor .. 36 a a 184 Pheenicoperdix chloropus . . Eis ere Pericrocotus peregrinus .. Le .. 455) Pheenicopterus roseus Af ote .. 549 ae - speciosus Wy, aN .. 455) Pheenicurus erythronota .. a .. 405 Pericyma albidentaria i! 2) ars — gilbraltariensis oe -- 405 Der erofosta. i Of _. 181; —————— ochruros ochruros .. .. 404 mS cqualens.\ Be SPR oake |e - pheenicuroides .. 404 Pericechna magdalenee ... 2a a2 UO ee Teaicun Gar pheenicurus mmesolonce -- 404 Pernis apivorus apivorus .. 425 | oe pheenicurus .. 404 —— cristatus ae i Me ep SNO PEON ING re weston “ vs -- 405 Petronia petronia hs DOG sare Semirute oft oe -. 405 fiat — exigua “4 OGM gr a ee BLY Ss 4 ase 3 -- 405 Meee ter tamnedia A _, 299| Phyllanthus emblica sks ah 2 oO Petrophila cyanus . Oh .. 149, 456 | Phyllodactylus elise = ee -» 251 Phalacrocorax carbo Ey + .. 160] Phylloscopus attinis 3 a -. 144 Phalena algira Ste —— bonelli orientalis... -. 386 Ee eat iY iv 2 183) colly ita. abietina’ |). ; .. 385 bistorta .. os ae 45 SL anecoaene CS collybita .. -- 384 circumflexa i Bs oe TSI | = —Ssindianus .. -- 384 ——-—— clavipalpis . 180} os Ceistts i ++ 384 Pana. ot _. 189 | —————— indicus ata A -. 455 gamma NEST neglectus lorenzii .. -. 385 — hyppasia S18 ils — neglectus -. 386 ipsilon Vena proregulus .. SD so ets ig trifolii >, 180 | —---—— pulcher ae 3 .. 145 Me macrops .. . 1s0| —_———— sibilatrix sibilatrix .. .. 386 nigropunctata .. hg _. 187) —— trochilus eversmanni -. 385 Fiero okcs is ie STG trochilus .. -. 385 pisiiputas. _ 189; Phylometra chalcites a Be ava em Nae aS. mk i 187 daubei ae ot! Sole: ——-—— politata ay wa Ses es gemma a ss -0 173 polygrammata oe eed SSO Pica pica AC ae ee ee OA: —prelata .. Ge m joie2|—— —— bactriana, . He Be .. 224 ———_— pronuba .. SS ye .. 179| Picumnus innominatus avunculorsum .. 102 ———— purpuraria ue =. -- 188} — - innominatus .. 102 ———— pusaria - 190; —- —————~ malayorum 102 aaa Turalis - 183 | Picus canus gyldenstolpei . . aie o's (295 SPECIES. xviii INDEX OF NUMBER, | NUMBER. Picus canus hessei .. 95) Plusia daubei BOBS Wo) | ——- occipitalis 95} Podicipes albipennis ~» 290 —-~—- chlorolophus chlorigaster 95) -—— cristatus .. 290 chlorolophus . 95| Polistes gallicus .. 199 —-— erythropygius nigrigenis 95 | — hebreeus 7 UD, ——- puniceus puniceus 95 | —--—- — maczensis - 2 OD ——- squamatus flavirostris 94 | Polygonia “CC” album 53, 66 ——- —_——— squamatus Ot —— egea bi 2 ni aes —.— striolatus 94 ee J” album 53, 65 —-—- vittatus viridanus 95 | Polyommatus 465, 470 — — vittatus 95 | — —— beeticus »» 124 Pieris ergane 53, 346 | Polyxenus lagurus .. . . 168 -——-- napi on 53 ——-- —_— pseudorapie .. 546 —-—— rape iranica.. 52, 346 Pipistrellus ceylonicus ceylonicus 448 —_—--—- coromandra 449 ——_— mimus mimus 449 Piprisoma squalidum ; 456 | = - modestum .. gl —-—_-— ——_——- squalidum .. On Pipunculus : 378 | Pirdana ays 33 | — hyela rudolphii 139 Pithauria 33 aa marsena .. 138 Pithecops hylax aes aig oe Pitta brachyura 93, 284, 456 - esrulea cerulea 92 —-— cucullata abbotti 93 ——-- __——-- cucullata .. 93 - cyanea cyanea : 92 - granatina coccinea 93 ——- gurneyi 93 ——- megarhyncha 93 ——.- moluccensis 92 ——- nipalensis 92 ——- oatesi.. 92 Plastingia si 33 callineura . 138 ae coxissa Sasi naga Pcie 2) Platalea leucorodia . 289 Platyplectrurus trilineatus . 42 Plotus melanogaster . 290 | ' Pontia chloridice —— ponticus. . 165, 168, 169 Pomatorhinus horsfieldi travancoriensis.. 545 Be 400 52, 348, 369 obseurus ———— daplidice 52, 347, 351 ——— glauconome.. 52 — iranica . d47 Poritia dawna 34 ——— ——-—— sp. nov. 37 ——— erycinoides .. 34 ——— ~ phraatica 37 ——— geta.. ot ——_——_ —— geta 37 —.—— —-— regia sp. nov. on noe ————\ hewitsoni P 34, 292 - hewitsoni 3 ——-— ———— tavoyana 34, 124 ——\~— karennia sp. n. 30, 36 ——_— pediada 125 ———- phalena 125 — phalia =. aee ——— phraatica 34, 124 ——~— pleurata 34, 124 — regia +. ee sumatree 34, 36 ——_—— tavoyana 34 Porphyrio poliocephalus 290 Ponjadia pulverosa 182 Pratapa 4 : 470 Pratincola caprata . 456 maura 456 Precis orithya here 52 . 394 Prinia gracilis lepida INDEX OF SPECIES. xlix NUMBER. NUMBER. Prinia inornata .. 455; Pycnorhamphus affinis pees sit ——-- lepida . 286} Pyctorhis sinensis .. bo 454. —— socialis . 455] Pyralis cespitalis iy 183 Prionochilus ignicapillus 91 | ———— floralis . 183 maculatus 92 | ———— polygovalis .. 183 Procarduelis nipalensis 277| ——— sulphuralis .. «183 Procris micane 186| Pyrameis atalanta .. 52, 64 solana .. 486 |——— cardui 52, 64 Prodenia litura .. 172| Pyrausta aurata 178 Proparus vinipectus . 143; cegpitalis.. 178 Propasser pulcherrimus . 151| Pyrotrogon duvauceli +8 ees ta, - thura se aed | =e Pitheceptalas erythroce- Psara pallidalis vals phalus 325 Psarisomus dalhousei 94) —___—— fasciatus 325 Pseudochliaria AM .. 47] | ————— oreskias uniformis 325 Pseudogyps bengalensis 290, 456, 458} Pyrrhocorax alpinus 141, 276 Pseudois nahura . 342| Pyrrhulauda frontalis 235 Pseudolyczena .. 471 ; -— affinis 235 Pseudomyrina Seal -— frontalis 235 Psittacula alexandri fined ts 332 — melanauchen 235 calthrope 38 Y= — syncipitalis.. 235 —————— caniceps 332 ———-—— columboides i 302 ————— cyanocephala bengalensis 332 — eyanocephala .. 331 erythrogenys erythrogenys .. 332| Querquedula circia . 289, 548 —— — tytleri 332 eupatria avensis 331 — ————— eupatria.. 331 indoburmanica 331 — magnirostris .. 331] Ramphaleyon amauroptera . 316 — nipalensis .. 5h SB == capensis burmanica . 316 schisticeps finschi 6 es ae Ura Ya OLG ——_——— — —chisticeps .. AO AE PA ea a intermedia .. 316 ————— torquata ee LN Seg osmastoni. . .. 316 Psittinus incertus malaccensis .. 333} Rana bhagmandlensis . . 442 Psorosa nucleolella . . .. 176|—-— gracilis montanus sub sp. nov, . 439 Ptiloloemus tickelli austeni .. 319}—-— limnocharis oh at . 497 —-—-—- tickelli . 319| —-— mysorensis sub sp. nov. 444 Ptyonoprogne concolor . 456|—--—temporalis .. . 498 rupestris .- 153|—-— tigrina , 444 Pudicitia .. a By 33| Rapala 471 Purlisa : 471 jarbas 132 Pycnonotus gularis : .. 280 | ——— petosiris 132 — leucotis mesopotamica .. . 382| ——— scintilla ny 132 l INDEX OF SPECIES. Rapala sphinx intermedia subsp. nov. .. ——— subguttata .. ———— suffusa varuna : ——— xenophon paasenielis Raphimetopus ablutella Rathinda Rattus edwardsi — —— listeri garonum sub. sp. noy. ——— mackenzie! .. wellsi sp. n. Remelana Remigia arefacta Rham phocoscyx ne eae thus... Rhapidura leucopygialis Rhene sp. Rhinoplax vigil Rhinortha chlorophea ahignanies Rhipidura albicollis — albifrontata ————— pectoralis Rhizomys badius.. Rhizothera curvirostris ———~-— longirostris longirostris Rhodometra sacraria Rhodospiza obsoleta Rhopalocampta Rhopodytes diardi . ———-—— sumatranus —_—__—.-— tristis longicaudatus. . — tristis .. ——-— viridirostris Rhynchina eremialis —— ravalis syniocalis Rhytidoceros narcondami —___—_———— subruficollis —__—_—_—_-—— undulatus Ricinus comunis Riparia obsoleta -— riparia riparia Ritra Rivula sericealis Rollulus ocellatus Rostratula capensis Rumicia 282, 455 . 181} Sancus NuMBER. 131) Ruralis ee . 132] Ruticilla frontalis .. . 132 |—-———— rufiventris 5 BP > ee rks . 471 27| Saccolaimus saccolaimus 27|Salea horsfieldi 26, 27| Salebria acervella 26! Saluria maculivitells . 471 pulverosa 829 pulligo . 322 | Sarangesa hepkinsi sp. nov. - 319| Sarciophorus malabaricus . 329/Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis indicus . 455] Sasia abnormis abnormis ~.— ochracea ochracea a SS --—reichenour .. 20 | Satadra 20 | Satarupa Ns 18 |; —_—-— bhagava .. . 229) Satsuma - 393 | Satyrus briseis magna - 329) — circe . 325 | .-—— — hermionisyriaca . 329|-— -— parisatis . 329 |—__— pelopea se 320) —___.— persephone 74, 181 | —- telephassa .. te . 174| Sauropatis chloris chloris . . »-3l9)— —-- davisoni .. 318) ——--——- —- occipitalis seus ee widali .. 298) Saxicola caprata . 409! —-—--— cenanthe We) || ees — rubetra noskae Bu. (| Sauce — rubetra . 174; --_-- torquata maura .. . 18, ——--— ——-— rubicola .. 290| Sceliphron deforme .. 47] |-————-- madraspatanum NUMBER. sae 148, 276 149, 456 . 452 » 404 dG 175, 182 Le - 138 Schenobius incertellus Scirpophaga prelata Scobura cephala Scolapax rusticola .. Scops bakkamcena .. —-—- giu : Scopula nigropunctata — ochroleucata — ornata Scotocerca inquieta Scotogramma tripolii — chimera Scotophilus kuhli Sebastonyma Semanga ————— superba .. Sepa.. Septa noctis a“ Serilophus lunatus lunatus Serinus pusillus Sermotophora hornigii Sideridis vitellina Silybura nigra - pulneyensis Simiskina binghami fulgens.. harterti .. pediada . ——— -— phalena.. ———-— phalia ————- pharyge pheretia.. - potina Sinapis alba arvensis Sinthusa Siphia parva Sithon << ay -nedymond .. Sitta castaneiventris leucopsis oe ——neumayer.. ae --- dresseri LNDEX OF SPECIES. ——-— rubropygius .. oa NUMBER. | ae Wes) Fe Hy 3) 33 . 138 160, 250 .. 458 .. 458 oe Lom Tp ore Lod 389, 395 Bee irl 171, 180 . 450) | Spizaetus limnaetus 5 eal .. 455 See so SE .- 454 - 143 - 246 -» 246) Surendra florimel Sftta rupicola ee — — -- tschitscherini Siva strigula De a Solanum melongena Soriculus baileyi caudatus ——radulus sp. nov. Spalgis epius : me Spatula clypeata .. cs Spermatophora hornigii Sphenocercus sphenurus .. Spilornis cheela Spindasis .. 56 ae Spintherops gracilis Spodoptera abyssinia | Stelis pheoptera signata Sterrha elongaria ey politata abmarginata ‘Stilbum cyanurum 'Stimula swinhoei Stoparola melanops Strix flammea 'Strongylosoma persicum .. Strymon ae aL aiels --— abdominalis caudatula .. --—mercidus .. | Sturnus vulgaris -— caucasicus ——-— —— jitkow nobilior oppenheimi —— — ——— poltaratskyi purpurascens sophize vulgaris .. Suada swerga Suasa lisides Suastus is Sie oe li NUMBER. .. 246 .. 246 . 143 . 561 .. 429 . 429 .. 429 . 123 289, 548 . 182 .. 458 io 18h 458 172, 180 . 196 bie -. 196 188 ©. 186 208 Phas 279, 455 419, 457 165, 166, 169 467, 472 53, 367 53 il INDEX OF SPECIES, Surendra quercetorum Surniculus lugubris ; —-— ————- brachyurus . een —— dicruroides .. — stewarti Sus cristatus —— sp. Suya crinigera Sylepta ruralis Sylvia althza atricapilla ——— communé icterops ——~— curruca curruca ——— melanocephala ——_— merzbacheri —-——— momus ——— mystacea ———— nana nana .. ———— nesoria ——— simplex Synchle belemia Syngrapha circumflexa Syntarucus plinius Syrnium biddulphi . Systropus Taccocua sirkee infuscata .. Se — —leschenaul bur sirkee Tachornis batassiensis batassiensis infumatus .. ‘Tacupa Tagiades atticus —_——— dealbatta —_-—-——— gana — helferi ravi lavata pralaya — trichoneura Tajuria drucei longinus eri solo A ilsiv/ . 137 pees ts 1) ae » Lez se) MGW - 137 .. 133 NuMBER. nc ZO > Loo -. 328 . 328 .. 328 .. 53] .. 480 sailed Vilyps' .» OOD . 391 is OL . 391 . 393 -» oo0 . 393 . 392 . 392 .. 390 . 390 51 lis 30 a eso) . 330 . 330 be on . 321 33 33 40 Tajuria mantra ——— tyro .. Tapena Taphozous melanopogon — longimanus Tarache lucida lugens Tarachephia hueberi Taractrocera. . Taragama siva Taraka ——- hamada —_—— mendesia Tarsiger chryszus .. Tarucus alteratus.. —-——— ananda : —_———— halcanicus areshanus —___—— bengalensis oa callinara nigra eee harte —--_—. extricatus —-——- mediterrane:e —_———— nara ———— plinius —-—-—— theophrastus. venosus Tatera bailwardi Tegostoma hbaphialis ——_—_——- paralis Telicota ——-— bambuse .. ———-— dara ——— gola paragola Temenuchus pagodarum Tephrina disputaria Tephris ochreella Tephroclystia oblongata Tephrodornis pondicerianus Teracolus fausta Terias hecabe Terminalia chebula Terpsiphone paradisi Tetrao curvirostris kekelik he UMBER, . 133 . 133 -> oe .- 451 . 451 he 4 . Mae ogee « 1838 oath cae ». ie 31 INDEX OF Tetraogallus himalayensis Tetrastichus opiusze Thais cerisyi deyrollei Thalpochares uniformis Thamala miniata ‘Thamnobia cambaiensis fulicata Thanaos ——_—— marloyi ——_—— tages unicolor —_— var. unicolor Tharrhaleus rubeculoides .. --strophiatus .. Thecla ats ee Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni - intermedius —_——_—\_—— viridis ———-— —zeylanicus caniceps. . — inornatus- zeylanicus Theretra alecto cretica Thriponax hodgei. . ———~—— hodgsoni feddeni hodgsoni javanensis Thrix gama .. Thymelicus lineola Ticherra acte vf ‘Tiga javanensis intermedia rubropygialis ——— shorei .. ‘Tinea anella. . — elutella —— noctuella phragmitella. . Tinnunculus alaudarius Tlithyia semirubella Torpentis preelata .. Totanus calidris ———— hypoleucus ‘Tragopan satyra Tribura thoracica ‘Trirhinopholis nuchalis NuMBER. . 158 24299 52, 70 . 180 fa 13a -. 456 . 464 33 369 53 .. 369 . 276 ae) LOU 471, 472 » «1 103 . 104 Sones 194, 436 - 456 - 108 . 103 a2 10S . 18-4 ve 102 - 102 oe 102 135 368 . 472 ve 4lo6 -. 100 so GO ae LOO Sy lite! -. 182 7 83 airy hey - 458 =) Lio ae Alvis ———— —.—— SPECIES. liti NuMBER. Trochalopterum variegatum ote -» 142 Troglodytes troglodytes - 408 Tropicoperdix chloropus 15, 16 Tropidonotus parallelus : mae 8 Tupaia belangerilepcha sub sp. nov. .. 428 — versure subsp. nov. .. 428 Turdus merula intermedia. . 22 07 —- syriacus = O07 ——— musicus a - 397 ——— philomelos philomelos rood ruficollis atrogularis . 397 Turnix pugnax - 459 Turtur ferrago 157, 459 orientalis - 459 -- suratensis -. 459 Typhlops diardi 43 Udaspes 33 —folus = 139 Una .. se ae : 3l Upupa epops ceylonensis .. -- 320 —— | Spops. . 320, 413 ——— —— longirostris . BAY) ——_— ——— laudoni . 413 ~~ — orientalis -. 320 aaa a UU -. 320 - indica 290, 457 Urespheba polygonalis - 178 Urocissa flavirostris . 140 Uroloncha malabarica . 456 Uromastix loricatus 22 202 Ursus arctus isabellinus - 532 —— torquatus -. 532 Ussuriana oe Ee Utetheisa pulchella -- 185 Utica.. - 472 liy Vadebra Vanessa cardui ——— io ——— urtice Vespa cincta .. . crabro crabroniform is germanica — orientalis Vigna catiang Virachola Viverra zibetha Viverricula malaccensis Watsoniella .. Wrightia tomentosa ° Xantholatma hematocephala indica malabarica .. — rubricapilla .. Xylocopa fenestrata olivieri ——_—_———-_ ylolacea Yasoda oie : —- tripunctata Yuhira gularis NUMBER: ee) . 292 . 369 .. 369 . 534 .. 199 . 199 . 199 . 561 = 472 sae .. 265 .. 472 ee) Lod . 143 INDEX OF | SPECIES. NUMBER. Zamacra flabellaria.. ais LOR Zamenis ravergieri . 253 ventrimaculatus . 253 Zamesochorus orientalis . aa 299 Zanclostomus javanicus . 329 Zaocys nigromarginatus 2 ae Zarono jasoda 36, 125 zanella 2) ee Zea mays fe OL Zegris eupheme fe .» 303 ——-- dyala 52, 353, 355 —--— — tigris 52, 354 Zeltus .. 472 -- etolus + 136 Zephyrius . 472 Zephyrus . 472 pavo 39 — quercus 36 ‘orenee — longicauda 53, 366 Zesuis as tie = s Als Zinaspa -. 473 Zizera karsandra 52, 362 -- otis 52 Zographetes 33 Zoothera monticola 150 Zophodia suberastriella sp. nov. wee Lint Zosterops aureiventer aureiventer es — ceylonensis a ney ER ———— palpebrosa 436, 454 a cacharensis .. 85. egregia =) a —— elwesi . 85 a nicobariensis 85 ieee es palpebrosa .. 85 al peguensis 85 --+ on slamensis . « 36 Zyyoena doryenii .. an . -- 186 2 3° “ 1. Papilio neptunus. Guer., & 2. Cutrrochroa orissa, & 3. Mycalesis fuscum, Felder, g 4, do. do. do. 2 5. Arhopala, sp. & 6. Arhopula woodii, Ollenbach, ¢.. 7. Arkopala pagaiensis, Ollenbach, 3 8. do. do. do. 2 9. Jacoona anasuja, & 10. do. do. @ ll. Thrizx gama, Dist., 3¢ 12. Hysudra nades, De N., 2 ae 13. Rapala sphinx intermedia, Ollenbach, & 14. Biduan!a nicevillei, Doh., 2 .. 15. Rapala subguttata, El., 2 a A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. EXPLANATION OF PLATE APPEARING ON PAGE 123. ay Page. . 893 . 886 129 128 128 135 ..135 2135 ..131 131 134 - 132 . .894, Vol. xxvii. ..130, Vol. xxviii ss 29 4OTRE aatT BEC T A EO hy hon ale g nomi wh ORD ae x By, % Jes & eS Ay 33 reba oy mah r Ya ai bes DIN TOURNAL OF THE Bompay Natorat History Sogrery. EDITED BY -‘R, A. SPENCE, F.Z.S., 5. C. ELLISON, C.M.Z.S., and S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S. fy { . l “l/g> ‘ ¢.0, 0 0 ae 6 Oe pee 6.6 8 eeeevreerreoeereretree ee eee . Sorenririo Resutrs From THE Maman Survey, Nos. XXX and XXXI. By Oidfield Thomas, F.R.S. ....0s a A New Arasian Harz. By Oldfield Thomas, F.B.8. «+ ; Nores on Inpran Butrerriises. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.s.0., R.., F.Z.8.,F.E.S. A New SNAKE OF THE FAMILY UROPELTIDAE. By Col. EF. Wall, “1.M.s., (MG O.M.Z.8. (With a plate) .occcicccccvccecrcereneneseecreeercces aie weee Nores on Some NoTaBLE ADDITIONS TO THE BomBAY Naturat History Sociery’s SNAKE COLLECTION. By Col. F, Wall, c.m.c., c.M.z.8. (With a plate) ... Bic Game Suoorrne or Kasumir ann Apsacent Hitt Provinces. By Lt.-Col. A. EB. Ward. (With two plates) oi. cccreeveeeeeercnreneecnns eV Pe tener eevee ee Tue BurrerFLies oF Mesopotamia. By Col. H. D. Peile, r.o.5.,1M.s. (With a CL ne Bis Witness Turee NEw ALPINE OrTHOPTERA FROM CenTRAL Asia. By B. P, Uvarov, F.z.s, A Few Hints on Crocopite Suoorine. By W. Hz. O. Shortt. (With two plates.) Birps or tHE Inp1an Empire. PartIV. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.us., F.z.s., MAID S Sas e 0 5d Cs eo hens eS ae a ie eeoeeveveee eeerereeeerr over ee ee eeee Inpran Draconrires, By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s, (With text figures.) .... A List oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE Tavoy District, Burma. By O. C. Ollenbach. (With a plate). .ccccccccveevecececesveeees Rota, ag Mire cies Nore on THE NIDIFICATION AND HABITS OF SOME BirDS IN BritisH GaRHwaL. By A. E. Osmaston. (With 3 plates and a Map) SHAKESPEARE ON THE Nose Ant oF Hawxina. By Col. C. EH, Luard,1a...,... Myriapops coLttecreD BY Mr, P. A. Buxton. By H. W. Brolemann. (With two plates) .. severe ec cece cece eee terete seen enna een ee ee ee teen nets eee Morus or Mxsoporamia anp N. W. Persia. By Various Authors... eevee ves Annotatep Lists or AcULEATE HyMENOPTERA (Excerpt HertreroGyNa) AND CHRYSIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN MESOPOTAMIA AND NorrH-West PERSIA, By F. D. Morice, M.A., F.Z.8. (With & text figures) oie 29.155 se tage i 0 Se late QuAINT BEASTS AND QUEER HaBIrTs. By Major GC. Ho Stockley, 0.8.0... ase) Tur Brrps or Mesopotamia. By Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, M.a., M.B.o.U. (With two PUOAbesy evn vn sean vole aims be nee Rade eae pe Weegee give ete et ase tie en Se seme FurtHek Lizarps AND SNAKES FROM PERSIA AND Mesopotamia. By Joan B. Procter, ‘FZ. “eis, Oem oe a be tid es Revinws. (SMALL GamME SHOOTING AROUND OoracamunD by Rolling Stone). .. THe Water Fowr or Inpra anp Asta. By Frank Finn) EpiIroriaL eee 0 6 0.0 @ © 0-0 ly) otetecs be ese Be Smile 2 he cen Be O_o “Sw Jone Maris, stliee S14) CaPow PRUE Rees Mews Ole 6 6 eve va te 0:0 00. 0 60) eee) ej ane OBITUARY PaGE We 5 6m CO NON Je: Oat we ey eile’ @veule cue le aun ea p eer eee. o _ 5 Sie. Ss 2 ‘ 2 ‘sot llaes ' a c . Fan F fr: - 4 * * r - 1 . . ' ~ i : , + JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PO ha THE GREEN-LEGGED HILL PARTRIDGE. Tropicoperdix chloropus. natural size ) JOURNAL Gr LHE Bombay Natural History Society. DECEMBER 1921. Von, XX VIL. NWost. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BORMA AND CEYLON: BY K. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., M.B.0O.U. Part XX X—(contd.) (Continued from page 664 of Volume XXVII) (With a plate), Genus—ARBORICOLA. ARBORICOLA RUFOGULARIS INTERMEDIA. The Arrakan Red-throated Hull Partridge. Arboricola intermedia—Blyth, J. A. 5. B., xxiv, p. 277, (1856), (Arra- kan) ; id., Ibis, 1867, p. 159, (Arrakan); Blyth and Wald., Cat., Mam. and B. of B., p. 150, (1875), (Arrakan) ; Hume and Marsh. Game-B., ii, p. 85, (1879) ; Hume, S. F., vii, p. 111, (1879) ; Oates, B. of B. B., ii, p. 527, (1883) ; Hume, 8. F., xi, p. 307, (1888), (E. Manipur) ; Oates, Hume’s N. and E., iu, p. 440, (1890) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 393 ; id., Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 211, (1895) ; id. Hand-L. Game-B., i, p. 165, (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game-B., i, p. 140, (1895) ; Blanf. Avifauna, B. L., iv, p. 127, (1898) ; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H.S., xu, p. 491, (1899), (N. Cachar) ; Oates, Cat. Eggs, B. M., i, p. 43, (1901) ; Harington, J. B. N. H.58., xix, p. 310, (1909), (Bhamo) ; Hopwood, ibid., xxi, p. 1215, (1912), (Arrakan) ; Hopwood and Mackenzie, ibid., xxv, p. 91, (1917) ; (N. Chin Hills). Arborophila intermedia—Hume, 8. F., 11, p. 450, (1874), (Arrakan) ; Oates, ibid, ii, p. 344, (1875), (Arrakan). Vernacular Names.—Toung-Kha, (Burmese); Wo-gam or Gam- toung, (Kachin) ; Daobuc or Daobu-yégashi, (Cachari), Inrui-whip, (Kacha Naga). i 2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Description—Adult Male—Similar to rufogularis, but with spots on chin and throat so close together as to make these parts appear uniform black, whilst the black bar below the rufous is absent. The abdomen is generally a paler slate, and the spots on the crown are often blacker and larger. Colours of Soft Parts.—Irides brown ; orbital skin, gular skin and gapered ; bill black ; legs red, claws paler and horny. In the breeding season all the colours of the soft parts kecome more intensely and vividly coloured. The red of the throat and gape is a brilliant red, showing distinctly through the feathers, and the legs become a bright coral-red as against a salmon or brick-red in the cold weather. Measurements.—Wing from 138 to 148 mm., the average of 28 males, including those in the British Museum, bemg 145°5 mm. ; tarsus 37°5 (a very short-legged bird) to 42 mm., averaging about 41 mm.: bill from front about 18 or 19 mm. ; tail 52 to 60 mm. Adult Female —Is very like that of rufegularis, but has no black band below the chestnut neck, and the chin may be rather more profusely spotted with black. It dces not, however, seem ever to become uni- form black as in the male. Colours of Soft Parts—As in the male, but paler and duller. Legs more yellow. Measurements —The female appears to be decidedly smaller than the male, the wing measurements vary between 134 and 143 mm., and the average is only 138 mm. Young in Furst Plumage.—Throat dull pale rufous-brown with only faint signs of spotting above, like the adult, but duller ; the crown is vermiculated rather than spotted with black. The sides are vermicu- ated with brown and black, and the centre of breast and abdomen are paler and whitish. The Young when practically Adult are profusely spotted with white all over the breast, atdomen and flanks ; otherwise they are like the adult with the throat and chin duller rufous and the legs, orbital and eular skin dull yellowish. Nesiling—Rather bright chestnut brown above, dingy white below ; superciium and cheeks paler, a dark brown line behind the eye dividing into two. Distributicn—The Arraken Red-throated Hill Partridge is found throughout Assam East and South of the Brahmapootra, through Manipur, Looshai, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Arrakan, Chin and Kachin Hills. Niskett found it very common round about Sadon, and met with it again at Thandoung ; Harington obtaimed it round about Bhamo, and Hopwood, Mackenzie, Wickham, and many others have obtained it practically all over the Chin and Kachin Hills, well to the South, and it almost certainly occurs in the Northern Shan States, but is replaced in the Southern Shan States, Siam and Karen-ne3 by the next race, tickelli. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 3 Nidification—This form of rufogularis breeds freely in the Assam Hills and in Manipur, Chittagong, etc., at all heights between 1,500 feet and 6,000 feet, and in the Chin and Kachin Hills apparently still higher than this, as it was obtained on Mount Victoria at about 9,000 feet during the breeding season. Probably its favourite elevation is between 3,000 and 6,000 feet, and most of the nests taken by myself both in North Cachar and the Khasia Hills were between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. The breeding season commences in the first fortnight in April, and continues until the end of May, but I have also found eggs through- out the months of June and July and in the first two weeks of August. It is, however, quite possible that many birds have two broods, and two such imstances at least have come within my own experience. It does not seem to be at all particular as to what kind of country it makes its nest in so long as there is sufficient cover, and even this need not be so very dense. I have personally taken nests from dense evergreen forest with the most luxurious undergrowth, and from thin bamboo jungle with only a little grass growing in the more open patches between the clumps of bamboo. It was common in the beautiful Pine forests of the Khasia Hills, and it equally often made its nest in the rhododendron and oak forest on the rocky sides of its hills and peaks. I also took its nest on more than one occasion in the deciduous oak forests in the N. of N. Cachar. Here the trees grew far apart like those in a glorified English Park, and their black stems grew straight and sombre against a vivid ground of brilliant green grass. For the most part the plateau consisted of gently undulating hills and slopes, but in some places it was broken up into rocky ravimes and water courses in which bushes were more plentiful, and in these the Hill Part- ridges bred, often making their nest in some hollow under the shelter of a stone or protecting buttress of rock. The nests themselves varied very greatly in character. The first I ever found was a mere hollow scraped out under a projecting stone on a steep hill side. Here and there grew scattered trees and bushes, but the grass which had been burnt off some couple of months pre- viously was only a few inches high, and still sparse and thin. I was coming home after a long day’s gaur shooting and sliding down the steep hill to the ravine at the bottom, practically kicked the bird off her nest in the dusk. An equally exposed position was that of a nest containing four eggs placed in a bed of fallen bamboo leaves in thin bamboo jungle with no undergrowth. In neither of these cases was there any nest at all beyond the fallen debris lying on the ground beneath the eggs. At the other extreme in description are the cleverly hidden and well-made nests which one sometimes finds in grass. I have seen nests composed of really well interlaced grass matted down into a fine compact cup, whilst the surrounding grass was so arranged that as it grew it formed a complete back, sides and roof to the nest, 4. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. whilst in front it was brought down and across the entrance so as to make a regular little tunnel to the nest, sometimes nearly a foot in length. How the growing grass was made to serve its purpose I could never quite make out, as it did not appear to be interwoven so much as matted down until it fitted into position, it really looked as if one bird had stood below to fashion the tunnel, whilst the other had beaten the grass down above its companion. I only noticed nests of this kind when they were made in growing grass, and I never saw a domed nest made when the material had to be brought to the nest for the purpose of making the sides and roof. The hen bird sits very close, and the Nagas always assured me that they could make sure of catching her on the nest once they had found it, certainly they generally brought me in the hen bird with her eggs whenever these were brought in for me. I do not think the cock bird assists in the incubation, but he may do so at night, as do so many other cock birds amongst the Pigeons, etc. When his wife is sitting, he is generally to be found somewhere round about in the immediate vicinity, and I think these birds pair for life, as the same pair may be seen year after year breeding in the same locality, if they are not disturbed. A pair bred thus in a ravine quite close to my house at Gunjong in N. Cachar. The first year the Nagas took the eggs, but after I had forbidden this and let the hen bird loose when she was brought to me, the partridges continued to breed for three more years in the same spot, one year rearing two broods of four, all ten birds being found together constantly throughout the following winter. The eggs of this bird are just like those of A. r. rufogularis, pure white, rather glossy, and generally broad ovals, pyriform in shape, but not peg top. The smaller ends are nearly always very pomted, and sometimes rather compressed. Narrower oval eggs are not uncommon, and exceptionally broad ones about equal numerically. The average of 100 eggs is 37°4 by 28°0 mm. The longest and broadest measures 43°0 by 32°0 mm., and the short- est and most narrow 33°4 by 26°6 mm. ; in both cases the two greatest and least measurements being obtained in the same individual egg. The number of eggs in a clutch is undoubtedly most often 4, some- times 5, and very rarely more. It is possible that on the rare occasions on which 7 and 8 have been taken they are the production of two hens with one husband. I have frequently seen 3 eggs incubated, though these have generally been taken very late or very early in the season. General Habits —This very pretty little Partridge may be found in practically any kind of cover, whether evergreen forest, deciduous Oak, etc., Pine forest with but little undergrowth, dense secondary srowth or any kind of Bamboo jungle. It does not venture much into the open, except early in the mornings and evenings for feeding, but at these times it may often be found at the edges of cultivation clearings, more especially in long rice, cotton or mustard crops. It THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 5 wanders slowly about in small coveys, generally 5 or 6 in number, sometimes a dozen or so, in the latter instances the parties being formed either of two separate families or of two broods. As a rule the individuals will be found close together, but often they string out a good deal, and when this is the case they keep in touch with one another by means of a soft-low whistle constantly uttered as they move along. They also indulge in a crooning chuckle which they give vent to as they move about, turning over the leaves in their search for insects, seeds, etc., and scratching in all the fallen rubbish for odd scraps of food. I have often sat in the open forest and watched them feeding, and have been much impressed with their habit of conducting a sort of follow my leader game. First one bird will saunter casually along, scratching here and picking there, and then giving a quick little run to another attractive spot ; the next bird comes along and carries out almost exactly the same programme, and then another and another, until they have all passed out of sight, and one hears their low whistle gradually fade away in the distance, as they call to one another to “come on.” The illustration gives a capital idea of how these little birds come out to drink in a more or less open place. With moss coveys of game-birds when one of their number has taken the plunge and decided it is safe to face the open, the rest at once follow suit without further precautions, but with the Hill Partridges each individual has to satisfy himself that all is safe before he follows in the stept of those ahead of him. During the breeding season they split up into pairs, and the old birds drive off their last brood to fend for themselves. The call, I think there is no difference between that of male and female, is a loud double whistle, very clear and musical, and one which can be heard at a great distance. They are not fighters, as far as I am aware, but one hears their call ringing out morning and evening, all over the forests where these birds are plentiful, one bird answering another until the sun gets high in the mornings or the darkness begins to close down in the evenings. I have already syllablized this whistle as ‘‘ Wheea-whu”’ the first note rather prolonged, the second short and sharp. Although a partridge, one can really hardly consider this a gamebird from the sportsman’s point of view, for I know of no place where they are sufficiently plentiful to ensure a day’s sport. They fly well and fast, and are extraordinarily clever in getting through bamboo and tree forest without mishap, and to kill them in cover it takes a rare good shot to bowl them over with any certainty, for they twist, dodge and turn in every direction at full speed. When out Jungle-fowl shooting in N. Cachar, one or two of these birds generally formed a portion of the bag, but the number never exceeded a dozen, and was seldom half that number. They roost either on trees or on bamboos, and I have frequently disturbed them from such places during the heat of the day. When 6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. ANI: roosting, the whole covey generally snuggle close in to one another on the same perch like a family of Munias or Love-birds, and the pot hunter might well be able to wipe out the whole covey at one shot did he ever get the chance, but, as a matter of fact, often as I have disturbed them from trees, it is but seldom I have seen them before they saw or heard me and flew off. On the rare occasions I have seen them I have generally been on the track of big game, and have been sneaking along as silently as possible. They eat grain and insect food indiscriminately, and also buds and leaves of many kinds. I have killed them with their crops full of paddy, bajra (a kind of millet), mustard shoots and leaves, and often with beetles, grubs, larvee and ants, of which latter they seem to be especially fond. White ants or termites, they, of course, in common with almost every bird, are very greedy over, not only seizing them as they run about or fall to the ground, but also as they fly from the ground, hopping high ito the air alter them and sometimes fluttering a few feet in pursuit of them. The Nagas and other Hill Tribes catch these Hill Partridges in exactly the same manner as that described by Col. Godwin-Austen, and they also take numbers in single spring nooses set with a single termite as bait. In these latter traps the birds are nearly always killed, for the bamboo springs are very strong, and as the birds are invariably caught by the neck, the jerk back generally dislocates this. They form an excellent table dish, rather dry, but very sweet and very tender unless extra old. They are easy to tame and keep in captivity, and not quarrel- some either with other birds or with those of their own genus, but they must have ample room, some cover and a diet with a liberal amount of animal food, andif insects are unobtainable, a small amount of chopped liver seems to suit them admirably. ARBORICOLA RUFOGULARIS TICKELLI. Tickell’s Red-throated Hill Partridge. Arboricola tickelli— Hume, 8. ¥. Game-B., ii, p. 77 and footnote, p. 78, (1880), (Mooleyit, Tennasserim). Arboricola rufogularis—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxn, p. 212, (1893), (part) ; Blanf., Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 126, (1898), (part). Arboricola rufogularis—Hume and Davis, 8. F., vi, p. 414, (1878), (Muleyit) ; Barnby Smith, Avicul. Mag., 11, 10, p. 294, (Aug. 1911). Vernacular Names.—Toung-kha, (Burmese). Description—Adult Male and Female.—Similar to rufogularis, but with no black band below the rufous of the throat and neck. The white of the cheeks and cheek-stripe is perhaps more conspicuously white, and the lower parts are decidedly paler, and with far more white on the abdomen. I cannot find any distinguishing character between the male and the female in colour. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, i) Colours of Soft Parts—* The legs and feet appear to be always much paler ” (than the Himalayan race) “a pinky and not a bright red. ” (Hume). Jeasurements.—Males, wings 158 to 148 mm., average 145 mm., females 132 to 136 mm., average 134 mm. There are only small series of either sex in the British Museum, so that the averages mean but little. From the measurements available, however, it seems that Hume was right in saying that the Tennasserim race is bigger than the Hima- layan one. Distribution —Tennasserim, South Shan States and probably Eastern and Southern Siam and the Northern Malay Peninsula. A specimen in the British Museum collection from the Southern Shan States is quite typically of this race. Nidification—There is no account of this bird breeding in a wild state, but Mr. Barnby Smith has given us a very interesting account of its nesting in captivity. He says :— “T moved the partridges into a small run to thems«lves, the ground being covered with old tussocks of grass and a small shelter shed with sanded floor being provided at one end of the run, also several branches for perches outside. I gave the birds for nesting purposes a lot of dried grass both outside and inside the shed. “ About 10th March nearly all the dried grass inside the shed was moved from one corner to another and formed into a covered nest, the bottom of the nest being a hollow scooped out in the sand. Apparently this nest was not pleasing to the birds, and they were soon seen busy pulling about the dried grass I had provided outside the shed. “ By the 18th March they had completed a second nest—a curious domed structure. The back of the nest was a large tuft of grass, the nest itself being a rather deep, large hollow in the ground lined with grass and covered all over (except the entrance hole in the side opposite the tuft) with a large mass of dried grass. . . It was interesting to note how careful the birds were during the nesting period to put dried grass from time to time so as nearly to block up the entrance at the side of the nest when not in use. The result of this was ex- cellent, as when one of the birds had just emerged from the nest the round hole would strike the eye, but, when partly blocked with grass, the nest was practically invisible. “ Both birds continued to sit like stones for some time, and when I finally disturbed the negt I found four eggs in it. “ These eggs were white and measured 1°6 by 1:2 inches.” 8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Unfortunately both birds proved to be females, so nothing further ~ came of their nesting, but Mr. Barnby Smith records :— “These Tree Partridges are absolutely hardy (sleeping out in the open during the most severe weather without suffering) and they are easily kept on grain, without any insect food, though they much relish this whenever they can get it. “They are very active and sprightly birds, and scratch about constantly with the greatest vigour, far more than any other Tree Partridge I know. They seldom perch during the day time, but always roost a good height from the ground.” General Habits—With the exception of what Davison has told us, there is nothing on record about the Tennasserim Red-throated Hill Partridge. He remarks :— “This species is very abundant about the higher slopes ot Mooleyit, keeping to the forest in small coveys of 10 or 12. When flushed by a dog or otherwise, they almost always fly up, and perch on the surrounding trees, where they squat and commence softly calling to each other. I have shot 3 or 4 when thus perched before the others have attempted to move, and I have had them perch within a few feet of me, and keep staring at me, softly whistling all the time. Their ordinary call is a series of double whistles, commencing very soft and low, but gradually becoming more and more rapid, and rising higher and higher, until, at last, the bird has to stop. As soon as one stops, another takes up the call. The call is very easily imitated, and, after a covey has been. dispersed, it is not difficult to attract them by imitating the call. “I have done so more than once with complete success. The birds chiefly call in the mornings and evenings, remaining quiet, as a rule, during the day. “They feed on insects, small land shells, fallen berries, and various seeds, and are fond of scratching about among the dead leaves.” ARBORICOLA MANDELLIL. The Red-breasted Hill Partridge. Arborophila mandellii—Hume, 8.F., _ ii, p- 449, (1874), (Bhutan Doars) ; id, ibid, ili, p. 262, (1875). Arboricola mandellii—Hume and Marsh, Game-B., ii, p- 83, (1879) ; id, 8. F., viii, p. 111, (1879) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 394 ; id, Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 214, (1893) ; id, Hand-L., Game-B., i, p. 167, (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game-B., i, p. 143, (1898) ; Bailey, J. B. N. H. S., xxiv, p- 78, (1915) ; Inglis, ibid, xxvii, p. 154, (1920). Vernacular Names.—Pao-Er (Chulikatta Mishmi). Description.— Forehead, lores and forecrown dull chestnut, shading brown on hind crown and nape ; dark, pure grey superciliary stripes THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 9 from above either eye to the upper neck where they meet ; lower neck or extreme upper back chestnut ferruginous with black spots ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail olive with narrow black edges, and all but the back with bold black central spots ; scapulars and wing- coverts like the back but with still finer black bars ; wing quills brown, outer secondaries with mottled rufous and brown outer webs ; inner secondaries and greater coverts with chestnut edges, faint grey patches, and bold, black terminal spots. Below chin and throat pale olive chestnut, followed by white and black rings ; a small white moustachial streak, sides of head a darker chestnut, forming a collar with the chestnut on the neck and spotted with black in the same way ; upper breast deep rich chestnut ; from lower breast to vent grey, the flanks marked with chestnut in varying degree, and also more or less spotted with white ; the centre of the abdomen is often paler, and sometimes ashy in tint. Under tail- coverts olive, with white spots and rufous tips and markings ; the thigh coverts and extreme posterior flanks are often olive with black centres and rufous markings. Colours of Soft Parts ——Bill black ; irides red-brown. Measurements.—Total length about 275 mm. ; tail about 56-58 mm. ; wing from 133 to 145 mm., the average of 7 being 137 mm. ; tarsus 43 to 45 mm. ; bill at front 19 to 20 mm. The female only differs in being a little smaller, but the material available does not suffice to give details. Distribution—The hills North of the Brahmapootra from Sikkim and Bhutan to the East of Assam. Bailey obtained a specimen on the upper Dibong Valley and Needham gave me some specimens from the hills North of Sadiya. Nidification—Nothing recorded, but my collectors sent me a skin of a female together with 4 eggs and notes to the following effect. The eggs were laid on the ground under shelter of a rock, but with practically no nest beyond a grass pad, in evergreen forest interspersed with Rhododendron and Oak, the ground much split up into ravines and cliffs, very rugged and very wet and humid in spite of the elevation, which was about 8,000 feet in the Chambi Valley. The eggs differ in no way from those of other species of Arboricola and measure about 43 by 34 mm. They are probably quite abnor- mally big eggs. They were taken on the 3rd June. Habits—The Red-breasted Hill Partridge is found principally be- tween 3,000 and 6,000 feet, descending a good deal lower in the Cold Weather, though it never seems to come actually into the Plains. In the summer it must often ascend much higher than 6,000 feet, for the nest taken for me in the Chambi Valley could not have been lower than 8,000 feet, and may have been a good deal higher. In some nests taken by Mr. H. Stevens at altitudes a good deal over 6,000 feet, I 2 10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIU1,. found feathers of this bird used in the linings on several occasions. Mr. Masson also informed me that it bred on some of the ranges beyond Darjiling, at heights between 7,000 and 9,000 feet, though he failed to procure nests or eggs. There is nothing known about its habits, but it is undoubtedly a bird which frequents dense, damp forests, and probably keeps much to those which have streams or rivers running through them. ARBORICOLA ATROGULARIS. The White-cheeked Hill Partridge. Arboricola atrogularis—Blyth, J.A.8.B., xvii, p. 819, (1849), (Assam, Sylhet) ; id, Cat., B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 253, (1849) ; id, J. A. S. B., xxiv, p- 276, (1855) ; Jerd., B. of L., ii, p. 579, (1864), (Tippera and Chitta- gong); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159; Hume, 8. F., v, p. 44, (1877); Ander- son, B. of Yunnan, ii, p. 673, (1878) ; (Kachin Hills) ; Hume and Marsh., Game-B., ii, p. 79, (1879), Hume, 8. F., viii, p. 3, (1879) ; id, ibid, xi, p- 306, (1888) ; Oates ed. Hume’s N. and E, ui, p. 439, (1890) ; Ogil- vie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 393 ; id, Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 209, (1893) ; id. Hand-L. Game¢-B., i, p. 163, (1895) ; Blanf., Avifauna, B. L., iv, p. 127, (1898) ; Oates, Man. Game-B., i, p. 145, (1898) ; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. &., xii, p. 492, (1899) ; (N. Cachar) ; Oates, Cat. Eggs B. M., 1, p. 42, (1901) ; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. 5., xvu, p. 971, (1907), (Khasia Hills) ; Barnby Smith, Av., Mag., i, p. 128, (1909) ; Hopwood, J. B. N. H. §., xxi, p. 1215, (1912), (Arrakan) ; Stevens, ibid, xxi, p. 724 ; (1915), (Dafla and Miri Hills) ; Hopwood and Mackenzie, J. B. N. H.5., xxv, p. 91, (1917), (N. Chin Hills). Arborophila atriguaris—Hume, &. F., ii, p. 449, (1874). Vernacular Names.—Peura (Sylhet) ; Duboy, Dubore, (Assamese) ; San-batai, (Chittagong) ; Dao-bui or Daobui-yégashi (Cachari) ; Inrus- whip (Kacha Naga) ; Toung-kha, (Burmese) ; Wo-gam or Gam-toung (Kachin). Description.—Forehead grey, changing to olive-brown on the crown, and again into rufous on the nape, all the feathers with broad black spots ; the grey of the forehead is produced backwards as a superci- lium, and beneath this there is a black line, connecting with the black lores and upper cheeks ; back, rump and upper tail-coverts light olive- brown, the feathers edged at the tips, and with bars of black ; scapulars the same but greyer and innermost secondaries also similar but with bold terminal black bars and edged and mottled with rufous ; wing- coverts olive-grey mottled with brown, and sometimes, especially on the greater coverts, with a certain amount of rufous ; quills brown, inner secondaries mottled with rufous and brown on the outer webs, which are greyish towards the tips. Tail mottled olive and brown. Cheeks from bill to ear-coverts white, passing into rufous on the poste- rior ear-coverts, and with a few very fine black shaft-lines ; chin, throat and foreneck black ; lower neck black and white ; breast and THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 11 flanks grey, passing into whitish on the centre of the abdomen ; poste- rior flanks with white drops ; under tail-coverts rufescent with white edges and black spots. The spotting on the breast and flanks varies very greatly. A bird from Dibrugarh has numerous boid black and white spots on the breast, but other birds from the same place are quite normal. Colours of Soft Parvts——Bill black ; irides brown or red-brown ; orbital and gular skin bright pink, becoming a brilliant deep red in the breeding season ; legs dull orange to a bright orange-red, or red, during the spring and summer. The females never have the legs so red and they are normally a dull waxy-yellow to a rather dark wax-yellow very rarely at all tinged with red. In this sex also the bill is browner, especially at the base. Measurements.—Total length about 275 mm. ; tail about 60-65 mm.; wing 135 to 147 mm., averaging about 140°5 ; tarsus 42 to 44 mm. ; bill at front 18 to 20mm. The female is a good deal smaller ; the few properly sexed skins I have been able to examine had wings varying from 126 to 130 mm., and averaged only 129 mm. A larger series would probably range somewhat larger. Distribution.—Assam, South of the Brahmapootra, and also to the North-East in the Dafla and Miri Hills, where it was obtained by God- win Austen, and recently in some numbers by H. Stevens. It extends through Cachar and Sylhet, Tippera and Chittagong into Arrakan, the Chin and Kachin Hills. It has been obtained at Mytikyna by Whitehead at 3,500 feet, by Bateman at Kamdoung and in the Kachin Hills by Anderson. Dr. Coltart and I found it very common in Mar- gherita in extreme Hast Assam, and I repeatedly saw it in Sadiya, where Cockburn also got it very many years ago. Nidification.—The White-cheeked Hill-Partridge breeds from the level of the Plains up to at least 4,000 feet, but is most often found at or below 2,000 feet. I have had its eggs brought to me more than once in the Barail Hills at nearly 5,000 feet, but it is only a rare breeder there. In Cachar, Sylhet and Assam its favourite breeding haunts are the broken hills and ravines at the foot of the higher hills, and it also nests freely in the scrub-covered hills, or tilaps which lie isolated and some distance away from the main hills. In the Khasia Hills it is most common at 2,000 feet and under, but is found right up to Shillong itself, and I have taken its nest from the hills overlooking the race-course at nearly 5,000 feet. The breeding season is principally April and May, but in the plains a few birds start breeding in March, and in the higher ranges it conti- nues well into June, second broods often being reared in July and even August. It builds its nest in forest, bamboo or scrub jungle or grassland, and does not adhere nearly so strictly to dense tree forest as do so many of the genus. I have taken its nest in Cachar in thin scrub and quite 12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, open bamboo jungle, in light secondary growth, and in cotton cultiva- tion, and in the Khasia Hills I have more than once taken the nest in the short grass, anything from one to three feet long, covering so many of the hills between 3,500 and 4,500 feet. Sometimes it makes a most — elaborate nest, this is especially the case when it lays in grass or brac- ken covered country. The nest itself is a mere hollow scratched amongst the roots of the grass, but it is well filled with grass and leaves form a soft pad with a well-formed depression in the centre for the eggs. Above the nest the grass is regularly twisted and interwoven so as to form a complete canopy or hood, and behind the grass is suffi- ciently beaten down and forced together to make a back which entirely hides the eggs from view. In front the same process is repeated, but a tunnel is left by which the bird enters and leaves the nest and which is often a couple of fect long. When nesting in scrub the nest is much simpler and generally nothing more than a well-lined hollow. For the purpose of this linmg I have never seen anything used but grass and leaves and dead fern fronds, but Cripps speaks of twigs in the two nests found by him. In bamboo jungle the eggs are generally laid on the bamboo leaves which have fallen into some natural hollow under the protection of a clump of bamboo, tree or bush. The number of eggs 'aid is most often 4, sometimes 5, rarely 6, and very rarely 7. They are undistinguishable from those of the other species of Arboricola, and like them, vary very greatly in size. 100 eggs avirage in size 37°6 by 28°4 mm., and the maxima are 42°6 by 28°4 mm. and the minima 32°4 by 26°2 mm., both maxima and both minima being found in the same egg. Hatits—This little Partridge is undoubtedly the low-level repre- sentative of the genus Arboricola. True it is sometimes found at considerable altitudes throughout its range, but typically it is a bird of 2,000 feet and under, and, though it may not be found in real plains country, it is most common in the broken foot hills of the higher ranges and South of the Brahmapootra whenever this broken, hilly kind of land is to be met with, the White-cheeked Hill-Partridge is almost sure to occur. Jn Sylhet it is found commonly on all the isolated patches of hills well away from the main ranges and in the Assam Valley much the same obtains. Unlike its brethren also, this Partridge is not so much a frequenter of dark, damp forests of mighty, densley growing trees. It probably prefers to all other kinds of cover the sparse scrub growth which is found in deserted cultivation where the hill soil is poor and stony. It is also very partial to bamboo jungle of any kind, and may often be found in quite open grassland as long as this is fairly near forest or jungle of some kind, for, when disturbed, it always flies straight to cover for protection. It is generally found in small coveys consisting of a pair Pe : old birds and their last brood, for the families remain united until it is time to again think of the burdens of house-keeping. They, however, when THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 13 feeding, straggle a great deal and wander far from one another, though they keep in touch by means of the usual soft low whistle. If danger is near the whistling ceases at once, and as they lie very close and don’t rise until almost trodden on, anyone disturbing one bird may easily miss the rest. This has probably given rise to the idea so generally met with that they are solitary birds. Should one be put up and fly off, if the disturber of the peace will only stand absolutely still for a few minutes, he will presently hear a mellow low whistle somewhere near, and this will be taken up and replied to from all quarters until each bird has located his fellows. This call is very soft and quite inaudible to human ears unless one keeps very still, but the whistle during the breeding season is a very beautiful, loud clear double note, audible at very great distances. They fly at a good rate, dodge about considerably, and have a habit of hurling themselv2s suddenly into cover or from one side to another, which is very disconcerting to a would-be shooter, but often they will fly a considerable distance when put up before seeking shelter. They perch readily and constantly, but perhaps not so frequently as some of the others of their kind, and during the day I think they often lie up in scrub and grass rather than roost on trees and bamboos. Their food is the same as that of all other Arboricolas, both insects and seeds, etc., and for the table they form quite a respectable dish, for they are nearly always fat and in good condition. ARBORICOLA BRUNNEOPECTA. The Brown-breasted Hill Partridge. Arboricola brunneopectus—Tick., Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xxiv, p. 276, (1855), (Tennasserim) ; Hume, 8. F., ., p. 482, (1874) ; Hume and Davis, ibid, vi, p. 443, (1878), (Kyouknyat) ; Hume, ibid, viii, p. 111, (1879) ; Hume and Marsh, Game-B., 1, p. 87, (1879), (Tounghoo) ; Bingham, ibid, ix, p. 195, (1880), (Dauna Range) ; Oates, ibid, x, p. 236, (1882) ; (Pegu) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 397 ; id, Cat., B. M., xxu, p. 216, (1893) ; id, Hand-L., Game-B., i, p. 169, (1895) ; Oates, J. B. N. H.S., x, p. 112, (1895), (Ruby Mines) ; id, Game-B., 1, p. 133, (1898) ; Blanf., Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 128, (1898) ; Hopwood, J. B.N. H.8., xvii, p. 433, (1908), (Chindwin) ; Harington, ibid, xix, p- 365, (1909), (Rangoon) ; Barton, J. N. H.8., Siam, i. No. 2, p. 108, (1914), (Raheng, Siam) ; Gyldenstolpe, Kang. Sven. Vet., Acad. Hand- L., 56, p. 156, (1916), (N. W. Siam). Arboricola brunnervpectus—Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159; Blyth and Wald., Cat, M. and B., Burma, ui, p. 325, (1883) ; Oates, B. of Burm., ii, p. 325, (1883). Arborophila brunneopectus—Hume, §. F., ii, p. 449, (1874) ; id, ibid, ui, p. 174, (1875) ; Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 459. Vernacular Names.—Wo-gam, (Kachin) ; Touwng-kha (Burmese). 14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Description—Forehead and broad supercilia running down the sides of the neck buff, palest on the neck ; lores and two lines above and below the eye and a broad patch on each side of the neck, black ; crown olive-brown, each feather black-tipped, the black spots some- times coalescing so as to make the crown almost wholly black ; nape generally blacker than the crown ; back, rump and upper tail-coverts bright olive-brown with black bars, varying a good deal in width, but always less well-defined on rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail olive- brown with black mottling ; scapulars, wing-coverts and inner secon- daries chestnut with black drops or bars and large oval patches of pale olive-brown ; primaries brown mottled near the tips with rufous, and outer secondaries the same with broad rufous edges, becoming chestnut- rufous on the inner ones. Chin, cheeks and ear-coverts white or bufty white ; foreneck sparingly covered with black feathers with narrow white bases ; breast and flanks brownish buff, the feathers with more rufous edges ; flanks with round white spots and black bars ; abdomen almost white ; under tail-coverts pale buff with broad black bars or spots. "The feathers of the breast have broad black bases which sometimes show through. Colours of Soft Parts— Iris dark brown ; eyelids, orbital skin and gular skin bright red, red lake, or bright fleshy red ; legs and feet pale bright red ; bill brownish black or black. Measurements.—Total length about 280 mm. ; wing, males from 132 to 151, and on an average about 144 mm., females, from 122 to 139 mm., with an average for 13 birds of about 134 mm. ; tarsus 39 mm., in females to 42 mm. in males ; bill about 20 to 21 mm. ; tail 60 to 70 mm. Distribution—Pegu and Eastern Burma, North to the Ruby Mines, through the Karen Hills into Western, and North-Western Siam and the South Shan States. Capt. Venning shot it 10 miles N. E. of Myitkyna, and Harington obtained it breeding near Rangoon. Pegu birds are very small, and have the backs much less marked with black than have birds from elsewhere, and the brown of the breast also seems to ke darker and duller. There are, however, only three specimens from Pegu in the Nat. His. Museum and the differences may be only individual, though I can find none like them amongst the 40 specimens I have examined from other tracts. Nidification—Although this is a comparatively common bird over a great area, nothing is recorded of its breeding habits beyond Haring- ton’s brief note “ breeds at Tauckhan in June.” The eggs taken at this place and now in my possession are typical Arboricola eggs in every way, and measure about 37°3 by 28°4 mm. Harington in a letter wrote me as follows :— “T have at last got the eggs of A. brunneopectus, they were found by my man at Taukchan near Rangoon in open bamboo THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 15 jungle, and were laid on the ground in a hollow well filled in with bamboo leaves and grass. I went out and took them myself, and shot a specimen of this Partridge close by, although not actually off the nest, and I have no doubt as to their authenticity.” These eggs were taken in June. Habits—-The Brown-breasted Hill Partridge is a bird of compara- tively low levels, and will be found principally in the broken, hilly country bordering the plains, and thence commonly up to some 3,000 feet, and, again, some way into the plains themselves. On the other hand they have been shot at some 5,000 feet, and occasionally may be found to wander up even higher than this. They keep in small coveys of 4 or 5 to 8 or 9 birds, probably just the parent birds and their last brood, though possibly two families may sometimes join forces. Typically they are frequenters of dense forest with heavy undergrowth, but will now and then be seen—as with those shot by Col. Harington—in bamboo and scrub jungle. Although it has been obtained so often since Hume’s days, no one has recorded anything about their habits. Darling wrote about that time :— “ There was not a day at Thoungyah that I did not see two or three coveys of this Partridge, counting each from 3 to 10, or even more birds ; but owing to their shyness and dead leaf colour, they are very difficult to secure. They feed among the dead leaves on seeds, insects, and small shells, and are very restless, giving a scratch here, a short run and another scratch there, and so on, uttering a short cooing whistle the whole time. When disturbed by a man, they always disappeared into the dense undergrowths, but a dog always sent them flying into some small tree, whence they would at once begin calling to one another, whistling at first low and soft, and gomg up higher and shriller, till the call was taken up by another bird. I often got quite close to them, but the instant I was seen, away they ran helter skelter in all directions, and I could only now and then catch a glimpse of the little fellows scuttling through the bushes. Of course they are entirely a forest bird, though they may be seen just at the outskirts of this.” Oates found this bird and Tropicoperdix chloropus very common in the densely-wooded ravines and nullahs of the evergreen forests on the Hastern slopes of the Pegu hills, but he never found the two birds together in the same area “cach species appearimg to occupy one stream to the exclusion of the other.” Tickell refers to their making a curious low “ pur-r-r ” not unlike the call of the Button Quail as they wandered about feeding in the undergrowth. No one else seems to have heard any of the other Wood- Partridges making a sound of this nature. 16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Grenus—TROPICOPERDIX, Blyth, 1859. The birds of this genus are distinguished from those of the genus Arboricola by the absence of the chain of peculiar supraorbital ossicles, and by having a patch of downy white feathers on each side behind the axilla. There are only two species one of which is found in Burma. Tropicoperdix charlion: appears to me to be a good species and not a sub-species of 7’. chloropus. TROPICOPERDIX CHLOROPUS. The Green-legged Hill Partridge. Tropicoperdiz chloropus—Tick., J. A. 8. B., xxiv, p. 415, (1859), (Tennasserim); Ogilvie-Grant, Game-B., 1., p. 172, (1895) ; id, Ibis, 1895, p. 278 ; Blanf., Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 129, (1898) ; Harington, J. B. N. H.S., xix, p. 310, (1909), (Bhamo) ; Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Svenska. Vet. Akad., 50, No. 8, p. 67, (1913), (Siam) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 721, (8. E. Siam) ; id., ibid, 1919, p. 407, (Cochin China). Arboricola chloropus—Tick., J. A. 8. B., xxviii, p. 453, (1859), (Amherst) ; Hume, 8. F., 1, p. 482, (1874), (Pakpoon) ; Blyth and Wald., Cat. M. and B. Burma, p. 150, (1875), (Jummee River) ; Hume and Dav., S. F., vi, p. 444, (1878), (Tennasserim) ; id., ibid, viii, p. 111, (1879) ; Hume and Marsh, Game-B., 1, p. 91, (1879), (Tonghoo) ; Bigham, S. F., x, p. 236, (1882), (Pegu) ; Oates, B. of B. B., ii, p. 326, (1883), (Pegu) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 398 ; id., Cat, B. M., xxii, p- 219, (1893) ; Oates, Game-B., 1, p. 151, (1898). Phoenicoperdix chloropus—Hume, 8. F., 11, p. 482, (1874) ; id., ibid, vi, p. 447, (1878), (Moulmein). Arborophila chloropus—Hume, 8. F., 11, p. 449, (1874). Peloperdiz chloropus—Hume, 8. F., ii, p. 176, (1878). Arboricola chloropus chloropus—Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1920, p. 735, (Siam). Vernacular Names.—None recorded. Description.—Feathers of forehead, lores and supercilia dark brown with white outer webs; the supercilia extend down the sides of the neck, changing gradually to pale buff with black edges ; crown and nape brown, in some individuals tinged olive, in others more rufous ; upper parts brown, tinged with rufous with narrow crescentic black bars and the rump and upper tail-coverts with fine black stippling as well as a varying amount of buff mottling ; tail rufous-brown with bars and mottle of black ; wing covers, scapulars and inner secondaries like the back, but with a few paler mottlings and with more rufous on the secondaries ; primaries brown ; axillaries white ; under wing- coverts brown and white ; a tuft of downy white feathers on each flank. Chin, throat and sides of head white, each feather with a black spot at the tip ; neck and sides bright rufous similarly spotted ; breast brown THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. EG like the back, immaculate next the neck, with wavy black bars on the upper breast, changing to ferruginous red on the lower breast and to very pale rufous-white on the abdomen ; flanks brown, mottled, barred and streaked with fulvous and black ; the latter often extended on to the lower breast, as black margins to the feathers. Colour of Soft Parts—Bill apple-green or horn-green, dusky-red at the base and with the tip a little darker ; iris brown or red-brown ; ey¢lids and orbital skin purple-red ; legs dull greenish, greenish yellow or apple-green ; claws yellow-horny. Measurements— Wing, males from 152 to 166 mm., average 157, female, 148-158, average 153 mm. ; the tarsus measures from 43 to 45 mm. and the bill from the forehead 18-19 mm. ; tailabout 76mm. The total length is about 300 mm. “ Weight, 8 to 10 ozs.” (Hume). Disiribution.—Kastern Pegu and Tennasserim as far South as Tavoy. To the North it evidently will eventually be found throughout Eastern Burma and the Western Shan States. Harington obtained it at Bhamo and Khamaing, Major Whitehead and Harington both shot it at Myitkyna and Major Nisbett got it much further North again at Katha. In Siam Gyldenstolpe reports it as “ fairly abundant in the Northern Hill Forests ; also recorded from Klong Menao in the Eastern parts of the country, and Gairdner states that it occurs in the provinces of Ratburi and Pechaburi.” It extends East into Cochin China. Nidification.—Nothing recorded. Habits—Col. Tickell, who discovered this little partridge in Tennas- serim, wrote as follows concerning its habits, etc., in that portion’ of Burma :— “It appears tolerably numerous, but, as far as my observa- tions go, is entirely confined to the forests on the banks of the Zamme River. Unlike its known congeners, it avoids mountains and inhabits low, though not humid jungles, where the ground merely undulates or rises into hillocks. Like the rest of its tribe it is difficult to flush, and runs with great rapidity, jumping adroitly over obstacles, and diving into impenetrable thickets for security. Early in the mornings these birds come out on the path- way, scratching about amongst the elephants’ dung and turning over the dead leaves for insects. They do not appear to have any crow or call, but in the pairing season this may not be the case. The Karens do not even know the bird, but this is no proot of its rarity, for these people pay no attention to the living products of their forests. “The sexes are precisely similar in plumage and size; the flesh is rather dry and tasteless.” Oates’ experience of these birds differed considerably from Col. ‘Tickell’s, for he found them only in the steepest ravines and valleys, -and nearly always in dense evergreen growth. 3 18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Davison, however, also says that he found them most abundant in thin tree jungle as well as in thick forest. In Tennasserim, he met them generally in pairs, and occasionally in small parties, and he describes habits, voice, ete., all as being very much like that of the partridges of the genus Arboriecola. Harington found them only in dense forests at considerable eleva- tions, as did Nisbett and Whitehead, and they were always in the thickest of the evergreen cover and never in thin forest. Grenus—CALOPERDIX. Blyth, 1865. In addition to possessing no supraorbital ossicles, this genus is differ- entiated very definitely both from Arboricola and Tropicoperdix by the formation of its legs. The tarsus is considerably longer than the middle toe and claw together, and is armed with one or more spurs. The feet are short and the claws, though straight, are much shorter. The wing is rounded as in Arboricola, and the tail consists of only 14 feathers. It ranges from Java, Borneo and Sumatra, through the Malay, Peninsula into Western Siam and Tennasserim. Very little is as yet known concerning its habits, ete., which will, however, probably be found to very closely approximate those of the genus Arboricola. CALOPERDIX OCULEA OCULEA. The Ferruginous Wood Partridge. Perdix oculea~-Temm. Pig. et. Gall. ii, pp. 408 and 732, (1815); (Sumatra) ; Gray in Hardw. Ill. In. Zool., 1, pl. 58, (1830-32). Cryptonyx ocellatus-—Vig. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 349, (1829). : Rollulus ocellatus—Blyth, Cat., B. M. A.8., p. 253, (1849), (Ten- nasserim). Caloperdix oculea—Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 160, (Mergui) ; Hume, 8. F., iii, p. 825, (1875), (Bankassoon) ; Hume and Dav., ibid., vi, p. 449, (1878), (Malewoon) ; Oates, B. of B. B., ii, p. 329, (1883), (Malay Pen.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat., B. M., xxii, p. 222, (1893) ; id., Ibis, 1894, p. 376, id. Hand-L. Game-B., i, p. 129, (1898); Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1910, p. 671, (Trang). -Caloperdix ocellata—Blyth and Wald., Cat. M. and B. Burma, pr 151, (1875), (Mergu). Caloperdia oculeus—Hume, §. EF, viii, p. 69, (1879), (Malacca); Hume and Marsh., Game-B., i, p. 101, (1879), (Moulmein) ; Hume, S.. F., ix, p. 121, (1880), (Kopah). Francolinus oculeus—Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 50. Caloperdiz oculea oculea—Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1920, p. 736, (Trang and Bandon). Vernacular Names.— None recorded. THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 19 Description.— Whole head, neck and lower parts, bright ferruginous red ; the crown deeper and more chestnut ; chin, throat and sides of head, albescent and supercilia also paler ; upper back black, with two sharply defined white bars on each feather ; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts black with bright rufous-pink V-shaped central markings ; tail black, the central rectrices with narrow sub-terminal rufous bars ; scapulars, wing-coverts and innermost secondaries light olive-brown with bold sub-terminal black spots ; quills, grey-brown, the outer secondaries tipped and edged with rufous mottlings ; flanks black with white bars ; posterior flanks ferrugious with black drops ; centre of abdomen and vent whitish ; under tail-coverts pale ferrugi- nous and black. Colowrs of Soft Parts.—Iris dark brown, bill black ; legs and feet pale dirty-green to rather clear apple-green. Measurements.— Total length about 275 mim. ; tarsus 47 to 48 mm. ; bill from front 20 to 21 mm. ; tail 65 to 70 mm. ; wing, males, 143 to 151 mm. ; average about 146°6 mm. ; females 154 to 140 mm. ; aveTage 138°0 mm. Distribution.—The Northern Malay Peninsula, extending into Ten- nasserim, Siam and Northward to at least 100 miles North of Tavoy where it has been obtained by Hopwood. In Siam it was obtained by Mr. E. G. Herbert’s collectors and Gairdner states that it occurs in Ratburi and Petchaburi. Nidification.— Nothing known at present. Habits.— All that Hume could find to record of this Partridge was as follows :— “A denizen of dense and uninhabited forest, where the tracts of wild elephants, bufialoes and the Saladang (Bos sondaicus ?) constitute the only pathways, nothing absolutely seems to be known of its habits. My collectors have succeeded in snaring a few specimens, and have ascertained that it feeds on insects, seeds and berries, but they have never even seen it wild, nor have they been able to procure any information about it or its nidifica- tion from the Malays.” Since the above was written over 50 years ago, but little has been added to our knowledge. However, recently, Mr. C. Hopwood, Conser- vator of Forests, has been so fortunate as to personally come across this Partridge in its native haunts. In a letter to me, dated 30th January 1918, he writes :— “Yesterday I got a fine cock Caloperdia oculea near the head waters of the Tavoy River, 100 miles North of Tavoy, which extends its hitherto recorded habitat 300 miles or so to the North of that given by Davison, Bankasun, Victoria Point. It is pre- sumably to be found over the whole of Tennasserim at least up to the Douna Range which forms the watershed of the Tavoy, Ye and Thaungyin Rivers. Before I was successful in getting 20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. this specimen I twice saw Partridge running in the jungle which were probably this species, not far from where it was got. In all three cases the birds were quite alone, at all events I saw no others with them, and am sure I should have spotted them had there been any others in their company. To-day, however, I came on several of these little Partridges feeding on wild figs; there were a dozen or, perhaps, 20 birds altogether, out of which I succeeded in bagging two, and I hope soon to get more. The birds are not gregarious, I think, the number seen together being merely owing to the fact of the fallen fruit having furnished so great an attraction. From what the natives say, they must be very numerous here.” Grenus—RHIZOTHERA., The genus Rhizothera contains but one species of partridge containing two races, R. 1. longirostris from the Malay Peninsula, etc., and R. 1. dulitensis from the mountains of Borneo. Its long, heavy and much bent down bill at once distinguishes it from all other Indian Partridges. It has 12 tail feathers, a short rounded wing, the 5th and 6th primaries sub-equal and longest, and the Ist about equal to the 10th; the tarsi are stout and long, and are furnished with short blunt spurs in both sexes ; the claws are straight but small, and there is a small hind claw. The sexes are different to one another in colouration. Very little is recorded about their habits. RHIZOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS. The Long-billed Wood Partridge. Perdix longivostris—Temm. Pig. et Gall., ii, pp. 323 and 721, (1815), (N. Sumatra). Francolinus longirostris—Steph. In. Shaws, Gen. Zool., xi, p. 317, (1819) ; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., i, pl. 45, (1833-4). Tetrao curvirostris—Raffl., Trans. Lin. Soc., xin, p. 323, (1822), (Sumatra). Rhizothera longirostris—Gray, List Gen. B., p. 79, (1841) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 4 (Perak) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. xxii, p. 183, (1893) ; id., Hand-L., Game-B., i, p. 142, (1895) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1893, p. 552. (Borneo) ; id., Ibis, 1894, p. 546 (Mt. Dulit) ; Inglis, J. B. N. H. S., xxvi, p. 291 (1918), (Tennasserim), Gyldenstolpe ; Ibis, 1920, p. 736, Siam). Rhizothera curvirostris—Blyth, Cat. B. M. A. 8., p. 252, (1849), (Malacca). / Ortygernis longirostris, Reichenl., Syst, Av., pl. xxvii, (1852). Vernacular Names.—None recorded. Description, Adult Male.—Crown and nape rich chocolate-brown, palest on forehead ; lores, supercilia and sides of head and neck rusty chestnut ; a line froin the nostrils through and over the eye black ; a THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 21 second black line at the edge of the base of the upper mandible ; back of the neck grey, the feathers boldy edged with velvety black and with a few longitudinal and cross bars of chestnut ; upper back reddish- brown with black blotches, the feathers margined rufous on either web; the feathers on either side of the back with pale buff central streaks ; lower back and rump vermiculated buff and pale grey with a few scattered black specks and spots; upper tail-coverts and tail same, but more rufous, and the mottlings forming ill-defined bars on the latter ; scapulars mostly buff with rufous brown edges and grey mottling ; innermost secondaries chestnut-brown with deep, red margins, black spots on the inner webs, buff tips and much mottled with buff and grey; wing-coverts bufi, mottled with grey and brown ; primaries brown, mottled with chestnut-bufi on the outer webs ; outer secondaries buff with mottled brown bars. Chin and throat like the sides of the head but paler ; neck and upper breast grey, changing into rufous-buff on the lower breast and flanks, and again to almost pure white on the abdomen and vent ; under tail- coverts pale rufous. Colours of Soft Parts—* Iris burnt umber ; bill black, legs lemon- yellow ” (Herbert). Bill black, legs flesh colour, claws horny ” (Hopwood). Measurements.—Length about 220 mm., tail about 80 to 90 mm., Wing from 189 to 211 mm., average 10 birds, 197°5 mm. ; tarsus 55 to 63 mm. ; bill at front 28 to 33 mm. Adult Female.—-Differs from the male in having nearly all the grey of the neck and breast replaced by rufous-chestnut ; the rump, upper tail-coverts and tail are generally more rusty and less grey, and the rusty of the lower part is deeper and more extensive. Colours of Soft Parts.—-Apparcutly as in male. Measurements. —Wing 180 to 202 mm., average 8 birds, 190 mm. ; tarsus 54 to 58 mm., bill 24 (possibly juv.) to 33 mm. Young Male is like the female, but retains traces of barring on the feathers of the breast and flanks, and probably this barring is still more extensive in the quite young bird. In this Partridge the depth and extent of the rufous on the head and upper parts varies considerably in both sexes ; in the female practi- cally the whole of the underparts are sometimes rufous, but occasion- ally in this sex and more often in the male the abdomen is extensively white. Distribution.—8. W. Siam and Tennasserim throughout the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and West Borneo ; but replaced in some of the mountains of Borneo by another race, dulitensis of Ogilvie-Grant. I cannot discover any difference between birds from Sumatra and those from the most Northern parts of its range. There are two birds in the British Museum collection labelled ‘“‘ China, ” possibly meaning Cochin China. 22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, Nidification.—Nothing recorded. Halits.— Mr. Hopwood obtained a specimen of this species from a Mr. French, who shot it almost 15 miles from a place called Bokpyin, half-way between Mergui and Victoria Point in bamboo jungle. Bok- pyin is about 150 miles South of Mergui. Mr. N. C. Robinson, to whom the bird was eventually sent for identi- fication, when returning it, sent also the following note :— ‘The Long-billed Hill-Partridge. . . is common over the whole of the Malay Peninsula in suitable localities, and also in Borneo and Sumatra in slightly modified forms. In the Malay Peninsula it is an inhabitant of heavy jungle, usually dry jungle in which there is much bamboo up to 4,000 feet. It 1s very terres- trial and partly crepuscular in its habits. Its note is a loud, clear whistle, often heard at night.” (To be continued.) 23 SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. No, XXIX. A Renamine oF ** Mungos mungo ellioti’’, WRoUGHTON. By THE LATE R. C. WrouGHTON. In 1915, when sorting out the races of the Common Indian Mungoose, Herpestes edwardsi, at that time known as Mungos mungo, I gave to the Dharwar form the name of Mungos mungo ellioti.* But it has now been pointed out to me that in 1851+ Blyth applied the name of Herpestes elliott, to a Mungoose of the H. smithii group from South India, thus invalidating my use of the term. Using the revised generic and specific names for the Common Mungoose, I would propose for the Dharwar race the name of Herpestes edwardsi carnaticus, with the same type specimen, B. M. No. 12, 6. 29, 44. No. XXX, THe Munaoosrs oF THE Herpestes smithit GROUP. By O.pFrizLp THomas, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) During the course of the Survey a certain number of Mungooses have come which have been referred to Herpestes smithii, but they exhibit such a range of variation that I have thought it worth while to lay out all the available series, in order to see how far the variation is geographical. The result proves highly interesting, as I find there are no less than five definable geographical races, which may all be considered as subspecies of H. smithiv. With regard to the names, we may first take in rotation those given in Blanford’s Synonymy of H. smithii. Detailed references will be found in his work. Herpestes smathi, Gray, 1837. Type in British Museum. No locality, but the type closely agrees with specimens from the Bombay region. Herpestes thysanurus, Wagn., 1839. Said to be from Kashmir, Far too small to be a member of this group at all. No Mungoose with a black tip to the tail has been found in Kash- mir, and it is probable there was some mistake as to the locality. An African Mungoose of the H. gracilis group would better fit the description. Crossarchus rubiginosus, Wagn., 1841. Clearly not an H. smithir at all, but synonymous with H. vitticollas. =Jiournal, BLN. HS. xxvi, p.52, 1915: TJ.A.5S. B., xx, p. 162, 1851. 24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Herpestes elliott, Blyth, 1851. Carnatic. Synonymous with true smith. Herpestes rubiginosus, Kelaart, 1852. nec Crossarchus rubiginosus, Wagn. The Ceylon form. Name invalid. Herpestes jerdoni, Gray, 1864. The co-types, which were sent to the Museum by Jerdon, are apparently the same specimens as those from the ‘“‘ Eastern Ghats inland of Nellore” on which also was founded— Herpestes monticolus, Jerd., 1867. Co-types and locality as last, Herpestes torquatus, (Ell. M. 8.) Jerd. Mamm. Ind. p. 136, 1867. From Carnatic ; same as smithiz. Of these names therefore smithi, elliott and torquatus all refer to the form of Western Peninsular India, jerdont and monticolus to that of the Western Ghats, the invalid rzbiginosus, Kel., to the Ceylon race, while neither thysanurus nor rubiginosus, Waegn., have anything to do with the present group. The following synopsis will give a clue to the races I should propose to recognise :— A.—General colour darker and browner. A considerable number of hairs on body and limbs tippec with rufous. a. Size averaging largest, though bulle generally smaller than in next. Colour more richly rufous, the legs noticeably reddish. Ceylon. 1. H. s. zeylanius, subsp. n. b. Size averaging less than a, but bulle generally larger. Colour dark, with less rufous tipping, the legs not conspicuously reddish, though the ankles often are. Central and Western Continental India, from Hoshangabad southwards to the Nilgiris. 2. H.s. smithu, Gray. c. Size decidedly smaller ; colour as in b. N. HE. Rajputana. 3 ZH. s. rusanus, subsp. n. B.—General colour paler and greyer. Hardly any hairs, except on head and fore quarters, tipped with rufous. d. General colour drabby greyish. Skull normal. Kastern Ghats. 4 H. s. jerdoni, Gray. e. General colour clear grizzled grey. Hairs of tail below tipped with yellowish. Skull usually depressed in posterior frontal region. S. W. Rajputana ; Bengal. 5. H.s. canens, subsp. n. urther notes on new forms— Herpestes smithii zeylanius. A large strongly coloured animal with a maximum number of reddish tipped hairs. Outer sides of hips and legs rich reddish, the red fading oe a and passing into the blackish brown of the terminal half of the foot. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 25 Skull large, but the bulle averaging smaller than in the continental animal. Dimensions of type, measured by collector ; Head and body, 430 mm. ; tail 375 ; hindfoot 74 mm. ; ear 28 mm. Weight 34 lbs. Skull, condylo-basal length 89 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 49.5 mm. ; height of crown level with middle of zygoma 25.2 mm ; length of bulle 16.6 mm. Hab. Ceylon. Type from Mankeni, Eastern Province. Type. Adult Male B. M. No. 15, 3, 1, 57. Original No. 531. Collected 2nd September 1913 by Major E. W. Mayor. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Seven specimens seen. The handsomest and most richly coloured form of the species. Herpestes smith rusanus. Colour as in true smithii, but size decidedly smaller. Legs not markedly redder than the rest, while even the ankles are more brown than red. Hairs of proximal half of feet inconspicuously tipped with red. Dimensions of type, measured on skin :— Hindfoot 73 mm. ; Skull, condylo-basal length 82 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 44 mm. ; height of crown 23 mm. ; length of bullz 17.3 mm. Hab. of type. Sambhar, Rajputana. Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 85, 8,1, 44. Collected 13th January 1878 by R. M. Adam. Presented by A. O. Hume, Esq., C.B. This appears to represent the extreme inthe gradual reduction in size from South to North. Whether the smithii type goes further North we do not yet know, as the reported locality of Kashmir is apparently unreliable. Herpestes smith canens. Size about as in true smithii. Colour clear grizzled grey without the drabby tone found in jerdoni or the brownish or rufous characteristic of the other subspecies; the general colour almost as in the paler races of the Common Mungoose. Almost no hairs tipped with red, except on muzzle andears. Legs and ankles brown, darkening to black on the feet. Tail light grey, its long hairs below broadly tipped with yellowish. Skull of about the same length as in smuithiz, but the anterior half of the brain case is more flattened above inthetwo specimens examined. Dimensions of type, measured in flesh :— Head and body 445 mm.; tail 410 mm.; hindfoot 83 mm. ; ear 32 mm.; weight 4 lbs. Skull, condylo-basal length 88 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 46.5 mm. ; length of crown 22.5 mm. ; length of bulle 18 mm. Hab. Mt. Abu, 8. W. Rajputana. Alt. 4,300 feet. 4 26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Type. Old male with worn teeth. B. M. No. 13, 9, 18, 24. Original number 3370. Collected 3rd June 1913 by C. A.Crump. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Two specimens. A far greyer form than any other, evidently a native of a desert country. A single female mungoose from Hazaribagh is also remarkably like the Mt. Abu snimal, and must be provisionally assigned to the same subspecies. No. XXXI, BY OLDFIELD Tuomas, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) TWO NEW RATS FROM ASSAM. The late Mr. Wroughton had submitted to me some of the rats recently received from Assam for the Survey Collections and I find that the two following need description :— RATTUS WELLSI, sp. D. General size, and skull, smaller than in mackenziei (Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xxiv, p. 409, 1916), though the hindfeet are as long as in that animal. Colour of the same iron-grey above and white below. Ears blackish. Hands white, feet with dark metatarsals and white digits. Tail with very fine scaling, about 13 rings going to the centi- meter ; rather well covered with hairs ; dark brown above and below for four-fifths its length, the terminal fifth white all round. Skull peculiarly smooth and rounded, with proportionately large braincase, the braincase about as large as in the much larger bowersz. Muzzle short and narrow. Interorbital space smooth, with scarcely any indication of lateral ridges. Interparietal large, strongly angular forwards. Palatal foramina shorter than in mackenzier ; bulle about as in that species or a little larger. Incisors pale yellowish, fairly orthodont, the index of the single example, 79. Molars rather more bulky than in mackenziev. Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :— Head and body 197 mm, tail 220, hindfoot 48, ear 33. Skull, greatest length 47°5 ; condylo-incisive length 45°2 ; zygomatic breadth 23°6 ; nasals 18°7 As 9 ; interorbital breadth 8 ; ‘breadi of braincase 20 ; interparietal 7°2 «8-4 ; palatilar length 22: 5; palatal foramina 8°4 ; upper molar series 8-6. Hab.—Khasi Hills. Type from Mawphlang ; alt. 5,500’. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 27 Type.—Adult female B. M. No. 20°11:1-56. Original number 431. Dollected 10th April 1920 by H. W. Wells and presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. One specimen only. This rat is externally very like a small R. mackenzier, to which species it is probably most closely allied. But it is readily distin- guishable by its smaller skull, its large smooth braincase and small muzzle. I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. H. W. Wells, its collector, who has already done such good work for the Mammal Survey. RaTTUS LISTERI GARONUM, subsp. nov. Essential characters as in true listeri of Darjiling, but the colour much more fulvescent, the upper surface, instead of brown (pale mars brown) being light ochraceous-tawny lined with blackish, more as in R. edwardsi and other members of this group. Dimensions of the type :— Head and body 232 mm. ; tail 305 ; hind-foot 46 ; ear 30. Skull, greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 50; zygomatic breadth 25 ; nasals 21-5 ; interorbital breadth 8°1 ; breadth of brain- case 20°2; interparietal 7x 14:3; palatilar length 23:8; palatal foramina 8°9 ; upper molar series 9°7. Hab.—Tura, Garo Hills, Assam. Alt. 1,400’. Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 20°11:1-55. Original number 426. Collected 26th March 1920 by H. W. Wells. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Six specimens. Study of the further material now available of this group shows that the Darjiling listeri, the present Garo rat, and the Chinese R. edwardst are all nearly related inter se, and are together distinguishable from the Malay R. vociferans by the greater breadth of the interparietal, which is less extended antero-posteriorly, by their more open choane, and by their tails being very much more finely scaled, the rings run- ning from 9-10 to the centimeter as compared with 7-9 in vociferans. In size however the Chinese form, which extends westwards into the Kachin region of Burma, markedly exceeds that of Darjilmg and Assam, the skull being about 57—58 mm. in total, and 53—54 mm. in condylo-incisive length as compared about 54—55 and 50—52 respect- ively in R. listeri and its relative of the Garo Hills. R. edwardsi is also rather less opisthodont than R. listeri, its index about 63°—65° as compared with 53°.55°. The difference in colour from true listeri, is well marked in all the six Garo specimens, but two of the same group from the Naga Hills presented by Mr. J. P. Mills are somewhat intermediate in tone. 28 A NEW. ARABIAN HARE. BY OLDFIELD THOMAS, F.R.S. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) During a recent collecting trip made by Major R. E. Cheesman round the Persian Gulf, he obtained on the mainland opposite the island of Bahrein, a small hare allied to the little Lepus oma- nensis of Muscat, but very differently coloured. Since there are no important skull differences I propose to refer it to that species, of which it would seem to represent a desert subspecies. In recognition of the pains taken by Major Cheesman to secure mammals in this inhospitable part of the world, I would name it Lepus omanensis cheesmani, subsp. n. Size and general proportions as in true omanensis. Fur similarly short, the hairs on the back about 15 mm. in length. General colour light desert colour, pinkish buff instead of the dark drab of omanensis. Undersurface pure white, that of omanensis dull bufty, though the specimens of the latter may have been dis- coloured. Crown like back, pinkish buff. Area round eye, reaching back towards the ears, whitish, contrasting prominently with the buffy crown. Proectote of ear pale buffy without blackened tips, the tips being quite black in omanensis ; inner fringe buffy whitish; metentote dull buffy, its edges whitish. Nape patch ‘“‘warm buff.’ Hands and feet buffy whitish, the palm and sole brushes soiled drabby. ‘Tail white, the proximal part of the upper surface black. ‘“‘ Hye golden yellow” R. EH. C. Skull as in omanensis. Dimensions of the type :— Head and. body, 380mm.; tail 54mm.; hindfoot 84mm. ; ear 94mm.; Skull, greatest length 70°5mm.; condylo- incisive length 65mm.; zygomatic breadth 34mm.; nasals, oblique length 26:5mm.; interorbital breadth on supraorbital wings 21mm. ; intertemporal breadth 10:2mm.; palatal foramina 18-2mm. by 7°7mm. ; breadth of palatal bridge 4-4mm.; tooth row (alveoli) 8:2mm. Hab,—Arabia on western shore of Persian Gulf. Type from Dohat al Salwa, mainland coast to south of Bahrein Island. Type.—Adult male. B.M. No. 21.6.23.1. Original number 616 of the Cox-Cheesman Collection. Killed 31st March 1921. Pre- sented. A NEW ARABIAN HARE, 29 This desert hare is readily distinguishable from omanensis by its mucn paler colour, white rimmed eyes, concolor ears, paler nape patch and white belly. It will probably be found to be widely distributed over the sandy parts of Eastern Arabia, while true omanensis is likely to be restricted to the neighbourhood of Muscat, where different colour conditions would prevail. Major Cheesman gives the following note on the capture of the hare, ‘‘ From Ojair to Salwa hares were most plentiful; we saw six and one of the- men shot one with his rifle—some shot— We tried for the others, but they were always gone too far before you could get your gun out of the saddle bag,—and shooting from a moving camel is not easy.” 30 NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. BY LiEvutT.-CotoneL W. H. Evans, D.S.O., R.E., F.Z.8., F.E.S. (Continued from Vol. XXVII, page 93.) 29. Bethune Baker in T. E. S. 1918 has issued a revision of the genus Tarucus based on the genitalia. He finds that not only are most of the theo- phrastus like forms described by Moore and Butler good species, but that cer- tain additional species exist in India. The following are confirmed as species : theophrastus, F.; nara, Koll.; venosus, M.; callinara, But.; extricatus, But.; altera- tus, M. The following are described asnew: callinara nigra from Karachi, Cutch and Campbellpore ; bengalensis described from an unique male from Calcutta and said to be very like the author’s mediterranee from Palestine and Algeria. ananda, DeN., hitherto placed in Castalius, is removed te Tarucus and a new species dharta, is described from a pair from Darjeeling, as differing from ananda in being smaller, markings more separated below,. female with a good deal of blue above and not all brown as ananda, plinius, F., is now-a- days considered to belong to the genus Syntarucus. Mr. Bethune Baker states that his studies have caused him to reconsider his previous conclusions as to what constitutes a species; he does not, however, enlarge on this point. I personally think that, as far as the Indian region is concerned, we have only one theophrastus like species, but that it is exceedingly susceptible to local influences and that any change in the facies may be corre- lated with a change in the genitalia. I have no doubt that if someone studied Terias hecabe, he could prove to his own satisfaction that the name comprised numerous species. Even Colonel Swinhoe, who is our great exponent of the theory that every variety should rank as a species, fights shy now and then of the school that rely solely on genitalia examinations—e.g., his treatment of the genus T'apena in Lepidoptera Indica, The whole question is very intricate and, as an amateur, J] am diffident about writing on the subject at all. My own studies have tended to prove that members of the same species from widely separated localities always show differences in their genitalia; whether such differences would constitute a bar to free interbreeding, it is impossible to say off hand and practically impossible ever to prove; to me it seems best to treat such differences as racial rather than as specific, though after the lapse of time their specific value may become established. T. theo- phrastus, however, presents a somewhat different problem; here we have, according to Bethune Baker, a number of different species flourishing in the same area. I have caught the species commonly at Jabalpur and Rawalpindi and more rarely at several other places. I quite understand that the specimens caught in different localities or obtained in the same locality at different sea- sons are likely to differ and I know that they do differ, but I do not believe that on the same day and in the same place I could capture more than one theo- phrastus like species. I have caught a venosus form concurrently with a nara form, but no one will persuade me that they were more than ordinary varieties. If, however, two series caught at the same season and in the same locality were shown to differ materially in the genitalia, I might be inclined to recon- sider my opinion; I say “ might ” advisedly, since other factors have to be taken into consideration, e.g., a brood produced from a food plant other than the normal one might produce an incipient species, which under natural conditions would soon be swamped by the prevailing form. Iremember at Jabalpur one day catching a number of dwarf Tarucus plinius along with the normal form; I wili aot venture to say how they were produced, but it never occurred to me that NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 51 the dwarfs were anything more than casual varieties. The results of local in- fluences are peculiarly noticeable in the genus Parnassius and numerous races have recently been named ; the problem is where to stop, I am quite sure that if Mr. Bethune Baker were to employ a large gang of collectors hunt- ing all over India for 7’. iheophrastus, he would more than double his list of species in a very short time. 30. Fruhstorfer in Tijd voor Ent, 1918 gives us a revision of the genera Castalius and Heliophorus (==/lerda), based on the genitalia, together with other notes. He puts Taraka next Castalius, a change that is not justified by the habits ; hamada is confined to Japan and Formosa, the Indian race being chris- tened mendesia, Orthomiella is sunk to Una, a rather strange proposition, while rovorea is described from the Chin Hills as a race of the Sikkim pontis. In Castalius, the species ananda is included; approximatus, But., is given as the Burmeso race of the Indian rosimon; roxana as the Indian race of the Javan roxus, manluena being the Nicobar one ; elna noliteia is named ag ‘the elna race from India and Burma ; decidia is placed as the Indo-Burmese race of the Celebssian caletu, Hew., the Ceylon race being hamatus, M.; the Andaman forms of elna and roxus are placed as unnamed races. Heliophorus indicus, Fruh, is given as the race of the Javan epicles flying from Sikkim to North Burma; as a matter of fact epicles occurs as far South as the Karen Hills in Burma and also in the Middle Andaman. Birmana is given as a new race of the W. China saphir Blanch, as from Upper Burma. Androcles androcles (= viridis, mihi) is given from the E. Himalayas and andro- cles coruscans, M., from the W. Himalayas ; Fruhstorfer is no doubt right in assuming that Doubleday’s types came from the E. Himalayas. 31. Fruhstorfer in Leiden Zool. Med. 1916 deals with the genera Lycenes- thes and Nacaduba, basing his results on genitalia examination. andamanicus is named as the race of tho Indian emolus. lycenina is confined to Ceylon and lycambes, Hew., given as the N. Indian race; he does not tell us what we are to call specimens of this species from 8. India and Burma, In Nacaduba several important changes are made and I append a list of the Indian species and races. pavana, Hors., Java, with races ; nabo, Fr., India and ? Andamans ; VAjUNG, Fr., Siam and Burma ; Ceylon not mentioned. augusta, Druce, Borneo, race kerriana, Dist. Tenasserim. pactolus, Fd., Amboina, with races; ceylonica, Fruh., Ceylon; race un- named §. India; continentalis, Fruh., Sikkim to Burma; andamanica, Fruh., Andamans ; macropthalma, Fd. Nicobars. nora, Fd., 8. Moluccas with race noreia, Fd. Indian region, aluta, Druce, Borneo, race coelestis, DeN., N. India and N. Burma; unnamed race, Andamans. dana and hampsoni, DeN., Indian region. viola, M. Sikkim to Burma and Andamans ; race merguiana, Fruh, Mergui, ancyra, Fd., Assam to Burma and Nicobars. berenice, H. 8. locality not clear but presumably Malayan, with races ; cey- lonica, Fruh, Ceylon; plumbeomicans, W. M., Andamans and India; aphya, Fruh, Siam and Rangoon, nicobaricus, W. M. Nicobars. atrata, Hors, Java with race gythrion, Fruh, Indian region (Lep. Ind. Plate, 658 (3 to 3a.) perusia, Fd., 8. Moluccas with races; prominens, M., Ceylon (Lep. Ind. plate 658 3 c. to 3d.); ewplea, Fruh, India and Burma. The difference between atrata and prominens would seem to need further investigation. I have personally no doubt of the specific distinctness of the tailed and tailless forms of what DeNiceville treated under the name ardates. In J. B. N. H. 8. 1910 I described the tailless female from Sikkim with a yellow underside as sivoka. Swinhoe in Lep. Ind. calls the tailless and tailed forms 22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI11. er nora and noreia respectively and I think they might stand as nora sivoka and noreia. I am not quite clear what Fruhstorfer’s intentions are in respect of bhutea, DeN., but I imagine he wishes to unite it to noreia; bhutea is in my opinion a perfectly good species, of which I described the Palni Hills race as kodi in J. B. N. H.S., 1910. 32. Reverdin in Etudes Ent. Comp, 12, issues a revision of the genus Hes- peria (palearctic), based on the male genitalia. Chapman in Ent. Rec. 1917-1919 reviews Reverdin’s results and gives his own. Amateurs, who are interested in the study of genitalia, should read Dr. Chapman’s introduc- tory remarks. Mr. Pierce’s works on the genitalia of the British Noctuide and Geometridae are no doubt excellent, while Mr. Bethune Baker's writings and photographs are full of interest, but nothing I have read has been so clear and simple as Dr. Chapman’s short exposition referred to above. 33. Mr. E. J. Godfrey in J. N. H. S. Siam 1916 gives an interesting list of the butterflies of Siam and describes a few new races and species of which the most interesting is a new Hveres, viz., rileyi ; said to be like dipora above. and parrhasius below ; Bangkok, Siam ; it is the only Hveres recorded from Siam. 34. Hampson in N. Z. XXYV, issues a list of families and sub-families of the -order Lepidoptera. The Rhopalocera come thus between No. 37. Castniidz and No. 44. Euschemoniide. 38. Danaide. (for Nymphalide), Eupleeine. (for Danaine). Manioline. (for Satyrinz). A‘gine. (for Morphine), Acreeinee. Danaine. (for Nymphalinz). 39. Asciade. (for Pieride). 40. Cupidinide. (for Lycenide). 41, Plebejide. (for Nemeobidz). Plebejine. (for Nemeobine). Libythzine. 42. Equitide. (for Papilionide). 43. Erynnide. (for Hesperiide). I suppose some useful purpose is served by this kind of thing but nothing annoys the amateur student so much as apparently useless changes in nomen- clature. It is a great pity that we have no international authority empowered to issue an authoritative list of known families, genera and species ; any altera- tions or additions might be proposed by individuals but should not come into force. unless formally approved by the central authority after due discussion in scientific journals. All delving into the records of the past should be vetoed, as far as nomenclature is concerned the result would be that the energies of many excellent naturalists would be diverted to useful progressive work, from what may be termed useless retrogressive work. 35. All entomological students will welcome Mr. T. R. Bell’s important -contribution towards the classification of the Hesperiidz in a recent number of the journal. His results are primarily based on the early stages and of this branch of lepidopterous entomology, not only is Mr. Bell a master, but it is a deplorable fact that he is the only real student we have ; a Mr. Bell in Tavoy and another in Assam would very soon put us all straight. I have devoted considerable attention to this family and am acquainted with the habits of the imago of most of the known species. I have also examined the structure and genitalia of many species, but in this latter branch of study Mr. Ormiston of Ceylon leads the way. Mr. Ormiston has published his results as regards the Ceylon Skippers, but I understand he has been studying those from other districts and I hope that in due course he will publish his further results. NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 33 I think that there is no doubt that the data in which Mr. Bell relies are far and away the most satisfactory for purposes of classification and that study of the habits as well as what may be termed cabinet investigation are little more than confirmatory ; yet, as Mr. Bell points out, there are many species and even genera whose early stages are entirely unknown and all we have to go on for the present are the habits and the results of examination of the imago. J had already worked out a rough classification of the family and find that my results accord very closely with Mr. Bell’s. I give below the points on which we differ. (a) Iagree with Swinhoe in putting the Ismeninz at the head of the family. I quite understand Bell’s reasons for putting them after the Hesper- iine, but they differ more from all the other sub-families than the latter do inter se. (6) Ormiston is of opinion that Hantana infernus is the male of Cele- norrhinus spilothyrus and I am pretty certain that he is right, in which case it would be wrong to put Hantana in any sub-family other than the Celenorrhine. Again from genitalia examination it is evident that Achalarus is a very close ally of Celenorrihinus, while Capila and its allies, with their very peculiar, large trifid clasp, are quite separate and might be classed as Capiline. (c) Following the Celenorrhine, the Hesperiinze come in naturally but, after the Hesperiine I should prefer to see the Pamphiline which are decidedly allied to the MHesperiine. I should follow thus—Plastingiine, Notocryptine, Erionotine and Erynnine, wherein I would include the Baorine, as the latter group seem barely separable as a sub-family. (2) I am surprised to see Baracus near the end of the Erynninz and would prefer to see it next Astictopterus, which with its allies seems to come better into the Pamphilinze. Pithauria (includes Pithauriopsis) should come between Halpe and Parnara, where perhaps Jton is also better placed. Grane is probably a near ally of Notocrypta, Hidari of Erionota and Acerbas of Plastingia. _ My arrangement would therefore be as given below and I think it more or less brings together the order followed by Watson, Elwes and Swinhoe with that given by Bell: I cannot, however, persuade myself to adopt al Swinhoe’s new genera. Ismenina, Ismenine. Bibasis. Hasora. Ismene. Rhopalocampta. Badamia. Hesperiina. Capilinze. Capila. Crossiura. Orthopetus. Calliana, Celzenorrhinse. Charmion. Achalarus. Hantana. Celenorrhinus. Coladenia. Gerosis, Sarangesa. Darpa. Tapena. Ctenoptilum. Odontoptilum.. Caprona. Satarupa. Tagiades. Odina. Hesperiine. Gomalia. Carcharodus. Hesperia. Thanaos. Pamphilina. Pamphiline. Pamphila. Taractrocera. Ampitiia. Aeromachus. Ochus. Baracus. Astictopterus. Koruthaialos. Lambriz. Plastingiine, Suada. Suastus. Pedestes. Arnetia. Sebastonyma. Itys. Isma. Zographetus. Scobura. Sepa. Pirdana. Plastingia. Lotongus. Acerbas. Creteus. Notocryptine. Hyarotis. Udaspes. Notocrypta, Oerane. Sancus. Kerana, Watsoniella. Tacupa. Erionotinz. Hidari. Erionota. Pudicitia. Gangara. Paduka. Matapa. Erynninze. Cupitha. Erynnis, Augiades. Telicota. Actinor. Halpe. Onryza. Pithauria. Iton. Parnara. Gegenes. Hogenes. 34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII ° 36. A note on the sub-family Poritiine. I have recently returned from a 5 months collecting tour in Burma and was fortunate enough to obtain some 200 specimens appertaining to 10 different species of the genera Poritia, Simiskina and Zarona. The literature dealing with this sub family is most confusing and I hope that this note will clear up most of the doubtful points and that the keys will enable collectors to identify their captures more easily than heretofore. I will take in turn the species of Poritia that have been described from India or the Malay Peninsula. (a) sumatre, Fd, is a very distinct species about which there is no (0) {c) {d) confusion. I personally did not meet with it, but Bingham recorded it from the extreme South of-Tenasserim. Distant’s figure in Rhop. Mal. of suwmatre 2 var is undoubtedly referable to geta. hewitsoni, M., is a well known species. Doherty (J. A. S. B. 1889) described some specimens he caught at Myitta, Tavoy, as hewitsoni var. tavoyana, but, as he seems to have mixed up this species with geta, erycinoides, pleurata and possibly others, it is difficult to say what tavoyana is referable to. There is however no doubt that Burmese specimens of hewitsoni differ from Indian ones in the reduc- tion of the blue spotting of the apical area of the forewing and tavoyana, might stand as the Burmese race of hewitsoni. I only met with this species rarely on the East side of the Dawna range. It is probably commoner in Upper Burma. pleurata, Hew, Singapore. The description mentions 2 blue spots on the black apex of the male, which are missing in the plate. De Niceville, Elwes and Bingham have all identified geta as this species, but Swinhoe very correctly pointed out the, error in Lep. Ind. At the foot of the Dawnas on the East side I caught 14 males and 3 females of a species I am naming dawna; it is nearer Hewitson’s figures of pleurata than is geta, but there are certain pronounced differences. It is possible that dawna may turn out to be the Burmese race of the Singapore pleurata. geta, Faw., Toungoo. This species is well figured by Swinhoe in Lep. Ind. and the female by DeNiceville in his Vol. III, under the name pleurata. I found it common in the Karen Hills and the Dawnas, rather rare in Tavoy and Mergui. Specimens from Mergui (King Island) have the blue apical markings reduced and I propose to call them race regia. The spring form of geta in the Karen Hill is larger and greener than the autumn form. erycinoides, Fd., was described from a male from Java and pbhraa- tica, Hew., from a female from Singapore. I feel convinced that, as pointed out by DeNiceville in J. A. 8. B. 1895, these names represent the male and female of the same species. Distant in Rhop. Mal. described and figured a male to fit Hewitson’s female ; I think his male probably=pleurata. Bingham in the Fauna and Swinhoe in Lep. Ind. followed Distant but confessed they hid never seen a male phraatica. Bingham seemed to think that erycinoides was merely a blue variety of hewitsoni ; he assigned to it a hewitosni like female and said he had only seen 3 males and 2 females. Swinhoe in Lep. Ind. says that Bingham is entirely wrong about erycinoides ; he claims to have specimens from Mergui and says that Druce has it from Sikkim ; he figures a male, which he says resembles Felder’s type exactly and he gives it a female, which differs but slightly from Hewitson’s figure of phraatica. Now I found a (blue not greenish blue as in the rest of the genus) male, matched by a female with yellow discal areas, to be very common in Tavoy and not uncommon in {f) 49) (i) NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, or Cr the Karen Hills, the Dawnas and Mergui; on several occasions males and females were taken in coitu. The male agrees fairly well with Felder’s figures of erycinoides and the female with Hewitson’s figure of phraatica, but both sexes were extremely variable. In De Niceville’s collection there is a series of this species from Burma, the Malay Peninsular, Sumatra and Java. Javan specimens differ from the remainder in the much greater extent of the blue areas and resemble exactly Swinhoe’s figure of male erycinoides in Lep. Ind. Felder’s figure curiously enough resembles the continental form more than the Javan. Fruhstorfer (B. E. Z. 1911) confines erycinoides to Java and puts phraatica as the continental race : this is very likely the correct course. In the Karen Hills in November I obtained a species of Poritia, which is not referable to any known species and which I propose to call karennia. The male is not unlike hewitsoni, but the yellow female is very different, while the underside in both sexes is strikingly different to that of any other member of the genus. I personally only caught 2 males and a single female, but there are other males in Mr. W. Archbald’s collection caught both in the spring and the autumn and there are 2 males in DeNiceville’s collection over the label pleurata, which is the dumping ground for all hewitsoni like species from Burma. Elwes in P. Z. S. 1892 mentions that Doherty obtained in the Karen Hills 2 yellow females, which he suggests may be dimorphic females of pleurata (recte geta), but I think they were probably females of phraatica. I will now turn to the genus Simiskina, which differs slightly from Poritia in the secondary sexual characters of the male and very markedly on the underside, which does not have the crowded catenulated bands common to every Poritia. phalena, Hew. (=harterti, Doh.) presents no difficulty. I caught one pair in the Tavoy district and DeNiceville has a few specimens from Katha. Fruhstorfer puts harterti as the Assam race in spite of Hartert’s own assertion that his unique specimens from the Patkoi Hills differed in no way from specimens he caught in Sumatra. pediada, Hew., presents no difficulty. I caught several males and females in the Tavoy district. phalia, Hew., male, Borneo ; potina, Hew., female, Singapore: fulgens District Malay Peninsular were, I think rightly united by Bing- ham under the name phalia, but he figured a variety of the female which led Fruhstorfer (B. E. Z. 1911) to call the Burmese race of phalia (= potina and fulgens) binghami. Swinhoe in Lop. Ind. treats phalia and potina (=fulgens) as distinct species; having never seen a male potina, he copies Doherty’s figure (J. A. S. B. 1889), while for phala he figures a male from Burma, which differs very slightly from his figures of male potina, and he allots to it a purple female from Labuan. Now I obtained several males and females of what I call phalia in the Dawnas, Tavoy and Mergui. Except for one Dawna specimen the males are pretty constant and resemble Hewitson’s and Doherty’s figures. Females were very variable and every gradation was obtained from Bingham’s figure with no black shading on the upperside of the forewing along the dorsum, to Hewitson’s figure with an entirely black inner margin. Tho aberrant Dawna male is not unlike Swinhoe’s figure of phalia, but the blue markings are more extended, the discal and sub-marginal spots being completely joined in space | forewing and in 1 to 4 hindwing, while the streak inl-a forewing extends to the base; the blue 36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. colouring is pure blue with no hint at green as is the case with all normal males; at present I intend to treat it as a variety of phalia. What Swinhoe’s purple female from Labuan is I cannot say, but it does not concern us in India at present. There are two other members of the genus Simiskina that may turn up in Burma, viz.—pheretia, Hew., Singapore; male below rather as phalena, but above the hindwing is mostly pale blue ; female brown above with the termen or the hindwing broadly pure white; pharyge, Hew., Borneo, Malay Peninsular and Renong, Siam; not unlike pediada, but easily recognised by the presence of a bright blue submarginal line on the hindwing below. On two occasions a male and a female of Zarona jasoda were caught in coitu, which puts an end to the doubt that has always existed, as to whether jasoda and zanella were different species. A few specimens of both sexes were obtained in the Dawnas, Tavoy and Mergui. Fruhstorfer has sunk Zarona to Deramas and calls jasoda a race of the Malayan livens; the only difference between the two is the secondary sexual characters ; Distant asserted that they were present in livens and there are certainly none in jasoda. I have not seen livens, but I can quite believe that Fruhstorfer is right and jasoda may well be a race of livens, that has lost its secondary sexual characters. Cyaniroides libna was not met with. Key to Poritia. Nofe.—All males are very similar and are brilliant blve or green above with a broad black apex to the forewing, which, when the spotting is fully developed, bears sub-marginal blue spots in 2 and 3 joining, a diagonal series beyond the end of the cell leading te the costa. The presence or absence of a black spot of varying size about the middle of vein 1 upf. and of marginal spots uph. are variable individual and not specific characters. l-a. (6). g uph. blue colour extends above vein 4 into space 4, at least near the margin. l-b. (4-a). @ upf. cell entirely black. 1. (2-a). @ upf. blue colour not above vein 2; green rather than blue; apical area f. unmarked. Uph. lower part cell and all 4 blue. 2 purple with a black apex bearing two rows of purple spots, the outer spots being separated by ochereous lines. Below the catenulated bands are even, continuous and parallel to one another, not discontinuous and irregular as in the rest of the genus. sumatre, Fd. Extreme South of Tenasserim. (Bingham). 2-a, (1). @ Upf. blue colour extends into 2 and often into base of 3. 2. (3) @ uph. cell and basal part of 4 blue ; blue rather than green ; apex unmarked except for marginal spots in 2 and 3. Q yellow, costa, termen and outer third of dorsum f. dark brown, width -1 inch; h. entirely yellow except that the costa is whiteish, the base has some dusky brown shading and there is a row of dark brown sub-marginal spots. Below white, catenulated bands as usual, but differs conspicuously from the rest of the genus in that on the upper part of the disc f. and near the apices f. and h. there are prominent large bright brown burnt sienna patches. karennia, nov. Karen Hills, 3,000 feet. 3. (2). @ uph. lower part of cell and all 4 blue, with a dark streak at end cell; green rather than blue. Y upf. pale purple blue in la, 1 and centre of 2 with an orange patch in 3, sometimes extending into 2 ; cell black and apical spotting asin the & but better developed ; uph. black except for a rather small blue discal patch. Below smoky grey to pale cinnamon. A. upf. apical spotting well developed in both sexes. hewitsoni hewitsoni, M., Kumaon to Assam. B. Ditto much reduced and sub-marginal spots absent. NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 37 hewitsoni tavoyana, Doh., Burma. 4-a. (1-b). @ upf. cell all blue. 4, (5). @ uph. lower part cell and all space 4 blue ; green rather than blue. 2 pale blue obscurely shot with violet, black areas asin ¢ but apical spotting more developed; uph, sub-marginal dark spots prominent. Below pale cinnamon, but sometimes smoky grey in @. A. Apical spotting well developed, especially spots beyond cell in 9. In ¢ blue colour always extends into 3 upf. geta geta, Faw., North Burma to Tavoy. B. Apical spotting much reduced, @ spotless and 2 only with sub-marginal spots in 2 and 3. In ¢ blue colour does not extend into 3 upf. geia regia, nov. Mergui. 5. (4). @ uph. lower part cell and basal half space 4 black; blue rather than green ; upf. the lower edge of the cell is narrowly black from the middle to the outer end and the blue colour extends into 3, apex only obscurely spotted; uph. marginal spots and sub-marginal dark fascia better developed than usual. © rather pale blue with a green tinge, when looked at sideways ; extent of blue area and spotting as in male, but latter much more developed ; upf. base dusky, leaving a prominent blue spot in middle of cell; uph. costal margin dusky and there is sometimes a blue spot in 5 near the margin. Below creamy white, catenulated bands rather faint. dawna, noy. Eastern Dawnas, 1000 feet. 6. (1-a). @ uph. cell and whole of space 4 black; rich royal blue with no tinge of green, thus presenting an entirely different appearance to the rest of the genus; upf. a narrow blue streak inside the cell from the extreme base of the lower edge to the middle ; the spotting on the black apex is usually very well developed (in the Javan race the apical and the discal blue areas merge) but specimens occur, which are entirely black on both wings except for a few blue spots. above dark brown with an orange yellow discal patch upf. and a discal fascia uph of very variable extent, also uph. some more or less obscure orange sub-marginal patches and an ochreous sub-terminal line. Below ¢ smoky grey; 2 creamy white. erycinoides phraatica, Hew., Burma, Key to Simiskina. Note.—Males are very alike above, but the pattern is quite differont to Pori- tia ; black with brilliant blue or green markings. Upf. a streak from vein 1 to vein 4 along and below the median vein, outwardly irregular and produced outwards in space 2 ; 2 or 3 spots beyond the end of the cell and a complete sub-marginal series curved inwards at the upper end; a short diagonal streak in the middle of 1-a with a small spot above its outer endin1. Uph. a streak in 1 from the base to the disc and discal spots above its lower end in 2 and 3; sub-mar- ginal spots in 1, 2 and 3, the former being the largest and sometimes conjoined to the streak in 1; costa broadly pale brown. Below there is a dark line at the end of the cell on both wings, a curved discal and a similar post discal line. 1. (2-a). Below a white band across both wings in both sexes. @ above markings brilliant green. 2 above brown with a prominent white discal spot upf. phalena, Hew. Assam to Burma, z-a. (1) Below no white band. 2. (3). @ above markings brilliant green; Unf. apex only slightly if at all paler. 2 uniform dark brown above. pediada, Hew., South Burma. 3. (2). @ above markings brilliant blue, sometimes tinged with green: unf. apex conspicuously paler than the rest of the wings. 2 orange yellow; upf. apex and termen dark brown and sometimes with dark brown shading of varying 3 JOURNAI, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, AX VIII. width and intensity along the dorsum and a thin line at the end of the cell; uph. entirely orange yellow, sometimes suffused with brown scales at the base and on the side disc and forming brown sub-marginal spots. phalia, Hew. South Burma, 37. Ihave to note the following additions to the Indian List. (a) Cutrrechroa orissa, Fd., Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. (6) (c) (d) (e) Discovered by Messrs. O. C. Ollenbach and W. A. Wood in Tavoy, Caught by me on King Island, Mergui, in December. It differs from all other members of the genus in having a very broad pale yellow band across the forewing. Papilio varuna, White, Malay Peninsula. Two females caught by me on King Island, Mergui, in December. It differs from the race astorion, Wd., in that the female has a very large white patch on the lower part of the disc upperside forewing. Arhopala ormistoni, Riley. The Entomologist, May 1920. This is a new species obtained by Mr. W. A. Ormiston at Nakiadenya near Galle in April. It is said to be nearest to aliteus and mirabella. Mantoides licinius, Druce, Borneo. Discovered by Messrs. Ollenbach and Wood on a hill at Pagaiye in Tavoy and a pair obtained by me on the same spot in December. In general appearance and size like Cheritra freja, but the long tail is at vein 1 and the short tail at vein 2, not the other way about as in freja; also the white area at the anal angle is greater. Below the general tone is pale yellow brown except along the dorsums of both wings, where it is white. The male has pronounced secondary sexual characters, viz., a large polished area on the disc of the hindwing upper hind and a pouch at the end of space 6; on the underside of the forewing there is a prominent upturned tuft of hairs from the middle of the dorsum, which is highly convex, nearly to vein 2 and overlying a dull lead grey patch, denuded of scales. Jacoona unasuja, Fd., Malay Peninsula. Obtained by Messrs. Ollenbach and Wood and subsequently by me at the same place and month as Montoides licinius, to which group it belongs, as _re- gards shape and tails, but the male has no secondary sexual char- acters. It is a much larger insect, being 2 inches in expanse and the male is very magnificent above, being dark brown with a bril- liant dark blue area at the base and a similar pre-apical patch on (f) the forewing, a blue streak on the hindwing from the base to near the centre of the termen and there is the usual anal white patch. The female is without the blue areas. The long tail is 1 inch in length and the short tail a quarter of an inch. Below it is white, the forewing being for the most part pale yellow brown, shading to bright ferruginous at the termen and the apex. Bidvanda nicevilleit, Doh, female. I obtained a few males of this very distinct species at Kanbavk and Pagaiye, Tavoy, and a single female at Pagaiye, in Dec:mber. It is very similar to the female of the commoner Bidwanda melisa, M.; above there is the same blue- ish white patch at the arc! angle of the hindwing but on the fore- wing there is a large red discal patch. Below the two species are very alike differing constantly as follows. On the forewing of melisa there is white patch on the dark discal area beyond the cell, below which there is an irregular and more or less double dark streak to vein 1 ; on the hindwing the inner of the two dark lines at the end of the cell is much thicker and partly coalesced to the outer line. On the forewing of nicevillei there is a very narrow white line on the dark area beyond the cell, below which there is NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 59 an even single ochreous streak to vein 2, continuing as a broader, but single, dark brown streak to vein 1; on the hindwing the two lines at the end of the cell are even and well separated, (kh) Semanga superba, Druce, Malacca and Borneo. A single female of this species was caught by Mr. E. Fowle on King Island, Mergui, and is now in my collection. It is a close ally of Catapecilma elegans as regards shape, size and tails; in facies it is startlingly like the widely separated Ilerda epicles. Above it is lilac blue with brown borders and there is a broad sub-marginal ochreous band along the lower part of the termen of the hindwing. Below it is ochreous yellow with a narrow brown discal line on the forewing and the outer half of the hindwing is reddish brown, interspersed with black spots and pale silver blue dashes. (7) Some time ago Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins sent me some specimens of a small Sarangesa he had captured during the cold season at St, Thomas Mount, Madras. It is a close ally of Sarangesa sati, De N., but in my opinion differs sufficiently to be accorded specific rank and I will call it hopkinsi. nov. Above inky black frosted over with minute white scales; unspotted (satt bears numerous small hyaline white spots). Below dark brown and spotted after the same manner as sati and purendra, but the spots are smaller and fewer. The cilia are prominently chequered. Expanse 9 to 1 inch. (j) Isma purpurascens, El, Pulo Laut. Several specimens caught by me at the foot of the Dawnas on the East side in January. It is very similar to [sma protoclea, but is purple washed below. (k) Sepa noctis, Stg. One male at the foot of the Dawnas on the Mast side in January. It is a rather small plain brown skipper with a pointed forewing. (1) has not been received in time to be included in this number, and will be issued later- — ss BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 51 Beyond the border to the North and North East are steep limestone mountain ranges rising from about 2,000 feet, as at Paitak at the foot of the Takigerra pass in Persia, where in August the satyr—S. parisatis—settles in scores in the water-worn holes of the limestone cliff, up to plateaux at 5,000 and 6,000 feet, such as the Kerind Valley, with peaks of 8,000 feet on either side, or 11,000 feet as near Kermanshah. At four to five thousand feet stunted and other hill-oaks are found ; and one may come across the silk cocoons of some large moth, related to the ‘moon moth’, attached at about 5 feet from the ground to some thorny bush, about which the crimson and yellow leaves of autumn produce a wonderful effect against the grey-blue of the limestone rocks and boulders of the hill side. Near the streams in the gorges and beautiful clefts through the ranges are walnut, mulberry and other fruit trees, the haunt of the magnificent fritillary, A. maia, and of the familiar Purple Hair-streak (Zephyrus quercus) of England. In the glades many richly coloured blues are found, such as Lycana dama, and C. thersamon, the latter a tailed copper, shot with purple. Humidity.—This in the lower or alluvial region is fairly high from November to April, and low from June to September, when in the undulating uplands it is very low. Temperature.—In both regions January is usually the coldest month, and there are frosts at night in the winter. Rarely, as in four days in February of 1920, when the rain was late, there is snow. The mean daily temperature varies from about 40° F. in the cold season to about 90° in the Summer. The maximum reaches to over 130° in the shade in July in the alluvial region and to 120° or more in the higher region in August. These conditions would account for so called ‘Wet’ season forms in Feb- . ruary and October, and extreme Dry forms met with in June in the uplands whereas in the highlands beyond a comparatively ‘Wet’ season form is still to be found in July, as instanced by the bath white (daplidice) one of the com- monest forms in some parts of Mesopotamia. The butterfly species of Mesopotamia are comparatively few. In the alluvial region such as at Amara they probably do not exceed a dozen in number. But on the uplands of undulating plateaux and ‘“‘Jebels,”’ as the low hill ridges are called, and on the foothills, some 40 forms occur to my own knowledge. On these uplands the earliest broods appear towards the end of January, but cold may delay them a month or more, as in 1920; and in the Spring, especially early in May, with the wonderful profusion of flowers there is a corresponding abundance of butterflies, that is of indviduals of some half dozen or so species, P. machaon, Colias croceus (= edusa) Synchle belemia, etc., being there seen in astonishing numbers. But in June the numbers rapidly diminish here, as the heat asserts itself, whereas in the highlands in July the abundance of lepidoptera is again amazing. The satyrs, Epinephele jurtina and EH. lupinus, for instance, rise up in fluttering clouds accompanied by numbers of the gorgeous “Jersey Tiger’? Callimorpha quadripunctata {= hera), as one moves about beneath the trees. In October some new broods appear, but not in such numbers as in the Spring. A few, such as the small cabbage white (rape), bath white (daplidice) and clouded yellow (crocea = edusa), continue almost throughout the year. In character the butterfly fauna of Mesopotamia, like the flora, which of course largely determines it, is much more English than that of the fauna of say, the South of France, and the fact that a large proportion of the forms are either the same as or nearly akin to English species at once strikes the collector; machaon, for instance, is the only Papilio found below the highlands ; and other examples of English forms are rape, daplidice, croceus ( = edusa), pamphilus and atalanta ; besides the more widespread brown argus (astrarche), megera. 52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. ticarus, and flava ( = thauwmas); and of course the ubiquitous painted lady (cardui) and long tailed Blue (beticus). It is noteworthy that although P. machaon, Melitea persea and Euchle are found together on stony ridges as in India, their other associate there, Ypthima bolanica, is not represented in Mesopotamia by any of its genus. The Editor has asked for Keys and brief descriptions so that collectors may recognize their captures. A. Forms from Mesopotamia :— DaANAIDA, 1. Danais chrysippus, L. SATYRID&. Pararge megera, L. Subsp. iranica, Riley. Satyrus telephassa, Hb. »» persephone, Hb. (=anthe, O.) f. hanifa. a briseis, L. Subsp. magna. Epinephele lupinus, Costa. ssp. centralis, Riley. Precis (Junonia) orithya, L. Subsp. here, Lang. Pyrameis cardui, L. ,» atalanta, L. Polygonia egea, Cr. Melitcea trivia, Subsp. persea, Koll. SOMA oR oo bo fam fel PAPILIONID %. 12. Papilio machaon, L. Subsp. centralis, Stagr. 13. Thais cerisyi, Bdv. var. deyrollei, Ob. 14. Doritis apollinus, Herbst. PIERID&. 15. Belenois mesentina, Cr. : 16. Pieris rape, L. Subsp. iranica, LeCerf. 17. Pontia daplidice, L. 18. oe glauconome, Klug. 19. 5 chloridice, Hb. 20. Euchle ausonia, Hb. Subsp. persica, Ver. Pe belemia, E. 22. Ap charlonia, Subsp. transcaspica, Stgr. 23. Zegris eupheme, E. Subsp. dyala, Peile. 24. =A ” Subsp. tigris, Riley. 25. Colias croceus, Foure. ( = edusa, Fab.) 26. Teracolus (=Colotis) fausta, Ol. LYCAZNID #&. 27. Lycena astrarche, Berg. 28. » tcarus, Rott. Subsp. persica, But. 29. Heodes (Chrysophanus) phleas, L. 30. Zizera karsandra, Moore. Bille » otis, Kab. 32. Chilades galba, Led. 33 - 5 trochilus, Frey. 34. Lampides (Polyommatus) beticus, L. 35. Tarucus theophrastus, Fab. 86. Be balcanicus, Fr. areshanus, B. Baker. _ .s BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 53 HESPERIID&. 37. Carcharodus alcee, HK. 38. Gegenes nostrodamus, Fabr. 39. » lefebvret, Rambur. 40. Thymelycus (Adope) lineola, Ochs. 41. Hesperia geron, Watson. 42. 53 proto, Esp. 43. 35 alveus, Hbn. 44. Parnara mathias, Fab. B. Additional forms from N. W. Persia and Kurdistan :— 45. Agapetes larissa, Subsp. tranica, Seitz. 46. Cenonympha pamphilus, L. f. hylas, Esp. 47. “a saadi, Koll. 48. Satyrus pelopea, Klug. 49, » hermione, L. Subsp. syriaca, Stgr. 50. Pe CURCE La 51. » (Nytha) parisatis, Koll. 52. Epinephele jurtina, L. Subsp. persica, LeCerf. 58% “ telmessia, Subsp. kurdistana, Ruhl. 54. = 3 Subsp. palescens, Butler. 55. a mandane, Koll. 56. Limenitis rivularis, Scop. (camilla, Auctt.) 57. Argynnis maia, Cr. (=pandora, Schif.) 58. rs latona, L. (=lathonia, Auctt.) 59. Melitea didyma, Subsp. casta, Koll. 60. Polygonia (Vanessa) ** C”’ album, L. “ “s egea, Subsp. * J”? album. 62. Libythea celtis, Fuess. 63. Papilio podalirius, L. 64. Pieris napi, L. pseudorape, Ver. 65. » ergane, Hbn. 66. Huchle gruneri, H.-S. Subsp. armeniaca, Chr. 67. Gonepteryx farinosa, Z. 68. Lycena dama, Stgr. Subsp. karinda, Riley. 69. ve peilei, B. Baker. 70. 55 damone, Ev. Subsp. damalis, Riley. fale * admetus, Stgr. 72. > bellargus, Rott. = baton, Berg. Subsp. clara, Stegr. 74. Heodes (Chrysophanus, thersamon, Esp. kurdistana, Riley. 79. 9 2? oe) Esp. 76. Cyaniris argiolus, L. 77. Aphneus epargyrus, marginallis, Riley. (hse 6 acamas, Klug. hypargyros, Butler. 79. Cigaritis maxima, Staud. 80. Zephyrus quercus, Dal. longicauda, Riley. 81. Strymon (Thecla) abdominalis, Gerhard, f. gerhardti, Staud. 82. 5 Po ilicis, E. caudatula, Zell. 83. - 0 marcidus, Kiley. 84. Hogenes alcides, Herr. Schaeff. 85. Thanaos marloyi, Bov; 86. Carcharodus althee, beticus, Rambur. 87. Hesperia orbifer hilaris, Staud. 88. Thanaos tages, L. var. wnicolor, Freyer. The eight forms named by Riley, one by B. Baker and one by the writer, were found to be new. 54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, DANAID AL. Genus DANAIS, Latr. D. chrysippus, L., Seitz. Vol. 1:28 c. F. Br. Ind. (Bingham), Vol. I, Pl. 1. Key: Tawny brown, f.w. with white bar of spots near apex. Terminal margin of wings black with white dots. The Mesopotamian form is f. chrysippus. Seen in small numbers in June and again in Oct., Nov. and December ; fre- quents thistles and mint flowers. Localities —Basra and Kut-el-Amara, seen occasionally (Major T. D. Broughton) ; Kizil Robat ; Khanikin, 8. E. Europe, 8. Asia, the whole of Africa and Malayan and Australian region. ab. alcippoides, M., one example taken at Kizil Robat, Nov. 17th at mint, having two-thirds of disc of hindwing white. The writer has not come across in Mesopotamia the Asclepias species which is the usual food-plant in India. Genus AGAPETES, Billb. A. larissa, Hb. Subsp. iranica, Seitz. Key: An irregular broad discal cream white band across both wings ; basal and postdiscal portions of wings black, an oblong black spot in centre of forewing. Upperside : forewing ground colour, cream white ; basa] third mostly black ; a sinuous black line across cell, the outer and posterior portion of the cell within this line cream white ; an oblong black spot in centre of wing, between veins 3 and 4, and another black blotch to its inner side anteriorly. Apex black with two large spots of the ground colour a submarginal row 7 spots of the ground colour one in each interspace and connected with a corresponding sub- marginal row of small conical spots. Hindwing.—Basal third black except for a bar of the ground colour from its centre forwards. A broad angled discal band with indications of two ocelli in it posteriorly, a submarginal row of conical cream white spots and black marginal line. Underside ; darker cream tinted. Forewing a sinuous black line across middle of wing, and two black blotches near posterior angle. Hindwing s there are indications of three black ocelli posteriorly and of one anteriorly ; and of a row of black sagittate markings beyond these. This form from the Karind valley in N. W. Persia is fairly normal and almost devoid of markings beneath. It is in June and July very common at 5,300 ft. By July 13th the great majority of individuals seen had the wings very much torn, apparently by the long needle like spines of the yellow thistle which it frequents. It is a heavy flier and very easily caught. None were seen later than July. The species seen by Lt.-Col. Watney on June 18th in the Bazian Pass in 8. Kurdistan was probably this. 1 &, 14 2 P from the Karind valley, July 13-17, 1918; all except § 2 2 are now in the British Museum. Capt. N. D. Riley remarks on them as follows :— ** Figured in Seitz Pl. 39b as parthica and placed as a race of hylata, Men. In his description of hylata Men. expressly states of the wings ‘ base imma- culate’ and from the rest of his description hylata can only be the Taliche form of titea. Similarly his teneates is obviously the Taliche form of japygia. I am not able to separate iranica except as a race of larissa.” BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA, 55 Coenonympha saadi, Koll. Harir, 15-16 July, 4 9. Note by Capt. Riley :—“ Badly worn, certainly not var. mesopotamica, Ruhl. which is a much more faintly and differently marked form, The markings approach mesopofamica in these specimens in appearance, mainly owing to their worn condition.” Ccenonympha pamphilus, ssp. hylas, Esp. 1 9, Suwarra, July 1919. (Capt. Aldworth). Genus SATYRUS. A. Bands above white .. .brisers, (Brown tinted forms of 2 of briseis may be distinguished from the following species by their uniform reddish tinted underside) B. Bands above brown tinted... 3 hermione. (The pale band on the hindwing above i is much nearer the margin and not central as in briseis). C. Bands above tawny. a. Band containing white dots. al. Band of f.w. broadly divided at the white dots ; underside earth brown . .peloped. 61. Band not broadly divided underside greyish . .telephassa. b. Band without white dots af a . .persephone. S. telephassa, Hb.. Seitz. 1:43c. (87 examples). This grayling is of a rather dark grey brown ground colour with a subter- minal irregular tawny band on both wings, containing in f.w. two black, usually white centred, eyespots in interspaces 2 and 5 and between them two white dots, and in h.w. 2 minute, but complete spots in interspaces 1 and 2, the white centres being more prominent. There is always in f.w. a sharp angle or tooth of the ground colour encroaching on the band on its inner side and rarely dividing it ; on the h.w. the band does not reach the costa. ¢ with a black and very distinct band or sex-mark in the cell. The 9 is of course without this and is also a good deal larger. Underside of h.w. grey striated with darker, and usually with a fairly distinct narrow whitish angled postmedian band. Expanse:— 3 60 mm. (21 in,) 9 70 m.m. (22 in.). Common both in Mesopotamia on the Dyala at Kizil Robat and a few by the Tigris at Baiji; N. W. Persia, Harir and Kermanshah common. Kizil Robat, March to May; Khanikin, October; N. W. Persia, Karind Valley, July, August, September ; Buxton notes Qasvin, September, worn females found flying among dessicated plants. S. persephone, Hb., Seitz. 1:42e, Ochs. over 70 specimens. Larger and darker than either letephassa or pelopea and the 3 d are shaped as 9 © and of the same size. ¢ with band light ochreous, tinted in places with tawny. The eyespots without white centres, and the dots absent. The prolongation of the band to costa of f.w. from the upper eyespot is narrow and well marked. On the h.w. it does not nearly reach tornus. Q with the band bright tawny. ¢ without sexmark. 56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, Underside more boldly marked on both wings than in the other spp. hindwings with a white subterminal line as well as a white postmedian band, which is bordered inwardly with a black line. Expanse 72 mm. Capt. Riley, having examined 57 of the specimens from Fathah (=Baiji) and Kizil-Robat, remarks :—‘‘ All are referable to the form hanifa, Nordm. The typical pure white banded form does not seem to occur; the majority of the females have the bands uniformly rich fulvous, but in 3 females and in most of the males they are much broken or almost replaced by pale yellowish. !t has. been suggested that the dark ochreous and the hight forms are seasonal. In Kedosand Yezgat in Asia Minor both extremes seem to occur at the same time, and the species appears to be single brooded as in S. Russia. Col. Peile’s specimens are certainly all of tke Spring brood and all dark ; it is unfortunate he was unable to secure any of the Autumn brood, (As mentioned below, I when without,a net put up a few one evening at Nineveh late in October when at Mosul for three days only. H.D.P.) ) ten feet of stout cord about 4 inch diameter, fastened to the shaft and about 8 strands of Linch diameter cord 15 feet long each, attached to the loose end of the thick cord, uh other ends being attached - to the harpoon ring. This is to prevent the animal cutting the cord near to the harpoon, as occasionally happens if a single thick cord is used. These thin cords should be bound together, at about 18 inches interval to avoid getting them entangled ; (c) a barbed head with wide deep barbs made from 2 inch bar iron or 1 inch by 2 inch flat iron, fitted into a wooden collar, and the end turned over to prevent it being pulled out. The sketch of the harpoon explains things better than words. This barbed head must always be kept sharp, and the point should be fairly obtuse so as not to get bent by striking against a hard part of the animal, This outfit is for a one man show. If there are two or more of a party, it is advisable for one to go on each side of the river, in which case you want an extra harpooner and axeman, if you would save time. The best time to plan your shoot is between December and February, before the hot weather begins. During these three months, besides being cool, snow-fed rivers such as the Kosi and its tributaries are at their lowest ebb, and the croco- diles have numerous banks to bask on. It is cold in the mornings and evenings, and warm all day, with the result that the animals are out from about 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. You don’t need to get up before sunrise. You get up at a respectable hour, have your breakfast comfortably and then sally forth just in time to get the early crocs. As it gets hotter the animals come up earlier and earlier, and stay later and later, until when the weather gets really hot during the day they come up about sunrise and then go down again about 10 a.m., coming up 78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. again about 4 or 5 p.m. and staying till dark, or sometimes till after dark, Very big animal occasionally come and bask at night during the hot weather. When you have fixed your dates for shooting, get your outfit ready and engage a shikarri. Tell him to first obtain full details of road and river communication, especially in the Kosi district, and then to locate the favourite sandbanks of the crocodiles. Get these fixed on your map as accurately as possible by getting their direction from the nearest villages. Do not on any account trust to your shikarri’s ideas of distances, as he will cheerfully call five miles a kos or two miles. Having done this, engage your personnel and boat and fix your route roughly. I say roughly on purpose, because local or climatic conditions may force you to alter your plans. When you go crocodile shooting, wear breeches, as otherwise crawling about or going on all fours will be found painful to your knees. Breeches also save you from getting sun scorched if you are not accustomed to wearing shorts, especially if you are in a boat. A dark khaki shirt and ordinary pigsticker topie complete your outfit ; if you want to do it in style, add a pair of rubber soled shoes or boots to your kit. These are very useful when stalking, as, besides being noiseless they do not break dry twigs so readily as ordinary boots. Crocodiles are extremely keen of hearing and very sharp sighted, so one has to be careful to keep out of sight of them, and to avoid treading on dry twigs or grass if possible. In localities where people are constantly coming and going, such as near ghats, they become quite bold, and you can frequently ' walk up to a point opposite them on the other bank, sit down comfortably and. pot one of them at your leisure. This, of ccurse, is only possible when the river is narrow enough to shoot across. Tf you are shooting along a river and travelling in a boat in preference to foot- slogging it along the banks, always follow the outside curve of a bend in the river, and keep close to the bank, as this enables you to see farthest head, and also makes it easier to disembark quickly, as frequently one comes across an animal that is not visible till you approach quite close to it, and if you have then to come in from somewhere about midstream, and happen to be going down current as well, you are on to the animal before you can come ashore. This is obviated by sending scouts well ahead, one on each bank, to warn you. When you arrive in the vicinity of the first bank, go forward and from a dis- tance examine the plan and the animals carefully with your binoculars, select your animal and the best place to shoot it from. You will usually find that a short snouter, if on the opposite bank, is bolder than a long snouter, and may be more easily approached, but if on the same side of the river as yourself, the long-snouter is the bolder. If you have to stalk for position, walk up till you can, just see them from a crouching position, and then drop on all fours. If your glasses are in a sling case, you had better discard them here, as they will impede you and are apt to disturb the animals by bumping against your knees. For some reason or other a crocodile does not seem to object to your approaching on all fours nearly as much as if walking. You can fre- quently get to within 80 or 100 yards of them over absolutely open country if you go on all fours. When you have gone as near as possible like this, Jie down flat and imagine you are a worm and crawl as close as you can under cover. Going like this you require very little, or low cover. A few sprigs, blades of corn in the puggari of your helmet are a great assistance in stalking. I may remark here, that it is advisable to have a foresight protector of a kind that closes the muzzle of your rifle and prevents it getting filled with sand or mud for this sort of stalking, as otherwise sand is bound to get in and then you have to clean it out. All this means unnecessary movements on your part, which you wish to avoid. When you have got as near as possible, slowly erect your rifie rest, which should be adjustable. I use a pointed stick with nails driven in three inches apart. If you are a humane person, don’t shoot without the A FEW HINTS ON CROCODILE SHOOTING. 79 rest, as you have really a very small target to aim at. It is quite easy to hit your animal, but unless you hit him in the right place, he will merely slip into the water and be lost, wounded. An animal of 7 to 8 feet in length may be knocked out by a heavy bullet through the body, but above that length, unless you smash the spine, which is not usual, it is quite useless to take a body shot and expect to stop the animal. You must get him on the neck, between the jaw and shoulder. Even this target is limited. Divide this part horizontally, into four equal divisions. You must get your bullet into the middle two divisions if you want to stop your animal till you can har- poon him. You may manage to harpoon him if he is hit above or below this, but it is doubtful. There is one other spot to hit him. If you know your rifle and can hit the mark, the upper quarter of the head, horizontally, is a very deadly shot, as you usually blow out the animals brains, but it is also a very difficult shot. I have seen an animal go away with two bullets in his head. One got him behind the eye in the upper jaw, but below the brain line, and remained inside, and the other took a piece of the top of his head off, without smashing his brain. These were *405 bore Winchester bullets, and anybody who knows that make of rifle, will have some idea of what a big crocodile can stand. Before starting to stalk your animal, place your harpooner. He should be as close to the animal as he can approach without fear of disturbing it. On a still day he ought to be about 40 or 50 yards off, but if a good wind is causing a rustle in the grass or scrub, he may approach closer. As soon as you fire he will rush down and harpoon the animal, near the head for choice, and from behind. This prevents the animal seizing the harpoon, and the man in charge can then, with a little trouble, free the head of the harpoon from the shaft and wrap the cord round the animal’s snout three or four times. This prevents him snapping, and while the harpoon holds the snout in one direction, the axeman severs its spinal column from the opposite side. Because you may happen to have absolutely laid out the animal with your rifle, unless it has been the brain shot, don’t neglect the axe and leave the crocodile, because he almost certainly is not dead, and if you left him for an hour and came back, it is quite possible you would not find him. He will have recovered a little and struggled into the water. Once his spinal column is severed, he is safe. If you have not the axe handy, put a charge of No. 4 shot into his brain from about three feet away. If you are after a short snouter you cannot wind the cord round his snout owing to the shape, therefore, if he is of any size, always take a gun with you, and as soon as he is harpooned, if he shows the least sign of life, put a charge of No. 4 into his head from 2 feet away. He has a much thicker skull than the long snouter. If he appears quite dead, or at all events, quiescent, seize him by the tail and hind legs and drag him ashore, and then apply the axe. A short snouter is very much harder to kill than a long snouter, and both, if alive, are very dangerous when harpooned, so whatever you do, keep out of range of their jaws. The neck shot, properly placed, and not too near the foreleg, will usually stop a short snouter long enough to harpoon him, but you can never be sure. They have enormously thick, muscular necks, and they will often get into the water without being har- pooned, no matter where they are hit, as they usually lie very close to the water, and almost invariably, where there are short snouters of any size, there you will find very deep water, and deep close to the edge. The shot will usually kill him eventually, but even if you get him a few days later when he floats up, his skin is useless. As soon as you have hit an animal, and stopped it, if it is in such a position that the harpooner will take some time in reaching it, say over 20 seconds, which will frequently be the case from some cause or another, get your glasses and examine him again to see exactly where you have hit him. You will see the blood oozing out of the bullet hole. If he is hit outside the deadly zone, the 80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, probability is that he is only temporarily stunned, and will recover very quickly and slip into the water. In this case, put another bullet into him. He occasionally recovers so quickly, in spite of a second bullet that you are in- clined to believe that the second shot acts as a sort of counter irritant, and in some cases, though not usually, I think it doss. Once a wounded animal starts wriggling towards the water, my experience is that you may put as many bullets as you caninto him, but you won’t stop him reaching the water. I suppose the reason is that you have only time, at the most, for two more hurried shots and neither of them strikes within the deadly zone. If a heavy animal gets into the water after being harpooned, don’t try too hard to hold him by the harpoon cord. It is not m2ant to drag him ashore with. Rather let the harpoon go altogether ; when the animal gets into the water, its movements will soon shake the head clear of the shaft, the cord will unwind, and the shaft float to the top. Now follow up in your boat and keep your feet clear of the cord. Pull up the animal to the surface with the cord and get another harpoon into him, or another bullet or charge of shot. You will very seldom have to do this if you us9 a gocd rifle and are a decent shot. As soon as you have your animal killed, get your thick rope round his snout or head, according to class of animal, and pull him well away from the water’s edge, out of sight of it, if possible, as his carcase is apt to deter others from coming up in the same place. Now your chamars can get to work. Don’t stay behind with them. Leave two or three chamars, according to the size of the animal, to skin it, and take the rest on. You want as many men as possible with you, as it will take a dozen good men to pull a heavy animal up a steep bank. You will frequently have to get help from the people round about for this job. If shooting on a fairly narrow stream, say one varying from 50 to 120 yards across, you will generally shoot from across the river. If you hit an animal and stop him for a short time, though not long enough to harpoon him, don’t give him up as lost. Twice out of five times he will come up near your bank, just about opposite where you hit him, in about ten minutes or less. The water gets into his body from the bullet wound and interferes with his breathing. The larger the hole made the sooner he comes up. He will probably first rise some distance out, but have patience, he will probably come right into the bank. Keep under cover, and when he comes up, creep up as close as possible, he probably won’t be hard to approach fairly close to, and give him a bullet through the head. In a wide stream, he will probably come up a little lower | down on the same side as he was on when hit. Occasionally you will shoot an animal that is in the water, near the edge. If you have got in a deadly shot, he will probably struggle and lash about but will not leave the immediate vicinity. He will almost certainly turn on his back and his tail or legs will show above water. He will gradually sink-and the current will take him into deeper water. In this case, if you have not succeeded in har- pooning him first, get your boat up as quickly as possible, when your harpooner will feel all over the bottom of the river near where it sank, with the harpoon, When he finds it, if he does, he will endeavour to stick the harpoon into it. This done, you can pull him up with the harpoon. If it is in pretty deep water, he probably will not be able to get enough power into the stab to drive the harpoon into the animal, especially if it happens to be a short snouter’s back (his head, of course, is quite hopeless). In this case place the harpoon head, as well as you can judge, on the animal’s back, and then use your axe head as a hammer, and drive the harpoon in as if it was a pile. If a wounded animal turns upside down, it is usually quite safe to rush in and seize him by a hind leg or the tail. He has not enough life in him to do any damage. You must expect to lose a big per- centage of animals shot in the water, as they are usually near deep water, and unless found very quickly, the current carries them away. Never shoot at an Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate Il. A Female Gavial (G. gangeticus). Male Gavial showing nob at the top. Hints on Crocopine SHOOTING. wy, ple z > anal mer t a Law" Wie y) ris iealitias eae q) , ‘ oa ‘ : i Aha eat } sahte / z A FEW HINTS ON CROCODILE SHOOTING. 81 animal that is swimming about in deep water, as it is quite impossible to recover it, you only disturb the other animals, besides being unsportsmanlike to kill wantonly. When swimming about, they present a very difficult target, as you only see the top of the head and snout. This gives you a horizontal target about two.inches deep, if a large animal, to get your bullet into. If you alone are shoot- ing, tell your harpooner, or whoever you have on the opposite side, to keep a sharp look out for animals basking on your side, especially if the banks are steep or vertical. As soon as le sees one, he signs to you and then goes and stands opposite the animal, well away from the edge, with his harpoon shaft pointing straight at the animal. Then you go up and get in line. He now signals which way the animal’s head is. Creep up from behind and try and get as nearly as possible over him, and put a bullet through his brain. The rifle rest is no use here. Usually, just as you catch sight of them, or prébably just before, there will be a frantic splash and you may just see the tail disappear under water. Occasionally you will bag one this way, and then the satisfaction more than makes up for your other disappointments. You will very seldom catch a big animal like this. A wind helps you a great deal in this sort of work, as the rustling of the leaves and grasses deadens any slight noise you may make. Rubber shoes come in handy here. If you are wearing heavy boots, you had better take them off when you come near the animal, and go in your stockinged soles. Have a harpooner handy, because stalking of this sort is usually done in a river with steep banks, and the water is probably deep at the edge, or gets deep very quickly, and you want to harpoon your animal while he is struggling at the top. If you happen to know a place where the crocodiles are used to frequenting shallows or submerged sandbanks, and they are not visible when you arrive on the scene, the procedure to adopt is as follows :— Fix up your rifle rest in a suitable spot and get ready. Then give some one the signal to fire a shot into the water. A rifle shot is best, but a gun will usually do the trick. Crocodiles are gifted with curiosity, and almost at once you will see their heads come up to see what is going on. Now select one over a shallow part, preferably one looking away from you, and shoot him through the head, A good maxim when shooting crocodiles is never to fire at a crocodile with only one cartridge in the rifle. You never know when you may require a second or third shot in a hurry. Even if you have cartridges with you, you will almost certainly have to expose yourself in reloading. With a wounded animal this does not much matter, but now and again, especially if there is a strong wind blowing, and there are several animals up, all will not bolt at the first shot, but if you expose yourself immediately after, they certainly will. Although you have a gun with you, don’t shoot birds while after crocs, as you only disturb the animals and make them shy. Shoot your birds early in the morning or after the animals have gone down in the evening. Also, on no account whatever take a padre or a dog with you. Short snouters are very partial to dogs and dogs are thirsty creatures. They are also apt to trot down to the water just as you are nearing the completion of an arduous stalk, and then away go the animals and your temper with them. As regards the padre, when you have badly wounded an animal and through some fault of one of your men, you look like losing it, the air is apt to get hazy in your vicinity ; also, you have those two most execrable of all living birds,theBrahminy duck and the Red wattled Lapwing, to destroy your temper. I think the most saintly person ever born would get frantic with fury if he was trying to stalk a crocodile and a couple of these lapwings saw him and started screaming at him that it was a “‘pity to do it,” or if a pair of Brahminies started trumpeting as soon as he came in sight of them, and it is very hard indeed to keep out of sight of these birds. Many a time have I felt that I would give a good deal to have the necks of these vile creatures in a half hitch of stout cord, one end of which was fastened to a good stout stake, 11 82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. driven well into the ground, and the other end in my hand. I would just glory in tightening it at the first call, and wouldn’t I just pull! I think the lapwing is the worst offender, as he is there all the time, and does not even fly away, espe- cially later on when they have young ons. The brahminy flies off before you come very near, and if the crocodile stays on after he flies off, you may be pretty sure of a shot. Herons are also rather a nuisance, but they fly off even before the brahminy and don’t usually make much noise about it. Another frequent source of annoyance is that just as you are getting near your shooting point after a careful stalk, an unwitting native selects precisely that time and place to go and have a drink. One generally feels relief on these occasions by blowing off a bit of steam, and the padre might not like it. I don’t know why a bit of bad language relieves one’s feelings, but it certainly does have that effect. The short snouter or man-eating crocodile is called a mugger (Crocodilus yalustris) or a bocha by the natives, and the long snouter a gavial, gharial or nakaar (Gavialis gangeticus). This latter name is applied to all long snouters, but the male one, after attaining a certain stage of maturity, develops a large knob on the point of his snout, on the upper jaw, under which his nostrils are ; he is then called a Basoolia nakaar or just simply a Lasoolia. I believe the above explanation is correct, but do not know for certain, and I should like some definite information on the subject. The male grows considerably longer than the female, which attains to about fourteen feet from my observations I have shot males up to seventeen feet, and have seen some slightly larger, or which appeared so. The short snouter is a shorter but very much heavier animal especially as he gets bigger. Anything over thirteen feet is a big short snouter. If any of my readers could give me details of large animals of either kind, I should be much obliged. I should like, if possible, to know what the record size is. I believe that in the Sunderbands* they grow to an enormous size, but I have never seen any there. Tley have enormous heads, though that is not noticed till you see them at fairly close quarters. Out of an animal 133 feet long I took a complete corpse. It was in three portions, the head and body complete and the legs separate. That will give you an idea of what they can swallow. Their skins are very much tougher and thicker than the long snouters’ skins, and take more work to remove them from the carcase. If you have the option of choosing between two animals of equal length as to which you will shoot, the long or the short snouter, you have one or two things to consider. The long snouter will give you slightly less skin but the short snouter is much more difficult to kill, and so a less certain bag. Unless it is a really big short snouter, I would advise shooting the other. Ina big short snouter there is always a greater element of excitement, you also make curious finds in his stomach, stich as bangles, anklets, etc.. The long snouter sticks to fish and turtles, though I have heard of bangles being found in them. I don’t trouble to examine them myself. In both species, however, there is. always a collection of stones, sometimes quite large, swallowed, I suppose, to aid digestion. Small long snouters of from 3 to 6 feet or even a little larger may readily be killed with shot from close ranges, say ten to fifteen yards, with shot varying from No. 4 to AAA. For slightly larger animals L.G. is best. Always. aim for the head or neck, though when using L. G. I am inclined to aim at the body, as two or three simultaneous blows spread over an area of about 9 inches. gives the animal a tremendous shock, and as you must be quite close to use it at. all, you will probably have time to rush in and get it ashore before it recovers. *The big Mugger of the Sunderbands is a different species to the short-snouter (C. pajustris) Mr. Shortt writes about. The big Mugger of the Sunderbands is the sea-going erccodile (C. porosus) which is considered more dangerous and ferocious than palustris. According to Boulenger in the Fauna of British India C. yorosus attains a length of 33feet. The largest palustris in the British Museum is 12 feet. long— Eps. A FEW HINTS ON CROCODILE SHOOTING, 83 In skinning your animals, do not cut down the centre of the stomach, as in other animals. The stomach skin is the valuable part of the hide. The back is quite useless, being composed of a number of bony shields. Cut along the edge of the back below these hard shields, and go down to the end of the double spiky ridge on the tail. Skin right.up to the chin, and in the legs, cut so as to divide the large from the small scales, and skin as far as the first joint only. After you have skinned the animal, have all the flesh and particularly the fat, removed. Then lay it flat, wet surface uppermost, and rub a plentiful supply of salt in, as much as it will absorb, and then as much more again sprinkled over it and left. Dry the skin for a couple of days till all the liquid salt has soaked in or dried up, and then roll it up, pack it ina sack and send it off. It would be much better to send it off before drying, but the railway authorities will not now take them like that, though they used to. Besides, if there is a long journey before the skin, most of the salt drips off and the skin is apt to go wrong if there is any delay in delivery. In a few days’ time you will receive a letter from the tannery, telling you the skins arrived with very little salt rubbed into them, or with too much fat on them, or in a doubtful condition, but that they have taken them in hand and will do their best, etc., etc. Never mind, if you haven’t spared the salt and it is not later in the year than February or March, they will be quite all right. - If at the end of your shoot you can show one skin for every two bullets, you have done well. This does not include animals shot with your gun, or shot cartridges expended. It is the animals which get away wounded, after you have put two or three bullets into them that, lower your average. Ninety per cent. at least of your animals actually bagged should have been secured with a single shot each. You must also reckon on a good number of misses, as your target is a very limited one, and you know that if you go a little too high or low you will miss it. Remember that you are more apt to go low, and that with a H. V. rifle, as soon as the bullet strikes the water, it is done. It never ricochets off at the same angle it strikes the water at. Large animals of 14 feet and over are suitable for trunks, while the smaller ones are suitable for suit cases, gladstone bags, etc. For small articles such as purses or writing wallets, you want animals up to about 8 feet. The smaller the animal the finer the grain, and the smaller the article it is suitable for. In closing, I will just mention a few good shooting places. I only know the Bihar district, so can speak for that only. If you decide to shoot in this province, I would suggest the following places :— (1) Go to Dhamarra ghat on the B. N.W. railway ; you will get some fair shoot- ing there. There is also an inspection bungalow close to the shooting ground and station. Here there are jheels full of crocodiles, short snouters only, and also a river which goes under various names. Here it is called the Kusela. Where the railway crosses it isanexcellent stretch for both species, long and short snouters. You can get a couple of days shooting here. (2) If you go to Maheskhunt station, take a bicycle and ride to Chautham, about five miles north of it. Here you can get another two days’ shooting on the Ghugri. (3) This river joins the Labkhi Dhar, a branch of the Kosi, about six miles down-stream, and just below the junction is the village of ‘Telihar. This is a great spot. (4) About a mile or so west of this, another branch of the Kosi joins the Labkhi Dhar, upstream of its confluence, with the Ghugri. I do not know the name of this other stream, but its confluence with the Labkhi is another favourite spot, particularly for short snouters, and really big ones too. (5) If you follow the Labkhi upstream you will get shooting for several miles, and good shooting, though there is a blank stretch between the last confluence mentioned and a point about two miles upstream. 84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. (6) From Mokhana Bazaar station go east to Sonbarsa, about eight miles. Here you can get a couple of days shooting, and again (7) about five miles further east near Kasnagar. (8) From Dauram Madhipura, about six miles south lies Pa- tharghat, about a mile and a half south-east is an excellent spot. (9) The best place of all, however, is about 6 miles east of.Patharghat, round about Mokhma and Pachlakh. The main Kosi stream is here and is teeming with the reptiles, but the shooting is difficult, as the biggest crocodiles frequent banks in mid-stream, too far away for accurate shooting. There are good spots here and there, though, where, with a little trouble you can get good shots where the sand banks are at the edges of the stream. About half a mile east of Mokhma ghat is a stream, the ‘“‘Sathar Dhar,” running roughly parallel with the Kosi, one of its branches in fact. This is a narrow stream from 60 to 100 yards across, and is simply full of crocodiles of both classes, with plenty of good cover for stalking as a rule, though here and there it is very thick and impossible to stalk in. Between these two places you can have a week’s shooting of the very best. Drinking water in the Kosi district is very indifferent. If your men are up to the ropes you will always be able to get milk and vegetables, but take your own meat ration, and a couple of tins or so of condensed milk. You may have difficulty in getting labour, so I would strongly advise you to take your own chamars with you, and to arrange for a boat long before hand. At Sonbarsa or Khapsia, a little north of Patharghat, boats are always obtain- able, though not at a moment’s notice. Carts may always be obtained if you pay enough. If you go to Mokhma I would advise you to engage a boat at Khapsia, where they make boats, and then load it on to a cart and take it across country to Mokhma, as you cannot get boats there. That is a drawback on the Sathar Phar too, but there are a fair number of ghats on the stream that you can cross at ; also it is not too wide to shoot across. I hope these few remarks may be of use to somebody. If they are. I shall have done my job. 85 HAND-LIST OF THE “BIRDS OF INDIA.” 1174. 1175; 1176. U7 7- 1178. 1179. 1180. rey BY E. C. Sruart BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Part IV. (Continued from page 744 of Volume XXVII.) Family ZosTEROPIDA. (226) Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa. The Indian W hite-eye. Sylvia palpebrosa Temm., Pl. Col., 293, Fig. 3, (1824), (Bengal) (Cuttack Orissa). Bengal, Orissa, E. Central Provinces, 8. India. (226) Zosterops palpebrosa elwesi. The Western White- eye. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., xlii., p. (1921), (Sikkim). E. Central Provinces, N. W. and N. India, Himalayas to N. Assam. (226) Zosterops palpebrosa egregia. The Small Ceylon W hite-eye. Zosterops egregia Madaraz, Ann, Mus., Budapest, ix., p. 422, IZA Hebe Te” Mere ), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. (226) Zosterops palpebrosa cacharensis. The Cachar W hite-eye. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., alit., p. (1921), (Gunjgong, N. Cachar). Assam 8. of Brahmapootra to Chin Hills. (228) Zosterops palpebrosa peguensis. The Pegu White- eye. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., xlit., p.- (1921), (Tennasserim). S. Burma, E. Burma, Yunnan, ? Hainan and Formosa. (226) Zosterops palpebrosa nicobariensis. The Nico- bar Whate-eye. Z. nicobariensis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xiv., p. 563, (1845) (Nicobars). Andamans and Nicobars, including Car Nicobar. (229) Zosterops ceylonensis. The Large Ceylon White-eye. Holds., P.Z.S., 1872, p. 459, Pl. 20, Fig. 2 (Ceylon). Ceylon, only above 1,000 feet. 86 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1181. (227) Zosterops aureiventer aureiventer, Hume's White- eye. Z. aureiventer Hume, Str. Feath., vi., p. 519, (1878), (Z'avoy). Tennasserim, Malay Peninsula, North to 8. Shan States. 1182. (230) Zosterops siamensis. The Siamese White-eye. Blyth, Jbis, 1867, p. 34, (Siam.) Pegu, S.W. and Central Burma, Siam, Cochin China, ete. Fe mily NEcTARINIDA. Sub-Family Nectariniine. Sunbirds. 1183. (881) Chalcostetha chalcostetha. Maclot’s Sunbird. Nectarinia chalcostetha Jardine, Nat. His. Nect., p. 263, (1843), (EZ. Indian Is.). Tennasserim, South through Malay Pen. to Sumatra and PJava, ete. 1184. (882-3*) AEthopyga siparaja seheriw. The Himalayan Yellow-backed Sunbird. Nectarinia seherize Tickell, J.A.S.B., ii., p. 577, (1833), (Borabhum). Foothills of Himalayas from Kalka to Lower Shan States. 1185, (882) AEthopyga siparaja miles. The Nepal Yellow-backed Sunbird. Cinnyris miles Hodg. Ind., Rev., it., p. 273, (1837), (Nepaé). Nepal, apparently above the breeding range of seherie. 1186. (884) 4Ethopyga siparaja cara. The Tennasserim Yellow- backed Sunbird. J. cara Hume, S.F., it., p. 473, (1874), (Tennasserim). Siam and Burma, South from Rangoon through the Malay Pen. 1187. (885) Aethopyga siparaja nicobarica. The Nicobar Yellow-backed Sunbird. A. nicobarica Hume, S.F., 7., p. 412, (1873), (Nocobars). The Nicobar Islands. 1188. (886) 4ethopyga vigorsi. Vigors’ Yellow-backed Sunbird. Cinnyris vigorsi Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 93, (Deccan). S. W. Coast of India. * 77. s. andersoni does not appear to be recognizable, the distinguishing charac- ters being purely individual. Rothschild’s viridicauda (Nov. Zool. XXVIII, p. 58, 1921), seems also to be founded on individual variations. 1189. 1190. 1IQI.- 1192. 1193. 1194. 1195- 1196. 1197: BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 87 (887) ABthopyga ignicauda ignicauda, The Fire-tailed Yellow-backed Sunbird. Cinnyris ignicauda Hodg., Ind. Rev., ii., p. 273, (1837), (Nepal). Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, N. & S. of Brahmapootra, Chittagong. ( ) Aithopyga ignicauda flavescens. Rippon’s Yellow- backed Sunbird. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., ali, p. 71, (1921), Mt. Victoria. Chin Hills, 9,000 feet. (888) AEthopyga gouldizw. Mrs. Gould’s Sunbird. Cinnyris gouldie Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 44, (Himalayas). Himalayas from Sutlej to Assam. (889) A&thopyga dabryi. Dabry’s Yellow-backed Sunbird. Nectarinia dabryi Verreaua, Rev. et. Mag. Zool., p. 173, (1867), (Ta-tsien-lu, Szechuan). Hills of Eastern and Southern Burma and S. W. China. (890*) A&thopyga saturata. The Black-breasted Sunbird. Cinnyris saturata Hodg., Ind. Rev., ii., p. 273, (1837), (Nepal). Garhwal to Assam, Cachar, Chittagong to Kauri Kachin Hills and ? Siam. (891) AEthopyga sanguinipecta. Walden’s Yellow-backed Sunbird. Walden, A.M.N.H., (4), xv., p. 400, (1875), (Tennasserim). Burma, S. and E. of Tounghoo. (892) AEthopyga nipalensis nipalensis. The Nepal Yellow-backed Sunbird. Cinnyris nipalensis Hodg., Ind. Rev., ii., p. 273, (1837), (Nepal). E. Nepal to E. and S. Assam, N. Burmese Hills to 8. Shan States. (893) A&thopyga nipalensis horsfieldi. Blyth’s Yellow- backed Sunbird. Cinnyris horsfieldi Blyth, J.A.S.B., xi., p. 107, (1842), (Nepal). Garhwal, Kumaon and Western Nepal. (892) AEthopyga nipalensis victoria. Rippon’s Yellow- backed Sunbird. Ai. victories Rippon, Bull., B.O.C., xiv., p. 83, (1904), (Mt. Victoria). Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills. * Aithopyga anomala Richmond P.N.S. Nat: Mus. XXII, p. 319, is merely saturata: 88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1198. (894) *Cyrtostomus lotenius, Loten’s Sunbird. Certhia lotenia Linn., S.N., I., p. 188, (1766), (Ceylon). Ceylon and S. India. 1199. (895) Cyrtostomus asiaticus asiaticus. The Purple Sunbird. Certhia asiatica Lath., Ind. Orn., i., p. 288, (1790), (India)> (Gurgaon, C. India). The whole of India except area occupied by brevirostris and intermedia. ; 1200. (895) Cyrtostomus asiaticus brevirostris. The Balu- chistan Purple Sunbird. Nectarinia (Arachnecthra) brevirostris Blanford, Ibis, 1873, p. 86, (Jalk, Baluchistan). Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and E. Persia. 1201. (895) Cyrtostomus asiaticus intermediu:, The Burmese Purple Sunbird. Arachnecthara intermedia Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 436, (Burma). Assam and Burma. 1202. (896) Cyrtostomus brasiliana. Van Hasselt’s Sunbird. Certhia brasiliana Gmel., Sys. Nat., i., p. 474, (1788), (Brazil), (Java, Oberholser). Java and Singapore to Assam. 1203. (897+) Cyrtostomus pectoralis pectoralis. The Malay Yellow-breasted Sunbird. Nectarinia pectoralis Horsf., Trans., Linn. Soc., xiti.. p. 167, (1821), (Java). Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Lombok, Flores, Nicobars and Malay Pen. to 8S. Tennasserim. e 1204. (897) Cyrtostomus pectoralis blanfordi. The Kondol Yellow-breasted Sunbird. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., xli., p. 71, (1921), (Kondol, Nicobars) Kondol Is. Nicobars. 1205, (898) Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris flammaxillaris. The Burmese Yellow-breasted Sunbird. Nectarinia flammaxillaris Blyth, J.A.S.B., xiv., p. 557, (1845), (Tennasserim). South Burma, Cochin China, Siam and Malay Peninsula. * Cyrtostomus and Arachnecthra being identical generically the former name has priority. + I can trace no differences between C. pectoralis pectoralis and C. kloss which are not purely individual. 1200. 1207. 1208. 1209. I210. I21]. 1212. R243: I214. I215. 12 BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 89 (899) Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris andamanicus. The Andaman Sunbird. Arachnecthra andamanica Hume, S.F., i., p. 404, (1873), (An- damans). Andaman Islands. (900) Cyrtostomus minimus. The Small Sunbird. Cinnyris minima Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 99, (Deccan). South India and Ceylon. (901) Cyrtostomus zeylonicus The Purple-rumped Sun- bord. Certhia zeylonica Linn., S.N., i., p. 188, (1766), (Ceylon). Ceylon to E. Bengal. ? Khasia Hills and Faridpore. (902) Anthreptes hypogrammica hypogrammica. The Banded Sunbird. Nectarinia hypogrammica S. Mull. Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Zoot. Aves., p. 173, (1843), (Sumatra). Peninsula Siam and Burma to Sumatra. (903) Anthreptes malaccensis malaccensis. The Brown- throated Sunbird. Certhia malaccensis Scop., del. Flor. et. Faun. Insubr., v2., p. 91, (1786), (Malacca). Pen. Siam and Burma, Malaya to Sumatra. (904) Anthreptes rhodoleama. The Rufous-throated Sun- bord. Shelley, Mon. Nect., p. 313, (1878), (Malacca). S. Tennasserim to Borneo. (905) Anthreptes simplex xanthochlora. The Plain- coloured Sunbird. A. xanthochlora Hume, S.F., iii., p. 330, footnote, (1875), (Tennasserim). Pen. Burma and Siam to Malay. (906) Arachnothera magna magna. The Larger Streaked Spider-hunter. Cinnyris magna Hodg., Ind. Rev., ii., 1837, p. 272, (Nepal). Himalayas, Sutlej to E. Assam, 8. to N. Tennasserim., (907) Arachnothera magna aurata. The Smaller Streaked Spider-hunter. A. aurata Blyth, J.A.S.B., xwiv., p. 478, (1855), (Pegu). S. Tennasserim and Pen. Siam. (908) Arachnothera affinis modesta. The rey-breasted Spider-hunter. Anthreptes modesta Eyton, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 105, (Malaya). Pen. Siam and Burma to Borneo. 90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, 1216. (909) Arachnothera-longirostra longirostra. The Little Spider-hunter. Certhia longirostra Lath., Ind Orn., i., p. 299, (1790), (Bengal), (Sylhet). India and Burma. 1217. (910) Arachnothera chrysogenys. The Yellow-eared Spider- hunter. Nectarinia chrysogenys Temm., Pl. Col., pl. 388, Fig. i., (1826), (Java). S. Tennasserim to Java and Borneo. 1218. (912) Diceum cruentatum cruentatum. The Scarlet- backed Flower-pecker. Certhia cruentata Linn., S.N., i., p. 119, (1758), (Bengal), (Calcutta). Nepal, Bhutan Dooars, Bengal and Assam. 1219. (912) Diceum cruentatum ignitum. The Burmese Scar- let-backed Flower-pecker. Nectarinia ignita Begbie, ‘‘ Mal. Pen.,” p. 518, (1834), (Malay Pen.). : Malay Pen. N. to Chin Hills, Java and Sumatra. 1220. (912) Diczum cruentatum siamensis. The Siam Scavrlet- backed Flower-pecker. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 216, (Lat Bua Kao, E. Siam). Siam, (Eastern Tennasserim birds appear to be this race). az21. (913) Diceum trigonostigma rubropygium. The Ten- nasserum Orange-bellied Flower-pecker. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., 2li., p. 108, (1921), (Mergut). Malay Pen. N. of 10° long., S. W. Siam amd S. Burma, Lakhimpur, Assam. 1222. (913) Diceum chrysorrheum intensum. The Sikkim Yellow-vented Flower-pecker. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., xli., p. 108, (1921), (Native Sikkim). Assam to Sikkim. 1223. (914) Diceum chrysorrheum chrysoclhore. The Bur- mese Yellow-vented Flower-pecker. Diczeeum chrysoclhore Blyth, J. A. S. B., xit., p. 1009, (1843), (Arrakan). Burma, Siam amd Malay Pen. North of 10° lat. 1224. (915) Diceum ignipectum. The Fire-breasted Flower- pecker. Myzanthe ignipectus Hodg., Blyth., J.AS.B., xii., p. 983, (1843), (Nepal). Himalayas from Sutlej to Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay Pen. and Islands. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 91 1225. (916*) Diceum minullum concolor. The Nilgiri Flower- pecker. Diczeum concolor, Jerdon, Madr. Jour., xi., p. 227, (1840), (Malabar Coast). West coast from Mysore, 8. through the Hills to Palni Hills. (916) Diceum minullum subflavum. The Belgaum Flower- pecker. Stuart Baker Bull., B.O.C., alii., p. (1921), (Belgaum). Belgaum North to Khandala and Mahabaleshwar and ? Central Provinces. 1226, 1227. (917) Diceum minullum olivaceum. The Plain-coloured Flower-pecker. Diczeum olivaceum Walden, A.M.N.H., (4), xv., p. 401, (1875), (Tounghoo). Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, 8. to Sumatra. 1228. (918) Diceum minullum virescens. The Andamanese Flower-pecker. Diczeum virescens Hume, S.F., p. 482, (1873), (Port Blair, Andamans). Andamans. 1229. (919) Diceum erythrorhynchum. Tickell’s Flower-pecker. Certhia erythrorhynchos Lath., Ind. Orn., i., p. 299, (1790), (India). Whole of India, West and South Burma. 1230. (920) Acmonorhynchus vincens. Legge’s Flower-pecker. Prionochilus vincens, Sclater, P.Z.S., 1872, p..729, (Ceylon). Ceylon only. 1231. (921) Piprisoma squalidum squalidum. The Thick-billed Flower-pecker. Pipra squalida Burton, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 113, (Himalayas). Ceylon to Himalayas, E. to Assam, N. of Brahmapootra. 1232. (922) Piprisoma squalidum modestum. Hume's Flower- pecker. Prionochilus modestus Hume, S.F., iti., p. 298, (1875), (S. Tennasserim), Assam, 8. of Brahmapootra to S. Tennasserim. 1233. (923) Prionochilus ignicapillus. The Crimson-breasted Flower-pecker. Dicseum ignicapilla Hyton, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 105, (Malaya). Bankasoon, South to Sumatra and Borneo. * Our Indian birds are only geographical races of the Javan D. minullum. 92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 1234. (924) Prionochillus maculatus. The Yellow-throated Flower-pecker. Pardalotus maculatus Z’emm., Pl. Col., iw., p. 600, f. 3, (1836), (Borneo). Tennasserim to Borneo. ? S. West Siam. 1235. (925) Pachyglossa melanoxantha. The Yellow-bellied Flower-pecker. Hodg., Blyth., J.AS.B., xii., p. 1010, (1843), (Nepal). Nepal, East to 8. Shan States and W. China, S. to Manipur. Family CHaLcoparup&. 1236. (911) Chalcoparia singalensis singalensis. The Ruby Throat. Motacilla singalensis G'mel., S. N., i., p. 964, (1788). (Ceylon in errror), (Malacca, Oberholser). Sikkim Duars to E. Assam, Burma, Malay Pen. and Islands. Family PirripZ. 1237. (926) Anthocichla phayrii. Phayre’s Pitta. Blyth, J.A.S.B., xxxi., p. 348, (1862), (Tounghoo). South-East Burma and Siam. 1238. (927) Pitta nipalensis. The Blue-naped Pitta. Paludicola nipalensis Hodg., J.A.S.B., vi., p. 103, (1837), (Nepal). : Nepal, N. and 8. Assam, Chin Hills and Arracan. 1239. (928) Pitta catesi. The Fulvous Pitta. - Hydrornis oatesi Hume, S.F., i., p. 477, (1873), (Tennasserim). South Burma and S. E. Siam. 1240. (929) Pitta coerulea cerulea. The Giant Pitta. Myiothera ccerulea Raffl. Tran. LS., wiit., p. 301, (1822). (Sumatra). South Burma and Siam to Sumatra. 1241. (930) Pitta cyanea cyanea. The Blue Pitta. Pitta cyanea Blyth J.A.S.B., xii., p. 1008, (1843), (Arracan). Assam, North and W. Burma and Siam. 1242. (931*) Pitta moluccensis. The Lesser Blue-winged Pitta. Turdus moluccensis P.Z.S., Mull., Natursyst. Suppl., p. 144, (1776), (Moluccas). (Tennasserim). Central and South Burma and Siam southwards. Not Moluccas. * Although the name given by Muller is unfortunate as the bird does not occur in the Moluccas, we cannot discard it for that reason. 1243s 12443 1245. 1246; 1247+ 1248. [249s 12505 1251s BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 93 (932) Pitta megarhyncha. The Large-billed Blue-winged Pitta, Schleg., Vog. Ned. Ind. Pitta, p. 32, (1863), (Ile de Bangka). Tennasserim south to Malay Pen. and island of Banka. (933) Pitta brachyura. The Indian Pitta. Corvus brachyurus Linn., S.N., 7., p. 158, (1766), (Muluccas, Ceylon). Simla to Ceylon, E. Rajputana to Assam, Chittagong and Manipur. (934) Pitta granatina coccinea. The Malayan Scarlet Pitta. Pitta coccinea Hyton, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 104, (Malaya). South Tennasserim and Siam to Singapore. (935) Pitta cucullata cucullata. The Green-breasted Piita. Pitta cucullata Haril., Rev. Zool., 1843, p- 65, (Malacca). Himalayas, Simla to Assam, S. to Tennasserim and ? Malay Pen. (935) Pitta cucullata abbotti. The Nicobar Green-breast- ed Pitta. Pitta abbotti Richmond, Pro. Nat. Mus., xav., p. 298, (1902), (Nicobars). Great and Little Nicobars. (936) Pitta gurneyi. Gurney’s Pitta. Hume, S.F., iii., p. 296, pl. 3, (1875), (S. Tennasserim). Pen. Siam and Tennasserim to Malacca. Order EURYLAIMI. Family HurYLAIMID#, (937) Eurylaimus javanicus javanicus. Horsfield’s Broadbill. Eurylaimus javanicus Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc., xiit., p. 170, (1821), (Java). Malay States to Siam and Tennasserim, Sumatra, Java, not Borneo. (938) Eurylaimus ochromelas. The Black and Yellow Broadbill. Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 297, (1822), (Singapore and Sumatra). ANT nee! a . Siam, ‘lennasserim South to Sumatra, ete. (939) Cerydon sumatranus sumatranus. The Dusky Broadbill. Coracias sumatranus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xitt., p. 303, (1822), (Sumatra). Siam, Tennasserim, South to Sumatra, not Borneo. 94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1252. (940*) Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus, 1253: 1254- 1255: 1250. 1257: 1258. 1259. 1260. (941) (942) (943) (944) (945) (946) (947) (948) The Black and Red Broadbill. Todus macrorhynchus Gmel., S.N., 7., p. 446, (1788), (Borneo). Tennasserim, South through the Malay Peninsula, Siam. Cymborhynchus affinis. The Arrakan Black and Red Broadbill. Blyth, J.A.S.B., xv., p. 312, (1846), (Arrakan). Arrakan, South to Cape Negrais and Rangoon. Serilophus lunatus lunatus. (ould’s Broadbull. Eurylaimus Junatus Gould, P.Z.8., 1833, p. 133, (Rangoon). Tennasserim, Pegu Karennee. Serilophus lunatus rubropygius. Hodgson’s Broad bill. Raya rubropygia Hodg., J.A.S.B., viti., p. 36, (1839), (Nepal). Himalayas to East and South Assam, Manipur, Arrakan and Chin Hills. Psarisomus dalhousize. The Long-tailed Broadbuill. Eurylaimus dalhousie Jameson, Hdinb., N. Ph. J., LVI, p. 389, (1835), (N. India). Himalayas from Musserie to E. Assam, Burma to Malay Pen. Calyptomena viridis. The Green Broadbull. Raffles, Trans. L.S., xtii., p. 295, (1822), (Sumatra). Tennasserim, 8S. Siam and Malay Pen. Order PICI. Family Picipé. Picus squamatus squamatus. The Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Picus squamatus Vigors, P.Z.S., 1931, p. 8, (Himalayas). Gilgit to Kashmir and Western Nepal. Picus squamatus flavirostris. Hargitt’s Scaly- bellied Green Woodpecker. Gecinus flavirostris Menzbier, Bull., Nat. Moscow, p. 440 1886, (Murghab). Trancaspia to Baluchistan and Afghanistan. Picus striolatus. The Little Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Blyth, J.A.S.B, wit., p. 1000, (1843), (Nepal). Himalayas, east to Burma, Siam. * I cannot separate lemniscatus (Raffles) whilst affinis appears to be a species rather than a race, there being no connecting forms. C. m. malaccensis may be found within our limits. 1261. 1262. 1263. 1264. 1265. 5206. 1267. 1268. 1269. (949) (949) (950) (950) (950) (951) (952) (953) (954) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 95 Picus vittatus vittatus. The Malay Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Picus vittatus Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi., 1818, p. 91, (Malacca). Malay States, Java, Pen. Siam and Burma. Picus vittatus viridanus. The Burmese Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker. Picus viridanus Blyth, J.A.S.B., wii., 1843, p. 1000, (Arrakan). Burma, Chin and Kachin Hills, Shan States, N. and Central Siam. 7 Picus canus occipitalis. The Indian Black-naped Green Woodpecker. Picus occipitalis Vigors, P.Z.S., 1830, p. 8, (Mussoorie). N. W. Himalayas to Eastern Nepal. Picus canus gyldenstolpei. The Assam Black-naped Green Woodpecker. Stuart Baker, Bull., B.O.C., xxxix, 1918, p. 19, (Sadiya, Assam). Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Manipur, Looshai Hills. Picus canus hessei. The Burmese Black-naped Green Woodpecker. Gecinus canus hessi Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb., xviv., p. 28, (1916), (NV. Siam). North Central and 8. Burma, Siam as far S. as Mulmein. Picus chlorolophus chlorolophus. The Small Hima- layan Yellow-naped Woodpecker. Picus chlorolophus Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., LUV. P. 78, (1818), (Bengal). Himalayas and Hill ranges of Burma. Picus chlorolophus chlorigaster. The Southern Yellow-naped Woodpecker. Picus chlorigaster Jerd., Madr. Jour. LS., xiti., pt. 2, p. 139, (1844), (S. India). Hills of Southern India and Ceylon. Picus puniceus puniceus. The Crimson-winged Green Woodpecker. Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 176, (1821), (Java). Tennasserim, South to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Picus erythropygius nigrigenis. The Red-rump- ed Green Woodpecker. Gecinus nigrigenis Hume, P.A.S.B., 1874, p. 106, (Pakchan, Tennasserim). Central and South Burma, West Siam and N. Malay Pen. 96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1270. 1271. 1272. 1273: 1274. 1275. 12706. 11277- 1278. (955) (958*) (959) (960) (960) (961) (962) Chrysophlegma flavinucha flavinucha. The Large Yellow-naped Woodpecker. Picus flavinucha Gould, P.Z.S., 1833, p. 120, (Himalayas). Himalayas from Mussoorie to the Kachin Hills, Burma and Siam. Chrysophlegma mentalis humii. The Chequered- throated Woodpecker. Chrysophlegma humii Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 231, (Malacca), Tennasserim, South to Sumatra. Callolophus miniatus malaccensis. The Banded Red Woodpecker. Picus malaccensis Lath., Ind. Orn., %., p. 241, (1790). (Malacca) Tennasserim, South to Sumatra and Borneo. Gecinulus grantia grantia. The Northern Pale- headed Woodpecker. Picus grantia McClelland, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 165, (Assam). Nepal to Assam, Chin, Kachin Hills, N. Siam to French Laos. Gecinulus grantia viridis The Southern Pale- headed Woodpecker. G. viridis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xxxi., p. 341, (1862), (Pakpoon, Tennasserim). ; S. W. Siam and S. Burma to Kossum. Dryobates hyperythrus hyperythrus. The Rufous- bellied Pied Woodpecker. Picus hyperythrus Vigors, P.Z.S., p. 23, (1831), (Himalaya, Darjiling). Himalayas, Nepal to N. Shan States. Dryobates hyperythrus marshalli. The Western Rufous-bellied Pred Woodpecker. Hartert, Vog. Pal., vii., p. 926, (1912), (Murree). N. W. Himalayas. Dryobates himalayensis. The Western Himalayan Pied Woodpecker. Picus himalayensis Jard. & Sel., Ill. Orn., tit., pl. 116, (1835)s (Mussurt). N. W. Himalayas, Afghanistan to Murree. Dryobates cabinisi cabinisi. The Chinese Pied Wood- pecker. Picus cabanisi Malh., Jour. f. Orn., 1854, p. 172, (China). Manipur, Chin and Kachin Hills to China. *Gecinulus viridis robinsont of Kloss, (Ibis, 1918, p. 105) is founded on individ- “ual variation only, . 1270. 1280. 1281. i282. 1283. 1284. 1285. 1286. 1287. 13 (963) (964) (965) (966) (967) (968) (969) (970) (971) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 97 Dryobates scindeanus. The Sind Pied Wood- pecker. Picus scindeanus Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B., ii., p. 671, (1856-8), (Shikarpore). S. E. Persia, Baluchistan, Sind and W. Punjab. Dryobates darjellensis. The Darjeeling Pied Wood- pecker. Picus darjellensis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xiv., p. 196, (1845) (Darjiling). Himalayas, Nepal to Mts. of W. China. Dryobates cathparius cathparius. The Lesser Pied Woodpecker. Picus cathparius Blyth, J.A.S.B., xii., p. 1006, ( 1843), (Dar- juling). Nepal, Sikkim and Assam, N. and S. of Brahmapootra. Dryobates cathparius pyrrhothorax. The Red- breasted Pied Woodpecker. Picus pyrrhothorax Hume, S.F., x., p. 150, (1887), (Aimole, E. Manipur). Hills 8. of Brahmapootra. Dryobates macei macei. The Fulvous-breasted Pied W ood pecker. Picus macei Vieill., Nowv. Dict.d’ Hist. Nat., xevi., p. 80, (1818), (Bengal). ; Himalayas from Murree to E. Assam, (S. of Brahmapootra). Dryobates macei atratus. The Stripe-breasted Pied Woodpecker. Picus atratus Blyth, J.A.S.B, xviii. p. 803, (1849), (Tennasserim). Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Burmese Hills to Tennassermm. Dryobates auriceps. The Brown-fronted Pied Wood- pecker. Picus auriceps Vigors., P.Z.S, 1831, p. 44, (Himalayas), (Simla). Himalayas, Afghanistan to W. Nepal. Dryobates pectoralis pectoralis. The Spotted- breasted Pied Woodpecker. Picus pectoralis Blyth, J.A.S.B., wv., p. 15, (1846), (No Hab. given. ) Southern Burma and S. W. Siam. Dryobates pectoralis andamanensis. The Anda- man Pied Woodpecker. Picus andamanensis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xxviii., p. 412, (1859), (Andamans), Andamans. 98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 1288. (972) Liopicus mahrattensis. The Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker. Picus mahrattensis Lath., Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xxat., (1801), (India). Ceylon, India and Burma. 1289. (973*) Iyngipicus semicoronatus, The Darjiling Pigmy Woodpecker. Picus semicoronatus Malherbe, Bull., Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. Moselle, v., p. 21, (1848), (Himalayas). Sikkim to E. Assam, Manipur, Chin, Kachin Hills and Yunnan. 1290. (974) Iyngipicus pygmaeus. The Himalayan Pygmy- Woodpecker. Picus pygmaeus Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 44, (Himalayas). Western Himalayas to Nepal. 1291. (978) lyngipicus canicapillus. The Burmese Pygmy Wood- pecker. Picus canicapillus Blyth, J.A.S.B., xw., p. 197, (1845), (Arrakan). Burma and ? Cachar, Manipur. 1292. (976) Iyngipicus hardwickii. The Indian Pygmy Wood- pecker. Picus hardwickii Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. 8., witt., p. 138, (1844), (S. India). Northern India. 1293. (979) Iyngipicus gymnopthaimus. The Ceylon Pygmy Woodpecker. Picus gymnopthalmus Blyth, J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 804, (1849), (Ceylon). Ceylon and 8. India. 1294. (978) Blythipicus pyrrhotis pyrrhotis. The Red-eared Bay Woodpecker. Picus pyrrhotis Hodg., J.A.S.B., vt., p. 108, (1837), (Nepal). Nepal to South Burma and E. to Annam. 1295. (979) Blythipicus pyrrhotis rubiginosus. The Malay Bay Woodpecker. Hemicircus rubiginosus Swainson, B. of W. Africa, wt., p. 150, (1837), (W. Africa). Tennasserim, South to Sumatra and Borneo. * The genus Iyngipicus requires careful working out. Nothing has been att emp- ted in this list. 1296. 1297. 1208. 1299. 1300. 1301. 1302. 1303. 1304. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 99 (980) Miglyptes tristis grammithorax. The Fulvous- rumped Barred Woodpecker. Phaiopicus grammithorax Malh., Picidae, ii., p. 12, (1802), (Malay Pen.) Peninsular, Siam and Burma to Sumatra and Borneo. (981) Miglyptes tukki. The Buff-necked Barred Wood, pecker. Picus tukki Less., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 167, (Sumatra). Extreme South Tennasserim to Borneo. (982) Miglyptes jugularis. The Black and Buff Wood- pecker. Picus jugularis Blyth, J.A.S.B., wiv., p. 195, (1845), (Arrakan). Central and South Burma, Siam and Cochin China. (984) Micropternus brachyurus williamsoni. The Siam Rufous Woodpecker. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 107, (Koh Lak, S. W. Siam), Peninsular Burma and Siam. (983) Micropternus brachyurus phaioceps. The Northern Rufous Woodpecker, Micropternus phaioceps Blyth, J.A.S.B., xiv., p. 195, (1845), (Arrakan). Nepal, N. Assam, Burma, Shan States, N. and W. Siam. (983) Micropternus brachyurus humei. The Western Rufous Woodpecker. Kloss, Ibis., 1918, f. 109, (Rohilkund). N. W. Himalayas. (983) Micropternus brachyurus mesos. The Orissa Rufous Woodpecker. Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 109, (Kuttak, Orissa). Bengal, Behar, N. Orissa and Assam 8. of Brahmapootra. (985) Micropternus brachyurus gularis. The Madras Rufous Woodpecker. Picus gularis Jerd., Madr. Jour., xiii., p. 139, (1844), (Southern India). ; India, 8. of Orissa and Bombay, not 8. Travancore. (985) Micropternus brachyurus lanka. The Ceylon Rufous Woodpecker. : Kloss, Jbis, 1918, p. 108, (Ceylon). Ceylon and South Travancore. 100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. 1305. (986) Brachypternus aurantius aurantius. The North- ern Golden-backed Woodpecker. Picus aurantius Linn., S.N., 7., p. 174, (1766), (Cape of Good Hope) (Behar). N. W. India, N. India, Bengal, Central India, Orissa and Bombay. 1306. (986*) Brachypternus aurantius puncticollis. The South- ern Golden-backed Woodpecker. Brachyternopicus puncticollis Malh., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 405, (Ceylon). India 8. of range of last bird and Ceylon. 1307. (986) Brachypternus aurantius dilutus. The Sind Gold- en-backed Woodpecker. Brachypternus dilutus Blyth, Cat., p. 56, (1852), (Sind). Sind, Baluchistan and ? Punjab. 1308. (987*) Brachypternus aurantius erithronotus. The fed- backed Woodpecker. Picus erithronotus Vieill., Nouv. Dict. ad Hist. Nat., xxvi., p. 73, (1818), (Ceylon). Ceylon (area different to that occupied by No. 1306). 1309. (988) Tiga javanensis intermedia. The Burmese Golden- backed Three-toed Woodpecker. Picus intermedius Blyth, J.A.S.B., 1845, p. 193, (Arrakan). Assam, 8. of Brahmapootra, Chin Hills and N. Arrakan. 1310. (988) Tiga javanensis rubropygialis. The Malabar Gold- en-backed Three-toed Woodpecker, Picus rubropygialis Malh., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 400, (Bengal). S. India, north to Southern Orissa and, Bombay. 1311. (989) Tiga shorii. The Himalayan Golden-backed Three- toed Woodpecker. Picus shorii Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 175, (Himalaya Mts.). Himalayas, Nepal through Burmese Hill Ranges. 1312. (990) Gauropicoides rafflesi peninsularis. The Malayan Three-toed Woodpecker. Hesse, Orn. Monatsb., xiv., 1911, p. 192, (Malacca). S. Tennasserim, S.W. Siam and Malay Peninsula. 1313- (991) Chrysocolaptes festivus The Black-backed Wood- pecker. Picus festivus Bodd., Tabl., Pl. Enl., p. 48, (1783), (Goa). Indian Plains and Ceylon. * A series shewn me by Mr. W. E. Wait proves quite satisfactorily that erith- ronotus is only a race of aurantius 1314. 1315) 1316. 1317: 1318. 1319. 1320. 1321. BIRDS OF THE INDIAW EMPIRE, 101 (992) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus. Tickell’s Golden-backed Woodpecker. Picus guttacristatus Tickell, J.A.S.B,, ii., 1833, p. 578, (Boras bhum). Behar, Bengal, Assam, Burma, North of Rangoon, Siam, ete, (992) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus sultaneus Hodgson’s Golden-backed Woodpecker. Picus sultaneus Hodg., J.A.S.B., vi., 1837, p. 105, (Nepal). N. W. India, Mussoree to Nepal, (992) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus delesserti. Mal- herbe’s Golden-backed Woodpecker. Indopicus delesserti Malh., Mem. Acad. Metz., 1848, p. 343, (Malabar). India, S. of Bombay and Orissa, Peninsular Burma, Siam and Malaya. (993) Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus stricklandi. Layard’s Woodpecker. Brachypternus stricklandi Layard, A.M.N.H., (2), wiit., p. 449, (1554), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. (994*) Hemicercus sordidus. The Grey and Buff Wood- pecker. Dendrocopus sordidus Hyton, A.M.N.H., xvi., p. 229, (1845), (Malacca). Tennasserim, South to Malay Pen. (995) *Hemicercus canente. The Heart-spotted Woodpecker. Picus canente Less., Cent. Zool., p. 215, (1830), (Pegu). Assam, 8. of the Brahmapootra to Siam, etc., Malabar coast. (996) Alophonerpes pulverulentulus harterti. Hesse’s Great Slaty Woodpecker. Muleripicus p. harterti Hesse, Orn. Monatsb., p. 182, (1911), (Assam). Himalayas, Simla to Assam, Burma, Malay States, etc, (997) Thriponax hodgsonii hodgsonii. The Malabar Great Black Woodpecker. Hemilophus hodgsonii Jerd., Madr. Jour., xi., p. 215, (1840), (Malabar Coast). S. W. India from Travancore to Belgaum. * There are probably several races of this genus which require working out, 102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1322e (998) Thriponax hodgsonii feddeni. The Burmese Great 13236 1324+ 1325s 1326: 1327« 1328: 132906 1330- Black Woodpecker. Mulleripicus feddeni Blanf., Blyth, J.A.S.B., xxait., p. 75, (1863), (Pegu). pete Burma, Siam, Annam and Cochin China. (999) Thriponax javanensis. The Malay Black Wood- pecker. Picus javanensis Lwngh., K. Vet. Ac. Nya. Hand-b. LVUI., Do (1000) (1001) (1001) (1001) (1002) 137, (1797) (Java). Malay Peninsula to Phillippines. Thriponax hodgei. The Andaman Black Wood- pecker. Mulleripicus hodgei Blyth, J.A.S.B., xuix., p. 105, (1860), (Andamans). Sub-Family PicuMNIN#. Picumnus innominatus innominatus. The Hima- layan Speckled Prculet. P. innominatus Burton, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 154, (Himalayas). Himalayas, Kumaon to Assam. Picumnus innominatus malayorum. The Malay Speckled Piculet. Hartert, Vog. Pal., vii., p. 937, (1912), (Perak). Burma to Borneo, Annam. Picumnus innominatus avunculorum. The Madras Speckled Piculet. Hartert, Vog. Pal., vit., p. 937, (1912), (Nilgiris). Hills of Southern India. Sasia ochracea.ochracea. The Indian Rufous Piculet. Sasia ochracea Hodg., J.A.S.B., v., p. 777, (1836), (Nepal). Himalayas to Assam and Kachin Hills. (1002) Sasia ochracea reichenowi. The Burmese Rufous Prculet. Hesse, Orn. Monatsb., xixz., p. 181, 1911, (Burma). Burma, Siam, Annam, N. Malay Pen. Sasia abnormis abnormis. Temminck’s Rufous Piculet. Picumnus abnormis Temm., Pl. Col., iv., pl. 371, (1825), (Java). Siam, Tennasserim to Sumatra, Borneo, ete. 1331s 1332 1333+ 1334- 1335: 1336. 1337s 1338. 13.39% (1003) (1004) (1005) (1007) (1006) (1008) (1008) (1008) (1009) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 108 - Sub-family Iyngine. lynx torquilla japonica. The Kashmir Wryneck. Iynx japonica Bonap., Con. Av., t., p. 150, (1850), (Japan). E. Siberia to Japan, Himalayas, Kashmir to China. Family InpicatToRIp&. Indicator xanthonotus. The Yellow-backed Honeys Guide. Blyth, J.A.S.B., wi., p. 166, (1842). (Darjiling). Himalayas, E. to Sikkim, Abbottabad. Family CAaPrronip&. Caloramphus fuliginosa hayi. The Brown Barbet. Bucco hayi Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 33, (1831), (Jalacca). Tennasserim, south to Sumatra. Megalzma virens virens. The Great Chinese Barbet. Bucco virens Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl., (1783), (China). Central and South Burma, east to China. Megalzma virens marshallorum. The Great Himalayan Barbet. M. marshallorum Swinhoe, A.M.N.H., p. 348, (1870) (Nepal). Himalayas from Murree to Assam and N. Burma. Thereiceryx zeylanicus zeylanicus. The Ceylon Green Barbet. Bucco zeylanicus .Gmel., Syst. Nat., i., p. 408, (1788), (Ceyloi>. Ceylon and South Travancore. Thereiceryx zeylanicus caniceps. The Northern Green Barbet. Bucco caniceps Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 121, (Calcutta. Benares). Northern India from extreme W. to Western Bengal. Thereiceryx zeylanicus inornatus. The Bombay Green Barbet. Megalema inornata Walden, A.M.N.H., Series iv., Us ps 219 (1870), (Coorg). West Coast from N. Travancore to Bombay. Thereiceryx lineatus hodgsoni. The Assam Line- ated Barbet. Megalema hodgsoni Bonap., Cons. Av., v., p. 144, (1850), (Nepal). Nepal to N. Siam. 104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 13406 1341. 1342s 13438 1344. 1345+ 13463 1347 1348. *549- (1009) Thereiceryx lineatus intermedius. The Burmese Lineated Barbet. Stuart Baker, Bull., B.O.C., xawix., 1918, p. 9, (Pakpoon Burma). Central, south and peninsular Burma and Siam. (1010) Thereiceryx viridis. The Small Green Barbet. Bucco viridis Bodd., Tabl. Fl. Enl., p. 53, (1783), (India). South and South West India. (1011) Chotorhea mystacophanes. The Gaudy Barbet. Bucco mystacophanes Jemm., Pl. Col. No. 315, 1824, (Sumatra), Tennasserim, south to Sumatra. (1012) Cyanops asiatica asiatica. The Blue-throated Barbet, Trogon asiaticus Lath.,.Ind. Orn., p. 201, (1790), (India). Himalayas, Chamba to South Burma. (1012) Cyaneps asiatica rubescens. The Ruddy Barbet. C. rubescens Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool., iii., p. 257, (1896), (NV. Cachar). Hills, S. of Brahmapootra above 3,500 feet. (1013) Cyanops asiatica davisoni. Davison’s Blue-throated Barbet. Megalema davisoni Hume, S.I’., v., p. 108, (1877), (Meetan, S. Tennasserim). S. Tennasserim and S. W. Siam. (1014) Cyanops incognita. Hume’s Blue-throated Barbet. Megalaima incognita Hume, S. F., it., p. 442, (1874) (Ten- nasserim, 25 m. N. of Yea). Tavoy to Southern Tennasserim. (1015) Cyanops flavifrons. The Yellow-fronted Barbet. Bucco flavifrons Cuvier, Régne An., i., p. 428, ex Levaill. (1817), (Ceylon). Ceylon. (1016) Cyanops duvauceli robinsoni. The Malay Blue- eared Barbet. ‘Stuart Baker, Bull., B.O.C., xxxix., 1918, p. 20, (Klang Malay.Pen.) ~ Pen, Siam amd Burma and Malay Pen. (1016) Cyanops duvauceli cyanotis. The Indian Blue- eared Barbet. Bucco cyanotis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi., p. 487, (1847), (Bengal). Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam,. "Borma and Siam. 1350.6 1351. 1352. 1353- 1354. 1355¢ 1356s 1357 14 (1017) (1018) (1019) (1020) (1021) (1022) (1022) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 105 Cyanops robustirostris. The Thick-billed Barbet. Stuart Baker, Bombay Nat. His. Jour., x, p. 356, (1896), (NV. Cachar). N. Cachar Hills, Naogang and ? Yunnan. Cyanops franklinii franklinii. The Golden-throated Barbet. Bucco franklinii Blyth, J.AS.B., xi., p. 167, (1842), (Dar- piling). . Nepal to Assam and Chin Hills, Cyanops franklinii ramsayi. Ramsay’s Golden- throated Barbet. Megalema ramsayi Walden, A.M.N.H., xv., p. 400, (1875), (Karennee). Central and 8, Burma, Siam and Malay Pen. Xantholzema hzemacephala indica. The Indian Crimson-breasted Barbet. Bucco indicus Lath., Ind. Orn., i., p. 205, (1790), (India), (Calcutta). Plains of India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Yunnan, Malay Pen. to Sumatra. Xantholema malabarica. The Orimson-throated Barbet. Bucco malabaricus Blyth, J.A.S.B., avi., pp. 386, 465, (1847)» (Malabar). Malabar Coast. Xantholema_ rubricapilla. The Small Ceylon Barbet. Bucco rubricapillus Gmel., Syst. Nat., i., p. 408, (1788), (Ceylon). Order ANISODACTYLI. Sub-order Coracia, Family Coractide. Coracias benghalensis benghalensis. The North- ern Indian Roller. Corvus benghalensis Linn., S.N., x., ed. ., p. 106, (1758), (Bengal). Persian Gulf, Northern India to E. Bengal. Coracias benghalensis indica. The Southern Indian Roller. Coracias indica Linn., S.N., wii., ed. I., p. 159, (1766), (Ceylon). The South of India and Ceylon. 106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol; XXVIII- 1358. (1023) Coracias benghalensis affinis. The Burmese Roller. C. affinis McClell., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 164, (Assam). Assam, Burma and Siam. 1359. (1024) Coracias garulla semenowi. The Kashmir Roller. Loud. & Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., xiii., p. 148, (1902), (T'rans- caspia). Transcaspia to Kashmir and Garhwal. 1360. (1025*) Eurystomus orientalis orientalis. The Indian Broad-billed Roller. Coracias orientalis Linn., S.N. I., p. 159, (1766), (India). India, Burma, Siam and Southwards. 1361. (1025) Eurystomus orientalis gigas. The Andaman Broad-billed Roller. Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx., p. 299, (1913), (S. Andamans). South Andamans. * T find it quite impossible to separate orientalis, calonyx and lacieor and think the alleged differences are all individual rather than sub-specific. gigas is separable on account of its large size and large bill. (to be continued.) 107 INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. BY Magor F. C. Fraser, I.M.S. (With 4 Text figures.) (Continued from page 691 of Volume XX VII.) : Family—AESCHNID. : Part XI. Insects usually of large size, with long and cylindrical abdomen. Eyes markedly or only slightly contiguous or more or less widely separated ; ocelli arranged transversely in front of vesicle; labium with the middle lobe not markedly smaller than or overlapped by the lateral lobes, the latter not furnished with a moveable hook ; antenodal nervures of Ist and 2nd series not coinciding save for occasional individuals ; t1igones more or less similar in all wings and situated equally distal to the arc ; anal appendages specialized ; a well developed ovipositor present in the females. Fig.—1l. Abdominal endings of females of 1. Cephaleschna, 2. Gynacanth- eschna, 3. Gynacantha (anal appendages shown broken off). Subfamily 1—ArscHnin#. Insects of large size, with long and cylindrical abdomen. Head large and globular ; eyes markedly contiguous, which is the first essential character separating them from the following subfamily Gomphine. Generally speak- ing, Anax and Gynacantha have very large eyes which are contiguous for a long distance, whilst they are smaller and less contiguous in the Aschnine. Wings long and broad, reticulation usually close, trigones elongated in the long axis of the wing and closely similar in shape in all wings. In the group Anazx the wings are similar in the two sexes, the males of all other groups and genera have the anal borders excavated or straight andthe anal angle promi- ent but less so in Anacieschna. The anal border has a large triangle divided 108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. into two or more cells and defined by a straight nervure which leaves the sub- costal nervure and forms the acute point of the triangle by meeting the anal border near the anal angle (or tornus). In the group Anaa the similarity between the two sexes is very marked, the anal triangle disappearing in both completely. Oreillets more or less developed or in the group Anaz, entirely absent. The connection between these organs and the excavation of the hindwings has al- ready been commented on in dealing with Hemicordulia asiatica. Lhe basal space (for which I propose the new name “ arcular space ”’ as it is limited outwardly by the arc) is either entire or traversed by several ner- vures. The 4th nervure (nodal sector) either curved uniformly or making an abrupt curve towards the costa beneath the stigma; the 5th nervure (Rs or subnodal sector) either bifurcated or not. at or before the inner end of the stigma. Q The terminal border of the 10th abdominal segment beneath (known as the ‘“‘dentigerous plate”) most generally rounded and most often den- ticulate, but in Gynacantha, Gynacantheschna and Pericschna it is prolonged into a long, bifurcated fork. Hat.—Cosmopolitan. It is impossible to give an entirely satisfactory key for this subfamily owing to the paucity of our knowledge of several forms of which only one or the other Sex is at present known. This applies especially to the imperfectly Inown genera Cali—and Cephaleschna. Dr. Laidlaw in the Records of the Indian Museum has pointed out the errors which have crept into the nomenclature of the species of these two genera and these may be usefully recapitulated here. The genus Calieschna was founded by Selys in 1883 Aschna microstigma, Schneider, being the type. The rounded, subdenticulate, dentigerous plate which is a characteristic of the female of this species was unknown to Selys when he founded the related genus Cephaleschna from C. orbifrons in 1885 and he gave the same character as of generic value to this genus. Noticing that Selys had overlooked the character of the dentigerous plate in Calieschna microstigma, Martin, in 1909, made the error of suppressing the genus Cephalechna and of placing C. orbifrons in the genus Calieschna without taking into account the diversity of the two species in other respects. A dis- tinguishing feature is the remarkable development of the frons in Cephale- schna orbifrons as compared with the normal development found in Caliceschna microstigma. Karsch in 1891 taking the development of the frons as the most important feature described Cephaleschna sikkima. In this species the dentigerous plate of the female is forked very much the same as is found in species belonging to the genus Gynacantha so that it clearly cannot be placed in the genus Cephal- eschna and for a similar reason it falls outside the range of Calieschna. Thus it is seen that Cephaleschna must be retained and a new genus must be erected to contain Karsch’s species, and others resembling it. The three genera may be briefly defined as follows :— 1. Caliwschna with the dentigerous plate of the female rounded and sub- denticulate and the frons of normal development. Type—C. microstigma, Schneid. 2. Cephaleschna with the dentigerous plate of the female rounded and subdenticulate and the frons remarkably developed.— Type—C. orbifrons, Selys. 3. Gynacantnesohna gen. nov. with the dentigerous plate of the female forked and the frons remarkably developed. Type. —C. sikkima. Karsch. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 109 Dr. Tillyard merges the genus Hemianax with Anax but I prefer to keep them separate, as in addition to the absence of the supplementary ridges to abdomen, there are other generic characters. SEN 4 { Sit) ee: me ey ry Ley OF 2 ST Hie Ss / 2 AERO Te E << eae STITT 5 Le Y Fig. 2.—Wings of Anax parihenope parthenope, male. 1. Arcular or basal space, 2. 5th nervure (Rs), 3. 5a nervure (Rspl), 4. 4th nervure (M2 or nodal sector). Key to the Sub-family—AiscHnIN»&. Anal border of hindwing rounded in both sexes; 5th nervure (Rs) not bifurcated ; 4th nervure (M2 or nodal sector) with an abrupt convexity forwards at outer end of stigma; sectors of arc arising from above the middle of arc 1 Anal border of the hindwing rounded in the female only ; 5th ner- vure bifurcated (except in Jagoria); 4th nervure uniformly curved as far as termen ; sectors of arc arising from or below the middle of are ne ae 7 Genus Hemianax :— Only a single, lateral bordering ridge to 2<~ segments 4 to 8, no supplementary ridge above it .. ae ae zs Me fe Hemianax ephippiger. Genus Anax :— { Lateral, supplementary, parallel ridges to segments 4 to 6 3 The thorax laterally, sky-blue marked with an anterior, narrow and a median, broad, 2< black stripe ae | The thorax laterally gr ee oe ot Anax immaculifrons. een or pale brown, unmarked vie ie Oe 4 Inferior anal appendages half the length of the superior . Ar its a se ae Anax guttatus. 4 Inferior anal appendages considerable less than half the length of the superior ae te we ‘ se ae ste ata 110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. Inferior anal appendages one-third the length of the superior ; a black, T-shaped mark 54 on upper surface of forehead .. .. Anax parthenope bacchus, Inferior anal appendages only one- fourth the length of the asin no black, T-shaped mark on upper surface of forehead . " Crest of forehead with a transverse, brown stripe bordered posteriorly with yellow; membrane white 40 se -. Anax parthenope parthenope. 6 Crest of forehead with a bea transverse stripe bordered posteriorly with blue ; mem- brane black, white at base .. ae Ae Anax parthenope julius. Basal space traversed by several nervures ete a ze Gr 7 Basal space entire a 4. 5 oe eye we Bee ' Dentigerous plate of female rounded and subdenticulate .. ae yee Dentigerous plate of female forked 44 a oe s ate mie Genus Calieschna (Persian species) :— Frons only normally developed... Ne Caliceschna microstigma. Genus Cephaleschna :— Frons remarkably developed .. oe a a re eee Frons projecting markedly, like the bows of a ship; frons and face sea without markings . Cephacelschna acutifrons. Frons projecting markedly in a rounded, globular form, pale brown ; face yellow above, black below with two small yellow spots on the labrum at Cephaleschna orbifrons. Frons yellow nordleneal nih black abot - sc in Sonal Frons yellow in front % os 3 Cephaleschna masoni. Genus Perieschna :— Trigones of forewings long, of 5 to 6 cells; thorax dark brown marked with erent a stripes .. Periechna magdalene. Genus Gynacanthaschna : — Trigones of forewings shorter, of 3 to 4 cells only; thorax brown or black marked with green stripes ae as ae .. Gynacantheschna sikkima | Frons shiny black in front .. te a: Cephaleschna lugubris. 11 Genus Jagoria i— 13 5th nervure (Rs) unforked .. oe 5 Jagoria martina 5th nervure forked ‘is fe ae Ue a ate sale ( Genus Austroeschna i— 14 Only 1 row of cells between nervures 5 and ie (Rs and Rspl) Be .. Austroceschna intersedens. 3 to 7 rows of cells ieiwesanl nervures aS and 5a.. a, ass ss sale INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 111 Genus Anacieschna i— Base of hindwing sub-rounded ; 4th nervure 15< making an abrupt curve towards the ae beneath the stigma as in Anax : Anacieschna jaspidea. Base of hindwing in the pinto? more or less angulated and excavated Be ae ahs Ae Ae fs Ate as ae 26 ticulate or elongate .. >. oe + te a3 fi 5 7 Genus Gynacantha :— Dentigerous plate in the female prolonged as a _ two- -pronged Porky «2; se ae as oc a fe fe es 22 Genus Aischna i— Dentigerous plate in the female rounded and denticulate or subden- 16 Dentigerous plate in the female elongate and spout-like, the hinder border furnished with a number of long teeth .. : ee 1s Dentigerous plate in the female rounded and subdenticulate eC 17 broadening widely at the apex and expanded abruptly into a hawk’s-bill-like process inferi- orly ; a robust spine on the dorsum of the 10th abdominal segment a Aischna ornithocephala, Superior anal appendages broad and spa- tulate ; only a poorly-developed spine on the dorsum of the 10th abdominal seg- Superior anal appendages narrow but ment oe ap hs ait a Sf Aischna erythromelas. , Antehumeral bands on thorax green = ig so Be ig 20) mat Ws oie bands on thorax bright yellow At ie a deal 2. | Sides of thorax entirely green; a small spine on the dorsum of the 10th abdominal segment ; appendages narrow and tapering .. Aischna virrdis. 20 Sides of thorax with 2 broad, yellow stripes ; no spine on the dorsum of 10th abdominal segment ; superior anal appendages very broad and leaf-like $c tke Ae es Aischna petalura. about 74 mm.; a sharp, robust and promi- nent spine on the dorsum of the 10th abdo- et minal segment .. Aischna juncea. Smaller insects with a . total length of about E mm.; only a poorly developed, depressed | Very large insects with a total length of spine on the dorsum of 10th abdominal seg- ment : i se oe od -f Aischna mixta. Inferior anal appendages more than half the length of the superiors® .. Gynacantha khasiaca. Inferior anal appendages less than one- third the length of the su- periors, usually one-fourth or one-fifth .. ; 23 Inferior anal appendages more than one-third but less than o one- half the length of the superiors .. ore ae te se eee 112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, ( Superior anal appendages with the basal three-fourths slender, the apical fourth di- lated and spatulate-like, the apex slightly 23< rounded .. ae si 3 ws ee Gynacantha basiguttata. Superior anal appendages with the basal and apical thirds dilated, the middle third a little constricted, the apex pointed .. as Gynacantha subinterrupta. ( Abdomen not constricted at the third segment, unmarked save for some green on the first two segments; frons without any markings on its upper surface .. oy oe Gynacantha millardi. 244 Abdomen with at least some slight constriction of the third segment, marked with yellow, green or blue markings on most segments ; frons with a blakish T-shaped mark or an anterior bordering of the same colour on its upper surface .. ahs ae na ihe ae Bay f Superior anal appendages seen from above, | markedly sinuous; abdomen only slightiy 25< constricted at the 3rd segment ; legs reddish.. Gynacantha furcata, Superior anal appendages seen from above, more or less straight ; 3rd abdominal segment variable ; legs yellow or brown ae a 26 Length of hindwing not more than 35 mm.; abdomen not more than 42 mm. in length; abdomen reddish brown spotted with green ; 26< 3rd abdominal segment very constricted .. Gynacantha saltatrix. 1 Length of hindwing not less than 40 mm.; abdomen not less than (45 mm., and usually more than this.. “4 an are He? ont tee Upper surface of frons with its anterior | border blackish brown; antenodal nervures to forewing 18 to 21; 3rd abdominal segment 274 slightly constricted a oe bd a% Gynacantha bayadera. Upper surface of frons with a blackish-brown T-shaped like mark ; | antenodal nervures to forewing 24 to 34; 3rd abdominal segment | markedly constricted a aks Em oe a he +. 28 Abdomen blackish brown above, reddish 282 beneath, no markings .. “f ae =e Gynacantha hyalina. Abdomen black and grey, marked with blue spots... = -» 29 Abdomen and hindwing of approximately | the same length (about 44 mm). ; blue mark- 294 ings on segments 3 to 7 rather obscure Ca Gynacantha hanumana. Abdomen longer than the hindwing (50 mm. compared to 47 mm or less ; blue marks BAD Lon segments .3 to 7 well defined ae ae Gynacantha bainbrigger. Group—ANAXe Eyes very large, globular and broadly contiguous ; occiput rather small. Wings long and broad, reticulation close, the base of hindwings in both sexes rounded and not excavated ; 4th nervure (M2 or nodal sector) making an abrupt INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 113 curve towards the costa near outer end of stigma; 5th nervure (Rs or sub- nodal sector) not forked ; stigma long and slender ; arcular space entire ; mem- brane long and broad; trigones very elongated, of 4 to 8 cells; border of 10th abdominal segment in the female subrounded and subdenticulate ; anal appen- dages entire, variable but more or less lanceolate in shape; abdomen with or without lateral, accessory, longitudinal ridges on segments 4 to 8. Only two genera—Anax and Hemianazx. Genus—ANnax, LEACH, Fig. 3.—Dorsal and lateral aspects of the anal appendages of 1. Anax gutta- tus, 2. Anax parthenope julius, 3. Hemianax ephippiger, 4. Anax parthenope parthenope, 5. Anax immaculifrons. Anax, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix, p. 137 (1815). Aischna, Van der Lind. Cyrtosoma, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 839 (1839); Charp. Lib, Eur. p. 13 (1840). Anax, Ramb. Ins. Nevr. p. 182 (1842); Brauer, Reise d Novara. Neur- p. 59 (1856); Steph. IIT. Brit. Ent. Mand. vi, p. 81 (1836); Selys, Mon. Lib. Eur. p. 113 (1840); id., Rev. Odon. p. 109 (1850); id.. Bull. Acad. Belg. (3) v., p. 723 (1883). Lateral supplementary ridges on abdominal segments 4 to 8; anal superior appendages thick, sublanceolate, hollowed inwardly, with a keel or ridge above, the inferior quadrilateral. 16 114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII, Type. Anax formosus, Van der Lind. 1. Anax immacuiifrons, Ramb. Ins. Neur., p. 189 (1842); Brauer, Reise d Novara, Neur, p. 60 (1866); Kirby, Cat. Odon., p. 84 (1890) ; Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Aeschnines, xix, xx, p. 18, fig. 12 (1909) ; id., Bull. Soc. Ent. Frn. xii, p. 212 (1909); Ris, Suppl. Ent. No. v, pp. 63-65 (1916); Laid. Rec. Ind., Mus. MS (1921). Male Abdomen 59 mm., Hindwing 57 mm. Female Abdomen 57 mm., Hindwing 58 mm. Male—Head large and globular; eyes a beautiful sea-blue during life, broadly contiguous; labium, labrum, epistome, frons and vesicle all pale bluish green, unmarked ; occiput green or bluish green. Prothorax brown, completely hidden by the overhanging head. Thorax bulky, matt green on front and dorsum, bright, glossy sky-blue on the sides, which are marked with two jet black stripes, an anterior narrow and a median, oblique broad, both somewhat sinuous. The tergum spotted with blue in the form of a cross. Wings hyaline, more commonly enfumed and often tinted with yellow for a great part of their area, membrane large, black with a large, basal, white spot ; reticulation close, black but many of the nervures at the base of wing, inclu- ding the lower half of arc and the antenodal nervures of the 2nd series pale yellow ; costa yellow ; antenodal nervures to the forewing 19 to 21, postnodals 10 to 12, antenodal nervures to hindwing 15, postnodals 12 to 14; trigones in forewing with 6 cells, in bindwing 5; 5 cubital nervures in the forewing, 4 in the hind; 4 to 5 rows of cells between 5 and 5a; stigma braced, narrow and long, dark brown above, paler beneath. Abdomen tumid at the base, a little constricted at base of 3rd segment, cylindrical and of even width afterwards as far as the ana] end. First segment black, 2nd and 3rd sky-blue on the dorsum and sides, the former with a broad, transverse, subbasal, black band broadest on the dorsum and an apical, black ring which extends squarely basalwards along the dorsum but is not usually confluent with the subbasal mark ; remaining segments a dirty pale blue or pale yellow with the apical halves or more, black and a small, triangular, dorsal black mark on the paler area which is tho analogue of the larger marking seen on the 2nd segment ; on the 8th segment, the apical black more extensive and on 9 and 10 the black covers the whole of dorsum, tho sides and the apical border of the 10th segment yellowish. Legs black, robust, long. On the outer side of the hind femora at the distal end, a robust, bifid spur is seen which is less marked on the other femora. Anal superior appendages brown; seen from above they are narrow at the base, then broadening rather abruptly and widely on the inner side and tapering again gradually to the apex which is rather obtuse, bevelled outwardly to a fine point. A prominent keel runs the length of the upper surface along the outer border. Inferior appendages barely balf the length of the superior, broadly triangular and strongly curved in profile. (Fig. 3, V). Female.—Head: labium, labrum, epistome and frons pale yellowish green and unmarked save for a narrow black bordering to the lips; eyes pale bluish green, greenish yellow below ; occiput pale olivaceous. Thorax sap green on the dorsum, pale greenish yellow on the sides which are marked with a narrow, sinuous, black, posthumeral stripe and a broad, pale brown or darker brown, median stripe which is bordered narrowly in front and behind with black. The metepimeron bordered posteriorly, narrowly with black. Wings hyaline, their attachments to the thorax ashy ; other features as in male. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 116 Abdomen: Ist segment pale brown with an incomplete apical, black ring ; 2nd segment pale greenish yellow on dorsum, pale bluish green on sides at the apex and with a narrow, median, black mark on the dorsum ; remaining segments a dirty yellow marked with a narrow, triangular, brown, median spot on dorsum of segments 3 to 7 and broad, apical and narrow, basal annules on segments 3 to 8; 9th segment brown at the base and sides only ; 10th segment entirely yellowish green or pale yellow. Often the 8th segment is entirely black save for a small, apical spot which broadens laterally but does not meet its fellow over the dorsum. Dentigerous plate rounded and covered with small denticules. Anal appendages brown lanceolate, as long as the 2 last abdominal segments. Legs black. Hab.—Throughout India in the montane and semi-montane areas, some- what scarce in the North but becoming increasingly common as its distribution is traced southwards. The Western Ghats are its natural habitat, where it is found at any height above 2,000 ft. rarely being taken below that elevation. Tt breeds freely in all watercourses at Ootacamund and other hill-tops of the Nilgiris. I have taken it not uncommonly in the Poona District. and found that it became more common as traced up to Satara and finally Mahableshwar at which latter place (in a restricted locality below the lake) it literally swarms. Anax immaculifrons is one of our finest species both as regards its size and beauty. It is to be sought for in the beds of rocky mountain streams in which places it has a regular beat of a mile or more, plying restlessly backwards and forwards for hours. It oviposits in deep running water, inserting its eggs into the stems of reeds and whilst doing so is always guarded by the male which hovers above it at a height of 2 to 3 feet. The female engaged in this work will often be submerged almost up to its neck in the water. The larve are easily discernible crawling sluggishly along the mud at the bottom of moun- tain streams, and the exuvize may be found in such situations clinging to reed stems at the side of the streams. 2. Anax guttatus, Burm. Brauer, Reise, d. Novara, Neur. p. 62 (1866); Hagen, Verh. Zool. Ges. Wien, xvii., p. 39 (1867); Martin, Coll. Zool. de Selys. Aeschnines (1909); Laidlaw, Ind. Mus. Rec. MS (1921). Aeschna guttata, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii., p. 840. n. 14 (1839); Anax magnus, Ramb. Ins. Nevr. p. 182 (1842); Brauer. |. c. p. 62 (1866). Dr. Laidlaw has splitupa number of forms of this insect into three series, A, Band C. Of these, series A is undoubtely the true Anax quttatus, of Burmei- ster, and series B is most probably a local race of the same insect. Series C seems to approach the parthenope group and is doubtfully Anax bacchus, Hagen. Martin holds this view, as his description of the latter insect evidently tallies with that of Laidlaw’s series C, and also with specimens of Anaz which I have received from various parts of the Himalayas and had regarded as A. bacchus. Male.—Abdomen 52 to 56 mm. Hindwing 49 to 52 mm. Head : labium, labrum, epistome and frons pale yellow or olivaceous, unmark- ed; eyes sap green above and at the sides, pale yellowish green beneath ; vesicle black ; occiput black with a spot at its middle and the posterior border yellow. In some specimens the labrum is bordered with brown ; there is no T-shaped mark on the upper surface of the frons. Prothorax brown, more or less concealed by the overhanging head. Thorax bulky, sap green, without any markings, The tergum is in some specimens marked with brown. Legs black, the femora reddish brown, especially the hinder pair. 116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Wings hyaline, slightly enfumed as a rule and the hinderpair marked broadly with a large, saffronated spot which extends from the outer end of the trigone as far as the 3rd postnodal nervure. This spot is not sharply defined but gra- dually diffuses near the median nervure in front and quite close to or even meeting the posterior border of the wing. Es Wy fal i bet 9: 20 | 19-9 9-16 | 16°9 Nodal index to wings :— es as le RR A ee 11-123| Poy, TOs | 129° ee About 14 cells in the loop; hypertrigones traversed 3 to 4 times; 4 to 6 cells in the trigones ; 4 to 5 cubital nervures. Membrane moderately large, brown or grey and white or yellowish at the base; stigma greyish yellow bordered with dark brown, 5 to 6 mm. length. Abdomen blackish brown with blue and orange or yellow markings as fol- lows :—Ist segment matt green on dorsum or buff coloured in some specimens and always so after death, the apex edged narrowly with dark brown; 2nd segment sky-blue above and at the sides but changing to white below and beneath, the dorsum with two, transverse, linear, black lines, the basal one of which is in the form of two scallops; 3rd segment withits basal half sky-blue, black spotted with orange at the apical half, the black area extending back in a cone- shaped manner into the blue and almost reaching the basal line of the segment ; segments 4 to 8 blackish brown, each marked with a pair of small, basal spots of orange, a pair of long, oval, apical, orange spots and finally a pair of similar coloured spots in line with and between these two. On segment 7 and 8 and not infrequently on all segments, the two apical spots coalesce to form an irregular band, and occasionally all three spots are found to join up. On segment 8 the basal spot is very small or missing ; segment 9 has a pair of triangular spots and 10 a pair of rounded, orange spots. Anal superior appendages brown, 5 to 6 mm. in length or equal to the combin- ed length of segments 9 and 10. Inferior appendages rather less than half the length of the superiors. (Fig. 3, i). The superior present a basal spine on the inner side and a flat, projecting ledge on the inner side ; the apex is bevel- led outwardly and pointed. The inferior appendages are curved up at the apex and end in a blunt point. The above description is made from a living specimen taken in Bombay and differs somewhat from the description of the type and from others taken further East and North. Dr. Laidlaw’s description of his Series B is as follows :— “Wings. Yellow tinge of hindwings less extensive, extends only as far as level of node. Basal white mark on membrane very small. Head. A small triangular area in front of vertex is brown. Abdomen. Black of dorsal surface is much more intense than in A (Type). The spots on the whole are smaller and do not coalesce and they are of a greenish yellow in colour. The basal spots on 7 and 8 are absent, the spot on 9 is small and that of 10 absent. There are no spots below the lateral, acces- sory carine. Anal appendages similar to Type. Female unknown. Differs strongly in colour pattern from type and approaches Series C. In other respects it is not very different from A (Type). Length of hindwing 54 mm., of abdomen 56 mm., of superior appendages 6 mm.” I regard this variety as a local race or variety of A. guttatus. Female—Very similar to the male but differing a little in shape and colour. The abdomen is more tumid and is not constricted at segment 3 as in the male. The whole abdomen tapers gradually from segment 2. The eyes are pale green, the face and frons yellowish, the latter having a fine, basal, black line. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 117 Abdomen. Segment 1 is reddish buff, segment 2 is only blue for quite a small area on the dorsum, its sides being silvery white. The ground colour is brown rather than black and the spots are larger, less defined and paler in colour and often coalesce. Anal appendages lanceolate, with a stout mid-rib, brown. Dentigerous plate rounded and coated with small denticules. Hab.—Throughout India in the planes and submontane areas except in the dry zones. I have taken specimens in Madras, Ceylon, Bombay and Poona but have not seen it in the C. P. or Bangalore. It is most abundant in the area of country lying between the ghats and the sea on the Western side of India south of Mount Abu. Dr. Annandale has sent me specimens from Barkuda, Ganjam District, where he states that it is common. It may be seen hawking throughout the day along the borders of the Chilka Lake. I have seen the female ovipositing in quite small tanks in Poona and Bombay and have bred out larve obtained from a tank not more than 20 feet across. Clean, weedy tanks are the favourite spots to find them. The imago in Poona always emerged punctually at about 10-30 p.m., and the full colours had almost developed by dawn. The species described by Dr. Laidlaw as Series C, from Assam and Bengal although closely allied to A. guttatus are I believe A. bacchus and are described as such below, hence I define the limits of true guttatus for the present as south of the montane areas of the Himalayas. Eastwards it extends into Burma and throughout the Straits and Indo-China. 3. Anax parthenope, “ bacchus” Hagen. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xvii’ p. 34 (1867); Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, fig. 16, Aeschnines, p. 85 (1909) ; Kirby. Cat. p. 85 (1890). Anax guttatus, Series ““C”’, Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. (1921); Calv. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. pp. 148, 150 (1899). Male.—Length of abdomen 50 mm., hindwing 48 mm. Head : eyes in the living state bluish grey ; face pale green; labrum and labium yellow, the former more or less bordered with black; vesicle yellow ; frons pale green in front, yellowish green above and marked with a broad, black. T-shaped mark ; occiput black (In specimens from Shillong and the Himalayas, the occiput is straight behind thus differing from Anazx quttatus in which there is a minute point at the centre. In these specimens also, the colour is brow- nish black). (In a specimen which I have examined in the British Museum and which is labelled A. bacchus, the occiput is greenish yellow, the centre is raised into a pyriform bosse and the free border is laminated, cleft in the middle by a shallow notch, thus forming two laminated scallops. I think however that this specimen is a local race of A. parthenope julius.) Prothorax brown, hidden almost entirely by the overhanging head. The thorax matt green, unmarked save for some occasional bluish spots on the tergum and the sutural lines which are obscurely blackish brown. Legs black, the anterior femora yellowish at their bases. . Wings hyaline, the costa yellow outwardly, enfumed at the apices and diffuse- M4 along the termen as far as the 6th nervure (M3) ; membrane blackish brown r greyish black, its base not pale as in guttatus; stigma dark ochreous with wean ; 9°16. | 16:39 10217 [19-10 black borders, 5 mm. long ; nodal index variable, Teil Pirin 1212) i211 trigones 4 to 6 cells, 4 to 5 cubital nervures ; hypertrigones traversed 2 to 3 times. Abdomen. Segment 1 matt green or pale brown, segment 2 sky-blue above and on the upper part of sides, the dorsum marked with a mid-dorsal line of black, connected with two transverse lines of the same colour, 118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, Segment 3 bluish at its base, black for the apical half or two-thirds and with an apical and sometimes with a medial bluish spot on either side ; segments 4 to 8 black spotted with bluish grey or dirty blue, varying in almost every specimen—usually however there is an oval, apical spot and a medial and basal small spot on each side which are never connected up ; the 9th and 10th seg- ments are black, the former with a single bluish spot and the latter either un- spotted or with its apex and sides greenish yellow and the borders finely brown. Anal superior appendages differ somewhat from those of Anaa gutiatus, they are decidedly broader, the middle third projecting markedly inward ; the in- ferior appendage is square, greyish and with borders diffusely black. Female very similar to the male and differing as follows :—- Eyes greenish grey in the living state ; abdomen more tumid at the base and not constricted at the third segment as in the male. The blue on the 2nd segment is only evidenced by a small, diffuse area on the dorsum and the sides are silvery yellow ; segment 3 has no trace of blue colouring and the base is greenish yellow. The spots on the abdomen are greenish yellow in colour, larger and more extcnsive and there are additional basal, infero-lateral spots on segments 4 to 5 and sometimes also on 6. Hab.—N. E. Himalayas, Assam, Upper Burma, Missouri and Dehra Dun. Anax parthenope tacchus appears to replace Anax gultatus in the North of India and bridges the gap between the latter species and Anax parthenope julius. It breeds in tanks and oviposits in shallow water. 4. Anax parthenope julius, Brauer, Brauer, Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien xvii (1865); Reise. d. Novara, Neur. pp. 61, 63 (1866); Selys, Odon. du Japon, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. 116 (1883); Kirby Cat. Odon. p. 85 (1890). Length of abdomen 58 mm, of hindwing 55 mm. Male—Head : labium bright yellow ; labrum the same colour bordered with black ; face and front of frons greenish yellow unmarked save for a small, diffuse brown, transverse spot on lower part of frons where it joins the upper epistome ; frons above finely bordered with black: behind which is a broad turquoise blue band. Posterior half of frons bright yellow marked centrally in front of vesicle by a projecting, subtriangular black spot. Eyes opalescent ; occiput yellow, posterior border a little concave with the concavity bridged across by a thin lamina. Prothorax yellowish. Thorax matt green, the alar sinus and the tergum blue, the former finely outlined in black. Legs black, femora reddish for their basal two-thirds ; coxee yellow margined with black at their junction with the synthorax. Wings hyaline, not enfumed or saffronated in any part ; costa yellow as far as the stigma which is ochreous on its upper surface and yellowish beneath and bordered with black, 6 mm. in length; membrane black, its basal third white ; trigones with 6 ceus in the forewing, 4 in the hind; cubital nervures 10°17 | 19-10 5 in forewing; 4 in the hind ; nodal index :— Tr i2 [12-11 ; 14 to 15 cells in® the loop. Abdomen tumid at the base, constricted at the 3rd segment and of even width thereafter as far as the end; segment 1 yellowish green finely bordered basally with black, two irregular, diffuse, small, brownish spots on each side, one subdorsal, the other nearly ventral; segment 2 turquoise blue, the dorsum very finely, the base and two transverse, fine lines black; segments 3 to 8 pale dirty blue, the dorsum of all segments rather broadly black, this colour INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. Hyg prolonged outwardly and finely along all transverse sutures and at the junc- tion of the apical and middle thirds, as a short angular projection. The sup- plementary ridges and the apical halves of the segments 3 to 6 below these ridges are also black, whilst on segments 7 to 10 the part below the lateral ridges is entirely black ; the 9th and 10th segments are broadly black on the dorsam and finely along the lateral and posterior borders. Superior anal appendages 5 mm. long, dark brown, very similar to guttatus but more abruptly narrowed after the middle third. The inferior appendage is barely one-third the length of the superior, quadrate, the end turned up slightly and presenting two teeth at cither angle when viewed in profile, pale brown but darker at the borders (Fig. 3, 2). Female very similar tothe male but the abdomen more tumid at the base and not constricted at the third segment. There is only a slight trace of turquoise blue on the dorsum of the 2nd segment and none on that of the 3rd, the sides of these two segments are silvery white. The markings are almost identical with those of the male on the rest of the segments, but the black is more extensive and tends to cut up the marginal dull blue into spots which however are always coalescent to some extent. The thorax is pale brown or fawny. Dentigerous plate subdenticvlate and rounded. Ana! appendages lanceolate and with a stout mid-rib. Hab.—Himalayas, Bengal and Assam. The specimens described above are from Darjeeling District. Eastwards it spreads into China and Japan. Anaz julius bridges the gap between Anax bacchus and parthenope, both of which it resembles somewhat, the colouring of the frons will however suflice to differentiate them. 5. Anax parthenope parthenope, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. vi. (2) p. 389 (1859) ; id. Mon. Lib. Eur. p. 119 (1840); id. Rev. Odon. p. 111 (1850) ; Brauer Reise d. Novara, Neur. p. 61 (1866); Hagen, Neur. N. Amer. p. (1867); Kirby, Cat. Odon p. 85 (1890); Laid Rec. Ind. Mus. MS (1921). Calvert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1898), pp. 148-149, fig. 3 A. t.; Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Aeschnines, xix, xx, p. 20 (fig. 15) (1909). Aeschna parthenope, Selys. loc. cit. Aeschna parisinu:, Ramb. Neurop. p. 185, t. 1. f. 10 (1842). Length of abdomen, male 53 mm, female 50 mm, hindwing 49 to 50 mm. Male—Head : labium, labrum and face as well as front of frons cinereous, whitish or very pale yellow ; upper surface of frons marked anteriorly with a broad, blackish brown, transverse band, posterior to which is a narrow line of pale brown followed again by a band of pale blue. Base of frons bluish with a very small, black triangle in the suture in front of vesicle ; the latter black in front, pale yellow or whitish yellow above ; occiput bright yellow behind but with a small, black, triangular area in front. Prothorax pale brown, almost entirely obscured by the overlapping head. Thorax pale brown or greyish or faintly tinted with greenish yellow. In Basra specimens the colour is a pale slate blue and the only markings are the sutures which are finely outlined in black. Legs black, the middle and posterior pairs of femora reddish, the anterior pair black outwardly, pale whitish yellow inwardly. The middle and posterior femora with a row of very closely-set, very small even spines, the distal few slightly more robust. Wings hyaline or partially enfumed, often quite deeply so. In one specimen from Basra the extreme tips of the wings are enfumed and the outer two-thirds, from the outer end of the trigone to rather beyond the stigma is a smoky amber tint ; in other specimens the wings have a deeply enfumed, brownish area 120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIil. beginning diffusely from distal to or proximal to the node and ending rather abruptly at the level of the outer end of stigma. This fascia is very noticeable when the insect is flying and is always much more extensive in the females. Tf present in the males it is usually more amber tinted. Stigma pale brown above, whitish yellow beneath, 40 to 5°5 mm. in length and larger in the female; membrane white ; trigones with 4 to 6 cells in the forewing, 3 to 4 in the hind ; ; p , : 7°.15:| 16:8 $14] 14: § cubital nervures 4 in all wings ; nodal index :-— 11 | 109” 71-12] 11-10 oe drat, 9 8: ih [15° 8 11-11 | 11-12’ 10°10] 10-9 Abdomen tumid at the base, well constricted at the 3rd segment and very gradually enlarging thereafter as far as the anal end. Ist segment pale buff, darker brown on the dorsum and with a pruinescent, dark round spot on the side; 2nd segment pale turquoise blue, marked with a fine apical and a basal black ring. There is also a small transverse, linear, black mark on either side of the dorsum, distal to the middle of the segment. The dorsum more or less spiny and black, this colour usually limited to the minute spines. A black spot on the side represcnts the rudimentary auricle ; 3rd segment turquoise blue for rather more than its basal half, white low down on the sides and brown- ish black for the apical third or more and here marked with three conjoined, dirty blue, elongate spots, somewhat irregular in shape, the brown on the dorsum spreads basalwards into the blue almost up to the base of the segment; segments 4 to 8 blackish brown on the dorsum, pale blue at the sides, the dark dorsal colouring invading it along the transverse sutures and by a triangular point near the apex, the supplementary ridges are finely brown, as is also the apical area beneath them; segment 9 is broadly black on the dorsum and blue at the sides, its lateral borders finely black; 10 is brownish black with the sides and apical border yellowish. Anal superior appendages nearly as long as the 9th and 10th segments taken together, dark brown, the apices paler inwardly. Evenly convex onthe inner side for the basal three-fourths and the apex rather abruptly narrowed and with a small point on the outer side. Inferior appendage white with brown borders, less than one-fourth the length of the superiors, its apical border with numerous fine spines directed upward _ (Fig. 3, 4). >» Female very similar to the male but with a stouter abdomen and no con- striction of the 3rd segment. Differs as ; 13 to 14 cells in the loop. Fic. 4. _ follows :—Labrum bordered with brown ; Occiput of Anaxz parthenope frons in front has a narrow, reddish parthenope, female. brown bordering, above a bordering of é dull blue and the base pale blue. There is no basal, black, triangular spot. Occiput very highly specialized, shiny black in front, bright yellow posteriorly, the posterior border projects back- ward slightly as a quadrate lobe furnished with a small horn at either angle. (fig. 4). The blue on abdominal segments 2 and 3 is restricted to but a small area on the dorsum and the sides of these segments are silvery white. The 10th segment is entirely yellow save for a small, black, dorsal mark at the base. Anal appendages brown, lanceolate, rapidly tapering to a point, with a strong mid-rib running throughout their length. Dentigerous plate rounded, its posterior border straight and its surface coated with minute denticules. INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 121 Hab.—Mesopotamia, India throughout the Deccan, Rajputana and Sind. I have found it breeding in small tanks in Poona. Elsewhere it is found throughout the Mediterranean, and Asia Minor and the Near East. Grnus HEMIANAX, Burm. Hemranax, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (3) v. p. 723 (1883); Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 85 (1890); Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Aeschnines, xix, XX} p. 80 (1909); Tillyard, J. L. Soc. Lond, Zool. xxxiii, July (1916) , Laid. Rec. Ind. Mus. MS. (1921). Cyrtosoma, Selys, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 412 (1871). A’schna, Van der Lind. Very similar to genus Anazx but generally smaller and with shorter abdomen. The latter has no supplementary ridges on the sides of segments 4 to 8 and is therefore smooth and cylindrical. The superior anal appendages are sublanceolate in the male and taper more rapidly than in Anax, in the female they are typically lanceolate. Inferior anal appendages subtriangular and with the lateral borders furnished with robust imbricated spines. (Selys aptly described this appendages as resembling the lower jaw of a python with its imbricated teeth.) Wings similar to genus Anaz. 7. Hemianax ephippiger—Burmeister, (Aeschna ephippiger), Handbk- ‘Ent. ii. p. 840. n. 15 (1839). Anax ephippiger, Brauer, Reise. d. Novara, Neur. p. 63 (1866) ; Hagen, Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xvii, p. 21 (1867). Aischna mediterranea, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. vi. (2) p. 391 (1839). Anax mediterranea, Selys, Mon. Lib. Eur. p. 120 (1840). Anax mediterraneus, Selys, Rev. Odon. p. 329 (1850); Brauer, loc. cit. p. 63 (1866). Anax senegalensis, Ramb. Ins. Nevr. p. 190 (1842). Length of abdomen 45 to 48 mm, of hindwing 45 to 46 mm. Male—Head : eyes sage green above changing to yellow beneath ; labium bright yellow ; labrum and face greenish yellow ; frons bright yellow, its anterior border and front blackish brown, its base very narrowly black before the eyes and vesicle ; vesicle yellow with a blackish base; occiput greenish yellow, slightly concave behind and raised in a medial ridge in continuation of the opthalmic suture. Eyes behind black and marked with bright yellow. Prothorax yellowish. Thorax pale ochreous brown or sage green on the dorsum, greenish yellow on the sides, the metepimeron sometimes a bluish green. No markings save for a fine black belt bordering the coxe. Legs black, base ef hind femora reddish brown, anterior femora bright yellow behind, and within, black in front. Hind femora with a row of closely-set, gradually lengthening, but short spines. Wings hyaline but with a diffuse saffronated spot in the hindwing very si- milar to that seen in gutiatus extending from the trigone to well beyond the node. Much smaller and often entirely absent in the male. In addition there is some slight saffronation of the bases of the wings, especially in the female ; membrane white, its anterior margin narrowly black throughout its length ; stigma 5 to 5:5 mm in length, bright ochreous margined posteriorly with dark brown ; reticulation black and yellow, the costa yellow as far as apex ; trigone of forewing with 5 cells, 4 in the hind, narrower than in Anaz ; 5 cubital ner- vures in the forewing, 4 in the hind; 10 to 14 cells in the loep. 8°15 | 167 7-14|15°7 7°16| 16-7 Nodal index—Male :— ———————_, Female ——-——_—-__ ———————- 9: 10 | 11°9 10°11 | 11-10 10° 10 | 10°10 16 122 JUURNAL, BOMBAY NATURLA HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Abdomen tumid at the base, a little constricted at the 3rd segment and from thence of even width as far as the anal end, the 9th and 10th being slightly broadened. Cylindrical and smooth due to the absence of the supplementary ridges on the sides. Ground colour ochreous on the dorsum changing to oli- vaceous or greenish yellow on the sides and beneath. 1st segment brown on the dorsum, this colour extending out as a transverse median line and also along the apical margin. Space between the Ist and 2nd segments greenish yellow. The dorsum of the 2nd segment turquoise blue, its apex finely and base rather more broadly black or dark brown, its sides silvery white ; the dorsum of segments 3 to 7 irregularly and narrowly brownish black and with a small, lateral, diffuse brownish spot at the lower part of the apical half; on 8 and 9 this spot extends basalwards and joins up with the black of dorsum which is much more extensive on these two segments, and thus encloses a large spot of the ground colour, on segment 8 there is also a smaller spot enclosed at the base ; 10th segment has a single, large apical spot on each side, connected across the dorsum apically with each other. Anal superior appendages as long as the 9th and 10th segments taken together lanceolate, tapered to a fine point, strongly keeled, the keel raised into a robust, spinous process near the apex of the appendix, very prominent when viewed from the side, reddish brown. Inferior appendage not half the length of the superior, yellow stippled with black bordered laterally above with several, robust imbricated, black spines. Female very similar to the male but differing as follows :— The occiput instead of being concave behind, projects back slightly in the form of a fine lamina the edge of which curls slightly up. Above it is raised into a pyriform, shiny bosse, the broad, rounded end of which is sharply marked off from the laminated, posterior portion. The abdomen is more tumid, the 3rd segment not constricted but tapering gradually to the anal end ; the 2nd segment has only a small spot of turquoise blue on its anterior third ; the sides of the 3rd segment more broadly white ; the black markings less extensive on segments 3 to 7. The anal appendages more typically lanceolate and with a strong keel run- ning throughout their length and not raised in a tubercle or spine near the apex. Dentigerous plate very similar to that of Anax parthenope parthenope, rounded and subdenticulate. Hab.—Mesopotamia, Persia, North Africa, India throughout the plains and dry areas, more especially Sind, Gujerat, Rajputana and parts of the Deccan. This species is given to long migrant flights, often swarming in great numbers. I saw one such on the 20th November 1919 when at sea, some 40 miles off the Kathiawar Coast. All the specimens taken on board the ship were fresh, and some quite teneral. In Mesopotamia it breeds in irrigation canals and marshes, whilst in India I have found it breeding in small tanks. It is interesting to note that a close observer like De Selys when describing this species (under the name of Anax mediterraneus) quite overlooked the absence of the supplementary ridges on the abdomen which are so serviceable for identifying the inseer (To be continued.) Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. NO XM BUTTERFLIES OF TAVOY. 123 A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. BY O. C. OLLENBACH. (With a Plate). (Continued from page 897, Vol. XX VII.) Family—LYCA‘NID. Subfamily—GERYDIN&. 218. Gerydus boisduvalii, Moore. Plentiful on the hills almost all the year round. 219. Gerydus ancon, Doh. Several specimens of both sexes taken. It appears to be on the wing throughout the yearasI have specimens which were caught in January, April, August, September and December. It keeps mostly to the hills. 220. Gerydus croton, Sp. Near to Croton, but differs in the band on the upperside of the forewings being pure white and extending from near the costa to the 2nd median nervule. On the underside the ground colour is lighter than the typical form. Four males were taken on Sinbo Sinma in October 1918. 221. Gerydus biggsii, Dist. A pair taken on Pagaye hill, 600,’ on 22nd May 1916. 222. Allotinus subviolaceus, Felder. A single male taken on Pagaye hill, 6,000,’ on 30th December 1917. 223. Allotinus horsfieldit, Moore. Plentiful on the hills from November to April. Subfamily—Lycanin &. 224. Pithecops hylax, Fab. Common at all elevations in heavy jungle throughout the year. 225. Neopithecops zalmora, Butler. Common on the hills and along streams in all parts of the district. 226. Spalgis epius, Wd. A few specimens taken at Myitta and Pagaye during December. 227. Taraka hamada, Druce. d This is not a common species and has been taken sparingly at Myitta in May and at Myekhanba in December. 228. Cyaniris puspa, Hors. Common on hill-tops during December and January, and along streams at the foot of the hills from February to June. 229. Catachrysops strabo, Fab. . One of the commonest of butterflies and seen in greatest numbers during December and January. 230. Catachrysops pandava, Hors. Common all the year round, throughout the district. 231. Catachrysops cnejus, Fab. Found sparingly throughout the district. 232. Castalius rosimon, Fab. Common throughout the year ; very plentiful from December to April. 124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 233. Castalius ethion, Db. Plentiful on the hills from December to March and found sparingly during the rest of the year. 234. Castalius roxus, God. A few specimens taken at Pagaye during November. 235. Castalius decidia, Hew. Very scarce ; only two specimens taken at Pagaye in December 1916. 236. Castalius elna, Hew. Common at all times throughout the district in hilly country. 237. Lyceenesthes lycenina, Felder. A very common species which appears in large numbers, on hill-tops, from January to May. 238. Lyccenesthes emolus, God. Common on the hills all the year round. 239. Nacaduba atrata, Hors. A fair number of both sexes taken at Kambauk and Pagaye in January. 240. Nacaduba pavana, Hors. ®: Plex.tiful especially on the hills throughout the year. 241.* Nacaduba nora, Felder. Very common from November to January but less so during the rest of the year. 242. Nacaduba plumbeomicans, DeN. Males very common but females less so. This species is very plentiful on the hills during December and January. 243. Lampides bochus, Cramer. Found sparingly on the hills from December to April. Females are deci- dedly rare. 244. Lampides subdita, Moore. A few taken at Myitta and Pagaye in May 1916 and several specimens of both sexes taken on Sabataung, 400’, in December 1919. 245. Lampides celeno, Cramer. Very common at all elevations throughout the district and at all seasons. 246. Lampides kondulana cerulea, Sw. A few males and two females taken at Pagaye, Kalachaung and Kala- taung. This is a rare species but appears to fly all the year round as I have specimens taken in March, April, August, November, and December. 247. Lampides elpis, God. Very common all over the district at all seasons. 248. Polyommatus beticus, L. Extremely common at all times at low elevations. During November and December they appear in vast numbers. Subfamily—Poritinz. 249. Poritia hewitsoni tavoyana, Doh. A few males but no females taken during December on Pagaye hill, 600’. 250. Poritia pleurata, Hew. A rare species ; two males and four females taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, and on Kalataung, 1,500’, during December 1920. 251. Poritia phraatica, Hew. About 40 miles and 35 females were taken on Pagaye hill, 600, and on Kalataung, 1500’, in December 1919. The males are almost exactly like P. erycinoides, from the Karen hills, only the latter is larger. I take these to be the males of P. phraatica, the female of which is brown above with large medial orange area on both wings. On the undersides the markings of BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. 125 the two sexes I caught on Pagaye and Kalataung appear to be the same, only the female has the ground colour whitish. It appears strange that I should have caught so large a number of two opposite sexes and yet for them not to be the opposite sexes of one species. The blue markings on the up- perside of the males are very variable, hardly any two specimens being alike. The extent and distribution of the blue colouring of the male is said to be the same as in P. hewitsoni, Moore, the difference bring that in P. hewitsoni, the blue changes to emerald green in some lights; this I find is not the case as I have three specimens in which the blue does change to green. The males are quite distinct from that sex of P. hewitsont on both surfaces and are easily recognisable. 252. Poritia phalia, Hew. This is a rare species and seldom met with. Seven males and four females only taken on Pagaye and Kalataung, 600’ to 1,500’, between November and February. The males are indistinguishable from the same sex of P. pediada on the upper surface, but P. phalia is said to be larger. On the underside both are rufous-brown, but P. phalia is said to be of a brighter tint. I must have caught well over 20 males of different sizes, so it is difficult to say which are pediada and which phalia. On examining the undersides I find that the larger specimens are not in every case brighter than the smaller ones and they appear gradually to intergrade. The females of P. phalia are yellow and those or pediada, brown, on both surfaces, but the shape of the wings are much alike. The markings on the undersides of the females are the same, the only difference being the colour. Iam much inclined to think that these two species are one and the same and that the female is dimorphic. The distribution of the markings and colouring on the uppersurfaces of the males is very variable and it does not seem possible to distinguish between the males of these two species. 253. Poritia pediada, Hew. Several males and afew females taken on Pagaye hill, 600, and on Kala- taung, 1,500’, during December and January 1919-20. As noted previously I am unable to distinguish between these males and those of P. phalia. The females of course are brown and appear to mimic abisara echerius angulata, Moore. 254. Poritia phalena, Hew. Of this species I have only been able to secure a pair; the male on Pagaye hill, 600’, on 23rd November 1917, and the female on 22nd December 1919, on Kalataung, 1,500’. The male on the upperside has the spots lustrous sea-green in some lights and blue in others. Theshape and disposition of the markings are the same as in P. phalia and P. pediada, but it differs entirely on the un- derside in that it has a broad white band crossing both wings, about the middle, besides which there are several whitish transverse streaks on the forewings and the rufous-brown markings on the hindwings are outlined with white. The tuft of long appressed hairs on the pale costal area on the upper- side of the hindwings is not peculiar to this species but is also possessed by the other two species mentioned above. The female is brown above as in that sex of P. pediada, Hew., but on the underside it is rufous, rather paler than the male. The broad white fascia on the underside of the male is re- placed by a narrow whitish line across the forewings only. The whitish trans- verse streaks on forewings and the white edging to the rufous-brown mark- ings on the hindwings are wanting. 255. Zarona jasoda, DeN. A rare species of which only three males and four females have been caught ; a male at Yeawing in February 1919; two males and two females on Pagaye hill, 600’, in December and two females on Kalataung, 1,500’, in December 1919. 126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII Subfamily—CureEtin 2. 256. Curetis bulis, Db. and Hew. Males very common but females are scarce. Numerous specimens were taken in the Kalachaung in February 1919 and at Pagaye and at Wagon in January 1920. I have not secured any specimens of the varieties angulata or discalis. 257. Curetis bulis malayica, Felder. A few of both sexes taken at Pagaye in December and at Myekhanbaw in April 1919. Subfamily—THeEciin&., 258. Aphneeus lohita, Hors. Found mostly at low elevations. It was plentiful along the Pachaung- Kambauk road, on the flowers of the Aduratum. The females are not so common and are heavily marked on the underside. 259. Aphneeus ictis maximus, El. Taken very sparingly at Pagaye fe Wagon during December 1919. Subfamily—ARHOPALIN2. 260. Mahathala ameria, Hew. This is apparently a rare species as only two males anda single female were taken at Myekhanbaw on 23rd May 1919. 261. Apporosa atkinsoni, Hew. A few of both sexes taken at Myekhanbaw in May 1919 and numerous specimens on Sabataung, 300’, in December 1919. This species appears to be very local, being found only at one particular spot at each of the above localities. It keeps to small bushes and flies little, even when disturbed. 262. Iraota rochana, Hors. Many males taken on Pagaye hill, 500’, in bamboo jungle, during Decem- ber 1919, but no females were seen here. The single female taken was caught about five miles out of Kambauk, on the road to Pachaung, on 19th January 1920. There appears to be no difference between these and J. boswelliana Distant. 263. Amblypodia narada, Hors. An uncommon species of which I secured only three males and two females. A pair at Talaingya in October 1914, a pair at Pagaye, 300’, and a female at Wagon, 1,000’, in December 1919. 264. Surendra quercetorum, Moore. Plentiful all over in heavy forest. 265. Surendra florimel, Doh. Rather an uncommon species. Two males taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, at the end of December 1919 and a female at Kambauk in January 1920. 266. Arhopala centaurus, Fab. Very common at low elevations, less so on the hills. It appeared in large numbers on the lower slop«s of Sabataung during December 1919. 267. Arhopala camdeo, Varro. Two females only taken ; one on Pagaye hill on 16th December 1919 and the other at Pachaung on 11th January 1920. These specimens are a good deal smaller than the Indian form and the colour on the upper side of the wings is a bright, shining blue. 268. Arhopala albopunctata, Hew. A common species found at all elevations in heavy forest. It is most plenti- ful from Nevember to March. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, 127 269. Arhopala aida, DeN. A male and two females taken, the male at Yeawing on 27th February 1919 and the females on Kalataung, 1,700’, on 21st December 1919. Female. Expanse 1‘6—1°'8 inches. Upperside ; Forewing bright rich purple, the costal margin very broadly, increasingly to the apex, thence decreasingly to the anal angle, black; a black spot on the disco-cellulars. Hindwing, the costal margin very widely, the exterior margin less so, black, abdominal margin broadly pale fuscus, anal lobe black with a tuft of white hair at the apex: tail black, tipped with white. The margins of the hindwings are very wide so that the purple colour is confined to the middle portion and appears as a large spot. Underside as in male. 270. Arhopala vihara, Felder. A single male taken at Yeawing, 300’, in February 1919. 270. Arhopala silhetensis, Hew. Two males and a female of this rare species were taken. A male on Saba- taung, 300’, in January 1920, one in Mergui district in February and a female at Myekhanbaw in April 1920. These specimens agree exactly with A. arama, DeN., which Bethune Baker places as a synonym of siihetensis. The males are darker than the Sikkim specimens in my collection, but the black borders are narrower. 272. Arhopala anthelus, Db. & Hew. Several males and females of this magnificent species were taken at Kala- chaung in April 1919, and also on Kalataung, 1,500’, during the last week of December 1919. 273. Arhopala subfasciata, Moore. Very common everywhere in heavy forest, but good specimens are difficult to get. 274. Arhepala agata, Hew. Rather a common species, found on the hills in heavy forest. Numerous specimens of both sexes were taken at Pagaye, Kalataung and Sabataung during December 1919. 275. Arhopala selta, Hew. A rare species of which I took a female at Yeawing, 300’, on 28th February 1919, a pair on Kalataung, 1,700’, and a male at Pagaye, 600’, during December 1919. 276. Arhopala rafflesii, DeN. Two males only taken ; one in the Mergui district in February and the other at Kalachaung in March 1919. 277. Arhopala aroa, Hew. Five males and four females were taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, on 22nd December 1919 and a few at Pagaye and Myekhanbaw during December and April respectively. 278. Arhopaia atosia aricia, Std. Three males and two females taken during December and January 1919- 20 ; a female at Pagaye, 600’, a pair on Kambauk hill, 500’, and two males at Yeawing, 300’. 279. Arhopala moolaiana, Moore. This species was quite plentiful on the hill to the east of Yeawing during February 1919. I also took many specimens at Pagaye, Wagon and Kambauk, in December and January 1919-20. During the heat of the day they descend to the streams and settle on damp patches of sand. 280. Arhopala antimuta, Felder. A single female taken on Kalataung, 1,700’, on 22nd December 1919. 198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 281. Arhopala hypomuta, Hew. A common species of which a large series was secured. It is found on all the hills throughout the district from December to March. 282. Arhopala metamuta, Hew. Taken sparingly at Pagaye, Sabataung and Wagon, on hill-tops, during December and January. 283. Arhopala pagaiensis,n. sp. @ No. VII, 2 No. VIII in plate. Expanse ff 1:6, 2 1-4 inches, Description :—Male :—Upper side both wings brilliant morpho blue, changing to dull purple in certain lights, the costa and outer margins very narrowly black, cilia dusky, the abdominal margin pale fuscus. Underside brown, the spots darker and defined with pale lines. Forewing with a small round spot at base of cell, a larger oval one in the middle and a still larger one at end of cell; a discal fascia composed of five round spots of equal size placed three and two, the two, which are the lower, shifted inwards, a submarginal series of diffused spots: cilia brown. The area below the median nervure and first median nervule paler than the rest of the wing. Hindwings brown, three small round basal spots, a small spot on the costa, a large oval spot in the cell with a still larger round spot below ; a very large quadrate spot at end of cell. A discal series of spots, commenc- ing at the costa, a little beyond the middle and ending on the abdominal margin, composed of eight spots, the first six rounded, the last two linear; this fascia is strongly broken at the fifth spot, whichis shifted inwards a sub- marginal series of diffused spots ; three marginal black spots crowned with brilliant metallic green scales, the middle spot the largest ; anal lobe small, black; body above dark brown beneath whitish. Female :—.Upperside light, shining blue, the margins broadly brown. Forewing, the costa increasing to the apex, where it is very wide, about a third of the wing, and the outer margin decreasingly broadly fuscus. Hindwing: the costal margin broadly and exterior margin less broadly fuscus. Underside as in male. 284. Arhopala oberthuri, Std. Several specimens of both sexes taken on Kalataung, 1,700’, and on Pagaye hill 600’, during December and January 1919-20. 285. Arhopala cumolphus fraquhari, Dist. Males extremely common on hill-tops especially so on Pagaye hill, 600’, but females are very scarce. During December and the early part of January 1919-20, this butterfly appeared in great numbers on the top of Pagaye hill. They always put in an appearance about 4 p.m. and could be seen sitting with out spread wings on the leaves of trees in patches of sunlight. They indulge in much fighting, not only among themselves, but with any other insect that happens to pass by and in this respect are very different to the other members of this genus. The flash of metalic green from their wings as they flitted about in the rays of the sun was a fine sight and could be seen from a distance, 286. Arhopala diardi, Hew. Several specimens of both sexes were caught on Sabataung, 400’, and also on Kalataung, 1,500’, during December 1919. 287. Arhopala anniella, Hew. An uncommon species of which I secured several males and a few females at Kalachaung in March 1917 and on Pagaye hill, 600’, in December 1919. It appears to be identical with A. artegal, Doh., and is near to A. chinensis, Felder— A. moelleri, DeN., which latter is probably only the Indian form. The shape of the forewings in the males appear to vary to some extent, as i have two specimens in which the fore wings are elongated and pointed at the apex. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. 129 288. Arhopala abseus, Hew. ; Several specimens taken at Pagaye and Kalataung during December 1919. The males on the upperside are coloured like Ceylon specimens, but the black borders are narrower. The females are like the Indian form and are typical. 289. Arhopala fulgida, Hew. A single male taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, on 11th December 1919. This species does not appear to have been recorded from so far South, the habitat being given from Sikkim to Upper Burma. 290. Arhopala apidanus, Cramer. Rather uncommon as only a few specimens of both sexes were taken during December 1919, on Sabataung, 400’, and on Kalataung, 1,700’. One specimen, a female, is exactly like the Assam form ahamus, Doh. 91. Arhopala antura, Sw. A single male taken at Maungmagan on 7th April 1914 at about 200’ elevation. 292. Arhopala agrata, DeN. This is an uncommon species as only three males and two females have - been taken. All these were caught during December 1919, at Pagaye, 600’, and on Kalataung, 1,500’. 293. Arhopala edias, Hew. A good many specimens of both sexes were taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, during December and January 1919-20. This species appears to be confined to this particular hill, as I took it nowhere else. 294. Arhopala woodii, n. sp. & No. VI in plate. Expanse 4 1-8, 2 1-9 inches. Description :—Male. Upperside, both wings brilliant metallic blue, of about the same shade asin the female of A. edias. Forewing with the costal margin from the base increasing in width to the apex, wher: it is broadest, -2 inch, thence decreasing to the tornus, where it is ‘05 inch, black and evenly curved inwardly. Hindwing with the costal margin broadly dusky, exterior margin decreasingly to the anal angle, black, abdominal margin broadly fusecus. Anal lobe very small; tail of moderate length, black, tipped with white. Underside, both wings, dull brown, of much the same shade as in A. edias, Hew., the markings of a darker shade, prominent and outwardly defined by a fine pale line. Forewing with the inner margin, broadly paler, up to the median nervure and first median'nervule; a small oval spot towards the base of the cell, a large oval spot at the middle, with two small spots below it, in the sub-median interspace, wanting in some specimens, a still larger quadrate spot closing the cell ; a large triangular spot at the base of the first median interspace, the discal band composed of six spots, un- broken, macular, but sharply bent towards the costa at vein 4, of even width throughout ; a sub-marginal series of diffused spots between the veins, In some specimens there are one to two small diffused spots in the pale area in continuation of the discal band. Hindwing: a very small round spot at extreme base of the costa, four small round spots across base, a sub-coastal spot, a spot in the middle of the cell, a large spot posterior to this latter, another spot posterior to the last on the abdominal margin, an elongated spot at the end of the cell ; the discal band much dislocated, the two anterior most spots, conjoined, quadrate, and shifted inwards, touching the spot at the end of the cell and the third spot of the discal series. The rest of the discal band consists of six spots which are conjoined and placed in pairs, the post- eriormost just touching the spot on the abdominal margin; a submarginal series of diffused spots, as on forewing, anal lobe faint; three black spots on margin, one at anal angle and one on either side of the tail, these spots dusted with metallic green scales. Female, as in male but the costal 17 130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXV1II, dark margin is wider and extends nearly to vein 4, but does not coalesce here with the terminal margin, thus leaving a small blue area. Hindwing on upper and under surfaces as in the male. 295. Arphola agnis, Felder. Three males and two females were taken on Kambauk hill, 300’, about the middle of January 1920. It appears to be rare and was not seen anywhere else, 296. Arphola hewitsoni, B.B. A common species of which I secured a large series. It is to be found on all the hills from November to May. 297. Arhopala azata, DeN. A single male taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, on 7th January 1920, This species was described from the Malay Peninsula, and has so far not been re- corded from the Indian region. Upperside both wings pale purple. Forewing has the outer margin very narrowly black ; the discocellulars defined by a narrow dark line. Hindwing has the exterior margin narrowly black, the anal lobe black sprinkled with grey. Tail about $ inch long, black, tipped with white. Underside : Forewing greyish-brown, the spots of a darker shade, an- nular and outlined with white. Two spots within the cell, the basal one small, the central one large and oval, with a larger spot at the end of the cell, a spot below the cell in the first median interspace with a larger spot below it in the submedian area. A discal series of eight spots, the first minuae on the costa, the next three, subequal, in line and shifted upwards, followed by four spots, shifted inwards and in line with the first ; a postdiscal and sub- marginal lunular whitish band. Hindwing with three basal and three discal annular spots, a large quadrate discocellular spot, a discal band of eight spots, in pairs, all outlined with white. Postdiscal and submarginal lunulated bands, whitish. Expanse ¢ 1-3 inches. 298. ArhopalaSp. Q No. V. in plate. Expanse : female two inches. Upperside; purplish blue. Forewing with the costal and outer margins, especially at the apex, broadly fuscus, this margin decreasing in width to the anal angle. Hindwing with the costal and outer margins, moderately broadly fuscus, and also decreasing in width to the anal angle ; tail fuscus, tipped with white ; adbominal marginal whitish ; anal lobe small but distinct. Underside; pale brown, the spots of a much darker shade and outwardly defined with a pale line ; a small round spot at base cf cell, a large oval one in the middle with two small spots above, bet- ween it and the costa, the lower spot of the two is attached to the spot in the middle of the cell; alarge ill-shaped spot at the end of the cell, with two small spots aboveit and attached toit, making in all four small spots above the cell ; the usual discal band represented by four oval spots, in pairs, the upper pair placed obliquely on the disc, between the end of the cell and outer margin; the lower pair shifted inwards and separated by the 2nd median nervule; an elongated spot beneath the cell, between the bases of the 2nd and Ist median nervules ; two large spots in the submedian inter- space one below the middle of the cell and the other at the base of the wings ; a submarginal series of diffused spots; a large pale area below the cell and the first median nervule. Hindwing: five basal spots, the middle one being at the base of the cell; a large oval spot in the middle of the cell with a large spot above it, a quadrate spot on costal margin near apex, a very large spot at end of cell, an oval spot between the bases of the Ist and 2nd median nervules and a large cordate spot in the submedian area ; a discal series of five sub-quadrate spots the first two on the disc, about midway between the end of the cell and the outer margin, the next two shifted inwards and separated by the 2nd median nervule, the fifth shifted still further inwards in the first median interspace; submarginal band as. BUTTERFIAES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. 131 on forewing; three black anal spots, the two outer crowned inwardly with metallic blue scales, the middle spot entirely covered with similar scales. This is evidently a new species but I hesitate to name it as I have not succeeded in taking a male. It probably belongs to the group anunda, Hew., auxesia, B.B., auxea, DeN., and is near auxesia, B.B., but differs from it in the obsolescence of the discal band on the underside of the forewings. It agrees fairly well with A. agesia, Hew., the spots on the undersides of both wings being much alike, but it differs from that species in being pale purple on the upperside while A. agesia is violet-blue. 299, Arhopala tunguva, Gr. 8. Many specimens of both sexes taken on Pagaye hill, during December 1919. This species varies much in size and in the colour of the uppersides. 300. Arhopala perissa, Doh. An uncommon species of which I secured only a few specimens. I took it on Pagaye hill at 600’ and also on Kalataung, 1,700’, in December . 801. Arhopala perimuta, Moore. Plentiful on hill tops throughout the district during January and February, and less so at other times. 302. Arhopala duessa, Doh. Found sparingly from November to March. I have a few specimens of both sexes, of which some were taken at Kalachaung in March and others on Kalataung, 1,500’, during December 1919. 303. Arhopala ammonides, Doh. Several specimens of both sexes of this beautiful little butterfly were caught at Kalachaung in March and Myekhanbaw in April 1920, 304. Arhopala arvina, Hew. Two males and one female taken on Kalataung,1,700’,on 21st December 1919. 305. Arhopala adala, DeN. A single male taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, during December 1919. 306. Arhopala fulla, Hew. A single female caught on Kambauk hill, 300’, on 14th January 1920, This species has previously been described from the Andaman Islands. Subfamily—DrvuporicIn#, 307. Deudoryx epijarbas, Moore. Common throughout the district. 308. Hysudra hades, DeN. @ No. XII in plate. A single female taken about two miles from Kambauk, on the road to Paeha- ung, on 16th January 1920. De Niceville, J.A.S.B., 1897, p. 500, described this butterfly as ‘hair brown above, paler on the disc,” which is not the case in the specimen I possess which has a distinct cupreous tint on the area below the cell of the forewings, from the base to about three-fourths the length of the wing. There is also a large dark spot in the cell, covering half the area of the same. The hindwings are less cupreous, but this colour is spread over the entire surface. 309. Rapala sphinx intermedia, nov. & No. XIII in plate. Three males and two females were taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, on 22nd and 23rd December 1919. The males on the upperside are exactly as in Rapala rhoecus, DeN., but on the underside they agree with Rapala sphinx, Fab. My male specimens have the discal band on the forewings, as in R. rhecus and though Swinhoe in Lep. Indica sinks rhecus to sphinx, he makes no mention of the discal band, On the underside my specimens differ from rhecus in having the ground colour dark brown and not olive green, This is no doubt an undescribed form between sphinx and rhecus. 132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILL. 310. Rapala scintilla, DeN. An uncommon species, found sparingly on Pagaye hill, 600’, during the latter part of January. No females were secured. 311. Rapala varuna, Hors. Common on the hills during December and January. Numerous speci- mens of both sexes were taken at Pagaye, Wagon, Sabataung and Kambauk. 312. Rapala subguttata, El. Q No. XV in plate. This appears to be a very local butterfly and has so far been found only on the top of Pagaye hill, 600’. It flies during December and January and is not to be seen for the rest of the year. In all over twenty males have been taken within the last three years, all during December and January. Only one female has been secured, and it was taken on 30th December 1917. | As the female is up to the present unknown, I give a description of the same. Female :—Expanse 1-3 inches. Upperside: Both wings brown with a purple gloss, much as in the same sex of Rapala petosiris, Hew. Underside : Both wings brown with a pale purple tinge, the outer margins of both wings and the inner margin of forewing somewhat ochreous. Forewing: A large oval spot in the cell, about its middle, a spot at the end of the cell with two spots just beyond separated by the middle discoidal nervule, two similar spots in the same interspaces, about midway between the apex of cell and outer margin ; two round spots on the disc, on each side of the median nervule, all these spots are dark brown with pale borders. Hindwing : With three basal spots, the one near the costa about twice as large as either of the other two, alarge spot below the costa about the middle of the margin; a very large spot at bend of cell ; a series of six spots across the disc, placed in pairs, commencing on the costa and ending on abdominal margin, all these spots dark brown with light borders. The discal series have light brown centres in addition. A small tail from the tip of the first median nervule, black tipped with white; anal lobe black, crowned with yellow ; a black spot on margin in the first median interspace, broadly crowned with yellow, a similar spot in the interspace below, sprinkled with grey scales, a short black streak placed along the abdominal margin, bordered with grey. Thorax and abdomen above dark brown, below pale ochreous. 313. Rapala petosiris, Hew. A very common butterfly, found all over the district in heavy jungle. 314. Rapala suffasa, Moore. Fairly plentiful on the hills from November to May. Several specimens of both sexes were taken at Pagaye, Sabataung and Wagon during Decem- ber and January. 315. Rapala jarbas, Fab. Exceedingly common everywhere; most plentiful during December and January, females are rather scarce. 316. Rapala xenophon intermedia, Std. Males plentiful on hill tops from November to January but females are scarce. This butterfly varies much on the undersides from pale yellow to dark brown. 817. Dacalana vidura burmana, Moore. An uncommon species and difficult to get in good condition. Taken sparingly at Pagaye, Sabataung, Kambauk and Wagon during December and January. It feeds on the flowers of a species of Loranthus and was rather plentiful at Wagon, 1,000’, during the latter part of December 1919. Females were more numerous. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324, 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330, BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. 133 Camena creusa culta, DeN. Males taken very sparingly at Pagaye, 600’, during December, but no females were caught. Camena ictoides, El. A few males only taken on Pagaye hill, 600’ in Decomber. Those speci- mens are very like Camena crethus, DeN., which was described from Java and Sumatra but the tuft of orange coloured hairs attached to the inner margin of the forewings, on the underside, is small while in C. creusa it is large. Also the prominent orange band at the extreme base of the costa in C. creusa is wanting in these. It is also very near to C. carmentalis, DeN.., on the upperside. Ops eta, DeN. A few males and several females were taken at the foot of Sabataung and also at Wagon, 1,000’ during December 1919. It appears to be very local and was not seen anywhere else. It comes to the flowers of a species of Loranthus in company with Dacalana vidura burmana, Moore, and was fairly plentiful at Wagon, close to the P, W. D. inspection bungalow. Ops (Britomartis) cleoboides, El. A male and two females taken; the male on Pagaye hill, 600’. in Sep- tember, one female on Sinbo-Sinma, 4,000’, in October, and the other on Kalataung, 1,500’, in December. Ops (Bullis) valentia, Sw. A single male taken on Kalataung, 1500’, in December 1919. Tajuria longinus, Fab. Several specimens of both sexes were secured on Sabataung, 300’, during December 1919. These are larger and more strongly marked than is usual. Tajuria tyro, DeN. A pair only taken; the male at Marmagan and the female on Kala- taung in December. Tajuria mantra, Felder. Of this rare species I secured two males and one female on Pagaye hill, 600’, in January 1920. Hypolycaena erylus, God. An extremely common butterfly, found at all elevations, throughout the district. Chliaria othona, Hew. Two males taken at Pagaye in April 1917. Chliaria merquia, Doh. A pair taken on Pagaye hill, 600’ ; the male in April and the female in May. Thamala miniata, Moore. Males pentiful but females are scarce. Numerous males were taken on Pagaye and Penaichaung hills, 500’ to 600’,during December and January 1919-20, but no females were seen there. The few females taken were caught on Kalataung, 1,500’, on 21st and 22nd December 1919. A few males were also taken here and at Kambauk and Yeawing. They are generally found in company with Rapala xenephon intermedia, Std., to which they hear a good resemblance. This butterfly was most plentiful on Penaichaung where I caught over 25 specimens in a single day. Sithon nedymond, Cramer. A rare species and met with very sparingly. It is probably found on all the hill-tops as I have specimens from Pagaye, Yeawing, Maungmagan and Kalataung and is on the wing from October to May. 134 Sol, 333. 334. 335. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Araotes lapithis, Moore. Three females taken a Maungmagan a little above sea level during December 1919. They keep to heavy jungle and are difficult to catch owing to their swift flight. Biduanda thesmia, Hew. A common species of which a large number of both sexes were secured. It is found on the hills throughout the district and is most plentiful from November to January. Biduanda thesmia fabricii, Moore. Fairly plentiful on the hills in company with B&B. thesmia from which it differs but little in the male sex. The females are very like that sex of Marmessus lysias, Fab. Biduanda melisa, Hew. Several males taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, and on Kalataung, 1,500’, from December to May, but only three females were taken at the latter ’place, on 23rd December 1919. These females have the forewings, on the upper- side, brown with a rather large pale yellowish area on the disc; the anal area of the hindwings js bluish grey. In volume III, page 427, of the Butterflies of India, Burma and Ceylon, by DeNiceville, the female is said, not to differ from the male, except that it has a medial white spot on the forewings, upperside ; this is not the case in the specimens I possess. The females of B. melisa and B. nicevillet, Doh., are very much alike on both surfaces. On the forewing, upperside B. melisa differs in having a large pale area on the disc, the hindwings being almost exactly alike. On the underside the basal spots on both wings in B. melisa are annular while in B. nicevillei they are simple. They also differ in the discal band on the hindwings, underside, this band in B. melisa being entirely composed of fine lines in pairs, while in B. nicevillei it has too large quadrate spots near the apex in addition to the fine lines. Biduanda nicevillei, Doh. Q No. XIV in plate. Males uncommon but females are very rare. Numerous males were taken on the hills throughout the district but only five females were secured, two on Pagaye hill, 600’, in April and one in December, one at Maungmagan in March and one on Kalataung, 1,500’, in October. As the female is up to the present unknown, IJ give a description of the same. Female :— Expanse 1:2 inches. Forewing brown, slightly paler towards the base. Hindwing, brown with three tails, the anal area bluish grey, divided by the dark veins two large lunular spots on the margin, one on each side of the middle tail, a marginal black thread, cilia white, tails white with a dark medial streak. _ Underside ; ; both wings white with dark brown markings. Forewing white, a minute spot at the base of the cell, a small spot beyond and a large spot in the middle of the cell, with a small spot below it, separated by the median nervure,the discocellulars defined by a fine ferrugi- nous line, three subcostal spots, am irregular’ broad discal fascia com- mencing at the costa and reaching just beyond the third medial nervule, the outer margin of which is defined with white, a fine ferruginous line in continuation of the fascia with a spot of the same colour placed beside it, a dark quadrate spot below; apex and outer margin down to third median nervule dark brown, below this the margin is ferruginous ; a sub- marginal Junular dark brown line; cilia dark brown. Hindwing with the apical part of the outer margin light ferruginous ; a large round spot in the middle of the cell with many spots and lines round about it; a discal curved fascia, parallel with the margin, commencing from the costa about, two-thirds from the base, and ending near the abdominal margin, composed of two quadrate dark spots followed by lines in groups BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. 135 of three ; a submarginal dark brown lunulated line, two anal spots as on upperside, the metallic green anal area larger and brighter than in the male ; black marginal thread and cilia as on upperside. 336. Marmessus lysias, Fab. 337. 338. 339, Very common all over in heavy jungle and at all seasons. Suasa lisides, How. Males uncommon but females are very rare. Several males and three females were taken between November and April on hill-tops. Pagaye hill is the best spot for this specie. Thrix gama, Dist. ¢ No. XI in plate. Three males were taken on the top of Pagaye hill, 600’, on 6th January 1920. As this species is new to the Indian region, I give a description of the same. Male: Expanse 1-4 inches, Upperside. Forewings fuscus, slightly paler on the disc. Hindwings fuscus, tho anal angular area greyish-white and containing two black marginal spots, separated by the first median nervule, a smaller spot at the extreme anal angle; a marginal blackish line; tails greyish-white with dark medial lines. A large cupshaped depression on the disc, below the inner margin, shining and very conspicuous in certain lights. Underside. Forewing pale reddish ochraceous with the area beneath the median nervure and first median nervule greyish. A small grey cavity in the middle of the inner margin of the forewing bearing a tuft of orange hairs and placed exactly above the depression on the upperside of the hindwing. Hindwings with the anal augular greyish-white area as above inwardly containing a transverse series of five blackish linear marks, the spots as above, but the middle one very obscure and that at the anal angle larger and brighter, inwardly margined with bluish. Body, above brown, below con-colourous with the wings. Antenne brown, the tips of the clubs yellow. Jacoona anasuja, § No. 1X, 2 No. X in plate. Two males and three females of this rare species were taken at Pagaye and Sabataung during December 1919. This species was recorded from Malacca and is new to the Indian region. Description—Expanse ¢ 1:8, 9 2 inches. Male. Forewing: Produced somewhat at apex, external margin slightly concave inner margin straight. Hindwing: anal region somewhat produced, a long tail from the tip of the upper internal neryule and an acute tooth at the end of the first median nervule. Upgerside, both wings black. Forewing with a large spot of dull cerulean blue from the pase to beyond the middle, bounded by the inner margin, very much as in Charana mandarinus, Hew.; an oblique fasciole beyond the cell dull cyaneus. Hindwing ; the costal border pale fuscus, a large internal area pale cyaneus, the internal groove grey, anal area whitish with two transverse black spots, one on each side of the first median nervule, the spot nearer the tail larger. Tails white, black at the base, the line before the cilia and tooth black. Underside: Forewing ochraceous- hoary, about the outermost part rufescent brownish. Hindwing: The costal and outer margin, the latter as far as the median nervules, pale ochraceous hoary, the rest of the wing whitish. The anal region witha double series of black marks, four in each series, the 2nd and 4th spots of the outer series sprinkled with dull cyaneus scales; tail and tooth as on upperside, tail -7 inch long. Female. Upperside: forewing brown immaculate. Hindwing; brown with a broad whitish band, separating the anal from the middle region, the inner margin of the white band much waved ; three large blackish spots 186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. ~ on the white area, the outermost touching the margin between the Ist and 2nd median nervules, outwardly sprinkled with blue scales, the middle spot shifted inwards and the third at the extreme anal angle also sprinkled with grey scales. There are two tails and an acute tooth; a long tail at tip of upper internal nervule, 1-1 inch long, white with a dark medial streak along its entire length, asmall tail emitted from the tip of the first median neryule, about half inch long, white tipped with brown and bearing a dark spot at-its base; an acute tooth from the second median nervule, black; scilia white. Underside: much as in the male, but the apex and outer margins of forewings of a brighter tint, the white anal patch margined with a much waved black line; spots as on upperside. 340. Manto martina, Hew. This is a rare species of which I secured three males and two females ; a male at Yeawing on 15th May 1915, a pair on Pagaye hill, 600’, in December 1919, and a male at Wagon, 1,000’, on 22nd December 1919. On the under- side it is very like Ticherra acte, Moore, which may account for it being overlooked. 341. Cheritra freja, Fab. A common species found at all elevations, throughout the district from November to May. 342. Ticherra acte, Moore. Not uncommon and flies in company with the above. The dry and wet season-forms have been both taken. 343. Zeltus etolus, Fab. Very common throughout the district at all seasons. 344. Bindahara phecides, Fab. Rather an uncommon species, found sparingly on the hills during De- cember and January. I took a few specimens of both sexes on Pagaye hill in December 1919. 345. Loxura atymnus, Cramer. Common at all times all through the district. 346. Yasoda tripunctata, Hew. Appears to be a rare species as I have only succeeded in getting a few, a male at Kambauk in January and a female at Maungmagan in April, also a pair at Myekhanbaw in January 1919. 347. Neomyrina hiemalis, God and Salve. This butterfly is quite common but is not found West of Pagaye. It is most plentiful during December but is difficult to catch, and good specimens are seldom taken. During December 1919 it appeared in great numbers on Pagaye hill. It keeps to bamboo jungle and flies high, but on a good windy day it comes down for shelter and can be taken in fair numbers. It settles on the underside of leave, facing downwards, so that if a sweep of the net is made from below it invariably escapes. 348. Drina donina, Hew. Rather a common butterfly of which a number of both sexes were taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, and a female at Pagaye and Kambauk, during Decem- ber and January. It keeps to low trees and bushes and flies little, even when disturbed. I found females more plentiful than males. 349. Charana mandarinus, Hew. About twelve males and three females were caught on the top of Pagaye hill, 600’, during December and January 1919-20. This butterfly seldom approaches to within reach of an ordinary net and to secure most of the specimens I have, my catcher had to climb a tree to about 25 feet from the ground. 350. Lahera eryx, L. A single male taken at Nabule on 11th August 1914. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT. | 137 351. Catapecilma elegans, Druce. Many specimens of both sexes taken at Pagaye, Wagon, Kambauk, Saba- ie and Maungmagon. It appears to profer low elevations and heavy jungle. 352. Horaga moulmeina, Moore. Numerous males and few females taken at Pagaye, Sabataung, and Kala- taung during December and January. It is most plentiful on Pagaye hill during December. 353. Liphyra brassolis, Wd. A single female taken in a garden in the town of Tavoy on 10th May 1917. This specimen was hovering around a nest of the large red ants and was at first taken for a day moth. Family—HESPERIID A. Subfamily —HusPEerin &. 354. Orthopetus lalita, Doh. A pair taken at Yeawing in February 1919, It appears to be a rare species and was not met with in any other place. 355. Celenorrhinus aurivittata, Moore. A pair taken on Sinbo-Sinma, 300’, in October 1918, and a female at Pagaye, 600’, in December 1919, 356. Coledenia dan, Fab. Very common throughout the district. 357. Odontoptilum angulata, Felder. Not common ; a few specimens taken at Pagaye and Wagon during _De- cember 1919. 358. Odontoptilum pygela, Hew. Two males taken at Pagaye, 200’, in January 1920, 359. Tagiades helferi ravi, Moore. Very common throughout the district on the flowers of a spocies of Agera- tum, locally called ‘‘ Visa ”’. 360. Tagiades gana, Moore. A single male taken at Pagaye, 200’, on 30th December 1919. 361. Tagiades lavata, Butler. Two males taken at Pagaye, 200’, on 6th January 1920. 362. Tagiades atticus, Fab. Very common, especially during December and January, throughout the district. 363. Tagiades dealbata, Dist. Two males taken at Pagaye, 200’, on 13th December 1919. 364. Tagiades trichoneura, Felder. A few specimens taken on the hills at Pagaye, Wagon and Kadantaung, between August and June. 365. Tagiades pralaya, Moore. Several of both sexes taken in company with the above and from which they appear to differ but little. 366. Satarupa bhagava, Moore. Taken sparingly at Pagaye and in the Kaleinaung Forest Reserve during December and January. 367. Odina decoratus, Hew.* Eleven males and two females were caught on the top of Pagaye hill, 600’, during December and January 1919-20. They ‘generally put in an appea- rance, at one particular spot on this hill top at about 4 p.m., but were never numerous, the most I saw in a day being three. They are most restless creatures and fly almost continuously for an hour or so and then disappear, 18 138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Occasionally they settle on the underside of a leaf and give one a chance, but to take them on the wing is almost impossible owing to their extremely rapid flight. 368. Odina ortygia, DeN. A single male taken on the top of Pagaye hill, 600’, in company with Odina decoratus, Hew, on 5th January 1920. This species has the same habits as O. decoratus, flies extremely fast and suddenly settles on the underside of a leaf with wings outspread. Subfamily—PampuHitin &. 369. Sancus pulligo, Mab. Extremely common everywhere at all seasons. 370. Koruthaialos xanites, But. A common species found throughout the district. It keeps to damp and shady ravines in dense forest. 371. Koruthaialos rubecola, Plotz. Not near so plentiful as K. xanites, but flies in company with it. Maung- magan and Kambauk are the best places for this species. 372. Suada swerga, DeN. Fairly common at Pagaye and along the Pachaung-Kambauk road. lt comes to the flowers of the “ Visa ”’. 373. lJambrix salsala, Moore. Common at the foot of the hills all over the district. 374. MScobura cephala, Hew. Several specimens of both sexes taken at Pagaye and along the Pachaung - Kambauk road during December and January. 365. Erionota thrax, L. Very common at the foot of the hills and on the plains throughout the district. 376. Hrionota batara, Moore. Appears to be rather a rare species as I only secured three males and two females. A pair were taken on Sabataung, 200’, on 3rd December, and a pair at Maungmagan on 28th December 1919, and a male at Pagaye, 200’ on 17th May 1916. 377. Gangara thyrsis, Fab. Rather uncommon ; a few specimens of both sexes taken during Decem- ber and January. 378. Matapa aria, Moore. A few of both sexes taken on Sabataung, 500’, and at Pagaye, 200’, in December. 379. Kerana diocles, Moore. Common all through the district and at all seasons. 880. Stlimula, swinhoei, El. and Kd. A single male taken at Yeawing in February 1918. 381. Plastingia callineura, Felder. Two males taken at Pagaye, 300’, during January 1920 and a pair in October 1919. 383. Plastingia corissa, Hew. A pair taken on the Pachaung-Kambauk road on 10th January 1920. 383. Plastirgia naga, DeN. Several males and two females were taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, from Decem- ber to January 1919-20. These were all caught in one spot, in deep shade. 384. Lotongus calathus, Hew. A single male taken on Pagaye hill, 200’, on 17th January 1920. 385. Pithauria marsena. A few males taken at Pagaye and along the Pachaung-Kambauk road in January 1920, BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, 159 386. Notocrypta feisthamelii, Bdl. Extremely common at all elevations. 887. Udaspes folus, Cramer. Fairly plentiful at Pagaye and Wagon in June. 388. Cupitha purrea, Moore. Taken sparingly ; a male at Maungmagan and one at Kambauk in January and a few of both sexes at Pagaye during December. 389. Telicota bambuse, Moore. Extremely common all over the district and at all elevations. 390. Telicota gola, Moore. Very common at all seasons. 391. Telicota dara, Koll. Very common throughout the district. 392. Pirdana hyela rudolphii, El. and DeN. Taken sparingly at Pagaye and along the Pachaung-Kambauk road, during December and January. 393. Halpe zema, Hew. Common everywhere. I found it very plentiful along the Pachaung- Kambauk road during January 1920. 394. Halpe sikkima, Moore. Many of both sexes taken along the Pachaung-Kambauk road, during January, on the flowers of the Ageratum (Visa). 395. Halpe masoni, Moore. Taken very sparingly at Pagaye in December and at Kambauk during January 1920. 396. ton semamora, Moore. Fairly common at low elevations, along roads and streams. 397. Parnara oceia, Hew. Several of both sexes taken at Pagaye during December 1919 and on the Pachaung-Kambauk road in January 1920. 398. Badamia exclamationis, Fab. Extremely common throughout the district but appears to keep to low elevations. 399. Ismena gomata, Moore. _ A single female taken on Pagaye hill, 300’, on 16th December 1919. 400. Hasora chuza, Hew. A rare species of which only four males and one female were secured. Two males on Kalataung, 1,700’, in November, one at Pagaye, 400’, in April and one in May and a female at Myekhanbow in April. 401. Hasora chabrona, Pl. Not common, a few taken at Pagaye and Maungmagan during December 1919. At Maungmagan I found this species on some prickly bushes on the beach. 140 A NOTE ON THE NIDIFICATION AND HABITS OF SOME BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, BY A. E. OsmasTon. (With three plates and a map) This note is the result of about ten years’ residence in the district of Garhwal lasting from 1910 to 1920. My work as Forest Officer necessitated much tour- ing throughout this portion of the hills and often led me for weeks together into more or less remote places where I had ample opportunities for observing the very. interesting and varied bird life of these forests. My remarks are only intended to cover the hilly portion of the district and do not include the plains portion lying to the south. Actually my observations did not even extend to the line of the plains and were almost entirely confined to the hills lying north of a line drawn south-east and north-west through Lansdowne. British Garhwal occupies a strip of the Himalaya running from the plains right up to the borders of Tibet. The rivers drain directly into the Ganges, which itself forms the western boundary of the district for a distance of some 80 miles. Thence onwards to its source this fine river with all its tributaries, excepting only the upper reaches of the Pindar, lie entirely within the district. To the east of Garhwal are the hills of the Almora and Nani Tal districts, and to the west lie the hills of the Tehri Garhwal State. The rainfall varies considerably according to the local configuration, but it is possible to differentiate three tracts as follows:—Firstly a wet tract comprising all the hills south of Joshimath (and this includes about 3 of the whole area to which this note applies) where the average annual precipitation varies roughly between 50 and 80 inches. Secondly the area north of Joshimath excepting that portion of the Dhauli Ganga above its junction with the Rishi Ganga. Here the average annual precipitation probably varies between 20 and 40 inches. And thirdly the remaining area up the Dhauli valley as far as the borders of Tibet where the average annual precipitation probably does not exceed 10 to 20 inches. There are in all some 2,000 square miles of forest which often forms uninterrupt- ed blocks of large extent. In the central hill ranges, however, practically all the available land below 8,000’ elevation has been brought under cultivation, though even here there are always many slopes too steep for cultivation where forest, often of a secondary type, intersects the broad expanses of terraced fields. In a normal year snow does not fall below 5,000’ in winter, and it never lies for many days together at elevations below 7,000’. By the beginning of June there is seldom much snow left below 12,000’ and from this time on through the months of July, August and September the beautiful alpine pasture lands offer a welcome to those birds which retire each year to rear their families in the peace- ful seclusion of these lofty mountains. The uppermost limit at which forest will grow in the wet tract is about 11,000’, but in the dry interior tract it reaches an elevation of 12,000’ to 13,000’. In the notes which follow the numbers in brackets which will be found after each scientific name refer to the numbers given in the Fauna of British India. Corvus corax (1).—The Raven. The Raven is, I believe, only found in Garhwal within a narrow belt of country about ten miles wide lying along the Tibetan border eastwards from the Niti pass. This tract lies entirely above 13,000’ elevation and consists of treeless barren slopes. During two visits to these parts I only saw two or three pairs and the species is certainly far from common. Urocissa flavirostris (13).—The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie. Tolerably common in forests of the central and interior ranges from about 6,000’ to 9,000’ elevation. I took a clutch of four fresh eggs in May from a nest “IVMHUVYD HSILIUA JO Sauid f [= ) \ avez ; adyows : EX 4 \ } oes He Hines Seles | caer ee oie! SS Z| Ny 7 s90ge f WYO) guMOpsSUuD 7 f \ eye ae S will SN ite ee. i] SS yaa ~~, VO7;OMD \ ie ae ss 2qyo7 \ » ! Soursop SY 66901 O ‘ hat Wey oes u, 9 oud Z 692 > i 0404 JN uy r / a7 *e buoloyo 7 ie ny eee hey Yron : “Oye 9 1a a & ae i cSeei Be ee aN arc row Asa J, + | 3) = 0092 ee mA ob Ou 46 SY 3 bohuduioy « obe) eee nN lef Sohsdoupng | |! AN G [OU : av Z om ) youbon, dt a \S ) AA = i oO 3 a 4 70 Bu05 De Ze YY Ey Mus, Ss & 4amysados Gi is, (g eseinyes m, of yoyod ok. e . ¥y +e OHO as CS 8 Su0g7 ‘ \ miGeung = = NO aL py \ \ 0) 10uNS epee ts : “5. Horornis brunnescens (447).—Hume’s Bush-warbler. The distribution of this interesting little bird is given by Blanford as Sikhim and probably also Nepal. It however occurs in Garhwal though it is local in © its distribution and probably rather rare. A skin obtained by me in March at 4,500’ elevation was kindly identified for me by the British Museum. From April onwards I have observed it between 8,000’ and 9,000’ elevation where it frequents dense forest of ringal (usually Arundinaria jaunsarensis) either pure or mixed with a more or less open forest of karshu (Quercus semecarpifolia). The song of this bird is most peculiar and striking, and consists of three very shrill notes uttered in an ascending scale and pitched so as to give one the impression of being out of tune. They are uttered slowly and with great deliberation and are followed by a double note, something like ‘‘ chee chew, ” repeated two or three times. The bird is a great skulker and extremely difficult to detect amongst the thick ringal undergrowth which seems to form its usual habitat during the breeding season. Horornis pallidus (450).—The Pale Bush-warbler. Blanford gives the distribution of this bird as extending east to the Bhagi- rathi valley in the Tehri Garhwal State, but it is quite fairly common in the central and interior bill ranges of British Garhwal. In summer it is found at about 8,000’ elevation frequenting dense scrubby secondary forest of the type usually found in the vicinity of villages where the trees and shrubs are continu- ally lopped or periodically cleared. It has a very peculiar loud song consisting of two distinct parts. These two parts are generally uttered alternately at an interval of a minute or less. One part consists of 3 or occasionally 4 notes, the other of 5 notes. In each case special stress is laid on the first note which is drawn out to a considerable length in contrast to the notes which follow. When singing, it occasionally mounts to a commanding position above the surround- ing scrub; though it more frequently remains, as at other times, well hidden. It is not however a shy bird. A skin of this species was kindly identified for me by the British Museum. Horeites brunneifrons (455).—The Rufous-capped Bush-warbler. During the month of May I found this species not uncommon in open banj (Quercus incana) forest near Pauri. Its habits were those of a confirmed skulker and it largely frequented some low bushy undergrowth composed of Myrsine africana and other small shrubs. It was observed creeping about on the ground in and out of crevices, and even when forced to break cover it seldom rose more than a foot or two. Its note is an abrupt “ pick pick ”, but as it was probably not breeding in these low hills it may have quite a different breeding song. A skin obtained at Pauri was identified for me at the British Museum. on tee a! hase R +3 ; Z ny 1 nt Rt RR i ‘ x a ate : a Z - * a x. he .y * ve" e 4 ie ae hus iat Bes é So ori » ‘ \ a ‘ } * . -) 4 , ‘IVMHUVS HSILIUA JO SAuIa “YSLY 4993 OST St peydeirsozoyd [Ivy PUL ‘ysetoz AQ papUnodims Boney day oyy Ul STTeFLIIVM “‘eqUIVyyNVyO FO sedolg uLdyZAON ay, ( o3~%IdG ‘90S "3S!IH "}UN Aequiog “uanor BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL. 147 Suya crinigera (458).—The Brown Hill-warbler. This is a common bird throughout the hill ranges of Garhwal and is found up to at least 7,000’ elevation. It occurs in all forms of open forest, secondary scrub, and along banks and hedges bordering cultivated fields. The breeding season seems to commence about the beginning of June and at this time the cock spends much of his time perched on the top of a bush, preferably some 10’ to 15’ from the ground, whence he continually utters his rather monotonous “ tsee tswee-tsee tswce etc.”” From time to time he performs rather curious aerial evo- lutions consisting of a series of short headlong dives which are moreover accom- panied by a loud flutter, though how exactly this noise is produced I could not discover. The nest is placed a few inches above the ground attached (in the few cases I observed) to young growing grass stems. Blanford describes it as a deep cup, but those I saw were egg shaped with a side entrance near the top It is constructed of fine dry grass stems and lined with vegetable down. Lanius vittatus (473).—The Bay-backed Shrike. Found all over the outer and central ranges at least as far north as the Pindar valley where I have observed it up to 6,000’ elevation. Campophaga melanoschista (505).—The Dark-grey Cuckoo Shrike. This bird is well distributed all over the low outer ranges during the breeding season, and appears to rather prefer the cultivated tracts to continuous forest areas. On the 20th May 1912 I succeeded in finding a nest with well incubated eggs at an elevation of 3,500’. The nest, which was placed in a fork of a pine bough about 10’ above the ground, was a flimsy structure with only a shallow depression in the centre. It was composed almost entirely of the dead deciduous shoots of Phyllanthus emblica woven together with spider’s web and well decorated all round the rim with lichen. This nest was one of several built apparently under the protection afforded by the proximity of a drongo’s nest. This drongo, D. longicaudatus, had a nest in another chir tree and in this tree there was also a nest of Molpastes leucogenys placed only 3 or 4 feet above the drongo’s nest. The former contained young a few days old. The cuckoo- shrike’s nest was not fifteen paces away, and in the same tree with the cuckoo- shrike’s nest there was a nest of Oriolus kundoo just ready for eggs. But this was not all; within a similar radius of 15 paces from the drongo’s tree a green pigeon had its nest in a pollard Terminalia chebula and a rose starling was nest- ing in a hole in an Engelhardtia tree. Thus five pairs representing five distinct species had availed themselves of the protection afforded by the drongos. The cuckoo-shrike has a dipping flight similar to that of an oriole. Oriolus traillii (522).—The Maroon Oriole. I have only observed this beautiful oriole on three occasions, once at Kanol and twice in the Malla Kaliphat patti, and Blanford I think is correct when he mentions that the distribution of this species is local. I found it during the months of April and May in forest composed of banj (Quercus incana) and Moru (Quercus dilatata) and also in mixed deciduous forest containing walnut, maple hornbeam, alder and horse-chestnut at elevations between 5,000’ and 7,000’. Hemichelidon sibirica (558).—The Sooty Flycatcher. On the 12th June I found a nest containing two recently hatched young ones and one rotten egg. This was at 9,500’ elevation in an open deodar forest in the Dhauli valley. The bird was identified for me at the British Museum as M. sibirica fuliginosa which differs from the typical bird in having the first primary longer than the primary coverts and in possessing a shorter wing. The nest was placed about 8’ from the ground resting on the top of a horizontal deodar bough. It was composed of a little lichen, moss and grass woven together into a flimsy shallow cup and lined with a little hair. The egg which is very pale green faintly mottled all over with pinkish brown, measures *63” x °44”, 148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII Cyornis unicolor (574).—The Pale Blue Flycatcher. This bird has not been recorded west of Sikhim and hence its occurrence in Garhwal is of some interest. I obtained a specimen in April at 5,500’ elevation. in the Parson Gadh which is a side valley of the Pindar river, and the skin was afterwards kindly identified for me at the British Museum. This was the only occasion on which I came across this beautiful flycatcher and it is therefore pro- bably rare in these parts. It was found frequenting rather dense forest. Culicicapa ceylonensis (592).—The Grey-headed Flycatcher. This bird leaves the hills during the winter months and returns about the end of February or beginning of March at which season its cheery little song is con- stantly heard in the lower valleys of the outer hill ranges. By the middle of May nesting operations are in full swing. Blanford says that the nest is built against a rock or tree, but the former must be very exceptional in Garhwal, where out of nearly a dozen nests which I have seen all have been placed against a tree trunk. I have found nests at all heights from 2 to 40 feet above the ground. ‘Trunks of oak trees seem to be special favourites, probably on account of their convenient rough bark. The nest is a deep cup composed entirely of. fine green mosses which are lightly woven together on the outside with spider’s web. The rim of the cup is prolonged some two or three inches on each side in a vertical direction up the tree trunk thus giving considerable support to the nest, and occasionally these prolongations actually meet above to form a sort of projection over the egg cavity. Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum (603).—The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. This graceful little bird may be seen during the cold weather months along the main valleys where the elevation is only 1,000’ to 3,000’. It breeds however at high altitudes, and on 29th June I found a nest with 3 fresh eggs in the middle of a large forest at 11,500’ elevation. It was placed about 15’ from the ground at a distance of a few feet from the main stem on the horizontal branch of a fair- sized silver fir tree. The nest was a deep cup with rather thick walls, the exter- nal diameter being about 3” whilst the cavity only measured 1” diameter and 13” deep. It was composed of green moss thickly adorned with lichen which was. attached by means of spider’s web, and lined with moss fructifications. The eggs are a very pale pinkish white clouded in more or less of a ring round the larger end with pinkish brown and average *57” x °43”. Rhipidura albicollis (605).—The White-throated Fantail Flycatcher. Found along streams and valleys all over the outer and central hills at least as far north as the Pindar valley where I found a nest on 25th April at 5,500” elevation. Saxicola enanthe (624).—The Wheatear Chat. On the 16th April I shot a female at about 6,000’ elevation in Ranigarh patti in central Garhwal, and the skin was identified for me at the British Museum as. S. enanthe atrigularis. This species was never seen on any other occasion. Henicurus maculatus (630).—The Western Spotted Forktail. Common, and found over all the lower, central, and some of the inner ranges. Blanford also includes Garhwal within the habitat of H. immaculatus but I never succeeded in identifying this species and if it occurs in Garhwal I think it must be rare or very locally distributed. Ruticilla frontalis (639).—The Blue-fronted Redstart. In August I found these birds not uncommon on the hillsides round Niti village frequenting bare stony ground, with large rocks scattered about, and grassy patches between—-but no bushes. Amidst such surroundings they were observed from 11,500’ to 13,500’ elevation, and at the former altitude I found a nest on 20th August built inside a crevice in a stone wall and containing half- fledged young ones. During the cold weather months these birds are common all over the outer and central hill ranges between 4,000’ and 7,000’ elevation, often amongst cultivation. BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, Ruticilla rufiventris (644).—The Indian Redstart. In August I found this to be a not uncommon bird in the country north of Niti bordering Tibet where it frequents the Bhutia camping grounds and be- comes very tame. They appeared to have already completed breeding operations. Tarsiger chrysceus (653).—The Golden Bush-robin. Widely distributed, but not common. It certainly occurs up to 6,000’ eleva- tion, if not higher. Ianthia rufilata (654).—The Red-flanked Bush-robin. This is a fairly common resident species in Garhwal. During the cold weather months it is most frequently seen from 5,000’ to 6,000’ elevation whilst in the summer season it ascends to much higher altitudes, and I have then shot it at 12,000’. The ultramarine eyebrow is mixed with a narrow streak of white fea- thers in all my specimens, and I am informed that white feathers are also present in most of the specimens at the British Museum, though the description in Blan- ford makes no mention of this, These birds frequent beds of streams, either dry or containing water, and they appear to prefer those bordered with dense bushes and shrubs, as they are of a retiring disposition and seldom expose themselves ‘in the open for long. They have a habit of rapidly expanding and contracting the tail like a fan, but they do not move it vertically up and down. Merula albicincta (672).—The White-collared Ouzel. This fine ouzel is abundant all over the large forests of central and upper Garhwal above about 9,000’. When going to roost, and again at dawn, it utters a note closely resembling that made by the English blackbird under similar circumstances ; but the actual song, which is distinctly fine, is more like that of the English thrush. A nest which I found on 14th May contained 3 slightly incubated eggs. It was placed 5’ from the ground against the mossy stem of a karshu (Quercus semecarpijolia). The nest was constructed of masses of green moss and lined with a pad of fine dry grass mixed with a few rhizomorphs. Merula castanea (673).—The Grey-headed Ouzel. I have only seen this ouzel once. This was in Malla Nagpur on 31st January 1919 on the day following a very heavy fall of snow which on this occasion actu- ally fell as low as 3,500’ elevation. The bird which I shot at 5,000’ elevation was, as far as I could discover, a solitary individual. Merula boulboul (676).—The Grey-winged Ouzel. This is a fairly common bird in some of the larger forests of central Garhwal, but it always keeps to dense forest and is also rather shy. Two nests found in May between 7,000’ and 8,000’ elevation were placed in trees at 7’ and 15’ from the ground respectively, The alarm note is a plaintive whistle usually repeated twice, but the cock has also a fine song of clear rich notes which are combined in most pleasing variations. Geocichla wardi (683).—The Pied Ground-Thrush. In these hills this bird is rather uncommon, On 15th June I found a nest with two eggs placed about 8’ from the ground in a small tree at 7,500’ elevation. The nest was constructed of green moss with a thick lining of roots. The eggs which are very pale greenish mottled all cover with pinkish brown and pale purple measure on the average 1:02” x °73”. Petrophila cyanus (693).—The Western Blue Rock-Thrush. This bird is never very common and appears to be rather local, frequenting steep rocky or boulder-strewn ground interspersed with grassy slopes. It occurs over the whole tract of hills even up to the borders of Tibet where I found it in August at 13,500’ elevation, The cock bird’s song is a soft melodious rather short whistle which at times reminded me of an English blackbird. During the latter half of June I found three nests with eggs between 5,500’ and 6,500’ in the vicinity of Pauri. They were placed in cavities or crevices in the rocks so as to be partly screened from view, and the sites selected are sometimes situated on 150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, such steep rocky ground that they can only be reached with difficulty. The nest is a shallow cup composed of dry grass and lined with fine roots. The eggs are a rather pale blue and most of them have a few speckles of pinkish brown, though one egg in each of two clutches of four is quite unspotted. In one of the clutches the surface is rather glossy, but not in the other two. The average measurements in two clutches of four eggs each are 1:04” x +76” and 1:06” x *75” and a single egg measures 1:01” x +77”. Orecincla dauma (698).—The Small-billed Mountain-Thrush. On several occasions I have met with this bird during the months of April and May at elevations between 8,500’ and 9,500’ in the forests of central and upper Garhwal. On each occasion I flushed the bird off the ground in fairly dense forest of karshu (Quercus semecarpifolia) or silver fir. Oreocincla whiteheadi. This mountain-thrush is described by Stuart Baker in Bull. B. O. C. XXXI, p- 79 (1913) and two skins which I sent to the British Museum were identified there as belonging to this species. One of these birds was shot on 27th April at 8,000’ elevation about 5 miles below Badrinath on open rocky ground with scattered bushes growing here and there. It was accompanied by 3 or 4 others of the same species. The other bird was shot on 20th June at 12,800’ elevation near Kulara camping ground in Dasoli where the surroundings for some consider- able distance were open pasture land interspersed with rocky ground. This bird was an apparently solitary male. For this bird I noted ‘‘ Inside mouth yellow. Legs yellowish.” Zoothera monticola (704).—The Large Brown Thrush. I have seldom seen this bird and I think it must be a rather uncommon species in these hills. On 12th June I found a nest near Wan with fresh or nearly fresh eggs. It was placed about 15’ from the ground on the horizontal branch of a small walnut tree growing at the side of a large rocky stream with dense karshu (Quercus semecarpifolia) forest on all sides, the elevation being about 8,000’. The nest was a bulky structure and was composed of fresh damp green moss with a firm lining of roots, lichen and rhizomorphs. The eggs are a pale greenish mottled all over with reddish brown and very pale purple, and closely resemble a clutch I have of Merula boulboul. They average 1°26” x * 86’. Cinclus asiaticus (709).—The Brown Dipper. A common bird over the whole of the hilly portion of Garhwal. When I have been at high elevations I have usually made a point of examining any dipper I came across to see if it were C. kashmiriensis, a bird which I expected to find, but for which I have searched in vain; so that if it occurs in these parts it must, I think, be either rare or very local. Tharrhaleus strophiatus (718).—The Rufous-breasted Accentor. In the Girthi valley bordering Tibet which I have briefly described in a note above on Phylloscopus affinis I also met with this accentor and it is possible that it does not occur elsewhere in Garhwal. During the first week of August I found three nests from one of which the birds had already flown. In one of the others there were 3 deserted eggs, and in the third nest there was one single hard set egg ; probably a second nest. The nests were placed from 12” to 18” above the ground in low, rather dense, willow scrub (Salix sclerophylla). They were rather deep substantially built cups. On the outside were a few twigs or coarse herb- aceous stems, and this was followed by masses of green moss mixed with wool and hair (of the Marmot). Moss fructifications were conspicuous throughout the structure and especially in the interior, but I doubt if they are collected separately from the moss itself. All these nests were at 13,500’ elevation. The clutch of 3 eggs gave an average measurement of 81” x *57” and the single egg measured .75” x .55”. The only note I heard these birds utter was a rather high pitched “ tr-r-r ” somewhat resembling the noise produced by striking two stones together. BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, 151 Pycnorhamphus affinis (742).—The Allied Grosbeak. Blanford gives the distribution of this species as Nepal and Sikhim, whilst he includes Garhwal within the distribution of P. icteroides. I found P. affinis widely distributed all over central and upper Garhwal and locally quite common in some of the larger forests of this tract such as Dudatoli and Dasoli, whilst I never succeeded in procuring a single specimen of P. icteroides. If Blanford’ based his “ Garhwal” on specimens collected in Tehri Garhwal, then I think P. icteroides is probably not found at all in British Garhwal. I have seen P. affinis at all elevations from 6,000’ up to 11,500’. They usually frequent forest con- taining a certain percentage of one of the conifers, namely, spruce, silver fir, blue pine, or chir, though I have also come across them in almost pure karshu (Quercus semecarpifolia) forest. They probably feed mainly on coniferous seed though T have watched them eating the kernels of the unripe fruit of Machilus Duthiet, and on one occasion I extracted two hairless caterpillars from the gizzard of a specimen I had shot. The alarm call is a double note somewhat resembling the striking together of two stones, and might be written “ kurr”, They have also a fine loud musical whistle of either 5 or 7 notes. When the full 7 notes are uttered, the first six fall into two series of 3 ascending notes each, the seventh note being pitched much lower. When only 5 notes are uttered the second and third are omitted. The call might be written ‘“ Ti-di-li-ti-di-li-um”, emphasis being placed on the first and fourth syllables. From what Ihave seen they appear to commence building the end of May or beginning of June. Mycerobas melanoxanthus (744).—The Spotted-winged Grosbeak. I have only met with this bird on three occasions, and all three places where it was seen were in upper Garhwal. On two of the three occasions I came on a flock of these birds feeding on the fruit of “ kaphal ” (Myrica Nagi) the stones of which are cracked and the kernel extracted. As the stone of this fruit is extremely hard the bird’s bill must be very powerful indeed. Propasser pulcherrimus (755).—The Beautiful Rose-Finch. This is another species which I found breeding in the Girthi valley bordering Tibet. It was not nearly so common as Carpodacus erythrinus, but there were quite a fair number of birds about, and I managed to find three nests with eggs between the 3rd and 8th of August, The nests were at 13,000’ to 13,500’ eleva- tion and were placed 6” to 18” above the ground in bushes of Juniperus pseudosabinus. They were fairly deep cups composed outside of the fibrous bark of juniper and Lonicera with or without a little grass ; this was followed by a layer of fine roots mixed with a little sheeps’ wool, and there was a final lining of hair mixed in one case with red moss fructifications. All the nests contained full clutches of 3 eggs each the average measurements for the three clutches being 75” x °55” X °75” —-55” and -76” x °54”. All tho eggs are greenish blue sparingly spotted or streaked with black round the larger end. Blanford’s description of this bird contains the following: “‘ Iris reddish brown; bill horny brown with the lower mandible greyish ; legs rosy grey ” but my notes on these parts being somewhat dissimilar are perhaps worth recording ; they are “Iris nut brown. Legs and feet pale fleshy brown, claws darker brown. Bill dark horny brown, the lower mandible much paler.” When the parent birds are flushed off the nest they do not utter the canary-like note so distinctive of Carpodacus erythrinus, but they have instead a rather sparrow like ‘‘ Cheet-cheet ”, and whenever they are excited they also raise a distinct crest of feathers. Carpodacus erythrinus (761).—The Common Rose-Finch. In the part of the Girthi valley which I have already described I found these rose-finches breeding in considerable numbers and I took altogether nine clut- ches of eggs here during the first ten days of August. They were all at 13,000’ to 13,500’ elevation and were placed from 6” to 4’ above the ground in dense low bushes of willow (Salix sclerophylla and Salix Wallichiana) growing along the 152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII: banks of streams. The nest is a deepish cup of herbaceous stems and dry coarse grass, followed by a layer of fine roots or grass, with a lining of hair or fine roots or both. In one case a little wool had been introduced. Six of the clutches which were complete contained four eggs each and one only contained three eggs. The eggs in the six complete clutches measured on the average!—- 81” x + 57”, *84” x. +56", °81” x * 60”, 82” x 58”, 83” x 60” and 80” x ‘56’. They are pale greenish blue lightly spotted round the larger end with dark sepia and pale brown madder. Three out of 4 eggs in one clutch are unspotted. When driven off her nest the hen bird almost invariably utters a canary-like wining ‘“‘twee-ee.” The cock bird’s song is composed of three loud shrill notes which may be written “ Ter-twee-you.” the middle note being pitched higher than the other two. This is also sometimes varied by the addition of a few more notes. But the cock. has also another quite different and distinct song composed of 4 high-pitched notes which may be rendered ‘“‘ Tee-diew-di-diew.” Carduelis caniceps (767).—The Himalayan Goldfinch. During the months of June and July I found these finches not uncommon along the Dhauli valley from Joshimath right up to the borders of Tibet. The highest elevation at which I observed them was 13,500’. I could not discover where they were breeding, though from the enlarged testes of a male shot on 20th June I think this would be the nesting season. I have never met with these birds south of Joshimath though it seems probable that in winter they move down further south. Metoponia pusilla (771).—The Gold-fronted Finch. On 20th July I found a nest containing a clutch of 5 eggs at about 11,500’ ele- vation close to Niti village. The nest was placed about 4’ from the ground in a Rosa sericea bush. It was a deep cup composed of dead grass and bark fibre and lined with a thick pad of wool and a little hair. The eggs, which are white tinged with green and spotted round the larger end with pale pinkish brown, measure on the average *65” x :48”. These birds were common at this time round Niti, and were seen as high as 14,000’ near Rimkim in an adjoining valley, but I did not find any other nests. During the winter months they extend their range over a large part of north Garhwal and are found at least as low as 5,000’ elevation. Fringillauda sordida (787).—Stoliczka’s Mountain-Finch. This bird breeds in the tract of country lying north of Niti village on the borders of Tibet. They were seen here during the latter half of July and early in August frequenting the open grassy slopes between 13,000’ and 14,000’ elevation. On several occasions I came across them in small flocks the members of which did not appear to have commenced nesting operations, but on 3rd August I found two nests at 13,500’ elevation one of which contained 3 and the other 4 freshly hatched young ones. . The nests were placed within natural crevices which had formed beneath large stones half-buried in the ground surface on steep bare slopes.. As the nests were situated some 6” from the entrance they were practi- cally invisible from outside. They were shallow cups composed of dry grass stems and lined with a few feathers. In winter these birds congregate in large flocks composed of 50 to 100 individuals and are found down to 7,000’ elevation. _ Emberiza stracheyi (794).—The Eastern Meadow-Bunting. During the breeding season this bunting is very abundant on open grassy or, bush-clad slopes at elevations from 9,000’ to 11,000’. I have also found a nest as high as 13,500’ elevation in the dry interior hills bordering Tibet. Blanford says it breeds from 4,000’ to 9,000’, but in Garhwal I have never found a nest below 8,000’ which is certainly I think the lowest level at which it breeds at all commonly here. The nest is placed on sloping ground and is usually more or less concealed by some small shrub, but may be merely placed beneath a tuft of grass. It is a cup constructed of dry grass and lined with a little hair. TIVMHUVS HSILIUd 10 saya ‘48010,, 1epoeq (v2j0fthuo) snurq) 48210, T1YO ‘Hl 938Id "90S "1S!IH "JUN Aequog “usanor BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, 153 Chelidon nepalensis (807).—Hodgson’s Martin. A colony of these birds breeds every year on some cliffs at 7,000’ elevation in the vicinity of Lohba in central Garhwal. In 1913 I obtained eggs on 19th June, but in many nests the young had then already hatched. There were from 50 to 100 pairs of birds breeding together here, and in one favoured spot I counted 50 nests built over a space of about two square yards, most of the nests actually touching one another. The cliff where the birds were nesting is in the middle of banj (Quercus incana) forest, and during the winter it is frequented by rock pigeons. The nests were placed on parts of the cliff where the surface shelved slightly outwards from below. They were shaped like large mud saucers with a small hole to one side. A specimen which I shot was identified for me at the British Museum. Blanford’s description of this bird reads “ Bill brown, paler at gape ;” but in my description I have recorded “ Bill black. Inside mouth nearly white.” : Piyonoprogne rupestris (810).—The Crag-Martin. Towards the end of May 1914 I found two freshly built nests of this species along the Girthi valley in Painkhanda Malla at an elevation of 10,500’. They were unfortunately built against an overhanging rock in such a position that I was unable to reach them. In August 1916 these birds were very common at 13,500’ elevation near the border of Tibet. Hirundo nepalensis (822).—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow. During the breeding season this bird is found all over the outer and central ranges at least as far north as the Pindar valley. On 10th June I found a nest with 4 eggs placed against the lower surface of a large overhanging boulder on a steep hill side where the boulder was half hidden by bushy scrub, and again on 18th June I found a nest with 3 hard set eggs in a bungalow verandah, the nest being placed in the angle formed by the verandah roof with the outer wall. The first of these nests was at 4,000’ elevation and the second at nearly 7,000’. The nests were retort-shaped and 10” to 12” long and were lined with a few scraps of dry grass and feathers. The parents of both were identified for me at the British Museum. Anthus rosaceus (850).—Hodgson’s Pipit. During the breeding season this bird is found in abundance all over the high- level grazing grounds which lie above the limits of tree forest along the outer slopes of the high snowy ranges between 11,000’ and 13,000’ elevation. I did not however come across it in the dry interior hills situated along the Dhauli valley. Six nests with eggs were found on varying dates between 26th May and 26th June. The nest is a shallow cup of dry grass (lined with hair of the musk deer in one of the nests) placed on the ground in a slight depression beneath a tuft of grass or occasionally half hidden by some small shrub. The parents in two cases feigned a broken wing when flushed from the nest. One clutch was res- tricted to two eggs only, but all the others contained three. The clutches of 3 eggs each averaged as follows :—°85” x ‘60’, 85” x 61”, °87” x °61”, °80° x +59” and °83” x +60”. The eggs are white tinged with grey or brown and more or less thickly marked all over with shades of colour varying from sepia to chocolate brown. Oreocorys sylvanus (853).—The Upland Pipit. This pipit occurs in considerable numbers practically throughout the hills. Steep grassy slopes interspersed with bushes or broken up by rocky ground are its favourite haunts, and it is also common in open chir (Pinus longifolia) forest where there is always abundance of grass. This bird has a characteristic mono- tonous song of two rather prolonged notes which might be written “ See-saw. ” Two nests containing eggs were found on 13th April and 12th May. Gecinus squamatus (946).—The West-himalayan Scaly-bellied Green-wood- pecker. 20 154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol; XXVIII, This woodpecker is found over practically the whole of the hilly portion of Garhwal between 5,000’ and 9,000’ elevation and throughout its range it seems to be far commoner than G. occipitalis, whichis also found. Its call is loud and highpitched, normally consisting of two notes, but occasionally only one and sometimes three. Dendrocopus auriceps (969).—The Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker. This bird is extremely common throughout Garhwal in almost all forests below 7,000’ elevation. I discovered an interesting fact in regard to their diet, namely that they eat considerable quantities of the seed of the chir pine (Pinus longi- folia). Another woodpecker I have observed eating chir seed is Dendrocopus himalayensis, and the latter species spends considerable time and energy in breaking open the cones some months before they naturally open to let the seed escape. ras Cyanops asiatica (1012).—The Blue-throated Barbet. Very common in the foot hills and low outer valleys as far north as the Nayar river. Beyond this I have only observed it along the main valley of the Alakhnanda where it occurs as far north as Rudrapryag. Coracias indica (1022).—The Indian Roller. This bird is seldom seen in the interior of the hills and I was much astonished to find it at 4,500’ elevation near Gwaldam in the Pindar valley. This was in June and I am unable to say whether these birds are resident here throughout the year, but I think it’ improbable. Merops viridis (1026).—The Common Indian Bee-eater. I have seen this bird in July on the sandy banks of the Alakhnanda river be- tween Karnpryag and Nandpryag, and it is found all along the Alakhnanda valley up to this point which is over 100 miles from where the river leaves the foothills. Halcyon smyrnensis (1044).—The White-breasted Kingfisher. This kingfisher penetrates a considerable distance into the hills, namely as far as Nagnath and the Pindar valley, and here I have seen it as high as 5,500’ elevation. Cypselus pacificus (1071).—The Large White-rumped Swift. Blanford does not include any point west of Assam within the distribution of this species. On 21st’ May 1913 I shot several specimens in Garhwal and one of the skins was kindly identified for me at the British Museum. When I shot them they were apparently on migration, as for three days in succession they were observed between 5 and 7 p.m., to pass northwards over a pass at 8,000’ in upper Garhwal called Lohajang. They kept flying over in small parties of 3 or 4 birds at a time, and always in exactly the same direction. An examination of their crops revealed the remains of winged termites. Caprimuigus monticola (1090).—Franklin’s Nightjar. This nightjar frequents scrubby forest along the outer ranges at elevations up to 4,000’ and possibly higher, and here it occurs in large numbers during the breeding season. It seems to have a special predilection for the broad dry stony stream beds which are a marked feature of the outer hills. Its call during the breeding season is a loud piercing “ tweet ” uttered both when the bird is on the ground and when flying. I never heard this species make any call resembling that of C. asiaticus as stated by Blanford. As far as I have observed neither this species or C. macrurus penetrate far into the hills ; probably not beyond the . limits of sal forest, or the Nayar valley, which are approximately coincident. Caprimulgus indicus (1095).—The Jungle Nightjar. This nightjar is very abundant in the low outer hills during the breeding sea- son. At this time the call of the male is a single note repeated very fast 4 or 5 up. to about 15 times together, followed by an interval. The note is similar in character to that of C. macrurus and may be likened to the noise produced by striking wood with a hammer, the call note of C. macrurus is however repeated very much slower. The jungle nightjar has also another note, not heard “IVMHUYVS HSILINA JO Suid (0063 Wg WLsvung (00001 Jnoqe 4¥ sTIALY pLpo-ysel0g W ‘lil 938 1d "90S ‘3S!IH JEN ACquiog ‘“‘usnor BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, 155 at any great distance, which almost exactly resembles the ‘“ whish-whish ” of the wings of some powerful bird of flight. They penetrate well into the hills and on 2lst May I found a clutch of 2 eggs at 4,700’ elevation only a few mile south of Chamoli. Cuculus canorus (1104).—The Cuckoo. This cuckoo may be heard from the middle of April onwards at almost any elevation up to 13,000’ throughout the whole district. In June I heard it up the Dhauli valley in the vicinity of Niti and Malari villages though I heard no other species of cuckoo in these parts, not even C. poliocephalus, Surniculus lugubris (1117).—The Drongo Cuckoo. These birds are very common in the outer hill ranges between 3,000’ and 4,000’ elevation during May, at which season their monotonous call is constantly heard in open forest areas. Blanford quotes Legge as stating that the flight is straight and that it has a remarkably human whistle of six ascending notes. As regards the flight I cannot agree that it is straight, and I should rather compare it to the dipping flight of a magpie ; nor does the bird flap its wings in a regular and continuous manner as do most of the cuckoos with a straight flight. After listening to the call of a large number of birds I found that it most frequently consists of 5 ascending notes, but that occasionally it utters as few as 4 or as many as eight. The furthest north that I have heard this bird is in the Pindar valley at 5,600’ elevation. Coccystus coromandus (1119).—The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. On 3rd May I shot one of these birds in the outer hills at 4,000’ elevation. This is the only bird of this species which I have seen and the record is an extension of its range as given by Blanford. Bubo bengalensis (1168).—The Rock Horned Owl. In November 1913 I shot one of these owls in the Pindar valley at an elevation of 5,500’. Columba intermedia (1292).—The Indian Blue Rock Pigeon. This pigeon is found all over the district, but is most numerous along the Ganges valley above Chamoli and thence right up the Dhauli valley as far as Niti village. The innumerable cliffs which here drop sheer down to the river banks from a height of many hundred feet constitute ideal surroundings. They are often seen in large flocks of over 100 birds, and being seldom shot, they are usually not very difficult to approach. Some birds have a distinct pale band about 14” wide on the lower back, but the band is always pale grey and never white as in C. livia. Columba rupestris (1294).—The Blue Hill Pigeon. After I had left Niti village some miles to the south I found this bird fairly common along the path leading over the Chor Hoti pass into Tibet. This was during the months of July and August when the Bhotias and Tibetans are busy bringing over merchandise from Tibet and carrying back grain packed on the backs of their sheep and goats. A certain amount of grain drops out of the packs, and pigeons take full advantage of this easy method of obtaining their food. They are extremely tame and will let anyone approach within a few yards before flying on. I saw them here at elevations between 13,000’ and 17,000’, and always either singly or in pairs. Some females I shot had ovaries in such an advanced stage of development that they would certainly have laid in a few days. I took the measurements of four females and it appears that birds here are rather above the average size. Stuart Baker in his “Indian Pigeons and Doves”) says that the average wing measurement for females is 8-73”, though the largest have a wing up to 9.2”. The four birds I measured had wing measurements of 9:2”, 9-3”, 9-4” and 9°55” respectively. Except in this dry region bordering Tibet, I have only once shot this species. This was on 6th November when I shot a single bird at 4,000’ elevation near Pipalkoti out of a flock of C. intermedia. 156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT III, Columba leuconota (1296).—The White-bellied Pigeon. In Stuart Baker’s Indian Pigeons and Doves there are two remarks concerning this pigeon which I should like to criticise. In the first place he says that they are apparently never seen below 5,000’. This remark is not quite correct for Garhwal where they constantly descend to 4,000’ in the Pindar valley opposite to Gwaldam during the winter months, in fact there is a large cliff here facing the Pindar river at a little below 4,000’ elevation to which snow pigeon regularly resort at this season. Then he remarks a little further on that it is entirely a rock-pigeonin its habits, and only very severe stress of weather will drive it into forested country. With this remark I also cannot fully agree. It is cer- tainly mainly a rock-pigeon in its habits, but I have constantly found it through- out the cold weather in forested country, in fact at this time of year in Garhwal these pigeons live mainly in tracts which are covered with forest. At the same time I do not mean to imply that they actually feed about inside the forest. They feed at all times in the open, either in cultivated fields or on more or less bare grassy slopes but the immediate surroundings are frequently well forested, and during the day time they often sit for hours in some tree at the edge of the forest. The habits of snow pigeon in Garhwal differ somewhat according to the time of year. In December, January and February which are the coldest months they live very largely in flocks of 50 to 100 birds at elevations between 4,000’ and 7,000’. In the Pindar valley at this time of year they roost amongst steep cliffs bordering the river itself. Early in the morning they come to feed on the stubble and about 10 o’clock return to the cliffs where, after a drink from the river, they seem to remain for the rest of the day. Sometimes a flock will sit the greater part of the day in some large chir tree near their roosting cliff. The crops of pigeons which I examined at this time contained small quantities of barley and other grains, but much larger quantities of the seed of a leguminous plant Vicia sativa, Linn., which is common in cultivated fields. They never seemed to feed on crops which had germinated but only on bare stubble. When feeding in this manner they keep rapidly on the move and often form up in a close phalanx moving forward over the ground like a flock of sheep, each bird trying to rival with his neighbours in being the first to investigate new ground. During April and May the flocks are usually seen from 7,000’ to 10,000’,and at this season they retire to roost amongst cliffs approximating the latter elevation. At about 7 a.m., they may be seen arriving on the stubbles which will probably be somewhere between 7,000’ and 8,000’ elevation. They appear in pairs or small parties of half a dozen or so, but they soon all join on the feeding grounds to form small flocks. They were usually seen drinking between 8 or 9 in the morning and about 10 o’clock they commenced to work upwards again towards their roosting quarters though they seemed to feed largely throughout the day at elevations between 9,000’ and 10,000’, where they investigate patches of bare ground from which the snow has only recently disappeared. They do not return to lower feeding grounds in the evening. Dendrotreron hodgsoni (1297).—The Speckled Wood-Pigeon. This is rather a rare pigeon in Garhwal and I have only seen it in the north of the district, and here always in well-wooded parts at elevations between 7,000’ and 9,000’.. I have never seen more than 6 birds together at a time. Its native name is ‘‘ Bhekala ” which is also the name for Prinsepia utilis, a small thorny shrub which has a bluish black fruit like a small plum. The pigeons are parti- cularly fond of this fruit which in fact seems to be one of their principal foods, and it is on this account that the native name for the shrub and the bird are identical. Palumbus casiotis (1298).—The Eastern Wood-Pigeon. Stuart Baker in his “Indian Pigeons and Doves’’ quotes Hum: to the effect that these pigeons appear in this part of the Himalaya about the beginning of Novem- ber and stay until the middle of April when they depart for other quarters, and BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL. 157 then he goes on to remark that this curious local migration is probably governed by the birds’ food supply. These statements I can fully confirm from my ex- perience of their occurrence in Garhwal, only I would add that in Garhwal they do not seem to appear at all in four seasons out of five. During my ten years’ residence in this district I only saw this species in two seasons. One of these was the winter of 1917-18 when there were immense quantities of banj (Quarcus incana) acorns, and during this winter from the beginning of December up to the end of March they were to be seen in flocks of 50 to 100 birds in practi- cally every banj forest in the district, generally at about 6,000’ elevation. The last date on which I saw them was 3rd April. I examined the crops of several birds and nearly always found them full of banj acorns, as many as 47 being taken from a single bird’s crop, and I feel sure that these acorns are the princi- pal attraction which affects their migration to these parts. They also eat the seed of the chir pine of which I have taken 85 seeds from a single bird’s crop, and green Jeaves and shoots are also not infrequently found to have been eaten, though I never succeeded in identifying the plants to which they belonged. Turtur ferrago (1305).—The Indian Turtle-Dove. During the breeding season this dove is extremely abundant in all well-wooded parts of the hills at elevations between 5,500’ and 10,500’, Blanford says that it breeds at elevations from 4,000’ to 8,000’, and Stuart Baker whilst quoting a record of a nest found at 8,500’ does not suggest that the usual height at which they breed may exceed 8,000’. I am, however, quite convinced that they breed in Garhwal in large numbers as high as 10,500’, as in June they are quite common up to this height though they perhaps do not go much higher. That I never actually found a nest above 8,000’ was Iam sure merely becauss I never looked for their nests and did not happen to come across one. Gallus furrugineus (1328).—The Red-Jungle Fowl. Jungle fowl are found only in the outermost ranges and do not penetrate fur- ther than the Nayar valley which lies just north of Lansdowne. In this respect their distribution here corresponds with that of the pea fowl. Catreus wallichi (1333).—The Cheer Pheasant. A morning bag at 7,000’ 8 Cheer Pheasant and one Kalij. 158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, The cheer is widely distributed in Garhwal, but is very seldom indeed found in any numbers. Its favourite haunts being steep grassy slopes from 5,000’ to 8,000’ elevation, and ground of this description apparently well suited to cheer occurring over very large areas, I have often wondered why this bird should not become more numerous. I am inclined to the belief that annual forest fires, which usually occur just about the time these birds are breeding, must be the principal check to their further increase, and I believe that this fine pheasant will become very much more plentiful now that large areas of chir pine forests are yearly closed to fire by the Forest Department to enable the forests to be successfully regenerated. Blanford’s distribution of this bird is distinctly misleading so far as Garhwal is concerned. They are quite as common in the interior valleys as they are in the outer hills, in fact more so ; for they even penetrate up the Dhauli valley as far as its junction with the Rishi Ganga, and are also not un- common along the Vishnu Ganga. Wilson’s description of this bird as quoted by Stuart Baker in his work which is now appearing in this Journal seems to me extremely good, and I am inclined to agree with Wilson when he says that the cheer generally roosts on the ground, as I have spent some time trying to discover their habits in this respect. Nothing is more characteristic of this bird than the way it invariably calls at daybreak and again at dusk as mentioned by Wilson, and the early morning call is often made when it is still too dark to perceive objects more than a dozen yards away. I have also once heard these birds continue calling for about ten minutes at midnight. The marked predilection these birds exhibit for running away up—hill instead of taking to their wings to escape danger was well shown on one occasion when several cheer started up only 4 or 5 yards away from my feet on an open burned grassy area and immedi- ately sought safety by running away up the hillside without making any attempt to fly. Genneus albocristatus (1336).—The White-crested Kalij Pheasant. The kalij is by far the commonest pheasant throughout Garhwal in all forests below 8,000’ except such open grassy slopes as are especially adapted to the cheer. It is found up the Dhauli valley leading to Tibet at least as far as its junction with the Vishnu Ganga, and possibly further, though I have no actual record of its occurrence further north than this. On several occasions I have examined the crops of these pheasants, and besides many kinds of roots which were seldom iden- tifiable for certain I have found the following : Banj acorns with the outer husk removed, the ripe fruit of Pyrus Pashia, the green stems of Viscum japonicum, pods of Desmodium tiliefolium, bulbils of species of Dioscorea, ripe fruits of Rosa moschata and the ripe seeds of Nycianthes arbortristis. In most cases the food is quite clean and free from suspicion, though I regret to have to record that in the vicinity of travellers’ paraos and human habitations this is by no means always the case. Lophophorus refulgens (1342).—The Monal. As indicated in Stuart Baker’s work which is now appearing in this Journal the monal is still tolerably common in parts of British Garhwal. In the Dudatoli forest and along the Dhanpur ridge in central Garhwal monal are still to be found, but they are scarce, and it is not till one reaches the spurs which diverge directly from the main snowy range that they become at all abundant. Along the Dhauli valley leading to the Niti pass I have seen them as far as the village of Malari, but not north of this. Blanford and Stuart Baker both state that monal are found up to 15,000’ during the breeding season, but I have never seen them above 13,000’ in Garhwal and I much doubt if they ever wander in Garhwal above this eleva- tion. It must be remembered that the tree limit in Garhwal usually lies between 11,000’ and 12,000’, whilst in the eastern Himalaya I believe it is not less than 12,000’ and as the monal is really a forest bird this fact would be quite sufficient to make a difference of 2,000’ in the maximum height at which the birds are to be found. Stuart Baker says that in summer time they are generally to be found BIRDS IN BRITISH GARHWAL, 159 from 10,000’ to 14,000’ elevation, but for Garhwal I should say without ‘hesitation 9,000’ to 12,000’. The same author states that in winter they descend to 6,000’ and even 5,000’, but under the most severe conditions of weather I have never seen a bird below 6,500’, and the normal elevation for this time of year would be 8,000’ to 10,000’.. As regards the destruction of these birds for their plumage no such case has ever come to my notice in Garhwal where I believe this practice does not now exist. Hume’s note on the food of this bird agrees with my own observations, and I might add that the monal is very fond of the ripe fruit of Cotoneaster microphylla. Tragopan satyra (1344).—The Crimson Horned Pheasant. T have only met with this pheasant on two occasions, one was near the village of Wan and the other in the Nawali reserve. Both these places are within the water-shed of the Kail Ganga and situated fully 20 miles in a direct line east of the Alakhnanda river, which has hitherto always been quoted as the western limit of this bird. On both occasions the birds were frequenting dense ringal forest. Arboricola torqueola (1362).—The Common Hill-Partridge. This partridge is found at suitable elevations throughout the hills. It is com. monest in dense forest of banj (Quercus incana) from 6,000’ to 7,000’ elevation. As a rule few birds are seen during a dav’s excursion, though in specially favoured localities perhaps two dozen or more birds may be flushed within an area of a few acres. Such favoured localities occur where the gradients are not too steep and there is a rich moist humus beneath dense forest of oak, laurel and other evergreen trees and shrubs. They usually run when first disturbed, and a dog may have to follow a considerable distance before he comes up with one of these birds when it is running on ahead ; but when they have once been flushed they almost invariably sit very close, and this is especially the case if they have been already fired at and missed. Francolinus vulgaris (1372).—The Black Partridge. The Black Partridge is widely distributed all over Garhwal, and at Wan I have observed it at an elevation of 8,800’ which is unusually high. Tetraogallus himalayensis (1378).—The Himalayan Snow-Cock. In summer this bird not uncommonly descends to 8,000’ elevation, but never to my knowledge enters forests of any description. It is never found away from those spurs which diverge directly from the main Himalayan range, though a few birds annually frequent the bare slopes above Kheta in the Pindar valley during the winter months. I have never seen it in any numbers except in the tract lying north of Malari and Niti where it is fairly common and a great source of annoyance to anyone attempting to approach the wary burhal. In the early spring I found it feeding on a small grass-like herb Gagea lutea which grows in large quantities round deserted habitations and old camping grounds. When disturbed these birds, unless at very close quarters, usually commence to run away up hill and continue to climb till they have reached a point of vantage on some high ridge or projecting rock whence they probably make an extended flight. I have seen them make flights of fully a mile, often straight across some wide intervening valley, and whilst on the wing they seem invariably to utter a whistling note. When running away up bill they carry their short tails rather high up so as to show the white feathers beneath, and at this time their waddling gait is distinctly reminiscent of a goose. From the middle of May onwards they are found in pairs usually at elevations from 12,000’ to 14,000’. The breed- ing call is a prolonged whistle uttered with great persistence. The male when courting pursues the female in a crouching position with his tail held vertically up inthe air. After a few minutes of this courtship they probably both take to their wings making a loud wild whistling cackle as long as the flight[continues. 160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Lerwa nivicola (1380).—The Snow-Partridge. This partridge is never seen in large numbers though it is by no means rare. The breeding call is very similar indeed to that of the common grey partridge of the plains, but when alarmed a single whistle is uttered. Scolopax rusticola (1482).—The Woodcock. Though similar cases have I feel sure been frequently recorded, the following note written 28th June 1914 at Kulara, a camping ground at 10,500’ elevation in Painkhanda Malla, may still be of some interest: ‘‘ The forest here is mostly composed of silver fir with a fairly dense undergrowth of shrubs. As I was walking through the forest to-day a woodcock got up from a few yards off, flew some ten yards and then began to flap its wings wildly and to scream as if some- thing was killing it. I was completely taken in by the ruse and rushed up to where the bird was. But when I got a few yards off it flew on another ten yards and repeated the trick. It did this several times, and finally flew some distance away. I went back and sat down in concealment close to where I had first seen the bird. In about one minute she came running back through the undergrowth, and was at once met by one of her young ones. In another minute I showed myself and the mother flew off some 20 yards as before. I found the youngster crouching under a log. Its quills were just emerging from their sheaths.” During May and June woodcock may usually be seen round kharaks (cleared camping grounds in the forest where sheep and goats are temporarily located for grazing purposes) between 9,000’ and 11,000’ elevation. Both at dusk and again at dawn they may be observed slowly flapping across the open spaces and uttering at frequent intervals a bat-like squeak. In the winter they may be found at almost any elevation from 5,000’ upwards, but owing to the steepness of the slopes and the comparative absence of flat marshy ground woodcock are never found in any abundance, and it has seldom been my fortune to see more than a couple of birds during a day’s march. Gallinago solitaria (1486).—The Himalayan Solitary Snipe. I have shot this bird on very few occasions as they are not at all common. In May and June, at which time they might possibly be breeding, I have twice met with them along stony beds of streams at about 8,000’ elevation. I have never seen or shot the wood-snipe, Gallinago nemoricola. Phalacrocoraz carbo (1526).—The Large Cormorant. This bird is not uncommonly seen along the Alakhnanda and its main tribu- taries, the Mandagini and Pindar. 161 SHAKESPEARE ON.THE NOBLE ART OF HAWKING. BY Lr.-Cou. C. E. Luarp. The Hawker’s sporting toast : “‘ A health to all that shot and missed ”’. Two classes of hawks are used for hunting, the true falcon or long-winged hawk and the short-winged hawk : the peregrine par excellence representing the former and the goshawk the latter. Shakespeare is always most careful never to confound these two and everywhere his terms show a genuine and absolutely accurate knowledge of the sport. Such accuracy disappeared when hawking went out as a general sport, and only Chaucer, Spenser and lastly Dryden show that they also knew well what they were writing about. The females among hawks are usually the larger, and hence the males were called “tassels” or *tiercels,” being about one-third less than the size of the female. The male peregrine was called the “ tiercel-gentle ”, a compliment to his noble character, which explains Juliet’s use of the term of her lover (R. & J. :II-ii-159). Shakes- peare names the falcon, tercel-gentle, the estridge or goshawk, and her tercel, and the musket. The big gerfalcon did not do well in the damp of England and was little used. The ‘‘ musket ” was the male sparrow-hawk, and had the least repute, especially as an “‘eyass’’* (M. W. W.: IIT-iii-22). Ignorant commen- tators changed “‘estridge”’ into “ ostrich ’’, and made nonsense of the line ‘‘ the dove will peck the estridge” (A. & C. ITT-ii-195) so tooin Henry IV we should follow the folio reading all furnished, all in arms All plumed like estridges, that with the wind Bated, like eagles having lately bathed The reading ‘‘ baited’? makes nonsense; ‘‘ bated’? means wings, fluttering. Hawks were kept in the ‘‘ mews To ‘* mew” is to moult, (Fr. muer, Lat. mutare). The Royal Stables in St. Martin’s Lane were built on the old ‘* Mews ” site and after them, all London stables have been called mews. Hence the use of the word to mean shut up (T. S. I-i-87; MND: I-i-71 ; KJ: IV-ii-57 ; R. III, 1-i-38, 131 ; R. & J: I[l-iv-11). The hawks each had a perch on a pole where they stood “‘ weathering’. They were attached by thongs which were fastened to flat silver rings called ‘‘ varvels ’ which were fastened to soft leather bands on the feet called “‘ jesses ” (R. & J. : IIT-iii-261) ; when out of doors the thong was held by the falconer. A “falconer”’ is a man who deals with the long-winged hawk or falcon, of which the peregrine was the finest. The man in charge of the short-winged hawk, favoured in France, was called an “‘ astringer ” or “‘ ostringer ”’, from the estridge or goshawk which he chiefly used (Fr. austour, autour; Lat. astur). Thus all falcons are hawks, but not all hawks are falcons. The methods of attack of the two birds, as Shakespeare well knew. are totally different. The falcon attacks from high up, is used in open country and ‘‘ towering in her pride of place” (Mae.: II-iv-12 ; Luc.: 506) “ stoops” or ‘‘ swoops’ upon her quarry, while the short-winged hawk being used in woodlands flies after the bird, threading its way among trees and bushes. The falcon is recovered by the lure, the goshawk returns to his master’s wrist just as in nature he would to his perch on a bush. The peregrine was held the hawk of an earl, the goshawk of a yeoman, and French falconers even now distinguish the two arts as “ fauconnerie ” and ‘* autouserie ”’. The French were expert at the use of the small hawk, and were rather looked down on by English professors (Ham: IT-iii-58), for flying at every thing, but Tubervile, the old writer on hawking, always quotes them in reference to short-winged hawks. Hence the appropriateness of introducing ‘“‘ a gentle astringer ”’ into the French court (Alls Well : V-i-7) changed by some commenta- tors into ‘‘ a gentle stranger ” ; in this case he is a man of gentle blood and as such a favourite at court. 21 beating their . 99 . dawk clasee * Tiercels. Note.—The Ox- ford Diction- ary has gone wrong here calling t he young and female of a goshawk a ‘faicon gen- tel.” Eyass. Bate. Mews. Weather) Varvels. Jesses, Falconer” Astringer. Tower of place. Lure. Classes hawks. Astringer. hiais, a nestling-fool- ish young thing pride using Training, “Haggard.” Checking, Hoods, Bate. Treatment of hawks. Other raptores. Imp. Weather for hawking, Starving, Cadge. Knave, Making a point—pitch, Pride of place towering. 162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Falcons were trained by two methods, either, that is, by taking a nestling or ** eyass ” (Fr. niais) or a full grown bird in its first mature plumage. The latter makes the keenest hunter, as she has already been taughtin nature’s school in which hunger is mistress, while the other, brought up by hand, has no such knowledge. Moreover, the eyass, though quite tame, is more difficult to train, and is querulous like a small child (Ham: IT-ii-362), and indeed Baert (1619), the writer on training hawks, says,‘‘ he that meddleth with an eyass will spend his time to no purpose ’’. So you should prefer to train a “‘ haggard ” or wild hawk, that is a hawk after its first moult ; but sometimes she remains haggard (Oth: TIT-iii-260), she is wayward and is always “‘ checking ” or going after some fresh quarry (T. N., I[-v-72 ; Ham. : IV-vii-62); such ‘‘ proud disdainful birds ’’ are hard to reclaim (T. S. : IV-ii-39). To tame a haggard it must be starved of food and rest, being watched and kept awake (M. W. W.: V-v-109 ; Oth. : ITI-iii-22); and also constantly handled (V. & A. : 560). But the haggard, so hard to deal with (Much Ado. : IIT-i-35) is when once tamed far more affectionate than the eyass and more constant (ibid, 109). The falcon must be taken out hooded, as she remembers the past and gets excited, while the eyass with no recollections of wild life needs no hood. If not hooded, the tamed haggard will “‘ bate’ (Fr. se battre) or flutter and beat its wings in eagerness (T. S.: IV-i-99 ; 1 Hen. IV-iiv-99, where read ‘“ bated ”’ with folio and not ‘“‘ baited’; R. & J. : III-ii-10 ; Hen. V, ITI-vii-121). The kite or ‘‘ puttock ”’ was despised (T. 8. : IV-i-198 ; R. III, 1-i-133 ; Cymb : J-i-140). Petruchio (a Gloucestershire gentleman masquerading as an Italian) gives us a regular resumé of the proper treatment of hawks (T. 8. : IV-i-191 to 214). Fletcher who wrote: “‘ The Woman’s Prize’ as a sequel to this play carries on the simile in a passage spoken by one of the female characters, Maria, who is not unnaturally answered, “‘ You are learned, sister ”’. In the same category as kites came kestrils (Cym. : I-i-140) which though long- winged are hopeless cowards) buzzards (Rich. III-I-i-132) and hen-harriers : for these Shakespeare had the true falconer’s contempt (T. 8.: IV-i-198). The kestril is also called the “ staniel ”’, (T. N. I-iii-43 ; [I-v-126) or “* coystril.”’ The eyes of newly caught haggard falcons were “‘ seeled”’, that is closed by a silken thread drawn through the eyelids (Oth. : 1-iii-271 ; IIT-iii-210). The bird so blinded struts about in a comic way (A. & C.: III-xi-112) to the amuse- ment of those looking on. Occasionally a hawk loses feathers, these, if wing feathers, must be replaced, hence they were replaced by “‘ imping.” The stump of the broken feather being rejoined to the old upper part or to a new feather, of which a large stock was kept, by inserting a thin flexible iron wire into the piths ; this was dipped in brine to make it rust, the rust forming an adhesive (T. & Cr. Il, Il-i-292). To restrain a wild hawk, feathers were removed (J. C. ]-i-77). A clear day, not too hot, and above all without a strong wind (2 Hen, VI, II-i-3) in which a hawk may be lost, must: be chosen for the sport unless you wish to get rid of a useless haggard (Oth. : IIT-iii-262). The hawk must be starved on this day or he will not hunt (1 Hen. VI, I-ii-38, V. & A. 55; Luc. 694) The hawks were brought out on a frame called a “ cadge”’, carried by the “ cadger ’’, whose lowly occupation has led to his being classed with a “‘ knave ”’ (a menial servant Ger. knabe). We may suppose a flight made for a partridge. This was done with a dog. The spaniel ‘“‘ Troilus ’’, some favourite, may be of Shakespeare (T. S.: IV-i-152), is called up and sets at a covey. The hawk is then set free and soars up in circles until she has made her point and reached her full “pitch ” (1 Hen. VI, II-iv-11 ; 2 Hen. VI, IT-i-6; J. C. 1-i-87 and figuratively Rich II, I-i-109 ; T. A. II-i-14; R. & J. I-iv-28 ; J. C. 8-i-78 ;.Son—Ixxxvi ; and as to height in general, T. N. I-i-82 ; 1 Hen. VI, L-iii-55 ; Rich. III, II-i-vii-188 ; Son: vii). Thus soaring (Mac. Il-iv-12 ; Luc. 506) she reaches ‘“‘ her pride of place” and there waits or “‘towers’’. The dog is now set on and off go the birds, SHAKESPEARE ON THE NOBLE ART OF HAWKING. 163 the hawk at once selecting its bird and stooping (T. 8. IV-i-194) or swooping (Mac. IV-iii-219) *‘ foots ” the quarry (Cym.: V-iv-116) and “‘ souses”’ it, that is, seizes it with her talons (K. J. V. ii-150) and starts to “ tire ” on it or devour it (3 Hen. VI, I-i-268 ; Tof A, TII-vi-5 ; V. & A. 55 ; Luc. 417) so as to “ disedge”’ its appetite (Cym. : IIT-iv-96: Ric. II, I-iii-296 ; Ham. III-ii-264). If the dog is let go too soon to rouse the birds, before the falcon has reached her pitch, she may miss (2 Hen. VI, II-i-44) and must be recalled (T. 8. [V-i-42 ; Ham. I-v-115) or lured back (R. J. I-ii-159). The lure was a sham bird made with pigeon’s wings to which a piece of meat, the “‘ train ’’, was attached (Mac. IV-iii-117, and hence “to train’ in C. of E. III-ii-45; K.J. II-iv-175 ; 1 Hen. IV, V-ii-21; 1 Hen. VI, IJ-iii-35 ; TA. V-i-104). The falcon had bells on her feet which assisted in cowing (3 Hen. VI, I-i-45 ; Luce. 510) or ‘‘ enmewing ” the birds (M. for M. III-i-89). They also indicated where she was (Alls-Well, III-iii-80). This sport took place in open country over the fields or “ acres ” (1 Hen. IV, I-i-125) divided up by ‘‘ balks ” or heaped up mounds (1 Hen. IV, I-i-69). The stoop of a falcon is done in one rush full of confidence (Ric. II, I-iii-67 ; V. & A. 1027). While the falcon or female is required for all bigger and more difficult game, the tercel can be used on duck (T. & C. IIT-ii-55). The short-winged hawks are used as noted above for woodland work, they start from the hand and return to it. Instead of swooping they follow the bird in a stern chase, lurching from tree to tree and then, on sighting the game, shoot forward, whence the term ‘“‘ musket” passed on to a gun, being applied to early fowling pieces. In hawking a ‘‘ hawking eye ”’ is useful (Alls-Well, I-i-105) ; to “ tell a hawk from a handshaw (heron) ”’, no easy thing when the hawks are attacking and the birds are between you and the sun (Ham. II-ii-397) ; a common trick with herons it seems, as anold French writer says, he purposely flies thus (pour se couvrier de la clarte). Reverting to the mistakes often made in dealing with hawking. Scott makes goshawks soar, and his falcons are males (see the Abbot, Ivanhoe, Rob Roy) Tennyson and Morris in their poem on this bird make it a male. As regards the Bacon-Shakespeare myth, from Bacon’s writings his attitude to such sports is that of his relative Burleigh of whom Fuller recounts that when taken out and kept standing during a check he exclaimed ‘‘What call you this °°—‘‘Oh now the dogs are at fault ’°—‘* Yea take me again in such a fault and I’ll give you leave to punish me.” A hawk had to be purged of his ‘‘ ensayne ” or grease (Ham. III-iv-92) for this he was given a mixture of fur and feathers which acted as an emetic or purge, called “‘ castings ’’ (MWW, III-i-91). A hawk was sometimes rolled up in a cloth to keep it from struggling, ‘‘ mailed” as it was called (2 Hen. VI, I-iv-q 1). Small indurated knobs which appearon hawk feet are called “* gouts ”, but this does not seem to be the use in Macbeth (II-i-45). Other terms are “‘ to hold a wing ”’ (1 Hen. IV-iii-29), in Lear “‘ Oh well flown bird ” (IV-vi-32) and to the waste of time in hunting snipe with hawks (Oth. I-iii-9) Merlins and Hobbies were flown at lesser birds. On the Hobby’s approach the birds are scared or ‘dared ” and sit still till the fowler catches them. In the absence of a Hobby a piece of red cloth or a mirror was used to secure them (Hen. VIII, II-ii-279). _ Irish goshawks were famous, especially from Tyrone, whence the saying ‘‘ Tyrone among the bushes ”’, and Master Ford had a “‘fine hawk for the bush” (MWW, IIT -iii-245). Note also ‘‘ croucheth”’ (Inc: 506) that is makes them cower down: ** prune ” (Cym: V. iv-118) meaning preen ; ‘‘dis-edge,” mentioned above is of course to take the edge of one’s appetite; and ‘‘ cloys’’(Cym V. iv-118) that is cleys or, 7.e., claws at or cleans his beak on his foot. Toot. : Souse & tire. Lure train, Bells enmew. Stoop, Musket. Grease. Castings. Mailed, Gouts. 164. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. The hawks belong to the ornithological Family of Falconide which includes the Caracaras, Long-legged hawks, Buzzards, Bearded Vultures, Eagles and Falcons. The falcons are characterized by the strong short bill, suddenly curved from the base, with a tooth like process on each side. Among them are the Ger or Jer falcon (Hierofalco), much the largest, the Peregrine (Falco peregrinus), the Indian variety of it, the ‘‘ Shahin ” (F. peregrinator), the Merlin (fF. esalon) and Hobby (F. buteo), also the red-headed Merlin (42. chiquera). — The short-winged hawks such as the Goshawk (Astur palumbarius), Sparrow hawk (Accipter nisus) belong to the Sub-family of Buteconine, short-winged and short-tailed generally. The Hen harriers (Circus) belong to this group. The foregoing paper was not originally written for publication, but for a young ornithologist. Itis drawn mainly from that delightful but too little known book ‘“‘ The Diary of William Silence” by Professor Madden. If this note leads to its being better known, bird and Shakespeare lovers will alike be grateful, and these few lines will have not leen made public in vain. All references are to the “‘ Oxford Shakespeare.” 165 MYRIAPODS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA, CoLLECTED BY Mr. P. A. BUXTON BY H. W. BroLeMann, Pav, FRANCE. (With two plates.) The material collected by Mr. P. A. Buxton, though limited to a few specimens, is far from being void of interest. A new Lithobiid has had to be inscribed to the Persian fauna. The redis- covery of Humbert and Saussure’s Strongylosoma persicum offered good oppor- tunity for describing the sexual characters of the female, which were still un- known ; such a type of vulva has not been observed before. The capture of a species of the genus Polyxenus, most likely to be P. ponticus, afforded the possi- bility of making up for the blanks of Lignau’s diagnosis. For the favor granted in enabling him to put on records such valuable speci- mens, the author wishes to express his sincerest thanks to Mr. Buxton. MESOPOTAMIA. PACHYMERIUM FERRUGINEUM (C. Koch, 1835). Two female specimens with 55 pair of legs, from Amara; XII, 1917. LiTHOBIUS ? AERUGINOSUS L. Koch, 1862. . Length 10,50 mill. ; breadth 1,30 mill. Tergites 9, 11, and 13 with rounded angles. Antenne 20-jointed. Ocelli 1+3 in a single irregular row. Coxosternal teeth of maxillipedes 2+-2 and strong lateral spines. Tarsi 1 to 13 single-jointed. Coxal pores: 2, 2, 2,2. Spinal armature of legs ; 0-9. p. &@ + 4% . , occasionally p is to be seen Ist pair BAOS 6) aD, oR «1 ) Tin); jaorally on the 4th joint. 0. 0. oh Sas be By hs tart Os. 0% 5 ‘ = Sad pare P eeu ie 29 Be? SR pO) Mp.) am. m= oe, GO. - Fei mp \ amis. am. ke 0.0 pap ap pee pale 0:0,” mip. am‘. om. Aes vate 0. 0. p- ap. a p. 0.0. mp. amp. am 0. 0. 5th pair soe @.°O./4) mp: (ard, .* am, 6th & 7th pair 0. 0. pa Pp. ap ee Se a 0.0. mp. am. am OS Oo) Mp GM « ANI: bs pair 0. 0. amp. p. a 6p 2 am. 8 Pe 8. 0.0. mp. am. am 0.0... TAP. , am, . | ana’. 0. 0. amp. pS Bop: 9th & 10th pair 0. 0. mpi am. am. Hit pat oO. 0. amp. p. Pp. o. 0. mp. amp. am, oO. O. amp. (4 i 12th & 13th pair Pe ee 6.0. anip. iam. “nm. Lear hae 0. 0. amp. p- Pp. 0. I, [anip) ant... a 15th, pais oO. 0. amp. pre o.m. amp. am. a. An additional dorsal p exists on the 4th joint of legs of 2nd, 6th and 9th pair, but on one side only. No sexual structure on the last two pairs of legs, the last being somewhat swollen (vet not as much asin L. crassipes) and bearing a single claw. 166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, Female unknown. A single male specimen from Amara; XII, 1917. The palearctic members of the same group of Lithobius having rounded angles of tergites 9, 11 and 13, ocelli few disposed in rows, and the anal legs without coxolateral spine, without sexual structure and with a single claw, are: crassipes L. K., q@ruginosus L. K., fallax Mural., ignotus Mural., and (possibly ?) argensis Att. With none of them does the above specimen agree entirely, and nothing is known of the legs of argensis. Therefore, rather than create a new name for a single specimen, it is deemed wiser to ascribe it to the nearest related form, L. eruginosus, in spite of the difference noticed in the spinal armature of the hind legs. STRONGYLOSOMA PERSICUM Humbert & Saussure, 1869. The sterno-pleural suture is a curved ridge sharpened on the second segment and gradually rounded backwards ; it disappears after the 10th segment. ‘The dorsal furrow of the lateral keels is straight on the non- poriferous segments and sinuate on the others. The vulvar aperture of the 3rd segment is very wide, rounded laterally ; the posterior margin is almost straight and moderately erected. Sternum of the second pair of legs poorly developed, very low and not as wide as the lateral expansions of the coxe. The posterior surface of the latter is hollowed at the base so as to cause the distal half to appear swollen. Vulvar invaginations shallow, scarcely deep enough to conceal the vulve and hardly distinct from one another. When at rest the vulve have the oper- culum (') turned upwards and the ridge outwards, the posterior end of the mound filling the aperture of the 3rd segment. Vulve (fig, 1 and 2) not much longer than deep. Operculum smaller than the mound, excised apically ; the distal angles are produced and bear a particularly long and thick macrocheta pointing backwards. Mound with its posterior end abruptly truncate. Outer valve shorter and higher than the inner, the latter being much lower than jong. The valves are not fused posteriorly but the upper angles are produced internally into hooks, the concavities of which face each other. Surface of the valves with few and rather short sctz; no macrochete. The apodema is sinuous, it shows no superficial ornaments (as seen in Polydesmus) and seems destitute of internal appendages. No trace of a shield could be noticed. (‘) The description of vulve having so far been entirely neglected and no English terms having been applied to the different parts of these organs, it is pro- posed to use , provisionally the following :— operculum == (Vopercule) the smallest, plate-like part ‘of the vulva, theo- retically considered to be anterior ; mound =(la bourse) the largest and theoretically the posterior part, the anterior truncate surface of which is covered by the operculum ; valves =(les valves) inner and outer chitinized slopes of the mound bearing sete and often macrochete ; ridge =(le cimier) apical space left between the valves, beginning immediately behind the anterior troncature and extending more or less backwards ; apodema =(lapodéme) gutter-shaped chitinous thickening extending longitudinally below the ridge and communicating with the latter by means of a slit =(la fente de l’apodéme) ; diverticula =(les diverticules apodématiques) differently shaped append- ages of the apodematic gutter, erroneously considered as glands by some authors ; The operculum articulates with the mound by means of hinges. =(les fourches) ; chield =(le gorgerin) accessory posterior plate which is often missing and is eventually replaced by some expansion of the valves. The French terms are those used by Brolemann and Lichtenstein, ‘“‘ Les vulves des Diplopodes,” Arch. Zool. exper. gen., LVIII, 4, 1919. S$ ¥-‘H ‘WAOISYTd VNOSOTAONOUWLIS ‘SCOdVIUAW NVISUAd GNVY NVINVLOdOSAaN "1 931d '20$ ‘3S!IH '}UN Avequiog “usnor > : t _ ita é b . aw J fi Val ‘ ie a hos rT : , 7 a> & +p =? aie hs i wale 1 ‘ Zz | 9 t % ben t ] s > ; ~~ 3 . v i ibe . 2 age, J ‘ rae vr. ¥ & , ' 5 x Th : 4 ’ ' - i , } hy * PS ‘ ue 5 hs ' fy lire Ae ee ees 1 a Be a od AN, ro | S to i a ain e. (es aS oe na % Fae - MESOPOTAMIAN AND PERSIAN MYRIAPODS, 167: A sketch of the male gonapods (fig. 3) is added to show the development of the secondary ramus. Attems states that this ramus is formed of two laminz, a fact which could not be ascertained. Amara; XII, 1917; 2, I, 1918, “under fallen palm branches” ; III, 1918. PERSIA. PACHYMERIUM cCaAuCcasicuM Attems, 1903. One male specimen with 47 ee of legs. Resht ; IJ, 1919. LITHOBIUS BUXTONI, nl. sp. d: length about 10 mill. Colour drab. Head-plate with black margins and a black median spot. Main tergites with black lateral and posterior edges and a black dorso-median line. Mouth-pieces and_ ventral surface pale yellow. Anterior legs pale becoming gradually fuscate backwards and from the apex towards the base, the last legs being entirely dark coloured. The cephalic plate as well as the anterior main tergites have their marginal pad entire; this is interrupted mesially on the 7th tergite only. Posterior margin of the 8th, 10th and 15th tergites scarcely or feebly emarginate ; poste- rior margin of the 12th and 14th tergites decidedly excised, the posterior angles being acute and somewhat raised. Tergites 9, 11 and 13 with moderately produced, but sharp angles. Surface of all the tergites strongly rugose and showing oblique, irregular longitudinal furrows. Ocelli few, 1++3, 2, 2. Antennz long, 37-40 jointed. Coxosternum of maxillipedes with the produced anterior margin armed with 2+2 small teeth; no deere! spines could be detected,. Coxal pores 3, 2, 2, 2, small, rounded. Spine armature of legs of 0. 0. : ; Ist pair eal Mid co .0. O Og ales an: itt paie 0.074 Mp. a Pp a « G0-4 irra oy 3 Ta et pais OOF \ TPs. 2 Pi ap. 6s Och) 9 Ms arte. ~ STS Sth tpair 0. 0. ponip.- spas Pp OGe sites genie. 2 oT: 4 ~ On70re SMP Se Ps. a PB or ) With an occasional p below oreee tase pat oo m. am.am. ™ |the 4th joint on P. 10. 12th pair eee eae ee PR oo mp. am. am : Oo. 0. amp. @ Pp. @ P- ¢ accidentally a dorsal m is sou pair om. amp. am am ae on the 4th joint. oO. 0. amp. a p. a Pp. om. amp. am. m. 0. Oo. amp. Lil Oey eo Ob ys. GRIDS) Oba iirs 15th pair ease eee Ps i ee ee eS om. amp. am. m. oO.m. amp. amp. m. 15th pair without coxolateral spine ; claw double. No special sexual structure on 14th or 15th pair. The female is unknown. Resht : IT, 1919. 168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, This new species is to be distinguished from L. melanops, Newpt., apparently its nearest relative, by its rugose tergites and by the spinal armature of the legs. The only Lithobius so far recorded from Persia is L. persicus Pocock, 1899, from. Seir. The possibility of identifying the above described specimen with Pocock’s species is excluded considering that the latter has only the 13th dorsal plate angularly produced, that the anal leg is armed with O. 3. 3. 1 spines below, with a single apical claw and with a coxolateral spine, and that the legs of the two last pairs are sulcate above in the male. CHORDEUMOIDEA, sp. One female specimen from Resht; II, 1919. TULOIDEA, sp. One immature specimen from Resht; II, 1919. POLYXENUS PoNnTICUS (Lignau, 1903) nob. Length (without the anal bunch) 8, 50 to 9 mill. Breadth of the 7th segment (including pleurz) about 0.95 mill. In most of the morphological details the Persian specimens are identical with P. lagurus Latr. The sense cones of the palpi are single-jointed. Ocelli six. Sense calicles of the head disposed in a triangle as in the western species. Also the anal bunches are located alike. . Ae CE EC ert ee Fig 5 --Polyxenus lagurus, Latr. : A to E, sete corresponding to those represented in fig. 4; F, not observed in ponticus. ‘qou (uvusr}) S9OLINOd SQNYXATOd ‘SA °H MAOISYAd VNOSOTAYONOUIS *y OMT "g “S17 : ! 7 J ig aE Photo Capt. C. R. Pitman. E —Broken country on Tigris down stream of Samarra where the Ruddy Sheldrake is found breeding in holes in the ground, mounds and cliffs during April and May. Brrps oF MEsoporamtia. THE BIRDS OF MESOPOTAMIA. 249 Eleven skins examined : ¢, Basra, 19-4-17,;¢, Sheik Saad, 31-4-18(P. Z. C. and R. E.C.);9, Amara 232-4-18,1-5-18; ¢, Baghdad, 12-9-17 (P.A. B.); Basra, €-5.19 (L. Home) ; Feluia 9. 23-4-17 (two), 27-4-17 (C. R. P.); ¢ Sheik Saad, p- 2-5-17 (Robinsion) ; Baghdad, 7-9-17 (Ingoldby). 64. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio. Lanius collurio, L. (Syst. Nat. Ed., x., p. 94, 1758—-Sweden). The Red-backed Shrike is also a passage migrant in large numbers. The first few males arrive in the last days of March and small numbers are to be met with throughout April, but it is not until towards the end of the month and the early part of May that they pass through in any quantity, when they become very common and are widely distributed. The return passage begins in the last days of August and they quickly become common and soon pass on, our latest date being September 24th, though Cumming at Fao recorded it up to mid-November. Weigold found it common on sprmg passage at Urfa and remarks that of his numerous specimens some are typical c. collurio, some typical c. kobylinit and four are intermediate. This latter race was named by Buturlin (Ibis, 1906, p. 416—Kutais in 8. Caucasus) as Zarudny’s name fuscatus for the eastern race was preoccupied, but [ must point out that Zarudny in employing this name used Hnneoctonus as the generic name, and that if this genus is used for the Red-backed Shrike, as it is by some, Zarudny’s name must be upheld ; if however Lanius is preferred then Buturlin’s name should stand. On points like this, and they are always arising, there can never be any uniformity of nomenclature or finality, unless every one agrees on the limitations of genera ! This supposed eastern race is said to differ in the rather paler and restricted amount of the chestnut colour of the mantle. As Weigold remarks one often cannot measure this as it is quite indefinite where the colour begins and ends, and as he says some are intermediate. The truth is kobylini is a thoroughly bad race ! I have examined six spring males from Kutais, Caucasus and North Persia and about eight spring males from Mesopotamia (which one may suppose should also belong to this race), together with a large series of European males and I find that the shade of the chestnut colour and its width vary very much both in eastern and European examples; it so happens that in the Kutais birds it is broad ! and in the Caucasian bird very dark! I cannot see any distinguishing character between birds from the east and west; the bills too vary very much in size throughout the range of the species. Seventeen specimens examined ¢ ¢, Amara, 7-5-18,;¢ ¢.Baghdad, 31-8-17, 3, 24-9-17 9, Amara, 6-5-18, 16-4-19 (P. A. B.): 2 9,Fao, 10-5-18 (Armstrong) ; 3 >Feluja, 24-4-17, ¢, 21-4-17, 9, 23-4-17 (C. R. P.); Basra, 6-5-19 (L. Home) ; Tekrit, 17-4-19, ¢, Sheik Saad, 10-9-17 (P. Z. C. and R. E. C.); ¢,Sulimania ; 2-9-17 (Ross). 65. Red-tailed Shrike. Lanius cristatus. (1) Lanius cristatus isabellinus, H. and E. (Symb. Phys. fol. e. Anm., 1828—Gonfode in Arabia). (2) Lanius cristatus phoenicuroides, Schal. (J. F. O., 1875, p. 148— Tschimkent). The two races were naturally not identified in the field and records are scanty ; judging from specimens obtained isabellinus is a common winter visitor arriving during the last ten days of September, though one or the other form occurs at the beginning of the month. It frequents thorny scrub or gardens singly, or two or three in near proximity ; it leaves again somewhat late in the spring {the latest specimen is April 29th), completing its body moult in February and March before departure. 32 250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. All the specimens (six) of phanicuroides were obtained during the spring and autumn; Pitman noted that Red-tailed Shrikes were abundant in the Adhaim area in the first ten days of October and after that only a few were seen ; three specimens he obtained about that time were phenicuroides and as no specimens were got between October 12th and early April, during which period 8 specimens of isabellinus were obtained, it is extremely suggestive that the former is only a bird of passage—as I know to be the case elsewhere. Since all Red-tailed Shrikes were found commoner in spring and autumn, isabellinus may too be in part a passage migrant. phenicuroides was obtained at Fao as late as May 25th; it nests in the Zagros according to Zarudny. From a specimen of isabellinus I took a parasitic worm from under the skin behind the eye, a situation I have often found similar parasites in col/urio. Dr. Manson Bahr informs me this is a filaria and the intermediate host is the feather louse. Zarudny goes to far extremes in the recognition of racial forms and in some cases at all events his ‘‘ races” are nothing but individual variations; this “ oversplitting ’” and lack of proper conception of what a racial form is brings this important part of ornithology into disrepute (there are still some who “do not believe’’ in the existence of the most obvious subspecies), and moreover gives an infinite amount of unproductive and needless toil to those who later work in the same field ; work which in some cases is impossible as his specimens are ungetable in Tashkent and many of his descriptions are written in Rus- sian! His treatment of the Red-tailed Shrikes is a case in point. These Shrikes throughout their range divide into five fairly well marked races, two of which only concern us— phenicuroides and isabellinus (both of which vary some- what individually). These two Zarudny makes into full species :—zsabellinus with two races, speculigera and salina; and phenicuroides also with two races caniceps and varia—all six forms to be found in Persia and all except varia and salina inhabiting the Karun district in winter ! (1) Eighteen specimens examined: ¢, Amara, 25-10-17, 25-4-18, 26-10-18, 1-12-17, 5-1-18 ;¢, Baghdad, 21-9-17; L. Akkarkus, 12-10-17; Ezra’s Tomb, 23-2-18 (two) (P. A. B.); Abed, 9-2-18 (F. M. B.): Kamisiyeh, 7-1-17 (Aldworth) Feluja, 24-4-17, 29-4-17 (C. R. P.); ¢ Q, Basra, 21-11-17 (C. B. T.); Q, Sheik Saad, 31-3-17;¢, Kut, 1-10-18 (P. Z. C. and R. E. C.); Gurmat Ali, 26-9-20. (2) Five examined: ¢, Fao, 25-5-18 (Armstrong); ¢, Sheik Saad, 4-4-19 (P. Z.C. and R. E. C.); Adhaim, 2-10-17, 12-10-17, 27-9-17 (C. R. P.). One isabellinus, 25-10-17, has much juvenile plumage still present. It rather resembles juvenile of collurio, but the tail is longer and there is no white on the outer web of the outer tail feathers and it is paler grey on the back. ( To be continued. ) FURTHER LIZARDS AND SNAKES FROM PERSIA AND MESOPOTAMIA. Chin Shields of Phyllodactylus elisoe, Werner. This figure was omitted from Vol. XXVIII No. 1 of the Journal and should be included with Miss Procter’s paper on ‘Further Lizards and Snakes from Persia and Mesopotamia to face page 251.’ 251 FURTHER LIZARDS AND SNAKES FROM PERSIA AND MESOPOTAMIA. BY JoAN B. Procter, F.Z.S. Since the publication of Mr. Boulenger’s lists of the Snakes and Lizards collected by the Expeditionary Forces in Mesopotamia", further material has been received from Capt. H. E. Shortt, I.M.S., and Capt. W. E. Evans, R. A. M. C. ; Mr. Kinnear has therefore asked me to write the following addendum, in which species marked with an asterisk were not recorded by Mr. Boulenger. Besides snakes and lizards, which are the subject of this paper, the follow- ing were included in the collections :—Clemmys caspica (Capt. Evans), Bufo viridis (Capt. Evans) and Hyla arborea var. savigni (Capt. Shortt and Capt. Evans). LACERTITIA. GECKONID&. 1. Alsophylax tuberculata,* Blanf. Jebel Hamrin, N. E. of Baghdad (Capt. Evans). One specimen, well marked with alternate, curved transverse bands of light. and dark grey; lower surfaces speckled with grey. Habitat + Mesopotamia, Southern Persia, Baluchistan, Sind. 2. Phyllodactylus elise,* Werner, Kuretu*, Persian frontier (Capt. Shortt). Three specimens of this rare gecko. They show considerable variation in the proportions and arrangements of the mental and chin-shields. In the case of the first specimen the mental is moderate, followed by two pairs of chin-shields, the first pair in contact in the middle for a distance equalling half their length, as in the type-specimens; in the second the first pair of chin-shields are only in contact for about one-quarter of their length, the mental shield being larger in proportion ; in the third specimen the mental is enormous, followed by a single pair of large triangular chin-shields, which are not in contact with each other. This amount of variation is very unusual , were it not for the intermediate form one might consider the third specimen to be a distinct species. The first specimen is almost white ; the other two are thickly speckled with very dark brown. Habitat : Mesopotamia. Capt. Shortt tells me that he caught these geckos in natural caves formed by overhanging rocks. The types are from the ruins of Nineveh. 3. Hemidactylus persicus,* Anders. Baghdad (Capt. Shortt), Amara-on-Tigris (Capt. Evans), Three specimens Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia, Sind. A new Record for Mesopotamia, 4. Hemidactylus flaviviridis* Ruppi. One specimen from Amara (Capt. Evans). Habitat ; Arabia, Persia, Baluchistan, India and Malay Peninsula. + Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xxvii, No. 2, pp. 347-353 (1920), 2 Also spelled Quritu or Quraitu. 252 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. AGAMID®. 5. Agama persica, Blanf. Two specimens from Amara (Capt. Evans). Note by Capt. Evans :—- “ This lizard had the power of producing the purple-blue colour under its face and neck, and along its sides ; or of losing the colour entirely, except a faint rusty tinge on the sides only. The change could be accomplished ina minute or two. I had it alive for some time.” Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia. 6. Agama nupta, De Fil. One specimen from Jebel Hamrin (Capt. Evans). One specimen from Kuretu, (Capt. Shortt). Var. fusca,* Blanf. One specimen, ¢ from Kangavar (Capt. Shortt). This specimen must be regarded as var. fusca on account of the great develop- ment of the spines on the head and neck, and the indistinctness of the nuchal fold. Its colouration is different from the true fusca, being dark grey, mottled with black on the neck and shoulders ; throat black instead of yellow ; enlarged dorsal scales greenish grey. Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia, Baluchistan. 7. Uromastix loricatus,* Blanf. One specimen from Ruz, N. E. of Baghdad (Capt. Evans), Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia. A new record for Mesopotamia. LACERTID &, 8. »! a 5 OB. iz t : ' oA. / =i ANTHILL ,7 a / " S ‘ a x Me \ S rot! LS: CAMP MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 263 hunting but also for protection on their powers of hearing and sight ; to say however that they never use the power of scent would be a mistake, as this possession is used, or shall we say attempts are made by this means, to gain information, but the animal seems to be adrift. I know such opinions are all wreng to the armchair’ naturalist or museum scientist, but the instances put forward by Mr. Stuart Baker are worth more than all our home gasbags put together even if they were multiplied a hundredfold. I know it is no use my laying down the law without giving facts, so here are a few experiences :— _ The Lion.—I was on “ Safari ” in Muri Province, Northern Nigeria, one early morning, moving through small elephant grass about 10 to 12 feet high and going down wind (of a force of about 12 miles per hour) when my old tracker (dot and carry one) murmured softly ‘‘ Ziki Baturi.” After a few words of argument I took the express and went forward softly for about 40 yards to where the grass stopped and halted in amazement at the sight of 5 lions strewn round the car- case of a Roan in artistic positions at a distance of no more than 20 yards. I was so surprised that putting my hand to my pocket, in which I always carry a small bag of flour, I tested the wind. The lions were not upset at all nor even had they any suspicions, and it was not until I stepped out in full view that interest and hurried life came on the scene. The resultant slaughter does not effect the question at all. Another example.—This time in a very far away country to the north of Uganda where game animals had never had a modern gun fired at them and herds of waterbuck, kob, zebra, etc., stood to gaze at one, full of curiosity. I was out on a big plain teeming with Kob (Cobus coba thomas?) as far as the eye could see about 1-30 a.m. on a glorious moonlight night, as Colonel Glasford calls it ‘‘ Ghooming ” shod with very thick rubber soled boots. Finally taking up the position (A) behind an anthill I sat quietly smoking, drinking in the glori- ous beauty of the scene, when some hidden sense caused me to quietly look round to my left where I saw a lion coming up wind about 80 yards away, quietly and without any fuss just like a dog trotting down a lane at home. The lion took the dotted path as shown in the diagram, passing me at thirty yards until he arrived at (B). By this time I was very curious indeed to discover the whys and wherefores. The lion waited at (B) for quite a time, ten or twelve minutes, until I heard a cough between the hills. Our lion then got up and deliberately walked down wind (I following) full in the open on to the Kob which bolted down wind and were rushed by three lions, at about the place (C). The hunting was successful as two Kob were pulled down. Our lion then joined up after a friendly scap with a lioness and the two set to work on the one carcase, but the other two, both lionesses, did not eat together. I did not see the actual pulling down on this occasion but I have done so on other occasions and although it is most difficult to get a proper idea, owing to bad light and the quickness of the operation, what occurs seems to be that the lion rushes the prey, seizes it by the neck with its mouth whilst it hurlsits force by impact onto the shoulders of the animal giving the neck a wrench round. The whole business, done so quickly, breaks one of the neck vertebrie, death being instantaneous. African Buffalo.—Here Iam on delicate ground myself as scent does play a part, but not the sole and only part our gas bag friends would have us believe. The first instance was with Bos caffer branchyceros or the Lake Chad variety of the Congo Desert species. This gentleman is small for his long name but makes up for this by having a nature truly Corsican as when he is roused it is war to the death, aggressive and defensive. The country is a nightmare for the sportsman as only those can realise who have crawled after buffalo into their strongholds. ’ The buffalo in question had been hit badly, but rather far back, about 6-30 a.m. and had promptly gone for cover, so, giving him plenty of time to stiffen, I went 264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, after him by myself as although I may be a fool I never allow a native retainer to be a fool at the same time. One fool is quite enough on such an occasion. So about 11-30 a.m. saw me crawling down a tunnel like track following good-look- ing blood spoor. This I did for two hours with what little wind there was behind me. About this time I missed the spoor and took a wrong turn. Finding out my mistake I returned until I could just see the fork, so lay down behind an old fallen tree to wipe my steaming face, as it is hot in these places. After a bit I was electrified to hear the blowing of my friend,with a corresponding hammer of my heart, and after a wait the buffalo came along the main path I had used sniffing and blowing steam from his nostrils along my very spoor. He came to the fork 30 feet away, sniffed, then went along the main track. Whilst trying to see him through the undergrowth I must have made a noise as the resulting charge crashed me over, and the ensuing ten minutes, with two ribs broken and a shoulder dislocated before the buffalo finally went under, has taught the writer a few things about being a fool. Now if that buffalo had had a proper sense of scent he would have picked my spoor up the side track. He did not but went straight on. I move, and am promptly charged, located exactly and instantly by the power of hearing. It might bore you to hear more about Bos caffer so I will proceed with. The Rhinoceros, the clown of the animal world. Time and again when photo- graphing this animal I have gone down wind, up wind, any wind so long as I kept his stern in front of me and wore rubber soled boots,—but let his smail pig eyes or ears see or hear me then it was hopeless, The Elephant.—To my mind the elephant is an animal with the sense of scent most developed and this I think is due to evolution, a subject which causes more bad language than beer. There is another absorbing subject, 7.e., a study of the senses shown by The Crocodile, a reptile. I have always been keen to watch but as all my experiences: have been with the African brute they might not be of interest to members of an Indian Natural History Society, but I can assure you crocodiles will reward any man who has the opportunity to watch them. The Wild Goat and the Jailan.—Then take the wild goat (Capra hircus) and the Jailan or Red Sheep (Ovis orientalis gmelini) of the Bos Dagh Range, Asia Minor. They depend solely on sight alone. One example I can give was whilst shooting on the Bos Dagh Range. We had had a long day after the oldest and most cunning of all the tribe of big sheep, until I was well-nigh finished. I was sitting in the snow telling myself what a fool I was to go miles and miles after a poor sheep when I could buy a head in Konia any day, when a hiss from Mehemet, my brigand guide, brought me flat in the snow behind a tuft of grass. I remember thinking how my stern limbs must be looming up on the horizon when an old ram with five ewes came along step- ping in my own spoor which lay along the snow covered plateau plain to the whole world. The sheep came along in single file and did not even sniff or take the slightest interest in the strange footsteps in the snow until the old ram saw my dreaded stern portion and I wondered if it was the rough patch in my old flannel trousers which had upset the old boy’s sense of the artistic. Anyway he was upset, spun round and away they went as only these animals can go. Wild Goat—I have never in the Taurus Range, Asia Minor, been nearer to wild goat than 600 yards and whatever other senses they may have these must. be useless to them compared with their wonderful sight. Ncw what we learn from all this is :— (1) That the scent of man is unknown to the majority of wild animals and only, known to leopards or other flesh eating animals by years of contact with mankind, in other words by evolution or bitter hard experience passed down by genera- tion to generation. . (2) Wild animals depend firstly on sight for offensive and defensive action. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 26% wt (3) Animals living in thick bush have the sense of hearing developed far more than the other organs ; evolution again. (4) Individual cases of any one animal confuse the judgment with re- ference to the whole. Shikaries by keeping totally out of sight, or perfectly still when sighted, suitably clad and having suitable foot wear and being careful of dry twigs, etc., need have no fear of being scented. I have bored you to tears by now, but I do hope that many more articles like the one by Mr. Stuart Baker may appear in your Journal as they do give pleasure and instruction to a mere ‘““Ghooming ” nature worshipper like myself who knows no long latin names nor wishes to read the learned quibbles of the men of science but who loves God’s creatures great and small and when filled with a good dinner of buck is far more contented than if he had pushed a long new name on to some poor lowly bug. HUGH COPLEY. NaGPour, 24th May 1921. No, II.—PANTHERS AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. I have read accounts in your Journal of panthers returning to kills beside which a lamp had been placed, but do not remember having seen any account in which a panther had actually killed an animal tied up beside a light. I located a panther in a smal] hill near here and tied up a goat, but as the panther failed to turn up before dark and as the moon rises late, also having no electric light, [ decided to have another try on the following afternoon, and tie the goat up nearer the entrance of its cave. To do this however I had to dig a pit, as there was no cover anywhere that I could sit behind, and bushed it in. I decided to sit up till the moon rose but as there would be about 3 hours of darkness, I was afraid the panther would haye time to kill the goat and eat it before I got a chance of even seeing it, so I left word that a lantern should be brought and placed about 15 yards from the goat as soon as it was dark, and should be removed again as soon as the moon rose. At about 7-15 p.m., the lantern was accordingly placed near the goat. At 8-15, the goat which was lying down, got up and became very uneasy and soon after the panther rushed in and seized it, lying, facing the lantern, holding the goat by the throat. This is a panther that seems to have practically made this hill its home, and lives on anything it can pick up in the surrounding villages, and so has probably got pretty well accustomed to lights. I am wondering if a panther that lives more in the jungles would be as bold; I know of men who have a lantern hung up near their horse when camping in places where there are panth- ers in order to protect their horse. It does not look as though this is of much use, at any rate so far as the domesticated variety is concerned ! The panther was a female measuring. 6 feet. C. B, BEADNELL. VELLORE, NortH Arcot District, 25th June 1921. No, I1I1.—THE FOOD OF THE SMALL INDIAN CIVET (VIVEREI- CULA MALACCENSIS) IN CAPTIVITY. On the 24th March 1920, a fully adult civet of this species was caught by my coolies while cutting wheat and»I have kept it ever since. Blanford quoting Jerdon says: ‘* Jerdon had several which caught rats, squirrels and birds. ’” 34 266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. The late Mr. Sanyal states that in the Calcutta Zoological gardens they are “‘ fed on a mixed diet consisting of meat, boiled or raw eggs. plantains, and other fruits and bread ; in fact it, like a large civet, eats anything.” I have not tried mine with either rats, squirrels, or fruit and bread but did with cooked and raw meat. It readily eats table scraps when they consist of ordinary fowl, pigeon or duck, no matter how they have been cooked, not even objecting to any ; but absolutely refuses to touch game whether raw or cooked. I have tried it with quail, teal, snipe, sandpipers and godwit, sometimes cooked sometimes raw, but they weren’t touched. They are said to be easily tamed but though I have had mine over a year now it is just as wild as when I got it. It is a most uninteresting animal, remaining coiled up in a box all day and only coming out at night and darting back to its box if anyone approaches it. CHAS. M. INGLIS, M.B.O,U., F.Z.S., F.E.S. BaGHOWNIE Fry., DarBHanGa, Dt. Brnar, 26th May 1921. No. IV.—A GOOD FEMALE CHINKARA HEAD (G. BENNETT). Regarding measurements of the Indian Female Gazelle, it will be interesting to note also that His Highness the Maharaja Sahib Bahadur of Dhar has recently in one of his tours in the Districts killed a very fine head of a female, the photo of which I send as it may be of interest to members. The measurements of this Female Gazelle are as follows :— Length 8”, circumference 1}?”, and tip to tip 2}”. G. B. POWAR. Duar, Ist July 1921. [Unfortunately the photo will not reproduce well, We are unable therefore to publish it but have placed it in the Society’s Album.—Eps. ] No. V.—WILD DOGS IN BURMA.* This is rather a hardy annual, but there has recently been much correspondence in iocal papers regarding wild dogs and “ wolves ” said to have been seen by various exalted officials. 'The following notes may therefore be of interest. I believe your recent mammal survey only discovered the large wild dog in Burma, an animal said to hunt in small packs of six or seven. I recently sent you the skin of a wild dog shot by a reliable old Burmese hunter, while I was in camp at his village. He killed three and told me next morning that there were twenty-thirty feeding on a dead buffalo (died of rinderpest). Js not this an unusual number ? Another hunter, whom I have known for. years, told me that in the neighbour- ing Sadwingyi Reserve, he had seen about eighty feeding on a full grown bull Tsaing they had just killed (Several Tsaing have been killed by them recently and last year they killed two village cows close to a village). If we divide by two to allow for “‘ the little one that would not keep still for him to count it, ” this would still give a pack of thirty or forty. I thought that only the red dog of the Deccan hunted in such large numbers and that the Big Burmese Dog was never more than six—ten to a pack. I have myself never seen more than six or seven together, but in this same Sadwingyi Reserve I have found fresh droppings (all along a road) of a pack that must have numbered far more. * See next page. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 267 The local legend is to the effect that wild dog live in a large pack numbering anything up to a hundred and ruled over by a Black King-Dog, this troupe however is rarely met with and what is usually seen is only a small band of outlying scouts. I have myself only met wild dog five times. (1) In Shwebo District some Burmans brought one just dead which they had killed with dahs while it was swimming the Irrawaddy (half a mile) ; it was alone. (2) In Tharrawaddy District some four or five (mute) were running a Gyi in circles. Twice the Gyi galloped through my camp and the dogs were apparently in relays ringing it in. As I could not see a dog I finished the hunt by bagging the Gyi. (3) In Shwebo District I saw one dog trotting up a stream and a good ten minutes later the pack (six in open order) came through the jungle on both sides. I killed two (similar to the skin just sent you). (4) In Shwebo District I saw a Thamin covered with sweat and mud and on killing it found one eye freshly torn out and the other badly gashed. It was very ‘done ” and stiffened at once on being shot. On this occasion the dogs were scared by the shooting as we heard them turn away, but did not see them. (5) One night in Tharrawaddy in 1910 (cold weather) when camped in the Pegu Yomas, I heard dogs in full cry (rather like a poor voiced pack of hounds). We were some 20 miles from any village, so it wasn’t pie dog and as the noise came from the valley below me it was not geese. The Burmese Girdling Coolies all said “ wild dog” and added that one often heard them. This rather upsets the theory that they run mute, but it is the only time I have heard them ** Scorning to cry ” like Puffington’s hounds. On every occasion the dogs have been of apparently the species of which I sent you a skin, and were in small packs. Is it possible, however, that these dogs (apart from the Black King theory) do at times hunt in much larger packs, or could these alleged packs of eighty seen by Burmans be the smaller variety ? As to the reliability of the two Burmans, they were both skilled shikaris and not the well known type that wants one after hours of tramping to shoot, a sitting dove with a °470 H. V., rifle. C. E. MILNER. SHWEBO, 10th June 1921. No. VI,—DISTRIBUTION OF SEROW IN BURMA.* I have recently shot up here, in the Maigthon Hills of Mu Forest Division, a Red Serow which does not seem to fit in with any of the species classified on page 296, Volume XXII, No. 2, of the Journal. The skin and mask are now with Messrs. Theobald of Mysore, should you consider it worth while examining them. Perhaps a brief account of my distinctly limited experience of Serow in Burma will best emphasize the points I want to raise, namely :— (i) Do the various sub-species of Serow overlap ? (ii) Are the sexes differently coloured ? (tii) Do the different sub-species interbreed ? I only know of three separate hills in this Division where Serow occur. Each being some 30-—40 miles away from the other. On the first two hills I have never seen more than the animals’ tracks, but in each case the Burmans assure me the animal is black with reddish legs below the knee, 7.e., Capricornis sumatrensis swettenhami, I imagine. On the third hill I had two beats last January. In the first beat a mother and kid were put out, but I did not see them. Burmese evidence as to their colour is * The Editors’ comments on Mr. Milner’s interesting notes will appear in No, 3 having unfor- tunately been crowded out of this number. 268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. not conclusive (it was variously described as black or like a Saing Nyo, i.e. the very dark colour of some old bull Tsaing). In the second beat I saw the head and shoulders of an undoubtedly black Serow, he (?) watched me for some time, but I could not get a shot ; there is how- ever no doubt that he was black; I could not see his legs. A month later I had another beat on the same hill and killed a female Serow in dense jungle (hence the sex error) and this animal (now with Messrs. Theobald) was red, but not so red as in the plate of C. s. rubidus ; more a dark red brown with a few black hairs and a black mane. Now these Maingthon Hills are continuous with the Chindwin Hills and should therefore, I believe, produce Red Serow ; however on the same hill we have one black one (¢ ?) and one red female. Is it therefore possible that females are red and males black ? (Lydekher “Game animals of India” throws no light on this) or do the species overlap or interbreed ? The only other Serow head I have seen shot in the District (date, place and sex unknown) was red, but on the other hand the Burmans state that the Serow on the remaining two hills are black. Again just across the Irrawaddy in the Ruby Mines Hills you get the Black Serow, with a few white hairs on head and back, with red legs. I have seen the head from Bernardmyo belonging to H. L. P. Walsh, IFS. (i.e, C. s. swettenhami or is it milne edwards). Some years ago (1910) when in Tharrawaddy Division, Lower Burma, I shot one 3 and saw other Serow on the Pegu Yomas and these were all black with red legs. The one I killed had no white hairs anywhere nor had it any white on lips or muzzle. According to books, however, this would appear to be a C. s. rubidus area whereas no one had ever seen a Red Serow there. Your recent Mammal Survey (I have not kept the journals) has probably given you better statistics on which to base the range of each sub-species and I should be interested to hear exactly what sub-species may be met with in Burma and what their ranges are. C. E. MILNER, SHWEBO, 10th June 1921. No. VIL—SOME NOTES ON THE HORNS OF THE THAMIN (CERVUS ELDI.) (With a plate.) In 1918 Mr. Oldfield Thomas published in the Society’s Journal (Vol. XXV, page 363) an article entitled “‘ The Nomenclature of the Geographical Races of the Panolia Deer.’ In his article Mr. Thomas gives the specific features which differentiate the various races of this deer and also describes a new subspecies, R. thamin brucei, which he names after the late Mr. Bruce who shot the speci- mens on the Thimbaung-gwin Plain. Mr. Thomas has raised the Manipur race to a distinct species on account of its naked pasterns. Is not this feature due to the marshy ground which these deer inhabit in Manipur, and into which their feet continually sink, so wearing away the hair ? I have been unable to discover any proof that the young of the deer in that area are born with naked pasterns, and until such proof is obtained surely this peculiarity should be considered as being characteristic of a geographical race rather than of a separate species. Perhaps Mr. Thomas can give us such proof or evidence of other special characteristics which in themselves justify the addi- tion of another species to contuse further the mind of the sportsman-naturalist, ~ a ee a _ | a r ay ‘ ! WA aa i aA : wy fs 2 4 we, Nak 0 / 1. eal? wv i * ) AL 7 A ! ie > ean : | ww © - | t | wes Z | to ts a: TA, 8 F | 3 did ‘an os 3 | 1} P | 4 4 | ra 7 a) ae i i t - 5 | beg fi | ' ») f | thee 7 ‘ ) 7 i ‘ , re ee ' | = : . BI © pe ) , 7, | ; | Cl | ) | : oe } : ; itd | 7 e i a y | ‘ . a , s | ‘ { e ; i, We . 4 | ed Bi Nw Ee Geka Journ., Bombay Nat. His. Soc. Side view of Stag No. 7. Compare with No. 2. Showing horns forming 3 parts of a circle. (Stag No. 2.) Stag No.:— 5 4 3 Ag Showing greater divergence in the horns of the older animal. An old Stag with a very wide head. Tops paly ated (No, 5.) A fine Stag. (Stag No. 7 from the front.) THAMIN (CERVUS ELDI). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 269 The individual variation of Thamin horns is very extensive, even in beasts of the same age shot on the same ground. In May 1914 I shot six stags of this species in the Taungwindgyi sub-division of the Magwe district. This ground is almost the centre of the Thamin’s habitat, and, as such, the stags should have shown the typical horn features as described by Mr. Thomas in the above article: namely “the horns are comparatively rough and basal snags are always present, commonly 3 to 6 inches long,” also ** with horns not palmated.” The horns of the six stags I shot were as follows:— 1. Adult but not yet in his prime. Length 31} inches. One small basal snag oneach horn. Beam rough. 2. Probably a year older than No. 1. Length 33 inches. Beam rough and dark. Basal snag one inch long on each horn. 3. Avery big stagin his prime. Length 37? inches. Beam smooth and dark. A basal button on each horn. 4, A very heavy head. Length 36} inches. Beam smooth and very light coloured. A basal button on each horn. 5. An old stag with a very wide head. Length 34} inches. Horns very rough and dark, palmated at ends. Small basal snag about 3 inch long on each horn. 6. A stag just reaching his prime. Length 34} inches. Beam smooth and medium colour. One small basal snag on each horn, In May last year, in the corresponding week, I returned to the ground and shot two more stags. 7. A very fine stag. Moderately smooth light-coloured beam. Length 361 inches. A small basal snag on right horn, a button on left horn. . 8. appears more or less to be the same described in this paper, but I have not seen named specimens and so am unable to confirm the same. The specimens seen and described by Lyle are North Indian forms sent from Pusa. Explanations of Figures. 1. Semilooper caterpillar on castor leaf. 2. The moth of same Achewa (Ophiusa) melicerte, Hamp. 3. SP one Se Date of Publication, 25th March 1922.0 ld : ae tie =A ‘ Price to Non-Members “3 *s -.. fs, 15-00 ; 2 s s a ee Ee re Oe Se LONDON AGENTS: — fe FF Sa _DULAU &Go.,Lta., | ea Sty 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W. . ; Se ta eg ees | ere as _. PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY NOTICE TO THE BINDER. The contents of this number should be arranged: in the follow. ing orler when the first half (Nos, 1 and 2) of Volume XXVIII is being bound :— Title page ae es ee Frontispiece. Contents vf Volume XXVIII ) To follow the frontispiece (Parts 1 and 2). { in this order. Accounts for 1921 nel oo UAE “thes-end oF Sthe Volume in this order. List of Contributors, List of Plates, Index to Illustrations and Index of Species for complete volume will be issued separately as soon after the completion of No, 4, Vol. XXVIII, as possible. wees NA Ek BOMBAY NATURAL HIstTory SOCIETY. EDITED BY R, A. SPENCE, F.Z.S., M.L.A., 8. C. ELLISON, C.M.Z,S., and S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S. VOL. XXVIII. Parts 1 and 2 Vontaining 3 Coloured Plates, 30 Lithographed Plates, 2 Diagrams, 1 Map and 21 Text-Figures. Date of Publication. Part I (Pages 1 to 304) ae se. oUth Dee, 1921, Part Il( ,, 805 to: 570) Yee ... 20th Mar, 1999. BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS. rR Aa pe Sf Raemrtce ar it ay 2° 1- baat Bi. wer rs ka Ge kee ea &, ay tevibe An 9; CONTENTS OF Vol. XXVIII, No. |. Toe Game Brrps or Inpia, Burma anp Crxryton. Part XXX (concluded) (Genus Arboricola.) By H.C, Stuart Baker, F.u.s., ¥.z.8,, M.B.O.U. (With ERIE CD ULLGN Ag Yarels aiciste wd Om) athe setae el Wk elakeyee Hatove, ae ait «Ad ai 4 HAI g cack Screntivic Resutrs rrom tHE Mammat Survey, No. XXIX. By the late R. C. Wroughton ...... Mer sie Weber iaroi vases iia sfenevert a etn vf t'a\a, 0! svee tie ees Shieh ote SOIENTIFIO Resutts FRoM THE Mammat Survey, Nos. XXX and XXXI. Oo IGUIGNE IA OT AR a: Be a im eC Re Be A New Arabian Hane. BysOleinoldy Dhamais. i Biis) 96 scsjs’s ce oterveetas note « witlelees Notes on Inp1an Butrerriiss. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, D.s.0., B.#., F.Z.8.,F.E.S. A New SNAKE OF THE FAMILY UrnoPELTIpAE. By Col. F. Wall, 1.ms., c.m.a., Ogas. (Wath @ plate) 3ovcccecc eens chef rat eV prantinay ciel Lesaehs ol eotehas Aah eee eae Nores oN SoME NOTABLE ADDITIONS TO THE Bombay Naturat History Soctrery’s SNAKE COLLECTION. By Col. F. Wall, 1.M.s., c.M.G., ¢.M.z.s, (With a plate) Bic Game SHoorine or KasHMiIn AND ADJACENT H1~L Provinces. By Lt.-Col. A. MM IPAs UO HY GbR UPLO PLACES) is chaise olaio.s 8 dele ee deities toh we cadens ronan erence Tue Burrerriies or Mesopotamia, By Col. H. D. Peile, r.n,8.,1.m.s. (With a SIMU oleate lsat} svnessatie duces ole 2°e im faja.ieltiaiwhal'ectis winters leis ovale vue £6 Guehbvcin’s) osbieiats THREE NEw ALPINE ORTHOPTERA FROM CentTRAL Asia. By B. P. Uvarov, F.z,s. A Few Hints on CrocopiLe Suoorinc. By W.H. O. Shortt. (With two plates.) _Birps or THE INDIAN Empire. PartIV. By E. C. Stuart Baker, r.us., F.z.s., M.B.0.U. ewes cree rscrerrrcveses ijtelvayleipielsi ie vel ei oie . Inp1an DraconFiizes, By Major F.C, Fraser,1.m.s. (With teat figures.) .... A List or BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE Tavoy District, Burma. By O. C. Ollenbach: \- (With@ plate). ia. esa. Ene scat ah aE MT MY ehtern ote! eee Nore on THE NIDIFICATION AND HABITS OF SOME BIRDS IN BritisH GARHWAL. By ADH. @semaston. (Wath 3 plates and @ Map). ....6.ccccesccucetucties SHAKESPEARE ON THE Nose Art or Hawxine. By Col. C. EH, Luard,1a....... Myrtapops CoLLEcTED BY Mr, P. A. Buxton. By 3H. W. Brolemann. (With MET PILER YIN ates ey oh a otal tie o rel Rar iertal he [epeice viel hagers ou8. «) soareiors. ore vesesaectoieire ie eon : Morus or Mesopotamia anD N. W. Persia. By Various Authors... ........ Annotatep Lists oF AcuLEATE HYMENOPTERA (EXCEPT HETEROGYNA) AND CHRYSIDS REOUNTLY COLLECTED IN Mrsoporamia anD NorruH-West Persia. By F. D. Morice, M.a., F.2.8. (With 8 text figures’ ....cecccccuesces Quaint Beasts AND QuEER Hasits. By Major C. H. Stockley, p.s.o........... Tue Brrps or Mesoporamia, By Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, m.a., m.B.o.u. ( With two plates)....... BOOS O Ong Con nine nnn nnn nae PORNO 3 Maeeaste Pha Furruer Lizards AND SNAKES FROM PERSIA AND Mesopotamia. By Joan B. MCC UCL, Meds Be, Weis! y atocel eis: oecahsi saree dhe a hstare ate ees aileky agtaviel valet abe: Gand Sie) vile, atelopale Review. (SmaL~t Game SHoorinc arounD Ooracamunp by Rolling Stone) and (THe Water Fown or Inpia anp Asia. By Frank Finn)................ POT 2 hci ce Onis as foratele fe Ai cusah ey phe aoe eASAK Na Mace fs cin aerde Rea he tes ee MUNTRMEIRRHASEE AM cs ro.Pe fel farsa cel cas sitelee et apres te NetelapacshsAMelatte lat Rcen te Geehcis Oiste ahha eal eee Lie ek PAGE ii CONTENTS OF Vol. XXVIII, No. 1.—(contd.) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I.—The Power of Scent in Wild Animals. By H. Copley IJ.—Panthers and Artificial Light. By C. B. Beadnell ........ os aieate 265 IlI.—The Food of the Small Indian Civet (Viverricula malaccensis) in captivity. By C. M. Inglis, M.B.0%0s)F.2.8., F.E:8. so. 0s) eee 265 1V.—A Good Female Chinkara Head (G. bennett?) 0.0... .. ccc cece ee 266 V.— Wild Dogs in Burma, By. C. 1, Milper 05, 6.'s. sa «cd ale 266 VI.—Distribution of Serow in Burma. By C. EK. Milner ..,........... 267 VII.—Some Notes on the Horns of the Thamin (Cervus eldz) (HW ith a plate.) By Major C. BH. Stockley; Dis.0n dae cade no ss Cee eee 268 VIII.—A Baby Hog Deer in Captivity. (With a plate.) By Miss Kennion, 271 1X.—The Indian Pangolin, Manis pentadactyla, L. ip N. C. Chatterjee, Bs BOL EE Biss occ indnve love ccun aye oak fue Bie noe oe weak Wisi: ch a Pee (S X.—The Habits of the Grey Mongoose. By C. E, C. Fischer, 1.F.8... 274 X1,—The Effect of a Scorpion’s sting on a Terrier. By ‘Lt.-Col. E, OPBrien ooh eek Stole aed ote Weis oe etd cs ede eo 5h de 274 XII.—A Panther’s indifference. By H. J. C. Millett, .rs............... 275 XI1,-—Kashmir Bird Notes. By H: A..F. Magrath ....... 0... 0. 0)eeeee 276 XIV.—tThe Avifauna of the Nelliampathy Hills. By A. P. Kinloch ...... 279 XV.—Roosting Habits of the Common Babler (Argya caudata). By Major AAG AN POTOS ET AG Koel chan my siacoleid epost Sy sieiel uel rele o/s ta dave lees alee an 280 XV1.—Behaviour of the White-cheeked Bulbul-(Jolpastes leucogenys) when its young isin danger; and the (?) parental instinct of love for the offspring displayed by the Dark-Grey Bush-Chat (Oretcola ferrea). ~ By ’S. Basil-Hdwardes 1°) 0. <. 000s seve os vee 280 XVII.—An Albinoid Otocompsa emeria. By Sataya Ghare Liaw,’ «0% demgeenns 281 XVI1I.—The White-Spotted Fantail Flycatcher (anne pectoralis), By ~ 1B; Bo Osmaston, TFS. ,10.0.Bi, 2.006 scapes vim se orale chase Wane 282 XITX.—The Crested Swift (Macropterya coronata). By B. B. Osmaston, 1.F.s., DE, Wigs siiel sya ls 28 (oh ate” 8a} ot oNcota, sol bas fo wecel Sheff tals veie eee ee 283 XX.—Breeding of the Indian Pitta. By R. C. Bolster, 1.¢.8............. 284 XXI.--The Call of Franklin’s Nightjar (Caprimulgus monticola Frankl.) By He Whistler, 2:72.85) BO 702 eh, ee a 284 XXII.—Nidification of the Black Vulture or Indian King Vulture (Otogyps ealews) — By Lt.-Gol) B./O7 Baten \ 3% iis oa Ae stehos cst ols ee 284 XXill.—Some Curious nesting places. By Lt.-Col. A. R. B. Shuttleworth .. 285 XXIV.—Destruction of Birds’ Nests. By R. C. Bolster, lcs. ............ 286 XXV.—Breeding of the Khyah or Marsh Partridge (Francolinus gularis) in captivity in Bihar. By C. M. Inglis, M.B.0.U., F.z.8., F.E.S. .... +287 XXVI.-—-The Adjutant Bird, and other matters. By Brig.-Genl. R. G. Borto 2 Ove. hiss t Ud ohn ads bebe) his we ahs) alae koe 287 XXVIJ.—Manipuri Names of Certain Birds. By J.C. Higgins, Los. ...... 288 XXVIII.—Crocodile Shooting in Nepal. By Miss Kennion XXIX.—An Aggressive Phoorsa (Echis carinata). By Major A. G. Frere, 1.4. 291 XXX.—The Enemies of Butterflies. By C. E.C. Fischer, 17s. .......... 292 XX XI.—Butterfly Notes. By W: M. Crawford, : 1.0.8. ....000. ccc enone 292 XXX1I.— Butterflies at Sea. By Col. F. Wall, 1.m.s, 0.M.G., C.M.Z.S. .....00- 293 XX XIII.—On the habits of a Sceliphron Wasp (S. deforme). By S. Basil- CL WRG 6 |e es aces eushetice ae We ie ORIEN sia othr, oles jake so 8 iaieg nah ae 293 XXXIV —An Undescribed Natural Enemy of the Castor Semilooper (Achea (Ophiusa) melicerte, Hmp.) (With a plate). By N. Ramakrishna ATVB FFA Haid aie Maas Apia mids eid oi dou tao dll dtdan tie eee er 298 Proceedings. 2 ctiva temas kllete wee, py ste ace Soc G0: $08 Calle ae ae 301 CONTENTS (OF) Vol XXVITI, No. 2. iit PaGE Tue Game Birps oF Inpia, BurMA AND Cayton. Part XXXI (Genus Alectoris) (With a plate). By E, C. Stuart Baker, F.1.8., F.2.8., M.BO.U. sec. c see eeee 305 Birps oF THE INDIAN Empire. Part V. By KE. C. Stuart Baker, F.1.s., F.z.8., BR pad sone ah tr a hetal bi sieht nlee eye Pap eby ea Begs crs, 2° spam ka SF os Bt a es 8d Siesta a 313 GaME ANIMALS OF KasSHMIR AND ADJACENT Hitt Provinces. Part Il. (With plates and text figures). By Lt.-Col. A. E. Ward......... Broo viene terol .. 334 Tue Bourrerriies oF Mersoporamia. Part II. (With a plate). By Lt.-Col. Pret CRO, HRS. 5 TeMieS so. vs faye ca dene deytheieiese Wes, se; eae Auer eer cama ha ied oss ‘ 345 mania PARAsITiC’ Hiims, By Harold Russell, r.t.ig., F.z.8. 26....0¢..0... 30 Tue Brirps or Mesopotamia. Part II. By Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, m.a., M.B.o.u. WPGC COO” DIGLES). 13). oly a as saps Pe auch eh eee Eee eh) GER EAN eg - PPh ty 381 Screnriric Resutts oF THE MamMat Survey No. XXXII. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S.— A. New anv InTERESTING MAMMALS FROM THE MisuHMi Hits, .......... 428 ee bh PORCUPINE OF AGSAM Qo... 0.00) ci0 ees ciarris Mets vache te valages A ouite os ttc aa at 431 C. A New Ferrer BanGer (Helictis) FRomM THE Naca HILis ............ 432 NorE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NorTHERN Stow Loris. By Oldfield 27S DAR AIS) Sic Peat eo Noi. Wi Een: Ha tions Ae te ae Oe Ra eS rae ec 453 A DAY’s sHOOTING ON THE NILGIRIS NEAR OoracamuNnp. By Lt.-Col. H. R. Ereery eaten (EV COM We OR PLAUCE)Id, A2 ys Seba Vacs oss a avh 40a dodaci eine eye Maree ae 454 Notes oN Batracuia. By C. R. Narayan Rao, m.a. (With a tert block)..+..... 439 NoreEs ON THE HABITS OF sOME CEyLon Bars. By W. W. A. Phillips ........ 448 Brrps or PacuMAruHI. By B. B. Osmaston, ¢.1 £.,*1.F.s. (With two plates) .... 453 Nest Boxes For Birps. By S. H. Prater, c.m.z.s. (With a note by H. Whistler, Piao MEO.) y Wer. cor plates mda tert Jigu4re, . owes she ah eete cased ds 460 NoreEs ON THE GENERIC NAMES OF INDIAN THECLINE aNd AMBLYPODIINE. By Ee ERTL AT EA beara he RPE A Pace ata: Ee ahe & Alec die vince Wid Roalapbnteay, aloe 465 Norzs on Mesorotamian Mammats. By Capt. C. R. Pitman ................ 474 Inp1an Draconriizs. By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.m.s. (With 3 tert figures) eh, MUA fa nea, ces estes Re MRNA ONO et Me gsi a Uda s AMER on eke soto SOE yeaa tree 481 Notes oN some Lizarps, Frogs, anp Human Beines In THE Nitcairi Hits, Ook. Ly Wail MR), GUM meee! raw enyiNeaich. teehee hfs okt oe Mahia este Parole te 493 Burrerrry CoLtecTine 1N Inpia. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, b.s.0., k.£., F.Z.S., MME UAND BLIGE LORE FUGUP ES) oe oe cede ht -Nsdsy sat eress ie» sit kro Mare thas Soe alae 500 Review. (ZooLtocy, A TEXT BOOK FOR COLLEGES aND Universities. By T. D. A. 60 EI EVR is aS i ed HME Aon AER Ad EL a aan Be ENERO MP nnn RARE Bi 518 See ene ah -CO)s) Lay, Fenton. wii s its ag leets 46 fold ab bes ae bb ts ha daluee eet 519 TR ME Ete esos) oak S 8c ous Tag os way oe a) gOMRNE she, shac ch crate sive, DOK bce sehah ohare Meee me 520 iV CONTENTS OF Vol. XXVIII, No. 2.—(conid.) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I.—Notes on Lydekker’s “Game Animals of India.” (With a plate). By Maron, TH. Stockleys Despont iis « vlvels ssa. 4 y+ 6 > ise ere II.—Editors’ and Readers’ comments on notes which appeared in PEGVIOUS “NUMDOES Li: Sea clei niete cue ele dala nine elas «Glen III.—An interesting panther incident. (Witha photo). By Major C. H. Sporkloy, “MsS.O. o 05 a ae cre he we WSR bo MIRO ve Stele ehe) Sintelaite ard a) eee {V.—Occurrence of the Tree Shrew (Anathana wroughtoni) at Khandalla, PoonaDistrict:, “By Drs WE Suter, D780. 'o4. +h os yes eee V.—The breeding of elephants in captivity. By Gordon Hundley .... VI.—Notes on the Tsine (Bos sondaicus). (With a plate). By Major C. H. SHOBRI DY.) TNStOn Mica cteetshe vile che a ee ieer eit ns te ete /oiohe eh ornate VII.—Some measurements of Big Game. By Major C. H. Stockley, DDS Se Oye ict atre a/ieitereiayalietiaos(ta\lw tel la tesie ye hete) Rlehsiiiel.sc ie ieitel(a le! sjio/iviieas in imse}aive. \s\lelerlo leh tae VIII.—Abnormal Ibex Head (With a photo), By Ut.-Col. R. W. Burton .. IX.—An Addition to the list of Indian Birds. By H. Whistler, BAIS ACOs | isha cdve erie ie dic iotetNe Ie em sad tole seen RC eat le eee i X.—Habits of the Southern Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus horsfieldi travancoriensis.) "By, Ay Pi Winloeh, Giz 8. oo. e sae «!e sueie ewe ee XI.—Nidification of the Southern Red Whiskered Bulbul Ona emeria fuscicaudata). By A. Po Woinloch, 8.2.8." 2%... XII..—Woodpeckers “ Roosting’”. By A. P. Kinloch, E.Z:S. 6/0 sie ajateie ee XIII.—Predaceous habit of the Common King Crow. By B. B. Osmaston. XIV.—Nidification of the Ceylon Thrush (0. zmbricata, Layard). By T. E. Blbearueteatel get te cect yer frst his © xaieroeses 3 a'9\ oh pus ey XVII.—Occurrence of the Flamingo (P. roseus) in the Central Provinces. By BB. POSMaStOI AG Aeeccisys oie crete oshs aieie nis iets) otal eles ane XVIII.—Notes on two young Indian Hornbills. (D. bicornis) (With a plate). By SiH. Prater; OM 28.4 cnet esos! oe 3/0 hing! ste 6) 20 ee X1X.—Notes on a fight between the Indian Screech Owl and a Cobra, By Major J. E. M. Boyd, F.2.S., B.A.M.C.... 0c ceceeree cc en cree XX.—Crocodile burying its food. By A. F, Abercromby................ XXI.—Hatching of Cobras (Nata tripudians) with remarks on the Oodont, Genitalia, etc. By Col. F. Wall, 1.M.s., 0.M.G., C.M-Z.8..... 2.2500 XXI.—Acquisition of four more specimens of the Snake (Brachyophidium rhodogaster) Wall. By Col. F, Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.G., C.M.z.8. : XXI1LI.—Leech attacking a Snake. By A. P. Kinloch, BEZicSy ore 2 2 2 0.0) < eee XXIV.—Food of the Snail: (Indrella ampula). By A. P. Kinloch, F.z.s. XXV.—Butterfly feeding on excreta. By Hugh Whistler, F.z.s., ©.F.4.0.U. XXVI.—The Black Rock Scorpion (Palamneus swammerdamt). By Major AY GB Tere. TiAh.,: 6 cia ecliotst alee MED rteay nanS Sse es. «is 0's aoifohe hale aa ; XXVII.—Scorpion committing suicide. By A.A. Dunbar Brander.......... XX VIII.—A Short Note on the instances of Synecarpy in Magnifera indica (With a block), By P. M. Debbarman, B.SC., F.L.S., M.R.A.S. 6.6... XXIX.—Folklore of Birds and Beasts of India. By ap Fitzpatrick, ...'3)an er PROCSEAINGS EPL eau sie wish chees MRO A IR Sle IN aie [erie 8 lo. sh ony 8 loctalal ee inane 556 557 557 558 558 559 560 562 566 “eGmianamee aoynuy aul ‘AOMMHD VYOHUD! SlUOLoaay pre xe oH ‘00S “4SIH ‘WBN ABquiog ‘udnoP JOURNAL OF THE ey. Natural ae, una — = ——— ee ————— ——— Marcu 1922 Vout. XXVIII. No. 2. —— A DP = = oer — —— : = oo a THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. BY fae osruar® DAKkeR, FL:S....F.Z:8., M.5.0.U., ©.F.A.0.U. Part XXXI, (Continued from page 22 of this Volume.) (With a plate.) Genus ALECTORIS, Kaup. Hartert in Novitates Zoologice has dealt very fully w ith the genus we in India have hitherto known as Caccabis. In Volume XXIV, p. 275, he shows that the proper name for this genusis Alectoris and in the following pages he deals with the species and sub-species at length, and with his usual care and thoroughness, although unfortunately he does not give us a summary of the results of his deductions at the end in accordance with his general custom. In so far as our Indian birds are concerned, I follow this paper. The typical form of the species Alectoris grawca greca is -found, as its name denotes in Greece and thence various geogtaphical forms range over practically the whole of South, West, Central and East Europe, Western and Central Asia to India, two races entering our limits. In Alectoris the sexes are alike. They are Partridges of moderate size, and almost uniform upper plumage, but have the flanks conspi- cuously barred with black and chestnut, the tail is rounded and about equal to two-thirds the length of the wing; the latter is short and 1 806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, rounded, the first primary being equal to the 5th or 6th; the tarsus is very powerful and armed with a short blunt spur in the male. Key TO SUB-SPECIES, A.—Darker “FS ‘ ah .. Alectoris greca chukar, B.—Paler .. ee me sts .. Alectoris greca pallescens. ALECTORIS GRECA CHUKAR, The Indian Chukor. Tetrao kakelik—Falk, Beitr. zur. topogr, Kennt, Russ. Rae iis p- 390 (1786), (Russian Turkestan). Perdix kakelik—Lath., Gen. Syn. Suppl., IL, p. 282. (1802) : id., Gen. Hist., VIII., p. 290 (1823). Perdix chukar—Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., I., pl. 54 (1830-32), (India) ;. Gould, Cent. Him. B., pl. 71 (1882). Chakura pugnax—Hodgs., Madr. Jour., 1837, p. 505. Caccabis chukar—Gray, List of Birds, pt. 3, Gall., p. 36 (1844); id., Cat. Hods. ed., I., p. 127 (1846); Adams, Pp. Z. S., 1858, p. Boz (W. Himalayas “and Punjab); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 236 (Kumaon) ; Jerdon, B. of L., TIL, p. 564 (1863); Tytler, ibid, 1868, p. 203. (Mussoorie) ; Pelzeln, ibid. p. 321 (Koteghur); Beavan, ibid, p. 384 (Simla); Brooks, ibid. 1869, p. 60 (Almorah) ; Hume, Nest and Eggs, p-589 (1873); id., Str. Feath., I., p. 226, 1873 (Sindh); Cock. and Marsh., ibid. p. 358 (Murree): Ball, ahi: IIT., p. 208 (1875), (Suliman Hills) : : Butler, Cat. B. Sind., p. B4 (1879); Hume and Marsh., Game-B. IL., p 34 (1879); Scully, Str. Feath. VIIL., pp. 348, 366, 367 (1879), (Nepal);. Barnes, ibid. IX., pp. 219, 458 (1880), (Chaman); Biddulph, ibid, p. 358 (Gilgit); Wardlaw-Ram., Ibis, 1880, p. 70 (Kurram Valley) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 93 (Gilgit); Scully, Str. Feath., X., p. 139: (1881), (Gilgit) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 423 (Chamba): St. John, Ibis, 1899, p..175 (Quetta); Oates’ ed., Hume’s Nests and Eggs, IIL, p. 431 (1890); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., XXII, p. 113 (1893);. id., Game-B., L, p. 91 (1895); Oates’ Game-B., L., p. 179 (1898) ; Blanf., Avifauna, B.L., IV., p. 131 (1898); Davidson, This, 1898, p. 39 (Kashmir and Sind); Marsh. J. B. N. H.8., XV., p. 353 (Quetta) ~ Fulton, ibid, XVI., p. 61 (1904), (Chitral) ; Rattray, ibid, XVI., p. 663, Murree ;. Whitehead, Ibis, 1908, p. 269 (Kohat) ;id., J.B. N. H.S., XX., p. 966 (1911), (Kurram); Meinertzhagen, ibid, XXIII., p. 363 (1914), (Quetta); Whistler, Ibis, 1916, p. 99 (Jhelum) ; Jones, J. B. N. H.S., XXVI., p. 619 (1919), (Simla). Alectoris greca—Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1920, p. 186 (Quetta). Alectoris greca chukar—Hartert, Nov. Zool., XXIV., p. 280 (1917). Vernacular Names.—Chukar (Hind.)}; Kabk. (P.); Kau-kau, (Kashmir) ; Chukru (Chamba); Zarkar (Pushtu). | | THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLION. 307 Description—Adult Male and Female.—Forehead and lines through the eye, down the neck and meeting as a gorget between the throat and upper breast, black; next the forehead pure grey, this colour running back as an indistinct supercilium, often albescent posteriorly ; crown vinous red changing to ashy on hind neck and again to vinous red on back and scapulars, and then once more to ashy on lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts ; ear-coverts dull chestnut ; middle tail feathers ashy drab, outer feathers the same but pale chestnut on the terminal half; outer scapulars with pure pale grey centres; smaller and median coverts and innermost secondaries like the back; outer wing-coverts ashy ; primaries and secondaries brown with a yellowish: buff patch on the centre of the outer webs; point of chin and below gape black; lores, cheeks, chin and throat white-tinged with buff to a varying extent; below the black gorget the breast is ashy-tinged more or less with brown and vinous at the sides, the lower breast being generally a pure French grey; abdomen, vent, thighs and lower tail coverts chestnut-buff or buff; feathers of the flanks grey atthe base, with two black bars divided by pale buff and with chestnut tips. Colours of Soft Parts.—‘‘ The irides are brown, yellowish, orange, or even reddish brown; the margins of the eyelids crimson or coral to brick red; the eyelids themselves grey; the bills are crimson to deep coral red, often dusky on culmen, and generally so at base and about the nostrils ; the legs and feet vary from coral pink to deep-red ; claws dusky brown. In young birds the bill is brownish black and the legs and feet orange-red.” Measurements.—This bird varies most extraordinarily in size, but the very great majority of the specimens available for examination have not been sexed, and though there is no doubt that the males average bigger than the females, the extremes of size seem to be much the same in both sexes. The wing runs from 146 to 180 mm., both of these extremes being specimens from the Simla Hills, the average of 80 birds is 157 mm. Tarsus 41 to 52 mm., culmen 19 to 21 mm. ; tail 78 to 105 mm. Hume gives the weights as “ male 19 to 27 ozs., females 13 to 19 0zs.”” Young Birds of the year, otherwise adult in plumage, often retain some of the barred wing quills of the first plumage bird. Young Bird in First Plumage dull brownish grey, each feather above with white tip and two black spots next it ; head a little more rufescent ; tail grey with mottley bars of black and white, the outer feather tinged with rufous; below dirty brownish-white with faint brown bars. Chick in Down.—Crown pale bright rufous ; above pale fulvous, with four stripes of speckled rufous and black ; wings pale fulvous, mottled rufous and black ; below pale fulvous, a little deeper on chest. 308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Distribution.—Through the Himalayas as far East as Nepal, and in the hilly portions of the Punjab. Not in Sind or in the extreme North of Kashmir and Ladak. Nidification.—The Chukor breeds from practically the level of the plains up to 15,000 and 16,000 feet, but appears to be most common between about 4,000 and 10,000 feet. The altitude, however, alters the time of breedings considerably ; in the foot-hills and lower eleva- tions it lays in April and early May, a few eggs having been found in the end of March ; in the middle ranges, say from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, it lays principally in May and early June, whilst in the highest ranges eggs have been taken well on towards the end of August. The nest 1s, as a rule, merely a hollow scratched in the ground, and lined with a little grass or a few leaves, sometimes, however, it makes quite a compact pad of grass, leaves and other rubbish with a well-formed depression in the centre for the eggs. Frequently it may be foundin open nullahs or on rocky hill sides, merely protected from sun and rain by a rock or stone, but more often a site is selected amongst bushes, scrub, willow-bushes or ferns, which shade as well as screen it from enemies, human and otherwise. It is never, apparently, placed in very thick scrub, and certainly never in forest, but may sometimes be found in fairly long grass, especially if there are patches of rocky and bare ground close by. A very curious exception to the above nesting sites is one described by Mr. H. Whistler in a letter to me. He writes :-— “ Two nights ago, 11th June, I was going along the Hindustan- Tibet road close to Gondla, 10,000 feet, in fact only some 200 yards from the Rest-house at the entrance to the village, when my eye suddenly caught a Chukor sitting on the head of one of the pollard willows beside the road. Investigation showed that she was sitting on a well-made nest of leaves, which contained 12 eggs. These were rather stained, and there were a good many of the bird’s own feathers in the nest, signs which are quoted locally as proof that the eggs are incubated. The people here are in- terested in this point as they take great quantities of Chukor eggs for food. I accordingly only took two eggs in order to examine them. They proved, however, to be quite unincubated, without a trace of blood but rather congealed and I fancy the potential chicks had been destroyed by the severe cold, snow and rain which had occurred a few days ago, and which has destroyed many eggs and young birds. Next morning I found that the eggs were stone cold and the bird had evidently deserted. “The other nests I have seen here were deep hollows in the ground, well lined with bents, etc. and all were well hidden by being placed either under a stone with herbage growing in front ot it, or under a briar bush or a small green plant whichis very common,” THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND Cu4YION.< 369 A normal full clutch is 8 to 10 but as few as 5 or 6 eggs have been found incubated, whilst on the other hand 11 or 12 eggs are not rare and occasionally clutches are found much bigger still. Mr. Livesey records a nest of an allied Persian sub-species containing no less than 21 eggs. In colour the eggs are generally a very pale yellowish or greyish stone colour, more or less freckled all over with pale reddish brown or pinkish purple; in some eggs there are no markings beyond these minute freckles, but in others there are a fair number of small irregular blotches of the same colour scattered here and there amongst the other mark- ings, and in a few only these markings are still larger and more numer- ous, Some eggs have the ground colour a pale café-au-lait, and in some the eggs look, as described by Hume, “asif drops of white paint tinged with purple had been dropped upon them.” In shape they vary from fairly true ovals to ovato-pyriform, and the texture is close and hard and with a fair amount of gloss. The average of 200 eggs is 43:0 x 31°7 mm. and the extremes are as follows: longest 48°2 x 32:1, shortest 37°6 x 30°4 mm. ; broadest 46°1x<33°1 mm.; most narrow 40°1x29°0 mm. Habits.—The Chukor is found at practically all levels, from almost that of the plains, where these are broken and rocky and interspersed with hills and ravines, to 14,000 feet snow level and well above that to 16,000 feet or more, as the summer advances and the snow recedes. It is found in almost any kind of country other than actual forest, but where there are grass uplands it may be found in the immediate vicinity of these also. They must be amongst the most hardy and adaptive of birds, for they will stand the most extraordinary heat, such as that of the central portions of Arabia and Mesopotamia, or the bitter cold of deep snows on the higher ranges of the Himalayas. They are not, however, found in any of the more humid areas where the rainfall is prolonged over many months. Typically, they are birds of the deserts, rocky barren hills or the more moderately dry hills of the outer ranges of the Himalayas which, though well watered and wooded, have wide areas of grass land or stretches of cultivation. According to Hume, Wilson and others, their favourite grounds seem to be grassy hillsides, with or without a certain amount of culti- vation and, indifferently, whether covered with a mere scanty growth of coarse grass or fairly well covered with bushes, etc., in addition to the grass itself. In the N.-W. of its range, however, it is found in the barest and rockiest of country ; great hillsides, strewn with rocks and boulders for the most part devoid of all vegetation beyond scattered tufts of withered grass, a few windbeaten and distorted bushes, and perhaps here and there in the hollows a wheat-field or some other kind of cultivation. In the non-breeding season they collect in coveys of some size, generally of a dozen or so, often as many as 30, whilst Wilson talks of 310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. “40, 50, or even 100.” In spring, of course, they separate, and then in pairs attend to their domestic duties. At this time of the year they are very pugnacious and their loud challenges may be heard in every direction in places where they are at all numerous. Hume describes their call as follows :— “The tone varies, first he says ‘I’m here, I’m _ here,’ then he asks ‘ Who’s dead ? Who's dead ? and when heisinformed of the untimely decease of his pet brother and favourite sister, or perhaps his eldest son and heir, he responds, ‘ Oh lor! Oh lor!’ in quite a mournful tone.” In India he is not much used as a fighting bird in captivity except in North-west Kashmir and a few other parts, but his cousins over most of the range inhabited by them are very commonly kept for this purpose. His character for pluck and pugnacity has ranked very high from the time of the Romans, and then, as now, large sums were won and lost over the victory or defeat of a favourite bird. They are very easy to tame, whether caught adult or reared from the egg, and soon learn to know their masters and to follow them. They are usually kept in small cages, but are daily allowed out, practically without any restraint, and allowed to wander about in search of food, much like a farm-yard fowl. In the Grecian islands,’ as a matter of fact, they seem to be kept just as any other domestic birds are, being driven out in flocks during the day, and then recalled in the evening by the children. They associate with the other members of the farm- yard quite amicably, although during the breeding season the cocks fight so desperately amongst themselves. Hume thought them to be almost entirely vegetarians, eating only seeds, grains, etc., and helping their digestion with numerous small stones. Doubtlessthey are mainly seed-eaters, but they also eat all kinds of small insects, especially ants, as well as caterpillars, grubs and larvee. From a sporting point of view the Chukor ranks fairly high amongst our Indian game-birds, though he can nowhere be bagged in the vast numbers that snipe, and grouse, duck and some of our other birds are sometimes shot. They lie fairly well, though when first disturbed, they sometimes run a considerable distance before consenting to be flushed, but after the first flight they seldom run unless the country is absolutely bare, and even then, after running a short distance, they will generally squat close until one gets within a few feet of them, when with a whirr and -atush they are off again. They fly fast and strongly and carry shot well for their size, and as the flocks after first being flushed often scatter considerably, they furnish a number of shots, and, let us hope, a satisfactory number of kills, from the same covey. Apparently the number of birds to be found in the present day is much the same as they were fifty years ago. With hard work and long iis. EEE Le THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 311 trudges one can still get 10 or 12 brace to one gun in a day’s shoot, and, with luck, even 20 couple may grace the game-bag where they are most numerous. a For the table they are dry, but not ill-flavoured, and some people prefer them to the Grey and Black Partridges and even to Jungle- fowl. ALECTORIS GRECA: PALLESCENS, Hume’s Chukor. - Caccabis pallescens—Hume and Hend., Lahore to Yark., p. 383 (1875), (Kashgar) ; Scully, Str: Feath. IV., p. 182 (1876). Caccabis pallidus—Hume and Hend., Lahore to Yark., p. 284 (1873) ; Forsyth, P.Z.S., 1874, p. 324 (Kashgar) ; Scully, Str. Feath., TV., p. 183, (1876) ; Sharpe, 2nd Yark, Miss., Aves, p. 121, (1891). Caccabis saxatilis chukor—Witherby, Ibis, 1903, pp. 504, 570 (S.-W. Persia) ; id., ibid. 1907, p. 108 (W. Persia), Caccabis kakelik humei.—Falk., Sarudny, Mess. Orn. Moskva, 5, p. 52 (1914). Caccabis chukor—Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 119 (S. Afghanistan) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 498 (Bushire) ; Meinertzhagen, J. B. N. H. & XXIII, p. 363, (1914), (Quetta). Cumming, ibid. XXVI., p. 294 (1918), (Fao). Alectoris greca pallescens—Hartert, Nov. Zool., XXIV., p. 286 (1917). Vernacular Names.—As in the last. Keklik, (Turki). Descrijtion.—This form of Chukor differs from the lasé in its much paler general tint. Distribution—Extreme North of Kashmir, Lek, Ladak, Eastern Turkestan, Yarkand. Nidification.—Dr. Sently records of this form :— “Tt breeds from May to June, usually at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. On the 5th June a nest of the Chukor was found at Kakin Powah ; it was on the ground under the edge of a rock, and well sheltered by ferns and small bushes. The nest was a nice pad of grass and leaves, and contained 7 nearly fresh eggs, which were neatly arranged, 6ina circle, with the small ends pointing inwards, and the 7th egg filling up the centre.” Again he writes :— “In the hills bounding the plains of Kashgaria on the south, at elevations of from 6,000 to over 12,000 feet, the birds were numerous near willow-bushes and streams. On the 30th August near Gulgun Shah, at an elevation of about 12,500 feet I found a nest of this species containing only 3 eggs. The nest was com- posed of a few leaves and fibres, placed in a slight depression in the ground, and covered over by a bush.” 312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. The eggs of this form cannot be distinguished from those of the last race.. Habits.—8ecully records that this Chukor abounds in all the hills which surrounds the plains of Kashgaria on the North, West and South, and says ! “In the winter they seem to come down to lower elevations than: they frequent in the summer; numbers are then caught and brought into Yarkand and Kashgar for sale. “This species is rather prized by the Yarkandis on account of its fighting propensities. I have seen some battles between Chukor which I kept—not for fighting I need hardly say—the birds appearing to be decidedly pugnacious.” (To be continued.) rr rn ee ee 313 HAND-LIST OF THE “BIRDS OF INDIA.” BY E. C Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U. C.F.A.0.U. Part V. (Continued from Page 1C6 of this volume.) Sub-order MEROPES. Family MERopip2. 1362. (1026) Merops crientalis orientalis. The Common Indian Bee-Eater. M. orientalis Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. vaaiti (1801), (Mahk- ratta, India). India, Bengal to Ceylon. 1363. (1026) Merops orientalis birmanus. The Burmese Green Bee-Eater. Merops viridis hirmanus Newmann., Orn. Monatsber., 1910, p. 80, Lrvawaddy). Assam and Burma. 1364. (1026) Merops orientalis biludschicus. The Sind Green Bee-Eater. Merops viridis hiludschicus Neumann., op. cit., p. 80 (Persian Baluchisian). S. E. Persia to Sind and Baluchistan. 1365. (1027) Merops supercilicsus javanicus. The Blue-toiled Bee-Eater. Merops javanicus Horsf., Trans. Lin. §., 1821, p. 171, (Jura): India, Ceylon and Burma to Java, 1366. (1028) Mercps persicus persicus. The Blue-cheeked Bee- Eater. Merops persica Pall., Reis. versch. russ. Reichs., ti., p. 708 (1773), (Caspian Sea). Summer visitor to W. and N. W. India. 367. (1029) Merops apiaster. The European Bee-Eater. Linn., S. N., I. p. 117 (1758), (Europe). N. and N. W. India, Kashmir, etc. 314 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, 1368. (1030) Melittophagus erythrocephalus erythrocepha- lus. The Chestnut-headed Bee-Eater. Merops erythrocephalus Gimel., S. N., i, p. 463 (1788), (India). (Ceylon). Ceylon, S. India, sub-Himalayas, Burma, ete. 1369. (1031) Nyctiornis athertoni. The Blue-bearded Bee-Eater. Merops athertoni Jard. and Selby., Ill. Orn., ti., pl. 58 (1829), (India), (Cachar). Sub-Himalayas, Dehra Doon to Assam, Burma, Malabar Coast. 1370. (1032) Nyctiornis amictus. The Red-bearded Bee-Eater. Merops amictus Jemm., Pl. Col., iv., pl. 310 (1824), (Ben- coolen, Sumatra). Tenasserim southwards. Sub-order HALCYONES. Family ALCEDINIDA. 1371. (1033) Ceryle rudis leacomelanura. The Indian Pred Kingfisher. Ceryle leucomelanura Reichen., Handl. Alced., p. 21 (1851), (Ceylon). India, Burma and Ceylon. 1372. (1034) Ceryle lugubris guttulata. The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher. Ceryle guttulata Stegneger, Pro. U. S. N. M., av., p. 294 (1893), (India), (Cachar). , Assam to China and Hainan. 1373. (1035) Alcedo atthis bengalensis. The Common Indian Kingfisher. Alcedo bengalensis Gmel., S. N., i., p. 450 (1788), (Bengal). All India. ‘ 1374. *(1035) Alcedo atthis pallasii. The Central Asian Kingfisher. Alcedo pallasii Reichen., Handl. spec. In. Alced., p. 3 (1851), (West Siberia). N. and Central Asia. Punjab and Sind, Kashmir. 1375: *(1035) Alcedo atthis taprobana. The Ceylon Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida var. taprobana Kleinschm., Orn. Mber., it. p. 126 (1894), (Ceylon). Ceylon. * Neither of these are very strongly marked forms. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 315 1376. +(1036) Alcedo cerulescens asiatica, Beavan’s Kingfisher. Aleedo asiatica Swains., Zool. Illus. 1st. ser. 7., (1821), (some part of India), (Bengal). Bengal, Belgaum, Travancore, Ceylon. 1377- (1037) Alcedo cerulescens scintillans. The Tenasserim Kingfisher. Stuart Baker, Bull., B. O. C., xxxix., p. 38 (1919), (Bankasoon). Peninsula, Burma and Siam, lat. 10° to 16°. 1378. (1037) Alcedo cerulescens coltarti. The Assam King- Sisher Stuart Baker, op. cit., p. 39, (Saddya, Assam). Sikkim to Assam, N. Burma to lat. 16°; Siam, Cochin- China, 1379. (1037) Alcedo cerulescens rufigastra. The Andaman Kingfisher. Alcedo rufigastra Wald., A. M. N. H., (4), xii., p. 487 (1873), (S. Andamans). Andamans. 1380. {(1038) Alcedoiredalei. Blyth’s Kingfisher. Stuart Baker, Bull., B. O. C., alii., p. 29 (1921), (Dariiling). Sikkim and lower hills N. and 8. of Brahmapootra in Assam. 1381. (1039) Alcedoeuryzona. The Broad-zoned Kingfisher. Temm., Pl. Col. lin. 36 (1830), (Java). Java and Borneo as far N. as Muleyit in Tenasserim. 1382. (1040) Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus. The Indian Three- toed Kingfisher. Alcedo tridactyla Pall., Spec. Zool., VI., p. 10 (1769), (India) (Assam). India and Burma. 1383. (1040) Ceyx tridactylus macrocercus, The Andaman Three-toed Kingfisher. Oberholser, Smith. In. U. S. Nat. His. Bull., 98, p. 24 (1917) (Andamans). Andamans. + The true ceruiescens is not found as far north as Bankasoon, The name meningting is ante-dated by Viellots, Alcedo carulescens Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. ix., p. 401, 1818, Timer (? errore). t Alcedo grandis is pre-occupied and another name had therefore to be given. 316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 1384. 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388. 1389. 1390, 1391. (1041) (1042) (1043) (1043) (1043) (1044) (1044) (1044) Ramphalcyon amauroptera. Brown-winged King- Jisher. Haleyon amauropterus Pearson, J. A. 8. B., x., p. 635 (1841), (Calcutta). ; Coast localities from Bengal to Tenasserim. Ramphalcyon capensis intermedia. The Nicobar Stork-billed Kingfisher. Pelargopsis intermedia Hume, S. F., ii., p. 166 (1874), (Galatea Bay, Nicobars), Nicobars., Ramphalcyon capensis gurial, Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher, Alcedo gurial Pearson, J.A.S.B., x., 1841, p. 633 (Midnapore,. Bengal). All India. Ramphalcyon capensis burmanica, The Burmese Stork-billed Kingfisher. Pelargopsis burmanica Sharpe, P.Z.8., 1870, p. 67 (Tonghoo,. Burma), Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Cochin-China. Ramphalcyon capensis osmastoni. The Andaman Stork-billed Kingfisher. Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. Andamans. Halcyon smyrnensis smyrnensis. The White breasted Kingfisher. Alcedo smyrnensis Linn., S.N., ¢., p. 116 (1758) (Africa and Asia). Central and W. Asia, Baluchistan and Sind. Halcyon Soiy mcneie fusca. The Indian White- breasted Kingfisher. Alcedo fusca Bodd., Tabl., Pl. Enl., p. 54 (1783), (Malabar). India, Burma, Malay Pen., Siam, 8. China, etc. Halcyon smyrnensis generosa. The Ceylon White-breasted Kingfisher. Halcyon generosa Madar., Ann. Mus. Hun., ti., p. 85 (1904),. (Ceylon). Ceylon and ? (S. Travancore’. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 317 1392. (1044) Halcyon smyrnensis saturatior. he Andaman White-breasted Kingfisher. Halcyon saturatior Hume, S:F., ti., 531 (1874), (Andamans). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1393- (1045) Halcyon pileata. The Black-capped Kingfisher. Alcedo pileata Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 41 (1783), (China), (Canton). Throughout India occasional, Assam, Burma, Siam, 8. China. 1304. (1046) Emtcmothera coramanda ceramanda, The Indian Ruddy Kingfisher. Alcedo coramanda Lath., In, Orn., i., p. 252 (1790), (Cora- mandel Coast). India, Burma, Malay Pen., Siam and 8. China. 1395. (1046) Entomothera coramanda mizorhina. The Anda- man Ruddy Kingfisher. Oberholser, Pro. Nat. Mus. U.S., 1915 p. 645 (1925), (N. Andaman Is.) Andaman and Nicobars. 1396. (1047) Sauropatis chloris chloris. The White-couared Kingfisher. Alcedo chloris Bodd., Tab. Pl. Enl., p. 49 (1783), (Bourw). Tennasserim, Southwards. 1397. (1047) Sauropatis chloris vidali. The Malabar White- collared Kingfisher. Halcyon vidali Sharpe, Cat. B.M., xvii., p. 278 (1892), (8. Konkan). S. W. Coast of India. 1398. (1047) Sauropatis chloris davisoni. The White-collared Kingfisher. Andaman. Halcyon davisoni Sharpe, op. cit., p. 282 (Andaman). Andamans. 1399. (1048) Sauropatis chloris cccipitalis. The Nicobar White-collared Kingfisher. Todiramphus occipitalis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xv., p. 23 (1847), ( Nicobars). Nicobars. 1400, (1049) Caridagrus concretus. The Sumatran Kingfisher. Dacelo concreta Temm. Pl. Col., p’. 346 (1825), (Sumatra) . Extreme South of Tenasserim to Sumatra, Borneo, ete. 318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1401, 1402, 1403. 1404. 1405. 1406, 1407. (1050) (1051) (1052) (1053) (1053) (1054) (1055) Carcineutes pulchellus amabilis. The Pegu Banded Kingfisher. Carcineutes amabilis Hume, S.F., i., p. 474 (1873), (Pegu Hills). Central and South Burma. Sub-order BUCEROTES. Family BucrRoTIDa. Dichoceros bicornis, The Great Hornbill. Buceros bicornis Linn., S.N., 7., p. 104 (1758), (China), (Tra- vancore). : West Coast from Travancore N. to Bombay, Himalayas to Burma, Siam. Anthracoceros coronatus coronatus. The Mala- bar Pied Hornbill. Buceros coronatus Bodd., Tabl., Pl. Enl., p. 53 (1783), (Mala- bar). Ceylon, South and South-West India, North to C. P., Orissa and Lower Bengal. Anthracoceros coronatus affinis, The Large Indian Pied Hornbill. Buceros affinis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 802 (1849), (Deyra Doon). Sub-Himalayas, Dehra Dun to Assam, N. of Brahma- pootra. Anthracoceros coronatus albirostris. The Small Indian Pied Hornbill. Buceros albirostris Shaw and Nod., Nat. Mise., xix., p. 819 (1807), (Chandernagore). Assam, S. of Brahmapootra to Tenasserim, Siam and Cochin China. Rhytidoceros undulatus. The Malayan Wreathed Hornbill. Buceros undulatus Shaw., Gen. Zool., viit., p. 26 (1811), (Java), Assam and Burma to Java. Rhytidoceros subruficollis, Blyth’s Wreathed Horn- bill. Buceros subruficollis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xii., p. 177 (1843), (Tenasserim). Arrakan and §. Burma, Sumatra and Borneo. 1408, 14090, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413. 1414. 1415. 1416, 1417, (1056) (1057) (1058) (1059) (1060) (1061) (1062) (1063) (1064) (1065) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 319 Rhytidoceros narcondami. The Narcondam Horn- bill, Hume, S.F., i., p. 411 (1873), (Narcondam). Narcondam, N. Andamans. Aceros nepalensis. The Ryfous-necked Hornbill. Buceros nepalensis Hodg., As. Res., xviii., p. 178 (1829), (Nepal). Himalayas, Nepal to Assam, Central Burma to Tenasse- rim, Anorhinus galeritus. The Bushy-crested Hornbill. Buceros galeritus Zemm., Pl. Col., pl. 520 (1824), (Sumatra), Tenasserim, South to Borneo. Ptilolamus tickelli tickelli, Tickell’s Hornbill. Buceros tickelli Blyth., J.A.S.B., xviv., p. 266 - (1855), (Tenasserim). Pegu to Tenasserim. Ptilolemus tickelli austeni. Godwin-Austen’ s. Hornbill. Anorhinus austeni Jerd., [bis., 1872, p. 6 (N. Cachar Hillis), Assam, 8. of Brahmapootra. Berenicornis comatus. The Long-crested Hornbill. Buceros comatus Kaff., Trans. L.S., xiii., p. 339 (1822),. (Sumatra). S. Tenasserim, southwards to Sumatra and Borneo. Lephoceros birostris. The Common Grey Hornbill. Buceros birostris Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub., ii., p. 87 (1786), (Coramandel). Plains of India, not N. W. or Malabar Coast. Lophoceros griseus. The Malabar Grey Hornbill. Buceros griseus Lath., Ind. Orn., i., p, 147 (1790), (Nove- Hollandie-Malabar). W. Coast from Travancore to Bombay. Lophoceros gingalensis. The Ceylonese Hornbill. Buceros gingalensis Shaw, Gen. Zool., viit., p. 37 (1811),. (Ceylon). Ceylon only. Rhinoplax vigil. The Helmeted Hornbill. Buceros vigil Forster, Ind. Zool., p. 40 (1781), (No loc.),. (Tennasserim). Tenasserim to Sumatra and Borneo. 320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. 1418, 4419, 4420, ial n422: 1423. LADY. 1426, (1066) (1066) » (1067) (1067) (1067) (1069) (4070) Sub-order UPUP!, Family Upupips. Upupa epops epops. The European Hoopoe. Upupa epops Jin., S.N., i., p. 117 (1758), (Sweden). Straggler into N, W. India. Upupa epops saturata. The Tibetan Hoopoe. Lonnberg, Arkiv, fiir Zool., v., p. 29 (1909), (Kiachia). Winter visitor to Assam, Burma, Siam and Yunnan, Upupa epops orientalis. The Indian Hoopoe, Nomen Nov. (Umballa), <2 e+ Kiauaet “Zz Northern India to Sikkim,Dee 4°4,0-%., 4 ee A926, Poa. Upupa epops ceylonensis, The Ceylon Hoopoe. Upupa ceylonensis Reich., op. cit. (Ceylon). Ceylon and South India to Bombay and Orissa. Upupa epops longirostris. The Burmese Hoopoe, Upupa longirostris Jerd., B. of I., i., p. 393 (1862), (Burma). Assam, Burma, Siam, Cambodia, ete. Order MACROCHIRES, Sub-order MICROPODES., Family Micropopipé&, Sub-family Muicropodine. Micropus melba melba. The Alpine Swift. Hirundo melba Linn., S.N., 2., p. 192 (1758), (Gibraltar). India, Ceylon and Assam. Micropus apus pekinensis. The Eastern Swift. Cypselus pekinensis Swinh., P.Z.S., 1870, p. 435 (Peking). Himalayas to W. Assam. Micrepus murinus murinus, The Pale Brown Surft. Cypselus murinus Brehm., Vogelfung. p. 46 (1855), (Egypt). Egypt, Persia, Baluchistan and Sind. Micropus pacificus pacificus. The Large White- rumped Swift. Hirundo pacifica Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. lviit. (1801), (Australia). Assam, Burma to Japan and Australia, * Upupa indica Reich., Handb. spec. Orn., p. 320, cannot be used as it is preoccupied by Upupa indica Latham, Ind, Orn, i, p. 380, (1790), and therefore a new name has to he given. ¥ BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 321 1427. (1071) Micropus _ pacificus acuticauda. The Khasia Hills Surft. Cypselus acuticauda Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 45 (Cherrapoonjt, Khasia Hills). Khasia Hills and ? 1428. (1071) Muicropus pacificus cooki. The Burmese While- rumped Swift. Cypselus paciticus cooki Harington, Bull. B.O.C., xxxt., p. 56 (1912), (N. Shan States). N. Shan States ; resident. 1429. (1072) Micropus pacificus leuconyx. Blyth’s White- rumped Swift. ; Cypselus leuconyx Blyth, J.A.S.B., aviv. p. 212 (1845), (NV. W. Himalayas). N. W. Himalayas ; resident. 1430. (1073) Micropus affinis affinis. The Common Indian House-Surft. ; Cypselus affinis Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., pl. 35 (1832), (Ganges). Tropical India. 1431. (1073) Micropus affinis galilegensis. The Kashnur House- Swift. Cypselus galilegensis Antinori, Nawmannia, (Palestine). N. W. Africa, 8S. E. Asia to Kashmir. 1432. (1074) Micropus affinis subfurcatus. The Malayan House-Swift. Cypselus subfurcatus Blyth, J.A.S8.B., xviit., p. 807. (1849) (Penang). Assam, Burma and Malay Pen. 1433. (1075) Tachornis batassiensis batassiensis. The Palm- Swift. Cypselus balassiensis (misprint), Gray, in Grif. An. King. vii., p. 60 (1829), (India). India and Ceylon. 1434. (1076) Tachornis batassiensis infumatus. The Eastern Palm-Swift. Cypselus infumatus Sclater, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 602 (Borneo). Assam, Burma, E. to China, 8. to Java, ete. Sub-family CH&TURINA, *1435. (1077) Hirundinapus caudacuta nudipes. The White- necked Spine-tail. Chetura nudipes Hodg., J.A.S.B., v., p. 779 (1836), (Nepal). Himalayas, Hazara to Assam. Oe * Chaturae is the generic name for an American species quite different to our Indian forms. Hirundinapus must therefore be used for t e big forms whilst our two small ones which are both quite different generically from the large birds must be calledIndicapus Mathews, and Rhapidura, Oates. 3 p. 307 (1855), = 322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1436, (1078) Hirundinapus gigantea indica. The Brown-necked Spine-tail. Chetura indica Hume, S.F., 1., p. 471 (1873), (Aneichardi, Travancore). Ceylon to ‘Assam, Burma, Andamans. 1437. Hirundinapus cochinchinensis. The Cochin China ~ Spine-tail.. Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1878, p. 52 (Saigon, Cochin China). Assam, Burma, Siam, Cochin China. +1438. (1079) Idicapus sylvatica, The White-rumped Spine-tail. Acanthylis sylvatica Tickell, J.A.S.B., xv., p. 284 (1846), Ceniral India. Eastern India from the Himalayas to the extreme South and West only as far North as the Bombay Pres. 114392 (1080) Rhapidura leucopygialis. The Grey-rumped Black Spine-taal. Acanthylis leucopygialis Blyth, J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 809 (1849), (Penang). Tenasserim, South through the Malay Pen. 1440, *(1081) Collocalia unicolor unicolor, The Indian Edible Swiftlet. Hirundo unicolor Jerd., Madr. Jour. L.S., 1840, p. 238 (Coo- noor Pass). Ceylon, 8S. W. India and W. Himalayas. 1441, (1082) Collocalia fusciphaga brevirostris. The Himal- ayan Swiftlet. Hirundo brevirostris McClell., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 155 (Assam) Himalayas, from Simla to Assam and Manipur. 1442. (1083) Collocalia innominata. Hume's Swiftlet. Hume, S.F., 7., p. 294 (1873), (Port Mouatt, S. Andamans) S. Andamans, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Pen. 1443. (1084) Collocalia francicafrancica. The Little Grey- . rumped Swrftlet. Hirundo francica Gmel., S.N., 2., p. 1017 (1789), (Mauritius). Is. of Mauritius and Bourbon and ? Ceylon. 1444. Collocalia framcica inexpectata. The Andaman Grey-rumped Swiftlet. Collocalia inexpectata Hume., S.F., i., p. 296 (1873), (Button Is. Andamans). S. Andamans, Nicobars, 8. Malay Pen., Tenasserim. + Vide footnote at the bottom of page 321. * For revision of this genus see Oberholser, Pro. Nat. Mus., U.S. A., Vol. 42, p-ii., id. Acad. Nat. Scie. Philadelphia, 1906, p. 177 ; Stresemann, Nov. Zool., 1912 p. 347. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 323 1445. Collocalia francica germaini. Oustalet’s Grey- rumped Swiftlet. Collocalia germani Oust., Bull. Soc. Phiiom. Paris, p. 1 (1876), (Condore Is.). Mergui Archipelago. Tenasserim and 8. Siam, Cochin China and Philippines. 1446. (1085) Collocalia linchi affinis. Beavan’s Swiftlet. Collocalia aftinis Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 318, (Port Blair). Andamans and Nicobar Is. 1447. Collocalia linchi elachyptera. Oberholser’s Swiftlet. Oberholser, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., U.S.A., 1906, p. 207 (Bentinck Is.) Islands of Mergui Pen. Sub-Family Hemiprocnina@. 1448. (1086) Hemiprocne coronata. The Indian Crested Swift. Hirundo coronata Tick., J.A.S.B., ti., p. 580 (1833), (Bora, bhum). Ceylon, India, Burma and Siam. 1449. (1087) Hemiprocne longipennis. The Malayan Crested Swift. Hirundo longipennis Rafin., Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, iii., p. 152 (1803), (Java). Malay Pen. Tenasserim to Borneo, Java and Sumatra. 1450. (1088) Hemiprocne comata. The Tufted Tree Swift. Cypselus comatus T’emm., Pl. Col., 268 (1824), (Sumatra). Tenasserim, Malay Pen. to Celebes. Sub-Order CAPRIMULGI. Family CaPRIMULGIDZ2. 1451. (1089) Gaprimulgus mahrattensis. Sykes’ Nightjar. Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 83, (Mahrattas). Sind, N. W. Provinces, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Straggler East to Bengal. 1452. (1090) Caprimulgus monticolus, Franklin’s Nightjar. Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 116 (Calcutta-Benares). India from Mysore to Himalayas, Burma, Siam and Cochin China. . 1453. (1090) Caprimulgus asiaticus. The Common Indian Nightjar. Lath., Ind. Orn. ii., p. 588 (1790), (India), (Bombay). India and Ceyion and Burma S. to Moulmein. 324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIIL 1454. (1092) Caprimulgus europzus nuwini, Hume’s Nightjar. Caprimulgus unwini Hume, Ibis., 1871, p. 406 (Hazara). Transcaspia to Baluchistan, Sind, Kashmir and N. W. India. 1455- (1093) Caprimulgus macrurus’ bimaculatus, The Burmese Long-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus bimaculatus Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. 8, p. 170,. (1848), (Malacca). Malay Pen. to Burma, (and ? Assam), Siam, Yunnan and S. W. China. 14506. Caprimulgus macrurus albononotus. The Indian Long-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus albononotus Tick., J.A.S.B., it., p. 580 (1833) (Dolbhum, Bengal). N. W. Provinces to Bengal. 1457. *(1093) Caprimulgus macrurus nipalensis. The Nepal. Long-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus nipalensis Hartert,Cat. B.M., xvi., p, 541 (1892) (Nepal). Nepal to N. Assam and Hills of 8. Assam. 1458. (1093) Caprimulgus atripennis. Jerdon’s Long-tailed: Nightjar. Jerdon, Ill. Ind. Orn., pl. 24 (1847), (Eastern Ghats, S. India). Ceylon and S. India, N. to Godaveri and Belgaum. 1459. (1094) Caprimulgus andamanicus. The Andaman Nightjar. Hume, S.F., i., p. 470 (1873), (Andamans). Andaman Is. only. 1460. (1095) Caprimulgus indicus indicus. The Jungle Nightjar. Caprimulgus indicus Lath., Ind.Orn., it., p. 588 (1790), (India). Practically all India 8. of Himalayas, 1461. (1095) Caprimulgus indicus jotaka. The Himalayan Jungle Nightjar. Caprimulgus jotaka Temm. and Schl., Faun. Jap., p. 37 (1847), (Japan). Siberia to Japan, Himalayas E. to Assam, N.Burma and Siam. ; +1462. (4095) Caprimulgus kelaarti. The Ceylon Jungle Nightjar Caprimulgus kelaarti Blyth, J.A.S.B., p. 175 (1851), (Ceylon). Ceylon, possibly extreme S. Travancore. * See Oberholser, Pro. Nat. Mus. 48, p. 587 (1915), C..atripennis is a separat species and not a race of macrurus. +The position of this bird is doubtful. It is not a race of indicus but is possibly a Southern form of atripennis. 1463. 7464. 14605. 1466. 1467. 1468. 1469. 1470. 4471. (1096) (1096) (1097) (1098) (1099) (1100) (1101) (1102) (1103) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 325 Lyncornis cerviniceps cerviniceps, Gould’s Great- eared Nightjar. Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould, Icon. Av., ii., pl. 14 (1838), (China). N- Malay Pen., Burma, Siam, Assam, Lyncornis cerviniceps bourdilloni. Bowrdillon’s Great-eared Nightjar. Lyncornis bourdilloni Hume, S.F., iii., p. 302 (1875), (S+ Travancore). Travancore. Sub-order PODARGI. Family PopARGIDAE. Batrachostomus hodgsoni. Hodgson’s Frogmouth, Otothrix hodgsoni Gray, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 101. (Darjiling). Sikkim to Assam, Manipur to Karennee. Batrachostomus affinis. Blyth’s Frogmouth. Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi., p. 1180 (1847), (Malacca). Tenasserim to Borneo. Batrachostomus moniliger. The Ceylonese Frogmouth. (Layard), Blyth., J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 806 (1849), (Ceylon). Ceylon and Travancote. Order TROGONES. Family Troconip&. Pyrotrogon fasciatus. The Malabar Trogon. Trogon fasciatus Pennant, In. Zool., pl. iv. (1769), (Ceylon). Chota Nagpur to the Godaveri, 8S. W. India and Ceylon. fyrotrogon erythrocephalus erythrocephalus. The Red-headed Trogon. Trogon erythrocephalus Gould, P.Z.S., 1834, p. 25 (Rangoon). Nepal E. to Assam, Burma, Siam and ? Malay Pen. Pyrotrogon duvauceli. The Red-rumped Trogom Trogon duvauceli Temm., Pl. Col., No. 291 (1824), (Sumatra) Tenasserim, Pen. Siam to Borneo. Pyrotrogon oreskias wuniformis. Rolinson’s Yellow-breasted Trogon. Robinson, Jour., F.M.S., vii., p. 149 (1917), (Trang., Pen. Siam). Arrakan, Siam, Cochin China and 8. to Malay Pen. 3826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, 1472. 1473. 1474. 1475. 1476. 1477. 1478. 1479. Order .COCCYGES. Family CucuLip2. Sub-Family Cuculine. (1104) Cuculus canorus telephonus. The Asiatic Cuckoo. Cuculus telephonus Heine, Jour. f. Orn., 1863, p. 352 (Japan). N. Asia, E. to Japan, S. to Himalayas and 8. China. Mi- grant to Ceylon. (1104) Cuculus canorus bakeri. The Khasia Hills Cuckoo. Hartert, Vog. Pal., vii., p. 948, (1912), (Shillong, Khasia Hills). Hills S. of Brahmapootra, Manipur, Chin Hills to Shan States. (1105) Cuculus optatus. The Himalayan Cuckoo. Gould, P.Z.S., 1845, p. 18 (Port Essington, Australia). N. Asia, Central Asia to Himalayas. (1106) Cuculus poliocephalus poliocephalus. The Small Cuckoo. Cuculus poliocephalus Lath., In. Orn., p. 214 (1790), (India), (Srinagar). N. E. Asia, N. and C. China to Himalayas. Casual Ceylon. (1107) Cuculus micropterus micropterus. The Indian Cuckoo. Cuculus micropterus Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 137 (Himalaya). Breeding S. and Central China, Central Asia and India. Casual Ceylon. (1108) Hierococcyx sparveroides. The Large Hawk- Cuckoo. Cuculus sparveroides Vigors, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 173 (Central Himalayas). N. India and Burma, Yunnan, China, ete. (1109) Hierococcyx varius. The Common Hawk-Cuckoo. Cuculus varius Vahl., Skriv. Nat. Selsk., iv., p. 61 (1709), (India). India and Ceylon, not Assam, Punjab or Sind. Hierococcyx fugax tugax. The Javan Hawk- Cuckoo. Cuculus fugax Horsf., Trans. L.S., xiti., p. 178 (1821), (Java). A rare straggler into Burma. 1480. 1481. 1482. 1483. 1484. 1485. 1486. 1487. 1488. (1110) (1111) (1118) (1112) (1114) (1114) (1114) (1115) (1115) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 327 Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor. Hodgson’s Hawk- Cuckoo. Cuculus nisicolor Blyth, J.A.S.B., xii., p. 943 (1843), (Nepal). Himalayas, Nepal to Assam, Burma and Siam. Hierococcyx nanus. The Small Hawk-Cuckoo. Hume, S.F., v., p. 490 (1877), (S. Tenasserim). S. Tenasserim, Salangor and N. Borneo. Cacomantis merulinus querulus. The Rufous- bellied Cuckoo. Cacomantis querulus Heine, Jour., f. Orn., 1863, p. 352 (Nepal Burma). E. Bengal, N. and 8. Assam, Burma and 8S. China. Cacomantis merulinus passerinus. The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo. Cuculus passerinus Vahl., Skriv., Nat. Selsk., iv., p. 57 (1797), (India). India and Ceylon, excluding previous area and Rajputana. Penthoceryx sonneratii sonneratii. The Banded Bay Cuckoo. Cuculus sonneratii, Lath., Ind. Orn., ¢., p. 215 (1790), (India), (N. Cachar Hills). - India, Burma and Siam. Penthoceryx sonneratii waiti. The Ceylon Banded Bay Cuckoo. Stuart Baker, Bull, B.O.C., xxxix., p. 46 (1918), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. Penthoceryx sonneratii venustus. The Malay Banded Bay Cuckoo. Cuculus venustus Jerd., Madr. Jour. L.S., xiii., p. 140 (1842), (Malacca). S. Tenasserim and Siam, Malay Pen. to Borneo and Java. Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus. The Violet Cuckoo. Cuculus xanthorynchus Horsf., Trans. L.8., xiii., p. 179 (1821), (Java). Assam to N. and Central Burma. Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus malayanus. The Malay Violet Cuckoo. Cuculus malayanus Raff., Tran. L. S., viit., p. 286 (1822), (Malay Pen). Pen. Siam and Burma, Andamans, etc., Malay Pen. to Borneo. $28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 1489. (1116) Chalcococcyx maculatus. The Emerald Cuckoo. Trogon maculatus Gmel., S.N., 7., p. 404 (1788), (Ceylon). Himalayas, Simla to Assam, Burma, Siam, etc., to Sumatra. *1490. (1117) Surniculus lugubris brachyurus. | The Malay Drongo Cuckoo. Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx., p. 340 (1913), (Pahang). Pen. Burma and Siam, S. through Malay Pen. 1491. (1117) Surniculus lugubris dicruroides. The Indian Drongo Cuckoo. : Pseudornis dicruroides Hodg., J.A.&.B., viii., p. 136 (1839), (Nepal). Upper India, Assam, Burma, Siam, Hainan, China. 1492. (1117) Surniculus lugubris stewarti. The Ceylon Drongo Cuckoo. Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool., xxvi., p. 293 (1919), (Ceylon). Ceylon, Travancore and W. Coast to Karwar. +1493. (1118) Clamator jacobinus, The Pied Crested Cuckoo. Cuculus jacobinus Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enlum., p. 53 (1783), (Coromandel Coast). Ceylon, India ; W., N. and Central Burma, 1494. (1119) Clamator coramandus. The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. Cuculus coramandus Linn., S.N., i... 171, (1766) (Coromandel Coast). Ceylon, India East, Burma. Sub-Family Poa nicopHAaIné, 4495. (1120) Eudynamis scolopaceus scolopaceus. The Indian Koel. Cuculus scolopaceus. Linn., S.N., i., p. 111 (1758), (Bengal). India and Ceylon. 1496. (1120) Eudynamis scolopaceus malayana. The Malay Koel. Eudynamis malayana Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., iv., p. 52 (1862), (Sumatra). Siam and Burma, Assam, Malay Pen. * See Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool., xxvi., p. 293, and Stresemann, ibid, xxiii., p. 335. + The name Clamator antedates -Coccystes, see Stegneger, Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash., Xv., p. 87. : 1497: 1498. 1499. 1500. 1501. 1502. 1503. 1504. ‘1505. (1121) (1122) (1123) (1123) (1124) (1125) (1126) (1127) (1128) BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 329° Zanclostomus javanicus. The Lesse; Red-billed Malkoha. Pheenicophies javanicus Horsf., Trans. L.S., 1822, p. 178 (Java). Pen. Siam and Burma, Malay Pen. to Borneo, etc. Rhopodytes_ viridirostris. The Small Green Malkoha. Zanclostomus viridirostris Jerd., Madr. Jour. L.S., xi., p. 223 (1840), (Coonoor). Ceylon and S. India, N. to Belgaum and the Godaveri. Rhopodytes tristis tristis. The Large Green-billed Malkoha. Melias tristis Less., Traité d’Orn., p. 132 (1831), (Bengal). Lower Himalayas, Kumaon to Rengal and Assam, N. and South. Rhopodytes tristis longicaudatus. The Large Malay Green Malkoha. Pheenicopheus longicaudatus Blyth.. J.A.S.B., v., p. 923 (1841), (Moulmein). Burma, Siam, Cambodia and Malay Pen. Rhopodytes diardi. Dviard’s Green-billed Malkoha. Melias diardi Less., Traité d’Orn., p. 132, 1831 (Sumatra). Tenasserim and Malay Pen. to Sumatra. Rhopodytes sumatranus. The Sumatran Green-billed Malkoha. Cuculus sumatranus Raff., Trans. L.S., xiii., p. 287 (1822), (Sumatra). Tenasserim 8S. to Sumatra. Pheenicophaes pyrrhocephalus. The Red-faced Malkoha. Cuculus pyrrhocephalus Pennant, Ind. Zool., p. 66 (1769), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. Ramphococcyx erythrognathus. The Chestnut- breasted Malkoha. Pheenicophies erythrognathus Hartl., Verz. Mus. Brom., p. 95 (1844), (Sumatra). S. Tenasserim to Sumatra. Rhinortha chlorophza chlorophzea. Raffles’ Green-billed Malkoha. Cuculus chloropheus Raff., Tran. L.S., wiii., p.288 (1822), (Sumatra). S. Tenasserim to Sumatra, nof Borneo. 830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. 15006. 1507. 1508. 1509. 1510. 1513. 1514. (1129) (1129) (1129) (1130) (1130) (1130) (1131) (1132) (1133) Taccocua sirkee - sirkee. The Punjab Sirkeer Cuckoo. Centropus sirkee Gray, Hard. Ill. Ind. Zool., i., pl. 28 (1830- 32), (Nilgiris). Upper India, Punjab to Behar and W. Bengal. Taccocua sirkeeinfuscata. The Hill Sirkeer Cuckoo. Taccocua infuscata Blyth., J.A.S.B., xiv., p. 201 (1845), (Sub- Himalayas). Foot-hills of Himalayas, N. of last race. Taccocua sirkee leschenaulti. The Southern Siurkeer Cuckoo. Taccocua leschenaulti Less., Traité d’Orn., p. 144, (1830), (India), (Kanara, Bombay). (2 ea ee, South India and Ceylon. Centropus sinensis sinensis. The Chinese Crow- Pheasant. Polophilus sinensis Stephen, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix., p. 51 (1815), (Ningpo, China). Himalayas and Sub-Himalayas, from Kashmir to N. Assam and S. China. Centropus sinensis intermedius. Hume’s Crow- Pheasant. Centrococcyx intermedius Hume, S.F.. i., p. 454 (1873), (Thayetmyo). 8. Assam, Manipur, Burma, Siam to N. Malay Pen. Centropus sinensis parroti. The Southern Crow- Pheasant. , Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx., p. 323 (1913), (Ceylon). Ceylon and India, N. to the Ganges and Bombay, ete. Centropus sar la tat The Ceylon Crow- Pheasant. Blyth, J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 805, (1849), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. Centropus andamanensis. The Andaman Crow- Pheasant. Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 321 (Andamans). Andaman Is. and Cocos. Centropus bengalensis bengalensis. The Indian Lesser Crow-Pheasant. Cuculus bengalensis Gmel., S.N., i., p. 412, (1788) (Bengal). Ceylon S., C., W. and N. E. India, N. Chin and Kachin Hills, N. Siam, BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 331 1515. (1134) Centropus bengalensis javanensis. The Malay Lesser Crow-Pheasant. Cuculus javanensis Dumont, Dic. Sc. Nat., xi., p. 144 (1818 ) (Java). Pen. Siam and Burma to Java. OrpDeER PSITTACI. Family Psrrracip2. *1516. (1134) Psittacula eupatria eupatria, The Large Ceylonese Paroquet. Psittacus eupatria Linn., Syst. Nat., t., p. 140 (1766), (Ceylon). Ceylon and Travancore, Mysore and Malabar. 1517. (1135) Psittacula eupatria nipalensis. The Large Indian Paroquet. Paleornis nipalensis Hodg., As. Res., xix., p. 177 (1836), (Nepal). N. and C. India, from Punjab to Bengal and Sunderbans. 1518. (1136) Psittacula eupatria indoburmanica. The Large Assam Paroquet. Paleornis indoburmanicus Hume, S.F., vit., p. 459 (1878), (Sikkim). Sikkim Himalayas, Assam, Chin Hills and W. Burma. 1519. Psittacula eupatria avensis. The Large Eastern Burmese Paroquet. Palzornis eupatria avensis Kloss, Jour. Siam Nat. His. Soc., ii., p. 219 (1917), (Bhamo). Eastern Burma. 1520. (1137) Psittacula eupatria magnirostris. The Large Andaman Paroquet. Palzornis magnirostris Ball, J.A.S.B., xli., 2, p. 278 (1873), (Andamans). Andaman and Cocos Islands. 1521. (1138) Psittaculatorquata. The Rose-ringed Paroquet. Psittacus torquatus Bodd., Tab. Pl. Enl., p. 32 (1783), (Behar). 1522. (1139) Psittacula cyanocephala cyanccephala. The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet. Psittacus cyanocephalus Linn., S.N.,I., p. 141 (1766), (India). India and Ceylon E. to Sikkim. * Paleornis not being available for this genus, Psittacula, (Cuvier 1800) must be used in its place. 332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. *1523. (1140) Psittacula cyanocephala bengalensis. The Eastern Blossom-headed Paroquet. Psittacus bengalensis Forster., Ind. Zool.,p.40 (1781), (Bengal). Himalayas from Sikkim and E. Bengal to Assam and Burma, Siam and W. China. 1524. (1141) Psittacula schisticeps schisticeps. The Slaty- headed Paroquet. Palzornis schisticeps Hodg., As. Res., xix., p. 178 (1836), (Nepal). Himalayas to Assam N. of Brahmapootra. 1525. (1142) Psittacula schisticepsfinschi. The Burmese Slaty- headed Paroquet. Paleornis finschi Hume, S.F., ti., p. 509 (1874), (Kollidoo). Assam 8. of Brahmapootra, through Burma to Pegu and Tenasserim. 1526, (1143) Psittacula columboides. The Blue-winged Paroquet. Palzornis columboides Vigors, Zool. Jour., v., p. 274 (1835) (No locality), (Aneichardi Travancore). From S. Travancore to Khandala. 1527. (1144) Psittacula calthropx. Layard’s Paroquet. Palzornis calthrope Layard, J.A.S.B., xviii., p. 800 (1849), (Ceylon). Ceylon only. 1528. (1145) Psittacula alexandri fasciata. The Indian Red- breasted Paroquet. Psittacus fasciatus Miill., Natur. Syst. Suppl., p. 74 (1776), (Pondicherry). Himalayas, Kumaon to Assam, Burma to Cochin China and S. China. 1529. (1146) Psittacula caniceps. Blyth’s Nicobar Paroquet. Palzornis caniceps Blyth, J.A.S.B., xv., p. 23, (1846), (Nico- bars). Nicobars Is. only. 1530. (1147) Psittacula erythrogenys erythrogenys. The Nicobar Red-cheeked Paroquet. Paleornis erythrogenys Blyth., J.A.S.B., xv., ». 23 (1846), (Nicobars). Nicobars only. 1531. (1148) Psittacula erythrogenys tytleri. The Andaman Red-cheeked Paroquet. Paleornis tytleri Hume, P.A.S.B., p.108 (1874), (Andamans). Andaman, Cocos, Preparis Islands. * Psittacus rosa Bodd. Tabi. Pl. Enlum., p. 53 (1783 is antedated by Forster as above 1781. BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 333: 1532. (1149) Psittinus incertus malaccensis. The Litile Malay Parrot. Psittacus malaccensis Lath., In. Orn., i., p. 1380 (1790), (Ma- lacca), Penin. Burma and Siam South to Malacca. *1533- (1150) Coryllis vernalis. The Indian Loriquet. Psittacus vernalis Sparrm., Mus. Carls., No. 29 (1787), (No. loc), (Cachar). South and W. India to Bombay, East Bengal, Sikkim, Assam to Burma. 1534. (1151) Coryllis indicus. The Ceylon Loriquet. Psittacus indicus Gmel., S.N., 7., p. 349 (1788), (Ceylon). Ceylon and South Travancore. * Loriculus is ante-dated by Loricula. The next name is Coryllis. ( To be continued.) 304 GAME ANIMALS OF KASHMIR AND ADJACENT HILL PROVINCES. BY Cou. A. E. Warp. (Continued from page 49 of this volume,) PART II. (With 2 plates and two teat Figures.) Having dealt with the Kashmir Deer, it is proposed to take up the animals which do not shed their horns, and have a core inside the “‘ horny sheath.” These are :— The Yak, Sheep, Goats, Goat Antelope, Blue Bull, Antelopes and Gazelles They are the great attraction to the sportsmen who visit Kashmir, * No. 341—THE Yak (Bos gruniens). The “* Dong” of Thibet. Index No. | Length. | Girth. | Sportsman’s Name, Locality, etc. (1) 31” 14” |Gogra, Ladak. (2) 30” 14” ‘/J. Y. Allan-—Pangkong, Ladak. (3) 29” 14” |J. Y. Allan—Pangkong, Ladak. The protective mantle of religion now prevents the shooting of the sacred Yak in His Highness’ dominions, Permission to cross the Frontier is also withheld—hence the sportsman must try and obtain leave to shoot to the east- ward if bent on having a specimen for his collection. After all, is it worth- while to spend hard earned leave on the off chance ? The skin of a freshly killed bull is a great weight, and as transport is hard to get in the remote hills, it will generally have to be abandoned after taking off the tuft of hair on the tail. Horns of Yak from other Hill Provinces. Index No.| Length. | Girth. Sportsman’s Name, Locality, etc. peed ae 1 354” 15” _|E. I. Phelps (measured by Rowland Ward.) 2 32” 15” Niti. 3 31” 143” |A march beyond the Niti Pass. 4 31” 15” _—_—| Measured in Simla. 5 31” 15” Do. do. * The numbers are those of Blandford’s Mammalia F.B. IL. series. BIG GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR. 335 Horns of 39” in length were, it is understood, measured in Almorah Kumaon—these must be taken as very exceptional. With modern rifles, it is easy enough to knock out a yak, In former times a solid bullet of pure lead from a °500 express driven by 5} drams of powder was proved to be sufficient. The story o1 one or two stalks may be of interest. The month was June with a blazing sun on the stalker’s back ; the elevation over 17,000 ft.; the locality, the northern side of the Chang-lung Burma pass. A cold wind had set downwards, so the approach was of necessity from below. The stony ground was very much broken up, but for this there would have been no chance of success. After crawling upwards and peering over a rock, the herd of seven were found to be about 100 yards away. They had moved down- wards and were almost on the same level. As a few minutes would have taken * them to a lower level and given them the wind, the shot had to be taken at once. How it happened, cannot be told, as the herd had bunched up but the first bullet wounded a cow, the next shot did for a bull. There remained the cow which went slowly after the herd, and the toil of following was perhaps a just retribution. The shooting was erratic, the wretched cow took five or six bullets before it finally fell, and all the use it represents is a chowry made from the tail. A sixteen hand bull is a heavy beast to turn over when being skinned, evening was coming on, the tents were far away, hence on the following day areturn had to be made. After all this work the skin had to be abandoned for want of transport. The country on the far side of the Chang-lung Burma is sterile. Formerly the route to Yarkand was over this pass, it is marked out by the bones of dead transport animals. Now the Yarkand route passes over the Khardong and Sasseer passes, thence across the Shyok to the Karakoram. Near the Kepsang-la there were, and may be now, a few Yak. Ina valley several were seen grazing under some snow. The stalk appeared to be very easy, the approach was made but a stone was displaced by a Tartar which rolled down the hill. The Yak grouped together, stared upwards and then fled,and as it was any odds against killing one they went on their way unmolested. High up the Gogra ravine during mid-summer a few yaks come to graze. Whether the Frontier is beyond or whether Ladak includes the ridges above Gogra is uncertain. Anyhow the horns could not be brought into Leh, It was up the Gogra that a small herd of two bulls and a few cows were met with and stalked to within about 40 or 50 yards. I'rom thence they were watched, . the bulls looking huge with long hair down almost to the ground. One passed within a few yards, stopped, snorted and then lumbered off, The wind had be- trayed the supposed danger, but there was in reality none, for both bulls could have been easily killed. There was no looking back, the yak fled up the opposite hill without halting and were gone after affording a most interesting sight extending over several minutes. SHEEP. No. 343. Great TipeTan SHEEP (Ovis ammon hodgsoni). Hodgson’s sheep: The Tibetan Argali: the “Ammon” of Sportsmen—called ** Nyan” in Ladak. The Ovis ammon ammon of Siberia the largest of all sheep is the typical race of thisspecies. Inthe typical race the horns turn outwards not upwards at the tips, and are thus unlike the Tibetan race ( Ovis ammon hodgsoni.) * Mr. J. H. Millar secure a head of a Siberian Argali with 60” horns and a girth of 203”. This head is figured in Plate I. ; * The record Siberian head measures 624”. The record Tibetan head measures 57”. ( Rowland Ward's ‘‘ Records of Big Game ’’ 6th Edition.) 336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. A plate showing the head of a Siberian Argali contrasted with that of the Tibetan animal is reproduced. To return to Hodgson’s Sheep, that is to say the Tibetan race. Many horns have broken tips, this may be done whilst fighting, but the broad frontal portion of the horns has to bear the impact when the combatants run at each other. Rams do not get their horns interlocked as a rule, the tips are very tough and would bear rough usage. A suggestion has been made that the horns are damaged owing to the habit of rubbing them against rock. Major P. Radclyffe noticed this was a common custom of QO. poli, and everyone who has studied Hodgson’s Sheep must have seen them rubbing their horns, which in time tends to flake off por- tions of the homy sheath. Whatever may be the reason, it is the cause of much disappointment and a perfect horn is hard to get. An example is a broken pair of horns shot near Mirpo-Tso ; the fracture is nearly 3 inches across, the remain ing part of the horn was 44 inches. When travellers were few, and the whole of Northern Ladak. was visited by only two or three guns, when also it was not difficult to cross the passes, Hodgson’s sheep were easy to get, Now thisis all changed, and only one head may be got on a game license. This sheep is very migratory, and naturally so, for all the game of Ladak has to wander to wherever there is food to be got. As the melting snow causes the scanty herbage to grow, the animals in Ladak are obliged to frequent the borders of what is then the snow line. At certain seasons this is high up, in some years the line varies greatly. Not very far from Hanle, many ‘ picked up’ horns could be obtained, The Tartarssaid‘the rams often wintered in that place, when if the snow was heavy, they died of starvation. Now-a-days, a fine pair of horns of Hodgson’s sheep is most eagerly sought for, Nos. 2 and 3 in the attached list show that this prize can still be got, No, 2 may be the record shot by Europeans in Ladak as there is nothing to show whether No. 1 wasa “ picked up ” head or not, It may have been killed by a Ladakishikari, but more likely it was found after being killed by an avalanche, or wolves may have run the ram down in the snow. Head of great Tibetan Sheep (O. A. hodgsoni), Shot by Cap. J. Y. Allan. (The upward curve of the horns tends to form a circle in this race.) Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Plate I. ase GREAT PAMIR SHEEP (OVIS AMMON POLI] with horns measuring 59 inches along the curve. (Reproduced from Lydekker’s Great and Small Game of India.) SIBERIAN ARGALI (OVIS AMMON AMMON) (Reproduced from Rowland Ward’s Records of Big Game.) GREAT TIBETAN SHEEP (OVIS AMMON HODGSONT) Note the outward curve of the horns in the Siberian (typical) race and the upward curve in the Tibetan animal. BIG GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR. 537 Horns of The Great Tibetan or Hodgson’s Sheep (Oris ammon hodgsoni). Index No, | Lensth.| Girth. i Sportsman’s Name, Locality, ete. J 5023” | 19” 4 Brought to the Residency in Leh. 1884, see plate of No. 1 attached, 2 | 502” 15” 24” IR. St. G. Edge, 1921. 3 49” ie oe Mrs. MacCulloch, 1921. 4 A471” 172” 133” |Brooke Smith, 1905. 5 47)” 152” 24” |K.©. Lorzelsky, 1905. 6 47” 172” 18” |Col. Brazier Creagh, 1905. a a7? 18” 27” Col. Appleton, R.E., 1905, 8 47” by bl 21” |Major Wall, 1907. | 9 4632” bid 15’# Capt. S. B. Patterson, 1905. 10 462” ef A Capt. Charlesworth, 1920. 11 452” 172” 18” |Major C. P. Radclytfe, 1903. 12 451” 18” .. |Capt. E. P. Shewell, 1914. 13 45” | 152”) 202"|P.F-Hadow, 19083, 14 45” Capt. C. Maclver-Ritchie, 1906. 15 45” 1623” 203” |Capt. W. B. Benton, 1904, a a a Ewes have horns of about 15" to 20 in length. 5 338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII The illustration reprodruced on page 336 is from a tracing of a head shot by the late Capt. J. Y. Allan. This ram fell into a small chasm, the head was put into position and the carcase left out during the night when it froze stiff. Memory recalls many stalks after Hodgson’s Sheep, and diaries kept at the time prevent errors creeping into their narration. In the country to the eastward of the Changchemno plenty of sheep and antes lope were to be found during the early summer months. A yak with a driver, two strong Kashmiri coolies and a dog comprised the whole following. High up the hill side a solitary ram was seen to be walking slowly towards the top of a spur which was broad, nearly flat and open. Would he cross or work his way upwards and was he travelling to some distant place to feed, or was he frightened by the smal] caravan? When once on the move, Hodgson’s Sheep will, after galloping a short distance, settle down into a steady walk and travel far. After meandering about on the flat ridge the ram crossed and was out of sight. A fairly easy climb took the stalker across the plateau, but only to find that the sheep had turned upwards towards a small glacier in the next ravine. This entailed a long walk up the.slope on which the approach had begun. At last under the glacier the shot was fired at the animal standing directly facing the rifle. It is hard to judge distances, it is still harder to know what to aim at when the quarry is head on and down hill. The bullet broke a foreleg. How that ram travelled on three legs was wonderful. Luckily there was no chances of his going upwards, at any rate at first, there was also no chance of his stopping for some time. A return to the starting place was all that could be done for that day. There was no scrub for a fire and very littie water, &@ move was made up the ravine until darkness came on. The next morning there was little climbing to be done, the flat top of the spur was crossed and the glacier reached. The track was down the middle of an open valley. Eventually the main valley was reached. By the river there were rocxs and detached stones, and amongst these the ram was lying. Evidently he dared not cross the water and having tired himself out, took to the first shelter that could be found. -He was shot where he rested. One of the forelegs had been splintered above the knee. A nice head of 41 inches but with both tips damaged. Far away from the beaten tracks, to the north-eastward of the Pangkong Lake, after crossing the passes the rivers flow south-east and the border is passed. Picture to yourself, the most sterile valley you have ever seen, a hot sun, and the glare of the white borax. Joining this main valley there are many ravines some of which hold trickling streams near which various kinds of struggling plants try to grow. To graze on what can be here and there picked up Hodgson’s Sheep migrates from his winter resorts. Fairly high up amongst the ravines some rams were seen but how to get at them was the difficulty for the wind was blowing upwards. The only plan was to spend the day in the glaring main valley and take what shelter was possible behind the few rocks which lay detached from the hill sides. As evening approached the wind, as is usually the case, changed ; there was moonlight and a move was made up the next ravine in which the sheep had been seen. Covered with fur rugs and lying by one of the small streams, the night was pas- sed and hopes entertained that the game had not left the grazing ground. In the early morning before a start could be made, the rams showed on the top of . the ridge which lay between where they had been grazing on the previous day and BIG GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR. ~ $39 the bivouack, If they came into the ravine below, they would get the wind, as the morning was not yet sufliciently advanced for the change of the current to set upwards. Apparently only a portion of the flock had topped the edge for they lingered about and at times one or two went back on the side from which they came. The temperature was very low on the shady side of the ravine, very different from the mid-day heat in the main valley below. The sides of the small stream showed thin ice. The sheep stayed until the sun shone on the spur but after a short while they cleared off returning from whence they had come. If the stalk was to be made by moving to the ridge where the rams were last seen and they had moved upwards, there was no chance of success; if they had gone downwards, there was a fair chance but probably the ravine was open ground and stalking even from above impossible. Luck was kind, the place where the rams had last been seen was reached and by dint of crawling across the ridge towards a smal! indentation, cover was found. This cutting made by the melting snow was painfully narrow, and was lined with rough stones. The cover afforded by the sides of the small ravine could only be of use fora few hundred yards as it merged into shale, after which the open hill slope would be reached. When near the end of this ravine or cutting a halt was made, by crawling slowly upwards for a few yards on the shale, the main hill slope could be seen. Standing on this slope the white neck of a ram showed up very plainly. Here and there were others all evidently alarmed, doubtless the descent of only a few yards in the shale had made a noise and the game was on the alert. The nearest ram was looking upwards, suspecting danger from above. There was no time to be lost. Itis not easy to be speedy on a slope which will not give a foothold, but somehow the top was reached. The ram turned and stared long enough to give a very easy shot to which he dropped stone dead. The rest of the herd ran wildly downwards. One fell evidently hit far back in the spine. He stayed crumpled up for a second or two, and then rolled over and over down hill and was found in the valley below in the evening. The stalk had taken 10 hours, so the camp was sent for, a two-day halt ordered, during which the rams were weighed and measured and the skins, etc., cleaned. The horns of the first ram shot were 39” only, but were absolutely perfect in shape; the second was larger, but badly broken, an old heavy animal, whole dimensions of which will be given in the Natural History notes. What a lucky stalk! To arrive within shot of the -game that had not been seen since the previous day was luck indeed! After this stalk, the country was searched for a big head with unbroken points, but not a single one could be found, which could be guessed at over 40” to 42”, so they were left in peace. A fine old ram with a broken leg was met with on almost flat ground. He had evidently hada bad time, and ought to have been tired of life, so he was shot. Shortly after firmg, a few Tartars appeared on the scene. By means of an ‘interpreter, it was ascertained they came from Rudok, they expressed an earnest wish that a return to within Kashmir boundaries should be made. This was promised. The Tartars gorged on the emaciated ram’s flesh, and peace reigned. That Transfontier trip was over, not a bad thing, for every one was tired and there was a longing for the green hill sides of the “‘ Happy Vale.” No. 344.—Tur Great Pamir SHEEP (Ovis ammon poli). The Ovis poli has its habitat far from the hunting ground of the sportsmen who visit Kashmir and is found only in the adjacent “ Hill Provinces,” __ 340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Large horns are now hard to obtain. When this sheep was first brought to notice, very long but as a rule damaged horns used to be brought down for sale. The Fauna of British India, p. 496, records horns 75” long and 16.75” in girth. Horns of the Great Pamir Sheep of distant dates. Index No. | Length. | Girth. hp to Tip.| Sportsman’sName, Locality, ete: 1 733” 15” 2 13” 16” 3 73" 14” daca through Kashmir. 4 67” 14” 5 "768" 14” Horns of comparatively recent date. | | | | oe "63" 148” | 324” | Col. G. Sullivan. 2 | 50” | 15%” | 40” | Shot by Martyn Kennard | _ measured by Rowland Ward. THe SHARPU OR OoRIAL (Ovis vignei vignei), As the Sharpu, Urial, etc., are only local names for the same species, and their distribution extends from Tibet to Sind, Baluchistan, ete., it is evident that the conditions of sport must greatly vary. The range of the typical race O. v. vignet extends from Astor to Laskar, Ladak, and probably Tibet. Mo. = z | Length. | Girth. |Tip to Tip.| Name of Sportsman. | Date. Remarks. 1 36} 11} Mr, A. O. Hume's Collection .. ..| 1881 oahs 2 36 104 13. /F. W. Hodgkins, Esq. ..} 1906 |Guilgit. 3 35} 104 104 [Sir E. Lacon, ..| 1905 |Ladak. 4 354 11} 134 |Captain 8. B. Patterson...) 1905 33 5 35 124 104 |Lt.-Col. Goring .. .-| 1906 ,, 6 34 113 .. |Picked up by A.°E. Ward .. aa sed ata fe ne ——_——— aa JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. Plate Il. BHARAL (P. nahura) Shot in Ladak by Maj. C. H. Stockley. OORIAL (0. vignet) Shot in Ladak by Maj. C. H. Stockley. (Photos contributed by Maj. C, H. Stockley.) rw ve. To = oe ev g ry i a Li aaseyees BIG GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR, 341 Es Length. | Girth. tp to Tip, Name of Sportsman, | Date.| Remarks, OT oI eee 7 334 11 .. |P. F. Hadow, Esq. «-| 1904 |Ladaks 8 334 .. |notgiven. |Captain Carey .. --| 1900 |Gilgit. 9 33 a4 do. Captain Pearson .-| 1903 G 10 33 11 do. J.I. Darcey, Esq. «-| 1905 |Ladak. ll 33 - do, |H.F.Burke,Esq. ../1909; , - 2 33 112 do. A. E. Ward es ..| 1893 Z 13 323 9} 9} |C. Hughes Gibb, Esq. ..| 1909 /Baltistan. 14 32 12 .. IN. C. Cockburn, Esq : | 1905 |Ladak. 15 32 104 11 |F. W. Hodgkins, Esq. ..) 1909 |Gilgit. 16 32 104 64 |Major Hutchinson ..| 1917 |Ladak. 17 32 1] 11 |Captain Charlesworth ..} 1920 s. 18 32 11 «. |Not known ia ..| 1903 Measured on roadside. 19 312 10} 10} |F. 8. Irwin, Esq. ..| 1904 Spry sie | 10 .. [Lt.@.Seymour.. —..| 1904 baa 2) 314 =e .. |CaptainC. A.Smith ..| 1903 |Gilgit. 22 31k 103 13 |Captain L. D. Goff — ..| 1907 |Ladak. 23 314 9% 12. |J.W.E. Woodhouse, Esq.| 1907 |Baltistan. 24 314 92 9} |H. De B. Grant, Esq. ..| 1909 - 25 313 iT .. |J. A. Brooke, Esq. ..| 1809 ' 26 314 104 15 |F. W. Hodgkins, Esq. ..| 1909 |Gilgit. 27 314 10$ 16 |E. W. Z. Farwell, Esq...| 1912 |Ladak. 28 3143 104 113 |J. F. Barington, Esq. ..|} 1912 |Baltistan. 29 31 11 16 |E. W. Botithe, Esq. ..| 1912 |Ladak. 30 31 10 124 |Capt. Thomson Glover. .| 1920 3 31 304 103 16% |Captain L. T. Goff Sol) Ue S 32 304 11 12 |Captain Newton .-| L911 Be 33 304 -s .. |R. V.C. Bodley, Esq. ..| 1913 |Baltistan. 34 304 10 13 |Capt. Thomson Glover..| 1920 |Ladak. 35 304 11 1l_ |G. 8. Cooper, Esq. .-| 1907 i, 36 30 11 18 |Major H. R. Wigram ..| 1904 |Baltistan. 37 30 ee .. |Major Napier .. --| 1908 |Astor. 38 30 114 26 |Major F. J. Craske ..} 1910 |Baltistan. 39 30 104 15 |Captain Torkington ..| 1911 |Ladak. 40 30 oe -. |Capt. Hony. C. Douglas | 1914 |Astor, One difference of habit between the Great Tibetan Sheep and the Sharpu is that the latter,although often found in open and almost flat ground, is a better climber than the “Great sheep.’’ Hence although Sharpu may be first found in easy places, they may move slowly away to the cliffs, for the spirit of wan- dering appears to guide them and they do not mind moving over the hill ranges during the hot hours of the day nearly so much as is the case with many of the game animals, In the “‘ Sportsman’s Guide to Kashmir and Ladak”’ a long dreary stalk after Sharpu is described. In that stalk the game was particularly restless, but at other times a very easy approach can often be made. Starting on a clear evening from a camp in a ravine opposite to Nanga Parbat some Sharpu were seen on the hill side. The object of the walk was not to shoot any animal, but to get opposite to the glorious glaciers and view them by moonlight. Care was taken not to cause any alarm as the ascent was continued. At night the scene was magnificent, the towering sheets of ice standing out in the moonlight from the dark valleys beneath. Cold and dreary it might be consider- ed by some, but the huge mass of the ice covered mountain, and the vastness of the view were entrancing. Cold it certainly was, and the journey back in the darker parts of the ravines was not easy, but the spell and call of the mountain was irresistible. So a second time camp was left on the following evening, and 342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. this time fur rugs and a pillow were taken, also food and arifle. A slightly different route was followed in order to avoid any chance of disturbing the valley where the Sharpu had been seen. The moonlight afforded the same glorious sight, a very curious effect was due to the moon shining on a bare hill side which gave the appearance of being. snow clad, also by a valley full of white lilies. Early the next morning the Sharpu were looked for and found within a mile or less from where they were first sighted ; probably they had taken up their summer quarters in the vicinity and might have stayed for long. had it not been for the wandering Britisher who loved mountain tops, and the deep: valleys beneath. The early morning wind was blowing downwards but with the rise of the sun it changed, by mid-day the sense of smell so strongly possessed by sheep did not help them. Within about a hundred yards a flock of rams were grazing, and! the one selected was easily shot. Some hours before dark the camp was reached and the followers were soon busy cooking the meat, probably if they thought at all they wondered what the next freak of their employer might be and devoutly hoped it would not entail sleeping out at high altitudes for the purpose of gazing at the cold ice. . Small Sharpu rams with the ewes are to be seen on the adjacent hills but without leaving the tracks, which serve as roads, big heads are hard to get. In the Natural History notes, reference will be made to ‘‘Brooke’s Sheep,” suffice it to here say it has been proved to be a hybrid, nota distinct species,. for the Sharpu and the Great Tibetan Sheep do occasionally cross. No. 346.—Tur Buarat (Pseudois nahura). Bharal Head, Length of Horns 29!’, The Narpu—Nah or Sna of Ladak. The Blue Sheep, as the Bharal or Burhel is often called, has a wide distri-- bution. Whether or not this animal is more closely allied to the goats or to the sheep can be left for future discussion as the sport it affords is what has: now to be dealt with. BIG GAME SHOOTING OF KASHMIR. 343 Ae oe Length. | Girth. |Tip to nip| Name of Sportsman. | Date.| Remarks. ee 1 30 1 24 |Major B. L. Carew al LbOOD 2 294 12 25 |F. EH. P. Butler .. .«| L912 3 294 .. |Not given.|/Major Lawrie .. Peal ME PAD 4 293 3 5 G.W. Walker .. .-| 1920 5 294 112 |Tip broken.|Capt. Davidson al LOZ 6 294 12 16 |W.L. Farwell .. ree} 1912 7 294 104 102 |MajorH. R. Wigram ..| 1904 8 294 11? 194 |Capt. Somerville ¥.| LOL 9 29 .. |Not given. |Major Gregson .. v-| L927 are 10 29 11s ne Capt. J. G. Allan .-| 1903 |Below Sasser Pass. 11 29 114 aie A. E. Ward Me relly yoet ej |claulke The list of horns isa short one for big heads seem to be hard to get ; as men- tioned in the ‘“‘ Tourist and Sportsman’s Guide ,”’ the biggest trophies do not appear to come from the hills adjacent to Kashmir. In Kashmir proper there are no Burhel, in Ladak they appear to be still plentiful, but they are not nearly so much in evidence as the Sharpu. To see Burhel the high elevations have to be visited; at 17,000 ft. on the Sasser pass leading to the Karakorum, where No. 10 on the list of horns was shot. The Blue Sheep is rarely seen lower than 12,000 ft. inthe summer but during the winter, where there is con- venient ground, it may possibly come as low as 10,000 ft. As arule the skins of wild sheep are not very interesting, but the skins of Burhel Rams are exceptional, and an excellent carriage rug can be made from the spring and late autumn coats of the rams. In summer the black chest of the ram stands out clearly and it can be seen at a considerable distance, affording at the same time information as to whether a stalk should be undertaken or not. Whilst lying down the Burhel are hard to discover as they take their mid-day rest amongst loose stones. If they do not move, they can be easily overlooked, for a Ladak mountain is a huge tract of ground to examine minutely. In Ladak not very far from the route leading to Changchenmo numbers of Burhel were once reported to have been seen. It wasa wild dreary part of the hills, simply a mass of ill-defined stony mountains. The Burhel had been seen by a yak driver who had gone to fetch in his animals. As there was no hurry to move onwards. the main camp remained at Tankse whilst a visit was made to the hills where the Ladaki said there were ‘‘ more Burhel than ina big flock of sheep.” A long dreary march, then a rest for the night and what seemed to be an endless tramp during the next morning found us at the top ofahill. From the summit the country was carefully searched, but to no purpose. Some distance off was another hill, bare but covered here and there with a few loose rocks, amongst which were many Burhel, all resting in a large depression or cup into which the rocks had rolled. It was impossible to make out which were the big rams, all that could be done was to get as close as possible and then wait until the flock moved. By the time a halt was made, and a good point of observation reached, some of the sheep were standing up. Apparently they were not suspicious, for after a time they found suitable spots for another rest, under the shade of some rocks. Nothing worth shooting was to be seen, distinctly all that could be done was to wait. The day was still and the sun scorching; apparently the sheep would rest until it was cooler, and then move out of the depression, but this might not be for hours. Patience is all very well, but the position was 344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. scarcely bearable and after what seemed to be hours a nearer approach was tried to a place where whatever direction the game moved it must be possible to get some sort of a shot. Crawling over stones is painful work, and cannot be done without some noise ; the Burhel were all standing up, males, females and half grown lambs,—a poor lot onthe whole. A blanket thickly folded was pushed on to a stone and used as a rest for the rifle. The best animal which was the furthest away, fell to the shot, and then the whole flock seemed to be utterly confused, for when too far to shoot at they all stood and looked back. Then they separated and a small number turned and ran along the side of the depression, nearly all were rams, one was missed, but the left barrel brought down a better ram than the first one which was lying dead. Both heads were good ones, but amongst what appeared to be a hundred animals there was no pair of horns worth putting into the list attached. The expedition was worth taking although it lasted for four days, for it did not waste valuable time as the passes into Changchenmo were still very difficult. On the way back to Tankse by a circuitous route a small herd of good rams were seen, and out of them a 29” pair of horns was killed. This was luck; the three pairs of horns could be left behind and would not have to be packed before each march. What a bore the horns are before starting on a march! The wretched things will not fit into their placesin the loads. As long as there is room between a pair of trunks or rice bags all goes well but where this is not practicable the trophies are very apt to get damaged. Wolves, and the Ounce or Snow Leopard take heavy toll amongst Burhel, but this hardy sheep still survives in Considerable numbers, probably because it is impervious.to the cold and is not tempted to come into the lower ground. The custom of putting the horns of game on stone cairns is common in Ladak. These often mark the top of a low pass or are placed in some spot to which a legend is attached. Most of these collections contain more Sharpu than Burhel horns, one réason being that fewer of the latter are shot by the villagers, another, that Burhel horns are hard and, in the absence of iron implements, they are used as hoes in rough cultivation. Sharpu horns are also thus utilised, but not to the same extent. (To be continued.) ba 7 | ir, “i ie uRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Some new forms of Lepidoptera from Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. SOME NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND N. W. PERSIA. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 1 Zegris eupheme dyala, Peile, g 2 ss ee A OF» aes a 3 Strymon abdominalis f. gerhardti, Staud 9 Ai is ‘ ) 0 Zephyrus quercus longicauda, Riley ¢ 6 ” 29) ” 2 7 Meliteea trivia persea, Koll. @ summer form 8 Lycena dama karinda, Riley ¢ aa ce 2 10 Lemonia peilei, Roth. ¢ oa 11 Melitsea trivia persea, Koll. ¢ spring form 12 * us 5 fe) 13 Lyceena damone damalis, Riley ¢ LAG Pr 3 fe) 15 Lyceena peilei, B-Baker g 16 es H: 2 17 Melitzea didyma casta, Koll. 9 18 Pararge megaera iranica, Riley g ... 19 ” ” oP) 2 tee 20 Strymon marcidus, Riley The original for the Plate is by Mr. A. Terzi. 5 , . ; - ys OS Le i at iu Lp Hig my ‘ite “ Me it uray: b ay he a My e : 346 THE BUITERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. By H. D, Prem, F.E.S, Part II, (continued from page 70 of this volume). (With a Plate.) PIERIDAE. Key, A. Ground colour white— a. Underside h.w. no green markings. a‘. U.h.w. veins not black bordered. wv, apex of forewing black above .. . Pieris brassice. 5°. apex of forewing plain above .. . Pieris rape. ce’, f. w. above, apical, markings slight; spot between veins 6 & 7; discal spot nearer termen .. ae . Pieris napi, pseudorape. d°, Apex f. w. very pointed. U. h. w. yellow; size small .. . . Pieris ergane. b'. U. h.w. veins broadly bordered with black. Belenois mesentina. 5. Underside h.w. markings green. a’, U. hw. green edging to terminal portion of veins clavate.. st .Pontia daplidice. b'. Underside h. w. with vein closing cell white or yellow, bordered with green..Pontia glauconome. e', Underside h.w. green edgings to terminal portion of veins straight not clavate.Pontia chloridice. #. U.h.w. white areas in form of spots not bands... : .Euchle ausonia. 2', U. h.w. white and green transverse bands, Euchle belemia. f°. Underside h.w. uniform green except few minute white spots .. a . Euchiea transcaspica. g'. A brown ringed silver spot in centre of h.w. beneath: cilia pink; ~ black terminal band on h.w. ; .Colias croceus 2 f. pallida. h'. U.h.w. a green and yellow 4 branched patch occupying base and centre. Up f.w. apex grey usually enclosing an orange patch me i . .Zegris eupheme. B. Ground colour yellow— a. Scalloped margin to wings, small orange spot in centre of each wing... . .Gonepteryx farinosa. b. Brown ringed silver spot in centre of h.w. cilia pink. (f. d. helice has cream grd. col. varying in shade) .. ne . Colias crocea. C. Ground colour Salmon pink .. a . Colotis fausta. Genus BELENOIS, Hb. (AnapHzis, Hb.) B. mesentina, Cr. Seitz. 1.21d & e. F. B. I. (Bingham.) Vol. II, p. 156. Key : Colour white and black above. H. w. beneath, veins broadly bordered ~with black. rs 346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. Several specimens were taken at Kizil Robat through November, in early December 1918 and at end of January 1919; and one at Khanikin, October 22nd, 1918, the black on the veins on the underside being well marked. One female was taken having cream ground-colour. Food-plant—capers (Capparis spinosa). It ranges from East Africa, through Arabia, Persia and India. Larva (description abridged from Chaumette) grass-green ; dorsal line dark green ; lateral line very broad, plum coloured ; a white spot on either side of dorsal line and a yellow spot on lateral line on each segment. Legs green hairy, head shiny black and green; segments black and hairy. Localities ;—Mesopotamia—Kizil Robat ; Khanikin ; and range as above men- tioned. A female was taken at Kermanshah, N. W. Persia, on August 24th.. Of 9 &, 8 2 from Kizil Robat, Khanikin, Jebel Hamrin (Dyala), Fathah, and Kermanshah, Capt. Riley notes:—‘‘ All agree very well with the male described by LeCerf (Ann. d'Histoire Nat. 1913), but I do not consider they can be separated as a race. Only the wet form is represented. Specimens from Syria and Palestine are very similar, and also from Quetta, Kandahar, Baghdad, &c.” Genus PIERIS, Sch. P. rapa, L. Sub-sp. iranica, LeCerf. Annales d'Histoire Naturelle 19138. The “small cabbage white ’’ is abundant along the banks of the rivers and. in gardens generally in Mesopotamia. There are probably several broods in the year. Females were seen ovipositing on the upperside of the leaves of low growing plants in the third week of June at Baiji, and in November at Baghdad. Of 73 @, 52 Q from Mesopotamia (Amara, Baghdad, Fathah, Jebel Hamrin, Khanikin, Kirkuk, & Kizil Robat.) and N. W. Persia (Harir, Karind: and Kermanshah), 33 ¢, 31 Q of these are now in the British Museum collection. Capt. Riley notes :—-‘‘ A fine series, from every month in the year except August. The January-March forms are very different from the summer forms—May to November—and most nearly approach. British Spring rape. Those from the transitional periods April and December compare well with the British summer form whilst the summer form in Mesopotamia and Persia are very different looking insects. The large bright yellow-green area at the base- of the forewing below agd the delicate brightness (contrasted with the rougher, greyer, winter forms) are very characteristic of it. The winter form has the forewing costa below broadly and evenly ochreous from base to the apical patch. Intermediate forms shew this breaking and gradually disappear- ing to the replaced by the basal green area mentioned above.” P. napi pseudorapae, Verity. 15 &, 3 @ from Harir, 5,300 ft. and Karind Gorge, 16th July, 19th August 1918. Two pairs taken in copula. All except 2 @ now incorporated in B. M. collection. Note by Capt. Riley :—* This is undoubtedly the form which LeCerf quotes: Verity as calling the 2nd generation of P. napi pseudorape ; ‘ 2nd generation’ is a trifle misleading ; what is meant is that this is the summer form. Unfor- tunately Col. Peile did not obtain the winter and intermediate forms, which resemble more the English forms.” P, ergane, Hubn, Seitz. Vol. 1, 20d. Karind Gorge, 1 Q, 13th August 1918; 3 @, 12, 19th September 1918. Not previously recorded from any part of Persia, though taken in Upper Mesopotamia and Western Kurdistan. BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA, 347 Genus PONTIA, Dab. P. daplidice, L., Seitz. Vol. I. 21 f. Of 88 g and 50 g examined (49 2, 39 9 of these are now in B, M.) Capt. Riley notes:—“ Captures cover every month of the year excep? December, and shew very well the gradual transition from the small dark winter form, through the larger brighter spring and early summer forms, to the small and very pale midsummer forms and back again. The end of Jane and July show the ‘driest’ forms; in these the hindwing underside in the male is sometimes almost devoid of markings. January and February shew the darkest undersides, November closely approaching them.” The ‘‘ Bath White” is here very common, and in June and July an extreme “dry” small stunted form occurs; the ordinary or “ wet’ form being then still found in the adjoining Persian hills where the climate is much cooler and more moist. In Mesopotamia there appear to be at least four, probably more, broods in the year. The first from about January 24th into February, is well marked with dark green beneath, The second from about 29th March into April, has the green, though still well marked, slightly less so and lighter in shade. This form is larger and more plentiful than the first. The third appears in May and continues into June and July, and is a stunted form with dense black markings above and very pale beneath in the male, the slight markings there being more yellow than green. The females though not so pale beneath have much yellow with the green, the veins often appearing yellow. From August to October there may be another brood. The last brood appears about 2nd November, being common in mid November, and is well marked with green beneath. On March 28th two small green cylindrical larve with lateral and dorsal blue bands and a yellow band between, and minutely dotted with black, the dots being more distinct than in the larve of L. belemia, were found on a yellow- flowered crucifer, and continued to feed on the seed-pods. One was accidentally injured but the other pupated head up on the upper side of the stem of the food-plant on 3lst March about noon. This pupa was banded dorsally and laterally with bluish green and pale yellowish green in between these bands. There were two prominent points on each side and a very prominent median dorsal thoracic projection, so that it was rather Pieris like in shape. The whole of the body, thorax and head were spotted with black, the wing-cases being green. From this pupa a male daplidice emerged at 8-30 a.m, on 8th April. The markings of the forewings had been visible for a day previous to emergence. At times this butterfly is very active and much on the move, but not so con- stantly on the wing as LZ. belemia. Although very active, while the sun is high, it is easily caught about sunset when about to settle for the night. Eggs were seen deposited on two kinds of yellow crucifer, and were laid both on young flower-buds and on leaves. Localities :—Mesopotamia—Sheik Said and Amara, fairly common in gardens in April and May. Kizil Robat, on the Dyala, about old canal banks and gardens most of the year. Baiji near Fathah 1920, none observed until June when it became very common about lucerne and along the bank of the Tigris. N. Persia: Harir, 5,300 ft., elevation and widespread in Europe, N, Africa, Asia Minor and on the North West Frontier of India. P. glauconome, Klug. r. iranica. Bienert, Seitz. 1°20 f. Upperside very similar to P. daplidice. Underside: veins conspicuously lined with yellow, and green markings proportionately less than in daplidice. 348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, May be very easily passed over unrecognized owing to its close resemblance to the more common daplidice. especially as the green on the underside varies greatly in amount and in shade with the seasons. As with daplidice there are wet and dry season forms. Wet season form, 25th January 1919, Mirjana (Kizil Robat).: Dyn ics a 8th June 1919 a os Ay 3 20th November 1918 It ranges across the desert belt from N. and W Afrion to Syria, Arabia, Persia and the Punjab. Larva described by Bingham as greenish yellow with 2 longi- tudinal yellow bands and 5 transverse lines of minute black dots on each segment : head yellowish green with black dots. P. chloridice, Hb., Seitz., Vol. 1., Pl. 20 f. Very similar to the common daplidice and easily mistaken for it: differs as stated in the Key. Localities :—Mesopotamia—Khanikin, 22nd October 1918, one Q example. The range of chloridice is given as 8. Russia, Turkey and Chitral. GENUS EUCHL@ Hb. E. ausonia, Hb. (till lately known as belia, L.). Subsp. persica, Verity, Seitz, Vol. 1, 22b. Above white with black apical markings and black middle spot to rennne! Hindwing beneath silvery white with regular yellowish green markings, which are arranged as spots and not stripes as in belemia. The underside recalls cardamines, the English ‘* Orange-tip. ’ 7 &,7 Q (now in B. M.) and 8 others; taken 19-30th March 1920. Referring Me these, Capt. Riley remarks :— ‘* Verity says of his type: ‘Latache apicale, peu ¢tendue, mais trés noire et 4 limites trés nettes, rapelle plutot celle de belemia, tandis que le trait discoidal trés reduit, tris droit et aussi ¢loigné de la céte que chez falloui, a un aspect qu’on ne retrouve chez aucun autre Huchloé; ce trait a la méme ampleur sur les deux surfaces’, This exactly fits the specimens collected by Lt.-Col. Peile, but its application by Verity to the specimens from Schahrud in the B. M. which he figures at plate 67, figures 31 and 32, seems unjustifiable in view of this additional material. The two features on which he lays stress are, the sharp definition of the inner edge of the apical marking, and the reduction of the discoidal spot; in the Schahrud specimens the former is very broad and diffuse, the jatter large and almost quadrate in the both sexes. This race from N. E. Persia may well be called verity, ssp. nov. the types being the ¢ and ¢ in the B. M. figured by Verity (1. c.); and persica, Verity restricted to the race from W. Persia, Kurdistan, &c.”’ The egg when fresh is pearl white, but soon changes to orange and later to grey just before hatching. Eggs from the abdomen of female, and others laid on food-plant are in shape a long oval, with flattened base when attached to the plant. The egg resembles that of E. belemia, but its longitudinal ridges, about 20 in number, appear under the microscope rather stouter and more prominent than in belemia. There are delicate fine transverse ridges which in certain lights are seen to pass over the longitudinal ones. The egg is laid either on a sepal or on a hair of a sepal of a young unopened flower-bud. Females of E. ausonia were observed ovipositing on the following crucifers which have been identi- fied at Kew :— 1. Brassiea tournefortii, Gouan. About three feet high having small pale yellow flowers at the ends of long thin succulent stems, the leaves being mostly at the base of the BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 349 plant. On this plant the eggs were laid singly upon the sepals of a young unopened flower-bud, or upon the thin succulent stem of a flower-bud. 2. Sinapis arvensis, L., a race (charlock). About six inches high, when growing on ridges of gypsum rock, with bright yellow flowers, short stem and very hairy leaves; an egg being laid on the tip of an unopened flower-bud, another on a hair on a sepal of a young flower-bud. On April 9th (1920) several orange coloured, eggs, probably of ausonia, were found on several plants of the first mentioned species, placed singly, most being on the sepals of unopened flower-buds, but two on the stem of flower-heads. On April 11th some of the eggs darkened, and on the 12th the empty uneaten shells of three were found still on the buds, the minute golden yellow hairy larvee being near them on flower-buds. On 15th April these larve were still yellow and markedly hairy with a dark particle at the tip of each hair. Just after hatching the larve fed on the flower-bud. On 19th April one larva on the food plant cast its skin, and after this measured five-eighths of an inch long. Head large, pale green minutely dotted with black, alllegs green. A white lateral line with spiracles in it, and with bluish mauve upper edge ; above this yellowish green and dorsally mauve. 22nd April, the fivelarve on the plant are alike; length 12 inches, deep green with a conspicuous white lateral or spiracular line with rather nar- rower purple upper margin, above this deep green, then dorsally purple ; legs green ; head purple, rather paler in front. Four of these larve pupated, three head upwards and one head downwards. They all became pale brown with dark brown long beak like process, a lateral white streak on each side and dark dorsal streaks, They all became stiff and hard and failed to reach the imago stage. Possibly small black ants, which destroyed other larvee and were @ great nuisance there, may have bitten these larve shortly before they pupated. Both these larve and pupe resembled those of EF. belemia reared the previous year. The only apparent difference from those of belemia being a rather broader and more conspicuous white lateral line. It is curious that although females were seen ovipositing and these larve and pupe were reared from the eggs, no examples of ausonia were seen about to correspond with this brood. No opportunity occurred of ascertaining whether any were about on the Jebel Hamrin of this, which should have been the dry season brood, the first brood having been taken in company with the Wet season brood of £. belemia, of which also as previously noted the dry season brood was noticeably absent at Baiji (in 1920). E. ausonia was in March 1920 more common thanZ£. belemia on the Jebel Ham- rin at Fathah gorge. On the other hand at Kizil Robat the previous year when both broods of E. belemia were very common no ausonia were seen at all. ausonia is very active, though its flight seems more fluttering and less direct than that of belemia. ausonia averaged slightly larger than the same brood of belemia. The two forms are found together and may easily be mistaken the one for the other, and both vary much with the seasons ; but the distinct bands of green and white beneath distinguish belemia. ausonia, like belemia was attracted by the smell of sulphuretted hydrogen from some oil-drums. Localities.—Mesopotamia—fairly common on the Jebel Hamrin and on the right bank of the Tigris at Fathah. E. belemia, Esp. Seitz. Vol. 1.22a. Key: Colour white and black above; alternating green and white bands across hindwing beneath. 350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII Of 98 specimens examined (23 @, 16 2, Spring form; 18° form; and4@.1 @ ? Third ay ies Riley ee ae a age «Specimens of the first generation (f. belemia,) and those of the: 2nd gene- ration (palestinensis) are very distinct although, as can be seen from’ thadatee above, they overlap by about a fortnight, both forms being taken in perfectl fresh condition in the last week of March at Kizil Robat. The five s ee referred to above as a possible 3rd generation are interesting in that re their smallness and the depth of the green of the hindwing underside they Sool somewhat the Ist generation. They are readily separated from thé normal second generation specimens; it seems reasonable to suppose they represent a partial third generation. Individual variation in the black markings of the forewing i i 1 g (Kizil Robat, 30th March 1919) has ie black patch = ms prrene Ts expanded to form a large cloudy area which fuses with the apical patch throughout the whole of its outer edge. The depth of the colour of the apical patch is very variable in the summer forms, in some light french gre in others as black as in the Ist brood. 1 2 (Kizil Robat, 2nd April 1919} eee ne J he oat above, except that above, the atahaiGn of the atch is confined to the veins, but below j i ae el numer ta he : , the whole of the disc is covered There are two broods, very distinct one from the other. 1. Wet season form (=bvelemia Esp.).—U pperside—Forewing : Gr white, base black ; a broad densely Heck ous discoidal ee but exclusive of the costa, which is pink near the base. Apex black containing from 2 to 4 white spots decreasing in size from costa. = Hindwing.—Base black, remainder white. Underside —Forewing ground colour white; costa pink speckled with green, A broad sinuous black discoidal spot with central white lunule its eT nah ied aan four green bands, the innermost being a mere spot, the outermost extending nearly to th i ue gia ome a g y e tornal angle, with wedge-shaped Hindwing.—Ground colour white with seven broad dark green bands crossing the wing vertically ; a minute loop connecting band 3 to 2, a thick one band 4 to 3, so that band 4 appears to bifurcate ; sometimes a small loop connects band 5 with 4, or 5 may join 6, but often extends only to the middle of the wing These green bands have sharply defined margins and are broader than the glistening pearly white bands between them. 2. Dry season form (=palestinensis, Rober).—Slightly larger on the average. U pperside :—Forewing : The base of the wing is white; discoidal spot nar- rower and less densely black, and black markings at apex less dense. Hindwing—W hite. U pperside.—Costa pink striated with black. The green bands much Tess pronounced, narrower than the white bands, and much broken, forming a mesh- work, their margins being very irregular. The white predominates over the green, the white being tinged with yellow on the forewing at the posterior end of the bands and in the hindwing across the middle of the wing from the base and near the green. In both forms—Antennez black above, pinkish white beneat j with pink. Head black above, white hee hairs behind ey ee Thorax and abdomen black above, white beneath. Proboscis and legs pink, Cilia black opposite veins, white between on forewing ; white on hindwing Expanse.—1°6 in. to 2-25 inches. ; A few examples were taken having very faint markings beneath. Three examples of aberration in which the dark markings on the forewing are in excess were taken. One of these, taken on March 30th, has the black of the. apex BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA 351 extended inwards to the innerside of the discoidal spot, which merely appears as a white semi-circle. Soar An egg, glistening pearl-white, seen laid on March 24th by a 2, which was then netted, on the tip of a small bud in the centre of a group of buds in a young flower-head of a yellow crucifer like mustard. On the 27th March this egg had become orange-coloured, and on 28th it hatched, the larva being pale green dotted with black, head black. It was ‘seen feeding among the florets of the flower-clusters. This larva was subse- quently lost. On March 24th a small grey larva with black head was found on a head of flower-buds of this yellow crucifer, where the young leaves near the buds had been eaten. On April 6th a female was netted after laying a glistening white eggon a young unopened bud of a mauve-flowered crucifer, the next day this egg had changed to dull yellow. On 30th March (1926), on the Jebel Hamrin, at Fathah gorge, females of EH. belemia were seen ovipositing on Hirschfeldia adpressa, Moench, a charlock-like yellow crucifer ; and on white mustard, Sinapis alba, L., a race, the egg being Jaid upon the young unopened flower-buds. These plants were identified at Kew. The egg has about twenty loagitudi- ‘nal ridges with fine transverse ridges between and crossing these. On March 28th (1919) three full-grown larve were found on seed stems of a yellow crucifer. One pupated the same evening head upwards on the thicker portion of the stem just below the seeds, the body-girdle being very slender, -and the imago emerged on 6th April. The second pupated head downwards -during the night on the same stem about four inches below the first pupa. This pupa dried up and died. The third larva escaped. Another larva found on “March 23rd pupated head downwards on 27th and a butterfly emerged on April 5th. A full grown larva measured 1% inch in length, tapered gradually toward either end, was dark green with lateral line bright purple above, white below. The dorsal line was dull purple, and the whole body minutely dotted with black. Head purple. The larva on changing on March 29th to the pupal state took, from the protrusion of the ‘‘ beak ’’, which emerged bent forwards, to the final shaking off of the larval skin, about one minute only. The pupa was green with long pointed mauve-coloured beak and at first had lateral purple -and white lines, but these soon changed to pale green, uniform with the rest -of the abdomen. From this pupa emerged at 7°37 a.m. on 6th April a female but- terfly, the black and white markings of the upperside having been clearly ‘visible in the pupa the previous day. This butterfly was common on the banks of old canals and on the crests of stony hills at 600 feet and between them and the rivers Dyala and Tigris, flying ‘hurriedly up and down the canal banks or about flower-covered slopes near the rivers, occasionally settling at flowers for a short time only. It is very active, though the female settles the more often. It is inquisitive, having passed the net it returns and hovers to and fro and so gives a chance of capture without a chase, which in the case of this active little butterfly is a consideration on ‘steep stony ground. Large examples such as females may, when on the wing, be mistaken for Pontia daplidice though they are usually less inclined to settle than is that species. Both sexes were attracted by the smell of sulphuretted ‘hydrogen from some oil drums, and, it seems by the scent of honey from some moths captured several years before, still retained by the net. Localities :—Mesopotamia—Kizil Robat, and Jebel Hamrin and Jebel Kizi Robat near the Dyala. Wet. S.form end of January to end of March 1919 Dry. 8. form end of March to mid April 1919, both broods common. Right bank of the Tigris—at and near Fathah, Jebel Hamrin. Wet. S. form latter half of March 1920. Common in Mediterranean region. 452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII. Synchle falloui, Allard, from Algeria to Somaliland and Arabia, is the only near relation to S. belemia, and so is mentioned here. + E. charlonia, transcaspica, Stgr. Seitz. 1.22c. Male wings more rounded than Jlucilla @ and much paler yellow, about same tint as lucilla ¢ and, like, it with forewing paler than h.w. Upperside, colour pale sulphur-yellow, base of wings black. Forewing : discocellular broad, short, transverse oblique irregular oblong black bar as in typical charlonia, not so large and rectangular as in /weilla, and not quite extending to the costal margin: Apex . black with pale spots. Hindwing, uniform immaculate: underside forewing yellowish white, pale yellow in cell ; the discoidal spot black and oblong: costal and terminal margins pink. Hind- wing and apex forewing green of the same tint as Jucilla, but the white central spot of hindwing smaller and with very small white spots on costal margin intermediate between the veins. Antennz cream-white, tips yellow. Expanse.—1°5 inches. Capt. Riley notes of this :—‘“ Of the typical transcaspica (2nd generation) form. The first brood (? January-February) form has been named vernalis by Verity. LeCerf records it from Danoh Konh, and says itis slightly intermediate; the specimen referred to above agrees very well indeed with transcaspian specimens in the B. M.” This male in fresh condition was taken by the writer on 11th April 1920 on a small hill-crest about 500 feet elevation on the Jebel Hamrin ridge at the Fathah gorge on the right bank of the Tigris. Its habits seem to be identicai with those of A. lucilla, which is very active, keeps much on the move and has a hurried flight, keeping usually a foot or so above the ground on which it occasionally settles with open wings. Locality :—Mesopotamia—Jebel Hamrin range on the right bank of the Tigris at Fathah gorge, on April 11th. E. gruneri, H.-S., ssp. armeniaca, Chr.Seitz. Vol. 1. 22 g. Captain P. A. Buxton obtained it commonly at Menjil towards the end of March 1919, flying amongst thick bushes in a gully. Z. gruneri H. 8., which is yellow, is found in Turkey and Greece. armeniaca is a white race flying in Armenia, South Asia Minor, North Syria and North Mesopotamia. Genus GONEPTERYX, Leach. G farinosa, Zeller. Seitz. Vol. 1.42.b: Key : Very similar to the English “‘ Brimstone,’ only with mealy appearance on the upperside, and the orange discoidal spots of forewing are minute or absent. Two males were taken in the Karind Valley, N. W. Persia, at 5,300 to 6,000 elevation in mid-July, one of them in a vineyard, the other in a glade in a wood. They are slightly larger and have smaller orange spots than either rhamni type or r. nepalensis; the hindwing being paler than the forewing, and the butterfly when flying looked at first sight very like a Catopsilia. Localities.—Greece, Asia Minor, W. Asia. There are two named sub-species :— centralasie, Stgr., from Turkestan, and chitralensis, M., from Chitral. Food-plants—Zizyphus jujuba and Z. vulgaris. BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 353 Genus ZEGRIS, Ramb. Z. eupheme, Esper. Seitz Vol. 1. 23 a. Apex of forewing grey with orange centre. Underside of hindwing white with an irregular branching green patch partly tinted with yellow or sienna. This ‘‘ orange tip”’ occurs in 8. Spain and 8. Russia, also through Asia Minor to Armenia, Caucasus, Syria and Persia. Its races intergrade, and the differences between them are slight. The typical form is from 8. Russia and has normally a good deal of yellow on the ground-colour of the hindwing beneath, this contain- ing only about 6 small round spots of white. The butterfly has a remarkable discontinuity in its European distribution, there being no occurrence of the species between Spain and S. Russia. Its transformations are described by Hofmann and others. Subsp. meridionalis Lederer, Seitz. Vol. 1 23b, from Spain has underside hindwing ground colour often quite yellow so that there are no white spots: specimens hardly distinguishable from type also occur. Subsp. menestho, Menetries, from Asia Minor and W. Kurdistan is described as having f.w. with apex less black, powdered with light scales, underside of hindwing a clearer yellow with less green. But the nearest named form to that here mentioned from the Dyala is tschu- dica, Herrich-Schaffer, Seitz. Vol. 1. 23 a, described as an aberration of the typical form from 8. Russia, but occurring also in Syria and Caucasus, and having no yellow on hindwing beneath, but only green on white. Many examples, however, from Mesopotamia are “‘drier”’ still than this, having more white in proportion to green, also the green is more tinted with yellow or sienna es- pecially in the later emerged examples. The National collection, it may be noted, has very few of these eastern or “dry” forms of ewpheme. The egg, taken from the abdomen of a Z. ewpheme tigris, seen under the micro- scope, is a broad stumpy sugar-loaf cone with slightly rounded base. One seen ‘end on’ showed fifteen longitudinal ridges, and also fine transverse ridges between them, each distant from the next by about a third of its length. Breadth to length of egg is as 3 to 4, it being much broader comparatively than the egg of either H. belemia or E. ausonia. Larva.—The larva is shaped like that of Huchle, but is hairy and, it is said, spins itself a cocoon of stout silk attached at both extremities by threads, in this cocoon-making habit resembling the Papilionid genera Thais and Parnassius. Seitz says : “*‘ Larva thick, cylindrical, densely hairy. Pupa stout, with a dense cocoon, in which one finds still a remnant of the thread characteristic for pupz of Pierids”. The genus is based chiefly on the larva. Two other species occur, Z. fausti, Chr., from C. Asia, with a brick-red “‘ tip’’; and Z. olympia Edw., from Texas. Kane says: Food plant. Sinapis incana and a species of Raphanus, etc. Subsp. dyala. Peile. See Plate. Fig. 1:2. @ Q. Description :— Upperside.—Forewing. Ground-colour white. Costa sinuous in outline. Discoidal spot black, convex on basal side, concave exteriorly. Apex inner third black turning outwards at an angle to join costa, middle third an elongated bright orange patch which varies slightly in size and forms an angle with a white subcostal bar, outer third grey. The orange patch usually less, and grey apex darker than in menestho and not tinged with yellow. Hindwing white, with markings of underside showing through slightly. Underside f.w. ground colour white. Discoidal spot dense black as above. Apex with a few touches of yellowish green. Hindwing, an irregular green patch, the shape of which, on the right side, may roughly be compared with that of the map of England and Scotland, with two broken up prolongations of the colour of raw sienna and green towards the costa. These prolongations vary much in P ‘ 354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII. breadth and in the amount of yellow about them, but are less than in Seitz’s fig. of tschudica. 2 slightly the larger as a rule; the orange patch at apex of f.w. usually smaller, sometimes yellowish, and rarely absent (ab. luctifera, Verity). Head much tufted with hairs. Palpi short. Antenne short with thick club. Legs thick and short. LeCerf has figured this form, but as tschudica to which it does not belong. Locality—Common in Mesopotamia from 350 to 600 ft. elevation, in March and April about low hills and plateaux near the river Dyala, especially about two common species of crucifer, one having yellow and the other mauve flowers. The males are active, scurrying about and also settle at flowers. The butterfly varies but little. The orange patch on the forewing is a little larger in some males than in others, and, as before mentioned, in the female may rarely be absent. Expanse.—44-49 mm. Br. Mus. Types, No. Bh. 163 3,164 9; 5 29,9 22, from Kizil Robat taken between 25th February and 6th April 1919. Habits.—It is a fast flier, but is easily taken at crucifers which it frequents. Flight rather like that of P. daplidice, settles more about 10 a.m. than later, when it is much on the wing, flying fast and making the chase rather diflicult over the rough stony ground where the loose stones are hidden by the grass and flowers. On March 24th a female was seen to lay a glistening pearl white egg, very similar in appearance to that of H. belemia, on a young head of flower- buds of the common yellow crucifer. This had changed to orange on the 27th and to blackish grey on the 30th. On March 24th another was seen to lay a similar egg on the tip of a central small unopened flower-bud of wild mus- tard. A pale green cylindrical larva, of normal Pierid shape, finely dotted with black and covered with short hairs, was found on a seed stem of this yellow crucifer about the end of March and was perhaps a full grown larva of this species, but being hairy was thought at the time to be the larva of some moth and so was not kept. On April 9th a worn female ewpheme was seen to settle at some half dozen young flower-clusters of this yellow crucifer and on one of a mauve-flowered erucifer, and was seen to apply the tip of the abdomen to the flower-buds. The butterfly was netted and these flower-clusters taken back to camp and there examined with a lens, but no egg could be seen on them although the abdomen of the butterfly was found to contain 9 eggs. Length to breadth of egg is as 4 to 3. ; This species was first observed on February 23rd and was commonest in the second week of March. On June 25th dry seed-stems of crucifers where the but- terfly had previously been common, were carefully searched, but no cocoons could be found, so they are probably at the roots. In April 1920, a larva, purple with yellow dotted line, was found on a yellow crucifer on a_ hill-crest at Fathah which turned to be a‘ beaked * pupa which suspended itself with body- girdle like other Huchloe pupa, and was very probably of this form. It died as a pupa. Z. eupheme dyala, Peile. (Htom. 54, p. 151, 1921). Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p 591. See. also Plate. Fig. 1 2. Of 26 8, 26 ¥ (now incorporated in B. M. collection), and 6 more. Capt. Riley notes :— “In some five females the apical patch is entirely deficient of orange (=ab. luctifuca, Verity) and in a number of others it is very much restricted or nearly obsolete ; the males too show a considerable amount of variation in the extent of the orange. Ao BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 355 Resembles tschudica in the whiteness of the apical area of underside of forewing, but can at once be separated from it by the far greater reduction in the extent of the green mottling of the underside of the hindwing. There are three pairs of typical tschudica in the B. M. from 8S. Russia, all of which agree far better with Herrich-Schaeffor’s figures than do these specimens from the R. Dyala. I suspect that the @ mentioned by LeCerf taken at Danah Kouh April 1908, is referable rather to this race than to true fschudica.”’ Z. eupheme tigris, Riley. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 591. 13 g, 42 (now in B. M.) taken at Fathah on the right bank of the Tigris from 3rd March to 5th April 1920, Capt. Riley remarks :— ‘This race, like the preceding, comes very close to tschudica, H.-S. It can, however, be separated at once from that by the yellowness of the apical area of the underside of the forewing, this area being white in Herrich-Schaeffer’s figures (Schmett. Eur. f. 449-453) with the exception of the extremes of the inner edge, uniformly yellow in tigris. The mottling of the underside of the hindwing also has considerably more yellow in its com- position than is the case in true tschudica. Two males approach menestho in the richness of the underside coloration; one approaches dyala in the poverty of it. The extent of the orange in the apical patch on forewing above is on the average, appreciably greater than is the case in dyala. B. M. Types No. Rh. 165 @, 166 @. At Amara on 20th May 1918, the writer saw an ‘orange-tip’ with yellow tinged ground-colour on hindwing which was probably a very late example of this f. tigris. It was going from flower to flower in a garden, and was then mistaken for Jvias pyrene.” Genus COLIAS, Fabr. C. croceus, Fourcroy (=edusa, Fab.) Seitz., 1.26g. Of 60 ¢, 90 2 now incorporated in the National Collection, and 17 more from Amara, Fathah Jebel Hamrin (River Dyala), Kizil Robat in Mesopota- mia; and Paitak and the Karind Valley in Persia. Capt. N. D. Riley remarks as follows :— “A magnificent series. The Persian specimens cover the dates 14th July- 10th September; the Mesopotamian series represent captures in nearly every week of the months January-July (middle). As regards size they range from an expanse of 3°7 mm. (Q Jebel Hamrin. 3rd July 1918) to 5:4 mm. (9, Amara, 26th May 1918.) The January and February specimens are noticeably and consistently smaller than those of any other month with the exception of the one very small female mentioned above, and an exactly similar one from same locality, dated 10th June 1918. The amount of variation in colour and markings is remarkable. 1 @ (Kizil Robat, 22nd March 1919) has ground almost lemon-yellow instead of orange ; some examples in which all the veins are marked with yellow across the outer marginal border, are referable to ab. faille. Stefanelli; of the females almost exactly 333 per cent. are of the white helice form; 2 of the @Q f. anbuisonni, Caradja, intermediates in which the yellow has failed; 1 of the Q f. helicina, Oberth, an intermediate form in which the red pigment is absent, leaving the specimen a delicate lemon-yellow. For the rest no two specimens are alike, so it would serve no useful purpose _ to go into details.” There appear to be several broods of the “clouded yellow” in the year in Mesopotamia. It is very common, especially about the end of March, and is widespread from the banks of the Tigris to the highlands of Persia. Near the Dyala it frequents slopes where its food-plant, a small yellow-flowered trefoil 356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII, grows on the fringes of the plateaux, andin vegetable gardens and about patches of lucerne. Among some large bright orange examples of the summer form taken in Mesopotamia in July are a few having a white centre more or less distinct to the black discoidal spot on the underside of the forewing, but no other resemblance to C. fieldi. At Harir, at 5,300 ft. in W. Persia in July, some specimens were taken having this discoidal spot black, the discoidal cell yellow anteriorly and orange posteriorly, the remainder of the underside being markedly green. As in other parts of its range, the green appears to be most marked in the earliest or “‘ wet’ brood and in those found in the highlands ; the underside in June and July in Mesopotamia, or by the Dyala at Kizil Robat, being more “dry ’’, 7.e., more yellow than green. As elsewhere the females vary in shade. White (pallida, Tutt), but not cream-coloured (helice, Hb.) forms were common ; one taken at Mirjana on Jan. 28th, 1920, was of the faintly yellow-tinted form citrina; another more like helice, Hb.. was taken on June 13th, 1920, at Baiji. White females with much grey above were common at Lucerne. One dull cream coloured helice form was taken with a slight edging of orange along the posterior margin of the forewings. When in the paper envelope this one laid eggs of the usual spindle shape and yellowish pearl colour. At Amarain May 1918 and at Baiji in June 1920 very fine grey white females with pale discoidal spots on the hind wings and much grey above were taken. On 21st April 1919, at Kizil Robat, a white female was taken in copula with croceus male, and similarly another on 3rd June (1920) at Baiji, the male doing the flying. On stony- slopes near the Dyala at Kizil Robat about 8 o’clock in the morning in early April one could be fairly sure of putting up some white females of croceus. Early in June at Baiji both yellow and white forms of the female were seen laying eggs singly on the upper side of leaves of lucerne about the middle of one half of the leaf, the butterfly settling but a short time to deposit each egg and then going on to other leaves near-by. White clover was more plentiful than the purple flowered lucerne, but the eggs were laid on lucerne. The egg of yellowish pearl colour when just laid, changing later to salmon- pink, appears slightly smaller and narrower than the egg of &, belemia, although of the two butterflies croceus is much the larger. It is spindle shaped, the top being pointed like the fuze-cap of a shell. 19 longitudinal ridges were counted : a few of these coalesce and some do not quite reach the top of the egg. There are fine transverse ridges. Figures of the various stages can be seen in South’s and Kirby’s works. Larve.—At Baiji in May and June two rugose dark green cylindrical larvee were found on lucerne, having white lateral stripe, and on each segment a minute black spot just below the stripe and a touch of red on the white stripe just above the black spot. These fed on lucerne until they pupated ; one on 25th May suspended horizontally from the petiole of a lucerne leaf, the tail end being towards the stem of the plant; the other pupated on 2Ist June upright against the main stem of lucerne. Pupa.—Stout and thick, the wing-cases being very prominent so that it appears pigeon breasted and with a dorsal hump. In the horizontal one the body girdle was remarkably long so that the pupa swung freely. Colour in one at first semi-transparent green of the same shade as the leaves ; in the other pea-green, this again much resembling the leaves. One of these pupe, as the leaves become more yellow, also changed maintaining the resemblance. On the fifth day the orange of the forewing showed through the pupa-skin as also a dark central mark on each wing and at the end of each vein a minute black spot. On either side of the ventral surface of the first three visible abdominal segments was a brownish black-streak. On the sixth day the markings of the forewings showed so distinctly that the sex of the enclosed butterfly could be determined. The cilia and antenne were marked out in rose-pink. From the pupa of BUTTERFLIES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 357 25th May a male crocews emerged about 10 a.m. on Ist June; and from that of 21st June a yellow female croceus emerged about 5 a.m. on 27th June (1920). At Kizil Robat, from an egg seen laid on a small yellow flowered trefoil, a larva was reared upon the same plant and a male C. croceus resulted. Localities.—The butterfly is very common in Mesopotamia, especially about patches of lucerne, in vegetable gardens and on slopes where the small yellow flowered trefoil grows on the fringes of the plateaux. It is very common in March, early April and June. Mesopotamia.—Sheikh Saad ; Wadi river near Kut; Amara, Baghdad, Kizil Robat, Baiji, Mosul. S. Kurdistan.—Jujar (end of November). N. Persia.—Karind Valley ; and abundant throughout Europe. Genus COLOTIS, Hb. (Teracotus, Swains.) C. fausta, Oliv. Seitz. 1.23c. Of 31 3,41 Q (13 5,19 Q of these now in the B. M.) examined, Capt. Riley notes :— ‘¢ The series shews very considerable variation in size, depth of colour- ation and markings, but, according to the dates on the specimens, this does not seem in any way to coincide with any month or months in the year. The extreme forms in the direction both of ‘ wetness’ and ‘ dryness’ were all taken at Jebel Hamrin (R. Dyala,) within a few days at the beginning of July. These include a large and very heavily marked (wet) pair; a smaller male in which the marginal markings of the forewing above are reduced to a darkening of the extremities of the veins only; females ranging in colouration from that of the male to a pale yellowish pink and 1d which, but for a faint pink tinge on the hindwings, is pure white due to failure of pigment presumably, as the shape and structure of the scales appear to be perfectly normal.” Buxton took this at Amara from 11th September to 4th December and at Shahroban and Baqubah, 29-3lst July; Qasr-i-Shirin, 24th November 1918. ‘* Rests at night among the yellow-green twigs of Sueda.” Abundant in Mesopotamia and North Persia, from the middle of June to the end of November. There are two well-marked broods, that of the dry season up to mid-October, when the second brood, larger and with darkly marked underside appears and is very common, especially at flowering mint by water. In September and October 1918 the butterfly was seen migrating in considerable numbers. A gynandromorph with left side male, right side female, isin the National Collection; it was taken at Amara by Major R. Brewitt Taylor, August 3rd, 1916. On July 6th eggs were seen to be laid singly upon the upperside of the leaves of a round-leaved thorny caper (Capparis spinosa, Ly) which has a very beautiful rather large white flower, with long white stamens which turn mauve, and curious green fruit about the size of a small lemon, the skin of which splits irregularly into three portions each of which curls backwards towards the stem exposing a crimson jam-like substance attached to it and in which the seeds lie embedded. This food-plant not being in leaf earlier than June no wet season brood was seen in Spring, when “‘ wet’ forms of other species are about, although a well- marked wet-season form appears in large numbers in October as already stated Period. June 15th to December 31st. Localities.—Mesopotamia.—Basra, Oct. and Nov. Kut, common, ‘ not seen until June;” Baghdad ; Banks of Dyala at Jebel Hamrin and Kizil Robat ; Khanikin, N. Persia—Seripul, common; Harir, 5,300 ft. very common in Sept Kermanshah, Sept. to 10th October scarce. ce 358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. LYCAENID. Key to the forms of Lycenine of Mesopotamia. A. Hindwing : Without tail. a. Upperside, brown without blue ; a complete subterminal series of black spots and orange lunules. Underside forewing a _ basal blackspot , .Lycena astrarche. b. Upperside, 3 blue. Q “brown. a‘. Qwith more or less blue; an incomplete subterminal series of black spots and orange lu- nules. Underside forewing no basal spots .. ..D. icarus. b.. @sky-blue. Black spots on underside conspicuous .L. bellargus. c. @ satiny blue; ¢ brown, veins darker; Underside cream, spots minute ..L. dama karinda d'. Smaller, Exp. 30mm. @ dark brown. Underside spots larger.L. damone damalis. c. 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