Bibliotheque botanique EMILE BURNAT < ataIo4|uc M" HW^gfnr I Livivs pi'ovfMUiul (Ic l;> l)il)li()lli<''»ni(' lM)l;iiii([iie (rEmile Burnat (I8-2S-19-20), iiisrros eii odobrc ll)-20 dims l:i bilili()lli*"Mnic dii Coiisprvatoire botanique de THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY BEITISH AND FOREIGN. OSbittt b)) HENRY TRIMEN, M.B., F. L. S. BRITISH MUSEUM. ASSISTED BY S. LE M. MOOBE, F.L.S. ROYAL HERBARIUM, KEW. UBI^ART PEW YORK ROTAMlCAl NEW SEEIES, VOL. VIII. (vol. XVII. OF THE ENTIRE WORK.) ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. 187 9. V./7 LONDON : WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. Contributors t0 tjjt ' |ounutl of M'm; leto Sales. Rev. F. Addison. Rev. T. Allin. W. Akchee, F.R.S. Prof. F. W. C. Areschoug. Prof. P. Ascherson. Prof. C. C. BabincxTon, F.R.B., F.L.S. J. Bagnall. C. Bailey. J. G. Baker, F.R.S. , F.L.S. Mrs. Baker. J. Ball, F.R.S., F.L.S. I. B. Balfour, Sc. D., F.L.S. Prof. J. H. Balfour, M.D., F.R.S. R. M. Barrington. M. J. Barrington -Ward, M.A., F.L.S. W. H. Beeby. A. Bennett. . A. W. Bennett, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. G. Bennett, M.D., F.R.S. G. Bentham, F.R.S., F.L.S. Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. T. B. Blow. H. BOSWELL. J. T. I. BoswELL (formerly Syme), F.L.S. R. Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S. A. Brotherston. G. S. Boulger, F.L.S. Mrs. Brasiwell. D. Brandis, M.D., F.L.S. T. R. Archer Briggs, F.L.S. J. Britten, F.L.S. H. Bromwich. R. Brown (Liverpool). H. G. Bull, M.D. tM. M. Bull, M.D. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., F.L.S. Prof. T. Caruel. Prof. R. Caspary. Prof. A. H. Church. A. Christ, Ph.D. A. Craig- Christie, F.L.S. J. W. Clark. H. Cleghorn, M.D., F.L.S. J. Collins. T. Comber. M. C. Cooke, A.L.S. E. J. Cox. Prof. F. Crepin. Rev. .J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S. J. Cunnack. F. CuRREY, F.R.S., F.L.S. N. A. Dalzell. Alph. DeCandolle. A. Deseglise. Prof. G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. G. C. Druce, F.L.S. J. F. Duthie, B.A., F.L.S. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. Rev. a. E. Eaton, M.A. Mrs. Edwards. Prof. A. W. Eichler. A. Ernst, Ph.D. Prof. W. G. Farlow, M.D. W. Fawcett. H. C. Field. T. B. Flower, F.L.S. W. 0. FOCKE. H. 0. Forbes. E. FOURNIER. A. Franc HE T. Rev. J. Eraser. fA. French. tPfiOF. E. Fries. H. G. Glasspoole. Prof. A. Gray, M.D. tJ. E. Gray, Ph.D., F.L.S. L. H. Grindon. H. Groves. J. Groves. ID. Hanbury, F.R.S., F.L.S. F. J. Hanbury, F.L.S. H. F. Hance, Ph.D., F.L.S. H. C. Hart, F.L.S. W. E. Hart. M. M. Hartog, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. fW. A. Hayne. W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S. W. P. Hiern, M.A., F.L.S. IV CONTRIBUTORS. Rev. W. M. Hind, LL.D. C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. fMiss E. Hodgson. E. Holland. E. M. HoLaiEs, F.L.S. Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. T. HowsE, F.L.S. Rev. R. Hunter. J. HUSSEY. +A. Irvine. B. D. Jackson, F.L.S. J. R. Jackson, A.L.S. G. S. Jenman. J. H. A. Jenner. F. E. Kitchener, F.L.S. tS. KuRZ. Rev. J. E. Leefe, F.L.S. E. Lees, F.L.S. Rev. W. a. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S. L. Leresche. E. Levier, M.D. Prof. S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. A. Lister, F.L.S. Mrs. Lomax. c. longfield. A. N. Lundstrum. Prof. W. R. McNab, M.D., F.L.S. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, F.L.S. M. T. Masters, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. W. Mathews. J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. Mrs. Merrifield. tJ. Mieks, F.R.S., F.L.S. W. Mitten, A.L.S. ID. Moore, Ph.D., F.L.S. S. le M. Moore, F.L.S. A. G. More, F.L.S. Prof. J. Morris. Baron F. von Mueller, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. C. J. MULLER. J. MuLLER (Arg.). General W. Munro, C.B., F.L.S. G. R. M. Murray, F.L,S. A. Nathorst. F. Naylor. G. Nicholson. Prof. D. Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S. Rev. E. O'Meara, M.A. W. H. Pearson. C. H. Peck. W. Phillips, F.L.S. C. B. Plowright. H. Polakowsky. J. Pollard. C. Prentice. H. Prestoe. R. A. Pryor, B.A., F.L.S. Rev. W. H. Purchas. Rev. H. p. Reader, B.A. W. W. Reeves. H. Reeks, F.L.S. Prof. H. G. Reichenbach. J. Renny, F.L.S. fW. Richardson. J. F. Robinson. W. D. Roebuck. Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, M.A. F. C. S. Roper, F.L.S. J. Sadler. J. Scott, F.L.S. J. C. Shenstone. W. G. Smith, F.L.S. H. C. SoRBY, F.R.S. R. Spruce, Ph.D. F. Stratton, F.L.S. Rev. G. S. Streatfeild, M.A. R. T. Towndrow. F. Townsend, M.A., F.L.S. Prof. J. W. H. Trail, M.D., F.L.S. f Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart. H. Trimen, M.B., F.L.S. R. Trimen, F.L.S. R. Tucker, M.A. S. H. Vines, M.A., F.L.S. A. R. Wallace, F.L.S. F. I. Warner, F.L.S. Hon. J. L. Warren, M.A. D. A. Watt. F. M. Webb. Rev. R. H. Webb, M.A. tF. Welwitsch, M.D., F.L.S. E. C. White. F. Buchanan White, M.D., F.L.S. J. Willis, Ph.D. W. Wise. Rev. R. Wood, M.A. THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY BRITISH AND FOREIGN. ©rtgtnal ^xtitlt^. ON A MONANDROUS CYPBIPKDIUM. By S. Le M. Moore. (Tab. 200, a.) During the past two seasons some of the flowers, as weU lateral as terminal, on Kew-grown specimens of Cyjyrijjedium Sedeni, Rchb. f. (a hybrid between C. longifolium, Warsc., and C. Schlimii, Rchb. f.*) have lapsed into the curious and highly instructive andi'oecial modification which I purpose to describe and make a few comments upon. I may state that flowers showing this mal- formation are dei)osited in spirit in the Kew Herbarium, so that even if it should not occur elsewhere there will be material for future investigation. Reference to Fig. 1 will show that the monstrous flowers have only four instead of six perianthial organs ; of these the conjoined lateral sepals (ss) are almost normal, and the labellum (/) quite so. O^Dposite the latter, and on the other side of the column, is an organ in the position of the upper sepal, but that it is a petal and not a sepal is shown by its standing on the inner side of the sepals, and by its having the same hue and basal-coloured hairs of a petal. Outside this transijosed x^etal there is no sign of the missing sepal, neither is there a trace of the second petal, t But the most remarkable deviation is to be found in the column. On looking to the centre of the flower the reader will be struck by the absence of the ' shield,' the transformed posticous, in monandrous Orchids antheriferous, stamen. This strange column is shown at Fig. 3 * ' See Gard. Chron.' 1873, p. 1431. + The following notes are selected from a number made with the mon- strous flower before me:— Labellum normal. Breadth of conjoined Interal sepals, an inch and one-fourth (of unmodified flowers an inch and one-twelfth), and their free edges are not reflexed, so that they more closely invest the labellum than is usually the case. Petal an inch and five-sixths limj,' by two-thn-ds of an inch broad at its widest part; in the ordinal y state it hns the same length, but is a trifle narrower; the upper sepal is an inch and onc-tbird br..ad at widest part, and it has no coloured hairs at its base. The figure in the ' Horal Magazine' (1876 t. 200) shows larger and brighter flowers thun any I have seen at Kew. [January, 1879.] » 2 ON A MONANDROUS CYPKIPEDIUM. somewhat larger than nature ; beside it I have figured for com- parison on the same scale the ordinary shield-hearing column, and at Fig. 4 the monstrous arrangement is shown in a larger and more convenient way. The posterior division of the column is here comparatively narrow, short, and truncated at the top, and it bears at the upper part of its inner (anterior) face a single anther ; at the point of divergence of the two divisions on neither side is there the least trace of the usual Cijpripedimn anther. The flower is, therefore, monandi'ous in the strictest sense of the word. The anterior or stigmatic branch of the ordinary column makes a con- siderable angle w^ith the common base, and the tw^o lobes of of the stigma, as well as the crowning third lobe — the rostellum of the Monandreae — are placed transversely and are directed forwards. In the monster, on the contrary, the thu-d lobe is supj)ressed, and the two longitudinally-placed stigmatic lobes are borne on a branch which is almost continuous with the common base, so that they look upwards as well as outwards (Figs. 5 and 6). Finally, as might with much safety be assumed, from the state of the stigma, the ovary is two- celled. -•' The modified flowers have, therefore, a two-wdiorled four-membered j)erianth, a monandrous androecium and a dimerous gynrecium. It is manifest that interest centres on the second of these peculiarities, and that two questions will be uppermost in the mind of every morphologist : first, what is the position of the single stamen ? and secondly, what phylogenetic deductions, if any, are to be drawn from the anomaly ? These questions I shall endeavour to answer as satisfactorily as possible. A glance at the diagram (Fig. 7), the explanation of which is obvious, will suffice to show that the fibro -vascular bundles of the column are three in number, of which one, namely, that supplying the anther-bearing arm, is median, and evidently belongs to the outer whorl, while the other two proceed each towards a stigmatic lobe ; but there is no trace of bundles corresponding in position to the letters a*, a'^, a^,! and r.of the diagram. There is, therefore, no room for doubtmg that the androecium of our monster is similar, allowance made for suppression, to that of ordinary Monandrese. The expectation of finding, m accordance with this interesting fact, cellular modifications associated with the morphological ones, was, however, nullified in every way, the anther having the many- layered endothccium and fully-evolved pollen-grains entangled in glutinous matter which mark the genus. It will here be convenient to mention the published deviations fi'om the usual structure of Ci/jiripediuni. Asa Gray I has seen a * A tendency to suppression of one of the placentas is figured by Cramer (Bil.lungsabweichung.-n.t. xiv. Fig. 2) in an abnormal flower of Ojyhrys arachnites, ami in Asa Gray's specimen of Cijpripedium candidiim ('Silliman's Journal,' 1866, p. 195), there were only two placentas. t I may hero state that, in common with everybody who has worked at Orchid Morphology, I have nover seen in this genus a trace of the bundle cor- responding in position to the a^ of the diagrams. X L.c. p. 1U5. Dr. Iteichenbach showed inc a similar monster some months ago. ON A MONANDKOUS CYPRIPEDIUM. 3 terminal flower of C. candidum, L,, which had no labenum, but two sterile ' shield' stamens, and two fertile stamens oi^posite the petals, and therefore normal in position. Unfortmiately the two lateral sepals are, in this note, considered as one ; and as it is said that the sterile stamens were oj)posite the sepals, it seems scarcely- possible to conclude otherwise than that they represent the organs marked A^ and a^ in the diagram. The surprise which is naturally felt at the appearance of the usually-absent a^ is lessened by the fact of the absence of the labellum,-'' and by the existence of the former organ in the closely allied genus, if not monstrous form known as Uropedium. Then Masters! figures a monster which seems to have been modified in a somewhat similar way to ours. In this the lateral sepals are wanting, and the central one is divided into two ; the labellum is quite normal, except for a slight lateral disarrangement ; the petals are placed in a median or nearly median position, and the androecium is regular, except that the shield is suppressed. The same author says : — " A tetran- drous flower of Cypripedium has also been recorded." This I presume to refer to Asa Gray's case above-mentioned, though possibly I may be mistaken. To these must be added Uropedium, \ which has a flat petal-like labellum, three complete stamens opposite the petals, and therefore in the position of a\ a^ and a^^ as well as a median sterile one (Ai ), something like the Cypri- pedium ' shield,' but fi-ee from the style, and united to the lateral stamens. We see then that in Cyprijjediece every stamen may be antheriferous with the exception of A^ and A^, which by adherents to the Brown-Lindley-Darwin morphology are supposed to be united with the labellum. On the other hand, if we turn to Monandi'ese, we find that in Pogonia ophioglossoides all the stamens have been seen, and in the well-known case of Arimdina pentandra, figured by Eeichenbach in ' Xenia Orchidacea,' t. 105, all with the exception of a^ . Many instances have also been recorded of diandrous and triandrous monsters in several other genera. § Whether we incline to the conclusion of Brown, Lindley,|| Darwin, and their followers, according to which the position of the * May not the labellum have been present in the form of the sterile stamen ? Cases of pollen being borne by petals in Orchideai are on record. Perhaps an intermediate condition may be that of a flat labellum, mentioned by Reichenbach as occurring in the case of Selenipedium Warsczeioiczii. + * Vegetable Teratology,' p. 93, fig. 44. + Brongniart, 'Ann. Sc. Nat.' III. Ser., Botanique, vol. xiii., p.ll3, tab. 2. The question as to the monstrous condition or generic validity of this form has been answered by Reichenbach (' Bot. Zeituug,' 187G, p. 41) in the latter sense. This conclusion is founded on two facts : first, that it bears seed capable of repro- duction ; and secondly, that for the most part Uropedium and Selenipedium inbabit diff'erent countries, and that where they are compatriots they are not neighbours. It matters little to my present purpose which view be adoi^ted ; it ought, however, to be said that Reichenbach speaks of having seen a tripetalous flower of S. Warsczewiczii. § See Masters, I.e. p. 380, for a number of these, II Every appeal to theoretical structure indicates, in my opinion, a belief in Evolution so far as relates to the diff'erentiations from that structure, so that we may fairly claim tbe two greatest uinetc-enUi -century English botanists as 4' ON A MONANDROUS CYPRIPEDIUM. vascular bundles is absolutely determinative of that of the organs, or whether with Reichenbach, Criiger and others, we deny the exis- tence of any adnation of androecium to labellum,'^' we cannot have a doubt but that m the androecium of Orchidece there has been a tendency to supi)ression in an organic iDOsticous (usually positional anticous) sense, just the reverse of what we find in Apostasia. This apphes to the gynaecium as well as to the androe- cium, but conversely. I unhesitatingly include Cijin'ipediecB here, and perhaps the proof of the legitimacy of my doing so is the most valuable outcome of this note, since, while amonandrous condition was unknown in Diandi'eae, it might have been considered quite possible that, proximately speaking, these latter and the Monan- drea3 did not have a common ancestor, though it must be admitted that Hildebrandt's t discovery of the reciprocal effect of the poUen made this position a very unsafe one. Fortunately there is no need to make a great call on the imagination to gain clear insight into the process of evolution of the various forms, for the normal and abnormal 3-6-andi'ous states among Mouandrese, together with Uropediwn, afford us the plainly defined outlines for such insight. What we have to decide is, whether our monstrous condition is a mere ' freak of natm*e,' or a reversion to some ancestral condition. The method in the madness at once puts a veto on the first presumption. As for the second, were Link's J view of the monandiy of Cijpripedium the correct one, we should feel almost sure that, in spite of some difficulties, this is an instance of simple reversion, the Diandr^e being the descendants of believers, to some extent, in Darwinian principles. This has recently been insisted on by Kuntze, who says, '• Diese Mutationslehre der Bliithen ist vor Darwin's Epoche in Geltung gewesen ; sie wii-d auch heutzutage von alien Gegnern Darwin's inconsequenterweise nicht beanstandet, trotzdem eine Lehre ohne die andere nicht deukbar ist," ' Schutzmittel,' p. 63. * I venture to think that Criiger's citation of Isochilus — a genus in which the labeUura is scarcely different from the petals — is as much unfortunate as otherwise, since it may be tbat the tundeucy to pentandry is a consequence of the singleness of tlie labellum, so that this may be an exception upon which no conclubion can be founded. It is hero noteworthy that the labellum of Arundina pentandra is comparatively small, and but slightly differentiated. On the other hand, teratological cases in which the labellum is simplified without numerical increase of the stamens support the Reichenbachian view. In the curious Dichcea referred to by Reii-henbach (' Eot. Zeitung,' 1877, p. 38), I can only se-^ an example, either of fission or of multiplication and displace- ment. Criiger found tliat in Catasetum the labellum appears after the petals, and nearly at the same time as the stamen, a fact which militates to a certain ext.-nl against his theory. The same order of appearance of the meuib>.n-s of the petaline wliorl was observed by Payer in Calanthe veratrifolia ('Organ. Comp.' p. (-.65, t. U'i). f • Bot. Zeit.,' 1805, p. ti4.6. I Ic found that pollen of Cyjyripedium parviflorum applied to Orchis mascula caused the ovary to swell and the ovules to come to almost a perfect developmeut, though there was no embryo-formation ; in fact this pollen, curiously enough, was more effectual on the above-named Orchis than was pollen of (). Morio. Conversely, pollen of 0. mascula was similarly effectual on Cypripedium Calceoliix. J ' Bot. Zeitung,' 1849, p. 745. He thinks that each division of the column bears half an anther I He examined C. spectabiU, L., a species about which I can affirm that there isnothing peculiar. ON A MONANDROUS CYPRIPEDIUM. 6 the Monandi'eae. But nowhere has Link's curious theory, so far as I am aware, met with favourable reception, and wliatever refu- tation it does not carry with itself is furnished by the appearance in G. Sedeni of a single median anther essentially similar to either of- the 7iormal ones. In all probability the Cypripedeous type is an earlier one than the Monandreous, since there are in it more similar parts and a lesser differentiation of those parts ; and this may be held in spite of the undoubted fact of retrogression in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom;'-^' in fact, if the subject be thought out, there seems to be no other possible view than this ; for, supposing other- wise for a moment, we can conceive no conditions which could educe the Diandi-eous from the Monandreous type, since all the causes of floral retrogression, viz., variations in entomophily or in reciprocal fertility, unfavourable weather, and change of entomo- phily to anemophily are out of the question here. I do not mean to say that Cypripedium is the progenitor of all other Orchids, but that some tyi^e, probably extinct at the x^resent time, containing stamens of the two whorls and Cyx^ripedeous pollen, was the starting point of the Order. On this supposition the persistence of Uropedium, provided it be not a monster, and the possession by Yucca Whipplei, Torr.,| of pollen like that of the CypripediecB are facts of the highest importance. After a time all the stamens except A% a^ and a^ would appear to have been either entirely eliminated or partially so, and finally, either A^ or both a^ and a^ failed to produce pollen. Now if in our monster a^ and a-^ had not entirely aborted, we should have precisely the structure of some orduiary Monandi-eae. I believe, then, that we see here a peculiar kind of reversion, enth-ely distinct from any form of what Darwin has called '* analogous variation,". and perfectly con- sonant with the theories of ' Pangenesis ' and ' Physiological Units,' as well as with the ' Plastidule ' theory of Haeckel adopted by Strasburger. | It differs from ordinary reversion in this, that whereas in the latter the teratological structure is the ancestral one, in C. Sedeni the monstrous is the derived state. I was at first so struck with this that I thought of proposing some term to express it, such as ' Eevision of Structure,' or * Ke-presentation of a Process of Evolution,' but I now think all requirements will be satisfied by accentuating this as a peculiar method of reversion.^ We see, then, that those of the lapses from normal expression of organised existence which are sufficiently constant to be appre- hended by the science of to-day as orderly phenomena, maybe separated into two groups. One of these shows us Reversion * For the animal kingdom see Darwin's ' Descent of Man.'.i., p. 205, and text-books; also E. K. Lankester on Dohrn's Theory in 'Nature,' Vol. xii. p. 479. In the vegetable kingdom, take Glumales for instance, and most MonochlamydecB, as well as many aquatic Phanerogamia. Sixteen years ago Mr. Darwin came to the conclusion that Cypripedium is an ancient type. ' Fert. of Orchids,' ed. i., p. 331. + See J. G. Baker in ' Gard. Chron.' 187G, pt. I., p. 196, Fig. 42. + ' Studien uber Protoplasma,' p. 48. 6 FURTHER NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITES. to an ancestral condition, and for it the term " Proximate Ecvcrsion " may perhaps be allowed. The other is a re-delineation, as it were, of developmental lines which are usually invisible. Moreover, it may confidently be expected that w4ien our know- ledge of that difficult subject the pedigree of organisms becomes more definite, and when some safe conclusions have been reached concerning the phylogenetic value of the facts of Teratology, many more instances of this second form of Eeversiou will be brought to hght. [Appendix. — Since writing the above I have had the advan- tage of oral communication with Dr. Eeichenbach, who informs me that he has in his collection two monstrous states of Cijpripedinw Sedeni, the one above-noticed, and another in which the sides of the ' shield ' are polleniferous. As he has many othei interesting Cijpripedium monsters, we may hope soon to have a memoir on the Teratology of the genus at his hands. — Oct. 1878.] Explanation of Tab. 200, a. — 1. Monandrous Uower of Cypripedium Sedeni, Rchb. f. (natural size). 2. Column of normal flower about natural size. 3. Column of monster on scale of last. 4. Enlarged view of monstrous column. 5. Stigniatic lobes of normal flower slightly enlarged. 6. Stigmatic lobes of monster on scale of last. 7. Diagram of flower. FURTHER NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITES. By Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R.S. (Tab. 200, b.) In the number of this Journal for February last I took occasion to allude to certain malformations of interest as bearing upon the structure of Composites. The flowers of Helenium. autwnnale, to which reference was there made, had neither ovary nor calyx, the corolla was virescent, the five stamens were free and sprang from a i)rolonged thalamus, which l)ore at its summit two open leaves representing carpels but without trace of ovules. • It is not neces- sary to refer in greater detail to tliese flowers ; suffice it to say that from a consideration of the structure, normal and abnormal, of Composite flowers, as well as of the course of development, I arrived at the conclusion that the balance of evidence lay with those who consider the pappus not as a true calyx, but as a series of outgrowths or trichomes rather than as definite phyllomes. I have now to mention some malformations in Leontodon [Apargia) autunnialr which api)ear to me to be of considerable interest, and for which I am indebted to the kindness of* Mr. M. P. Edgeworth. Under ordinary circumstances the flower-heads of this plant are borne on long slender stalks, destitute, or nearly so, of scales. The involucre consists of numerous linear-lanceolate bracts in many rows, suiTounding a flat receptacle from which the ligulate florets proceed. Each floret emerges, as it were, from a little socket in the receptacle, the edge of the socket bearing four or five small Tat. 200 Mon an dr oiis Cy p rip e diuin . M. Suft del MiTitern Bros . imj Monstro-QS Apargia. SPICILEGIA FLORAE SINENSIS. 7 lanceolate teeth. The pappus is plumose, in many rows, and surrounds the ordinary ligulate corolla, with its usual contents. In the flowers with which I was favoured by Mr. Edgeworth the condition of things was very different. The peduncles were covered nearly throughout their length with minute linear bracts passing insensibly into the involucre. The involucral bracts sur- rounded tufts of strap-shaped, oblong, membranous, ciliated scales. Possibly these represented the pappus of an ordinary flower. Within them the corolla was present in the form of a variable number of yellow thread-like processes, quite distinct one from the other. No trace of stamens was visible in any of the flowers that I examined. The ovary, however, was wholly superior, with a single cavity and a single style terminating in a variable number (2-5) of stigmatic branches. The ovule was of the ordi- nary character and, in some cases, was associated with a second. It is admitted on all hands that there is a certain amount of antagonism between the processes of nutrition and growth and that of reproduction ; the cu-cumstances that favour the one are not so propitious to the others. Again, it is not contested that the differen- tiation fi-om the ordinary leaf-type is considerably greater in the case of the stamens than it is in the case of the corolla or pistil. It would seem, therefore, that in the Leontodon before us, the vegetative tendency predominated over the reproductive. The bracts w^ere increased in number, the pappus was no longer a mere series of threads, but represented by broad scales, the corolla was arrested in its development, the stamens were entirely suppressed, while the carpels w^ere well and even inordinately developed. The arrest of vegetative growth and the subsequent differentiation were therefore considerably less marked than usual. Although malformations are not uncommon in Composita), and the literature relating to them is extensive, yet I do not remember to have met with a case like the above, nor with the record of such a one. Description of Tab. 200, b. — 1. Head of flowers (nat. sizf). 2. One of the monstrous flowers (enlarged). 8. Ovary (much magnified). SPICILEGIA FLOKiE SINENSIS : DIAGNOSES OF NEW, AND HABITATS OF RARE OR HITHERTO UNRE- CORDED CHINESE PLANTS. By H. F. Hance, Ph.D., Menib. Acad. Nat. Cur., &c., &c. IV. 1. Ranunculus {Uccatonid) ^Moellendorffh, .s;^ nov. Radicc simpUciter et crasse fibrosa, caule erecto tistuloso sulcato-striato glabro pedaU et ultra, foliis radicalibus louge caulini.s.pie brcvitcr petiolatis palmato-tripartitis laciniis trifidis acuminatis mciso- 8 SPICILEGIA FLOR-flE SINENSIS. serratis utrinque sparsim hirsutis petiolis basi dilatatis amplexan- tibus, peduuculis inferue glabris apicem versus hirsutis nudis uiiifloris V. apice in ramos 2-4 1-2-floros bracteis tripartitis laciiiiis oblongis v. linearibus iuciso-serratis stipatos divisis, calyce caduco, petalis obloiigis intcgris albis venosis efoveatis extus medio apiceque hirsutis 4^ Hu. longis, stamiuibus carpella sub-£equautibus, carpelHs phirimis hiieari-oblougis levibus immargmatis in rostrum tenue iis paulo brevius apice circinatim unciuatum abeuntibus. In locis humidis m. Po-hua-shau, Chinse borealis, alt. 5-6000 ped., d. 19 Aug., 1875, collegit am. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. (Herb, propr. 11. 20,351. ) It is with rehictauce that I characterise a new species in a group where so many are still very unsatisfactorily defined, but the present one seems beyond question different from any yet described from northern Asia. Its nearest allies I take to be without doubt li. aconitifolius, Linn. ! and B. platanifulius, Linn. ! neither of which occurs in the Orient, in India, or perhaps in any part of the Russian empne. It differs from these by its few- tlowered inflorescence, efoveolate petals, and the far more numerous differently-shaped nerveless carpels. 2. Xasturtium (Clandestinaria) bemjalense, DC. In ditionis Can- tonensis agris et cultis vulgaris. M. Boissier has, I know not wherefore, placed his X. niloticum, which certainly belongs here, in the section Cardaminum (' Fl. Orient.' i. 178). 3. Capparis hastigcra, Hance. Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, 1877, Bullock. The specimens have leaves for the most part elliptico-lanceolate, and without the hastate form which sug- gested the specific name, but they undoubtedly belong to the same species. 4. lonidium siifruticosion, (ring. Cii'ca Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, a. 1877, Bullock. Recorded from China by DeCandoUe, but I know of no recent instance of its being gathered in the country. 5. Silene Oldhamiana, Miq. In arena litorea juxta oj^pidum Pak-hoi, ora australiori prov. Kwang-tung, m. Martio 1878, coU. T. L. Bullock. Here is another example of the southward extension of a plant at first detected in North-eastern Asia, and which until now had not been found south of Amoy. It sends down a strong perpendicular root mto the sand. The late Dr. Rohrbach placed this in the genus Melandriuin, an arrangement of which few botanists will approve, and he himself, indeed, .was not indisposed (* Linnaea,' xxxvi., 203) to refer all the species of his section Klisanthe, to which the present i)lant belongs, back to Silene. I think they will very naturally range there, together with Hcliospertna, next after his series Compacttc. 6. Hypericum {Xonjsca) chincnsCy Linn. In monticulo calcareo Kun-yam-ngam, secus fl. North River, prov. Cantonensis, m. Julio, 18G4, leg. Sampson ; ad ripas fl. Lien-chau, Oct., 1876, coll. Rev. J. C. Nevin. Apparently a rare plant, but undoubtedly wild. The leaves are of rather a firmer texture than in cultivated specimens, which are common in gardens. 7. CalophijUum Lwphijlliun, Linn. Circa Kieng-chau-fu, ins. SPICILEGIA FLOR^ SINENSIS. 9 Hai-nan, coll. Kev. P. Delavay; juxta Hoi-hau, ejusdem insula, legg. Bullock et Stuhlmann. 8. Camellia Sasanqua, Thunb. Supra Teli-king, secus fl. West River, prov. Cantonensis, die 7 Nov., 1877, copiose et sponte in collibus nascentera, invenit Rev. R. H. Graves. 9. Camellia (EucamilUa) Grijsii, sp. nov. Ramulis petiolisque glabris, foliis coriaceis glaberrimis elliptico-lanceolatis basi cuneatis apice caudato-acuminatis crebre argute serrulatis supra vix lucidulis subaveniis subtus opacis costa valida nervisque primariis promi- nentibus secundariis minus conspicuis 2^3^ poll, longis 10-15 lin. latis petiolo 3-4 lineali, alabastris lanceolatis, sepalis ovatis, petalis profunde obcordatis basi in annulum concretis 15 lin. longis, staminibus conspicue monadelphis 3-4 lin. tantum longis glabris, ovario lanato, stylis ad medium usque coalitis crassiusculis glabris. In prov. Tokien, a. 1861, leg. am. C. F. M. de Grijs. (Herb, propr., n. 7308.) When this was first sent me I supposed it might be Abel's C. oleifera, but I believe there is now no doubt that this is referable to the preceding species, which certainly does yield oil in Kwang- tung. The present plant I consider to stand between C. Sasanqua and C. Kissi, Walt., referred by Seemann, without sufficient proof, I think, to C. drupifera, Lour. ('Trans. Linn. Soc' xxii., 345.) It is nearest and looks more like the latter in its subopaque acuminate leaves ; but the nervation is still more conspicuous, and the serratures more copious, divergent, and very acute ; the Indian species, too, has but slightly emarginate petals, and slender quite free styles. By its deeply bilobed petals and semiconnate styles it agrees with the former species ; but the leaves are not shining, the stamens are shorter, and more distinctly united into a ring. 10. Hibiscus inutabilis, Linn. Ad Lung-mun-hap, h. e. ''fauces oris draconis," secus fl. West River, prov. Cantonensis, d. Novem- bris, 1877, coll. Rev. R. H. Graves. The only truly wild specimens I have ever seen. 11. Hibiscus syriacus, Linn. Secus fl. North River, prov. Can- tonensis sponte crescentem invenerunt Sampson, Julio, 1864, et Rev. J. C. Nevin, Oct., 1876. I do not know why, in the ' Flora of British India,' Dr. Masters has placed this and the preceding in the section Paritium. They certainly do not belong there, their capsule being quite destitute of false dissepiments, but to Ketmia, where DeCandolle originally stationed the latter, placing the former under Abelmoschus. B. Rosa-sinensis apparently never fruits here, but I have little doubt that it also falls under Ketmia, and not Paritium, where it is likewise placed by Masters. 12. Oxalis {Biophytum) Reinwardtii, Zucc. Prope Macao, ipse legi, 1860; in umbrosis juxta ripas fl. West River, prov. Can- tonensis, d. 21 Julii, 1872. DcCandolle's genus Biophytum, united with Oxalis in the ' Genera,' has been again separated by Kurz, and also in the ' Flora of British India,' but it seems to have little claim to distinction, especially when the wide differences of habit in various species of Oxalis are considered. 13. Xanthoxylon alatum, Roxb., var. Circa Amoy, ipse legi, I 10 SPICILEGIA FLOR.E SINENSIS. Oct., 1857; in fruticetis Cantonensibus m. Maio, 1878, invenit E. H. Parker. Mr. Bentham referred my Amoy specimens to X 7utidum, Bge., which is, however, different, being the X. Biingei, Planch., named later by me X. simulans. The present plant which I, relying on Bentham' s supposed identification, also described as X. Bungei, scarcely differs from X. j)lanispinum, S. & Z., to which 1 referred the first specimens I gathered. (See 'Ann. sc. nat.' 5e. s^r. V. 209 ; and Maximo wicz, * Mel. Biol. Acad. St. Petersb.' viii., 2 and 372.) 14. Amoora Eohitiika, W. & A. Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, a. 1877, coll. Bullock. Not, I think, previously recorded as Chinese. 15. Zizyphus Jujiiha, Lam. Prope Tien-pak, ora australiori prov. Cantonensis, ipse legi, m. Novembri, 1866. 16. Zizyphus vuh/aris, Lam. Ad. Fuk-wing, prov. Cantonensis, coll. b. Krone ; in ditione Pekinensi ubique reperitur. Extensively grown in some parts of Kwang-tung for the fruit.; when dried usually known to foreigners as " dates," which they resemble a good deal in apj)earance. 17. Schniidelia Cobbe, DC. Ch'ca Hoi-hau ins. Hai-nan, aest. 1877, legit Bullock. 18. Crotalaria medicaginea, Lam. In fancibus Sam-yung, fl. West Eiver, prov. Cantonensis, d, 8 Junii, 1867, coll. Sampson. 19. Crotalaria striata, D.C. Whampoae, in ins. Danorum, m. Novembri, 1868, legit filius Alfredus. 20. Melilotus macrorrhiza, Pers. Secus ripas fl. "West Eiver, alibique in prov. Cantonensi, quotannis m. Junio flf. et frf. copiose occurrens, absque dubio vere spontanea. 21 Desmodium reticulatum, Champ., forma fohis omnibus uni- foliolatis. Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, sest. 1877, collegit Bullock. This is certainly specifically identical with the Hong-Kong plant, the lower leaves of which have not unfrequently but one leaflet. 22. Derris oblonga, Bentli. Inter rupes ad ripas limosas fl. Cantonensis, fl. Aprili frf. Jun.-Jul., 1870, detexit Sampson. Now first recorded from China. 23. Scotanthus tubijiorus, Naud. ? Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, aest. 1877, coU. Bullock. Apparently referable to this species, but the calyx-tube is much more woolly than represented by Naudin. (• Ann. sc. nat.' 4e. ser. xvi., t. 3.) 24. Bruguiera cylindrica, Bl. Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, aest, 1877, coll. Bullock. Identical with Pierre's plant from Phu-kok, before enumerated by me. I suspect Mr. Kurz may be correct ('Joum. As. Soc. Bengal,' xlvi., 51) in acknowledging only one species of this section, B. gynmorrhiza, Lam. 25. Quisqualis indica, Linn. Secus fl. West River, copiose ; juxta Hoi-liau, ins. Hai-nan, coll. Bullock. There is, I believe, but one species of Quisqualis in this part of China, and I do not think either Q. sinensis, Lindl., or Q. grandifiora, Miq., have any claim to distinction. 26. Eugenia Grijsii, Hance. Secus fl. Lien-chau, prov. Can- tonensis, supra oppidulum Tai-wan, 55 mill. pass, ab ostio, Oct., SPICILEGIA FLOR^ SINENSIS. 11 1876, coll. Eev. J. C*. Nevin. Bacca globosa, 2-2^ lin. diametro calycis tubo semilineali 4-dentato sinubus latis coronata. Only previously known from Mr. De Grijs's Fokien specimens. (See Seemann's ' Journ. Bot.' ix. 5.) 27. Lagerstroemia indica, Linn. In collinis circa Cantonem, necnon secus fluvios North et West Eivers, prov. Cantonensis, vulgarem et certe spontaneam collegerunt Sampson aliique. 28. Mollugo Spergula, Linn. Jnxta Hoi-han, ins. Hai-nan, coll. Bullock. Common in various parts of India, but I do not think it has been previously recorded from China. 29. Sanicula lamelligera, Hance. Secus fl. North Eiver, juxta confluentiamfl. Lien-chau, m. Oct., 1876, coll. domina L. Whilden. Miss Whilden brought awaj^ a specimen of this, dug up amongst some ferns, and it has since flowered and fruited abundantly, on a piece of damp rock- work. From the living plant 1 am enabled to add a fevv^ details and corrections to the original character of this noteworthy species. Planta pedalis, umbellis nonnunquarn usque ad 16-radiis nunc compositis, petalis pallide violaceis obtusiusculis inflexis (haud retusis), antheris vii'gineis pallide violaceis cassis albidis, fi'uctibus ovoideis lateraliter conspicue compressis com- missura lata mericarpiis facile secedentibus lamelli vel costulis 10 subundulatis auctis, vittis sub singula costula solitariis. Maxi- mowicz's S. tuherculata appears intermediate between S. hqyinnata, H & A., and 8. tiiberosa, Torr. The present is the only known species of the genus with distinct wing-like ribs to the fruit, and is a very remarkable one. 30. Hedyotis {Diplophragma) amplifloea, sp. nov. CauHbus diffusis subancipitibus lineis duabus x3ilosis perciu'sis, stipulis ovatis 3-5-setosis, foliis 1^-3 poll, longis 10 lin. latis breviter petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis basi cuneatis apice acuminatis supra opacis praeter nervos parce strigillosos glabris subtus pallentibus hirtellis costa nerulisque tenuibus arcuatis 3 utroque latere elevatis, inflorescentia terminali ampla repetito-dichotoma corymbosa stri- gillosa, bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis, floribus longiuscule pedicellatis 1^ lin. longis, calycis lobis tubo sequilongis linearibus acutis plus minus recurvis, corolla extus glabra fauce dense albo- hirsuta, stylo exserto stigmate bilobo incrassato, capsula sub- compressa vertice rotundata leviter emarginata ultra calycem producta in coccos bipartibiles dehiscente, seminibus in utroque loculo 2 rugosissimis. In ins. Hai-nan, circa Hoi-hau, £est. 1877, coU. Bullock. (Herb, propr. n. 20,321.) 31. Hedyotis (? Diplophragma) effusa, sp. nov. Glaberrima, caulibus gracihbus, stipulis triangulatis integerrimis, foliis brevis- sime petiolatis ovato -lanceolatis acutis supra subopacis subtus paUidis obscure penniveniis 1^3 poU. longis 8-15 lin. latis, cynais terminalibus compositis dichotomis ramis ramulisque divaricatis- simis, floribus 2 hn. longis, calycis ovoidei dentibus parvis, corolla infundibulari, stylo exsei-to, stigmate bicrm-i, capsula subrotunda vertice plana in coccos monospermos secus ventrem dehiscentes partibiH. Secus fl. West River, prov. Cantonensis, m. Junio, 1864, coll. T. Sampson. (Herb, propr. n. 11,230.) 12 SPICILEGIA FLOE^ SINENSIS. 32. Hedyotis (Diplophrac/ma) capituligeka, sp. nov. Caiile simplici quadi'aiigulo liueis alternis pilosis percurso, stipulis apice 2-4 setosis, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis v. acutiusculis supra glabris siibtus pallidioribus praeter costam nervosque tenues lineatos utriiique 6 strigillosos glabris, floribus in capitula globosa multiflora ad apices ramorum 1-2 poll, longorum caulem quasi umbellatim terminautium congestis bilinealibus, bracteis parvis linearibus, dentibus calycinis parvis triangulatis, corolla iufundibulari lobis obtusis fauce intus liii'ta, genitalibus breviter exsertis, capsula conipressa polysperma. Secus ripas fl. North Eiver, prov. Cantonensis, d. 26 Julii, 1864, legit Sampson. (Herb, propr. n. 11,402,) The above three plants are quite distinct from any Asiatic species in my herbarium. I believe I have placed them in the right section, but the coiTect location of Hedyotides is a task of great difficulty. I almost fear Sir Joseph Hooker has rather cut than united the Gordian knot by the elevation to generic rank of so many of the old sections. In many cases they are almost impossible to distinguish, and are often not at all well marked by habit. 33. Pcederia chineyisis, Hance.* I find the ripe fi'uit of this, which I have recently been able to examine, agree substantially with Sir J. Hooker's description of the round-fi'uited species (' Gen. Plant.' ii., 134) except that I fail to detect any thickening of the margin of the integument. On the inner faces of the pjTenes the union between the endocarp and testa is loosened, and this gives them an appearance of considerable tumidity there, especially when moistened. Gaertner's figure (' Suppl. Carpol.' t. 195, f. D.) represents the layer of albumen narrower as regards the width of the embryo than in my plant, in which, too, the embryo, in trans- verse section, instead of being shaped like a caraway, has a swelling at the junction of the cotjdedons and the radicle. 34. Artemisia vestita, Wall. Prope Ta-chiao-sze, ditionis Pekin- ensis, Sept., 1874, Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. New to the Peking flora. (See ' Spicilegia,' fasc. 2, n. 27.) 35. Hieracium umhellatum, Linn. In monte Po-hua-shan, Chinae borealis, d. 6 Octobris, 1874, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. Found in various parts of Siberia, Amuria, Dahuria, and Mongolia, biit not to my knowledge previously recorded from China. 36. Adenopliora trachelioides, Maxim. Chi-fu, Oct., 1874, coll. F. B. Forbes. This, which Mr. Hemsley, under the impression that it was new, has named A. Isabella;, is quite identical with a Peking plant received from Dr. Wells Williams, which I refer without hesitation to Maximowicz's species. 37. Priinula Maxim owiczii, Eegel. In summo monte Po-hua- shan, d. 20 Junii, 1875, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. I cite this species for the purpose of noting that it is the same as my P. oreocharis. Dr. Kegel, who forestalled me by a very short time * See last fasciculus, n. 26. SPICILEGIA FLOR^ SINENSIri. 13 in naming it (' Act. hort. Petrop.' iii., 139) takes exactly the same view of its position as I do ; and I am truly glad my specific name is superseded by that of the excellent and amiable botanist to whom he has dedicated it. Dr. v. Moellendorff, when sending specimens of this lovely plant, wrote : — " Amicus noster cl. Dr. Bretschueider erravisse mihi videtur colorem hujus floris saturate purpureum appellans. Equidem, nullum nisi rubrum (tamquam Lilii tenuifolii) florem vidi. Primidcc speciem a cl. P. David in opera suo " Eenseignements," etc., enumeratam, eandem esse credo, cujus colorem auctor franco-gallice ' rouge ponceau ' esse scripsit. Nonnunquam etiam caulis hujus stirpis ruber v. rubescens in- venitur." A primrose like this, with flowers of the colour of a corn-poppy, would unquestionably be a fine addition to European gardens, and it would, of course, be perfectly hardy. 38. Jasmbmm undulatum, "Willd. In fruticetis ditionis Can- tonensis vulgaris. Mr. Baker has quite recently (*F1. Maurit.' 221) referred this as a synonym to the well-known J. Sambac, Ait. If, as I believe there is no doubt, the Canton plant belongs to Willdenow's species, the two appear to me (and I have both living before me) utterly and unmistakably distinct in habit, colour and shape of leaves, and flowers. 89. Bonnaya reptcms, Spr. Cantone, ipse primum legi, Nov., 1856; in interioribus provincise hinc inde occurrens quam B. brachiatam tamen multo rarior. The remaining Chinese species have been enumerated by M. Maximowicz ('Mel. Biol. Acad. St. Petersb.' ix., 421.) 40. Ercmtheinum crmulatum, Wall. In montibus prov. Kiang-si, a. 1873, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff ; in ins. Hai-nan, juxta Hoi- hau, a. 1877, detexit Bullock. 41. Peristrophe tinctoria, N. ab E. Circa Hoi-hau, ins. Hai-nan, invenit Bullock. These and Dr. von MoeUendorfi''s Kiu-kiang specimens are the only ones I have seen of Chinese .origin. 42. Myoporum {Pentaccelium) chinense, A. Gr. Ad ripas fluvii juxta Pak-hoi, ora australiori prov. Kwang-tung, m. Dec, 1877, coU. T. L. Bullock. A very southerly station for a plant hitherto, as far as I am aware, only found on the Fokien coast. 43. Clerodendroyi squamatiim, Vahl. Cii'ca Hoi-hau, ins. Hai- nan, a. 1877, coU. Bullock et Stuhlmann. 44. Geniosporum HOLOCHEiLUM,s7;.7iov. Caulc ramisquc hispidls, foliis oblongis acutiusculis leviter serratis in petiolum brevem angustatis utrinque setis albidis articulatis adpressis hispidis li-lf poll- longis semipollicem latis, verticillastris multifloris in spicam densam cylindraceam sesquipollicarem congestis, floribus vix bilinealibus breviter pedicellatis, calycibus villosissimis bilabiatis labio. superiore 4-nervi nervis apice anastomosantibus truncato integerrimo tenuissime glanduloso-ciliato inferiore duplo breviore integerrimo obtuso, corollae calycem duplo excedentis labiis extus glanduloso-pilosis, genitalibus exsertis, filamentis glanduloso-pilosis. Juxta Pak-hoi, ad oram australiorem, prov. Kwang-tung, m. Novembri, 1877, coll. T. L. Bullock. (Herb, propr. n. 20,615.) This curious plant differs in the structure of its calyx from all 14 SPICILEGIA FLOR.E SINENSIS. described species, agreeing rather with the Madagascar ^crocep/ia^Ms villosus, Benth., and appears to point to the propriety of combining the two genera. Technically, hideed, it is rather an Acrocephalus, but it is certainly less close to A. capitatus, Benth. ! — the only Asiatic species — than to G. elongatum, Benth. ! which is apparently its nearest ally, and which it is a good deal like both in foliage and inflorescence. 45. Per ilia ocimoides, Linn. In ruderatis infra moenia urbis Cantonis, Oct., 1869, detexit Sampson. 46. Amarantus retwflexus, Linn. Prope Ta-chiao-sze, ditionis Pekinensis, m. Sept., 1874, leg. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. This widely- spread weed, suspected by Dr. Cosson to be of American origin ('Ann. sc. nat.' 3e. ser vii., 212), has been found in various parts of Siberia ; but the present is, I believe, the first indication of its occuiTence anywhere in China. 47. Aenia scandens, Moq., var. minor. In bambusetis prope pagum Sai-nam, secus fl. North Eiver, prov. Cantonensis, d. 15 Sept., 1866, coll. Sampson et Hance. The Chinese plant is certainly referable to this species, in Dr. Thwaites's judgment, but it looks very unlike the Panjab and Sikkim specimens distributed by Hooker and Thomson. 48. Polygonum Do7iii^ Meissn, Accepi a variis imperii chinensis regionibus, ipseque in provinciis Fokienensi atque Cantonensi legi. Mr. Bentham considered the Chinese plant as a variety of P. barbatiun, Jjmn.,hi\t it is much slenderer, agrees perfectly with Meissner's diagnosis, and is more like P. Posnmbu, Ham. From Peking and the North Eiver I have specimens with the leaves glabrous beneath, but with conspicuous raised granular dots, and the primaiy veins less distinct. 49. Polygonum serridatum, Lag. Ad ripas fl. Cantonensis, m. Sept., 1866, legg. Sami)son et Hance. Though very widely distri- buted, not, I beheve, before recorded from China. 50. Aporosalanceolata, Thv7. In silva supra monasterium Ting- ii-shan, secus fl. West Eiver, d. 10 Julii, 1870, leg. Sampson. Not before reported from China. 51. Bctida alba, Linn., subsp. latifolid v. Taiischii, Egl. In monte Po-hua-shan, Chinse bor., d. 6 Oct., 1874, coll. cl. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. 62. Bctula davurica, Pall. Cum priore. 58. Betula Krmani, Cham. Cum prEecedentibus. M. Maxi- mowicz, in his 'Index flor^B Pekinensis,' mentions but one species of Birch, which he refers doubtfully to B. davurica. I have before had occasion (Trimen's ' Journ. Bot.' xiii., 137) to speak of three species found on Po-hua-shan by Dr. Bretschneider. The speci- mens now forwarded from the same locality by Dr. 0. .von Moellendorff are far from satisfactory, being too much advanced, the catkin-scales and nucules very deciduous, and the second only having any leaves. Nevertheless, a careful comparison with authentic specimens in my herbarium makes me feel quite confident as to the accurate determination of the second and third, and tolerably certain also with regard to the first. Dr. von Moellendorff SPICILEGIA FLOR^ SINENSIS. 15 sent specimens of a fourth species, unfortunately in an equally unsatisfactory condition, and also entirely leafless. It is unquestionably distinct from the others, and, judging only from the figures (t. ix., figg. 6, 8, 9-12), m Dr. Eegel's ' Monographia Betulacearum,' pubhshed at Moscow in 1861, I was disposed to refer it to the free he at first considered as a variety sibirica of B. nana, Linn., but which, in his second review of the order for DeCandolle's ' Prodi'omus,' he transferred as a variety rotundifolia to B. glandidosa, Mx., for it agrees well both in the shape of the catkin- scales and in the scarcely margined nucules. In this case it would, of coui-se, be a dwarf species, but I have no information as to the habit of Dr. v. Moellendorff 's tree. It may possibly be new, but this can only be determined when proper materials are obtained. 64. Salix tetrasperma, Eoxb. Ad ripas rivuli juxta Shek-mun, ditionis Cantonensis, Nov., 1869, leg. Sampson. 55. Salix ? popiilifoUa, Anderss. In ripis limosis, Cantone, Jan., 1870, specimina $ florifera detexit Sampson. The leaves of this plant exactly resemble Andersson's figure (' Monogr. Salic' 1. 1, f. 5), but the branchlets, instead of being glabrous, are densely fusco-tomentose. Though, in the absence of female flowers, it is impossible to form a trustworthy judgment, I doubt, notwith- standing the very differently shaped leaves, whether this is more than a variety of the preceding. My 8. cantonensis, according to Andersson's classification, falls into the group Pleiandr(B,fragiles, and I feel satisfied that its nearest relationship is with 8. fragiUs, Linn. My diagnosis is so imperfectly copied into the ' Prodromus' as to give no clue to its affinities. 56. Zingiber Zerumbet, Rose. In silvis ch'ca coenobium ad Ting-ii-shan, prov. Cantonensis satis copiose crescens, invenerunt Sampson et Hance, d. 17 Julii, 1872. Undoubtedly truly wild. 57. Microtis parvijiora, R. Br. In graminosis ckca Tam-sui, ins. Formos^e, m. Aprili, 1864, legit infaustus Oldham. 58. Lloydia serotina, Echb. In m. Siao-wu-tai-shan, ChinsB borealis, m. Julio, 1876, coll. Hancock. 59. 8milax perfoliata, Lour. In ins. Hai-nan, Martio, 1868, coll. b. Swinhoe. On the stout main stem of this rare species the cirrhi are fully developed, and arise from the axil formed by the petiole and the upper margin of the very conspicuous amplexicaul rigid scarious stipule ; in the branchlets, where the stipules are much smaller, the cirrhi are reduced to short spinous processes, occupying, of course, the same position. 60. Arisoima ringens, Schott. In silvis ad Tam-sui, Formosae septentrionahs, m. Apr., 1864, leg. def. Oldham. Only recorded hitherto, I believe, from Japan. 61. Amorphophallus campanulatus, Bl. Not particularly uncom- mon, I heheve, in South China, but rarely flowering. Widely spread over the tropical regions of continental and insular India, in the Archipelago, Madagascar, and New Guinea. Very trouble- some and disagreeable to dry, from the size and fleshiness of the inflorescence, and its dreadfully overpowering odour of putre- fying flesh. 16 SPICILE&IA FLOR-E SINENSIS. 62. RhaphidopJwra pitmata, Schott. Ad Lien-fa-shan, secus fl. Cantonensem, ipse legi, d. 3 Mali, 1869. Known only hithei-to from Timor and Eastern tropical Australia. 63. Cypenrs (jlohosus, All. Prope vicum Ta-chiao-sze, ditionis Pekinensis, m. Sept., 1874, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. 64. Cijperus EnKjrostis, Vahl. Cum praBcedenti specie. I find South Chinese specimens to be sometimes diandi-ous. Both these widely difi'used Cijperi are additions to the Peking flora. 65. Fimhristijlis subbispicata, Nees & Meyen. Ad Ta-chiao-sze, pagum inter septentrionem et solis occasum situm, m. Aug., 1874, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. Known previously only from Southern China, as far north as Amoy, and from the Philippines. G6. Fimbristi/Iis oralis, N. ab E. Prope eundem vicum, Sept., 1874, leg. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. Occurs in various parts of India, in Ceylon, and in New Caledonia (Vieillard, n. 1448), but had not before, I believe, been found anywhere in China. No FifubrisUjIis is mentioned in Maximowicz's ' Index florae Pekinensis,' and the detection of the above two species affords another example of the mingling of northern and tro^Dical forms in Eastern China. 67. Scirpus triqiieter, Linn. Prope Ta-chiao-sze, Aug., 1874, leg. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. I have previously recorded this as a native of the Canton flora (Trimen's * Journ. Bot.' xii., 329.) I am now enabled to add it to the Peking list. 68. Scleria elata, Thw. In montibus Pak-wan, supra Can- tonem, d. 22 Junii, 1870, leg. Sampson. Not hitherto known from China. 69. Panicum viUosum, Lam. Circa Macao ipse legi, Junio, 1863 ; in ditione Amoyensi, Maio, 1866, necnon in ins. Wong- mau, 40 mill. pass, ad occid. coloniae Macaiensis sita, exeunte Julio, 1867, invenit Sampson. Found in various parts of India and Ceylon, but not known previously from China. I give the name — already suspected to belong here by Nees — on the authority of General Munro. It is the P. coccospermum of Steudel. 70. Sorghum halepense, Pers. Secus fluvios xirov. Cantonensis in pluribus locis| vulgo invenitur, nonnunquam gregarie crescens, longosque tractus segetis instar occupans, nuUibi tamen, ut videtur, cultum. 71. Mclica nutans, Linn. Versus cacumen m. Po-hua-shan, China3 bor., alt. 6-7000 ped., d. 20 Junii, 1875, coll. Dr. 0. a Moellendorff. Plentiful in Amuria, but new to the Peking, and, I believe, to the Chinese flora. 72. Rottboellia exaltata, Linn. f. In fossis circa Amoy, ipse legi m. Octobri, 1857 ; in subhumidis ins. Danorum, Whampose, d. 6 Aug., 1873, primus detexit filius Alfredus. New to the Canton flora. 73. Leptochilus quercifolius, Fee. Ad rijDas deruptas in con- vallibus montium Pak-wan, juxta Cantonem, ipse legi, d. 23 Julii, 1871 ; iterumque secus fl. West Eiver, Jul., 1872. Though recorded by Fee as gathered in China by Moreau, I am not aware that it has been found by any collector for many years past, ON FOUR NEW SPECIES OF EREMURUS FROM PERSIA. 17 nor does any specific locality for it appear to have been previously given. 74. Asplenium lyrolongatum, Hook. SiDecimina in parva insula juxta Hong-Kong, a. 1872 lecta communicavit cl. C. Ford. Not, I believe, heretofore recorded from China. United by Baker with A. rutifolium, Kze., but all the specimens I have seen from India, Ceylon, and Japan are very constant in form, and it appears to me more distinct than A. borbonicum, Hook., which, though kept apart by Mr. Baker, was regarded as a variety of A. rutifolium by Mettenius. 75. Polypodium hemionitideum, Wall. In continenti chinensi prope Hong-Kong, a. 1872. Commun. C. Ford. Only previously known from the mountainous regions of India. ON FOUE NEW SPECIES OF EREMURUS FEOM PERSIA. By J. G. Baker, F.R.S. The four following new species of the fine Asphodelaceous genus Eremurus were discovered by Dr. Bunge in Persia in the years 1858 and 1859. My descriptions are taken from specimens sent by Dr. Cosson to the Kew herbarium this present summer. The numbers prefixed to the names refer to my monograph of the genus in the fifteenth volume of the ' Journal of the Linnean Society.' 1*. Eremurus (Eu-eremurus) Bungei, Baker, n. sp. Root fibres cylindrical, the crown of the root surrounded both by fibres and membranes. Leaves cotemporary with the flowers, linear, a foot long, under \ inch broad, firm in texture, glabrous on the faces, minutely ciliated at the edge. Scape terete, moderately stout, a foot long, glabrous. Raceme oblong, dense, 4-5 inches long when in full flower, above 2 inches in diameter, including the exserted stamens. Pedicels erecto-patent, ^-f inches long, articulated at the tip. Bracts subulate, flexuose, shorter than the pedicels, glabrous. Perianth bright yellow, 4-4^ lines long ; segments oblong, reflexing from above the base, ^ mch broad, furnished with a distinct green keel. Stamens finally twice as long as the perianth ; anthers minute, oblong. Ovary minute, globose ; style declinate, an inch long. Immature fruit the size of a small pea. Persia, between Nischapur and Medsched, 13th July, 1858, in full flower. Bunge LiliacecR, No. 3 ! 12-. Eremurus (Henningia) albocitrinus. Baker, n. sp. Root and leaves not seen. Scape above a foot long, moderately stout, terete, glabrous. Raceme finally above a foot long, moderately dense, an inch and a half broad when expanded. Pedicels f— | inches long, erecto-patent, articulated at the tip. Bracts minute, lanceolate, brown, scariose, glabrous, at most a third of the length of the pedicels. Perianth white, with a yellow throat, 5 hues long ; segments oblong, reflexing from near the base, ^ inch IQ SHORT NOTES. broad, furnished with a distinct green keel. Longest stamens finally equaUing the perianth ; anthers minute, oblong. Declinate style f inch long. Capsule globose, the size of a pea. Persia, between Nischapur and Medsched, 22nd June, 1858. Top of raceme in flower, base in fruit. Bunge LiL, 2 ! 14t\ Eremurus (Henningia) pauciflorus, Baker, n. sp. Leaves cotemporary with the flowers, above a foot long, erect, linear, firm in texture, channelled down the face, ^f inch broad, minutely cihated at the edge. Scape a foot long, stout, terete, pubescent. Raceme lax, few-flowered for the genus, nearly a foot long when fully expanded ; axis stout, sulcate, pubescent. Pedicels ascend- ing^ ^_^ inch long, articulated a little below the tip. Bracts lanceolate, \-^ inch long, pubescent, white with a brown keel. Perianth tubular, 5 hues long ; segments ligulate, a line broad, whitish with a brown keel, not reflexing. Longer stamens finally equalling the perianth. Style exserted, finally f inch long. Capsule globose, one third of an inch in diameter. Persia, near Eschrebad, 7th May, 1859, in full flower. Bunge LiL, G ! 18*. Eremurus (Henningia) luteus. Baker, n. sp. Root-fibres cylindrical, the crown of the root surrounded by fibrous and membranous relics of old leaves. Leaves numerous, cotemporary with the flowers, linear, glabrous, erect, a foot long, ^\ inch broad, firm in texture, channelled down the glabrous face, minutely ciliated at the edge. Scape stout, terete, glabrous, a foot long. Flower-raceme moderately dense, 3-4 inches long, 2 inches in diameter when exjDanded. Pedicels erecto-pateut, ^-^ inch long, articulated at the tip. Bracts lanceolate, white with a brown keel, acuminate, f-1 inch long, densely ciliated. Perianth bright yellow, f inch long ; segments oblong-spathulate, reflexing fi'om near the base, ^ inch broad, furnished with a distinct brown keel. Longest stamens distinctly shorter than the perianth- segments ; anthers bright yellow, oblong, under a line long. Declinate style finally f inch long. Persia, near Sser-Tschah, 1-lth March, 1859, in full flower. Bunge LiL, 4 ! SHORT NOTES. SciRPus PARvuLus, 7i. r(' S., IN S. Devon. — I Write to correct an error in my paper on the Flora of the extreme south of Devon, inserted in tlie number of ' Journal of Botany ' for October last (vol. vii. N. S. p. 298). After giving Scirpns Savii as a plant of the district I went on to say: "Another species, S. aciculans,we did not find anywhere in the tract about Kingsbridge, but discovered growing plentifully in pools and pits in a salt-marsh by the Avon, at Aveton Giftbrd." I recently sent Mr. Watson a specimen of this Scirjnis, and he has just called my attention to the fact of its being parndus, not acicularis. The latter does not grow anywhere about Plymouth, and, from not being famiUar with its NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. iD appearance, I stupidlj^ took the much rarer imrvidus to be it. The habitat of S.parvulus is a salt-marsh by the tidal river Avon, about three miles from its mouth, and close to the ancient village of Aveton Gifford. Among the plants associated with it there I noticed (Enanthe Lachenalii and Euppia rustellata. — T. E. A. Beiggs. SuEKEY Plakts. — Teiicrium Botrijs. As this plant is recorded in the December number of the ' Journal of Botany ' as having recently been found by Mr. H. Pierson near Addington, it may be well to state that Mr. John Flower, of Croydon, found it there in 1875. In the two following years the open chalky field in which the Teucrium grows was under cultivation, and not a single plant could be obtained. This year (1878) the field has been lying fallow, and the Teucrium has again appeared, and in the greatest profusion. The locality (if the same as Mr. Pierson' s) is more correctly described as "between Selsdon and Sanderstead," and is probably in reality the station of "about Sanderstead" recorded in the ' Phytologist, ' iv. p. 1095 (1853) by Mr. Borrer, who saw in Chelsea Garden a plant said by Mr. Anderson, "the late Curator," to have been brought thence. — Trifolium glomeratum. As this plant is now, I believe, extinct in the only two stations recorded for it in Sm-rey, I take this opportunity of mentioning a new one, viz., a gravell}^ bank on the Addington Hills, near Croydon, where I have seen it growing abundantly for the last three years. — W. H. Beeby. Caeex punctata. Gaud., in South Hants. — When searching (without success) for Chara conjiivens at Stokes Bay, in July last, I found Carex jjunctata in the valley of the Alver Stream, about haK a mile from the coast. As all the counties given for this plant in 'Topographical Botany' are quite on the western coast, this considerably extends its recorded distribution. — James Groves. Notttts of Boolts anif i^tmotr^. ON THE VEGETABLE EEMAINS IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AT BEELIN. By Alexander Braun. Edited from the Author's MSS. by P. Ascherson and P. Magnus. (' Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic,' ix., 1877). The inducement to examine the vegetable remains preserved in this (the Berlin) Egyi^tian Museum, was supplied by the surprising discovery of Prof. Oswald Heer of Zurich, that the flax found in the Lake-dwellings does not belong to the now generally cultivated s^Decies Liniim usitatissimum (L.), Mill., but to Linum angustifulium, Huds., a species which is not cultivated now, but may be met with growing in a wild state in the whole Mediter- ranean region up to the German fi-ontiers, in France, and in the 20 . NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. British Islands. This pereimial species may be distinguished at the first ghince from the annual Linum iisitatissimum , by its dividing into numerous branches immediately above the root. Its fruits and seeds are only half the size of the last-named species. As it is known that Heer is inclined, for several reasons, to assume an African origin for the cultivation of this plant found in the Lake-dwellings, it would be at any rate of the highest interest to make sure whether the flax cultivated in ancient Egypt agrees with that of the Lake-dwellings. At the request of Professor Heer, the vegetable remains preserved in this Egyptian Museum were therefore examined with this object. The result was certainly not very satisfactory, since there were found only three seeds of Linum, and these among seeds the authenticity of which may be doubted on very serious grounds. These three seeds belong to two different s^Jecies ; one certainly belongs to Linum cm(/iistifolinm ,'•' the two others to Linum humile, Mill. (L. usitatissi)num var. crepitans, Schiibl. & Martens, the so-called " Klenglein," the fruits of which burst open on becoming ripe, while they remain closed in L. usitatissimum, Mill., " Schliess " or " Dreschlein," very commonly cultivated in Central Europe). As, however, these seeds were mixed in so small a quantity with the seeds of other cultivated plants, the former with those of Lcictuai sativa, and the latter with those of Xu/ella sativa, the supposition is probable that they belonged to weeds acciden- tally present among these cultivated plants. The occurrence of Linum humile has therefore a special interest, as this is the only siDecies cultivated in Abyssmia. As to its uses there, W. Schimper gives the following information : f — " The cultivation of this plant is neither for producing oil nor the manufacture of flax. Its only use is as a miserable famine-food, prepared from the (seeds) grains which, first roasted and pounded, are then mixed with cold water and form a soup, which is eaten with the addition of salt and pepper. This is also the almost daily nourishment of the poor classes." It is, of course, not impossible that the flax cultivated in ancient Egypt was Limun humile. \ linger certainly states that he found • Linum angustifolium is now unknown in Egypt, but probably exists in Cyrenaica, wliich bounds it on the west (Rohlfs, compare Cosson ' Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' lH75, p. 4f!), and in Palestine, which bounds it on the east (Boissier • Fl. Or.', vol. i. p. H(J1). + SchwL-infurth, ' Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens,' Berlin, 1867, p. 28. t The circumstance that I have as yet seen only Linum humile from Egypt is in favour of this conjecture ; in the Berlin Botanical Museum there are specimens raised from seeds brouarallia lieteraphylla, Smith. Darullia pannJa, Wall. FEKNS OF BORNEO. 31) Davallia luzonica, Hook. '^'Davallia conticfua, Sw. ''"'Davallia Emersoni, Hook. & Grev. Davallia jJedata, Sm. '•"Davallia ciliata, Hook. Davallia elegans, Sw. Davallia Sjjeluncce, Baker. Davallia tenuifolia, Sw. 49.'" Davallia ( EudavalliaJ Veitchii, Baker, n. s^i. Eliizome thicker than a quill, epigaeous, wide-creeping, clothed with small shining linear acuminate castaneous j)ale£e. Stipes naked, erect, slender, castaneous, one foot to one and a half long. Lamina oblong-deltoid, decompound, one foot to one and a half long, about half a foot broad, quite glabrous on both siu'faces, subcoriaceous in Z^^- texture. Pinnae distant, deltoid, stalked, erecto-patent, many of the lower ones subequal, four to five inches long by half as broad. Pinnules and tertiary segments subpetioled, rhomboid, cuneately cut away on the lower side at the base. Ultimate lobes subremote, ligulate or rather broader towards the truncate tip, one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch long, one-quarter to one-third of a line broad, with only a single central vein, the tip denticulate. Sori minute, oblong, usually immersed in the tip of the segments, rarely free and terminaL Involucre free at the end only. — A well-marked plant, reminding one in cutting and habit of the barren fronds of Onychiimijaponicum or auratum. 5.- LiNDSAYA jAMEsoNioiDES, Baker, n. sp. Eliizome short- creeping, as thick as a quill, clothed with minute subulate rigid nearly black scales. Stipes wiry, nearly black, one to three inches ^' long. Fronds linear, simply pinnate, three to five inches long, under half an inch broad, composed of sessile contiguous roundish alternate deciduous entire pinnae one -sixth to one -fifth of an inch broad, those of the uj)2Der third of the fi'ond growing gradually smaller. Rachis wiry, dark chestnut-brown. Veins quite hidden. Texture rigidly coriaceous ; both surfaces quite free from hairs or scales, the upx^er side much wrinkled. Sorus continuous round all the j)inna except its base. Inner valve of the involucre equalling the outer, broad, chartaceous, persistent glabrous. — A most dirjtinct novelty, with the habit of Asplenium Trichomanes or Jmnesonia im hricata . !.'•' LiNDSAYA CRISPA, Baker, n. sp. Caudex short-creeping. Stipe wiry, naked, castaneous, one to nine inches long. Lamina y/ simply pinnate, lanceolate, about half a foot long, half to three- quarters of an inch broad. Pinnee not crowded, all sessile, dimidiate -deltoid, truncate and entire on the inner and patent or erecto-patent lower edge, irregularly inciso-cremate on the upper one, glabrous, bright green, membranous in texture, with the free very distinctly marked flabellate veins radiating from the inner half of the lower edge. Involucre undulated, with two distinct nearly equal cartilaginous valves. — Habit of the small tender forms of Adiantum caudatmn, but the fronds neither at all hairy nor rooting at the tip. 40 FERNS OF BOHNEO. '■'•'• Limlsai/a jiectinata, Blume. Lniihai/a cultrata, Sw. Lhuhcuja bornci'Hsia, Hook. Linilsat/a trapeziformis, Dry. '^^Lindsaya Jiahellulata, Dry. Lindsay a davalloides, Blume. Lindsaya ensifolia, Sw. Lindsaya diveryens, Wall. '■"'Adiantum diaphanmn, Blume. '^CheUanthes temdfolia, Sw. Pteris aquilina, L, Pteris se)nipinnata, L. Pteris qiiadriaurita, Betz., var. diyitata, Baker. A digitate form, like the Indian P. GreviUeana, Wall., but the barren and fertile fronds not dimorphic. The texture firmer than usual. The rachis with a broad wing, as in P. hiaurita, and the veins crowded and obscure. ■''Lomaria procera, Spreng. Asplenium Nidus, L. Asplenium tenenim, Forst. Asplenimn squamidatum, Blume. ^^' Asplenium caudatum, Forst. Asple7iiuin cuneatum, Lam. Asplenium laserpitiifolium, Lam. Aspleriium affine, Sw. Asplenium dichotomum, Hook. Kina-balu. The only known station. The plant has been twice gathered previously. 203.''-' Asplenium (Diplazium) porphyroeachis, Baker. Caudex suberect, producing many short-stiped barren fi'onds to a few long-stiped fertile ones. Stipes purple, of the barren h'ond two to three inches, of the fertile six to twelve inches long, clothed throughout with spreading black linear- subulate paleae. Frond lanceolate, six to twelve niches long, one to two inches and a half broad, cut down throughout to a narrow wing to the rachis, which is purplish in colour and clothed on the under side with spreading paleae, like those of the stipe. Pinnae lanceolate, one-quarter to one-third of an inch broad, toothed towards the tip, several of the lower ones reduced in size. Texture moderately firm. Both surfaces glabrous. Veins fine, close, distinct, erecto-patent, usually once forked. Sori reaching from the midrib to the edge, few double. Involucre narrow, x^ersistent, glabrous. — This is the plant described by Sir. W. Hooker from a single barren h-ond without fruit gathered by Mr. A. K. Wallace, as Polyjjodiiun subserratum (Hook, and Baker Syn. Fil., p. 325). In Asplenium that specific name is already occupied. Of the present ]3lant A. zeylanicum, Hook., is the only near ally. The same species was gathered by Beccari near Sarawak. "r Asplenium porrectuui, Wall. ''' Asplenium tomentosum, Hook. 207.* AsPL.Y.siiSMfDi2)laziumj xiphophyllum, Baker, n.s-p. Caudex suberect. Stipes close, reaching a foot in length, naked except at FERNS OF BORNEO. 41 the base, where they have a tuft of large brown hnear scales. Lamina oblong- deltoid or deltoid, simply pinnate, one foot to one and a half long, with an end pinna like the side ones. Pinnae thirteen to twenty-five, subsessile, lanceolate, reaching a length of eight to nine inches, and a breadth of nine to fifteen Imes, toothed and much acuminated at the j)oint, cuneate at the base. Texture subcoriaceous. Both surfaces glabrous and free from scales. Veins in the fully developed pinnae in pinnate groups of three to four. Sori running all the way from the midrib to the edge, few diplazioid. Involucre narrow, glabrous, persistent. — Comes near A. pallidum, jjorrectum, and cultratum. -''Asplenium latifolium, Don. Aspleniu7n cordifolium, Mett. ^^Didi/mochl(S7ia lunulata, Desv. "^'Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. '^'Nephrodium calcaratum, Hook. "^^Nephrodmm jjteroides, J. Sm. '^Nejjhrodium unitum, R. Br. "^^Nephrodium cucidlatum, Baker. "^^Nephrodium near pennigermn ? Probably new, but specimens not complete enough to characterise it. Nephrodium molle, Desv. -''Neiihr odium Haenkeanum, Presl. ^NepJu'odium singaporianum, Baker. Nephrodium tematum, Baker. A fine series of specimens of this endemic species. 219.* Nephrodium (Sagenia) nudum, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome not seen. Stipe about two feet long, pale brown, naked. Frond oblong-deltoid, one and a half to two feet long, a half to one foot broad, with nine to eleven distant pinnae, the lowest two to four (_^ two- or three-forked from the base, the rest simple ; the end one like the others, but larger, lanceolate, six to twelve inches long, three-quarters to one inch broad, very acuminate, narrowed gradually to the base, not rej)and, all except the lowest sessile. Texture membranous. Both surfaces and rachis fi'ee from hairs and scales. Main veins erecto-iDatent, distinct to the edge at a distance of a quarter to one -third of an mch from each other ; copious small irregular areolae between them furnished with free included veinlets. Sori middle-sized, in regular rows near the main veins. Involucre glabrous, persistent. — Allied to X. jjachy- phyllum, Baker. '''Nep)hr odium polymorphum, Baker. Nephrolepis volubilis, J. Sm. Polypodium Barheri, Hook. PoUjjJodium iirophyllum., Wall. A variety with many of the sori confluent. 91.'" 'Po-LYPODivisi(?Aipolypodium)MmiMVM, Baker, n.s]). Densely tufted. Fronds simple, sessile, ligulate, half to one inch long, /^ under a hne broad, entire, obtuse, subcoriaceous in texture, glabrous on the upper surface, slightly pubescent beneath, narrowed gradu- ally from the middle to the base. Veins simple, erecto-patent, 42 FERNS OF BORNEO. extending from the midrib beyond the sori, but stopping short of the margin. Sori round, superficial, close, forming a single row close to the midrib in the upper half or two-thirds of the frond, in the finest fronds eight to twelve in a row. — Allied to the Andine P. Sprucei, Hook., and Mascaren P. Gilpina smd synsoriim, Baker. 131.''' PoLYPODiuM [FAipohj podium) Burbidgei Baker, n. sp. Caudex suberect, its paleae clathrate, large, linear, membranous, brown, distinctly ciliated. Fronds tufted, sessile, lanceolate, once deeply pinnatifid, reaching a. foot in length, twelve to fourteen hnes broad at the middle, cut down to a broad wing to the rachis into numerous close entire obtuse ascending segments one-eighth of an inch broad at the base, the lower segments growing gradually smaller downwards and the basal third of the rachis bordered only by an entire wing, which is one-sixth of an inch broad at the top and narrowed gradually downwards. Texture subcoriaceous. Under surface slightly pubeseent on the rachis, the rest glabrous. Veins distant, simple, erecto-patent, falling short of the edge. Sori globose, slightly immersed, mainly in a single row in the wing of the main rachis, not forming papillae on the face of the frond. — Habit and texture of DavaUia Emersoni. Pol 1/ podium alteniidens, Cesa,ti, Fil. Born., p. 25, tab. 2, fig. 4. Of this Bm'bidge's bundle contains a single specimen. It is a well- marked new species, discovered by Sign or Beccari in the neigh- bourhood of Sarawak. "^'Pohjpodium cucullatum, Nees. A small slender form. 132.* PoLYPODiUM [FAipolypodium) streptophyllum, Baker, n. sp. Densely tufted. Stipe scarcely any. Lamina linear, three to four inches long, one-fifth of an inch broad, cut down to the main rachis into very numerous ligulate entu'e slightly twisted adnate contiguous pinnae one quarter of a line broad, with a single medial nerve, and a single superficial sorus at the tip, firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sm-faces, the lower j)innae gradually reduced in size. — Allied to P. cucullatum, but the pinnae are narrower and reach down to the main rachis and bear the sorus at their tip. '^•Polypodium minutum, Blume. ^■Polyjwdium papillosum, Blume. The plant so-called by Cesati, gathered by Beccari near Sarawak, I hold to be quite distinct from Blume's Javan type, and propose to call it P. Cesatianum. "^Polijpodium clavifer. Hook. 210. '•' PoLYPODiUM (Kupob/podium) taxodioides, Baker, n. sp. lihizome filiform, creeping widely below the surface of the ground. Stipes wiry, brown, one inch to one and a half long, clothed like the rachis with fine spreading brown hairs. Frond lanceolate, regu- larly bipinnate, six to eight inches long, eighteen to twenty-one lines broad. Pinnae numerous, close, lanceolate, one-quarter of an inch broad, regularly pectinato-pinnate, with narrow linear parallel erecto-patent one-nerve;< * iij " We have made it a rule in our ' Genera Plantarum' to yield no right of priority to ante-Linuean names, i. e. those pubUshed before the adoption of the Linnean system of nomenclature. If once we give this right to Tournefort or Rumphius there is no reason for not going back to Bauhin or Clusius, or even to Pliny or Dioscorides, to the utter confusion of all synonymy. Linnaeus, by the establishment of the bmomial nomenclature, made an epoch in the study of systematic botany ; and it is by far the most conducive to the facility of that study (the great object of nomenclature) to give up all search after previous names, and take all genera as adopted by him or satisfactorily modified by subsequent botanists. We therefore cannot, for instance, give Patrick Browne the precedence over Linnaeus in the case of Adelia, as proposed by Mueller. Browne's first edition was ante-Linnean. He there gave the name of Adelia, not to a genus, but to a plant which afterwards entered into the genus to which Michaux gave the name of Adelia, but only after this name had been appropriated by Linnaeus to a different genus ; and I can see no sufficient excuse for the great disturbance resulting from the replacing Linnaeus's Adelia by the new name FdcineUa in order to restore the jpost-Linnean name Adelia to the Forest iera of Poiret or Adelia of Michaux. 5;= * * * * ** The question of specific nomenclature is not directly connected with a ' Genera Plantarum ;' but there is one practice which has grown up of late years, adding largely to the number of useless synonyms, against which I cannot refrain from taking this NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 47 opportunity of entering a strong protest. I mean that of creating a new name in order to combine an old specific with a new generic one. In ferns, the wanton multiplication of ill-defined or un- definable genera, according to the varied fancies of special botanists, has had the effect of placing the same species successively in several, sometimes seven or eight, different genera ; and it is proposed to maintain for the specific appellation the right of priority, not in the genus alone in which it is placed, but in the whole of the genera to which, rightly or wrongly, it has been referred. This has been carried to such a degree as to give to the specific name a general substantive aspect, as if the generic ones were mere adjuncts — a serious encroachment on the beautiful simplicity of the Linneau nomenclature ; and it is to be feared that there is a tendency in that direction in phaenogamic botany. When a botanist dismembers an old genus, rule 57 requires that he should strictly preserve the old specific names in his new genera ; and when he has wantonly and knowingly neglected this rule it may be right to correct him. But where a botanist has established what he believes to be a new species, and has there- fore given it a new name, the changing this name after it has got into general chculation, because it has been discovered that some other botanist had previously published it in a wrong genus, is only adding a synonym without any advantage whatever, and is not even restoring an old name ; for the specific adjective is not of itself the name of a plant. Ask a seedsman for some Canari- ensis and he will probably give you Tropaohim i^eregrinum, not Phalaris canariensis. A generic name is sufficiently indicated by one substantive, for no two genera in the vegetable kingdom are allowed to have the same name ; but for a species the combina- tion of the substantive and adjective is absolutely necessary, the two-worded specific name is one and indivisible ; and the com- bining the substantive of one name with the adjective of another is not preserving either of them, but creates an absolutely new name, which ought not to stand unless the previous ones were vicious in themselves, or preoccupied, or referred to a wi'ong genus. It is probably from not perceiving the difference between making and changing a name that the practice objected to has been adopted by some of the first among recent botanists, such as Wed- dell, though imder protest (see the note in DC, Prod. xvii. 1, 73). To give a couple of instances among hundreds that have lately pre- sented themselves to me : Wight published a Nilgherry plant which he believed to be new, and was certainly a new genus, under the name of Chamahainia cuspidata, in all respects a legitimate name ; and he could not be expected to identify it wuth Urtica squamigera of Wallich's ' Catalogue,' as the plant is not an Urtica. Wight's name was therefore adopted in Weddell's excellent monograph ; but in the ' Prodromus ' he thought himself obliged, in spite of his better sense, to call it Chamahainia squamigera, which is neither Wallich's faulty name nor Wight's correct one, but an entirely new name, to be rejected by the law of priority, which requires the adoption of the oldest correct name. So, again, an Indian 48 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. grass was first named and described by Willdenow as Coiv aruncli- nacea, then named in the ' Hortus Benghalensis ' and distributed by Roxburgh as Coix harhata, and entered in Sprengel's ' Systema' with Willdenow' s character as Coix KtenUjii. All these names were defective as referring to a wrong genus. Brown corrected the error by creating the new genus Chionachne, and selected Roxbm-gh's "^specific name as the one most generally known and the least liable to misinterpretation ; and Brown's Chionachne harhata is therefore the first correct name, for which Thwaites afterwards substituted Chionachne Kcenitjii, an entirely new and useless name, which falls by the law of priority. It should be well borne in mind that every new name coined for an old j)lant, with- out affording any aid to science, is only an additional impediment.' The same distmguished botanist elsewhere condemns " the modern very objectionable practice of detaching the adjective of an old incorrect name to combine it with the substantive of a more recent but correct name, and thus frame a thu'd new one which cannot record the old one without explanation, and only adds a perfectly useless synonym." — (Bentham in ' Hook. Ic. Plant.' sub. t. 1279 Lachnostylis capensis.) ON THE VEGETABLE REMAINS IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AT BERLIN. By Alexander Braun. Edited from the Author's MSS. by P. Ascherson and P. Magnus. (' Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic,' ix., 1877). (Continued from. p. 23.) Our interest is farther bound up with our knowledge of the old Egyptian Elora, since extraordinary differences in the distribution of several species are the result of the comparison of it with the present. We find now cultivated and naturalised in Egypt many plants, no trace of the existence of which in times of antiquity can be proved. On the other hand, there existed in ancient Egypt several j)lants which have now vanished from the region of the Lower Nile. Of course it should be remarked that among the plants of the old Egyptian tombs a few appear to have reached Egypt by means of trade, and not to have been a product of the land, as for instance was most probably the case with the fruits of a certain species of Sapindiis. The most widely distributed fruit trees of the Egypt of to-day are, according to a communication from the late Professor Bilharz, the Date-palm, true Sycamore, Zizyphus Spina-Chriati, W^illd. Opuntia is used to mark the boundaries of fields at Alexandria and Cairo ; the fruits are brought to market. In the gardens there are grown oranges, lemons, aj)ricots, peaches, almonds, vines, figs, mulberries, pomegranates, bananas, as a rarity Anona squamosa, L. Apples, pears and plums are bad, and are brought mostly from Syria and Greece, as also cherries, walnuts, hazel and pistacio nuts, which are rarely NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 49 cultivated in Egypt. Cucumbers, melons and water-melons come to market in a great number of varieties. Of all these fruits there have been proved to have existed in ancient Egypt, only the date- palm, sycamore, fig, vine, pomegranate and water-melon. The majority of the species now cultivated were certainly unknown to the ancient Egyptians. Among the old Egyptian plants which have now vanished, the Papyrus and Nelumhium, are to be espe- cially noted (to which might be added the Mimusoj^s, to be treated of farther on). If all the plants recorded from ancient Egypt had been indigenous, the number of these would reach 60-70 species. But it must be observed, that the authenticity of the objects in the collections must be very cautiously inquired into. Even in the collection of Passalacqua, on the genuineness of which on the whole doubt can with difficulty be cast, the undoubt- edly modern seeds of Nigella saliva, L., which still retain the well-known aromatic taste, have been introduced by some accident. The trade in false antiquities, which is in a flourishing state throughout Egypt, had a particularly easy field of operations in this class of objects. It is therefore very much to be regretted, if, on suspicious discoveries of this nature, comprehensive conclu- sions are arrived at as to the geographical distribution of plants, as for instance the account of the maize by the French traveller Eifaud.* We will now deal more particularly with some species of plants. Of grains, we have in this museum, wheat {Triticum vulgar e^ Vill.), with which a few barley grains are mixed. According to Unger, f there were also cultivated in ancient Egypt Triticum turgidum (still existing in Egypt) and spelt (T. Spelta, L., perhaps also T. monococcum, L., both now no longer used). Unger has ascertained from an examination of the bricks of the Dahschur pyramid| that wheat and barley were cultivated on a most exten- sive scale in ancient times since the straw of both s^Decies of grain was used in the composition of the bricks. There were also found in the bricks numerous grains of wheat, Triticum vidgare, antiquorum, Heer. (which was found as well in the Swiss Lake- dwellings). The barley was determined from the remains of the spike to be Hordeum hexasticlwn, L. We may here call attention to the fact that in no country in the world are wheat and barley cultivated under so many varieties as in Abyssinia, although the home of these grains, originally coming from Asia Minor, is scarcely to be sought there. It is well known that the statement that grains of wheat taken from ancient Egyptian tombs had been caused to germinate, was for a time universally believed. This statement was long ago * Notwithstanding the detailed inventory printed in Bonafoiis ' Histoire Naturelle du Mais,' Paris et Turin, lb36, p. 16, the possibility can scarcely be got rid of, that the traveller was deceived by the inhabitants of Qurnnh, whose help he employed in his excavations. f L. c, xxxviii. 23, p. 97, 98. + L. c, liv. 1, p. 41. H 50 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. refuted on the ground of intentional deceit on the part of the gardener entrusted with the cultivation. Still less does the state- ment mentioned hy linger* as a curiosity, that a bulb found in the hand of a mummy developed, require refutation. The Papyrus plant (Cyperus Papyrus, L.) has i)articular interest on account of the controversy raised about twenty years ago on the supposed difference between the African s^^ecies and that in our Botanic gardens. According to the researches of Parlatore,f the latter, which it is well known is naturalized very completely at Syracuse, and occurs at other places in Sicily, in Malta, and in Syi'ia, under the name of Cyperus syriacus, Pari., differs in the drooping branches of the umbel, from the old Egyptian Cyperus Papyrus, Pari., still occuriiig on the Upper Nile, which has stiff, erect umbel-branches. At any rate " the Papyrus is always represented on monuments with an erect top. Never- theless, Caspary showed soon afterwards from specimens of the Egyptian Museum here the untenability of the difference insisted on byPaiiatore. Oliver .| later ex^Dressed himself of a similar opinion, and the specimens from the Upper White Nile, collected by Schweinfurth, are in no way different from those of Sicily. [Schweinfurth himself, who had the opportunity of examining the Sicilian Papyrus a few months after the Soudanian one, expresses his firm conviction of the identity of both plants.] The Pa^iyrus, which was much cultivated in Lower 'Egypt, where it presumably occurred wild§ in ancient times, and for which region it appears as the hieroglyphical sjanbol, was emploj^ed as a textile material in addition to its best known use in the manufacture of paper ; its rhizome, which is rich in starch, served also m ancient times as a means of nourishment. Strabo|| has stated, that the Egyptians intentionally restricted its cultivation to a few localities. In later times, after the invention of rag-XDai^er, the Papyrus was com- pletely abandoned. At the time of the French occupation Delilell mentions it as still at Damietta. Since then no one has met with it again in Egypt, and it may very probably have quite died out in the land in which it was formerly so extensively cultivated, while it still persists in Sicily and Syria, into which lands it was probably introduced in course of the Middle Ages, presumably from Egypt. In order to find it wild, one must now penetrate to the Upper Blue or White Nile. It is generally distributed in tropical Africa, * L. c, xxxviii. 28, p. 108. + ' Memoire sur le Papyrus 'des ancieus et sur le Papyrus de Sicile.' Extrait du Tome xii. des in era. pres. pnr divers savans a I'academie. Paris, 1853. + ' Kew Gardens Guide,' 25 ed. p. 21. § The precious naive picture of a Hippopotamus-hunt in the Mastaba of the Ti in Saqqarah shows us a Papyrus thicket, on the tops of which numerous birds were resting and being taken by surprise by marten-like beasts of prey. Such a representation cannot from its nature refer to cultivated objects. li P. 790, Casaub. Couip. E, Meyer, ' Botan. Rrlauterungen zu Strabon's Geographic,' Konig::,berg, 1852, p. 152. ^i ' Descr. de I'Egypte, Hist. Nat.' ii. p. 50. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 61 and south as far as Natal/'' Among the plants of the Beiim Egyptian Museum there is another species of Cyperus [Cyperus esculentus, L.). .The tuberous root-stocks of this plant, which is not at all rarely cultivated in Egypt at the present day under the name of Hahb-el-Asis, and in cultivation scarcely ever flowers, are a savoury food ; they contain fatty oil and sugar. The tubers in the Museum, like those at present cultivated in Egypt, are as a rule rounder and smaller than those of the plant cultivated in the botanic gardens of Germany, which has usually long tubers and may possibly belong to a variety. They resemble much more the tubers of the form of Cyperus esculentus frequently grow- ing wild in the Mediterranean region and also in Egypt, which has been described as a separate species under the names of Cyperus aureus, Ten., and Cyperus melanorrliizus, Del. The cultivation of the date-palm [Fhoeniv dactylifera, L.) was presumably as widely carried on in ancient times as now. The region of the cultivation of this palm, the true home of which is unknown, stretches over the whole of North Africa and a part of Asia Minor. Whether a small form occurring on Mount Sinai is a stray w41d form or originally indigenous is difficult to ascer- tain— the h'uits are esculent. Among the findings in the tombs the date occurs abundantly. There occur no less numerously in the tombs the fruits of another palm [Hyphmne thebaica, Mart.), on the occurrence of which in Egypt the old writers have given us exhaustive informa- tion. These fruits, which are of considerable size, have the peculiarity that of the three i^arts of which palm-fruits consist, two or three are very often developed, while in most palm-fruits, e. g., date, cocoa-nut, only one is developed. The rather thin, tender outer layer of the fruit has a sweet taste hke gmgerbread, and is chewed by the natives. The stony shell lying under this layer encloses the hard kernel, the albummous body of which is hollow within. The Doum Palm is distributed over most parts of Africa ; it is found both in Guinea and South Africa. Different species of Hyphmne have been determined from different parts of Africa, but the late Dr. Seemann, who worked a great deal at the palms, after examining a great quantity of material, expressed the opinion that the differences were not real. A third palm-fruit, present in the Passalacqua collection, and found also in old Egyptian tombs, t remained for a long time doubtful as to its origin. Kunth:]: named it Areca PassalacqucB, and it certainly has a striking characteristic in the possession of ruminated albumen, i. e., with the mass of albumen traversed by brown wrinkles, as in the East Indian genus Areca, but is distin- * Compare Thiselton Dyer in ' Gardener's Chronicle.' 1875, i. p. 78, trans- lated in the ' Monats-schrift des Vereins zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues,' 1876, p. 17-23. + Unger {loc. cit. xxxviii. 23, p. 107) obtained it from tombs at Thebes. It is also preserved in the Egyptian Museum at Florence, according to the speci- mens sent to us by Dr. Levier. I 'Passalacqua Cutal.' p. 228. 'Ann. Sc. Nat.' viii. p. 420. O'^ NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIKS. guished from the latter genus by the want of the fibrous layer to be found dh-ectly under the thin outer skin of the fruit. The albumen of Areca Catechu, L., is, as is well known, generally chewed in India with the leaves of Piper Betle, L. ; it is said to preserve the teeth, though it colours them black, and the saliva red. [Disks of the unripe albumen of this palm of the consistency of leather are strung together and ex^Dosed for sale in the seaport- towns of Arabia. They are to be found in the Berlin Agricultural Museum, sent by J. M. Hildebrandt.— yl.] Unger was the first to perceive the identity of Areca Passalacquce, Knth., with the fruit of Hyphane Argun, Mart., a palm which inhabits several valleys of the Nubian desert within the great bend of the Nile between Qorosqo and Abu-Hammed, nearly under the twenty-first degree of latitude. The unripe fruits of this palm, which is called Argun or Dellach* by the natives, is, according to the notes of the Belgian traveller, E. de Pruyssenaeref buried by the natives for a time, by which the albumen acquires a pleasant taste, similar to that of the cocoa-nut. The finding of this palm-fruit in old Egyptian tombs has the greater interest from the fact that the plant is not cultivated now in Egypt, and this was perhaps also the case in times of antiquity. Its present range is touched by the desert road, traversed from the earliest times, which connects Lower Nubia with that tract of the Nile Valley in which the ancient kingdom of Meroe flourished, the relations of which to Egyptian culture are well known. Of the cultivation of the olive [Olea europea, L.) in ancient Egypt we possess various accounts ; for instance, Strabo| tells us of the extensive cultivation of the olive tree in Nomos of Arsinoe — the modern Fajum ; and Theox3hrastus§ mentions the occurrence of the olive tree in the oases of the Libyan desert, where it may still be met with in abundance. Fruits of the olive tree have not yet been found in the tombs, although the hard stone would have lasted well. On the other hand, there is to be found in the Berlin EgyjDtian Museum an object consisting of five bundles each of three olive twigs bound together by strips of palm leaves and united into one whole bundle. The twigs were easily recognised, from a few leaves still remaining, as those of the olive. The scaly hairs, appearing under the microscope like ornamental stars, which cause the silvery glitter on the under side of the leaf, were in good preservation. Lepsius conjectures that this bundle (Passalacqua Cat., No. 1597), which recalls the rods used in our days in the j)unishment of childi-en, had been used for a similar * The chief locality bears after the palm the name of Wadi Dellach. (On pafje 4 of Petermaun and Harsenstoin's map of Central Africa this valley is called, according to Von Beurmann [Text,Ep. (2)], ' DoUa.') — A. f [Compare Ascherson, ' Sitzungsbericht der Gesellsch. uaturf. Freunde, 1877. Page lU.—A. and M.] + P. 809, Casaub. Comp. E. Meyer, I. c. p. 154, 155. [This place is incorrectly referred by Dr. Pfund {Flora, 1874, p. 41.:3) to Arsinoe on the lied Sea (in district of the modern Suez). — A. and M.] § • Hist. Plant.' Lib. iv. cap. 2, 9. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 53 pui'pose. It might also have been used as a hand-broom. [In the Leyden Museum there are funeral wreaths of olive leaves, of which Conservator Pleyte has kindly sent a specimen. — A. and M.] Among the fruits of the Passalacqua collection there are also juniper berries, which Kunth* derives from Juniperus phcenicea, L., a determination the accuracy of which may be uncertain, since several nearly related species occur in the neighbourmg lands (for instance, Juniperus excelsa, M. B., in Asia Minor, on the island of Thasos and in Abyssinia). Juniperus phcenicea, which is distributed throughout the whole Mediterranean region, is absent, like all conifers, in modern Egypt, and scarcely occurred in times of antiquity wild or cultivated. It is therefore to be supposed that the fruits, as also the coniferous woods occurring as parts of Egyptian antiquities were imported in commerce from Syria or Asia Minor. The fruits of Juniperus were used presumably (like our juniper berries) in fumigation, &c. The fruits of a species of Balsamodendron, likewise in the Passa- lacqua collection, were probably imported into Egypt from the coast of the Red Sea. This suggests the naval expedition of the Queen Misaphris (Hatasu), the natural-history collection of which is so characteristically illustrated on the walls of the Temple of El-Der- el-bachri.t The Sycamore {Ficus Sycomorus, L., Sycomoriis antiquorum, Miq.) was, as is well-known, one of the most widely-distributed trees in ancient Egypt, as it still is. On the religious worship, which was paid to the sacred Sycamore tree of Nutpe, Hathor or Isis, Ungerl has collected much information in speaking of Balanites, which refers mostly to the former and not to the latter tree. [In the ' Book of the Dead ' it is mentioned that the soul receives the "crown of justification" under the sacred Sycamore tree (compare the communication of Pleyte, p. 302.) A. and M] . The largest part of the wooden objects contained in the Museum are made of sycamore wood. The fruits of this tree are likewise in the Passalacqua collection. They are smaller than, and not so agreeable to the taste as, the common fig, but are nevertheless eaten in Egypt. They are not smooth like the common figs, but covered with woolly hairs, and they are not placed singly on the leafy twigs, but in clusters directly on the old wood. [That often-mentioned object which was considered to be an orange by Kunth, § has been proved to be a sycamore fruit. That botanist certainly gives this determination with a doubt, justified by the historical accounts of the successful introduction of Citrus Aurantium, L., into the Mediterranean region for the first time * ' Passalacqua, Catal.' p. 228. ' Ann. des, Sc. Nat.' viii. p. 423. + Diimichen, ' Die Flotte einer agyptischen Konigin,' Taf. ii. xv., xvii., where the transport of living trees in tubs is represented, which by the inscriptions (p. 19) is denoted as " living incense trees, 31 specimens." + *L.c. xxxviii. 23, p. 126, 127. § ' Passalacqua Catal.' p. 228. ' Ann. des. Sc. Nat." viii. p. 421. 64 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. in the Middle Ages., and complains that he was not permitted to attain certainty by making a section through the fruit. Through the liberality of the present administration of the Egyptian Museum, this scientific demand has now been satisfied. Professor Lepsius had the kindness to permit the decisive section being made, which was undertaken with the assistance of Dr. Stern, who showed the most friendly interest in our work generally. Besides, the late Professor A. Braun had already compared with it the fruit of Ficus Carica, L., about to be mentioned, from which it appears he had ah-eady guessed their near relationship. — A. and M.] In the tomb opened by Passalacqua (mentioned in the intro- duction), a cake was found resting on an under layer of sycamore twigs, which are indeed very much broken, but still possess distinct remams of leaves. The leaves show on young shoots only an indication of the lobes so characteristic of the leaves of the ordinary fig-tree.* The other leaves are undivided. The common fig tree, Ficus Carica. L., was also cultivated in ancient Egypt, as the figure given by Ungerf proves. The Passalacqua collection also contains such a fruit, recognised by Kunth as that of Ficus Carica, L. The Castor Oil (Bicinus communis, L.), was cultivated for the oil under the name of Kiki in even as great abundance then as now. The figures which Unger| takes as those of this plant, permit of other interpretations. The seeds have often been found in tombs, and in part look so well xn-eserved that Kunth § was led to make a naturally fruitless attempt at cultivation. The existence of a fatty oil has been proved by the Parisian chemist, Julia-Eonte- nelle.|| The mottling of the Bicinus seed may still be clearly made out. Cordia Mijxa, L., Arabice Miichet, is the name of a fruit tree of medium size, which is abundantly cultivated in the gardens of Egypt, and a form of it with smaller seeds grows wild in Abyssinia. The fruit is a drupe with a comparatively large stone exca- vated above and below, and a sweet mucilaginous flesh. It was formerly to be found in our apothecaries' shops under the name of " sebestenen" or black jujubes, and was employed in the same way as the true jujubes (from Zizijplms Jujuha, Lamk.). Particu- larly characteristic of the Cordia fruit is the basin-shaped calyx which surrounds it at the base. According to Ungerll the fruits of this tree are to be found in the Vienna Egyptian Museum, and in the Florentine Museum also fruits are preserved under this name. On the other hand, Unger's inteipretation of an antique * In Egypt there is cultivated also a form of Ficus Carica, L., with undivided leaves. Compare Ascherson in ' Garten-Flora,' 1876, p. 70. — A. and M. + L. c, xxxviii. 23, Taf. iv., Fig. 41. J L. c, xxxviii. 23, Fig. 86, 87. § ' Ann. des. Sc. Nat.' viii. p. 422. II • Passalacqua Catalogue,' p. 292. ^ L. c, xxxviii. 23, p. 113. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 55 figure* as the inflorescence of Cordia seems very risky. In no case, however, was Unger justified in declaring the fruits pre- sei-ved in the Berhn Museum and determined by Kunthf to be those oi Mimiisops Elengi, L. [Sapotacecc), to be the fruits of Cordia. These fruits have proved, on a more exact comparison, not to be those of the tree mentioned, which is a native of India, but those of another species, Mimusops Kummel, Hochst., a native of Tropical Africa. They have, according to Schweinfurth's notes, the form and colour of hips. The rather thin flesh of the fruit, which according to Schimper| has a mealy sweet taste and is pleasant to eat, surrounds a Very large stone which encloses a seed with a hard testa and a bitter kernel. The seeds determined by Kunth§ to be those of a species of Diospyros, have turned out to belong to the same species of Mimusops. [It is certainly a noteworthy coincidence that the leaves of this tree, the fruits of which are i^reserved in the Berlin Museum (and presumabl}^ also in the Florentine Museum, as Minusops Elengi, L.)' have been found in another Egyptian collection. In a short visit to the Leyden Museum, P. A.scherson|| noticed a box full of leaves, which according to the kind information of the conservator, Mr. Pleyte, belonged previously to different funeral wreaths found with several mummies of the same museum. These leaves, for the most part folded together and strung on strips of split-up palm leaves, turned out to be those of ^linuisojjs Kummel, from several specimens kindly sent by Mr. Pleyte. This use of the leaves makes it highly probable that Mimusops Kumviel was cultivated in ancient Egypt, a fact, which even from the occurrence of the fruits in tombs could not be inferred, since these might very well have been imported from their native land, e.g., Abyssinia. In modern Egypt this tree is not to be foundii, and ranks therefore in some degree with the Papyrus and Xelumbium, which from discontinued use have likewise disap^Deared from Egyi3t in the course of the century. About the funeral wreaths of the Leyden Museum, Mr. Pleyte has made the following communication to P. Ascherson : — " The mummies, which were adorned originally with crowns of Mimusops leaves, belong to later epochs, partly to the first Grseco-Eoman times. These crowns were ornamented with different flowers. In the s^Decimens sent, the following species were distin- guished : — * L. c, Fig. 30. + ' Passalacqua Cat.', p. 228. ' Ann. Sc. Nat. ' viii., p. 421 . + ' Schweinfurth, Beitrag zur flora Aethiopiens,' p. 85. § ' Passalacqua Catal.', p. 228. ' Ann. Sc. Nat.' viii., p. 420. II ' Sitzungsber. d. Ges. naturf. Freunde', Berlin, 15 Mai, 1877, p. 159. ^ Mimusops Elengi, L., is found as a rarity in the garden Maniel on the Island of Ptodali, near Cairo, where Ibrahim-Pasha caused to be planted about thirty years ago a number of trees imported direct from the East Indies. Delchevallerie (Cat. rais. prod, d'hist. et. d'agric. exp. par la direction des domaines du Khedive d'Egypte a Cologne 1875, p. 6), gives as the Arabian name Sagariudy, t. «„ Indian tree. 56 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. (1.) Acacia nilotica, Del. " Cant." The employment of the flowers of this tree, which was generally distributed throughout ancient Egypt, as it is now, in the making of wreaths, was men- tioned by Theophrastus."'' (2.) Chrysanthemum coronarium, L. This plant, which grows wild generally over the Mediterranean region, and is not rarely cultivated in our gardens, is found in Egypt only at Alexandria, but may possibly have been grown in the flower gardens of the ancient Egyptians. (3). A species of Centaiirea, which from the small fragments at command have never been determined with certainty. — .4.] Other wreaths are ornamented with the leaves of Nymphcsa cmrulea or the blue Lotus. [The specimens sent were ascertained by Prof. E. Caspary to be the petals of a Xymjyhaa; about the sj)ecies nothing nearer could be made out. — A.] Funeral wreaths of mummies of an older period, for instance, of the time of Oskaron (22nd Dynasty), and of the time of the 25th Djmasty, consist of olive leaves. [Mr. Pleyte has sent a specimen of these also. — A.] These funeral wreaths were a symbol of the justification of the departed before the judgment seat of Osiris. This " Crown of Justification " is mentioned several times in the ' Book of the Dead,' e. ^., in cap. 19, which however m the editions of the ' Book of the Dead ' first appears after the 27th Dynasty, In the 97th chapter, it is said that the justified receives the crown under the holy Nehet-tree {i. e., the Sycamore). Also in other writings of the time of Ptolemy, these crowns of justification are mentioned. Unfortunately nothing is said of what these crowns were composed, and it still therefore remains an open question what tree-name handed down from antiquity relates to Mimusops. Among the Passalacqua seeds there are to be found under No. 459 the seeds of a species of Cucurhitace(B, which Kunthf has not determined more exactly. These belong undoubtedly to the water-melon, Citrullus vuhjaris, Schrad., and the establishing of the existence of these seeds in ancient Egyptian tombs is all the more important since it has of late been clearly shown that this XDlant has its home in Africa. Not only in the Upper Nile region | but also in different other districts in West and South Africa have water-melons been met with, the fruits of which are much smaller and less juicy than those of the cultivated plants. [However, E. de Pruyssenaere§ states that these wild water-melons, after a short time of continued cultivation, assume all the properties of the cultivated i)lants] . It can therefore scarcely be doubted that the water-melon was early cultivated in Egypt, and that it spread from there to Asia Minor, and later to south and south-east Europe (South Russia, Hungary). This fruit is expressly named in that weU- * ' Hist. Plant. Lib.' iv., cap. 2, 8. + ' Passalacqua Catal.'p. 220. « Ann. Sc. Nat.'viii., p. 423. X Compare Schweinfurth, ' Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens,' p. 250. § ' Sitzung.slter. der Ges. Naturf. Freunde,' Berlin, 15 May, 1877. p. 148. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 57 known passage in the Bible in Numb. chap. xi. v. 5, in which the vegetables of Egypt are mentioned, to which the children of Israel languishing hi the Shiai desert looked back with longing, although this is not to be found in the Lutheran translation. The Hebrew word ahattichlm, incorrectly rendered by Luther, " Pfeben " (an old word denoting a species of Gourd, derived from the Latin Pepo), means, undoubtedly, the water-melon, which still bears the same Arabic name battich. This interpretation appears to us so correct that we may look .upon it as sufficient testimony that the word used by the LXX at this place means water- melons. Also the name of the second cucurbitaceoiis plant men- tioned in this passage of the Bible, viz., kischium is incorrectly translated by Luther by the word Kurhis (the pumpkin) ; it means rather a kind of cucumber, as appears from the translation of the LXX, a-iKvovq. In modern Arabic the word kischidm (sing, kischu) is qittd. Under this name " Chate " Prosper Alpinus figm^es the fruit so common in Egj^t, which when unripe is called adjur, and when ripe dhd-el-aui.^'' It is similar in appearance and taste to a cucumber, but in foliage and flowers to the melon, so that the plant, described by Linn^us as Cucumis Chate, is to be regarded only as a sub- species of C. Melo, L. Whether this naming of Prosper Alpinus is based on a mistake, or whether the usage of the word has since changed, is difficult to decide ; all the later authorities, Forskal,t Delile| and Schweinfurth (in a letter) denote by qittd a form of our common cucumber {C. sativiis, L., Arabic, chidr). According to Dr. Wetzstein,§ a thorough syriologist, the qittd is more than an ell long, but only five-fourths of an inch thick, is ribbed, and its pliability proverbial. It often grows considerably in length in a single night, and on this account is cried (in the market) as "tender and fresh, and has stretched itself in the night." — A, and M.] \\ It is well known how important a part was played by the two species of Nympli(Ea, the famous Lotus flowers, widely distributed in central Africa and particularly plentiful now in the Nile Delta, in the religious observances of the ancient Egyptians. From the oldest times, the seeds and rhizome {y.o^aiov, Arabic * [According to Unger this is mentioned in Exodus, cap. ix., verse 32* This citation depends, however, on an error, as only one word of disputed raeajiing occurs there, kussemet, on the meaning of which (at this place, probably, spelt, at any rate not rye as Luther translates) [•' rye " also in En^dish version] Dr. Wetzstein expressed his opinion| in this ' Zeitschrift,' v. (1873), p. 281, 282. There is only to be added to his explanation, that the leguminous plant now called in Syria Kursennali is not a variety of Vicia sativa, L., but according to the specimens brought by Dr. Kersten V. Ervilia, Lk. — A. and M.] + Fl. aeg. arab.,' p. 169. I ' Descr. de I'Egypte.' Hist. nat. ii.. p. 77. § ' Der raarkt von Damascus. Zeitschr. der Deutschen Morgenland.' Ges. xi. (1857), p. 522, 523. II The English version is more correct in its rendering of the fruits mentioned in this passage: — "We remember the rish, which we did eat in Egypt freely ; the cucumbers, and the melons, and ihe leeks, and the onions, and the garlick.' — [Ed. Journ. Bot.'] I 58 NOTICES OF BOOKS AXL> MEMOIKS. hiarti) served for food, a use wliich tradition carries back to the first king, Meues. The employment of the seed as a means of uourishment is no longer the custom in Egypt, but according to Schweinfurth''' survives in the region of the Upper Nile among the inhabitants of Bachr-el-Rhasal. On the other hand, according to Delilef the rhizome is still boiled and eaten. Both species are figured frequently on monuments. The blue flowers of Nijinplma cccndea, Savigny, with entire foliage -leaves, are easily recognised in several representations. Two well-preserved fiower-buds of this species are, according to a communication of Prof. R. Caspary, in the British Museum. As to the remains of Xi/mphma flowers in the Leyden Museum, see above.] The far more frequently represented white-flowered Nymj)hcBa Lotus, L., is easily to be distinguished from our native Xymphcea alba, L., by the sharply dentate leaves. The old Egj^ptian name of the Lotos flower " seschnhi " is preserved in the Arabic speech of the modern Egyptians in the form of '' bischnm." The white one, according to Delile,| is distinguished as biscJmin-el- chansir (Swine's Lotos), while the blue is called Uschnin arabi (Arabian Lotos). The monographer of the Xyiiiphaacetr, Prof. R. Caspary, who has closely studied the monumental representations of the Egyptian X}/}n2}h(Face(E,vf ill treat exhaustively of this subject in his expected work. In this place there is another water-plant, Xelumbiumspeciosum, Willd., closely related to Xywphaa, to be mentioned, which possesses a wide distribution in Asia, and also occurs ou the lower Volga at Astrachan. This Asiatic form, which is not rarely cultivated in our greenhouses, has rose-red flowers, while a very closely allied American form has yellow flowers. The frequent occurrence of Xeluinbium in Egypt is certified by several accounts of the old writers, as also by monumental representations, at least in later times. The beautiful mosaic in the Museo Borbonico in Naple: is well-known, on which a Nile-landscape is indicated by crocodiles and Xehunbium. Herodotus § charac- terises the Xelumbiian very strikingly by comparing the fruit with a wasp -nest. He mentions that the seeds which are sunk in cavities of the receptacle are eaten. Yet more exhaustively does Theo- phrastus describe this plant under the name of >£va/xo? (faba Aegyptia), used by most writers of antiquity. StraboH has left us * ' Im Herzen von Africa,' i., p. I.JO. + L. c, p. :i06. J Loc. cit. § Lib. II., Cap. 92, Kn^iu aCpi^y.uv l^ir,i ojj.oi6raTov, What Herodotus meant by the statement o ku^ttck; bv uXXv) y.ciXvyA 7roc^a,(pvoiJLivy Ix tv(; ptl^viq yUsrut remains uncertain if one translates y.ci.Xv^ by calyx, or as Lhardy (Herodotus, i. 207) by stem. II ' Hist, plant.' Lib. iv., cap. 8, 7 and IS. % P. 799, Casaub. Compare E. Meyer, l. c, p. lol &. NOTICES OF BOOKS AXD MEMOIES. 59 a picturesque description of a Xelwnhiiini thicket at Alexandi-ia, wiiich in liis time was often the object of boat excursions on the part of the inhabitants who hked to take breakfast under the shadow of the large leaves. The same author describes in a figurative way the manifold uses of these leaves (compared by Theophrastus to a Thessalian hat) as diinking vessels, &c. It has already been mentioned that this plant, which in the time of the Koman Empire was so abundant in Egypt, has now completely vanished. As E. Meyer conjectures, it was very probably generally planted, since it is nowhere indigenous in Africa. Balanites aegyptiaca, Del., Arabic Hedjlidj, a moderately large tree or shrub, widely distributed in North Tropical Africa fi-om Senegal to Abyssinia, of the family of Olacacece, is planted very rarely in Egypt now, and only single specimens are to be met with in the gardens of the larger towns. Delile''' knew of only one tree in Cairo and a few shrubs near Siut ; Ungerf saw only one tree also in Siut, and Ascherson| a tree in the Khedive's garden at Esneh. The latter has met with the plant in greater numbers in the G-reat Oasis (Chargeh), wild, but, however, only shrub-like. In the region of Qo9er, according to Klunzinger, § isolated trees of Balanites are to be found, and probably quite wild. In ancient Egypt this tree at any rate possessed a wider distribution, since the kernel of its fruit has been found repeatedly in tombs. They are be found in the Florentine Museum (besides the Passalacqua collection), and were brought back by the expedition of Kohlfs from a stone tomb in the oasis Dachel,|| where the tree was not met with. The yellow stone-fruit is extensively eaten in Central Africa, although European travellers,^ e. g., Kohlfs, do not find the taste agreeable. It has before matmity a sour taste ; it afterwards becomes sweet with a peculiar bitter medicinal taste. The stone varies somewhat in its shape. Among the specimens of the Passalacqua collection there are some shorter than others and some more slender ; most are punctured by a small weevil. The cultivation of the Vine was extensively carried on by the Egyptians. The representations of vine-leaves and grape- gathering on the monuments are numerous''' '■' in which the drawing of the leaves! + at all events leaves nothing to be desired. As numerous are the accounts of the old writers about the cultivation * L. c, p. 228, 224. f L. c, xxxviii. 23, p. 126. + ' Garten Flora,' 1870, p. 70. [The statement of the same ( Verhandl. der anthropol. Ges. Berlin, 1875, p, 58) that Balanites is plentifully cultivated in Upper Figypt is incorrect. — A. and il/.] § • Bilder aus Oberagypten der Wuste, und dem Rothen Meere. Stuttgart, 1877, p. 235. II ' Sitszungsberichte der Berl. anthropol. Gesellschaft,' 1875, p. 58. % * Quer durch Africa,' Bd. ii., p. 11. ** ' linger I. c.,' xxxviii. 23, Fig. 39, 40 and 42, Compare also Fig. 38. +f Compare, e. g., Fig. 40. 60 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. of the viiie and the enjoyment resulting from its use in Egypt. The consequences of the latter are immortalised in different old repre- sentations." Grai3es apx)ear in different Egyptian collections. Those in this museum are of the size of moderately large raisins, somewhat long (unpointed) ; 0-01-0-018 m. long, of a black colour, not brown like our raisins, which is foreshadowed by the originally dark-blue colour of the grapes, as may be recognised on several of the coloured representations mentioned by Unger. Several grapes which have been examined contained not one but three seeds each, although Kunthf denotes it as Vitis vinifera var. monopyrena. After lying for four days in water and having hot water poured on them three times, these fruits were not softened, and did not in any way assume the fleshy and tender consistency of softened grapes, but under powerful pressure they crumbled to pieces like rotten wood. They coloured the water rather dark chestnut-brown. The seeds on drying became cracked, and the cell-layer began to come off so that they had to be fastened with gum ; they behave themselves, therefore, like fossil seeds. The size of the seeds agrees with that of the seeds of large raisins, but are somewhat flatter, in the upper part rather broader and more deej)ly hollowed, bilobed, and rather suddenly dimi- nished in the lower beak-shaped end. They are about 0-007 m. long and from 0-0045 to 0-005 m. broad. The chemist Julia-Fontenelle did not succeed in proving the existence of sugar in the flesh of the fruit. | The pomegranate {Punka Granatiim, L.) is abundantly repre- sented on the monuments, e. //., Unger, loc. cit., xxxviii. 23, Figs. 85, 89. In the Passalacqua collection there are fruits some- what smaller and of more simple structure than those of to-day. The latter have usually 6-8, the old ones on the other hand only 4-6 cells. One of the Passalacqua fruits is " bitten so that that the impression of both rows of teeth of a human being may be recognised ; a way of opening these fruits which is still the custom among the common people in Egypt" — (Ehrenberg, in a letter to Passalacqua). No. 452 of the Passalacqua collection is denoted " fruits inconnus " in the Catalogue, pp. 22, 228. These fruits ptove to be those oiaSapihdics. Prof. Radlkofer, the well-known monographer of the Sapindacem, has had the kindness to determine the species and to make the following communication as to its nomenclature and use. According to his investigations these fruits belong to Sapindiis ejnarginatus, Vahl, which form, like Sapindus laurifolius, Vahl, is, accordmg to Hicrn, with whom Radlkofer entirely agrees, not to be separated from Sapindus trifoliatus, L. The fruits of this East Indian tree are used in their native land, as in other lands further west, in washing the head and hair as well as ornamental articles of dregs, e. g., silken materials. _ They bear in * Unger, l. c, p. IIG, + ' Passalacqua Cat.' p. 220. « Ann. Sc. Nat.' viii., p. 422. * ' Passalacqua Cat.' p. 20;!. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 61 Sanskrit the name Phenila, which means " froth," and is repeated in the Singalese name Sas-penela [Sets means tree in this language). Another Sanscrit name Arischta, literally " unhurt," is in Hindustanee liitha, in Bengalee Burra-Reetha (the latter accord- ing to the English way of writing it), and has passed over into the West Asiatic tongues. In Persian these fruits are called Pdta, or Bundugi- Hindi, i.e., Indian hazel-nut; in Arabic Ryteh ; under the latter name they are mentioned by ForskaP'' a,nd Delilef {'^ Sajnndus Fujteh'') as purchasable in the apothecaries' shops in Cairo. Corinaldi| has also met with it in druggists' shoj)s there. He declares this fruit to be Scq^iiidus Mukorossi, Gaertn. ; Kadlkofer has however recognised in the specimens brought back by him Sapindus emcnr/inatiis. It appears probable to Professor Eadlkofer that the ancient Egyptians, whose mercantile connections with India are not to be doubted, received this drug from India as at present, and used it for similar purposes. The Nile Acacia [Acacia nilotica, Del., a,Ka.v^ri AlyvTrrioe, and Spina cBcfyptia of Grreek and Roman authors), which still bears in Egypt the old Egyptian name cant, was not less widely distributed in times of antiquity than at present. Its firm and tough bright- red wood takes a beautiful polish, and is the only native wood suited for ship-building, although its extraordinary curved fibrous texture permits of pieces 3 m. long at the most being cut ; it is the subject of a quite peculiar industry, described by Herodotus § with his usual exactness. The bark and the necklace- like pods are very rich in tannin, and the latter are employed under the name of Qarrad in the preparation of leather, and are also used for medicinal purposes. These fruits are in the Minutoli collection, the authenticity of which, as fully discussed above, is very doubtful. In the Hieroglyphic writing, a figure representing one of the fruits serves as these determinative of the name of the Acacia. [A piece of wood of the qant tree was brought by Ascherson from the temple in the Oasis Dachel.|| As to the employment of the beautiful golden yellow flower-heads in the making of wreaths, see above. KunthlT mentions ^'Mimosa Farnesiana, Linn., some flower-heads united to form a garland, communicated by M. Jomard." But these flower-heads belonged, * ' Materia Medicn,' p. 151. + ' Description d'Egypte, Histoire Natnrelle,' ii., p. 81. J ' Memorie Valdarnesi,' p. 75. § Lib. ii., cap. 96. A comparison of this original description with that of Schweinfurth (Im Herzen von Africa, Pt. i., p. 5G) of the ship-building in Khartoum, shows that the mode of ship-building has not altered there in the slightest for 2300 years. Without knowing the description of his predecessor, Scliweinfurth hns chosen the same compi^irison as Herodotus for the joining together "of the planks united by dove-tailing:" Tr^tv^yj^oy a-vi/n^eTa-i. The want of ship-ribs, the employment of "gigantic iron nails" and plugs iyoiJLipovt; TTvy.vovq Kcci [xay.^ovq) are rendered prominent by both travellers in the same wa, L. Eecorded in Dickie's ' Flora of Ulster ' as found in Tory Island by Mr. Hyndman ; probably some mistake, as I could find no trace of tlie plant, nor could my friend, ]\Ir. E. M. Barrington, who spent several days there). IPiaphanus Raphanistrum , L. Frequent, F. Rapjhanus maritimus, Sm. Very rare; shore to the east of Dunaff Head. ViolacecB. Viola palustris, L. Frequent, F. V. sylvatica, Fries. Common, F. V. Curtisii, Forst. Local; Horn Head; "Bottom" Shore, Fanet, F. V. tricolor, L. Corn-fields, &c. ; frequent, F. Droseracem. Drosera rotundifolia, L. Common, F. D. intermedia, Hayne. Eare ; near Lough-an-Ure, Bosses ; in a small marsh to the west of Murren, called Campbell Lake, F. D. any lie a, Huds. Locally common ; Bosses; Glenveagh, &c. PolygalacecB. Polygala vulgaris, L. Typical at Kindrum and Murren ; fi'equent, F. P. vulgaris, var. depressa, Wend. The commonest form, F. Caryophyllacea. iSilene infiata, Sm. Not unfrequent as a weed of cultivation. " Between "Waters;" Kindrum, &c. F. 5'. maritima, With. Local. Dunafi' Head ; Horn Head ; The Bin. F. 8. acaulis, L. Very rare ; in one place on Dunaff Head, on the north-western face, above the "Black Eocks." Lychnis Flos-cucidi, L. Common, F. \L. vespertina, Sibth. Eare. Kinnalough ; Horn Head, near the house ; near Lough-an-Ure, Bosses. F. L. diurna, Sibth. Eare ; about Kindrum Lake, F. I L. Githago, lj£im. Local; Glinsk, near Carrowkeel ; abundant at Horn Head ; a corn-field w^eed, F. Sagina p)rocumhens, L. Common, F. S. maritima, Don. Frequent, F. S. nodosa, 'Ei.'^ieyeY. Local; Fahan ; Ballyvicstocker ; Doagli- more, &c., F. S. subulata, Wimm. Very rare ; Dunaff Head. M 82 ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. Honkeneja peploides, Ebrli. Eatlier rare ; Ballyvicstocker ; Bottom Shore. F. Arenaria serpylUfolia, L. Local along the coast, Bottom Shore. F. Stellaria media, L. Very common, F. S. holostea, L. Frequent, F. S. granu7iea,Ij. Bare; Glenalla. S. uUfjinosa, Murr. Common, F. Cerastiiim f/lomeratum, Thuil. Common, F. C. triviale, Link. Common, F. C. tetrcmdnim, Curt. Scarce ; Dimree ; Ballyvicstocker. F. MalvacecB. IMalva sijJvestris, L. Bare ; Upper Carrablagh ; but always near houses. F. \Lavatera arborea, Li. Bathmullan Castle and about Bathmullan, j)robably introduced long ago ; not met wdth on the Donegal Cliffs elsewhere. HypericacecB. Hypericum Androsmmiim, L. Frequent, F. H. hiimifusum, L. Local, F. H. pulchnim, L. Frequent, F. H. 2J^Kf'>^'atum, L. Frequent, F. H. quadranyidum, L. Common, F. H. Elodes, L. Not unfrequent, F. Geraniaceo!. \ Geranium dissectiim,lj . Local; Kindrum ; Tamney ; Ballyhoo- riskey ; near Horn Head House ; always in cultivated ground; gardens, &c., F. G. molle, L. Common, F. G. Fiohertianum , L. Abundant, F. ''''G. ptyrenaicum, L. Drimnacraig, F. Erodium cicutariiim, Sm. Common, F. [E. muschatum, Sm. Very rare ; not native. I could only meet with it in one place by a gateway on the skii'ts of Bath- mullan, leading into Mr. Batt's place.] Linacecr. Linum catharticum, L. Common, F. liadiula Millei/rana, Sm. Common in Fanet and at Horn Head; Tory Island. F. OxalidacecB. Oxalis AcetoseUa, L. Common, F. LeyuminoscB. ■\Ulex eiiropmis, L. Common, F. U. Gallii, Planch. Local ; wdth the last, from Carrowkeel to Glenalla ; Murren, F. Sarothamniis scoparius, Koch. Carrowkeel; Glinsk, F. Medicago lupulina, L. Not common. Carrablagh ; Glenalla, F. Trifoliiim pratense, L. Common, F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 83 T. medium, L. Local and rare. Duuaff Head. In great profusion at Leenane, Lough Swilly, where it forms beautiful masses of flowers. T. rejjens, L. Common, F. T. minus, Sm. Frequent, F. T.Jiliforme, L. Eare. Glenalla. Lotus corniculatus, L. Abundant, F. L. major. Scop. Frequent, F. Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. F. Vicia Cracca, L. Common, F. V. sejnum, L. Common, F. V. lathy roides, L. Very rare. Dunaff Head. I V. hirsuta, Koch. Eare. Cornfield near Eosskirk ; near Croaghross. Never apart from cultivation, F. V. angustifolia, Eoth. Eare and very local. Leenane, Lough Swilly. Lathyrus i}ratensis,'h. Not common. Leatbeg; Ballyhooriskey, F. Rosace CB, Prunus communis, Huds. Frequent, F. Spircsa ulmaria, L. Common, F. Agrimonia Eupatorium, L. Eather rare. Between Eathmullan and Knock Alia ; at Carrigart ; Drimnacraig ; Kindrum ; near Eowross, F. Alchemilla vulgaris. L. Common, F. A. arvensis, Scop. Frequent, F. Potentilla anserina, L. Common, F. P. reptans, L. Common, F. P. Tormentilla, Nestl. Abundant, F. P. Fragariastrum, L. Frequent, F. Comarum palustre, L. Local. Lough Fern ; Ballyvicstocker Lake ; Kinnalough, F. Fragaria vesca, L. Local. Carrablagh ; Glenalla, F. Fiubus IdcBus, L. Not unfrequent. Glenalla ; Drimnacraig ; Leat, F. R.fruticosus, L. Common. F. Pi. saxatilis, L. Bunlinn, between Mulroy Lake and Lough Keel, and on the borders of Lough Keel ; near Drimnacraig, F. Geum urbanicm, L. Frequent, F. 6f. rivale, L. Eare. Glenalla by the mill-dam, and in the Poisoned Glen up to 1000 feet. Piosa spinosissim a, 1j. Locally abundant. Macamish Point; Croghan ; Horn Head, &c., F. Pi,, canina, L. Common. R. tomentosa, Sm. Frequent. Croghan ; Lough Columbkille ; Carrablagh, F. CratcEgus Oxyacantha, L. Common, F. Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaert. Frequent. There is a small grove of these trees high up in the Poisoned Glen, F. (To be continued.) 84 SHOET NOTES. Distribution of Ulex.eu-nanus in England. — In the notice of the Bot. Eecord Club Eeport for 1877 ip. 63), the occurrence of restricted U. nanus in South Hampshire api)ears to be questioned. This induces me to forward for critical inspection the Eecord Club specimen so named, gathered by E. D, Marquand, and localised as from "Brockenhurst.'' Permit me to j)oint out that this is not the first report of the i)lant for the vice-county in question ; in ' To^Dographical Botany ' (part ii., ]d. 609) the Vlex eu-namis of Syme is recorded for South Hants on the excellent *' personal authority" of Mr. Frederick Townsend. Mr. Marquand adds, in a recent letter to the writer, that he finds " U. Gallii comparatively rare on the heaths about Sway, Brockenhurst and Beaulieu plain, where U. eii-nanus is very abundant." My experience in North and Mid England is the reverse, but I, nevertheless, know the dwarf eu-nanus in S.W. Yorks., S. Stafford and also N. Lincoln. I send specimen from the race -course at Doncaster, and from a warren near Gainsborough. The plant in the former locality is dwarfed, unhealthy, and likely to be extirpated ; in the Gamsborough station it attains a large size and is perhaps too near Gallit, — as to this Dr. Trimen will, jDcrhaps, kindly express his opinion. I have in former years found U. eu-nanus in Glamorgan and South Stafford, so that its distribution is pretty wide horizontally ; although every- where, so far as my experience goes, local, and much less plentiful as regards number of individual plants than U. Gallii. Here, near Easen, U. Gallii is the only Whin on the sandy heaths of the Greensand stratum. — F. A. Lees. Ulex nanus in South Hants. — In answer to the enquiry con- tained in the notice of the Eeport of the Bot. Eecord Club in the last No. of the ' Journal of Botany' (p. 63), " Does restricted JJlex nanus occur in South Hampshire?" I find I have recorded it on personal authority for the following stations; — Bournemouth; Eingwood ; Burley ; Lyndhurst ; Holmsley ; Beaulieu ; Eomsey ; Miller's Pond, near Southton ; Fisher's Pond, between Owlesbury and Bishopstoke ; Shedfield ; Botley ; Titchfield Common ; South - wick Common ; (in these last three neighbourhoods it is more frequent than U. europceus). I have it recorded by other botanists (exclusive of Dr. Bromfield and Mr. Notcutt, who may not have distinguished it fi-om U. Gallii) from thirteen other localities in South Hants. I have only two records of Ulex Gallii, viz., Bournemouth and the Lymington district. — F. Townsend. Ulex nanus in South Hants. — AU doubt as to the occurrence of U. eu-nanus in South Hants is very completely done away with. What is more sur2)rising to me is to find it apparently so very frequent a plant there. My query at p. 63 was based on my remembrance of the great heath-district of South- west Hants (and Dorset), where U. Gallii occurs in profusion. SHOET NOTES. 85 but where I have no remembrance of meeting with restricted U. nanus ; nor have I any specimens thence, save of U. GaUii. The plant collected by Mr. Marquand in the New Forest district is clearly correctly named eu-nanus, and I may say that I agree completely with Mr. Lees in the names of all the specimens men- tioned in his note, and so kindly sent to me by him, except that I should call his Gainsborough plant U. G-allii rather than C7. eu-nanus. The distribution of these two furzes through England requires full working out ; generally speaking I have hitherto con- sidered U. GaUii a western or " Atlantic" plant, and U. eu-nanus eastern or *' Grermanic," but this will probably not hold good very far. — H. Trimen. On Symphytum aspereimum. — In the report of the Botanical Exchange Club for 1876 there is a reference, at p. 29,* to a Sijmphjtum gathered by me near Youlgrave (misprinted "Yurlgrave"), Derbyshire. I think it may be well to state that I saw only one root or small patch of the plant, and that it appeared to have evidently originated from a garden not far off. I had, how- ever, x)reviously met with the same plant in considerable quantity near Grange Mill, a hamlet two miles south of Winster, Derbyshire, at the upper part of the picturesque line of road called the Via Gellia. A streamlet here runs by the roadside, and on its wet grassy banks this Symphytum, grows in plenty for more than twenty yards, evidently brought down from the gardens at Grange Mill. I have sent to the Bot. Exch. Club a small supply of this Grange Mill plant which I obtained last summer, so that a portion at least of the members will be able to see what is the form to which these notes apply. As to the question whether it should be regarded as a form of ^S'. asperrimum or as distinct therefrom, I think it may be well here to quote the remarks of Mr. J. G. Baker on this plant (in a letter of Feb. 14th, 1877) : — " I cannot quite make up my mind about your Symphi/tum. The true *S'. asperrimum, has strong retrorse white prickles on the stem and leaves, not mere setae ; your plant has not these, but in everything else agrees with S. asperrimum. We have precisely your ^Dlant from Besser as S. asj^errimum, and Planchon has marked it ' S. Donii D.C. ?' I incline to think the plant a var. of asperrimum.'' The Derbyshire plant does not well agree with Curtis's, or rather Sims's, figiu'e of S. asperrimum in ' Bot. Mag.' xxiv. 929, for the corolla is there represented as much more oj)en at the mouth than in my plant. The description also states that the stems are " not merely hispid, but covered with small curved prickles." The Derbyshire plant shows no disposition to vary even when reproduced from seed. I have found it not only in the two stations already mentioned, but I find it also in cultiva- tion in a cottage garden in this N. Staffordshire parish (Ashbourne), each station being some miles from the others. It grows fully five feet high, in this respect resembling true 8. asperrimum. The corollas are i^inkish before and at the first opening, afterwards of a * See ' J. Bot.' 1878, p. 253. 86 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. pale porcelain-blue, and, although constricted at the mouth, are considerablj" larger and wider in outline than those of -S'. officinale. A large Si/nipJn/tum of similar appearance and stature is often seen in old gardens in the S. Western counties of England : perhaps this is the true S. asperrimum ; I have no opportunity of comparing it with the Derbyshire plant, but if my memory serves me aright, the flowers of the latter are much paler in colour (see Dr. Boswell's remarks Bot. Exch. Club Report for 1876, lac. cit.) — W. H. Pueohas. Naias flexilis, Piostk. — This plant has been supposed to be dioecious in Britain ; Dr. Boswell Syme says he could find no male flowers on his specimens of the Irish plant collected by Mr. T. Kirk, (see ' Eng. Bot.' ed. 3, x. p. 63) ; and Su- Joseph Hooker states it is the female plant only that is found there (' Stud. Flora,' ed. 2, p. 399). Last autumn I collected a quantity of the plant in Loch Cluny with ripe fruit and many flowers. On examination I find plenty of male flowers in their normal position at the base of lateral shoots as described by Magnus. The plant is therefore monoecious. As it seemed extraordinary that Irish plants should be dioecious, I examined some of Oliver's original specimens, and also some collected by Mr. T. B. Ku-k (I suppose the same as those referred to by Boswell Syme), and on them also I had no difiiculty in finding male flowers. I suppose they had been previously overlooked, from their occm-rence at the base of young shoots and their rapid withering. Naias flexilis, then, is monoecious in Britain, as it is elsewhere, and as it has been described by Braun and by Magnus. — Bayley Balfour. lExtracts aulr Notuts of 33oofts ^ i^tmotvs. HILDEBRANDT'S AFRICAN TRAVELS. [The following condensed account of the explorations of Herr J. M. Hildebrandt in Eastern Tropical Africa, and summary of some of the botanical results, is translated fi-om a paper by HeiT F. Kurtz, of the Berlin Botanic Garden, and was read at the " Pfingstversammlung " of the Brandenburg Botanical Society at Oderberg, May 27, 1877. It is printed in the " Verhandlungen " of the Society, vol. iii.-ix. ; we are mdebted to Mr. George Murray for the translation. Hildebrandt made extensive botanical collections, the enumer- ation of his specimens reahsing nearly 3000. He was very successful in discovering novelties, not a few of which have been described in the pages of this Journal ; there are, however, yet niany interesting new plants, especially among the Somali gatherings, which have not been worked out. The traveller has recently spent a short time in London and Paris, and has now again left Europe to proceed to Madagascar. In a country where so little botanical investigation has yet been systematically carried out, a naturalist of his knowledge, energy and NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 87 experience cannot fail to reap a rich harvest ; and the little that is at present known of the botany of that great island warrants the expectation of many interesting and important discoveries.] Hildebrandt left Berlin on the 5th March, 1872, and after a short stay in Egypt went fid Djiddah, Hodeidah, and Mochah, to Aden, which he reached in June, 1872. Here he used the opportunity of a passage in a vessel of the English navy to visit Massua, where he arrived in July. At this place he made the acquaintance of Munzinger-Bey, who was about to depart to the countries on the northern boundary of Abyssinia on a military expedition to seize Bogos at the command of Egypt, and who invited Hildebrandt to accom^Dany him. Acce^Dting this invitation Hildebrandt travelled from July to October, 1872, through the countries of Habab, Bogos, Bedjuk, andAz-Temmariam, and made from them a rich collection of objects of Natural History. The botanical part of these contained, besides the remarkable Hydnora ahyssinica, A. Br., a number of new species {Crotalaria emanjinella, Vatke, Heliotropium abyssinicum , Vatke, H. Steudneri, Vatke, Astephanus Sddmperi., Vatke). A description of this journey, by the author himself, will be found in the ' Zeitschrift d. Ges. fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin,' Jahrg. 1875, i)p, 449-470 (with a map ; comx^are also Just, 'Botan. Jahresber.' ii., 1874, p. 1154, No. 149). Communications on the agriculture and cattle-breeding of Abyssinia were also published by Hildebrandt in the Berlin ' Zeitschi'. f. Ethnologic,' Bd. vi., 1874, pp. 318-340. Having returned m October, 1872, to Massua, Hildebrandt visited the volcanic peninsula Buri, and then set out by ship to Aden. At Hamfale he landed, and visited tho Salt Plain of Eagad, two hundred feet beneath sea-level (west of Eagad), and climbed Oerteale, the first African volcano ascertained to be still active. Comx^elled by want of stores to give up his land expedition, Hildebrandt proceeded with his voyage. After putting into Assab Bay he came to the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, and once more touched Arabian ground at Eac-Arar, whence he travelled by Camel to Aden.* Hildebrandt has described the excursion to the Salt Plain of Eagad in the ' Zeitschr. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin,' Bd. x., 1875, pp. 1-38. Among the plants collected at Aden, besides those characteristic of the flora of the place, such as Euphorbia systyla, Edgew. (which also occurs on the Somali coast), Saltia j^ctpposa, Moq.-Tand., &c., there was found a new Heliotropium (H. paradoxum , Vatke). Hildebrandt then undertook two excursions from Aden to the Somali coast, — one short one to Berbera and Bulbar, and the other longer to Lasgori. From the latter place, situated in the district of Wer-Singelli-Somal, he visited the Ahl mountains, of which the limestone ridges, reaching a height of two thousand metres, possess a XDarticularly interesting flora, which shows some analogies to the vegetation of South Arabia, but is, on the other * The plants (about one hundred and twenty in number) of this portion of the journey were unfortunately washed away and lost. [Ed. Journ. Bot.] 88 NOTICES OY BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. liand, xerj different from the Hora of the granite mountains of Ab^^ssinia. Here Hildebrandt and others found the following plants, determined to be new : — Indujofera somalensis, Vatke, Buxus Hildehrcmdtii, Baill., Triumfetta actinocarpa, S. Moore, Barleria Hildehrandtii, S. Moore, Urhania lypericEfiora, Vatke, Solainim Hildebrandtii, A. Br. & Bouche, HeUotropimn hirsutissimum, Vatke, H. somalense, Vatke, Ballota Hildebrandtii, Vatke & Kurtz, Lasiu- cori/s coyijropJujUa, Vatke, Pluchea heterophyUa, Vatke, Pulicaria Kurtziana, Vatke, P. Hildebrandtii, Vatke, Inula somalensis, Vatke. Hildebrandt has given a description of the excursion to Lasgori and the Ahl mountains in the tenth volume of the ' Zeitschr. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin ' (1875), pp. 268-295 (see also Just, ' Botan. Jahresber.' iii., 1875, p. 752, No. 49). After his return to Aden, Hildebrandt made an excursion to Kurratschi and u]3 the Indus for the sake of his health. He then went to Zanzibar, where he arrived in July, 1873. From here he visited, iDartly in company with Hagenbeck (the dealer in animals), the rivers Wami and Kingani, made an excursion to Baraua, on the south coast of Somali, and formed on these expeditions, as well as on the island of Zanzibar, exceedingly rich collections of natural history objects. Of the remarkable plants brought by Hildebrant from this region (some as herbarium specimens, and others alive) there may be named, Crotalaria pscudo-eriosema, Vatke, Indi(/ofera palustris, Vatke, ^-Eschynoinene cristata, Vatke, Dalbergia vacciniifolia, Vatke, Clitoria zanzibarensis, Vatke, Vigna Benthami, Vatke, Milletia jnrifolia, Valke, Clathrospermum biovulatum, S. Moore, Greicia ectasicarpa, S. Moore, NympluBa zanzibariensis , Gasp, (one of the most beautiful ornaments of the Victoria-house in the Bot. Gardens, Berlin), Sebcea oldenlandioides, S. Moore, Trianolepis Hilde- brantii,Yi!itke,Psychotria2nmctata,YQit\ie,Plectroniazanzibarica,Yeitke, Chasalia umbraticola, Vatke, Polysplucria parvifolia, Hiern, Gardenia zanguebarica, Hiern, Enterospermum micranthum, Hiern, Hedyotis floscnlosa, Hiern, H. fugaa.', Ysitke, Torenia ramosissima,Ysitke, Leucas densi/lora, Vatke, jEolanthus zanzibaricus , S. Moore, Vernonia Hilde- brandtii, Vatke, Laggera sordida, Vatke, Gynura filifonnis, Vatke, G. microcephala, Ysiike,Encephala7-tos Hildebrandtii, A. Br. & Bouche. Partly on account of the exhausted condition of his health, and also for the pur^DOse of i)reparing for his long-x3lanned expedition to Kenia, the northern rival of the Kihma' Ndjaro, Hildebrandt re- turned to Europe in August, 1874. However, in the early iDart of the following year, he began his second expedition, leaving Aden, which he reached in February 1875, first for Meitli in the pro- vince of Habr-Gehardyis-Somal. From here he visited the Serrut Mountains, (about 2000 m.) in which he found, besides Buxus Hildebrandtii, Baillon, observed before in the Ahl Mountains, Hydnura abyssinica, A. Br. (of which a specimen with a pentamerous perigone was found) and Busivellia Carteri, Birdwood, the i^lant v/hich yields frankincense, the following new plants : — Indigo/era umbraticola, Vatke, I. Sedgewickiana, Vatke et Hildebrandt, (named in comx)limcnt to Dr. Sedgewick w^ho afterwards treated the traveller on board H.M.S. ' London', on the Zanzibar Station), NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 89 Boswellia neglecta, S. Moore, Adhatoda harlerioides, S. Moore, Tinnea heterotypica, S. Moore, Hildebrandtia africana, Vatke, (see A. Braiin in ' Sitzimgsber. cL naturforscli. Freunde zu Beiiiu,' 18th Jan. 1876), Leptadmia ? visciformis, Vatke, Fulicaria Benschiana, Vatke, Psiadia incana Oliv. & Hiern, Iphiona microphylla, Vatke, Sericocoma soinalensis, S. Moore, S. pallida, S. Moore, Ulothrix Vatkeana, Echb., f., Dracana schizmitha, Baker (which affords 'Dragon's blood ;' — see Hildebrandt in ' Sitzimgsber. d. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berhn,' 19th March, 1878, and in ' Monatshrift d. ver. zur Beford. d. Gartenbaues', July, 1878), Anthericum inconspicuum, Baker, and A. corymbosiun, Baker. The most remarkable discovery was, how- ever, the new genus of Convolvulacea, Hildebrandtia, a small shrub with twigs thorny at the ends, and habit recalling that of a Lycium, the tetramerous flowers of which are distinguished by the two outer calyx-leaves growing in the shape of disproportionately large wings when the fruit ripens. After returning to Aden, Hildebrandt went to Zanzibar, from which he, according to his plan, set out to the Comoro Island, Johanna, on which he spent the interval between June and September, 1875. The luxuriant vegetation of this island, accord- ing to Hildebrandt one of the loveliest in the world, of the natural history of which he has given a sketch in the ' Zeitschr. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin,' Bd. xi., 1876, pp. 87-49 (compare also Just, 'Botan. Jahresber.' iv., 1876, p. 1161, No. 161), included a number of new plants : — Mucuna comorensis, Vatke, Crinum Hilde- brandtii,Y Sitke, Ravenea (nov. gen. Palmarum) Hildebrandtii, Bouch6, Balanophora Hildebrandtii, Echb. fil., Cyathea Hildebrandtii, Kuhn, Tricliomanes Hildebrandtii, Kuhn, Selayinella Hildebrandtii, A. M., S. amjjJiirhizos, A. Br., of which especially worth mention is Trichomanes Hildebrandtii, of which the circular fronds, as big as a thaler, are closely pressed in series to the tree trunks, and much suggest a great liver-moss. Among the fifty-four species of mosses which the traveller collected on Johanna, forty-seven were new (according to the determination of C. Miiller (Halens.), who has described the Hilde- brandt mosses in 'Linnaea,' xL, pp. 225-300) ; the island has only three in common with Madagascar and only one with Africa. Among the Algae of Johanna there is a new Chroolepus (inhabiting trees), and the remarkable Dictyonema sericewn, Montague, of which Bornet has given a figure in his ' Eecherches sur les gonidies des lichens' ('Ann. Sc. Nat.' 5 ser., tome xvii., 1870). The lichens collected in East Africa by Hildebrandt were worked up by Krempel- huber ('Linnaea,' xli., x^p. 135-144). When he came back to Zanzibar, Hildebrandt engaged his men and supplied himself with what was necessary for his projected journey into the interior of the dark continent to Ndur Kenia. He went first to Pangani ; and since he could not follow out his plan from this place he went to Lamu, in order to try to penetrate from there through the South Gala countries up the Tana to Kenia. Here also all the attempts of the traveller to form a caravan were thwarted through the fear entertained by the Gala of N 90 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. the Somalis, who had iDeuetrated into the neighbouring Gala provinces and had hiid them waste. Sick with fever, and impeded by scorbutic ulcers in the legs, Hildebrandt returned, in December, 1875, to Mombassa. Since he did not recover here he went on to Zanzibar, where he — as already mentioned — was carefully nursed on board H.M.S. ' London.' Completely recovered, he set out again from Zanzibar, where he engaged fresh followers, to Mombassa. Here he made an excursion to Maweni, in Duruma, in order to exercise his followers, and on the 10th January, 1877, set out from Mombassa into the interior to reach Kenia. He traversed in succession the provinces of Taita, Ukamba, and Kitui, stopping now and then to collect natural history specimens, and to make different scientific observations. Through the fear his people had of the Wakwafi on the one hand and the Wakamba (the inhabitants of Kitui) on the other, as also through the hostile behaviour of the latter towards himself, Hildebrandt was compelled to return with a heavy heart when only three days' journey from Kenia, the goal of his journey. In August, 1877, he arrived again at Mombassa, paid off his people, and, compelled by shattered health, returned by Zanzibar to Europe. Among the highly interesting plants collected on this joiu'ney may be mentioned : — Galactia argenteifulia, S. Moore, Dalbergia hrevicaudata, Vatke, Ormocarpum Kirkii, S. Moore, Pithecolohimn zcmzibaricum, S. Moore, Ammannia Hildehrandtii, Koehne, ined., Tristillateia africana, S. Moore, Cladostemon jiaradoxus^ A. Br. & Vatke, Uvaria Asterias, S. Moore, Blepharis j^ratensis, S. Moore, Notonia Hildehrandtii, Vatke, Yernonia cBimdans, Vatke, Aspilia wedeliaformis, Vatke, Hydrosme maxima, Engler, Ouvirandra Hildehrandtii, Hort. Berol.,* Selagi- nella eublepharis, A. Br. On the highly remarkable new Capparideous genus, Cladostemon paradoxus, and also on several other new plants collected by Hilde- brandt, an exhaustive paper by A. Braun will be found in the ' Monatsberichten der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften,' (1876, pp. 855-867 ; comp. also ' Sitzungsber. der Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin,' 1876, pp. 6-8, pp. 113-123, and Just, ' Botan. Jahresber.' iv., 1876, p. 558, No. 149, and p. 1122, No. 75). Ouvirandra Hildehrandtii, Hort. Berol., is a readily flowering plant in the Berlin Botanic Garden, which the traveller found in Kitui in shallow pools filled only during the rainy season. During the dry season only the coarse rhizome of the Ouvirandra is found ; in the rainy season it develop) s quickly a large number of leaves and numerous long- stalked violet flowers, which after flowering sink down into the water. Hildebrandt has given a review of his second journey in a lecture to the Berlin Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde (* Verhandl.,' Bd. iv., pp. 284-295). * This name was given by Ascherson, and the plant was described by Eichler at the October meeting of the • Gartenbauverein ' and November meeting of the ' Gcsells. Naturf. Fnunde ' (see ' Sitzungsber.', 19 Nov., 1878, p. 193). It is identical with Aponogeton suhcorjugahis, Schum. [A. leptostachyus, E. M.) (See Trimen in ' Gard. Chrou.' 1879, p. 149). [Ed. Journ. Bot.] NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIES. 91 ON THE VEGETABLE EEMAINS IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AT BEELIN. By Alexandek Braun. Edited from the Author's MSS. by P. Ascherson and P. Magnus. (/ Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic,' ix., 1877). (Concluded from p. 62.) [In order to finish all together the plants jpreserved in the Egyptian Museum, we may mention No. 1596 of the Passalacqua collection,* which is not spoken of by Kunth, and does not occur in the notes left by A. Braun. This object consists for the most part of remains of grass-like leaves repeatedly bound together and mostly broken, in examining which three small bulbs, about 0-008 m. long and 0-004 m. broad were found, which, confirmed by the microscopic examination of the leaves, were the means of the determination of the plant as a species of Allium. Towards recognising the species, the small specimens in question gave no sure data. Nor was Prof. Irmisch of Sondershausen, the highest authority on bulb and tuber-bearing plants, able to give a decided judgment in regard to the species. The predilection of the ancient Egyptians for species of Allixun is repeatedly certified. Apart from the numerous figures of bulbs on the monuments,! and the statements of Eoman writers about the rehgious worship of this x^lant (according to information received from Lepsius, not yet confirmed by old Egyptian text) which was invoked in swearing,]; it will suf&ce to recall the passage already cited, Numbers, chap, xi., vers. 5, in which three species oi Alliwn are mentioned, of which two are called in modern Arabic by. the names occurring in the Hebrew text. Only the leek, Allium Porrum, Li. (Greek Tr^da-ov, Hebrew chdtzir), is called differently korrat in Ai'abic ; while the onion, Allium Cepa, L. (Greek k^oi^ixvov, Hebrew hetzel, Arabic hacal), and the garlic. Allium sativum, L. (Greek a-yJ^o^ov, Hebrew schinn, Arabic turn), have not altered then- nomenclature in the South Semitic languages. Another well-known literary testimony to the extensive use of species of Allium in ancient Egypt is the account of Herodotus, § that in the building of the pyramid of Cheops radishes, onions and garlic to the value of 1600 silver talents were consumed by the workers. The modern Egyptians do not depart in this respect from the predilection of their forefathers, although Unger|| has made the declaration (difficult to prove) that garlic and onions are now cultivated far less than in times of antiquity. Onions are cultivated in the greatest abundance in modern Egypt [an exact description of their cultivation is given by Figarili] ; they are to ♦ ' Comp. Sitzungsber. der Ges.naturf. Freunde Berlin,' 15 Mai, 1877, p. 157. + Unger, l. c, xxxviii. 23, Figs. 22-24. + • Hehn, Cultur pflanzen und Hausthiere,' ii Aufl., p. 109. § Lib. ii., cap. 125. II L. c, xxiriii. 28, p. 108. ^ ' Stud, scient. sull' Egitto,' torn, ii., pp. 140, 141. 92 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. be found even in the remote oases of the Libyan desert. Garlic is likewise cultivated in the Nile Valley generally; besides, Ascherson met with it in the large and small oases, and EohKs"^' in Sinah and Audjila. Of the finding of the stems of the i^oisonous shrub Oschar {Calotropis procera, E. Br.) in a stone tomb of the oasis Dachel, Aschersont has given a full account. It may be added that these stems have still a distinct bitter taste. The bitter jDrin- ciple and the fat prove, therefore, far more persistent than sugar, and, of course, ether oils. In the Florentme Museum there are the remarkable distended, almost globular fruits of this i3lant, which are called in Arabic, bed-el-6schar, " the egg of the oschar." This additional discovery is less remarkable than the stem, since the wool of the seed was presumably, as to-day in Soudan, em- X)loyed in stuffing pillows. — A. and M.] Dictionary of English Plant-Names. By James Britten, F.L.S., and Robert Holland. Part I. [A — F.] London : published for the English Dialect Society by Triibner and Co. 1878. (pp. 197). This is the first portion of a work long announced, and its com- prehensive character justifies delay. It is over ten years since the authors commenced then* collection of local names, and though it is i^robable that even another decade might add a good many more words to the collection here duly marshalled in alphabetic sequence, yet it is well to hasten the publication. It is the nature of such compilations to be never complete, and no doubt botanists and others in all parts of England will be able to add a few names or varieties of names. But it may be safely said that such an extensive series of the names of English plants has never before been seen. This Part only extends to the letter F, but there must be at least three thousand names given. They are drawn from so many and such varied sources that it is clear that the danger has been that of including too much, and failing to di-aw the hne at real names and keej) out those invented by individual writers or by children. The names are evidently of very unequal value in area of use, authenticity, and genuineness. The authors have, however, endeavoured to comprehend all the names now or at any time actually in the mouths of the country people, and the old writers on plants have been exhaustively consulted for such, many of which have become extinct. No "deliberately coined" modern names are included. The earliest occurrence of a name in print is often indicated, but a great portion of the provincial words here catalogued must be hitherto unpublished, being gathered together at first-hand from the people. The names in the various extant MSS. dating before the era of the invention of printing are not included unless subsequently printed. The book is not more than it professes to be, a dictionary. * • Von Tripolis nach Alexandrien,' Bd. ii., p. 66, 119. + ' Verhandlungeu der anthropol. Ges. Berlin,' 1875, S. 58. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIES. 93 Under each name is given an indication of the districts or counties where it is known to be in use, and the plant to which it refers. It is in the latter point especially that the hook is much in advance of any previous partial catalogues of a similar kind. Great care has evidently been bestowed on the correct determination of the species, and the scientific names of these are always given. Many errors of previous writers — who have usually been philologists or anti- quarians rather than botanists (always excepting Dr. Prior, who is all combined) — are corrected, and it is the accuracy of the book in this particular which is one of its strongest features. A (temporary) index of the scientific names of the species is given, under each of which are to be found all the names contained in this First Part. Some of the very common, remarkable, or useful x^lants have a large number of these local names. This list, when completed for the whole book, will be of great utility. Besides our native flora a good many garden favourites and kitchen herbs are included. Explanation of the names has not been systematically attempted. Dr. Prior's useful and well-known volume is always referred to when he includes the name, and the authors comment judiciously on some of his derivations. They have also given explanations whenever local information enabled them to do so satisfactorily, and in many cases give a great deal of curious information from out-of-the-way sources. The continuation of the Dictionary may be expected during the current year. H. T. Jemforande undersoknmgar ofver Bladets anatomi. Af F. W. C. Akeschoug. (Kongl. Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund minneskrift 1878). This fine memou' of two hundred and forty-two quarto pages embodies the researches on leaf-anatomy in vascular plants which Prof. Areschoug has been carrying on for many j^ears. After an introduction on the general structure of the cellular and vascular tissues, a comparative examination of the leaves of numerous selected types is very fully given, and the results are summed up in a final resume. The paper is, unfortunately, wholly in Swedish, but it is illustrated with eleven excellent plates exhibiting the structure by various sections of the following leaves : — Narcissus poeticus, Anthericum Liliago, Agcqjanthus umbellatus, Erythronium Denscmiis, Phormum tenax, Luzula multifiora, Arundo Donax, Uncinia rubra, Triglochin maritimum, Potamogeto7i natans, Zostera marina, Philudendron jjertusum, Ilex Aquifolumi, Buxus semjyervirens, Piosmarinus officinalis, Littorella lacustris, Dracophyllum Traversi, Franciscea sp., Piochea falcata, Limnanthemiim nymphaoides , Salsola Kali, Klatine Hydropijjer, Eryngium, pjaniculatum, Adiantum macro- jyhyllum, Platycerium alcicorne. H. T. On the genus Haluphila. By Bayley Balfour, D.Sc. (* Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edmburgh,' 1877-8). 1879. This memoir is illustrated with five quarto plates from the author's di-awings. The investigations recorded were 94 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. for the most part carried on in Prof, de Bary's botanical laboratory at Strasburg, and the whole is an excellent piece of work. The morphology of the vegetative organs is treated of in great detail, especially the leaf arrangement, a brief account of which was communicated by Dr. Balfour to this Journal last year (1878, p. 290). The structure of the flowers is fully described for the first time ; they are unisexual, but it is not determined whether monoecious or dioecious. The pollen-cells are united to form chains, but are not so long as in the allied genera Zostera and Cymodocea. The female flower has an inferior ovary with numerous ovules on three parietal placentas ; this is terminated by a slender process (perianth-tube ?), which bears at its apex the three small perianth-segments alternating with the- carpels, and within these three long filiform stigmas. The fruit is a globular capsule ; the seeds exalbuminous ; the large macropodous embryo with a coiled cotyledon at the summit. In his remarks on the systematic position of the genus, the author observes that, though possessmg many of the characteristic marks of the XaiadacecB, where it is usually placed, Halophila b}^ the structure of its ovary and in other points agrees with the HydrocharidecB, and must be regarded " as a form breaking down the artificial distinction separating the two families, unless indeed one places it altogether in the Hydrocharidea;.'' The species examined by the author, H. ovalis and H. stipidacea, were both collected at Eodriguez. Dr. Balfour attaches great importance to the foliage, and in opposition to Ascherson and Bentham would remove both H. spinulosa and H. Beccarii from the genus on account of their very different leaves. H. T. The number of special cryptogamic periodicals is on the increase ; besides the old established ' Hedwigia ' and ' Grevillea ' we have the ' Eevue Bryologique ' of M. Husnot and the ' Brebis- sonia ' or ' Eevue d'algologie ' of M. Huberson, and now, with the title of ' Eevue Mycologique,' a new journal, devoted to the study of Fungi, has appeared under the editorship of M. C. Eoumeguere. It is a quarterly, and the first number was issued on January 1st containing forty-four pages and a plate. The subscription is 12 fr. a year. Address, M. C. Eoumeguere, Eue Eiquet 37, Toulouse. The collection of plants made by Prejevalsky in his last expedition, together with the rich one of Potanin made on the borders of Mongolia, is being worked out by Maximowicz and Eegel, and the results will be embodied in an illustrated work on the Flora of Mongolia and Kansu, a large number of the plates for which are ready. The Eev. W. A. Leighton announces that he has nearly completed the printing of the third edition of his ' Lichen-Flora of Great Britain, Ii-eland, and the Channel Islands,' which it is expected wiU be ready for issue early in March. This new edition is rendered necessary by the numerous discoveries of Mr. Larbalestier in the West of Ireland ; those of Mr. Crombie, BOTANICAL NEWS. 95 Dr. Stirton, and others in the Noi-th of Scotland ; and his own researches in North and South Wales ; whereby the lichen-flora of the former edition, amounting to 1156, has been raised to 1706, thus rendering our lichens in number, rarity, and novelty, quite equal to those of any country in Europe. Articles in Journals. — January, 1879. Botanische Zeitung. — K. Goebel, * On develoiDment of leafy shoots from leaves of Isoetes.' — P. F. Keinsch, ' Eesearches on entophytic and entozootic plants ' (tab. 1). — T. W. Engelmann, ' On the movements of Oscillari^ and Diatoms.' — H. Wendland, ' On Brahea or Pritchardia filifera, Hort.' — J. C. Doll, * On the history of botanical morphology.' Flora. — W. J. Behrens, * On the nectaries of flowers' (tab. 1-5). — C. Ki'aus, * On the tissues composing foliage and flower- leaves.' — H. Bauke, ' A Keply.' Hedwujia. — Gr. Winter, ' On a natural system of Thallophytes.' — A. Fischer v. Waldheim, '•Ustllago Aschersoniana,' n. sp. Magyar Nov. Lapok. — L. Simkovics, * The moss-flora of Buda- Pest.' Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. — J. A. Knapp, * Biography of Ludvig von Vukotinovic' (with portrait). — M. Wyplel, * Eesearches towards an accurate knowledge of nutation.' — F. v. Thueman, ' Vossia, n. gen. Ustilagmearum.' — M. v. Hutten, ' On flora of upper valley of Neutra.' — F. W. Lorinser, * Agaricus (Lepiota) riigoso -reticulata.* — A. Peter, * Excursion to the Babia-Gora.' yuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. — T. Caruel, ' On some reversed flowers in Phaseolea.' — Id., * Illustration of Arisarinn proboscideicm, Savi ' (tab. 1). — Id., ' On fruits of Pomiferae.' — Id., ' On structure and affinities of several lower Families of Dicotyledons' (tab. 2). — Gr. Archaugeli, ' On flowers of Dracunciilus vulgaris.' — M. Lo Jacobo, ' Influence of exposure considered in relation to vegetation of the higher mountains of Sicily.' — F. Baglietto, 'Lichens of island of Sardinia.' Scottish Naturalist. — J. Keith, ' Supplementary list of Fungi found within the province of Moray.' — J. Stirton, ' Description of new Scottish Lichens.' — Kev. J. Stevenson, * Report of Crypto- gamic Society's Exhibition of Fungi, 1878.' ISotanual Netos. Dr. J. Peyritsch has been appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Innsbruck in place of Prof. Kerner, who has gone to Vienna. Dr. V. B. WiTTRocK has become Reader of Botany in the University of Upsala, and Keeper of the botanical section of the Royal Museum at Stockholm. 96 BOTANICAL NEWS. The place of the late Prof. Borszczow in the University of Kiew has been filled by the appointment of Dr. J. Schiialhausen. Prof. Balfour has resigned the chair of Botany in the Universit}^ of Edinburgh, which he has held for thu-tj^-four years. His failing health is, we regret to hear, the cause of this step. Adam White, late of the Zoological Department of the British Museum, died at Glasgow on December 30th, at the age of sixty-two. Though chiefly devoted to Entomology (especially the Coleoptera) , he was a thorough naturalist, and possessed an excellent knowledge of British plants ; a good many specimens from him are in the British Museum Herbarium. The death is announced, on January 10th, of Dr. Jacob BiGELOw, at Boston, U.S.A., where he was an eminent physician and distinguished as an artist, a scholar, and a naturalist. In Botany he was the author of a ' Florula Bostoniensis,' dated so long ago as 1814 (a third edition in 1846) ; and his ' American Medical Botany ' (1817-21) is well known. DeCandoUe in 1836 dedicated to him the Compositous genus Bifjelowia. Another American botanist, Dr. Jainies Watson Bobbins, has also recently died. He was a close student of the Flora of the Northern States and had a critical knowledge of the diflerent genera. The monograi^h of Potamogeton in * Gray's Manual ' is £:om his pen. He died on January 9th, at the age of seventy- seven. Hermann Itzigsohn, who died on January 4th at Schoneberg, near Berlin, cEtat. 65, was a cryptogamist of eminence. He had especially worked at Mosses and Algae, and is the author of numerous memoirs on these j)laiits. His name is especially connected with his researches on spermatozoids in the lower plants. We regret to have to make the announcement that unless some competent botanist who is able to spare the necessary time can be found, the Botanical Exchange Club will be compelled to dis- continue its annual distribution. Mr. Briggs has for several years efficiently performed the large amount of work which the curator- ship involves, but last year felt compelled to resign. The stock of specimens sent in are in the charge of Mr. Baker, at Kew, and the London members of the Club will make up the return parcels as soon as their other engagements will permit, and will have the assistance of Mr. Briggs, who intends to visit London. The Eeport will be sent out as usual, but it is not intended to issue a list of desiderata this spring. 07 ©ingmal ^rttcics. ON SPEyCERIA, A NEW GENUS OF ROSACEA^, FEOM WESTERN CHINA. By Henry Trimen, M.B., F.L. S. (Tab. 201. j Among a few specimens brought home by Capt. Gill, R.E., from his journey in Western China in 1877, are some interesting species collected on Ra-Ma-La, a mountain between the towns of Ta-Chien-Lu"^' and Lit'ang, close to the frontiers of Thibet, and in latitude about 30° N. Capt. Gill informs me that the precise locality was a hut called La-ni-ba, at an altitude of 14,335 feet, a little below the crest of the mountain which is at an elevation of 14,915 feet. The line of perpetual snow in this latitude is certainly not lower than 17,000 feet. Of the plant here figured the specimens are unfortunately incomplete, and I am unable to describe the fruit, but its floral characters are sufficiently remarkable to show it to form a distinct genus of Rosacem. I believe it to be undescribed, and have therefore the pleasure of connecting with it the name of my friend and coadjutor, Mr. Spencer Moore, of the Kew Herbarium, author of several valuable papers in different departments of Botany, in- cluding more than one on the plants of China. It would have been very fitting to have commemorated the discoverer by dedicating this novelty to him, but the existence of the well-known genus Gilia prevents the formation of another of precisely similar sound. Spenceeia, gen. nov. Flores hermaphroditi. Calycis persistentis tubus turbinatus ; segmenta 5, valvata, bracteolis 5 stipu- laceis parvis rotundatis extus donata ; faux vix constrictus ; discus tubum calycinum vestiens supra in tubum conicum truncatum stylos includens prolongatus. Petala 6, ampla, rotundata, basi angustata, breviter unguiculata. Stamina circa 30, uniseriata, disco inserta ; filamentis basi parum dilatatis connatisque ; antheris rotundatis loculis valde curvatis. Carpella 2 (vel abortu 1) tubi calycis basi inserta et eo inclusa, perbreviter stipitata, ad apices pilis longissi- mis coronata; styli terminales filiformes, elongati, ex ore disci tubularis longe exserti ; stigmata simplicia acuminata ; ovula in singulis carpellis unica, pendula. Fructus - ? S. ramalana, sp. unica. Herba perennis, erecta, in omnibus partibus valde piloso-villosis. Folia caulina parva, sim- plicia, in bracteis transientia ; stipule - ? Flores mediocres, potentiUoideae, longe pedicellati, erecti, pediceUis sub flora * Wrongly spelt Ta-tsien-lu, and in many other ways, on maps. N. s. VOL. 8. [April, 1879.] o 98 ON SPENCERIA, A NEW GENUS OF ROSACEA. involucro vel liypocalyci ex duo bracteis 5-fidis arete con- natis formato iufundibuliformi sufiultis. Hab. In monte dicto Ra-Ma-La, CliinEe occidentalis, altit. circa 14,300 ped. legit Gul. GiU. [Tab. 201.] The material at my disposal is unfortunately insufficient to determine completely the habit of the j^lant. The specimen figured is the best of three, aU very similar, and each with two simi)le leaves irregularly cut, sessile and apparently without stipules ; probably the plant possesses basal leaves of a higher degree of development which were not collected. Hairs soft, white, spreading, except on the pedicels where they are subadpressed. Flowers about 12 in a rather dense erect raceme, rather large, about I inch wide. Sepals lanceolate, acute, with long silvery hairs externally. Petals not emarginate, very finely veined, yellow. Stamens about half as long as the petals, filaments flat. Hairs from the top of the carpels very long, projecting for some distance out of the mouth of the disk-tube as a shining snow-white pencil or tuft. None of the flowers are withered, but in the oldest ones there is an evident commencement of hardening in the calyx-tube, which probably increases in size and durability, and incloses one or two achenes. The large flowers of this plant at first sight suggested Potentilla or Geum as a near ally, but from the above description it will be seen that the affinity of Spenceria is wdth the Poteriem [AgrimoniecB). Of the genera included in this tribe it comes nearest to Aremonia, — a monotypic Mediterranean and Eastern genus placed under Agri- monia both by Baillon* and Hooker, + but retained by Nyman,^ — distinguished by the want of spines on the outside of the calyx- tube, fewer stamens (5 instead of 15), and the possession of a funnel-shaped involucre or hypocalyx§ of two connate bracts just below the flower, as in Spenceria. The new genus differs from Aremonia in the remarkable development of the disk, which is earned out into a long tube round the stjdes, in the more numerous (30) stamens, in the simple not capitate stigmas, and in the pos- session of stipular bractlets between the calyx- segments ; as well as by the large flowers, and probably quite different habit and foliage. The tubular persistent disk is a remarkable development of a structure of special interest in this Order, in no other genus of which is it so produced beyond the flower. The nearest api^roach to such a development appears to be in the remarkable Japanese genus Rhodotyjjos, \\ but even there it is not prolonged into a tube. Dkscription of Tab. 201. — Spenceria ramalana, Trimen. Drawn from one of Capt. Gill's specimens. — 1. A specimen with raceme of flowers. 2. The involucre or hypocalyx. 3. The same, seen from beneath. 4. The calyx. 5. A petal. 6, 7. Anthers. 8. Section of the calyx-tube and disk, showing the carpels in situ. 9. Vertical section of ovary. (AU the figures but 1 enlarged.) * ' Hist, des Plantes,' i., p. 352. + * Gen. Plant.,' i., p. 6^3. J ' Conspt-'ct. Flor. Europ.', p. 238. § Mr. S. Moore has suggested to me the use of this convenient ttrui. 11 Sieb. & Yucc, 'Fl. Japon.', t. 2!i. 'Kl:..S.Cl fl.OlsuTLcLel We st|]sre\'yxnaLJx Sc Co . i rup . Sp eric eria. r ctraal aun a. , Trvmy. 99 ON THE SOUECES OF THE "CHINA MATTING" OF COMMEKCE. By H. F. Hance, Ph.D., F.L.S., Member of the Imperial Academy Naturae Curiosorum, &c. The manufactm-e of matting is one of the most important indus- trial occupations of Soutliern China. The foreign traveller arriving on the coast is struck by the novel sight of large heavy-looking trading junks and myriads of Hghter fishing craft, all furnished with enormous mat sails ; and, if his destination be Canton, or any of the ports situated on the many outlets of the vast delta of the Canton Eiver, he will meet wherever he goes thousands of boats engaged in traffic, all using sails made of the same material. In addition to this, the main and most important use to which matting is put, it is largely used for dollar-bags,^ bed-mats, bags for packing salt, and as covering for the boxes in which tea, cassia, sugar- candy and other articles are packed for exportation ; so that the number of persons to whom this branch of industry affords employment must be very large indeed. Some years since, I ascertained from my friend the Eev. E. H. Graves, who has a mission station in the departmental city of Shiu-hing (in the Court dialect Chao-ch'ing), on the West Eiver, about seventy-five miles from Canton, that this is the chief seat both of cultivation and manufacture of the plant furnishing the material for the matting ; and he was so kind subsequently as to procure for me the li\ing plant, and to give me the following memorandum regarding it: — "This i3lant is known among the Chinese at Shiu-hing as T '6, which is defined in Kang-hi's dictionary as ' an aquatic grass used by the people of Southern China for making mats.' In Canton, however, the matting made of this plant is known only under the term P'6 or 'rush.' This latter Williams defines as the cat's-tail rush, or Tyjyha.j- It seems to be used in Canton as a generic rather than a sj)ecific term. It is cultivated almost exclusively in Shiu-hing, especially in the country to the south of the department city ; of late years, however, it has been introduced into the Sz-ui district. It grows in poor soil, and though it gains in height by manuring, it loses so much in strength as to be unfit for making mats. It is grown in fields flooded with water, much as rice. No care is requu-ed in the cultivation, as it propagates itself by sprouts from the root ; it reaches a height of six or seven feet. The rush is brought to Shiu-hing in large bundles, about one foot * Owing to the mischievous and (so far as the prevention of fraud is concerned) really useless practice adopted by the Chinese of " chopping" dollars, or stamping them Avith a steel die, by which they gradually get worn into holes, and ultimately broken up, it is customary amongst mercantile firms to weigh these, a certain number of taels (usually 71-7) in weight being reckoned as equal to 100 dollars, and weights of broken silver dollars corresponding to 100 and 50 clean dollars are usually put up in mat bags, ready for payment by the " shroff" or Chinese accountant and treasurer of the establishment. t But no species of Ty^ha is known from Southern China, 100 ON THE SOURCES OF THE "CHINA MATTING. in diameter when bound, and sells at about twenty cents a bundle, for good quality. One of these will make four bed-mats when woven. The rush, bemg round, must be flattened before used ; this is accomplished by beating it with a heavy piece of wood, about four feet long, bearing a general resemblance to a stout paviour's rammer, or a small pile-driver. As you approach some of the villages near Shiu-hing the noise of beating the rushes resounds on every side, and reminds one of the busy hum of a factory. This work of flattening the rush, as well as the subsequent plaiting, is done by women and girls, who receive from seventeen to nineteen cash* for making a mat for salt-bags, &c., and twenty-two to thirty cash for making a bed-mat. The rush is given out by the shops, and the women are paid according to the work done. The shop- keepers make a good profit, as they pay twenty cents a bundle to the cultivator, and about ten cents for making five mats, which will sell for from sixty to seventy-five cents. These mats are used for making the mat sails of all the native junks in this part of China." It was with no small surprise that I found, on examining the ^ plant submitted to me, that it was referable to Le^ironia mucronata, Eich., variously located by authors in the tribes Chrysitrichefs, HypolytrecB, or Scleriea of Cyperacese, and recorded as a native of Ceylon, several islands of the Indian Archipelago, Australia and Madagascar, but nowhere, so far as I can find, regarded as a " planta usualis." Of this a carefully drawn up character was given ten years ago by that excellent botanist the late Mr. Kurz ; f but as, in view of the acute arguments of Mr. Bentham, \ and the manifest affinity of the genus with Mapania and Diplasia, it seems impossible to adopt R. Brown's view § of the floral structure, acquiesced in by Kurz, I think it may not be amiss to subjoin the one noted down by myself in 1874, from the living plant, unbiassed by theoretical considerations as to homologies, and without having read Kurz's character ; and I should add that my friend the Eev. J. C. Nevin, whose departure for California is a sad loss to Chinese botany, carefully investigated, later than and independently of myself, the structure of the flowers, of which he kindly gave me nicety executed analyses, accurately drawn to scale: — Ehizomate repente squamis nigricantibus dense obsesso deorsum fibras fili emporetici crassitie emittenti, culmis confertissimis basi squamis 4-6 ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutiusculis fusco-nigricantibus circumdatis vaginisque 2-3 eos arete amplexantibus (quarum suprema semipedalis apice sphacelata) auctis ceterum aphyllis 4-7 pedalibus teretibus isthmis cellulosis intervallo 3-6 linearum sejunctis articulatis siccatione inde subnodulosis basi pennas anseriiiff) circiter crassitie apicem versus sensim attenuatis, spicula latcrali solitaria sessili oblonga obtusa 6-lineali pollicem crrciter a * Twenty-five cash are about equal to one penny. + ' Journ. As. See. Bengal,' xxxviii. pt. ii., 77. + 'Journ. Linn. Soc' Bot., xv. 511. § ' Protlroin. fl. Nov. Holl.,' snl) ChoiKlrachne. (fsis od. p.8;{3.!> ]Miscell.AVorks. ed. Bennett, i. 145. ON THE SOURCES OF THE "CHINA MATTING." 101 culmi apice distante multiflora, floribus inferioribus et superioribus deminuto squamularum staminumque numero s^pius plus minus imperfectis intermediis perfectis, squamis obtusissimis inferne albidis apice badiis margine sublaceris infimis vacuis,bracteolis binis intra squamam lateraliter dispositis navicularibus carinatis secus carinam subtiliter spinuloso-ciliatis utraque stamen stipante, squamulis hypogynis in mediis floribus 24-26 in reliquis 12-20 ligulatis tenuiter membranaceis by alino -badiis ach^enium subdimi- dio superantibus ciliatis v. glaberrimis, staminibus in normalibus floribus 6-8 prater duo bracteolis stipata cum squamulis inordi- natim vel si certo quidem saltem baud facile recognescendo ordine dispositis antberis breviter rubenti-mucronatis, stylo superne bifido inferne cum acb^nii juvenilis vertice glanduloso-puberulo longi- tudinaliter striato-nervoso anguste alato-marginato pallide brun- nescente styli basi persistente apiculato. Tbe natural coloiu' of the matting made from this plant is a pale brown, and I am not aware that it is ever dyed ; nor is it, I believe, exported to foreign countries, except, doubtless, in tbe form of bed-mats for Chinese residing in Australia and California. It is certainly remarkable that a plant of comparatively limited geographical distribution, and in none other apparently of its native localities turned to any account, should furnish the raw material for a vast manufacturing in'dustry, and perhaps still more strange that the source of this should not before have been discovered. As in the case of Hydrojyyrum. latifolium, Griseb., which supplies thousands of tons of a favourite vegetable, it shows how much we may have still to learn, even at the oldest and most frequented marts of trade, concerning the uses to which many apparently insignificant plants are put. The attention of the authorities in our possessions in the Straits of Malacca and of those of Netherlands India might be advantageously directed to encouraging the cultivation of this plant, and so developing a large and profitable manufacture. But, in addition to the matting used for sails. Canton and the large district city of Tung-kun, on the south branch of the East Eiver, are the seats of an extensive manufacture of floor-matting, almost all of which is exported, and mainly to the United States of America, where it is universally used in summer, carpets being found too hot. So large indeed is the export that it ranks in point of value about sixth or seventh of aU articles shipped to foreign countries from Canton. The Rev. W. Dilthey, of the Rhenish Missionary Society, then stationed atFu-mun (in the Court dialect 'Hu-men'), a town situated on the left bank of the Canton River, just at its mouth, a little way inland, and about twelve miles from Tung-kun, in which neighbourhood a large quantity of the plant from which this matting is woven is grown, was so obliging as to send me copious specimens of it, in the early part of 1875. It is called Lii-ts'ao, and Mr. Dilthey informs me that it is grown in fields provided with narrow channels, which allow the water to flow in and out with the rising and receding tides. This water must be brackish, but not too salt, or the plant will be killed, so that it can 102 ON THE SOURCES OF THE "CHINA MATTING." only be grown near the mouth of the river. "^^ It is cultivated as follows: — In the 5th moon (June) the young shps are j)lanted, and after one and a half to two months those which have grown are taken up and replanted in rows, in like manner as is done with rice. No other care is needed than the occasional weeding of the ground, which is usually manured with "bean cake," the marc or refuse of Soja beans, from which the oil has been expressed, a substance largely imported from northern China as a fertilizer. The plant can be cut in the 5th Chinese moon of the succeeding year, and again three months later ; but if cut only once in the year, in the eighth or ninth moon (October, November) it will attain a height of six to seven and a half feet. In subsequent years the matting plant sends up fresh culms, only requmng to be ke]3t clear of weeds, and to be manured ; but it gradually becomes coarser and more dwarfed, so that, after the lapse of five or six years, it is necessary to plant fresh shoots. After being cut down, the triangular culms are spht in two with a knife and exposed to the sun, the edges in drying curling up and meeting together, so that each piece or half section of the culm appears cylindrical in shape ; these are sorted according to colour and length, and made up into bundles. The paler kinds are reserved for white matting ; those of lower quality are dyed. The plant from which this floor-matting is woven, proves on examination to be referable to Cyperus tegetiformis, Eoxb.,+ an abundant weed on the muddy banks and in the shallow creeks of the Canton Eiver, and also common in Bengal. In none of the numerous specimens I have examined, Chinese or Indian, have I ever succeeded in finding properly developed achsenia. The following notes on the dyeing and manufacture of floor- matting I were drawn up by Dr. Friediich Hirth, of the Chinese Imperial Customs : — " To produce the different musters, some of which have a very handsome and tasteful appearance, the reeds * I am informed that, in the United States, it is customary to clean and freshen up the matting by rubbing it with salt and water. + Roxburgh states (' Fl. Ind.', i. 208) that the " elegant, useful, durable, large mats" used to spread on the floors of houses in Calcutta are woven from the culms of his C. tegetum, which are split into three or four pieces (not two, as in the Chinese manufacture). Xees v. Esenbeck referred C. tegetum, Roxb., to C. corymbosus, Rottb., and Dr. George King, director of the Calcutta Gardens, to whom I am indebted for as full a set as he could spare of Bengal Cyperi, tells me he has no doubt this view is correct ; but the late Prof. Walker-Arnott considered it the same as C.Pangorei, Rottb. Both Nees and Arnott (Wight, ' Contrib. Bot. India,' 88) speak of the latter as having a ' culmus aphyllus,' whilst Kunth ('Enum. Plant.' ii. 57) locates it amongst the ' foliati.' Dr. Thwaites' Ceylon specimen (C. P. HIM) has a single well-developed leaf; hence it seems likely that the latter is referable to C. dehiscens, N. ab E., and is rather Roxburgh's than Rottboell's G. Pangorei. It will be seen that the nomenclature and synonymy of the Indian species of the section Papyrus are not free from obscurity. C. corymbosus, C. Pangorei (? dehiscens), C. tegetiformis and C. tenuijiorus, Rottb., are very much alike indeed. + Onginally printed in the • Catalogue of articles collected by order of the Inspector-General of Customs for transmission to the Austro-Hungarian Exhibi- tion of 1873,' and reprinted in tlie ' China Review,' vol. i., 254: (1873). ON THE SOURCES OF THE '' CHINA MATTING." 103 have to be dyed before being woven. The usual colours are red, green, yellow, and a very dark blue (also called brown and black). Of these colours red is by far the most used. Of musters, plain white is manufactured in greater quantities than all the others, and checkered comes next; and, besides these, several hundred fancy patterns are manufactured, in which the above colours are applied in different proportions, the above order of colours giving an idea to what extent they are in favour. These colours are pro- duced in the following way : — For red, Sapan wood, cut up in chips, is kept boiling one day in water (fifty pounds Sapan wood to about one hundred and fifty gallons of water), in large wooden tubs with iron bottoms. After the water is cooled it is poured into earthern jars, and mixed with two pounds of alum to about forty gallons of the decoction. In this solution the reeds are soaked three times, six days each time, and dried after each immersion. At the first soaking the dyeing solution is mixed with equal quantities of pure water ; the second time with only one-third ; and, at the thu'd bath, the solution is applied without mixing any water. The whole process of dyeing red takes about three weeks. For dyeing dark blue or black, the process is the same as with red ; but being completed, the reeds have to undergo a fourth bath of one day in the same solution, to which half a catty * of sulphate of iron is added. For yellow, thirty catties of Sophora japonica f are boiled in about one hundred and fifty gallons of water for one day. When cooled the decoction is poured into smaller earthern jars, and mixed with four pounds of alum to about forty gallons. In this solution the reeds are bathed three times, three days each time, and dried after each immersion. At the first and second baths pure water is to be added in the same proportions as in dyeing red. The whole process takes ten days. For green, one tub (about forty gallons) of pure cold water is mixed with twenty- four pounds of the leaves and tender twigs of the Lam-yip I (i. e., Blue Leaf) plant, growing on the White Cloud Mountains, Honam Island, and other plants of Kwang-tung, and belonging to the natural order Acanthacece ; the mixture is kept so for eight days in cold weather, or from three to four days in hot weather. After this the leaves are taken out, and two pounds of alum added, together with half a pound of sulphate of copper. The reeds are soaked in this solution, the first time three days ; then dried and * One catty = li lb. + Hirth says " probably the seeds;" but, unless I err, it is the dried flowers which are used. I I endeavoured in vain to determine this for Dr. Hirth, but have never been able to get a specimen in flower. I doubt its being wild on the "White Cloud hills. Mr. Sampson and I only know it in cultivation for tinctorial pur- poses, and under these circumstances it is invariably flowerless. It is quite difi'erent from the " Kooin," Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, N. ab E., which is wild in Southern China, and, though certainly Acanthaceous, I cannot, after com- parison with the specimens in my herbarium, guess at the genus to which it belongs. 104 ON THE SOUKCES OF THE "CHINA MATTING." again soaked four days ; at the third bath one and a half to two taels (or one to one and a half oz.) of sulphate of iron are added, the reeds are kept soaking for six days, and then dried. The process of dyeing green takes from seventeen to twenty- two days.'''= *' The loom for weaving matting is very simple. It consists of two uprights, being about five feet distant h'om each other, and connected by cross-bars three feet apart. The warps, being strings made of Chinese hemp, are fastened by one end to a small piece of bamboo passed through the weaving-bar, round the two cross-bars, and fastened by the other end to the small bamboo. Being ready so far, the loom may be used for weaving. The reeds are woven while damp and pliable, in lengths of two yards. A flat bamboo stick of about the length of the reeds, which are fastened on a notch on one end of the stick and thus drawn between the strings of the warp, takes here the place of a shuttle. The woven matting is then dried, first in the sun and afterwards over a slow fire, and as the drying makes the reeds liable to shrinkage, the matting is stretched over a frame, where the irregular parts of the texture are pressed down by hand. The projecting ends of the warps are then trimmed to a uniform length of about three inches, and passed between the reeds of some other piece of the same muster, thus joinmg the pieces of matting, twenty of which make one roll of forty yards in length." In conclusion I append a return of the export of matting from Canton during the last eight years, which will give some idea of the importance of this flourishing branch of industry. In the table facing (p. 105), drawn up from the official returns of the Imperial Customs, Hong-Kong can, of course, only be regarded as a depot or port of distribution, and most of the matting consigned there is destined for the United States. The export duty is two mace (ten mace = one tael) per roll of forty yards. At present there are three large steamers, built on the American model, with beam engines, two running daily, one on alternate days, from Canton to Hong-Kong ; and these convey cargo at rates which, taking into consideration loss of time, pilotage, and tonnage dues payable by vessels entering the Chinese port, render it more economical for ships to lie in the free port of Hong-Kong, where no dues or duties are levied, and to have their cargoes brought down to them and transhipped. * Mr. Dilthey wrote me that in his neighbourhood the matting was boiled once only, for six or seven hours, washed in fresh water, and dried in the sun, after which it was fit for weaving; and he gave this as the process when writing of all the colours. But Dr. Hirth visited the Canton factories, and saw the processes he described. I suspect, therefore, that Mr. Dilthey's informants misled him, either from ignorance, carelessness, or design. a tJI 2 iD w. a . 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E. parvijiorum, L. Commoner than the last. Doaghmore ; "Glenalla, &c. F. E. montcmum,. Schreb. Common. F. E. obscurum, Schreb. Common. F. E, palustre, L. Abundant. F. \E. angustifoliiim, L. Errigal, near Gweedore ; Flora of Ulster. Circcea lutetiana, L. Common. F. HaloragacecB. Myriophylhmi spicatum, L. Local. Kindi'um. F. M. alterniflorum, DC. Not unfrequent. F. Hippuris vulgaris, L. Scarce. Lake near BaUyhooriskey ; Lough Fm-negan. F. PortidacecB. Montia fontana, L. Common. F. Paronychiacea. Lepigonum rupicola, Le Gall. Frequent. Dunaff Head ; The Bins ; Horn Head. F. L. salinum, Presl. Local. Muh'oy, Lake near Rossnakill. F. \Spergula arvensis, L. Abundant, and a great pest in corn-fields ; appears to be a weed of cultivation. F. Scleranthus cmniacs, L. Very rare. Sandy ground near Croaghross ; roadside near Docrabeen. F. CrassidacecB. Sedum Rhodiola, DC. Frequent. Coasts of both sides of Lough Swilly ; Dunaff Head ; Melmore Point ; Horn Head ; Tory Island ; also inland, in the Poisoned Glen ; on Errigal ; Slieve Snacht West, &c. F. S. anglicwn, Huds. Common. F. S. acre, L. Common. F. [S. rejiexian, L. Ray and Ramelton. Well established on old walls, &c., but with no pretensions to being native.] Cotyledon Umbilicus, Huds. Common. F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 107 Saxifragacece. Saxifraga umbrosa, L. Locally abundant. Errigal ; Muckish ; Slieve Snacht West, and the Poisoned Glen. Also naturalized and growing freely through the w^oods at Glenalla. Descends to about 500 feet in the Poisoned Glen, and reaches the summit of Errigal (2466 ft.) S. stellaris, L. Local. Muckish ; Dooish ; Errigal ; abundant on Slieve Snacht W., and in the Poisoned Glen. 8. hypnoides, L. Singularly rare in Donegal, and possibly introduced in the one locality where I have met with it, viz., amongst rocks, &c., almost at sea-level at the Little Bms, Ballyvicstocker Bay ; I have observed it there for upwards of ten years. Inula Helenium (a very doubtful native) grows not far off, and the station is somewhat unusual ; nevertheless, I am inclined to think the Saxifrage is indigenous. S. oppositifolia, L. Very rare. In the Poisoned Glen, in the two deepest gullies on the southern side, in profusion. I have explored the western Lmishowen Mountain without success, but it is recorded on good authority as growing on Bulbein Mt. S. tridactylites, L. Macamish Pt., RathmuUan ; Mr. T. Batt. [S. sarmentosa, L., is well established at Fort George, Eath- muUan.) Chrysosplenium oppositifolium,lj. Not unfrequent. Little Bins, &c. F. UmbellifercB. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. Common. F. Sanicula europaa, L. Frequent. F. Eryngium maritimum, L. Local. Melmore Pt.; Leenane ; Horn Head ; Ballyvicstocker ; Doagbeg ; Dunaff and Dunree. F. [Carum Carui, L. Carrablagh, near the house. Introduced. F.] Helosciadium nodijiorum, Koch. Frequent. F. H. inundatum, Koch. Frequent. Kindrum; Fallaneass Lake. F. jEgopodium Podagaria, L. In most of the gardens or pleasure grounds through the county, and no doubt formerly introduced; but now a troublesome and ineradicable weed. F. Bunium flexuosum, With. Common in Fanet, &c. F. Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. Rare about Rossnakill and Tamney. F. CEnanthe Phella)idnum, Lam. Very rare ; ditch by the roadside, between RathmuUan and Ray. CE. Lachenalii, Gmel. Rare ; Horn Head, near the bridge ; Mulroy Lake, at Bunlinn. Haloscias scoticwn, Fries. This plant is characteristic of the Donegal maritime cliffs ; I observed it in the following localities this year (1878): — Dunaff Head and cliffs of Erris ; Fanet Point ; Shores of Mulroy at Glinsk, and Ballyhoor- iskey ; Melmore Point end at Gortnaloghogue ; Horn Head 108 ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. and to the east of Dnnfanaghy ; Tory Island. 1 have before recorded it from Downing's Bay, near Carrigart. Tory Island seems to be its western limit in Ireland. F. Crithmum maritimuiu, L. Very rare ; a few plants at Fanet Point, near the lighthouse, were all I have ever seen in the country ; but until lately, I believe, it was gathered and sold for pickles under its Irish name ' Greii'ig ' at Gortnaloghogue and Melmore ; but as a good price was given, it is probably exterminated. F. Angelica sylvestris, L. Common in many places on the cliffs in Fanet ; at Horn Head and Dunaff Head. F. ■'•Pastinaca satira, L. Very rare; ditch-bank near Drimnacraig, where I have observed it for many years (it is also well established on Donegal Castle, in the southern part of the county). Heracleum Sphondylium, L. Common. F. Daucus Carota, Li. One of the most abundant weeds. F. Torilis Anthrisciis, Gseit. Very local ; roadsides between Bay and Kathmullan ; between Eay and Glenalla ; between Eathmullan and Fort George ; about Ramelton. F. IScamUj- Fecten-veneris, L. Frequent in cornfields and intro- duced with the crop. F. Anthrisciis sylvestris, Hoffm. Frequent. F. \ ('o7iiuni viaculatum, Jj. Not common; Kindrum ; Ballyheerin Lower, &c. ; in or about villages, or roadsides by cabins. F. HederacecE, Hedera Helix, L. Common. F. CaprifoliacecB. [Adoxa Moschatellina , L. This pretty little plant has been established by Mr. Batt in his woods at Rathmullan. I mention it lest future botanists fall into any error.) \Samhucus nigra, L. Scarce, and usually in suspicious localities. F. Lonicera Periclymenum, L. Common. F. Rubiace(E. \Sherardi(( arvensis, L. Common ; dry cultivated ground, ditch- banks, &c. F. Asperula odorata, L. Frequent ; a large and luxuriant form amongst loose rocks by the stream near Bunlinn. F. \ Galium Aparine, L. Common, but perhaps a colonist ; it is never to be found in a station that could not be challenged. F. It. rrriiw, L. Common. F. G. saxatile, L. Common. F. 6r. palustrc, L., var. Witheringii; this is the commonest form. F. G. pahistii', var. elongatum, Presl. In a bog on Melmore Point. Valeria nacea'. Valeriana ojicinalis, L. Frequent. F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 109 DipsacecB. Scahiosa succisa, L. Abundant. F. CompositcE. Ewpatorium cannahinum, L. Very rare ; in a gully in tlie little bay next to the north of Carrablagh House. F. "^Petasites vulgaris, Desf. Greenfort ; Ballyheerin Lower, &c. ; always about houses and in suspicious localities, it having been formerly much used medicinally. F. Tussilago Farfara, L. Frequent ; a most injurious weed. F. Aster Tripolium, L. Frequent by the sea, whether on rocks or in marshes ; Drimnacraig, Bunlinn, &c. ; Horn Head, and Dunaff Head. F. Bellis p)erennis, L. Abundant. F. Solidago Virga-aurea, L. Frequent ; common in Fanet. F. *Inula Helenium, L. The Little Bins, Fanet, and between Kindrum and Ballyhooriskey ; thoroughly established, but not a native. F. Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaert. Very rare ; Leenane, in some quantity, and I think I gathered it some years ago between the Fanet Lighthouse and Doaghbeg, but have no note of it. F. Bidms cer7iua, L. Very local; Lough Finnegan; Ballymagahy Lake, &c. F. Achillea Ptarmica, L. A plentiful and very characteristic plant. F. A. Millefolium, L. Common. F. Anthemis nobilis, L. Very local and rare ; Lower Carrablagh by the roadside; Louglasalt Mountain, from about 500 feet above sea-level up to the lakes (an unquestionably native station) ; and near Clontallagh, in the district called Mevagh, Kossgull. F. ^Matricaria inodora, L. Not common, and probably in all cases a weed of cultivation ; Glenalla, Eossnakill. F. M. inodora, var. maritinia. Frequent ; Gortnaloghogue ; Dunaff Head ; Bin. F. I Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum , L. Common. F. C. segetum., L. Abundant. Its rich golden flowers form a highly ornamental feature in the summer cornfields ; it is however, I think, merely a colonist. F. "^'Artemisia Absinthium, L. Near the village of Kindrum. F. A. vulgaris, L. Common. A variety with very finely cut leaves occurs here and there, as at Knockbrack. F. "^'Tanacetum vulgar e, L. Kindrum and Glenalla ; only an escape from cultivation. F. Filago germanica, L. Bare. Between Kindrum and Bally- hooriskey, on the sand-hills of the Bottom Shore. F. Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. Common. F. (t. sylvaticUDi, L. Local. The Bin ; fields on the south side of Murren ; Aughterlinn ; Doaghbeg ; Kindrum end of Mulroy. F. 110 ON THE FLOKA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. Anteimaria dioica, Gaert. Frequent. F. iSeiiecio vulgaris, L. In waste places ; always by cottages or in or about cultivated ground ; a doubtful native. F. S. sylvaticus, L. Eare. Dunaff Head ; Kin drum, near the well. F. S. JacohcBa, L. Common. F. iS'. aquaticus, Huds. Common. F. Arctium minus, Sclik. Common. This is, I believe, A. inter- medium, Lange. F. Centaurea nigra, L. Common. F. XC. Cyanus,'L. Frequent in Fanet. "Corn" Cockle is a mis- nomer in Fanet, as I have always noticed it amongst the flax ; an introduced plant. F. Carduus tenuijiorus. Curt. Local. Drimnacraig &c.; Horn Head. F. C. lanceolatus, L. Common. F. C. arvensis. Curt. Common. F. C. palustriSj L. Frequent. F. Carduus pratensis, Huds. This handsome thistle is one of the most characteristic plants in the bogs of North-west Donegal. It has a peculiar habit of forming circular patches of growth, which on account of its pale-coloured leaves, closely adpressed to the ground, cause it to be noticed at a considerable distance, whether in flower or not. F. Lapsana communis, L. Common. F. Hyjjocharis radicata, L. Common. . F. Apargia autumnalis, Willd. Common. F. Leontodon Taraxacum., L. Common. F. L. Taraxacum, yq,y. palustre. Smith. Frequent. Lake Columb- kill, near Milford and Lough Golagh, Fanet . F. Sonchus oleraceus, L. Ver}^ common. F. S. asper, Hoffm. Local ; Kindi-um, &c. ; apparently a weU- marked species. Typical x^lants occur upon the sand-hills at the Bottom Shore. F. \S. arveiisis, Li. Common; generally amongst the corn. F. Crepis vireyis, L. Eare. Horn Head. C. paludosa, Moench. Local. Glenalla ; Glenvar, &c. F. Hieracium, Pilosella, L. Common. F. H. murorum, Jj. Eare. Knockalla, along the summit; Crog- hanmore, near Glenalla. F. H. vuJgatuw, Fries. Scarce. Near Lough Doira ; Murren, and elsewhere in Fanet. F. Campanulacea. Lobelia Dortmanna, L. Local and rather rare ; Kindrum Lake (but seldom flowering there) ; Loughs Keel, Fern and Colombkill. Glenveagh Lake ; Lough Attirive on Slieve Snacht, W. &c. F. Jasione montana, L. Common. F. Grows as freely in alpine situations (Slieve Snacht, W. ; Errigal, &c.) as upon sand- hills, &c., on the sea coast. F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. HI Campanula rotundifolia, L. Common. The remark upon the last plant applies equally well to this. F. Ericacew. Arctostaphyllos U va-ursi, Spr. Local. Lerrig-a-cloghan ; Murren ; KJQOckalla ; Horn Head ; Mucldsh ; Errigal. F. Calhma vulgaris^ Sahsb. Common. F, Erica cinerea, Linn. Common. F. E. Tetralix, Linn. Common. F. These last three occur white. Vaccinium Mijrtillus, Linn. Common. F. V. Yitis-idcea, Linn. ErrigaL Singularly rare in the county. Pyrola media, Sm. Eare and very local. Carrablagh ; Lerrig- a-Clochan ; Leat-beg, and on a hill (Craig Madher-rhu), between Eay and Glenalla. This plant has not only a similar appearance to that of the Lily of the Valley, but has also the same sweet smell. F. P. minor, Linn. Ards ; Flora of Ulster. AguifoliacecB. Ilex Aquifolium, L. Common. F. Gentia^iacecB. Erythrcea Centauriimi, Pers. Common. F. Gentia7ia campestris, L. Local, but not imcommon. F. Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Common. F. ConvolvidacecE. Convolvulus sepium, L. Common. The pink variety grows about Kin drum. F. tC. arvensis, L. Very rare ; near Horn Head House, and on the road-side near Croghan, Fanet ; both suspicious locahties. F. BoraginacecE. ^Anchusa sempervirens, L. Well established in Fanet Church-yard and at Glenalla. F. Lycopsis arvensis, Ij. Eare. Lighthouse in Fanet; Leenane. F. ^Symphytum officinale, L. Very rare and introduced. Well estabhshed at Drimnacraig. F. Lithospermum offi^cinale, L. Eare. Eathmullan and near Carrigart. Mertensia maritima, Don. Very rare. Dunaff Head, Mr. Batt. I have not seen it there. Myosotis repens, Don. Frequent. F. M. arvensis, Hoffm. Common. F. M. versicolor, L. Frequent. F. 07'obanchace(B. Orobanche Hedera, Duby. Very rare ; along the shore near Drumalla, about a mile and a half from Eathmullan, upon ivy. It is also recorded from Eamelton in Dickie's 'Flora of Ulster.' 0. rubra, Sm. Very rare. On thyme at Fanet Point, on the same rocks with Crithmum mcwitimum. Professor E. Murphy hus previously recorded it from Ards. F. 112 ON THE FLORA OF XORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. Scrophida7'iace(B. Ditjitalis piirjnirea, L. Common. F. Linaria repens, Ait. Extremely rare. About three-quarters of a mile from Ramelton, on the upper road to Glenalla, by the roadside ; and on a little rocky hillock to the west of the road, extending thence to adjoming fields, in pro- fusion, and with all the appearance of being native. Scro})hularia nodosa, L. Fort Royal, &c. Frequent. Drimna- craig. F. S. aquatica, L. Local. The Little Bins. F. Melampyrum pratense, L. Frequent. F. 21. pratense, var. montanum, Johnst. Knock Alia ; Slieve Snacht, West; ErrigaL F. Pedicidaris palustris, L. Frequent. F. P. sylvatica, L. Common. F. Eliinanthus Ciista-galli, L. Common on banks, rocky hillocks, &c. F. Euphrasia officinalis, L. Abimdant ; reaching two thousand feet on Sheve Snacht West, and to the summit of Erri- gal. F. E. Odontites, L. Waste places, fields, &c. F. Veronica scutellata , L . Local. Kindi'um ; Bally hernan ; Loughs Finnegan and Colombkill, &c. F. V. Anagallis, L. Frequent. F. F. Beccabunga, L. Frequent. F. V. ChamcEdrys, L. Frequent. V. officinalis, L. Common. F. V. serpyllifolia, L. Common. F. V. arvensis, L. Frequent ; native on seaside, sand-hills, &c. F. \V. agrestis, L. Frequent ; perhaps a colonist. Fields, &c. F. V. polita, Fries. Frequent ; Glenalla and RossnakiU. F. [F. Buxhaumii, Ten. Very rare. Near Rathmullen, and no doubt introduced.] F. montana, L. Poisoned Glen. Rare. *F. j^eregrina, L. This plant, which I first noticed in Donegal, eight years ago, is now the commonest weed in many kitchen gardens, as at Glenalla, Horn Head, &c. F. '^Mimidiis luteus, Willd. EstabHshed for many years by a stream near Tamney in Fanet ; also in great profusion on ditch- banks at the upper end of Glenveagh. F. Lahiata. Mentha aquatica, L. Common. F. M. sativa, L. Very local. Croghan, &c., Fanet. F. IM. arve^ms, L. Frequent throughout Fanet, &c., but always amongst the crops. F. Lycopus europcBUs, L. Very rare. Drimnacraig. F. Thymus Serpyllum, L. Abundant. A very pretty white variety occurs at the Bottom Shore, and elsewhere. F. Scutellaria galericulata, L. Very rare ; Shore of Mulroy Lake near Carrowkeel. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 113 Prunella vulr/aris, L. Common. F. '^Nepeta Cataria, L. Thoroughly estabUshed about Ballyheerin Lower. F. N. Glechoma, Benth. Frequent. F. \Lainium amplexicaule, L. Rare ; near the Fanet Lighthouse, in cultivated ground. F. L. purjmreum, L. Common. F. jL. intermedium, Willd. Near the house, Glenalla. F. Galeopsis Tetrahit, L. Common. F. IG. versicolor, Curt. Very local, and always in cultivated ground ; Ai'ryheernabin ; Knockbrack ; Horn Head. F. Stachys sylvatica, L. Frequent. F. S. palmtris, L. Abundant and characteristic. F. \S. arvensis,!^. Not unfrequent. Ballyhooriskey ; Croaghross ; Drimnacraig ; Leenane ; Horn Head ; perhaps only a colonist, and has spread much during the last few years. F. Teucrium Scorodonia, L. Common. F. Ajuga reptans, L. Frequent. Greenfort ; Glenalla ; Bunlinn ; &c. F. LentihulariacecB. Pinguicula vulgaris, L. Common. F. P. lusitanica, L. Frequent ; comes into flower when the last is nearly over. F. Utriciilaria intermedia, Hayne. Very rare. Kin drum ; The Rosses. F. U. minor, L. Local. Bog by Lough Golagh, and Campbell's Lough, Fanet. Bogholes, &c., on Errigal, Aghla, Muckish and Slieve Snacht West. F. Primulacem. Lysimachia nemorum, L. Common. F. \Anagallis arvensis, L. Common. Scarcely native. F. '^A. arvensis var. ccerulea. Very rare ; with the last in the garden at Horn Head ; as a weed. A. tenella, L. Common. F. Centunculus minimus, L. Very local and rare. Kindrum, near where the boat belonging to the hotel is kept ; near Lough Finnegan ; by Gortlough, Rathmullan. F. Glaux maritima, L. Frequent. In various places along the shores of Mulroy and Lough Swilly ; at Horn Head, &c. F. Samolus Valerandi, L. Frequent in Fanet; Horn Head, &c. F. Plumbaginacew. Statice occidentalis, Lloyd. Very rare ; near MacSwine's Gun, Horn Head. Armeria maritima, Willd. Common on the Coast ; also in alpine situations on Muckish, Errigal, &c., up to 2400 feet. F. Q 114 LICHENS OF ' CHLORIS MELVILLIANA.' PIdntaginacea. Plant ac/o Coronopns, L. Frequent. F. I\ maritima, L. Common. F. P. IcDiceohita, L. Common. A large shaggy form with very broad coarse leaves occurs at Dunaft' Head, Fanet Pomt, and the Bms. F. *P. media, L. This plant which is not known as a native in Ireland, appeared last summer (1878) on ground, near the house at Grlenalla, which has not been broken up for a number of years. (My brother tells me that he gathered it once on Bell's Island, Donegal Bay, where search should be made for it). P. major, L. Common. F. Littorclla lacustris, L. Common. F. Chenopodiacea. Chenoijodium album, L. Frequent ; cultivated ground, and about houses. F. Suada maritima, Dum. Bare. Horn Head, near Dunfanaghy ; near Rossnakill. F. Salsola Kali, L. Local. Horn Head ; Bottom Shore, Fanet ; Dunree, &c. F. Atriplex hastata, L. Frequent ; Fanet Lighthouse, &c.; Horn Head. F. A. Bahingtonii, Woods. Frequent ; Drimnacraig ; shore near the Light-house, Fanet ; Horn Head. F. A. angustifolia , Sm. Bare; with the last at the Lighthouse. F. {A. littoralis, L. Formerly recorded from Fanet in error ; the plant found was A. Bahingtonii. (To be contiuued.) COBBELATION OF THE LICHENS IN BOBEET BBOWN'S 'CHLORIS MELVILLIANA.' By the Bev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S. In the above treatise on the flora of Melville Island (1824), R. Brown records {ride ' Miscellaneous Botanical Works,' vol. i., pp. 250-252) the Lichens collected there by Capt. Parry, Lieut. Ross, and Dr. Fischer. Having recently been engaged in arranging the specimens of these preserved in the herbarium of the British Museum, I here give the results of my examination of this small but interesting collection of Arctic Lichens. No. 100, s. n. Ggrophora proboscidea. — There are two different species here, of which a. = G. discolor, Fr. fil., and b. = G. pro- boscidea, DC. Both are very sparingly fertile. No. 101,^ s. n. Lecanora elegans =: Lecanora {Placodium) elegans, -A-ch. — Of this there are three specimens. One of these is muscicole and sterile, corresponding exactly with the observation of Acharius LICHENS OF ' CHLORIS MELYILLIANA.' 115 upon L. elegans, in 'Prodr.,' p. 102 — "as if intermediate between L. murorum and L. parieti7iiis." In one of the other two specimens the apothecia are crowded, with the margins in most cases beauti- fully crenulated (f. crenata, Cromb.) No. 102, s. n. Borrera ? aurantiaca, E. Br., s]3. n. = Phi/scia nodulifera, Nyl. — Sterile. Although the locality on the accom- panying label is Winter Harbour, yet, having regard to the distribution of this sj)ecies, I cannot but think that the specimen got accidentally mixed up with the Lichens of Melville Island, and that it really belongs to Gardner's Brazil Lichens, which I found in close proximity. No. 103, s. n. Cetra7-ia juniperina , Ach. = Platysmajuniperinum, (L.) — Stunted and sterile, with the laciniae much congested. No. 104, s. n. Cetraria nivalis. = Platijsma nivale (L. ) — Sterile. No. 105, s. n. Cetraria cucuUata = Platijsma ciicullatum (Bell). — Sparingly fertile. Along with the type are also two fragments of f. tapeina, Ach., — a stunted and broader state of the plant. No. 106, s. n. Cetraria islandica. — Here are two specimens, of which a. = Cetraria Delisei, Schser., sterile ; and h = y?li\ fastigiata (Del.), Nyl., sparingly fertile. No. 107, s. n. Cetraria odontella, Ach. = Cetraria Delisei, var. suhmedia, Nyl., in ' Norrl. Lapp.,' p. 323. — Sterile. No. 108, s. n. Peltidea aphtliosa ^ Peltidea aphthosa (L.) — A small sterile specimen. No. 109, s. n. Cornicularia ochroleuca = Alectoria ochroleuca, (Ehrh.) — Sterile specimens with the thallus less robust than we have seen from other Arctic regions. No. 110, s. n. Cornicularia lanata = Alectoria divergens, Ach. — Sterile. No. Ill, s. n. Cerania vermicularis = ThamnoUa vermicularis, (Sw.) — Sterile. A form with the stipites more robust (turgid), shorter, often deformed, and less cornuted than in the type (f. Melvilliana, Cromb.), but probably not constant. The sup- posed apothecia described by R. Brown in the specimen gathered by Dr. Fischer are not anything rightly evolute, the black spots being caused by the presence apparently of some minute alga. No. 112, s. n. Cenomyce pyxidata = Cladonia ijyxidata, L. — Fragmentary and sterile. No. 113, s. n. Stereocaulon paschale = Stereocaulo7i tome7itosu7n, Laur. — Sterile. No. 114, s. n. Usnea sphacelata, E. Br. = Neuropogon melax- anthits, f. sphacelata, sorediiferous. — Sterile, as the plant always is in Arctic regions. In addition to these there occur in the herbarium from Melville Island the two following species not enumerated by him in the ' Chloris ' :— 1. Dactylina arctica (Hook.) — A fragmentary infertile specimen. 2. Parmelia centrifuga (L.) — Sterile. Arranged in order the above Lichens will, therefore, stand as follows : — 116 NOTES ON THE GENUS BLEPHAROCARYA. Tribe Stereocaulei. Stcreocaulo)i tomentosiim , Laiir. Tribe Cladoniei. Cladonia jnjxidata (L.) Tribe Siphulei. Thainnolia ceDidcularis (Sw.), f. Melvilliana, Cromb. Tribe Eamalinei. Dactylina arctica, Hook. Tribe Alectoriei. Alectofia ochroleuca (Ehrli.) Alectoria div err/ens, Acb. Neuroimffon melaxanthns (Acb.), f. sphacelata, K. Br. Tribe Cetrariei. Cetraria DeJisei, Scbffir. ,, Ynv.fastiyiata, Del. ,, var. suhmedia, Nyl. Platj/sma iiivale (L.) Platysma cucuUatiim (Bell.), f. tapeina, Acli. Flatysma juni2}erinum (L.) Tribe Parmeliei. Parmelia centrifwja (L.) Tribe Peltioerei. Peltidea ajjhthosa (L.) Tribe Physciei. ? Physcia nodulifera, Nyl. Tribe Gyrophorei. Gyrophora discolor, Fr. fil. Gyrophora prohoscidea, DC. Tribe Lecanorei. Lecanora eleyans, Ach., f. crenata, Cromb. NOTES ON THE GENUS BLEPHAEOCABYA. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., F.E.S. It fell to my share, not very long ago, to make known a remarkable genus of Sapindacect from North-east Australia, in some respects allied to Duhinea, but the staminate flowers of the only species remained at the time unknown. Very recently, however, this previously wanting material has also been obtained, and I beg now to offer some additional notes, in order that the position of this genus in the natural series may be fully established. Blepharocarya involucrigera, F. v. M., Frac/})}. Phytoyr. Au- stral., xi., 15-16. — Arbor circiter 50-pedalis, dioica nisi monoica. Cortex cincreus, Iffivis. Folia ojipodta ; fohola interdum eUiptica, nonnunquam tantum modo trijuga retusa et ad 2'' abbreviata, vel THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 117 ima passim sesquipollicaria. Fanicula mascula flores in glomerulis gereiis, opposite ramosa, spithamaea nisi longior ; rami sive pedim- culi compressi, i)i'iuium subtiliter puberuli, demum glabrescentes. Glomeruli capitiiliformes, multiflori, solitarii vel 3-5 conferti. BractecB imcE 4 et geminate oppositcn, cuiqiie glomerulo generali arete suppositaB, puberulae, deltoideo-cordat^, 1-1^^' metientes. Glome- ruli secundarii bracteis pauciseriate imbricatis ovatis vel lanceolatis puberulis ^-1"' longis suffulti et aliis interspersis muniti. Flores inter bracteas sessiles vel jDedicello usque ad lineam longo pertenui praediti. Sei)ala 4, rliombeo- vel lanceolato-ovata, extus breviter appresso-pilosula. Petala 4, ^stivatione imbricata calycem fere semisuperantia, ovalia, sessilia, membranea, albida, uninervia, exappendiculata, vix liueam longa, extus parve et perbreviter puberula. Stamina octo, breviter exserta, sepalina petalinis paulo longiora ; filamenta caiDillari-linearia ; antherae pallide flavae, vix ^'" longae, cordato-ovatae, prope basim dorsifixae, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Pollinis granula laevia, ellipsoidea, rimulis longi- tudinalibus aperta, circiter -00112'' longa, -00053'' lata, made- factione ovato-sphaerica. Germinis rudimentum astyle pilosulum. It will be observed that the male flowers tend to confirm the affinity of Blepharocarya to Dohinea, and that the extraordinary character of the female inflorescence finds to some extent, though on a small scale, a repetition m the staminate flowers also. Melbourne, 12th December, 1878. THE CRYPTOGAMIO FLOKA OF KEl^T— FUNGI. By T. Howse, F. L. S. (Continued from p. 74.) Subgenus 9. — Fleurotus. Agaricus dryinus, p. Huss., ii., t. 29, 33. Hayes, Huss. A. osTREATUS, Jacq. Huss., ii., t. 19. Sydenham Hill; Bromley, Simrkes ; Hayes, Huss. Edible. A. EUosMUS, Berk. Huss., i., t. 75. Hayes, Huss. ; West Wickham, Spores pinkish. A. ALGiDus, Fr. Fl. Dan., t. 1552, f. 1 ; t. 1556, f. 2. On a mountain-ash in garden, Sydenham Hill. A. CORTICATUS, Fr. Staplehurst, J. Ward. A. TREMULUs, Schmf. Sow., t. 242. Woods near Langton Green, Herb. Deakin. A. HYPNOPHILUS, p. Joyden's Wood, Bexley, Holmes. 118 THE CKYPTOGAMIC FLOE A OF KENT. A. ciRCiNATUs, Fr. Fr. Icon., t. 88, f. 1. Staplehurst, Smith, Draw. A. ULMARius, Bull. Sow., t. 67. On Elm-trunks, Beckenham churchyard, P. Bicknell. Subgenus 10. — Volvaria. Agaricus bombycinus, Sehmf. Schaeff., t. 98. Near Bromley, Sparkes. A. voLVACEUs, Bull. Bull., t. 262. Near Bromley, Sparkes. A. Taylori, Berk. Saund. & Sm., t. 33, f. 1. Near Sandwich. Subgenus 11. — Pluteus. Agaricus cervinus, Schaff. Schseff., t. 10. Sydenham Hill ; Chislehurst ; Knowle Park. A. cHRYsoPHvEUS, Sch(Bff. Scliseff . , t. 253. Wood near Shoreham ; wood near Otford. Subgenus 12. — Entoloma. Agaricus clypeatus, L. Bull., t. 534. Sydenham Hill. A. RHODOPOLius, Fr. Fl. Dan., t. 1736. Sydenham Hill ; Chislehui-st ; Darenth Wood, Smith, Draw. A. cosTATus, Fr. Maidstone, Smith, Draw. A. SERicEus, Biill. Bull., t. 413, f. 2. Sydenham Hill ; Knowle Park. A. NiDOROsus, Fr. Fr. Icon., t. 94, f. 2. Knowle Park, C. E. Broome; Kosebank, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker. A. Thomsoni, Berk, d Br. Amongst grass. West Farleigh, Berk, d Br. in A. N. H. Subgenus 13. — CUtopilus. Agaricus prunulus. Scop. Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 19. Near Bromley, Sparkes. Pileus compact, cinereous. A. Orcella, Bull. Bi-dl., t. 573, f. 1, 591. Sydenham Hill. Pileus white, lobed ; smaller than last. Both these are included by some authors in one sx)ecies, A. prunulus, but they are quite distinct; A. Orcella is the more common species. Both are edible. Subgenus 14. — Leptonia. Agaricus incanus, Fr. Sow., t. 162. The Lawn, Marten's Grove, Crayford, Smith, Draw. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLOE A OF KENT. 119 Subgenus 15. — Nolanea. Agaricus pascuus, p. Bolt., t. 35. Sydenham Hill ; common in pastures. A. piCEUS, Kalch. Kalcb., t. 12, f. 3. In a wood near Otford. Subgenus 16. — Pholiota. Agaricus durus, Bolt. Bolt., t. 67, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. A. pRiEcox, P. Berk. Outl., t. 8, f. 1. Sydenham Hill; Knowle Park, near Pembury, T. Walker. In pastures. Spring. A. RADicosus, Bull. Bull., t. 160. Hillydeal Wood, near Otford, A. S. Bicknell. A. puDicus, Bull. Huss., ii., t. 31. On an elder stum^D near the Barracks, Canterbury, Berk. Engl. P/.,p. 90; Hayes, Russ. III. A. sQUARRosus, Milll. Sow., t. 284. Knowle Park ; Chislehurst ; Cobham, Holmes ; Bromley, Sjmrkes. A. sPECTABiLis, Pr. Huss., i., t. 71. Between Shoreham and I>unton Green ; Chislehurst ; St. Paul's Cray Common. A. ADiPosus, Fr. Berk. Outl., pi. 8, f. 2. Knowle Park, Sevenoaks. On beech and ash trunks. A. MUTABiLis, Sdrnff. Berk. Outl., p. 8, f. 3. Sydenham Hill. Common on and near trunks of trees. A. MARGiNATUS, Batsch. Batsch, f. 207. In a fir- wood near Shoreham. A. HETEROCLiTus, Fr. Hoff. Icon., t. 14, f. 2. Bromley, Cooke. On poplar, Gard. Chron,, 1868. A. TERRIGENUS, Fr. West Farleigh, Berk, d Br. in A. N. H. Var. minor. Amongst chips of hop-poles. A. cAPERATus, p. Fl. D., t. 1675. Near Bromley, Sjjarkes. Subgenus 17. — Inocijhe. Agaricus pyriodorus, P. Bull., t. 532, f. 1. Canterbury, Berk. Ewjl. FL, p. 96 ; near Langton Green, ■Jenner Fl. Tunhr. Smell like that of decaying pears. A. scABER, Mull. Sow., t. 207. In a fir-wood near Otford. A. FLOccuLOSus, Berk. Near Bromley, Sparkes. A. RiMosus, Bull. Bull., t. 388. Common. 120 SHORT NOTES. A. FASTIGIATUS, SchcBff. Fl'. IcOll., t. 108, f. 1. Starvecrow Wood, W. T. T. A. TEECHispoRUS, Bevk. Berk. Outl., t. 8, f. 6. Sydenham Hill. A. siNDONius, Fr. Sow., t. 365. Eosebank, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker. A. GEOPHYLLUS, SoiV. SoW., t. 124. Bromley, Sparkes. Subgenus 18. — Heheloma. Agaricus crustuliniformis. Bull. Berk. Outl., p. 9, f. 1. Sydenham Hill ; Shoreham ; Otford. Forming large rings in woods. A. FASTiBiLis, Fr. Sch^eff., t. 221. Sydenham Hill ; Starvecrow Wood, W. T. T. ; Bromley, SjMrkes ; Sandwich. Boadsides and banks. Eesembling last, but often not bulbous. A. ELATUS, Fr. Saund. & Sm., t. 42, f. 1. Buckland, W. W. Saunders. Subgenus 19. — Flammula. Agaricus carbonarius, Fr. On bm-nt soil in a wood near Bell's-ewe Green, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walkej: A. LUBRicus, Fr. On trunks. Tunbridge Wells, Grevillea, i., ]). 85 ; Berk. S Br. in A. N. H. A. FLAviDUs, Schcef. Schseff., t. 35. On and near trunks of trees. Sydenham Hill. A. SAPINEUS, Fr. Bostol Wood. (To be continued). SHOKT NOTES. Dr. Nyman's ' Conspectus Flor^ EuROP^EiE.' — As it seems inevitable that there should be an Appendix of * Addenda et Cor- rif^enda ' to so exceptionally interesting and valuable a work as this, a corner may perhaps be found in the ' Jom-nal of Botany ' for the following notes, as supplying one small contribution towards such an Appendix: — 1. British plants not given as British by Dr. Nyman: — Barharea intermedia, Bor., Iberis amara, Linn., and Rosa ande(javensis, Bast. — 2. Plants given as British by Dr. Nyman, but not considered natives by British botanists : — Barharea jjrcsco.i; Br. (' Hibern., Angl.' given); Alyssum cali/cinum, Linn. ('Eur. plur. exc. Hibern., Norv.' &c., are Dr. Nyman's words, implying that Scotland and England are not among the exceptions) ; Isatis tinctorial Linn. ('Eur. omn. exc. Hibern., Scot., Dan.,' &c., England not NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 121 being included in the exceptions); Spergula rernaUs, W. ; Geranium nodosum, Linn.; (reranium phanun, Linn.; Dictamnus albus, Linn.; Melilotus arvensis, Wallr. ; M. alba, Desv. (England not excluded); Vicia hyhrida, Linn.; Fragaria elatior, Ehrh.; Rosa f/aUica, Linn., and (as varieties of B. tomenteUa, Leman.) it. sclerophylla, Scheutz., and -fi. BlondcBana, Kip. The above, it will be observed, are in addition to the species already pointed out in the notice of the work which appeared in this Journal (1878, p. 349). For Silene Otites, Sm., ' Angl. mer.' is given instead of ' Angl. or.' — 3. Those who know more of the genus Ruhus than I do may j)erhaps be able to account for R. ajjinis, Wh., R. fusco-ater, Wh. N., it. KocJden, Wh. N., and it. Guentheri, Wh., not being considered British by Dr. Nyman, while it. nitidus, Wh., has 'Angl. (r.)' after it. — 4. The following species were all gathered by me in North Italy (between Genoa and San Kemo) in April and May, 1875. For some of them Italy is one of the countries altogether excluded in the ' Consp. Flor. Eur.'; for the rest other portions of Italy are given, excluding North Italy. The place named after each species is that of the station where I gathered it : — (a). Not recorded as Italian in * Consp. Flor. Eur.' Astrocarpus sesamoides, Gay., stony hills behind Arenzano and Pegli. Limim campanulatum, Linn., near Pegli. Medicago prcBCox, DC, near Pegli. Dorycnium suffruticosurn, Yill., sea-coast between Ai-enzano and Yoltri. — (6). Kecorded in ' Consp. Flor. Eur.' as found in parts of Italy other than North Italy (as shown by the quoted abbreviations bracketed after each name). Helianthemum glutinosum, Pers. (' Ital. med., mer., ins.'), sea-coast near Arenzano. Linum nodijioriun, Linn. ('Ital. med., mer.'), sea-cliffs between Arenzano and Voltri. Geranium striatum, Linn. (' Ital mer.'), near Pegli ; possibly introduced. Ruta hracteosa, DC. (' Ital. mad., mer., ins.'), near Pegli. Medicago sphcBrocarpa, Bert. ('Ital. med., mer., ins.'), near Pegli. Trifolium Cherleri, Linn. ('Ital. med., mer., ins.'), near Pegli. Lotus edulis, Linn. (' Ital. med., mer., ins.'), near Pegli. Hijjpocrejns unisiliquosa, Linn. ('Ital. exc. bor.'), sea-coast, San Eemo. Ervum parviflorum, Bert. ('Ital. med., mer., ins.'), near Pegli. — W. Moyle Eogers. Notices of Bootts antf i^rmottss. Malesia. Publicata da Odoardo Beccari. Vol. i., part 3, Genoa, 1878. The 3rd part of Prof. Beccari's valuable work contains some very interesting articles. Five new species of Osmoxylon are described, and no less than nine of Rhododendron. There is a long dissertation on the relationships of the Malayan flora apjropos of the distribution of the three species of Nepenthes found in New Guinea ; and an account, illustrated by five excellent plates, of the Burman- niacece of Malaya. Of this cm-ious family, two new genera of the tribe Thismiea; are described, Bagnisia (dedicated to Dr. Carlo Bagnis^ R 122 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIES. the mycologist), and Geomitra ; there are also three new and remarkable species of Thismia. But the most interesting j)lant here described and figured is Corsia, a new genus, from the north coast of New Guinea, of very anomalous structure. It is a small aphyllous parasite, with a scaly stem bearing a single terminal liower ; the perianth is of six divisions, the upper one forming a large hood, the other five narrow and strap-shaped ; there are six small stamens in two rows ; the ovary is inferior, with three parietal placentas projecting into the centre, and giving the appearance of a trilocular condition ; the style is short and thick, and the stigma 3-lobed ; the elongated capsule is 3-valved, and the large fusiform seeds are pendulous on the hardened placentas. The author suggests that Corsia (which is dedicated to the Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati, of Florence) may form the type of a new Natural Order, Corsiacea, distinct from, though allied to, BurmanniacecB, Hypoxidecb, and Orchidea. _^__^ Part 80 of the ' Flora Brasiliensis' (December, 1878) contains the LoheliacecE by A. Kanitz, with 7 plates ; and the Plumbat/inea and Plantar/inecB by J. A. Schmidt, with 2 plates. Part 81 (same date) consists of the Erythroxylacem, by J. Peyritsch, illustrated by 10 plates ; the Hypericace(B by H. G. Reichardt, with. 7 plates ; and the Marcgraaviacemhy L. Wittmack, with 12 plates. Baron von Mueller's ' Fragmenta Phytogr. Australiae ' has reached its 90th part. A new genus of Composit(B from Western Australia, Decazesia, is dedicated to the Due Decazes, President of the Paris Horticultural Society. Dr. Bayley Balfour's account of the Botany of Rodriguez is published in the Royal Society's volume on the Transit of Venus Expedition. It consists of introductory observations on the past histor}^ changes, and present condition of the flora of the island, comparisons with and relationship to the other islands of the Indian Ocean, as well as an account of the remarkable heterophylly of the foliage of many of the trees, to which he has already called attention elsewhere. A complete list of the species composing the flora foUows, including the Cr3^i)togamic ones. The memoii* is illustrated by 22 fine quarto plates, four of which are devoted to mosses and HepaticEe, and the remainder to Phanerogams. The plates are the only addition of importance, as the descrij^tions of the new flowering plants have been already twice published, first in the Journal of the Linnean Society, and then in Baker's ' Flora of Mauritius.' It is necessary to mention this, in consequence of there being no indication of it in the text of the present memou', where Dr. Balfour's discoveries ai)pear as if now published for the first time instead of having been made known to science nearly two years ago. Mr. Crombie's account of the Lichens, here given, was indeed published in 1876. The last part of Prof. Baillon's ' Histoire des Plantes ' com- mences the 7tli volume. It contains accounts of ^the Orders Melastomacece, Cornacea, and Unibelliferce. Only eight genera are NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 128 included in the CornacecB, one being Hdivingia (placed in AraliacecD by Messrs. Bentham and Hooker); Alangium, Marlea, and ^yssa are excluded. The Araliacecc form but a series of Umbellifera: . The woodcut illustrations of the fruits of the latter Order are excellent for clearness and accuracy. Other New Books. — K. F. Meinshausen, ' Flora Ingrica'; St. Petersburg, 1878 (10s.) — ' Encyclopaedie der Naturwissenschaften,' C. MuLLER and others, i. Handbuch der Botanik ; Breslau, Trewendt (3 mk.) — E. Fries, ' Icones Select. Hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum,' vol. ii., pts. 2 and 3 (tab. 111-130), Dec, 1878. — L. Eadlkofer, ' Ueber Sajundus und damit in zuzammenhang stehende Pflanzen ' (Sitz. der K. Bayer. Acad. d. Wissenschaft., 1878, heft 3). Articles in Journals. — February. Trans. Linn. Soc. LoncL (ser. 2, i.,pt. 6). — D. D. Cunningham, ' On Mycoidea 2}arasitica, a new genus of parasitic Algae ' (tab. 42, 43). — Id., ' On the occurrence of conidial fructification in the Mucorini, illustrated by Choaneplwra ' (tab. 47). — G. Henslow-, ' On the self-fertilization of plants' (tab. 44). — M. J. Berkeley and C. E. Broome, 'List of Fungi fi-om Brisbane, Queensland, with descriptions of new species' (tab. 45, 46). Trans. <& Proc. Soc. Bot. Edinburgh (xiii., pt. 2). — W. Lauder Lindsay, ' Growth in Britain of the New Zealand Kowhai (Edivardsia grandijiora, Salisb.) ' — Id., 'Fossil Lichens.' — M. C. Cooke, 'Enumeration of Polyporus.' — J. H. Balfour, 'Notes of a Continental tour in 1877.' — J. T. Boswell, ' Description of Hieracium Dewari ' (tab. 5.) — J. Sadler, ' Description of Agaricus Sadleri, Beik.' (tab. 4). — Sir K. Christison, ' On the exact measure- ment of trees.' — G. Boss, ' On the flora of Mull.' — D. Christison, ' Journey in Uruguay' (tab. 6). — J. Buchanan, ' Notes on flora of Blantyre, Shire Highlands, Central Africa.' — J. McNab, ' Open- air vegetation at E. Botanic Gardens.' — 1. B. Balfour, ' On the genus Halojjhila ' (tab, 8-12). — T. A. G. Balfour, ' On effects of soot on some Conifer a.' Ann. Sc. Naturelles (ser. 8, vii., pts. 1 and 2). — L. Crie, ' Kesearches on the DejmzecB ' (tab. 1-8). — C. E. Bertrand, ' On the seed-coverings of Gymnosperms ' (tab. 9-14). — G. Bonnier and C. Flahault, ' Modifications in plants dependent on their physical environment.' Bull. Bot. Soc. France (xxv., pt. 1). — Buchinger, ' Changes in the. flora of Alsace.' — Timbal-Lagrave, Ligularia sibirica, Coss., in the Pyrenees.' — F. Townsend, ' On a new species of Veronica {V. lilacina)' (tab. 1). — Leuduger-Fortmorel, 'List of marine Diatoms from Bay of St. Brieuc and coast of Cotes-du-Nord.' — E. Fournier, 'On some genera of Agrostidece.'' — J. Poisson, ' The seat of the colouring matters in seeds.' — Prillieux, ' On the stains and cracks on pears.' 12-i PKOCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. Bull. Bot. Soc. Behjique (xvii., pt. 1).^ — ' Report of demonstration in honour of DuMortier, 5 May, 1878 ' (with portrait). — L. Errera and G. Gervaert, * On the structure and modes of fecundation of flowers, and especially on the heterostyly of Primula elatior ' (tab. 1). — L. Errera, * On Pentstemon gentianoides and P. Hartwer/L' Flora. — W. J. Behrens, ' On the nectaries of flowers ' (contd.) — C. Kraus, ' On the tissues composing foliage and flower-leaves ' (continued). Botanische Zeitunr/. — E. Godlewski, 'On the causes of the change of form in etiolated plants.' — E. Stahl, ' On the resting- state of Vauchcria geminata ' (tab. 2). Magyar Nov. Lapok. — J. L. Holuby, ' Mycological Notes,' iii. procteirtus^ of Soctrtus. LiNNEAN Society of London. Januanj, 16, 1879. — William Carruthers, Esq., F.R.S., Vice- President, in the chau-. — The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society: — George Brook, Esq., Huddersfield ; Artlim- Pearce Luff, Esq., Marylebone ; John Edward Griffiths, Esq., Bangor; Charles Sharpe, Esq., Liverpool; and John Woodland, Esq., Kilburn Park. — Prof. Allen Thompson exhibited and made some remarks on a block of wood, during the growth of which a portion of the shank-bone of an ox had become centrally enclosed. He also called attention to an imperfect frond of a palm [Chaimcerops /), asserted to have been discovered within a plank of rosewood. — Mr. Christy made some observations upon the Chalmugra tree (Ggjiocardia odurata) and its therapeutical properties. — The following paper was read: — ' On the Colchicacea and aberrant tribes of the Liliacea,'' by J. G. Baker. This forms the sixth of the author's monographs on the Liliacea. Colchicacea is the smallest of the three sub-orders of Liliaceir,'sind. includes 39 genera and 153 species. Li its typical form it is marked by extrorse anthers, a septicidal capsule, and three distinct styles ; but as twenty-four out of the thu'ty-nine genera do not possess all these three characters in combination, but recede more or less decidedly from the type in the direction of true Liliacece, it seems injudicious to follow those who have proposed to keep up Colchicaceoi or MclanthacciC as a distinct Natural Order. The tribes adopted by the author are : — 1, Colcliicf'fc, marked by the type-characters of the sub-order in combination with a gamophyllous XDerianth and bilocular anthers; 2, 2IerendtTe(f, with the type-characters of the sub-order in combination with a polyphyllous perianth and bilocular anthers ; 3, Veratrca', with the type-characters of the suborder in combination with unilocular anthers ; 4 and 5, AnguiUariea: and Hcloniecc, which recede from the type by their loculicidal caj)sule ; 6, Uvulariew, PKOCEEDINGb OF SOCIETIES. 125 which recedes from the type by its united styles ; and 7, TofieldiecB, with a locuhcidal capsule, anthers slit down the edge or face, and equitant distichous leaves. This sub-order includes several genera which recede in a striking manner from the general Liliaceous type ; as for instance, Heivardia, which connects Liliacea, with IridacecB; Petrosavia, a saprophyte with three apocarpous carpels ; and Scoliopus, with a unilocular ovary and three parietal placentas. In geograph- ical dispersion ColchicacecB agree completely with the true LiliacecE, as they enter, broadly speaking, into all the floras of which the order as a whole forms an element. The three aberrant tribes of LiliacecE are ConantherecB, a connecting-link between LiliacecB and AmaryllidacecEy marked by its partially inferior ovary, and anthers dehiscing by terminal pores ; LiriopecB, and GilliesiecB. Liriope is an older name for Ophiopogon. These two last sub-orders contain genera which recede widely from the Liliaceous type, and others which bridge over the interval between the extreme form and the ordinary Lilies; of GilliesiecB, which are almost exclusively Chilian, we now know seven genera ; of LiriopecB three. Febnuiry, 6, 1879.— Prof. Allman, F.E.S., President, in the chah*. — Mr. J. E. Jackson, in illustration of the paper by A. Braun recently translated in the pages of this Journal, exhibited a collection of fruits, seeds, &c., from the tombs of ancient Thebes, sent to the Kew Museum by Mr. Consul Calvert, of Alexandria. Tn this collection were the fruits oiHijphcBne Argun, formerly thought to be a nutmeg, in consequence of its ruminated albumen. Mr. Jackson considered the juniper berries in the collection to be those of Jimijje}'us jjJicenicea, and not of J. excelsa. A flat cake had been found to be composed of the fruit of Hyj^hane thebaica, the Doum Palm ; and the dark- coloured contents of a small flask, on examination, had proved to be olive oil. — Mr. J. Gr. Baker showed some dried specimens and a living bulb of Buphane toxicaria from Kew. This furnishes one of the principal ingredients of the poison with which the Bushmen tip their arrows, and it is remarkable structm-ally for the very numerous tunics of its bulb. The plant has been long known and often imported, but has only flowered in this country very rarely. Eecent travellers have much extended its known geographical range, which reaches from the central Cape Karoo to Angola and Lake Tanganika. Sir C. W. Strickland mentioned that he had been successful in flowering the plant last year, and explained his plan of treating it. — Mr. Thiselton Dyer showed specimens of and drew attention to the more important features of a new fodder grass, Euchlana hunirians ; [since figured in the ' Botanical Magazine ' for March, tab. 641 4.] — He also exhibited instruments used for weaving the fibre of Curcidigo latifolia by the natives of Borneo. — Mr. Thos. Christy drew attention to a sample of Tea grown in Natal, and to a bottle containing the milky juice of LandoJplda as fi-eshly drawn from the tree. — The Eev. Gr. Henslow passed round for examination a specimen of a female Misletoe bearing male shoots. The opinion of the botanists present was that it was an androgynous condition, rather than a male parasitic on a female plant, as supposed by Mr. 126 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. Corderoy, of Diclcot, from wliom the specimen was received. — Mr. K. Irwin Lynch exhibited and made some remarks on parts of the Bull's Horn Acacia (A. spluErocephalu), the Imbamba tree {Cecropia jjeltata), and a couple of Orchids [Epidendriim hicornutum, and Schomburgkia tihicinus), as exemplifying their economy in affording hollows of protection and so-called "food bodies" for ants. The first two have already been described and figured by Mr. Francis Darwin (Linn. Soc, Journ. Bot., vol. xv., p. 398); the last two present chambers in the stems, the supposed residence of ants, as in the preceding better-known instances. Fehnuirij, 20, 1879.— Prof. Allman, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Messrs. Edward A. Fitch, Lawrence Scott, and "Wilham Stone were elected Fellows of the Society. — The Rev. G. Henslow exhibited a portion of the bough of an Elm with a small pulley imbedded in the centre of the wood. The rings of growth deposited indicated about thirteen years of growth subsequent to the entrance of the foreign body, and exteriorly all marks of its presence were completely obliterated. — Mr. W. Hood Fitch next di-ew attention to a colom-ed drawing of natural size of one of the remarkable crimson-coloured pitchers of Xepenthes sanguinea, from Malacca. This cylindrical ^Ditcher measured twelve inches long and nine inches in circumference, and was grown at Bury by Mr. 0. "Wrigley. — The following papers were read: — 'On the genus Oiichieya, Brown,' by Dr. H. Trimen. This is a small cruciferous shrub discovered by Dr. Oudney in the desert between Tripoli and Mourzuk. The genus has been obscure in consequence of Brown's short and insufficient diagnosis, and his reference to it of Hesperis nitens, Viviani. This latter Cosson has shown to be a 2Ioricandia ; hence Brown's genus has been doubtfully referred to the same. The author shows from an examination of Oudney's herbarium in the British Museum, that Oudneya is identical with Henojjhytoii, Coss., which name it will supersede, having the j)riority of thu-ty-one years. — ' On some South American genera of plants of uncertain position,' by Mr. John Miers. The author refers the Fleragina of AiTuda da Camara (who mentions three species) to the ChrijsohalanacecB but two only should be retained in that genus, the thuxl belonging to the true Couepia, Aublet. Among Parinarium , the two species fully described and figured by Aublet alone ought to be retained. Those to be excluded are the two British Guiana sjDecies of Bentham, and seven others of Brazilian origin described by Dr. Hooker, and which, from then- floral structure and development of fruit, do not difter from Licania. The Malayan species of Blume are shown to belong to the Petrocanja, Jack., while the African species enumerated by DeCandolle, together with five others yet undescribed, must be referred to Grifonia, Benth. & Hook., a genus notable for the conferrumination of the cotyledon of the embryo. The genus Minqiiartia , Aublet, belongs to the famity Crescent iacece. Scnapea, Aublet, is also of the same family and near to Kigelia. Bentham' s and DeCandolle's Kigelia are widely different, the K. afrkana, Benth., properly belonging to Triplnnaria. The Crescejitiacecc would thus consist of six genera. PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 127 viz., Crescentia, Parmentiera, Mi7iquartia, Kigelia, Tripinnaria and Senapea. The genus Managa, Aublet, Mr. Miers avers, belongs to the AurantiacecB. liacceria, Aublet, does not come under Sapindacea, as DeCandolle supposed, but under MeliacccE, and is allied to Melia and Aziderachta, Juss. — ' On the Inflorescence of Crassulacem,' by Dr. Maxwell Masters. Though devoted principally to the above named group, the paper discusses the schemes of classification pro- posed by Koeper, Bravais, and others, as also the emendations of Hofmeister, Sachs, and the modern German school of botanists. He proposes a rearrangement under the heads of Monopodial or indefinite, Choripodial or dichotomous, and Pleiopodial or definite, the latter comprising the sympodial varieties. The modifications brought about by suppressions, adhesions, congenital or otherwise, real or apparent, and by disj^lacemeuts of varying kind and degree, he alludes to, the general conclusion being that while suppressions and adhesions do occasionally occur, yet that in most instances the phenomena witnessed might easily be explained by disj)lacement of parts, and especially by that process of elongation known as uplifting. The history of development as well as the internal structure he believes are consistant with this latter view, but not, as a rule, with the theory of adhesion. March 6. — William Carruthers, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. — The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Prof. Joseph Eeay Greene, Dr. Paul Henry Stokoe, Mr. Eobert Johnston (Tasmania), Mr. B. S. Williams, and Prof. J. Wood-Mason. — Mr. Thos. Christie exhibited and made remarks on a series of specimens illustrating the Australian " Pituri." — Mr. E. Irwin Lynch directed attention to a growing example, from Kew Gardens, and some of the dried leaves of Xanthosoma appendiculatimi, on the under surface of which peculiar pouch-like excrescences emanate from the midrib. This pseudo-monstrosity is of remark- ably constant occurrence. — A letter was read by the Secretary from Mr. J. Travers, in which allusion was made to the increased production (from 4 to 12 per cent) of beet-root sugar by a careful artificial selection of the plants. On the contrary, the saccharine produce of the sugar-cane remains stationary, if not retrograde, and its continuous multiplication from stolons some regard as giving rise to various diseases. Crossing and selection are suggested as worthy of a trial. — The following paiJers were read: — 'Obser- vations on the Entozoic Florideae growing in living Bryozoa and Sponges,' by Dr. P. F. Eeinsch. The parasitic growths described in this communication have already received elucidation by the same author in the 'Botanische Zeitung' for January. — 'Note on the fruiting of Wistaria sinensis in Europe,' by W. T. Thiselton •Dyer. In this the author was at variance with the statements and inference drawn by Mr. Thos. Meehan ('Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' xvii., p. 93), and quoted by the Eev. G. Henslow (' Trans. Linn. Soc' s.n., vol. i., p. 335). Mr. Dyer, from his own and others' observations on the plant grown at Glyon, east end of the Lake of Geneva, asserts that Wistaria trained on the walls there yields annually abundance of brown tomentose pods. Near the town of .128 BOTANICAL NEWS. Geneva, however, fruiting is of rarer occurrence, but more frequent at Lyons and the Rhone Valley. Fruiting he suggests may be a question of temperature, and not of nutrition dependant on presence or absence of sux)port. From these instances and other data, Mr. Dyer fails to see evidence of the antagonism of the vegetative and reproductive forces as implied and asserted m Mr. Meehan's observations. If such barrenness were the case, W, sinensis, with its scandent habit, would probably already be extinct. March 20, 1879.— William Carruthers, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair. — The Rev. G. E. Commerford Casey, of Nottingham, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited a very large and comj)lete museum specimen of Helichry- suin vestituni, from the Cai)e of Good Hope. The folio whig botanical paper was read: — * Some observations on the reproduction of Ferns by budding,' by Mr. T. R. Sim. Among the great collection of living Ferns at Kew a marked feature is the large number of sj)ecies that regularly bear adventitious buds. Of a thousand species there grown, about fifty are never found without buds, and some varieties produce them regularly, though the normal forms of the species do not. This number seems very high when compared with Phaner- ogams. Among viviparous Ferns, the buds are always on the same part of the plant in all the individuals of a sj)ecies. Polystichum angidare bears a bud on the racliis in the axil of almost every pinna, generally on the lower imrt of the frond, but in some cases all up the rachis. Some Aspleniums produce them on the veins of the upper surface of the frond, and these, though often directly opposite to a sorus, are not connected with it. The Hymenophyllea rarely produce buds, but the author believes that the minute cellular bodies developed at the extremity of the divisions of the frond in Trichonianes Kaulfussi are organs of propagation, and describes their development. Botanical Nttos. The Botanical Department of the Imperial Museum of Vienna has been i^laced under the keepership of Prof. H. W. Reichakdt, with Dr. Gunther Beck as assistant. The death of Johan Angstrom occurred on Jan. 19th, at Omskiulsvik, Sweden, at the age of 65. He was a well-known bryologist, and had paid especial attention to the genus Sphaf/mim and the mosses of Finland and Lapmark. The moss-genus Angstromia, Bruch. & Schimp., was dedicated to him in 1846. Mr. Charles Larbalestier, B.A., announces his intention of issuing, in the course of the summer and aiitumn of the present year, a series of Fasciculi of the Lichens of West Ireland, England, and the Channel Islands. Intending subscribers should communicate at once with the author, Roche Vue, St. Aubin's, Jersey. 129 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECHMEA, R. & P. By J. G. Baker, F.R.S. Although BromeliacecB are so much cultivated, there is no order of Endogens that has been so much neglected by botanists. Although the order is comparatively small, we have in the London herbaria a great many that have never been named nor described. There is no recent synopsis of the genera, and a considerable number have been founded of late years in the horticultural journals and elsewhere upon one or two species alone. In di-awing up lately for the annual rej)ort a catalogue of the BromeUacea culti- vated at Kew, which are about one hundi-ed and fifty m number, it became a question for consideration, both as regards the catalogue and the labelling of the living plants in the houses, which genera should be adopted. As in the suborder with an inferior ovary and indehiscent fruit, to which the great majority of the more showy species suitable for cultivation belong, doubts on this head had regard mainly to the limits to be assigned to the genus ^Echmea, founded by Ruiz and Pavon in 1794, — of which the type of the original species exists in an excellent state of preser- vation at the British Museum — I have thought it best to define the genus in the sense in which I have understood it in the Kew catalogue, and at the same time to attempt a classification and synoptical description of the species that range under it, of which we have any definite knowledge in England. As will be seen, a good many of these are now described for the first time from specimens in the London herbaria — one of them, even, from that of Linnaeus. The species mount up to nearly sixty, so that with the exception of Tilhmdsia, yEchmea is the largest genus in the Natural Order. There are several other species known by garden names, but these remain to be verified as to genus, and described by some competent botanist who gets an opportunity of seeing them in a flowering state. ^CHMEA, Ruiz d Pavon, Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 47, t. 8. — Calyx superior, coriaceous, the three subequal lanceolate or deltoid segments usually free down to the top of the ovary and furnished with a spiny mucro. Petals three, Ungulate, obtuse or cuspidate, free down to the base, generally not more than two or three times as long as the sepals, and furnished with a couple of minute scales near the base. Stamens six, always shorter than the petals, three inserted at the top of the ovary and three at the base of petals between the scales ; filaments short, filiform or a little flattened ; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary quite inferior, three-celled ; N. s. VOL. 8. [May, 1879.] s 130 A SYNOPSIS OJb' THE GENUS .EcHxAlEA. ovules usually numerous, rarely only three or four, inserted at the middle or near the summit of the placentas, mucronate and shortly funiculate ; style filiform ; stigmas cuneate at the tip and spirally twisted. , Fruit coriaceous or subhaccate, with few or many mmute exaj)pendiculate seeds. Epii)hytic herbs, with a sessile utricular rosette of numerous chartaceous or horny lorate or lanceolate leaves, which are nearly always serrated at the margin. Scape central, except in .E.pani- culata, its leaves except in § OrUjiesia bract-like and scariose, the upper ones usually bright red and ornamental. Inflorescence very various, multifarious or distichous, spicate or sj)icato-, racemoso- or cymoso-paniculate, each flower subtended by one or rarely two small navicular coriaceous bracts with a pungent cusp. Eachises of the inflorescence not bright-coloured as in Lamprococcus. Flowers small as compared with those of its neighbour Billhergia, red-purple, blue, yellow, greenish, or white. Fruit small, often bright-coloured and ornamental. Distinguished from every other genus of Ananasscd, except BiUhenjia, by its free petals, conspi- cuously spirally-twisted stigmas and sessile leaves ; fi'om Billhergia by its smaller flowers, less exserted from the calyx and not opening out so widely when expanded, by its shorter filaments, much smaller anthers, and by its cuspidate sepals and copious coriaceous conspicuous navicular flower-bracts with a pungent mucro. To ^Echmea, as thus understood, the following genera, which have been proposed, belong, arranging them in order of date, viz. : Huhenbergia, Schultes fil., Syst. Veg. vii., No. 1402. Pothuava, Pironneava, and Chevalliera, Gaudich., Atl. Bonite (figures only, without descriptions). Hoplophgtiim, Beer, Brom., 129. Echmostachys, A. Brong. ; Planch. Hort. Donat., 25. Ortgiesia, Kegel, Gartenfl. xvi. 193, t. 547. Ccmistrum, E. Morren in Belg. Hort., 1873, t. 15. Key to the Sections and Species. Section [. Amphilepis. Inflorescence distichous. Each flower clasped by a couple of bracts, the inner one almost entirely adnate to the rachis. 1. hracteata. 2. uiartinicensis. 3. dichlcuiujdea. Section II. Platy.echmea. Inflorescence distichous. Each flower subtended on the outside by a navicular bract. = Disqiiamia, Lemaire. Panicle small, dense, with all the branches simply spicate. 4. (xlaziovii. 5. distichantha. 6. excavata. 7. vriesioides. 8. tllhoidsuddcs. Panicle larger, laxer, wdth the lower branches compound. 9. jHihiscois. 10. dactijlina. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS ^CHMKA. 181 Section III. Chevalliera {Gaudich.) Inflorescence a multi- farious simple spike. Ovary compressed, nearly flattened on the side nearest the rachis of the spike. Flower-bracts toothed. 11. Veitchii. Flower-bracts not toothed. Head of flowers globose. 12. sphmrocejjhala. Head of flowers oblong. 13. ornata. 14. MaricB-regincE . Section IV. Pironneava (Gaudich.) Spikes numerous, multi- farious, panicled. Ovary as in Chevalliera. Calyx including ovary longer than the flower-bract. 15. angusta. 16. Wrightii. Calyx including the ovary not longer than the flower-bract. 17. glomerata. 18. distans. 19. lingidata. 20. polycephala. Section V. Eu^chmea. Inflorescence a lax panicle of multi- farious racemes, with a lateral peduncle. Petals three to four times as long as the sepals, distinctly twisting after flowering. Ovary terete. The only species . . ^1. paniculata. Section VI. Hohenbergia (Schultes fil.) Inflorescence panicled, multifarious. Peduncle from the centre of the rosette of leaves. Petals generally not more than twice as long as the sepals, scarcely twisted. Ovary terete = Hojjlojjhytum, Beer. Flowers in large tripinnate panicles. Flower-bracts obsolete. 22. mexicana. Flower-bracts minute. 23. spectabilis. M. cymoso-panicuJata. Flower-bracts one-sixth to one-third inch long. 25. rcimosa. 26. pyramidaUs. 27. platynema. Flowers in a small tripinnate panicle. 28. capitata. Flowers m an ample bipinnate panicle with racemose branches. 29. parviflora. Flowers in an ample lax bipinnate panicle with spicate branches. 30. laxiflora. 31. odora. 32. patentissima . Flowers in a small dense oblong-deltoid bipinnate panicle. Flowers pedicellate on the secondary branches. 33. canilescens. Flowers sessile on the secondary branches. Flowers ten to fifteen to the lower branches. 34. Melinonii. 85. Ciuningii. Flowers four to eight to the lower branches. 36. .siihinermis. 37. cadestis. 88. suaveolens. 39. Jiorihunda. 40. regidaris. Flowers in a cylindrical panicle with short cj'^mose branches. 41. siiicata. 42. Mertensii, 43. ijaniciiUgera. 44. setigera. 132 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .^CHMEA. Section YLi. Pothuava {Gaudich.) Inflorescence a dense simj)le mnltifarious spike, not overtoj)ped by its bracts. Peduncle central. Stem leaves bract-like and scariose. Ovary terete. Heads globose. 45. fasciata. 46. Burchellii. 47. cahjculata. Heads oblong. 48. Pineliana. 49. pectinata. 50. mucronijiora. 51. Lindeni. 52. comata. 53. contracta. Heads cylindrical. 54. nudicaulis. Section VIII. Canistrum [E. Morren.) Inflorescence a dense multifarious cax)itulum, surrounded and overtopped by a whorl of large scariose bracts. Stem-leaves bract-like, scariose. Peduncle central. Ovary terete. 55. aurantiaca. 56. viridis. Section IX. Ortgiesia [Begel.) Inflorescence a dense multi- farious capitulum, not overtopped by its outer bracts. Peduncle short, central, its leaves horny in texture, like those of the radical rosette. Sepals united in a tube above the ovary. 57. Legrelliana. 58. Ortgiesii. 1. M. BRACTEATA, Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Ind,, 592. Bromelia hracteata, Swartz, Prodr., 56. B. aquilegia, Sahsb. Parad., t. 40. B. imnicidigera, Keich. Icon. Exot., t. 239-240, non Sw. B. exudnns, Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 801. Hoplophytum panicidatum, Beer, Brom., 130. — Leaves lorate, a foot and a half to two feet long, the oblong dilated base four to five inches long, three inches broad, the blade at the top of the base two inches broad, moderately firm in texture, rounded with a cusp at the tip, armed with close ascending horny prickles one inch and a half to two inches long. Peduncle stout, one foot to one foot and a half long, with many red ascending lanceolate bract-leaves three to four inches long. Flowers in a dense oblong panicle six to twelve inches long, with numerous ascending simply spicate distichous branches two to three inches long, subtended by lanceolate entire branch-bracts, of which the lowest are as long as the branches, the imbricated flow^ers each furnished with a i^air of bracts, the outer one ovate-navicular, miinitely cus^^idate, under half an inch long, the inner one smaller and almost entirely adnate to the rachis. Calyx with ovary five- eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, three-eighths of an inch long, with a distinct cusp. Petals ligulate, yellow, little longer than the sepals. Jamaica, Suartz. St. Lucia, Anderson! St. Vincent, (iuilding ! Trinidad, Prestoe! Houston's Vera Cruz plant, referred here by Schultes, is quite different, and will be found under the section Hohenbergia. 2. iE. MAETiNicENSis, Bdker, n. sp. — Leaves with a long entire oblong base three to four inches broad, the closely minutely serrated lamina not seen complete. Scape sheathed by xnany large imbricated lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a very dense. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS /ECHMEA. 133 oblong bipinnate panicle four to six inches long, with crowded more or less ascending distichous spicate branches one inch to one inch and a half long, half inch broad, which are subtended by lanceolate branch-bracts nearly as long as the branches, with close minute horny serrations like the leaves. Flowers crowded, erecto- patent, each enclosed in two coriaceous navicular flower-bracts, the outer one under half an inch long, with a conspicuous pungent mucro, the inner one smaller, its back entirely adnate to the rachis. Calyx including the ovary one-half to five-eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, distinctly mucronate, twice as long as the ovary. Petals not seen. Martinique, Hahn, 522 ! 581 ! (Herb. Kew.) Closely allied to ^S. bracteata, from which it may be recognised easily by its firmer pectiuately-toothed branch- bracts. 3. M. DicHLAiiYDEA, Bake)', n. sp. — Leaves not seen. Panicle deltoid, a foot long, with ten to twelve ascending branches consist- ing of peduncled distichous spikes, subtended by lanceolate red bracts, of which the lower are nearly as long as the branch. / Peduncles one to three inches long. Spikes dense, oblong, two to three inches long, an inch broad, each flower furnished with a pair of bracts, the outer one obloug-navicular, minutely cuspidate, half an inch long, the inner one much smaller and almost entkely adnate to the rachis. Calyx with ovary five-eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, minutely cuspidate, rather longer than the ovary. Petals scarcely longer than the sepals. Tobago, Gyey ! (Herb. Mus. Brit.) 4. M. GLAZIo^^I, Baker, n. sp. — Leaves lorate, one foot and a half long, three inches broad at the dilated base, two inches broad at the middle, obtuse with a cusp, armed with close ascending horny brown teeth a line long. Scape one foot and a half to two feet long, furnished with many lanceolate ad^u-essed bracts. ^- Panicle dense, oblong, bipinnate, four inches long by about half as broad, the crowded erecto-j)atent distichous branches about an inch long. Flower-bracts a quarter of an inch long, round-navicular, with a distinct mucro. Calyx with ovary under half an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, a quarter of an inch long, mmutely mucronate. Petals red-purple, lingulate, half as long again as the sepals. Kio Janeiro, (jrlaziou, 8986 ! (Herb. Kew.) Very like distichantha in panicle and separate flowers, but different in leaf. It may be HoplojjJujtum polystachyum, Beer, Brom., p. 137, founded u^Don a very rough plate of the 'Flora Fluminensis,' vol. iii., tab. 138, called Tillandsia pohjrytachya. 5. M. DISTICHANTHA, Lcmaire, Jard. Fleur., t. 269; Hook, in y Bot. Mag,, t. 5447. Billbergia pohjstachya, Paxt. Flow. Gard., iii., t. 80. Hoplophjjtum distichanthiun, Beer, Brom., 136. Hohcnheryia distichantha, Baker in Saund. Pief. Bot. sub. t. 284. — Leaf with a dilated oblong base four to five inches long, two and a half to three inches broad, and an ensiform blade two to two and a half feet long, an inch broad at the bottom, tapering gradually to a pungent point, rigid in texture, channelled all the way down, back thinly 134 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS iECHMEA. lei^idote and finely strii^ed, the edge-pricldes horny, pungent and falcate, those near the base a Ime long. Sca^^e one foot to one foot and a half long, with many adpressed large lanceolate bract- leaves. Flowers in a dense thyrsoid bi^Dinnate panicle four to seven inches long, two to two and a half inches diameter, with crowded erecto-patent distichous branches, each flower subtended on the outside by a j)ocket-like coriaceous bract a quarter of an inch long, with a distinct cusp, the outer edge almost entii-ely adnate to the rachis. Calyx with ovary half an inch long ; sepals oblong, obtuse, with a distinct cusp, twice as long as the ovary. Petals Ungulate, red-purple, a quarter to one-third of an inch longer than the calyx. South Brazil in the Province of St. Paulo, BurcheU, 455G ! 4654 ! Paraguay, Balansa, 610 ! Intro- duced into English gardens in 1852, and in cultivation at Kew at the present time. 6. M. ExcAVATA, Baker, n. sp. — Leaves not seen. Scape fur- nished with large lanceolate erect bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense thyrsoid bi23innate x^anicle six to eight inches long, three to four inches diameter, with crowded erecto-patent branches, sub- tended at the base by small deltoid bracts, each flower placed in a pocket formed by a square mucronate coriaceous navicular bract, under half an inch long, entirely adnate to the rachis by its inner edges. Calyx including ovary five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate cuspidate, twice as long as the glabrous ovary. Petals Ungulate, red purple, a quarter to one-third of an inch longer than the sepals. Paraguay near Assomption, Gibert, 62 ! (Herb. Kew.) 7. M. vRiEsioiDEs, Baker, n. sp. — Leaves eight to ten, with a dilated oblong entire base two to three inches long, one inch and a half to two inches broad, contracting suddenly to a linear lamina, two feet long, three-quarters to one inch broad low down, narrowed gradually to the point, armed with copious brown spreading lanceolate horny prickles half a line long. Peduncle a foot long, floccose, the red denticulate upper bract-leaves about two inches long. Panicle rhomboid, half a foot long, with five to six simply spicate erecto-patent distichous branches two to three inches long, three-quarters of an inch broad, the lower ones subtended by lanceolate acute bracts one inch to two inches long. Eachises one-sixth of an inch diameter, square, flexuose. Flower-bract round-navicular, one-half to five-eighths of an inch long, not mucronate, clasping tightly the calyx. Calyx with ovary five- eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, one quarter of an inch long, with minute brown cusps. Petals not seen. Mosquito Shore, year 1774, Captain Miller! Kaieteur Falls, Demerara, 1872, Appun I (Herb. Mus. Brit.) 8. M. TiLLANDSioiDES, Bakcr. Billhergia tiUandsioides, Mart, in Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1269. — Leaves with a dilated oblong base two to three inches long, and a lanceolate lamina under an inch broad and about a foot long, narrowed gradually to the point and armed with minute horny prickles half a line long. Scape A CHINESK FUNTANESIA. 185 above a foot long, thinly tomentose, its lanceolate nearly entire bract-leaves two inches long. Panicle four to five inches long, bipinnate, composed of about seven distichous -oblong spikes with bracts one inch and a half to two inches long. Flower-bract rhomboid, six to seven lines long, minutely mucronate. Calyx with ovary rather shorter than the flower-bract ; sepals deltoid, mucronate, quarter of an inch long. Petals twice as long as the sepals, apparently not scaled at the base. North Brazil, on the banks of the Japura, Martins. 9. M. PUBESCENS, Ikiker, n. sp. — Leaf with a dilated entire oblong base four to five inches long, two and a half to three inches broad, and an ensiform lamina above a foot long, one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half broad at the base, narrowed gradually to the point, the basal prickles lanceolate, one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch long, those of the upper half of the leaf very small. Scape a foot long, vfith many large lanceolate bract- leaves, the upper tinted red. Panicle six to twelve inches l(|»g, four to six inches broad, with floccose rachises, the upper branches dense and simple, subtended by small deltoid bracts, the lower branches lax, with forked or panicled spikes with a peduncle and large lanceolate bracts. Spikes distichous, one inch to one and a half inch long, three-quarters of an inch diameter, each flower subtended by an ovate cuspidate striated coriaceous navicular bract three-eighths to one-half of an inch long. Calyx including ovary three-eighths of an inch long ; sepals deltoid-cuspidate one- eighth to one-sixth of an inch long. Petals pale, one-sixth of an inch longer than the calyx. Portobello, Betyiiis! (Herb. Linn.) Nicaragua, RaijjJi Tate, 416 ! Chagres, FencUer, 449 ! Panama, Seemann, 609 ! This very distinct plant, though loiown to Linnaeus and preserved in his herbarium, seems never to have been named nor described. {To be continued.) A CHINESE FONTANESIA. By H. F. Hance, Ph.D., F.L.S., &c. Bather less than three years ago Mr. W. B. Hemsley, in some notes on Chinese plants, printed in this journal, alluded to " a deciduous shrub (originally gathered by Fortune) having the general aspect of a Ligustnun, but with axillary flowers very closely resembling those of Funtanesia phillyraoides, the plant in some respects too resembling Chionanthus and Osmanthus,'" * of which he had examined specimens from my friend, Mr. F. B. Forbes, of Shanghae. Since his return to China it has been my privilege to enjoy a tolerably constant correspondence on botanical subjects with Mr. Forbes ; and, amongst other plants of novelty or interest, I am TrJmcn, ' Journ. Bot.' xiv., 208. 186 A CIIINKSE FONTANESIA. indebted to liim for excellent specimens of the shrub referred to b}^ Mr. Hemsle}'. An examination of this proves unequivocally that it is in all respects a true Fontancsia, of which I subjoin a diagnosis. FoNTANESiA cHiNENsis, s]). tiov. — Frutcx V. arbuscula, ramis cortice ciuereo obductis, ramulis erectis glaberrimis, foliis glaber- rimis lanceolatis sensim acuminatis integerrimis x^enniveniis subtus pallidioribus li-2^ poll, longis infra medium 6-9 lin. latis petiolo lineali, floribus in racemos axillares et terminales folio breviores V. fere aaquilongos dispositis subpolygamis ahis scilicet lierma- j^hroditis aliis masculis ovario nunquam maturescenti, pedicellis flore subffiquilongis, calyce brevi inasqualiter 4-lobo, petalis oblongis basi per paria connexis, antheris petala subdimidio excedentibus ipso filamento crassiusculo 5-6-plo longioribus, ovario florum fertilium calyci squilongo orbiculari stylo eo triplo longiore coronato stigmate bifido, loculis semper* uniovulatis, fiorum sterilium cito ad 5-Q» lin. longitudinis excrescente oblongo fere ad medium usque in lobos 2 angustos acutos fisso loculis ssepissime vacuis nunc ovulum cassum gerentibus, samara quadrato-oblonga utrinque retusa 4 lin. longa. In colhbus Feng-wang-shan, provincige Kiang-su, florif. m. Maio, frf. mm. Octobri et Novembri, 1877-8, collegit mecum- que communicavit amicissimus F. B. Forbes. (Herb, propr. n. 20725.) The hills where this plant grows, I learn from Mr. Forbes, are those nearest to Shanghae, lying about twenty miles to the S.W. of that city. The highest is not more than 250 feet above the sea- level ; and he tells me there is no doubt that they once belonged to the Chusan archipelago, of which another small group is to be found silted up at Clia-pu, on the coast S.E. of Shanghae, where the sea still washes then- base. In the herbarium — I have seen neither shrub alive — this species has the most striking resemblance to the Syrian F. philUjrceoides, Labill., the only other one known; so great indeed that, without examination, the two might readily be supposed to be identical. But it differs by its more truly lanceolate rather than oblong or oblong-lanceolate leaves, its more fully developed inflorescence, the rather shorter pedicels, short filaments, uniovulate ovary-cells, longer style, and especially by its subpolygamous flowers, — perfect and imperfect ones intermingled, — with the curious rapidly growing abortive ovary of the sterile foi"m. The occurrence of these sterile flowers is interesting, as showing apparently that the aflinity of the genus is rather with Fraxinus, next which it is placed by Bentham and Hooker in the " Genera," than with the Si/riiKjew, where DeCandolle stationed it. But it must be acknowledged, I think, that the genera in this order cannot be marshalled into very well- marked tril)es, and Boissier (excluding Jusmineie) admits only two, Oleineoi with a fleshy fruit, and Lilacece with a diy one.f * Ex iteratis am. Forbesii observationibus. f Fl. Orient, iv., 58. POLYGAL^ AMERICANS. 137 The determination of this interesting x^lant adds another to the list of genera, often comprising very few species, common to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and to the extreme east of Asia, some examples of which I adduced in this journal a few years since.* The most easterly station of F. philhjraoides is separated by no less than eighty degrees of longitude from the habitat of its now first-described and very near relative. As bearuig more or less closely on this curious subject, the reader will do well to consult the remarks of M. Alphonse DeCandolle,+ Prof. Asa Gray's ' Essay on Sequoia,' \ Sir Joseph Hooker's lecture *' On the distribution of the North American Flora," delivered at the Royal Institution, on the 12th April, 1878, and that of Mr. Thiselton Dyer " On plant-distribution as a field for geographical research." ^ POLYGAL^ AMERICANS NOV^ VEL PARUM COGNITiE. By Alfred W. Bennett, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. The vegetable productions of the vast territory of the American Continent have been arranged in systematic Floras chiefly as far as regards the Rej)ublic of the United States in the Northern, and the Empire of Brazil in the Southern, hemisphere. A fairly complete knowledge of the former may be obtained from Torrey and Gray's ' Flora of North America,' Wood's ' Class Book of Botany,' and Prof. Sereno Watson's ' Bibliographical Index to North American Botany,' or at least this will be the case as soon as all these works are completed; while Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis,' should it ever be brought to a conclusion, will be the most magnificent and complete local Flora ever published. There is at present no means of obtaining a similar survey of the productions of the British and Alaskan territories of North America, Mexico, Central America, Peru, Chile, Patagonia, and the other indej)endent states of South America, some of them possessing very rich and varied floras. The botanist in search of the diagnoses of the native plants of these regions has to run through a great number of publications, such as Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth's ' Nova Genera et Species Plantarum,' Gray's ' Plant ae Wrightianae, Fendlerianae, & Lind- heimerianae,' Triana and Planchon's ' Contributions to the Flora of New Grenada,' Bentham's ' Plantse Hartwegiante ' and 'Botany of the Sulphur,' Ruiz and Pavon's Flora of Peru, Gay's Flora of Chile, and many other books and detached papers. In the following pages an attempt is made to supply this deficiency as far as regards a single genus, which is more or less * Trimen, ' Journ. Bot.' xi., 169. ^ Geogr. Bot., ii., 1131. J Darwiniana, 205, § Proc. E. Geogr. Soc, xxii , u. G. 138 POLYGAL.i: AMERICANiE. abundantly distributed through every portion of the Continent, from Canada to Patagonia. Tlie herbaria at my disposal, besides those at Kew and the British Museum, have been those belonging to the Berlin, Vienna, Munich, and Brussels Collections, and that of M. Warming. Dr. J. Miiller of Geneva has also kindly identified for me some of the species described in DeCandolle's ' Prodromus.' In these herbaria I have found materials for the description of fourteen new species, and of several others hitherto imperfectly known or described. Species named in Watson's ' Bibliographical Index' or in Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis ' are only referred to when some fresh fact has come to hglit respecting them. In the case of all others, either a full diagnosis is given, or reference is made to a sufficient one already published. The sign * prefixed to the name of a species signifies that it is a Brazilian species not named in the former, the sign f that it is a United States species not named in the latter publication. The greater number of the new species are the result of Balansa's visit to Paraguay in 1874-77 ; and as this collection has been very recently distributed, I have thought it might be useful to append at the end of the paper a complete nomination of the species obtained hi that journey, as far as I have been able to determine them. If w^e add to the 35 species named in Watson's ' Index,' and the 86 in the ' Flora Brasiliensis' (one species only, P. panicidata, L., being common to the two*), the 34 additional ones referred to in this paper, we get 154 as the total number of species of Polygala at present known as natives of the American Continent. This does not include five species found in the West Indian Islands but not growing on the Continent, viz., P. hraclnjptera, Gris., P. spathulata, Gris., P. squami- folia, Wr., P. saginoides, Gris., and P. erioptera, DC. With the exception of P. tenuis, DC, of Brazil, which appears to be identical with P. paludosa, St. Hil., of Tropical Africa, and P. erioptpra, DC, w^hich has probably been introduced into the West Indies from India, there is no species of Polygala common to the Eastern and Western hemispheres. The subdivision of the genus is that adopted by me in my mono- graph of the Brazilian species in AJartius's ' Flora Brasiliensis ; ' the older subdivisions, especially that of DeCandolle's 'Prodromus,' being altogether useless. It is not pretended that the six divisions have all equal value, or that they will all maintain their place when a complete monograph of the genus comes to be written ; the 5th and 6th especially are not satisfactory. But in the meantime it is the best for my present purpose. Sectio a. — Carina triloba, lobus medius integer, nee cristatus nee fimbriatus ; sepala exteriora discreta ; semina eximie strophio- lata vel rarius estriophiolata. Frutices vel sufiVutices, fioribus magnis et nonnunquam speciosis. This section belongs especially to Tropical America ; most of the species are good-sized shrubs ; and, in the case of the Brazilian * Unless, as I. suggest below, P. grandijiora, Walt, is identical with P. hebeclada, DC, and P. angiistifolia, H.B. K. with P.Jlahellata, Shuttl. POLYGALiE AMERICAN.E. 139 P. spectabilis, DC, P. grandifolia, St. Hil., aud some others, the flowers are equal in size and beauty to any of the better known South African species of the genus, and would be magnificent additions to our stove-plants. The southern limit of the section appears to be but little south of the troj)ics ; northwards it extends through Central America into Mexico and Texas ; but the northern species are less striking, both in the size of the plant and in that of the flower. 1. P. americana, Mill., Gard. Diet.; DC, Prodr., i., 330; Gris., Flor.- W. I., 28. Caulis ascendens, lignosus ; rami pubescentes. Folia ovato-lanceolata, acuta, in pedicellum brevem attenuata, laste widia, glabra vel pubescentia ; petiolus et vena folii media subtus pubescentes. Kacemi terminales, sat laxiflori ; pedicelli hirsuti ; bracteae lineari-lanceolatse, deciduae vel subper- sistentes. Sepala exteriora omnino distincta sed approximata, acuta, hirsuta ; alas ovatae. Carina ventricosa, ecristata, basi ciliata ; petala lateralia ad carinam approximata. Ovarium dense hksutum; stylus filiformis, rectangulo curvatus. Capsula magna, elliptica, valde emarginata, membranacea, leviter hirsuta, ciliata, pedicello brevi, hirsuto. Semina pyriformia, sericea ; arillodium galeatum, semini ^quilongum, inappendiculatum. P. caracasana, H. B. K., v., 407; DC, Prodr., i., 331; P. rivincBfolia, H. B. K., v., 409, t. 512; DC, Prodr., i., 331 ; P. peduncularis, A. Eich., Fl. Cub., i., 37, t. 12. A most difiicult species, from its variability, and consequent synonymy. It varies greatly in the size and shape of the leaves, which are from 1 to 2^ inches long, and from ^ to 1 inch broad, and in that of the flowers, which are usually about 2 lines long. Grisebach identifies with this Kunth's P. caracasana ; and the P. rivincBfolia of the same author presents no difference either in the description or the drawing. It is perhaps best distinguished from its congeners by the ventricose lower portion of the corolla ; and is usually a shrubby plant, perhaps 2 feet high. It appears to be abundant in Mexico, at all events within the Tropics, and extends southwards through the Isthmus to Venezuela, occurring also in San Domingo, Trinidad, and Cuba. The following numbers may be referred to it : — Bern., 120, 1092 ; Lindh., 174; Coult., 732; Gal., 879; Fendl., 1910; Wawr., 1080; Schied.,497; Liebm., 29, 30. ft hehecarpa ; planta et praesertim fructus mollior. P. hebecarjxi, DC, Prodr., i., 330 ; Venezuela, Fendl., 240 ; St. Domingo. la. P. jylatycarpa, Benth., PI. Hartw., 113, seems to me merely a form of P. americana with larger and broader leaves, and more hairy capsule ; it is generally a larger x^lant. To it may be referred Hartw., 632; Liebm., 32-35; Gal., 881. 2. P. obscura, Benth., PI. Hartw., 58, is a very good sjDecies, found only in Mexico, with the following numbers : — Hartw., 446 ; Gal., 883; Andrieux, 525; Coult., 728 (?) ; Liebm., 25. 26. 3. P. hebantha, Benth., Bot. Sulph., 67, is well distinguished, in its typical form, by its smaller size, more pubescent habit, and orbicular capsule, which is larger and more hairy ; but in its larger 140 polygal.t: Americans. forms it approaches very near to P. americana. It occurs in Tropical Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala, and doubtfully in Ecuador. Wawr., 801; Hook., 1843: Seem., 761 (?). t4. P. Xutkana, DC, Prodr., i., 330. With this A. Gray has identified, and no doubt correctly, P. cucullata, Benth., PI. Hartw., 299, from California, distinguished from all its allies, except the following, by the cucullate carina. It is recorded from California, Lobb, 277, and Sierra Nevada. P. cornuta, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad., i., 61 ; P. californica, Nutt. in Geol. Surv. Calif., 59. P. siibspinosa , S. Wats, in Amer. Nat., vii., 299. Perennis, herbaceus, glaber vel plus minus pubescens. Caules 2-8 poll, alti, superne ramosi, rami saepe spinosi. Folia sparsa, ^-1 poll, longa, elliptica vel oblanceolata, acuta vel obtusa, ad basim attenuata. Kacemi laxi, pauciflori ; bractese parvae, scariosae ; pedicelli demum reflexi, floribus breviores. Sepala ciliata vel eciliata ; al® oblougae, 4-5 lin. longae, corollam aequantes. Carma cucullata, appendicem latam saccatam gerens. Stylus linearis. Capsula orbicularis, emarginata, breviter stipitata. Silver City, Nevada ; Kanab Arizona ; Southern Utah, Parry, 32. Central Mexico, Pan*, et •Palm. (1878), No. 42 (?). Obviously near P. Nutkana (P. cucullata, Benth.), with which it agrees in the structure of the carina. It is the only spiny Polygala of the Northern Continent ; but in some of the localities the spines are only feebly or not at aU developed. 5. P. huxifolia, H. B. K., v., 407 ; DC, Prodi-., i., 331. The only specimen I have seen to which this name is attached, Graham, 134, from Mexico, doubtfully named by Mr. Bentham, in the Kew herbarium, answers faMy well to Kunth's description. 6. P. glandulosa, H. B. K., v., 404, t. 610; DC, Prodi*., i., 331 ; Nova Hispania, I have never seen. 7. P. Parnji, A. W. Benn. in Hem. Diagn. PI. nov. Mex., ii. Caulis basi perlignosus et ramosus ; rami tenues, pubescentes. Folia lanceolata vel oblanceolata vel suborbicularia, apiculata, infra in petiolum brevem attenuata, saepius pubescentia. Racemi brevissimi, pauciflori ; bracteae ovatae, hirsutae, usque ad anthesim persistentes. Sepala exteriora alas fere aequantia ; superius viride et subbrevius ; duo inferiora subpetaloidea, hirsuta, ciliata ; alae sepala exteriora vix excedentes, obovatoB, apiculatae. Carina ecristata, ad apicem hirsuta ; petala lateralia fere usque ad basim libera, carinam multo superantia. Ovarium subglobosum. Capsula rotimda, vel latior quam longa, hirsuta. Semina (immatura) hirsuta ; arillodio galeato. Central Mexico, Parr, et Palm. (1878), No. 40. The specimens are imperfect, and have apparently been browzed down, but the distinctly- stalked leaves (usually about 3 lin. long and 2 wide), comparatively large external sepals, and apiculate wing-sepals, clearly mark a distinct species. To this section belong also — P. ovalifoUa, DC, Prodr., i., 331; Gray, PI. Lindh., 151 (= P. ovatifolia, Gray, PI. Wright., i., 39) ; very near to P. americana. It occurs also in Mexico ; PaiT. ct Palm. (1878), No. 43 ; et al. POLYGAL^ AMERICANS. 141 P. Linclhemeri, Gray, PL Linclh., 150; well distinguished by the remarkably geniculate rachis of the raceme. P. macradenia, Gray, PI. Wright., i., 39, with remarkably hoary habit. P. puberiila, Gray, PI. Wright., i., 40, (= P. pubescens, Schlecht. in Linn., xiv., 160), not of Mart. MS. P. Xanti, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad., v., 163. Sectio B. Carina triloba, lobus medius integer, nee cristatus nee fimbriatus, e stylo rectangulo curvato longe productus ; sejDala exteriora duo inferiora plus minus coalita ; semina cylindrica, sericeo-hirsuta, strophiolata ; arillodium album, galeatum, nunquam appendiculatum. Herbse vel suffrutices, floribus sat magnis. The geographical distribution of this section is very nearly the same as that of the first, extending from Southern Brazil, throughout Tropical South America, the Isthmus, and the West Indies to Mexico and the Southern United States. The two inferior exterior sepals always more or less connate, frequently almost to the apex, the protruded apex to the carina, slender style remarkably bent at right angles and ending in a simj)le stigma, and remarkably large fleshy erect arillode, which is never appendi- culate, are accompanied by a smaller and generally more pubescent habit. Only in the case of P. florihunda do we have a large woody shrub with conspicuous flowers. *8. P. mo7iticola, H. B. K., v., 405 ; DC, Prodr., i., 830, 1 have met with only in the Vienna herbarium (Endl., no. 1323), described as from " Peruvia subandina vulgaris ad vias Cuchero," and in the herbarium of M. Warming, collected atLagoa Santa (no. 552). It must therefore be added to the Brazilian species described in the ' Flora Brasiliensis.' It is a good-sized shrub, w^ell marked by its thin apiculate leaves, the racemes frequently not terminal, and the almost complete cohesion of the two inferior of the glandular-ciliate sepals. " P. monticola, H. B. K., Venezuela, Moritz, 221," in the British Museum herbarium, is certainly P. americana. 8rt. P. munninoides, H. B. K., v.,'408; DC, Prodr., i., 331, described from an imperfect specimen, appears to me identical with the last ; but I have not seen it. 9. P. fonbunda, Benth., PL Hartw., 58, is by far the hand- somest and most showy plant of this section. It appears to grow both on the mountains and on the walls of temjoles, and has been gathered in Guatemala by Hartweg, 572 ; and in Mexico by Hartw., 447, Liebm., 22, and Wawra, as well as by Karwinski under the name P. rivincBfolia. Misled by a general resemblance in habit, Seemann (Bot. Her., 269) identifies Bentham's Central American plant with St.Hilaire's P. ligustroides and P. oleqfolia from Brazil. Independently of other characters, it is, however, amply distin- guished by its completely connate inferior sepals, which are distinct and imbricate in both these latter species. P. yrandifiora, Walt. Car., 179 ; Torr. & Gr., Fl. N. Am., L, 332. This species, which extends from South Carolina to Louisiana and Florida, is the only crestless Polygalu found east of the Mississippi. 142 POLYGALiE AMERICANiE. It appears to me absoliitel}^ indistinguishable from the Brazilian P. heheclada, DC, except in the uncertain character that in the North American plant the bracts are always deciduous before flowering, while in the southern form they are almost alwaj^s ^Der- sistent. If the two are identified, DeCandolle's name mast yield in priority to Walters' s ; but it is very remarkable that the species should occur abundantly in such widely separated districts, without any record of its occurrence in the intervening country from Texas to the Amazon. P. angustifolia, H. B. K., v;, 405, t. 511, a species widely dis- tributed throughout South America, and occurring also in the West Indies, appears to extend to Southern Mexico (Liebm., 23, 24; Wawr., 117). P. fiahellata, Shuttl., from Florida, is very nearly allied, if not identical. The list of Sections A and B, comprising the whole of the crestless Polygalas known to the American Flora, is completed by the addition of the 22 species described by me in Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis.' Sectio C. — Carina cristata. Caulis aphyllus vel subaphyllus, vel folia perpauca vel squamiformia. Herba floribus parvis, sive tenues hand ultra semipedales, sive majores, durae, rigidas, fragiles. A section which has its centre in Tropical Brazil, and includes but few species beyond the bounds of that kingdom and Guiana. 10. P. spinescens, Gill, in Hook. Bot. Misc., iii., 146 (non Decaisne). Fruticulus rigidus ramosissimus ; ramis in spinas aciculares currentibus. Folia jDarva, minutissima, linearia, subu- lata, 2 lin. longa. Flores pauci, solitarii, vel in racemos brevis- simos congregati, 2 lin. longi, pedicellis glabris quam flores dimidio brevioribus suffulti; bracte^ minutissimas, deciduae. Sepala exteriora ovata, subsequalia, leviter ciliata ; alae obovatae, sub- uuguiculatae, corollam j)ai'vo excedentes. Carinae crista grandis, fimbriata; petalalateralia ascendentia. Ovarium ellipticum. Cap- sula (immatura) 2^ Im. longa, anguste ovalis, truncata, glabra. Semina triplo longiora quam lata, hirsuta ; arillodii appendices semine f breviores. Chile. Dry hills near Agua de los cielos, Mendoza, Gillies. The only spiny South American Polj^gala, and remarkably different from any other sj)ecies. By some extraordinary blunder, Seemann (Bot. Her., 269) identifies Gillies' plant from Chile with Kunth's P. scoparia from Mexico ! a confusion which is inexplicable to any one who has seen the two plants. The sjaionym under the latter name in Watson's ' Bibliographical Index ' must therefore be expunged. Gillies described this i)lant in 1833. In the following year Decaisne (Fl. Sin., 51) gave the same name to a spiny Polyijala from the Sinaitic Peninsula, which should be known by the specific name Decaisnei, subsequently given to it by Steudel. P. incarnata, Linn.; Torr. & Gr., FL N. Am., i., 129. — This species extends from New Jersey and Missouri southwards to Florida, Texas, and Mexico. A Mexican form almost entirely ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 143 destitute of leaves is described in Hemsley's ' Diagnoses Plantarnm novarum Mexicanarum ' under the name " 1\ microphylla, A. W. Bennet." This was a misprint for P. microptera ; but, under what- ever name, the sj)ecies must be sunk in Linnaeus' s. It inchides the following Mexican localities: — Lindh., 74; Liebm., 16-18; Xalapa, Gal., 7096; Oaxaca, Herb. Vind., 212. The other North American s^Decies of this section are P. lepto- caidis, T. & Gr., from Texas, P. setacea, Mx., and P. Chapmaniii, T. & Gr. (doubtfuUy), of the Southern United States. Two Cuban species, P. hrachyptera, Gris., and P. sqiia mi folia, Wr., certainly belong to this section ; as also does 11. P. stenophylla, A. Gr., in Bot. Wilkes' Exp., 103, from the Eio Negro, Northern Patagonia, which is very nearly allied to P. juncea, St. Hil., but a somewhat slenderer plant, and probably distinct. (To be continued.) ON THE FLOEA OF NORTH-WESTEKN DONEGAL. By Henry Chichester Hart, B.A., F.L.S. (Concluded from p. llJt). Polygo7iace(B. Piumex cony lorn eratiis, Murr. Frequent. F. R. sanguineus, L. Local. Greenfort, Gleualla, &c. F. Pi,, obtusijolius , L. Common ; near Ballyhooriskey, &c. F. R. crispus, L. Frequent by the shore. F. R. Acetosa, L. Common. F. R. Acetosella, L. Abundant. F. Polygonum amp)hihium, L. Common. F. P. lapathifolium, L. Not common. Carrablagh and Ballylar, Fanet. F. P. Persicaria, L. Abundant. F. P. Hydropiper, L. Very common. F. P. aviculare, L. Common. F. tP. Convolvulus, L. Frequent. . A bad weed in the crops. F. P. nmius, Huds. Very rare ; between Gweedore and Dunglow. Flor. List. Oxyria reniformis. Hook. Extremely rare. In the Poisoned Glen, in most of the gullies from about 500 feet to the ridge, more especially in the deepest one at the southern side with Saxifraga oppositifolia. Though I carefully examined the surrounding mountains, glens, &c., I could find no trace of the three alpine plants Thalictrum alpinum, Saxifraga oppositifolia, and Oxyria reniformis, except in the Poisoned Glen. KmpetracecB. Kmpetrum nigrum. L. Common. F. 144 ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. FAiphorhiacecB. FjUpliorhia hyberna, L, The original record of the occurrence of this plant in Donegal is Templeton's MS. note " C. Donegal, Mr. Brown.'' In Mr. More's "Recent additions to the Flora of Ireland, 1872," the plant is recorded, on the authority of Mr. Norman Moore, as occurring in the Poisoned Glen, " amongst large rocks and bushes on the south side," and this was believed to be a confirmation of Robert Brown's observation. This description confined my search within very narrow limits, " bushes " being by no means common in the Poisoned Glen, and in fact they only occur in one spot. HowTver, though I spent several days in the Glen, and carefully examined the above- described situation, I could not find any trace of the Irish Spurge ; and I could not help thinking it possible that Myrica Gale was mistaken for it, as I found it in the exact locality, and its barren shoots bear some resemblance to those of the Spurge : but on writing to Mr. Norman Moore on the subject, I find that he is still convinced of the correctness of his observation. Euphorbia j)ortlandica,'L. Rare. Bottom Shore and Melmore Pomt. F. IE. Peplus, L. Common as a colonist. F. IE. Helioscopia, L. A colonist ; not so common as the last. F. E. amygdaloides, L. Extremely rare ; in GlenaUa Woods, occurring in variable quantities from year to year. I have not seen the plant elsewhere in the County, but I believe it to be native here. It has been known as a wild plant in these woods for upwards of twenty years, when an ancient gardener, on being questioned about it, recognised it as wild, saymg " they almost call it a marestail." I can- not help thinking that this may be the plant which was gathered in the da^^s of his youth by Robert Brown, and hastily named E. hyberna. At that time (when serving as an Army Surgeon) he was probably not well acquainted with either sjDecies ; and moreover, Glenalla is a much more likely place for him to have visited than the Poisoned Glen. Brown's other record (^Sa.vifraga oppositifolia) is also near Lough Swiliy, and he could scarcely have visited the Poisoned Glen without observmg some of the Alpine plants which I gathered there this year. The vei-y Rev. Dean Gwynne was the first who sent specimens of this plant to Dublin from Donegal. I Euphorbia exiyua, L. Very rare ; I gathered two small plants this year at Carrablagh, near the house. F. Callitrichace(C. CaUitriche verna, L. Common. F. C. autupmaUs, L. Very rare. In Kindrum Lake, near Bally- hernan Lodge. Ditch by the roadside near Dunfanaghy, C. Moore. F. ON THE FLOKA OF NfJitTH- V.ESTERN DONEGAL. 145 Urticacecc. \Parietaria diffum, Koch. Kare. Ratlimullan Castle, 1867. t Urtica urens, L. Local ; Kiiidrum, &c. ; always near cottages. F. U. dioica, L. Common. F. UlmacecB. '^JJlmus suberusa, Elirli. Common but not native. F. AmentifercB. Salix cinerea, L. Common. F. S. caprea, L. Frequent. F. S. aurita, L. Local. Glenalla. S. repens, L. Frequent. Murren, Carrablagli, &c. F. S. herbacea, L. Rare. Near the summit of Slieve Snacht West, on the western side ; summits of Errigal and Muckish. Popidus tremula, L. Common. Carrablagli, Bunlinn, &c. F. Myrica Gale, L. Common. F. Betula alba, L. Frequent. F. Alnus glutinosa, Gasrt. Common. F. Quercus liobur, L. Common and native along western shores of Lough Swilly, &c. F. Corylus Avellana, L. Common. F. Conifer iB. Taxus baccata, L. Rare as a native. On an Island in a lake in 'The Rosses,' to which it gives its name "Lough-an-ure" or the Lake of the Yew^ tree. Also in Glenveagh ; native ? Juniperus communis, L. Rare in this form ; grows as an erect shrub at Greenfort, Fanet, reaching a height of three or four feet, and in Glenveagh I have seen it eight to ten feet high, while in one instance it w^as fully fifteen feet. J. var. nana. This is the common form which grows in barren stony situations, from sea-level to the summits of the highest mountains, as on Errigal. It is especially abundant in Fanet. F. MONOCOTYLEDONES. OrchidacecB. Orchis mascula, L. Not unfrequent. Glenalla, &c. F. 0. maculata, L. Abundant. F. O. latifulia, L. Abundant. F. 0. var. incarnaia, L. Common on wet sandy soil between the Bottom Shore and Kindrum, and elsewhere. F. (). /n/ramidalis, L. Rare and very local ; between Kindrum and 13allyherncin ; near Horn Head House. F. (iymnadenia conopsea, R. Br. Rare ; Glinsk ; Horn Head. F. G. albida, Rich. Rare ; Carrablagh ; Seven Arches. F. Habenaria viridis, R. Br. Common m Fanet. F. H. bifolia, R. Br. Rare ; Kindrum ; Glinsk. F. H. chlorantha, Bab. Local ; Glinsk; Kindrum ; Glenalla. F. 14G ox THE FLORA OF XORTH-WESTERX DONEC^^AL. Listera ovata, E. Br. Local and rare ; Glinsk ; Leeuaue ; Horn Head. F. L. curdata, R. Br. Local and rather rare. Kjiockalla, along the summit; Murren, east side; Croghanmore, and other mountains near Eathmullan ; Aughterlinn ; and at the extreme summit of Lough-Salt Mountain (1546 ft.) F. Epipactis jmlustris, Sw. Very rare ; eastern side of Horn Head, near the Islands. Jris Paend-aconis, L. Common. F. Liliacecr. AUiiDn urshiion, L. Rare ; Glenalla Woods ; Rathmullan Woods. JvuiJi/niion nutdna, Dum. Common. F. Kriurauhmctr. Kyiocaulon septaut/uUirc, With. Very rare ; in two small lakes to the west of Lough-an-ure in the Rosses ; Co. Donegal. Juncaced'. Xarthecium Ossijrat/iDii, Huds. Common. F. Junciis maritimus, Sm. J. e fusils, L, Common. F. J. con(flo)ner((tm, L. Common. F. J. ylaucus, Ehrh. Rare. Dunkineely Road; near Drumalla, Rathmullan. ./. sHpinus, Moench. Common. F. J. squarrosus, L. Common. F. J. bu/unius, L. Abundant. F. Liizula sylvatica, Bicli. Common. F. L. campestris, Willd. Common. F. L. niultijiora, Lej. Common. F. L. ])il()sa, WilJd. Local. Glenalla Woods, and thickets at Carrablagh. F. AlismacecE. Alisuia Plantafio, L. Frequent. F. A. ranunciiloidcs, L. Frequent. F. Truilochin maritimiim, L. Frequent. F. 7'. jxi/tistrc, L. Frequent. F. Tiijdiacece. Tifjdia latifolia, L. Rare ; Kindrum ; ^Melmore Point ; near Milford, and by the river near Ramelton. F. Spari/iinuun rainosian, Huds. Frequent. F. *S'. fiaUina, L. Rather rare. Loughs Keel, Golagh and Glenveagh. F. N. niiniiniiiit, Fries. Common. Ballyhooriskey ; Glenalla. F. ArucecB. Arum marulation, h. Rare. Croghan, Fanet ; Horn Head. F. f,nn7i((Cf'/r. Lcmna viinor, L. Common. F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 147 PotamogetonacciC. Potamogeton natans, L. Frequent in deej) lakes, and adjoining ditches ; Kindrum, Lougli Golagh, &c. F. P. pohjgomfolius, Ponrr. Common on wet peat, &c. F. P. lucens, L. Local; in deep lakes, growing from six to eight feet in length. Lough Golagh ; Kindrum, &c. F. P. pusiUus, L. Scarce. Kindrum and Kinnalough. F. P.perfoliatus,lj. Rare. Kindrum. F. Zostera marina, L. Common. F. Cyperacea. Schiciius nigricans, L. Frequent. F. Cladium Marisciis, R. Br. Rather rare ; Kindrum ; Lougli Golagh. F. Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. Locall}' abundant; Glenveagh ; The Rosses. Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. Common. F. Scirpus maritijinis, L. Rare. Li crevices of wet rocks at the Seven Arches, Fanet. F. S. lacustris, L. Local. Kindrum, &c. F. 5. ccEspitosus, L. Common. F. iS'. Jiuitans, Hook. Local. F. S. setaceiis, L. Fields and ditches near Croaghross. F. S. Savii, S. et M. Common. F. Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Frequent. F. E. angiistifoliuin, Roth. Common. F. Carex dioica, L. Rare ; on banks below the house at Carrablagh. F. C. pulicaris, L. Local. Carrablagh ; Glenalla ; Horn Head. F. C. arenaria, L. Sandy sea-shores. Common. F. C. remota, L. Local and rare. Glenalla. F. C. stellulata, Good. Frequent. F. C. oralis, Good. Local. Glenalla. F. C. rigida, Good. Very local. Muckish ; Errigal and Bulbein Mts ; Flor. Ulst. C. vulgaris, Fries. Frequent ; Magherawarden ; Glenalla. F. C. pallescens,!^^!!!. Rare. Glenalla and " Between Waters." F. C. panicea, L. Frequent. F. C. prcEcocc, Jacq. Common. F. C. pilulifera, L. Rare. Glenalla. C. glauca, Scop. Common. F. C.jiava, L. (including C. lepidocarpa, Tauscli). Frequent; Glenalla ; Carrablagh. F. C. extensa, Good. Dunfanaghy, and near Horn Head, Mr. C. Moore ; Cyb. Hib. C.fulra, Good. Muckish; Flor. ['1st. C. distans, L. Rare. Shore below Horn Head House. C. binervis, Sm. Frequent. Glenveagh; Leatbeg ; Erris, &c. F. C. Imrigata, Sm. Rare. Leatbeg, Fanet. F. C. hirta, L. Rather rare. Glenalla ; Glenveagh. F. 148 ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. C. sylvatica, Hiids. Local. Glenalla ; Greenfort. F. C. ampullacea, Good. Frequent. Glenalla, &c. F. Graminecv. Phalaris arundinacea, Trim. Frequent. F. - AnthoA-anthum odoratum, L. Common. F. Phleiim arenariwii, L. Local. Melmore Point ; Doaghmore Strand, and Glinsk in "Between Waters; " Ballyicstocker Strand in Fanet ; Gortnaloghogue. F. P. prateiise, L. Rare. Glenalla. Alopecurus pratensis, L. Frequent. F. A. geniculatus, L. Not uncommon. F. u\a)-di(s stricta, L. Common. F. Phragmites communis, Trin. Common. F. Psamma arenaria, E. et S. Common. F. Agrostis canina, L. Frequent. F. A. vulgaris, With. Common. F. A. alba, L. Common. F. Helens lanatus, L. Common. F. Air a ccBspitosa, L. Very common. F. A. fled-uosa, Ij. Frequent. F. A. caryophyllea, L. Frequent. F. A. pr(Ccox, L. Frequent. F. Arrhenatlierum avenaceum, Beauv. Very common and a very troublesome weed. F. Triodia decnmhens, Beauv. Frequent. Kindrum ; Carrablagh ; &c. F. Kceleria cristata, Pers. Rather local. Bottom Shore ; Kindrum ; Carrablagh ; Glinsk ; Dunaff Head, Szc. F. Melica unifiora, Retz. Very rare, Bunlinn at the Waterfalls. Molinia ccprulea, Moench. Common. F. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. Common. F. Poa annua, L. Common. F. P. trivialis, L. Frequent. Glenalla, Greenfort. F. P. prateyisis, L. Common. F. Sclerochloa rigida. Link. Rare. Ballyhooriskey. F. S. loliacea, Woods. Local. Glinsk; Ballyhooriskey and Bottom Shore. F. S. maritima, Lindl. Rare. Bunlinn. Briza media, L. Very local. Glenalla ; and noticed by Rev. L. O'Brien at Fortstewart near Ramelton. F. Catahrosa aquatica, Presl. Rare. Doaghmore Strand, near Glinsk, and by Lough Trusnahan, Fanet. F. Cyjiosurus cristatus, L. Common. F. Dactylis glomerata, L. Common. F. Festuca sciuroides. Roth. Local. Carrowkeel and near Arryheernabin. F. jp. ovina, L. Common. F. F. rubra, L. Local. Dunree; Ballyhooriskey. F. F. gigantea, Vill. Glenalla. F. F. pratensis, L. Common, F. ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 149 Bromiis asper, L. Local. Little Bins. F. B. sterilis, L. Eare. Near Carrowkeel. F. B. mollis, L. Frequent. F. Br achy podium syhaticum, E. et S. Common. F. Triticum repens, L. Frequent. F. T. junceum, L. Dunree ; Doaghmore Strand, near Glinsk. F Elymus arenarius, L. Aranmore. Prof. E. Murphy. Loliiun perenne, L. Frequent. F. ACOTYLEDONES. KquisetacecE. Equisetum arvense, L. Common. F. E. sylvaticum, L. Frequent. Glenalla, &c. F. E. umhrosum, Willd. Yery rare. Between Dunfanaghy and Gweedore ; Flur. Ulst, E. limosum, L. Frequent. F. E. palustrc, L. Local. Loughs Fallaneas, Columbkill, and Kinnalough. F. E. hyemale, L. Eare. Little Bins, Fanet. F. Filices. Polypodium vulgare, L. Common. F. Asplenium Adiantimi-niyrum, L. Common. F. A. Trichomanes, L. Frequent. F. A. viride, Huds. Very rare. Near the southern extremity of the large lake on Lough Salt Mountain. A. marinum, L. Common along the sea-coast. F. A. Biita-inuraria, h. Extremely rare. One luxuriant specimen, gathered by Mrs. Montgomery near Drumalla, is the only instance I have known of its growth in this part of Donegal. Scolopendriiim officinale, L. Frequent. F. Ceterach offcinarum, Willd. Very rare. Bridge over the Lennan between Lough Fern and Eamelton ; Eev. L. O'Brien. Blechnum horealc, Sw. Common. F. Pteris aquiUna, Sw. Common. F. Hyme}wphyllum tmihrigense, Sm. Eare and very local ; Glen- veagh by the lake-side, west of the Castle ; and in the " Backwood," Carradoan. H. Wilsoni, Hook. Local. Glenveagh ; Poisoned Glen ; Bunlinn Backwood, Carradoan ; to the summit of Slieve Snacht West (2200 feet) ; and near the top of Errigal. Osinunda reyalis, L. Frequent. F. Botrychiuni Lunaria, Sw. Local. Carrablagh ; Seven Arches, Kindrum, Between Waters, and elsewhere in Fanet. F. Ophwylossum vuhjatum, L. Local. Carrablagh; Leenane ; Glinsk ; Horn Head, &c. F. 0. hisitaniciun, L. In August, 1878, I found a few plants of this fern amongst short grass near the margin of a cliff on the northern side of Horn Head. The fronds were fertile at 150 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. the time. Mr. Moore, of Chelsea, to whom I sent specimens, informed me that a correspondent supplied him with flowering fronds from cultivated plants at about the same time ; the plant has been usuall}^ quoted as flowering in January. Its claims to a -pluce in the British Flora have hitherto rested upon its known habitat in Guernsey. It is important to notice that typical (>. I'ulr/atuin grows luxuriantly in several places on Horn Head, and I saw no intermediate forms. Lycopodiacect. hoetes laciistris, L. Bare. Kindrum ; Lough Keel ; and in a small tarn between Slieve Snacht and the Poisoned Glen. F. Lycopodium SeUu/o, L. Common. F. L. alpinu)n,Jj. Very rare. Summit of Moylennanav Mountain, to the east of Slieve Snacht West across the Gartan Eoad ; on the summit of Slieve Snacht West . Muckish ; Flora Ulst. Jj. selayiiwides, L. Frequent. Lough Golagh ; Melmore Point, &c. F. Ekratum. — Page 107, line 24., and page 108, line 19 ,iMstead of Fort George, read Fort Koyal. THE CKYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KE1:^T— FUNGI. By T. Howse, F.L. S. (Continued from p. 120.) Subgenus 20. — Naitcoria. Agaricus melinoides, Fr. Berk. Outl., p. 9, f. 3. Sydenham HiU. Amongst grass ; very common. A. VKRVACTI, Fr. Near Bromley, Sjyarkes. A. SEMIORBICULARIS, Bull. BulL, t. 422. Brastead ; Knowle Park. A. PEDiADEs, Fr. Letell., t. 675. Sydenham HiU. Resembling A. soniorbicularis, but with a bulbous stem. Subgenus 21. — G-alera. Agaricus lateritius, Fr. Fl. Dan., t. 1840, f. 2. Near Bromley, Sparkcs. A. TENER, Scluejf. Sow., t. 38. Common ; amongst grass and on dung. A. ovALis, Fr. Bull., t. 552, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. A. Hypnorum, Batsch. Sow., t. 282. Sydenham Hill. Amongst moss ; common. THE CRYTOfiAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 161 Subgenus 22. — Tuharia. Agaricus furfuraceus, p. Bull., t. 535, f. 3. Sydenham Hill. On chips and sticks ; common. A curious monstrosity occurred in the writer's garden, with the pileus resupinate and gills anastomosing, so as to resemble a small morel. Subgenus 23. — Orepidotiis. Agaricus alveolus. Lasch. On fir-stumps, Tunbridge Wells, ])r. DeaJdn. A. mollis, SchcBf. Schseff., t. 213. Shoreham ; Knowle Park. Allied to last, but more watery and gelatinous. A. vARLVBiLis, P. Berk. OutL, p. 10, f. 1. Halstead ; Otford ; Sydenham Hill ; Speldhurst, Holmes. Ths gills are reddish ; hence it is sometimes placed in another subgenus, Claudopus. A. EuBi, Berk. Berk. OutL, t. 9, f. 7. Margate, Berk, in K. B. ; on old bramble-branches, Tunbridge Wells, Br. Deakin. Subgenus 24. — Psalliota. Agaricus campestris, L. Sow., t. 305. Sydenham Hill ; common. Edible. Var. sih'icola ; Sydenham Hill. A curious monstrosity occurred in a shrubbery on Sydenham Hill with pileus resupinate and gills broken up into segments, giving the fungus the appearance of a Hydnmn. A. arvensis, Scha:f. Berk. OutL, p. 10, f. 4. Sydenham Hill ; Tunbridge Wells Common, Jenner Fl. Timhr. ; Chislehurst. Edible ; turns yellow when bruised. Subgenus 25. — Stropharia. Agaricus ^ruginosus. Curt. Fl. Lond., t. 309. Sydenham Hill ; common. A. SQUAMOsus, Fr. Berk. OutL, p. 10, f. 6. Knowle Park, Sevenoaks ; Hurst Wood, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker. A. SEMiGLOBATus, Bcitsch. Batsch., f. 110. Sydenham Hill ; Bromley, Sparkes : Ide Hill, Holmes. Subgenus 26. — Hypholoma. Agaricus sublateritius, Fr. Huss., i., t. 60. Crj'stal Palace grounds ; common. A. FAScicuLARis, Hudn. Huss., 11. , t. 15. Sydenham Hill; very common. A. epixanthus, Fr. Paul., t. 107. Wood near Otford, Rennie. Closely allied to the last, but gills yellow, whilst those of 152 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. A. fascicular is are greenish. There is another nearly-aUied species, A. cajmoides, Fr., with greyish- purple gills. These two, as is also A. conissajis, with brown gills, may easily be taken for A.fascicularis, the colour of the pileus being the same in all. A. LACRYMABUNDUs, Ft'. Sauncl. & Sm., t. 34. Crystal Palace grounds ; common. The variety, relutinus, with a more slender stem, has not been observed. A. APPENDICULATUS, IJllll. Bull., t. 392. Sydenham Hill ; common. A. HYDROPHiLus, BuU. Sauud. & Sm., t. 24. Charlton Lane, near Dover, Hiitm. A. Candollianus, Fr. Saund. & Sm., t. 34. St. Paul's Cray Common, Chislehurst. Subgenus 27. — Fsilocybi'. Agaricus spadiceus, ScJia:jt\ Schaeff., t. 60, f. 4-6. Sydenham Hill ; common. A very variable species. A. FcENisEcn, P. Fr. Icon., t. 11, f. 1. Common amongst grass. Much resembling the black-spored PancBoH. A. sEMiLANCEATus, Fr. Sow., t. 284, f. 1-3. Dartford Heath, Holmes. Knowle Park. A. coMPTULUS, Berk. Crofton Woods, Hulnies. A. STERCORARIUS, ScklON. On horse-dung near Cobham, Berk. Fnyl. FL, p. 111. This is probably P. buUaceus, BuU. A. NUCisEDUs, Fr. Amongst small chips in a wood, "West Farleigh, Berk, it- Br. in A. N. H. Subgenus 28. — Psathyra. Agaricus corrugis, P. Holmsk., u., t. 32. Sydenham Hill. A. spADicEo-GRisEus, SchcBf. Schaeff., t. 237. Sydenham Hill. A. FIBRILLOSUS, 1'. Hurst Wood, Tunbridge WeUs. Subgenus 29. — Panaohis. Agaricus separatus, L. Berk. Outl., t. 11, f. 7. Sydenham Hill. A. CAMPANULATUS, L. BulL, t. 561, f. 2, L. Sydenham Hill ; Knowle Park. A. FIMIPUTRIS, Bidl. Bull., t. C>^. Sydenham Hill ; Knowlo Park ; near Bromley ; Sparkes. SHORT NOTES. 153 A. PAPiLioNACEus, Bull. Bull., t. 561, f. 2, N. M. Hurst Wood, Tuubridge Wells ; Sandwicli. Subgenus 30. — Psathyrella. Agaricus gracilis, Ft. Saund. & Sm., t. 31 a. Near Bromley, Sjuirkes. A. ATOMATUS, Fr. Saund. & Sm., t. 37, inf. Crystal Palace grounds ; Bromley, Sjxirh-e.s ; Margate, Berk, in Fngl. Fl. A. DISSEMINATUS, P. SoW., t. 166. Wood near Dunton Green, Holmes ; near Bromley, Sparkes. (To be coutiuued). SHOKT NOTES. Botanical Record Club Chaeas. — I have recently examined the specimens of Chara belonging to the Record Club, which are the vouchers of Records on pp. 228-9 in the Report for 1877, and I find that there are several which require comment : — Chara sijncarpa, Thuill. " Hants South " and " Essex North." — I sent these under the aggregate name of Chara syncarpa, Thuill. (which includes Nitella sjjricarpa, X. capitata, and N. ojiaca of Braun), not knowing that it was intended to attempt giving the segregates separately. Both of these plants are doubtless X opaca, "Ag.," A. Br. I cannot satisfactorily reduce any English plant that I have seen to C. syncarpa (segr.). It is, I thuik, the rarest form. C. glomerata, Desv. "York South-east, H. F. Parsons." — Instead of a specimen there is a letter from Prof. Babington, in which he does not refer the plant sent him to C. glomerata with certainty. C. ainita, Wallr. "Glamorgan, F. A. Lees." — This is not crinita, but a form of aspera (if dioecious) ; it is very different from C. crinita, although it is remarkably like a plant recently distributed as such from Swan Pool, near Falmouth. C.fcetida, A. Br. "York South-east, Parsons." — I do not find a specimen of this, but instead a memorandum, at the foot of the label of a specimen from South-west York, that a similar plant had been found at the locality given in South-east York. C. aapera, Willd. "York South-west." — Dr. Parsons' plant is Chara fragil is, as he labelled it, but his name has been altered to " aspera," and some C. aspera attached to the card bearing his specimen. I may also mention a specimen from Mid-west York, F. A. Lees, labelled Chara fcetida. This is — most of it at least — Chara frag His ; although one or two pieces look different, they may have come from another part of the " Dyke." This plant, however, is of little importance, not representing a New County Record. — H. Groves. 154 SHORT NOTES. HoRDEUM sYLVATicuM IN SuRREY. — I fouiid this plant in a wood not far from the northern end of the Merstham Tunnel, near Chipstead. This seems worth notice, additions to the Surrey Flora being now so rare, although it makes no difference to the range of the plant, but only fills a gap, it being recorded in 'Topog. Bot.' for North Hants and West Kent. — H. Groves. A Correction. — There is a mistake in my note on Dr. Nyman's ' Conspectus Florae Europaeae,' printed at p. 120, for which I beg to apologise to Dr. Nyman and to tlie readers of the Journal. Rosa Bloncheaiia, Eip., which I have there included among " Plants given as British in * Conspectus Florae Europaeae,' but not considered natives by British botanists," is, I see, one of the many synonyms of our R. marginata, Wallr., in Baker's suhruhifjiiiosa; series, under R. canina, L. — W. Moyle Eogers. ®xtvact!5 ana Notices of Bootts ^ iWemotvs. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHANEROGAMOUS PLANTS PUBLISHED IN PERIODICALS IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE YEAR 1878. The periodicals consulted in the compilation of this list are : — * Botanical Magazine,' ' Gardeners' Chronicle,' ' Icones Plantarum,' * Journal of Botany,' ' Transactions ' and ' Journal of the Linnean Society of London.' AcROSPiRA, Welw. (Liliaceae). — A. asphodeloides, Welic. Angola. (Trans. Lmn. Soc, 2, i., p. 255, tab. 34.) Aganisea Oliveriana, Rchh. f. (OrchideaB). — Brazil. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 658). Agave paucifolia, Baker (Amaryllideae). (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 266.) Albuca chlorantha, Welw. (LiliacesB). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc. 2, i., p. 251.) A. galeata, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 251.) A. monophylla, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 251.) A. myogaloides, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i. p. 250.) A. suBSPicATA, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 250.) Allium angolense. Baker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 262.) AlocasiaThibaudiana, J/ast.(Aroideie). — Borneo. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 527.) Aloe andongensis. Baker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 263.) NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 155 A. ANGOLENsis, Bcikcr. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 263.) A. LiTTORALis, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 263.) A. PALMiFOEMis, Bciker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 263.) A. PLATYPHYLLA, Bake)'. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 264.) A. ZEBRINA, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 264.) ANGRiEcuM HiLDEBRANDTii, RcJib. f. ( OrcliicleBB) . — Comoro Is. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 725.) A. scoTTiANUM, Echb. f. — Comoro Is. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 556.) Anoiganthus, Baker (Amaryllidaceae). — Ci/rtanthus hrevifiovus, Haw., and 0. liiteus, Baker. (Journ. Bot., p. 76.) Anthericum andongense. Baker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 257.) A. arenarium, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 259.) A. benguellense, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p, 257.; A. CALYPTROCARPUM, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 258.) A. DissiTiFLORUM, Bakev. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 257.) A. LiMosuM, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 257.) A. molle, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 259.) A. MONOPHYLLUM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 84.) A. Oatesii, Baker. — E. Trop. Africa. (Joiurn. Bot., p. 324.) A. ORCHIDEUM, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 258.) A. PTERocAULON, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 258.) A. PYRENicARPUM, Welw.^kxigoldb. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 259.) A. suPERPosiTUM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 324.) A. TENELLUM, Welic. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 256.) A. usTULATUM, Weill'. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 258.) Antholyza huillensis, Welw. (Ii'ideaej. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 270.) Anthurium insigne, yiast. (Aroideae). — N. Grenada. Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 430.) A. TRiFiDUM, Olicer. — Patria ignota. (Bot. Mag., tab. 6339.) Apodolieion, Baker (Amaryllidaceae). — A. Bolusii, Baker. — S. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 75.) A. Mackenii, Baker. — Natal. (Journ. Bot., p. 75.) Aponogeton spathaceum, E. Meyer (Naiadese). — S. Africa. (Bot. Mag., t. 6399. j 156 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. Argykothasinia cantoniensis, Hance (EuiDliorbiacese). — China. (Joiirn. Bot., p. 14.) Aristea angolensis, Baker (Iricle^). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 270.) Aristolochia somaliensis, Oliv, (Aristolocliiaceae). — Somali-land. Ic. Plant., t. 1273.) Arjona linearis, Miers (Olacaceas). — Argentine Kepublic. Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii., p. 132.) A. RiGiDA, Miers. — Argentine Republic. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 132.) Asparagus angolensis, Baker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 254.) A. benguellensis, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 253.) A. deflexus. Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 254.) A. DREPANOPHYLLus, Welic. — Augola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 254.) A. EQuisETOiDES, Welw. — Augola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 253.) A. PsiLURUs, Wehv. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 253.) A. PUBESCENS, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 254.) Aster turbinatus, S. Moore (Conipositse). — China. (Journ. Bot., p. 132.) Astragalus Reinii, Ball (Leguminosse). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 432.) Batemannla lepida, Rchh. f. (Orchiclese). — Brazil. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 588.) Bellis ciERULEscENs, Cossou (Compositffi). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 495.) Besleria Imray, Hook. (Gesneraceae). — Dominica. (Bot. Mag., t. 6341.) BiFRENARiA mellicolor, fiVA/>. /'. (Orcliideae). — Brazil? (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 622.) BoLLEA Lawrenciana, BcJih. f. (Orchidepe).' — Trop. America. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 266.) Brachybotrys, Ma.ciin. (Boragineae). — B. paridiformis, Ma.vini. Manchuria and N. China. (Ic. Plant., t. 1254.)" Bulbophyllum psychodon, Rchh. f. (OrchideaB). — Assam. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 170.) Buphane angolensis, Jkiker (Amaryllideas). — Angola. (Jom'n. Bot., p. 197.) Bupleurum oblongifolium, Ball (UmbelliferoB). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 466.) Calanthe Sedeni, Rchh. f. (Orchideae). — Hybrid. Vestita var. X Veitchii. (Gard. Chron., ])t. i., j). 168.) Campanula maroccana. Ball (Campanulaceae). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 554.) Capparis flexicaulis, Hance (Capparideae.) — China. (Journ. Bot., p. 225.) NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 157 Cardamine bracteata, S. Moore (Cruciferse). — Japan. (Journ. Bet., p. 130.) C. chelidonioides, S. Moore. — Japan. (Joum. Bot., p. 130.) Castanopsis mitifica, Hance (Cupuliferae). — Sumatra. (Journ. Bot., p. 200.) C. Schefferiana, Hance. — Sumatra. (Journ. Bot., p. 200.) Centaurea ebenoides, Heldr. (CompositsB). — Eubsea. (Journ. Bot., p. 133.) Chrysanthemum oreastrum, Hance (Compositse). — China. (Journ. Bot., p. 108.) Clematis Stronachh, Hance (Eanunculaceffi). — China. (Journ." Bot., p. 104.) Chlorophytum andongense, Baker (Lihacese). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 260.) C. ciLiATUM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot. p. 325.) C. debile. Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 260.) C. filipendulum. Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 260.) C. lancifolium, Welic. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 260.) C. LONGiPEs, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 325.) C. MADAOAscARiENSE, Baker. — Madagascar. (Journ. Bot., p. 326.) C. MicRANTHUM,^aA-6'r. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 325.) C. POLYSTACHYS, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 326.) C. pusiLLUM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 325.) C. suFFRUTicosuM, Baker. — E. Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 326.) CcELOGYNE MAssANGEANA, Bchh. f. (OrchideaB.) (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 684.) CoMPARETTLi sPEciosA, BicJib. f. (Orcliidese). — S. America. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 524.) Crinum ammocharoides, Baker (Amaryllidacese). — N. Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 195.) C. buphanoides, Welw. — Angola. (Journ. Bot., p. 195.) C. fimbriatulum. Baker. — Angola. (Journ. Bot., p. 196.) C. Macowani, Baker. — S. Africa. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 298.) C. PAUciFLORUM, Baker. — N. Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 195.) C. VANiLLODORUM, Welw. — Augola. (Journ. Bot., p. 196.) Cryptostephanus, Welw. (Amaryllidaceae.) — C.densiflorus, Wehv. — S. Angola. (Journ. Bot., 193., tab. 197.) Cymbidium Leachianum, Bchb.f. (Orchide?e). — Formosa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 106.) Cypripedium Hincksianum, Rchb. f. (Orchideae). — Cent. America. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 202.) C.Laurencianum, iic/i/j./. — Indian Archipelago. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 748.) C. nitens, FicJih. f. — Hybrid [hwhjne var. Maulei x villusuvi). (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 398.) C. PORPHYREUM, Rchh. f. — Hybrid [Eoezlii x Schlimii.) (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 366.) Cyrtanthus Welwitschii, i^i^r/i (Amaryllidese). — Angola. (Journ. Bot., p. 197.J 158 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. Cytisus cincinnatus, Ball (LegumiuosaB). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 404.) (To be continued). Flora ImjHca, oder aufzahlung nnd Beschreibung der Bliitlien- pflanzen und Gefass-Cryptogamen des Gouvernements St. Petersburg. Bearbeitet imd herausgegeben vou I^arl Fr. Meinshausen. St. Petersburg, 1878. (8vo., pp. 512.) This is a handy Httle descriptive Flora of the Province of St. Petersburg (lugermanland), written entirely in German. The author, who is Curator of the herbarium at the Academy of Sciences, has already greatly contributed to our knowledge of the district by his excellent series of exsiccata, 'Herbarium Florae Ingricae,' published in ten Centuries, fi'om 1860 to 1874 ; references to these are given throughout the present volume. The species are arranged in the usual Candollean sequence, and amount to eight hundred and fifty-two Phanerogams and twenty-nine Ferns and allies, not a larger flora than that of many small English counties. The species are mainly the universal ones of the great European plain, but there is a strong admixture of more specially eastern types and a few local species ; the high northern vegetation is very sparingly represented. Marsh, bog, and tm-f-moss plants form a large proportion of the flora. The district (which is almost entirely to the south of the city of St. Petersburg) is divided by the author into four botanical zones, and the species are traced through each. H. T. An appreciative notice, from the pen of Dr. Asa Gray, of the venerable American botanist Dr. Jacob Bigelow, whose death we announced at p. 96, is printed in ' Silliman's Jom-nal ' for April. He had reached the age of ninety-two. M. Marchal, in the * Bulletin de I'Academie royale de Belgique,' (ser. 2, xlvii.. No. 1), gives descriptions of eighteen new species of Hederacem from Tropical Ameiica, taken from speci- mens in the various European herbaria consulted in the preparation of a revision of the whole of the extra-Brazilian American species which he has undertaken. A new genus from Brazil is described, — Coemansia, — dedicated to Eugene Coemans, the well-kno^vn Belgian cryptogamist. It is allied to Aralia, but differs in having 8-merous flowers and in other respects. We have received Part i. of ' Illustrations and Descriptions of American Characea:,' by Dr. T. F. Allen, of New York. It contains a quarto plate, printed in colours, of Chara (/i/uutojnis, var. elegans, A. Br., with page of descrij)tion. The work is intended to include every species and variety known to grow in America. The price is twenty-five cents for a single part ; five parts for one dollar. The author's address is 10, East 86th Street, New York. BOTANICAL NEWS. 169 Othek New Books. — Eev. W. A. Leighton, ' Lichen-Flora of the British Islands,' ed. 3. Shrewsbury, 1879. — Dodel-Port, ' Anatomisch-physiologischer Atlas der Botanik,' 2 Lief. Esslingeu, 1879. — ' Botanischer Jahresbericht,' 1877, 1 abth. Berlin, 1879 (8 mk.) — A. Franchet & L. Savatier, ' Enumeratio Plant, in Japoniae,' vol. ii., part 3. Articles in Journals. — March. A7in. <& May. Nat. Hist. — M. J. Berkeley and C. E. Broome, ' Notices of British Fungi ' (Nos. 1731-1882). Jonni. Quekett Micros. Cluh (No. 39). — ^. H. Gilburt, ' On the floral development of Helianthus anniius.' Flora. — A. Schmid, 'Biography of C. H. Funck.' — F. von Thuemen, ' Diagnoses of Mycotheca universalis.' — W. J. Behrens, ' On the nectaries of flowers ' (contd.). — E. Hackel, ' Agrostological notes.' — S. Schulzer, ' Mycological notes.' — P. G. Strobl, ' On the flora of the Nebrodes ' (contd.). Bot. Zeituny. — H. Wendland, ' Characters of fan-leaved Palms, so-called Sabal Palms.' — L. Wittmack, ' Eesults of examination of 42 different qualities of paper.' — H. Hoffmann, 'Experiments in culture ' (tab. 3b.). Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. — A. Kerner, ' Festuca amethystina.' — C. L. Sanger, 'Observations on the so-called water-pores.' — A. Tomaschek, ' On pathogenic emergences in Ampelopsis hederacea.' — C. Haussknecht, ' Epilohia nova ' (contd.). — A. Oborny, ' Notes on flora of Lower Austria.' — Thuemen, ' Comments on De Bary's criticism of the " Pilze des Weinstockes." ' Mayyar Nov. Lapok. — M. Staub, * Notes on flora of Pest-Pilis- Solt.' Grevillea. — M. C. Cooke and C. B. Plowright, ' British Sphseracei.' — M. C. Cooke, ' Some exotic Fungi.' — Id., ' Californian Fungi.' — J. M. Crombie, ' New British Lichens.' — Passerini, ' Two species of Peronospora.' — 0. Comes, ' Observations on some species of Neapolitan Fungi.' Ann. des Sc. Nat. (ser. 6, viii., pt. 3.) — P. Sagot, 'On a wild vine with polygamous flowers growing abundantly in woods round Belley (Ain.).' — A. Gray, ' Note on Shortia yalacifolia, and a revision of Diapensiacca' (tab. 15.). — P. von Tieghem, 'On the gomme de Sucrerie {Nostoc mesenteroides).' Uotanical Netoss. The chair of Botany in the University of Edinburgh has been filled by the election of Dr. Alexander Dickson. His appointment renders vacant the chair at Glasgow which he held. The Kev. M. J. Berkeley has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 160 BOTANICAL NEWS. Dr. Heinrich Wilhelm Buek died at Hamburg on Feb. 10th, at the age of 83. His name will always be held in thankful remembrance by systematic botanists for the very useful index to DeCandolle's ' Prodromus ' which he prepared. The death of Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart., who had attained to nearly 82, occurred at his house, Wallington, Northumberland, on March 23rd. To his numerous accomplish- ments he added an accurate and extensive acquaintance with natural science, and was a good botanist. His most important contribution to botanical literature is his catalogue of the plants of the Faroe Islands, first printed in the ' Edinburgh New Philo- soi)liical Journal ' for 1835, the result of five months' sojourn in the islands in 1821. He was also an occasional contributor of notes to many scientific journals, including our own pages. Our obituary also contains the names of Prof. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludvig Eeichenbach, on the 17th of March, at Dresden, the most celebrated critical botanist of the continent, who had attained to the great age of 86 ; and of Dr. Ferdinand Moritz Ascherson, on the 19th Feb., at Berlin, at the age of 81. Both of these botanists have left in their sons eminent successors. Wilhelm Schimper, the well-known Abyssinian traveller and botanist, died at Adoa, in that country, last October, at the age of 74. William Mudd, who died at Cambridge, where he was Curator of the Botanic Garden, was a well-known Lichenologist ; his * Manual of British Lichens ' was printed in 1861, accompanied by a series of illustrative specimens in 3 Fasciculi. Mr. T. T. Cheeseman, of the Museum, Auckland, New Zealand, wishes to exchange the plants of that country for British ones. He is prepared to send any number up to 600 of well-dried and accurately named Phanerogams and Ferns. It is with great satisfaction that we have received a circular from Mr. C. Bailey with reference to the Botanical Exchange Club, the critical condition of which was recently referred to here. He offers to undertake the Secretaryship of a revived Club on a narrower basis, and will receive the parcels ; several other members having undertaken in turn the annual labour of making up the return parcels. It is proposed to limit the number of members, and for the present the membership will only be offered to those who contributed parcels to the last distribution. Mr. Nicholson of Kew, who has this year chiefly made the distribution, is preparing a list of desiderata for 1879. With reference to the Keport, it is suggested that its publication in this Journal would save the Club the cost of printing and give the notes wider publicity, besides adding to the interest of our pages, where indeed the Report has always been reproduced. We trust that this Club, which has contributed so much to British Botany, will now take a fresh start of useful prosperity. 101 ©rigmal Mxtitlt^. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECMMKA, E. & P. By J. G. Bakee, F.R.S. (Coiitinned from p. 135). 10. JE. DACTYLiNA, Baker, n. .y>. — Leaf with a dilated entire oblong base half a foot long, four to five inches broad, and ensiform lamina two feet long, two inches broad at the base, narrowed to the horny pungent point, the dark horny linear lower prickles one quarter to one-third of an inch long, those of the upper part of the blade minute, deltoid-cuspidate. Scape a foot long, with distant erect lanceolate bract-leaves. Panicle lax, deltoid, a foot long and broad, the rachises densely floccose, the upper branches simple and nearly sessile, the lower bearing two to four digitate spikes at the summit of a peduncle and subtended by red lanceolate branch-bracts three to four inches long. Spikes three to four inches long, distichous, half an inch in diametei", each flower siibtended by an ovate-navicular cuspidate glabrous rigid bract half an inch long, acutely keeled. Calyx with ovary just as long as the flower- bract ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the ovary, minutely cuspidate. Petals one-sixth of an inch longer than the sejDals, the minute blade protruded beyond the tip of the bract. Chagres, Panama, Fejidler, 450 ! (Herb. Kew.) 11. M. Veitchii, Baker in Bot. Mag., t. 6329. ChevaUiera Veitchii, E. Morren in Belg. Hort., 1878, p. 177, t. 9.— Leaves twelve to fifteen to a rosette, with an oblong entire dilated base, and a lorate lamina one and a half to two feet long, obtuse with a cusjJ, horny in texture, channelled all down the face, obscurely lepidote on the back, one and a half inch to two inches broad at the middle, with minute very close horny deltoid teeth. Scape above a foot long, entirely hidden by the lanceolate erect greenish serrated bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense oblong multifarious simple spike three to four inches long, two to two and a half inches in diameter, each flower clasped by a squarros.e horny toothed deltoid acute scarlet bract half an inch to one inch long. Calyx Avith ovary five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch long, glabrous ; ovary globose, much flattened on the side nearest the axis : sepals- lanceolate. Petals pale, lingulate, a little longer than the sepals. — New Granada, on the western slope of the Andes near Popayan, JJartwerj ! — (Herb. Kew). Sent by Mr. Wallis to Messrs. Veitch in 1874, and in cultivation at Kew at the j)resent time. It is the Bromeliaceous plant described but not named, Bentli., PL Hartweg, 256; Walp. Ann., i., 84 J. N. s. VOL. 8. [June, 1879.] y 162 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECHMEA. 12. M. SPH.^ROCEPHALA, Baker. — CheraJliera splurrocrpluda, Gaudicli., Atl. Boiiite, tab. 61. Leaves ensiform, one and a half to two feet or more long, two inches broad, narrowed to the point, closely minutel}^ serrated. Scape stout, furnished with several ^ large lanceolate ascending serrated bract-leaves. Flowers in a {/ dense globose multifarious spike about half a foot in length and breadth. Flower-bracts deltoid navicular, distinctly cuspdate, about an inch long. Calyx including ovary about as long as the bract ; sepals lanceolate cuspidate. — South America. Known to me only from Gaudichaud's figure above cited, to .which the text has never been published. 13. M. 0RN\TA, leaker. — ChcvaJUera ontata, Gaudicli., Atlas Bonite, tab. 62. — Eosette at the top of a short ]3roduced stem sheathed by rudimentary leaves. Produced leaves with a dilated V entire oblong base and an ensiform lamina one and a half foot long, an inch broad, narrow^ed to the i^oiut, minutely serrated. Flowers in a dense oblong multifarious spike five to six inches long, two inches in diameter, each flower clasped by an obovate navicular obtuse bract half an inch long, with a ver}^ large mucro. Calyx Tvith ovary about an inch long : sepals lanceolate, cusi:)idate, shorter than the ovary. — South America. Like the last, known only from Gaudichaud's figure. 14. M. Mari^-regin^, H. Wendl. in Hamb. Gartenzeit., ix. (1863), 32; Kegel Gartenfl., xih. (1864), 152 ; Floral Mag., n. s., t. 8. — Leaves fifteen to tw^enty hi a rosette, with a dilated oblong base three to four inches broad and. a lanceolate lamina, two to ^ three feet long, two to three inches broad at the middle, thinly white- 'lejiidote on both surfaces, tinted purple, texture moderately firm ; tip lanceolate-deltoid; j)rickles deltoid-cuspidate, half to one line long. Scape about a foot long, very stout, stifily erect, clothed with white tomentum, its numerous bright crimson lanceolate reflcxing bract-leaves three to five inches long, toothed at the margin. Flowers in a dense oblong spike three to four inches long. Flow^er- bracts minute, subulate from a deltoid 'base. Calyx including ovary half an inch long ; se2)als very mealy, much imbricated, obtuse, with an erecto-patent white horny cusj). Petals lingulate, half as long again as the sepals, blue at the tip w^hen young, fading to the same crimson as the bracts. — Costa Piica. De- .scribed from a plant that flowered with Mr. B. M. Williams at Holloway, in April, 1879. 15. M'. AUGUSTA, Jj((/,er. — lAllandshi aui/ustd, Vell.Fl. Flum., iii., t. 135. — Fluplop}u/t7im aiujustum, Beer, Brom., 136. — Hohcnbm/ia (iiKfustd, E. Morren, Cat. 1873,9. — Fironneaiui (/loiiwrata, Gaudicli., Atlas Bonite, t. 63. — Leaves lorate, three to four feet long, four to five inches broad, minutely serrated, deltoid-cuspidate at the tip. Peduncle about a foot long, sheathed by several lanceolate scariose bract-leaves. Flowers in a deltoid panicle a foot long, the lower branches long and erecto-patent, the ultimate spikes dense, multifarious, globose, sessile or pcduncled, an inch in diameter. Flower-l)racts deltoid, one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS yEcHMEA. 163 Calyx including ovary one-half to five -eighths of an inch long. Petals shortly protruded. — South Brazil. This I know only from the two figures ahove cited. It seems to he a very close ally of . JJ. glomerata, Hook., mainly distinguished by its small deltoid flower- bracts, which are much shorter than the calyx. It is included in Morren's Liege catalogue of 1873, but I have not seen it in England. 16. M. Wrightii, nah-er.—.F.. distam, Griseb., PL Cub., 253. — Leaves with an oblong dilated base four to five inches broad, and a lorate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, three to four inches broad, hornj" in texture, closely minutel}- serrated, rounded at the tip with a prominent cusp. Scape slender, reaching a length of two feet or more, sheathed by distant erect pale lanceolate bract-leaves. Panicle a foot long, composed of distant short spreading branches, subtended by lanceolate bracts and ending in dense oblong multifarious spikes one inch to one inch and a half long. Flower-bracts deltoid, with a horny mucro, a quarter of an inch long. Calyx including ovary three eighths of an inch long. Sepals deltoid-cuspidate, one-eighth of an inch long. Petals pale, twice as long as the sepals. — Cuba, C. Wru/ht, 1525 ! Closely allied to .E. distans, but the branches of the panicle much shorter, and flower-bracts and sepals both deltoid with a cusp. 17. M. GLOMERATA, Hook. in Bot. Mag., 5668. — Hohenbergia stel- lata, Schultesfil., Syst. Veg,, vii., 1251. — Hohenbergia enjthrostachgs, A. Brong., Journ. Imp. Soc. Hort., July, 1864, cum icone ; Car- riere in Eev. Hort., 1869, 217, fig. 53. — Pironneava roseo-cariilea, K. Koch; Eegel, Gartenfl., xi. 71. — P.Morreyiiana, Kegel, Gartenfl., 1874, 257, tab. 805. — Leaves twelve to twenty in a rosette, with a dilated entire deltoid base four inches broad, and a lorate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, two to three inches broad at the middle, horny in texture, both sides bright green, deeply channelled down the face in the lower half, the tip obtuse with a cusp, the edges furnished with close minute brown horny teeth, those near the base of the leaf one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch long. Scape one to one and a half foot long, sheathed by several adpressed pale lanceolate bract-leaves two to three inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle about a foot long, composed of sessile or short peduncled clustered dense multifarious oblong or globose heads one to one and a half inch long. Flower-bracts deltoid- acuminate, one -half to three-quarters of an inch long ; in one variety bright scarlet, in another greenish white. Calyx including the ovary one half to five -eighths of an inch long ; ovary much compressed on the side nearest the axis : sepals lanceolate- cuspidate, twice as long as the ovary. Petals violet, one-third of an inch longer than the sepals. — Bahia ; discovered by Martins ; introduced about 1860, and now one of the commonest species in European gardens. 18. 2Fj. distans, Griseb., Flor. Brit. West Ind., 592. — Hohen- hergid distans, Baker in Bef. Bot., sub. t. 284 — Leaves lorate, one foot and a half long, two inches broad at the middle, not very 164 A SYNOPSIS OF THE CxENUS .ECHMEA. horny in texture, rounded at the tip with a distinct cusp, minutely toothed. Scape one foot and a lialf, sheathed by many pale large lanceolate adpressed bract-leaves. Panicle . one foot and a half long, nearly a foot broad at the base, composed of numerous spreading branches subtended by large lanceolate bracts and ending in dense oblong multifarious spikes about an inch long. Flower- bracts ovate-la,nceolate, navicular, three-eighths to half an inch long, striated, distinctly mucronate. Calyx including the ovary three-eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate-cuspidate, as long as the compressed ovary. Petals pale, twice as long as the sepals. — Jamaica, Piirdie I 19. M. LiNGULATA, Baker. Bromelia Umjulata, Linn. Sp., 409 (Burm. Ic. Plum., t. 64) ; Miller, Diet., edit, vi.. No. 2. — Hoplo- phj/twn Ihuiidatiuu, Beer, Brom., 139. — Lamjirococcus ramosus, Beer, Brom., 106. — ClwcaUicni liiiguhita, Griseb., Flor. Brit. West Ind., 591. — Leaves with a dilated oblong base four to five inches broad, and lorate ol)tuse cuspidate lamina about two feet long, two inches broad at the middle, with close minute brovv^i teeth. Peduncle one foot and a half to two feet long, with distant lanceolate pale bract-leaves. Panicle a foot long, consisting of thirty to forty dense oblong multifarious heads about an inch long, the lowest only with short peduncles, subtended by lanceolate bracts one inch to two inches long. Flower-bracts coriaceous, striated, deltoid cuspidate, one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. Calyx including the ovary one -third of an inch long ; ovary very much compressed on the side nearest the axis ; seiDals deltoid, mucronate. Petals pale, twice as long as the sepals. — Jamaica, Ilobhis ! (Herb. Mus. Brit.) Also Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Guiana, according to Grisebach. Not known to me as alive at the present time in England. Miller, in 1771, gives it as a garden plant, and I have seen it from the Berlin garden in the herbarium of Dr. Karl Koch. 20. ^E. poLYCEPHALA, Ikiker. — Leaves not seen. Flowers in a compound spike about a foot long, composed of thirtj^ to forty sub- globose sessile dense multifarious heads under an inch long, the J branch-bracts of the lower exceeding, of the upper as long as the heads. Flower-bracts round-deltoid, navicular, firm and rigid in texture, not striated, minutely cuspidate, one-half an inch long and broad. Ovary with calyx three-eighths of an inch long ; ovary globose, furfuraceous, much flattened on the side nearest the axis ; sepals deltoid, as long as the ovary, not mucronate. Petals not seen. — Jamaica, Dr. ]Vri//Iit! (Herb. Mus. Brit.) A close ally of A'j. lini/uldta, from which it difters in its much larger flower- bracts of more rigid texture and- sessile spikes. 21. yE. PANicuLATA, Ihit::. lO Par., Fl.Peruv., iii., 37, t.264; Beer, Brom., 11, fig. 4a. — Leaves twenty to thirty in a lax rosette, the \ outer ones short, the central ones longest, lanceolate, above a foot long, one inch and a half .to two inches broad, narrowed gradually to the point, the close horny teeth one- sixth to one-quarter of an inch long. Scape lateral, much shorter than the ample panicle, A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS ^CHMEA. 165 the lowest branch of which is a foot long, naked at the base, sub- tended by a large lanceolate bract. Secondary racemes oblong- cyhndrical, three inches diameter, some of then* branches bearing only one, but some two to three flowers, each clasped at the base by a round cordate obtuse coriaceous flower-bract a quarter of an inch long, half an inch broad, with a brown pungent spine nearly as long as the lamina. Calyx including ovary five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch long ; ovary globose ; sepals lanceolate, one-quarter to one-third of an inch long, minutely cuspidate. Petals about an inch long, greenish-yellow, twisted after flowering. — Andes of Peru, Pawn! [Herh. Mus. Brit.) 22. M. MExiCANA, Baker, n. sp. — Leaves with a dilated base half a foot long, four to five inches "broad, and a lorate lamina above two feet long, three inches broad at the middle, with close horny deltoid s^^reading teeth not more than a line long. Panicle lax, deltoid, tripinnate, one foot and a half to two feet long, nearly a foot broad at the base, with stout floccose rachises, the lower branches erecto-patent, half a foot long, the lowest tertiar}^ branch- lets bearing three to four flowers each, with a furfuraceous pedicel one-quarter to one-half of an inch long, with a minute subulate deciduous bract at the base. Flower-bracts none. Calyx including ovary half an inch long ; ova^ry oblong, furfuraceous ; sepals one- eighth of an inch long, deltoid, with a distinct mucro. Petals one-sixth of an inch longer than the sej^Jals. — Mexico, in the district of Orizaba, Boiuy/eau, 310G ! Well-marked in the grou^D by its obsolete flower-bracts. 23. M. sPECTABiLis, Brtmr/. ; Houllet in Kev. Hort., 1875, 311, with a coloured figure. — Plromieava spectahilis, K.Koch; E. Morren, Cat., 1873, 13. — Guzmannia spectabilis, Hort. — Leaves with a dilated entire oblong base half a foot long and broad, and a lorate obtuse cuspidate minutely serrated horny lamina above two feet long, two to three inches broad at the middle. Scape nearly as long as the leaves. Liflorescence a lax deltoid panicle as long as the sca^De with many bipinnate branches ; tertiary branchlets lax- flowered. Flowei'-bracts minute. Calyx including ovary half an inch long ; sepals shortly cuspidate. Petals bright red, twice as long as the sepals. — Guatemala. I am not aware that this is in cultivation in England; I have seen only a leaf in the herbarium of Dr. Karl Koch. 24. M. cy:.ioso-paniculata. Baker, n. sp. — ^E. juinicuJif/era, Griseb., Gott. Naclit., 1861, 13, ex parte. — Leaves with a dilated oblong base half a foot long, four to five inches broad, and a lorate lamina two feet long, two and a half to three inches broad, with a deltoid cuspidate tip and small close horny brown teeth. Scape sheathed by large lanceolate imbricated bract leaves. Flowers in an ample deltoid tripinnate panicle, the lower branches nearly a foot long, spreading, peduncled, subtended by lanceolate bracts four to five niches long. Secondary branches two to three inches broad ; tertiary laxly cymose, each flower with a stift' ascending pedicel one-quarter to five eighths of an inch long, with a minute U- 166 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS iECHMEA. deltoid cusiDidate bract at its base and another similar one sub- tending tlie ovary. Ovary including the calyx three eighths of an inch long ; sepals small, deltoid, with a distinct erecto-patent CUSX3. Petals violet, one-eighth of an inch longer than the sepals. — Venezuela, near Tovar, FeiuUer, 2453 ! The true panLculujeya has a bipinnate panicle, and the flowers are not pedicellate. 25. yE. KAMOSA, Mart. ; Schultes fil., Syst. Yeg., vii., 1272. — Leaves lorate cuspidate, above a foot long, under two inches broad, minutely serrate. Flowers in a tripinnate xDanicle, the lower branches nine inches long, subtended by large lanceolate bracts, the racliis red, the tertiary branchlets crowded, flexuose, at most an inch long, two- to four-flowered. Flower-bracts round- ovate, one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch long, w^itli a short brown mucro. Calyx including sepals one-third of an inch long ; ovary globose ; sepals deltoid mucronate, sph'ally twisted, as long as the ovary. Petals j^ellow, half an inch long. — Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, Martins. 26. iE. PYRAMiDALis, Beiitk., Bot. Sulph., 173 ; Walp. Ann. i,, 838. Hohenberiiia pyramidalis, Baker in Eef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Leaves lanceolate, two feet or more long, two inches broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to the point, armed with close curved brown horny spines which towards the base of the leaf are one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. Scape including the panicle four feet long, its lanceolate bracts half a foot long. Flowers in an ample tripinnate panicle, the side branches deflexed, peduncled, the lowest half a foot long, subtended by large lanceo- late bracts. Primary branches multifarious, two to three inches diameter, the ultimate branchlets one inch to one inch and a half long, not zigzag, densely many-flowered. Flower-bracts deltoid cuspidate, one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. Calyx including ovary three-eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, rather longer than the ovary, not mucronate. Petals one -eighth of an inch longer than the sepals. — Columbia, Cuminfj, 1178! Guayaquil, S'mc/«n-. (Herb. Kew.) Woods of Atamacas, Barclay^ 782 ! (Herb. Mus. Brit.) A plant in the Kew herbarium, gathered by Edmonstone in Columbia, with a much smaller and less com- pound panicle and thinner leaves with smaller prickles, is probably a distinct si3ecies. 27. M. PLATYNEMA, Baker. — Plronncava p/rti^?j^?>?r/, Gaudich., Atlas Bonite, tab. 6-4. — Hohenhenjia jdati/nema, Baker in Fief. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Whole plant reaching a height of six to ten feet. Leaves two to three feet long, live to six inches broad above the base, lorate, apex deltoid with a cusp, the close horny teeth one- eighth to one- sixth of an inch long in the lower x)art of the leaf. Panicle ample, tripinnate, the lower racemes reaching a foot in length, two to three inches broad when expanded, the tertiary branches slender, very flexuose, few-flowered. Flower-bracts coriaceous, round-cordate, with a lamina one-quarter to one-third of an inch long, and a very distinct pungent mucro. Calyx including the ovary half a inch long ; sepals lanceolate, as long as A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECHMEA. 167 the ovary, distinctly mucronate. Petals white, two to three times as long as the seioals. — South Brazil; Eio Janeiro, Burchell, 764. Glaziou, 8027 ! and 5465 ! (a form with minute leaf prickles) ; Eio Grrande, Tiveedie ! One of the most effective species of the genus, but although growing in a well explored country not yet introduced into cultivation. 28. M. CAPiTATA, Baker. — Hoheiihernia cajntata, Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vu., 1252. — Leaves unknown. Scape above afoot long, the lower lanceolate bract-leaves toothed towards the tip. Flowers in a dense tripinnate head two to three inches long, three to four inches diameter, composed of three to five very shortly peduncled primary spikes, subtended by bracts of theu' own length, each consisting of about three sessile densely congested eight- to twelve- flowered si^ikelels fifteen to eighteen lines long. Flower-bracts ovate -navicular, rose-red, exceedmg the calyx, three-quarters of an inch long. Se^^als lanceolate with a mucro, seven to eight lines long. Petals about an inch long, scaled at the base. — Brazil, in the province of Bahia at Almada, Martins. 29. M. PARViFLOKA, Baker. — Billhergia jjarviflora, Mart., Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1270. — Lamprococcus cldorocarpus. Wawra, Eeise Maxim., 162, t. 28. — Leaves about a foot long, with a dilated oblong base, and a lanceolate entire lamina one-half to three-quarters of an inch broad at the middle. Scape about a foot long, with many small laneeolate adpressed bract-leaves. Flowers in a lax rhomboid panicle four to six inches long, with erecto-patent nine- to twelve-flowered racemose branches, the lowest sometimes forked. Pedicels spreading, one-eighth to one- quarter of an inch long, with a minute deltoid cuspidate bract at the base. Calyx including ovary about a line long ; sepals deltoid, minutely cuspidate. Petals lingulate, blue, one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch long, not scaled at the base. — Brazil, in the province of Bahia at Ilheos and Almada, Martins ; Waicra and Maly, 232. A very distinct species. 30. M. LAXiFLORA, Beuth., Bot. Sulph., 173. — Rohenbergia laxijiora, Baker in Eef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Aloe americana arhorihiis innascens, &c.. Eel. Houst., edit. Banks, t. 16. — Bromelia bracteata, Schultes fil., Sj^st. Veg., vii., 1280, ex parte. — Leaves above two feet long, ensiform, narrowed to the point, one inch and a half to two inches broad at the middle, very horny in texture, with large distant falcate horny teeth like those of Bromelia Piyiguin or Karatas Pluinieri. Scape a foot or more long, with several large red lanceolate bract-leaves. Panicle dense, twelve to eighteen inches long, four to six inches broad, with very numerous spreading or decurved slender branches, the upper ones simply spicate, the lower forked or subpinnate and subtended by large red lanceolate bracts. Flowers moderately close, fifteen to twenty to a simple branch. Flower-bracts deltoid-navicular, striated, acute, but scarcely mucronate, under a quarter of an inch long. Calyx including ovary one-third of an inch long ; sei)als oblong-lanceolate, not cuspidate, about as long as the ovary. Petals about one- 168 POLY^ALiE AMElilCAN.E. eighth of an inch longer than the sepals. — Vera Cruz, Houston I Mosquito shore, Ccqjt. Miller ! Merida, Yucatan, Schott, 891 ! (Herb. Mus. Brit.) Acapulco, Sinclair! (Herb. Kew.) Houston's specimen was collected in the year 1731, Capt. Miller's in 1774. Judging from description alone this appears to be identical with ^, Schiedcana, iSchlecht in Lmn^a, xviii., 437, a plant gathered by JSchiede at the Hacienda de la Laguna. (To be continued). POLYGAL^ AMERIOANyE NOViE VEL PARUM COGNITiE. By Alfred W. Bennett, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. (Continued from p. 1-43). Sectio D. — Carina eximie cristata. Cauhs suffruticosus, erectus rigidus, vel procumbens carnosus ; folia numerosissima, confertis- sima, imbricata, rigida vel carnosa ; racemi capitati ; se]3ala cxteriora subsequalia ; semina linsuta, strophiolata, biapi)endi- culata. This section is divided into two sub-sections. The first, with erect rigid stem, rigid linear leaves, and heath-like habit, includes a few species peculiar to Tropical Brazil. The second section, with procumbent stem, fleshy leaves, and large black seed with two long ai^pendages to the arillode, belongs entirely to extra-tropical South America, with an especially western distribution. The species described in the ' Flora Brasiliensis ' nearly all extend also into Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, and other neighbouring coun- tries. The following species all belong to this latter subsection : — 12. P. Xecci, DC, Prodr., i., 319 ; Hook. Bot. Misc., iii., 146 ; Gris. PI. Lorentz., 37. Apparently a widely distributed species over western Temperate South America ; distinguished from P. thesioides, Willd., P. aspalatha, Linn., and theii' allies, hj its sessile capsule ; from P. strictu, St. Hil., and other allied species, by its hairy habit, persistent calyx and corolla, and other characters. Argentine liepublic, Gillies ; Lorentz ; Banda Oriental, in collibus aridis ; Chile, Pampas, Tweedie, 1137 ; Cuming, 280 ; Patagonia. /3 rearcii, MS. Folia plantaque tota glabriora ; bracteaB de- ciduse ; racemi globosi. Chlicalezua, Pearce. y alpina, MS. "Chile australis, in. aridioribus ad Autaco, rarissima, flores caerulei " in Herb. Vind., is certainly P. Gayii, nob. (^=r P. stricta, Gay.) 13. P. Gayh, nob. — Caulis infra lignosus, circa semipedalis ; rami ascendentes, subrigidi, virgati, subsimplices, glabri. Folia pauca, distantia, lincaria, ^ poll, longa. Eacemi elongati, |-1 poll, longi ; bractefe parvae, ovatfe, marginibus membranaceis, sub- persistentes. Flores parvi, 1^ lin. longi, subsessiles, distantes. Sepala exteriora subiBqualia ; ahe obovatae vel obcuneat^, corollam asquantes. Petala lateralia brevissima, porrecta. Carina amj^le cristata. Ovarium ovale. Capsula parva, sessilis, suborbicularis, POLYCiAL.E .UlELICAX.i:.. 169 alls j)ersistentibus dimidio brevior. Semina ovalia, liirsuta ; arillodium duabus appendicibus pr^ditum, qiiain semen sub- brevioribus. Chile and Argentine Republic. In collibus apricis S. Juan, Phil., 374 ; Prov. Colchagua, Phil. ; arid j)laces in Prov. Santiago, and at Antucco, Gay. P. stricta, Gay, Fl. Chil., i., 236 (non St. Hil.). P. Neai, var. alpina, in Herb. Vind. More erect and rigid in its habit than the rest of the section. 14. l\hnes .• near Bromley, Sparkes. THE CRYPTO(iAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 181 H. MiNiATUs, Fr. Ki'omb., t. 1, f. 21. Sydenham Hill ; Chisleliurst ; Starvecrow Wood, Tunbridge, ir. T. T. Kesembles the last, but is smaller, and the stem is scarlet. H. puNicEus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 17. Kuowle Park, Sevenoaks ; Eosebank, T. Wells, T. Walker. H. coNicus, Fr. Bull., t. 50. Sydenham Hill. Common. H. psiTTAciNus, Fr. Bull., t. 545, f. 1. Crystal Palace Grounds. Common. H. cALYPTR.EFORMis, Berk. Gillet, t. 44. Knowle Park, Sevenoaks. H. UNGUINOSUS, Fr. Sydenham Hill. Genus 8. — Lactarius, Fr. L. TORMiNosus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 28. Sandwich ; near Bromley, Sparkes. Milk acrid, white. Very poisonous, sometimes called A. necator, Bull. L. TURPis, Fr. Kromb.,.t. 69, f. 1-6. Sydenham Hill. Milk acrid, white. L. plumheus, Fr., is now considered to be identical with L. turpis, differing only in the stem, which is equal in L. plumheus, whilst in turpis it is attenuated downward. L. BLENNius, Fr. Kromb., t. 69, f. 7-9. Sydenham Hill ; Starvecrow Wood, Tunbridge, W. T. T. Milk acrid, white. L. uviDus, Fr. Kromb., t. 57, f. 14-16. Near Hadlow, Holmes. Milk white, turnmg lilac. L. piPERATus, Fr. Bull., t. 200. Poundgate Woods; Southboro', Holmes; Bromley, Sparkes. Milk white, very acrid. Eesembles the next, but is neater, smaller, and has narrower gills. L. VELLEREUS, Fr. Sow., t. 204. Common in woods. Joyden's Wood, Bexley, Holmes. Milk white, acrid ; sometimes juiceless, A. e.rsurn(s, Berk. L. DELiciosus, Fr. Sow., t. 202. In fir .woods. Sydenham Hill ; Sandwich ; Joyden's Wood and Shoreham, Holmes : Pembury Woods, T. Walker : Bromley, Sparkes. Milk red, turning green. Edible. L. CHRYSORRHEUS, Fr. Bolt., t. 144. Bostol Wood near Plumstead; Goudhurst, A. S. Bichiell. Milk white, turning golden yellow. L. QUIETUS, Fr. Kromb,, t. 40, f. 1-9. , Sydenham Hill ; Knowle Park ; Bromley, Sparkes. Milk mild, white. 182 THE CRYPTOCIAMIC FLORA OF KENT. L. voLEMUM, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 10. Iviiowle Park, Seveuoaks ; Maidstone, S}idth Ihaic. Edible. Milk mild, white. L. SERiFLUus, Fr. Berk. Out., p. 13, f. 4. Sydenham Hill ; Bromley, Sparkes ; Barnett Wood, near Hayes, Hiiss. Milk watery white, like whey. L. MiTissiMUs, Fr. 8v. Svamp., t. 10. Grreenhill Wood, Otford ; Knowle Park. Milk mild, white. L. suBDULCis, Fr. Sow., t. 204. Common. Sydenham Hill. Milk white, rather acrid. L. RUFus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 11. Common in fir woods. Sydenham Hill. Milk white, very acrid. L. GLYciosMus, Fr. Ki'omb., t. 39, f. 16-18. Sydenham Hill ; Chislehurst. Sweet smelling ; milk acrid, white. L. FULiGiNosus, Fr. Bull., t. 567, f. 3. Near Bromley, Sparkes. Milk white, turning brownish red. Genus 9. — Eussula, Fr. K. NIGRICANS, Fr. Sow., t. 30. St. Paul's Cray Common, Chislehurst ; Wrotham. R. ADusTA, Fr. Ki'omb., t. 70, f. 7-11. Chislehurst, Holmes : Bromley, Sparkes ; Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell. Resembles the last, but has more crowded gills. R. ROSACEA, Fr. Bull., t. 509. f. z. Chislehurst ; Knowle Park. Distinguished from other red Faissula; by the variegated, spotted pileus. R. FURCATA, Fr. Kromb., t. 62, f. 1, 2. Crofton Woods, Orpington, Holmes. Distinguished from /?. heterophylla by its larger size and thick distant gills. R. HETEROPHYLLA, Fr. Bcrk. Out., p. 13, f. 5. Sydenham Hill ; Joyden's Wood ; Bostol Wood ; Chislehurst ; Wrotham ; Knowle Park. Edible. R. VESCA, Fr. Bolt., t. 1. Knowle Park ; Chislehurst, Holmes ; Kent, Hiiss. Edible. Known by its flesh-coloured pileus with darker, cinereous disk. R. LEPiDA, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 49. Stockholmc Wood, Dun ton Green ; Hayes, Huss. Pileus rose-red, pruinose, disk more or less rimose. R. EMETicA, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 21. Chislehurst ; Joyden's Wood, Hohnes ; Bromley, Sparkes. Known by its scarlet polished pileus and broad free gills. ON THE FLOKA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. 183 R. FRAGiLis, i>. Bull., t. 509, f. T. U. Sydenham Hill. Common. Distiiignished from it. emetica by the thin bleaclnng cuticle and duller red of pileus. R. ALUTACEA, Fv. Kromb., t. 64, f. 1-3. Sandwich ; near Bromley, Sparkes : Goudhurst, A. S. Bic knell. Distinguished by its large size and yellow gills. Edible. R. INTEGRA, Fr. Vitt. t. 21. Sydenham Hill. Allied to Fi. alutacea, but smaller in size and paler in colour. R. CYANOXANTHA, Fr. Sclioeff., t. 93. Sydenham Hill ; St. Paul's Cray Common ; Knowle Park. Allied to R. heterophylla, but with a variegated purplish pileus. R. ocHROLEUCA, Fr. Kromb., t. 64, f. 7-9. In fir woods. Knowle Park ; St. Paul's Cray Common. R. FCETENS, Fr. Sow., t. 415. Sydenham Hill ; I^iowle Park ; Wrotham, Holmes. Known by its disagreeable smell, and strongly striated margin of pileus. (To be continued.) ON THE FLORA OF NORTH-WESTERN DONEGAL. By Henry Chichester Hart, B.A. ADDENDA. \ Chelidonium majus, L. Very rare ; road-side near Drumalla. ICheircmthus Cheiri, L. Established on the ruins of Rathmullan Abbey. \Smyrnium Olumtrum, L. With the last. \Linaria Ci/mhalaria, Mill. With the last. Primula vulgaris, Huds. Common. F. The following sx3ecies (accidentally omitted) belong under the head Filices, and immediately after P(jUjpoclium valgare, on p. 150 : — Pohjpodium Phef/opteris, L. Local and rather rare. I have gathered this fern in the following localities in North- West Donegal, 1878 : — Glenalla, by the road side ; by the side of a mountain road above Magherawarden, Knockalla ; in great profusion throughout a wood, about one mile long, called Carradoan or the Backwood ; near the Chapel, Angterlinn, towards Croghan-more mountain, and on the east side of that mountain ; abundant in Bunlinn and Cratlaugh woods, Milford ; woods in Glenveagh ; the Poisoned Glen ; and reaches to upwards of 2000 feet on Slieve Snacht West. F. Fastrea Orcupteris, 'Presl. Very local. Glenveagh, and Bunlinn. L. Iulid--mas, Presl. Common. F. L. dilatata, Presl. Common. F. ly-4 SHORT NOTES. I J. ictiiiUa, Brack. Common about Grlenalla, Katlimullan, i^c, and at Carrablagli. F. Pvliistiduun aiu/iilare, Newman. Rather local. Dimnacraig ; Glenalla, Bnnlinn. F. [P. Lonchitis, Roth. This plant is recorded upon the authority of Dr. Moore, in the ' Cybele Hibernica,' from " The Rosses and Fanet" ; but having a^Dplied to him, I learn that this was a mistake). Athi/riuin Fillv-fcenwui, Roth. Common. F. ,, ,, var. Frizellite. I had the pleasure of forwarding to Mr. T. Moore, of Chelsea, a frond of this remarkable form, which I gathered near the Seven Arches, Fanet, in August, 1877. I only observed one plant. Mr. Moore informed me that it was quite a characteristic spe- cimen. I may mention that the above station is far from any garden, and that I have not seen the plant in culti- vation in Donegal. F. SHORT NOTES. LiNN.EA BOREALis IN YORKSHIRE. — This was found a few years ago on the north-eastern Yorkshire moors, not far from Scarborough, I enclose a specimen, though it is without flowers, in which state alone the plant has hitherto been found. It grows on Silpho Moor, a wild place, miles away, I believe, from any habitation, towards the head of the river Derwent, at a height of about a thousand feet, where, along with the Cranberry, it trails over Sphagnum, under the shade of heather. It was discovered in the autumn of 1863 by the late Mr. John Tissiman, of Scarborough, better known as an archaeologist than a botanist, and the specimen sent herewith was gathered in 1877, by his grandson, Peter Tissiman. A few miles southward from the locality of the Linnaa, on bushy hill-sides towards the village of Hackness, grows Sinilacina bifolia, along with Trientalis europcca. My friend Mr. J. Hildyard, of Scarborough, has sent me every spring, for several j^ears past, a few fresh specimens of each of these two plants ; but this year we have had no spring, so that wild flowers are exceedingly scarce. The Trientalis, however, grows abundantly and luxuriantly in woods (about four miles west of where I am writing) beyond the village of Hovingham, towards Coxwold — Laurence Sterne's Coxwold, — where Mr. Hild- yard found it a few years ago. — Richard Spruce. Carex ornithopoda. — In looking over the herbarium of the late Mr. Borrer at Kew, I came across two Carices, gummed on the same sheet of paper, labelled '* Carex dyjitata " ; one from " Mackershaw Wood"; the other from "Roche Abbey Wood, Y^orkshue, 18-40." The one from Mackershaw I believe to be SHOKT NOTES. 185 C. oniithnpoda, ail oiDmion in which Mr. J. G. Baker coincides, although the si)ecimen is not altogether satisfactory for identification from having only immature fruit. This note may induce some botanist to search the locality with the hope of securing satisfactory specimens. — T. E. Archer Briggs. Helianthemum polifolium, Pers. — Our Floras seem strangely at fault as regards this plant's time of flowering in England. Hooker's ' Student's Mora,' Babington's ' Manual,' and Hooker and Ai'iiott's 'British Flora ' all give " July and August " ; and yet I found it in full bloom on the cliffs near Torquay on May 9th, in so backward a year as this. In ' Flora Devoniensis,' I see, the time given is " June and July." — W. Moyle Eogers. A second (?) Physostigma. — A jDlaiit with ripe fruit, collected in Angola by Dr. Welwitsch in September and October, 1855, and named by him Mucuna cylhidrospernia, was, in 1871, iJublished under that name by Mr. Baker.'-' Neither its jDods nor its seeds agree with the diagnosis of the genus Mucuna, but clearly with that of Phijsostifjma, and Dr. Welwitsch subsequently recognised it as agreeing in the characters of its seeds with the latter genus (founded in 1861, to contain the Calabar Bean of commerce), and in the MS. ticket of his herbarium- specimens he suggests that affinity. Indeed, the seeds of the plant differ from ordinary Calabar Beans only in being a little longer and straighter, nearly or quite cylindrical (circular on section) and not laterally compressed, also the hilum does not quite reach the micropylar end, and the colour is lighter and of a redder tinge. As the flowers of the plant were not collected, any claims to specific rank must rest on these characters of the seed alone, since the pods and foliage appear from Welwitsch's specimens to difi'er in no respect from those of the old species P. venenosuui ; the stipules are persistent and ultimately reflexed in both, f In the ' Pharmaceutical Journal ' | Mr. Holmes has recently made the mteresting announcement that seeds identical with those of the Welwitsch collection (to which his attention was drawn by Mr. Carruthers) occur among the Calabar Beans of commerce. He gives figures of the two kinds, but the seed of I\ venenosum is drawn too wide, whilst that of P. ciflindrospermum is considerably larger than any of Welwitsch's numerous specimens in the British Museum, the largest of which is barely 1^ inch long. The locality in which the plant was collected is so incorrectly quoted in Mr. Holmes' paper, that it will be well to give it precisely ; the plant grows in the primaeval forest {mata cirt/ein) at Quisuncula, near Bango-Aquitamba, in the district of Golungo Alto, Angola. This part of West Tropical Africa lies about 10 degrees S. lat., and is therefore at least 15 degrees south of the previously known localities for Physostigma in Old Calabar. * • Fl. Trop. Africa,' ii., p. 180. + See Bentley and Trimen, ' Mid. Plants,' t. HO (Part (J.). + May 10, 1879; p. !»1;J. 186 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIKS. As, ii'>wcYcr, the seeds occur mixed in commerce, it is probable that they are found together in some district. But at present the evidence for the second s^^ecies, (P. cylindrospermum, Holmes), must be considered inconclusive. — Heney Trimen. Festuca ambigua, LeGall. — Mr. Fred. Townsend refers to this a grass collected at Mildenhall, Suffolk ; and he suggests that botanists should look for the plant elsewhere during the early summer. He thinks the species ranks as a glabrous variety of F. ciliata. Link. (BxtvattQ anU Notices of 9SooRs $^ iWcmotvs. NEW GENEKA AND SPECIES OF PHANEEOGAMOUS PLANTS PUBLISHED IN PEEIODICALS IN GKEAT BRITAIN DURING THE YEAR 1878. (Continued from p. IbH). Dasystachys, Baker (Liliacege). — Angola. — D. campanulata, BaJx-er (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 256., tab. 35). — D. colubrina, Baker (lb., t. 35). — D. faj.c at a,' Baker (lb.). — D. pleiostachya, (lb., p. 255.) Dendrobium Burbidgei, Belli), f. (Orchideas). — Indian Archipelago. (Gard. Chron., ]Dt. ii., p. 300.) D. CHLOROPTERUM, Bchb. /., (t' S.Moore. — Hort. Kew. (Journ. Bot., p. 137., tab. 196.) D. D'Albertisii, Pichb. f. — N. Guinea. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 366.) . D. Dominyanum, Bchb. f. — H3^brid {nobilex Linawiamim). (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 202.) D. GoLDiEi, Bchb. f. — (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 652.) D. AMBLYONOiDEs, Bchb. /'.— N. Guinea. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 232.) D. STRONGYLANTHUM, Bchb. f. — India. (Gard. Chron., p. i., p. 462.) D. WiLLiAMsiANUM, Bchb. f. — N. Guluea. (Gard. Chron., p. i., p. 652.) Deverra JUNCEA, 7;^// (Umbellifer^). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 468.) DipCADi coMosuM, We/ir. (LiliaceiB). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2., i. p. 247., tab. 24.) D. FiLiFOLiuM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 322.) D. LANCEOLATUM, Baker. — Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 322.) D. LATERiTiuM, Wcliv. — Augola. (Traus. Linn. Soc, 2., i., p. 247.) D. oxYLOBUM, Weliv. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2., i.,p. 246.) ■'•'DiPLAsiA PYCNOSTACHYA, Beuth. (Cyperaccae). — Brazil. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xv., p. 512, foot-note.) * Acciilentally oniiticd IVuiii last \ ear's List. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 187 DiPLocYATHA, X. E . Bv. {Ascle]}i£idese ).=: St ((jidlci ciliata, Tliunb. (Joiirn. Liiiii. Soc, xvii., ^d. 168., tab. 12.) DKACiENA ACAULis, Bciker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2., i., p. 252.) D. iNTERKUPTA, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Liun. Soc, 2., i., p. 252.) D. MONOSTACHYA, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2., i., p. 252.) D. NiTENS, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2., i., ]). 252. j D. PARviFLORA, Baker. — Angola. (Trans, Linn. Soc, 2., i., p. 252.) Drimiopsis perfoliata. Baker (Liliace^). — Zanzibar. (Gard. Ghron., pt. ii., p. 364.) EiCHLERiA, Hartog [see Muriea.] (Journ. Bot., pp. 72, 145.) El.^oselinum humile., Ball (Umbelliferge). — Morocco. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 479.) Encephalartos acantha, Mast. (Cycadese). — S. Africa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 810.)=^- Eria Corneri, Rchb. f.- (Orchidese). — Formosa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 106.) Eriospermum andongense, Welw. (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 261.) E. flexuosum, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 261.) E. oPHioGLossoiDES, Weliv. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 262.) E. PALUDOSUM, Baker — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 261.) E. stenophyllum, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 261.) EucoMis AMARYLLiDiFOLiA, Baker (LiliaceaB). — S. Africa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 492.) E. BicoLOR, Baker — Natal. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 492.) Eugenia Bullockii, Hance (Myrtacese). — China. (Joui-n. Bot., p. 227.) EuPATORiuM Arechavalet^, Baker (Compositae). — Monte Video. (Journ. Bot., p. 78.) Eurygania ovata. Hook. f. (Ericacese). — Peru. (Bot. Mag., t. 6393.) ExocHORDA sERRATiFOLiA, 8. Moorc (Rosaceae). — N. China. (Ic Plant., t. 1255.) Fevillea Moorei, Hook. f. (Cucurbitaceie). — Guiana ? (Bot. Mag., t. 6356.) Flemingia Lamontii, Hance (Leguminosae). — China. (Journ. Bot., p. 10.) . Fritillaria Grayana, Rchh. /. S Baker. — California. (Journ. Bot., p. 268.) Gardenia Kalbreyeri, Hiern. (RubiaceaB). — Old Calabar. (Journ. Bot., p. 97, tab. 195.) * This, according to Mr. Thiseltoa Dyer, is E. Friderici-GuUelmi, Lehw. (See Gard. Chron., 1879, p. 11). 188 NOTICES OF BOOKS AXf) MEMOITiS. GrARULEUM ALBUM, -S'. Moore ( CompositfB). — S. Africa. (Jourii. Bot., p. 133.) Gl.u)iolus axdongensis, Wchr. (IridetB). — Angola. (Traus. Linu. See, 2, i., p. 269.) G. ANooLENSis, Wehr. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 269.) G. bexctUellensis, Jhih-cr. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 268.) G. BREvicAULis, IkihiT. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 267.) G. c5:rulescens, Baher. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 267.) G. GREaARius, Wehr. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 268.) G. LAXiFLORUs, Balicr. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 268.) G. LURiDus, Welw. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 267.) G. MULTiFLORus, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 269.) G. Welwitschii, lh(h-(>}-. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 268. ) Grammatophyllu.m pantherinum, Bchh. f. (Orcliidefe). — New Guinea. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 788.) Gymnadenia pinguicula, Belli), f. d- S. Moore (Orcliiile^). — China. (Joiirn. Bot., p. 135.) Habenaria plectomaniaca, Bclih. f. iC- S. Moore (Orcliideee). — E. Trop. Africa. (Joiu-n. Bot., p. 136.) H. stylites, BrJiI). f. d- S. Moore. — E. Trop. Africa. (Journ. Bot., p. 136.) HiEMANTHUs ALBOMACULATUS, Baker ( Amaryllidepe). — S. Africa. (Gard. Chron., ii., p. 202.) H. ANGOLENSis, Welic. — Angola. (Journ. Bot., p. 194.) H. Arnottii, Baker. — S. Africa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 492.) H. FiLiFLORUs, Hiern. — Angola. (Journ. Bot., p. 194.) H. Kalbreyeri, Jhikrr. — W. Trop. Africa. (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 202.) H. HiRSUTUS, Baker. — Transvaal. (Gard. Chron., pt. i., p. 756.) H. Mannii, Baker.— Giimen. (Bot. Mag., t. 6364.) Hannoa Schweinfurthii, 01 ir. ( Simarubeae). — Tropical Central Africa. (Ic Plant., t. 1256.). Hartwegia gemma, Bchh. f. (Orchidepe). (Gard. Chron., pt. ii., p. 8.' (lo Lc continued). Australian Orchids. By E. D. Fitzgerald, F.L.S. Parts III. & IV. This valuable work still continues on its course, and we will give in brief the most salient points of the two last-published parts. The floral parts of OrthoceraH strirtiun are so arranged that the species is evidently fitted for insect-fertilization. The pollinia. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 189 however, do not toiicli the rostelkim ; but if the flower be exammed sometime after expansion, the}' are fomid attached to the back of the thin subrostellar portion of the stigma, and so self-fertihzation is effected, a cross being apparently impossible. All the flowers seen produced seed, whether they were artificially or naturally fertilized. Prasoplnjllum yields an instance of a curious order of expansion of the flowers, those in the middle of the spike opening first. (Ja1 ochilus paludosus and C. campestri^ appear to be invariably self-fertilized, although the flowers are open. We may remark that in this genus the labelluin looks rather like an insect's body, and take leave to suggest that its chief function is to deceive bees which might interfere with the autogamic- process, by inducing them to suppose that another bee is already in possession of the flower ; in fact, that a precisely similar function is. fulfilled here as in the case of the bee ophrys. Lijperanthus nhjyicans shows a very curious adaptation to circumstances, since Mr. Fitzgerald believes that it very seldom flowers unless a bush-fire has passed over it ; the leafage is frequently seen in unfired localities, but without flowers. Of great interest to the student of gamotax}^ are the four states in wdiich the sexual parts of Theh/initra are found. In this genus the anther, which is placed behind the stigma, has a tendency to leave the latter as the column elongates. Sometimes the pollen is friable, and leaving the rostellum is dropt on to the stigmatic surface, while the flower is still in the early bud. Again, the pollen may be flaky and more firmly attached to the rostellum ; in this form the upper edges of the stigma are very thin and recurved so as to come in contact with the pollen. Or the edges of the stigma may be revolute, so as to expose its surface to the pollen which, in the fourth case, may remain firmly attached to the rostellum, so that insect-aid is necessary to fertilization. The taxonomic additions and emendations are rather numerous.' Among the latter we may mention the re-establishment of Eobert Brown's Calculcnia dilatata, a species which it is difficult to under- stand could ever have been confounded with any other. The additions include two new species of Pterostylis, two of Chiloglottis, and one of Thelymitra (I', cir cum septa), having a curious third (anterior) wing to the column which acts as a guard of tlie pollen against insects, and occu]3ies the position of the a 3 of the ordinary orchid -diagram, of which organ it is probably a reappearance. S. M. Mikw-Photoiiraphini nach Jtutanisclien Prdparaten. Von A. de Baey. A collection of ten photographic plates, containing three species of Perouospora, two oi Erysiphe, PodosphcEra myrtillma, transverse section of Welwitschia leaf, leaf of Psuralea hituminom, transverse section of stem of Fuphorhia Lathyris, and cynenchyma of the root of Scorzonera: hisjnmica. We do not think this method of illustra- tion is of great value, except in cases of disputed interpretation from unique preparations. S. M. 190 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. In the ' Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg,' vol. X., Bunge gives an enumeration of all Mongolian ^Sulsulacecb, with descriptions of the new species. Other New Books. — A. Grisebach, * Symbol* ad floram Argentinam,' ed. 2. Gottingen (9 mk.) — W. Pfeffer, ' Osmo- tisclie Untersuchungen : Studien zur Zellmechanik.' Leipzig, Engelmann. — G. Ha-berlandt, * Entwickelungsgeschichte des mechanischen Gevebesystems derPliauzen.' Leipzig. — S. Schwen- DENER, ' Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen.' Leipzig. — J. D. Hooker and others, * Flora of British India,' Part 6, Melas- tomacecB-Araliaceoi. L. Reeve (10s. 6d.) Articles in Journals. — April. Bot. Zeitung. — E. Schulze, 'On the decomposition of the albumen in plants.' — J. Boehm, ' On the functions of vessels.' — E. Strasburger, ' New observations on cell-formation and cell- division ' (tab. 4). Flora. — W. J. Behrens, ' On the nectaries of flowers ' (contd.) — E. Hackel, ' Agrostological notes.' — 0. Bockeler, 'Notes on Cijperacea.. 1, Acortdium ; 2, Balansa's Paraguay Cyperacece.' — J. Miiller, '-Lichenological notes.' — M. Westermaier, 'On the vascular bundles in the pith of Begoniacea: ' (tab. 6, 7). — P. G. Strobl, ' On the flora of the Nebrodes ' (contd.) Hedwigia. — G Winter, ' On the rapidity of germination in Fungi- spores, and of the growth of their germ-tubes.' Oesterr. But. Zeitschr. — G. L. Lauger, ' Observations on water- pores ' (continued). — S. Schulzer, ' Mycological notes.' — C. Hausskuecht, ' Epilobia nova ' (contd.) — F. Antoine, ' On the growth of Pinus leucodermis, Ant.' — A. Dichtl, ' Botanical notes from the Teplitz.' Magyar Xov. Lapok. — L. Simkovics, ' Supplement to Flora of Kolosvar and Torda.' Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. (7 April). — 0. Penzig, ' Sketch of the botany of Monte Generoso.' — P. A. Saccardo, ' Viscum laxum., B. & R., m Italy.' — F. Sestini, 'Action of various vapours on seeds in germination.' — L. Macchiati, 'On the action of the atmosphere on the fruit at various stages.' — A. Mori, ' On the histology of Crassulacea>/ (tab. 6-7). — L. Caldasi, 'On a new Folygala with yellow flowers (P. pisaiirensis).' — G. Archangeli, ' On a new species of Taccarum ' (tab. 8). — A. Piccone, ' On the disease f ale hett a in Mulberries.' Bot. Xotiser. — E. V.Ekstrand, ' Oabud formation on the leaves of HepaticcB.' — 'Notes on Scandinavian Liver-mosses.' — E, Warming, ' Review of Danish Bot. Literature for 1878.' Scott. Naturalist. — F. B. AVliite, ' Cryptogamic flora of Glen Tilt.* — J. Keith, ' Fungi of the province of Moray' (contd). 191 Botantcal Nttois. Dr. Isaac Bayley Balfour lias succeeded Dr. Dickson in the chair of Botany in the University of Glasgow. The appointment is interesting, as being the first in this country of one of the younger generation of botanists to an important position as a teacher : it may be confidently expected that the energy and ability already shown by Dr. B. Balfour will, with this full scope for then' exercise, result in much improvement in the methods of scientific study in the University. A practical botanist who is also a Cardinal must be a very rare combination ; if it has ever occurred excei)t in the person of MoNsiGNORE Haynald, the Hungarian archbishop wdio has recently been raised to the highest distinction in the Koman church. Botanists who attended the Congress in Florence in 1875 will remember him as one of the Vice-Presidents on that occasion. Dr. W. G. Farlow, for the past five years Assistant-Professor of Botany at the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, U.S.A., has been appointed Professor of Cryptogamic Botany in the Universit}^ proper, 'and the laboratory is now established at Cambridge. This is the first special chair of Cryptogamy established in America (or elsewhere ?). Professor Tuckerman has examined and named the w^hole of the collection of Lichens of Dr. Thomas Taylor, which now forms part of the herbarium of. the Boston Society of Natural History. It contains many of the types of the species described by Taylor. The death of Heinrich Eudolf August Grisebach occurred on May 9th. He was in his 66th year, having been born at Hanover April 17th, 1814. Grisebach did a great deal of systematic and geographical work in botany ; his early publications were on the Gentianea, which he finalty monograi)hed in 1845 for the ' Prodromus.' In 1841 he was appointed Professor at Gottingen, with which university and garden he was connected till his death. He explored Turkey in 1839 for I he Hanoverian Government, and on his return he XDublished his travels, and the ' Spicilegium Florae Eumelicae,' in 2 vols., in 1848-45. His attention was after- wards called to the botany of the West Indies ; and in the preparation of the ' Flora of the British West India Islands,' 1859-64 (the first of the Colonial Floras), of which he was the author, he paid six excursions to England, but did not visit the Islands themselves. Grisebach's most extensiv.e work was the 'Vegetation der Erde,' published in 1872, which has been trans- lated into French, and is the only comprehensive book on the subject. More recently he has xDublished on the plants of temperate S.America, and he continued to work at Argentine botany till his death. The genus Griscbachia was founded by Klotzsch in 1838, and includes some South African Ericacccp. A biography of the late Prof. Pieichenbach, from the pen of his lU:^ BOTANICAL NEWS. soil Prof. H.G.Reiclieii bach, is given iu the 'Gardeners' Chronicle' for May 3rd. It is intended to organize a Botanical Congress at Brussels next year at the time of the great national fetes which are to take place in 1880, and the Botanical Society of Belgium has already commenced to take the necessary preliminary steps. We are glad to give publicity to the request of Mr. A. Bennett that any botanists who can contribute information on the botany of Surrey, additional to that already published, will forward their notes to him at 107, High Street, Croydon. It is proposed to issue a Supplement to the existing ' Flora,' and it is probable that the Holmesdale Club at Reigate will undertake it. Dr. Edouard Bornet, of Paris, the eminent algologist, and Prof. H. G. Reichenbach, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Ham- burg, especially distinguished for his knowledge of Orchids, have been elected foreign members of the Linnean Society of London. We see with pleasure that the great services to the Australian Colonies of Baron Von Mueller have been again publicly recog- nized by the bestowal of a Knight Commandership of the order of S. Michael and S. George, of which he was already a Companion. Among the numerous claims to the consideration of botanists which Dr. (now Sir)Ferd. von Mueller's publications, in all depart- ments of the science, during the last thirty years, have afforded, his share in the great ' Flora Australiensis,' now completed with the 7th volume, must not be overlooked. Though the whole of the species described in that remarkable book were independently w^orked out by Mr. Bentham, yet the great assistance he received from Dr. von Mueller is gratefully acknowledged by him in the preface to the last volume, where he also thanks him for the regular transmission, " arranged for each volume, of the vast stores of Australian specimens collected by his own exertions, as well as by the able collectors he has employed, and the numerous residents and other correspondents whom he had inspired with a love for the science." Over 100,000 specimens were thus sent over, mostly previously examined, and many also published in the ten volumes of the ' Fragmenta.' In this serial publication, which still continues, 650 species have since been added to the ' Flora.' During the collection of this immense herbarium, from which about two-thirds of the localities given in the ' Flora' are derived, more than 27,000 miles have been traversed by Baron von Mueller himself during the past thh'ty years, and thousands of letters written to corres^Dondents in all i)arts of the Australian colonies. We also observe that Mr. I^entham's valuable services to the l^ritish Colonies by the elaboration of the ' Flora Australiensis and other Colonial Floras, have been acknowledged in a similar way, and that he is gazetted C.M.G. William Richardson of Alnwick, one of the oldest members of the Exchange Club, and the discoverer in England of Psfuiiuui haltica in 1871 (see ' Journ. Bot.,' 1872, 21 & 315, died, iu his 80tli year, on April 19th. ©vigiual Mxtitlt^. NOTES ON THE COCOS NUCIFEllA. By H. 0. Forbes. (Tab. 202.) On a late visit to the Cocos Keeling Islands, in the South Indian Ocean, I examined a Cocoa-nut Palm with branches, of which, as it is rather a rare occurrence, I send the accom- panying sketches, for which I am indebted to Mr. A. C. Ross. It will be seen that instead of producing flowers in the usual way from the axils of the leaves of the crown, this tree bears plumes of leaves which are persistent. As yet it has produced no fruit ; it is, however, not very old. The scars on the stem indicate the position of other plumes, which were likewise per- sistent, but were cut off by the natives for their sweet " cabbage." As soon, however, as Mr. Eoss, the proprietor of the islands, became aware of this peculiar tree, he issued strict orders that it should be left intact. At present there are twenty-five living branches, and the scars of fifty-two. During a destructive cyclone which visited the group in 1876 it suffered considerably, but has began to recover, and is now looking most healthy. It will be interesting to know hovv^ the growth of the branches con- tinues, and if it bear fruit ; as to these particulars, Mr. Eoss has kindly promised to keep me informed. The Cocoa Palm grows here with great luxuriance ; some reach a height of 120 feet. In numerous instances the three cells of the ovary are developed, forming a nut with three cells separated by leathery walls. These do not often attain a size as large as the cells of the ordinary nut, in which two are suppressed. Very often the three seeds germinate, producing an apparently trifid tree, the trunks coalescing at theii* bases. I have seen also nuts with cells ranging from four to eight and ten.* I send you a rough outline sketch of a tree which has come up from a nut of fourteen cells, all of which germinated, producing a tree with fourteen stems united at the base; several have been cut oft', and there remain now only seven. The tree is three years old. The trees growing by the margin of the sea, and washed often by the tide, do not reach so great a size as those in the interior of the island, where they have more fresh water and not so much of * It would be very interesting to have specimens of such remarkable Cocoa- nuts. — [JEd. Joiirn. Bot.^ N. s. VOL. 8. [July, 1879.] 2 o 194 NOTES ON THE COCOS NUCIFERA. the scorcliiug rays of the sim ; and yet the amount of fruit borne by these differently situated trees, if of about equal age, is the same in quantity and in quality. Mr. Eoss, an accurate observer, who has closely studied the Cocoa Palm for many years, believes that the nuts are best and contain most oil which are formed when the sun is north, and rij)ened when it is south of the Equator. Prof. Balfour, in his ' Botany,' gives thirteen to sixteen years as the i^eriod, after transplanting, which must elapse before the Cocoa Palm will bear fruit. Here transx^lanting is not practised at all ; and I am told that the best nuts are obtained by burying the newly-fallen seed some twelve to eighteen inches in the ground, and from three to ten years after this (the average is about five) fruit is formed, taking from eight to thirteen months to ripen. In these islands ripe nuts have been gathered three years and nine months after the seed fell from the parent tree. Each palm throws out a spathe containing from seven to fourteen nuts every month, and continues in perfect vigour for certainly much over forty years, — the period allotted by Prof. Balfour to its fruit- bearing powers. Fires are not uncommon on the islands ; and when such occurs, or when any considerable space has been burned clear, the ground, if rain follows, immediately brings forth an abundant crop of Cape gooseberry ( PJujsalis penivicDw) and a species of Brassica [B.juncea ?), though among the cocoa-nut trees there is none of the Phijsalis to be seen, and but very few mustard plants. [The mode of ramification in Palms above described by Mr. Forbes (now on his way to Celebes) by the production of persistent leaf-bearing branches in place of flower-panicles, must be of very rare occurrence, if previously recorded. Dr. Pulney Andy has described and figured (Trans. Lin. Soc, xxvi., p. 661, fig. 1) a somewhat similar transformation, where numerous branches of the spadix were metamorphosed into small leafy tufts, but he expressly notes that these quickly withered and fell away. The branched Palmyra and Cocoa-nut Palms figured in the i^late (t. 51) attached to Dr. Pulney Andy's paper are cases of bifurca- tion of the terminal' bud (analogous to the normal condition in HypJicene) and have been more frequently observed. — Ed. Journ. Bot.] DiiscRii'TioN OF I'j.ATK 202.— Di'awii lioiii sketches by Mr. A. C. Koss. — 1. View of branched Cocoa-nut Pahn, northern aspect. 2. The same, seen from the opposite side. •'}. A vouug Cocoa-nut Palm with seven stems (see text). Tat. 202 3SS»i»- / m \\ ■ i '^ # West .Newmaai&Co.lltla. Cooos mjicifera. . 195 VULPIA AMBIGUA, Le Gall, AND T'. CILIATA, Link. By Feederick Townsend. I HAVE had in my herbarium ever since June, 1846, some specimens of a Vulpia, which I gathered in Suffolk and labelled at the time Festuca sciuroides. When Mr. A. G. More discovered Vulpia amhigua, Le Gall, in the Isle of AVight, and described the plant in 1861 in the ' Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society' (vol. v., pp. 189-192), it struck me that my plants from Suffolk appeared very similar ; but not then having time for closer investigation, I did no more than transfer my specimens to the species-sheet devoted to Vulpia amhigua. Li 1872 I found, in the neighbourhood of Cannes, several plants which I suspected to be a variety of a well-known and long recognised species — Vulpia ciliata, Link; and I named my specimens V. ciliata var. glabra. On placing these in my her- barium, their similarity to V. amhigua so forcibly impressed me that I put them with the latter species, and there they have lain until a few days ago, when I was reminded of then* existence by the fact that V. amhigua now stands out as the only Phanerogam in the Isle of Wight which is not also found on the mainland ; the following species, enumerated by Mr. A. G. More in 1861 (in his Supplement to 'Flora Vectensis'), viz., Calamintha sifivatica, Arum italicum, Matthiola incana, Callitriche ohtusangula, and Festuca amhigua, as peculiar to the Island, having, with the exception of the last, been since discovered on the mainland. I have now carefully examined my Suffolk specimens, and have come to the conclusion that they are identical with the Isle of Wight plant and with my F. ciliata var. glabra from Cannes. Mr. J. Lloyd, in his ' Flore de 1' Quest,' places V. amhigua as a var. of V. pseudom.yurus, and alludes to it under this species in the following terms : — " Varie a valve inferieure de la glume tres- courte et sur les bord de la mer a valve superieure obtuse {F. amhigua, Le Gall)." 'Flore de I'Ouest de la France,' ed. iii. p. 371 ; but Le Gall himself, on the other hand, considered his plant as more nearly allied to V. ciliata, and was disposed to refer it to that species as a non-ciliated variety. I have in my herbarium one specimen, from Cannes, with many culms to all appearance springing from one and the same root ; but several of the culms bear panicles with a glabrous rachis and non-ciliated pales, while other culms have a villous rachis and ciliated pales. It is j)C)ssible, certainly, that there may be two plants the roots of which are intermingled, but I cannot separate them, even after soaking in boiling water ; and if there he two plants, I can detect no difference in them except in the presence or absence of villosity and hairs. The amount of villosity certainly varies in the type V. ciliata ; and I am led to conclude also that the species varies in having the pales ciliated or non-ciliated. With the view of comparing the four nearly allied species, 196 DECAS PLANTARUM NOVARUM. V. uniglumis, Y, ciliata, V. psendomyiirus, and T'. sciuroides, I have appended short characters of each ; and I hope that hotanists who may have the opportunity will search for V . ciluita var. i/lahra in Suffolk/'' My specimens were gathered near Mildenhall. Vnlpia uniylumis, Pari. — Uppermost sheath distant from the erect close simple panicle ; upper glume setigerous, nearly equalling the lirst floret on the same side ; lower glume wanting, or very minute membranous ; stamens three. Middle and South Europe, near the sea. Viilpia ciUutd, Link. — Uppermost sheath reaching to or partly including the erect close panicle ; lowermost panicle-branch not nearly equalling half the panicle, usually much shorter ; glumes widely membranous, the upper reaching about one-third way up the lowest floret on the same side ; lower glume wanting, or very short and membranous ; rachis villous, outer pale villous and ciliate ; one stamen. North, middle, and South Europe. Var. (jlahra (Y. amhigua, Le Gall). — Eachis and florets glabrous. Isle of Wight ; Suffolk ; N. W. France ; Mediterranean. Yulpia pseudomi/nnts, Soy. Willm. — Uppermost sheath reach- ing to or partly including the long narrow interrupted nodding panicle, its lowest branch not one-third the length of the whole panicle ; upper glume reaching to about the middle of the lowest floret on the same side ; lower glume subsetiform, less than half the length of the upper ; one stamen. North, Middle, and South Europe. Yulpia sciuroides, Gmel. — Uppermost sheath far distant from the erect close panicle, its lowest branch equalling half the panicle ; upper glume about equalling the lowest floret on the same side ; lower glume subsetiform, about half or more the length of the ux^per ; one stamen. North, Middle, and South Europe, &c. DECAS PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN HISPANIA COLLECTARIUM. AucTORiBus Leresche et Levier. Anemone Pavoniana, Boissier lieih. (Sect. Kriocephtdus). — Perennis rhizomate abbreviato fibrillifero, collo fibrilloso, caulibus tenui- bus adscendentibus pilis longis sparsis obsitis 2-3-floris rarius unifloris, foliis radicalibus ternatim decompositis segmentis ovatis in lacinias lincari-cuneatas acutas trifidus partitis, petiolo et petiolis secuudariis elongatis pilosulis, foliis involucralibus ternis conformibus sed valde diininutis sessilibus a flore longo inter- vallo remotis, flore mediocri, petalis 7-8 albis oblongo-ellipticis lineatim venosis extus adpresse hirtis, carpcllis semiorbiculatis lanatis stylo glabro recurvo longioribus in capitulum globosum dispositis. * See the notes at p. 218, recording additional localities in Suffolk ami Dorset.— [^r/. Journ. Bot.} DEGAS PLANTARUM NOVARUM. 197 Habitat in regione ali3ina jugi " Picos de Europa" provinciae Santander HispanirTe borealis loco " las gramas " dicto, alt. circ. 7000. Extant quoque in Herbario Boissierano specimina ex herb. Pavon sub nomine A. alpina^ quorum locus non indicatus sed probabiliter in Alpibus Asturicis lecta. Planta cum pedunculis ^-l-pedalis, folia radicalia supra pedunculi divisionem 2-3 j)ollices longa et lata, laciniae eis A. aljmuB angustiores et acutiores, flores magnitudinis eorum A. baldensis cui affinis est sed quae rliizomate elongato repente, caulibus i^umilis semper uniiloris, foliis minus divisis, carpellorum spica ovato-oblonga, stylis rectis carpello tequilongis differt. Aquilegia discolor, Levier et Leresche. — Kbizoma crassum, inter lapides latitans folia radicalia numerosa caulesque palmares paucos unicumve alit. Foliis radicalibus biternatis, apice rotun- dato-lobulatis, glabris, subtus glaucis,- caule duplo brevioribus, caulinis paucis, summis ligul^formibus. Caule unifloro vel in media altitudine alterum florem breviter pedunculatum edente, apice pubescente. Flore extus pubescente, ante evolutionem nutante, mediocri magnitudine, sepalis petaloideis c^eruleis ovato- lanceolatis, obtuse axnculatis, petala duplo superantibus. Petalis rotundatis, pallide albis, stamina vix sequantibus. Antlieris ovatis luteolis. Calcaribus j)etalorum longitudine, apice obtuso subin- curvis. Capsulae Imcusque ignotas. Ad Aquile^iam pyreiia'icam, DC, valde accedit forma foliorum altitudine caulis et plantse omni indole, at diiferre videtur floribus fere duplo minoribus, sepalis angustioribus, petalis duplo fere brevioribus discoloribus. Calcaria caeterum similia. In rux^estribus calcareis montium Picos de Europa, supra Petes, Cantabriae altit. 7000 p. s. m., die 10 Julii, 1878, legimus. Arabis cantabrica, Leresche et Levier. — Perennis, caespitosa, multicaulis, stellatim pubigera. Caulibus adscendentibus, iiTegu- lariter arcuatis flexuosisve, simplicibus vel parce ramosis. Foliis radicalibus rosulatis, oblongis basi attenuatis ; caulinis alternis, sessilibus, elongatis ; omnibus crenato-dentatis acutiusculis ; siliquis laxis, pedicello pubescente semipatente duplo triplove longioribus, glabris, complanatis, torulosis. Calycibus extus pubescentibus, luteolis, basi gibbosis, corolla duplo fere brevi- oribus. Petalis albis stamina paululum superantibus, integris, obtusis. Stigmate capitato. Seminibus . . . immaturis. Adspectu magnitudineque A. aJpinaii} inter et serpyllifoliam media. Ab Arahide aipind floribus duplo et ultra minoribus, statura minori, petalis angustioribus, foliis minoribus caulinis exauriculatis differt. Ab Arahide serpylUfoJia, Villars, foliis crenato-dentatis nee integris, ovato acutis, nee spatbulatis. Pedicellis longioribus birtulis, nee abbreviates glabrisque : siliquis latioribus,"^- torulosis, nee angustis laevibus et stylo valde acutatis. Arabis muralis, Bertol., longius distat et a nostra multum differt caulibus firmioribus strictis, floribus majoribus, siliquis adpressis, brevius pedicellatis, rosula foliorum radicalium compacta. * 1^ millim. latis, 25 — 28 millim. lougis. 198 DECAS PLANT ARUM NO VARUM. Die 9 Julii, 1878, in lapidosis calcareis Alpinis 6500-7000 p. s. m. editis montium " Picos de Europa " Cantabriae, supra vicum Potes, nostram speciem legimus. PiMPiNELLA siiFOLiA, Lercsche. — Kadix perennis caudiculos sub- terraneos passim nodosos emittens. Canle pleriimque erecto, tereti, i-H pedali, parce rainoso. Foliis ambitn triangulari- lanceolatis, veniilosis, subtus glaucescentibus, margine inciso- serratis serratiiris acutis mucrouiilatis, radicalibus inferioribiisqiie longe petiolatis trijugis, lobo impari subtrilobo, lobis inferioribus petiolulatis externe ampliatis ; caulinis breviter petiolatis, petiolo vaginato margine scarioso ; supremis paucilobis, lobis lobulisque linearibus. Umbellis 5-12 radiatis, involucro monophyllo, rarius dipliyllo, saepe nullo, pliyllis exiguis anguste linearibus. Umbel- lulis 8-20-radiatis, involucellis 1-3-phyllis integris, inaequalibus, anguste linearibus. Floribus amoene carneo-rubellis, calyce obso- leto, petalis bicornubus, medio nempe lacinula inflexa obcordato. Stylopodio mammillari luteolo, sty lis mox extrorsum arcuatis brevibus. Fructus immaturi ovati. ut tota planta glaberrimi. Species juxta PimpineUce ma(jynE varietatem alpinam ruhrifioram collocanda, sed liaec altior, durior caule angulato nee laevi, foliis firmioribus grossedentatis, stylis duplo longioribus et radice non radicante. In nostris speciminibus fructus maturi deficiunt ; inde genus adhuc incertum remanet. Hanc novam elegantemque stirpem in pascuis fruticosis lapidosisque montium " Picos de Europa " supra Potes Cantabriae legimus. A regione superiori quercuum ad usque pascua alpina crescit. Obs. — Plerique auctores in genera Pimpinelld involucrum utrumque nullum dicunt. Sic DC. prodr. 4, p. 119, Gaudin fl. helv. 2, p. 438, et alii. Koch vero in Syn. fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. 2, p. 316 praesentiam vel absentiam involucrorum in Pimpinellis tacet. Boissier in Fl. Orient. 2, p. 864-874, Pimpi- nellas exinvolucratas et alteras involucris et involucellis munitas enumerat. Campanula acutangula, Leresche et Levier. — Radix centralis, perennis caudiculos plures in orbem expansos emittit. Caudiculis subangulatis, vage pilosis, brevibus, foliatis, paucifloris. Foliis caulinis numerosis, alternis, petiolatis, inferioribus rotundatis, supremis rliomboideis, basi integris caetero ambitu acute pauci- dentatis, dente supremo majori. Petiolis limbo brevioribus. Ramulis brevibus ex axillis supremis oriundis, parce foliolatis, florem unicum gerentibus. Flores vel potius alabastri in unico nostro speciniine nimis juniores ovarium ut videtur rotundatum laciniis calycinis elongatis subfoliaceis lanceolatis ostendunt. Corolla et fructus liucusque ignoti. Planta rupestris, ut videtur peculiaris, eam ad sectionem Cam- pmiuUc PortensclihKjimuf pertinere suspicamur. Rupes calcareas alpinas montium " Picos de Europa" Cantabriae altitudinis 6000-7000 p. s. mare inhabitat. DEGAS PLANTARUM NOVARUM. 199 Campanula adsurgens, Levier et Leresche (Sect. Eucodon). — Radix centralis i^erennis fusiformis caiiles plurimos tenues fragiles ad terram propensam adsurgentes semipedales pedalesve simplices vel breviter ramulosos edit. Foliis radicalibus caeteris majoribus petiolo duplo triplove brevioribus ; cauliiiis a basi ad apicem caulium decrescentibus numerosis subcontignis magis ac magis breviter petiolatis ; omnibus crenatis rotundatis ; summis ovatis, inferioribus mediisqiie basi cordatis, caulinornm limbo petiolum superante. Floribus ad apicem caulium racemosis. Pedicellis calyce duplo longioribus et ultra. Corollis extus puberulis profunde 5-fidis lobis semipatentibus lacinias calycinales superantibus. Calycis laciniis ovarium ^quantibus anguste lanceolato-linearibus acutis. Stylo exserto recto. Capsula obconica decemnervia.* Seminibus oblongis luteolis lucidis. Tota planta in omnibus nostris speciminibus pubescit. Flores pallide casrulei. Folia radicalia ilia Sibtlwrjiite earopece forma maguitudineque in memoriam revocant at in nostra planta multo minus tenera sunt. : Campanula Elatines, 1j., temere in Hispania indicata fuit, forsan confusione cum nostra. Vide Willkomm et Lange Fl. Hisp. 2, p. 295, observ. sub C. specidarioide, Coss. quae longe aliena est. Campanula FAatines a nostra differt foliis majoribus longius petiolatis, ovato- cordatis acute multidentatis (dentibus 15-21), nee rotundato-cordatis, obtuse crenatis (cren. 7-9), laciniis calycinis pateiltibus angustioribus nee demum erectis : capsula rotunda nee obconica ; caulibus multo coj)iosius longiusque florigeris, nee plerumque tantum modo ad apicem breviter race- mosum floridis. Semina C. Elatines paulo minora sunt, &c. Caivipanula Vayred^, Leresche (Sect. Medium). — Radix biennis, unicaulis, vel caule centrali ablato pluricaulis. Caule erecto, rubente, duro strigosissimo, in apice 1-8 floro. Foliis late linearibus, sparsis, subundulatis, sessilibus, supra glabratis, margine dorsoque hispidis. Pedunculis solitariis 1-3-foliolosis, flore brevioribus. Floribus laxe spicatis semipatentibus expansis magnis cseruleis. Corolla ad medium usque quinquefida, lobis expansis, late ovatis, secus nervum dorsalem pilosis. Calyce brevi hispida laciniis oblongis obtusis corolla duplo brevioribus, sinubus defiexis triangularibus lacinias longitudicie aequantibus. Staminibus glabris. Stylo recto exserto. Ad Campanulam speciosam, Pourret, accedit. Sed nostra durior multo magis strigosa minus foliosa minusque florida. Differt insuper corolla breviori expansa, horizontali in speciosa vero erecta suberectave. Laciniae calycis speciosce longiores sunt et sinus reflexos longitudine duplo superant. Illae vero C. Vayreda' breviores sunt et sinus reflexos longitudine aequant. Campanida Medium, L., corollam longius campanulatam a^^ice brevissime lobatam, calycis lacinias multo latiores et folia (praesertim inferiora) medio latiora basi attenuata praebet. Hanc novam pulcherrimamque speciem ad basin septentrio- * Poris ad medium sitis. 200 DEGAS PLANTARUM NOVARUM. nalem Montis Serrati (Moutserrat ) supra opi3idum Monistrol, die 18 Jiilii, 1870, legi. Clarus Yayreda botaiiicus Catalaunicus earn quoque legit Julio, 1872, in rupestiibus Talaxa, Baragada (Pyr. Orient.). Et ei merito lubenter dicavi. LiNARiA FiLicAULis, Buisser (Sect. Linariastriim). — Perennis ? glaucescens glaberrima vel sub lente xmpillaris, late csespitosa, radice tenui fibrosa, caudiculis numerosissimis tenuiter fili- formibus inter lapides decumbentibus nudis, caulibus prostratis vel adscendentibus brevibus, foliis minutis cariiosulis oblongo linearibus obtusis in petiolum brevissimum attenuatis inferioribus quaternis superioribus alternis, floribus breviter pedunculatis in capitula ovata demum laxiuscula aggregatis, calycis laciniis elliptico-linearibus obtusis, coroll^e intense roseae palato auran- tiaco, calcare recto acuto coroUte sequilongo, caj)sula obtusa laciniis calycinis longiore, seminibus i)lanis ala orbiculari cinctis disco tuberculis elevatis obsito. Habitat in glareosis mobilibus alpinis jugi "Picos de Euroj^a " dictis alfc. 7000, in monte Pena de Curavacas ejusdem provinci^e. (Boissier). Affinis L. aljjuhP, DC, sed specifice distincta videtur foliis lati- oribus floribus fere duplo raajoribus, corolla rosea nee caeruleo violacea, calcare longiore, seminibus tuberculato-punctatis. LiNARiA FAucicoLA, Levier et Leresche (Sect. Siq^inm). — Annua glaberrima, caulibus pluribus filiformibus diffuso adscendentibus simplicibus vel parce ramosis pumilis, foliis parvis quaternis oblongis obtusis basi attenuatis, superioribus alternis, linear! oblongis, racemo paucifloro sub antbesi brevissimo tandem laxo, floribus brevissime pedicellatis, calycis laciniis linearibus acutis corollaB tubo subbrevioribus, corolla c^ruleo violacea concolore palato pallidiore tubo striato, calcare recto acuto corollas sequi- longo, seminibus j)lanis anguste marginatis laevissimis. Habitat in lapidosis umbrosis faucis lateralis vallis fluvii Deva provinciae Santander Hispaniaa borealis. Floret Julio. Caules 5-8 pollicares, folia majora 5-6 lineas longa 1-1 i lata, flores cum calcare 9 lineas longi. Ex affinitate L. pohjgonifoUcE, Poir.= anietJujstea, Hoftmg. et Link, differt ramis magis diffusis, racemo non glanduloso. Calycis laciniis non oblongo linearibus, corolbE non multiinmctatae calcare non incurvo, semine nee tuber- culato nee margine incrassato. Sternbergia ^tnensis, Guss. fl. Sic. j)rod. 1, p. 395. Kuntli Enum. 5, p. 700. Parlat. fl. Italiana 3, p. 93, hucusque in Hispania nullibi reperta fuerat. Eam in quercetis altioribus jugi Sierra de la Xieve supra Junquera provinciae Malacitanae in Hispania australiori die 20 Septembris, 1877, Boissier et Leresche florentem legerunt. IsoETEs BoRYANA, Diir., var. Lerescliii, Eeiclienb. fil. — Rigidiuscula, viridissima, macrosporis parcissime et irregulariter gibberosis, gibberibus acutiusculis. Humilis, truneus more Isoetidis Bonjmuc brevissimus, trans- POLYGAL.E AMEKICAN.E. 201 sectione irregularis omnino non trilobus diceiidns. Folia ad 80 ; 0,05-0,1 alta tenuia, valde siibulata, stomatibus numerosis in sux^erficie externa lacunis aereis maximis. Fasciculus centralis maximus. Fasciculi tres bene parvi accessorii, unus utrinque in angulo, unus ante septum medianum, omnes in superficie interna. Ligula vulgo obtusiuscula, duplo longior quam lata, s^epissime a]3ice quasi erosa, num omnino reniformis liumilis (ita bis reperi). Labium obtusissimum crassum. Vela supra macrosporangia vulgo completa, supra microsporangia valde reducta. Macros- porarum carinas nunc multo minus evolutje, quam carinas marginales, qute imo denticulatae. Microsporas densissime muriculatae. Specimina I. Boryana originalia a Cazau 46 paulo validiora firmiora. Ilia autem 4 ex " I'etang de Sanguinet " (Landes) coll. Motelay (Reliq. Mailleanae) sat bene conveniunt. Cum in illis. tum in nostra specimina plura humilia polyphylla, bulbo crasso, pauca longiora paucifolia, bulbo tenui. Eigidam in litteris monuit clarus Levier fioreutinus. Varietas insignis, multo altius supra mare detecta, de inventor! obedientissime dicata. (Sign.) Reiclienbacli, f. In aquis puris lacunae inferioris montium Gredos Hispaniae centrali-oceidentalis, die 12 Augusti, 187-8, banc speciem legimus. Altit. circiter 6000 p. s. m. POLYGALiE AMEEICAN^ NOViE VEL PARUM COGNIT^. By Alfred Ay. Bennett, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. (Concluded from p. 173). 27. P. AREGUENsis, nob. n. sp. Eadix fibrosa. Caulis sub- simplex vel ramosus, angulatus,. puberulus, 1-1-^ pedalis. Folia plerumque 4-6 verticillata, superna saepe alterna, linearia vel lineari-lanceolata, 1 poll, longa, 1| lin. lata. Eacemi terminales, longe pedunculati, breves, confertiiiori, lineares ; bractese deciduae, lanceolatae, marginibus membranaceis. Flores subsessiles. Sepala exteriora lanceolata ; alae multo majores, ovatae, rose^. Carina cristata. Ca^DSula obovata, emarginata, alls persistentibus multo brevior. Semina elliptica, molliter hirsuta ; arillodium liaud galeatum, duabus apx)endicibus ovatis subcarnosis prasditum. Paraguay. Plaine d'Aregua, Bal., 2187. '^env P. paraguayensis ; but an annual plant, distinguished by its small racemes, at a considerable distance from the uppermost leaves. 28. P. Peaecii, nob. n. sj). Caulis ascendens, 1^ pedalis, / glaber, angulosus. Folia quaterna vel quina in verticillis distantibus posita, ^ poll, longa, 1^-2 lin. lata, crassa, rugosa, lanceolata, marginibus revolutis, superna sparsa. Eacemi 1-2 poll, longi, 2d 202 POLYGAL.E AMEEICAN.E. longe pedunculati. Flores Ih lin. longi, rosei, pedicellis brevibus gracilibus ; bractese lauceolatae, acumiuatse, decidiiae. Sepala exteriora ovata, subciequalia, alae diinidio lougiores, corollam excedentes. Carinae crista in fimbriis lougis gracilibus divisa ; petala lateralia fere usque ad basim discreta, porrecta, carina sub- lougiores. Stylus curvatus, medius multo dilatatus vel etiam alatus. Cai^sula ellixDtica, emarginata. Semina i)ilis bruneis sericeis ornnino obtecta ; arillodii appendices membranaceae, latae, quam semen dimidio breviores. Btilivia ; open grassy slopes 7-8000 feet, Muna ; Pearce. Well- marked by its distant whorls of thick rugose leaves, as much as ^ to f inch apart, the long-stalked raceme, and the length of the lateral i^etals. P. le/)tostachi/.'i, Shuttleworth in Gray, PI. Wright., i., 41. Caulis .ascendens, glaber, angulosus, simplex, vel superne ramosus. Folia 4-5-verticillata, linearia, | poll, longa. Spicae terminales, valde compactfB, ^-1 poll, longae. Flores sessiles, vix ^ lin. longi. Se^jala exteriora ovata, marginibus membranaceis. Capsula elliptica. Semina nigra, glabra, duplo longa quam lata ; arillodii appendices dimidio semine breviores. Aspalaga, Florida, Eugel, 545 ; Tallahassee, Florida, Shut., 34 b. P. tenuis, Torr. MS. (non DC.) Gray (/. c.) quotes this in a note as a good species, but without any diagnosis. It bears a considerable resemblance to P. Hookeri, T. et Gr., and several other North American forms, but is distinguished by the very minute perfectly sessile flowers, the great intervals between the whorls of leaves, and the less globose seed. The following United States species belonging to this section are found also further south: — P. cniciata, L., in Mexico; P. verticiUata, L., and P. Boykinii, Nutt., in Guatemala. The following Brazilian s^Decies occur also in Mexico : — P. galioides, Poir, var. major (P. aHpendoides, H. B. K.), juxta Topayam, Hartw., 899; P. adenophyWt , St. Hil., Gal., 876; P. r/lochidata, H. B. K. (P. sper(/ul(gfolia, St. Hil.), Liebm., 1,8; Orizaba, Bott., 820 ; P. trichoHpenna, L., Liebm., 14, 15 ; P. cariahilis, H. B. K., Liebm., 27, 28. The two remaining native West Lidian species, P. spatJmlata, Gris., and P. sat/inoidcs, Gris., belong also to the section with verticillate leaves. Sectio F. Carina cristata ; folia alterna, nunqunm verticiUata, aut linearia, tenuia, x)atula, aut parva, adpressa; semina strophio- lata, biappendiculata. This section is by no means so well-defined and natural a one as any of the jDreceding, approximating very closely to the next, from which it differs chiefly in the leaves being much smaller, and often very narrow or adpressed, and distinguished more by a certain difl'erence in habit than anything else. In Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis ' I have included in this section twelve species, nearly all belonging to Tropical and Temperate Brazil, south of 10° S. lat., and several extending into the neighbouring countries, being POLYGAL.E AMEKICAX.4J. 'lO'S characteristically southern in their distribution ; one or two are found as far north as Guiana, or even extend into the northern continent. 29. P. AusTKALis, nob. n. sp. Caules a basi ramosi, debiles, pro- cumbentes, cylindrici, subglabri, 1-2 poll, longi. Folia sat con- ferta, alterna, parva, 3-5 lin. longa, l-li lin. lata, ovata, elliptica vel obovata, acuta, tenuia. Eacemi sessiles, terminales, densiHori, pyramidales ; bractese minutse, lineares. Flores 1-lin. longi, rosei. Sepala exteriora insequalia, superius majus ; alse obovatse, corollam /^' multo excedentes. Carina parva, cristata. Capsula 1-lin. longa, ovata, emarginata. Semina curvata, multoties longa quam lata, hirsuta ; ariUodii appendices semine dimidio breviores. Urugua}^ Tweedie, Lorentz, 1062 ; Monte Yideo, Gibert, 381. Near to P. pulchella, St. Hil. ; but differing in its broader leaves, more prostrate habit, and larger wing- sepals. Perhaps only a small form of P. linouJes, Poir., a species widely distributed through temperate South America. 30. P. Daewiniana, nob. n. s]). Caulis infra lignosissimus, valde ramosus, 2-6 j)oll. longus ; rami subglabri. Folia 3-lin. longa, angustissime elliptico-obovata, margine levissime glandulosa. \^ Eacemi terminales, valde pauciflori ; bractese ovatse, i-lin. longee, pedicellis glabris dimidio breviores. Flores magni, 3-lin. longi, folia pequantes. Sepala exteriora i^arva, ovata, obtusa, superius multo majus ; alas obovato-cuneatse, retusae, sepala exteriora triplo superantes. Carina crista pulchre fimbriata ornata, quam carinam majore ; petala lateralia fere usque ad basim discreta, linearia, porrecta. Ovarium parvum, glabrum, obovatum ; stylus brevis ; stigma cristatum, anatis rostrum simulans. Capsula ignota. Patagonia ; Cape Fairweather, Capt. King ; Port Desire, Darwin. 31. P. Spruceana, nob. n. sp. Caulis subsimplex, erectus, vixiX bipollicaris, tenuis, gracilis. Folia sat numerosa, linearia, ^-f poll longa. Eacemi terminales vel rarius axillares, parvi, sat densiflori ; bracteae hneares, XDOst anthesim persistentes, pedicellis gracilibus duplo longiores. Flores minimi, vix 1 lin. longi, albi. Sepala exteriora ovato-lanceolata ; alae obovatae, corolla longiores. Corolla parum nota ; carina cristata. Ovarium minimum, subro- tundum, alls persistentibus dimidio breviores. Semina nigra, glabra, nitida, obsolete foveata ; arillodium haud galeatum, breviter bi-appendiculatum. Venezuela. Proj^e MayxDures, ad flumen Orenoco, Spruce, 3734. A very small annual plant, scarcely two inches high. I only know it under this number of Spruce's ; but it occurs in nearly all the collections, and seems constant and distinct. 32. P. Salviniana, nob. n. sp. Caulis 2-3 poll, altus, subsimplex. Folia J poll, longa, linearia, sub^Dubescentia, acuminata, sat con- U^ ferta. Eacemi |-f poll, longi, sessiles, vel etiam in foliis supernis conditi, densiflori. Flores parvi, 1-lin. longi, breviter pedicellati ; bractese decidual. Sepala exteriora ovata, inasqualia, glabra ; aim sepala exteriora corollamque triplo excedentes, ellipticas, unguicu- latffi. Carinae crista parva. Capsula suborbicularis, subinteger. 'lO-L POLYGAL^ AMEKiCAN^. Seniina nigra, j)iibesceiitia ; arillodii appendices semine tertia parte breviores. Guatemala. Val de Fuego, 8300 feet, Salvin ; locis graminosis, Llano de la Laguna de Ayarces, Bern., 695. Often confounded with P. scoparia, H. B. K. ; but a smaller and less rigid plant ; and distinguished also by its acuminate leaves and the great length of the wing -sepals. The two next species, of isolated distribution, would almost seem to form a subsection by themselves, and are doubtfully placed in this section. 33. P. insuJaris, nob. Glaberrima. Caulisbasilignosus, erectus, subrigidus, ramosus, 1-2 pedalis. Folia sparsa vel rarius conferta, sub-adx)ressa, linearia, lineari-obovata, vel cuneata, 4-5 lin. longa, coriacea, enerva, acuta vel obtusa, glanduloso-punctata. Eacemi terminales, breves, sat densi ; bracteaa hneari-ovatEe, deciduie. Flores 2-lin. longi, pedicellis brevibus glabris gracilibus suftulti. Sepala exteriora ovata, glabra, superius majus ; al^e sepala exteriora duplo excedentes, obovat^, corolla longiores, subacut^e. Carina pulchre cristata ; petala lateralia angusta. Ovarium glabrum, ellipticum. Capsula alls persistentibus multo brevior, emarginata. Semina obconica, sericea, arillodii appendices breves. Galapagos Islands ; Anderson, 181 ; Cuming, 103 ; Chatham Is., Darwin; Albemarle Is., Macrae; Charles Is., Edmonston, Hooker. P. ohocata, Hook. f. in Linn. Trans, xx., 233 ; And., Veg. Gal., 231 (non St. Hil.). Leaves very variable, but always narrow and coriaceous. 34. P. (jalapageia, Hook. f. in Linn. Trans, xx., 233 ; And., Veg. Gal., 232. Glaberrima. Caulis erectus, infra lignosus, gracilis ; parce ramosus, virgatus, 6-10 poll, longus. Folia sparsa, tenuia, i-poll. longa, linearia vel obcuneata, acuminata. Bacemi spicse- formes, elongati, 1-3 poll, longi ; bracteae deciduae. Flores 3 lin. longi. Sepala exteriora subaequalia, ovata ; alee triplo longiores, elliptic^e. Carinte crista conspicua. Capsula (immatura) obovata. Semina obconica, sericea ; arillodium duabus appendicibus minutis praeditum. Galapagos Islands. Charles and Albemarle Islands ; Chatham Island, Anderson. Distinguished from P. imidaris by its more slender habit, larger flowers, elongated racemes, and the leaves being always thin. Andersson's P. r/t(itai)ieiisis, I.e. 232, must probably be identified with P. insulaiu ; and his P. jjitbcnila, I.e. 232 (non A. Gray) with P. „ 2191. 2191rt. 2192. 2193. 2195. lomjicaulis , H. B. K. violacea, Vahl, aff. (jracilis, H. B. K. sulphurea, A. W. Benn. f/lochidata, H. B. K. (P. spergulcefolia, St. Hil.) paniculata, Linn. f/alioides, Poir., var. mollw/hu folia. (P. mol- luginifolia, St. Hil.) areguensis, A. W. Benn. tenuis, DC, (P. jjaludosa, St. Hil.) galioides, Poir., var. molluginifolia. leucantlia, A. W. Benn. aphylla, A. W. Benn. remota, A. W. Benn. aff. punctata, A. W. Benn. paraguagensis, A. W. Benn. obovata, St. Hil. ADDENDA et (JORRIGENDA. P. Xutkana. For the paragra^Dh in text (p. 140) substitute the following : — +4. P. Xutkana, DC, Prodr., i., 330 ; Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound., 49, t. 12; P. cucullata, Benth., PL Hartw., 299; Wats., Bot. Cal., 59. California, Lobb., 277. This and the three following species are distinguished by the beak or boss with which the corolla is furnished, and should probably form a distinct subsection. Insert after P. Xutkana (p. 140) the following : — f4rt. (No. 35). P. califurnica, Nutt. in Torr. et Gr., Fl., i., 671 ; Wats., Bot. Cal., 59. Caules ^—1 ped. vel altiores, fruticosi. Flores viridi-albi. Sepala omnia tomentosa ; alae oblongop, basi vix angustatae. Petala lateralia carinam modo «quantia, rostrum angustum strictum gerentem. Capsula ovata, 4 lin. longa, emar- THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 207 ginata vel apice retuse bidentata, anguste alata. Semina 3 lin. longa, dense hirsuta ; arillodium validum, teres, alam tenuem gerens, usque ad basim seminis attingentem. Sierra Nevada, ab El Dorado Co. usque ad Oregon, in pinetis. Much resembling P. Nutkcma; but stems more shrubby, stouter and more branched. P. Xutkana, Torr. et Gr., 1. c. ; not DC. (fide S. Watson) ; P. cucuUata, Newberry, Pac. E. Eep., vi., 70, not Benth. ; P. cornuta, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad., i., 61. Under P. subspinosa (p. 140) insert: — Wats., Bot. Cal., 59; Parry, Am. Nat., ix., 269. Erase " Central Mexico, Parr, et Palm (1878), No. 42 (?)," which is certainly P.jmhenila, Gray. Instead of "it is the only spiny Polygala of the Northern Continent," read " this and the following are the only spiny Polygalas of the Northern Continent." After P. subspinosa (p. 140) insert : — f5a. (No. 36). P. acanthoclada, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xi., 73. " Fruticulosa, bipedalis, ramosissima, subcinereo-pubescens, spinis gracilibus armata ; foliis lineari-spathulatis, rigidulis (lin. 3-4 longis); floribus subaxillaribus sparsis albidis lin. 2 lougis, j)edi- cello basi bibracteato j^arum brevioribus ; alls obovati^, sepalis caeteris duplo majoribus, corollam adaequantibus ; carina breviter cymbiformi, nuda, dorso umbonata ; capsula ignota. Sides of bluffs on the San Juan river, in the south-eastern border of Utah, T. S. Brandegee -in Hayden's Exploration. Resembles P. siib- sjnnosa of Watson, but woody, the flowers scattered, pale, and less than half the size ; the free portion of the corolla of 5 short obtuse lobes nearly equal in length and little longer than the united j)ortion, emarginate ; the keel much larger, a conical boss on the upper part of the back ; no crest ; spines of the branchlets often compound." This raises the number of sjDecies not included in Watson's ' Bibliographical Index ' or Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis ' to 36 ; and the total number of American species of Polygala to 156. P. Nuth-ana f cnciiUataJ , californica, and acanthoclada are, however, all named in the addenda to Watson's Index. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT— Fr7.Y(^J. By T. Howse, F.L.S. (Continued from ji. IT):?.) Genus 10. — Cantharellus, 7'V. C. ciBARius, Fr. Grev., t. 258. Bostol Wood, Holmes. Common. Edible. C. AURANTiAcus, Fv. Berk. Out., pi. 14, f. 1. Sydenham Hill ; Bostol Wood, Holmes ; Keston Common, Sparkes. 208 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. Genus 11. — Nyctalis, Fr, N. ASTEROPHORA, Fr. BulL, t. 516, f. 1. Parasitic on liussula niijricans. Chisleliurst. N. PARASITICA, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 19, f. 2. Parasitic on Eussiila adusta. Cliislehurst ; Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. Genus 12. — Marasmius, Fr. M. URENS, Fr. Bull., t. 528, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. Nearly related to the next, but smaller, darker, and with less crowded gills. M. PERONATus, Fr. Sow., t. 37. Common in woods amongst leaves. Wrotham ; Shoreham ; Dunton Green ; Knowle Park ; Bromley, Sparkes. M. poRREus, Fr. Sow., t. 81. On middle of leaves. Wood near Shoreham. M. OREADES, Fr. Bull., t. 144. In pastures and by roadsides. Sydenham Hill. Very common. Edible. M. TERGINUS, Fr. On leaves. Goudhurst, Smith Draw. M. ERYTHROPUS, Fr. On and near stumps. Sydenham Hill ; Bell's Ewe Green, T. Wells, T. Walker: Joyden's Wood, Hadlow, and Cobham Park, Holmes. Resembles A. drt/ophilus, but with broader gills. M. FOETiDUS, Fr. Sow., t. 21. On sticks and stumps. Hillydeal Wood, Otford ; Rowdow Wood, near Kemsing, Holmes. M. RAMEALis, Fr. Bull., t. 336. On dead branches. Wood near Halstead, and Crofton Woods, Orpington, Holmes. Sydenham Hill ; near Bromley, Sparkes. M. ANDROSACEUS, Fr. Sow. , t. 94. On leaves. Sydenham Hill; St. Paul's Cray Common; Lewisham ; near Bromley, Sparkes. M. ROTULA, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 14, f. 7. On fallen twigs, &c. Bostol Wood ; Knowle Park ; near Bromley, Sparkes. M. iNsiTiTius, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 14, f. 6. On leaves. Near Deal. M. EPiPHYLLUs, Fr. Sow., t. 93. On fallen leaves. Sydenham Hill ; Chislehurst ; Bromley, Sparkes. M. sAccHARiNUs, Fr. Batsch, f. 83. East Faiieigh, Berk, d- llr. in A. X. 11. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLOKA OF KENT. 209 Geuus 13. — Lentinus, Fr. L. TiGRiNus, Fr. Sow., t. 68. On old stumps. Soiithboro', Holmes. L. vuLPiNUS, Fr. Sow., t. 351. On stumps. Margate, Berk. Emj. FL, p. 72. L. LEPiDEUs, Fr. Sow., t. 382. On rotten railway- sleepers, Dartforcl, M. C. Cooke. Genus 14. — Panus, Fr. P. TORULOsus, Fr. Bolt., t. 146. On old stumps. Stockholme Wood, near Dunton Green ; Knowle Park, Sevenoaks. P. coNCHATus, Fr. Bull., t. 298, 517, 0. P. On old stumps. Knowle Park; Margate, Berk. Eug. Fl., p. 70. P. STYPTicus, Fr. Sow., t. 109. Very common on stumps. Sydenham Hill; Shooter's Hill. Genus 15. — Lenzites., Fr. L. betulina, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 15, f. 3. Common on stumps and rails. Shooter's Hill. L. flaccida, Fr. Bull., t. 394. Sydenham Hill. Resembling the last, but pileus thin , coriaceous, whilst that of L. betulina is corky. Ge6us 16. — ScHizoPHYLLUM, Fr. S. COMMUNE, Fr. Sow., t. 183. Undoubtedly indigenous specimens have occurred in Kent in 1878, Berk, d Br. in A. N. H. Order 2. — Polyporei. Genus 17. — Boletus, Fr. B. luteus, L. Ki'omb., t. 33. Sydenham Hill ; Wrotham ; Shoreham ; Otford ; Kemsing, Holmes. B. ELEGANS, Schum. Grev., t. 183. Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell. B. FLAVus, With. Sow., t. 265. Crystal Palace Grounds ; Joyden's Wood, Holmes ; Pembury Wood, T. AVells, T. Walker. Distinguished from the last by the larger, more angular tubes. B. LARICINUS, B. Huss., 1, t. 25. Under larch trees. In a larch wood between Shoreham and Dunton Green ; Keston, Huss. B. GRANULATUS, L. SoW., t. 420. Under fir trees. Rosebank, T. Wells, T. Walker : Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell; Keston, Huss. B. BoviNus, L. Kromb., t. 75, f. 1-G. In fir woods. Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell ; Sandwich. Some- what like JJ. luteus, but has no ring. 2 K 210 THE CKYPTOOAMIC FLOKA OF KENT. B. BADius, Fr. Kromb., t. 36, f. 15. In fir woods. Bostol Wood ; Cliisleliurst ; Kuowle Park. B. piPERATUs, BkU. Sow., t. 34. Sydenham Hill ; St. Paul's Cray Common, Cliisleliurst. B. RUBiNus, Smith. Seem. Journ., 1868, t. 75, f. 1-4. Joyden's Wood, Holmes. B. puEPUREUs, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 41. Under oaks. Sta]3leliurst, James Ward, Smith Draiv. B. VARiEGATUs, Fr. Kromb., t. 34, f. 15-18. In X)ine woods. Gondlinrst, A. S. Bicknell; T.Wells, Forst. Fl. Tunh. B. CHRYSENTERON, Fr. Bull., t. 490, f. 3. Sydenham Hill. Common. B. suBTo:\rENTOsus, L. Kromb., t. 37, f. 8-11. Joyden's Wood; Chislehurst; Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell. Similar in appearance to the last; it is distinguished from it by the flesh being j^ellow immediately under the cuticle, not red as in B. chnjsenteron. Var. radicals. Kromb., t. 48, f. 1-6. Staplehurst, Smith Draw. Whole plant light ochre or stone colour. B. cALOPus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 69. Knowle Park, Sevenoaks. Stem scarlet, reticulated, tubes adnate. B. PACHYPus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 68. Knowle Park ; Wood near Dunton Green, Goudhurst ; A. S. Bicknell. Nearly allied to last, but stem yellow and scarlet, tubes nearly free. Var. aviarus, Fr. Saund. & Sm., t. 17. Pileus nearly white. Barnet Wood, Bromley Common, Mass. This is figured by Mrs. Hussey, 2, t. 2, and named B. elephan- ti7ius, With. B. LURmus, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 12. Sydenham Hill ; Langton Green, Jenner, Fl. Tonh. ; Goud- hurst, A. S. Bicknell ; Pickhurst, Percij Bicknell. B. Satanas, Lenz. Huss., 1, t. 7. Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell. Resembles the last, but the pileus is whitish. B. scABER, Fr. Huss., 1, t. 57. Sydenham Hill. Common. B. vERSiPELLis, Fr. Sow., t. 110. St. Mary Cray ; Goudhurst, A S Bicknell. Nearly allied to last, but pileus orange. B. SANGUINEUS, Witli . Sow., t. 225. Roadsides about Staplehurst, Smith Draic B. visciDUS, Linn. Roadsides about Staplehurst, Smitli Uraic SHORT NOTES. 211 B. ^STivALis, Fr. Sv. Svamp., t. 43. Roadsides about Staplehurst, Smith Draw. Kent, Mrs. Hiissey, Berk. Out. Resembles the pale form of B. edulis, but the stem is even. B. ALUTARius, Fr. Kromb., t. 74, f. 8, 9. Kent, Mrs. Hmsei/, Berk. Out. B. CYANESCENS, BuU. Saund. & Sm., t. 47. Staplehurst, Crard. Chronicle, 1869, p. 1061. B. EDULis, B2dl. BuU., t. 60, 494. Sydenham Hill ; Knowle Park ; Woods between Shoreham and Dunton Green ; Joyden's Wood, Bexley, Holmes : Goud- hurst, A. S. Bickneil. Edible. Known by the whitish network on the stem. B. FELLEus, Bidl. Bull., t. 379. St. Paul's Cray Common, Chislehurst, Madame Bommer. B. cASTANEus, Bidl. BulL, t. 328. Hayes Rectory, Huss. (To be continued). SHORT NOTES. Crocus nudiflorus in Shrewsbury. — In the public grounds known as the "Quarry," in Shrewsbury, there has been noticed to grow for many years a Crocus, which, as far as I am aware, has never been observed to flower. My curiosity having been awakened by its appearing this spring, I gathered some specimens in the hope of being able to make out the species. It appeared to answer to C. nudiflorus, chiefly on account of the stoloniferous corm, no other species described in ' English Botany ' presenting this character. I forwarded the specimens to Dr. Trimen, that I might have the advantage of his opinion on them, and it resulted in my obtaining not only his opinion but that of the Rev. Harpur Crewe and Mr. G. Maw, both great authorities on the Croci, which confirmed my own impression. The question naturally arises, can it be considered indigenous ? I must leave the answer to this to more experienced botanists, contenting myself by giving as clear a description of the nature of the habitat as possible, to enable your readers to form then- own opinion. Shrewsbury is surrounded on all sides by the river Severn, except a narrow neck of land on the north side, on part of which the old Norman Castle stands. The town walls form an inner boundary, leaving a considerable space between it and the river, a part of which space on the south- west side of the town is laid out as a public walk possessing a most beautiful avenue of lime trees, perhaps unsurpassed by any in the kingdom, planted by Wright in 1719, a nurseryman whose name is still associated with an apple known as "Wright's Codling." The name "Quarry" is derived from the fact that there is an abandoned stone quarry in it known now as the "Dingle," which 212 SHORT NOTES. was worked in the middle of the thu'teenth century for sandstone. The place has heen used from time immemorial as recreation ground by the inhabitants of the town, and the portions on which the Crocus grows were let off as pasture-land, but are now mown. They grow under the lime trees on the margin of the public walk. WiLLIAJI PmLLIPS. Festuca ambigua in Suffolk. — I enclose a si^ecimen which I think must be referred to F. amhigua. I gathered it on Lakenheath High Warren, near Wangford, Suffolk, June 10th, 1878, and had placed the plant on one side for future examination. The note in the 'Journal of Botany' last month (p. 186) recalled the specimens to my mind. Another specimen from Guernsey will, I beheve, also in-ove to be same iDlant. — A. Bennett. [I have no doubt that the Suffolk specimen sent is F. ambir/ua. It is a more tufted and smaller plant with more spreading habit than the Isle of Wight specimens. Mr. Townsend has also seen and passed the plant as F. amhiyua. — Ed. Journ; Bot.] Festuca ambigua in Dorset. — Attention being just now specially called to this grass by Mr. Townsend's paper, I was led to search foi- it m the very suitable locality of Studland Bay, Dorset, where, on June 17th of this year, I had the pleasure of the company and guidance of Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, the botanographer of the county. It proved to be very abundant, especially at South Haven close to the mouth of Poole Harbom-, and on the sandhills below the ascent to the village of Studland, at the southern end of the bay. Many of the specimens were very much depauperated — reduced m some cases to merely one or two spikelets, and none were so fine as those from the Isle of Wight : the characteristics of the species were, however, in all cases well preserved, and presented no variation whatever. Both F. Myurus and F. hromoides, both usually very dwarf, grow along with F. amhiyua ; but we did not see F. uniylumis, which is given in the 'Flora of Dorset' for the locality. — Henry Trimen. The Chinese Fontanesia. — Under the name of Foyitanesia chinensis, Dr. Hance describes in the current volume (p. 136) the Oleincous shrub mentioned by me in vol. v., n. s., 1876, p. 208. I was wrong in assuming, even then, that it was an un described plant. It appears to have been first described by Carriere, ' Eevue Horticole,' 1859, p. 43, fig. 9, under the name of Fontanesia Fortunei. In 1875 Dr. M. 0. Debeaux published a Fontanesia ■philhjraoides, var. sinensis, in the ' Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux,' vol. xxx., reprinted imder the title of ' Florule de Shang-Hai.' This is taken up by Maximowicz in his recent ' Ad florae Asias oriontalis cognitionem nieliorem Fragmcnta.' Debeaux is of opinion that Ids plant differs from Carriere' s /'. Fortunri, but the only difference he has been able to discover NOTICES OF BOOKS AND IMEMOIRS. 213 is the period of flowering. Fortune's specimens are from Shanghai, and Carriere's species was introduced from the same locaUty, where also Maingay, Forhes, and others have collected what is certainly the same species as Fortune's. I thmk there is no doubt that all the authors quoted have had one sj^ecies under consideration, but whether the eastern and western forms should be regarded as varieties of the same sj)ecies, or as distinct ones, I will not offer an opinion. — W. B. Hemsley. extracts antr Notices of Boofts $^ iEemofrs NEW GENEKA AND SPECIES OF PHANEEOGAMOUS PLANTS PUBLISHED IN PERIODICALS IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE YEAR 1878. (Concluded from p. 188;. Haworthia angolensis, Baker (Liliaceae). — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 263.) Heracleum Moellendorffii, Hance (Umbellifer^). — China. (Journ. Bot., p. 12.) HippEASTRUM franciscanum, Baker (Amaryllidaceae). — Brazil. (Journ. Bot., p. 82.) H. Jamesoni, Baker. — Argentine Republic. (Journ. Bot., p. 83.) HooDiA Bainii, Dyer (Asclepiadese) — S. Africa. (Bot. Mag., t. 6348.) HoPEA philippinensis, Dyer (Dipterocarpese). — Philippine Islands. (Journ. Bot., p. 100.) Huerniopsis, .v. E. Br. (Asclepiadeae), H. decipiens, N. E. Br. — S. Africa. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 171, tab. 12.) Hypoxis Andrewsii, Baker (Hypoxideae). — Cape Colony. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 104.) H. angolensis. Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 266.) H. ARGENTEA, Harv. — Cape Colony. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. no.) • H. cANALicuLATA, 5a^«r. — Augola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 265.) H. cosTATA, Baker. — S. Africa. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 119.) H. cuANZENSis, Wehv. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2, i., p. 265.) H. FiLiFORMis, Baker. — S. Africa. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 109. ) H. Gerrardi, Baker. — Natal. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 110.) H. iRiDiFOLiA, Baker. — Trop. S. Africa. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 117.) H. Jacquini, Baker. — Cape Colony. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 112.) H. MEMBRANACEA, Baker. — Natal. (Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., p. 106.) H. MiLLoiDEs, Baker. — S. Africa. (Journ. Linn Soc, xvii., p. 105.) H. MONANTHos, Baker. — Angola. (Trans. Linn. Soc, 2.,i., p. 266.) H. PARvuLA, Baker. — ^Natal. (^Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii., ]}. 113.) 214 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. H. PLATYPETALA, Bcikev. — Natal. (Joiirn. Linn. See. xvii., p. 105.) H. poLYSTACHYA, TF^/. Ehrenheryianuui, Berg, with his notes attached (which it is stated in Hanbury's ' Pharmacographia ' could not be found at Berlin in 1872), were also shown, as well as * For further particulars bee a paper in ' Pliarm. Juurn.' May b, 1879, p. 893. BOTANICAL NEWS. 223 (from the Hanbury herbarium) B. Plcqifaiyil, Hook, fil., from Somah Land, with its gum called " Hotai," and examples of the several varieties of Myrrh, Beesabol, and Bdellium. — An account of a remarkable Peatflood in the Falkland Islands, by Mr. Arthur Bailey, was communicated by Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer. Just after midnight, 29th November, 1878, it was discovered that a black moving mass of peat several feet high was moving towards the settlement at the rate of between four and five miles an hour. The next morning (30th) it was found that the town of Stanley was cut in two, communication between east and west end only being possible by boats. Fortunately no lives were lost. — The Secretary read in abstract a i)aper ' Notes on Mognilea, with description of a new species,' by Mr. John Miers. The author marks the difference between Moguilea and Licania, genera often confounded. In lAcania the tubular five-toothed calyx always enlarges considerably, and finally encloses and conceals the fruit. In Moquilea the small five-toothed calyx scarcely enlarges, but remains persistent, supporting the larger fruit. .In Licania half of its stamens are fertile and unilateral, the rest without anthers follow consecutively, all placed on an elevated membranous ring. In Moquilea the stamens vary in number in the several species from five to forty, all free and distinct to the base and seated in the mouth of the small calyx. In Licania the fruit is concealed within the augmented calyx : it consists of a hard pericarp containing a single seed, with a slender embryo embedded in a fleshy albumen. In Moquilea the fruit is larger, supported by the unchanged calyx, and contains a single erect seed : its testa is membranaceous and bilamellar, exhibiting a branching raphe or network of numerous vessels ; the albumen is solid and as hard as ivory, containing an embryo of fleshy or corneous cotyledons partially conferruminated and hollow in the centre. A new species, Moquilea organensis, is then described. iSotantcal Nttos* At the anniversary meeting of the Linnean Society, held May 24th, an unanimous vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Kippist, who for the long period of forty years has held the post of Librarian, and whose failing health has compelled him to give up some of its duties. Elisabetha, Contessa Fiorini-Mazzanti, died at Piome on April 23rd, at the great age of eighty-nine. She was the author of many papers on Cryptogamic Botany, especially Algae ; and her name is commemorated in the genus of Grasses Fiorinia, Pari., and also in Mazzantia, Mart. (Fungi). The death is recorded at Sondershausen, on April 28th, of Thilo Irmisch, aetat. sixty-four, well-known for his numerous valuable memoii's on the morphology of Phanerogams, esx)ecially 22i BOTANICAL. NEWS. of the imdergronnd portions of the axis in Monocotyledons ; and on critical European botany. ThiJoa, Eichl. (Combretacecc), and Irmischia, Schlecht. [AsdepiadeiB], preserve his name, but neither are maintained in the ' Genera Plantarum.' Edouaed Spach was a native of Strassburg, where he was born in 1801. He is best known as the author of the 'Phane- rogames,' which occupy fourteen volumes of the work called ' Suites a Buflbn,' and were published at Paris, 1834-48. In conjunction with the late Count Jaubert he issued a magnificent work on the plants of Asia Minor, with 500 plates, ' Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium,' in five volumes, from 1842 to 1857. For many years he has held the position of keeper of the herbarium at the Paris Museum, and is the author of very numerous syste- matic papers, revisions of genera, &c. He died on May 17th. Spacliea, A. Juss., is a genus of MalpigliiacecE. We have also to record the death, on May 25th, of Karl Koch, at Berlin, w^here he was till lately Professor of Botany. Born at Weimar in 1809, he was early influenced by Goethe ; studied at Jena and Wiirzburg, and then exi)lored the Caucasus and Asia Minor. An account of his travels is x^^^Wished in the ' Linnasa ' for 1848. Koch was especially known as a horticultural botanist, and his great work was the ' Deudrologie,' the first part of which appeared in 1869. He was the author of many monographs of the cultivated genera of Ai-ads, Bromeliads, &c., and was well known to the horticulturists of all countries as the leading authority on garden botany. We much regret to have to include in om- obituary another great horticultural botanist in David Moore, the well-known director of the Glasnevin Botanic Gardens, Dublin. His death occun-ed on June 9th, after three days' severe illness, at the age of seventy-tw^o. He was born at Dundee, and went to Ireland in 1828, as assistant to Dr. Mackay, then Director of the Dublin University Garden. In 1838 he was appointed to Glasnevin Gardens, and for the long period of forty years has had the charge of them, to the great advantage of horticultural science. As a botanist. Dr. Moore paid especial attention to the flora of Ireland, and particularly to the Mosses and Hex^aticae. The ' Cybele Hibernica,' w^hich was prepared in conjunction with Mr. A. G. More, appeared in 1866, and is a standard work on the Irish Flora. The ' Synopsis of Irish Mosses ' was printed in ' Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy' for 1873, where also, in 1876, appeared the valuable ' Report on Irish Hepaticae.' One of Dr. Moore's last contributions to science was the description of the new Irish Isoetes m this Journal (1878, p. 353), dedicated to his friend Mr. A. G. More. Tilbury Fox, M.D., who died very suddenly of heart disease at Paris, on June 7th, aet. forty- three, had paid considerable attention to the part played by minute Fungi in the production of diseases of the skin and hair ; and in our volume for 1867 will be found a letter from him on the subject of the so called " Chignon - Fungus." 225 ©rtfltnal 'Mxtidt^. MELLERA: A NEW GENUS OF TKOPICAL AFEICAN ACANTHACE.E. By S. Le M. Mooee, F.L.S. (Tab. 203.) Included with doubt by Mr. Bentham '''• amongst the species of Hochstetter's unsatisfactory genus, PauIo-Wilhebnia,h a somewhat remarkable plant gathered by the late Dr. Meller among the Manganja Hills, and more recently sent home from Moramballa by Mr. Horace Waller. I venture to think that it will constitute the type of a new genus of which a diagnosis follows. Melleka [Acantliaceanim [Hi/f/rophi/mnini]), gen. iiOY. : — Calyx 5-partitus laciniis linearibus obtusis subaequalibus erectis. Corolla tubus angustus superne ampliatus leviter incurvus limbus 2-labiatus asstivatione contortus labii antici 3-lobi lobis lateralibus sequalibus lobo medio iis latiore ac iDilis setosis appresse decurvis .munito labii postici 2-lobi lobis sequalibus omnibus obtusis. Stamina 4 exserta sub fauce affixa, filamentis sub^quilongis basi per paria lateralia connatis, antherarum loculis arete contiguis subaequalibus oblongo-linearibus basi calcaratis. Stigmatis lobus alter fere omnino obsoletus. Ovarium 8-ovulatum. Capsula oblongo-linearia fere a basi seminifera ; seminum retinacula basi dilatata apice angusta. Suffrutex ? fohis magnis longe petiolatis lobulatis ; inflorescentia hirsuta, floribus magnis in axillis superioribus fasciculatis 2-bracteolatis. M. lobulata, sj). unica. Caule tetragono cinereo glabrato. Foliis ovato-oblongis obtusiusculis utrinque pluries-lobulatis vel argute dentatis minoribus acuminatis undulatis omnibus puberulis, petiolis laminam sub^quantibus vel ea brevioribus foliorum minorum villosis majorum glabris vel fere glabris, bracteolis longe spathulatis calycis segmentis Ihrsutulis sub^equilongis. Corolla tubo plus quam 1-cm. longitudine glabro labii antici lobo medio nervoso. Connectivo dorso levissime puberulo. Stylo pilosiusculo. Caj)sula 8- (vel abortu x^auciori-) sperma obscure papillosa. Seminibus suborbicularibus compressis. Hab. In collibus Manganja dictis (Meller j necnon ad Moram- balla (Waller). The plant is thus referred to by Mr. Bentham (/. c), after enumerating the other species of Paulu-Wilhehniar^''^\^ forte addenda est planta Zambesiana, plerisque characteribus imprimis calyce et inflorescentia iis accedens, sed corolla lobi angustiores vix * Gen. PI. ii., p. 1080. N. s. VOL. 8. [August, 1879.] 2 g J 226 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECHMEA. contorti, autico iiitiis setis reflexis barbato, et antherarum loculi ut in E china cantlw basi mucrouati-aristati." Perhaps the most strikmg point about Mellera is the curious mid-lobe of the lower lip with its recurved setae. The presence of these as well as the larger size of the mid-lobe plainly show a well- developed differentiation of the limb into two lips, a character which, differhig as it does from the occasional slight tendencies to the bilabiate condition seen in Calophanes, Buellia, &c., indicates that Mellera has closer affinity with the tribe Hijf/wjjhileeE than with Eiiraellie(B. From Brillantama it differs in the absence of stammodes, fewer ovules, shape of the corolla, as well as in the totally-different inflorescence ; from Xomaphila, its inflorescence, spurred antlers, &c., afford good characters for separation ; while Hi/f/rophila, with its scattered axillary fascicles of flowers, and its usually muticous but at most merely mucronate anthers, &c., stands towards it m but distant relationship. When I first examined the plant some years ago I thought that it might possibly be placed with Calophanes, but in addition to the bilabiate corolla, the 8-celled ovary and habit render the affinity less close than I before suspected to be the case. Description or Tab. 203. — Mellera lohulata, S. Moore (Nat. size). — a, corolla opened; b, calyx with bracteoles ; c, an anther opened out, showing the cells unequal at the base; d, ovary style and stigma; e, ovary opened (all more or less magnified). A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECHMEA, E. & P. By J. G. Baker, F.K.S. (Concluded from p. 1G8). 31. M. odora, Daher .—Billherriia odura , Miquel in Linn^ea, xviii. 377. — Holienhenjia odora, Baker in Eef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Leaves lorate, moderately horny in texture, obtuse with a prominent cusp, reaching a length of two to three feet and a breadth of one inch and a half to three inches at the middle, closely minutely serrated up to the top. Scape a foot long, sheathed by many large lanceolate adpressed bract-leaves. Panicle lax, rhomboid, bipinnate, a foot or more long, with few or many distant ascending or spreading spicate branches, the lowest of which are nearly a foot long and subtended by lanceolate bracts two to three inches long. Flower-bracts minute, deltoid, with a pungent cusp as long as the lamina. Calyx including ovary three-eighths of an inch long ; sepals deltoid, half as long as the ovary, with a large erecto-patent pungent cusp. Petals yellowish, one quarter of an inch longer than the sepals. — Surinam, Eocke, 809 ! Cayenne, Poiteau ! Trinidad, Prestoe ! Martinique, Hahn, 577! St. Lucia, Herh. Mas. P>rit. I — We have this in cultivation at Kew, but it has not yet been figured. Ta]o.203. S LeM.Moore del . Blair Kth 'West^eynoaajx Sc Coxcap. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS ^CHMEA. 227 32. M. PATENTissiMA, Baker. — BiJIhergia / jmtentissima, Mart. ; Sclmltes fil., Syst. Veg., vii. 1270. — Leaves linear-lorate, three to four feet long, one inch to one inch and a quarter broad, minutely serrated. Scape sheathed by lanceolate toothed or subentire adpressed bract-leaves two inches to two and a half inches long. Panicle one foot to three feet long, with short spreading densely spicate branches, the lower four to five inches long, subtended by- small lanceolate bracts. Flowers spreading, each subtended by an ovate flower-bract with a pungent mucro, which is one-eighth • to one-fifth of an inch long, and shorter than the ovary. Sepals deltoid, one-eighth of an inch long, with a large pungent mucro. Petals above a quarter of an inch long, pale lilac or reddish, not scaled at the base. — Brazil, Martins. 33. M. c^KULEscENS, Hovt. — ^^. cm'ulea, E. Morren, Cat., 1871, 1. — Lamprococciis ccErulescens, Eegel Gartenfl., 1871, 225, t. 694. — Hoplophytum carulescens, E. Morren, Cat., 1873, 9. — Leaves with a dilated oblong entire base and a lorate lamina fifteen to eighteen inches long, one inch and a half to two inches broad, obtuse with a cusp, with close minute deltoid prickles. Scaj)e nearly as long as "^ the leaves, sheathed by several pale lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense oblong- deltoid bip innate panicle four to five inches long, two inches in diameter, with crowded flexuose few-flowered branches, the flowers each with a pedicel one-sixth to one-third of an inch long, with a minute subulate bract at the base. Flower-bracts none or minute and caducous. Ovary with calyx one-thii'd of an inch long ; sepals deltoid-cuspidate, a third as long as the ovary. Petals Ungulate, bluish-red, one- third of an inch long. — South America ; the precise country not known. Introduced mto cultivation about 1870. Well-marked from all the other sjDecies with small crowded bipinnate panicles by its pedicellate flowers and obsolete flower-bracts. 34. M. Melinonh, Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 5235. — Hohenhergia Melinojiii, Baker in Eef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Leaves with a dilated oblong utricular base about three inches broad, and a lorate lamina ^ one foot and a half to two feet long, two inches broad at the middle, with minute distant deltoid prickles. Sca^De about a foot long, brownish. Flowers in a dense bipinnate thyrsoid panicle five six inches long, three to four inches broad, the lower branches sometimes binate, bearing twelve to fifteen sessile erecto-i^atent flowers ; the branch with a bract as long as itself. • Flower-bracts minute, caducous. Calj^x including ovary five-eighths to three- fourths of an inch long, bright red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, minutely mucronate, half as long as the ovary. Petals bright red, a quarter to one-third of an inch longer than the sepals. — French Guiana. Introduced into cultivation in 1857. • y 35. M. CuMiNGii, Baker, n. s]). — Leaves unknown. Scape sheathed with lanceolate red bract-leaves with a few small hooked teeth. Flowers in a dense bipinnate panicle six to eight inches long, three to four inches broad, the lower branches spreading, about two inches long, bearing ten to twelve erecto-patent sessile ^ 228 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS ^CHMEA. flowers and subteuded by red lanceolate bract-leaves longer tlian themselves ; flower-bracts coriaceous, navicular, lanceolate-deltoid, a quarter of an inch long, with a distinct mucro. Calyx including ovary half an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the ovary, distinctly mucronate. Petals twice as long as the sepals. — Columbia, Cuminy, 1178, ex purte ! (Herb. Kew.) 36. M. suBiNERMis, Baker, n. sp.— ^Leaves about twenty in a rosette, with a dilated oblong base two inches broad, and a lanceolate lamina narrowed gradually to the x^oint, three-quarters to one inch broad at the middle, thin in texture for the genus, the the edge furnished witii only a few minute deltoid prickles near the base. Scape about a foot long, with several red ascending lanceolate bract-leaves about two inches long. Flowers in a dense oblong-thyrsoid bipiunate panicle about three inches long, the lower branches subtended by red lanceolate bracts one to two inches long : central branches one inch to one inch and a half long, five- to six-flowered ; their rachises zigzag and glabrous ; flowers sessile, subtended by an orbicular flower-bract one-sixth to one fifth of an inch long and broad, without a cusp. Calyx including ovary half an inch long ; sepals deltoid, one-eighth of an inch long, not mucronate. Petals not seen. — Pdo Janeu-o, Glaziou, 9326 ! (Herb. Kew.) 37. M. ccELESTis, Baker. — Hohenhenjia cnlcstis, Baker in Ref. Bot., t. 284. — Hoplophytumcnleste, K. Koch ; E. Morren, Cat., 1873, 9. — Leaves ten to twelve in a rosette, with a dilated entire oblong base three inches broad, and a horny lorate lamina one foot to one foot and a half long, one inch and a half to two inches broad at the middle, the tip deltoid- cuspidate, the edge furnished with close minute deltoid horny teeth. Scape a foot long, with many erect lanceolate bract-leaves, the upper ones tinted red. Flowers in a dense deltoid bipinnate i)anicle three to five inches long, two to three inches broad, with stout floccose rachises, the lower branches four- to six-flowered, ascending or subpatent, subtended by red lanceolate branch-bracts an inch long. Flower-bracts deltoid- cuspidate, half as long as the ovary. Calj'x with ovar}' white- floccose, about half an inch long. Sepals deltoid, with a distinct mucro. Petals liugulate, blue, three-eighths of an inch to half an inch long. — South America, the precise country not known. Well known in cultivatiou for many years. I suspect it will j)rove to be identical with Billbergiapaniculuta, Mart. ; Schultesfil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1268. A native of the upper Amazon. 38. JE. suAVEOLENs, Knowlcs d West., Floral Cab., iii., 177, t. 134. — Billbrri/ia purpureo-rosea, Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 3304. — HoplojJir/Uon suavcolens and purpureo-roseum. Beer, Brom., 135. — Bromelia albo-rosea, Lemaire, 111. Hort., 1855, misc. 64. — Leaves with a dilated ovate entire utricular base four to five inches long, and a lorate horny lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, two inches broad at the middle, with a deltoid-cuspidate tip and close moderately largo pr-r.gcnt deltoid horny teeth up to the top. Scape one foot and a half to two. feet long, with many small A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS MCHM'Ek. 229 lanceolate acuminate bract-leaves. Flowers in an oblong bipinnate panicle six to ten inches long, three to four inches broad, dense in the upper half, lax in the lower half, with very zigzag ascending spicate branches, the lower six- to eight-flowered, and subtended by small lanceolate bracts. Flower-bracts ovate, about a quarter of an inch long, with a conspicuous pungent mucro. Ovary with calyx three-eighths ■ of an inch to half an inch long ; sepals lanceolate-deltoid, one-sixth of an inch long, minutely mucronate. Petals half an inch long, red-purple. — Eio Janeiro, Bowie and Cunningham! (Herb. Mus. Brit). Minas Geraes, I/i5oh. Discovered by Bowie and Cunningham in 1815. Introduced into cultivation in 1831. 39. M. FLORiBUNDA, MaH. ; Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii. 1271. — Leaves with a dilated entire base and a lorate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, two inches to two mches and a half broad, abruptly rounded at the tip with a small cusp, the teeth of the edge irregular and very minute. Scape a foot or more long, with several lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense oblong bipinnate panicle eight to sixteen inches long, two inches and a half to three inches in diameter, the spicate branches very zigzag, spreading or ascending, the lower ones four- to six-flowered, subtended at the base by small lanceolate branch-bracts. Flower-bracts lanceolate, a quarter to one-third of an inch long, exclusive of the long subulate cusp. Calyx including ovary three-quarters of an inch long. Sepals deltoid, with a cusp as long -as the lamina. Petals yellow, three- quarters of an inch long. — Eio Janeiro, Martins ! St. Paulo, near Santos, BurcheU, 3291 ! A close ally of JE. suaveolens, from which it differs by its minutely-toothed leaves with a rounded tip, yellow petals, and long-pointed sepals and flower-bracts. 40. M. REGULAEis, Baker, n. sp. — Leaves with a dilated utricular oblong base three inches broad and a horny lorate cuspidate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, one inch and a half to two inches broad at the middle, with copious spreading lanceolate horny prickles one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch long. Scape .above a foot long, with several large lanceolate bract-leaves, the upper ones red. Flowers in a dense oblong bipinnate panicle six to eight inches long, three inches broad, with spreading nearly straight square spicate branches, the lower ones six- to eight-flowered, and subtended by red lanceolate bracts above an inch long. Flower-bracts deltoid-navicular, a quarter of an inch long iuclusive of a short cusp. Calyx including ovary one-third of an inch long ; ovary globose ; sepals deltoid, as long as the ovary, not mucronate. Petals cream- white, twice as long as the sepals. — South Brazil, Weir ! I have only seen this in a living state in the collection of Mr. Wilson Saunders. A drawing of it was made for the ' Eefugium,' but it has not yet a^^peared. 41. M. spiCATA, Mart. ; Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1275.— yE. anf/ustifolia, Popp. and Endl., Nov. Gen., t. 159. — Hoplophytnm. sincatiun and angustifolium, Beer, Brom., 132, 4. — Hohenhergia aiigustifolia and Martii, Baker in Eef. Bot,, sub. t. 284. — Leaves 230 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS iECHMEA. with a dilated entire oblong- deltoid utricular base three to four inches long and broad, and an ensiform lamina about a foot long, three-quarters of an inclr to one inch broad at the middle, armed with spreading horny black prickles, those of the base a line long, the upper ones smaller and more distant. Scape about afoot long, the upper bract-leaves spreading, crowded, bright red, lanceolate, two to three inches long, spine-ciliated. Flowers in a dense cjdindrical x^anicle three to six inches long, one inch to one inch and a half broad, with short ascending or spreading dense-flowered secund spicate branches. Flower-bracts coriaceous, roundish, wrapped quite round the flower, a quarter of an inch to one-third of an inch long, minutely cuspidate. Calyx with ovary three- eighths to five-eighths of an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, with a sju'eading horny brown cusp. Petals yellow, twice as long as the sepals. — French Guiana, Sai/ot, 560 ! British Guiana, Appun, 249 ! Dutch Guiana, Hcrh. Ciiffuri. Maynas, Poppig. Barra do Eio Negro, Spruce, 1204! Woods of the Yapura, Martins; and a more robust variety, Avith broader, more horny leaves and larger prickles, at Para, Bunhell, 9725! Sir Everard Home! The specimen at the British Museum, from the herbarium of CHft'ort, was gathered in Surinam in 1736. 42. M. Mertensii, SchultesfL, Syst. Veg., vii., 1274; Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 3186. — Bromelia Mertensii, Meyer Esseq., 144. — Billbergia Mertensii, Miquel in Linnaea, xviii., 376. — Hoplopltytum Mertensis, Beer, Brom., 134. — Hohenhergia Mertensii, Baker in Kef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Leaves with an entire dilated base three to four ^i inches broad, and an ensiform lamina above two feet long, one inch and a half to two inches broad at the middle, narrowed to the l)oint, armed with close spreading horny spines one-twelfth of an inch to one twenty-fourth of an inch long. Scaj)e shorter than the leaves, the upper bract-leaves crowded, spreading, lanceolate, entire, red, two to four inches long. Flowers in a dense cylindrical bipinnate panicle six to twelve inches long, one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half broad, with dense-flowered short ascending erecto-patent spicate branches, the largest six- to eight-flowered. Flower-bracts a quarter of an inch long, roundish, with a minute cus^). Calyx with ovary under half an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, a quarter of an inch long, obtuse, with a distinct mucro. Petals rose-red, twice as long as the sepals. — Guiana, Parker ! Introduced into cultivation in 1832. 43. 2E. PANicuLiFERA, Grisch., Flor. Brit. West Ind., 592. — Bromelia panicuU(jera, Swartz, Prodr. 56. — Hohenhergia paniculigera, Baker in Ref. Bot., sub. t. 284, excl. syn. — B. tlujrsoidea, Willd. ; w' Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1282.^Leaves with a dilated entu-e base four to six inches long and broad, and a lorate lamina reaching a couple of feet long, two to three inches broad at the middle, obtuse with a cusp, margined by close horny hooked teeth one- eighth of an inch to one-sixth of an inch long. Sca^^e one foot to one foot and a half long, the lower bract-leaves adpressed, the upper spreading, tinted red, three to four inches long and distinctly A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .^CHMEA. 231 serrated. Flowers in a dense cylindrical bipinnate panicle six to fifteen inches long, two. to three inches broad,. with very numerous spreading, very flexuose, slender few-flowered branches, the lower often binate. Flower-bracts minute, deltoid- cuspidate. Calyx including ovary half to three-quarters of an inch long. Sepals lanceolate, as long as the ovary, with a large mucro. Petals red- purple, twice as long as the sepals. — Jamaica, Dr. Wright I Purdie ! Yeneziielsi, FencUer, 24:54: [ Moritz,29d \ Para, Count Hofmannsegg, Spruce! — Although this is a fine plant, with a wide range of locality, y^i 1 am not aware that it has been introduced into cultivation. 44. M. SETiGEEA, Mart.; Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1274. — Leaves with a dilated base four to five inches long,. and a lorate cuspidate lamina one foot and a half to three feet long, fifteen to eighteen lines broad, the spines near the base a quarter of an inch long, the upj)er ones growing gradually smaller till the uppermost are one-third of a line. Scape long, sheathed with lanceolate- acuminate bract-leaves reaching a length of six to eight inches, purple-tinted and spine-bordered. Panicle three to four feet long, with a tomentose axis and s^jreading two- to three-fid, two- to three- flowered spicate branches, subtended at the base with a bract with a very long pungent point. Flower-bracts coriaceous, wraj)ped round the flower so as to form a tube three-eighths of an inch to half an inch long, terminated with a black spine an inch long ; the upx^ermost flowerless and reduced to acicular spines. Calyx pale yellowish green, white-floccose. Petals pale rose-red. — Eio Negro, Martius. 45. M. FASciATA, Baker. — Billbergiafasciata, Lindl. in Bot. Eeg., t. 1130. — HoplojjJiytum fasciatum, Beer, Brom., 129. — Hohenbergia fasciata, Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1253. — JEchmea Leopoldii, Hort. — Billhergia rhodocganea, Lemaire in Flore des Serres, t. 207 ; Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 4883. — Leaves about twenty in a rosette, with an oblong entire clas^nng base three to four inches broad, and a lorate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, two inches to two inches and a half broad at the middle, the ti^D rounded with a mucro, the face plam-green, the back marked with white cross- bands, especially in the lower half, the edge-teeth minute, brown, deltoid. Scape erect, floccose, about a foot long, mottled purple and white, with several pale red erect lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a very dense simple or forked head three to four inches long and broad. Flower-bracts very large and flat, not navicular, coriaceous, acuminate and sliarply serrate, bright pink, the lower two to three inches long, the upper not much longer than the flowers. Ovary with calyx half an inch to five-eighths of an inch long. Sepals lanceolate, as long as the ovary, not mucronate. Petals pink, lingulate, three-quarters of an inch long. — Eio Janeiro. Introduced into cultivation in 1826. 46. JE. BuRCHELLii, Baker, n. sp. — Bromdia aurantiaca, Burchell MSS. — Leaves twelve to eighteen inches long, with a dilated enthe utricular base two inches to two inches and a half 232 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS .ECflMEA. broad, and a lanceolate minutely-toothed lamina one inch and a half to two inches broad, of moderately firm texture, with a deltoid- cuspidate tip. Scape three inches long, quite hidden by its lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense globose head one inch and a half to two inches long and broad, its base-bracts 'not over- topping it. Flower-bracts lanceolate or deltoid, membranous, toothed at the margin, six to nine lines long, the lower reaching to the top of the sepals, the upper shorter. Calyx including ovary above half an inch long. Sepals yellow, lanceolate, longer than the ovary, minutely cuspidate. Petals not seen. — South Brazil in the province of St. Paulo near Cubatao, Burchell, 3487 ! and near Santos, Biu-chell, 3323 ! (Herb. Kew.) 47. M. CALYCULATA, Baker. — Hohenheryia cabjculata, Baker in Ref. Bot., t. 286. — Hophjphijtum. calyculatum, E. Morren in Belg. Hort., 1865., 162, t. 11, — Macrochordium luteum, Piegel Gartenfl., 1867, 161, t. 544.— .11. midmsculum, K. Koch, Woclien. 1864, 176.— Leaves ten to twelve in a rosette, with a dilated oblong base three to four inches long, two and a half to three inches broad, and a lorate lamina about a foot long, moderately firm in texture, rounded at the tip to a small cusp, minutely toothed all down the edge. Scape shorter than the leaves, floccose, with several deciduous lanceolate bract-leaves. ' Flowers forty to sixty in a dense globose head an inch and a half long and above an inch in diameter, its base-bracts small and linear. Flower-bracts small, entire, reddish, lanceolate-acuminate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx including ovary one-thu'd of an inch to half an inch long ; sepals deltoid, with a cusp as long as the lamina. Petals Ungulate, bright yellow, under half an inch long. — South America, the exact country not known. Introduced into cultivation about 1862. 48. M. PiNELiANA, Baker. — Echinostaclujs Pineliana, A. Brong. ; Planch. Hort.Donat., 25 ; Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 5321; Beer,Brom., 148. — Fj. rosea, Beer, Brom., 149. — Macrocliordimn Finelianum, Lemah-e, 111. Hort., ix.. Misc. 62. — Leaves twelve to fifteen in a rosette, with a dilated clasping base three to four inches broad and an ensiform lamina about a foot long, one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half broad at the middle, of moderately firm texture, narrowed to the point, the crowded spreading horny lower edge- prickles one-quarter of an inch long, those of the middle of the leaf one -eighth of an inch, the face slightly lepidote and the back more so. Scape about as long as the leaves, with numerous large lanceolate adi^ressed bract-leaves, the uj)pcr ones tinged red. Flowers in a dense oblong spicate head two to three inches long, about an inch in diameter. Flower-bracts with a coriaceous deltoid lamina one-eighth of an inch long, and a j)ungent stramin- eous cusp as long as the lamina. Calyx including ovary three- eighths to half an inch long ; sepals deltoid, with a cusj) as long as the lamina. Ovules three to four in a cell, horizontal, arising from the top of the axile i^lacenta. Petals Imgulate, bright yellow, half an inch long. — liio Janeiro. Well known in culti- vation ; introduced about 1855. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GEKUS .ECHMEA. 233 49. M. PECTiNATA, Baker, n. s^d. — Leaves large, uot seen their full length, two and a half to three inches broad above the dilated base, with hooked black horny prickles one-eighth of an inch long. Scape one foot and a half long, quite hidden by its numerous large imbricated coriaceous bract-leaves, of which the lower reach a foot in length, but the upper only one inch and a half to two inches, all of them furnished with close brown-black horny teeth down the edge. Flowers in a dense oblong head three inches long, two inches in diameter. Flower-bracts deltoid-cuspi- date, with close large black horny teeth down the edge, the uppermost as long as the calyx, the lower quite an inch long. Calyx with ovary three-quarters of an inch long. Sepals lanceolate, minutely cuspidate, longer than the ovary. Petals not seen. — South Brazil, in the province of St. Paulo on the Serra de Cubatao, Bnrchell, 3594 ! (Herb. Kew.) 50. ^ . MUCRONiFLORA, HooJx. m Bot. Mag., t. 4832. — Hoplophytum mucronijiorum , Beer, Brom., 13-1. Hohenhergia mucroidjiora, Baker in Eef. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Leaves horny in texture, above a foot long, with a dilated entu-e deltoid base two to three inches broad, and a lorate lamina one inch and a half broad, rounded at the tip to a small cusp, the lower teeth horny, one-eighth to one- sixth of an inch long, the upper ones minute. Scape half a foot long, with many lanceolate toothed bract-leaves one inch and a half to two inches long, the upper ones tinted red. Flowers in a dense oblong spike three to four inches long, one inch and a half in diameter, which is simple or slightly compound at the base. Flower-bract half as long as the calyx, roundish, very obtuse, with a distinct cusp. Ovary including calyx three -eighths of an inch to half an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, with a large brown cusp. Petals bright yellow, cuspidate, half an inch long. — Demerara, at Kaieteur Falls, Apjnni ! Introduced into English gardens m 1855, by Sir Henry Barkly, when Governor of the colony. 51. M. LiNDENi, K. Koch, Wochen. 1865, 398. — Hoplophijtuin Lindeni, E. Morren, Belg. Hort., 1873, 81, t. 5. — Leaves about twenty in a rosette, with a dilated utricular entire oblong base three inches broad and a lorate horny lamina two to three feet long, one inch and a half to two inches broad, channelled all down the face, minutely toothed, rounded at the tip to a small cusp. Scape one foot to one and a half foot long, with m,any small adpressed lanceolate bract-leaves. Flowers in a dense oblong head two to three inches long, one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half in diameter. Flower-bracts membranous, reddish, the lower lanceolate, acute, as long as the calyx, the upper shorter, oblong, obtuse, with a cusp. Ovary including calyx half an inch long ; sepals round-deltoid, obtuse, with an oblique cusp. Petals lemon- yellow, twice as long as the sepals. — Sant Catherina, South Brazil ; discovered by M. Libon, to whom we are indebted for the intro- duction of many Brazilian species. Introduced into cultivation in 1864 ; drawn for the 'Botanical Magazine' from a specimen that flowered at Kew this winter, presented by Mr. J. T. Peacock, but 2h 234 A SVXOPSIS Ul<' THE GENUS .ECiniEA. not yet published. — Tillamhia tctnistachia, Veil. El. Flum., iii. t. 1S7 {Hophqihi/tJi))) tetrastich !ju))i, Beer, Brom., 137j, may be a rude drawing of this si^ecies with au accidentally compound spike. 52. jE. comata, Baker. — Fothiiava cotnata, Gaudich., Atl. Bonite, 1. 116. — Hojiloj/Jnjtioncomatwn, Beer, Bvom., 140. — Leaves lanceolate, about two feet long, narrowed to the point, minutely toothed. Scape above a foot long, with many adpressed lanceolate bract- leaves. Flowers in a dense oblong spike about three inches long, two inches in diameter. Flower-bracts lanceolate, acute, as long as the calyx. Calyx with ovary half an inch long ; ovary oblong- trigonous, furfuraceous ; sepals lanceolate, cuspidate. — South America. Known only from Gaudichaud's figure. 53. yE. coNTRACTA, Baker. — BiUhenjia contracta, Mart.; Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1263. — Leaves w^ith a dilated utricular base and a lanceolate lamina one foot and a half to two feet long, nine to fifteen lines broad, the lower edge-spines one -twelfth to one-sixth of an inch long, the upper smaller. • Scape one foot and a half to two feet long, purplish, its bract-leaves tinted red-purple, the upper ones toothed, tw^o and a half to three and a half inches long. Flowers in an oblong spike three to four inches long, with a flexuose tomentose rachis. Flower-bracts ovate-acuminate, entire, one- thu'd of an inch to half an inch long. Sepals lanceolate, one-third of an inch long, obtuse or sub-acute. Petals orange-yellow, twice as long as the sepals. — Brazil in the Amazon province, at Arara- coara and Porto das Miranhas, Martius. 54. M. NUDicAULis, Griseb., Flor. Brit. West. Ind, 593. — Bromelia nudicaulis, Linn. Sp., 409 ; Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 143. — Billberyia nudicaulis, Lindl. Bot. Reg., sub. t. 1068. — Hohenheryia nudicauUs, Baker in Ref. Bot., sub. t. 284. — Bromelia liitea, Meyer Esseq., 145. — BUlhergia lutea, Schultes fil., Syst. Veg., vii., 1258. — B. pijramidata, Beer, Brom., 123. — Hoplophytum vudicanle, K. Koch ; E. Morren, Cat.," 1873, 9. — H. lamKjinosum, Beer, Brom., 138. — Leaves with a dilated entire base three to four inches broad and a lorate lamina one to two feet long, two to three inches broad at the middle, rounded at the tip to a small cusp, the close horny dark coloured edge-teeth one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch long. Scaj)e a foot or more long, with several large lanceolate red bract- leaves. Flowers in a dense simple cylindrical spike two to six inches long, one inch to one inch and a half in diameter. Flower-bracts very minute. Calyx including ovary half an inch to five-eighths of an inch long ; sepals as long as the ovary, oblong-lanceolate, minutely mucronate. Petals pale yellow, one -sixth of an inch longer than the sepals.— Cuba, C. Wriyht, 673 ! 1524 ! Trinadad, Schacht I Columbia, ('ituiiwj! Guiana, Meyer, Parker! Appun I Eio Janeiro, (Haziou, 7501 ! Litroduced mto cultivation about 1825. Var. ft. cmpidata, ]3aker. — PotJiuava spicata, Gaudich. Atl. Bonite, t. 117. — lloplopliytum spicatum, Beer, Brom., 140. — Hohenheryia spicata, Baker in Ref. Bot., sub. t. 284. Teeth of leaves large and horny. Flower-bracts minute ; sej)als furnished with a distinct pungent cusp. — South Brazil in the province of St. A SYNOPSIS OF THE ftENUS ^CHMEA. 235 Paulo, near Sautos, Burchell, 3150! 3288! Doubtk-ss tins is TUlandsia unispicata, Veil. Fl. Fliim., iii. t. 134. [Hoploplujtam unispicatum, Beer, Brom., 138.) Var. y. microdon, Baker. — Teeth leaves minute. Flower-bracts firmer in texture, lanceolate-cuspi- date, a quarter of an inch to one-third of an inch long. Sepals furnished with a distinct cusp one-twelfth of an inch long, as in the last variety. — South Brazil at Piio das Pedras, Burchell, 3617 ! 55. M. AUEANTiACA, Baker. — Canistriun anrantiaciwi , E. Morren in Belg. Hort., 1873, t. 15.- — ^Leaves ten to twelve to a rosette, with a dilated base three inches broad and a lorate lamina one foot to one foot and a half long, two inches broad at the middle, rounded to a cusp at the tip, the teeth close and very minute. Scape nearly as long as the leaves, hidden by its sheathing adpressed scariose bract-leaves, the upper of which are crowded, erect and bright red, and surround and overtop the head of the flowers. Flowers thu-ty to one hundred in a dense head. Flower-bracts lanceolate- acuminate, longer than the ovary. Flower an . inch and three- quarters to two inches long. Sepals as long as the ovary, oblong, obtuse, with a distinct cusp. Petals lingulate, orange-yellow, half an inch longer than the sepals. — South* America ; the exact country not known. Flowered with Prof. Morren at Liege for the first time in 1867. 56. M. viRiDis, leaker. — (Janistrum viride, E. Morren in Belg. Hort., 1874, 376, t. 16. — Leaves twelve to fifteen in a rosette, reaching a length of two to three feet, one inch to one mch and a half broad at the middle, the bright green lorate obtuse cuspidate lamina mottled with deeper green on both surfaces, the margin closely minutely toothed. Scape about a foot long, its bract-leaves large and lanceolate. Head globose, sixty- to eighty-flowered, surrounded and overtopped by a whorl of large greenish deltoid acute toothed bracts three to four inches long. Flower bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx with ovary one inch and a half long. Sepals lanceolate, about as long as the ovary. Petals oblong-spathulate, greenish. — South Brazil, . in the province of Santa Catherina in an island of the bay of Paranagua, Platzman._ Introduced into cultivation about 1870. [Besides aurantiaca and viridis, there are in the Kew Herbarium specimens of two species of the section Canistrum, gathered by Burchell near Sao Bento in the province of St. Paulo in South Brazil, neither of which is complete enough to characterise fuUy. 3360. Tillandsia citrma, Burchell MSS., may not unlikely be identical with T. cijathiformis, Veil., Fl. Flum., iii., t. 144 [Holien- bergia cyatJdformis, Beer, Brom., 74). — Leaves above a foot long, chartaceous, not horny in texture, with a dilated entire deltoid base one inch and a half totv/o inches broad, and an ensiform lamina an inch broad, minutely toothed, narrowed to the point. Scape slender, nearly as long as the leaves, its clasping bract-leaves large and lanceolate. Head surroundeded by a whorl of scariose mi- nutely-toothed deltoid-acuminate bracts about two inches long. 236 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FL')RA OF KENT. 3314. Leaves longer and narrower than in the last, similar in texture, linear, minutely toothed, narrowed to the point, half an inch to five-eighths of an inch hroad at the middle, narrowed to a quarter of an inch above the dilated base. Scape half a foot long, quite hidden by its large lanceolate imbricated bract-leaves. Head overtopped by a whorl of lanceolate toothed red-tinted acuminate chartaceous bract -leaves three to four inches long.] 57. M. Legrelliana, BaJxer. Hohenheiyia Lc(/reUiana, Baker in Eef. Bot., t. 285. Orti/icsia palUolata, E. Morren, Cat., 1871, 2. — Leaves about twenty in a rosette, horny in texture, about a foot long, narrowed gradually from a utricular base one inch and a half to two inches broad to an acuminate point, lanceolate, about an inch broad at the middle, the teeth half a line to one line long. Scape central, half a foot long, quite hidden by its crowded lanceolate-acuminate horny leaves. Flowers twelve to twenty in a dense oblong s^Dike about three inches long and above an inch in diameter. Flower-bracts lanceolate-acuminate, bright red, mi- nutely tooth, as long as the ovary. Calyx with ovary an inch long ; sepals lanceolate, distinctly cuspidate, united in a tube above the ovary. Petals Ungulate, red-purple, obtuse, a quarter of an inch longer than the sepals. — South America, the exact country not known. Litroduced into cultivation about 1865. 58. M. Ortgiesh, Baker. Ort/jiesia tiUandsioides, Eegel. Gartenfl., xvi., 193, t. 547. — Leaves twenty to thirty to a rosette, horny in texture, lanceolate, seven to eight inches long, narrowed gradually from an entire utricular deltoid base one inch and a half broad to an acuminate point, eight to nine lines broad two-thii'ds of the way down, the edge furnished with minute rather curved horny lanceolate teeth. Scape central, very short. Flowers in a dense oblong head. Flower-bracts lanceolate-acuminate, toothed, one inch and a half to one inch and three-quarters long. Calyx including ovary fifteen to eighteen lines long. Se^Dals oblong, with a large mucro, united in a tube above the top of the ovary. Petals Ungulate, red-purple, scarcely exserted beyond the sepals. — South America, the j)recise country not known. Introduced into cultiva- tion about 1860. Var. subcrserta , Kegel, loc. cit., is a form with a longer peduncle than in the type. THE CRYPTOCtAMIC FLOBA OF KENT— 7^r;A7^7. By T. Howse, F.L.S. (Coutinued from p. 211.) Genus 18. — Strobilomyces, J>, S. STROBH^ACEus, B. Ki'omb., t. 74, f. 12, 13. Kiiowle Park, Sevenoaks, C. ]\. Broomr. Genus 19. — Polyporus, Fr. P. ScHWEiNiTzii, Fr. Sv. Bot., t. 720. Amongst the roots of ^Dines. Goudhurst, A. S. Bicknell. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 237 P. RUFESCENS, Fr. Sow., t. 190. On a gate-post, Lawrie Park, Ui^xDer Sydenham. P. PERENNis, Fr. Sow., t. 192. Joyden's Wood, Holmes ; Kildown Woods, Dr. Dealdn. P. sQUAMosus, Ft. Grev., t. 207. Sydenham Hill. Common. P. QUERCiNUs, Fr. Huss. i., t. 52. On old oaks. Kent, Cooke ; Hayes, Huss. P. iNTYBACEus, Fr . Huss. i., t. 6. In Mr. Wollaston's garden, Chislehurst ; Knowle Park ; The Grove, Tunhridge Wells, T. Walker ; Kent, Mrs. Hussey, BerJi. Out. ; Beckenham Place, Percy Bicknell. P. GiGANTEUS, Fr. Huss., t. 82. . Rowdow Wood, near Kemsmg, Holmes. P. suLPHUREUs, Fr. Hiiss. i., t. 46. Knowle Park; wood near Kemsmg, Holmes; Hayes Place, Huss. P. CHioNEUS, Fr. Pers. M. E. ii., t. 15, f. 2. Sandwich ; Stockholnie Wood, DuDton Green. P. DESTRUCTOR, Fr. Kromb., t. 5, f. 8. On larch and Scotch fir. In a wood near Otford. P. FUMOsus, Fr. Rost., t. 42. Sydenham Hill ; Otford ; Knowle Park. P. ADUSTUs, Fr. Sow., t. 231. Knowle Park. P. cRispus, Fr. Batsch, f. 227. Sydenham Hill. P. spuMEUs, Fr. Sow., t. 211. Shortlands. P. DRYADEus, Fr. Huss. i., t. 21. On old oaks. Lullingstone Park and Cobham Park, Holmes : Hayes, Huss. P. BETULiNUS, Fr. Grev., t. 246. On birch trees. St. Paul's Cray Common; Knowle Park; Somerhill, Jenner, Fl. Tonh. P. iGNiARius, Fr. Sow., t. 132. Beckenham ; Farningham. P. RiBis, Fr. Rost., t. 83. At the base of currant and gooseberry trees. Sydenham Hill. P. CONCHATUS, Fr. On willows. Shortlands, near Bromley. P. sALiciNus, Fr. Huss. i., t. 64. On willows. Shortlands. P. ULMARius, Fr. Berk. Out., t. 16, f. 5. On elms. Chislehurst ; Lewisham ; Kent, H%i^s. tiSS THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. P. ANNosus, Fr. Eost., t. 29. Stoclvholme Wood, Duntoii Green ; Bostol Wood ; Sydenham Hill. P. HIRSUTUS, Fr. Goudhurst, Smith Dnnv. P. \'ELUTINUS, Fr. On felled stumps, Tmibridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. P. 'S'liRsicoLOR, Fr. Huss. i., t. 2^. Sydenham Hill. Common. P. ABiETiNus, Fr. Grev., t. 221. On ConifercB. Eowdow Wood, near Kemsing. P. FERRUGiNosus, Fr. Grev., t. 155. On gate-j)osts and sticks. In Mr. Wollaston's garden, Chisle hurst. P. MOLLuscus, Fr. Sow., t. 387, f. 9. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Otford; Sydenham Hill. P. YAPORARIUS, Fr. On fallen branches. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Knowle Park. P. HYBRiDus, Berk, d Br. On decaying trees, Tunbridge Wells, Forst. Fl. Tunb. P. VULGARIS, Fr. Berk. Out., t. 16. f. 6. Sydenham Hill. Genus 20. — Trametes, Fr. T. GiBBosA, Fr. Huss. ii., t. 4. Rowdow Wood, near Kemsing ; Hayes Common, Hu.sfi. Genus 21. — D^dalea, P. D. QUERciNA, p. Berk. Out., t. 19, f. 5. On oak stumps and rails. Sydenham Hill. Common. D. UNicoLOR, Fr. Sow., t. 325. Sydenham Hill ; Igtham ; Dunton Green and rocks opposite High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Holmes. Genus 22. — Merulius, Fr. M. tremellosus, Schrad. Huss. i,, t. 10. Rowdow Wood, near Kemsing, Holmes ; Hayes Common, Hvss. M. coRiuM, Fr. Grev., t. 147. Sibertswold, near Dover, Holmes. M. serpens, Fr. Sydenham Hill. Genus 23. — Fistulina, Bull. F. hepatica, Fr. Huss. i., t. 65. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Knowle Park ; Barming, Holmes ; near the Wells, Jenner II. Tonb. ; Coney Hall Farm,. West Wickham, Ferctj Bkknell. ■ Edible. THE CKYPTOGAMIC FLOEA OF KENT. 239 Order 3. — Hydnei. Genus 24. — Hydnum, L. H. IMBEICATUM, L. Gl'GV., t. 71. On the ground in pine woods. Near Maidstone, Wuodiianl, Berk. Kng. FL, p. 155. H. EEPANDUM, L. Huss. i., t. 16. Sydenham HilL Common. Edible. H. NiGKUM, Fr. Ft. Icon., t. 5, i. 2. On the ground in pine woods. Hillydeal Wood, near Otford ; wood near railway, Shoreham, Holmes. H. GEAVEOLENs, Del. Fv. Icon., t. 8, f. 1. Southboro', Faivcett. Kesembles H. nujnun, but stem slender; that of H . nigrum is stout. H. AUEiscALPiuM, L. Grcv., t. 196. Sydenham Hill; Shoreham; Ightham Common, ^MA-?(6o. H. UDUM, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 17, f. 3. On fallen branches. Margate, Berk. Fmj. FL, p. 160. •H. FAEINACEUM, F. On decayed wood. Sydenham Hill. Genus 25. — Sistoteema, P. S. coNFLUENs, P. Grcv., t. 248. Amongst grass in Mr. Field's i^lantation near Kusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells, Br. Deakin. Genus 26. — Phlebia, Fr. P. MEEISMOIDES, Fv. GtCV., t. 280. • Hayes Kectory, Huss. Order 4. — Aueiculaeini. Genus 27. — Ceateeellus, Fr. . C. coENUcopioiDES, Fr. Berk. Out., t. 19, f. 6. Joyden's Wood, and wood near lialstead. Holmes. G. siNuosus, Fr. Yaillant. Par., t. 11, f. 11-13. Joyden's Wood, Holmes. Genus 28. — Thelephoea, B'r. T. CAEYOPHYLLEA, Fr. Sauud. & Smith, t. 41, f. 2. Southboro', Famcett. T. FASTiDiosA, Fr. Samid. & Smith, t. 41, f. 1. Darenth Wood, Buss. T. LACINIATA, F. Sow., t. 213. Ightham Common ; Chislehurst ; Thornden Wood, near Canter- bury, Holmes. T. SEBACEA, Fr. Berk. Out., PI. 17, f. 6. Joyden's Wood; Bostol Wood; Tunbridge Wells, Br. Deakin. 240 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. Genus 29. — Stereum, Ft. S. purpureum, Fr. Hiiss. i., t. 20. Sydenham Hill. Common. S. hirsutum, Fr. Berk. Out., pi. 17, f. 7. S^-denham Hill. Very common. S. SPADICEUM, Fr. Bull., t. 483, f. 5. Dunton Green, Holmes. S. sanguinolentum, Fr. Grev., t. 225. On trunks of conifers. Iglitham Common ; Toy's Hill and Dunton Green, Holmes. S. RUGOSUM, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Brastead Chart, and lane from Rusthall Common to High Rocks, Holmes. Genus 30. — Hymenoch^te, Lev. H. RUBiGiNOsuM, Lev . Sow., t. 26. Common at hase of i^alings ; Sydenham Hill. Genus 31. — Aueicularia, Fr. A. mesenterica, Bull. Sow., t. 290. Near Farningham ; Seal, Allington Road, Maidstone, Dover, and Erith, Holmes. Genus 32. — Cyphella, Fr. C. capula, Fr. Holms., t. 22. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke; Sydenham Hill. Genus 33. — Corticium, Fr. C. GIGANTEUM, F7'. Sydenham Hill. C. arachnoideum, Berk. Petts Wood, near St. Mary Cray. C. L^VE, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Petts Wood ; Maidstone and Erith, Holmes. C. CiERULEUM, Fr, Huss. 1., t. 20. On old rails, Speldhurst, Holmes. C. QUERciNUM, p. Grev., t. 182. Petts Wood; Erith and Southboro', Hobnes. C. CINEREUM, Fr. Sydenham Hill. C. INCARNATUM, Fr. Wood near St. Paul's Cray Common. C. NUDUM, Fr. Sydenham HiU. On dry sticks, Margate, Berk. Eng. FL, p. 179. C. COMEDENS, Fr. Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 2'11 C. Sambuci, p. Grev., t. 242. Petts Wood; Lane from Rusthall Commou to High Rocks, Holmes. C. NIGRESCENS, F)'. Sydenham Hill. C. PUBERUM, Fr. Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray. Order 5. — Clavariei. ' Genus 34. — Clavaria, L. C. FASTIGIATA, DC. BuU., t. 358, f. D. E. Field near Shoreham ; Rusthall Common, Dr. Deakin; Soutli- boro', Faivcett. C. coRALLoiDEs, L. Sow., t. 278. Kent, Mrs. Hussey, Berk. Out. C. UMBRiNA, Berk. Berk. Out., pi. 18, f. 4. Rusthall Common, Tunbridge Weils, Dr. Deakin. C. ciNEREA, Bull. Grev., t. 64. Stockholme Wood, Dunton Green, Holmes. C. cRisTATA, Holmsk. Grev., t. 190. Sydenham Hill; near Hythe; near Halstead, and Crofton Woods, Holmes. C. EUGOSA, Bull. Grev., t. 328. Sydenham Hill ; Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. C. AUREA, SchcEf. Schseff., t. 285, 287. Hurst Wood, Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. C. FUSiFORMis, Sow. Sow. , t. 234. Sydenham Hill ; Rusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. C. CERANOIDES, P. SoW., t. 235. Tunbridge Wells, Dr. Deakin. C. iN^QUALis, Mull. Huss., 1, t. 18. Sydenham Hill; North Frith Woods, Tunbridge, Holmes; Rusthall Common, Dr. Deakin. C. \t:rmiculata. Scop. Fl. Dan., t. 1966, f. 1. Sydenham Hill ; Sonthhoio', Faivcett. C. pisTiLLARis, L. Sow., t. 277. Kent, ^frs. Hussey, Berk. Out. C. CONDENSATA, Fv. On the ground under trees, W. Farleigh, Berk. S Br. A. N. H., p. 138. Genus 35. — Calocera, Fr. C. viscosA, Fr. Schffiff., t. 174. Near Wrotham ; Shoreham and North Frith Woods, Holmes. 2i 242 THE CRYPTOCtAMIC flora of KENT. Genus 36. — Sparassis, Fr. S. CRISPA, Fr. Fr. Sver. Svamp., t. 17. Goudlmrst, A. S. Bicknell ; Hurst Wood, Tunbridge Wells, r. Walker. Geuus 37. — Pistillaria, Fr. P. quisquiliaris, Fr. Sow., t. 324, f. 1. Darentli Wood, M. C. Cooke. Order 6. — Tremellini. Genus 38. — Tremella, Fr. T. FOLiACEA, p. Bull., t. 406, f. A. Sydenham Hill ; Halstead' ; North Frith Woods, Holmes-; Starvecrow Wood, W. T. T. T. LUTESCENs, Fr. Bull., t. 406, f. C, D. Southboro', Faivcett. T. MESENTERICA, FietZ. HuSS., 1., t. 27. Near Eochester ; Otford Junction; Postling, Holmes; South- boro', Faivcett. T. ALBiDA, Hiids. Eng. Bot., t. 2117. Eowdow Wood, near Kemsing, Holmes. T. TORTA, Willd. Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray. T. yiscosA, P. Ann. Nat. Hist., xiii., t. 15, f. 4. Sydenham Hill. Genus 39. — Exidia, Fr. E. GLANDULOSA, 7^?'. HuSS., 1., t. 42. Eritli, Holmes ; Southboro', Faivcett. Genus 40. — Hirneola, Fr. H. AURICULA- JuDiE, Berk. Berk. Out., pi. 18, f. 7. On elder trees, Folkestone and Dover, Holmes. Genus 41. — N^matelia, Fr. N. NUCLEATA, Fr. On furze, Sydenham Hill. Genus 42. — Dacrymyces, Xees. D. STiLLATus, Xees. Grev., t. 159. Sydenham Hill. Common. D. deliquescens, Duhy. Bull., t. 455, f. 3. Eowdow Wood, near Kemsing. D. cHRYsocoMUS, Till. BulL, t. 376, f. 2. Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin. (Tu be coutinued). 243 SHOKT NOTES. POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM, L., IN NoETHAMPTONSHIEE. A fnencl of mine, Mr. Normau, of Towcester, who is competing for the Herbarium Prize offered by the Pharmaceutical Society, found in a spinney near Towcester some specimens of the above plant ; since then I have visited the locality, and believe them to be truly wild, as there is no trace of non-indigenous plants, and several specimens of the Solomon's Seal occur mixed with Lister a ovata, Orchis maculata, &c. This is an interesting addition to our county flora and also to ' Topographical Botany,' as it con- siderably extends the eastern range of the species. — G. C. Druce. Festuca ambigua. — The notes on this plant in the last number of the 'Journal of Botany' induces me to send freshly-gathered specimens from Tweedside, to which it has been introduced with wool, from the woollen manufactories at Galashiels, Hawick, &c. I first noticed it on the sides of the Gala in July, 1873, where it was growing along with H. ijseudo-myurus. Like many other wool-plants it is uTegular in its appearance, in some seasons occurring in considerable numbers, in others not seen at all. Possibly the floods frequently destroy the plants, as it grows on gravelly spots liable to be flooded. — Andeew Brotheeston. I Physostigma cylindeospeemum. — In reference to the note at p. 185 on this plant, Mr. E. M. Holmes wishes to say that he does not consider the occurrence of both kinds of Calabar Bean mixed in commerce to be any proof that they were so imported. He also desires to point out that there is an additional distinction between them in their reaction with liquor potassa3 ; Welwitsch's specimens giving the orange colour, ultimately turning to du-ty green, just as do the cylindrical beans of commerce : these have been found to contain more eserine than the ordinary or true Calabar Bean, the reaction of which is a pale yellow not turning green. extracts antf Nottccs of ISoolts ^ i^emotrs. EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL EXCHANGE CLUB FOR 1877-S. Notes on the Plants gathered in 1877. Edited by T. R. A. Briggs. Fumaria palUdiflora, Jord., b. Borcci. Old quarry, near Rich- mond, Yorkshire, 1877. — Dr. St. Beody. I incline to think this true Bar mi. — C. C. Babington. Sisyinbriiuii Irio, L. Berwick-on-Tweed, June and October, 1877. Recorded fi'om the same station by Ray. Confined to 244 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. a small space both on the walls and on the ground, but there in j)rofusion. — Andrew Brotherston. Viuht triculor, var. Sandy ground, St. Martin's, Scilly Islands, July 3, 1877. — J. Ealfs. It is certainly, as Mr. Baker thought, very like V. jtarvula, Tin., but seems to be too much branched. My Sicilian si3ecimens of T^ parnila are nearly simple, as described by Gussone ; ours are all much branched. But other specimens from Sicily, named and distributed by Huet de Pavilion, are exceedingly like ours and branched. — C. C. Babington. T". Curtisii, Forst. Lytham sandhills, Lancashire, June, 1877. A hitherto (so far as I can find out) unrecorded locality, but, as the various examples will show, represented here most abun- dantly in well nigh every variety of form, and likewise gradation of colour. The niost frequent are the wholly purple, or wholly yellow — the latter much resembling T'. lutea, Huds., but smaller. The species is far more abundant at Lytham than at.Southport or New Brighton sandliills ; indeed, though the latter place is mentioned in all the floras as a habitat of V. Curtisii, a diligent though fruitless search in the. summers of 1868 and 1869 causes me to believe it to be now extinct in this locality. — J. C. Melvill. Tilia gravdifolia, Ehrh. Very abundant in the woods, clothing the gorge of the Teme at Downton Castle, Herefordshire. It has all the appearance of being native here, growing mixed with oak and other native timber. The valley of the Teme at Downton bears great resemblance to that of the Wj^e, at Symond's Yat, where this hme is also abundant. — Augustin Ley. Biibiis JiirtifuHus, Wirtg. ? Hedge, Derriford, Egg Buckland, S. Devon, July 17, 1877. Apparently identical with a bramble labelled Jiirtifoliu.s, Wirtg., in Mr. Baker's collection of Continental liuhi. — T. E. A. Briggs. I have a specimen of JiirtifoUus (Wirtg. Herb. Eub., ed. 1, No. 173), which is very much like this. But Focke thinks that published specimen doubtful. He thinks that it may possibly be a form of the li. pyramidalis, Kaltenb., but I can hardly agree with him, with his own specimen of the latter (Eub. Select., 65) before me. That has, as he describes it, a truly pyramidal panicle with patent branches ; not like the Derriford plant and the above No. 173. By " foha subtus subvelutina" Focke ai^pears to mean what I should describe as " hairy only on the veins." The Derriford plant seems to be very near to I\. amplijicatus, Lees = B. stercacanthus, Miill. ; neither of which are, I think, noticed by Focke. I was probably wrong in identi- fying E. wnhraticiis, Miill., with B. ampUjicatiis, as Focke is probably correct in joining that to B. pyramidalis, Kaltenb. My specimens of B. umhratkus are from Wirtgen (H. E., ed. i. iv., 82), and Boulay (No. 9), both apparently authenticated by Miiller. I need hardly add that my B. pjjratnidaUs is a totally diflerent X^lant, which Focke considers as near to his B. myrica, but can hardly be correct in doing so. But I have not seen any specimen of B. myric(E. — C. C. Babington. B. JUo.vamii, Lees. Eoadside between Marsh Mill and Plympton St. Mary Church, S. Devon. A X3lant with quite a NOTICES OF BOOKS AND JMEMOIKS. 245 restricted distribution, yet abundant in some spots. A specimen from Crabtree was labelled Bloxamii by the late Eev. A. Bloxam. July 9, 1877. — T. E. A. Beiggs. Of course this plant from Marsh Mill is not tyxDical. A specimen of the same from Crabtree collected in July, 1865, is marked in my herb, as authentic R. rhenanus, MlilL, on the authority of Genevier. I cannot find any descrix^tion of B. rhenanus, and have no foreign specimen of it. It differs in several respects from true ii Blo.vamii, of which I have a good series before me from Lees and Bloxam, by its much more hairy stem, — indeed, hairiness throughout, — but especially by its beautiful pyramidal, open, nearly naked panicle, with long corymbose few-flowered branches which are quite simple in then* lower part. It should not go out as B. Blod-amii without note or comment, as it would convey a wrong idea of that plant. — C. C. Babington. " B. tubeyculatus, Bab." Kew, Surrey, July, 1877. — J. G. Baker. Not my plant, nor much like it. It is very like B. Bal- fourianus, especially resembling a plant so named by me in the Herb. Borrer from Bridge Wood, near Tonbridge Wells ; indeed almost the only difference is found in the more furrowed stem of the Kew plant now issued. The lower part of the stem of typical B. Balfouriamis is not furrowed, although its upper part often is so. I have never seen it with so furrowed a stem as in this from Kew. — -C. C. Babington. B. sijstyla, Bast. Hedge near Shhiey, S. Hants, August,. 1877. — J. Groves. Similar to the Devon sysUjla, considered by Deseglise to be rightly so named. — T. K. A. Beiggs. B. leucochroa, Desv. Near Kiver Teign, Trusham, 1877. — W. Moyle Eogers. a well-marked rose that abounds in Devon and Cornwall. — T. E. A. Beiggs. Saxifraga lujpnoides, L., var. Dry limestone rocks. Black Head, Co. Clare, Ireland, May 13, 1876. A variety mentioned in Cyb. Hib., having the leaves clustered in a singularly dense manner, nearly glabrous, the leaves and sepals broader and blunter than in hypnoides of the north of Ireland. The fls. small, but the stamens larger and rounder. In some quantity on bare di-y limestone rocks. — S. A. Stewart. Valericmella carinata, Lois. Helston, Cornwall, July, 1877. — J. Cunnack. Stone-dyke, Penzance, June 4, 1877. — AV. B. Water- fall. Several places near Plymouth. — T. E. A. Beiggs. Hedge- bank, near Bovey Tracey, Devon, May 26, 1877. — W. Moyle Eogees. Hedge-bank, Dundonald, Co. Down, Ireland, June 19, 1877. — S. A. Stewart. Beeston Tor, near Wetton, N. Stafford- shire, June 14, 1877. Eiversdale, Derbyshire, June 12, 1877. I am convinced that this is as native as 7. oUtoria, Mcench., in the limestone dales of Derbyshire and N. Staffordshire. This year I found it in two spots in Eavensdale, Derbyshire, growing on the limestone crags in comiDany mth F. olitoria, amid such purely native vegetation as Putentilla verna, &c. Similarly, and again mixed with V. olitoria, in the limestone dales near Wetton, N. Staffordshire ; and I used to find it in precisely similar situations 246 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND IMEMOIRS. near Buxton in 1868-70. In all these cases the two allied species seemed to be inseparable companions. The occurrence of the common one was a sure sign that the rarer was somewhere near. — AuGUSTiN Ley. I quite endorse the Kev. A. Ley's remarks as to this being as much a native as V. olitoria. In the neighbourhood of Plymouth it is not restricted to a limestone soil. — T. E. A. Briggs. Cardmis temiiftorus, Curt., form of; C. j^ljcnocephahis, Jacq. (verus). On limestone rocks above the coast, Hoe, Plymouth, June, 17, 1877. On receiving a specimen from me of this peculiar form of 0. tomijionis, Mr. H. C. Watson remarked, in a letter : — " By the tomentose pericline this should go to C. alhidus, Bieb., fide DC. Prodr., which so distinguishes C. alhidus from C. jjycnocephalus. Both are there placed as vars. under C. tenuifiorus. But, setting aside the tomentose involucre, your specimen is iiq^yqx jnjcnocephalusy Senecio judiistris, DC. Fen, with Cladium Marisciis, PJii/ncho- spora alha, Pimum cuius Liuf/ua, yephrodium Tkeh/pteris, &c., East Norfolk, July, 1877. About twenty plants were seen, some having only radical leaves, others m flower and fruit. — A. Bennett. Hieraciiim Dewan, Boswell in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1878. (See B. E. C. Rep., 1876, pp. 26, 27). I suppose I have the Loch Long plant ticketed as found by myself at Arroquhar, Dumfries- shu-e, August 23, 1842, marked as H. inuloides by me, but corrected H. strictum by Backhouse. I find no trace of ever having called it H. Lapeyrousii. I have also a specimen from Killin (August 1, 1844), formerly called H. dcnticidatwn and H. strictum; and one from Inverarnan, Loch Lomond, similarly named; w^hich I believe are H. Deu-ari. Also one from Glen Maliene, Antrim, gathered by I. Carroll, and called H. strictum by Backhouse, which I suppose may be H. Deu-ari. One named H. strictum, by Mr. T. Drummond, from Aberdona, Clackmannan (August 12, 1875), is api^arently correct. — C. C. Babington. Mentha puhescens, Willd. Brookside, near Mitcheldean, West Gloucester, Se^Dtember 13, 1877. — AugustimLey. Mentha puhescens I call M. hirsuta, L., and do not separate the forms given in the ' Students' Flora,' even if they are distinguishable from M. aquatica. — C. C. Babington. Is hirsuta a slip of the pen for aquatica? Stachys annua, L. .Downs near Sevenoaks, Kent, August 4, 1873. Coll. by Jas. Fletcher ; com. by W. H. Beeby. The enclosed specimen was collected by my friend, Mr. John Fletcher, who is now in Canada. He writes me that it was growing abundantly on the open downs. — W. H. Beeby. Salix Russelliana, Sm., fide Leefe. Tweedside, below Trows Crags, Roxburgh, May 29 and September 13, 1876 ; June 12, 1877. Mr. Leefe, after seeing a specimen, rex^lied: — " S. riusseUiana in my opinion, though the axis of the aments is more woolly and the leaves broader than usual." S. IlusscUiana, Sm., male and female ; PeatingBog, Roxburgh, May, 1876, and September, 1877. Banks of Teviot, near Kelso, Roxburgh, May and September, 1877. This without the catkins would pass for alba. I send a series of Russelliana that have all been seen and examined by the Rev. J. E. Leefe, who, as will be seen, includes a wide range of forms NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 247 under that name — from very near fragilis on one hand to alha on the other. — Andrew Brotherston. Salix (sp. ?) PeatingBog, Eoxburgh, April, 1876. I send this without a name. It seems to have touches of stipularis, Smithiana, and ferniginea, but in some important points does not agree with any of them. The following are some remarks by Mr. Leefe on it : — '* This is a peculiar form, leaves lesemblmg ferniginea, except as to stipules, and there is a broad leaf which looks suspicious of something else. The catkins resemble stipularis, but the germen is manifestly stalked. Pedicel sometimes as long as style. Worthy of further observation. I do not venture to call it stipularis.' After sending fresh specimens of catkins I had the following reply : — " I see I felt some doubt .about this when you hrst sent it to me. On the whole I should refer it to stipularis." As I wished to get his further opinion before sending specimens to B. E. Club, I sent more specimens, and he rex^lied : — "The stipules are not those of stipularis, Sm., and the ovarium does not aj)pear to be sessile : I should name it doubtfully Smithiana, Willd." — Andrew Brotherston. I should call this /err m/ijiea. — J. T. Bos^-ell. " Sali.v near rw/osa.'" Bowmont Forest, Eoxburgh, May, 1877 •; October, 1876. Mr. Leefe says of this : — " I think S. rugosa. I have leaves like this from Yorkshire. It varies much in the form and length of the leaves." — Andrew Brotherston. I am quite puzzled with this. The very long styles — longer than even those of S.ferrwjinea, on the one hand ; and the leaves* most like those of cmerea in texture, also in the venation and condition of the lower surfaces, on the other hand, make up a plant unlike anything I have seen. — J. T. Boswell. Potamogeton salicif alius, Wolfg., teste Prof. Babington. In the Wye, Sellack, Herefordshhe, July 15, 1877. The name of this is given on the authority of Prof. Babington. I have had it in my herbarium ever since 1866, without knowing what to name it. In the last and the present year I found it again, and sent it up to him. He tells me he feels satisfied that it is the P. salicif olius of his ' Manual.' It grows in the Wye in shallow, moderately swift water, and though flowering freely, I have been unable to find any fruit perfected. — Augustin Ley. Antlwxanthum Puelii, Lee. & Lam. Whittington, Staffordshire, August, 1877. In abundance in a field, probably introduced with grass seeds. Mr. W. Matthews, of Birmingham, and the Eev. J. H. Thompson found it in another grass field near Churchill, Worcestershire, about two miles from this locality. — J. Eraser. Chara fcetida, Braun. The Lizard, W. Cornwall, Sept., 1877. Coll. by Mr. Curnow for Mrs. E. A. Lomax. • C. fcetida from the Lizard is curious, and worth more attention. It may be diflerent, but I cannot now settle that i^oint. It is apparently the plant from near Kynance Cove, which I named C. fcetida, var. densa of Cosson last year. It is more like Cosson's figure (Atl. El. de Paris, p. 37, f. 8) than the Kynance Cove plant. — C. C. Babington. *' 6'. hispida.'" Shallow pool on downs, Lizard, W. Cornwall; August 25, 1877. — W. B. Waterfall. C. polgaoantha, I beheve. 248 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. I SO named what is apparently the same plant for Mr. Ealfs from " rivulet on Lizard Downs " last year. — C. C. Babington. Eeport on the Plants gatheeed in 1878. Edited by J. G. Baker. Ranunculus fluitans. River Eamont, Cumberland, Rev. W. Wood ; gathered by W. Hodgson. New to subprovince 25. — A form with floating leaves from the Teviot, near Roxburgh Castle ; gathered by Mr. A. Brotherston. Polygala vulgaris var. (jrandiflora. Specimens so named were sent from Cwm Idwal, Carnarvon, Rev. A. Ley ; and chalk debris near Dover, A. Bennett. These I asked Mr. A. W. Bennett to examine, and he reports: — "The specimens marked Pohjgala vulgaris var. grandijiora from Cwm Idwal, collected by Mr. A. Ley, are nothing but rather large -flowered specimens of the ordmary form. Those with the same name, gathered by Mr. A. Bennett near Dover, more resemble the Ben Bulben variety, both in the smaller lower leaves and fleshy habit, and in the apiculate wiry sepals. Still, no one who saw them together would say that the Kentish plant exhibited more than an approach towards the remarkable Irish variety." Malva borealis, Wallm. (ill. Henningii, Goldb.) This species is now becoming one of the common mallows of the neighbourhood of London. From what we in England call M. rotundifolia of Linnseus, which is the ilZ. vulgaris of Fries and many other conti- nental authors, it diflers by its much smaller flowers and fruit- carpels marked on the back by distinct transverse ridges. It comes much nearer to the common South Ei\ropean M. jmrvifiora of Linn^us, but in this latter the calyx is more markedly accrescent in the fruiting stage, and the dorsal ridges of the fruit-carpels are more strongly iDronounced and produced into marginal teeth. I have not seen any British si^ecimens of the true parvijiora. This year Mr. Nicholson has contributed specimens of three varieties of borealis, all gathered in the neighbourhood of Kew, with characters as follows : — 1. The type, as issued by Fries in his ' Herbarium Normale ' under the name of M. rotundifolia, and figured by Reichenbach under the same name in his ' Icones,' tab. 4835, with slightly hah-y fruit, a quarter of an inch in diameter, and a relatively small calyx with sepals hardly at all incurved at the tip. 2. A form with a smaller fruit (one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch in diameter) not particularly hairy, with a calyx as large as in the type, which wraps over it so as nearly to hide it. This is probably M. inicrocarpa, Reich. Ic, tab. 4883, but not the plant so called by Desfontaines, which is o, parvijiora form. 3. A form with densely hispid fruit as large as in the type, but with the sepals incurved and wrapped over it as in the second variety. Trifolium supinuin and spumosujit. AVaste ground on the Surrey side of the Thames, near Kew. — G. Nicholson. Fotentilla norvegica. A good supply sent by Dr. Arnold Lees NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 249 with the following note : — " This occurs in two West Yorkshire localities, some twelve miles apart, in both of which it has been known for over a dozen years. It continues to spread along certain lines of waterway. Along the banks of the canal, and Eiver Aire, from Lake Loch Stanley towards Castleford, in the vice-connty of S. W. York, it is found for miles ; and also grows in profusion in the stonework of the canal between Armley Mills and Kirkstall in the vice-county of Mid-west Y^ork. It was first recorded in print in 1866 (' Naturalist,' O.S., vol. ii., p. 80), by the late T. W. Gissing — a Wakefield botanist — under the name of Aremonia agrimonioides, as ' pretty abundant by the canal running from Stanley to the Calder.' Now, in 1878, this humble alien weed offers an example of perfectly successful colonisation only paralleled by Ariacharis or Impatiens fiilra. It was probably originally introduced with baulks or props of Norway pine used about the canal locks or in adjoining coal-pits, but it has now become as ineradicable as the indigenous weeds to be found with it by the towing-paths where it occurs, and in future editions of our descrix3tive manuals deserves a place much more than many other species of less recent introduction. It is a most prolific seeder, and the seeds germinate wherever they fall, apparently whether fully ripened on the parent plant or not." Rosa sepium. One of the most valuable contributions this year is a good supply of this species from a hedge near Puttenham, in Surrey, from Messrs. H. & J. Groves. This for the first time settles it down firmly as an English plant. I got it near Hind Head many years ago, but saw only a couple of bushes. So far as I know it has never been seen in Warwickshire since Mr. Bree gathered it a generation ago. FiUhus mucronulatus. Mr. G. Nicholson sends, from the neigh- bourhood of Kew, specimens of a London bramble which is regarded by Babington as a variety of mucronulatus, a stronger- growmg plant than the type, with many setae on the barren stem, end-leaflets round (not obovate) with a decided cusp, panicle with more numerous and stronger prickles, and denser, more numerous flowers with shorter pedicels. I know of no special name for this, but it is a well-marked form that comes in between mucronulatus, villicaulis, and fuscoater. The true mucronulatus, which Dr. Boswell sends this year from the neighbourhood of Aberdour, in Fife, we do not get anywhere in the neighbourhood of London. R. villicaulis. Mr. Bagnall sends a plant from New Park, Mid- dleton, Warwickshire, which Bloxam named R. heteroclitus, Wirtgen. This seems to me a slight variety of R. viliicauUs, and another plant from Mr. Bagnall from the same locality named adscitus by Bloxam to be typical villicaulis, as we understand it in England. R. ramosus, Blox. Minworth, Warwick, J. Bagnall ; and Bii-cham, Egg Buckland, South Devon, T. E. A. Beiggs. This seems to me a well-marked bramble, allied to rluunnifolius. I have never met with it about London, or in the north of England. it. conjUfolius var. it. defjener, MuUer. Under this name, for which I am indebted to Genevier, I have distributed a few speciinens, from 2k 250 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. hedges at Kew, of a bramble that comes in between Balfourianus and cori/UfoJiiis var. iiiterniedius. It has angular barren stems, copious large prickles on the rachis of its panicle, and ascending fruit-sepals. Li/thnan hyssojjifoJiiDn. This I gathered last year in small quantity on the Surrey side of the Thames above Kew Bridge. Ht'losciadiu)}}. nodijiorum var. ochreatuw, DC- [Slum lujhridum, Merat.) Barnes Common, Surrey, G. Nicholson. This is a dwarf form of nodijiorum with small obtuse leaflets, one to three lanceolate bracts, and flower-umbels on peduncles one-quarter to one-half of an inch long. From H. repens, which is very rare in Britain, with which it is sometimes confounded, it differs by its assurgent flowering stems and shorter peduncles. Mentha puhescem. Pengersick Castle, J. Cunnack ; and stream on Pra Sands, nearHelstou, Cornwall, J.Ealfs. This is the first time we have had a supply of this interesting mint, which was gathered a generation ago in the neighbourhood of Penzance by Mr. Borrer, but has been long sought for in vain by the resident botanists. Acanthus viol lis. Thoroughly established, on a hedge-bank at Treath Manaccan, Cornwall, growing with Allium Ampelopyasum, W. B. Wateefall. Orohanche elutior. It seems quite clear now that the Epsom Orohanche, which has been called lucorum, is -only elatior pure and simple. Mr. A. Bennett sends it this year from " fields between the town and downs, proceeding from the back of the grand stand towards the town of Epsom." Solanimi nigrum. A form with the fruit bright green when ripe [8. luteo-virescens of Gmelin), from rubbish-heaps at Mortlake, Surrey, G. Nicholson. Veronica Buxhaumii. A variety with very hairy stems, flowers smaller than usual, and fruit-carpels not ribbed till the plant is dried, from waste ground at Kew, G. Nicholson. Sijmplnjtu})! asperrimum. The introduced British plant which has been so called by Babington in ' Flora Bathonensis,' and Dr. Boswell in ' English Botany,' of which Mr. Flower sends us a good supply this year from the long-known station in the neighbourhood of Bath, and Kev. W. H. Purchas from Grange Mill, near Wirks- worth, Derbyshire, is evidently not the true wild 8. asperrimum, M. B., of the Caucasus, but a garden hybrid between that species and 8. officiyiale, which is often planted for forage, and which is most likely 8. peregrinum, Ledeb., Fl. Ross., vol. iii., p. 114. 8. asperrimum is a plant that grows five or six feet high, with stems densely clothed with very short, rigid, bristly pubescence, many of the bristles springing from white calcareous tubercles, leaves rough over the face with bristle-pointed white tubercles, like Anchusa italica, lower leaves of the flowering branches ovate and contracted suddenly at the base, and a flower-calyx not more than one-eighth of an inch long, with linear-oblong obtuse teeth not longer than the tube. The naturalised hybrid has much less bristly stems, leaves without white tubercles on the face, lower leaves of the flowering branches both absolutel}^ narrower and narrowed more gradually at the base, and a flower-calyx like that of ojlicinale, with acute linear teeth twice as long as the tube. Mr. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 251 Flower tells me tliat the Bath plant grows sometimes to the height of a man,, so that it is not inferior to the iiiie asjjerrim urn in stature, although in its leaves and flowers it seems much nearer to ofjicinalc. We have the true asperrimum in the Kew herbarium from the neighbom'hood of Stirling, gathered by G. Thomson. Chenopodiuin opulifolium. Mud-heaps at Mortlake, Surrey, G. Nicholson. Urtica ■pilulifera. The lower branches of several vigorous plants growing on rubbish-heaps at Kew had the deeply serrated leaves of typical pilulifera, whilst the upper part of the plant showed the entire or subentire leaves of var. Dodartii, G. Nicholson. Polygonum alpestre, C. A. Meyer. On the Surrey side of the Thames, near Kew Bridge, where it was first gathered by Mr. Naylor in 1872, G. Nicholson. It is identical with P. cognatum, Meisn., and is common through Western Asia. Rumex. Dr. Trimen has kindly examined the critical forms of Rumex received this year, and reports on them as follows : — " An interesting series of specimens is sent by Eev. Augustin Ley from the banks of the tidal river Wye at Tintern, collected at the end of July, 1878. This Dock-vegetation in Monmouthshire is appa- rently much the same, as that of the tidal Thames. 'Rumex, form of conglomeratus, Murr.' This is a rather slender form with ascending branches, but scarcely var. Borreri. ' Rumex, hybrid. Tidal banks, Tintern.' These are various forms of R. pratensis (crispus X obtusifoUus). ' Rumex elongatus, Gussone ? Muddy tidal banks, Tintern, 30th July, 1878.' A fine series of large specimens of this ; quite the same as the Thames i)lant. Whatever may "be its proper name, it cannot be separated as a species from it. crispus. In some of Mr. Ley's specimens the petals are denticulate, as in R. crispus, and one has the lower leaves slightly crisped. There is a sugges- tion of R. Hydrolapathum about this river-side Dock, but I do not think it is a hybrid between that species and R. crispus. ' Rumex hybrid, pidcher x obtusifoUus. Waste ground, West Head, East Cornwall, near the sea, 12th July, 1878.'. Portions of a large plant. I agree in the naming, but have not seen English specimens of this intermediate before. R. obtusifoUus predominates. ' Rumex hybrids. Waste ground by the sea, West Head,' and * Hedgerow near MiUbrook, East Cornwall, 12th July.' These are R. jjvatensis more or less typical. 'Field near Cawsand, E. Cornwall.' The. same ; a curious form, close to R. crispus, and with the tubercles almost entirely suppressed. There are now on record a number of intermediate and probably hybrid forms of Rumex in England. The species which seem most j)rone to cross are R. pulcher, R. crispus, and R. conglomeratus. I have seen EngUsh sx^ecimens of apparently the following hybrids : Rumex pidcher X rupestris. 5> )> X obtusifoUus. n >> X conglomeratus. >> >> X nemorosus / >♦ >> X crispus. 252 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. UiiNied' oisjJKs X obtusifoUus (B. pratensis, M. & K. ) ,, ,, X nemorosus. ,, ,, X domesticus (7?. conspersus, Hartm.) ,, com/lo)iwratns X maritimns (forma Warrenii). ,, ,, X si/lvestris. Of these 1\. pratemis [cyispo-oJ)tusifolim) is by far the most common. This is an exceedingly variable iDlant, showing a series of forms completely connecting its two supposed parents. Probably the plants are often again crossed by either crispus or ohtusifuHus, and secondary hybrids result ; it is convenient for further distinguish- ing these forms to call them crispo-pratensis or ohtusifoUo-pratensis." — H. Trimen, 28th February, 1879. Wolifia (trh'na. A good supply this year from a new station, a pond near the canal between Hanwell and Brentford, Middlesex, G. Nicholson. Potamixjeton Zizii, C. & S. A plant sent by Mr. Brotherston from Cauldshiels Loch, near Melrose, Eoxburghshire, matches German specimens so labelled in the Kew herbarium by Dr. A. Braun. P. Zizii appears to be a large deep-water form of heteroplnjUm, simulating P. lucens in general habit, and destitute of floating leaves. The same ^Dlant is in Borrer's herbarium from Llyn Maclog, in Angiesea, gathered by Wilson. Zannlchellia pohjcarpa. Brackish ditch in the Peoples' Park at Belfast, S. A. Stewart. An interesting addition to the Irish flora. Zostera aiu/ustifolia. Dr. Trimen points out that a plant gathered ])y Mr. Waterfall at Plymouth, and labelled Z. nana, .is properly an(/u.stifolia, and that the true nana, of which Mr. Ralfs has sent a good supply from Cornwall, may be readily distin- guished in the absence of flowers by its strictly 1 -nerved leaves. " Iris Pseudo-Acorns, Boreau, Flore du Centre de la France. (Z. Pseudacorus, Linn., var. (/enuina, Syme Eng. Bot.) Banks of Thames, Kew, Surrey, and fish-pond, Sion House, Isleworth, Middlesex. This is a very distinct Iris, and easily distinguished from the prevailing form (I. acorifonuis, Boreau, with which it is probably frequently confounded) b}^ the following characters : — /. Pseudacorus-, Boreau. Outer periauth-segments of a uniform clear yellow colour ; blade broadly obovate ; claw rather short ; stigmas long and narrow. — I. acoriformis, Boreau. Blade of outer perianth segments nearly orbicular, a deeper blotch at base ; claw long, greenish yellow marked with prominent violet-purple veins ; stigma shorter and broader than in last-named, and the yellow of the flower almost a shade less deep." — G. Nicholson. Carex pxinctata. Dr. Trimen XDoints out that a i^lant so labelled, gathered by Mr. Stewart on rocky shore at Dingle, Kerry, is properly a small form of distans. JJronnis Jjenckeni. " Garden grown; root from Eaton Bisho]3, Herefordshire, July, 1878, A. Ley. This appears to be correctly referred to 77. P.enckeni, Laiige, diftering from that plant mainly in its greater luxuriance and more ample panicle, the result 2)robably of garden cultivation. Sx^ecimcns of the original wild plant, with notes on its locality and distribution, would be of great interest." — H. Trimen. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 253 OpJiioglossum vulgatwn, L., /3 amhiguum, G. & G. " Pasture at the west end of the Calf of Flotta, Orkney, August 2, 1878. Discovered on the above date by Mr. Wm. A. Irvine Fortescue. I have seen two specimens of this plant from near the Black Crag, Stromness, where Miss Patricia Deuchar first found it in 1877. These two stations and Dr. Boswell's one at Veness, and that at Swanbister, in Orphir, are all at the seashore." — H. Halceo Johnston, December 31, 1878. The Botanical Text-Book. Sixth Edition. Part I. Structural Botany, or Orf/anography on the basis of Morphology ; to which is- added the ininciples of Taxononiy and Phytography, and a Glossary of Botanical Terms. By Asa Gray, LL.D., &c. 1879. (Ivison and Co., New York.) This iS rather a long title, but it quite accurately gives the scoj)e and contents of the volume. Those who are familiar with the last previous edition of the American ' Text-Book ' — and its excellence made it widely known and much used in England — will see that Prof.^^Gray has much restricted the range of subjects in his new volume. The date of that edition is 1866, and during the long interval the^relative importance of the various departments of Botany has greatly altered. Then it was thought necessary merely to give a brief outline of histological and physiological structures and processes ; the Cryptogamia were still more imperfectly treated; and the whole book extended but to 556 pages. Now all these subjects are entirely omitted, as well as the short sketches of the Natural Orders, which occupied 140 pages of the old edition; and the volume (x^p. 442) is strictly devoted to the morphological anatomy of Phanerogams, with sections on the principles regulating then- classification, description, and nomen- clature. It was, indeed, the masterly and philosophical treatment of these sections of the science which always gave to the Text- Book its special value ; they have been particularly the branches to which the author's long and laborious life has been devoted, and it is with great satisfaction- that botanists will receive this fuller treatment of them at his hands. _ The whole has-been entirely re -written, and it is scarcely necessary to say, well written. Dr. Gray is able to convey strictly technical instruction in the attractive and easy style only reached by a few masters. Much has been added, especially under the sections of Phyllotaxy and Anthotaxy, the structure of the flower, and the adaptations in flowers for insect-fertilization. Keferences to other authors are also greatly increased, and a wide acquaintance with researches, ancient and niodern, is evidenced everywhere, the results being stated in the briefest and simplest manner. Indeed, students of this branch of botany will never find them- selves XDUzzled and mystified by the presentation of conflicting views and contradictions so often found in text-books. The only fault to be found is the quite unnecessary number of foot-notes, which interfere seriously with consecutive reading on nearly every page. Foot-notes are necessary evils, aud they 254 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. should be reduced to the Smallest xDroportions ; nothing which will well go m the orderly sequence of the text should be put iu them. Here some of the most interesting and important researches are only to be found in long foot-notes, often extending from one page to another. The descriptions of the figures, which should have been placed beneath them, are also in foot-notes in a slightly different type to the others ; the whole resulting in a very confused arrangement. The remarks on nomenclature and synonymy are admirable, and fully in accord with the principles which have been advocated here by Mr. Bentham and others. We have also a very full glossary of fifty pages, which forms an index to the volume. The whole work is contemplated to occupy four volumes, of which Prof. Goodale has undertaken that on Histology and Physiology, and Prof. Farlow an introduction to Cryptogamous Botany, whilst Prof. Gray himself " may rather hope than expect" to draw up the fourth on the Natural Orders of Phanerogamous Plants. May the hope be fulfilled ! H. T. Floral Dissections. Illustrative of Typical Genera of the British Natural Orders. Lithographed by the Rev. G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., &c. 1879. (London, E. Stanford.) This is intended for students beginning to work at the Natural Orders, and its object is to assist them to arrive at an accurate comprehension of structural Botany. With this view very numerous figures of the parts of the flower of several leading genera of 77 Natural Families have been closely arranged in eight long quarto plates, accompanied by twenty pages of short descriptions. There is, no doubt, a great deal of information com^n-essed into a small compass here ; but the plan adoj)ted does not appear to be a good one. The figures are too small generally (they are drawn to no scale), too closely crowded, and in many cases not very clearly expressed. The Umbelliferae and Grasses, for example, cannot be considered to be satisfactorily treated : a few large clear figures would be of more use to the student. A good and full series of figures of the genera of British plants, somewhat on the plan, or even more extended, -of Gray's ' Genera of the United States '. or Nees' ' Genera Florae Germanics ' (from which latter many of the figures in the present book are copied), — both, unfortunately, unfinished works, — is still a real desideratum. H. T. The ' Eeport of the Botanical Locality Record Club' for 1878 contains the usual list of "new" county records {i.e., new in the sense of not having been previously printed in Mr. Watson's books or these Reports), and various notes on British species. To a considerable extent these refer to the same specimens as the Exchange Club Report, of which we reprint extracts in the present number. The Rev. A. Ley reports of Dromus Benekeni — which he finds in three counties, Monmouth, Hereford, and York north-west — that it flowers about a week before B. serotinus, keex)s its NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 255 characters well under cultivation, and that at Monmouth the two grew together without any intermediates being seen. Mr. Brother- ston has a note on Potamo/jeton Zizii/'' from which it. appears that the same plant is recorded as P. decipiens (from an imperfect example sent by Mr. Borthwick in 1869) by Prof. Babington, in the 7th edition of his ' Manual,' and was named P. heterophyllus by Dr. Boswell (Syme) in 1875, but now considered by him "typical oiitens.'" Prof. Babington now names it Ziui, and, as will be seen from the Exchange Club Keport, Mr. Baker agrees with him in so calling it. We have latety had the opportunity of examining Mr. Brotherston's specimens and comparing them with numerous continental examx3les, and can fully confirm this nomenclature. We hope soon to give a figure and description of this interesting critical Pondweed. A novel feature in the Eeport are the Bryological Lists, three of which are here given as a first instal- ment— West Cornwall, East Cornwall, and North Lincolnshire. The Editor insists absolutely on the rule that every species-name recorded must be represented by a sufficient specimen. Mr. Hemsley has issued a second part of his ' Diagnoses ' of new Mexican and Central American x^lants, dated July, 1879. There are about 80 new species described ; and a new genus of BignoniacecB from Panama, Godmania (founded on Cyhistax macro- c«rjj«, Benth.) is dedicated to the ■ liberal naturalist and traveller, Mr. F. D. Godman. There is also a revision of the Central American species of Piondeletia. In ' Contribuciones a la Flora de Paraguay,' Fasc. 4, Senor Parodi describes systematically the species of Psidium, pAKjenia, Myrcia, and Myrtus. Nearly all, i.e. 70, are apparently new, and are described in Latin, but the author has scarcely in any case affixed a specific name, refraining, it would appear, lest he should add to the existing confusion of nomenclature. We note with satisfaction the continuation, after an interval, of Baillon's fine ' Dictionnaire de Botanique,' by the issue of the first part of vol. 2. It maintains its excellence fully, but it may be a question whether such long articles as Dr. Lanessan's on Chlorophyll (pp. 17), and Circulation (pp. 23), are not rather out of place in a dictionary. The plates and descriptions of species of chief botanical interest in Bentley & Trimen's ^Medicinal Plants' (Parts 38-40) are — Gossypiuin harhadense, Dorema Ammoniacum, Hibiscus esculentus, Dichopsis Gutta, Metroxylon Sagu, Smilax officinalis, S. medica, Cin- namomum Cassia, Cichona officinalis, C. succiruhra, C. Calisaya, Aloe succotrina, A. spicata, Balsamodendrum Myrrha, Gracilaria lichenoides. Two more parts will complete the work. * This species is referred to '-Boreau" in the Keport; but Boreau treats it as a variety of P. heterophyllus, Schreb. The authors' of P. Zizii as a species are Mertens and Koch ; the latter afterwards considered it as merely a variety, but Reichenbach and Lange have restored it to specific rank. In the Exchauge Club Report " C. & S." are credited with the species, but'Chamisso and Scblechtendal also made it only a variety of their P. Proteus, which included P. heterophyllus and P. lueeus. 256 BOTANICAL NEWS. Other New Books. — E. Boissier, 'Flora Orientalis,' vol. iv,, pt. 2 {CoroUijiorcc concluded, and Monochlamyde(E)/ 1879 (Georg, Geneva and Basel, IG mk). — ' Cryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien,' Bd. ii., hft. 2. Flecliteu, von B. Stein, 1879 (Breslau, Kern's Verlag). — A. & C. Eiviere, ' Les Bambons ' (Martinet, Paris). — * Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers,' vol. viii. (1861-1873, concluded), 1879 (20s. ) — L. Just, ' Botanischer Jaliresbericlit,' 1877. Part 2, 1879 (Borntraeger, Berlin, 12 mk.) Articles in Journals. — June. Oesterr. But. Zeitschr. — L. Menyliartli, ' Boripa Borhasii, u. sp.' — A. Kerner, ' On the history of plant-distribution.' — V. v. Borbas, 'On some Epilobiums.' — L. v. Vukotinovic, ' Novre Quercunm Croaticarum fornife.' — H. Zukal, ' The common life of Moss and Lichen.' — S. Schulzer, ' Mycological notes.' — R. F. Solla, ' Notes from Carinthia.' Heihvicjia. — J Schroeter, ' Protomyces graminicola, Sacc' Flora. — W. J. Behrens, ' Nectaries of flowers ' (contd., t. 5). — K. A. Henniger, ' Hyjjridization in plants ' (contd. ) — L. Cela- kovsky, ' On the gymnospermy of ConifercB.' — P. G. Strobl, ' Flora of the Nebrodes ' (^contd.) Bot. Zeitiiwj. — P. F. Reinsch, ' A new genus of Chroolepidea ' (t. 3a). — P. Ascherson, 'The observations on Pianunculus of G. .Becker.' — B. Frank, ' On parasites in the root -swellings of Papi- liunaceiB ' (t. 5j. — A. Prazmowski, ' On development and fermenta- tive power of som.e Bacteria,.'' Magyar Nov. Lapoli. — L. Menyharth, ' Addenda to Flora of Kalocsa.' — L. Simkovics, ' Botanical notes,' I. American Journal ( SillimaiVsj. — C. S. Sargent, ' The forests of Central Nevada.' Botanual Ntius. Mr. F. Moore has been appointed Curator of the Glasnevin Botanical Gardens in succession to his father, the late Dr. D. Moore. He is succeeded at the College Botanical Gardens, Dublin, by Mr. F. W. Burbidge. It is understood that the India Museum is to be given up, and its contents distributed to various other institutions where it is considered they will be of more public utility. The Swedish Government intends to x^urchase the house and estate of Hammarby, near Upsala, which was the residence of Linn^us during the latter part of his life, and has axjpropriated for the purpose the sum of 80,000 crowns. The house was built under the direction of Linueeus himself, and has remained unoccu- pied since his death. 257 ©tiginal ^xtitlm. SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE JAMAICA FEENS KECOEDED IN GEISEBACH'S ' FLOEA OF THE BEITISH WEST INDIES.' By Gt. S. Jenman. In vol. vi. of the ' Journal of Botany' (new series), page 263, I gave a supplement to the Jamaica Ferns recorded in Grisebach's 'Flora of the British West Indies.' Since then I have made two hasty trips collecting — one to the Manchester hills, the other to Blue Mountain Peak, by which, with the discoveries of Mr. Nock, of the Government Cinchona Plantation, the following plants have been added to the list of species and varieties then enumerated and described. I am again indebted to Mr. Baker for the important and indispensable service of comparing my collections with the very comprehensive fern herbaria at Kew ; for references to figures, and numerous notes as to his idea of the affinity of several of the more notable j)lants. Though agreemg mainly with Mr. Baker's views regarding the limits of species, my acquaintance with the living plants in their habitats has, in a few instances, led me to depart from his conclusions. With one or two exceptions, the new species accepted by Mr. Baker in this paper have his name attached to them. Gleichejiia cUcJiotoma, Willd. 3.* Cyathea Nockii, Jenman, n. sp. — Caudex less than two inches thick, only a few inches long, procumbent and rooting fi-om the under side, corrugated with the raised and densely- crowded bases of the past stipites ; stipites c^spitose, few or many, erect, the gradually- dwindling pinnse reaching to their very base, unarmed, rusty tomentose beneath, above clothed with lanceolate dark-brown scales ; fronds erecto-spreading, plumelike, lanceolate-acuminate, from 2 to nearly 4 feet long, 6 to 9 inches wide in the middle ; pinnae erecto-spreading, 1 to 2 inches apart, truncate and sessile, with a gland at the base beneath, fully pinnate, 3| to 6 inches long, f to li inch wide, acuminate with the point serrate ; pinnules f to f inch long, 2 lines wide, obliquely acute, sub- mucronate, dentate, or the inferior ones crenato-lobulate and rounded at the base, the lowest pair largest and lobed or pinnatifid ; texture coriaceous ; upper surface dark green, glossy, under glaucescent, both naked ; costules rusty above, ribs beneath clothed with pale deciduous bullate scales; rachis angular, * The numbers preceding the new species indicate their position in the sequence followed in the ' Synopsis Filicum.' s. N. VOL. 8. [September, 1879.] 2 l 258 JAMAICA FEliNS. pubeniloiis and grejash with scattered lanate scales ; veiiis once forked at the base ; sori in a double line close along the midrib, not reaching the apex, inserted at the forking of the veins ; involucre membranous, cup- shaped, its margin usually entire. No. 107, Herb. Kew, 1877. — Bare ; a singular and beautiful species, well marked by its habit, especially in the absence of a real trunk. C}/athea eJcf/coif;, Hew. This and C. Scrra, Willd., are the only low-land species, all the rest occurring above 4000 feet altitude. Cyathea SchanscJnn, ]\Iart. This is confined to a higher elevation than any other species attains, and is found clustering on and around the apex of Blue Mountain Peak. 12." ALsopmLA PAEvuLA, Jtiiman, n. sp. — Trunk 10 to 30 feet high, hardly thicker than a broomstick, the scars of the fallen fronds small and crowded ; stipites numerous, 12 to 15 inches long, slender, channelled, curved, straw-coloured or brown, armed beneath with short blunt i)i"icklGS, and clothed at the base with linear-lanceolate acuminate chaff-coloured scales ^ inch long ; fronds 3 to -3^ feet long, 18 to 24 inches wide, bipinnate ; pinns 9 to 12 inches long, 3 to 4 inches wide, the apices acuminate and pinnatifid, not sessile ; cost« slender, pubescent above, beneath naked; pinnules oblong-ligulate, the obtusely serrate apices shortly acuminate, sessile, 2 inches long, -f to i inch wide, deeply pinnatifid ; segments blunt, 4 inch long, 1 to 1^ line wide, sub- falcate, the margins slightly crenulato- dentate ; surfaces naked, but the flexuose costulffi pubescent above, beneath havmg a few small deciduous, obovate, pale scales in the axils formed with the mid-vein of the segments; colour above light green, beneath greyish ; texture sub-coriaceous ; veins pellucid, forked in the outer half or third, reaching the edge; sori pale, copious, ascending half to two-thirds up the segments, inserted just below the forking of the veins ; rachis sparsely prickly below, quite naked. No. 97, Herb. Kew, 1878. — This has the cutting of A. aspera, but contrasts with that species by its small, slender habit, many fronds, and pale colour in all its parts. Mr. Baker looks upon it as a form of asppya, judging from pinnse, but the best distinguishing characters are shown by the trunk and stipes. These parts of the species of this and allied genera are so cumbersome to collectors from their bulk and prickliness, that they rarely reach European herbaria ; and yet as good distinguishing characters are afforded by them as by the fronds. Indeed, the Jamaican tree ferns are as well individualized, and can be as readily identified, by the characters which the trunk alone exhibits as by those shown by the fronds alone. Dlcksonia clcutarioides, Fee. HymenophyUum L'Hernwncri, Mett. ? H. sphcBrocarpum , V. D. B. H. Iiirmtum, Sw., var. H. lanatuni, Fee. H. ciliaUan, Sw., var. H. yratiim, Fee. H. eleyantisdmuw, Fee. 11. Ihieare, Sw., var. antillense, Jenman : fronds uniform, long JAMAICA FERNS. 259 attenuated, i to ^ inch wide at the base ; rachis narrowly winged above the free base. No. 85, Herb. Kew, 1878. Adiantiun macyojyhyllum, Sw., var. hipinnatum, Baker, MSS. : stipes long ; pinnae more numerous than in the type and smaller, base of the frond bipinnate ; pinnules oblong. No. 76, Herb. Kew, 1878: Adiantum cubense, Hk., var. nanuin, Jenman : small, delicate, 3 to 6 inches high ; lamina 3 inches long ; segments 4 to 10, with a larger deltoid terminal one, casually bipinnate on the left side at the base. No. 75, Herb. Kew, 1878. — The type proves, in its ultimate state, to be a large, amply-developed, tripinnate plant ; and very fragrant in di-ying. Adiantum ohtusum, Desv. A. hisjndulum, Sw. The discovery of this plant in Jamaica tends to confirm the doubted Peruvian habitat, referred to in Hk. Sp. Fil., vol. ii., p. 31. Chfiilanthes jxiiqjercula, Mett. Previously known only from Cuba. NothocMcBna trichomanoides, E. Br., var. suhnuda, Jenman : similar to the type, but without the coating of rusty tomentum beneath. Blechniim lomjifolium, H. B. K. B. serrulatum, Eich. Lomaria Plumieri, Desv. L. Boryana, Willd. Asplenium rutaceum, Mett. A. auricidatitm, Sw. A. hastatum, lO. A. auritum, Sw., var. macilentum, Kze. A. caudatum, Forst. ? A. Wilsoni, Baker. 258."^' Asplenium altissimum, Jenman, n. sp. — Caudex stout, erect or decumbent, beset with the persistent bases of the past stipites ; stipites csespitose, few, suberect, 18 to 24 inches long, dark coloured, not channelled, puberulous and warty with dense raised points, dotted below with largish, membranous scales ; fronds spreading, ovate, 2 to 4 feet long, 16 to 24 inches wide ; lowest pinnae little or not reduced, bipinnate ; pinnae spreading, 12 to 18 inches long, 5 to 8 inches wide, often bearing bulbils in the axils of the ujDper ones ; pinnules subpetiolate, 3 to 4 inches long, acuminate, deej^ly pinnatifid, the lowest pair reduced; segments i to f inch long, 2 to 3 lines wide, oblong, the apices rounded, entire, toothed, or lobed half-way to the midrib ; texture firm ; under surface puberulous; the cost» and cos-tulae slightly scaly; upper glabrous, the costulae channelled, with accessory sharj)- edged margins ; veins pinnate, simple or forked, reaching the edge ; sori short, close to the midrib, the inferior occasionally double ; involucre tumid, membranous, naked ; colour above duU dark green, beneath pale, lurid. No. 64, Herb. Kew, 1878. Asplenium /«'«?/6', var.. Baker MSS. — Intermediate between radicajis and Mans, with the cutting of the former and the sori and involucres of the latter. ^ 260 JA^MATCA FERNS. Aspidi'um triangulum, Sw., var. latipinmim, Jenman : XDinnae in oi^posite iDairs, large, 1^ inch long, f inch wide, ovate rhomboid ; teeth of the margins very shallow, appressed, spinulose, acute point mucronate ; complete row of soii medial, 1 to 2 incomplete outer rows ; apex of frond lobed or pinnatifid, rooting at the point. No. 105, Herb. Kew. 1878. 8.*^ AspiDiuM CAUDATUM, Jemiian, n. sp.- — Stipites 5 to 8 inches long, scaly at the base, caespitose, spreading from a decumbent rootstock, which is |- to ^ inch thick; fronds prostrate, simply pinnate, 10 to 15 inches long, 2 to 3| inches wide, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, the base not reduced, tapering gradually upwards and attenuated, terminating in a 1 to 2 inches long, stiffish, tail with a scaly bud at its point, apparently fully pinnate throughout, but the upper third narrowly margined ; pinnae numerous, spreading horizontally, apart, but not distant, 1 to 1^ inch long, | to ^ inch wide, lower petiolulate, the inferior edge within obliquely cut away, curved outw^ards to the acute point, the upper side usually with a short rounded auricle at the base, inner edge parallel with the rachis ; margin inciso- serrate or sometimes cut into shallow, roundish lobes, teeth obtuse, not spinulose, and the point not mucronate ; texture coriaceous ; surfaces naked, glabrous ; veins close, 1 to 3 times forked (above the basal amicle) ; sori terminal on the anterior inferior veinlet, near to, or remote from, the edge ; involucre deciduous ; rachis stiffish, channelled, slightly scaly; colom* on both sides greyish or pale green. No. 51, Herb. Kew, 1878.--" Matches AVright, Cuba, 828," Baker, MSS. Approaching triangulum by the var. P. ilicifolium, Fee., but differing in habit, with flat spreading pinnae, and without the rigidity and spinulosity of that species. Looked at in a broad view this, tridens, viviparum and some other allied plants, can only be regarded as sub-species ; lii;king together by gradual transitions typical triamjulum and aculeatum. However, for practical purposes, it seems better to keep them separate. 49."' Nepheodium firmum. Baker MSS., n. sp. — Rhizome freely creeping, hardly thicker than a quill, but beset with the persistent bases of the old stipes, the advancing point clothed with narrow acuminate brown scales ; stipites slender, erect, scattered, 8 to 12 inches long, glabrous, subpolished, brown or nearly straw-coloured, channelled, having a few deciduous scales at the base; fronds 9 to 12 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, larger ones ovate-lanceo- late; pinnaa spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, pinnatifid, or fuUy pinnate at the base, lowest 1 to 2 pairs little reduced and reflexad, central 2^ to 3|- inches long, ^ to | inch wide ; pinnules slightly connected by their dccurrent bases, but the basal pair not adnate and nearly free, all entke or subentu-e, the crenulate edge slightly reflexed, i to 1 inch long, ^ to 2 lines wide, apices bluntish or acute, basal pair not (or only that on the inferior side) enlarged; texture firm, subcoriacous ; surfaces naked ; under side pale, upper dark green and shining ; rachis and costae slender, glabrous beneath, puberulous above, the latter slightly wavy; vems oblique, simple or forked, pellucid, raised and JAMAICA FERNS. 261 conspicuous above, obsolete or obscure beneath ; sori small, close to the margin ; involucre small, fugacious ; capsules ciliate. No. 36, Herb. Kew, 1878. " Near X. rigiduluin, Baker, from Cuba," Baker, MSS. Though the fronds are not strictly dimorphous, the majority are barren ; and to this feature and their resemblance otherwise to the fronds of seedling tree-ferns, as the i^lants are seen growing in the forest among the trailing bamboo and other under- growth, is due the circumstance that nearly all the Jamaican collectors appear to have tramped over the species on the only track-way approaching Blue Mountain Peak, where it is found, without having gathered it. yejjJti'odiwn Sprem/elii, Hook., Yiii\ jiersicinum, Jenman : growth coarser than in the type, the nascent fronds thickly coated with mucous, viscid throughout when mature, strongly peach-scented; margins inflexed, nearly. enclosing the sori. No. 37, Herb. Kew, 1878. Though nearly identical in cutting with conterininum and Sprengelii, probably entitled to sxDecific distinction. 75.* Nephrodium Sherringii, Jenman, n. sp. — Caudex erect; stipites csespitose, very short, scaly; fi-onds erect, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, fully pinnate to the very apex, 2 to 3 feet long, 10 to 14 inches wide ; pinnae copious, spreading, . dwindling down gradually to mere segments at the base, quite ^ sessile, largest 6 to 8 inches long, 1^ to 2 inches wide, acuminate, cut down to the narrowly-winged costte into ligulate, bluntish or acute, subentire, toothed or deeioly-lobed pinnules, which are i to 1^ inch long, 2 to 3 lines wide, with a rounded open sinus between them, the inferior one on the lower side producing a small auricle which overlaps the rachis ; texture chartaceous ; colour light green ; both surfaces, with the rachis, puberulous-glandulose ; cortex finely ciliate above, the edge of the margins obscurely cartilaginous-toothed ; veins pellucid, about 16 to a side, simple, forked, or pinnate ; sori small, one to each branch, medial, or nearer the edge; involucre persistent, glandulose. No. 1, Herb. Kew, 1879. 63.''' Nephrodium Jenmcmi, Baker, var. sitiorum, Jenman : stipes and rachis slender ; pinnae in opposite, patent pairs, narrow, and ^^ diminishing gradually from the base outwards, the acuminate attenuated apices usually enthe ; basal pinnules enlarged and increasing in size as the pinnae dwindle to mere auricles at the base of the stipes ; veins evident on the upper side ; sori hardly medial. No. 38, Herb. Kew, 1878. " Near A. pohjjjhyllum, Kaulf." Baker MSS. NejjJirodiiim suhfuscum, Baker '? : a large robust species, marked by its si:out, erect, caudex, nearly as thick as one's wrist, and the enlarged, often again pinnatifid, basal pinnules. No. 40, Herb. Kew, 1878. " K. imtens, var. a^Dproaching snhfusciim.'' Baker MSS. X. patens has a creeping hypogasous rhizome, and is a much smaller plant. Nephrodium Fendleri, H. K. N. brachyodon, H. K. 161.''' Nephrodium usitatum, Jenman, u. sp. — Caudex stout, P^ \ 202 JAMAICA FERNS. erect, often a span or more liigli ; sti^Dites caespitose, strong, numerous, 9 to 16 inches long, clothed at the base (and a few scat- tered upwards) with deciduous, dark, dull brown scales ; fronds pinnate, 18 inches to 2^ feet long, 9 to 12 inches wide, apex acuminate,, pinnatifid and ^Dassing through mere lobes into the serrate attenuated point ; pinnae numerous, but distant, spreading horizontally, 4 to 6 inches long (variable in width) f to 1 mch wdde, the lowest one to two pah's little or hardly reduced, and some- times narrowed at the base, upper ones sessile, truncate ; point finely acuminate, serrato-entire, within cut a third or rather more to the costaB into broadish, rounded, or subappressed, thin carti- laginous-edged, crenato-entire lobes, which are 2 to 3 lines wide ; texture thinly papyraceous ; pellucid ; colour dark green above and glossy, j)ale beneath from minute microscopic greyish scales ; rachis puberulous ; veins pellucid, simple, 4 to 8 to a side, lowest j)air uniting and sending a vein to the sinus, where the next pair meet ; sori medial or nearer the midrib, reaching to the lowest vein ; involucre minute, soon obliterated. No. 42, Herb. Kew, 1878. Hitherto probably confounded with Pohjpodiwn tetragonum, Sw., from which Mr. Baker hesitates to separate it. With a full knowledge of the two j)lants, there can be no question as to their being most thoroughly distinct. Nejjhrodium hastatum, Jenman. Goniopteris, Fee ' Foug. Antilles,' p.^ 65, plate 18, fig. 1 ? (No. 28, Herb. Kew, 1878). Just like Fee's plant in habit and pinnae, but with a dark purple involucre clearly observable on the undeveloped fronds. N. amboinense, Presl ? Polypodium tctragonuvi, Sw., var. P. megalodus, Schk. P. ctenoides, Fee. P. punctatum, Thumb. 136."^' Polypodium heterotrichum. Baker 2ISS. n. sp. — Stipites many, short, less than one inch long, very slender and wu-y, tufted, but not strictly caespitose, clothed with long, soft spreading hairs ; fronds pendent, ligulate, 3 to 8 inches long, i to f inch wide, deeply pinnatifid ; segments numerous, close, spreading obliquely, adnate and barely confluent by the shortly decm-rent base, about 1 line wide, i to ^ inch long, acute, entire, subentire, or occa- sionally remotely toothed; texture thin, flaccid; rachis black, thread-like, and with both surfaces puberulous-glandulose, and rusty ciliate with soft spreading hairs ; veins pinnate, oblique, short, reaching half-way or more to the margin, simple ; sori copious, dorsal, or terminal, contiguous, in two ai)proximate rows along the midrib, 4 to 7 to a side. No. 24, Herb. Kew, 1878. " Midway between nuhtile and penduhun.'' Baker in litt. Fulgpodiwii ehtstictiin, Kich. P. ItcvigatUNi, Cav. P. coatale, Kze. ^leniscium serratiun, Cav. Ggmnogramme coitsi)nilis, Fee. (t. diplazioidcs, Desv. Poly podium elungatuin,Mett..,oi Grisebach's Flora ( Gymnogramme THE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. 263 Hook., Grammitis, Sw.), is eA'icleutly a true species of the genus TiMuitis ; the sori, though generally interrui^tecl, heing often con- fluent and continuous. I propose that it shall be known as Taenitis Swartzii. 4.* AcROSTicHUM GRAMiNEUM, J 671111 a7} , u. sp. — Eliizome slender, i inch thick, creeping, naked, dark-coloured ; fronds scattered hut copious, forming spreading grass-like patches, 5 to 8 inches high, linear acuminate, decurrent into the long (2 to 3 inches) slender i petiole, f inch wide ; surfaces naked throughout, glossy, viscid, pale green ; veins immersed, close, simple or forked, terminating within the edge in clavate apices ; texture firm ; fertile fronds smaller, on longer petioles, but similar in shape. No. 27, Herb. Kew, 1876. "A. simplex, Sw., var." Baker MSS. A much smaller and more delicate plant than dwplex, with a very different habit. Acrostichum viscoswn, Sw., var. ohtusum, Jenman : fronds long, narrow, obtuse ; racliis very prominent ; stipites long, caespitose. No. 11, Herb. Kew, 1878. From the rapid elongation of the caudex, the long, slender stipes ap^Dressed thereto, splint -like, give specimens of this plant a peculiar ap)pearance. Acrostichum Sartorii, Liebm. 16.* Acrostichum pallidum.. Baker MSS., n. sp. — Caudex stout, woody, 1 inch thick, densely clothed wdth long attenuated, loose, fibriliose, undulate, black scales, wdiich are i inch long, i line ^ wude ; stipites numerous, caespitose, 5 to 10 inches long, slenderish, flattened on the upper side and channelled ; fronds pendent, 6 to 14 inches long, 1^ to 2 inches wide, apex acuminate, base rounded (in large specimens subcordate) ; texture coriaceous ; margins rejDand, edge cartilaginous ; veins once or twice forked, about 1 line apart, the dark-coloured bases curved ; surfaces naked ; colour throughout pale green ; fertile fronds similar in shape, but smaller and on longer stipes. No. 8, Herb. Kew, 1878. Acrostichum nicotianccfoliam., Sw., var. saxicolum, Jenman : rhizome epigaBous, clothed with scales, creeping on rocks ; stipes and rachis fibrillous scaly ; pinnae oblong-oval, fertile, larger and more in number than in the type ; texture thinner. No. 7, Herb. Kew, 1878. Lyf/odium venustum, Sw. Ophioylossum vidgatum, L. THE PLANTS OF TOEY ISLAND, COUNTY DONEGAL. By E. M. Baerington, B.A., LL.B. On the 2nd July, 1877, I landed on the remote Island of Tory, which lies about nine miles off the north-west coast of Donegal. I spent nearly a w^eek there in company with a friend, Mr. A. Webb, and examined its flora each day carefully. Notes which I then made have been lying by ever since, but the publication of his interesting paper on the Flora of North-Western Donegal by my 264 THE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. friend, Mr. H. C. Hart, induces me to forward tliem to the ' Journal of Botany ' as a suiDplement thereto. No botanist seems ever to have examined the flora of Tory with care. A Hst of forty-two flowermg plants and ferns found on Tory is given in an appendix to a paper by Mr. Edmund Getty, M.E.I. A., published in the first volume of the Ulster ' Journal of ArchfEology,' January, 1853. The paper is entitled, *'The Island of Tory ; its History and Antiquities," and the Appendix is written by Mr. G. C. Hyndman, who paid a visit to the island in August, 1845. Mr. Hyndman's list is very incomplete, and the idea it gives of the vegetation of this distant island is not accurate. It is, however, the only information I could obtain in reference thereto prior to my visit in 1877. Tory is nearly three miles long, and about half a mile broad ; it contains 785 statute acres ; and its population in 1871 numbered 343. Its highest point is the Doon, or Stronghold of Balor — a remarkable peninsula which rises 282 feet above the sea level ; the cliffs are, therefore, not high, but are strangely indented on the north and east sides of the island, thus forming the curious peninsula just referred to, and giving the island a towery outline from the mainland of Donegal, whence some derive the name Tory — pronounced Torry. From the edge of the cliffs on the north and east the ground slopes gradually to the south and west shores, which are rocky, the vegetation being swept away three or four hundred yards inland in some places by the violence of the westerly gales. Tory is one of the few fragments of Ireland of which there is no geological map, and except the small scale -map, published by Sir Richard Griifith in 1839, no information could be obtained at the Geological Survey Office. Its general formation, however, appeared to be granitic or quartzose. There are two small loughs on the island, Lough Ahooey and Lough Ayes. The rarest of Tory plants are to be found in a curious natural depression close to the cliffs north-east of a little village called West Town ; this depression is called, in Mr. Hynd- man's list, the Rams Hollow, and appears to be formed by the subsidence or falling in of the roof of a large marine cave, for on one side is a natural arch communicating with the sea. The fuel used by the islanders was at one time altogether peat, but this has become scarce of late years, and the grassy sods of the slopes have been extensively cut away and used as a substi- tute. Thus the island is not so fertile as it used to be, and many plants have been diminished in numbers, or perhaps extkpated altogether. The cultivation is mainly confined to oats and potatoes, and no doubt some of the '' colonists " have been introduced with imported seed, yet the intercourse with the mainland is slight, and the majority of the islanders cannot s^^eak English. There are no trees on Tory, and it is said that those natives who visit the main- land occasionally pull twigs and branches of trees to show as curiosities on their return. THE PLANTS OF TOKY ISLAND. 265 Mr. Hynclman's list contained 42 siDecies, but I have enlarged the number to 145 in the following catalogue. This list I have compared with Mr. H. C. Hart's ' List of i^lants found on the islands of Aran, Galway Bay,' * and also with my friend, Mr. A. G. More's ' Eeport on the Flora of Innish Bofin, County Mayo,' t whither I accompanied him in 1875. There are 372 species in the Aran list, which embraces three islands containing an aggregate of 10,781 statute acres ; in the Bofin list we find 303 species from an area of 2312 acres ; Tory Island produces 145 species, and contains 785 acres. There are 36 species found on Tory not in the Aran list, and 14 not in the Bofin list, but it has been thought sufficient to mention the eight species which occur on Tory and are absent from hoth Aran and Bofin, namely: — Haloscias scoticum. Lamium intermedium. Carduus pratensis. Lamium incisum. Linaria vulgaris. Beta maritima. Lamium amplexicaule. Carex vulgaris. These are characteristic of the Tory flora. There are 11 species I noticed on Tory which do not appear to be mentioned in Mr. Hart's list of the plants of North- Western Donegal. Eanunculus Baudotii. Beta maritima. Brassica Napus. Juncus acutiflorus. Callitriche platycarpa. Juncus compressus. Linaria vulgaris. Carex ffideri. Lamium incisum. Festuca duriuscula. Myosotis csespitosa. Three of these are new to district 11 of the ' Cybele Hiber- nica,' namely, Fiannncidus Baudotii, Linaria vidgaris, and Lamium incisum.. In Mr. Hyndman's list before referred to there are four species which I did not notice, Crambe maritima, Erica Tetralix, Gentiana campestris, and Juniperus communis. Crambe is one of the rarest Lish plants, and a careful search was made for it unsuccessfully. Erica Tetrcdix and Gentiana campestris were perhaps extirpated by the islanders cutting sods for fuel, or may have been overlooked; Juniperus communis was probably recorded for Empetrum nigrum (see following list). It is hardly necessary to analyse and classify the scanty flora of Tory into Mr. H. C. AVatson's " types." The following hst is perhaps more valuable for the negative evidence it affords than for any positive information it supplies. A comparison of the flora of remote islands will not improbably be useful in elucidating the geograiDhical distribution of species ; the plants found on such insulated areas are certainly less liable to be influenced by artificial means of transport than those which grow in districts and counties whose inhabitants are in daily and frequent intercourse. * Dublin : Hodges, Foster &: Co., 1875. [See ' Journ. Bot.,' 1875, p. 111.] f Proceedings Royal Irish Academy, 2ud Series, vol. ii. (Scieuce), p. 553. [See 'Journ. But.,' 1870, p. 373.] 2m 206 THE PLANTS OF TOKY ISLAND. As Mr. H. C. Hart lias just coucluded his paper on the flora of that portion of the mainland of Donegal opposite to Tory Island, a comparison between the uisular flora of 145 species and the mainland flora of 530" species can be readily instituted. Plants certainly not native are marked thus '■', those possibly introduced f, and those probably introduced :[. Fuinuncidus Baudutii, Godron. In one j)lace only east of Lough Ayes. U. hederaceus, Linn. Only in a spring between Portnathralla and East Town. R. Flammida, Linn. Common and variable. Var. pseudo- reptans, Syme, not unfrequent. \R. repens, Linn. Common. tShiapis arveiisis, Linn. ] t ix- x j it i • x Xt^- a- t • r I^ cultivated ground only — colonists. \Brassica Acqnis, Lmn. j ° -^ Cochlearia ojjicinalis, Linn. Variable ; some specimens very dwarf, and almost var. alpina of Lond. Cat. \Capsella Bursa-paatork, DC. Common. [Cramhe maritima, Linn. Is in Mr. Hyndman's list of Tory plants, but not a trace of it could be found, though I searched for it most carefully). Viola sylvatica, Fries. In the Rams Hollow, a curious shady depression near the cliffs in which a few i^lants, very rare on Tory, may be found. Polygala depressa, Wender. On the elevated portions of tho island, but not common. "P. vulgaris'' of Mr. Hynd- man's list is probably the same. Silene maritima, With. Frequent. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt. Not uncommon among rocks north of the lighthouse. C. triviale, Link. Not uncommon. \SteUaria media, With. Common. Sagina maritima, Don. Very common about the lighthouse. 8. procuinhens, Linn. Abundant. \Spergula arcensis, Linn. Very abundant in the cultivated fields. Specimens examined belonged to the var. *S'. arrensis (Keich.), i.e., without i3apill£e on the seeds. Spergidaria salina, Presl. Common about the lighthouse on damp ground. Probably '* Arenaria rubra'' of Hyndman's hst. S. rupicula, Lebel. Common on the rocks about the light- house. Ixadiola Millegrana, Sm. Around Lough Ahooey, and in several other places. Specimens diminutive. \Trifoliiun prateiiae, Linn. T. repens, Linn. Common, and as it occurred on the wildest parts of the island, even on the summit of Tor-more, I am disj)osed to consider it native. Lotus coniiculatus, Linn. Sparingly over the whole island. * Stated to be 420 (' Jouru. Bot.', n. s., vol. viii., p. 77;, but on counting up Mr. Hart's list carefully this appears to be an error. THE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. 207 Vicia Cracca, Linn. In pasture -fields, but rare. Poteyitilla Tormentilla, Sclienk. Sparingly over the island.^ \P. anserina, Linn. Very common, especially about the light- house. Rosa spinosissima, Linn. Only in the Rams Hollow; about half a dozen specimens. Lythrum Salicaria, Linn. Rare ; in a field between the light- house and West Town. Peplis Portuhi, Linn. Not uncommon. Montia fontana, Linn. Common. Myriophyllum alteniitionuu, DC. Only near Lough Ayes in one spot. Callitr iche 2jlatycarpa, liutz. On mud in several places. {C. verna, Linn. Thought to have been noticed, but no specimen having been gathered it must remain doubtful). Sediim anylicum, Linn. Common on the highest portions of the island. Hydrocotyle vulyaris, Linn. Abundant. Helosciadium nodifiorum, Koch. Frequent. Haloscias scoticum, Fries. On Tor-more, growing luxuriantly in three or four spots. Crithmum maritimum, Linn. On the cliffs between Portnaglass and the Rams Hollow ; sparingly. Angelica sylvestris, Linn. Grows plentifully on the grassy ledges of the clifi's. I never saw more luxuriant specimens in damp sheltered meadows inland than may be seen on the wHd cUffs of Tory, and on Inish Turk, County Mayo, fully exposed to the Atlantic gales. IHeracleum ^plwmlylimn, Linn. Noticed in the neighbourhood of houses only. Dauciis Carota, Linn. Frequent in the fields about East Town. Hedera Helix, Linn. Three or four plants on one side of Rams Hollow. Lonicera Perichjmenum, Linn. A single specimen only noticed growing close to the ivy on the Rams Hollow. Galium palustre, Linn., var. Witheringii. In one or two places. Scabiosa siiccisa, Linn. Common. Carduus lanceolatus, Linn. Common. C. pratensis. Huds., var. In a field south of East Town. Two or three specimens only were in flower. One was forwarded to Dr. Boswell and kindly examined by him. He writes that it is "evidently a hybrid," and suggests "between lanceolatm and pratensis // " There were about fifty other specimens, all presenting an unusual look, and none of the ordinary form of C. pratensis was observed on the island, f (7. arveiisis, Cm't. In fields about West Town. Arctium, probably intermedium, Lange. Not uncommon, but too young to determine accurately. Centaurea nifjra, Linn. Rare and only in a few fields near West Town. 268 TITE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. "^Chrysanthemum set/ctum, Linn. Abundant in some fields. Matricaria inodora, Linn., in the fields. Var. maritima, with large flowers and fleshy leaves ; common on the clifi's. \Artemiderennis, Linn. Very common and looks indigenous. SoliJayu Virya-aurea, Linn. Only in the Eams Hollow. Hifpocharis radicata, Linn. Common and variable in size. Leontodon autumnalis, Linn., var. pratensis. One of the com- monest Composites on Tory. yTaraxacum officinale, Wigg. Li suspicious places, not common, and a doubtful native. \Sonchus vleraceus, Linn. Eare; on an old stone fence at West Town. \S. asper, Hoffm. Frequent. Jasione montana, Linn. Very common. Specimens dwarf in some situations and flowers large, forming beautiful blue tufts. Erica cinerea, Linn. Very common. It is curious that Mr. Hyndman should only have seen it at the Eams Hollow. (/'/. Tetrali.v, Linn. Not seen, but mentioned by Mr. Hyndman in his listj. Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. Frequent. Eryt,hr(£a Cenlaurium, Pers. Sparingly on the grassy slopes north of East Town. {^Gentiana campestris, Linn. Not seen, but mentioned by Mr. Hyndman as a Tory plant. May have been overlooked or extirpated by the islanders cutting sods for fuel). \Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Eare; sparingly in a field between the lighthouse and West Town. Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. Common. The maritime form, with leaves thick and fleshy, stunted growth, and bracts close together, was only ol3served. This variety I have also noticed on the islands of Achill and Inish Boffin, County Mayo. Bartsia Odontites, Huds. Sparingly in a few fields. Rhinanthus Cristagalli, Linn. Eather rare. Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. Common. Prunella vulgaris, Linn. Frequent. Stachys palustris, Linn. Eare ; in one field only near West Town. \S. arvensis, Linn. Sparingly in a dry waste field near West Town. jLamium amplexicaule, Linn. Eare ; roadside near West Town. \L. intermedium. Fries. ] Common in cultivated ground, all f L. incisum, Willd. L three species growing together, inter- f /y. purpureum, Linn. J medium perhaps the most plentiful. THE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. 269 Myosotis ccesjntosa, Scliiiltz. Frequent. \M. arvensis. Hoffm. Eare ; in two fields between the light- house and West Town. Anagallis tenella, Linn. Very common. Glaux maritima, Linn. Common, esj)ecially near the light- house. Armeria maritima, Willd. Abundant ; covering a large extent of the island, in some places to the exclusion of all other plants except Flantago maritima and l\ coronopus. \Plantago major, Linn. Not common. F. lanceolata, Linn. Plentiful. P. maritima, Linn. Abundant. Leaves very variable in width, in sheltered clefts of the rocks near the lighthouse half an inch across, but in exposed situations very narrow, and the whole habit changed, the plant being very diminutive. P. Coronopus, Linn. Abundant ; more so than any other plant. In many spots it forms more than half the vege- tation. Littorella lacusiris, Linn. Plentiful around Lough Ahooey and Lough Ayes. Beta maritima, Linn. A single specimen near the landing- place at Portdellig. \Chenopodium album, Linn. Frequent as a weed of cultivation. \Atriplex angustifolia, Smith. Frequent in cultivated ground. A. Bahingtonii, Woods. Not uncommon among the shingle on the shore. \Rumex ohtusifolius , Linn. | p \R. crispus, Linn. j R. Acetosa, Linn. Frequent ; luxuriant in the Rams Hollow\ R. Acetosella, Linn. Common. Polygonum aviculare, Linn. Common. P. amphibium, Linn., var. terrestre. One of the commonest weeds among the crops. Empetrum nigrum, Linn. Around the Earns Hollow and on Tor-more. \ Urtica dioica, Linn. Common. I U, ureyis, Linn. Near some houses at Portdellig. Salix repens, Linn. Sparingly on the hilly portions of the island. Probably Salix fusca, var. argentea, of Hyndmau's list. [Juniperus communis, Linn. Eecorded by Mr. Hyndmau from the Eams Hollow, but no trace of it could be found. Empetrum, nigrum, grows round the Eams Hollow, but is not mentioned by Mr. Hyndman). Sparganium ajjine, Schn. In Lough Ahooey. Potamogeton jwlygonif alius, Pourr. In Lough Ahooey. TriglocJdn jjalustre, Linn. By Lough Ahooey and Lough Ayes. Orchis maculata, Linn. In one spot only ; in a field near East Town. Iris Pseudacorus, Linn. Around Lough Ahooey and Lough Ayes. 270 THE PLANTS OF TORY ISLAND. Luzula midtiflora, Lej. Hilly ground between East and West Town ; sparingly. Juncus congloineratus, Linn. Edges of drains ; scarce. J. acutifiorus, Ehrli. Very common. J. supinus, Moencli. Very common ; the floating form in Lougli Aliooey. J. Imfoniiis, L. Common; Ya,i'.fasciculatus, Koch, also observed. J. compressus, Jacq., var. GeranU, Lois. In one i)lace near the cliffs, north-east of West Town. Schcenus niyricdns, Linn. Not common. Scirpns palustris, Linn. Common ; around Lough Ahooey. S. multicauHs, Sm. Plentiful over the whole island. S. Savii, S. et M. Frequent. Care.v v^ih/aris, Fries. Very common. C. glaiica, Scop. Scarce. C. extensa, Good. Rare ; north of lighthouse. C. (Ederi, Ehrh Common ; often not more than an inch high. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linn. Rare; in the same field as Orchis maculata, Alopecunis geniculatus, Linn. Scarce ; in a field between the lighthouse and West Town. Agrostis alba, Linn. Abundant. A. canina, Linn. Not common. Phragmites com munis, Trim. In a field between the lighthouse and West Town. Air a prcBcox, Linn. \ Holes lanatus Unn. Common. Triodia decumbens, Beauv. Glyceria Jiuitans, Br. j Sclerochloa /o/irtc^rt, Woods. Rare ; by the rocks near Lough Ayes. Poa ptratcnsis, Linn. P. trivialis, Linn. Festuca rubra, Linn., var. duriuscida. B ramus mollis, Linn. \Triticum repens, Linn. Not common. Lolium perenne, Linn. Xardus stricta, Linn. Pteris aquilina, Linn. Sparingly in a few spots. From the description given of a fern bj' one of the islanders, which, he said, once thickly covered portions of Tory and grew three or four feet high, I am led to think it must have been Pteris a(juilina. The turf has been cut away off a great i^art of Tory for fuel, and Pteris and many other plants have thus probably become very rare, or been extirpated altogether. Blechnum horaile, Sw. A single plant gathered in a deserted rabbit-hole on the Doon by Mr. A. Webb. Asplenium marinum, Linn. Common. Athgrium Filix-fccmina, Roth. Only in the Rams Hollow. Lastnca dilatata, Presl. Very sparingly in deserted rabbit- holes on the Doon. 271 MIMICRY OF SEEDS AND FEUITS, AND THE FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL APPENDAGES. By S. Le M. Mooee. (Preliminary Notice.) The fierce contest for existence everywhere iDroceeding around us, and modifying and differentiating in such extraordinary diversity both animals and i^lants, is, I venture to think, exhibited by seeds in no dubious or ill-defined outline. Indeed, one has but to consider the tenacity shown by seminal characters, which renders the seed one of the most, if not the most, valuable of aids to the sj^stematist, and the amazing difference in size, shape, colour, marking, &c., of seeds, to have a strong suspicion that Natural Selection has had some influence in moulding their history. The enemies of seeds are legion ; if, therefore, they possess no means of escaping from them, and are not produced (as is indeed rarely the case) in countless multitudes, spermology is the only department of nature showing structures unadapted to their environment. The success of vegetation belies this conclusion. How then are seeds enabled to carry out with such unfailing punctuality the duties entrusted to them ? Putting aside consideration of the means of protection against purely physical agencies, for which the testa seems aU-sufficient, it is evident that seeds may be protected by their smallness, which enables them to keep out of notice of then- larger would-be enemies ; when, too, we remember that, other things equal, the smaller the seeds the more numerous they are, and that by reduction in size they are liable to become the prey of insignificant creatures with but feeble powers of injury, we must, I think, recognise in this the vera causa of the so-general smallness of seeds, such reduction being in each case governed by the habit of the plant, by the chemical constitution of the matters stored up for the nourishment of the seedling, and by other circumstances. Acridity has long since been recognised as a selection-induced con- dition whereby seeds are enabled to render themselves obnoxious to insects ; the secretion of volatile oils by the testa, &c., may also effect the same purpose ; this is certainly the function of the vittaB of the umbelliferous mericariD, which leads to the mention of adnation in many cases of the ovary to the calyx, indehiscence of the fruit, and the various ways of thickening, &c., of the latter, methods directly subservient to protection of the seed. Then again a thick testa is of great service in protecting the seed (or fruit) during its passage, through, say, a bird's alimentary canal ; the sculpturings, too, such frequent and constant seminal marks seem to be especially valuable against small insects, which are thereby hindered in their ravages. Often, too, quick germination is a very great advantage — this holding, of course, almost exclusively in the tropics — and soil-like colouration, as well as to a certain extent germination under water ; to these may be added a 272 MIMICRY OF SEEDS AND FRUITS. hairy coat and other epidermal appendages, and apical, bilateral, unilateral, circumferential, dorsal, or basal winging ; and, lastly, mimicry of animals or parts of j)lants. I shall here speak esj)ecially of this last method, and run over a few of the more notew^orthy instances of its occurrence. In Polygalace£e, besides the large genus Pohjgala, with beauti- fully strophiolate and coleopteroid, though small, seeds, I may refer to Bredemeyera, from the reduced strophiole of the seed of which are given off a number of long coarse hairs with a tendency to bilateral disposition. The narrow seed flanked by these curious hairs presents in a remarkable degree the appearance of a dipterous insect." The order Leguminosae contains many species with insect-mimicking seeds and fruits ; of these it will be sufficient to refer to Abrns in-ecatorius, many species of Lupinus which have seeds resembling spiders' bodies, legumes of Medicago, one or two resembling, to a certain extent, the larva- case of the Mantis and others shells, &c., and of Scorpiwus (notably S. venmculatus), shaped liked caterpillars, as well as other Hippocrepidecc. Thus in Cucurbitacete, iJimurphocJilaDujs has curious twig-like seeds, and in Turneracete and Passiflorese they are transversely ridged, so as to resemble to some extent articulated creatures ; in Umbelli- ferae, too, the fruits of 2lafii/daris tomentosa have, unless I am deceived, an insect-mimicking function, and other umbelliferous fruits, with their persistent antenna-like styles, have probably similar functions. Then the characteristic seeds of Sapotaceae resemble to some extent shells, and that of Martynia diandra, a beetle, though the two large hooks undoubtedly act as graspers of a passing animal's hide, and have been actually seen attached to a tiger. What, too, shall we say of the remarkable capsules of Antirrhinum , which look so much like an insect, the ^Dores of dehiscence resembling eyes and the persistent style a head- appendage ? or of the seeds of the Cannaceous Ischnosiphon, with their beautifuly-crenated axil, or of the coleopteroid fruits of many species of Scleria and of Ilutacem / There is, how^ever, an Order w^hich is to be regarded as 2)ar excellence containing insect-like seeds — Euphorbiacea:. In this Order the aj)pendage of the seed has an unique name (carunculus), and, since it is an outgrowth from the placenta, an unique history. Many of the genera of this Order are mdeed not carunculate, in which case they may, as in Tragia and Argyrothamnia, resemble spiders. Many of the carunculate seeds are beautifully coleopteroid, the carunculus representing the head, and the raphal line the line between the closed elytra, in addition to which the seed is often spotted or symmetrically striped on a paler ground. It wiU suffice here to mention Ricimis, Jatrupha, Crnton, Bidiospermum^ and Stipellaria, and especially Manihot. In order to show the seminal diversity exhibited by species of this genus, some of the * The strophiole of the Violet has, at least partly, an entirely diflferent function from that of insect-mimicry, as might he presumed to be the case, seeing that it not uncommouly separates spontaneously Ironi the ripe seed. MIMICRY OF SEEDS AND FRUITS. 273 seeds of whicli greatly resemble beetles of the tribe Calligraphidas , I will here write m}^ notes respecting them. M. hemitrichandra, Miill. Arg. Gromid colom- pale olive-green. Raphal line strongly marked, and on each side of it are a very few pale brown or reddish streaks extending with more or less inter- ruption to the edge of the seed. Carunculus very prominent. M. palmata, Miill. Arg. Ground colom* straw-yellow. Raphal line not ver}^ prominent ; on each side of it three or four dark brown strias. Carunculus well lobed. yi. triphi/Ua, Pohl. Ground colour pale olive-green, dappled with rather large reddish brown spots. Raphal line scarcely distinguishable. Carunculus large, extending outwards on each side farther than usual. M. cecropurfulia, Hb. Kew (Burchell, 7015.) Ground colour pale grey, very scantily darker-striped. Raphal line and carunculus both very prominent. M. CHaziovii, Miill. Arg. Seed large and carunculus relatively small. Ground colour black with pale brown mottling. Raphal line broad, black. M. sp. (Burchell, 8850.) Ground colour pale brown with occa- sional darker short stipes and frequent very fine darker mottling. Carunculus but slightly prominent. M. anomala, Hb. Kew (Burchell, 8094.) Groundcolour pale brown, striation of darker brown lines with obscure mottlmg. Carunculus prominent. M. sp. (Balansa, 1713.) Seeds broad with sharp edges. Ground colour pale brown, with darker striations and mottling. Raphal line concave. Carunculus not very prominent, surmounted by the apex of the seed. M. angustiloba, Miill. Arg. Seeds broad with sharp edges. Ground colour brown, with broad rather obscure black lines and faint mottling. M. sp. (Spruce, 3604.) Ground colour brownish grey, diversified with irregular lines of darker hue and mottling. Raphal line con- cave. Carunculus very small, but prominent. But it will be asked, may it not be rather that the insects mimic the seeds instead of the seeds the insects ? and if the latter be the case, how can the resemblance benefit the seeds ? Geological evidence nullifiesthe su^Dposition, although, owing to the enormously greater amount of differentiating force possessed by the animal as compared with the vegetable organism, — force depending primarily on the continuity of its protoplasm, — it is a priori far more likely that the animal would mimic the plant. But we should be careful not to carry this too far, because in the case of seeds, only a slight modification being involved, a compaiatively small amount of force is required to produce it, besides which the appendage is, as will be shown below, in most, if not in all cases, subservient also to some other function, or to other functions. There can be no doubt that the seminal appendage, often highly coloured to attract the attention of seminivorous creatures, is their reward for work performed in diffusion of the seed. But nobody will say that this 2n 274 SHORT NOTES. can account for mimicry. The only other possible hypothesis is that the appendage is 'a Teservou' of nutriment for the embryo ; but some experiments with Bicinus communis, made recently for me by Mr. Nicholson, of Kew, experiments which we hope to renew next spring, seem to show that the carunculus exercises no appreciable^effect during germination — a conclusion which is borne out by the diverse chemical constitution of the contents of endo- sperm and carunculus-cells, in proof of which it must suffice to mention that the peptone reaction, though easily obtained from an aqueous solution of the macerated endosperm, cannot be obtained from a similar carunculus-solution, even after eight hours' exposure in a water-bath to a temperature of 100 F. The insect-mimicking fruit or seed may escape from its semi- nivorous enemies by being passed over as an insect ; moreover, insectivorous ones seizing it and finding out their mistake would be almost certain to fling it some distance away, by which means the species would stand a better chance of dispersion. Seeing, then, the cycle of offices performed by these structures, it will, I think, be admitted that they are among the most wonderul to be found in the whole vegetable world. SHOET NOTES. On a two-flowered perigynium of Carex intumescens, Ritdtje, AND THE differences BETWEEN THIS SPECIES AND C. GrAYI, Carey. — In consequence of seeing a communication in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle' of the 12th ult., respecting Carex Grayi and C. folliculata , I examined the specimens in Kew herbarium in order to be able to reply to the question raised. C. intumescens, Rudge, (C. folliculata, Michaux, Schkuhr, Kuntli, and many other botanists, but not of Linnaeus), and C. Grayi, Carey, the latter being a more vigorous plant and flowering a month later than the former, of which Dr. Asa Gray at first regarded it as a variety. In Boott's herbarium at Kew is the following note from Carey : — " You have never told me what you think of this [Carex Grayi, Carey] as a species. There are specimens from the Cambridge garden where it retains such characters as it has. It appears distinct, but wants (or at least I cannot detect) strong contrasting characters." Having found what I believed to be a very good distinctive character not mentioned in Gray's definition of the species in his ' Manual ' or in Boott's ' Illustrations of Carex,' I requested Mr. N. E. Brown to examine the achenes of the two species in question with care, and, in so doing, he accidentally discovered a perigynium of C. intumescens containing two achenes. I have not been able to find any record of a similar occurrence, therefore I think a brief description may be sufficiently interesting to find a i)lace in the ' Journal of Botany.' Within the utricle or perigynium is the normal triquetrous achene, fully developed and ai)parently ripe ; and in front of it and occupying the place of the SHOKT NOTES. 275 seta or rliaclieole of some species is a second achene, which is tetragonous from compression. This achene is scarcely two-thu-ds the size of the other, by which it is closely seated. On one side of it, and partially enchcling its base, is a rudimentary perigynium, easily recognised by its bifid tip. Mr. Dyer found an analogous case in C'aye,v acuta, but his was a quite rudimentary flower. He states (' Journal of the Linnean Society,' xiv., p. 154): "One flower, which I examined with great care, possessed an abnormal arrangement of great interest (fig. 8, t. 12). AVithin the perigynium, the upper margin of which was much depressed in front, there was, besides the normal ovary, a rudimentary second flower consisting of a nuclear body subtended by a bract which was clearly deficient posteriorly, or with its edges connate low down and out of sight." Our condition of things appears to difi'er only in the degreee of develoxDment attained. The accompanying diagram represents the po- sition of the parts as they appear in a nearly or quite ripe state. It may be added that several botanists, as Wesmael, Wigand, and Eichler, record instances of the seta or rhacheole growiiDg out at the top of the perigynium and bearing « axis, b primary spikelets of flowers. The differential character P^^'gyi^ium, c pri- -S . , -r 1 1 T 1 • 1 i 1 marv achene, a se- which 1 observed, and winch appears to be con- coudaryperigyuium, stant, is in the achenes ; those of C. Grayi e secondary achene. being nearly globular, with a slender style, and indistinctly three-ribbed, whilst those of C. iiitumescais are elongated and sharply triangular, with concave facets. — W. B. Hemsley. M09INO AND SeSSE's collection OF MeXICAN DRIED PLANTS. The writer of this note would be glad to know what has become of a collection of Mexican plants made by Mo9ino and Sesse, and formerly in Lambert's herbarium. According to a memorandum in a catalogue of the sale of Lambert's collections in the library at Kew, this collection, as well as many other lots of American plants, was purchased by a person named Eich, probably an agent.''' * From a priced catalogue of the sale in the Botanical Department of the British Museum, it is seen that the coUoction fetched £1 85. It was therefore probably small — less than a hundred species. Mr. Pamplin, now of Llnndderfel, N. Wales, has kindly given us the following infoimation concerning Mr. Ilich : — " He and his father before him were the accredited ag.-nts in London for the eminent botanist and banker of Paris, M. Benj. De Lessert ; and jiltbough Mr. Eicli was most probably entrusted with commissions from others, yet I have very little douljt that the principal purchases in his name at A. B. Lamberts sale were for Baron Ue Lessert." This is fully borne out by a consulfadon of Lasegue's valuable book on the De Lessert Herbarium, where (at p. 20i)) we find the plants f>f Mo9ino, Sesse, and Cervantes " autrefois In propriete de 3L Lambert de Londi'es," mentioned as forming part of the collection. The same work states (p. ;348) that the herbarium of Moyino and Sesse is at the Royal Gardens, Madrid, and also (p. >i2-i) that the great number of Mexican plants in the herbarium of Ruiz and Pavon (now in the British Museum), appear to have fui'med part of Moyiuo and Sesse's collections. — (Ed. ' Joukn. Box.') 27(3 SHORT NOTES. Several liuiidred species of Mociiio and Sesse's Mexican plants were published in the early volumes of DeCandolle's ' Prodromus,' but the descriptions were made from drawings, and, although the original drawings were excellent, the descriptions are usually insufficient for the determination of the intended species. M. Alphonse DeCandolle, recognising this difficulty, generously offered a few years ago to supplj-^ the principal botanical institutions with sets of tracings of the drawings upon which these species had been founded, at the cost of production ; these tracings have proved exceedingly useful in naming a collection of Mexican plants made by Drs. Parry and Palmer, chiefly in the State of San Luis Potosi, at an elevation of GOOO to 8000 feet, and presented to Kew herbarium on the condition that they should be included in the Botany of Messrs. Godman and Salvin's ' Biologia Centrali Americana.' Drs. Parry and Palmer appear to have traversed the same country as Mocino and Sesse, for they have collected many of the same species of which, at Kew, there were previously only the tracings mentioned. Mr. N. E. Brown is assisting me, and we have been able to identify a number of our species by means of the tracings. Other species represented in the set of tracings we have been able to refer to their proper genera. Thus, for example, Margaris harbifjera, DC, is Sijiiqihoricarpus microphyUus , H.B. K., and Geiun? cercucarpoides, DC, isFaJluyia paradoxa, Endl., Syn. Sievcrsia parado.va, Don. Now the fact that Don described and figured two x^lants, Coirania inexicana and the one just mentioned, from dried specimens "collected by Mo(;ino and Sesse," which are identical with two drawn by them, seems to point to the probabilit}' of the collection in question containing specimens of others which they figured. I think M. DeCandolle informed me, when I was ins^Decting his collection of drawings, that he was not aware of the existence of any dried plants collected by Mo9ino and Sesse, therefore the discovery of evidence of a collection having existed is worth i)utting on record, and may perhaps, if the collection still exists, give the owner an idea of its real value in connection with the drawings. With regard to genera, Cardionema, DC, is the same as Fentacana : another interesting determination (suggested by Dr. Parry) is the genus Cerdia. On examining our material we detected two very distinct species of this curious, usually monandrous, genus, neither of which we could identify with the two previously published, though there is not the slightest doubt respecting the genus. Possibly, however, one of them may be the same as one of the pubhshed species, but from the tracings it appears quite different. — W. B. Hemsley. ORcms niRciNA NOT EXTINCT IN Kent. — It may be interesting to scmie of the readers of your Journal to know that the Lizard Orchis, (hcliis Idrcina, was found b}^ me near Greenhithe last year. The plant, which was growing in a chalk quarry, was about two feet in height. Beiug extremely rare, and in such a situation SHORT NOTES. 277 likely to be destroyed, it was removed to the garden of one of the members of the Greenhithe Natnrahsts' Society, and thus preserved ; it is in flower at the present time, but not quite so fine as last year. I have again, this year, found a specimen of the same plant on the ridge of the quarry, about one hundred feet above the site of the other and about twenty yards distant. — E. J. Cox. The Spartinas of Southampton Water. — There grows, on the mud-flats about Hythe, South Hants, in company with S. altenii- fiora, a Spartina, which, by the majority of characters given in British works, would be rather S. alteniijiora than S. stricta, yet which we now consider to be the latter. Mr. Townsend first pointed this out from a specimen which we sent him as a voucher for the occurrence of S. alter nijiura on the western shores of Southampton Water. This form of S. stricta is from two to four feet high, and has four to six spreading spikes sometimes six inches in length, with the rachis protruded three -eighths to five- eighths of an inch ; the spikelets are twenty to tliu'ty, and the leaves do not narrow to the sheath. Prof. Babington gives for S. stricta " one to two feet high," " spikes two to three," " rachis scarcely extending heijond the last spikelet •/' and Dr. Boswell (Syme) says, *' spikes two, rarely three or fom-," " spikelets six to ten," *' flowering- stems six inches to one foot, though I have seen specimens two feet high." We think, with Mr. Townsend, that the comparative importance usually given to the characters separating the two species is very misleading. The production of the rachis, number of the spikes, and size of the plant, as distinctive characters, are apparently quite overthrown by the Hythe plant ; and it would appear that the leaves bemg jointed to the sheaths or continuous with them, and the comparative length of the upper leaf to the spike, afford the most reliable characters for separating the two species. We have circulated during the last five years, through the Botanical Exchange Club and otherwise, a number of specimens named " S. alteniijiora,'' of which many probably should have been labelled S. stricta. We do not find, in the herbaria at the British Museum, Kew, or Cam- bridge, any form of S. stricta so extreme as the Hythe plant, the nearest being Billot, No. 1089, from Rochelle.— H. & J. Groves. Rediscovery of Cephalanthera rubra. — I was fortunate enough, after many unsuccessful searches in the neighbourhood, to discover Cephalanthera rubra last year. It occurs in a beech wood on the side of a steep hill about two miles from Stroud, the locality being restricted to one narrow strip of ground, perhaps of fifty yards in extent, down the side of the hill, and is not easily found. I noticed this summer some thirty or forty specimens ; few of these, however, bear flowers. It is an exceedingly beautiful species, and 278 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. although I have frequently met with it on the Continent, I have never seen it grow there to such perfection as it does in the locality I refer to. I have had the pleasure of pointing it out to two or three botanists upon whose trustworthiness 1 believe I can rely, otherwise I am rather jealous of divulging its habitat. Many of the beech woods about here have been cut down of late years, and this has had the effect of destroying many orchids. I have good reason to believe that a former habitat of C. rubra has been destroyed in this way. — H. C. Eeader. Festuca ambigua at Thetford. — I w^as down in Suffolk on July 19th, and in the neighbourhood of Thetford found Festuca ambigua in abundance ; it was growing on sandy banks on Thetford Heath with Agrostis (Apera) interrupta, Medicago minima, and Veronica verna, the last four inches or several five inches high. I have never seen it before more than three inches and a half high on Ickligham Heath ; doubtless the excessively wet spring and summer have been the cause. Near it (showing the curious season) was Draba verna in flower and fruit. I will later on send j^ou a series of the Festuca, but I was at least a fortnight too late to gather it in good condition. — A. Bennett. JuNcus DiFFusus IN WORCESTERSHIRE. — I have met witli Juncus diffusus growing in considerable quantity upon Newland Common, near Malvern. Its existence there may be of interest, as it has not hitherto been recorded as a Worcestershire plant. — E. F. ToWNDROW. Nottces of 33ooR^ anir iWrmotrs* Ueber Befruchtung und Zelltheilung. Von Dr. Edouard Stras- BURGER. Jena, 1877. Although more than a quarter of a century ago Reichenbach studied the division of the pollen-cell in Orchids and compared this process with that exhibited by Coniferte, and although Hartig saw division of the nuclei in Tradescantia, Campanula, and a few other cases, their observations axDpearto have passed out of view, and it was entirely as a new subject that the author took up the systematic study of this phenomenon. His method consists in cultivating the pollen in 3 per cent, or 5 per cent, solution of sugar, then treating with 1 per cent, osmic acid, and staining with carmine. The pollen-cell of Narcissus pueticus thus prepared is seen to have a spherical nucleus provided with a nucleolus aiid a spindle-shaped enucleolate one with granular plasma collected at the two poles. In a bud of Allium Jistuiusum, 4-5 mm. long, some of the grains have two nuclei near their flat side separated by a wall shaped like a NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 279 watch-glass, and attached to the wall of the grain. This wall is, however, not formed of cellulose, and it soon disa^Dpears, the two nuclei being then found free in the fo villa. After a time each nucleus loses its nucleolus. In Orchids division takes j)lace in flowers at the to^D of a spike wdiile those below are in bloom. It is usually difficult to see the nuclei in unprepared grains of Dicotyledons, but they may always be seen in the crushed fovilla ; sometimes, indeed, as in 2lonotropa and liheiun, they may be found without the use of reagents. In this last genus {li. hyhridiun), owing to the absence of starch, the process of division can be followed in a most satisfactory way. The nucleus lies before division in the plasma lining the wall which a few days before pollination becomes massed round it. In segmentation a cell-plate is laid down in the ordinary w^ay, and thus the small " vegetative " cell is separated from its large sister-cell. The free nucleus now wanders away to the other side of the grain, which becomes filled with starch ; finally the plasmatic wall is absorbed, and the two nuclei float freely in the fovilla. The process is seen less clearly in Gloxinia {O. hybrida) on account of the abundance of starch masking it somewhat ; in this -plunt it occurs in buds 22 mm. long. The author has also studied it in Fi/rola, and not having met with a single case in which division did not hold, he comes to the reasonable conclusion that it is of universal occurrence among Metasperms. Fii-ed with the desire to ascertain what becomes of these nuclei, the poUen was cultivated in a droi^ of syrup, of various concentration according to the sx^ecies, suspended over a moist chamber, and put in a dark place, as light retards the germmation of pollen."^ The nuclei were seen to pass into the tube, becoming narrower and longer as they advanced. The hinder one in Orchis disappears after a time, and in AUium they sometimes both remain for a while at the mouth of the cell before j)assing into the tube.f There is no regular order of entrance into the tube, sometimes the nucleus of the pollen-cell being first, sometimes that of the vegeta- tive-cell. We will now leave the male element after again calling attention to the similarity of the x^henomena which occurs inside the pollen- cells of Metasperms and those of Conifers and Cycads, as well as the microspores < f some higher Cryptogams, to give an account of Strasburger's discoveries a propos of the embryo-sac of Phanero- gams. As types of Monocotyledons, Orchids wxre made use of, and especially Orchis jmUens. The young ovules were placed in 3 per cent, solution of sugar, and in addition, when division was expected, in a di'op of 1 per cent, osmic acid. The following series of developments was then observed : — The great cell of the central row of the nucleus divides into a lower :]: larger and an upper small cell, * This fact probably accounts for styles beiug so often more or less terete and not flat, as the tubes growing down a Hat style would be more exposed to liglit. + lu a species of Mimulus we have seen one nucleus at tlie mouth and one a long way in the tube. + That end of the sac nearest the micropyle Ave refer to as the upper. 280 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MPiMOIRS. which latter immediately itself undergoes division. The large cell, which is the yoimg emhryo sac, expands and presses against the two crowning cells, and while doing so its nucleus divides. The new nuclei immediately separate, one going to the toj) and the other to the bottom of the sac, each accompanied, in its progress, by plasma, and sej)arated at first by an incompletely-formed cell- plate, the disappearance of which is followed by the formation of a large vacuole in the centre of the sac. By this time the two crowning cells have become so compressed that they are visible no more than as a cap. The innermost sac-neighbouring row of nuclear cells now shows signs of disorganisation, after which the two nuclei of the sac divide ; but the cell-plate not being completed, there are now two free nuclei at each pole, round which almost the whole of the plasma is collected. These j)airs of nuclei next divide each in a j)]ane more or less inclined to that in which its fellows division occurs ; this time, however, a complete wall separates the sister nuclei, and one sees three cells at each pole of the sac. Two of these cells, viz., those formed from the nucleus whose cell-plate was laid down parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sac, remain in position, and are accompanied by the deeper- lying uppermost result of the laying down of a horizontal cell- plate in the other nucleus. The fourth nucleus at each pole remains free, and, moving towards the centre, the two soon become united, the separate nucleoli being often observable some time afterwards. The two first-mentioned cells not being true germ- cells, although they have hitherto been called *' germinal vesicles," are what we shall call " auxiliary vesicles," or shortly " auxiliaries " ((/ehi'd/innen), since, as we shall afterwards see, they assist the germ in its development. The deeper-lying third cell is the real repro- ductive unit — the " germinal vesicle " or '* germ " (ei). The three cells at the other end of the sac which, by-the-bye, are in the same horizontal plane, are of course the " antipodal vesicles." We thus see that everything takes place in a beautifully simj)le and consecutive manner, and that we are released from the necessity of calling in the aid of " free-cell formation," a process which has so often been brought on the tapis to explain phenomena difficult of observation. The auxiliaries differ from the germ in being more pointed, and their nucleus is situated at the upper part, the lower being vacuolate, positions which are reversed in the germ. For Dicotyledons the author chose Monotropa Hi/jioidti/s, which he found especially suitable for study. The series of changes is essentially the same as in Orchis. Among others Pi/rola, Gloxiiiid }n/hrida, SinniiKjia Lindlei/ana, and especially Torenia asiatica, are commended to the notice of those who wish to see the process for themselves. One would naturally expect to find exceptions to the above- sketched series of phenomena, even did one not know that such have been before noticed. The principal ones recorded by Stras- burger are — occasional abortion of the germ in Monotropa, multipli- cation of antipodal vesicles in Ornithoyalam, large cellulose- NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOlKS. 281 siuTOuncled antipodal vesicles in Delphinium, Gladiolus, and Crocus, two germs in Santahnn and Sinniiujia, binucleolate germ in Xothoscordium fragrans, occasional abortion to a greater or less degree of one (very rarely of both) of the auxiliaries, and pro- trusion of the embryo-sac into the micropyle in Torcnia asiatica. Attentive consideration was also given to the development and structure of the apical " filamentary j)rolongations " in Gladiolus, Crocus, Bartonia, &c., and the thickening of the upper part of the auxiliaries, which in other cases foreshadow them. For studying the act of impregnation and its immediate results, the author recommends Torenia asiatica. The ovules were stripped off the placenta thirty- six hours after pollination, and put in a 3 per cent, solution of sugar. Directly the pollen-tube comes in contact with the top of the auxiliaries, it cleaves to them and rebounds as though it would separate from them. At this stage its contents are strongly refractive and uniformly finely granular. The contents of one of the auxiliaries now appear cloudy, and its nucleus and nucleolus disappear ; it then contracts itself a little, and is uniformly filled with a finely granular substance, the second auxiliary either following the example of its fellow or not, accord- ing as it participates or not in the fertilizing lu'ocess. The apex of the i)ollen-tube either remains at the top of the auxiliaries or is prolonged between them, often directly reaching the germinal vesicle. The now irregularly-contoured auxiliaries are next seen clinging as a formless tenaciously fluid mass to the germ, round which a cellulose membrane can be detected. The auxiliaries are ultimately entirely absorbed, their contents serving, as the author supposes, to nourish the young embryo, unless, as is sometimes the case, the aid of one is dispensed with. Gloxinia Injhrida and Sinninrfia IJndleyana are also good types for study, but especially Orchids (Orchis pallens, Gymnadenia conopsea) Monotropa and Pi/rola, on account of the germ not being in those i3lants covered by the auxiliaries, as is the case with Torenia. In these the author saw that after the clouded plasma has spread itself on the germ two close-lying nuclei are seen in the latter. The second nucleus cannot be the last remaining nucleus of the pollen-tube introduced as such into the germ, because that always dissolves immediately the tip of the tube touches the embryo-sac. What then is it ? Most probably a new nucleus formed by the re-collection of the particles of the nucleus of the pollen-tube. Both nuclei soon unite, and in one case there were three nuclei in the germ of a Monotropa ovide. Strasburger's opinion is, therefore, that the union of sperm and germ does not take place by osmosis, but by direct passage of the contents of the pollen-tube, first through their own membrane and then through that of the embryo-sac. For this position he finds strong support from Cornu's observation of the development of macrogo- riidia in Xectria, and the processes of impregnation m Ascomycetes, Floridea, and Lichens. As for the pollen-tube, it finds itself compressed after impregna- tion by the narrowing of the micropyle, a phenomenon essentially 2o 282 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. similar morphologically and functionally to that presented by archegoma. The succession of compression being here, as always, towards the locus of fertilization, it follows that any contents remaining in the tube will be squeezed into the embryo-sac. Its ultimate fate is probably absorption. The chief exceptions are the following : — When two germs are present in the embiyo-sac,''= as may sometimes be the case, they may both occasionally be fertilized and surround themselves with a cellulose wall, but one always predominates over the other, which finally disappears.! In (rladiolus communis and Crocus vermis the pollen-tube forces its way between the young upper part (filamentary prolongation) of the auxiliaries, and frequently reaches the germ, on the surface of which it expands, or else it remains at a varying height between the auxiliaries. The prolongation remains for some time after the absorption of the latter, and is found clinging to the pollen- tube, which is much swollen after fertilization..! In Ornithogalum. nutans one of the auxiliaries surrounds itself with a cellulose-wall, but never grows further. In (Eiwtliera Drummondii the tip of the pollen-tube is attached solely to the outer wall of the embryo-sac, a method of union which is even more remote in the case of Ricinus, which shows tw^o intervening laj^ers of* cells. ^i The author's observations on the formation of adventitious embryos are of the greatest importance, and possess most vital interest. In Funkia ovcita, after fertilization, single cells of the one-layered nucleus near the germ and auxiliaries begin to grow into the embryo-sac, dividing and forming a several-celled knob. In Notlioscordium friu/rans the germ is almost always suppressed in favour of the adventitious growths, while in Citrus it usually grows along with them. The same method of embryo-formation is presented by CaIcho(ji/ne, and in all probabiUty its existence has given rise to the supposition of parthenogenesis in this plant. Parthenogenesis, being a method of growth from the unfertilised germ, is altogether distinct from the process of adventitious forma- tion of the embryo. AVith these observations before us, therefore, it is plain that in future, for the proof of parthenogenesis in any given case, a necessary factor will be disproof of the existence of * The raison d'etre of this second germ is easy to understand. Its nucleus is, of course, that one which, under usual circumstances, comes from the upper part of the embryo-sac to unite with one from the lower part into the special sac-nucleus, but which is retained in position by being surrounded with a membrane. + Orchis latifoUa is mentioned fiutlier on in the book as having two embryoes lormed from two germs. + Strasbnrger supposes that this swelling of the wall of the pollen-tube favours the jmssage of its fertilizing matter. We venture to think that a some- what similar instance is furnished by those seeds which swell up in water — moistening being necessary to the passage of gases through tjje testa. (See Deherain and Landzin in Ann. Sc. Nat., 5me Serie, t. 20, p. 307). The most remarkable occurrence in this connection is the differentiation of the inner , layers into a spiral coil, which is liberated as such on applying moisture. § In view of the function of the thickened upper part of the auxiliaries, which is to render pervious the top of the embryo-sac, this would appear to be either the relic of, or a reversion to, au ancestral condition. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 283 adventitious embryo formation. So important and beautifully original is this result, that were it the only goal reached by the author, he would have been entitled to our sincerest gratitude. The nucleus of the fertilized germ does not disapi^ear, as has been supposed, but divides in the usual way ^preparatory to the formation of the second embryonal cell. Endosperm is formed in one of two ways ; either, as in Monutropa, from division of the nucleus of the embryo -sac and continued subdivision from the new nuclei ; or, as is generally supposed to be universally the case, the nucleus of the embryo-sac is absorbed, and new nuclei make their appearance in the plasma lining its wall. The most remarkable upshot of all these observations is that they have led Strasburger to the conclusion that no comparison is I)ossible between the phenomena inside the embryo-sac of Meta- sperms (^Angiosperms), and that of ArcJdsperms [Gymnosperms), and that his phylogenetic scheme of the evolution of the former from GnetacecB is "more than doubtful." The antipodal vesicles cannot represent a prothallus, the entire germ-apparatus (germinal and auxiliary vesicles) has not elsewhere any similar representative ; the auxiliaries are not to be compared with " canal-cells," smce, iiTespective of function, they are not developed from the germ, neither can the filamentary prolongations be regarded as the germinal spot; moreover, if it be held that the auxiliaries are metamorphosed germs, then there is nothing for it but to consider the filamentary prolongations as rej)resenting the germinal spot, from which they differ entirely in structure, function, and chemical relations. This is a subject which demands the attentive con- sideration of every thoughtful evolutionist, and we cannot but think that our author, who has so greatly distinguished himself among the micro-arcana of Nature, will have something further to say about it. S. M. Me. Sereno Watson's Contributions to American Botany, ix. (Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. xiv., July, 1879), contains a revision of the LiliacecE of North America, using the name in the large signification now given to it. As many as 235 species are described under fifty genera. Muilla (an inversion of Allium) is a new genus found for a j)lant (HesperosconUum 1 maritima, Torr.) usually placed with the AllietB, but w^hich has the characters of the Millea. Another new genus is separated from Scluenolirion for S, album ^ Durand, and named Hasthu/sia after Mr. S. C. Hastings, of San Francisco, a liberal promoter of the fine volume on the Botany of California. A PAPER ' On British Elms,' by Mr. GT. S. Boulger, is printed in the Scottish Arboricultural Society's Transactions. The author has carefully worked up the botanical literature of the subject, and has endeavoured to see authentic specimens, living or dried, of the numerous described forms. His results do not disturb to any extent the classification of our English varieties, of which he 284 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. enumerates twenty-four ; all falling under the two si^ecies U. cam- pestris, With., and r. inontana, Sm. Other New Books. — F. v. Mueller, ' The native Plants of Victoria succinctly defined,' i^art i. (Melbourne, 1879). — F. Kurtz, * Aufzilhlung der von Waldburg-Zeil im Jahre 1876 in West Siberien gesammelter Pilanzen ' (Berlin, 1879). — Rev. G. Henslow, ' The Students' Catalogue of British Plants, arranged according to Dr. Hooker's Students' Flora' (Bateman, High Street, Portland Town, London, 1879). — H. H. Higgins, ' Biographical Sketches in Botany ' (Annual Address for 1879 to Liverpool Nat. Field Club). — J. Decalsne, ' ]\Ionograi)liie des genres Li(iustnim and Syrhyja' (in ' Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Hist. Nat.', ser. 2, vol i., Paris, 1878). — Christ, ' Pflanzen-leben in der Schweiz ' (Zurich, 1879). — J. Ball, * On the origin of the Flora of the European Alps' (from ' Proc. R. Geograph. Soc.', 1879). — H. Baillon, * Errorum Decaisneorum Centuria ii.' (Paris, 1879). — Wheeler's ' Report upon U. S. Geographical Surveys west of 100th meridian,' vol. vi., Botany, by J. T. Rothrock (1878-9). — J. Britten, ' European Ferns,' part i. (Cassell & Co., London, 1879). Articles in Journals. — July. Scottish Xatwalist. — J. Cameron, ' Gaelic names of plants.' — J. Fergusson, ' Recent advances in British Bryology." Amer. Xatumlist. — R. C. Stearns, ' Form of seeds as a factor in Nat. Selection in plants.' — W. Trealease, ' On fertilization of several species of Luhelia.' Bat. Zeitung. — K. Prantl, ' On development of prothallium of Salvinia ncitcins.'' — V. W. P. Rauwhenhofi', ' On the first appear- ances in germination of cryptogamous spores.' — J. Reinke, ' Two parasitic Algae ' (t. 6). Flora. — J. Muller, ' Lichenological notes.' — K. A. Henniger, * Hybridization in plants ' (coiitd.) — W. Nylander, ' Circa Lichenes vitricolos notula.' — W.J. Behrens, 'On nectaries of flowers' (contd.) — H. Leitgeb, ' On the bilateralness of prothallia.' — F. Ai-nold, 'Lichenological fragments.' Oesterr. But. Zeitschr. — E. Hackel, ' On the Grasses of Austria- Hungary.' — A. Kerner, 'On history of i^lant distribution' (contd.) — H. Wawra, ' Diagnoses plant, nov. Brasiliensium coll. in exped. "Novara."' — Halacsy, 'On the flora of Lower Austria.' — F. Kornicke, ' Xcovossia, gen. nov. Ustila. ^45. + Koch, ' Syn. Fl. Germ.' ed. 2, pp. 778 & 1028. + Kunth, • Enum. Plant.' iii. p. 1:]1. § Boreau, ' Fl. du Centre de France,' ed. 'i, ii. p. 000. II Koth, ' Enum. Plant. Germ.' i. p. 031. *\ Peich., ' Jc. Fl. Germ.' vii. p. '23. ** hange, ' Haandb. d. Danske Fl.' ed. 3, ]). 133. POTAMOGETON ZIZII AS A BRITISH PLANT. 291 accord it a similar rank. Curiously enough, the plant is not men- tioned at all in Nyman's ' Sylloge.' If the German authors for the most part are thus inclined to place this pond-weed with P. heteroplujUus (unless they kee^) it as a species), on the other hand the Scandinavian botanists with greater propriety jDlace it under P. litcens. Thus Nolte'" calls it P. lucens var. minor, Fries! P. lucens var. heterophyllus, and Hart- man I and A. Blytt § P. lucens var. Zizii. Ascherson also, in his excellent Flora, is in accord with these, and places it as a Viiriety of P. lucens. \\ Probably the arrangement most in accord- ance with nature, however, is that followed by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in their monograph of the genus published in 1827,^ where P. Zizii is accorded equal rank with P. lucens and P. hete- lophyllus, all being regarded as sub-species of one super-species, P. Froteus, C. & S. These various synonyms and some others are shown in the following list : — P. Zizii, Mert. d- Koch (Both, Fieber, Lange, Keichenbach). P. angustifolius, I'resl (fide Fieber). "'•= P. lanceolatus, Wolfffaur/ (nou Smith nee Keichenbach). P. gramineus var. platyphyllus, Meyer. ,, var. Zizii, Koch (Kuuth). ? ,, var. s^Dathaeformis, Tuckerman. P. heterophyllus, var. latifolius, Mert. d Koch. ,, var. Zizii, Boreau. P. lucens var. minor, Nolte. ,, var. heterophyllus, Fries. ,, var. Zizii, Ascherson, Blytt. ? ,, var. coriaceus, Xolte. P. Proteus, sub-sp. Zizii, Cham, d Schlecht. P. serratus, Linn. Sp. PL, Nolte in Hansen, Herb. Slesv.-Holst. n. 1114 (Herb. Mus. Brit.) Figures. — P. Zizii is well figured in Eeichenbach's ' Icones Fl. Germ.' vii. t. 39 (var. eloiujatus) and t. 38 (var. validus) ; but Koch considers the latter to represent at all events partly P. lucens. The fruit is also figured in the 'Linnaea,' ii. (1827), t. v. fig. 16 h,c, and in Fieber, 'Die Potamog. Bohmens ' (1838), t. ii. fig. 11. I hesitate to quote the large new plate of P. Zizii in ' Flora Danica,' fasc. 49 (1877), t. 2886, which differs in several parti- culars, especially in the form of the perianth-leaves. Distribution. — The plant has been observed in many parts of the north and centre of Europe. In the herbarium of the British Museum we have examples from the Palatinate (where it was first noticed), and from Eiiangen, Bavaria ; from Slesvig-Holstein, Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, and the island of Bornholm in the * In Hansen. Herb. Slesv.-Holst., no. 021 (Herb. Mus. Brit.) + Fries, ' Novitise Fl. Suec.,' p. 3t). + Hartm., ' Skandin. Fl.' ed. 10, p. 2-2G. § Blyth, ' Norges Flora,' Suppl., p. 1277. II Asch., ' Fl. Prov. Brandenburg,' p. 050 (1864). II In ' Linnaea,' ii. p. 201. ** This is not improbably an earlier name, but I have been unable to trace it. 292 FERNS OF FIJI. Baltic. It is also recorded from Sweden, Norway and Denmark, Lithuania, and the Loire in France. It appears to extend into North America. P. lucens var. minor, Nolte, is given by A. Gray* in the States, and to judge from specimens m the British Museum labelled ' P. sjiathis, Tuckerm. herb.', the P. (/ramineus, var. spathaformis is also referable to P. Zizii. Among the synonyms given above is P. lucens, var coriaceus, Nolte, which is referred to P. Zizii by Koch and by Ascherson. It was first recorded in 182Gi by Nolte, who sent specnnens to Mertens, and it was duly inserted in Rohling's ' Deutschlands Flora.' I Eeichenbach has given an excellent figure in the ; Icones,' t. 37, drawn from an authentic specimen, and well agreeing with one in the Museum herbarium, gathered by Nolte in 1821, at Schahsch, in Lauenburg. This is the P. lucens, var. lacustre of Thore,§ and is a very remarkable plant with thick ovate floating leaves^ and the lower submerged ones frequently reduced to_ the spine -like midrib. It is, I think, rightly referred to lucens in a wide sense, but is not quite Zizii; nor does it agree completely with the lucens with floating leaves from Kinghorn Loch, Fife, collected by Mr. Boswell (Syme). Some British botanists would ceita.inly callii heterophi/llus. ^^^ t . P. Zizii, then, must be considered as more closely alhed to P. lucens than to P. heteropJujllus, and may be placed, like P. deci- piens, as a variety or subspecies under the former species. Description of Tab. 204. — Representing Poi'ajnorjfefo;! -^i^u'.M ct K., from specimens sent bv Mr. Brotherston. 1. Upper part of a plant in flower. 2. Portion of a lower branch. 3. Extremity of a branch of the larger form. 4. A perianth-leaf. 5. Fruit. > ON A COLLECTION OF FERNS OATHEEED IN THE FIJI ISLANDS BY ME. JOHN HOENE, F.L.S. By J. 0. Baker, F.E. S. Me. Horne, F.L.S. , the director of the Botanic Garden at Mauritius, who has already-done such good service to botany in his exploration of the Seychelles, has recently, whilst on an expedition in search of new varieties of sugar-cane, on the invitation of the governor, Sir Arthur Gordon, spent nearly a year in the Fiji Islands, engaged in the investigation of their flora. He has now returned to England, bringing with him his specimens, which run up to 114G numbers. Of these about 300 numbers, illustrating nearly 200 species or well-marked varieties, are ferns and fern- allies. It is now practicable to explore in safety all the islands of the Fiji group, so that Mr. Horne has been able to visit many * A. Gray, ' Man. Bot. N. U. States,' p. 28S. + Nolte, ' Novit. Fl. HolsMt,' p. 21, footnote. + Loc. cit., p. 8d(). § Thore, ' Chloris des Landes,' p. 4U. T^L.204'. D.Blair del.etlith We6tUftH™ia.o.&:Co. iim-p. Pota^imo g e ton Zizii ,M. & K. FERNS OF FIJI. 293 districts of the interior that were not reached by Seemann, Mihie, MacgilKvray, Brackeuridge, and the other collectors whose gather- ings were described in Seemann' s great work. He has added to the fern-flora of the group between thirty and forty species, of which about fifteen appear to be new to science. In the present paper I propose to notice these novelties, only describing the species that are new, and simply to mention those not known in the group before or on which his gatherings have in some way thrown new light. He paid a visit of four weeks to Samoa, but whilst there seems to have met with only a single fern not previously found by Messrs. Powell and Wliitmee. The numbers prefixed to the names indicate where the siDecies fall in the sequence of our ' Synopsis Filicum.' 47'". Alsophila Hornei, Baker, n. sp. — Trunk 12-16 feet high. Stipe a foot long, nearly black, conspicuously grooved down the frond, unarmed, as are also the black nearly scalelcss rachises, clothed towards the base with firm lanceolate paleae with a brown- black centre and a pale brown edge, and furnished with small de- compound abnormal pinnas like those of Hemitelia {/uiaiiensis and H. setosa. Frond ample, rhomboid, tripinnate, moderately firm in texture, green on both sides, naked above, furnished with coxdIous brown minute bullate membranous scales beneath, the lower pinnae fertile, the upper sterile. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the central ones 12-18 in. long, 5-6 in. broad ; pinnules lanceolate, f-1 in. broad, cut down in the lower part to the rachis into crenate linear- oblong tertiary contiguous segments, of which all but the very lowest are adnate by their whole base. Veins 8-10-jugate, distinct, all except the uppermost forked in the tertiary segments of the sterile pinnae. Tertiary segments of the fertile pinnae under ^V iii* broad, not contiguous, distinctly crenate, their whole under surface tilled up with sori, one to each lobe, leaving only a narrow space between the sorus and margin. Sori small (about ^ lin. diam.), 16-18 to a fully- developed tertiary segment. Tops of mountain ranges, 2000 feet above sea-level, between Waiwai and Lomaloma, Vanua Levu, common; and also seen in the mountains of Yiti Levu, Home, 620 ! Easily distinguished from all the other Polynesian species by its black rachises, dimorphic pinnae of the main frond, and accessory trichomanoid pinn^ at the base of the stipe. Hymenoj^hijllum javaniclun, Spreng. — New to Polynesia. 10=^. Trichomanes (jultratum, Baker, n. sp. — Ehizome filiform, wide-creeping. Stipe very short. Lamina suborbicular, entire, ^r in. diam., glabrous, firm in texture for the tribe, the margin - entire and naked, the base cuneate or rounded, the midrib distinct /^-^^ above the middle in the sterile fronds, in the deeply emarginate fertile fronds reaching to the deep apical sinus, and bearing a single free funnel-shaped, involucre, with a large spreading two- lobed mouth. Pieceptacle not protruded. Veins radiating flabel- lately from the sides and tip of the midrib. Sori never more than one to a frond. On trunks of trees in shady woods of Bua, Vanua Levu, Home, 1078 ! Closely aUied to T'. Motleyi, V. D. B. 29-4 FERNS OF FIJI. Trichomanes maximum, Bluine. — Two varieties, one with tufted stipites, the other with a creexnug rhizome, witli dwarfed dimorphic fronds attached. Dlcksonia muJiiccana, Blume, var. inermis, Baker. — Differs from the type, whicli is only known in Java, by the absence of prickles \j on the rachises. Momitains of Namosi, Viti Levu, at 1500 feet above sea-level, Home, 841 ! " Stipe 6 feet long and an inch in diameter ; frond triangular in outline, 12 feet long, 10 feet broad at the base." — Home. 19''\ DicKsoNiA INCUKVATA, Bcikef, n. sp. — Frond 6-lQ feet long, including the stout castaneous naked stij)e, deltoid, tripinnate, quite glabrous and scaleless, moderately firm in texture, the rachises of all grades bright brown below, pale brown on the upper side of the frond, I the main one with a few small pricldes. PinuiB oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones 1^-2 feet long. Pinnules lanceolate, the fullest- developed ones 1-1 i in. broad, cut down to the rachis into oblong- rhomboid deeply pinnatifid free sessile tertiary segments, whicli are produced and parallel with tbe rachis on the upper side at the base, cut away cuneately on the lower side. Veins fine, copiously pinnate in the tertiary segments, with ascending forked veinlets. Sori placed at the base of the ultimate sinuses, incurved, with a deep persistent cup-shaped glabrous indusium. Forests near the source of the Yaseri river, in the southern part of Viti Levu, at an elevation of 1000 feet above sea-level, Home, 971 ! The stipe and rachises are two distinct colours, dark chestnut-brown on the back, pale brown on the face, and the two colours do not blend into one another, but are bounded by a sharp line. Allied to the com- mon American D. cicutaria. Davallia hijmenophijlloidcs. Baker. — " This very pretty Davallia I found in two places in Fiji, in densely wooded mountains in 1 Vanua Levu, between Waiwai, Savusavu Bay, and Lomaloma, and Viti Levu on the loamy banks of streams, near Navasi saw-mills. In the latter station it was associated with D. Bhuneana, Hook." — Home, 636 ! D. hymenophylloides has not been found x^i'eviously nearer Fiji than New Caledonia. D. Blumeana has been gathered several times in iSamoa, and once in Fiji, by Mr. Cairns. Davallia stolonifcra, var. acutifolia, Baker. — A curious new variety, with narrow deeply pinnatifid pinnas, nearly an inch long, narrowed gradually from the base to an acute point. On trees on the tops of the mountains near Namosi, Viti Levu, and other stations in the same island, in a region where the rainfall reaches 150 inches in a year. Home, 815 ! 16.''' Adiantum Hoenei, Baker, n. sp. — Stipites tufted, 6-8 in. long, glossy, nearly black, with a coating of small dark linear palere near the base, glabrous, as are the rachises. Lamina deltoid, 1 about half a foot long and broad, the lower pinnae with 1-2 branches, the other three or four simply pinnate, the texture firm, both surfaces glabrous, the lower slightly glaucous. Segments con- tiguous, oblong-rhomboid, akout f in. broad from top to bottom, ^-f in. diameter oi)X)osite the rachis, the lower shortly petioled, the upper ones subsessile, the inner margin parallel with the rachis, FERNS OF FIJI. 295 the lower at right angles with it or somewhat ascending, the outer obtusel}^ rounded and minutel}^ crenate, as is the upper margin, which is nearly parallel with the lower one. Sori round, 1-4 to each segment, inserted in deep narrow sinuses of the upper margin ; involucre round-reniform, persistent, glabrous. In damp places amongst rocks under the shade of stunted trees at Waiwai, Savu- savu Bay, Vanua Levu, at about 1500 feet. Home, 560 ! Allied to ajfine and flabellulatwn. " When growing the fronds have a shining metallic lustre that catches the eye." — Home. Cheilanthes farinosa, Ivaulf. — A single tuft in the province of Navosi, Viti Levu, amongst debris on dry clifi's between Bella and Nadrau, Home, 952 ! A species widely spread in Asia, Africa, and America, but not known before in Polynesia. 3.'" Pteris (Eupteris) vitiensis. Baker, n. sp. — Stipites tufted, pale brown, naked, 6-24 in. long, with small brown linear mem- branous scales at the base and clothing the caudex. Lamina oblong, |-1 foot long, simply pinnate, green and glabrous on both sides, moderately firm in texture. Pinnae 5-17, lanceolate, all simple, the lower ones shortly petioled, the upper ones sessile, but not at all decurrent, the fully-develoi^ed barren ones about half a foot long and an inch broad, acuminate, entire, unequal at the base, but broadly rounded on both sides, the fertile ones narrower and not more than half as broad. Veins close, distinct, ascending, simple or once forked. Sori continuous from the base to within a short distance of the top of the fertile pinnae ; involucre narrow, glabrous. Not uncommon in rich loamy soil between the Waimanu and Kewa rivers, Yiti Levu, at about 200 feet above sea-level Home, 718 ! Most like P. j^eUucida, from which it differs by the pinnae being all simple and the upper ones not at all decurrent on the main rachis. Lomaria Patersoni, Spreng. — Steep rocky banks of streams in the mountains between Naquave and Nukasevi, on the Navua river, Viti Levu, Home, 951 ! New to Polynesia. Mr. Home's specimens match Cuming 200 from Luzon, figured ' Hook. Sp. Fil.,' vol. iii., tab. 148, the original of L. Cuminglana, Hook. Lomaria {Plaf/iofjyria) adnata, Blume. — Common amongst rocks on a branch of the Navua river, Viti Levu, at 1000 feet. Home, 812 ! and near the sources of the Waini Malu, in the same island, Home, 939 ! It seems more and more evident, as fresh specimens arrive, that this is not distinct specifically from L. e.uphlehia, Kunze. The plant was discovered lately in Australia, but this is the first time we have received it from Polynesia. Asplenixim amhoinense, Willd., var. Hillii, Home MSS. — Differs from typical amboincnse, as represented by Scemann's No. 813, by its much closer veins, spreading from the costa almost at a right angle. Island of Kabi, Home, 493 ! " Named after the kind and hospitable proprietor of the island on which it was found." — Home. The relations to one another of A. vittccforme, Cav., A. sundense, Blume, A. amboineme, Willd., and A. Jijiensc, Brack., want care- fully working out in the field before we can know how many species U ^ 296 FEKNS OF FIJI. the four names really cover. Mr. Horue lias altogether five num- bers that fall within these limits, Asplenium [Diplazium) uia.viinum, Don. — Common in woods, Vanua Levn, Home, 1099 ! This exactly matches the common Indian i3lant so-called, which is net distinctly known before as Polynesian. Allantodia Bnnioniana, Wall. — In one iDlace, Vieunga, in the interior of Yiti Levu, Hor7ie, 799 ! New to Fiji, but discovered lately by the Eev. S.J. Whitmee in Samoa. Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. — Tops of mountains, at about 1800 feet, between Waiwai and Naduri, Vanua Levu, common, frequently attaining a height of six feet. Home, 602 ! It is interesting to get this characteristically temperate fern in this group for the first time. Messrs. Powell and Whitmee have met with three well- marked varieties in Samoa. 213.''' Nephrodium (Sagenl\) tripartitum, Baker, n. sp. — Stipites tufted, nearly black, glossy, 6-10 in. long, with a few lanceolate brown scales near the base. Frond deltoid, 6-9 in. long and broad, green and glabrous on both sides, moderately firm in texture, cut dowm wdthin about an inch of the base into three segments, the central one oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, repand, 2-3 in. broad, the side ones shorter and unequal-sided, simple or shortly forked at the base. Main veins ascending, rather w^avy, -|-^ in. apart, distinct nearly to the margin ; areola small, irregular, with abundant free included veinlets. Sori large (nearly a line broad), forming two distinct rows (6-8 sori in the central pinnae) between the main veins ; involucre large, reniform, glabrous, persistent. Damp shady places amongst the mountains near Waiwai, Vanua Levu, Home, 562 ! Allied to V. Pica, of Mauritius. 219.''' Nephrodium (Sagenia) heptaphyllum. Baker, n. sp. — Stipites about a foot long, pale brown, naked. Frond deltoid, above a foot long and broad, moderately firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sides, simply pinnate, with 3-4 pairs of pinn® and an end one. Pinnae oblong, acute, 2-8 in. broad, the upper confluent at the base or broadly adnate to the rachis, the lowest pail* shortly stalked and forked at the base. Main veins erecto- patent, distinct to the edge, ^-^ in. apart, with very copious distinct small intervening areolae, with free included veinlets. Sori middle-sized, forming two distinct rows between the main veins, 6-8 to a row ; involucre glabrous, persistent. Upulo, Samoa, on mountains at 1500 feet elevation, on the slopes of an extinct crater 15 miles fi'om Apia, Home, 20! Allied to the West African N. Barteri. 219. "• Nephrodium (Sagenia) juglandifolium, Baker, n. sp. — Ehizome woody, wide-creeping, ^ in. diam., clothed densely with dull dark brown lanceolate paleae. Stipites contiguous, brown, 9-18 in. long, with a few paleae towards the base. Frond oblong- rhomboid, about a foot long, simply pinnate, moderately firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sides. Pinnae generally 5, the end one like the others, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, 15-21 Hues broad, FERNS OF FIJI. 297 acuminate, cimeate at the base, all simple, the side ones erecto- patent, the upper rather decurrent on the racliis, the lowest pair shortly stalked. Main veins ascending, distinct to the edge, J-^ in. apart, enclosing copious small areolae with a few included free veinlets. Sori small, irregularly biserial ; involucre small, glabrous. SiDCcial station not quite certain, probably on the Rewa river, Viti Levu, Home ! Allied to N. Barteri, pachyphyllum, and the last species. 43.* PoLYPODiuM (Phegopteris) alsophiloides. Baker, n. sp. — Stipe dull brown, .naked, above half a foot long. Frond deltoid, tripinnatifid, 1^-2 feet long, moderately firm in texture, green on both sides, pubescent on both sides on the rachises and principal veins. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lowest the largest, 6-9 in. long, cut down throughout to a very narrowly-winged rachis into lanceolate pinnules -| in. broad, with regular oblong contiguous tertiary segments, which are confluent at the base only. Veins pinnate in the tertiary segments, with simple erecto-patent 3-4- jugate veinlets. Sori small, medial on the ultimate veinlets. Densely Avooded ravine in the mountains between Waiwai and Lomaloma, Vanua Levu, Home, 645 ! Cutting of an Alsopliila, like latehrosa or lunxdata, with a smaller frond and fewer veins to a segment. 43."^^ PoLYPODiuM (Phegopteris) Gordon:, Baker, n.sp. — Stipites tufted, about a foot long, dull brown, thinly paleaceous up to the top. Frond lanceolate-deltoid, tripinnatifid, l-|-2 feet long, mem- branous, dark green and glabrous on both surfaces, minutely scaly on the main ribs and rachises. Pinnae lanceolate, those two-thirds of the way down the largest, half a foot long, cut down throughout to a distinct narrow wing to the rachis into equal-sided lanceolate pinnules ^ in. broad, with numerous deep linear-oblong obtuse contiguous tertiary segments. Veins pinnate in the tertiary seg- ments, with 2-3-jugate erecto-patent sim^Dle veinlets. Sori small, medial on the veinlets, usually one only to each tertiary segment. Damp, shaded forests in the mountains round Namosi, Viti Levu, Home, 785 ! Eesembles in general habit the small less compound forms of Nephrodium Bonjanum. Polypodium ruyulosum, Lab. — Clefts of rocks on the side of an old Fijian fighting -village called Koro Levu, in Walau, at 1500-1800 feet. Home, 206 ! Just the ordinary Australian form of the pla,nt. Polypodium omatum, Wall. — Fiji ; the special locality not quite certain. 90.* Polypodium (Dictyopteris) deparioides, Baker, n. sp. — Stipites tufted, a foot long, nearly black, very glossy, quite free from hairs or scales. Frond deltoid, 3-4-pinnatifid, 3-4 feet long, moderately firm, green and glabrous on both surfaces, all the rachises dark brown-black and glossy. Pinnae deltoid, upper sessile, the lowest the largest, distmctly stalked, 1-1^ feet long, ■with stalked deeply i)innatifid lower pinnules, with the lowest tertiary segments again deeply lobed ; ultimate divisions confluent in a broad wing to the rachis, with toothed acute lanceolate lobes. 2q 298 FERNS OF FIJI. Veins -fiue, one main vein central in each ultimate segment, with copious intervening irregular areolae with free included veinlets. Sori small, globose, superficial, placed on distinct projecting teeth, several to each ultimate segment (6-12 to a segment ^-^ in. long). Common in the forests between Naquave and Nukusari, Viti Levu, Home ! A scrap of this gathered by Milne has laid for many years amongst the doubtful ferns of the Kew herbarium. It is a most curious and anomalous plant with a close afiinity with the New Caledonian Deparia [Cionidium) Muorei, but I cannot find any vestige of an involucre. Puh/podiwn cucuUatum, Blume. — Damp shaded forests in the district of Navosi, Viti Levu ; not uncommon, Home, 1026 ! New to Fiji, but known already in Samoa, wdiere Mr. Home also found it. 169."^'" PoLYPODiujr (Eupolypodium) Hornei, Baker, n. sp. — Rhizome short-creeping ; scales small, dense, dull brown, lanceo- late, cihated. Stipites contiguous, very short, densely pubescent. Frond lanceolate, simply pinnate, 6-8 in. long, 1-1^ in. broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to both ends, firm in texture, soon curling up when gathered, green and nearly glabrous on both surfaces, slightly hairy and furnished with a few black linear- subulate scales on the midrib beneath, cut down to the rachis into crowded adnate pinnae. Pinnae 40-50 on a side, linear, enth-e, ^V-^ in. broad, narrowed gradually from the base to an obtuse point, the lower ones gradually dwindling down to mere auricles. Veins obscure, simple, erecto-patent, 15-16-jugate in the central pinnae. Sori small, round, superficial, medial. Forests between Nadrau and Babuca, Viti Levu, and also in the mountauis of Ovalau, in both cases at about 1000 feet elevation, Home, 369 ! Allied to hlechnoides and decorum. Fohjpodinm limjucBforme, Mett. — Common on Voma peak and other mountains near Namosi, Viti Levu, Home, 768 ! 361." PoLYPODiuM (Phymatodes) vitiense, Baker, n. sp. — ■ Ehizome woody, flexuose, ^ in. diam., clothed when young with round small imbricated peltate brown scales. Stipites 4-6 in. long, distant, naked, stramineous. Frond rhomboid, 6-12 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, simply pinnatifid, cut down within ^-^ in. of the rachis into 6-8 pairs of ascending entire acute lanceolate pinnae, -I in. broad at the base, narrowed gradually to the tip, membranous in texture, green and glabrous on both surfaces. Veins fine, the main ones not distinct more than half way from the midiib to the margin, the ultimate areolae small, copious, with free included veinlets. Sori small, superficial, forming a single row ^-^ in. ai)art, nearer the midrib than the margin of the segments. Rocks on the banks of the river at Nadrau, in Viti Levu, in a gorge about 600 feet deep. Home, 950! Near the Sainoan P. Foivellii, and New Zealand P. BiUardieri. 1."'' Meniscium Beccarianum, Ccsati, Fil. Beccar. Polyn., p. 8. — Rhizome slender, woody, short-creeping. Stipites contiguous, dull brown, 8-4 in. long, clothed with minute squarrosc linear- subr.late scales. Lamina lanceolate, simple or with a imir of .'etachc'd auricles at the base, 9-12 in. long, 1-2 in. broad at the FEKNS OF FIJI. 299 middle, acute, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base, firm in texture, green on both sides, glabrous or slighly pilose on the main ribs on the under surface. Main veins distinct to the ficlge. 8~6 ill- apart, with 5-8 areolge between the midrib and margin. Sori deltoid, occupying nearly the w^hole length of the cross-veins. Voma peak and other mountains near Namosi, Viti Levu, at about 1800 feet, Home, 74.5 ! 795 ! This is one of the many interesting species discovered by Professor Beccari in his recent exploration of the mountains of New Guinea. Vittaria scolopendrina, Thwaites. — Trees in damp, shady forests near Namosi, Viti Levu, Home, 780! This is not published as a Fiji species, but we received it not long ago from Mr. Edgar Layard. Antrophyum reticulatum , Kaulf. — On trees in low, damp, shady forests, both in Walau and Yiti Levu, Home, 16 ! 106 ! Gymnogramme horneensis, Hook., var. major, Baker. — Woods near Nadrau, Viti Levu, at 1500 feet, Home, 926 ! The type is a rare Bornean plant, discovered by T. Lobb, and regathered lately by Burbidge. The Fiji plant coincides with it in texture, veining, and sori, but the lamina is twice as long and as broad, and furnished with a distinct stipe. 60.* Gymnogramme (Syngramme) scolopendrioides, Baker, n. sp. — Ehizome woody, wide-creeping, clothed with copious spreading lanceolate crisped brown scales. Stipe very short, scaly. Frond lanceolate, entire, 10-12 in. long, f-1 in. broad above the middle, narrowed very gradually to the base, acute, coriaceous, green and glabrous on both surfaces, a few scales similar to. those of the stipe extending to the midrib on the under surface. Veins distinct, erecto-patent, simple or forked, ^-f lin. apart, united at the ajDex by an obscure intramarginal vein, like that of Thamnopteris. Sori shorter than in any of its allies, confined to the uj)per part of the frond, irregular, the largest nearly touching both midrib and margin. On trees near Navesi saw-mills, Suva, Viti Levu, Home ! Gymnogramme Wallicliii, Hook. — At Koroivono, and also at Waiwai, Vanua Levu, in open parts of the forests, at about 1000 feet, Home, 522 ! 621 ! New to Polynesia. Gymnogramme pinnata, Hook. — Of this there seem to be three well-marked varieties ; the type, as figured by Brackenridge under the name of Hemionitis elongata (Atlas, tab. 8), with copiously con- fluent linear sori ; a var. hrachysora (Milne, 321 ! Home, 737 !) with the sori mostly oblong, ^— |- in. long, rarely round or linear ; and a var. polyjiodioides, gathered for the first time by Mr. Home, in which the sori are more numerous, smaller, and mostly round. The three forms all correspond in veining and in the texture and cutting of the frond. AcrosiicJium conforme, Sw. — A plant gathered by Mr. Home on trees on the mountains near Namosi, Viti Levu, agrees well with the Himalayan A. marginatum, AVall. Acrosticfwm. sorhifoUum,, L. — A specimen gathered by Mr. Home shows conclusively that Gymnogramme / suhtrifoliata, Hook. Sj). l.-^ 300 NOVUM ARISTOLOCHIE.E SPECIEM. Fil., vol. v., -p. 152, tab. 298, a plant kuowu only in a barren state, is an abnormal form of this species. Acrostichum Blumcanum, Hook. — The type and also a fully bipinnate variety in clamp shady forests at Vienuga, Yiti Levu, Home, 807 ! Mr. Home's specimens materially extend the range of variation known for this species, and render it almost certain that my Acrostichum cultratum (Syn. Fil. edit., p. 524), from the Solomon Isles, is an abnormal form of it, with the pinnae cut down to the rachis into round- quadrangular segments. Acrostichum f/orgoneiwi, Kaulf ? — "Woods near Navusa, on the Eewa river, Viti Levu. The specimens are not in fruit, and it is likely may prove to be a distinct sx)ecies from the Sandwich Island plant, a near ally of which [A. savaiense, Baker) has lately been discovered in Samoa. Selaiiinella latifolia, Spreng. — Forests in the mountains of Koro-i-vono, Vanua Levu, and on the Navua river, Viti Levu, Home, 538 ! 842 ! New to Polynesia. S. viridangula, Spreng. in Obs. Plant. Nov. Herb. Van Heurck, p. 29. Gathered in several places. Home, 417 ! 468 ! 537 ! Mr. Home has also added Marsilea to the Fijian flora, but I am not certain as to the species. NOVAM ARISTOLOCHI^ SPECIEM describit Henr. F. Hance, Ph.D., e Societate Linnaeana Londinensi, etc. ARisTOLOcmA (Sijjhisia) mollissima, sp. nov. — Caulibus scanden- tibusincano-lanosis, foliis cordato-ovatis obtusiusculis sinu angusto obtuso auriculas rotundatas separante supra sericeo-tomentosis subtus cano lanatis basi i^edati- superne peuni-nerviis lucique ob- versis dense reticulatis 2|-3^ poll, longis li-2f poll, latis petiolo pollicari, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis sericeo-lanosis petiolo brevioribus supra medium bractea ovata supra pubescenti subtus Icinosa ad auctis, flore erecto pollicari, ovario clavato dense lanoso, pcrigonii extus lanosi intus glaberrimi venisque purpureis reticu- latis picti utriculo oblongo-ovali apice refracto et in tubum eo bre- viorem producto limbo orbiculari-trilobo lobis latis acutiusculis, columna stylina obtuse triloba, antherarum catervis distantibus. In collibus Feng-wang shan, prope Shang-hae, die 13, Maii, 1877, invenit amic. F. B. Forbes. (Herb, propr. n. 20719). Pulcherrima, sane, et ab omnibus orientali-asiaticis apprime distincta species, vix dubie proximam sibi vindicans necessitudi- nem cum A. tomentosa, Sims, ex Americas septentrionalis civitati- bus foederatis australioribus oriunda. 301 A NOTE ON BORAGE. By H. F. Hange, Ph.D., F.L.S., &c. It seems very uncertain whether Borage was Imown to the Greek and Roman classical writers ; for the ^ovyT^ua-aov of Diosco- rides, which Sprengel referred to it," is ascribed by both Biller- beck \ and Fraas, | notwithstanding that the Greek physician attributes to it, when infused in wine, the property of raising the spirits, § to either Anclnisa italica, Retz., or ^. officinalis, Linn., the Romaic name of the former being ^ov^oyXucra-oc. And, when Lindley quotes Pliny, |] as saying that wine with Borage infused in it cheers the spirits, he is evidently referring to the BvgJossos of that author, T the name, description and i:)roperties ascribed to which prove its identity with the plant of Dioscorides. Nor is there any herb mentioned by either Theophrastos, Theocritos, or Virgil"''' which has been taken for Borage. Si^rengel su^Dposed f f that he recognised Borage in the Borith \ \ of St. Hildegard, abbess of Bingen (nat. 1098, ob. 1180), but Dr. Reuss thinks the name more likely refers to Saponaria officinalis, Linn. §§ Though now frequent in many parts of Europe (in Hispania australi abundat, writes Willkomm |j|j), the soundest authorities regard Borage as an alien. UII It is, I think, doubtful whether it * ' Hist. Eei Herb.' i. 160. t ' Fl. Class.' 39. Csesalpinus also refers it to Ancliusa italica (' De Plant, lib. xi. c. 2 & 3). X ' Synops. Fl. Class.' 162. Bocquillon remarks of both species, "E'les sont employees comma la Bourrache officinale" (' Man. d'Hist. Nat. Med.' 1104). § (• Mat. Med.' lib. iv. c. 128 (opera ed. Saracenus, p. 290; Francof. 1598). II Loudon, ' Encycl. Plants,' 123. • ^ ' Hist. Nat.' xxiv. 8, 40. "** For the first-named author, I rely on the determinations of Sprengel and Fraas, brought together in the index appended to Wimmer's edition, prepared for Didot's • Bibliotheca Gra^ca' ; for the second, to the copious indices to Theo- phrastos, Oppian, Nicandros, &c., together with their scholiasts, compiled ibrthe same series by Bussemaker ; whilst, for the third, I have carefully examined the • Flora Virgiliana ' of Eetzius, the ' Flore et Faune de Yirgile' of Paulet, Du- molin's ' Flore Poetique Ancienne,' and Bubani's ' Flora Virgiliana.' ft Op. cit. i. 226. l\ This word is Hebrew, and occurs in the Old Testament (Jerem. ii. 22; Malachi iii. 2). RosenmuUer 'Miner, and Bot. of Bible,' 112) refers it to Salsola Kali, Linn. ; whilst the Vulgate renders it by the words •' herba borith," and the English version by " soap." This latter translation is upheld by the Rev. W. L. Bevan (Smith's Diet, of Bible,' iii. 1337), and by Dr. Tristram ('Nat. Hist. Bible,' 2nd ed., 480). §§ Analecta ad antiq. fl. germ., appended to his edition of the Hortulus of Walafridus Strabo, p. 77 (Wirceburgi, 1834). nil ' Prodr. Fl. Hispan.' ii. 492. •^^1 " In hortis colitur, ibique et in ruderatis atque hortornm reject amentis quasi sponte provenit " (Koch, ' Syn. Fl. Germ.' ed. 3, ii. 432). " Alien" (Watson, • Gybele Brit.' ii. 280). " Naturalise dans toute la France " (Gren. & Godr., 802 A NOTE ON BORAGE. was known much before the time of the Criisacles ; and it has been supposed to have been introduced from Aleppo. -•■ A confusion hetw een A7ichusa and Burrago,^ and the reverential spirit with which the early Greek and Eoman writers on medicine or materia mcdica were regarded, as authorities whose dicta were to be accepted implicitly, led the mediaeval physicians to ascribe to Borage a very high though quite undeserved rank, as a cardiac and pectoral medicine.]: Its renown indeed was so great that it passed into an adage. " Vulgaris versiculus est * Dicit Borrago gaudia semper ago,'"§ writes lo. Bapt. Porta. |1 It was doubtless the supposed cordial virtues with which the herb was credited that led to the very fanciful and no doubt quite groundless etymological notion that Borrago was a corruption of " cor ago."^ Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Walker- Arnott accepted this derivation, adding that the name came more directly from borrach, ' Fl. de France,' ii. 510). M. Alphonse DeCandolle, in reference to the opiuicn of Bertolojii (• Geogr. Bot.' ii. 679, 99:2), allows that " on pent croire le Borrago officinalis originaire d'ltalie"; but it is evident that he is opposed to the con- clusion ; and the adverse judgment of Ctesalpinus may fairly be cited, when, towards the close of the sixteenth century, he -svritps, " Existimo Borraginem in Italia quondam peregrinara fuisse, cum de ea nulla fiat nienlio ab antiquis inter olera " (' De PI.' xi. 3). * DeCandolle, ' Prodr, Syst. Nat. Eegn. Yeg.' x. 35. Littre says it is a native of Africa, introduced into Spain by the Arabs. t Both Matthiolus (Comm. in Dioscorid. lib. iv. c. 123) and Dodonrous (Pemptad. V. 1, 9) refer the ^ovyXuaa-Qv of Dioscorid^s to Borrago officinalis. \ Nostra jetas non modo herbam, sed prrecipue fiores subinde in vinum conjicit, V. acetariisiuspergit, Iretitire ac hilaritatis cxcitandre caussa : condiuntur et in hunc usum cum saccharo fiores : tum et alia ex iis parantur, quibus ad cordis corroboration em, tiistitiam pellendam, et animi Ifetitiam augendani me- dici passim utuntur (Dodonfeus, I. c.) § " Antiquus versiculus 'Ego Borago semper gamlia ago'" (Dodoufeus). Sir Wm. Hooker (' Brit. Fl.', siib voce) quotes a similar English adage, "I Borage always bring courage." II ' Phytognomonioa,' lib. iii. c. 11. IT Both DodonjEus and Ray quote Appuleius as calling the plant Coi'ago ; and Dr. Prior writes ('Popular Names of Br. PI.', 2nd ed., 26), " Apuleius says that its former name was ' corrago, quia cordi aflfectibus medetur.' " He gives no further specific indication where these words occur, but I should suppose him to refer to the work ' De Herbarum Yirtutibus,' of the pseudonymous Appuleius, sometimes called 'Appuleius Barbarus,' a worthless compilation, chiefly from Dioscorides and Pliny, of very uncertain age, Dr. Greenhill (in Smith's^ ' Diet. Class. Biogr.') supposing it to have been written about the fourth century of our era, Sprengel [op. cit. i. 228) some time before A.n. 1200, whilst Mr. Cockayne assigns a date between a.p. 1000 and 1066 to one of the Old English codices he colLited ; and such a work in those days must have attained consideralde vogue before it was translated. I have, liowever, carefully gone over the original Latin text, in the edition of' Jo. Phil, de Lignamine' (Parisiis, 1528), and also the Old English version edited by the late Bev. Oswald Cockayne, in the first volume of his learned ' Leechdoms Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England,' and have failed to find any reference to Borage therein. Cap. 42, indeed, treats of Buglossum, but that is referred by Billerbeck to Anchusa officinalis. Linn., and by Mr. (Jockayne to Cynoglossum offiicinale, Linn. The words of Dodonasus, " dicitur Apuleio et Corago, unde fortassis Boraginis nomen, C in B mutato, nisi apnd Ajmleiuin Borago j)ro Corago legendum sit," seem incompatible with the statement that Apuleius himself suggested this derivation. A NOTE ON BORAGE. 303 a courageous or noble person, in Celtic* Dr. Mahn, who made a thorough revision of the etymologies of the words in the latest recension of "Webster's ' English Dictionary,' derives it from the Low Latin horra, the hair of beasts, flock, from its hairy leaves.! But this opinion is, in all likelihood, specious rather than well- founded. Dr. Prior remarks that "it is probably a Latinized oriental name, brought with the x^lant from Syria" ; and Mr. Bentham says,! " Etymologia verbi valde incerta est, verisimiliter a nomine quodam orientali corrupta." To M. Littre, however, is probably due the credit of tracing the word to its real source, and his decision is in accord with the surmises of the two last-named authors. In the unrivalled work to which so many years of his honourable and laborious life have been dedicated, he derives the French word Buurrache% from the Arabic Ahou rack, "the father of sweat" ; and he adds, " Borrago est du latin des botanists, forme de bourraclie."|l If it be true that Borage was introduced into Europe either from Aleppo by pilgrims or from Mauritania by the Moors, this would support M. Littre's etymology. I notice with some surprise that in the ' Dictionnaire etymologique des mots d'origine orientale,' of M. Marcel Devic, appended by M. Littre to the lately issued Supplement to his * Dictionary,' the word hour- rache does not occur. Whether, however, this is due to oversight, or to a divergence of opinion as to its oriental origin on M. Devic's part, I am unable to say. As regards the orthography, as Mr. Bentham observes, southern authors — as for example C^esalpinus, Matthiolus, the Bauhins and Tournefort — usually spell it with two E's ; northern writers — as Dodonaeus and Kay — with one. But the assertion that Linnaeus followed the latter method is not strictly accurate, as may be seen by a reference to the excellent and useful compilation of Richter.ll It is obvious that if either the mediaeval idea of the origin of the word or the derivation given by M. Littre be correct, but one E should be employed, and two if Dr. Mahn'a etymology be accepted. * ' Brit, n.', ed. omn. suh voce. t See also Dr. Ernst (Hardwicke's ' Science Gossip,' vii. 214). One writer in that periodical (vii. 165) derives Borage from the Greek ^opci, food ; another puts forth the eccentric sug.i^^estion " that it seems allied to or derived from the Latin and Greek Boreas " (vi. 21-4). + ' Gen. Plant.' ii. 854. § ' iJict. de la langue fran^.' i. 394. II The plant was also called borraquia in mediaeval Latin (Maigne d'Arnis, •Lexic. man. ad script, med. et inf. Latin,' 341). ^1 ' Codex hot. Linnoean.', 154. 804 FOUR NEW FERNS FROM SOUTH CHINA. By J. G. Baker, F.R. S. In a small parcel of plants just received from Mr. Ford, of the Botanic Garden at Hong-Kong, are several ferns brought by a native collector from some distance up the North river from Canton, four of which prove to be new species. 1."^' Cheilanthes (Adiantopsis) Fordii, Baker. — Stipe short, wiry, brown, covered with adpressed brown membranous lanceolate acuminate scales. Frond lanceolate, bipinnate, b-Q in. long, 1^-1^ in. broad above the middle, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base, firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sides, its purplish-brown wiry racliis obscurely scaly. Pinnae sessile, lanceolate, ^ in. broad, cut down to the rachis in the lower part into oblong obtuse adnate lobes, the lower four or five pairs more distant than the others and growing gradually smaller. Sori round, distinct, placed all round the margin of the secondary lobes ; involucre round, pale green, firm in texture, glabrous, persistent. AUied to the South American C. Lindigii. 152."' AsPLENiuM (Euasplenium) fuscipes. Baker. — Stipe 3-4 in. long, wdry, flexuose, bright brown, naked. Frond lanceolate- deltoid, tripinnatifid, broadest at the base, 3-4 in. long, 1^-11- in. broad, moderately firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sides, its slender rachis browm in the lower part, green upwards. Pinnae subsessile, crowded, lanceolate-deltoid, cuneately excised on the lower side at the base, cut down to the rachis into contiguous sessile rhomboid deeply pinnatifid secondary segments, with linear- oblong 1-nerved tertiary lobes. Sori \-\ line long, linear-oblong, touching the midrib of the pinnules, but falling short of the tip of the tertiary lobes. Allied to the Indian A. tenuifolium, Don., and American A. rutaceum. 283.'- PoLYPODiuM (NiPHOBOLUs) CALVATUM, Baker. — Rhizome wide-creeping, ^-^ in. diameter, with a wrinkled brown membranous cuticle. Stipe 4-5 in. long, green, naked, with a tuft of lanceolate acuminate rusty-brown membranous scales at the base. Frond lanceolate, enth-e, rigid in texture, a foot long, an inch broad, narrow^ed gradually from the middle to the base, bright green and naked on the upper surface, covered with a thin coat of deciduous drab tomentum beneath. Main veins fine, erecto-patent, distinct to the edge at a distance from each other of a quarter of an inch. Sori round, superficial, h lin. diameter, confined to the upper part of the frond, filling up the wdiole of the space between the midrib and margin. Allied to the Indian and Malayan P. stigmosum, Sw. 311.''' PoLYPODiuM (Phymatodes) cantoniense, Baker. — Rhizome wide-creeping, one-sixteenth of an inch diameter, densely clothed with small linear or lanceolate dull brown adpressed scales. Stipes distant, naked, greenish, 2-3 in. long. Frond entire, ovate, firm in texture, green and glabrous on both sides, obtuse, truncate at HYPNUM (bRACHYTHECIUM) SALEBROSUM AS A BRITISH MOSS. 305 the base, 2-3 in. long, 1^-2 in. broad. Veins anastomosing copiously in irregular areola, the main ones straight and distinct three-quarters of the way from the midrib to the edge, the lower ones spreading from the midrib at a right angle, the upper erecto- X^atent. Sori not seen. Allied to P. linear e and superjiciale. HYPNUM (BRACHYTHECIUM) SALEBROSUM, Hoffm., AS A BEITISH MOSS. By Richard Spruce. In the September number of 'Grevillea' Mr. G. Davies questions the genuineness of my Yorkshire specimens of Hyjmiim salebrosiim, Hoffm., and of my Pyrenean ones of Hypnum {Ccnnpto- thecium) aureiim, Lag. ; the former published in Wilson's ' Bryologia Britannica ' (1855), the latter in the ' Transactions of the Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh ' for 1849. If he should chance to visit my neigh- bourhood, and will favour me with a call, he shall see the originals of both, and decide for himself; or, if the British Museum be more easily accessible to him, I beheve he will find there duplicates of the same, with my autograph attached, in the herbarium of the late Mr. Wilson. I found very little of the Hypnum aiireum, and all the plants were purely female and sterile ; wherefore it could not possibly be* the monoicous H. salebrosum, which is one of the most fruitful mosses I know, and is never at any season without flowers of both sexes, except, of course, when very young. Moreover, at Paris I was able to examine an original siDecimen of H. aiireum, gathered near Madrid by Lagasca himself, and to thus establish (to my own satisfaction) its perfect identity with my moss. My specimens were gathered on the ascent from Lac d'Oo to Lac d'Espingo, somewhat nearer the latter, but still a good way below the limit of the x^ine zone. It has since been found in a similar site in the eastern Pyrenees ; and it grows and fruits abundantly in pine-woods in Provence (fide Schimper, Robert et al.), nearly two degrees of latitude to the iiorth of my station for it. Yet Mr. Davies doubts the possibility of its occurring in the Pyrenees at all, because it is what he calls " a purely southern plant!" It grows also in the Isle of Sardmia, which is more nearly in the latitude of Madiid ; and I have fine specimens gathered in the Sierra Morena by Prof. Schimper. If Mr. Davies knows Madrid, he must know also that the city itself is high enough above the sea to be sometimes very cold in the winter and spring months ; while the Sierra de Guadarrama, which overlooks it from the north, and yields little to the Pyrenees in elevation, is at those seasons often more glacial and wind beaten than Lake Espingo itself. When in the Pyrenees I had given to me a small collection of flowering-plants, recently made in the Guadarrama, some of them as alpine as any that grow by Lake Es^jingo. 2r 306 HYPNUM (bKACHYTHECIUM) SALEBROSUM as a BRITISH MOSS. If Mr. Davies could find iio Hypnum aureum at Lake Espingo, he found there H. saJcbrosiun, which no one hut himself, so far as I know, has ever seen growing so high up on the Pyrenees. I gathered ahundant specimens in the central Pyrenees, but always in temperate valleys, ■ in woods of beech and fir (Pimis Abies) — never once above the upper limit of the latter, or within the zone of Finns sijlvestris. Lieutenant Eenauld, a most accurate bryologist, who is at present stationed at Tarbes, at the foot of the central Pyrenees, and is doing excellent work in those mountains, the results of which are consigned to the pages of the ' Pievue Bryo- logique,' says (apropos of Brachythecium sahhrosiun and its sub- species Mildeanum), " Brack. Mildeanum, Sch. Spi., ed. i. = Brack, salcbrusum, var. j^idiistre, ejusd. ed. ii., is abundant, well-grown, and fertile on moist grassy slopes, on clayey alluvium, at Semeac, near Tarbes (alt. 350m.) .... It is not uncommon in similar sites all along the sub-Pyrenean plateau [at from 300 to 540 metres above the sea level.] Brack, salebrusiim, on the contrary, flourishes most in fir- woods of the P;)T.'enees, where it grows on rotting trunks and vegetable humus. Spruce does not indicate Br. sale- broswn at all in the plain, but comprises it in his upper montose zone [zona montosa jyars superior), corresponding to the region of the Finns Abies, which quite agrees with my ^Dersonal observations." (Piev. Bryol., 1878, p. 73). Observe, I do not assert that this moss may not occasionally stray beyond its normal upper limit. I have had some experience of the capacity of mosses for climbing mountains — a feat far less easy of explanation than their descend- ing along the course of streams. In the Pyrenees I have tracked Hypnum moUuscuin through every zone of altitude, from the plain up to the limit of eternal snow. In the first zone above the plain it is copiously fertile; in the upper alpine zones utterly sterile. Some grasses show a similar adaptability to enduring extremes of climate. The herbage around and above Lake Espingo is largely composed of Nardus stricta — a grass common also in the marshes of the Landes, barely above the sea-level. Hypnum salebrosum grows, very si)aringly, in the valley of the Yorkshhe Derwent, in two woods a mile apart, viz., the wood by Castle Howard station and that opposite Kirkham Abbey, where I first found it in November, 1846, growing on the trunks of trees at a few feet from the ground. It was in fine fruit, and as I was then fresh from gathering H. salebrosum in the Pyrenees, I at once recognised it. In July, 1872, Professor Lindberg re-found it there, not on a tree, but on a decaying post. It was then out of season, but we satisfied ourselves it w\as the true plant. In 1847-8, when I was drawing up my account of the mosses of the Pyrenees, I wished to cite a good figure of Hypnum salebrosum. The figure under that name in ' Muscologia Britannica ' was plainly the dioicous H. glareosum, but there was a beautiful figure in Greville's ' Scottish Crj^Dt. Flora,' t. 284, which seemed true H. salebrosum. Yvv greater surety I sent specimens of the two species to Dr. Greville, and asked him to say to which of them his figure really belonged. In reply he sent me for examination the HYPNUM (BRACHYTHECIUMj SALEBROSUM AS A IJIUTlSH :.10feS. o07 origiual specimen lie had figured and described. It consisted of four plants, or small tufts, glued on paper, and marked " Near Forfar, Drummond, 1824." I numbered, and then examined them, with the following result : — Nos. 1, 2, d. = H. salebrosum, verum ! florescentia monoica — Acre S" in caule et ramisprimariissaepe juxta fl. ? posito ; pedicello Iffivissimo ; fol. acumine breviore magis seiTato quam H. (jIareosL — No. 4:.=^H. lutescens, Huds., sterile, floresc. dioica; foliis con- fertisstrictioribus, siccitate adpressis, striis^jrofundioribuspercursis, acumine brevi. That specimen doubtless still exists in Greville's herbarium, and I venture to predict that its re-examination by any competent bryologist would confirm my own report on it. We have, therefore, at least two reliable stations for Hi/pnum salebrosum in Britain, and I can hardly doubt that a careful search would reveal others ; for the plant is so like some states of H. rutabulum that, unless the smooth pedicel and the silky and somewhat slenderer foliage be noted, it is very likely to be over- looked for that ubiquitous species. BrachytJiecium Mildeanum, Sch., I do not find that I gathered at all in the Pyrenees, although I found the very similar Br. cam- pestre, whose pedicel is always somewhat scabrous. Schimper, in the 2nd edition of his ' Synopsis,' says that he founded the Br. Mildeanum of his 1st edition on a solitary imperfect specimen, and his ultimate decision on it (Syn., ed. ii., p. 642), is " nil aliud esse videtur quam forma Br. salebrosi robustior in locis humidis vel inundatis degens." Whatever its specific merits maybe they have nowhere been more clearly stated than by Mr. Eenauld, in the memoir already cited, and I translate his diagnosis for the benefit of those who may not possess the original. " The differences are evidently slight, and yet the habit of Br. Mildeanum is sufficiently distinct from that of Br. saJehrusum. to make it recognisable at first sight. The characters that distinguish the two plants may be summed up as follows : — " Brack, salebrosum. — Tufts silJiu, green or yellowish. Stems radiculose, often pinnately branched. Leaves running out to a long slender acumen, denticulate, rarely subentire, strongly jjUcate. Flowers monoicous, Male bracts oval acuminate. — Hab. on stones, the ground, and rotting trunks, under bushes, and in woods. " Brack. Mildeanum. — Tufts a fine [/olden yellow. Stems destitute of radicles, not pinnate, the few branches being erect or erecto-patent. Leaves erecto-patent or imbricated, a little wider at the base, triangular, gradually narrowed into a shorter acumen, entire or nearly so, feebly plicate. Flowers monoicous or polygamous. Male bracts abruptly narrowed into a lony filiform acumen. — Hab. moist clayey grassy sites." (Eenauld, /. c.) It must be confessed that the above differences seeni rather local than specific, and merely sufficient to entitle the plant to rank as var. Mildeanum of Brack, salebrosum. Our Yorkshire plant, however, is not that variety, but exactly tyx^ical Bracliytkecium salebrosum. 308 THE CKYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KE^T— FUNGI. By T. Howse, F.L.S. (Continued from p. 242.) Fam. 2.— GASTEROMYCETFS. Order 7. — HypoGiEi. Hymenogaster luteus, Vitt. Currey, Greeuw. Rep.* OCTAVIANIA COMPACTA, TuluSJie. Hillydeal Wood, near Otford, C. E. Broome. Order 8. — Phalloidei. Phallus impudicus, L. Grev., t. 213. Sydeiiliam Hill ; Bostol Wood ; Knowle Park ; Laugton Green, Forst. Fl. Tonh. ; Currey, Greemv. Hep. Cynophallus caninus, Fr. Sow., t. 330. Sydenham Hill. Order 9. — TRicHoaASTREs. Geaster colifor:mis, P. Sow., t. 313. In lane from Craj^ford to Bexley Common, Doofhj in Raifs Sy7i., Berk.Eng.Fl.,^. 300. G. FORNicATus, Fr. Sow., t. 198. Wickham, near Bromley, Forst. Fl. Tunh. TuLOSTOJiA MAMMOSUM, Fr. Grev., t. 340. On a wall near the Halfway House to Greenwich, Mr. Sowerby. Grev. Scott. Cry p. Fl. BovisTA nigrescens, p. Berk. Out., pi. 20, f. 6. Dartford Brent, M. C. Cooke. Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch. Grev., t. 336. Crystal Palace Grounds ; Knowle Park ; Beckenham Lodge, Percy Bickncll ; Currey, Greemv. Bep. L. c^LATUM, Fr. Huss. ii., t. 23. Field near Shoreham ; Hayes, Huss. L. PUSDirLUM, Fr. Bolt., t. 117, f. C. Grassy places near the sea. Deal. L. SACCATUM, Yahl. Huss. i., t. 14. Abbey Wood, Holmes ; Kent, Berk. Out. ; Keston, Huss. L. gemmatum, Fr. Huss. i., t. 54. Willesboro' Lees Wood, Holmes ; Starvecrow Wood, Tunbridge, W. T. T. ; Currey, Greemv. Bep. L. PYRiFORME, Schd'jf'. Grev., t. 304. Wood near Shoreham ; Wrotham, Swanscombe Wood, and Joyden's Wood, Holmes; Currey, Greemv. Bep. * List of Fungi in Report of the Botanical Committee of the Greenwich N:it. Hist. Club, prepared auil presented by Mr. Currey at their meeting in Greenwich, on the ;Jrd Dicember, 1H07. THE CRYPTOOAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 309 Scleroderma vulgare, Ft. Huss. i., t. 17. Sydenham Hill ; St. Paul's Cray Common ; Ightliam, and opposite High Eocks, Tunbridge Wells, Holmes ; Curreij, Greenw. Rep. Order 10. — Myxogastres. (Arranged according to the method of Kostafinski in * Myxomycetes of Great Britain,' by M. C. Cooke.) Physarum didermoides, Ach. Didyniium congestum, B. &Br. CiuTey, Greenw. Kep. P. ciNEREUM, Batsch. Fl. Dan., t. 1980, f. 2. Didymium cinereum, Fr. Sydenham Hill. P. siNuosuM, Bull. Sow., t. 6. Angioridium sinuosum, Grev. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. TiLMADOCHE NUTANS, Pers. Physcirum nutans, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Craterium minutum. Leers. Sow., t. 239. On bramble, Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. C. leucocephalum, Pers. Grev., t. 65. Southboro', Stavely; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Leocarpus fragilis, Dicks. Grev., t. 111. Diderma vernicosumy Pers. Fir plantation, Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. FuLiGO VARIANS, Sowiiif. Bolt., t. 134. jEtlialiuin septicum, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Deal ; Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Badhajviia inaurata, Curr. Linn. Trans., xxiv. (1851), t. 25, f. 8. St. Paul's Cray Common, on Jungermanuise, Currey. B. utricularis. Bull. Bull., t. 417, f. 1. Var. Schimperiana. Sydenham Hill. Didymium microcarpon. Ft. Didymium fiigrijjes, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Kep. D. SQUAMULOSUM, A. (& S. A. & S., t. 4, f. 5. D. leucopus, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. MICROCARPON, Fv. Ditm., t. 42. D. nigripes, Fr. Southboro', Herh. Deakin. Chondrioderma MiCHELU, Li6. Sow.,t. 12. Didymium hemisjjJiericum, Fr. Sydenham Hill. C. spumarioides, Fr. Diderma spumarioides, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. C. DiFFORME, Pers. Grev., t. 40. Physarum alhum, Fr. Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. 310 THE CKYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. Spumaria alba, DC. Grev., t. 267. Sydenham Hill. On Trifolium arvense, sands near Deal. Speci- men in British Museum. Daren th Wood, Al. C. Cooke. Stemonitis fusca, Fioth. Grev., t. 170. Sydenham Hill ; Darenth Wood, Cooke ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Stockholme Wood, Dunton Green, Holmes ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. ferruginea, Ehr. Bolton, t. 93, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. Comatricha typhina. Roth. Stemonitis tijplioides, DC. Currey, Greenw. Kep. C. Freesl^na, D. By. Sow., t. 259. Var. a. OBovATA. Stemonitis obtusata, Fr. Sydenham Hill. Var. /3. oblonga. Stemonitis ovata, Pers. Sydenham Hill ; Tunbr. Wells, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Enerthenema papillata, Pers. Stemonitis papiUata,'Ei. F. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Eeticularu. lycoperdon, Bull. Sow., t. 272. R. nmbrina, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Swanscombe Wood and Dunton Green, Holmes; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Trichia fallax, Pers. P. Obser., t. 3, f. 45. Eowdow Wood, near Kemsing ; Eusthall Common, Herb. Deakin. T. VARIA, Pers. Mich., t. 95, f. 4. Shoreham, Holmes ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Var. nigripes. Trichia nigripes, Pers. Mich., t. 96, f. 4. Kent, Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Rep. T. CHRYSOSPERMA, DC. Grcv., t. 281. Sydenham Hill ; Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray ; Darenth Wood, Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Eostafinski includes T. turbinata, With, with this. T. TURBINATA, With. Sow., t. 85. Darenth Wood, Cooke. Arcyria punicea, Pers. Grev., t. 130. Sydenham Hill ; Shoreham ; Petts Wood, St. Mary Cray ; Darenth Wood, Cooke; Eusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. A. cinerea, Schmn. Currey, Greenw. Eep. A. incarnata, p. p. Obs., t. 5, f. 4, 5. Sydenham Hill ; St. Mary Cray ; Bostol Wood, Currey, Greenw. Rep. A. nutans, Fr. Grev., t. 309. Stockholme Wood, Dunton Green, Holmes ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Lycogala epidendrum, Bux. Grev., t. 38, Sydenham Hill ; Eosebank, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker ; Dunton Green, Holmes ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 311 PERicHiENA DEPREssA, Lib. Corda. Ic, v., f. 13. Sydenham Hill. Order 11, — Nidulariacei. Cyathus striatus, Hoffm. Currey, Green w. Eep. C. vERNicosus, DC. Berk. Out., t. 21, f. 1. Pembury Woods, Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Rejj. Sph.erobolus stellatus, Totle. Berk. Out., t. 21, f. 2. On a cucumber -frame, Sydenham Hill, Currey, Greenw. Bep. Crucibulum vulgare. Till. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Fam. 3.— CONIOMYCETES. Order 12. — SPHiERONEMEi. Leptostroma filicinum, Fr. On dead Pteris aquilina. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Bep. L. litigiosum, DesiJi. On dead Pteris aquilina. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. Phoma depressum, B. (£' Br. On Bobinia pseudacacia. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. P. ExiGUUM, Desm. On elders. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. P. NEBULOSUM, Berk. On nettle-stems. Tunbridge AVells, Herb. Deakin. Septoria Ulmi, Kze. Currey, Greenw. Eep. S. coRNicoLA, Desm. On dogwood. Dartford, M. C. Cooke. S. HEDERiE, Desm. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. S. Anemones, Desm. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. Cytispora rubescens, Fr. On dried fruit of Cydonia japonica. Tunbr. Wells, Herb. Deakin. C. LEUCOSPERMA, P. On dried fruit of Cydonia japonica. Tunhr. Yv'ells, Herb. Deakin. Order 13. — Melanconiei. Melanconium bicolor, Nees. On birch, Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Asterosporium Hoffmanni, M. (£• iV. Stilbospora asterosperma, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Stilbospora macrosperma, P. Currey, Greenw. Eei^. Nemaspora crocea, p. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Order 14. — Torulacei. ToRULA monilioides, Cord. Currey, Greenw. Eep. T. ovALispoRA, Berk. On birch, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greenw. Rep. 312 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. T . HERBARUM, LJi. Sydenham Hill ; DareutliWood, il/.C.CooA^'; Ciirrey, Greenw.Rep. Sporidesmium Lepraria, B. ((■ Br. Ashover Wood, Peusliurst, Holmes. CONIOTHECIUM AMENTACEARUM, Cd. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. Order 15. — Puccinei. Phragmidium mucronatum, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. BULBosuM, Schl. Onrrey, Greenw. Eep. P. gracile, Grev. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. obtusum. Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. acuminatum, Ft. On burnet leaves, Dartford, M. C. Cooke. TriphragmiuxM ULMARiiE, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. PucciNiA GRAMiNis, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. sYNGENEsiARUM, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. striola, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. Primula, Grev. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. Mentha, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. ScoRODONiiE, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. ViNc^, B. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. VioLARUM, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. Lychnidearum, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. pulverulenta, Grev. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. CiRCEiE, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. Prunorum, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. DiFFORMis, Kze. On bedstraw, Greenliithe, M. C. Cooke. P. truncata, B. d Br. Swanscombe Wood, Holmes ; Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. ADOXiE, DC. Swanscombe Wood, 3/". C. Cooke. P. ScORODONIiE, Lk. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. CLANDESTINA, Ccum. On Scahiosa siiccisa. Joyden's Wood, Hulmes. P. COMPOSITARUM, Schl. On Centaurea nujra. Homewood, Jenner Ft. Tunhr. ; Currey, Greenw. B,ep. P. DISCOIDEARUM, lAuk. On Artemisia maritima. Northfleet marshes, M. C. Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. VARIABILIS, Grev. On Leontodon Taraxacum. Tunbridge Wells, W. W. Beeves Jenner Ft. Tunhr. SHORT NOTES. 3l3 P. Apii, Corda. Nortlifleet marshes, 21. C. Cooke. P. Saniculte, Grev. Darentli Y/ood, M. C. Cooke ; Joycleu's AVood, Holmes. P. Anemones, P. Abbey AYood, Holmes. P. Umbilici, Giiep. On living LuzuJa, Darentli Wood, ' Grevillea,' 187G, p. 109. P. Saxifragarum, Schl. Greeuhitlie, M. G. Cooke; Swanscombe Wood, Holmes; Ciurey, Greenw. lieiJ. P. SPARS A, Cooke. On Tragojwgon pmtensis, j\[. C. Cooke. P. Malvacearum, Mont. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. (To be continued.) SHOET NOTES. Notes on Carica Papaya at Bantam, Java. — I was much struck here with the fruiting of the Pa]3a3^a trees. In some trees I I)erceived that the fruit was sessile and growing directly from the true stem, while in others it dangled from the extremities of long slender peduncles — sometimes, however, two or three fruits were attached to one peduncle by short pedicels. The fruit was about equal in size on both trees, the stalked being somewhat more pear- shaped, rougher, and more distinctly furrowed. I then observed that the sessile fruits were on female trees, and the stalked on males. I could not for a long time find an explanation for this singular latter circumstance, for on examining this particular male tree I could find no flower with any but rudimentary pistils. I then requested the natives to bring me flowers from all the neigh- bouring trees, but of these a male only here and there produced fruit. Such male trees as produce fruit produce it normally year after year from their youth, and do not suddenly or spasmodically produce one year and as suddenly cease bearing. At last five branches of a Papaya laki, which I afterwards examined, — a male tree, — were brought to me, having fruit suspended on long stalks, and bearing thirty- seven male, female, or hermaphrodite flowers, the sexes proportioned as follows : — Fifteen males (all decandrous, epipetalous, but one flower had five short and five long stamens, and the pistil shorter than all, and in four unopened buds the anthers had dehisced) ; four female (one flower had one stamen abortive) ; eighteen hermaphrodite (in one flower the stamens formed an outer calyx-lilie row with ovules on the inner faces). Between the producing capabilities of the two kinds the natives tell me there is no difference ; but the fruit of the female tree is preferred to that of the male when ripe. The long stalks to the fruit is easily explained, as the female flowers occur on in- florescences which are many-flowered and long, and the fructi- fying ones remain after the male flow(3rs fall. After very careful search I have failed to discover any male flowers on female trees. — 2s 814 SHORT NOTES. Henry 0. Forbes. [Mr. Forbes' observations corroborate gene- rally those of Senlior Mello and Mr. Spruce recorded in the * Journal of the Linnean Society,' vol. x., p. 1 and tab. 1, and made in the province of San Paulo, Brazil. — Ed. Journ. Bot.] A Correction.— In this Journal for 1874 (p. 369), I have put on record a supposed variety of Zannichellia with spiral fruit, a fragmentary specimen of which I found, without any indication of locality, in the Kew Herbarium. Having lately passed through my hands the Pvtamixjctons in the British Museum, I can refer this with confidence to the N. American P. SpirUlus, Tuck.,'''' and take the fi! st opportunity of rectifying my previous erroneous determination. This remarkable species bears both submersed and emergent spikes, which differ considerably ; the latter being on longish peduncles and many-flowered, whilst the subaqueous ones are almost sessile and reduced to a very few (1-4) flowers. Very frequently the whole plant is submersed, and neither floating leaves nor stalked spikes are then produced, the plant with its sessile fruit and linear leaves closely resembling a ZanniclielUa. A very similar specimen to the one I so misnamed ia hi Nuttall's her- barium. He made it the type of a new genus, bearing the (unpublished) name Cochlosperma from the shell-like fruit, and described it as without calyx and corolla ! The specimen being wholly in fruit must account for this, unless there should really be any difference in this respect in the submersed flowers. — Henry Trimen. Devon Plants. — A notice of my discovery of Scirj^iis parviilus at Aveton Gifford, on the Avon, S. Devon, appeared in the ' Journal of Botany' last year. On Sept. 1st of the present year I found it at a second S. Devon station, growing in considerable quantity in the mud and sand of some drains about the Pdver Teign, at Newton. At both of its Devon stations it occurs some miles from the sea, where the waters are tidal, but cannot be strongly saline. I could not find any of the plants at Newton in either flower or fruit, owing perhaps to the very wet season we have had. On Sept. Gth last my brother found Vjupctnim niynim in plenty among Callima, about half a mile to the north-east of the hill of Great Mistor, Dartmoor. Some years ago a friend brought me a pi-,ce gathered on the moor in the neighbourhood of South Brei^t, many miles to the south-east of the Mistor station. Mr. Watson has recorded it for S. Devon in * Topographical Botany,' so its occurrence at the two places I have named makes no addition to the list of species of the vice-county. — T. E. Archer Briggs. Euphorbia Paralias, L. — It is well known that the late Dr. W. A. Broinfield sowed the seeds of Eiiphorhia Pdialias on the sandy spits of St. Helen's and of Norton, both in the Isle of Wight. On St. Helen's Spit I this year noted several plants in a flourishing state ; I am not aware whether descendants exist from the seed sowed at Norton. With the exception of a single plant * 111 ' Silliuiaii". Joumul,' ser. 2, vi., p. 2-2H (1S4S). NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 315 observed by Mr. J. Pristo in G-urnet Bay, in 1868, the species lias not, to my Imowledge, been recorded as native in the Island. This month I found it in plenty on the sandy and gravelly shore imme- diately east of Burnt Wood, between Newtown and Thornes Bays. The ground suited for its growth is about 200 yards in length, and throughout this distance the plant flourishes, with every appearance of having occupied the spot for any length of fme ; so that, unless some record exists of the species having been inten- tionally introduced, it must henceforth rank as a native of the Isle of Wififht. — F. Townsend. PiMPiNELLA magna IN SussEx. — Tiio earliest and only reliable statement of Piinpinella maTis\vociisol der Thallophyten etc., ' Jain'.'. I', wis-. Lot.,' Bd. XI., p. A-l. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN THE THALLOPHYTES. 323 actually or potentially an oophore ; the cells of the coenobmm divide and give rise to motile cells which, according to circum- stances, either conjugate in pairs and form zygospores, when they are termed gametes,* or simply divide and form new ccenobia, when they are termed zoogonidia. The oospore of the (Jusjwreoi, like the zygospore of the iDrecediug Class, is regarded as the sporophore. Its development may resemble that of the zygospore of Fandorina, swarm-spores bemg formed within it which either give rise to potentially sexual individuals reproducing by means of spores (conidia, gonidia), or at ^ once to sexual individuals; or it may resemble that of the zygosj)ore of the Mucorini, and form a mycelium (e.g., Peronospora ValerianeU(E)\ which, in this case, does not differ materially from the mycelium produced by a germinating conidium. It is of interest to note that both modes of development are exhibited by closely allied i3lants in the Feronosporecr, and by the same plant X in the Saprolet/iiiea. In the Carposporea it is the cystocarp which is regarded as the sporophore, and the plant developed from the carpospore is the actual or potential oophore. The cystocarp varies much in structure ; in Coleochcete it is not very different from an oospore or a zygospore, but in the Ascoimjcetes and in the Floridem it is an organ of considerable complexity. These views may be conveniently tabulated as follows : — Moss . Fern Zygosporece. Mucor . . Pandorina . Oosporece. Peronospora. CEdo{?onium . Carposporece. Ascomjcetes. Flo ride 36 . . Sporophore. Sporogonium Plant Zygospore and rudimentary mycelium Zygospore Oospore Oospore . Cystocarp (apothecium) Cystocarp Oophore. Plant. Pi-othallium Mycelium. Coenobium. Mycelium. Thallus. Mycelium. Thallus. This interpretation of the life-history of ThaUophytes has been recently criticised by Pringsheim. § He lays it down as a funda- mental axiom, that the generations of ThaUophytes, like those of Cormophytes, begin in all cases with a free cell, the spore, but that, unlike those of Cormophytes, the generations are distinct and * See Strasburger, ' Befruchtung und Zelltbeiluug,' p. 9. + De Bary, ' Beitr. z. Morphol. u. I'hysiol. d. Pilze,' Heft II., p. 40. X Pringsheim, ' Jahrb. f. vviss. Bot.,' Bd. IX. § Ueb. d. Generationswechsel der Thallophyten, &c., 'Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot.,' XL 321 ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN THE THALLOPHYTES. ' do not remaiii in organic connexion ; consequently, it is impossible to regard the "fruits" of Tlialloi3hytes as representing an entire generation. In illustration of this he points out that the zygospores of the Miccorhti are not fructifications comparable to the sjDorogonium of a Moss, but that they are, like those of the Conjf(t/ata', the initial cells of a new generation, and he regards the rudimentary mycelium developed from the zygospore as the "first neutral generation," which differs from the succeeding neutral generations in the very slight development of its vegetative organs. He does not mean to imply that no alternation of generations occurs in the life-history of the Mucorini; on the contrary, he endeavours to show that there is an alternation, not indeed between the zygospore with its rudimentary mycelium and the sexual m3^celium, but between dimorphic sexual and asexual mycelia. He deduces an argument against the current views from Brefeld's observations upon Mucor dicJiotom.ua/'' Brefeld has found that the zygospore of the Mucorini does not give rise in all cases to a simple asexual mycelium as in Mucor Mucedo : in Mucor dichotoinus, when the zygospores germinate under appro- priate culture, they produce well-developed mycelia which bear a number of zygospores. Here then is a case in which the sexually- produced reproductive cell of an oophore gives rise at once to a new oophore, a fact which is obviously irreconcilable with the Moss-type of alternation of generations. Although this fact affords some support to Pringheim's objections to the current views, it is of no positive value as evidence in favour of his own views of the alternation of generations, as will be shown hereafter. In the other grouj) of the Zygosporecv, the Pandorinea, the alternation, according to Pringsheim, is not of a motile sexual coenobium and a resting zygospore, but of sexual and asexual coenobia. In applying his views to the OosporecB, he rejects the suggestion of Braun f that the oospore is a rudimentary one- or many-spored fruit, and he regards it as the initial cell of the new^ generation, so that in this Class, as in the i)receding, the alternation is that of dimorphic, independent, sexual and asexual plants. Passing on to the Carposporem, we find that in the case of Coleochate, Pringsheim considers the mass of cells formed within the cystocarp to be the "first neutral generation" of the plant, which produces a second neutral generation by means of swarm- spores. "With regard to the other sexual Carjiosporecc, the Ascomy- cetes and the Floridete, he considers that the " fruits " are not to be regarded, any more than those of Colcoclurte, as the direct products of fertilisation, but simply as the female reproductive organs wdiicli have been indirectly affected by it, and which resemble, in this particular, the calyptra of Mosses and the cushion on the prothallia of Ferns. The trichophore and the ascogonium, he urges, are to be regarded as an archegonium which undergoes direct fertilisation, the fertilising influence being conveyed from cell to cell of the organ until it reaches the ascospores. If this view be correct, + ' ]}ot. Zritg.,' JH75, p. SIH. ^. Loc. cit., p. 372. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN THE THALLOPHYTES. 325 the ascospores must necessarily be regarded as oosxDores. The alternation of generations in the A.scomycetes and the Floridecc is then that of independent sexual and asexual plants, and not that of cystocarp and sexual thahus. He considers, partly on account of their structure and partly on account of the products of the germination of the stylosj)ores, that probably the pycnidia aro the neutral fructifications. This view derives support from Bauke's observations on Pleospora herbarum, -■' in which the perithecium and pycnidia appear to represent the two generations, though their succession is very irregular. It cannot be denied that Pringsheim's objections to the accepted interx3retation of the life-histories of Thalloj)hytes, according to the Moss-type of alternation of generations, are well-founded. The fact that such groups as the CunjugaUc and the Fucacca; exist, which exhibit no such alternation, is presumptive evidence against it ; this is supported by the above-mentioned development of a sexual mycelium from the zygospore of Mucor dichotomus : moreover it must not be overlooked that in Ferunospora, where the oospore produces an ordinary mycelium, there cannot be an alternation of generations according to the Moss-type ; and finally, it will be readily granted that a great part of the fructification of the sexual Carposporem belongs, as Pringsheim states, to the parent-plant, so that the "fruit" cannot be regarded as constituting a distinct generation, and the view that the carpospores are really oospores is at least not contrary to our knowledge of the mode of fertilisation in these plants, f Admitting then that it is not possible to interpret the life- history of Thallophytes in the same way as that of a Moss, the question arises whether or not there is any ground for continuing to use the expression "alternation of generations " with reference to Thallophytes as Pringsheim does. Nearly all the arguments brought by Pringsheim against the Moss-type theory are equally valid against any theory of alternation of generations whatsoever ; and when it is also borne in mind that in certain of these plants, such as Ulothrix zonata \ for instance, the differentiation of sexual and asexual reproductive cells is so slight, that if the former fail to conjugate and to form zygospores they germinate like ordinary zoogonidia, there seems to be good reason for answering this question in the negative. It seems to be more in accordance with fact to say simply that a sexual Thallophyte may reproduce itself either sexually or asexually, the mode of reproduction depending more esj)ecially upon the external conditions. Speaking generally, it is not possible to say of -a spore (conidium, gonidium) of any given Thallophyte that the product of its germination will necessarily be a sexual plant, nor is it j)ossible to say of the oospore (zygospore, carpospore) that the j)roduct of its germination * Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Ascom3ceten, 'Bot. Zeit.,' 1877. + See Thuret and Bornet, on the fertilisation of the Floridece, 'Anu. d. Sci. Nat.,' 1855 and 1867; also Stahl, Ueb. die geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung der CoUemaceen, 1877. J Dodel, Ueb. Ulothrix zonata , Prings. ' Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot.,' X. 326 ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN THE THALLOPHYTES. will be necessarily an asexual x^lant, conditions which are accurately fulfilled in those plants {Brifojihijta, .Ptcridophyta) in which an alternation of generations undoubtedly takes place. Since this is so, it appears to be quite unnecessary and even unwarrantable to introduce the idea of an alternation of generations into our general conception of the life-history of Thallophyles. There is reason, however, for believing that in two groups of Thallophytes, the Uliaracecp and the ('(>JeocJitrtc6'., Swanscombe AVood, Holmes. M. ALBESCENS, (rr^y. On Adoxa moschateUina. Swanscombe Wood, M. C. Cooke. M. rubellum, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Rep. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 335 Fam. 4.— HYPHOMYCETES. Order 18. — Isariacei. IsAEiA FARiNosA, Fr. Ou clirysalis, Darenth Wood ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Ceratium hydnoides, a. d' S. On rotten wood. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eej). Order 19. — Stilbacei. VoLUTELLA SETOSA, Berk. Sydenham Hill. Epicoccum neglectum, D. Sydenham Hill. Stilbum tomentosum, Schr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Order 20. — Dematiei. Helminthosporium macrocarpum, Grev. On hazel. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakiii ; Darenth AVood, M. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. TiLiiE, Fr. On lime leaves. Penshurst, Herb. Deakiii. H. scoLEcoiDEs, Corcl. Sydenham Hill. H. velutinum. Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. TiLiiE, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. Smithh, B. (d S. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Sporodum conopleoides. Cord. Dematiiim Impiduliun , B. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Cladosporium herbarum, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Order 21. — Mucedines. Aspergillus glaucus. Link. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eej). A. cANDiDus, Link. Sydenham Hill. A. virens. Link. On Pohjporus (mnosm. Sydenham Hill. Nematogonum aureum. Berk. On bark. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw\ Eep. Botrytis Jonesii, B. it- Br. Woolwich, Berk, d- Br. in A. N. H., No. 760. B. terrestris, p. Darenth Wood ; Sydenham Hill. Peronospora parasitica. Cord. On Shepherd's purse. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. P. iNFESTANS, Mont. BotTijUs vnfestaus, B. & Br, Currey, Greenw. Eej). P. PYGM^A, Un/j. On wood anemone. Swanscombe Wood. P. GRisEA, Unt/. Margate, Berk. Enrj. FL, p. 342. PoLYACTis VULGARIS, Link. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. CANA, Berk. Sydenham Hill. P. ciNEREA, Berk. Dar enth Wood, il/. C. Coo A:^; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Penicillium crustaceum, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. candiduji, Link. Currey, Greenw. Eep. 386 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. OiDiUM BALSAiin, Mont. On Verhascum. Sydenham Hill. 0. FRUCTiGENUM, Schrail. Ciirrey, Greenw. Rep. Stysanus stemonitis, Co7'd. Sydenham Hill. Dactylium roseum, Ih-rk. Trichothecium rtjseuin. Currey, Greenw. Rep. ; Darenth AYood, M. (J. Cooke. Order 22. — Sepedoniei. Sepedonium chrysospermum, Link. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. RosEUM, Fr. St. Paul's Cray Common. Fam. 5.— PHYSOMYCETES. Order 23. — Mucorini. MucoR ramostjs, lUill. On decaying Amanita vafjinatus. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. M. MUCEDO, L. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. M. caninus, P. On dog's dung. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. M. FUsiGER, Link. On A. qnpJnjUus. St. Paul's Cray Common. PiLOBOLUs RORiDus, ScJium . Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. crystallinus, Tode. On cow and horse dung. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Sporodinia dichotoma, C(>?v/. On decaying I lussula rosacea. Syden- ham HiU. AcROSTALAGMus ciNNABARiNUS, Co)'d. Botnjtis latevltia, B. Currey, Greenw. Rep. Fam. 6.— ASCOMYCETES. Order 24. — Perisporiacei. Sphjerotheca pannosa, Lev. On rose trees. Sydenham Hill, in the conidiophorous condition. S. Castagnei, Lev. On hop leaves. Sydenham Hill, in the coni- diophorous condition ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. MiCROSPHiERiA Hedwigh, Lf^v. Ou Vihiinium Lantaua. Greenhithe, M. C. Cooke. M. Mougeotii, Lev. On Ijijcium. harhariun. Dartford, M. C. Cooke. M. Berberidis, Lev. On barberry. Dartford, M. C. Cooke. EuROTiuM HERBARioRUM, Lw/t-. On chcesc. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Erysiphe tortilis. Link. On dogwood. Dartford, .V. C. Cooke. CHiETOMiuM ELATUM, Kze. Currcy, Greenw. Rep. C. CHARTARUM, FM. CuiTcy, Grccnw. Rep. (To be continued). 837 EECENT ADDITIONS TO THE MOSS-FLOKA OF THE WEST BIDING OF YOEKSHIRE. By Chaeles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. [Read before Sect. D., British Associatioa, Sheffield, 25 Aug., 1879.] In the year 1878 I read before the British Association at Bradford a short paper on the Mosses of the West Riding, ai^pended to which was a list comjprising 294 sj)ecies/'' Since that date considerable activity has been manifested, by both Natural History Societies and private investigators, in working out, more thoroughly than had hitherto been done, the flora and fauna of this large county. In a great measure this activity has been due to the union of the chief Natural History Societies of the county into an amalgamated Society, now called " The Yorkshire Naturalists' Union." This Society holds meetings and makes excursions monthly during the summer ; having its sections and sectional officers, meeting immediately after each excursion, and examining the gatherings of the day ; followed by the general meeting, to which the sectional officers report the chief results brought before them. Every species gathered is also recorded by the sectional recorder, and each section publishes the results of its labours in the 'Transactions' of the Union. In this manner a great many new species, both of animals and plants, have been discovered, and old records either confirmed or corrected. It seemed therefore that this, the first meeting of the British Associ- ation in this county since the Bradford Meeting in 1878, presented a fitting opportunity for announcing what additions and corrections had been made to the list of Mosses previously referred to. In my paper I stated that the Valleys of the Don and the Dearne, including the moorlands south of Penistone, and the districts around Barnsley, Askern, Thorne, Doncaster, Groole, Eotherham, and Sheffield, were, in a bryological point of view, almost virgin ground. These portions of the county have now been visited by the Union, and to a certain extent their botanical productions have been investigated and published by them in the * Naturalist ' and the Union ' Transactions.' Further research has also shown that the divisions I made in that paper of the river-basins of the Biding could be advantageously modified ; and in place of the eight divisions I then proposed, we now recognise ten, viz., proceeding from N.W. to S.E., the Lune, Ribble, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Colne with Calder, Mersey, Don with Dearne, and Trent tributaries. These are the divisions published in Messrs. Davies and Lees' ' West Yorkshire ' with which Mr. Lees issued a map showing their respective boundaries, and giving in a note their approximate areas. Of these the Mersey, containing about 30 square miles, and the Trent, about 50 square miles, are the smallest ; and the Wharfe, 470 square miles, and the Don, 600 square miles, are the largest. * Printed at length in ' Journ. Bot.,' 1873, pp. 327, 358. 2 X 338 MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. Ill this paper I heave given four Ksts, viz. (1) Species new to the Riding since the piibhcation of my last list; (2) Species recorded in 1873 list, but since found in fresh localities ; (3l Species known to occur in the Riding before my list was published, but not recorded therein, from not being known to me at the time ; (4) Species recorded in that list in error. The number of species known to occur in the Riding will now be as follows : — Recorded in 1873 list 294 Less recorded there in error (List 4) . 8 286 New species recorded (List 1) . . . . 48 Total ... 334 Add to these the number of species found in new localities (as given in list 2), 142, we shall have a fair idea of the work that has been done in this department during the last six years in our own division of the county. Of the species given in list 1 a few require some further remark. SeU(/eria trhticJia, Brid. This moss, first discovered in Britain in the Blair Athole district by Miss Mclnroy, in 1860, has now been found in another locality — and that in the W. R. on dripping limestone rocks at Litton in Arncliffe dale by Messrs. S. Ashton and J. "Whitehead, in June, 1878. The locality given in Schimp. Syn. 2iid. ed., p. 856, "in rupibus calcariis pr. Castleton Angliae (Whitehead) " is an error, as Mr. Whitehead states he never either gathered or recorded it from that place, and has, since his attention was called to it, searched the locality twice in vain for it. Jaeger in ' Adumbratio ' gives its distribution as wet calcareous rocks in shady places in the German, Swiss, Austrian, and Italian Alps. Aulacomnium turgidum, Wahl. This moss again is not only new to the Riding, but also to Britain. It was gathered by Prof. Barker on Ben More about eight years ago (1871), and again by Messrs. Lees and West on Whernside in 1878, but in neither case was it recognised at the time. The Ben More specimens were identified by Rev. J. Fergusson in September, 1878, and the Whernside plant by Mr. Boswell some little time afterwards. Distribution : the Norwegian Alps, Lapland, Greenland, Styria, and Northern America. Fontinalis (jruciJis, Lindb. This is another of Prof. Barker's discoveries, at Malham Cove, in 1876, and has since been gathered there by myself and Mr. Geo. Brook, F.L.S., in 1879, but without fruit. It had previously been found in Scotland by Messrs. Fergusson, Roy, Bisset, and Anderson, in various localities. Distribution : Silesia, the Black Forest, Wildbad, Bohemia, and Finland. riagiothccium nilididum, AVahl., was first discovered as a York- shire and British Moss by Messrs. Wliitehead and Percival at Heseltine Ghyll, Penyghent. Its distribution appears to be [Jaeger's Adumbratio, where he refers it to Isoptenjijium nitiduw, MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. 339 Wahl.] Northern aud Central Europe, on rotten trunks in wet places ; all the region of the Alps, Jura, the Vosges, Sweden, Norway, and New Zealand. Since commencing this paper I have received a list of the Mosses growing around Wetherby, gathered by Dr. Wesley, for IDublication in the ' Naturalist,' aud have taken the liberty of incorporating them in my lists. In this paper he rightly says, that the inclusion of the following species in the W. K. Moss-flora rests solely on the Wetherby district localities, viz., Pottia intermedia, Didy motion cylindricus , Thuidium abietinum, and Hypniim, Sendtneri. He also includes Fissidens viridulus, but in this he is mistaken, as I have specimens in my herbarium gathered by the late John Nowell, of Todmorden, near Pontefract. In conclusion, I must state that in the following lists, the names of the persons who gathered the species are always, where known, given after the locality : many of them, however, merely refer to the pages of the ' Naturalist,' where they are recorded, and in these cases it is always uncertain who gathered the specimens. The Roman capitals immediately following the s^Jecific name and that of its author indicate the river areas by then- initial letters. List I. — New Species. Sphagnum intermedium, Hoff. L. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 136 ; Marsden Moors, C. P. H. S. teres, Angst. L. Dent Dale, G-. Stabler, Nat. iv. 113. S. subsecundum, Nees. M. Greenfield, J. Whitehead. ,, var. /3. contortmn. M. G. Greenfield, J. White- head. Norland Moor, Nat. iii. 48. S. pa2Jillosum,IjiB.d. L. R. Whernside, Lees& West, Nat. iv. 136. Bowland Knotts, Nat. iii. 19, 21. Andreaa crassinervia, Bruch. L. C. Penyghent ; Hebden Bridge, Nat. iii. 19. Gymiiostomum squarrosum,'^ees. L. Ingleton district, Nat. iv. 159. Weissia crispula, Hed. N. Harrogate, Hicks, 1876, Nat. iii. 19. Dicranum saxicola, Ferg. D. Wharncliffe Woods, Dr. Parsons, Nat. iv. 115. D. scoparium var. paludosum. L. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137. Dicranodontium longirostre, W. & M. A. Shipley Glen, Dr. Parsons, Nat. iii. 20. Campylopus paradoxus, Wils. Eombalds Moor, Dr. Wesley. Seligeria acutifolia, Lind. W. Arnclifte, J. Whitehead, Nat. iv. 108. 8. tristicha, Brid. W. Litton, near Arncliffedale, Whitehead & Ashton, Nat. iv. 11. Pottia intermedia, Turn. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Didymodonluridns, Roinsch. W. D. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Went- bridge, Nat. iii. 10. D. flexifolius, var. ft. gemmescens, Mitt. L. Ingleboro', M. & C. Ditrichum flexicaule var. demum. A. Malham Moor, 1879, C. P. H. 340 MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. Trichostomum nitidum, Mitt. D. Wentbridge, Dr. Parsons, Nat. ii. 10. Barbula muralis var. rupcstris. L. Wlieriiside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137. B. ungnicidata var. y. apiculata. A. Eawcliffe, Nat. ii. 156. B. recurvifolia, Schp. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. B. ci/lindrica, Tayl. {insulana). W. C. Harewood, Nat. iii. 19 ; Huddersfield, C. P. H. B. revolnta, Scliw. C. Near Todmorden, rare, T. Stansfield. B. intenncdia, Brid. R. N. W. D. Slaidburn, F. A. Lees, Nat. iii. 19 ; Pateley Bridge, C. P. H. ; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Weutbridge, Nat. iii. 175. (rriunnia conjerta, Funk. L. Dentdale, Barnes, Nat. iv. 113. Cr. ovata, W. & M. R. Slaidburn, F. A. Lees, Nat. iii. 19. Bacomitrium lieterostichum var. aJopecurum. L. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137. Ulota intermedia, Sclipr. L. N. Ligieton district, Nat. iv. 159 ; Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175. Orthotrichinii ajine, '^divsid. W. A. D. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Rawclifie,' Nat. ii. 156 ; Wrax : both by Dr. Parsons. Must be more frequent. Wehera annotina, Hed. W. Wetherby, Dr. W^esley. Bnjum roseum, Schreb. U. C. Near Ripon, Miss Morton ; Pen- nant Clough and Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield. Aulacoumiuni turgid um,^Yiih.\. L. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 85. (This is new to Britain : this and the Scotch locality being its only known habitats. The Scotch discovery is the earliest by some years, but it was not recognised until the present year). Poly trich urn strictuni, Banks. L. Slope of Ingleboro', W. AVest, Nat. iv, 11 ; Whernside, Lees & AVest, Nat. iv. 137. Fissidens incurvus, Schw. W. C. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Royd Hills, Todmorden, T. Stansfield. F. 2'itsillu^'i, Wils. A. Railway Bank, near Pontefi'act, Dr. Wood. Fontinalis qracilis, Lind. A. Malham Cove, Prof. Barker, Nat. iv. 86.^ (C. P. H, 1879.) Habrodon Xotarisii, Schp. L. Dentdale, G. Stabler, Nat. iv. 113. Thuidium ahietinum, L. W. W^etherby, Dr. Wesley. Scleropodium ccBspitosiun, Wils. W. Roots of trees by Riv. Cock, near Tadcaster, R. Spruce. Rhynchostefiium murale, var. /3. complanatum. C. Near Liversedge, Rev. W. Fowler, Nat. iii. 159. Playiothecium nitidulum, AVahl. W. Heseltine Ghyll, Penyghent, J. Whitehead & J. Percival : first detected by them as a British species. Jlypniim rcrnicosinu, Lindb. C. Bog near Slaithwaite, C. P. H. J]. Sendtnc-ri, Schp. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. JT. cupn'ssi/orme var. niyro-ciride. C. W. Walls near Hudders- field, C. P. H., and similar places near Wetherby, C. P. H. 11. arcuntum, Lindb. U. W. C. Near HackfaU, J. G. Baker; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley, Nat. iii, 20; Harley Wood, Tod- morden {(i), J. Is 0 well. MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSTIIRE. 341 H. eugyrium, Schp. L. Dentdale, at Caiitley Waterfall, J. Nowell (Auct. Scliimper). H. yiganteum, Sclipr. W. Cow and Calf rocks, above Ilkley, Dr. Wesley, Nat. iii. 139. Hylocomium umbratuin, Sclireb. U. Dallen Grliyll, near Ripley, Nat. iii. 20. List 2. — New Localities. [The letter (a) after any locality signifies should also be in List 3.] Sphagnum cuspidatum, Dill. Lime. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137. S. cuspidatum var. /3. plumosum. L. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Stansfield Moor, J. Stansfield. Gyumostomum rupestre, Schw. L. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 186. Weissia viridula, Brid. W. C. D. Meanwood, near Leeds, F. A. Lees ; Killingtou, Dr. Parsons ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Dichodontium pellucidum, L. W. M. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. Dicranella squarrusa, Schrad. L. N. M. C. Cautley Spout, W. West ; Kuaresbro', F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Harden Moss, near Huddersfield, C. P. H. Dicranum majus, Turn. N. C. Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Bag Scouts, Todmordeii and Hebden, J. Stansfield. D. paliistre, Brid. M. C. D. Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Tod- morden, T. Stansfield ; Sharleston, Nat. ii. 192 ; Ackworth, J. Brown. Campylopus fiexnosus var. densus. C. D. Staups Clough, Tod- morden, T. Stansfield ; Hebden Valley, C. P. H. ; near Goole, Dr. Parsons. C. pyrijurmis, Brid. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Fleuridmm nitidiim, Hed. R. M. Bowland Knotts, F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. Leiicobryum gUmcum, L. W. M. C. D. Ilkley and Otley Chevin, Dr. Carrington ; Cottingley Moor, L. C. Miall; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Marsden Moors, C. P. H. ; Goole Moor, Dr. Parsons. Seligeria recurvata, Hed. W. M. Litton in Arncliffe Dale, Nat. iv. 59; Ingleboro', Nat. iv. 159; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. S. piisilla, Hed. L. W. Dentdale, W. West ; Litton in Arnclifi'e Dale. Nat. iv. 59. Brachyodus trichudes, W. & M. N. M. Pateley Bridge («), R. Spruce ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. Blindia acuta, Hed. L. W. Dentdale, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 186; Bolton, S. Gibson {a). B. acuta var. ft. tricliod.es. C. Wet rocks, Yfessenden, J. White- head. Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. P. rectum, Sm. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. (To be continued.) 342 SHORT NOTES. Cardamine impatiens in Sussex. — During a visit to the neigh- bourhood of West Grinstead last June, in searcli of some of Borrer's Chants, I came across the above i)lant growing in tolerable abun- dance near Maplehurst. It occurred on a bank by the road-side for some distance between that place and West Grrinstead, and had every appearance of being wild. The only previous record for the county is from the neighbourhood of Slinfold, where it is believed to have been an escape from cultivation. Maj)lehurst is about ten miles from Slinfold in a straight line. — W. H. Beeby. Dorsetshire Plants. — In the botanically prolific district be- tween South Haven, Poole Harbour, and Swanage, with its records of Festuca amhiijua, LeGall, iJijnodon Dactylon, L., Lotus hispiduSjDenL, Cyperus longus,lj., Phala)'ispar(uloxa,li.,&c., Ihave recently met with Carex punctata, Gaud., growing in some j)rofusion on a moist sandy saline soil near Little Sea, Studlaud, the shore of which is the habitat of the rare Eleocharis parvula, Hook. It was growing with Carex extensa. Good., and C. distans, L., from which it may readily be distinguished by its nerveless, smooth-beaked, shining and spreading perigynes. This w^as noticed during a walk from South Haven to Swanage, when I was fortunate enough to have for my companion Dr. Trimen. We also occasionally observed Carex CEderi, Ehrh., in a very depauperated state ; but as we approached the neighbourhood of Carex punctata we found it more vigorous, and in its normal state as to height and size. I take this oppor- tunity of noticing a few other Dorset plants which have not, I think, been mentioned in any published record. — Potamogeton rufescens, Schreb., grows abundantly in the water-courses near Wareham, between the town and the railway- station, associated with Potamogeton acutifolius, Link. — Rieracium, murorwn, L., var. (i. canescens of Syme, grows in the Isle of Portland, on the weirs between the Convict Prison and Pennsylvania Castle. The dis- covery of this plant restores it to our county list, for it has not been found since the time of Pulteney, who says of it, " Found on old walls about Shaftesbury, and on w^alls and in rocky and stony places, and on the cliffs in Purbeck," where now^ it is, without any doubt, extinct. — Seduni rupestre, Huds., sub-sp. Forsterianuin, grows in the same places and under similar conditions wdth Hieracium murorum. — Uatiunculus confiisus, Godr., in brackish water, Wey- mouth. This plant is separated from it. Baudotii by the difference of a trifoliate and tripartite leaf, and the length of the stamens as compared with the heads of pistils. — CFnothera odorata, Jacq., roadside near Lyme Regis ; doubtless a casual, introduced among agricultural seed. — FritiUaria Meleagris, L., moist meadows at Chetside and Pulham. With the exception of the hearsay testi- mony of Dr. Pulteuey, Gillingham has been hitherto the only recorded station for this plant ; these two new stations are there- fore of special interest. — J. C. Mansel-Pleydell. SHOUT NOTES. 343 Surrey Plants. — Potamogetun zosterif alius. All the grass-leaved Potamofjetons recorded in Brewer's ' Flora of Surrey ' are well known to inhabit the county, with the exception of the above species, for the occurrence of which we have only the unconfirmed testimony of the late John Stuart Mill. He gives three stations for it, viz., the Great Pond, Gatton Park ; Cut Mill Pond, near Godalmiug ; and a pool by the Wey above St. Catherine's Hill, Guildford. I have not been able to detect it in Gatton Pond, although P. miicronatus — also recorded by Mill from this station — is abundant. Mr. A. Bennett has ascertained that Mill's speci- mens named P. zosterif alius, from Gatton, in the herbarium of the Holmesdale Natural History Club, are undoubtedly P. mucranatus. Mr. Bennett has several times visited Cut Mill Pond, but has never seen the plant in question there. With regard to the Guild- ford station, I fear the " weedy pool" does not now exist : in the position indicated there is now some partially drained marshy land, and very possibly a pool existed there fifteen years ago. In the Wey itself at Guildford I did not see any grass-leaved species, but P . pectin atus and well-marked P.fiabcllatus were abundant. Taking into consideration the above facts, I think that unless fresh evidence can be adduced as to the occurrence of P. zosterifolius in the county, it must be struck out of the list of Surrey plants. It is of course possible that it grows in Gatton Pond, for this piece of water is about thirty-five acres in extent. I observed that the leaves of most of the Gatton plants which I examined were seven- veined in the lower part. — Chara Msjnda. I do not remember that this species has been recorded for Surrey. It occurs in pro- fusion in Gatton Pond, literally covering acres of the bottom. — Carex ovalis var. hracteata. This variety seems to be widely dis- tributed in Surrey. I find it abundant in Pease Marsh near Godalming, and sparingly on Earlswood Common ; while Mr. Bennett has noted it on Mitcham Common and near Epsom. — W. H. Beeby. Surrey Plants. — Putamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb. In 'Eng- lish Botany' Dr. Boswell (Syme), under P. nitens, Web., remarks, " Less branched than P. hcterojjhyllus, from which it also differs — at least judging from Dr. Moore's specimens, collected in Sep- tember, 1866- — by sending forth, in autumn, from the axils of even the upper leaves numerous slender stolons similar to those of Kpi- labium ahscurum : I have not seen stolons from the uppermost leaves in a.nj other British Patainor/eta?}." Mr. W. W. Reeves and myself collected, this month, in the Basingstoke Canal near Woking, specimens of P. heteraphyUus with exactly similar stolons to those descril)ed in P. nitens, Web. ; they proceed from quite the upper- most leaves. — Chara fragilis, Desv. In describing C. fragifera (Journ. Bot., 1877, p. 354) Dr. Trimen mentions a plant from Christiansand, Norway (referred to ('. fragilis by Norstedt & Wahl- stedt), as having large compound bulbils at the basal nodes. When out with Mr. W. W. Reeves early this month, I gathered, in the Basingstoke Canal near Woking, Chara fragilis (monoecious) with 344 SHORT NOTES. similar bulbils to those of Mr. Curnow's specimens from Cornwall, except that they are rather smaller, — A. Bennett. Some Hants Plant-Localities. — The following plants, which we have noticed recently, are, as far as we know, unrecorded for their respective divisions of Hampshire. The first is from the northern, the remainder from the southern, division of the county. Viola permLvta, Jord. Very sparingly on a hedge-bank near Sel- borne. — Spergularia maryinata, Syme. Between Eling and Hythe. — Hypericum montanum, Linn. Hedge-bank near King's Som- bourne. — TrifoUum scabrum, Linn. Stokes Bay ; Hamble Com- nion. — Diotis maritima, Cass. Sandy shore near Christchurch, a few patches only. [Mr. Moggridge has also sent us this from "near Bournemouth," collected this year, in-obably from the same locality. Query, an introduction? — Ed. Journ. Bot.] — Campanula initula, Linn. Hedge-bank near Nursling. Recorded with a query in ' Topographical Botany.' — Owbanche elatior, Sutton. Border of corn field near Horsebridge, parasitical on Centaurea Scabiosa. — Ruppia spiralis, Hartm. In one of the pools at the former salt-works, and in most of the neigh- bouring ditches, Newtown (Isle of Wight) ; very abundant, occurring with, but much commoner than, R. rostellata. — It may be worth while to mention that Polygonum maritimum. still grows near Christchurch, where we had understood it to be extinct until kindly directed to a locality for it by Mr. George Brownen, who found it plentifully two years ago. This year, however, it was by no means abundant. — H. & J. Groves. Gallitrichum rubellum, Jord. c(- Fourr. — In July of the present year I found on the Surrey bank of the Thames, near Kew, two or three plants of a very peculiar and interesting variety of Salvia Verbenaca, the flowers being much smaller than in the tj^pe and of a red colour. On looking over the different forms figured by Jordan & Fourreau in their ' Icones,' I at once identified the Kew plant with Gallitrichum rubellum, Jord. et Fourr., which is given as occurring in South-east France at Aix, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhone. Living specimens of the common form of Salvia Verbenaca, collected by the Thames above Richmond, seemed quite to agree with (Tallitrichwn anylicum, Jord. & Fourr., the figure of which was i)repared from specimens procured from Wem- bury, Dorset. From the first-mentioned this, however, difters abundantly in the size and colour of the corolla, in its calyx, bracts, c^c. ; and transverse sections of the stems of the two plants exhil)it totally dissimilar outlines. The decided red of the stem, petioles and midribs of the leaves of G. rubellum renders it at first sight sufiiciently distinctive even when out of flower. — George Nicholson. Hypnum (Brachythecium) salebrosum, Hofm.. — Through the courtesy of Mr. F. M. Webb, and with the approval of Prof. NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 345 Dickson, I have had the pleasure of examining the specimens referred to by Mr. Spruce (p. 307), they being now in the University Herbarium at the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Edin- burgh. They appear to be just in the condition referred to by Mr. Spruce, his numbers still remaining, and a note in his hand- writing pinned to the sheet, a copy of which I append, as it is slightly different in form but not in sense from the quotation as above referred to : — " 1,2,3. Hypnum salehrosum, Hoffm., fiorescentia monoica (fl. masculis in caule divisionibusque ]3rimariis saspius juxta flores fcemineos dispositis), pedicello laevissimo, &c. 4. H. lutescens, Huds., foliis confertis, strictioribus, siccitate arete ad- pressis, striis profundioribus notatis, acumine paulo breviore. R.S. Jany. 1847." The specimens, being glued fast to the paper, were not easily to be examined, but they apparently agree in all essential characters with B. salehrosum. The fructification is distinctly monoicous ; the setfe quite smooth ; the capsule olive, of the usual shape and inclination ; the leaves longly acuminate, but not quite so strongly serrulate as in some specimens I have, particularly so with respect to no. 286 of Grravet's ' Bryoth. Belg.' ; the stem is densely clothed with radicles, and distinctly but irregularly pin- nate. It cannot be rutabulum from its smooth setae, and its monoicous inflorescence prevents its being referred to glareosum. CamiJtothecium aureum I am not acquainted with. — 0. P. Hobkirk. ^Extracts autr Notices of Boofts & iEcmoivs, REPORT OF THE HERBARIUM OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, FOR 1878. By Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.L, &c. Physiological Laboratory. — During the past year the Jodrell Laboratory has been emploj^ed by Prof. Burdon Sanderson, F.R.S., in his continued resoarches on the electrical phenomenon of plants exhibiting spontaneous movements ; by Prof. Church in studying albinism in plants ; by the Rev. R. Abbay in working at the development on living coffee plants of Hemileia vastatrix ; and by Mr. F. Darwin for observations on the physiology of leaves. Herbarium. — The most considerable contribution to this department, and, considering its importance in respect of the agricultural interests of this country, India, and the colonies, the most important of the kind, perhaps, ever contributed to such an institution as Kew, is the Mycological Collection of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.R.S. For upwards of half a century Mr. Berkeley has been well known as the most accomplished and persevering student of the Fungi; his labours and writings on the ravages which these plants inflict on our field-crops, gardens, orchards, vineyards, forests, &c., have benefited mankind, and greatly 2y 346 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. enlarged the domain of science ; whilst his systematic and micro- scopical researches into their structure and the classification of the vast natural family to which they belong have been extended to species from every quarter of the globe. The herbarium in question contains type specimens of the microscopic and other vegetable parasites, whose effects have been known from time immemorial, but the nature of most of which has been determined only within the last half century ; and it illustrates his numerous published contributions to the * Journal of the Eoyal Horticultm-al Society,' the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' Linnean Society's Journal and Transactions, and many other works of a like nature. As examples of the value to the country of Mr. Berkeley's labours, it needs only to allude to the potato, vine, hop, and onion diseases, upon which he has written valuable memoirs and suggested remedies ihat have earned for him the gratitude of his countrymen and the recognition of the Government. Mr. Berkeley's herbarium is of great extent, in perfect order and preservation, and he is now occupied with its transference to Kew, to which it is presented. The herbarium of the late N. J. Dalzell, Esq., of the Hon. East India Company's service, has be n presented by his widow. As containing the type specimens of 'The Bombay Flora,' a work published by himself and the late Dr. Gibson, it is of special interest. It contains upwards of 1200 species, and many dupli- cates ; and its contents have been shared with the herbariums of the Botanical Gardens of Calcutta and Saharnnpore, M. E. Cosson, of Paris, has been a most liberal contributor to the Kew Herbarium for very many years. His gifts during the present year amount to nearly 2000 species, chiefly from Southern Algeria, ^Morocco, and Eastern Persia, on the borders of Afghan- istan, wlii h latter, collected by the veteran botanist and traveller, Bunge, are of especial interest. Other contributions of exceptional interest are Godefroy-Lebeuf's Cambodian plants ; Wclwitsch's Angolan, &c. (from the Portuguese Government); Post's Syrian ; Burbidge's Bornean, j)i'esented by Messrs. Veitch, and containing a magnificent series of pitcher- plants ; Hildebrandt's tropical E. African; and many Central African were from Dr. Kirk, Col. Grant, Mr. Wakefield, &c. Mr. John Miers, F.R.S., the eminent South American traveller and botanist, has presented the duplicates of his extensive herbarium. It contains many types of his published X)lants of Chili, Brazil, and the Argentine Provinces. M. Casimir DeCandolle has presented a valuable set of tracings of drawings of Awidtur,, and Mr. W. Saunders, F.R.S., photograi3hs of upwards of 70 species of Agave. The very complete collection of cones and leaves of Pines belonging to ^Ir. George Gordon, late of the Eoyal Horticultural Society's Gardens, has been j)reseiited by the Director, and deposited, the cones in the Museum, and the foliage specimens in the Herbarium. It contains the type specimens of almost every species described in Gordon's Piuetum, a standard work amongst NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 34:7 nurserymen and foresters, of wliicli a second edition has lately- appeared. He has also presented the late Dr. Burchell's collection of drawings of St. Helena plants, made in the beginning of the century, and many of the plants of which are now all but or altogether extinct. The following is a list of the names of the principal contributors to the Herbarium during 1878 : — ■ Europe. — Archangeli, Dr. ; Italian (128). Beccari, Dr. (Herb. Mus. Florent.) ; Itahan (181). Ball, J. ; various (180). Brother- ton, — ; British (10). Church, Prof.; draAvings of British ferns (13). Cosson, Dr. E. ; Schur's European plants (590). Geheeb, A. ; mosses (100). Godefroy-Lebeuf, A. ; Portuguese (300). Groves, H. ; Italian (112). Henriquez, J. ; Portuguese (316) ; AlgcE, Fwif/i, and drawings (89). Jardin des Plantes, Paris; Hejmtica; (105) ; various (41). Massalongo, Prof. ; Italian Hepaticm (purchased, 70). Plowright, C. B. ; British Fiuu/i (purchased, 100). Kabenhorst, Dr. L. ; AI/jcb (purchased, 100). Societe Dauphinoise ; French (purchased, 530). Thuemen, Baron von ; Mycotheca (j)urchased, 300). Todaro, Prof. ; Palermo (4). Vize, J. L. ; Micro-Fumji (purchased, 100). AVittrock and Nordstedt ; Algm (purchased, 100). Asia. — Aitchison, Dr. ; N.AV. Indian (27). Brandis, Dr. ; FAicahjpti {>ra/i-i?i ; Starvecrow "Wood, IF. T. T. ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Geoglossum glabrum, p. Starvecrow Wood, W. T. T. ; Syden- ham Hill. G. DiFFORME, Fr. Tnnbridge Wells Common, Herh. Deakin. Peziza badia, p. Hayes Rector}^ Hkss. P. aurantia, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Picp. P. REPANDA, Wahl. Rowdow Wood, near Kemsmg. P. cupuLARis, L. Knowle Park, C. F. Bro(Wie. P. GRANULATA, Bull. Sydenham Hill ; Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin; Currey, Greenir. Rep.; Ightham Common, Holmes. P. coNSTELLATio, B.d'Br. Near Addington, Berk, d- Br. in A. N.H. p. 143. P. HUMOSA, Fr. Dover, Holmes ; Tmibridge Wells, T. Walker ; Curreij, Greenw. Rep. P. Crouanii. On Jungermannias. Ightham, Holmes. P. FAscicuLARis, A. S S. CiuTey, Greenw. Rep. P. cocHLEATA, Hucls. CmTcy, Greenw. Rex3. P. VESICULOSA, B}ill. Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. MACROPUS, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. CuRREYANA, Tul. Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. cYATHoiDEA, Bull. Currcy, Greenw. Rep. P. cocciNEA, Jrtc^. RochesterRoad, Maidstone, iJo/»2es; Southboro', Herb. Deakin ; St. Mary Cray. P. VENOSA, P. Peziza reticulata, E. F. Hayes Rectory, Huss. P. scutellata, L. Rusthall Common, Herh. Deakin. ; Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. UMERATA, Fr. Tunbridge Wells, T. Walker. P. viRGiNEA, Batsch. Sydenham Hill ; St. Mary Cray ; Dareuth Wood; Tunb. Wells, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. NivEA, Fr. Darenth Wood ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. BicoLOR, Bull. Tunbridge Wells, Herh. Deakin; Ightham. P. cALYciNA, Schum. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. P. DiPLocARPA, Curr. Joyden's Wood, Curreij, Finn. Trans., xxiv., p. 153, t. 25, f. 30-33. P. ScHUMACHEEi, Fr. Dp.rentli AVood, M. C. Cooke. P. HYALiNA. p. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. SULPHUREA, p. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. Berkeleii, Blox. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. Tami, Lamy. On hop bine, Darenth Wood, if. C. Cooke. P. campanula, Nees. In a chalk pit, Margate, Berk. Fng. Fl., p. 201. P. albo-violaceus, a. d S. Currey, Greenw. Rep. 364 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. P. EPisPH^RiA, Mart. Currey, Greeuw. Eep. P. FiRMA, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. DOMESTicA, Sow. Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. LEucosTiGMA, Fv. Currcy, Greenw. Eep. P. VULGARIS, Fr. Ourrey, Greenw. Eep. P. ciNEREA, Batsch. Sydenham Hill ; Darentli Wood ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. P. Chailletii, p. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. P. atrata, p. Darenth Wood, AF. C.Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. lacustris, Fr. On submerged stems of Alisma Plantago. Near Blackheath, Cooke; Darenth, M. C. Cooke. P. Pteridis. Darenth AVood, M. C. Cooke. P. EscHAROiDES. Dareutli Wood, M. C. Cooke. P. viNosA, A. tC- S. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Helotium aciculare, Fr. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. H. .^RUGiNosuM, Fr. Eowdow Wood, near Kemsing. H. luteolum, Curr. St. Paul's Cray Common, Li7in. Trans., xxiy., p. 153, t. 25, f. 11, 12, 18. H. AQUATicuM, Curr. St. Paul's Cray Common, Lm?i. r7-a?is., xxiv., p. 154, t. 25, f. 19. H. TUBA, Fr. St. Paul's Cray Common. H. virgultorum, Fr. Peziza fructigena, Bull. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. ciTRiNUM, Fr. Peziza citrina, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. pallescens, Fr. Peziza imllescens, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. HERBARUM, Fr. Peziza herbarum, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. FAGiNEUM, Fr. Peziza faginea, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eej). H. coNiGENUM, Fr. Peziza conigena, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. ACICULARE, Fr. Peziza acicularis. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. PRuiNosuM, Jerd. On Diatrype quercina. Sydenham Hill. H. ocHRACEUM, Fr. Sydenham Hill, on bramble. Patellaria RHABARBARiNA, Berk. Pezlza rliabarbariua^'Ei.Y . Currey, Greenw. Eep. P. LiviDA, Pj. d Br. Sydenham Hill. P. PALusTRis, Curr. St. Paul's Cray, Linn. Trans, xxiv., p. 155, t. 25, f. 35. Cenangium Cerasi, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. C. FULiGiNosuM, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Stictis radiata, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. S. versicolor, Fr. Cryptom gees versicolor, 'E.F. Currey, Greenw. Eep. AscoBOLUs argenteus, Curr. On cow-dung. Eltham, Cooke. A. FURFURACEUs, P. Ou cow-duug. Sydenham Hill ; Currty, Greenw. Eep. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 365 A. ciLiATus, ScJmm. On cow-dimg. Sydenliam Hill. A. CARNEus, p. On horse -dung. Sydenham Hill. A. SAccHARiNus, B. d Chirr. On old leather and on old rag. Chislehiu'st, Cooke. A. iMMERsus, Pers. On horse-dung. Sydenham Hill. Bulgaria inquinans, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; Halstead ; Ightham ; Duntou Green, Holmes; Hayes, Ihcss. ; Currey, Greenw. Kep. B. sARcoiDEs, Fr. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Currey, Greenw. Eej). Order 26. — Tuberacei. Tuber excavatum, Vitt. Hillydeal Wood, near Otford, C. E. Broome. Tuber (Bstivum is said to have heen found on Otford Mount, near the above locality. Elaphomyces granulatus, Fr. Piusthall Common and Southboro', Herb. Deakin. Choiromyces meandriformis, Vitt. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Order 27. — Phacidiacei. Phacidium repandum, Fr. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. Hysterium virgultorum, DC. Hysterium liubi, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. PULiCARE, Pers. Ightham and Chelsfield, Holmes. H. ELONGATUM, WciJil. On the hoop of an old cask, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. H. ANGusTATUM, A. (6 S. On decayed wood, Ightham, Holmes. H. Fraxini, p. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. PiNASTRi, Schrad. On fir leaves, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. Ehytisma acerinum, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. CoLPOMA QUERCiNUM, Walil. Cenangium qiiercininn, H. F. Tun- bridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke; Ightham, Hohnes. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Stegia Ilicis, Fr. St. Paul's Cray Common ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Order 28. — Sphjeriacei. ToRRUBiA militaris, Fr. Sydenham Hill; Eusthall Common, Holmes. T. entomorrhiza, Ft. Southboro', Faiccett. T. capitata, Fr. On Elaplwmijves granulatus, Southboro', Herb. Deakin. Epichloe typhina, B. Dotliidea tyjyhina, Fr. New Cross, M. C. Cooke ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Hurst Wood, Faiccett ; Southboro' and Queendown Warren, Holmes. Hypocrea gelatinosa, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. 366 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. Nectria cinnabarina, Fr. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Dealdn ; Sydenham Hill ; CiuTev, Greenw. Eep. N. iNAURATA, U. cC- Br. Currey, Greenw. Eep. N. SANGUINEA, Fr. CuiTey, Greenw. Eep. N. EPisPH^RiA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Xylaria polymorpha, Grev. Kuowle Park ; Dunton Green, Holmes. X. DiGiTATA, Grev. Sydenham Hill ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. X. HYPOXYLON, Grev. Sydenham Hill ; Southhoro', Fawcett ; Tun- bridge Wells, Herb. Dealdn ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. Thamnomyces hippotrichioides. On matting made of Scirpns lacustris, in a damp pew at Cobliam Church, Dr. Leach, Berk. Fnnl. FL, p. 284. Hypoxylon ustulatum. Bull. Ightham, Dunton Green, and Toy's Hill, Holmes. H. coccineum, Bull. Spharia fragiformis, Fr. Sydenham Hill ; also the conidiophorous form, Isaria umhrina, Pers. Tun- bridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Knowle Park. Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. MULTIFORME, Ft. Ou bircli ; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Sydenham Hill ; Knowle Park ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. H. ARGiLLACEUM, Fr. On ash. Hurst Wood, Herb. Deakin. H. FuscuM, Fr. Ightham ; Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. DiATRYPE Stigma, Fr. St. Paul's Cray Common; Hurst Wood, Herb. Deakin ; Darenth Wood, ^L. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. aspera, Fr. On oak. Hurst Wood, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. favacea, Fr. SpJiceriafavacea, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. bullata, Fr. SplnEria bullata, Hoffm. Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. undulata, Fr. Spharia undulata, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. DisciFORMis, Fr. Sphm'ia discifoi'mis, Hoff. Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. angulata, Fr. Spli(Bria angulata, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. vERRUciEFORMis, Fr. Dover, Holmes; Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. QUERCiNA, Fr. Sydenham Hill. D. VARiANS, Curr. Eltham, Currey, Linn. Trans. 22, p. 270, t. 46, f. 77. D. FERRUGiNEA, Fr. Dareiith Wood, M. C. Cooke; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Currey, Greenw. Eep. D. FLAVo-viRENs, Fv. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. D. coRNicuLATA, B. S Bv. On hazel, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. D. ciNCTA, 7). d' Br. Blackheath, Currey, Linn. Trans. 22, t. 45, f. 135. THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. 367 EuTYPA LATA, Fv. Sydenham Hill. NuMMULAEiA BuLLLVRDi, Till. Sph(Eria nuwmularia, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. DoTHiDEA EiBESii, Pevs, Ou ciuTant branches. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. D. FiLiciNA, Fr. On Pteris, Southboro', Holmes. D. Ulmi, Fr. On elm leaves, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greenw. Kep. D. GRAMiNis, Fr. Sphceria (jrammis, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Melanconis lanciformis, Till: SphcEria lanciformis, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. M. Berkleyi, Tul. Splucria inquinans, B. & Br. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Valsa prunastri, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. STELLULATA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. PROFUSA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. TURGiDA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eej). V. AMBiENS, Fr. Currej^ Greenw. Eep. V. PULCHELLA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. HYPODERMA, Fr. CiuTey, Greenw. Eep. V. QUATERNATA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. VESTITA, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. V. TiLi^, Tul. V. coRNicoLA, Cooke. Darenth Wood, GreviUea, 1879, p. 83. V. CIRCUMSCRIPTA, Mo7it. On Viburnum, DsLventh, Cooke; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. V. LEiPHEMiA, Fr. On oak, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Cun-ey, Greenw. Eep. V. FAGiNEA, Ciirr. Eltham, Currey, Linn. Trans. 22, p. 281, t. 48, f. 168. V. ONCOSTOMA, Dubij. Oil Fiobinia pseud-acacia. Swanscombe, Cooke. Massaria pupula. Till. Spha^riajnqmla, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Eep. M. iNQUiNANs, Tode. Sp>h(Bria gigaspora, Desm. Currey, Greenw. Eep. M. FiMETi, Fr. Splmria fimeti, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. CucuRBiTARiA Berberidis, Gray. Dartford, M. C. Cooke. C. Laburni, DeNot. Spharia Laburni, Pers. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. Currey, Greenw. Eep. Spharia aquila, Fr. Sydenham Hill. S. oviNA, Pers. Currey, Greenw. Eep. S. stercoraria. Sow. On cow-dung, Sydenham Hill. S. sPERMoiDES, Hoffm. Darcnth Wood, M. C. Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Eep. 368 THE CRYPTOGAMIC FLORA OF KENT. S. MORiFORMis, Tode. Ou a cabbage-stalk, Tiuibridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; Currey, Greeuw. Rep. S. PUL\as-PYRius, P. Sydeuliam Hill; Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin ; Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke ; Ciu'rey, Greenw. Rep. S. CALLicARPA, CiUT. Oil old pallugs, Blackheatli, Ciwreij, Linn- Trans. 22, p. 324, t. 58, f. 62. S. Laburni, F. On labiirnnm, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. S. ANGUSTiLABRA, B. d' Br. On furze, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. S. VELATA, P. On lime, Penshurst, Herb. Deakin. S. OBTECTA, Ciwr. Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. S. SALicELLA, Fr. Splmria salicina, Curr. The conidiopliorous form, Diseella carbonaria, B. & Br., on willows, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. CmTey, Greenw. Rep. S. ACUMINATA, Soiv. Darcnth Wood, M. C. Cooke. S. RUBELLA, F. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke; Currey, Greenw. Rep. Sydenham Hill. S. ACUTA, Moiig. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. HERBARUM, P. Ou a goui'd, Tunbiidgc Wells, Herb. Deakin. On Campanula, Darenth, M. C. Cooke ; Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. DOLioLUM, p. On nettle-stems, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. S. coMPLANATA, Tode. On Heracleum, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin; CmTey, Greenw. Rep. S. ARiiE, DC. On leaves of Fyriis Aria, Darenth, Cooke. S. FiMBRiATA, Fers. Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. JuGLANDis, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Rep, S. cLivENsis, B. d Br. Currey, Greenw. Rep. S. SETACEA, p. On petioles of sycamore leaves, Tunbridge Wells, Herb. Deakin. SPHiERELLA oBLRxv, Cooke, On the under side of dead chestnut leaves, mixed with 8. maculcBformis, Darenth Wood, Cooke. S. MAcuLiEFORMis, P. Darcuth Wood, Cooke. S. ARCANA, Cooke. On dead leaves of Castanea vesca, Dareuth Wood, Cooke. Intermixed with the two preceding. S. isARiPHORA, DeNot. On dead leaves of IStellaria holostea, Dareuth Wood, M. C. Cooke. Stigmatea Robertlani, Fr. Darenth Wood, M. C. Cooke. S. PoTENTiLLiE, Fr. Dareiitli Wood, M. C. Cooke. IsoTHEA pusTULA, Berk. Flioiiia jjuslula, Fr. Currey, Greenw. Rep. mo&'s ■ flora of the west riding of yorkshire. 809 Addenda: Most of the following siDecies are those about which there was a doubt previous to the visit of Dr. Quelet in October last. English botanists are much indebted to him for information about difiicult and critical species. A. (Tricholoma) cinerascens, Bull. Bull., t. 428, f. 2. Sj^denham Hill, A. (Clitocybe) metachrous, Fr. Sydenham Hill. A. (Collybia) cirrhatus, Schuw. Fr. Icon., t. 68, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. A. (Inocybe) lacerus, Fr. Hoffm. Icon., t. 12, f. 1. Sydenham Hill. This has been erroneously recorded as I. trechisponis. A. (Inocybe) obscurus, Pers. Fr. Icon., t. 107. Sydenham Hill. The A. {Heheloma) fastihilis figiu'ed by Saund. & Sm., pi. 42, f. 3, 4, is considered by Dr. Quelet to be a form of H. crustuliniformis. The true H.fastibiUs has a veil and a silky stem. There is a figure of it in Fr. ' Icones.' Oortinarius (Phlegmacium) triumphans, Fr. Huss. ii., t. 22. Knowle Park. C. (Telamonia) hemitrichus, Fr. Sydenham Hill. C. (Hygrocybe) imbutus, Fr. Sydenham Hill C. (Hygrocybe) leucopus Fr. Bull., t. 533, f. 2- Sydenham Hill. Bolbitius fragilis, Fr. Hoffm. Icon., t. 21, f. 2. On dung, Sydenham Hill. RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE MOSS-FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. By Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. [Read before Sect. D., British Association, Sheffield, 25 Aug., 1879.] (Concluded from p. 337J. Pottia truncata, L. W. C. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Huddersfield, C. P. H. P. Heimii, Hed. U. Quarry Moor, Ripon, Miss Morton. P. lanceolata, Dicks. W. A. Walls between Addingham and Steeton, Miall & Carrington ; Garforth, 1876, Dr. Parsons. Dichjmodon ruhellus, B. & S. L. W. A. D. M. C. T. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Hare- wood, F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead ; Huddersfield, C. P. H. ; Wentbridge, Nat, iii. 175 ; Roche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. Euclaclium verticillatum, B. & S. N. Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175. Ditrichum jiexicaule, Schw. L. A. W. Dentdale, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 136 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Malham Moor, 1879, C. P. H. Trichostomum tophaceum, Brid. W. D. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 175. Barhula riyida, Schulz. [stellata, Schreb.) N. W. Knaresbro', W. Brunton ; Addingham, L. C. Miall. 3 B 870 MOSS FLORA OF THE 'SS'EST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. B. amhuiua, B. & S. W. T. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Koclie Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. B. aloidi's, Koch. C. Todmorden, T. Stausfield ; Huddersfield, C. P. H., Nat. ii. 156. B. iinf/uiadata, Dill. W. A. C. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley; Wyke and Adel, F. A. Lees; Todmorden (a), T. Stansfield. B.f(dJa.v,B.ed.. W. Wetberby. Dr. Wesley. B. ri(/i(hiia, Hed. T. Koche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. B. spadicca, Mitt. L. W. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetberby, Dr. Wesley. B. convoluta, Hed. W. C. D. T. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley; Nor- land Moor, Nat. iii. G8 ; Huddersfield, C. P. H. ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 175 ; Pioche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. B. tortuosa, L. L. C. D. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137; Cloiigh, Todmorden (a), T. Stansfield; Conisborougli, Dr. Parsons ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 175. B. suhulata, L. L. U. N. W. C. D. Whernside, Lees & West' Nat. iv. 137 ; near Eipon, Miss Morton ; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Huddersfield and Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. ; Cam- blesforth. Dr. Parsons. B. Icevipila, Brid. A. Rawcliffe, Dr. Parsons. B. ruralis, L. L. A. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Eawcliffe, Dr. Parsons. EucaJypta vuh/aris, Sclireb. N. D. Knaresbro', F. A. Lees; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 175. E. streptocarpa, Hed. W. C. D. T. Wetberby, Dr. Wesley; Huddersfield, C. P. H., Nat. ii. 156; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 175 ; Eoche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. Grimmia ajwcarpa, Ii. W. A. D. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Selby, Dr. Parsons; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 175. G. pulvinata, Dill. L. W. A. M. C. D. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetberby, Dr. AVesley ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160 ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Todmorden [a), T. Stansfield; near Huddersfield, rare, C. P. H. ; Swinefleet, Dr. Parsons. G. Donniana, Sm. L. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Todmorden (Stansfield Moor) (a), " now seldom seen," T. Stansfield. Uacomitnim acicuJare, L. M. C. Greenfield, J. Whitehead ; Hudson Clough and Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield ; Norland Moor, Nat iii. 48. Pi. ftisciculare, Schrad. L. M. C. Whernside, Lees & West, "Nat. iv. 137; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Todmorden, T. Stansfield {a). 11. laniii/iuosiuu, Hed. L. N. M. C. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Middlesmoor, C. P. H. ; Seal Bark, J. Tinker, 1822 («); Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Todmorden, T. Stans- field (a). Amphoridlum Moiu/eotii, B. & S. L. W. A. C. Brant Fell, W. West; near the Strid, Bolton Woods, H. Ibbotsou ; Gordale (a), Jno. Nowell; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. Zijijodvn liridusimus, Dick. A. C. D. EaAVclili'e, Nat. ii. 156 ; MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. 371 Stortlies Lane, near Hiidclersfield, C. P. H. ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160. Ulota Bruchii, Horiisch. L. Deutdale, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 136. Orthotrichum scLmtUe, Brid. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. 0. cupulatiun, Hoffm. L. Dentdale, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 136. O. riqjestre, Sclileicli. L. Wliernside, 2400 ft.. Lees & West, Nat. iv. 85. 0. LyellU, H. & T. L. Ligieton district, Nat. iv. 159. Sphtchnum sphcBricum, Hed. A. Malliam Moor, F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Wliiteliead. Discelium nuduin, Dicks. M. C. Near Saddlewortli, J. White- head ; Hehden Valley, T. Stausfield. Phijscomitrium pi/rifonju>, L. W. C. D. Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Harley AVood, Todmorden. T. Stansfield ; Goole, Dr. Parsons. P. ericetoriou, Bals. M. Wet hanks at Greenfield, J. Whitehead. Bartramia pomifoimis, L. N. M. Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. B. (Ederi, Gnnn. L. Deepdale, Dent, W. West ; Wliernside, G. P. H. Philonotis fontanel, L. L. M. C. Near Ingleborough, C. P. H. ; Wliernside, Lees & West; Nat. iv. 137; Greenfield, J. White- head; Holme Moss, Saddlewortli, and Hehden Bridge, C. P. H. Breutelia arcuata, Dicks. L. Wheriiside, C. P. H. Leptobryum pyriforiiie, Schp. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. Wehera nutans, Sclireb. W. M. C. D. Harewood Park, F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead ; Hnddersfield and Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. ; Goole Moor, Dr. Parsons. . W. cruda, Sclireb. L. C. Whernside, Lees & West; Nat. iv. 137 ; Storthes Hall Woods, near Hnddersfield, C. P. H. W. carnea, L. M. C. D. Greenfield, J. Whitehead; above Stanelly, T. Stansfield ; Thorp -Willoughby, Dr. Parsons. W. albicans, Walil. W. M. C. Wetherbv, Dr. Wesley ; Green- field, J. Whitehead ; Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield. Bryum pallens, Swartz. W. L. N. M. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead. B. })seudo-triquetruni, Hed. L. W. C. Wliernside ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; near Slaithwaite, C. P. H. Mnium undidatmn, Hed. W. M. C. A. Washburne Valley and Harewood, F. A. Lees; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Holme, near Hnddersfield, and Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. ; Gateforth, Dr. Parsons. M. rostratum, Sclirad. L. U. W. A. C. D. T. Clapdale and Helli's Wood, Dr. Carrington ; Wliernside, Lees & West Nat. iv. 137; Bolton Woods, L. C. Miall; Esliolt Wood and Gordale, J. Nowell; Todmorden, T. Stansfield; Ackworth, J. Brown; Roche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. [Several of these localities should probably be in List 3.] M. sermtiuii, Sclirad. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. 372 MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. M. jJiinctatiim, Red. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. M. stellare, Heel. L. N. T. Inglebro' district, Nat. iv. 159 ; Patoley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175; Roche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. Aidacomnium androgynum, Scliwg. W. A. D. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Drax and Hook, Dr. Parsons. A. palustre, L. L. W. A. C. D. Wiiernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Sharleston, Nat. ii. 192; Todmordeu {a), T. Stansfield; Goole Moor and Rawclifl'e, Dr. Parsons ; Askern. OUijotrichum her cynic luii, Ehr. L. M. N. C. Wiiernside, Lees & AVest, Nat. iv. 137; Greenfield, J, Whitehead; Gt. Whern- side, J. G. Baker (a) ; Harden Moss, near Huddersfield, C. P. H. Poyonatum nanum. Neck. A. Malham Moor, C. P. H. P.'urniycn(m,lj. B. W. M. Slaidburn, F. A. Lees ; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley; Greenfield, J. Tinker. Polytrichum gracile. Menz. C. Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. P.fonnosum, Hed. L. U. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Studley Park, Dr. Carrington ; Highgreen Wood, Heptonstall {a), J. Nowell ; Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield. P. piUferum, Schreb. L. W. M. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Greenfield, J. White- head; Harley Wood, T. Stansfield. P. junipcnuii, Hed. L. U. C. A. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Hackfall, F. A. Lees ; Todmorden, T. Stans- field; Rawcliffe, Dr. Parsons, Nat. ii. 156. Fissidens exlUs, Hed. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. F. viridulus, Wils. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. F. adiantoides, Hed. W. C. D. Wetherby, Di\ Wesley ; Marsden Moors, C. P. H. ; Wentbridge, Nat. in. 10, 176. F. taxifolius, L. L. W. C. D. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv.'l37 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Hebden Valley, F. A. Lees ; Norland Moor, Nat. iii. 48 ; Hook, Dr. Parsons. Cinclidotusfontincdoides, 'P. Beaiiv. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Nabiirn Lock. Nat. iv. 192. Fontinalis squamosa, L. R. Slaidburn, F. A. Lees. Hedwigia ciliata, Dicks. L. Ligleboro' district, Nat. iv. 159. Leucodon sciuroides, L. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Neckera crisjja, L. L. U. W. A. D. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Mackershaw Wood, near Eipon : and Hackfall, F. A. Lees; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Malham, Dr. Carrington {a) ; Hebden Valle}^ si3aringl3' , T. Stansfield ; AVentvale J. W. Watson. V. complanata, L. L. W. A. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137; liawclifle, Nat. ii. 156; Wetherby, Dr. Vfesley. Omalia tricliomaiwidcs, Brid. C. W. Near Hudson Mill, Hepton- stall, very rare, T. Stansfield ; Wetherby, Dr. W^esley. Pterygophylluni lucens, Sm. L. U. W. A. M. C. Given as "frequent" in former list — has been recorded in all the above liversheds. MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. 373 Leskea jJoUjcarjm, Ehr. W. D. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Went- briclge, Nat. iii. 176. Anomodon viticulosus, L. L. W. D. Deiitdale, W. West ; near Cottingley Bridge, C. P. H. ; AVentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 176. Thamnium alopecurum, L. W. C. T. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Staups Clough and Stoodley Clougii, Todmorden, T. Stans- field ; Eoche Abbey district, Nat. iii. 185. Cylindrothecium concinnum, De Not. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Llhnacium dendroides, L. L. U. W. D. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Hackfall and Washburne Valley, F. A. Lees ; Kawcliffe and Askern, Dr. Parsons ; Askliam Bog, Nat. iv. 192 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Isothecium mi/unim, Poll. W. D. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Went- bridge, Nat. iii. 10. Homalotliecium sericeum, L. L. U. W. A. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Studley, Miss Morton ; Bramliam, F. A. Lees ; Todmorden, T. Stansfield ; Huddersfield, C. P-. H. ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160 ; Kawclffe, Dr. Par- sons ; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. Camptothecium lutescens, Sclip. L. W. D. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Jackdaw Crag, near Tadcaster, H. Ibbotson ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 176. C. nitens, Sclireb. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Brachythecium albicans, Neck. A. Eawcliffe, Nat. ii. 156. B. Huulare, B. & S. L. R. W. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Hodder Banks, above Slaidbnrn, F. A. Lees ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. Eurynchium myosuwides, L. W, C. Rag Scouts, Todmorden, T. Stansfield ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. E. striafam, Schreb. L. A. W. Helks Wood, J. Nowell ; Pon- tefract, Nat. ii. 160; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. E. crassinervium, Tayl. L. D. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; W^entbridge, Nat. iii. 10. FJ. j^iliferum, Schreb. W. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. E. Swartzii, Turn. W. C. Cawood, Dr. Parsons ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Todmorden, T. Stansfield. Hyocomium fiayellare, Dicks. M. C. G-reenfield, J. Whitehead ; Norland Moor, IsFat. ii. 48. Fihynchusteyimn tenellum, Dicks. N. W. D. Near Knaresbro' («), J. G. Baker ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 176. B. depressum, Brucli. C. Hough Stones, near Todmorden, rare, T. Stansfield. B. confertum, Dicks. W. A. M. C. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Tod- morden, T. Stansfield. B. munde, Hed. W. D. Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 176. Playiotheciiim pulchellum, Hed. L. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 136. 374 MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. P. Borrerianum, Spruce. {ele(/mis, Auct., noii Hooker) U. W. A. C. Near Eipon, Miss Morton; near CoUingiiam (fr.), C. P. H. ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160 ; Wistow, Dr. Parsons ; Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. P. sijlvaticum, L. W. Wetlicrby, Dr. Wesley. Amblyste(/iu)ih riparitini, L. W. D. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10. A. serpens, L. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. Hypnum e^vannulatiun, Giimb. U. • Cowmire, near Piipon, Miss Morton. H. li/copo(lioi(Ics, Scliw. D. Tliorne Moor, F. A. Lees. H. reculrens, Swartz. R. Bowland Knotts Moor, F. A. Lees. H. fluitans, L. L. C. A. D. AVliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 187 ; Marsden Moors, C. P. H. ; Kawcliffe and Goole, Dr. Parsons. H. fiUcinum, L. L. W. C. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. '137; Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley; Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. H. comniutation, Hed. L. W. A. M. C. AVliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 187 ; Wetlierby, Dr. AVesley ; Shipley Glen, C. P. H. ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead ; Todmorden, T. Stansfield. H.falcatiwt,Biid.. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. H. moUiiscum, Hed. L. W. A. D. Wliernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. IGO ; Conisbro' and Wentvale, Dr. Parsons, Nat. iii. 10, 176. H. palustre, L. W. Wetlierby, Dr. Wesley. H. ochraceuDi, Turn. L. M. C. Liglebro' district, Nat. iv. 159 ; Diggle, J. Whitehead ; Marsden Moors, C. P. H. H. clwysophylhim, Brid. W. D. Jackdaw Crag, near Tadcaster, K. Spruce ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 10, 176. H. stellatiim, Schreb. U. W. C. Cowmire, near Eipon, Miss Morton; near Tadcaster, W. Ku-kby; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Todmorden, T. Stansfield. H. cordifolium, Hed. W. C. Askham Bag, H. Ibbotson ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley; Sharleston Common, Nat. ii. 192. H. cuspidatiun. L. W. A. C. AVliernside, Lees & AVest ; Nat. iv. 137; AVetherby, Dr. Wesley; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160; Kawcliffe, Nat. ii. 156 ; Sharleston Common, C. P. H. U. Schrehen, Ehr. L. M. C. A. W. AVhernside, Lees & AVest ; Nat. iv. 137; Greenfield, J. AVhitehead; Todmorden, T. Stansfield ; Eawcliffe, Nat. ii. 156 ; AVetherby, Dr. AVesley. H. purwn, L. W. A. C. Near Harewood, F. A. Lees ; Colling- liam, C. P. H. ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160; Temple Hirst, Dr. Parsons; near Huddersfield, also Hebden Bridge, C. P. H. H. stramincum, Dicks. M. Greenfield, J. AA'hitehead. H. scorpioides, L. C. Stansfield Moor, very rare, T. Stansfield. Hyhcomium. splendens, Dill. L. N. W. C. AVhernside, Lees & AVest, Nat. iv. 137; Knaresbro', AV. Kirkby; near Tadcaster, H. Ibbotson ; AA^etherby, Dr. AVesley ; Todmorden, T. Stansfield. //. hrevirostre, Ehr. N.'C. Pateloy Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Hebden A^iUey, very rare, T. Stansfield. MOSS FLORA OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. 375 H. sqtiarrosum, L. L. W. A. M. C. Wliernsicle, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137; AVetlierby, Dr.- Wesley; Kawcliffe, Dr. Parsons ; Pontefract, Nat. ii. 160; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Holm fii-th Moors, C. P. H. ; Todmorden, T. Stansfield. H. loreiim, L. L. R. N. W. M. C. Whernside, Lees & West, Nat. iv. 137 ; Slaidburn. F. A. Lees ; Pateley Bridge, Nat. iv. 175 ; Washbiirne Valley, F. A. Lees ; Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Todmorden, T. Stansfield; Holmfirtli Moors, C. P. H. ; Wetherby, Dr. Wesley. H. Iriquctnuu, L. L. W. C. lugleton district, Nat. iv. 159 ; Aberford, F. A. Lees; Wood at Colhiigham, C. P. H. ; Todmorden, T. Stansfield ; Dungeon Wood, near Hudders- field, C. P. H. ; not seen lately, and I believe the locality is ■ destroyed by the Meltham E ail way. List 3. — Unrecorded Species, PRE\^ousLY known. Andrema petrophila, Ehr. C. Hudson Moor and Harley Wood, near Todmorden, T. Stansfield. Gymiiostoinum tenue, Schrad. U. W. Fountain's Abbey ; Thorparch, E. Spruce. G. curvirostrum, Ehr. L. Ingieborough, Dr. Carrington. AiKEctanfjiiun compactum, Schw. L. Whernside, Dr. Carrington. Cyyiodontium Bruntoni, B. & S. W. C. Eag Scouts, near Tod- morden, very rare, T. Stansfield; Eocks oi^posite the Strid, at Bolton Abbey, Dr. Carrington. Dicranella rufescens, Turn. M. C. Greenfield, J. Wliitehead ; Langfield Moor and Pennant Clough, T. Stansfield. Dicrcmum fuscescens, Turn. M. C. Greenfield, J. Whitehead; Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield. Didymodon Jie.vifolius, Dicks. W. A, C. Near Addingham and Malham Moor, Dr. Carrington ; Eaves Wood, near Hepton- stall, J. Nowell; Hudson Moor, near Todmorden, T. Stans- field. Trichostomum inutahile, Bruch. L. W. A. D. Whernside and Clapdale, Dr. Carrington ; near the Strid, Bolton, Dr. Carrington ; Malham Cove, J. Nowell ; Wentbridge, Nat. iii. 175. T. crispulum, Bruch. L. A. Ascent of Ingleboro', and Gordale, Dr. Carrington. Distichium capillaceuw , L. M. Greenfield, J. Tinker, 1822. Ptychomitriuiii polypJiyllum, Dicks. C. Todmorden, T. Stansfield. Splacknum mnpullaceum, L. A. Adel Bog, near Leeds, W. Ku'kby, 1860. Philonutis calcarea, B. & S. C. Todmorden, J. Nowell. Bryiim idiyinomm, Bruch. C. Hebden Valley, T. Stansfield. Mniuin alfine, Bland. C. Todmorden, T. Stansfield. M. serratum, Schrad. M. C. Greenfield, J. Tinker; Staups Clough, Todmorden, J. Stansfield. Poyonatuiii aljdmun, L. C. Stii:)erden Bank, Stansfield Moor, J. Nowell cc T. Stansfield. 3T6 SHORT NOTES. Heterocladiuni heteropterum, Bruch. C. Shipley Grove, Dr. Carrington ; Stauelly Clougli, Todmorden, T. Stansfield. Thuidiiun Blmuiovii. A. Malliam Tarn, 1868, J. Percival. Pteroijoninm (jracile, Dill. L. Anstwick, J. Nowell ; Low Gill, near Sedbergli. Pylahia pohjantlia, Schreb. W. Askliam Bog, E. Spruce. Onhothecinm intricatum, Sclip. L. A. C. Swallowliole, Clapdale, Dr. Carrington; Gordale and Malbam, J, Nowell; Eaves Wood, Heptonstall, J. Nowell. Braclnjthccium ijJareosum. C. Todmorden, T. Stansfield. Enrinchium iVesdaJii, Sm. L. Near Sedbergh, Rev. G. Finder. Ambli/stetjiiun Spnicei, Brncb. A. Malbam, J. Nowell. H i/pnurn falcatiun, Bvid. W. A. Bolton Woods, Dr. Camngton ; Rombalds Moor, Dr. Carrington. H. Crista-castrensis, L. L. R. Near Sedbergh and Dentdale, Rev. G. Finder; near Settle, A. 0. Black. List 4. — Species recorded in error in 1873 List. Ilhabduiceissia denticidata, B. & S. At Greensclougb, Todmorden: this station is not in the West Riding, but across the Lanca- shu-e border. CampijlostcUiim sa.vicula, B. & S. Ramsden Clough, Todmorden, is in Lancashire. Ortliotrichum ohtusifolium , Br. Near York : not in the Riding. O.fallcLv, Schp. iSlear Ripon, excluded, locality doubtful. Mielhichhqferia nitida, Hornsch. var. /3. Ingleby Greenhow. Sta- tion is in N. Riding. Paludella sguarrosa, Brid. Between Malham and Arncliflfe, — record more than doubtful. Entusthodon Templetoni, Schw. Langdale : not in the Riding. Hijpnum elodes, Spruce. Stockton Forest, near York : is in the N. Riding. SHORT NOTES. Rosa sepium, ThuUl. — Among some Sussex roses which Mr. J. G. Baker has recently named for me are specimens of Rosa sepium, Thuill. This is an interesting addition to the Sussex list. I find it quite commonly in hedges, extending for more than tw^o miles eastward from Lew^s, and it also occurs in the small clumps of bushes which skirt the base of the Downs in the same direction. Some of the old stems are as much as two inches in diameter. — J. H. A. Jenner. Reproduction of Sagina nodosa, Meyer. — For the last two years I have observed that, in the autumn, the entire plant becomes disarticulated at the nodes, each fascicle, after it has fallen to the ground, throwing old roots, so that there are as many NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 377 new plants found as there are clusters of leaves on the stem. I may remark, m passing, that I do not remember to have seen ripe seed of this plant ; have any of your readers ? — A. Craig- Christie. Plants of Isle of Wight. — Ceratophyllum demersum, Lmn. — The only records of the occurrence of this plant in the Isle of Wight are the somewhat unsatisfactory ones referred to in Mr. A. G. More's Supplement to the 'Flora Vectensis,' published in the 'Journal of Botany' for 1871 (vol. ix., p. 142). It may therefore be of interest to state that it grows abundantly in Westminster Mill-pond near Newport, where it was discovered by Mr. Fred. I. Warner, F.L.S., and myself, on the 18th October. I have been able to find a few staminate flowers only. — Creins taraxacifolia, Thuill. This plant has not been hitherto recorded for the Isle of Wight. I found it growing in an arable field at the south-west side of Totland Bay in September. The upper leaves of my specimens are almost entu-e, with broadly auricled bases, and all the leaves seem to be nearly or quite glabrous. Probably the plant is the variety j^^'^^cox of Koch's 'Synopsis' (3rd ed., p. 374). — Fred. Stratton. Erucastrum PoLLicHii. — Tliis plant is of frequent occurrence in this neighbourhood [Saffron Walden] this season ; it grows very abundantly in an old lime-kiln here, and on the road-sides, on the waste ground, and among potatoes and other green c.iops on the chalk land. — J. Clarke, in ' Gardener's Chronicle,' 25th Oct., 1879, p. 534. [This is the species described and figured in this Journal for 1865, p. 165, t. 31 ; we had su^Dposed it long since extinct in Essex.] Notttt^ cf ISoolts antr iWtmo(vs. Ueher Lichtnirkung tend Chlorophijll-Function in der Pflanze. Von N. Pringsheim. (' Monatsb. der Konig. Akad. cler Wiss. zu Berlin,' July, 1879). This paper records the effect of concentrated sunlight on animal and vegetable cells and tissues placed in the plane of an image of the sun, formed with the aid of a heliostat, in the focus of an achromatic lens of 60 mm. diameter. By this means it becomes possible to study the action of light on entire tissues and on single cells, as also on the separate constituents of the cell, to separate precisely the thermal from the chemical action, to determine the nature of this latter action, and to estimate the relative power of diathermancy possessed by the wall of the cell and its contents. The author finds that if he puts under the microscope any chlorophyll-containing tissue or single cell, so that it is immersed in the image of the sun, very marked changes occur in from three 3 c 378 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIKS. to six niiiiutes. The chlorophyll dies, the tissue appearing as if kept for clays in alcohol ; and gradually the other cell-contents follow ; protoplasmic movement, if present, ceases, and the threads break up ; the nucleus, if occupying any fixed position, strays away from it ; the primordial utricle contracts, and loses its property of impermeability by colouring-matters ; the turgidity of the cell vanishes ; and all' the phenomena are presented of hastily induced and irrevocable destruction. It is plain that these are not the immediate results of high temperature, since if coloured glasses and solutions are interposed the same general effect is seen, the particular effects varying accordhig to the colour used, e.g., blue light being more powerful than red. With a solution of iodine in carbon -bisulphide, so con- centrated as to transmit no spectrum-influencing rays besides red ones, with a wave-length of -00061 mm.,- none of the described phenomena occur, although at least about eighty per cent, of the heat of the white light is present. With a dark blue solution of sulphuric acid and ammoniac cuprate a quick and powerful action is seen ; as also, if the light be transmitted through a screen of deep green glass possessing little diathermanc3^ Experimenting with atmospheres of different constitution, Pringsheim finds that death of the tissue or cell never occurs in media free of oxygen. If, however, experiments be continued beyond measure in other media {e.g., in hj^drogen), phenomena occur attributable solely to the action of heat. If pure carbonic acid be added to the oxygen, there is no photo-chemical action under whatever light be employed. The action is also less vigorous in carbonic acid than in oxygen -holding air. The conclusion from all this is " that the destruction of chlo- rophyll by light, in the living plant, is an act of combustion influenced and promoted by light, and stands in no relation to the decomposition of carbonic acid by the plant." What becomes of the destroyed chlorophyll was not made out ; it is probable that it passes off directly as a gaseous product of respiration. This much is certain, though, that where the chloro- phyll is attacked by concentrated light, even to the slightest extent, it never recovers, which proves its destruction to be a pathological and not a physiological phenomenon. The destructive effects on protoplasm and other colourless constituents of the cell-contents are to be referred directly to a photo-chemical source, the intensity of illumination increasing the affinity of oxygen for the intracellular matters. Now, it is observed that where, as in Nitella, the protoplasm is covered by chlorophyll, its movements are not interfered with even after the expiration of weeks, although where there is no chlorophyll they are speedily terminated. Pringsheim thinks therefore that the chlorophyll, so long as it exists in a cell, protects the protoplasm from the injurious effects of sunligiit. Anotlior f auction which lie suggests for cliloropln'll is to diiiiiuish the intensity of respiration by reason of its strong absorption, especially of the chemical rays, and so serve as a NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. 379 regulator of respiration, the materials of which are furnished by the protoplasm including the primordial sac and the grains imbedded in it. The author has also discovered in the ground substance of all examined chlorophyll-grains, and of all amorphous chlorophyll, a new body very sensitive to light and easily destroyed by it. This he calls hypochlorin or hijpochromijl, and it may be obtained by placing any green tissue in weak hydrochloric acid for from twelve to twenty-four hours. It then appears in the form of very small drops or masses, of semi-fluid consistence, gradually becoming crystalline scales or agglomerations, and finally longer reddish- brown obscurely crystalline scales. In the unprepared tissue it is an oily substance extending throughout the chlorophyll-grains, soluble in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, and . benzole, but insoluble in water and saline solutions. " The universality of the appearance of this body in all green chlorophyllaceous plants, its origin in light, its behaviour to oxygen, and its relation to the starchy contents of chloro.phyll-grains, allow scarcely a doubt to arise that it is the true x^rimary product of assimilation of green plants, from which are derived, by oxidation under the influence of light, the starchy and oily contents of chlorophyll-grains." For ordinary illumination chlorophyll is a sufficient protection to hypo- chlorin ; but this is no longer the case under more powerful illumination, nor under ordinary illumination in an atmosphere of oxygen. Accumulation and growth of the starchy contents of the chlo- rophyll-grains proceed hand-in hand with a decrease of the hypo- chlorin in it. In darkness hypochlorin is more stable than starch, showing that its conversion into more highly-organised bodies in the cell is favoured by the increased respiration occurring in light. S. M. Eucalyptogmphia. A Descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining Islands. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., &c. Decades 1 & 2. Melbourne, Ferres ; London, Triibner, 1879. We have here the first two parts of a work which will be of wide usefulness. Its author has been long accumulating material for it ; he has already published much on the genus in the • Journal of the Linnean Society,' in his ' Fragmenta,' and elsewhere. The complete monograph by Bentham, in the third volume of the 'Flora Australiensis' (186G), brought into a well- ordered system aU that was then known of the botany of the genus. StilL comparatively few of the numerous species have been figured, and as they form the chief timber over the whole Austrahan Continent, and some are becoming widely circulated in other countries, a series of good illustrations is much wanted. The plates are of quarto size, lithographs of the same kind as those in the author's ' Victorian Plants,' clear, but somewhat stiff in drawing. Ten species are given in each part, and each also 380 NOTICES OF BOOKS AND MEMOIRS. contains a plate of analytical details, of the leaf- structure and the forms of the anthers respectively. The text, hesides the botanical description, affords much information on the distribution, peculi- arities, history, and economic uses of the species. No plan seems to have been formed as to the probable extent of the work ; hence the plates are unnumbered, and can be quoted only by the decade in which they are published, — an unquestionable drawback to ready consultation, and not compensated by the doubtful advantage to the possessor of being able to arrange them in any sequence he pleases. H. T. M. Casimir DeCandolle has published in the ' Memoires de la Soc. de Physique et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve,' a paper on the comparative anatomy of the leaves in certain Dicotyledonous Orders. His observations are restricted to the structure and arrangement of the vascular bundles, and the author has given a list of the large number of species he has examined (under their natural Orders and genera), upon which his results are founded. Two beautifully-executed plates exhibit the very various arrange- ment of the intra-medullary bundles in the petioles or midribs accurately drawn from the author's preparations. Mr. A. Bennett, of Croydon, sends us some ' Notes on the Flora of Surrey,' consisting of a tabular list of species found in one or more of the five adjacent counties, not yet observed with certainty in Surrey itself ; excluding maritime species, these are 118 in number. M. MicHELi's valuable annual review of the principal memoirs on Physiological Botany is published in the number for 15th Sept., of the Geneva ' Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles.' Other New Books. — A. Foerster, ' Ueber die Polymorphic der Gattung Eubus,' Aachen, 1880 (1 mk. 50 ])/.). — * Botanischer Jalnvsbericht,' 1877, 3rd and concluding part. Berlin, Born- traeger, 1879 (8 wk.). — 0. Comes, ' Illustrazione delle Piante rappresentate nei dipinti Pompeiani.' Napoli, Giannini, 1879. — W. H. Fitch & W. G. Smith, ' Illnstrations of the British Flora.' London, L. Beeve, 1879 (12s.) — S. H. Scudder, ' Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies, in the Natural, Physical, and Mathematical Sciences.' Cambridge, U.S.A., 1879. — E. Fries, ' Icones Select£e Hymenomyceturn SueciEe,' vol. ii., pt. 4 (t. 131-140). — FlIickiger & D. Hanbury, ' Pharmacographia,' ed. 2. London, Macmillan. Articles in Journals. — October. ScottisJi XaturaJht. — Drummend Hay, * Effects of past winter and present summer on hard wooded plants.' — J. Cameron, ' Gaelic names of plants ' (contd.) — F. Buchanan White, ' Pre- liminary list of Fungi of Perthshire.' Journ. Lhm. Soc. Tjond. (No. 103). — J. G. Baker, ' Synopsis of Colchicacea and aberrant tribes of LiliaceiB,' PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 381 Flora. — W. J. Behrens, ' On the nectaries of flowers ' (contd.) — A. Engler, 'Note on Saxifraga multifida, Eosbacli.' — K. A. Henniger, 'Hybrids of plants' (contd.) — L. Celakovsky, 'On viridescent owAe^ in Hesperis matronalis, L.' (tab. 11). — A. Geheeb, * On the moss -flora of West Siberia.' Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. — V. V. Janka, ^ Silaus vriescens.' — F. Hauck, 'Algae of Adriatic' (contd). — W. Voss, 'Mycology of Carinthia.' — F. Karo, 'On the flora of Polen.' — V, v. Borbas, ' Botanical notes.' — S. Schnlzer, ' Mycological notes.' — F. Hegel- maier, ' Tour in Alicante Hills (contd.) Journ. H. Microsc. Soc. — F. Kitton, ' New species and varieties of DiatomacetB from Caspian Sea.' Botanisk Tidsskrift (3, iii., 3). — J. L. A. K. Eosenvinge, • Eesearches on Ulothrix and Conferva' (tab. 1). — A. Jorgensen, ' On the natural history of the vascular bundles ' (t. 2, 3). — J. P. Jacobsen, ' Plants of Laeso and Anholt in 1870.' Nuov. Gioni. Bot. (10 Oct.) — L. Caldesio, ' Florae Faventinae tentamen ' [Ranunculus [Batrachium) Cesatianus, n. s.) — A. Borzi, ' Note on morphology and biology of phycochromaceous Algae ' (t. 9-12. Coleodesmium, n. g.) — A. Bertoloni, ' New Oideum of Laurocerasus ' [0. Passerinii, n. s.) Bot. Zeitung. — E. Zacharias, 'On secretion-reservoirs with corky walls.' — H. de Vries, ' On shortening of plant -cells by absorption of water.' — A. Engler, ' On the fruiting of Zostera marina and the growth of the same.' — 0. Drude, ' On the natural relationship of Adoxa and Chrysospleninm ' (t. 8a.) — E. Carlo, ' On Narthecium ossifragum, Huds.' (t. 8b.) — W. Breitenbach, ' On floral arrangement of Arum ternatiim, Th.' — K. Prantl, ' Influence of light on bilaterality of fern-prothallia.' Magyar Nov. Lapok. — 0. Tomosvary, ' Bacillariacea in Dacia observat.' — Schwann, ' On the comparative cell -theory.' pvoceetrmg^ of Societus, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Meeting at Sheffield, 1879. Section D. Biology. Department of Zoology and Botany. — August 25th. — The following botanical papers were read : — " On MimusopecB, a section of the Order Sapotacem,'' by M. M. Hartog. [This is reprinted in 'Journ. Bot.,' p. 356.] — "On Fruits and Seed's," by Sir John Lubbock, Bart. This paper consisted of an account of the various forms and coverings of seeds and fruits, and their means of dispersion, with a brief allusion to the "mimicking" of insects by some. — " The Embryology of Gymnadenia conopsea,'' b^- H, Marshall Ward. The researches of the last two years, 382 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. especially of Strasburger" and Warming,! and also of Vesque, | have yielded results sufficiently at variance with the older ones to warrant a serious reconsideration of the whole question of homologies. The main points may be put somewhat as follows: — The embryo- sac is not the result of simple enlargement of one cell ; a cell of an axial series of the ovule enlarges and cuts off two or more cells from its apex — the remainder becomes the embryo- sac, § and causes dissolution of the others as it enlarges, their remains persisting as refractive ca^Ds for some time. The proto- plasmic contents of the embryo- sac separates into two chief masses, which pass to the opposite ends of the enlarging sac, a large vacuole forming between. Each mass then suffers division into four by planes cutting one another at right angles. In this way eight nucleated masses of j)i"otoplasm without cell-walls arise, three of which remain at each end of the embryo- sac, while one from each end wanders towards the centre of the sac and then fuses with its neighbour to form the nucleus of the sac. Of the three anterior nucleated masses, two become elongated, fit into the top of the embryo-sac as the " Gehiilfinnen," or "synergidge" of Strasburger, and are probably what Schacht described as the '-' filiform apparatus" ; their function is somewhat obscure, but appears to be related to the act of fertilisation between the end of the pollen -tube and the third nucleated mass, which has rounded off as a large bright egg- cell or ovum, and is suspended from the base and sides of the *' Gehiilfinnen." The three posterior masses may not become completely isolated, or they may remain passive, or some may disappear, or they may multiply by division. Where endosperm is formed they appear to enter into its formation. The author finds in Gyninadenia^W Btitomus, Alisrna, Antliericum, and Rammcidus ovules confirmation of these views. With reference to Warming and Vesque's view that the origin of the embryo- sac is comparable to that of the mother-cell of pollen, and that the eight nucleated masses arranged in fours are therefore homologues of pollen grains (i.e., sj)ores), the following facts are of imx^ortance, as failing to support the theory: — 1. The diffluent cell walls which form between the cells cut off by the embryo-sac mother-cell, are in no way important on account of their resemblance to the diffluent walls in pollen formation ; they also resemble the difiluent walls formed in the suspensor (pro-embryo), or any other organ ra^oidly absorbed, &c. 2. The division into fours by planes crossing at right angles is common to many other processes besides pollen formation, >.r/., the embryo itself. 3. Vesque's view as to the * ' Uebcn' Befrucbtung u. Zelltheilung,' and ' Die Angiospermen u. Gymno- spermeii.' t ' Ann. des Se. Nat. Bot.,' 1878. + ' Ann. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 18T8. \ Vesque, however, thought a fusion of at least two superposed cells produced the embryo-sac. II Strasburger has partly worked this, so far as the first division of the embryo- sac mother-cell are concerned. He also gives figures (>l\inthericum. Vesque's account of! But omus is not supported by the author's drawings. BOTANICAL NEWS. 388 embryo-sac arising by fusion of several cells is not supported by the existence of the remains of the two cap cells above the embryo- sac — the remains of the sui3posed fusing cells. — " Comparison of the Effects of the Frosts of 1860-61, and of 1878-9," by E. J. Lowe, F.R.S. The greatest cold of 1860 exceeded that of last winter by 10° ; it was 6° below zero in 1860, and 4° above zero in the late- frost. The present paper records the great difference in the effects on plants of the two frosts at Highfield House, Nottingham. — " Eecent additions to the Moss Flora of the West Riding," by C. P. Hobku-k. [Printed at pp. 337, 369.] Botanical Nti»!$. Mr. B. D. Jackson's ' Guide to Botanical Literature,' one of the first volumes of the Index Society, is in the press ; the author, well know^n as a bibliologist, will be glad to receive, in connection with his work, any corrections or additions to Pritzel's ' Thesaurus Lit. Bot.' Address, 30, Stockwell Eoad, S.E. The quinquennial prize of the Geneva Physical and Natural History Society, founded by A. P. DeCandolle, for the best mono- grai^h of a family or genus of plants, has been adjudged to M. A. Cogniaux, of Brussels, for his monograph of CucurbitacecB, which will form the next volume of the ' Suites au Prodrome.' The death, in his 78th year, of Johann Feiedeich von Brandt, the author of a 'Flora Berolinensis ' so long ago as 1824, and better known by his book on medicinal jDlants published in 1858, of which he was joint author with the late Dr. Eatzeburg, is announced ; it occurred on July 16th. Caelo Bagnis, the Professor of Botany in the new University of Eome, died on August 6th, at the early age of 24. Though so young, he had already done good work in cryptogamic botany ; in 1878 he received the Prix Desmazieres of the French Academy for his memoir on Fuccinia, and Prof. Beccari lately dedicated to him one of his curious new genera of Burmanniacea from New Guinea. We have also to record the death, on August 26th, of Carl Julius Meyer von Klinggraff, of Paleschken, in West Prussia, at the age of 70. He was the author of a 'Flora of Prussia,' 1849, with supi^lements in 1854 and 1866, and lately published a valuable memoir (in 1875) on the plant geography of Northern and Arctic Europe. The Economic Museums at Kew Gardens will receive the collection of vegetable products of the Lidia Museum, the authorities there undertaking to distribute the numerous duplicates to other establishments. A sum of £2000 is to be granted for building a new wing to one of the Kew museums to accommodate the collection, and a further small annual grant will be made to "secure the services of an expert cryptogamist" in connection with it. It is expected that Mr. M. C. Cooke will thus be retained in charge of the collection with which he has been for many years connected at the India Museum. Having accepted the appointment of Dii-ector of the Botanical Gardens in Ceylon, I feel that it would not be possible for me properly to carry on the editorial conduct of this Journal at so great a distance from England. I have, therefore, secured the services of my colleague in the Museum, Mr. Britten, who has for several years been intimately acquainted with the work, and who will act as resj)onsible editor during my absence. No change in the character of the Journal is contemplated ; it will be carried on in the same manner and on the same principles as hitherto. In thus resigning the active supervision of the ' Journal of Botany' I confidently expect that under my successor it will continue to be as useful to botanists in the future as I trust it has proved in the past. I thankfully acknowledge that this has been due chiefly to the disinterested help of many friends and correspondents, both at home and abroad; and it is in the wxll-founded hope that they will continue such kind co-operation, that after ten years' experience of it I now commit my duties to other hands. HENEY TRIMEN. INDEX. Acrostichum gramineum, 263 ; pallidum, 263 Adenophora Isabellae, 12 Adiantum Homei, 294 ^chmea, synopsis of, 129, 161, 226; angusta, 162 ; aurantiaca, 235 ; bracteata, 132 ; Burcliellii, 231 ; caerulescens, 227 ; calyculata, 232; capitata, 167 ; coelestis, 228; comata, 234 ; contracta, 234 ; Cumingii, 237 ; cymosopanicu- lata, 164 ; dactylina, 161 ; di- chlamydea, 133; distans, 163; di- stichantlia, 133 ; excavata, 134 ; fasciata, 231 ; floribunda, 229 ; Glaziovii, 133 ; glomerata, 163 ; laxiflora, 167 ; Legrelliana, 236 ; Lindeni, 233 ; lingulata, 164 ; Mariae-reginae, 162 ; martinicen- sis, 132 ; Melinonii, 227 ; Mer- tensii, 230 ; mexicana, 165 ; mu- croniflora, 223 ; nudicaulis, 234 ; odora, 226 ; ornata, 162 ; Ort- giesii, 236 ; paniculata, 164 ; pa- niculigera, 230 ; parviflora, 167 ; patentissima, 227 ; pectinata, 233; Pineliana, 232; platynema, 166; polycephala, 164; pubes- cens, 134; pyramidalis, 166; ramosa, 165 ; regularis, 229 ; setigera, 231 ; spectabilis, 165 ; spliaerocepliala, 162 ; spicata, 229; suaveolens, 228; subiner- mis, 228 ; tillandsioides, 134 ; Veitchii, 161 ; viridis, 235 ; vri- esioides, 134; Wrightii, 163 African Travels of Hildebrandt, 86 Algae, Silesian, Kirchner on (rev.), 24 Allen's American Characeae, 158 Alliums, Egyptian predilection for, 91 Alsophila Burbidgii, 88; Hornei, 293 ; parvula, 258 Alternation of Generations in Tliallophytes, 321 Anagosperma, 62 Aneimia, protliallium of, 349 Anemone Pavoniana, 196 Antlioxantlmm Puelii, 247 Apargia autumnalis, malformations in, 6 (tab. 200 A). Appendages, seminal, functions of, 27 Aquilegia discolor, 197 Arabis cantabrica, 197 ; liirsuta, var. of, 63 Areca Passalacquse, 51 Aresclioug on leaf-anatomy (rev.), 93 ; appointed Prof, of Bot. at Lund, 320 Aristolochia moUissima, 300 Asplenium altissimum, 259 ; am- boinense, var. Hillii, 295 ; fus- cipes, 304 ; porpbyroracliis, 40 ; xipbopliyllum, 40 Astrantia croatica, 64 Atliyrium Filix-foemina, var. Friz- elliae, 184 Aulacomnium turgidum in Britain, 338 Bagnisia, 121 Baillon's * Histoire des Plantes,' 122 ; Dictionnaii'e de Botanique, 255 Baker, J. G., new Persian species of Eremurus, 17 ; Ferns of Bor- neo, 37 ; Ferns of Sulu Archipel- ago, 65 ; Synopsis of ^chmea, 129, 161, 226; Ferns of Fiji, 292; new Chinese Ferns, 304; on a var. of Hieracium caesium from the Orme's Head, 360 Balanites aegyptiaca, 59 Balfour, Prof., resigns chau* of Botany at Edinburgh, 96 Balfour, I. B., on Naias flexiHs, 86 ; on Halophila (rev.), 93 ; on Botany of Rodriguez, 122 ; ap- pointed to Glasgow Ijniversity, 191 3 D 386 INDEX. Balsamodendron Myrrlia, 222 Barrington, R. M., Plants of Tory Island, 263 Beccari's ' Malesia,' 121 ; appointed Prof. Bot. at Florence, 319 Beeby, W. H., on Surrey Plants, 19, 343 ; Cardamine impatiens in Sussex, 342 Belfast Nat. Field Club, Report of, 27 Bennett, A., Festuca ambigua in Suffolk, 212, 278; on Surrey Plants, 343, 378 Bennett, A. W., on Cbara, 67; PolvgaliP Aniericanie novae vel parum coguitse, 137, 168, 201 Bentliam, G., on botanical nonien- clatm-e, 45 ; gazetted C.M.G., 192 Bentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants, 255 Berkeley, Rev. M. J., liis herbarium presented to Kew, 32 Berks, Gentiana Pnemnonantlie in, 44 Betula Ermani, 14 Billot's Exsiccata, 320 Blepbarocarya, 116 Bolboplij'llum minutissimum, 62 Borage, note on, 301 Borneo, Ferns of, 37 Borrera aui'antiaca, 115 Botanical Exchange Club, 96, 160 ; extracts from report of, 243 Botanical Localitv Record Club, Report of, 62, 254 ; Charas of, 153 Botanical Text-book, Gray's (rev.), 253 Boulger on British Elms, 283 Braun, Alexander, on vegetable remains in Egvptian Museum at Berlin, 19, 48,^91 Briggs, T. R. A., on S. Devon plants, 18, ol4, 344 ; on Carex ornithopoda, 184 ; flora of Ply- mouth, 352 British Association (Sheffield), 379 British Museum, Report of Botan- ical Department for 1878, 315 Britten, J., Gentiana Pneumon- anthe in Berks, 44 ; and R. Hol- land, ' Dictionaiy of English Plant-names' (rev.), 92 Brotherston, A., on Festuca am- bigua, 243 Bucks, Gentiana Pneumonanthe erroneously recorded for, 44 Bunge on Mongolian SalsolaceiL', 190 Buphaue toxicaria, 125 Burbidge, F. W., Ferns collected by, in N. Borneo, 37; in Sulu Archipelago, 65 ; appointed to College Bot. Gardens, Dublin, 256 Burmanniacete, 121 Camellia Grijsii, 9 Campanula acutangula, 198 ; ad- sui'gens, 199 ; Vayredae, 199 Cardamine impatiens in Sussex, 342 Cardionema, 276 Carex Grayi, 274 ; intumescens, 274 ; ornithopoda, 184 ; punc- tata, 19 Carica Papaya, 313 Carruthers, W., Report of Botan- ical Department of British Museum for 1878, 315 Cartonema tenue, 285 Caryota, Chinese species of, 174 ; ochlandra, 176 CeiDhalanthera rubra, rediscovery of, 277 Cerdia, 276 Characeae, Morphology of, A. W. Bennett on, 67 ; S. H. Vines on, 176 Charas of ' Botanical Record Club,' 153 ; American, 158 Cheilanthes Fordii, 304 Chester, plants of, 63 China, new and rare plants from, 7, 135, 174, 300, 304 China matting, the sources of, 99 ' Chloris Meh-illiana,' Lichens of, 114 Choriophyllum, 62 Christie, A. C, on reproduction of Sagina nodosa, 376 Citrullus vulgaris, 56 Cladostemon paradoxus, 90 Cleistogamic flowers, 29 Cocos nucifera, notes on (tab. 202), 193 Coemansia, 158 Cogniaux, A., monograph of Cii- curbitaceae, 383 Colchicaceae, 125 Coleodeonicum, 379 Comoro Islands, plants of, 89 Composites, structure of, 6 Cookia, 219 ' Coontie, 45 j Cordia Myxa, 53 J Corsia, 122 387 Cox, E. J., Orchis liircina in Kent, 276 Crassulacete, 127 Crescentiaceae, 126 Crocus nudiflorus at Shrewsbury, 211 Crombie, J. M., Lichens of Brown's ' Chloris Melvilhana,' 114 Cucurbitaceae, Dutailly on, 25 Cyathea Nockii, 257 ; suhiensis, 65 Cycadeae, Warming on, 318 Cyperus Papyrus, 50 ; tegetiformis, 102 Cypripedium, on a monandrous (tab. 200 A), 1 Davallia stolonifera, var. acutifoHa, 294 ; Veitchii, 39 DeCandolle's (C.) comparative anatomy of leaves, 378 Decas Plantarum nov. in Hispania coll., 196 Decazesia, 122 Derbyshire, Symphytum asperri- mum in, 85, 250 Devon plants, 18, 185, 314, 330,352 Dicaelia, 62 Dickson, Dr., appointed to Uni- versity of Edinburgh, 159 Dicksonia incurvata, 299 ; moluc- cana, var. inermis, 294 Donegal, N.W., Flora of, 77, 106, 143, 183 Dorset plants, 212, 342 Druce, G. C, Polygonatum multi- florum in Northamptonshire, 243 Drude appointed Prof. Bot. at Dresden, 288 Dulwich, Flora of, 26 Durand on the Flora of Liege, 26 Dutailly on Cucurbitaceae, 25 Elms, British, 283 Encephalartos acantha, 187 Epithemia clavata, 31 Equisetum longevaginatum, 64 Eragrostis abyssinica cultivated in Ancient Egypt, 22 Eremurus albocitrinus, 17 ; Buugei, 17 ; luteus, 18 ; pauciflorus, 18 Erucastrum PoUichii, 377 Erythrcfiffi in Isle of Wight, 827; E. tenuiflora in Britain, 327 Essex, Erucastrum Pollichii in, 377 Eucalyptographia (rev.), 379 Euchlifena luxurians, 125 Euphorbiacea, 29; seeds of, 272 Eurythea, 221 Extirpation of a Cycad, 45 Farlow, W. G., appointed Prof, of Cryptogamy at Cambridge, U.S., 191 Ferns of the Philippines, 26 ; of Borneo, 37 ; of Sulu Archipelago, 65 ; of Jamaica, 257 ; of the Fiji Islands, 292 ; from South China, 304 ; reproduction of, by budding, 128 Festuca ambigua, 186, 195, 212, 243, 278 ; austriaca, 27 ; cihata, 195 ; pseudomyurus, 196 ; sciu- roides, 196 Fitzgerald's Australian Orchids (rev.), 188 Flax cultivated in Ancient Egypt, 20 Flora Brasiliensis, 122 Floral dissections, Henslow's (rev.), 254 Fontanesia, a Chinese, 135, 212 Forbes, H. 0., on Cocos nucifera (tab. 202), 193; on Carica Papaya, 313 ^ gj Fries, E., life of (p'5g%^, 33 Fungi of Kent, 70,017^150, 178, 207, 236, 308, 333, 362 Gallitrichum rubellum in Surrey, 344 Geniosporum holocheilum, 13 Gentiana Pneumonanthe in Berks, 44 ; in Bucks, 44 Geomitra, 122 Geum cercocarpoides, 276 Gloucestershire, Cephalanthera ru- bra in, 277 Godmania, 255 Gray's (Asa) Botanical Text-book (rev.), 253 Groves, H., on Charas of Bot. Eecord Club, 153; Hordeum sylvaticum in Surrey, 154 Groves, H. & J., Spartinas of Southampton Water, 277 ; Hants plant-localities, 344 Groves, J., on Carex punctata in S. Hants, 19 Gymnadenia conopsea, morphology of, 380 Gymnogramme borneensis, var. major, 299 ; pinnata, 299 ; sco- lopendrioides, 299 Halophila, Bayley Balfour on (rev.), 93 Hance, H. F., Spicilegia Chinensis, 7 ; on fruit of Tecoma grandi- flora, 69 ; on the sources of China matting, 99 ; a Chinese Fontan- 388 INDEX. esia, 135 ; a new Chinese Caryota, 174 ; note on Borage, 301 ; a new Chinese Aristolochia, 300 Hants, Carex punctata in, 19 ; Ulex eu-naniis in, 84 ; Towns- end's notes on flora of, 220 ; Spartinas of, 277 ; plant-localities in, 344 Hart, H. C, on Flora of N. W. Donegal, 77, 106, 143, 183 Hartog, M. M., on Sapotaceae, 356 Hastingsia, 283 Hajmaid, Cardinal, 191 Hederaceae, Marchal on Trop. American, 158 Hedyotis ampUflora, 11 ; capituli- flora, 12 ; etfusa, 11 Hehanthemum polifolinm, 185 Helvella caUfurnica, 287 Hemsley, W. B., a Chinese Fon- tanesia, 212; Carex intuniescens, 274 ; Mocino and Sesse's Mexi- can Plants, 275 ; his ' Diagnoses of Mexican Plants,' 255 Henophyton, 126 Henslow's Floral Dissections (rev.), 254 Herincq appointed to Paris her- barium, 320 Heterocleistogamic flowers, 30 Hieracium cjssium, var.camhricum, 360 Hildebrandt, African travels of, 86 Hildebrandtia, 89 Hobkirk, C. P., xidditions to Moss- Flora of West Biding, 337, 360 ; Hypnum salebrosum, 344, 362 Hoepfueria, 284 Holland and Britten's Dictionary of English Plant-names (rev.), 92 Homocleistogamic flowers, 30 Hooker, Sir J. D., Eeport of Kew Herbarium for 1878, 345 Hordeum sylvaticum in Surrey, 154 Home's Fiji Ferns, 297 Howse, T., on Fungi of Kent, 70, 117, 150, 178, 207, 236, 308, 333, 362 Hygrophorus fcetens, 64 ; Wynuiae, 32 Hyphaene thebaica, 51 Hypnum salebrosum as a British moss, 305, 344, 359 India Museum, vegetable products of, transferred to Kew, 383 Iris Pseudacorus, 252 Irish Plants, 77, 106, 143, 183, 263 Isoetes Boryana, var. Lereschii, 200 Jackson's (B. D.) Guide to Botani- cal Literature, 383 Jamaica, Ferns new to, 257 Jenman, G. S., second supplement to Jamaica Ferns, 257 Jenner, J. H. A., Eosa sepium in Sussex, 376 Journals, articles in : — American Naturalist, 28, 64, 284 American Quarterly Microscop- ical Journal, 26 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 159 Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 27, 123, 159, 221, 284, 319 Belgique, Bull. Bot. Soc. de, 124, 222, 350 Bot. Notiser, 28, 64, 190, 352 Bot. Tiddski-ift, 28, 222, 381 Botanische Zeitung, 27, 63, 95, 124, 159. 190, 220, 256, 284, 318, 351, 381 Flora, 26, 64, 95, 124, 159, 190, 221, 256, 284, 318, 351,381 France. Bull. Bot. Soc. de, 28, 123, 221, 319 GreviUea, 64, 159, 350 Hedwigia, 95, 190, 221, 256, 284, 319, 350 Hooker's Icones Plantarum, 62 Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 28, 64, 222, 319, 380 Journ. Eoyal Microscopical Soc, 381 Journ. Quekett Micros. Club, 159 Magj-ar Novenytani Lapok, 28, 64, 95, 124, 159, 190, 221, 256, 285, 319, 351, 381 Midland Naturahst, 351 Monthly Microsc. Journ., 28 Nederlandsch Kruidk. Arch., 351 Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., 95, 190, 285, 381 Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 27, 64, 95, 159, 190, 221, 256, 284, 319, 351, 381 Prmgsheim's Jahrbuch (1879), 350 Eevue Mycologique, 94 Scottish Natm-ahst, 95, 190, 284, 380 Silliman's Journal, 256 Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute, 318 Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin- burgh, 123 Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 123 INDEX. 389 Kalchbrennera, 64 Kamienski on Utricularia (rev.), 23 Kent, Fungi of, 70, 117, 150, 178, 207, 236, 308, 333, 362; Orchis hii'cina in, 276 Kerguelen Island, plants of, 219 Kew Herbarium, Report of for 1878, 345 Kii'chner on Silesian Algae (rev.), 24 Kui'tz, M., appointed to Bot. Gard. at Berlin, 64 ; on Count Wald- bui'g-Zeil's W. Siberian Herba- rium, 318 Leaf- an atomy, Areschoug on (rev.), 93 Lees, F. A., English distribution of Ulex eu-nanus, 84 ; on Hyp- num salebrosum, 359 Leontodon autumnale, malforma- tions in (tab. 200 A), 6 Lepironia mucronata, 100 Leptocarpus disjunctus, 286 Leresche and Levier, Decas Plant- arum nov. in Hispania coll., 196 Levier and Leresche, Decas Plant- arum nov. in Hispania coll., 196 Lichensof ' Chloris Melvilliana', 114 Liege, Durand on the Flora of, 26 Linariafaucicola, 200; filicaulis, 200 Lindsaya crispa, 39 ; jamesoni- oides, 39 Linnaea borealis in Yorkshire, 184 Linnaeus, his house bought by Swedish Government, 256 Linnean Society of London, 28, 124, 192, 222, 285 Linum, cultivated species in Egypt, 20 Liriope, 125 Laguna on Ferns of the Philippines, 26 Lundstrom, A. N., life of E. Fries, 33 Lynch, R. J., appointed to Cam- bridge Bot. Garden, 352 Maesobotrya, 62 Malva borealis, 248 Manihot, seeds of, 273 Mansel-Pleydell, J. C, on Dorset Plants, 342 Marchal on Hederaceae, 158 Margaris barbigera, 276 Masters, Maxwell T., on the struc- ture of Composites, 6 Mellera (gen. nov. Acanthacearum) (tab. 203), 225; lobulata, 225 Melvill on Flora of Breidden Hills, 63 Mehdlle Island, Lichens of, 114 Meniscium Beccarianum, 298 Mimicry of seeds and fruits, 271 Mogino and Sesse's Mexican Plants, 275 Mohria, prothallium of, 349 Moore, F. W., appointed to Glas- nevin Bot. Gardens, 256 Moore, S. le M., on a Monandrous Cypripedium (tab. 200 A), 1; Mellera, a new genus of Acan- thaceie (tab. 203), 225; mimicry of seeds and fruits, and functions of seminal appendages, 271 Montgomeryshire, plants of, 63 Moquilea, 223 ; organensis, 223 Mosses of ^Yest Riding, 337, 369 Mueller, F. von, on Blepharocarya, 116; knighted, 192; nativeplants of Victoria (rev.), 317; Frag- ment.,' 122; Eucalyptographia (rev.), 379 MuiUa, 283 Naias flexilis, 86 Neovossia, 254 Nephrodium firmum, 260 ; hepta- phyllum, 296 ; Jenmani, var. sitiorum, 261 ; juglandifolium, 296 ; nudum, 41 ; Sherringii, 261 ; tripartitum, 296 ; usitatum, 261 New Books, 27, 63, 123, 159, 190, 220, 256, 284, 318, 351, 378 New species of Phanerogamous plants published in 1878, 154, 186, 213 Nicholson, G., Gallitrichum ru- belJum in Britain, 344 Nomenclature, botanical, G. Ben- tham on, 45 Northamptonshire, Polygonatum multiflorum in, 243 Nyman's ' Conspectus Florae Eu- ropaeae,' 120, 154 ; partii. (rev.), 348 Obituary : — Angstrom, J., 128 Ascherson, F. M., 100 Bagnis, C, 383 Bigelow, Jacob, 96, 158 Bouton, L., 164 Brandt, J. F. von, 383 . Buck, H. W., 160 Bull, M. M., 288 Faivre, E., 320 390 INDEX. Fenzl, E., 352 Fiorini-Mazzanti, Contessa, 223 Fox, Tilbury, 224 French, A., 352 Irmiscli, T., 223 Itzigsolm, H., 96 Juratska, J., 32 Klinggraff, J. M. von, 383 Koch, Karl, 224 Lebel, J. E., 64 Miers, J., 352 Moore, David, 224 Mudd, W., 160 Reichenbach, H. G. L., 160, 191 Bichardsou, W., 192 Eipart, J. B. M., 64 Eobbins, J. W., 96 Saunders, W. W., 320 Schimper, W., 160 Spach, E., 224 Trevelyan, Sir W. C, 160 White, Adam, 96 Oidium passerinii, 379 Olea europea, 52 Ophioglossuui lusitanicum in Ire- land, 140 Orchids, Australian (rev.), 188 Orchis hircina in Kent, 276 Orme's Head, Hieracium from, 360 Oudneya, 126 Paederia chinensis, 12 Parodi's Contribuciones a la Flora de Paraguay, 255 Perigynium, two-flowered, of Carex intumescens, 273 Peyritsch, Dr., appointed Prof. Bot. at Innsbruck, 32 Phacellothrix, 52 Philippines, Ferns of, 26 Phillips, W., Crocus nudiflorus at Shrewsbury, 211 Phoenix Hanceana, 174 Phyllorachis (gen. nov. Gramineae) (tab. 205), 383 Physostigma, 184 ; cylindrosperma, 185, 243 Pimpinella magna in Sussex, 315 ; siifoha, 198 Pleragina, 126 Plymouth, proposed flora of, 352 Polygala acanthoclada, 207 ; alba, 204 ; americana, 139 ; arguensis, 201 ; australis, 203 ; boliviensis, 171 ; buxifolia, 140 ; californica, 206 ; chloroneura, 171 ; conferta, 172; Darwiniana, 203; flori- bunda, 141 ; galapageia, 204 ; Gayii, 168 ; gnidioides, 169 5 grandiflora, 141 ; hebantha, 139 5 insularis, 204 ; leptostachya* 202 ; leucantha, 172 ; monti- cola, 141; Neaei, 168; nemoralis, 172 ; nutkana, 140, 206 ; para- guayensis, 173 ; Parryi, 140 ; Pearcii, 201 ; persistens, 170 ; peruviana, 173 ; pisaurensis, 190 ; prateusis, 169 ; punctata, 173 ; salasiana, 169 ; Salviniana, 203 ; scoparia, 205 ; spinescens, 141, Spruceana, 203 ; subandina, 169; subspinosa, 140 Polygalce Americanae nov£e vel pa- rum cognitte, 137, 165, 201 Polygonatummultiflorum in North- amptonshire, 243 Polygonum maritimum, 332 Polypodiam alsophiloides, 297 ; Burbidgeii, 42 ; calvatum, 304 ; cantoniense, 304 ; Cesatianum, 42 ; deparioides, 297 ; Gordoni, 297 ; heterotrichum, 262 ; holo- phyllum, 43; Hornei, 298; Leysii, 66 ; minimum, 41 ; oxy- odon, 66; stenopteris, 43 ; strep- tophyllum, 42 ; taxodioides, 42 ; vitiense, 298 Pomaderris Tainui, 318 Potamogeton Zizii, 252, 255, 289 (tab. 204) Potentilla norvegica in Yorks., 248 Prejevalsky's collections, 94 Primula oreocharis, 12 Pringsheim's Lichtwii'kung und Chlorophyll- Function in der Pflanze (rev.), 377 Prothalha of Aneimia and Mohria, 349 Pteris Treacheriana, 65 ; vitiensis, 295 Purchas, W. H., on Sjrmphytum asperrinium, 85 Ranunculus Cesatianus, 379 ; McbI- lendorffii, 7 ; Moseleyi, 219 Ravenea, 89 Reader, H. P., rediscovery of Cepli- alanthera rubra, 277 Regel, Dr., expelled from Kash- garia, 320 Reichardt ap^jointed to Vienna Museum, 128 Reichenbach, H. G., Isoetes Bory- ana, var, Leresclhi, 200 Reviews : — Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelungsges- INDEX. 391 cliiclite der Utriculiarien. Von Dr. Fr. Kamienski, 23 I{j-yptogamen- Flora von Scliles- ien ; Algen. Von Dr. Oskar Kircliner, 24 Keclierches organogen. sur les formations axillaires clie.-; les Ciicurbitacees. Par M. G. Dutailly, 25 Dictionary of English Plant- names. By James Britten and Kobert Holland, part i. 92 Jemforande undersokningar of- ver Bladets anatomie. Af F. W. C. Aresclioug, 93 On the genus Halophila. By Bayley Balfour, 95 Malesia: da Odoardo Beccari, 121 Flora Ingrica. Von Karl Fr. Meinshausen, 158 Australian Orchids. By E. D. Fitzgerald, 188 Mikro-Photographien. Von A. de Bary, 189 Gray's Botanical Text-book. Ed. vi., part i. : Structural Botany, 253 Floral Dissections. By the Rev. G. Henslow, 254 Native Plants of Victoria. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, 317 Aufzahlung der von K. Graf von ■Waldburg:-Zeil im Jahre 1876 in West Siberien Gesammelten Pflanzen. Von F. Kurtz, 318 Conspectus Florae Europasae. Auctore C. F. Nyman. Part ii., 348 Beitrage zur Keimungsgeschichte der Schizaeaceen. Von H. Bauke, 349 Uber Lichtwirkung und Chloro- phyll-Function in der Pflanze. Von N. Pringsheim, 377 Eucalyptographia. By F. von Mueller, 379 Ricinus communis, 274 Rodriguez, Botany of, 122 Rogers, W. M., on Nyman's ' Con- spectus,' 120, 154 ; on Helian- themum polifolium, 185 ; on North Devon Plants, 330 Roper, F. C. S., Pimpinella magna in Sussex, 315 Roripa Borbasii, 256 Rosa sepium in Surrey, 249 ; in Sussex, 376 ; Halacsyanum, 319 Rubus Bloxamii, 244 ; hirtifolius, 244 ; mucronulatus, 249 Rumex hybrids, 251 Sagina nodosa, reproduction of, ^ 376 Salsolaceae, Mongolian, 190 Salvia Verbenaca, English forms of, 344 Sapotaceae, M. M. Hartog on, 356 Schizocodon, 45 Schmalhausen appointed to Kiew University, 96 Scirpus parvulus in S. Devon, 18, 314 Seeds and fruits, mimicry of, 271 Shortia galacifolia rediscovered, 44 Shropshire, Crocus nudiflorus in, 211 Silesian Algae, Kirchner on (rev.), 24 Solms-Laubach appointed Prof. Bot. at Gottingen, 288 Somah-land, plants of, 88 Spartinas of Southampton Water, 277 Spenceria (gen. nov. Rosacearum) (tab. 201), 97 ; ramalana, 98 Spruce, R., Linnaea boiealis in Yorkshire, 184 ; Hypnum sale- brosum as British, 305 Sternbergia aetnensis, 200 Stratton, F., Isle of AVight Plants, 377 Suffolk, Festuca ambigua in, 186, 195, 212 Sulu Archipelago, Ferns of, 65 Surrey Plants, 19, 192, 343, 378; Rosa sepium in, 249 ; Hordeuin sylvaticum in, 154 Sussex, Pimpinella magna in, 315 ; Cardamine impatiens in, 342 ; Rosa sepium in, 376 Symphytum asperrimum, 85, 250 Symplocaceae, 31 Tecoma grandiflora, on fruit of, 69 Tete Anglais, 30 Teucrium Botrys in Sm-rey, 19 Thallophytes, alternation of gene- rations in, 821 Thelymitra, 189 Tieghem, P. van, appointed Prof. Bot. at Paris, 320 Tory Island, Plants of, 263 Towndrow, R. F., Juncus diffusus in Worcestershire, 278 Towiisend, F., Ulex eu-uanus in S. Hants, 84 ; on Vulpia ambigua 392 INDEX. and V. ciliata, 195 ; notes on Hants flora, 220 ; Euphorbia Paralias in I. of Wight, 314 ; Isle of Wight Erythraete, 327 Trichomanes cultratum, 293 Trifolium glomeratum in Surrey, 19 ; Haynaklianum, 64 Trimen and Bentley's Medicinal Plants, 255 Trimen, H., Ulex eu-nanus in S. Hants, 84; Spenceria (tab. 201), 97 ; on Physostigma, 185 ; Fes- tuca ambigua in Dorset, 212 ; on Potamogeton Zizii (tab. 204), 289 ; on Potamogeton Spirillus, 314 ; Phyllorachis (tab. 205), 353 ; appointed to Bot. Gard. Ceylon, 384 Ulex eu-nanus, distribution of, in England, 84 Urban Dr., appointed to Bot. Gard. at Berhn, 64 Ustilago Aschersoniana, 95 Utricularia, Kamienski on (rev.), 23 Vegetable remains in Egj^ptian Museum at Berlin, 19, 48, 91 Victoria, native plants of (rev.), 317 Victoria regia introduced to Lake Nyassa, 62 Vines, S. H., on morphology of j Characete, 176 ; on alternation of generations in Thallophytes, 321 Viola Curtisii, 244 Vitis gongylodes, 30 Vulpia ambigua, 186, 195, 212, 245, 278 ; ciliata, 195 ; pseudo- myurus, 196 ; sciuroides, 196 Waldburg-Zeil's (Count) herbarium of W. Siberian plants, 318 Ward, H. M., on morphology of Gymnadenia conopsea, 380 Warming's Cycadeae, 318 Watson's (Sereno) N. American Liliaceas, 283. Wight (I. of). Euphorbia Parahas in, 314; Erythraeae of, 327; plants of, 377 Wistaria sinensis, 127 Wittrock appointed to Stockholm Museum, 95 Worcestershire, Juncus diffusus in, 278 Xanthosoma appendiculatum, 127 Yorkshire, Linnaea borealis in, 184 ; Potentilla norvegica in, 248 ; Mosses of, 337, 369 Zamia integrifolia, extirpation of, 45 Zanzibar, plants of, 88 EERATA ET CORRIGENDA. 393 ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. Page 25 line 2 from bottom, /or "organs," read axil, 27 bottom line, for " Lycopodium," read Lygodium. .32 line 10 from bottom, /or " varieties," read rarities. 55 17 for " Minusops," read Mimusops. 86 12 from bottom, after " vol.," insert xix. pp. ,, 9 ,, for " realising," read reaching. 90 2 „ for " suhcorjugatus," read suhconjugatus. 96 22 „ /or " different," r«ad difficult. 107 24, and p. 108, line 19, for " Fort George," read Fort Royal. 176 21 from bottom, for " staminirus," read staminibus ; for " acqui- longis," read sequilongis. 191 the last line should be the commencement of a fresh paragraph. 219 line 11 for " petiologi'-al," read petrological. 223 ^0 for " Oudnega," read Oudneya. 243 17 /or " H. pseudo-myunis," read F. pseudo myurus. 245 25 for ' R.," read Rosa. 270 24 /or " Trim," read Trin. 278 9 for'' K.C.," read U. P. 288 6 from bottom, for " Martius," read Martin. 289 18, 19 for " Caulshiels," read Cauldshiels. 291 4 from bottom, /or " Blyth," read Blytt. 319 21 for " Mouillefaime," read Mouillefarine. ,, 31 /or " species," read specimen. 320 2 for " VON," read van. 345 16 for " olive," read is also. Directions for placing the Platen. Tab. 200 to face page 6 ,,201 „ 98 ,,202 „ 194 ,,203 „ 226 204 „ 292 „ 205 .... '. „ 355 ^ The portrait in February No. to bo the frontiapicco. WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PKINfERS, 51, HATTON GAltDKN, EuNDON, E.C. 3 5185 00265 05: