.^' .-.U. ^f'\^^Jl \ V*. -:^i7'?E'^^7v^ mn^ ^^A ^l Erkaru of the Iluscitm OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. MASS. J^oun^cti fin pribate subscription, in 1861. The gift of JC^fu^ Ab ■L/>^oc/n--o^V/«UM> THE JOURNAL C I N" C I IN" I^ ^ T I UlLi r I OF iATOAL ilSfOlI P UBLISHING COMMITTEE ; S. A. MILLER, F. W. LANGDON, C. F. LOW, J. F. JUDGE, GEO. W. HARPER. VOL. III.-1880. iy. CINCINNATI: PRINTED BY JAMES BARCLAY, 269 VINE STREET. INDEX TO VOL. III. PAGE Ambonychia robusta...... 315 American Land Shells, some notes upon, by A. G. Wetherby 33 Arcbseological Explorations near MadisonYille,^Ohio 40 Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio, part 2 128 Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio, part 3 203 Books received during the year 331 Buchanan, Robert — Obituary 74 By-Laws of the Society 3 Bythopora nashvillensis 143 Csenozoic age or Tertiary period 245 Catalogue of the books supplied for the library during the past year, by purchase, donation and exchange 331 Chambers, V. T., new species of Tine- ina 289 Cleidophorus chicagoensis 314 Constitution of the Society 1 Correction of an error 164 Cretaceous formation 9-32 Cretaceous formation 79-118 Cretaceous formation 165-202 Cuneamya parva 316 DendrocrinuL navigiolum , 235 Description of a new warbler of the genus Helminthophaga cin- cinnatiensis, by F. W. Lang- don 119 Description of four new species of Silurian fossils, by S. A. Miller 140 Description of four new species and a new variety of silurian fos- sils, and remarks upon ethers, byS. A. Miller 232 Description of five new species of Silurian fossils, and remarks upon an undetermined form, byS. A. Miller 314 Descriptions of crinoids from upper Subcarboniferous of Pulaski Co., Ky., by A. G. Wetherby... 324 Douglassia (?) obscurofasciella......... 291 Elachista albapalpella 294 Eucalyptocrinas depressus 232 PACK Eucalyptocrinus egani 140 Executive Board 8 Executive Board 164 Gelechia crescentifasciella 290 Gelechia epigseella 289 Gelechia goodelleLa ,. 289 Geographical distribution of certain fresh-water mollusks of North America, and the probable causes of their variation, by A. G. Wetherby 317 GliphyjDteryx circumscripiella 291 Graciiaria aceriella 295 Graham, Geo., Report in memory of Robert Buchanan 74 Glyptocrinus shafFeri var. germanus 233 Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis 119 Heterocrinus milleri 153 Hybocystites 150 Hybocystites problematicus 150 James, Davis L., Notices of the Floras of Cincinnati, published from 1815 to 1879, with some ad- ditions and corrections to the catalogue of Joseph F. James.. 239 Langdon, F. W., description of a new warbler of the genus Helminthophaga cincinnatien- sis 119 Ornithological notes with five additions to the Cincinnati Avian fauna 121 Summer Birds of a Northern Ohio Marsh 220 The Mammalia of the vicinity of Cincinnati, a list of species with notes 297 Laverna minimella 294 Laverna oenotliersevorellea 293 Laverna quinquicristatella 293 Lichenocrinus dubius 234 Low, Chas. F., Archaeological ex- plorations near Madisonville, Ohio : 40 Archaeological explorations near Madisonville, O., part 2... 128 Archaeological explorations near Madisonville, O., part 3... 203 IV INDEX. PAGE I Mammalia of the vicinity of Cincin- nati, a list of species with notes, by Frank W. Langdon 297 Miller, S. A., North American Meso- zoic and Csenozoic Geology and Palaeontology, continued 9-32 North American Mesozoic and Csenozoic Geology and Palae- ontology, continued 79-118 North American Mesozoic and Csenozoic Geology and Palae- ontology, continued 165-202 North American Mesozoic and Caenozoic Geology and Palae- ontology, continued 245-288 Description of four new spe- cies of Silurian fossils 140 Description of four new spe- cies and a new variety of Sil- urian fossils and remarks up- on others 232 Description of five new species of Silurian fossils, and remarks upon an undetermined form... 314 Myelodactylus bridgeportensis 141 New species of Tineina, bv V. T. Chambers ' 289 North American Mesozoic and Caeno- zoic Geology and Palaeontolo- gy, continued 9-32 North American Mesozoic and Cseno- zoic Goology and Palaeontolo- gy, continued 79-118 North American Mesozoic and Caeno- zoic Geology and Palaeontolo- gy, continued 165-202 North American Mesozoic and Caeno- zoic Geology and Palaeontolo- gy, continued 245-288 Notices of the Floras of Cincinnati, published from 1815 to 1879, with some additions and cor- rections to the. catalogue of Joseph F. James, by Davis L. James ". 239 Obituary, Robert Buchanan 74 PAGE Opostega nonstrigella 296 Ornithological field notes, with five additions to the Cincinnati Avian fauna, by Frank W. Langdon 121 Orthodesma cuneiforme 314 Orthodesma occidentale 316 Palaeaster clarkana 236 Palaeaster miamiensis 143 Poteriocrinus anomalos 158 Poteriocrinus milleri 330 Prehistoric cup made from a human cranium, Edgar R. Quick 296 Proceedings of^the Society 7 Proceedings of the Society 72 Proceedings of the Society 161 Proceedings of the Society 237 Quick, Edgar R., a prehistoric cup made from a human cranium.. 296 Remarks on the Trenton limestone of Kentucky, with descrip- tions of new fossils from that formation and the Kaskaskia group, by A. G. Wetherby 144 Scaphiocrinus spinifer 157 Scytalocrinus wachsmuthi 155 Summer birds of a Northern Ohio Marsh, by F. W. Langdon 220 Treasurer's Report 68 Wetherby, A. G., some notes on American land shells 33 Remarks on the Trenton lime- stone of Kentucky, with de- scriptions of new fossils from that formation and the Kas- kaski Group 144 On the geographical distribu- tion of certain fresh-water mollusks of North America, and the probable causes of their variation 317 Descriptions of crinoids from the upper Subcarboniferous of Pulaski Co., Ky 324 Wright, S. E., Report as Treasurer... 68 THE JOURNAL OF THE VOL. III. CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1880. No. 1. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Adopted March 2, 1880.* article i. The Society shall be called the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ARTICLE II. It shall consist of resident, corresponding and honorary members. ARTICLE III. Any person residing in the City of Cincinnati, or its immediate neighborhood, shall be eligible as a resident member of the society. All members shall be chosen by ballot, after having been nominated at a preceding meeting. The affirmative votes of three fourths of the members present shall be' necessary to a choice. The nomination of corresponding and honorary members shall proceed from the executive * At the regular meeting of the Society, December 2, 1879, on motion of Dr. J. F. Judge, a committee of three, consisting of Dr. J. F. Judge, G. W. Harper, and S. A. Miller, was appointed to revise the Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. This committee reported their revision to the Society, at the regular meeting, on January 6th, 1880. It was ordered to be printed and made the special order of business for the February and March meetings. At the meeting of February 3d, 1880, the Constitution, as reported, was read and amended , and passed by a three fourths' vote of all the members present. It was again taken up at the regular meeting of March 2d, 1880, and adopted by the necessary vote of the members of the Society. 2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. board. Any resident member who shall at one time contribute fifty (50) dollars to the funds of the societj^, shall be a life member, free from assessment. ARTICLE IV. Resident members only shall be entitled to vote, or to hold office. Corresponding and honorarj^ members may attend the meetings and take part in the scientific discussions of the society. ARTICLE V. Section 1. The officers of the society shall be a president, two vice- presidents, a secretary, a treasurer, a librarian, curators, and four (4) members elected at large for the executive board, and two trustees as . provided for in Section 3 of this article. The}' shall be elected annu- ally, at the meeting in April, and shall hold office for the term of one year, and until their successors are duly elected. Sec. 2. The president, two vice-presidents, secretary and treasurer, and the four (4) members elected at large for the executive board, shall together constitute a board for the management of the concerns of the society, not otherwise provided for in this constitution, and be called the executive board. Five (5) members of the board shall be a quorum for the transaction of business. Sec. 3. Two trustees shall be elected at the next annual meet- ing, one of whom shall hold office for the term of one year, and the other for two years, and thereafter there shall be elected annually one trustee who shall hold his office for two years: and these two trus tees, together with the treasurer of the society, shall be intrusted with and have charge of, all funded property of the societ}^, with power to sell and re-invest according to their judgment. Bonds shall be re- quired of these trustees, in such sums, and with such sureties, as may be satisfactorj^ to the executive board; but the treasurer shall not be required to give bond both as treasurer and as trustee. article VI. Officers shall be chosen by ballot, and a majority of votes shall be sufficient for a choice. ARTICLE VII. By-Laws for the more particular regulation of the society shall from time to time be made. ARTICLE VIII. This Constitution may be altered or amended in any of the preced- ing articles by a vote to that effect of three fourths of the members Constitution and By-Laws of the Society. 3 present at ain^ two consecutive meetings of the societ}', the members having been first dnl}^ notified of any proposed alteration, but the article which immediately follows this shall be unalterable. AKTICLE IX. The consent of every member shall be necessary to a dissolution of the society. In case of a dissolution the property of the society shall not be distributed among the members of the societ}^ but donors may claim and receive such donations as they have made to the museum, and the remainder shall be given to some public institution, on such conditions as ma}^ then be agreed on, and the faithful performance of such conditions shall be secured by bonds, with sufficient penalties for the non-fulfillment thereof. BY-LAWS.* ARTICLE I. MEMBERS. Section 1. Nominations for membership shall be made in writing, by three (3) members, at least one mouth previous to the time of elec- tion. Such nominations shall be referred to a committee, consisting of the president, secretary and treasurer, w^ho shall report upon the same before balloting. Every person elected a resident member shall, within six months from the date of his election, pay into the treasury an initi- ation fee of five (5) dollars, and subscribe an obligation promising to conform to the Constitution and By-Laws of the society ; and, until these conditions are fulfilled, he shall possess none of the rights of membership, nor shall his name be borne upon the roll of members. Sec. 2. Corresponding members shall consist of persons residing at a distance from the city, who may be interested in the study of natural histoiy, or desirous of promoting the interests of the societ3\ Honorar}^ members may be selected from persons eminent for their attainments in science, on whom the society ma}" wish to confer a com- pliment of respect : neitber shall be required to paj^ an initiation fee or make any contribution. Sec. 3. No person whose application for membership has been re- jected, shall be again proposed within one year of the date of said re- jection. Sec. 4. Any member may withdraw from the society by presenting his written resignation, and paying all arrearages due from him. Mem- =■= At the meeting of March 2, 1880, the 1st Article of these Pv-Laws was considered in committee of the whole. At a special meeting of the Society, March 30, 1880, the By-Laws were adopted. 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. bers who shall be in arrears for the dues of one year shall not be en- titled to vote, hold office or to receive xany of the publications of the society until such arrearages are fully paid: and if not paid within one .year thereafter, membership shall be forfeited. Sec. 5. Members may be expelled from the society by a vote of three fourths of the members present at a regular meeting, written charges having been preferred, a copy of which shall be furnished the accused at least one month previous to such vote, and the accused shall have opportunity^ to be heard thereon. ARTICLE II. OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES. Section 1. The President shall preside at the meetings of the society, and of the executive board, and perform such other duties as usually pertain to the office. Sec. 2. The Vice-Presidents shall perform the duties of the presi- dent in his absence, in the order of seniority in office. Sec. 3, The Secretar^^ shall record and preserve correct minutes of the proceedings of the society, and the executive board, in books to be kept for that purpose; shall have the charge of all records belonging to the society; shall notif}^ members of their election, and committees of their appointment; shall call special meetings, when directed b}' the president; and shall notify all resident members of all meetings, and officers of all matters which shall occur at any meeting requiring their action. He shall also conduct the correspondence of the societ}^ and shall keep a record thereof, shall keep the common seal, acknowiedge all donations, and receive and read to the societ}' all communications addressed to it. Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall have charge of all money or other property of the society, excepting the museum and its contents, and excepting also such property as may be placed by the society- or the executive board in the hands of the trustees; shall collect all fees and assessments, and receive all donations in money which may be made to it; shall pay all accounts against the society when the same shall be approved by a vote of the executive board ; shall keep a correct ac- count of all receipts and expenditures, in books belonging to the society; and shall at each annual meeting, and at other times when re- quired by the executive board, make a detailed report of the same. He shall notify members, who are in arrears, of their indebtedness to the society, and shall report all delinquencies to the executive board annuall3\ Sec. 5. The Librarian shall have charge of the books belonsrinor to Constitution and By-Lauis of the Society. 5 the societ3^, or deposited for its use, and of the publications of the societ}"; he shall observe and enforce such regulations as the executive board shall from time to time make for the use of the books. He shall have charge of the distribution, sale and exchange of the pub- lications of the societ3% under the direction of the executive board. Sec. 6. The Curators shall be ex-officio chairmen of the sections, in their respective branches of science. There shall be one curator for each of the following named branches : Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Conchology, Entomology, Botany, Ornitholog}^, Ichthyology^ Archaeol- ogy, Comparative An atom}', Herpetology. The curators shall perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the executive board. Sec. 7. The Executive Board shall control all expenditures of monej', make rules for the use of the library and museum, and determine the duties of the curators; and they shall have power to employ a custo- dian and prescribe his duties, provided such custodian shall not be employed for any term which shall interfere with his discharge at any time by the board, and shall elect annually a committee of five (5) members of the society, to be called the publishing committee. The Executive Board shall have full power to act for the interests of the societ}', in any way not inconsistent with the Constitution and B}'- Laws ; they shall annually report to the society the condition of the museum and library. ARTICLE III. ASSESSMENTS. Section 1. Every resident member shall be subject to an annual as- sessment of five (5) dollars, payable on the first Tuesday of April of each year, but no assessment shall be required of any member during the six months succeeding his election. Sec. 2. The president and treasurer together shall be empowered to exempt {suh silentio) a member from assessment, when, from peculiar circumstances, thej^ may deem it for the interest of the society so to do. ARTICLE IV, LIBRARY. Section 1. Members of the society only shall have access to, or take books from, the librarj^, but the executive board ma}^, by special vote, extend the use of books to others than members, specifying the con- ditions under which t\\Qj may be taken. Sec. 2. The rules and regulations of the executive board, for the use of the library, shall be printed and exposed in the library rooms, and a digest of them affixed to the volumes themselves. 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ARTICLE V. MUSEUM. Section 1. All members, and the public generally, shall have access to the museum, at such times as the executive board shall determine. Sec. 2. No specimen shall be removed from the museum, except by order of the society, or for the purpose of illustrating the proceedings, and in either case the curator shall take a receipt for the same. article VI. — committees. Section 1. The committee on publication shall, from time to time, cause to be published, and superintend the publication of such papers read to the society, and such portions of the record of the proceedings, as may seem to them calculated to promote the interests of science, so far as the funds appropriated by the executive board shall permit, it being understood that the committee shall not be held responsible for any opinion expressed in said publications. Sec. 2. The president shall, at every annual meeting, appoint a com- mittee of three, whose duty it shall be to audit th« accounts of the re- ceipts and expenditures of the corporation. article VII. SECTIONS AND LECTURES. Section 1. For the purpose of facilitating and encouraging special investigation in the several branches of Natural Science, the members may organize sections under the chairmanship of the curator of the special branch for which the section is organized, upon such condi- tions and in conformity to such rubles as the societ}^ ma}^ adopt. Sec. 2. Public lectures may be delivered under the auspices of the society, whenever the executive board shall deem it expedient. article viii.^-meetings. Section 1. The regular meetings of the society shall be held on the first Tuesday of each month, those held in April, July, October and January shall be for the transaction of business; those held in May, June, August, September, November, December, February and March shall be for scientific purposes; the April meeting shall be known as the annual meeting, at which the annual reports shall be read, and the oflficers of the society shall be elected. Sec. 2. Nine (9) members shall be a quorum for the transaction of business. Sec. 3. The order of proceeding at business meetings shall be as follows : 1. Reading of minutes of preceding business meeting. Comtitution and By-Laws o/ the Society. 7 2. Candidates for membership to be proposed. 3. Election of members. 4. 'Reading the minutes of the executive board. 5. Business arising from the reading of minutes of the executive board. 6. Unfinished business. 7. New business. 8. Scientific communications. 9. Donations. 10. Adjournment. The order of proceeding at scientific meetings shall be as follows: 1. Reading of minutes of preceding scientific meeting. 2. Written communications. 3. Verbal communications. 4. Candidates for membership to be proposed. 5. Election of members. 6. Miscellaneous business, 7. Donations. 8. Adjournment ARTICLE IX. — AMENDMENTS. Section 1. All propositions to amend these By-Laws shall be in writing, and shall not be acted upon until the next regular meeting, when a majoritj^ vote of the members present shall be sufficient to adopt. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. The following officers were elected at the regular annual meeting of the Cincinnati Society of Natural Histor}^ held April 6, J880: President — Dr. R, M. Byrnes. 1st Vice-President — Dr. J. H. Hunt. 2d Vice-President— Dr. D. S. Young. Secretary — Dr. F. W. Langdon. Treasurer — S. E. Wright. Librarian — S. A, Miller. Curator of Palaeontology — Prof. J. Mickelborough. Curator of Entomology — V, T. Chambers. Curator of Botany — Davis L. James. Curator of Ornithology — John W. Shorten. Curator of Ichth3'olog3^ — Dr. D. S. Young. 8 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural History. Curator of Archaeology— Dr. H. H. Hill. Curator of Comparative Anatom}'— Dr. A. J. Howe. Curator of Herpetology— Dr. VV. A. Dun. Members at large for the Executive Board — Dr. J. F. Judge, Dr. H. H. Hill, Prof. G. W. Harper and Mr. C. F. Low. Trustees of the Societj^ — Mr. Julius Dexter, 2 years; Mr. R. B. Moore, 1 year. The election of Curators of Mineralogy and Conchology was post- poned until the regular meeting in Ma3\ The President appointed S. A. Miller, Dr. J. F. Judge and R. B. Moore as a committee to audit the Treasurers accounts. The Treasurer's annual report will be found in another part of this Number. On motion of Mr. J. M. Edwards, the material in the section on Microscopy'was placed in charge of the Curator of Comparative Ana- tomy. Mr. Alfred Mack, Archibald Potter and Ralph L. R. Colvin were elected members of the society. The Literar}^ and Scientific Society of Madisouville presented a human cranium from the ancient cemetery near Madisonville. Dr. F. W. Langdon presented several species of batrachians and reptiles ; and Charles Peale a botanical specimen. executive board. ^The Executive board met immediately after the adjournment of the meeting of the societ}^ on April 6, and after transacting some business adjourned to meet on April 9th. At a full meeting of the board at the latter date, rules for its government in the transaction of business were adopted, and the time for regular meetings fixed on the third Tuesday of each month, at 3^ o'clock P. M. — to be held at the rooms of the societ}'. On motion, the following gentlemen were elected to constitute the publishing committee of the societ}^ viz: S. A. Miller, F. W. Langdon, C. F. Low, J. F. Judge and G. W. Harper. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and PalfBontology. NOBTH AMERICAN MESOZOIC AND C^NOZOIC GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY. By S. A. Miller, Esq. [Continued from Vol. 2, page 244-] In 1829, Dr. Morion illustrated a section of Cretaceous rocks, 27 8-12 feet in height, found in a bluff, on the margin of Crosswick's Creek, New Jersey, and separated the Cretaceous of New Jersey and Delaware in- to the lignite strata and the marl. He relied, in determining the Cretaceous age of the rocks, upon the genera Terebratula, Gryphcea^ Exogyra^ Ammonites.^ BacuUtes and Beleynnites. He described,* from an excavation for the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, Ostrea falcata^ and from other places, Terebratula harlani^ T. fragilis^ T. sayi^ Gryphcea mutahilis and G. vomer. In 1830,f he published his Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Ferruginous Sand Formation of the United States, with geological re- marks. He treated of the distribution of the strata, and mentioned many localities in the eastern and southern States where the}- are ex- posed, and also discussed the mineralogical characters of the marls. He described -SeZe??i^?'^es americaniis, B. ambiguus, Cucullce a vulgaris^ now Idonearca vulgaris^ Ammonites delawarensis, A. vanuxemi.^ Spatayi- gus Stella, Ananchytes craciferus, A. cinctiis, A. Jimbriatus and An. thophyllam atlanticum, now Montivaltia atlantlca. He also deter- mined that two species, figured in Sowerbj^'s Mineral Conchology, under the names of Chama heliotoidea and C. conica^ belong to Say's genus Exogyra. Sowerby soon after adopted his determination, which was the first instance in which the genus of an American author was adopted in Europe, where it required the separation of the species which had been referred to an older genus. In 1833, J; he published a Supplement to his Sjmopsis, in which he il- lustrated and described Rostellaria arenaria, now Anchiira arenaria, Tornitella bullata, Conus gyratus, Cytherea excavata. now Cyprimeria excavata, Cardita decisa, Clavagella armata, Plagiostoma gregale, now Spondylus gregaUs, P. pelagicum, now Lima j^^lf^ffica, Pecten 2:)er planus, P. venustus.^ Anomia argentaria, Gryphoia plicatella, Os- trea falcata, var. nasuta, 0. mesenterica, 0. tortuosa, 0. urticosa, ■■' Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, part 1. t Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts., vols. 17 & 18. t Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts., vols. 23 &24. 10 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Teredo tibialis, now I^olarthrus tibialis, Terebratida harlani, var. dis- coidea, T. harlani, var. rectilatera, T. lachryma, now Terebratulina lachryma, Pholas cithara, now Martesia cithara, Balanus peregrinus, Cidarites diatretum,i\ow Cidaris diatretum, Clypenster Jlorealis, G. geometricus^ and Spatangus ungula. Some of the species which he described at this time, and referred to the Cretaceous, are now regarded as of Eocene age. Among these we ma}' mention, Nummulites mantelli, which has been the subject of much discussion, and is now referred to D'Orbigny's genus Orbitoides, and chissed with the Pro- tista. In 1834, his S3^nopsis appeared, illustrated with nineteen plates, and haviniJ- an appendix, containing a tabular view of the Tertiary fossils hitherto discovered in North America. He said that he cast it, as " a grain of sand, on the mountain of geological knowledge, which has been heaped up by the genius and industry of the naturalists of both hemispheres." But the carefulness with which the work was prepared, and the sound discrimination and learning displayed upon every page, are so obvious that one is struck with astonishment, in comparing it with the peurile and hypothetical essa3^s which emanated, at that time, from the colleges and professed teachers of geology. It was not only a valuable contribution to knowledge, prepared by a physician, during the constant interruptions of a professional life, but it was the best work which had appeared, at that time, upon American Geology, and one that will continue to be a standard of science for many decades to come. / He separated the Cretaceous into two parts, the lower, Ftrruginous Sand, and the upper, Calcareous Strata. The mineralogical characters of the Ferruginous Sand are extremely variable, consisting, for the most part, however, of minute grains, collected into friable masses of a bluish or greenish or grayish color, the predominant constituents of which are silex and iron. Iron pj- rites is found in profusion ; succinite, lignite and spheroidal masses, of a dark green color, and compact, sand}' structure are not uncommon. The calcareous strata consist of several varieties of carbonate of lime, the principal of which are as follows: an extremely friable mass, containing silex and iron, and about 37 per cent, of lime, composed almost entirely of disintegrated zoophytes ; a 3^ellowish or straw colored limestone, full of organic remains ; a granular or subcrystalline limestone, intermediate in structure between the former two; and a white, soft limestone, not harder than some coarse chalks and replete with fossils. All these va- rieties are occasionally infiltrated by silicious matter, and contain Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and F aloe ontology. 11 masses of chert, and also present some appearances of the green grains so characteristic of the adjacent marls. The Cretaceous formation is unequivocally recognized in New- Jersey, from whence it nay be locally traced through Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Ten- nessee, Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri, it is also, probabl}^ traced to Long Island, and probabl}^ forms the substratum of the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vinej'ard. "These various deposits", he sa3^s, "though seemingly insulated, are doubtless continuous, or nearl}^ so, forming an irregular crescent, nearly 3,000 miles in extent; and there is not only a generic accordance between the fossil shells scat- tered through this vast tract, but in by far the greater number of comparisons I have hitherto bpen able to make, the same species of fossils are found throughout: thus, the Ammonites placenta., BacuUtes ovaius, Gryphcea vomer, G. mutabiUs, and Ostrea falcata, are found without a shadow of difference from New Jersey to Louisiana; although some species have been found in the latter State that have not been noticed in the former, and vice versa.'" The calcareous strata appear to be much less extensively distribut- ed than the friable marls, and present considerable difference in their organic characters, and alwaj's when observed form the overljnng beds of this formation. Two sections of the strata, as observed in Delaware, are furnished. Localities of exposure are mentioned in Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and in the level countrj^ between the Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains. He described: Nautilus dekayi, Ammonites navictilaris, A. pet- echialis, A. telifer, A. conradi, now Scaphites conradi, A. conradi, var. gulosus, now Scaphites conradi, var. gulosus, Scaphites reniformis, A. vesper tinus., now 3Iortoniceras vespertinum, A. syrtalis, now Placenti- ceras syrtalis, BacuUtes asper, B. carinatus, B. columna, B. labyrin- thicics, Hamites arculus, Hz torquatus, H. traheatus., Trochus leprosiis, now Phorus leprosus, Delphinula lapidosa, now Angaria lapidosa. TurriteUa encrinoides, T. vertebroides, Scalar ia sillimarii, S. annulata, Rostellaria pennata, IN atica abyss ina, now Gyrodes abyssina, JST. petrosa, now G. petrosus, Cirrus crotaloides. Patella tentorium, Ostrea cretacea, 0. plumosa, Pecten craticula, Placuna scabra^ Inoceramus barabi7ii, I. alveatus, Avicula laripes, Pectunculus australis, now Axincea australis, P. ham'ula, now A. hamula, Area rostellata, now Cibota rostellata, Cucullcea antrosa^ now Idonearca antrosa, V. vul- 12 Cincinnati Society of Nntv/ral History. garis, now /. vulgaris, Crassatella vadosa, Plwladomya occidentalism, Trigonia thoracica, Venilia conradi, now Veniella conradi., Terehratula floridana^ Serpida harhata. Hamulus onyx, CassiduJus mquoreus, Clypeaster geometricus, Flustra sagena, now Pliophlcea sagena, Eschara digitata, Alveolites capularis, Turhinolia inauris and Gryphoia pitclieri. The latter species was collected by Dr. Z. Pitcher, on the Kiamechia, a stream which empties into the Red river, a few miles above Fort Towson, when on a tour with a small militarv force, marking out a road from Fort Smith to Fort Towson. Dr. Pitcher and M. Jules Marcou referred the rocks to the Jurassic, and INIarcou claims that the ypecies is distinct from that which abounds in the Cretaceous of Texas, and farther west which is now so universally referred to this species. The weight of authority, howerer, is in favor of the identity of the fossils, and the Cretaceous age of the specimens described b}- Dr. Morton. In 1835, in an appendix to his S3^nopsis of Organic Remains, he separated the Cretaceous into upper, middle and lower divisions. Tn the upper division he placed the Cretaceous of South Carolina, and the Nummulite, or Orhitoides limestone of Alabama, which has since been regarded as of Eocene age. The middle division is partially seen at Wilmington, North Carolina, and to a considerable extent in New Jersey. The lower division embraces the vast Ferruginous strata of the Atlantic and Southern States. He enumerated the fossil species which he regarded as most characteristic of these divisions, and de- scribed Plagiostoma echinatum, now Spondylus echinatus. In 1834, Dr. Harlan described* Ichthyosaurus missiiriensis, now JIosasaifTUS missuriensis. In 1836^ Dr. Dekay describedf Geosaurus mitchelli, now Liodon mitcheUi. In 1838, Prof. Bronn described,^ from the greensand, 3Iosasaurus dekay i. In 1840, Prof. Henry Rogers§ divided the Cretaceous, which is ex- posed in the southern half of New Jerse3% northwest of a gentle undu- lating line, drawn from Shark Inlet, on the Atlantic coast, to Salem, into five separate beds, in ascending order, as follows : First. — A group of sands and clays, of several colors, and of some- what variable constitution, but frequentl}^ of extreme whiteness and =•= Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 4. t Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 3. X Lethaea Geognostica. g Geo. of New Jersey. Mesozoic rind Ccanozoic Geology and Pcdceontology. 13 remarkable purity. Among these occur beds of pure potter's clay. This division of the general series rests along its northwest margin, from the Raritan to the Assunpink, in an unconfoi'mable manner upon the middle secondary rocks, and from the Shipetaukin to the Delaware, upon the upturned strata of the primary belt. It contains, toward its upper beds, much of the dark blue sand}' claj^ which is also associated with the overlying greensand, from which it is not separated b}^ any well-defined limit. Second. — A somewhat mixed group, consisting of beds almost wholly composed of greensand, iii a loose and granular condition, al- ternating with and occasionally replaced by layers of a blue, sandy, micaceous cla}'. This is the "greensand formation," properly so called. Having been used, however, for agricultural purposes, it has acquired the name of marl. It comprises, strictl}- speaking, several subordinate beds, all belonging, however, to two principal varieties. In the first of these, the green, granular mineral is the predominant and characteristic ingredient. The second consists, on the other hand, of a dark-blue cla3^ mingled with more or less silicious sand. This latter material constitutes the usual floor upon which the true greensand deposit rests ; and it occurs, in like manner, especially in the northern and eastern portions of Monmouth count}^ both above the uppermost visible greensand, and included between its beds in one or more alternations. Third. — Immediately overlying the greensand formation near its southeastern border, there are several limited exposures of a yellowish granular limestone, of rather crj^stalline structure, and frequently sili- cious composition. This rock exists in rather irregular, thin, flaggy bands, usually from one to three inches thick. Between these there are often thin layers of loose, granular, calcareous sand, identical, or nearly so, with the matter of the rock, but destitute of cohesion. This formation contains a profusion of organic remains, many of which be- long in like manner to the underljdng greensand, though some occur in it alone. Resting usuall}' in direct contact with the greensand stratum, it contains often a moderate proportion of the green granular mineral, sprinkled throughout its mass. It is useful as a source of lime in a district where there is no other calcareous stratum. Fourth. — A yellow, very ferruginous, coarse sand, containing some- times a small proportion of the green mineral. This stratum is in some places thirty feet thick. In the Nevesink Hills, and in one or two other localities, it occurs as a soft sandstone, containing hollow casts of fossil shells. Throughout much oT the central portion of the 14 Cincinnati Society of Natur.al History. greensand region, this bed is in the condition of a loose sand, but abounds in organic remains in the state of solid casts. Fifth. — Resting npon the former, and constituting the highest as- certained member of the Cretaceous series in the State, there occurs a coarse, brown ferruginous sandstone, sometimes passing into a con- glomerate. It is composed of translucent quartzose sand, small frag- ments of felspar, and pebbles of white quartz, cemented together by a dark brown paste of oxide of iron. The green mineral in detached grains is likewise a common ingredient. The position of this rock is usuall.y upon the summits of the insulated outlying hills, which rise occasionally above the general plain of the marl region. This division into beds is merely descriptive of the local appearance of the Cretaceous of New Jerse}^, and has never been regarded as of an}^ service in the separation of the Cretaceous, in other States, into groups, nor has it been retained in New Jerse}', since the geologists have been able to separate the strata by their organic remains. In 1841, James C. Booth, in his Memoir of the Geological Survey of Delaware, divided the Cretaceous of that State, which is found super- imposed upon the primarj^ rocks, and extends from the lower limit of the primary nearlj^ to the southern border of New Castle count}^, into red cla3^, and green and yellow sands. He estimated the thickness at not less than 330 feet. In this 3"ear, Prof. J. W. Bailey* discovered that a large part of the calcareous green sand of New Jersey, the limestone from Claiborne, Alabama, and a light cream-colored marl fj'om a mission station on the Upper Mississippi, called " Prairie Chalk," is composed of micro- scopic shells belonging to the foraminifera. In 1842, Dr. Morton f described, from the Cretaceous of the upper Missouri river. Ammonites mandanensis, A. ahyssinus and A. nicol- letti, all of which are now referred to the genus Scaphites, and to the Fox Hills Group ; Hipponyx horealis^ now Anisomyon horealis, Cytherea missuriana^ now Dione missnriana and Tellina occiden- talism now Liicina occidentalis. And from the Cretaceous group, of New Jerse}', Ammonceratites conradi, now Crioceras conradi, Ham- ites annulifer, now Ftychoceras annuliferum..^ Pinna rostriformis., Terehratula atlantica^ Planularia cuneata, Cidarites armiger. And Ptycodus mortoni, by Mantell, from the Cretaceous, at Prairie Bluff, Alabama. Dr. James E. Dekay, des(;ribed,J; from the Cretaceous =■■ Am. Jour. S;!. and Arts, vol- 41. t Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, part 2. \ Zool- of New York. Mesozoic and Ccenozofc Geology and Palcjeontology. 15 greeusand, Gavialis neocoesariensis^ now Thoracosaurus neocaisarlen- sis. In 1843, Prof. Mather* ascertained that beneath the drift, and above the New Red Sandstone, there exists a deposit of sand, claj-, giavel and pebbles, on the Island of New York, Staten Island, Long Island and Gardener's, Plum, Shelter, Governor's and Bellow's Islands, which he referred- to the Cretaceous. Sections furnished b\^ the digging of wells indicated a thickness of 80 or 90 feet. He also regarded the exposure of trappean rocks in Rockland and Richmond counties, New York, as more recent than the New Red Sandstone. In 1844, Dr. Mortonf described, from New Jersey, Crocodihis cla- virostris. And Dr. Robert W. Gibbes, from the greensand near the Santee canal, about 3 miles from Cooper river, in South Carolina, Doru- don sen'atus, now Thoracosaurus neocmsariensis In 1845,+ Lj^ell and Sowerby described, from Timber creek, New Jersey, Ostrea subspatulata, Lyell and Forbes described Lima reticul- ata, Terehratula vanuxemi, now Terehratella vanuxemi, Bulla mor- ^OTZJ, and William Lonsdale described JcZwo^iea contortilis, Tuhulipora megoira, now Fllifascigera mega;ra, and Cellepora tubulata. Goldfuss described§ Ifosasaurus maximiUani, now Ji. missuriensis. In 1846, Di". Ferdinand Roemer|| ascertained the character of the Cretaceous rocks of Texas, and compared them with the chalk of Europe, and greensand of New Jerse}^, and claimed that they repre- sented the upper part of the Cretaceous formation. Ke mentioned their occurrence at New Braunfels, and ranging very far on both sides of the Guadiiloupe, and everywhere parallel to the chain of high hills which separate the Indian country from the settled part of Texas. He followed them as far as Austin on the Colorado, and collected fossils in them at San Antonio, and on the Pedernales river. East of a line drawn through San Antonio, New Braunfels and Austin, the surface is covered with strata more recent than the Cretaceous; it is generally composed of a thick diluvium' of loose materials, consisting either of a fertile vegetable mould, or of rounded pieces of h\' drate of iron, or of sand and gravel. In 1848,^ he stated that an ideal line, drawn from Presidio de Rio Grande, on the Rio Grande, in a N. E. direction, and crossins^ the San * Geo. Sur. N. Y. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. X Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc-, vol. 1. § Act. Nov. Leop. Caes. Nat. Cur. II Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser , vol. 1. H Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2'1 ser vol 6. 16 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Antonio river, at the town of the same name, the Guadaloupe at New Bi'aunfels, the Colorado at Austin, the Brazos at the falls of this river, the Trinity below its forks, and reaching from there to the Red river in the same N. E. direction, divides the Tertiarj^ strata, and the dilu- vial and alluvial deposits (of the level and rolling part of the country) from the Cretaceous and older formations (of the hilly and mountainous sections) of Texas. The tract of level country which extends like a broad belt along almost the whole coast of Texas, is diluvial and partly alluvial in character. Its small elevation of a few feet only above the level of the sea, and its perfectly level surface, indicate, at once, the recent origin of the soil. The fossil remains found in many places in the deposits of clay and sand, prove their modern age still more con- clusively. At the head of Galveston Bay, and near the town of Houston, he found, at the height of 12 to 20 feet above the general level of the Ba}', large deposits of shells of Gnathodon, a bivalve mollusc, which lives abundantly in the brackish waters along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Bay of Galveston, and a few oyster shells of the common kind, but no shells diflferent from those living in the Ba3^ Everything tending to show that there had been no material change in the climate, nor other circumstances since the period of these deposits along the coast of Texas, except in the relative change of the level of land and sea. To the diluvial period he referred the deposits of oXay and sand which form the banks of the Brazos, and probably all the other large rivers of the country wherein he found the bones of the Mastodon, Megalonyx, Tapir and other mammals. To the same period he referred the deposits of gravel and sand, which form a broad belt of barren or poor land covered with pine and post oak timber, in the rolling or undulating portion of Texas, and extending from west to east across a considerable part of the countr}'. Following up the Co- lorado from Columbus to Bastrop, or the Guadaloupe from Gonzales to Seguin, we pass directly across this belt. The gravel is mostlj^ composed of pebbles of silex, evidently derived from decomposed Cre- taceous strata. Within the limits of this gravel formation, fossil wood of dicotyledonous trees, in smaller or larger fragments, is found almost everywhere, and occasionally^ whole trunks of trees are met with. Near the tovvn of Caldwell, on the Upper Brazos, he found alternating strata of brown ferruginous sandstone, and of dark-colored plastic clay, both teeming with fossils belonging to the older divisions of the Tertiary period The Cretaceous sti'ata which makes the most important part in the geological constitution of Texas, and chiefly her upper hilly part, is 3Iesozoic and Connozoic Geology and Palceontology, 17 found north of the line above indicated, covering the whole area of country with the exception of small exposures of Silurian and Carbon- iferous strata and granitic rocks. The Cretaceous strata constitute, generall}', compact and hard rocks, some of them equaling in compact- ness the hardest strata of more ancient secondary formations. Gener- ality there is an alternation of compact silicious limestones, and less compact beds of either pure or marly limestone. The former contain the silex as well diffused through their whole mass, as in separate con- cretions or nodules. The silicious character of these rocks, excluding the decomposing action of the atmosphere, almost entirely produces the general dry and barren aspect of the country which they occupy. He pointed out the differences between the Cretaceous fauna of Texas, and that of New Jersey and other northern localities, and compared" the fauna with that of Europe, from whence he concluded that there must have existed at the time of the Cretaceous period between the continents of Europe and America, such a relation that, in. both, the same modifications in the zoological character distinguished the marine fauna of the north from that of the south. From thence he drew the interesting conclusion, that the same southern inflection of the isothermal lines, which is at present so remarkable in their course from the west side of the continent of Europe, toward the east side of the continent of America, already existed at a period of the globe as remote as that of the Cretaceous formation. In 1849, Prof Owen* described, from the greensand of New Jersey, Crocodilus basf/issus, C. hasitruncatiis^ now Holops basitruncatus^ Ilacrosuurus loivis and Hyposaurus r oyer si. In 1850, T. A. Conradf described, from Timber Creek, New Jersey, Catopygus oviformis. In 1851, Dr. Gibbes]; described, from South Carolina, Jlosasaiirus ((catidens.M. brumby i, 31. caroUnensis, 31. couperi, and 31. minor. And Dr. Leid3'§ described Biscosaurus vetustus, now Cimoliasaurus vetustus, and Conosaurus b&wmani. In 1852, Dr. D. D. Owen|| described, from the Fox Hills of Nebraska, Ammonites nebrascensis^ A. cheyennensis, now Scaphites cheyennensis, A. opalus, A. moreauensis, now S. moreauensis, A. lenticularis, now Placenttceras lenticulare, Scaphites comprimus., 8. nodosus., Ino- ■■' Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc, vol. 5. t Jour. Acad, Xat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 2. X Smithsonian Contributions, vol. 2. § Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1 Kep. Geo. Sur. Wis., Iowa and Minn. 18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ceramus sagensis^ I. nebrascensis, and CucidUea nebrascensis, now Idonearca nebrascensis. Dr. Joseph Leidj'* described, from the greeiisand of New Jerse}', Crocodilus dekayi.-f Dr. Ferd. RoemerJ; described, Irom the Cretaceous rocks of Texas, Actreonella doliiim^ Ammonites dentato-carinatus, A.Jlaccidicosta, A. guadalupm^Arcopagia texana^Astarte lineolata^Astrocceniaguadalupai, Avicula convexo-plana, A. i^edernalis^ A. planiuscula, Caprina crassi- Jibra^ C. guadalupcB, Caprotina texana, Cardium elega^itidum, now Lei - opistha elegantida, C. sanctisabce, Chemnifzia gloriosa, Cyphosoma texannm, Cypricardia texana, Diadema texanum^ Eidima texana^ Exogyra arietina^ E. la^viuscida, E. ponderosa, E. texana, Fusus .jyedernalis, Globiconcha coniformis^ G. planata, Hemiaster texanus, Hippurites texanus, Holectypus planatus, Homomya alta, Tnoceram- us confer tiin-annulatus, I. nndulato-plicatus^ Lamna texana, Lima cremdicosta, L. wacoensis, Modiola concentrico-costellata, wowVolsella concentrico-costellata, M . granulato-cancellata , now Creiiella granidato- canceUata,3I.pedernalis,nowVolseUapedernaJis,3Io7iopleurasubtrique- tra, M. texana, Jfytilus semiplicatus, M. tennitesta, Natica pedernalis, now Lunatia pedernalis, 'J!^. prcegrandis, Nerinea acus^ iV". texana, Urbifulites texanus, now Tinoporus texanus, Ostrea anomiosformis, O. crenulimargo, 0. aucella, Pecten duplicicosta, now Neithea duplicicos- ta, P. texana, now JV. texana^ Pholadomya pedernalis, Psammobia cancellatO'Sculpta^ now Qari cancellato-sculpta, Radiolites austinensis, Scalaria texana, now Anchura texana, Scapkites semicostatus, S. fei anus, Solen irradians, Spondylus guadalupce^ Terebratida guad- alupce, T. ivacoensis, Toxaster texanus, Turrilites hrazoensis, and TurriteUa seriatim-granulata. In 1853, T. A. Conrad§ described, from San Felipe creek, near Rio Grande, Texas, Exogyra caprina; from New Jersey, Avicula abrupta, A. peirosa, Solenomya pUnudata, now I^egumen plarndatus, Crassa- tella subplana. Area uniopsis, Tellina densata, Lucina pinguis, now Tenea pinguis, Pecten ■ quinquenaria, now Neithea quinquenaria^ Cardium protextum^ Venilia rhomboidea, now Veniella rJwmbqidea, Astarte parilis, Dentalium subarcuatum, Inoceramus perovfdis, Requienia senseni and Pholas pectorosa. * Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 2 t Smithsonian Contributions, vol. 2. X Kreid. von Texas. § Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 2. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and P alee ontology. 19 In 1854,* the Cretaceous formation of Nebraska was subdivided b}' Hall and ]Meek. in ascending order, as follows: 1. Sandstone and chn', 90 feet. 2. Cla}^ containing a few fossils, 80 feet. 3. Calcareous marl, containing Ostrea congesta, scales of fishes, etc., 100 to 150 feet. 4. Plastic claj's, with calcareous concretions, containing numerous fossils, 250 feet. This is the principal fossiliferous bed of the Cre- taceous formation on the Upper Missouri. 5. Arenaceous clays passing into argillo calcareous sandstones, 80 feet. These subdivisions were referred to, by these numbers, until 1861, when Meek and Hayden, in accordance with the laws of nomenclature, gave them the following geographical names: No. 1, Dakota Group; No. 2, Fort Benton Group; No. 3, Niobrara Group; No. 4, Fort Pierre Group; and No. 5, Fox Hills Group. They described from No. 5, at Fox Hills, Pecten rigida, now Syn- cyclonema rigiduin, from the Bad Lands of Dakota, BacuUtes grandis; from No. 4, at the Great Bend of the Missouri, below Fort Pierre, Avicula haydem', Inoceramns convexus, I. tenuilineatus, I. subloivis^ Nucula subnasuta, now Nuculana subnasuta, Buccinum vinculum, now Trachijtriton vinculum. Ammonites complexus, Turrilites cochleac'us, now Heteroceras cochleatum: from Sage creek, JSfucula ventricosa, now Toldia ventricosa, Crassatella evansi, Lucina subun- data, Dentalium gracile, Actoion concinnus, now Cinulia concinna, Fusus tenuilineatus, now Closteriscus tenuilineatus, Natica concinna, now Lunatia concinna, Natica paludiniformis, now Amauropsis, IKiludiniformis, Fusus constr ictus, now Odontobasis cojistricta; from No. 2, near the mouth of Vermilion river, Inocer amus fragilis-, ivom below the mouth of James river, Cytherea orbiculata, now Callista orbiculata and C. tenuis; from No. 1, at the mouth of Big Sioux river, on the Missouri, Pectunculus siouxensis, now Trig'onarca siouxensis. Dr. Geo. G. Shumardf found the Cretaceous rocks at Fort Washita, and extending from, there uninterruptedly to the southwestern boun- dary of the Cross Timbers, in Texas. It usually consists of grayish yellow sandstone, with intercalations of blue, yellow and ash colored clays, and beds of white and bluish white limestone. The limestone reposes on the clays and sandstones, and in some places attains a =•= Mem. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci., vol 5. t Expl. of Red River, of Louisiana, by Marcy. 20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. thickness of 100 feet. It is iisuall}^ soft and friable, and liable to dis- integrate rapidl}- when exposed to the action of the weather. At Fort Washita he found Ammonites several feet in diameter, and weighing between 400 and 500 pounds. Dr. B. F. Shumard described Ostrea subovata, Astarte Washitensis, Cardium multistriatum, now Protocardia multistriata^ Panopoea tex- ana, Terebratula choctawensis, Glohiconcha elevata, G. tumtda, Eulima suhfusiformis., Ammonites acuticarinatus, A. marcianus, He- miaster elegans.^ now Toxaster elegans^ and Uol aster simplex. Dr. Leidy* described, from near Greenville, Clark count}-, Arkansas, Brimosaurus grandis, now CimoUasaurus grandis. And Evans & Shu- mard described, from Sage creek, Nebraska, Avicula linguiformis, A. triangularis, Solarium Jfexistriatum, now Jlargaritella Jfexistriata, Pholadomya elegantula^ and Bostellaria nehrascensis, now Anchura nthrascensis ; and from Fox Hills, 3Iytilus galpinanus now Volsella galpinana. In 1855, M. Tuome3't described, from Alabama and Mississippi, Nautilus orbiculatus, N. spillmani, N. angulatus, Ammonites angus- tns, A. binodosus, A. carinatus, A. magnijicus, A. ramosissimus^ Tur- rilitea aJfernatus, Turritella fastigiata Phorus umbilicatus, now En- doptygma umbilicata, Voluta cancellata, V. fitsiformis, V. jugosa, V. spillmani, Fusus eufalensis, F. turriculus, Pyrula richardsoni, now Pyropsis richardsoni., P. trochiformis, now Pyropsis trochiformis, Cerithium nodosum, Teredo calamus, Panopcea cretacea, Pholadomya tenua, Cai diuni hemicyclus, Cucullwa ungula, Inoceramus biformis, I. inflatus, I. proximus, I. salebrosus, I. triangidaris, Radiolites or- mondi, P. aimesi, R. undidatus, Ichthiosarcolites cornutus, I. lorica- tus, I. quadrangular is. T. A, Conrad]; described, from Dallas count}', Miss., Baculites an- nulatus, Ha mites larvatus, H. rotundatus; from Arkansas, ^Tzcz/Zocera.v approximans, and Cardium arkansasense, now Protocardia arkansas- ensis; from Alabama, Caprina quadrata, and from Texas, Bostellites texanus, Turritella irrorata, Caprina occideiifalis, C. planata, JS eithea occidentalis, Mactra texana, Exogyra jimbriata^ and E. fragosa. Dr. Joseph Leidy§ described, from the greensand near Pemberton, New Jersey, Pristis curvidens. ■' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7. X Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7. g Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 7. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 21 Dr. Jumes Schiel* found the Cretaceous rocks west of Fort Atkin- son, and described Inoceramus x>seudo-mytiloides. W. P. Blake, from the fossils collected by Oapt. John Pope, identified these rocks on the banks of the Red river, near Preston; Big Springs of the Col- orado; Elm Fork of the Trinit}^ river; and a point 20 miles east of the Sand Hills, on the Llano Estacado. In 1856, William P. Blakef announced generally the Cretaceous age of the extensive table lands on the 35th Parallel from the 101st to the 110th Meridian, known as the Llano Estacado. Thous^h Wis- lizenus as earl}^ as 1848 had described it in the bluff's of Gallinas Creek, and Dr. Schiel, Dr. Randalf and Lieutenant Simpson as well as Jules Marcou had testified to its existence in various places in the exposed bluff's found upon these plains. The strata are nearly hori- zontal, and principal!}^ white or grey and highly calcareous, but some- times intercalated with gre}^ or blue marl or clay. Prof. James HaU described, from False Washita and other localities in the westi Gryphoia loitcheri^ var. navia. Meek & Hay den]; described, from near Fort Union, Nebraska (later called Fort Union Group), Cyclas formosa^ now Splicer ium for mo sum ^ C, sif.beUipticus, now S. suhelUpticum, Bulimus teres^ now Columna teres, B. vermiculus, now C. vermicida, Pupa helicoicles, Limnea ten- uicosta, which is made the tjpe of the genus Pleurolimnea, Physa longiuscula, now Bulimus longiusculus, P. rhomboidea, now B. rhom- hoideus, P. nebrascensis, Velletia minida, now Acroloxus minutus, Paludina leai, now Viviparus leai, P. i^etusa, now V. retusus, P. leidyi, now V. leidyi, P. trochiformis, now V. trochiformis, Valvata parvula, Jlelania minutula, now Jlicropyrgus minutulus, 31. multis- triata, now Campeloma multistriatum, 31. nebrascensis, now Goniobasis nebrascensis; from Moreau river, Cyrena moreauensis, now Gorbicula moreauensis, Gyrena intermedia, now Gorbicula nebrascensis; from the Bad Lands of the Judith river, Gyrena occidentalis, now Gorbicula occidentalism Gorbula subtrigonalis, G. perundata, G. mactriforinis ^ Unio priscus, Physa subelongata. now -Bulimus subelongatus, Planor- bis subumbilicatus, Paludina vetula, now Gampeloma vetulum, P. con- 7'adi., now Viviparus conradi, 3Ielania convexa, now Goniobasis con- vexa; from Fort Clark, Bulimus limnwformis, now Thaumastus limnm- formis, Paludina multilineata, now Gampeloma multilineatum, P. peculiar is, now Viviparus j^eculiar is; from Little Horn river, Planor- * Expl. & Sur. R. R. Miss. River to Pacific Ocean, vol. 2. t Pacific R. R. Sur. vol, 3. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, vol. 8. 22 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. his Gonvolutus; from the Yellow Stone, Melania antlionyi^ now Hydro- hia anthonyi; and from near the head waters of the Little Missonri, Ceritliium nebrascense, now Cerithidea nehrascensis. From (the Fort Pierre Group)* No. 4, of the Cretaceous in Nebraska, Actoion suhellij)ticus, Turbo nebrascensis, now Margarita nebrascensis, Bostellaria biangulata, now Aporrhais biangulata, Helcion sexsulca- tus, now Anisomyon sexsidcatum. H. patelliformis^ now A. patelli- ^orrne, H. alveolus, now A. alveolus, U. subovatus, now-^1. subovatum^ Bulla occidentalis, now Haminea occide?! talis, Turritella convexa, Ammonites halli, now Phylloceras halli, Ancyloceras nebrascense, now Heteroceras nebrascense, A. cheyenense, now H. cheyenense, Avicula fibrosa, now Pseudoj^ter a fibrosa; from near the mouth of Milk river. Bulla sub cylindrical, now Ilaminea subcylindrica, Venus circularis, now Thetis circularis, Cytherea pellacida, now Callista 2^^llucida; Cuculloia exigua, now Trigonarca exigua, Gervillia subtortuosa, Ino- ceramus incurvus, and Ostrea patina; from the Great Bend of the Mis- souri, Nucula obsoletastriata. From (the Fox Hills Group) f No. 5, of the Cretaceous in Nebraska, iScalaria cerithiformis, now Chernnitzia ceri.thiformis, Natica am- bigua, now Vanikoro ambigua, Natica occidentalis, now Lunatia occi- deixtalis, Turbo tenuilineatus, now Spironema tenuilineatum, Fusus dakotensis, F. galpinanus, now Fasciolaria galpinana.^ F. contortus, F. flexuocostatus, now Fasciolaria flexuocostata^ F. newberryi, now Pyrifusus newberryi, F. culbertsoni, now Fasciolaria culbertsoni, Py- rula bairdi, now Pyrop)sis bairdi, Fasciolaria cretacea, F. buccinoides, Buccinum nebrascensis, now Pseudo-buccinum nebrascense. Bulla vol- varia, now Cylichna volvaria, B. minor, now Ilaminea minor, Turri- tella moreaucnsis, now Cerithiopsis moreauensis, Belemnitella bulbosa. From the mouth of Judith river, on Cherrj^ creek, and on Moreau river, Pholadomya undata, now Cymella undata, Goniomya americana, Solen subplicatus^ now Solenomya subplicata, Tellina gracilis, now Thracia gracilis, Tellina Cheyennensis, T. scitula, T. subelliptica, now Corbicula subelliptica, T. prouti, now Thracia prouti, Cytherea de- weyi^ now Callista deweyi, Cytherea nehrascensis, now Callista nebras- censis, Corbula moreauensis.^ now Neaera moreauensis, C. ventricosa, now iV^. ventricosa, C. gregaria, now Corbitlamella gregaria, Astarte gregaria, now Eryphyla gregaria, Nucula scitula, now Toldia scitula, N. evansi, now T. evansi, N. (p.quilateralis, now Nuculana cequilater- * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. Mesozoic and Coinozoic Geology and Palceontology. 23 alis^ JSr. suhplana, JV. cancellafa, iV. planimarginata, Pectunculina pari'ula, now Lhnopsis parvula, CuciiUwa cordata, now Idonearca cordata, C. shumardi^ now /. shumardi, Mytilus attenuatus, now Vol- sella attenuata^ Inoceramus pertenuis^ Pecten nebrascensis, Natica suhcrassa^ now Lunatia subcrassa, JSTatica tuomeyana, now Vanikor- opsis tiiomeyana, Panopoia occidentalism now Glycimeris occidentalism Jfaclraformosa, M. ivarrenana, M. alta, Tellina subtortuosa, now Thracia subtortuosa^ Cytherea owenana^ now Callista owenana, Hettangia ameiHcana, now Tancredia amei^icana, Cardium speciosum, and Jlytihis subarcuatus. Professor L. Harper* described, from the bed of the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior river, near Erie, Greene county, Alabama, about twelve miles above the confluence of the Tombigbee and Black Warrior rivers, Ceratites americanus. Dr. Joseph Leidyf described, from the greensand of Burlington county, New Jersey, Chelonia ornata, now Peritresius ornatus Polygonodon vetus, Ischyrhiza m^Va, Edaphodon mirijicus, now Ischyodus mii^ijicus ; from Neuse river, North Carolina, Ischyrhiza antiqua ; and from the Upper Missouri, Cladocyclus occidentalis and Enchodus shumardi. And from the Fort Union Group, at Long Lake, Nebraska, Emys obscurus, now Compsemys obscurus, Compsemys victus, and Mylognathus priscus ; from the lowest lignitic of Grand river, Nebraska, Thespesius occidentalism and from the Bad Lands of Judith River, Paloioscincus costatus, Trachodon mirabilis, Troodonformosus^ Trionyx foveatus, Deinodon horridus^ now Amblysodon honndus, Crocodilus humilis^ now Bottosaurus humilis, Lepidotus haydeni^ L. occidentalis, and Ischyr other inm antiquum, now Ischyrosaarus antiquus. In 1857, Arthur SchottJ described the Cretaceous basin of the Rio Bravo. The main portion, from Las Moras to the vicinity of Rejuiosa, forms a belt of 380 to 400 miles in width. The upper part of this belt commences in the vicinit^^jof Las Moras, and terminates some few miles above Laredo, a distance of about 200 miles, whilst the lower part be- gins where the former ends, and reaches as far as the vicinity of Rey- nosa, showing a width of about 340 miles. Both of these parts are distinctl}^ characterized by strata of greensand (chloritic chalk), which change, according to the amount of oxide of iron they contain, into '•'■ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8. t U. S. & Mex. Bound. Sur., vol. 1. 24 Cincinnati Society of Naixircd History. Tariously tinted sandstone shoals. The solidity of the strata varies very much. They are sometimes formed into vei'y solid rocks,, well suited for mechanical or architectural operations; again, the}^ consist of loose and coarsely grained sandstone slate, which rapidl}^ crumbles on exposure to the air. The general characteristic of this belt and its subdivisions is the strict horizontality of its strata. It is only here and there that some slight local disturbance has taken place, as for instance, near Laredo, and again, some 40 or 50 miles above, where a dip of about 8° W., S. E. and E. is exposed. From Las Moras to the vicinity of Arro3'o Sombreretillo, which is about 10 miles above Laredo, lignite coal occurs quite frequently. On both sides of the mouth of Elm creek, near Eagle pass, particularly on the north bank of this water course, la3'ers are exposed from 3 to 4 feet thick. On the slope of Lizard Hills, below the deserted Rancho Palafox, coal occurs from 4 to 5 feet thick. Septarine abound in the lower belt, especially below the mouth of Arro3'o Sombreretillo; on the oyster-terraces, some 40 miles below Laredo, and near the Rancho San Ignacio; on the slope of Red Ridge, of Shady Bluffs, and Septariie Hills. Their most common shape resembles very much a small flat loaf of bread. Both on the outside and inside large irregularly shaped divisions, like a net work of veins occur, which are composed of crystals of gypsum, a mineral very abundant in these rocks. C. C. Parr}^ found the Cretaceous in the basin of the Rio Grande, where the Comanche trail crosses from Upper Texas into Mexico, near the Mexican settlement of San Carlos. The rock exposure exhibits a very variable dip, mostl}' inclined toward the west, occasionall}^ at a very sharp angle. It rises at various points in the adjoining table- land, forming ochreous colored rocky bluffs, where at several points the gravelly table-land is seen to rest uncouformabl}^ on the sharply- tilted strata. Further down the river, in an eastern direction, the Cretaceous assumes a nearly horizontal position, and a closer texture. It is here seen overlaid by a variable sheet of dark-colored lava rock. This sheet of igneous rock conforms closely to all the inequalities of the underlying limestone, exhibiting, in the walls of the Canon below, a distinct line of separation traceable for a long distance. The wester- l}" dip of the Cretaceous underneath gradually thins out this upper igneous capping, which finally disappears, and solid limestone walls continue along the line of the river. At one point on the line of the trail leading round the broken ranges of the mountain ledges, directly bordering the river, to reach its bed Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 25 some eight miles below the Comanche Ford, the sides of a deep washed ravine bring to view the successive and relative thickness of the rocks. We here see the upper members of the Cretaceous rocks forming the tabled summits of the adjoining mountains, and marked by frequent Cretaceous fossils, resting on a bed of igneous trap-form rock 50 to 80 feet thick, this again overlaying the closer layers of the limestone strata below. The gigantic canon of San Carlos, through which for ten miles the Bio Grande, pursuing a nearly due east course, makes its way, pre- sents unbroken walls of Cretaceous limestone. The course of the river cutting the strata in a line directh^ opposed to the dip, there is a constantly' increasing elevation of the canon walls. These walls com- mence with a height of between 200 and 300 feet; but the fall of the water, combined with the rise of the strata, develops, in the course of ten miles, a clear perpendicular height of at least 1,500 feet above the river level. A faint conception onl3^ can be formed from these facts of the truly awful character of this chasm. Its course can be marked along the mountain slope in a regular zigzag line, terminating by an opening cleft, which rises high and clear above the surrounding mountain ranges. The surface of the ground adjoining the river bank is a slightl}^ broken slope, extending to the east, and showing a continuous development of the range to the north and south. The general surface presents no indication of a river course, and you are not aware of its presence till j'ou stand suddenly on its abrupt brink; even here the running water is not always visible, unless advantage be taken of the projecting points, forming angles, along the general course of the river. From this dizzy height the stream below looks like a mere thread, passing in whirling eddies, or foaming over broken rapids; a stone hurled from above into this chasm passes completely out of sight behind the over-hanging ledges, and one can often count thirty before the last deadened splash announces that it has reached the river bed. From the point formed b}^ its last projecting ledges the view is grand be3'ond all conception. You can here trace backward the line of the immense chasm, which marks the course of the river, till it emerges from its stupendous outlet. The mountain range forming the San Vincente canon, lower down the Rio Grande, is exclusively Cretaceous. The eastern slope of the Sierra Carmel shows the Cretaceous limestone inclining eastward at an angle of about 20°; and the Cretaceous continues to be exposed al- most uninterruptedly to the mouth of the Pecos river. From here to 26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Eagle Pass is an open country, occupied by low swells of Cretaceous limestone, thus merging into that character of country pertaining to the region of central Texas. Prof. James Hall, to whom the minerals and fossils collected by the Boundary Commission were referred for geological examination, com- pared the Cretaceous of Texas and New Mexico with that of Nebraska and the eastern states. He furnished the following section of the successive beds comprising the Cretaceous formation of New Jersey, which had been communicated to him by Prof. Geo. H. Cook for comp'irison, to- wit: 8. Greensaxd, Third or Upper Bed. [Probablj^ of Eocene Age.] This bed admits of a triple division, the central portion is nearly destitute of fossils, while those of the upper and lower divisions are mostl}' dissimilar. 7. QuARTzosE Sand, resembling Beach Sand. This bed is (so far as known), quite destitute of fossils. ( 6. Greensaxd, Second Bed. (a) Yellow limestone of Timber Creek. Characterized by Eschara digitata, Montivaltia atlantica, Nucleolites crucifer^ Ananchytes cinctus, A. Jimbriatus, Morton. (b) A bed of nearly unchanged shells. Among the character- istic fossils of this bed are Gryphcea vomer, G. convexa, and Tere- hratula harlani. (c) Greensand, etc. Ciccullcea vulgaris is the most characteristic fossil of the lower division. 5. QuARTzosE Sand highly Ferruginous throughout, and Argillaceous in its upper parts. This rock is sometimes indurated or cemented by oxyd of iron. Exogyra costata, Ostrea larva, Belemnitella mucronata, Pecten [Neithea) quinque-costatus ; and man}^ other fossils mostly in the condition of casts of the interior, or impressions of the exte- rior. 4. Greensand, First or Lower Bed. Several subdivisions may be recognized depending on the char- acter of the marl, etc. Exogyra costata, Ostrea larva, Belemni- tella mucronata, Terehratula sayi, {^Gryphcea convexa and G. mutahilis), Ostrea vesicularis. 3. Dark Colored Clay, containing Greensand in Irregular Stripes and Spots. Ammonites delawarensis, A. placenta, A. conradi, Baculites , ovatus, casts of Cardium. I en or Mesozoic and Coenozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 27 2. Dark Colored Clay. [Position of beds Nos. 2 and 3 of the Ne- braska section.] At the present time the evidence tends to show that No. 1 of the Nebraska section is represented by Nos. 1 and 2, and that Nos. 2 and 3 of the Nebraska section are wanting, and would find a place between Nos. 2 and 3 of this section if existing. This bed contains large quantities of fossil wood (no animal remains are known to occur in it). 1. Fire Clay and Potter's Clay. This bed contains fossil wood, and numerous impressions of leaves; but no animal remains. In making the comparison of the strata he placed a large part of the Cretaceous fossils of the boundary surv^ey in the same parallel with beds Nos. 2 and 3 of the Nebraska section, and below those beds in New Jerse3'' and Alabama, which contain BacuUtes ovatus, ITautilus dekayi mn^ Ammonites placenta. He described from Leon Springs, Pyrina yavryi. Prof. T. A. Conrad described, from between El Paso and Fron- tera, TurhinoUa texana^ Cucullma terminalis, Area subelongata., Car- diuni mediale, Cytherea texana, Ostrea velUeata., JSFodosaria texana\ from Leon Springs, Trigonia texana^ Protocardia Jilosa, Cardlta em- inula^ Lima leonensis, Cytherea leonensis. Ammonites geniculatus, A. leo7iensis, Capsa texana, Terebratiila leonensis, Turritella leonensis; from Rio San Pedro, Cardium congestum, JSfatica collina, JST. texana, Rostellaria collina, Buccinopsis x>arryi; from Dry creek, Mexico, Os- trea cortex.^ 0. multilirata; from Turkey creek, Leon and Eagle Pass roads, Pholadomya texana; from Jacun, three miles below Laredo, Ostrea robusta, Ammonites pleurisepta; from other places, Corbula occidentalis, Inoceramus texanus, Astarte texana, Plicatula incongrua, Ostrea bella, 0. liigubris, Turritella ylaiiilateris, Nerinea schotti, and Cardita subtetrica. Evans and Shumard* desaribed, from Nebraska, Avicula nebras- cana, Limopsis striato-punctata, Cardium subquadratum, and C. va- rum, now Protocardia subquadrata^ and P. rara, Area sulcatina, now Nemodon sulcatinus, Leda fibrosa, nov^ JSfecer a fibrosa, 31 ytilus meeki, now Volsella meeki, Ostrea subtrigonalis., Pleurotoma minor, Fusus nebrascensis, Turritella multilineata, Rostellaria americana, now An- chura americana.^ and Ammonites galpini. Meek and Haydenf described, from the Great Bend of the Missouri, * Trans. St, Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 9. 28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. and other places in Nebraska (Fort Piei-re Group), Ptychoceras mor- toni, Fasiis suhtiirritus, now Pyrifusus subturritus, J^\ intertextas, now P. intertextus^ Xylophaga elegantula, now Tarnus elegantnlus, X. stimpsonij now T. stimpsoni; from (Fox Hills Group), near the mouth of Heart river, Fasus vaughni; and from other parts of Nebraska, Fastis (?) scarhoroughi^ now Fasciolaria scarboroughi^ Pkoladomya subventricosa, Cyprina cordata, now Sphceriola (?) cordata, C. eom- 2)ressa, C. subtmnida, C. ovata, JPectunculus subimbricatus, now Axincea subimbricata, Ostrea translucida^ Hemiasterhumphreysanus', from the mouth of Judith river, Vitrina obliqua, Planorbis amplexus^ Helix occidentalism now Hyalina occidentalism H. vitrinoides, now H. vetusta, 3Ielania omitta, now Goniobasis omitta, 31. subtortu- osa, now G. subtortuosa, 31. subkevis, now G. sublaivis, 31. invenusta, now G. invenusta, Unio danai, U. detce}/anus, U. subspatulatiis.^ Ostroia glabra; from the Fort Uaion Group, Lignite beds at Fort Berthold on the Missouri river, Planorbis fragilis, now P. planocon- vexus, 3Ielania tenuicarinata., now Goniobasis tenuicarinata, 31. warrenana, now Hydrobia warrenana; from the Fort Benton Group, at th'e mouth of Vermilion river, Serpula tenuicincta; from the Da- kota Group, near the mouth of Vermilion river, Soloi dakotensis, now Phorella dakotensis^ and Cyprina arenaria, now Cyrena arenaria. The rocks* of the Lower Cretaceous, in Mississippi, consist princi- pally of stratified sand, mixed with a large proportion of silicate of iron or glauconite, which imparts to it a greenish color of different hues, and has given origin to the very appropriate name of greeusand. The indurated greensand is generally full of fossils. It is exposed in the western part of Tishamingo, eastern part of Tippah, northwestern part of Itawamba, northeastern part of Pontotoc, and northeastern part of Lowndes county. The Upper Cretaceous has sometimes been called the rotten lime- stone, and occupies a larger area than the lower division. It occupies part of Kemper, Noxubee, Lowndes, Ocktibbeha, Chickasaw, Monroe, Pontotoc and Itawamba counties. This division is also highly fossil- iferous where well exposed. The estimated thickness of the whole is placed at from 1,200 to 1,500 feet. Dr Leidyf described, from Columbus, Miss., Hadrodus priscus; from Nebraska, Phasganodus dims, and from the greensand of New Jersey, Pycnodus robustus. * Geo. of Miss. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 9. Mesozoic and Ccenozotc Geology and P alee ontology. 29 In 1858, Dr. Geo. G. Sliumard* described the Cretaceous rocks near the mouth of Delaware Creek, on the Rio Pecos, in New Mexico, where be found a thickness of 960 feet. Tlie first 100 feet consists usually of a hard limestone, of a light cream color and earthy texture, and con- tains numerous spheroidal cavities, from a fourth to a half an inch in diameter, which are sometimes partiall}- filled with loose, ferruginous earth. In other places it is softer and lighter colored, resembling im- pure chalk. Beneath this limestone, deposits of gypsum, clay and sandstone occur. In some places the strata are much disturbed, and are found dipping in opposite directions, at angles of 40° or 50°. He also referred to the Cretaceousf certain strata in the bluffs of the Miss- issippi, above Commerce, Missouri, having a thickness of 158 feet, but no fossils were obtained. The Cretaceous rocks]; occupy a belt across the State of Alabama, from 50 to 100 miles in width. The counties, either in whole or in part, exposing these rocks on the surface, are Barbour, Russell, Pike, Macon, Montgomery, Butler, Lowndes, Autauga, Wilcox, Dallas, Perry, Marengo, Greene, Choctaw, Sumpter and Pickens. T. A. Conrad§ described, from Tippah countj^ Mississippi, Phola- domya tippana, Periploma appUcata, SiUquaria hiplicata^ now Lep- tosolen hiplicatiis, Legumen eUipiicus, L. appressus^ Dosinia densata, Meretrlx tippana, now Aphrodina tippana, Papyridea hella, Car- dium ripleyense, C. spillmani, C. tippanum, Opis bella, 0. hicarinata^ Tellina ripleyana, JSfucula percrassa, Cihota lintea, Cuculloia capax, C. tippana^ now Idonearca tippana, Dreissena tippana. Pinna laq- uata, Gervillia ensiformis, Lima acutilineata, Inoceramus argen- teus, I. costellatus, Ostrea confragosa, 0. peculiaris.^ 0. denticulifera, Uxogyra interriipta, Palvinites argentea, Anomia selloiformis, Sti*om- bus densatus, now Pugnellus densatus, Aporrhais decemlirata, now An- chura decemlirata, Harpago tippanus, now Pterocerella tippana, Pimella curvilirata, Conus canalis, Drillia tippana, D. novemcostata, Turris ripleyana, Fusus novemliratus, F. bellaliratus; Pyrifasus sub- densatus, Ficus octoliratus, Papa supraplicata, Volutilithes cretacea, now Volutomorpha cretacea, Chemnitzia distans^ U. interrupta, Tri- cJiotropis cancellaria^ Tunntella altilis, T. tippana, Lunatia rectila- brum, SoUdulus linteus, Bulliopsis cretacea, Baculites spillmani, B. tippaensis, Scaphites iris, and Cytherina tippana. Meek and Hay den || described, from (now the Fox Hills Group) Long * Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. vol. 1. t Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Hci. % Geo. of Ala., 1858. g Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 3. Il Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Lake, Nebraska, Corhulu inornata^ Pholas cuneata, now 3Iartisia cu- neata and Actceon attenuata. From (now the Fort Pierre Group) near Fort Clark, Teredo glohosa, Hclicoceras tortuin, now Jleteroceras tor turn, Turrilites cochleatus, now Heteroceras cochleatum^ H. tenuicostatum, Turrilites umhilicatus, now //. iimhilicatum, and Ancyloceras uncum. From (now the Fort Benton Group) Fort Benton, on the Upper Mis- souri, I)wceramus umbonatus now Volviceramas umbonatics, and from the Black Hills, Scaphites larvaformis. Dr. Leich' described, from the marl of Haddonfield, Camden county, New Jersej', Iladrosanrus foiilki. F. B. Meek* described, from Vancouver's Island, Nucula traskana. Area a^quilateralis, A. vancoiivercoisis, Cardium scitulum, Phola- domya borealis, P. sitbelongata, Trigonia evansana, Thracia occiden- talism T. siibtruncata, Dentaliumnanaimoense, and Ammonites ramosus. Dr. B. F. Shumardf described, from the same island, Inoceramus Vancouver en sis, Pinna calamitoides, and Pyrula glabra. Prof. E. EmmonsJ described, from the Greensand of North Carolina, Sphenodus rectidens, and Belemnitella compressa. Prof. Oswald Heer,§ of Zurich, Switzerland, described, from Ne- braska, Liriodendi on meeki^ Sapotacites haydeni, Leguminosites mar- coKanus, now Bumelia marcouana, Popiilus cycloplujlla, now Cissites cyclophylla, Phyllites obcordatus, and P. obtusilobatus. In 1859, Prof Henr}^ Y. Hind|| found the Cretaceous rocks in posi- tion on the Little Souris River, in longitude 100° 30' \V., and on the South Branch of the Saskatchewan, in longitude 10G° 35' W., and be- tween these widel}' separated points in many places on the Assiniboine, the Qu'Appelle, and their affluents. Fifteen miles from the mouth of the Little Souris, the rocks consist of a ver}^ fissile, dark blue argilla- ceous shale, holding numerous concretions, containing a large per cent, age of iron. This exposure is 70 feet thick, and the la^'ers are per- fecth' horizontal. The whole is supposed to be of the age of the Fort Pierre Group. The Cretaceous of this latitude appears to repose directl}^ upon the Devonian, as the former is found undisturbed and nearly horizontal at altitudes from 400 to 600 feet above exposures of Devonian age, recognized in situ 30 miles to the east. Prof F. B. Meek^ described, from the Little Souris River, Anomia flemingi, Inoceramus cayiadensis, Leda hindi^ now JSFucalana. hindi, and ■■' Trans. Alb. Inst., vol. 4. t Trans- St. Louis Acad Sci., vol. 1. t Geo. Sur. N. Carolina. § Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. II Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expl. Expcd. ^ Rep. on Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expl. Exped. 3fesozoic and Coenozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 31 from the valley of Mackenzie's 'R'wer, AmmonUes, barnstoni; and A. hilUngsi. Prof. Leo. Lesqnereux* described, fi'om Vancouver's Island, and Bell- ingham Bay, Populas rhomhoidea.^ Sallx islandlcus, Quercus benzoin, Q. muUincrvis^ Q. evansi, Q. gaudini, Q. platinervis, Planera dabia-, Cinnamomiini heeri, now Daphnogene heeri^ Persoonia oviformis, and Diospyvos lanclfolia. In ISfiO, Dr. B. F. Shumarclf subdivided the Cretaceous strata of Texas in descending order, as follows: 1. Caprina limestone, having a thickness of GO feet, and consisting of a yellowish white limestone usually' massive, sometimes of a finely granular structure, and some- times made up of rather coarse, subcrystalline grains, cemented with a chalky paste. It has an extended geographical range. 2d. The Co- manche Peak Group, having a thickness of 300 to 400 feet, and made up of soft, yellowish and whitish chalk^'- limestone, and buff and cream- colored limestones of greater or less compactness, being highly fossilif- erous, and having a great geographical extension. 3. The Austin limestone and fish bed, having a thickness fiom 100 to 120 feet. The Austin limestone consists of cream-colored and bluish earthy limestones, and the fish beds of shaly laj^ers of dark-bluish-gray calcareous sand- stone. This is supposed to represent Nos. 4 and 5 of the Nebraska section, by Meek & Hayden. 4. Exogyra arietina marl, having a thick- ness of 60 feet, and consisting of an indurated blue and yellow marl with occasional bands of gray limestone, and thin seams of selenite in- terstratified. 5. Washita limestone, having a thickness from 100 to 120 teet, a wide geographical range, and consisting of white, j^ellow, gray and blue limestones, some of which are moderatelj^ hard, and others disintegrate rapidl}^ This is supposed to be parallel with the lower part of No. 3 of the Nebraska section, by Meek and Hayden. 6. Blue marl, having a thickness of 50 feet, and consisting of an in- durated arenaceous marl, of a schistose structure, with small nodules of iron pyrites and irregular masses of lignite disseminated through it. It is not observed south of Grayson county, and is supposed to correspond with No 2 of the Nebraska section. 7. Caprotina lime- stone, having a thickness of 55 feet, and forming the basis of what is called the Upper Cretaceous Group. It is composed of light gra}^ and 3'ellowish gray earthy limestone, with intercalated bands of yellow marl and sometimes flint, and is exposed at the base of the hills near Comanche Peak, and underlying the Washita limestone near the Colo- * Amer. Jour. Sei. and Arts, 2d Series, vol 27. t Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1. 32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. raclo, at the foot of Mt. Bounell. 8. The Arenaceous Group and fish bed, having a thickness of 80 feet, and consisting of light yellow and blue sandstone, and beds of sand3^ <^*la3', with crystals of selenite and some lignite. This is supposed to be the same as B, C and D of the Pyramid Mount Section of Prof. Marcou, and b}^ him referred to the Jurassic period, and to be equivalent to No. 1 of the Nebraska Sec- tion. 9. Marly Cla,y or Red River Group, having a thickness of 150 feet, and supposed to represent the lower part of the Pyramid Mt. Sec- tion, which Prof. Marcou referred to the Trias. He described Nautilus texanus, Ammonites inaiquiplicatus, A. sivallovi, A. meekanus. A. graysoiifnsis, A. hrazoensis, Scaphites ver- miculus, Ancyloceras annulatum^ Baculites gracilis, Cerithium hos- quense, Phasianella perovata. Avellana texana, Natica acutispira^ Neritopsis bianc/itlatus, Venus sublamellosus, Cardium choctaicense, now Protocardia choctawensis, C. coloradoense, C. brazoense, now Protocardia brazoensis^ Cytherea lamarensis, now Dione lamarensis, Tapes hilgardi^ Area proutana., Lucina sublenticidaris, Nucula hay- deni, N. serrata, Corbula graysonensis, C. tuoineyi, Pachymya austin- ensis, Panopcea newberryi^ P. subparallela, Inoceramus capulus, Ger- villia gregaria^ Janira ivrighti, Ostrea belhplicata, O. quadriplicata, Cidaris hemigranosus. Wm. M. Gabb* described, from Prairie Bluff, Alabama, Chemnit- zia meekana^ Strajyarollus subplanus^ Sconsia alabamensis, Cancellaria alabamensis, now Turbinopsis alabamensis, and Bulla macrostoma; from the marl of New Jersey, ActcBonia naticoides^ now Cinulia nati- coides, Phasianella punctata^ Volutilithes biplicata., now Postellites bip)licatus, V. bella, now P. bellus, V. nasuta, now P. nasutus, V. con- radi. now P. conradi, Fusus retifer, Papa elevata^ Morea naticella, Bulla recta, 3Iysia gibbosa, Dione delaivarensis, Crassatella delawar- ensis, 0. monmouthensis, Cardita subquadrata, Leda pinniformis, now Nuculana innnifo^^mis^ L. protexta, now N. protexta, Cultellus cretaceuSj Pecten burlingtonensis ; from Tennessee, Volutilithes saffordi, and Cardium abruptum; from New Jersej', Actceonina bipli- cata, now Solidula biplicata. Solarium abyssirnis^ now JIargaritella, abyssinus, Volutilithes abbotti, Turbinella subconica, T. parva, Can- cellaria septemlirata, Purpuroidea dubia, Pusus trivolvis, Papa pyruloidea.^ Pleurotoma mullicaensis, Area quindecemradiata^ Cibota muUiradiata, and Leda angulata, now Nuculana angidata, Desma- tocium trilobatum^ and from Eufala, Alabama, Cassidulus micro- coccus. [To BE Continued.] '•■■ Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2d. Ser., vol. 4. Some Notes on American Land Shells. 33 SOME JSrOTES ON- AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. By A. G. Wetherbt, Prof, of Geolog}^ and Zoology, Universit}^ of Cincinnati. H. {Stenotrema) hirsuta, Say. — Tliis abundant and well-known species exhibits two veiy remarkable varieties in Kentucky and Ten- nessee. The one is a small, thick-shelled, globular variety, which wants the hirsute covering of the t3'pical specimens of the species, and which inhabits the dry ridges and plateaus of the carboniferous forma, tion known as the " Pine Barrens.'' Here it lives under logs in the dryest situations, in company with II. {Patula) perspectiva^ Say, and H. (Zonites) interna, Say. In the same region, and in similar sta- tions, I have found but two other species, the H. [Zonites) chersina, Say, very rare, and the II. (Zonites) intertexta.^ Binney. None of the shells associated with it seem to have undergone much, if anj^ varia- tion from the normal type, a fact of peculiar significance. The other variety is almost the opposite of the above. It is much larger than the t3-pe, has the spire either very much elevated and con- ical, or very much flattened; the shell is much thinner when compared with the size than in the previous variety, and the epidermis is hirsute. The periphery of the specimens with the depressed spire is often carinate. In size it equals the largest specimens of II. (Stenotrema) stenotrema, for which this variety has often been taken, and which name I have found it bearing in various collections. As I had always found these varieties b}^ themselves, previous to last summer, the small one in the regions above mentioned, and the larger in the subcarboniferous limestone belt surrounding it, I had arrived at the too hasty conclusion that they were varieties due to station. During the past 3'ear, however, I found the two forms together in Pulaski county, Kentucky, even under the same logs. It now becomes clear that we must look elsewhere for the causes of these variations. II. (Stenotrema) edvardsi, Bland. — This species was described by Mr. Bland, in 1858, the type having been collected by Mr. W. H. Edwards, the well-known entomologist, in Fayette and Green Brier counties of Virginia. The shell escaped the notice of collectors from that time until I found it in Laurel and Whitley counties, Kentuckj^, in August of 1875. Since then I have found it to be widely distributed in the dry oak forests between King's Mountain, Kentuckj^, on the Cincin- 34- Cincinnati Society of Natural History. nati Southern Railroad, and Elk river in Franklin count}', Tennessee. It has not 3'et been found b}' me in the Central Valley' of Tennessee, but it reappears again in the dr;- forests west of the valle}- in Hardin and Wayne counties. In Terrestrial Ilollusks, vol. v., in remarks under this species, it is asserted that " in harhigera the attached hair-like epidermidal process- es are produced, at the sutures and carina, into cilia, which are entirely wanting in this species." This is often the case in old or poorl}^ pre- served specimens, but in good, mature, well conditioned examples, the fringes of the sutures and carina are as well shown as in H. harhigera. Not onl}^ so, but in collecting large numbers of the latter species, we find comparatively' few so well preserved as to show the fringe around the carina, which is characteristic not only of these two species, but also of the H. spinosa and //. edgariana. A variety' of this shell, in- habiting open, wooded pastures, near Somerset, Kentuck}-, is much larger than the normal type, and bears a very close resemblance to H. harhigera, at first glance. H. (Stenotrema) stenotrema^ Sa}'. — This species has the same southern distribution as the last, and a wider one to the north and west. A variety- occurs on the Cumberland Plateau, in Franklin county, Tennessee, which has the spire unusually elevated, and the base abnormally convex below. The t3'pical form more nearly resembles that of the large variet}' of IT. hirsuta mentioned above. The two forms approach each other so closely that the}' have been confounded. ]Mr. Binney, in Terrestrial Mollusks, vol. v., quoted above, says, "the form of the parietal tooth, however, varies in hirsuta^ from which this species can chiefl}', if indeed not alone, be distinguished b}^ the size and posi- tion of the notch." These two species, hirsuta and stenotrema, v,'it\i their varieties, form a seri'es of differentiations that would be reduced to one species by the same treatment which has brought other shells less closely united under the same S3'non3'm3'. H. (Stenotrema) edgariana, Lea. — This rare species occurs in Ten- nessee, not far from the line of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and the locality' furnishes specimens in a most beautiful state of preserva- tion. The shell differs from the II. sj^inosa. Lea, with which it has been confounded, in the following prominent characters. It is smaller, more solid, with a much more elevated spire, and more convex base. The whorls are more rounded, and there is no evidence of the peripheral overlap which, in the H. spinosa, gives the edge of each whorl, in perfect specimens, a transparent, corneous-looking margin. Some Notes on American Land Shells. 35 overlying the sutures. Instead, the latter are impressed and well de- fined. The lower surface is marked with elongated pits or scars, with their longer axis radiating from the base of the columellar depression, which are entirely wanting in H. spinosa. The latter has the under surface thicklj^ crowded with plainly seen microscopic revolving lines. They exist, also, on the H. edgariana, but are much smaller, and not easily seen unless with a good magni- fier. The upper surface of the shells is very much alike, except that the prostrate hairs are more crowded in edgariana. The animal is black, very active, and carries the shell balanced horizontallj^ Not- withstanding the diverse characters of these species, they seem to be as closely united as the tj^pical II. (Patida) alternata, and H, [Patula) mordax, inhabiting the same region, and iu the same stations, and which have been made synon\mious. H. [Stenotrema) labi'osa, Bland. — I have received this rare species from two localities, Springfield, Mo., and Hematite, Mo. At the former localit}^ it was associated with the equally rare H. [Folygyra) jacksoni^ Bland; at the latter w^itli the II. [Polygyra) dorfeailliana., Lea, a species which is far from common. The force of the remark under this species in Terrestrial MoUusks, vol. v., is hardly apparent, "the thickened and reflected peristome, and deep wide notch, sufficiently- distinguish lahrosa from edgariana^^'' as there is no reason whatever for confounding these species. This shell belongs to that division of the group represented by stenotrema and hirsuta, and not to that formed b^^ spinosa and edgariana. The shells brought together bv Mr. Binney, in the volume above referred to, under the genus Steno- trema of Rafinesque, are readil}^ arranged in four groups. First, the group including edvardsi and barbigera characterized by the extraor- dinary development of the epidermal hairs. Second, that formed by spinosa and edgariana equall}^ well characterized by the sharp pe- riphery of the body-whorl, and the prostrate epidermal hairs. Third, the group containing hirsuta, stenotrema., labrosa and maxillata, in which the epidermal processes are shorter, and the surface is more tu- berculate; and lastly the group containing monodon^fraterna, leaii and germana. Among themselves the species in each group are united more or less closelj^, those of the monodon group being usually regard- ed as varieties of that shell, with the exception of H, germana^ which Mr. Binne}' finds to be related to Stenotrema by its jaw and dentition, and more nearly to 3Iesodon by its shell; a prominent character of which is the want of the internal tubercle. The writer may here re- cord his opinion, that H. leaii is also a valid species if other species 36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. are to be left to stand on characters which seem to be far less well defined. The hirsuta group is next in this regard, and when the varieties of hirsuta and stenotrema, above mentioned, are taken into considera- tion, the blending of the species into varietal forms is prett}' well assured in one or two cases. It seems that the edvardsi group and t\\Q spinosa group, of but two species each, though well enough char- acterized to be distinguished as separate divisions of this genus, may be united with 1\iq hirsuta group by several characters of greater or less importance. It is not pretended that this grouping is of any systemic value, whatever; but it will serve to call attention to the re- lations whicli the species of this singular genus bear to each other, and to their nearest allies in other genera, the genus gradually shad- ing into Mesodon as represented by H. columbiana, Lea, through If. germana, Gould. 11. (Patula) cumberlan (liana., Lea. — I collected this beautiful spe- cies durina: Au2:ust of 1878, in Franklin countv. Tenn. It inhabits the lower slopes of the Sewanee Plateau, living in crevices of the sub- carboniferous limestone. In places where the rocks have become sep. arated, so that isolated masses lie on the mountain side, this curious mollusk has taken up its abode between two la3'ers of the rock. It often happened that the upper la3'er was thin, and the crevice thoroughly dried out ; but in such apparently unsatisfactory places the shells were found, the animal having closed the aperture with a transparent but dense epiphragm. The locality is a small one, the whole area within which it is possible to find the species being but a few hundred square j-ards. As multitudes of the young shells are found dead, and comparatively so few either of young or adult living, the fair inference is that this rare species will at no distant day become extinct in this place, A localit}^ of late years, unidentified, is Jasper, Tenn. I spent some time in Jasper during August of 1878, but no sign of this shell was discovered. In IMr. Binney's note under this species, in Terres- t7nal llollusks, vol. v., he sa3's, " Helicina orbiculata, and a few Y\h\iQ^^ alter nata found with them." The "variety" of H. alternata, here mentioned, can not be the H. mordax, Shuttleworth, which does not occur at this localit}-. I found the following species associated with the cumberlandiana in the crevices ; H. spinosa, H. stenotrema, H. hazardi, H. alternata; and numbers of the small southern scorpion, Buthus carolinianus. Beauvois. The true H. mordax, of which I have t3'pes kindl3' furnished me by Mr. Bland, is a very different shell from the varieties between it and the t3^pical alternata.^ and is truly a rare species. Some Notes on American Land Shells. ' 37 H, (Triodopsis) copei^ Wetherby. — This species, of which I pub- lished a description in the American Naturalist for March, 1878, with good figures, has since been recognized as distinct, both b3' Mr. Binney and Mr. Bland, although it receives no mention by Mr. Binney in Terrestrial Jlollusks, vol. v., this volume being issued in Jul3^, 1878, before he had seen either the tj^pes or the description. The shell belongs to that division of the genus Triodopsis, of which the //. vuUuosa, Gould, is the t3'pe. It is a well-marked species, and need oul}" be compared with Jl.vultaosa^ and that form published by Mr. Mazyc, as //. henriettce, and which Mr. Binne}^ regards as a variet3^ of vultiiosa. From both it differs in the form of the parietal tooth, as well as in other plain characters. It was associated with the following species, in the pine forests and oak hammocks, twcnt}' miles north of Beaumont, Texas. JS. intertexta, Binn., H. demissa, Binn., a carinate variet}^; H. monodon, Rackett, a peculiar, very elevated form, which I have never seen from an}- other localit}^; H. thyroides, Sa}"; a variet^^ with the umbilicus closed, and affording manj'' speci- mens with an extraordinary^ elevation of the spire, and of a beautiful red color; H. vultiiosa^ Gould, " typical" (Bland), and^. arborea, Say. With these was found the Helicina tropica, Jan, in great numbers. It is a fact, worthy the attention of collectors, that it is not w^orth while to search under or about pine logs for snails. At this locality, where anj^ fragment of bark, any chip, or an}^ log of other timber was found to be inhabited by the mollusks, the pine logs were in- variabl}^ barren ; and such 1 have ever observed to be the case in Ten- nessee, Kentuck^^ and North Carolina; and the rarity of land shells in forests, almost or exclusively pine, is a fact well known. In this connection it may not be out of place to state that the col- lector who has a full series of all the North American species of Triodopsis, even if without the many intervening varieties from dif- fering stations, will reach the conclusion that many of the so-called species are sub-species or varieties, and a full description of these varieties and their comparison with the type, as the Marchesa Paulucci has done in her beautiful work. Fauna Malacologica Delia Calabria, Firenze, 1880, '-is a consummation devoutly to be wished." In this invaluable contribution to the malacolog}^ of southern Europe, the illustrious author has devoted four elegant plates, of twenty-five figures each, or one hundred figures in all, to the illustration of the well- known Helix [Campylcea) planospira. Lam., and its varieties, the species 7J2«6e5ce?i5, casertana, depilata, setulosa, calabrica, neapolitana and cassineiisis which have been founded upon it, and which are here 38 Cincinnati Society of N'ntiiral History. reduced to s3aion3'ms. Varieties are figured of the well known H. olivieri, Fer., H. subj^rofuga, Stabile, U. pyramidata, Drap., H. muralis^.MuW., Clausilia koheltiana, Kiister, and many other species. Such a treatment of the various genera of our North American snails would be the most important contribution to our conchology that could noft^ be made; and the material for doing it is abundant. It is to be hoped that some competent person will, ere long, undertake the work. Glandina (Oleacina) decussata, De5ha3-es, var. (Bland, Binne}^ Tr^'on). — Having* lately received a number of specimens of this exceed- ingl}^ rare species, as thus identified, from western Texas, embracing specimens of everj- age, I wish to put upon record m}- opinion that the high authorities here quoted are no doubt in error in this determi- nation, or that the figure in pi. Ixi., ToTestrial JloUusks, vol. v., originall^^ called b\^ Dr. Binne3% " Glandina truncata, Sa3^, var.," is much out of the way. The spire of m3^ specimens is much less acute, and more like that of G. texasiana. The " revolving lines," which are so plainly- shown in Mr. Binne3''s figure, are invisible on m3' specimens without the aid of a magnifier. Glandina decussata is described as having seven or eight whorls, while the largest specimens of the present form have but six. If a variet3^ of Glandina decussata^ it is certainl3^ a ver3' distinct one. It is associated with Ilolospira roemeri, Pfr., a species equall3' rare, with a Ilacroceramus, which Mr. Bland refers, doubtfull3', to J/. ^:>o?z^(^c«/5, Gould; ^x'lVii fx Bidimidus, of which onl3^ dead specimens were received, and which resembles in outline, ver3' nearl3', the B. patriarcha, W. G. Binne3'; with the H. mooreana, W. G. Binne3', and H. he^dandieriana, Moricand. Holospira roemeri^ Pfr. — This shell, ver3' rare in collections, was received with the preceding. All the specimens were dead, but some w^ere in a fair state of preservation, so as to indicate all the characters distinctl3\ It inhabits crevices of the rocks, and only comes out in rainy or damp warm weather. Judging from the number of dead specimens, it can not be scarce in the localities where it occurs. Helix (Polygyra) espiloca, Eavenel. — I collected large numbers of this shell in December, 1878, at Orange, Texas, and Brashear City, Louisiana. Its station was under logs, bits of bark, boards, etc., and it had spread, at the latter locality, even into the 3"ards of private residences, and under the plank sidewalks of the principal streets. The H. pulchella, Miill., and Pupa contracta^ Sa3^, were found with it at Brashear. Ariolimax columhiana, var. hecoxi. — I have received, at different Some Notes on American Land Shells. 39 times, numerous specimens, at every stage of growth, of a large Ario- limax, found at Santa Cruz, California, hy Miss Laura J. F. Hecox. The class in the University dissected numerous individuals, working out the genitalia in detail. The most casual examination showed that these organs did not agree with an}- of Mr. Binney's figures, from dis- sections of various west coast species, and Mr. Binney, after a careful examination of the specimens, at different ages, with a stud}^ of the genitalia, unhesitatingly pronounces it a new species. For the present, however, I prefer to give it onl^^ the variety name above assigned, un- til I have the opportunity of making a careful study of undoubted specimens of A. coliimbiana, and a systematic comparison of these parts. It ma}' be the form referred to by Dr. Cooper as possibly new, in his review of Mr. Binnej^'s Terrestiial IfoUusks, vol. v., Froc. Phil. Soc, 1879. Associated with it is a small, brown, slender species of Prophysaon, which I have not been able to identifj- from alcoholic examples. Living specimens of this Ariolimax may be seen in the Aquarium and Museum of Natural History, at the Exposition Building, one of which, an adult, measures fully nine inches in length, when extended. H. [Aglaja) fidelis, Gray.: — I have received from Washington Ter- ritor}^, a very large and fine variet}^ of this species, which is entirely white, save a duskj^ area around the umbilical region. In ever}'^ other particular, it accords with the magnificent typical specimens found there. As I had noticed upon living examples of this species, and of the H. infumata, particles of pitch or resin adhering to the shells, I naturall}^ concluded that these mollusks inhabited the pine trees. In answer to my inquiry as to the station and habit, m^^ friend replies: ^^ H. fidelis is a tree-climber, ascending the trees to a height of 30 or •40 feet. We capture them in Maj^ and June when the}^ are depositing their eggs in the damp moss at the roots of trees and other favorable places." As neither Mr. Binney nor Mr. Bland had seen the albino variet}' of this shell, until J sent it to them, and as it may be new to other collectors, I put it upon record in this manner. H. (Zonites) rugeli^ W. G. Binney. — Mr. Binney has recently de- scribed this species from specimens collected on Roan mountain, Mitchell count}^, N. C, see Annals iV. I^. Acad. Sci.,\o\. i., No. 11. Having received tj^pes of the species, both from Mr. Binney and from Mr. Bland, I wish to put upon record its occurrence in the Ocoee Dis- trict of southeastern Tenn., between Cleveland, Tenn., and the Duck- town copper mines, where I collected it in July, 1878, referring it to the globular variety of H. inornata, figured by Mr. Binney in Terres- 40 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. trial 3IoUusks, vol. v., p. 109. Tlie shell is, however, entirely distinct from ino7'nata, and seems to connect the latter with laevigata, Pfr., or to stand in such relation to the latter and inornata^ as friabilis does to fuliginosa, and the typical capvodes. Associated with this shell in the Ocoee region was the H. (Meso- don major, Binne3', typical, and a very rare species of Uelicodiscus, as 3^et undescribed. It is certain that a careful search of this interesting region would add largel}" to our knowledge of the varietal forms, which seem to or- iginate, as I have before attempted to show,^ in the mountain regions, and to spread thence over the valley's, mingling with varieties and species found there, or perhaps themselves peopling these regions with their descendants at first. At all events, the slightest studj^ of the mountain fauna shows us that there are the greatest deviations from what we have been taught to regard as types, but probably onl}' be- cause discover}^ began with derivatives found in the valle3'S ratlierthan with the true t} pes found in the mountains. So rapidl}^ however, are discoveries being made, and so thoroughly are these mountain fastnesses being explored, that they must soon yield their closest secrets to the host of untiring workers now invading their hitherto untrodden domains. ARCII^OLOGICAL EXPLORATIOJSiS NEAR MADISON- VILLE, OHIO. The following paper, containing an account of archaeological inves- tigations, conducted under the direction of the Literar^^ and Scientific Societ}^ of Madisonville, Ohio, has been chiefl\' prepared b}^ Mr. Charles F. Low, at the request of a publishing committee appointed by that Society. It is designed to be one of a series of papers on the same subject, which will comprise a chronological record of facts as they have been observed, laying aside for the present any special attempt at literar}- merit or speculative deduction. JOSEPH COX, Sr. CHARLES F. LOW. CHARLES L. METZ, M.D. FRANK W. LANGDON. Committee on Publication^ L. S S. S. of 31. Madisonville, JHamilton Co., O., 31 arch, 1880. "■•= This Journal, October, 1878. Archaeological Edcplorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 41 The Journal of this Societ}', for October, 1878 (Vol. I., No. 3), con- tains a contribution b}^ Dr. Charles L. Metz, on the aboriginal re- mains in this vicinity, accompanied by a chart, on which the mounds and earthworks are designated b}' symbols, in accordance with the international code of MM. Mortillet and Chantre.-^ The examination and exploration of these remains — which was be- gun by Dr. Metz, and a few other gentlemen, with a view of preserving as mau}^ of the relics as possible, and of making suitable record of all existing earthworks before they had been entirely desti'oyed by culti- vation— was continued during the fall and winter of 1878, and several of the mounds located on the above-mentioned chart were opened and explored. On Wednesday, Nov. 22, 1878, the mound known as the Spice Bush Mound (No. 5, Group A), was opened under the direction of Dr. Metz, in the following manner : A trench, about five feet in width, was commenced on the north side of the mound, and carried to the center ; the mound had previously been disturbed by digging from the top, and it was reported that some relics and human bones had been taken out, but of these no definite information could be obtained. The following sketch (fig. 1) will show the stratification of the mound, which is about 5| feet in height, and 100 feet in circumference: Fig. 1. Section of Mound No. 5, Group A. No. 1 is a stratum of black leaf mold and gravelly clay, about 18 inches to two feet deep, and of the same general character as the sur- face soil in the immediate vicinit3^ No. 2 is an irregular layer of clay and sand. No. 3 is a bed of calcined limestone, about eight inches thick, with ashes and sand, and is confined to the southeastern quarter of the mound. No. 4 is a layer of pure sand ; and No. 5, the probable center of the original, although not immediately in the center of the present mound, was composed of a peculiar compact, grayish earth, and presented an appearance very much like dry mortar. During the progress of the work, five skeletons were found in an ex- * Vide Smithsonian Report, 1875, and Circular in Reference to American Archaeology, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. No. 316, 1578. 42 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilistory. tended position, irregularly disposed, and so much deca3'ed that none of the bones or crania could be preserved entire ; measurements were made by Dr. Metz before attempting to remove the skele- tons, which were remarkable for their small size, averaging, as neaily as could be ascertained, but 5 feet 2 inches in length. The first skele- ton was found at the base of the mound, quite near the natural sur- face; the second and third were about three feet higher on the slope, and covered with about 18 inches of earth; the fourth a short distance above and east of the third, the feet [)rojecting into the trench referred to, and were followed out on the slope by a side trench about 18 inches deep. This skeleton was lying at an angle of 45°, with its head to- ward the base of the mound, and the lower limbs extended under a small dead tree. On removing this tree another skeleton was dis- covered and exhumed, and two small fragments of potteiy were found near the cranium. Continuing the trench to the center, about three feet from the top of the mound, and imbedded in the grayish, mortar- like earth above referred to, a detached cranium was found. All the skeletons were undoubtedly intrusive burials, and appear to have been thrown upon the original mound irregularlx', and covered with from 12 to 18 inches of earth taken from the immediate vicinit}'. Quite a number of fragments of burned limestone and broken boulders were scattered through the mound, and a few flint chips occasionally found. Fig. 2. Section of Mound No. 6, Group A. On Nov. 28, another mound (No. 6, Group A), was opened, and the following account is quoted from the American Naturalist^ for May, 1879, p. 328 : "The mound, which was opened under the direction of Dr. Charles L. Metz, of Madisonville, was composed of a light, sand3- loam, like the surrounding soil, but had received an additional layer of yellow clay, ranging from six to twelve inches in thickness. Its measurements are approximately as follows: Circumference, 200 feet; height, 7 feet. It is situated on the ' second bottom,' or plateau, of the Little Miami River, about 150 feet above' the water-line, and distant about one third of a mils from the river. A trench, four feet in width, and as deep apparently as the original surface, was carried to its center from opposite sides, but without at first finding anything to indicate ArchcBological Explorations near 3iadisonville, Ohio. 43 the former presence of man. Continuing a little deeper, however, almost directly in the center, there was found a small circumscribed deposit of ashes, mixed with fragments of charcoal and charred bones, about three or four handfuls in all; with these were mingled frag- ments of a human skull, in perfectl}^ sound condition, so far as the action of fire was concerned, but xevy soft and friable through decay. They regained their hardness to some extent after being dried b}^ ex- posure to the air." The material excavated was all thrown back, and the mound restored as nearly as practicable to its original condition (fig. 2). The al)scnce of burned earth, broken boulders and stone imple- ments is very remarkable, as the surf^ice of the entire field is covered with these articles, and many fine implements of flint and stone have been picked up in the immediate vicinity of this mound. On March 5, 1879, the mound No. 3, Group A, was opened by Dr. Metz. This mound was composed entirely of sand, and the soil in the immediate vicinity is of this character. At a depth of about four feet, in the center of the mound, -a thick layer of charred wood and ashes, some broken boulders and fragments of pottery were found. On March 3 4, work was resumed on No. 5, Group A, and a trench com- menced on the eastern slope of the mound. Numerous animal bones, several flint arrow points, and stone implements of the common foim, but no human remains, were found. During the progress of work on this mound, the laborer, employed by Dr. JMetz, had been prospect- ing, by digging holes in the surrounding forest, until finally, on the 20th of March, in the southwest section of the plateau, he came upon a human skeleton at a depth of about two feet ; these remains were, however, so much decayed that they could be preserved only in frag- ments. This was the initiatory step toward a most important archaeo- logical discovery, as further investigation has revealed the interesting fact that the entire plateau is the site of an ancient cemeteiy, from which have since been exhumed upward of four hundred skeletons of a pre-historic people, accompanied b^- numerous evidences of their handiwork, in the shape of flint and stone implements, pipes, pottery ware, charred matting and corn, tools and ornaments of bone, shell and copper, some of which are believed to be unique, all indicating an industrious people, who lived in large communities, and obtained their support by cultivating the soil, as well as by fishing and hunt- ing. A brief, prelirainaiy sketch of the discovery was contributed to Pro- fessor Short's recent work, entitled TheJ^orth Americans of Antiquity, 44 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. where the locality is described as follows: — "This ceraeteiy, which is distant about one and one half miles southeast from Madisonville, oc- cupies the western extremit}^ of an elevated plateau overlooking the Little Miami River, and situated from eighty to one hundred feet above the water-line. It is bounded on the south by the river 'bottom;' on the north and west b}^ a deep ravine, through which flows a small stream known as Whisky Run; on the east the plateau slopes gradu- ally up to the general level of the surrounding country-, of which it is in fact a continuation or spur, its character of an elevated plateau being derived from its position between the eroded river valley and the deep ravine above referred to. The precipitous but well-wooded bluff which forms the southern limit of this plateau, extends eastward, facing the river, for perhaps half a mile; and distributed along its edge are a number of mounds and other earthworks; at its base are the Cincinnati & Eastern and Little Miami Railways, the nearest station beino- Batavia Junction, distant about half a mile east of the ceme- tery. The original forest still covers the site of the cemeter}-, and measurements of some of the principal trees are recorded by Dr. Metz, in his paper before mentioned, as follows: a walnut, 15J feet in cir- cumference; an oak, 12 feet; a maple, 9|- feet; an elm, 12 feet. The locality has long been known to local collectors and others interested in archaeological matters, as the ' Potter}^ Field,' so called on account of the numerous fragments of earthen ware strewn over the surface; and it was until recentl}^ supposed to be a place where the manufacture of pottery had been carried on b}' the ancient inhabitants of the valle}^ the fragments found being considered the debris. A few scattered human remains had also been found in the adjoining ravines, but it was not until some time in March, 1879, that its true character and extent as a cemetery were brought to light.''* The particulars of the discovery, by the man in Dr. Metz's emplo}^ have been already referred to above. On Frida}^ March 21, the excavation begun on the previous da}' was continued, and a skeleton in a horizontal position, n^ith its head to the south, was exhumed. This appeared to be the remains of a female of large size (5 feet 10 inches). Near the left hip was deposited a large earthen vessel, capacitj^ about one gallon; unfortunatel}^ this vessel was broken by the spade and thrown out of the trench, but most of the fragments Avere recovered. Near the head, four hollow cjdinders or beads of polished bone, two to four inches in length, and * "North Americans of A.iitiquity," by J. T. Short, Harper & Bros., N. Y., 1879, pp. 521-525. ArchcEological Exploitations near Jladtsonville^ Ohio. 45 fragments of some others were found; these were apparently portions of a necklace. Two chisels or gouge-shaped implements, one of horn, and the other of flint, and an imperfect perforated stone Implement, were also found with these remains. On Monda}^ March 24, work was resumed, and a trench extending due east from the previous one was commenced, and two skeletons were uncovered. Next da}^ on removing the two crania, a third was found. An earthen vessel in fine preservation was found in close prox- imity to one of the skulls (fig. 3). Two of these inhumations appear to have been made in a sitting or doubled-up position, and the two skulls were about a foot apart; the third skull was distant about four feet from the others, and with the exception of the right humerus, was not accompanied by other bones. A careful search failed to reveal the rest of this skeleton, and subsequent Investigation has developed the fact that many skeletons are Incomplete, and have been previously disturbed either by wild animals, rooting of hogs, or other causes. Fig. 3. Earthen Burial Vessel (Dr. Metz,) ^d size. On Thursda}^ March 27, several members of the Madlsonville Society visited the grounds and spent the day in excavating and making observations. A skeleton, In horizontal position, with head to the south, was exhumed, and near the head was found an Imperfect vessel. Close to the feet of the skeleton a second was uncovered, and 4.6 Cincinnati Society of Natxiral Histori). later in the cla}^ a third, all nearly in a north and south line, but not all at the same depth. Near the last-nanied skeleton the fragments of a vessel were taken out, which has since been restored to nearly its original shape. Northeast of this skeleton, about ten feet distant, and on the north side of an oak tree, the skeleton of a small child was ex- humed, and near its head was found a small two story or double vessel, which is now in Mr. W. C. Rogers' collection. This vessel was de- scribed and figured in Prof. Short's work before i-eferred to. Near the south QdgQ of the plateau, an excavation was made, and a skeleton in a sitting position, uncovered and removed; near this, and about twenty inches below the surface, the remains of a fire, consisting of ashes, burnt bones and limestone were found. Four feet west of the skeleton, and near the edge of a trench, opened the da}' before, from which two skeletons had been removed, a vessel was found b}' Mr. E. A. Conklin^. jMarch 28, another skeleton, in a sitting position, was exhumed, just east of those taken out on the previous day, and with this was lound a fine limestone pipe (lig. 4), now in the collection of Mr. R. O. CoUis. Fig. 4. Stone Pipe (R. 0. Collis). A skeleton, in horizontal position, was next exhumed, and with this two vessels were found. These remains were remarkably well preserved, and the cranium, with the vessels, is now in Dr. Metz's collection. Monda3% March 31, Dr. Metz discovered, at a depth often inches, a deposit of ashes about four inches thick ; below this a la3'er of burnt limestone and boulders ; below these a single round boulder, upon which was laid an elliptical flint implement, about three inches in length ; the boulder rested on a layer of sand, eight inches deep, and on the clay partly covered with the sand, were two large prongs of Archaeological Explorations near 3IadisonviUe, Ohio, 47 elkliorn. About six feet south of this spot, six skeletous were ex- humed within a space of about four feet square, and in this excavation three entire and four broken vessels were found. Tuesda\', April 1st. On this date work was begun under the auspices of the Literar}^ and Scientific Society of jMadisonville. Heretofore the excavations had been made by individuals, irregularly-, all over the plateau, but the importance and extent of the cemetery so evidently required co operation and systematic exploration in order to obtain the best scientific results, that the society unanimously resolved to carr}' on the work, the proprietors of the ground, Messrs. A, J. and Charles K. Ferris having granted to it the exclusive privilege of making a thorough exploration of the entire tract. In accordance with the plan adoi)tecl, Dj\ Metz, who had kindl}' con- sented to superintend the work, began a trench on the south edge of the plateau running north and south; in this trench, about two feet below the surface, an inverted vessel resting on a skull was found, and upon removing this vessel another was seen immediately to the left of the cranium; these vessels were almost entire; four inches to the right of the skull, the cranium of a child was uncovered, and near it was found a broken vessel. On taking up the fragments of the vessel,- a third cranium was discovered, and beneath this a fourth, both much decayed, and another vessel was found nenr these skulls, making, in all, four crania, four vessels, and several flint implements taken from a space not more than four and a half feet squai'e. Next d^y a trench four feet wide, running east along the south edge of the plateau, was commenced and continued thirteen feet, and from it one skeleton was taken, an imperfect vessel, and a polished, ungrooved stone axe. Fig. 5. Stone Pipe (Joseph Cox, Jr.) A group of remains was here discovered, and the excavation was en- larged to about nine feet square. From this excavation, seven crania 48 Cincinnati Society of 'Natural History. and three broken vessels were taken ; two only of the crania were ac- companied b}^ the remainder of their skeletons. A small vessel, capacity about one pint, rested on one of the skulls, and a second vessel was found a few inches from it; two rough stone axes, or fleshers, and a stone pipe (fig. 5), were also taken from this excavation. Work was resumed on the north and south trench, and continued during the following week. Seven skeletons wer^ exhumed, of which six were adults, in sitting or doubled-up positions, and the other a child, horizontally interred. One vessel, in fair preservation, another in fragments, and some flint and stone implements were also found. On Friday, April 11, seven skeletons were uncovered, all in a hori- zontal position, butirregularlj^ disposed, and having the bones mingled together. Sonle of the bones were remarkable for their stout build and extraordinary development of the ridges and points of muscular at- tachment. Three vessels, and half of another, together with an orna- mented limestone pipe (fig. 6), were found with these remains. Fig. 6. Stone Pipe (C. F. Low). During the excavation on April 12th, near the south edge of the plateau, a single detached cranium was uncovered. In searching for the bones belonging to this skull, a circular pit was piade, about 3|- feet in diameter, and 4^ feet deep, from which suflScient crania and bones were taken to identify twenty-two skeletons. In addition to the description of this remarkable deposit, published in Prof. Short's work before referred to, it is, perhaps, worth}- of note, thatman}^ of the crania taken from this pit were compact!}' filled with snail shells, of which Helix alternata, H, solitaria and H. fallax have been identified. These crania had, perhaps, been utilized by some rodent as store houses for its winter supplies, or else were occupied as winter quar- Archaeological Explorations near 3Iadisonville, Ohio. 49 pied as winter quarters by the snails, some dying, and thus accumula- ting from year to year. On ^londay, April 14, work was resumed, two men being employed in excavating. Five skeletons were exhumed, all in a horizontal position. A finely finished pipe, of curious form, and made of dark red catlinite, was found (fig. 7). Fig. 7. Catlinite Pipe (E. A. Conkling). The following day, five skeletons in one group, all in sitting posi- tions, and a small thin piece of copper, about one inch square, were found. Wednesday, April 16, three skeletons, five vessels, and a number of flint implements were exhumed. Two of these crania have been pre- sented to the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Emil Bessels, anthro- j)ologist to the Institution, has reported on them as follows: " Skull marked No. 1, is evidentlj^ that of a male. It is YQvy large, with strong, muscular insertions, especially in the parietal and occipi- tal regions. The osseous tissue is rather incompact, and in conse- quence the skull itself is rather light, like the bones of those savage tribes living mainly on vegetable food. The two teeth that are left in the upper jaw show strong marks of caries, something not often met with among North American Indians. The frontal bone shows a number of osteophytic formations. Age between 40 and 45 years. '' Skull marked No. 2 is that of a female, and exhibits a number of characters common amongst low races. It is highly prognathous ; its cheek bones are high ; it has a broad, nasal bridge, and a large, nasal meatus ; the frontal region is narrow ; the parietal tubers are strongly marked. Between the linea suprema, and the linea inferior, of the occipital, that characteristic formation is found to which Ecker has latel}' drawn attention, and which he calls the sorus occipitalis. 50 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. This skull is even lighter in proportion than No. 1. Age between 28 and 33 years.'' On Thursdaj^ April 17, two more skeletons, in horizontal positions, were found, the crania of which were preserved in fair condition. A circular excavation, about three feet in diameter, was made todays and a quantity of unio shells, ashes, animal remains, sherds of pot- ter}^, and one bone awl were taken out. An earthen vessel, unaccompanied by any human remains, was dis- Fig. 8. Stone Pipe (G. W. Lasher). covered on Saturday, and an ornamented stone pipe (fig. 8) was found in the same excavation, but about ten feet distant from the vessel. On the 21st, a portion of a skeleton, without the cranium, was found a few inches below the surface. During the past five days, a strip, sixty feet long, and about forty feet wide, had been dug, and but three skele- tons had been found, in remarkable contrast with the results of the previous week, when thirty-five skeletons, within a space not more than fifteen feet square, were removed. On Tuesday, 22d, a pit was opened, similar to that found on Thurs- day, and under the direction of Dr. H. H. Hill, who was on the ground that da}^ a more careful examination was made of these curious exca- vations, which have since been called " ash pits," from the fact that they all contain one or more layers of ashes, varying in thickness from a few inches to two or three feet in different pits. This pit was about three feet in diameter, and four and one half feet deep; neither the sides nor bottom show any traces of the action of fire, and it is appar- ent that the excavation was first made, and the ashes deposited, as ashes, in layers from 6 to 12 inches in depth, aggregating some two or two and a half feet. In this ashes, which doubtless contributed largely Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 51 to their preservation, are found numerous animal bones, itnio shells, and fine bone implements, which retain, in a remarkable degree, their polish, notwithstanding their long burial in these deposits. Fi'OTR one of the pits opened this da}- was taken the first of the curious grooved boue implements which have excited so much interest and speculation as to their probable use, and are pronounced by our most experienced collectors to be unique. The}' are usually made from the leg bones of the deer or elk, grooved in a peculiar manner, and beveled on the inner surface of the walls of the bone; the outer edges are quite smooth and polished from use, while the marks and scratches of the tool employed in their manufac- ture, or perhaps in the use of the implement, run the whole length of the groove, but contract to a curved point at each extremity. The implement was probably in use until the walls of the bone had been worn down on each side, wdiich so weakened the implement that the}^ were broken and thrown aside. Fragments of these implements are the most common of the numerous boue relics found in these ash pits, but whole or unbroken ones are quite rare, only three or four hav- ing been found. Illustrations are given of the largest and best pre- served one 3'et found. See Plate I. This implement is made from the right femur of an elk, and is fig- ured in two positions, two- thirds natural size. Fig. 1, a front view, shows the peculiar bevel; fig. 2, the irregular curve in the implement, the probable result of use; fig. 3 represents a smaller and more com- mon implement, made from the third metacarpal bone of a deer; and figs. 1 and 2 of Plate II. show fragments of these implements. On Wednesday, April 23, a second ash pit was explored, but onl}' a few fragments of pottery were found. Close by this pit, a large skele- ton, 6 feet 2 inches in length was uncovered. These remains were in a horizontal position, and badly decayed, but a portion of the cranium was preserved as an interesting pathological specimen. In the right parietal was a perforation, -the eff'ect of a blow which had crushed the skull, and which had been repaired and almost obliterated by an inter- nal deposit of new bone. Another ash pit was opened on the following da}', and several bone implements, together with animal remains and sherds of potter}^ were found. One skeleton, in a sitting position, and two in horizontal, with heads toward the south, were also removed. With these two latter skeletons were found small vessels, one at the head of each, — one of which is here represented (fig. 9). Fragments of two other vessels were found in the same excavation. 52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Fricla}^, April 25, numerous fine bone implements, and several made of deer horn, were taken fi-om the ash pits opened to-day. Several members of the Societ}- were on the ground, and during the da}^ seven skeletons were exhumed. Two were in sitting positions, three horizon- tal, with heads to tlie south, and two others in the same position with heads directed east. A nearl}^ perfect vessel, and fragments of another Fig. 9. Small Vessel (C . F. Low). 3-^ size. were taken from near the crania of those Ij'ing north and south. A polished stone implement (chisel shaped), was found l3'ing b}^ the side; and among the bones of the right hand, a medium-sized jasper spear- head was discovered. The third horizontal skeleton was of small size, and the skull rested upon the pelvic bones of the second skeleton. Saturda}^ April 26, two skeletons, with heads southeast, lying in horizontal position, were uncovered. Each was accompanied b}^ a vessel, one of which was n earl 3' perfect. Monday, April 28, two ash pits explored, one 5 feet 7 inches, and the other 4 feet 8 inches in depth. Numerous fine relics and implements were taken out of these pits. Among other things, a large fragment of a molar tooth of Mastodon americanus. During this week, fourteen ash pits were opened, and five skeletons exhumed. The notable relics found were a sandstone pipe, a perforated stone disk, numerous fine bone awls, bone beads, and implements of bone and flint; one large vessel, of about three quarts capacit}^ and another quite small, not larger than an ordinaiy teacup — the latter was found with a child's skeleton. Wednesda}^ May 7th. Ten feet east of station 1,* which is located * These *' stations" are stakes driven so as to divide the ground for platting; the skele- tons are located by means of these stakes, on a chart of the cemetery now in course of pre- paration. Archa'ological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 58 on the extreme western edge of the plateau, a skeleton six feet in length was found buried about eighteen inches below the surface. It was lying in a horizontal position, head east, and face upward. Near the head was a finely shaped ornamented vessel, and in lieu of the usual handles were two perforations on each side, and two small projections on each quarter; a finely polished catlinite pipe was found near the head of this skeleton; these relics are shown in figs. 10 and 11. Fig 10. Ornamented Vessel (Gr. W. Lasher). % size. A second skeleton, \jing at right angles, with the head directed north, was discovered immediately^ at the feet of the preceding skeleton, but with these remains no relics were found. Fig. 11. Catlinite Pipe (R. 0- Collis). Thursdaj', May 8th. The ground was visited by Dr. H. H. Hil] and E. B. Moore, Esq., of Cincinnati, in company with several mem- 54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. bers of the Madisonville Society. A skeleton about six feet in length, -and finely developed in all respects, was found lying in a horizontal position, with head to south and face upward. The cranium of this skeleton, which is numbered 4 on a table of cranial measurements, now in course of preparation, is in a remarkabl}^ good state of preservation, a circumstance which is accounted for, in part at least, by the perfect development and compact texture of the osseous tissue, being in these respects in marked contrast with those referred to b}' Dr. Bessels in his letter before cited. It is the cranium of a male, apparently in the prime of life, the teeth being all present and perfect, with the exception of a decided flattening of their crowns from use; an estimate of its age would prob- ably place it somewhere between 40 and 45 years. It is especially noticeable for its large size, having an internal capacity of 1,660 cubic centimeters; thus exceeding by 150 c. c. the average of European skulls, according to Barnard Davis,* and ranking among the largest aboriginal crania on record.f It exceeds the average of 14 other male crania from this cemetery by 266 c. c; that of 39 crania from mounds in the United StatesJ by 286 c. c. In shape it is S3"mmetrical to the e3^e in all aspects, and would be classed among the Brachj^cephali, in common with the large majority of its fellows, having an index of breadth of -840. The anterior cerebral development is not in proportion to its total capacity, the forehead being low, narrow and somewhat retreating, rather more so in fact than the general average of crania from this cemetery, some of which approach the classical in profile; its deficiencies in these respects are amply compensated for, however, by its great width in the bi-parietal region, and at the base. There are no traces of the occipital flattening, so common among aboriginal skulls, but in this respect, as in others, it is an exception. The right occipitomastoid suture contains a Wormian bone, about one inch in length, and half an inch in width, and there are traces of a similar one on the opposite side. The lambdoidal suture is obliterated at some points, but the * Vide Thesaurus Craniorum, p. 360. t Four of the largest known American Crania are mentioned by Carr, in the 11th An. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1878, p. 383, viz: 1,825 c c from Tennessee, Stone Grave Mounds, No. 12,797 Peabody Museum; 1,785 c. c. from an Illinois Mound, Army Med. Mus.; l,70i c. c., Shawnee Indian, Schoolcraft on "Indian Tribes of the United States," vol. ii , p. 330; 1,688 c- c, Tennessee Stone Grave Mounds, Smithsonian Collection of Dr. Jones. In addi- tion to these, there is one in the Peabody Mus (No. 13,250), from the Santa Barbara Islands, California, with a capacity of 1,680 c- c. X Vide Check List Army Med. Mus., cited by Carr, 11th An. Rep. Peabody Museum. ArchoBological Explorations near Madisonville, 0. 55 other cranial sutures are persistent throughout. The squarao-parietal suture presents, on both sides, a sharply cut furrow, about one inch in length, extending upward and backward from its middle third. The anterior inferior angle of the right parietal is chiefly formed by a small Wormian bone. The face does not show the slightest tendency to prognathism, being here an exception to the prevailing form from this locality; the orbital and nasal cavities do not exceed the average in size; and the nasal septum is deflected toward the left. The superciliary ridges are more than usually prominent, but the temporal ridge seems rather deficient than otherwise, contrary to what might be expected in case of extreme general muscular development. A noteworthy anatomical feature is the development of a well-marked process, which projects from the posterior border of the malar bone, and partially covers in the temporal fossa. This process, which might with propriety be termed the temporal process of the malar, is present to a greater or less extent in a large proportion of the crania from this localit}^, being in some extreme cases developed upward and backward into a decided hook. It is also occasionally observed in the skulls of negroes, although it has not yet been described by anatomists, so far as the writer has been able to ascertain. The incisive suture is not persistent in this cranium, although it is more or less visible in several of the others. The teeth, as before mentioned, are perfect, and all present, with one addition to the normal number; the supernumerar}^ tooth is situated internal to and between the two pre-molars on the right side. It has a single cusp, which tapers to a point, and terminates on a plane cor- responding to that of the adjacent teeth, which are of normal size and development. This cranium, with others from the same locality, has been donated to the museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Front, lateral and vertical views are represented on Plates II. and III. A second skeleton was uncovered a short distance north, with head directed northeast, and close by were found the remains of four others, in sitting positions, and very close together. On removing these four crania, five inferior maxillae were found. Immediately beneath this group of skeletons was an ash pit, measuring four and a half feet in depth, and three feet in diameter, from which an unusual quantity of animal remains and imio shells were taken. In another ash pit explored* this day, was found a human vertebra (from the dorsal region); as this is the only human remains found in any of these pits to this date, it is 56 Cincinnati Society of J^attiral History. quite likely that this fragment may have fallen unnoticed from the surface during the excavation. Some fragments and handles of an un- usuall}' large vessel were taken from this pit, and the bottom was found to be covered with nearly half a bushel of unio shells. A summary for the week ending May 10, shows fifteen ash pits ex- plored, eleven skeletons exhumed, two vessels, and many bone, flint and stone implements found. Tuesday, Ma}- 13, an ash pit was opened, from which was taken a harpoon or fish spear, made of elk horn, and several fine bone relics; four skeletons very much decayed were also found, and two rolls of sheet copper about 1^ to 2 inches in length, and \ inch in diameter. During this week were exhumed six skeletons, and six ash pits opened. On Saturda}" a cross section was made of one of these pits, b}^ excava- tino- from the outside, and the following diagram (fig. 12) illustrates the usual arrangement of these pits. LEAF MOLD & ALLUVIAL SOI L CHARRED WOOD & OTHER REMAINS OF FIRE 9, IN. ASHES . ANIMAL REMAINS CLAY OR SAND 3. IN CLEAR WHITE ASHES 2 IN ^ SAND ASHES 5. UNIO SHELLS 6. IN. . : VERY PURE GREY ASHES 12. m. Fig. 12. Diagram of Asli Pit, Xo. 53. In opening these pits, many of the layers are intermixed with each other, but as a rule the layers are distinct, and can be readily deter- mined on the sides of the excavation. Below the second layer, the contents are not charred ; in some pits the ashes will measure 2^ feet without any noticeable partings. A record is kept of Archaeological ExiDlorations near 3Iadisonville, Ohio. 57 every pit explored, and the diameter and depth of the layers, as nearly as practicable. Any variation from the usual condition is noted, but in this paper it is not necessary to enter into the details of each pit, and mention will only be made of those which show some marked variation, or from which fine relics have been taken. In exploring these pits, the earth and ashes excavated are thrown on to a coarse wire screen, and fragments, of every description, are carefully gathered up and laid aside for fui'ther examination. Among the animal bones taken from the ash pits are many specimens of special interest zoologicallj^ as representing species now extinct in this region ; a list of these is reserved fov another occasion, as some specimens yet require identifi- cation. Many of the vessels found with skeletons exhumed, contain a shell which in everj- instance has been identified as Unio alatus. There are also numerous perforated implements found in the ash pits, made from the shell of U. x>licaius, of which the following (fig 13) is an il- lustration of the largest jet found. ■*f Fig. 13. Perforated Unio Valve. One third size. From May 19th to 24th, five ash pits were opened, and four skeletons exhumed. An adult skeleton found on Saturda}^ was buried in an ex- tended position, head to the south, face upward. On the right of the cranium a limestone pipe (fig. 14) was found, and on the left side two 58 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. large fossil bivalves, Orthis lynx and 0. occidentalis. Eight small tips of deer born were found in proximity to tbe neck, together with a polished bone cylinder two inches in length, several arrow points, and some flint chippings. Fig. 14. Stone Pipe (A. A. Hawes). During the next two weeks the work of excavating was very much interrupted by severe rain storms, and although considerable ground was explored, the results were quite meagre, only eight ash pits and but four skeletons were found. On Frida}^, June 13th, an excavation was begun on the southeast sec tion, near the edge of the plat. Here a group of three skeletons was discovered, one adult male, an adult female, and a child of about 8 or 9 3^ears of age; these skeletons were placed horizontally, heads south- east; with each was a vessel, and with the child, in addition to the vessel ; two bone beads and a set of shell ornaments (3 pieces), were found on its neck and chest. Of the crania onl}^ one, that of the female, could be saved. Two imperfect stone pipes were found within two feet of the female, and to the right of this skeleton, 10 inches below the surface, a bed of ashes about four feet square and five inches thick was discovered. On Saturday, 14th, another group of three was found, two adult and one child about 14 years of age, one adult skeleton and the child lay in horizontal, the other in sitting position, heads directed southeast ; two fine elk-horn implements were found with the child. On Monday, June 16th, the skeleton of a very old person was un- covered ; its position was partly extended, lying on its side, face east, with hands raised and knees projected, as illustrated in the follow- ing cut (fig. 15.) This cranium was preserved in fair condition. On Tuesdaj', June 17th, two skeletons were found, immediately over an ash pit; they were in semi-extended positions, heads directed east, Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 59 and lower limbs crossed, as per illustration (fi^. 16). The ashpit was o feet deep and 4 feet in diameter, and contained ashes and sand, a Fig. 15. Skeleton of Old Person. few fragments of burnt bone, and on the bottom about 6 inches of cal- cined unio shells. On Frida}', June 20th, an adult skeleton was discovered, at a depth of 2-^ feet, over which was a layer of thin limestone, of small size, that had evidently been brought from the neighboring ravine. An earthen vessel was found near the right hip, the head was toward the north, and directl}' over the face, but 12 inches above it was found another small vessel. This is the only skeleton 3^et discovered that was cov- ered with stone. An adult skeleton, with head southeast, was found on Saturday, the 2l5t. Near its extremities was the skeleton of a small child, about 3 years of age, lying parallel with it. During the week three skeletons were exhumed and two ash pits explored, in addition to those mentioned. Monday, June 23d, excavations were begun in the adjoining tract of woods near the Spice Bush Mound, by permission of the owner, Mr. C. F. Stites, with a view of ascertaining the extent and boundaries of the ceraeter3^ In the immediate vicinity of the mound referred to were several slight elevations, with circular depressions in the center. 60 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 18 inches to two feet in depth. Four of them were opened, by digging a trench 3 feet wide and about 20 inches deep through the center of each. In one a bed of ashes was found 20 inches below the surface, Fig. 115. Two Skeletont containing sherds, animal remains and charcoal. Near the edges of these depressions an occasional arrow point or stone implement was found. On the 28th, a skeleton, accompanied by a vessel, was exhumed near the edoe of the bluff. This was an adult skeleton, in horizontal position, head to the south, but was badh' decayed, and could not be preserved. During the following week several others were exhumed in ditierent localities, proving, conclusively, tliat the whole plateau was one vast burial ground, although in this portion of the cemetery the skeletons were more scattered and not so well preserved. The fact having been fully demonstrated that the whole tract was of this character, on Monda}', July 7th, the work of systematic exca- vation was resumed in the Ferris Woods, and four skeletons, in hori- zontal positions, irregularly disposed, were exhumed. On the 9th, another skeleton, in same position, was discovered; with this a curious, gourd-shaped earthen vessel was found (fig. 17). Thursday, Jul}^ 10th, five skeletons were uncovered, of which two were children 8 to 10 years of age. The fourth skeleton, which was ArchcKolodical Explorations near IlacUsonville, Ohio. 61 an adult, had imbedde'd in one of the lower dorsal vertebrae, one of the small, triangular flints, termed " war arrow points;" several flint arrow Fig. 17. Earthen Vessel (Joseph Cox, Jr,) Half size, heads, and a thin piece of copper, about 1^ inches square, were also found with these remains. Monday, July 14, three skeletons were exhumed, lying in a horizontal Fig. 18. Small Double Vessel (G. W, Lasher), Half-size. position, close together and parallel; the head of one was directed north, and face upward; the other two with heads toward the south; 62 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. one of them lay on its side, facing west; the inferior maxillge of these latter crania were both missing, but were afterwards found together some two feet distant. About three feet east of this group the skeleton of an infant, buried about eighteen inches deep, was found, and with it a small vessel, inside of which was a still smaller one. Next day seven skeletons were found, of which two were children, and with one of these a small, two-story vessel (fig. 18). The inferior maxillae of two of these skeletons were also missing, and could not be found. During the remainder of the week, twenty skeletons were exhumed, disposed in groups of from three to seven. On Saturday, at the feet of one of the skeletons, was found a fine, perfect vessel, capacity about one gallon (fig 19). Fig. 19. Large Vessel (C, F. Low). One third size. The lower extremities of one of the skeletons exhumed this day, ex- tended under the stump of a walnut tree about three feet in diameter; another was found lying on its side, head south, with lower extremities extended west at right angles to the rest of the body. Monday, July 21, at a depth of twenty- three inches, two skeletons were found, lying horizontally; heads southeast and face upward. One of these skeletons was incomplete, the cranium and lower extremities missing. Two feet east of them, another skeleton, in sitting position, was discovered, and, from near the head, a tall, egg-shaped vessel was taken. Next were two children, at a depth of twenty inches, lying Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 63 horizontal!}^; heads southeast; a medium-sized vessel was found near them; immediately beneath the skeletons of the children was an ash pit, five feet five inches deep, and two feet ten inches in diameter, con- tainin<^ about four feet of ashes; several large fragments of potter}'^ were taken from this pit, forming about one half of a vessel of several gallons capacit}', and in the middle ot the pit nearly a bushel of i(7iio shells were found. Tuesday-, July 22d, an adult male skeleton, in sitting position, was found at a depth of twenty-two inches, another adult male in hori- zontal position, head southeast, was found about one foot northeast of the above. At the risfht side of the cranium was a medium-sized ves- Fig, 20. Group of Three Skeletons. sel, nearly perfect; an implement of elk horn with two perforations, a stone disk, some bone beads, and a piece of cannel coal were found with these remains. On the following day, a few feet novtheast of the preceding skeleton, a child's skeleton in horizontal position, with head 64 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. southeast was exliumed; with this was found a broken vessel, a grooved stone hammer with a -|- on each end, and one triangular arrow- head. Another skeleton, an adult, in horizontal position, head southeast, was found directly northeast of the above; the broken vessel accom- panjing this skeleton was placed at the top of the head; an ash pit four feet nine inches in depth, and four feet in diameter, was also ex- plored to-da3% and a fine gouge or chisel made of elkhorn, some bone awls, and several fine flint implements were taken out. On Thursday, Jul}' 24, an adult female skeleton, in sitting position, facing north, was found about two feet northwest of the above ash pit; at the right side of this skeleton lay the skeleton of an infant, in hori- zontal position, and about one foot west on the left lay another child's skeleton, also in horizontal position. On Friday, another ash pit was found, four feet deep and three feet three inches in diameter. Over this ash pit la}' a skull without the in- ferior maxillae, and in the ash pit the bones of a single arm were found. Fig. 21 Shell Ornament (D. S. Hosbrook). at a depth of two feet. The next skeleton was situated about one foot northwest of the ash pit. It was an adult, lying horizontally, head west, and at the top of the head an oblong vessel, wilh four handles placed differently from those of an^^ other ^et found — two at each end, instead of being equidistant. Directl}' west of this last skel- eton the remains of a child, in horizontal position, with head south- east, were exhumed. A second ash pit was explored, and four other skeletons were taken out during the day. From Jul}^ 28th to 31st five ash pits and six skeletons were discov- ered. Of these, three found on the 31st were buried in a peculiar Archaeological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 65 group, as shown in the followiDg sketch (fig. 20.) On the following day six skeletons of children and one adult were found. With the latter a vessel was discovered, which contained a shell ornament (fig. 21.) From August 4 to August 19, six ash pits and fourteen skeletons, disposed in groups, were found, and with each group one or more chil- dren. On August 20, another singular group (fig. 22) of skeletons was ex- Fig. 22. Group of Skeletons. huraed, at a depth of three feet. One adult lay with head south, and the lower extremities were overlaid by the extremities of another adult, who lay with head east. The third skeleton was a child, with its head south, its lower extremities extending over the chest of the second skeleton. On the chest of the first skeleton a vessel was found, and another on the chest of the child, while with the second skeleton the 66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. vessel had been placed at the top of the head. A finely-polished stone implement was also found with the group. Three feet east of the second skeleton in the above group, at a depth of twenty-one inches, the skeleton of a very large adult, evidently female, measuring six feet in length, was found. The head was directed south, and a large vessel was deposited at the feet. On Thursday and Friday, a group of six skeletons was found. Five were adults, and one a child about six years of age. All of these skel- etons were in horizontal positions, heads directed east and with each LEAF MOLD 24, IN LEAF MOLD ASHES WITH ANIMAL REMAINS-' FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY SHELLS &G. GRAVEL &CLAY I5JNL J1_ASHES CONTAlNITSi: ITAm M A L R EMAIN 5.1-.^ SHERDSa^ U NlJti: JSH E LLSrtOm BARK.TWIGS ScMATTl NG ;4-. IJS: ^omacjd^isi B0ULDER5_,aJ_bl Fig. 23. Diagram of Double Corn Pit- was a vessel placed at the left of the cranium. Beneath the head of the last one was found a polished flint celt and a stone implement. On Tuesda3', August 26th, one of the most interesting discoveries in this cemetery was made. In excavating an ash pit, a large deposit of several bushels of carbonized maize was found. Newspaper accounts of this remarkable discovery were published at the time, which were more or less erroneous. A correct diagram of the pit is here given, with a brief description of its contents. Layer No. 1 consists of about two feet of rich black earth and leaf Archoiological Explorations near 3IadisonvUle, Ohio. 67 mold. No. 2 is fifteen inches of gravelly clay, in which was found numerous animal remains, several implements of flint, stone and bone, an unfinished pipe, and some charred animal bones. •Next came layer No. 3, about ten inches of ashes, intermingled with bones of a great number of animals, of which the following were iden- tified: Deer, elk, raccoon, opossum, mink, woodchuck, beaver and tur- key, together with «t?iio shells of various species. Immediately below this was a layer (No. 4), about four inches thick, of coarse matting and twigs, corn stalks and bark, completely carbonized. No. 5 was a layer of shelled corn, probabl}^ three or four bushels, and below this was a quantity of ear corn, all of which was completely carbonized. On the bottom of the pit was a Isijer of fire cracked boulders, with some ashes and a few animal bones. The adjoining pit was separated from the corn pit at the bottom by about six inches of clay, and did not differ from the usual pits, except that no implements were found in it, August 29th and 30th, two ash pits were explored, from which the usual implements were taken, and an unfinished pipe representing a bear on its haunches. An adult skeleton was also exhumed, laying horizontall}^, head south and face upwards; a vessel was found at its feet. Immediatelj^ under this skeleton was an ash pit three feet in diameter, and four feet ten inches deep. This paper brings the details of the work of exploration in this cemetery up to August 31, 1879. It is not intended, at this time, to make a summar}^, or to present any theoretical conclusions, although it is proper in this connection to state that among all the numerous relics found in exhuming four hun- dred skeletons, and exploring over two hundred ash pits, nothing has yet been discovered in situ, which shows an}^ evidence of association with European races; and while manj^ of the implements are similar in form and material to those of the so called '^mound builders," and the pieces of copper and marine shells indicate commercial intercourse with distant nations or tribes, neither ornament nor artistic design can be traced to au}^ European source. This fact, in addition to the age of the forest trees, beneath which several of the skeletons have been found, places the age of these remains at a date prior to the earliest French or Spanish explorers of America; how much older than this is purely a matter of con- jecture. The preservation and description of these implements, orna- ments and utensils of a pre-historic people, and the ethnological facts developed in connection with them, will add another chapter to the record from which, at some future time, their history will probably be written. SS Cincinnati Society of Natural History. We have here all the materials uecessary to determine their daily domestic pursuits. Implements and tools of stone, flint and bone, pipes ornamented and carved to represent animals, ornaments of shell and coiDper, and even musical instruments are not wanting. Their pottery is a stud}^ in itself; the designs of the ornamentation on some, and representations of animals and the human face on others, show a good degree of artistic taste. And another thing is very noticeable, viz: the scarcity of w^arlike implements or weapons, which, with other evi- dences, goes far to show that they were a peaceable, industrious race, cultivating, to some extent, the earth, but mainly dependent upon the products of the forest and the adjacent rivers for their subsistence. The favorable weather durrng the fall and winter has permitted the work to go on without interiuption and many new and interest- ing discoveries have since been made, an account of which will form the subject of a future paper. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, FOR THE YEAR ENDING APRIL 1, 1880. Eeceipts. There has been received into the Treasury, from all sources, during the year end- ing April 1, 1880, $9,050 52. ' The items are as follows. Dues of the past 3^ear $318 00 Dues of jjreceding years 265 00 Initiation fees 35 00 ^ $618 00 Life membership, one , , , 50 00 Interest on investments, as follows : On U. S. Bonds, part 6 per cent, and part 4 per cent. ... $74 50 On Little Miami R.R. Stock, $1,000 at 8 per cent 80 00 On Cincinnati Southern Eailway Bonds, $2,000 at 7.30... 73 00 On mortgage loans 4,683 07 4,911 47 Sales and sitbscriptions to Journal 15 00 Investments collected in, as follows : U. S. 6 per cent. Bonds, " called" $1,250 00 Mather loan, part collected...,.* 2,109 90 Sollenberger note, balance paid in full 96 15 _ — ^ 3,456 05 Total amount received as above stated $9,050 52 Annual Rejjort of the Treasure?^ 69 Payments. There has been paid as follows : On account of the Museum (most of this is on appropria- tions made the year preceding: Elephant, $100; and Crinoids, $1,10) $291 75 For printing, engraving and lithographing, 3 Nos. of Journal 783 25 Bookbinding 14 25 Printing draft of new constitution and by-laws 10 00 Salary of Janitor 300 00 Repairs of building 37 05 Fuel, gas and water 71 94 Secretary's expenses (printing, postage and stationery) 52 24 Treasurer's expenses, percentage to collector, 2 years, amount collected, $520 at 8 per cent \ 41 60 Attorney's fees in the Mather case, $5,600 collected by suit 200 00 Incidental expenses connected with the case 1 90 Paid out on re-investments, viz. : U. S. 4 per cents, bought, $1,250; prem., $32 50 1,282 50 Cincinnati Southern Railway bonds, $2,000 7.30s, and prem 2,290 00 Various petty expenses, including postage, expressage, lectures, and expenses of curators and janitor, in all 21 03 ■ 5,397 51 Balance of receipts over expenditures during the year $3,653 01 To which is to be added the balance on hand last April 146 48 Cash on hand April 1, 1880 $3,799 49 The following separate statements are submitted herewith : Detailed list of dues and initiation fees collected during the year $618 00 Detailed statement of interest collected during the year 4,911 47 List of investments collected in, during the year 3,456 00 List of new investments made during the year 3,572 55 List of investments as they stand at this time 40,232 10 List of paid-up members , 67, less 5 resigned List of members vot paid up 49, amount due, $322 50 Permanent Irreducible Funds. The Society has several distinct funds which are required to be kept separate on the books, and can not be reduced in amount. 1. The Subscription Building Fund was created some years ago by certain mem. bers who agreed to make annual payments for five years. The whole amount paid in was $705, Avhich has accumulated by constantly adding the interest, until it is now nearly SI. 000. This fund is under the control, for building purposes, of those members of the Society who contributed to it. 2. There is a small Endowment Fund, consisting of $351.45, received from the old Western Academy of Sciences, and a donation of $200 received from Mrs. Warren : In all, 8551.45. This has to be kept invested, and the interest is applicable to the gen- eral purposes of the Society. 70 Cincinnati Society of Xatural History. 3. The Life Membership Fund.— This fund is yet small. Since Life Memberships were fixed at $50, two members have availed themselves of this method of providing permanently for their dues. Fifty dollars invested by a member in this fund, pays him ten per cent, interest. Members who have come into the Society to stay, would do well to remember this. 4. The Bodman Fund. This munificent gift of the late Charles Bodman, of $50,000, subject to no conditions whatever, was received in full by the trustees, in July, 1877. The Society set apart $12,000 of this to be applied to securing a piece of property for our sole use and control, and as a permanent home for the time being- Under this provision the building we are now in was bought. Its purchase and im- provements to adapt it to the use of the Society, have cost within $688 of the amount set apart for the purpose. The remainder of the Bodman gift, $38,000, the Society directed to be invested by the trustees, and kept at interest until otherwise ordered. This was carried into effect, and we are now in the regular receipt of the proceeds. The amount of the Bodman fund actually invested is about as much over the $38,000, as the cost of our real estate falls short of the $12,000. The payment of the interest regularly on one of our loans, was, as many of our members know, suspended during the year 1878; but during the past year all arrearages were made good, by suit, and a part of the principal of that loan was collected and invested in securities of a different character; while the original mort- gage security is still held for the balance of the loan. The average annual income of the Society is about $3,500; and we have now on hand such a surplus of our general funds as might justify the Society in directing a temporary investment of ten or fifteen hundred dollars. During the past year dues and initation fees have been paid by one liundred members. The number of members who have paid u]) their dues to the end of the year just closed, is 67 ; and 5 of these have resigned with their last payment ; having 62 paid- up members (exclusive of life-members from the former Academy of Sciences). 49 members owe, up to date, for one or more years ; 4 of these have removed to other States, and will probably have to be dropped. Our membership can not, therefore, be counted as more than one hundred and eight or ten at most. Of persons elected members in the last two years, 14 have failed to perfect their membership by the payment of the initiation fee; 18 others elected during the same two years have perfected their membership in that respect. V-DL.III. ■ ,.:,,, - I'lato, 1. tt» feAx; ICsferji'dl :l| i^tom Plate 2. vOL.nr. iljjeifrjtriitBd.jjfllliefc#jmBE!Ei^ Plate 3. 2. 'A A. i * U ! . Krebs Lithographino Company, Cikcimnat THE JOURNAL OF THE ciiiiTi mm § mm him, VOL. III. CINCINNATI, JULY, 1880. No. 2. PROCEJ^DII^GS OF THE SOCIETY. Tuesday Evening, May 4, 1880. Dr. R. M. B3n'nes, President, in the chair. Present, about 30 mem- bers. Mr. Davis L. James read an exceeding!}' interesting paper on the fertilization of the common wild flower, the " Spring Beauty, " and ex- hibited specimens of the insect through whose agency the fertilization is accomplished. The following officers were elected to fill vacancies, viz : J. W. Hall, Jr., Curator of Mineralogy. E. M, Cooper, Curator of Conchology. J. W. Hill and E. D. Huntington were elected to regular member- ship in the societ}^ Donations were received as .follows: From Mr. Charles F. Low, a large collection of pre-historic speci- mens from the Ancient Cemetery near Madisonville, cornprising up- wards of 200 pieces of pottery, stone, bone, shell and copper imple- ments and ornaments, pipes, flints, etc. Part of which were illustrated in the last number of this Journal. From Dr. A. E. Heighway, skeletons of an eagle, pelican, wildcat, and an American marmot, or woodchuck. 72 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. From Dr. J. H. Hunt, a cop}' of KoUiker's " Microscopical An- atomy." From Mr. D. L. James, specimens of a Lichen — Lecidea albocce- rulea — found on the surface of the rocks. From Mr H. B. Stowe, of the Adams Express Companj^ two unique specimens of decorated modern Indian potter\', from New Mexico. From Mr. George Currie, four specimens of mastodon bones. From Paul F. Mohr, one specimen of the "Hellbender" — 3Ieno- pome allegheniensis. From Dr. W. A. Dunn, several human bones, from a mound near the ihouth of the Great Miami. The bones are encrusted, in part, with carbonate of lime. Tuesday Evening, June 1, 1880. Dr. "R. M. Byrnes, President, in the chair. Present, about twenty members. Dr. W. A. Dunn read a \evy instructive essay upon the proper method of examining and excavating mounds, so as to readily distinguish intrusive burials from original interments. Mr. L. S. Cotton made a few remarks upon the same subject, and suggested, that in excavating a mound, it would be well to la}- it off in sections, and commence at one side and completely excavate each section, before commencing work upon the adjoining one. Mr. Davis L. James read a ver^'^ interesting letter from Joseph F. James, a corresponding member of the Society-, relating his travels in the great Colorado Desert. He described the bari'enness of the alkaline plains, the scouring effect of wind-driven sand, and the ter- rific character of the rain storms, which seldom occur, but when they do come, the water is poured down instead of falling in drops. He also described the scanty- vegetation which, being a good botanist, he is so well able to do, and furnished the names of the few plants to be found in that arid region. A few drawings which he had made of the fossil shells found on the desert plains were also shown to the audience. Prof. A. G. Wetherb}- described the lithological character of the Trenton Group about Lexington and the High Bridge in Kentuck}^ He estimated the thickness of the Trenton limestone exposed at High Bridge, and b}^ the railroad cuts within nine miles of that place, at not less than five hundred feet. He exhibited some specimens of Orthis tricenaria, 0. i^ectinella. Hyhocrinus tumidus, Amygdalocys- tites Jlorealis, Glyptocrinus prisciis, Blastoidocrinus car char ioidens, a Proceedings of the Society. 73 cystidean belonging to a new genus, that he proposed to call Hyhocys- tites, and a Colpoceras, which he had collected in these rocks. Mr. S. A. Miller made some remarks upon the Trenton age of the rocks described, as evidenced by the fossils collected in them. The cri- noids andcystideans exhibited are the same that are found in the Tren- ton Group, at Ottawa, Canada. The brachiopods are characteristic of the Trenton Group in New Yurk and Southeastern Missouri, and these cephalopod of the Black River Group of New York. None of these species have ever been found in rocks higher than the Trenton Group, and some of the genera are also confined to the rocks of this age, not- withstanding the great geographical distribution and their well known appearance at points more than one thousand miles apart. He thought from the estimate of the thickness of the Trenton in the limited area, mentioned by Prof Wetherb3^ and from other informa- tion respecting this group of rocks in Kentucky, that the total thick- ness of the group in that state may be found to be 800 or 1,000 feet. That the top of the Trenton Group appears in the bed of the Ohio river, opposite that part of Cincinnati called Fulton, that it is here succeeded by rocks of the age of the Utica Slate of New York, about which there can be no doubt, in the mind of any one conversant with the fossils, though, on account of the calcareous character of the strata and their graduation into the well known rocks of the Hudson River Group, which constitute the hills back of the city of Cincinnati, the line of separation between the Utica Slate and the Hudson River Group is not so well determined. Mr. Alex. McAvoy was elected to regular membership. Donations were received, as follows: From Ed. R. Quick, several specimens of fish, crustaceans and rep- tiles collected in White river, near Brookville, Indiana. From Geo. L. Murdock, of San Francisco, California, a specimen of Hippocampus. From Prof. A. G. Wetherby, Leperditia fabulites, from the Trenton Group at High Bridge, Kentuck3\ From a member of the Society, a very large specimen of Placenti- ceras placenta., from the Tombigbee Sand of Alabama. 74 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. REPORT IN MEMORY OF ROBERT BUCHANAN. At the meeting of May 6, 1879, Mr. S. A. Miller moved that Geo. Graham, J. A. Warder and R. B- Moore be appointed to draught a report of respect to the memor}^ of Mr. Robert Buchanan, deceased* which motion was adopted. At the meeting of June 3d, 1879, Mr. Geo. Graham read the following report on behalf of the committee.* The Committee appointed at the last regular meeting of this Society to prepare an obituary notice of the death, on the 23d of April last, of one of our most distinguished citizens, and a life member of this Society— Mr. Robert Buchanan — ask leave to report: That the numerous notices given of his death in the public prints, at the time it occurred, and the gloom which was cast over the communitj^ by the loss of such a man, is sufficient evidence of the high appreciation of his virtues by the public, and his long life of usefulness in promoting the general good of his fellow men, as well as the prosperity of everything con- nected with their welfare. It might, therefore, be deemed unnecessary to offer a tribute in this Society, so long after the public announcement of the funeral; but there is a peculiar propriety in acknowledging our respect, love and honor for the memory of those of our associates, whose examples are most worthy of imitation, and whose lives have been in accordance with those pure feelings, which we consider one of the tendencies of our pursuits as members of this society to strengthen and to cherish. We, therefore, feel it a duty incumbent upon us, at this meeting, to record in our proceed- ings, the death of one whose example we may hold up to the consideration of the rising generation, without fear that it may contain the seeds of bad influence or corruption. A full history of the life of our late member would in part be a repetition of what has been published and already known to our members, we may, therefore, give but a sketch of the various duties and offices held by him during more than sixty years of his life in this community. Robert Buchanan was born in Westmoreland county, in Pennsylvania, January 15th, 1797. In 1811 he was engaged in a store in Pittsburgh, at that time a city of 5,000 inhabitants. This duty enabled young Buchanan to acquire a training that prepared him for a notable career as a merchant and *The publication of this report has been inadvertently delayed until the present time Report in Memory of Robert Buchanan. ■ 75 man of business. About the time this engagement was made he happened to be at Liverpool, Ohio, and was one of the curious crowd that gathered to witness the ''Orleans" pass down the river, on her trial trip, being the first steamboat launched on the Ohio river. In 1816 he was in a store in West Union, in which he was a partner, also at Brush Creek furnace, the first establishment of that kind in southern Ohio. He then became one of the pioneers in opening up the present vast iron interest of the Ohio valley. In 1822, having closed up his business inWest Union, he acted as Captain of the steamboat Maysville, a small boat plying between Cincinnati and New Orleans. Leaving the river in 1823, Mr. Buchanan went into the wholesale grocery business with Chas. McAllister, as a partner, on Main and Front streets. This firm was the first in the West to make a specialty of the grocery trade. The city at that time contained about 10,500 inhabitants, while it had but 6,000 •inhabitants in 1817. He was President, from 1831 to 1835, of the Commercial Bank, established in Cincinnati after the sweeping crash in 1819. This bank is still in existence. He was one of the commissioners named in the charters to organize the Little Miami and the Ohio and Mississippi Eailroad Com- panies. He also assisted in establishing the Widows' Home, and in organ- izing several insurance companies, in one of which he served as President. He took a lively interest in the construction of the Whitewater Canal, and for a time was President of the Company. He served for a long period as President of the Cincinnati Historical Society, and also of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, organized at his house in 1843, He was also, at one time. President of the Western Academy of Natural Sciences at Cincinnati. Soon after the organization of this Society he was one among others who, as members of the Western Academy of Natural Sciences, donated to this Society all its books, money and fossils which now form an important part of our collection. He also, in connection with some friends, transferred his fine collection of botanical specimens, his library and fossils, to this Society. For more than 20 years he was President of the Cincinnati College, and remained President to the time of his death. He was one of the principal movers in projecting the beautiful and famous Spring Grove Cemetery in 1844, and was President of the Board of Directors continuously until his death. In 1861 and 1862 he was President of the Cincinnati, Wilmington and Zanesville Railroad Company. These and other positions, responsible or complimentary, filled by Mr. Buchanan, during his long and busy career, came to him mainly as a recog- nition and reward of his far-sighted view of what the future had in store. 76 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. He Was one of the first of the early settlers to recognize the possibilities of fifrowth possessed by Cincinnati, and was always among the foremost in public enterprise. In 1825, in company with his business partners, he established a viiole- sale grocery at Louisville, and a commission house in New Orleans, which were carried on with varying fortune till finally closed bj^ the death or re- moval of his partners. From 1823 to 1831 he was engaged in pork packing. At diff'erent times he was part owner of steamboats, and, with his partners, built several dwelling houses and stores. He built and conducted, with others, the Phoenix Cotton Factory of Cincinnati, and the Covington fac- tory. He was also one of the firm that operated the Cooper Cotton Mill, in Dayton. In company with William Mansar, he leased the Covington Eoll- ing Mill, and operated it successfully for ten years. In 1837 he was engaged by the United States Bank to purchase gold and silver, and in this transac- tion no security was required, as his well-known integrity was considered a suflScient guaranty. In 1843, having acquired an extensive knowledge of botany, and anxious to cultivate the native grape and other fruits, he purchased his country seat in Clifton, which he ornamented with choice fruits and flowers, setting an example at that early day of landscape gardening, which has made Clifton the beauty and pride of the people of Cincinnati. His country residence being near Spring Gr we Cemetery, he was enabled to devote his leisure hours in attending to the delightful pursuits of horticulture, and with the able supervision, of Mr. Strauch, Spring Grove is placed at the head in beauty and extent of any other cemetery in this country or in Europe. The great exigencies of times call forth the services of men who seem formed for the difficulties and dangers with which they are surrounded. They achieve the object of their mission and depart. But not alone to those the world calls great Is society to look for its valuable members. At all times there are men of strong minds, and well directed views, who are pursuing the even tenor of their way adding to public prosperity and social blessings who do not seem to understand their own importance. They are fulfilling the great objects of life, but the quietness of their course seems to admit of no special distinction, though they leave the world with the vestiges of their labor, in the place where they stood. Wherever they have been are found the tokens of their being. They leave an indelible mark upon the age in which they flourished. In this class the name of Robert Buchanan will be found. Robert Buchanan commenced a business life in the early part of the Report in Memory of Robert Buchanan. 11 present century, when the great West was taking a place in the commercial history of the country. Cincinnati was the commercial point where busi- ness of the West centered. It will be seen, from what we have said, that Mr. Buchanan was a merchant and a manufacturer devoted to the great idea of increasing the commerce of the great valley of the Mississippi. In his life-time he could go back to the scenes of his early childhood, in Penn- sylvania, where only a few years before he was born, the whole Allegheny ridge was an unbroken mass of wilderness. Trains of pack horses might be seen climbing the mountain sides by the bridal path, threading the mean- ders of the valleys and gorges, trembling on the brinks of precipices and sliding down declivities which scarcely afforded a secure footing to man or beast. They were laden with merchandise for traffic. The con- ductors were men inured to all the hardships which beset the traveler in the wilderness. Men who united the craft of the hunter to the courage and the discipline of the soldier, for the road they traveled was the war path of the Indian. It was the track that had hesn beaten smooth by the feet of them that sought the blood of the white men, and who still lurked in the way bent on plunder and carnage. There was no resting place, no accommodations, no shelter. Throughout the day they plodded on through the forest, scaling steep acclivities, fording rivers, enduring all toils of an arduous march, and encamping at night in the wilderness, observing the precaution and the discipline of a military party in a hostile country. These were merchants carrying their wares to the forts and settlements of the West. They were the pioneers of that commerce which now employs the wealth and controls the resources of an empire. In Mr. Buchanan's boyhood, he was acquainted with the O'Haras, the Irwins, the Semples, and others, who were the pioneers in the commerce of the Ohio valley. In reviewing the life of our late member, and tracing the scenes and adventures of the early pioneers, it may be interesting to some of our young menbers to know that the building which we occup}'^ is on part of the ground formerly occupied as Fort Washington, and using the language of a favorite author, we can compare'the early history with the busy scenes of a popu- lous city. Eighty-five years ago, the national flag waved over a lone fortress, sur- rounded by a few log huts, on the spot we now occupy. Around it was the unbroken forest, penetrated only by the war path of the Indian and the track of the buffalo. Standing upon the ramparts of that fort, the eye of the beholder would have rested on the pristine verdure of the luxuriant forest, and on the placid stream of the Ohio, seldom disturbed even b}^ the water 78 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. craft which then floated on its surface. His ear would have heard at dawn the martial notes of the reveille, and at night the hooting of the owl and the savage bay of the prowling wolf. Now we stand upon the same spot, in the center of a populous city, surrounded by all the refinements of wealth and cultivation. A city numbering, with its suburbs, three hundred thou- sand souls. We have stated that Mr. Buchanan was on the steamboat" Maysville, " in 1822. In 1817, a few small steamboats were used in transporting merchan- dise from New Orleans to the upper country ; but the use of steam was just commencing. The number of keel-boats employed in the upper Ohio is pre- sumed to have been about one hundred and fifty, averaging thirty tons each, and requiring one month to make a voyage from Louisville to Pitts- burg. About twenty barges, averaging one hundred tons each, comprised the whole of the commercial facilities for transporting merchandise from New Orleans to the upper country. Each of these performed one trip down and up again to Louisville and Cincinnati within the year. The first boats used in the navigation of the western rivers were the flat boat, the keel, and the barge. Tlie first of which was used only in descend- ing with the current, while the two latter ascended the streams, propelled laboriously by poles. Navigating long rivers, whose shores were still in- fested by hostile savages, the boatmen were armed and depended for safety upon their caution and their manhood. We have stated that Robert Buchanan was continuously elected President of Sprjng Grove Cemetery for more than thirty years. An institution which has hundreds of lot-holders entitled to vote annually for the Board of Directors, and yet from the time of its first organization no change occurred in the presidency. In those grounds the Directors have laid the mortal part of our departed friend, and covered it with the sod that nour- ished those flowers which adorn the grounds, many of which were selected by his own care and taste. GEO. GRAHAM, R. B. MOORE, \ Committee. JNO. A. WARDER, Mesozoic and Coinozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 79 JSrOBTH A3fERICAN MESOZOIC AND C^NOZOIC GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, By S. A. Miller, Esq. [Continued from Vol. 3, page 32. ~\ Wm, M. Gabb* described, from Eiifaula, Alabama, Fasus holmesan- us, Cancellaria eufaulensis, Dentaliiim ripleyanum, Venus meekana Astarte octoUrata, Trigonia eufaulensis, Axincea rotundata, Nucula distorta., N. eufaulensis, Area eufaulensis, now Nemodon eufaulensis, Hamulus major; from Hardeman county, Tennessee, Neptunea im- pressa^ Fasciolaria saffordi, Turritella hardemanensis, T. pumila, T. saffordi, T. tennesseensis, Venus ripleyana, Corhula suhcompressa^ C. erassipUcata, Modiola saffordi, now Volsella saffordi. Area saffordi, Ostrea crenulimarginata; from New Jersey, Rostellaria rostrata, now Anchura rostrata, Cyprma mortoni, Lunatia lialli, Pholas eretacea, now Martesia eretacea^ Teredo irregulat^is, now Polar thrus irregu- laris., Gastrochwna americana, now Polartlirus americanus, Isocardia conradi, now Opis conradi, Modiola ovata, now Volsella ovata, Leda slacMana, now Nuculana slackana, Serpula habrogramma, Dentalina jmlchra, now Phonemus puleher; from the Indian Territory, near the Choctaw Mission, Chemnitzia occidentalis; and from Oregon, Discoidea occidentalis; Gabb and Horn described, from Hardeman count3^ Ten- nessee, Platytroehus speciosus; from Prairie Bluff, Alabama, Flahellum striatum; from New Jersey, Trochosmilia conoidea, Acerviclausa ver- micularis, Heterocrisina ahhotti, now Bicrisina ahhotti, Hippothoa irregularis,\ Cellepora carinata, now Reptoporina carinata, C. typica, now Escharifora typica, Beticulipora sagena, and Multicrescis par- vicella. T. A. Conrad + described, from Barbour county, Alabama, and Tip- pah county, Mississippi, Pholadomya anteradiata, P. loapyria, P. postsuleata, Sangninolaria cretacensis, Tellina eufaulensis, T. lim- atula, T. ehorea, Dosina depressa^ now Cyprimeria depressa, D. ob- liquata, Mysia parilis, now Teiiea parilis, Cardium linteuju, now Cymbopliora lintea^ Crassatelli lintea, C. pteropsis, Linearia met- astriata, Kellia eretacea, Sphmrella concentrica, Crenella sericea, Cucullwa maconensis, now Trigonarca maconensis, Nucula cunei- * Jour. Aciid. Nat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 4 t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser. vol. 4. 80 Cincinnati Society of Xatural History. fro7is, -ZV. percequalis, Leda longifrons, now JSfuculana longifrons, Venilia trapezoidea, now Veniella trapezoidea^ (Jardium eufaulense^ Dione eufaule7isis^ Asta^^te crenalirata^ Corhula evfaiilensis, Plica- tula saffordi, P. tetrica^ Pecten a7^gillensis, P. mississippiensis, P. simjylicius, now Syncyclonema simj^licium, Turrilites spiniferus, An- chura ahrupta, Turritella trilira, Daphnella eufaulensis, D. lintea, D. siibjilosa, Drillia distans, Fiisus tippanus, Strepsidura ripleyana^ Volutilithes eufaulensis^ Actceon modicellus, Chemnitzia corona, C. me- lanopsis, C. spillmani, C. laqueata, C. trigemmata, Pyroj^sis perlata^ Keritella densata, Gyrodes alveatus, G. ci'enatus, Turhinopsis hilgardi. Tuba bella, now Spironema bellum, Morea cancellaria, Thylacus cre- taceus, Placunanomia saffordi^ Cassidulus abruptus.^ and C. subquad- ratus. Prof. E. W. Hilgard* subdivided the Cretaceous rocks of Mississippi into four groups as follows : 1. The lowest, the Eutaw Group, as char- acterized by Tuomey, near Eutaw, Alabama. 2. Tombigbee Sand Group. 3. Rotten Limestone Group. 4. Ripley Group of Conrad. The Eutaw Group consists of bluish black, or reddish, laminated ' clays, often lignitic^ alternating with, and usually overlaid by non-effer. vescent sands, mostly poor in mica, and of a gray or yellow tint. It contains beds of lignite, and rarely other fossils. It is displayed at a few places in Tishamingo, Itaw^amba, Monroe, and Lowndes counties. The Tombigbee Group is usuall}^ a fine-grained micaceous sand more or less calcareous, usually of a greenish tint, but not unfrequently gray, bluish, black, j-ellowish and sometimes even orange red. The greenish tint is imparted to these sands not b}' greensand grains, as is the case in the marls of the Ripley ^^roup, but is caused by a greenish incrustation, covering thinl}^ a portion of the quartz grains, but the presence of glauconite in the incrustation has not been detected. Claj's and non-calcareous sands are subordinate to the greenish sand. This Group forms a narrow belt on the western exposure of the Eutaw Group, and extending from Lowndes county through Monroe, Itawamba and Tishamingo, to the southern border of Tennessee. The Rotten Limestone Group possesses the same characteristics as- cribed to it by Tuome}^ in Alabama, and appears as a soft, chalky rock, of a white or pale bluish tint, with ver^' little sand; consisting of vari- able proportions of fat, tenacious claj', and white carbonate of lime in cr3'Stals extremely minute, and with some shells of infusoria. It is Greo. of Miss. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Paloiontology, 81 generall}' highly fossiliferous, and irregular, rounded nodules of iron P3'rites of a radiated structure called "sulphur balls" are common. It is of great thickness on its southwestern border in Chickasaw, Octibbeha, Noxubee and Kemper counties, where borings have been made in it from 700 to 1000 feet, but there is a gradual thinning out northward, through Pontotoc, Itawamba, Tippah and Tishamingo counties to the line of Tennessee. The surface area of this sub- division in Mississippi is greater than that of the other three com- bined. The Ripley Group forms the border of the western exposure of the Cretaceous, from a point in Chickasaw through the central part of Pontotoc, the eastern part of Tippah and western part of Tishamingo to th'fe south line of Tennessee. It consists of hard crj'stalline lime- stone, more or less sandy and glauconitic, which forms the highest strata; and bluish micaceous marls, more or less sand}', and often in- terstratified with subordinate ledges of sand}^ limestone, which latter become less and less frequent as we descend in the series toward the strata forming a transition into the Rotten limestone. Meek and Hayden* described, from (Fort Benton Group) the mouth of Vermilion river, Ammonites vermiUonensis^ now Mortoniceras ver- nu'lionense ; from near the Black Hills, Scaphites warreni ; from Little Blue river, Inoceramus aviculoides, now I. problematicus, var. avicu- loides ; from (Fox Hills Group), Moreau river, Phylloteuthis subova- tus, Dentalium pauperculum^ now Entalis paupereula, and Cylichna scitula ; from 20 miles below the mouth of Cannon Ball river, Tellina formosa^ now Linear ia formosa ; from ttie north branch of Chej^enne river, Cyprina humilis, now Veniella humilis ; and from Long Lake Avicula subgibbosa, now A. Ungiciforniis, var. subgibbosa ; from the mouth of Judith river (Judith river Group), Helix evansi, now Hyalina evansi; from the mouth of Grand river, Sphcerium planwm^ S. recticardinale, Cyrena cytheriformis, now Corbicula cytheriformis^ and Inoceramus subcompressus, now /. cripsi^ var. subcompressus ; from (Fort Pierre Group), the head of the south branch of Cheyenne River, Helicoceras angulatum^ now Heteroceras angulatum. Ammon- ites placenta^ WHY. inter calar is; now Placenticeras placenta^ var. inter- calaris', from the Yellow Stone river, Scaphites nodosus^ var. jjlenus^ Aporrhais pari-a, now Anchura parva, A. sublaevis, and Mactra gracilis; from Fort Clark, Teredo selUformis ; from White river. Inoceramus vanuxemi, I. balchi; from Bijou Hill, Anomia subirigon- '■•' Proc Acad. Nat. Sci- 82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. alis, aud from the great bend of the Missouri river below Fort Pierre, Ostrea inornata. From (Niobrara Group) near the mouth of the Niobrara river, An- omia ohliqua ; from (Dakota Group) near the mouth of the Big Sioux river, 3Iactra Siouxensis. F. B. Meek described, from near Bear river, on Sulphur Creek, Anomia concentrica, Corhula concentri- ca, C. engelmanni, C.pyriformis^ and 3Ielania humerosa, now Pyrgu- lifera humerosa; from the North Platte, Inoceramus simpsoni ; from Ham's Fork, northeast of Fort Bridger, Melampus priscus, now Rhy- tophorus priscus, Melania simpsoni^ now Goniohasis simpsoni, M.- arcta, M. nitidula, now Limncea nitidula^ L. similis^ L. vetusta, Planorhis spectabiUs^ P. utahensis, and from near Fort Bridger, Uiiio haydeni. Some of the latter species probably belong to the Lower Eocene. In 1861, Meek and Hayden,* as before mentioned, separated the Cretaceous rocks of the Missouri region into five subdivisions, in ascending order, as follows : 1. Dakota Group, consisting of yellowish, reddish, and occasionally white sandstone, with, at places, alternations of various colored clays and beds and seams of impure lignite ; also silicified wood, and great numbers of leaves of the higher types of dicotyledonous trees, with casts of Pharella dakotensis, Axinaea siouxensis, and Cyprina arenarea. Found at the hills back ot the town of Dakota; also extensivel}' de- veloped in the surrounding country in Dakota county, below the mouth of Big Sioux river, thence extending southward into northeastern Kansas and be3^ond. Estimated thickness, 400 feet. 2. Fort Benton Group, consisting of dark gra}', laminated cla3^s, sometimes alternating near the upper part with seams and la3^ers of soft gray and light colored limestone, Inoceramus prohlematicus, I. tenuirostratus, I. latus, I,fragilis, Ostrea congesta, Venilia mortoni, Pholadomya papyracea, Ammonites mullani^ A. percarinatus, A. ves- pertinuSf Scaphites loarroii, S. larvcuj-ormis, S. ventricosits, S. vermi- formis, Nautilus elegans, etc. Extensively developed near Fort Ben- ton, on the Upper Missouri; also along the latter from ten miles above James river to Big Sioux river, and along the eastern slope of the Rock}^ Mountains as well as at the. Black Hills. Estimated thickness, 800 feet. 3. Niobrara Group, consisting of lead-gray calcareous marl, weather- ing to a yellowish or whitish chalk}^ appearance above, containing ■•'■ Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Mesozoic and CcEnozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 83 large scales and other remains of fishes, and numerous specimens of Ostrea congesta, attached to fragments of Inoceramus. Passing down into light yellowish and whitish limestone, containing great numbers oi Inoceramus prohlematicus, I. pseadomytiloides, I. aviculoides, fish scales, etc. Found in the bluffs along the Missouri, below the Great Bend, to the vicinity of Big Sioux River ; also below there on the tops of the hills. Estimated thickness, 200 feet, 4. Fort Pierre Group, consisting of dark beds of very fine unctuous clay, containing much carbonaceous matter, with veins and seams of gypsum, masses of sulphuret of iron, and numerous small scales, fishes local, filling depressions in the bed below. Lower fossiliferous zone^ containing Ammoyiites complexus, BacuUtes ovatus, B. compressus, Helicoceras mortoni, H. tortiim, H. umbilicatum, H. cochleatum, Ptychoceras mortoni, Fasus vinculicm, Anlsomyon horealis, Amaur- opsis paludiniformis^ Tnocei^amus suhloivis, I, tenuilineatus^ bones of Mosasaurus missouriensis, etc. Middle zone, nearly barren of fossils. Upper part consisting of dark gray and bluish plastic clays, containing, near the upper part. Nautilus dekayi, Ammonites placenta, BacuUtes ovatus, B. compressus, Scaphites nodosus, Dentalium gracile, Crassa- tella, evansi, Cucullcea nebrascensis, Inoceramus sagensis, I. nebras- censis, I. vanuxemi, bones of Jlosasaurus missouriensis, etc. Found on Sage creek, Cheyenne river. White river above the ^lauvaises Terres, Fort Pierre, and out to Bad Lands, down the Missouri on the high country, to Great Bend and near Bijou Hill on the Missouri. Estimated thickness, 700 feet. 5. Fox Hills Group, consisting of gi-a\^ ferruginous and yellowish sandstone and arenaceous clays, containing ^eZewm^'^eZZa bulbosa, Nau- tilus dekayi, Ammonites j^lacenta, A. lobatus, Scaphites conradi, 6'. nicolletti, BacuUtes grandis^ Busy con bairdi, Fusus culbertsoni, F. newberryi, Aporrhais americana, Pseudobuccinum nebrascense, Mac- tra warrenana, Cardium subquadratum, and a great number of other molluscous fossils, together with bones of 3Iosasaurus missouriensis, etc. Found at Fox Hills, near Moreau river, near Long Lake, above Fort Pierre, along the base of Big Horn Mountains, and on North and South Platte rivers. Estimated thickness, 500 feet. In Nebraska the sandstones of the Dakota Group rest directly upon rocks of the age of the Upper Coal Measures, or of Permian Age. They described from the Fort Pierre and Fox Hills Groups, at Deer Creek, near the north branch of the Platte river, Leda bisulcata, now Nueulana bisulcata, Gervillia recta, Crenella elegantula, Cardium pertenue, now Protocardia pertenuis, Tellina nitidida, now 3Iactra 84 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. nitidula ; from the mouth of the Big Horn river, Lingula nitida, and from the head of Gros-Ventres river, Ostrea gahhana, and Cardium curtum. And fvom the Fort Union Group, on the Lower Fork of Powder river, Viviparus reynoldsanus. F. B. Meek described, from Vancouver and Sucia Islands, Dosinia tenuis, Inoceramus siibundatus, JIactra gibbsana, Baculites inornatus, B. occidentalism Ammonites complexus, var. suciensis, A. vancouver- ensis^ and Nautilus campbelli. W. M. Gabb* described, from Cross wicks and other places m New Jersey, Turritella granulicosta, CrassateUa trarnsversa, now Etea transversa, Axincea subaustralis, Ctenoides squarrosa, now Lima squarrosa, Terehratulina hallana, Acta^on cretaceus, A. ovoideus, Natica infracarinata, Lunatia altisi^ira, Gyrodes obtusivolvus, G. abbotti, Turbinopsis depressa, Architectonica abbotti, now 3Iargari- tella abbotti, Fasciolaria slacki, Voluta delawarensis, V. kanei, V. mucronata ; from Comanche Peak, Texas, Globiconcha carta ; from Mississippi, Gyrodes spillma^ii, Ostrea pandiformis ; from Alabama, Trochus mortoni, Gryphoia thirsce ; from New Jersey, Teredo con- torta, now Turnus contortus, Anatina elliptica, now Periploma ellip- tica, Venilia trigona., now Veniella trigona, Area altirostris, Cir cullcea 7ieglecta, now Idonearca neglecta, C. transversa, now /. trans- versa, Pecten tenuitesta, Eudea dichotoma ; and from Tennessee, Ctenoides denticulicosta, now Lima denticulicosta. Isaac Leaf described, from Haddonfield, New Jersey, Corbula foulkei, Dosinia haddonjieldensis, and Jlodiola julice, now Volsella Julioe. In 1862, Gabb and HornJ described, from Timber Creek and MuUica Hill, New Jersey, Uellepora prolijica, C. exserta, C. piimila, Repto- celleporaria aspera, Eschar inella muralis, Beptescharellina prolifera, Escharipora distans, E. abbotti, E. immersa, Beptescharipora mar- ginata, Bijlustra torta, B. disjuncta, Membranipora abortiva, M.per- ampla, M.plebia, FLustrella capistrata, F. cylindrica, Beptojlustrella heteropora, Betelea ovalis^ Fascipora americana, Spiropora calamus, Entalopliora, quadr angular \ s, E. conradi, Diastopora liveata, Stoma- topora regular is, now Alecto teg alar is., Reticulipora dichotoma, Cres- cis labiata, and from near Yazoo, Mississippi, Cellepora janewayi. Meek and Hayden§ described, from the Fort Benton Group, at '•'•Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. t Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. X Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 5. § Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Mesozoic and Gcbuozoic Geology and PalonontoJogy. 85 Chippewa Point, below Fort Benton, on the Upper Missouri, Scaphites ventrtcosus, S. vermiformis, Ammonites mullananus, JSFautilus ele- gans, var. nebrascensis, Inoceramus undahundus, I. exogyroides^ I. temcirostratus, Venilia mortoniy now Veniella mortonk and Pliola- domya papyracea. In 1863, Dr. J. S. Newberry* described, from Orcas Island, Aspleni- um elongatiim, Tceniopteris gibbsi, and Ficus cwieatus; from Van- couver's Island, Aspidium kenyierlyi^ and Taxodium cuneatum. In 1864, W. M. Gabbf described, from Chico creek, California, Calli- anassa, stimpsoni^ Ammonites chicoensis, Turritella chicoensis, Mere- trix lens, Dosinia injlata, Trochosmilia granulifera; from Cottonwood creek, and other places in Shasta count}^ California, Belemnites im pressus, Ammonites breweri, A. haydeni, A. traski, A. hoffmanni, A. reniondi, Ptychoceras Geqicicostatum^ now Helicaucylus cequicostatus, Crioceras remondi, now Ancyloceras remondi, C. percostatum^ now A. percostatum, Fusus kingi, Neptiinea curvirostra^ JSf. perforata^ N. hoffmanni, Lunatia avellana^ Ringicula varia^ Nerinea dispar, Acte- onina pupoides, Pugnellus manubriatus^ Potamides diadema, Turri- tella infralineata, Nerita deformis, Anisomyon meeki, Actceon im- pressus, now Toriiatellcea impressa, Turnus plenus, Panopoea concen- trica, now Homomya concentrica, Meretrix arata, Eriphyla umbonata, Lithophagiis oviformis, Area brewerana, and Leda translucida, now JSFuculana tram^lueida ; from Martinez and Clayton, and Canada de las Uva, Aturia matthewsoni^ Helicoceras vcrmiculare, Typ)his antiquns^ Fusus martinez, F.inattheivsoni, now Surcula mattheiosoni, F. aratus, F. Jlexuosus, Neptunea gracilis, Perissolax brevirostris^ Buccinum lira- turn, now Brachysphingu^ liratus. 2^assa cretacea, JSF. antiquata, Pseu- doliva lineata,Olivella mattheivsoni, -from San Diego, Ainmoiiites cooperi^ Hemifusus cooperi, Neptunea supraplicata, Tritonium diegoense, now Buccinofusus diegoensis, Ancillaria elongata, Fasciolaria Iceviuscula, F. sinuata, Margaritella crenulata; from Vancouver Island. Hamites Vancouver e7is is ^ Solen diegoensis, Barbatia morsei; from Martinez, Mitra cretacea, Morio tuberculatus, Lunatia shumardana, Naticina obliqua, now Catinus obliquus, Cinulia matthewsoni; from Pence's Ranch, Butte county, Helicoceras breweri, H. declive, Ptychoceras quadratum, Neptunea ponderosa, Haydenia i7npressa, Gyrodes con- radanus, G. expansus, Potamides tenuis, 31 artesia clausa, Anatina lata; from Trinity river in Trinit}^ county, Grioceras latum; from Fort Tejon, Fasciolaria io, now Surcula io, Whitney a ficus, Lunatia horni, ■' Bost Jour. Nat Hist , vol. 7. t Pal. of California, vol- 1. 86 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. L. naciformis, Neveinta secta, Architectonica horni, Conns horni, C. sinuatus, now Surcula sinuata; from Tuscan Springs, Fusus averilli, Ficus cyp7^ceoides, Amauropsis oviformis, Cinulia ohliqua ; from Mount Diablo and other places, Fusus diaholi, F. calif ornicus, Hemi- fusus horni, H.remondi. Turris claytonensis. T.varicostata, Cordiera microptygma^ Tritonium horni, T. paucivaricatum, T. whitneyi, Pseudoliva volutiformis ; from Martinez, near Benicia, Tuscan Springs, Texas flat, in Placer count}', Clayton, Fort Tejon, Alameda county. Pence's Ranch, Contra Costa county, Rag Canon and other parts of California, Cinulia pinguis, Acteonina calif ornica, Globi- concha remondi, Cylindrites brevis, JSTiso polita, Cerithiopsis alter- nata, Architectonica veatchi, A. cognata, A. inornata^ Margaritella glohosa, Discohelix leana, Straparollus paucivolvus, S. lens. Angaria ornatissima, Conus remondi, Bimella canalifera^ B. simplex, Pugnell- us hamulus, Tessarolax distorta, Aporrhais falciformis, now Anchura falciformis, A. angulata, A. calif ornica, A. exilis, Cyprcea bayerquei^ Littorina compacta, now Ataphrus compactus, Turritella veatchi, T. robusta, Galerus excentricus., now Galeroj^sis excentricus, Spirocryp)ta pileum, Nerita cuneata, Lysis duplicosta, DentaUum pusillum, D. cooper i^ D. stramineum, Emarg inula radiata, Patella traski, Helcion circularis, H. dichotoma^ Bulla horni, Cylichna costata, Megistoma striatum, Solen parallelus, now Plectosolen parallelus, Pharella alta, Corbula primorsa, C. traski, C. cultriformis, C. horni, C. parilis. An- atina tryonana, A. incequilateralis, Pholadomya breweri, P. nasuta, Nemra dolabriformis^ 3fa'ctra ashburneri, now Cymbophora ash- burneri, Lutraria truncata, Asaphis nndulata, Gari texta, Tellina longa, T. remondi, T. hoffmannana, T. ynonilifera, T. ovoides, T. mattheiosoni, T. decurtata, T. quadrata, T. ashburneri, T. par- ilis, T. horni^ .T. californica, Venus varians, V. veatchi, V. len- ticularis, V. tetrahedra, Meretrix horni, 31. nitida, M. longa, 31. ovalis, now Cyprinopsis ovalis, Dosinia elevata, D. gyrata, now Lu- cina gyrata^ Tapes conradana^ T. quadrata^ Trapezium carinatum, Cyprinella tenuis, Cardium annulatum, C. remondianum, C. cooperi, C. breweri, C. j^lacerensis, Cardita horni, Lucina nasuta, L. postradi- ata, L. suh circular is, L. cumulata, L. cretacea, Loripes dubia, now Clisocolus dubius, 3Iysia polita, Astarte conradana, A. matthewsoni, A. tuscana, Crassatella grandis, Anthony a cultrifo7'mis, Unio penul- timus, 3fytilus pauperculus, 3f. ascia, 3Iodiola ornata, now Volsella ornata, 31. cylindrica, now V. cylindrica^ Septifer dichotomus, Cren- ella concentrica, now Stalagynium concentricum, Avicula pellucida, Inoceramus piochi, Pinna breweri, Trigonia tryonana, Meekia sella. 3fesozo(c and Cce)iozoiG Geology and Palmontology. 87 M. radiata, M. navis^ Area horni. A. gravida^ A. decurtata^ Cueullcea matthewsoni., C truncata^ Axincea veatchi, A. sagittata, A. cor^ Lim- opsis transversa, Pecten traski, P. operculifortnis, P. calif ornicus, Lima microtis, L. appressa, Plicatula variata^ Ostrea breweri, Exo- gyra parasitica, Terebratella obesa^ Flabellum remondianum, Tro- chosmilia striata, Astroccenia petrosa, Ficus ma7nmillatus, now Fi- copsis maynmillatus, Natica uvasana, Scalaria matthewsoni, Turri- tella infra-granidata, Uhione angulata, now Callista angulata. Tapes cretacea, Cardita veneriformis, Yoldia nasuta, Placunanomia inor- nata; from Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon, /S'i7zg?f« oregonensis^ Tell- ina whitneyi, Dosinia pertenuis, Modiola siskiyoiiensis, now Volsella siskiyouensis, aud Ostrea malleiformis . In 1865, J. D. Whitnej^* described the Contra Costa Hills, which consist of a subordinate group of elevations, lying west of Martinez and the San Ramon and Livermore Valleys, and extend through Contra Costa county into Alameda and Santa Clara, aud finally become mero-ed in the Mount Hamilton division of the Monte Diablo Rano-e. They are made up of Tertiary and Cretaceous strata, usually but little metamorphosed, although a belt extending along their western side is considerabl}' altered from its original character. Beginning at the northwest extremitj^ of the group at Martinez, we have in the immediate vicinity of that place Cretaceous strata, well exposed in the bluffs along the Straits of Carquines. Here the rocks observed are sandstones, shales and argillaceous limestones, the latter foi-ming bands and lenticular masses in the shales, generally but a few inches thick, although sometimes as much as three feet. Their strike is usualh^ about N. 42° W, varying, however, from N. 39° W, to N. 44° W, and they dip southwest at an angle of from 35° to 60°. The rocks near Martinez have furnished a great many species of fossils. In passing along the shore of the Straits of Carquines, west of Mar- tinez, the Cretaceous strata occur for about seven miles, and are made up of shales and sandstones, the former containing frequent thin la3^ers of hydraulic limestone. These rocks exhibit but few fossils. The dip and strike are variable, but generally about east and west magnetic, and the dip is also irregular, but almost always to the southwest, and at almost every angle from nearly horizontal to vertical ; the strike is nearly parallel with the line of the Straits. Near the upper limit of the Cretaceous, are sandstones YQvy like those of Monte Diablo, which accompan3^ the coal, and they contain a considerable quantity' of car bonaceous matter, but no regular coal bed, so far as yet disco\'ered. =•'• Geology of California, vol. 1. 88 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. "Near these carbonaceous strata, and above them, is a narrow belt, partly altered and folded, and from 150 to 200 feet in width. The Rodes Valley marks the limit of the Cretaceous going west from Mar- tinez, the Tertiary succeeding in that direction, and resting conform- abW on the strata beneath, and having the same general southwestern dip. South of Martinez, the Cretaceous strata have a higher dip, but in the same direction. Near the " Walnut Creek House," a small patch of Cretaceous occurs, extending over a few acres, from which the overlying Tertiary, forming the crown of a low anticlinal, has been denuded. Monte Diablo is one of the most conspicuous and best known land- marks of California. The central mass is made up of metamorphic rocks; it is about six miles long, and l-k miles in width, and is sur- rounded on all sides by entirely unmetamorphosed strata. It is of an irregular crescent form, the concave side turned to the north northeast. Tt consists essentiall}^ of a central portion of ver}- hard metamorphic sandstone, containing considerable epidote, flanked on both sides b}^ jaspers, silicified shales and slates. The former constitutes the north peak, the latter the main peak, on Monte Diablo itself. Along the flanks of the ridge of which Eagle point is the culmination, one may observe the gradual passage of the argillaceous sandstone into the hard dioritic or trappean rock. The strata maj' be traced in all stages of passage, from the soft sandstone to the hardest and most crystalline rock. On the outside of the great central metamorphic mass, both on the north and south, are heavy accumulations of jasper3' rock, one of the most peculiar features of the mountain, and the material of which the culminating point itself is made up. The jasper varies in color from a dull brick red to a brilliant vermillion hue, and may be traced in the ravines in which Bagley creek heads, passing into the unaltered shales of undoubted Cretaceous age, containing Ammonites Inocera- mus, and other fossils. These jaspers are evidently the result of the alteration of the Cretaceous shales. Gold, copper and cinnabar have been found in these metamorphosed rocks. The unaltered Cretaceous strata, consisting of shales, sandstones and argillaceous limestone, flank the sides of Monte Diablo, and run . out into the plains of the San Joaquin in long, low, and almost paral- lel ridges. Coal has been found in the shales, but the extensive work- able beds are included in the sandstones belonging to the upper part of the Cretaceous. The Arroyo del Puerto, Lone Tree Canon, and Hospital Canon, cut through sandstones and shales of Cretaceous age. The summit of Mount Oso is composed of jaspers, generally dull red, Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology cmd Paloeontology. 89 but often gra}' and green, with reticulations of quartz, like the rocks of Monte Diablo, and consists of metamorphosed Cretaceous rocks. North of the mouth of San Luis creek the strata consist of conglom- erates, sandstones and shales of Cretaceous age. The conglomerates general]}' form the crests of the ridges, and are very coarse, containing numerous boulders from one to two cubic feet in size. These consist of porphyr3^, granite, and various forms of metamorphic rock, entirely unlike the metamorphic Cretaceous of the center of the chain, Thejaspery beds of Chisnantuck are the exact counterpart of those of Monte Diablo, which we know to be Cretaceous, and those of Mine Hill, which contain the deposits of cinnabar, are evidently the continua- tion of those of Mount Chisnantuck. And as we trace them farther north, to the extremit^^ of the peninsula, we find them still retaining the same lithological character, while we have there the evidence of fossils to prove them to belong to the Cretaceous epoch. Deposits of cinnabar have been found in rocks of Triassic and Tertiary age, but the large and valuable deposits are in the Cretaceous. The larger portion of the rockg which make up the north end of the peninsula of San Francisco, are Cretaceous. The rocks in the vicinity of Clear Lake, when not of volcanic origin, are Cretaceous, and are the continuation of a great belt of strata of this age, which commences at Benicia, and stretches off to the northwest for an indefinite distance, apparentl}" coming out to the ocean in the neighborhood of Cape Men- docino. The termination of the Coast Range at Benicia is of unal- tered Cretaceous strata, much broken, and forming rounded hills, des- titute of trees. Here as in Contra Costa count}^, the Cretaceous is well represented both by the bluish clay shales, with interstratified beds of argillaceous limestone, and by the overl3dng masses of blue and yellow sandstones, the latter in very heavy beds. The Cretaceous formation, which is seen cropping out near the northern base of the twin sisters, is continuous from that place as far north as Capel Valley, at which point it becomes metamorphic and broken. The hills 13'ing between the Sacramento and Suisun Valleys are of this age, and appear to form a line of foot hills along a high Cretaceous ridge, made up of unaltered shales and sandstones, running nearly northwest and southeast, and extending from Suisun Bay to Puta Creek. This range is about 3,500 feet high, and the ridge along the summit is formed b}^ heavy bedded sandstones. Cretaceous strata, in the San Emidio Canon, are seen resting on the granite and upturned edges of the mica and hornblende slates. At the Canada de los Alisos, which debouches into the plain four miles east 90 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural History, of the Las Uvas Canon, the Cretaceous belt is over a mile wide, and forms hills about 1,000 feet above the plain. The base of the foot hills of the Sierra Nevada is bordered, for a large part of the distance, between Tejon Pass and the head of the Sacra- mento Valle3^ b}'' a series of beds of stratified Cretaceous materials- resting apparently undisturbed, and in a nearlj^ horizontal position, on the upturned edges of the metamorphic slates and granitic rocks of which the foot-hills are formed. These materials, however, are not seen farther south than Folsom. Good exposures may be seen on Butte and Chico creeks. On the north side of the Cottonwood, beginning at Horsetown, and extending west to the Coast Ranges, Cretaceous strata lie at the base of the mountains, and form a table-laud about 1,200 feet high, and have generall}^ a southeasterl}^ dip. Cottonwood creek runs nearly south from the summit of the Siski3'0u Mountains to the Klamath river, a distance of 13 miles. The valle}^ of which is about 10 miles long, and is excavated in the softer and unaltered Cretaceous strata, having on either side harder rocks, namel}' the auriferous slates on the west, and the modern volcanic on the east. Dr. Joseph Leid}'* described, from New Jerse3% Crocodilus tene- brosus. C. obscurus, now Holops obscurus, Coslosaurus antiquus, Tomodon horrijicus, now Diplotomodon horrijicus, Chelone sopita^ now Osteopygis sopitns, Emys firmus, now Agomphiis Jirmus, E. beatus, now Adocus beatus, and Bothremys cooki ; from Maryland, Astrodon johnstoni ; and from Minnesota, Piratosay7n(s pJicatus. T. A. Conradjt fi'om New Jersey, Ostrea tuomeyi^ Mortonia turgida, and Volutilithes lioderma, now Leioderma lioderma. In 1866, T. A. ConradJ described, from Alabama, Diploschiza cre- tacea, and TerebratuUna Jilosa. Prof E. D. Cope§ described, from the greeusand two miles south of Barnesboro, Gloucester count}^ New Jerse}', Loilaj^s aquilunguis, and from Camden county, Aturia paucifex. In 1867, Prof F. V. Hay den || referred the rocks at Yankton, the capital of Dakota Territory, located on the Missouri, about twelve miles above the mouth of the James, to the yellow, calcareous marl beds of No. 3, of the Niobrara division of the Cretaceous. The same rocks were found at Fort Tames, about twelve miles below the mouth of Firesteel creek, a branch of the James, and their thickness ■■' Cret. Reptiles, U. S.. vol. 1^, Smithsonian Contributions. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. X Am.. Jour. Conch., vol. 2. g Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. II Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 43. Jlesozoic and Coinozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 91 estimated at from 80 to 100 feet, imderlaid by No. 2 of the Niobrara division. The entire surface of the country, from the latter place, in northeastern Dakota, to Fort Dakota, at Sioux falls, on the Big Sioux river, is referred to the Cretaceous. Prof. E. D. Cope* described, from Camden county. New Jersey, Eu- clastes platyo2:)s,iin6 Thoracosaurus b7'evispi7ius,uow Holops hrevispinus. The Cretaceous rocks occupy a belt or strip of country in New Jer- seyf which stretches obliquely across the State, from Raritan ba}^ on the northeast, to the head of Delaware bay on the southwest. The extreme length df the formation, from the highlands of Navesink to the Delaware, above Salem, is about 100 miles. Its breadth at the northeast end, from Woodbridge to Deal, is 27 miles, and at the south- west end, from the mouth of Oldman's creek to Woodstown, it is lOf miles. The area included in this formation is about 1,500 square miles. It is subdivided in ascending order, as follows: 1. Plastic clays, 210 feet. 2. Clay marls, 277 feet. 3. Lower marl bed, 30 feet. 4. Red sand, 100 feet. 5. Middle marl bed, 45 feet. 6. Yellow sand, 43 feet. Total thickness, 705 feet. The kaolin, which is dug so extensively, belongs to the plastic clay of the above subdivision. It is a very fine micaceous sand, with some fire-cla}^ intermixed, and streaks of cla}^ passing through it. It is of a bluish-white color, sandy in consistency when drained, but pasty when worked up in water. Prof E. D. CopeJ described, from New Jersey, Osteopygis emargin- atus^ CUdastes iguanavus, ITectopoi^theus validus, JEmys petrosus, now Agomphus peU^osus, Elasmosaurus orientalis, and from the Niobrara Croup, near the boundary line between Kansas and Colo- rado, a short distance north of the Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas river, E. jDlatyiirus, Dr. Joseph Leidy described, from near Fort Hays, Kansas, Ptychodus occidentalism and from the Judith River i Troup, Auhlysodon mirandus, now Auhlysodon horrid us. '■■■ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. t Geo. of New Jersey, 1868. I Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 92 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. Leo Lesquereax'^described, fi om the Dakota Groiip,north of For t Ellsworth, Nebraska, or its vicinity, Pterophyllum haydeni, Glypto- strobus gracillimus^ Sequoia formosa^ Phyllocladus subintegrifoUus, Arundo creiaceusy Liquidamher integrifolium, Populus lancastriensis, Populites ele'jans, P. Jlabellata, P. Salisbury mfolia^ P. ovata, now Ampelophyllum ovatum^ P. quadrangularis, now Hamamelites quad- rangularis, Salix protecefolia, Betida beatriciana, Fagus polycladus, Quercus primordialis^ nosv Dryophyllum jyrimordiale, Q. Iiexagona, Q. ellswortJianics, Q. anceps, now Diospyros anceps, Q. semialatiis, now Anisophyllum semialatum, Picas ( ?) rhomboideus^ now Phyllites rhomboideus, Ficus (?) Jlmbriatus, now Eremophyllurt), jimbriatum^ Platanus aceroides, var. latior, P. obtusiloba.P. diminutivus.Credneria leconteana, now Protophyllum leconteanum, Laurus macrocarpus. Sassafras miidgei, S. subintegrifolium, Lyriodendron giganteum, L, intermedium^ Magnolia tenuifolia, Dombeyopsis obtusiloba., no\v 31 enis2:)er mites obtusilobus, Negundoides acutifolia., Paliurus mem- b^^anaceus, Bhamnus tenax^ Phyllites rhoifolius., Phyllites amorphus, P. umbonatus^ and Prunus cretaceus. In Tennessee,! wherever the Cretaceous rocks are exposed, the}' lie upon Palaeozoic strata. They are subdivided into, first, Coffee Sand Group ; second, G-reea Sand Group, or the shell bed; and third, Ripley Group. The Coffee Sand Group derives its name from the exposure at Coffee Landing, on the Tennessee river. It outcrops in Hardin and Decatur counties, and overlaps the Western beveled edge of the older rocks. Its outcrop occupies a belt of territor}^ varying from two to eight miles in width, and running more than half way through the State. It has a maximum thickness of about 200 feet. It consists mostly of stratified sands, usually containing scales of mica. Thin leaves of dark clay are often interstratified with the sand, the clay leaves occa- sionally predominating. Sometimes beds of dark laminated or slaty clay of considerable thickness, from one to twenty feet or more, are met with in the series. It ver}^ generally contains wood}^ fragments and leaves, converted more or less into lignite. Silicified trunks of trees are not uncommon. When it passes under Green Sand it becomes the reservoir which fields water when pierced b}' the well-borers. It is the equivalent of the Tombigbee Sand of Hilgard in Mississippi. Fossil shells are so abundant in the Green Sand, at some points, that they are gathered by car loads and burned into lime. The maxi- =•'■ Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 46. t Geo.ofTenn.,1869. Mesozoic and Ccenozolc Qeology and Paloeontologij. 93 mura thickness ascertained from data, furnished by well-borers, is 350 feet. Its outcrop occupies a belt of the surface averaging about eight miles wide for at least half way through the State. This Group is the northern extension of the rotten limestone of Mississippi and Alabama. ' The Ripley Group occupies a belt of the surface along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad about fifteen miles wide, but having a less average width across the State. The high ridges dividing the waters of the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers lie mostly within its area. It has a thickness of 400 or 500 feet/and is mostly made up of stratified sands, though occasionally an interstratified bed of dark, slaty clay, 10 to 30 feet in thickness, occurs, or more frequently a sandy bed laminated with clayey leaves. The hills about Purd3^ in McNairy, and about Lexington, in Henderson county, show these rocks well; but more interesting sections, on account of the fossils they contain, are found in Hardeman, near the M. & C, R. R. In 1869, J, D. Whitney* divided the Cretaceous formation, which is found covering large areas on the west coast, from Vancouver and the adjacent islands of San Juan Archipelago on the north, through Washington Territory and Oregon to Southern California, as well as iso- lated patches in Eastern Oregon and in Mexico, into four groups, as follows: 1. The Tejon Group, the most modern member, is peculiar to Cali- fornia, It is found most extensively developed in the vicinity of Fort Tejon and about Martinez. From the latter locality it forms an almost continuous belt in the Coast Ranges to Marsh's, fifteen miles east of Mt. Diablo, where it sinks under the San Joaquin Plain. It is also found at various points on the eastern face of the same range, as far south as New Idrea, and in Mendocino county, near Round Valley, the latter locality being the most northern point at which it is yet known. It is the only coal-producing formation in California. This group contains a large and highly characteristic series of fossils, the larger part peculiar Jo itself, while a considerable percentage is found extending below into the next group, and several species still further down into the Chico Group, Mi-. Gabb considered it as the probable equivalent of the Maestricht beds of Europe. 2. The Martinez Group, which includes a series of beds, of small geo- graphical extent, found at Martinez and on the northern flank of Monte Diablo. =-Pal. ofCaL, vol. 2, 94 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 3. The Chico Group, one of the most extensive and important mem- bers of the Pacific coast Cretaceous. It is on the horizon of either the upper or lower chalk of Europe, and probably the equivalent of both. It is extensively represented in Shasta and Butte counties, and in the loot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, as far south as Folsom, occurr- ing, also, on the eastern face of the coast ranges, bordering the Sacra- mento valley at Martinez, and again in Orestimba canon, in Stanislaus county. It includes all of the known Cretaceous of Oregon, and of the extreme northern portion of California, and is the coal-bearing forma- tion of Vancouver's Island. 4. The Shasta Group, including all below the Ch,ico Group. It con- tains fossils seemingh' representing ages, from the Gault to the Neo- comien, inclusive, and is found principall}' in the mountains west and northwest of the Sacramento valle}'. Two or three of its characteristic fossils have been found in the vicinit}^ of Monte Diablo, and one of the same species has been collected in Washington Territory, east of Puget Sound. Few, or none, of its fossils are known to extend upward into the Chico Group. W. M. Gabb* described, from Shasta count}', from Martinez, Benicia, Colusa count}^, Tejon, and other places in California, Philoteuthis foli- atus, Belemnites impressus^ Ammonites jiigidi^, A. stoliczkanus, A. fraternus^ Ancyloceras UtLeatum^ Diptychoceras laeve, Fnsus tumidus, F. occidentalism Neptunea cretacea, N. mucronata^ Palmatractus crassus, Surcula prceatfemiata, S. inconspictca, Heteroterma trochoidea-, Bela clathrata^ Cordiera mitrceformis, Tritonium californicum, T, tejo7iense^ T. fusiforme^ Brachysphingus sinuatus^ BulUa striata. Turhinella crassitesta, Urosyca caudata, Neverita globosa, Ampullina striata, Terehra calif ornica, Cyprcea matheivsoni, Anchura trans- versa^ A. carinifera, JSelicaulax hicarinata, H. costata, Loxotrema turrita^ Atresius liratics. Turritella martinezensis, Nerita triangulata, Calliostoma radiatum, Ataphrus crassus, Jfargaritella angvlata, AcmoiG tejonensis, Aetmonella oviformis, Liocium punctatum, Ringi- nella polita^ Solen cuneatus, Anatina quadrata^ Pholadomya oregon- ensis, Pleuromya papyracea, Arcomya undulata, Mactra tenuissima, Asaphis multicosta^ Tellina undulifera^ Donax latus, Venus aequila- feralis, 3Ieretrix fragilis, Thetis elongata, Cardium translucidum, Crassafella compacta, Unio hubhardi, Modiola major, now Volsella major, Meleagrina antiqua, Inoceramus elliotti, 1. lohitneyi, Tri- gonia aequicostata^ Nucula solitaria, Pecten martinezensis, P. com- plexicosta, P. interradiatus, Neithea grandicosta, Lima shastaensis, * Pal. of Cal., vol. 2. Mesozoic and Ccenozoi'c Geology and Palaeontology. 95 L. multiradiata^ Anomia vancoicverensis, Ostrea idriaensis,0. aj^j^ressa, Bhynchonella ivhifneyi^ Smilofrochus curtus. And from the Sierra de las Conchas, near Arivechi, Sonora, Mexico, Fusus mexi'canus, Euspira tabulata, Chemnitzia zebra^ Tylostoma mutabile, Anchiira monilifera, Cerithium mexicanum, Angaria cin- gulata, Cinulia rectilabrum, Plioladomya sonorensis, Cardiitm sabulosum, C g^^anuUfeinim, Cardita alticosta, Remondia furcata, Cucullcea mei^mis, Gryphoia mucronata. Prof. E. D. Cope* described, from Raritau bay, Ornithotarsus im- manis; from Western Kansas, llacrosam^us proriger, now Liodon proriger ; from Sampson county. North Carolina, Hypsibema crassi- cauda, Hadrosaitrus tripos, and Polydectes biturgidus; from New Jersey,f Ilosasaurus maxlmus^ and from Alabama, Clidastes propytlion. Prof. O. C. MarshJ described, from the greensand marl, nearHorners- town, Monmouth county. New Jersey, Mosasauriis copeanus^ 31. miersi, 31. princeps^Halisaiirusfraternus^ now Baptosaurus fraternus, and H. platyspondylus, now B. platyspondylus. Prof. Leo Lesquereux§ described, from the Dakota Group, at Fort Ellsworth, Nebraska, Populites microphyllus, Phyllites betuloifolius, Per sea nebrascensis, now LaurUs nebrascensis, and Sassafras leconte- anum^ now Persea leconteana. The Cretaceous is the lowest formation exposed inLouisiana,|| audit comes to the surface only at the limestone hills of St. Landry and Winnfield. The borings that have been made for salt, however, show that it is more that 1,000 feet in thickness. The strata are saline, and pure beds of rock salt sometimes occur. The Cretaceous rocks have been observed in Plymouth, Woodbur3\ Cass, Guthrie, Pottawattamie, Montgomery, Carroll and Greene coun- ties,^ Iowa. In all but the first two the}' appear as outliers. On account of the drift which covers the western half of this State, the area of the Cretaceous has not been determined. The exposure in Ply- mouth and Woodbury counties extends into Dakota, and belongs to the Dakota Group. The maximum thickness as far as observed is 350 feet. The rocks rest uuconformabh^ upon the coal measures beneath, and have a northwesterly dip, while the palaeozoic strata dip south- westerly. * Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. t Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. 48. I Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. 13. II Geo. of Lou., 1870. 1[ Geo. Sur. Iowa, 1870. 9t) Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In 1870, Dr. Joseph Leid}' described, from Middle Park, Colorado,* Pcecilopleuron valens; from Pickens couiily, Alabama, Clidastes in- termedius; from Kansas, Xiphactinus audax, and from the Moreau river, JSfothosaurops occiduus. Prof. E. D. Copef described, from the Green Sand of New Jersey, Adocus agilis, A.pectoralis, A. syntheticus^ Emys turgidus^ now Agom- phus turgidus., Bottosau7ms tuberculatus, Catai^leura rej^anda, Osteo- pygis chelydri7ia, now Catapleura chelydrina, Hyposaurus frater- culus, now Gavialis frate7xulus, Holops cordatus, H. glyptodon, Loelaps macropus^ Liodon congrops, L. p)erlatus, Lytoloma angiista, L. jeaiiesi, 3Iosasauriis depressus, 31. fulciatus, M. maximus^ 31. oarthrus, Osteopygis p)latylomus, Peritresius, Platecarpus tympaniti- cus, Pneumatarthrus peloreus, Taphrosphys lesleyanus, T. longi- 7iuchus, T. molops, T. nodosus, and T. strenuus. He described, from the Niobrara Group, at a point six miles south of Sheridan, Kansas, Liodon mudgei, now Platecarjyus mudgei, Cli- dastes cineriarum^ Saiirocephalus prognathus^ Ichthyodectes ctenodon; from the north bank of Smoky Hill river, thirty miles east of Fort Wallace, Kansas, Liodon icte^Hcus^ now Platecarpus ictericus; from twent}^ miles east of Fort Wallace, Saurocejyhab/s 2)hlebotamus ; from, near Fort McRae, in New Mexico, Liodon dyspelor, from the bank of Solo- mon's river, in Kansas, 160 miles from its junction with the Kansas river, Saurocephalus thaumas., now Portheus thaumas. Prof. O. C. Marsh,J; from Green Sand near Barnsboro, New Jersey, Hadrosaurus mi7ior^ 3fosasau7nis crassidens; from Hornerstown, Liodo7i laticaudus; from Birmingham, Lao7mis edvardsanus; and also from the Green Sand of New Jersey, § Palwotri7iga littoralis, P. vetus, Tel7nato7mis affi,7iis^ T. p)riscus. T. A. Conrad|| described, from Crosswicks, New Jerse}^ l7iocera7nus pecuUaiHs^ Crassatella prora^ now Etea prora^ T7Hgo7iarca passa, Goniosoma iTiJlata^ Axinea 7no7'to7ii^ Cyp7Hme7na. spissa, Dentalium falcatum; and from Haddonfield, JSFucularia papyria^ Sca7nhula per- pla7ia^ now A7ithonya peiylana, Goiddia decemnaria^ G. declivis^ Ne7noarca cretacea, Trigonarca cu7ieifo7inis^ Perrisonota protexta, C amp tonecteshellis Gulp tus^ Liroscapha squamosa^ Ca7icellaria subalta, Eulima cretacea, Gadus ^obi^utus, Donax fordi; from Mississippi, ■■'■ Proe. Acad. Nat- Sci. . t Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Ext. Batr. Keptilia N. Am. J Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d sev., vol. 49 . II Am. Jour. Conch., vol.5. 3fesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and FalcBontology. 97 Gemma cretacea; and from Haddon field, New Jersey,* ^ora cretacea, Tenea parilis^ ^^nona papyria, VenlUa elevata, now Veniella elevata, Cardium dumosiim, and Solyma lineolatus. ■ In 1871, Prof. F. B. Meekf sa.id, the oldest beds of the Bear river country of Utah and Wyoming, properly belonging to the Tertiary, (they are now regarded as Cretaceous), and so intimately related to the latest Cretaceous, contain species of Covhula^ Cyrena {Corhicula) perhaps Ostrea, and a univalve related to 3Ielampm, directly asso- ciated with several species of (xo?z^-'o6asis, two of Unio, one or' two of Melantho, several species of Viviparus, one of Tiara, etc., showino- clearl}' that these strata were deposited in brackish waters. These shells also exist in great numbers, and are preserved in a condition, showing that the}^ could not have been transported far by currents, but that they must have lived and died, at least, near where we now find them. All palgeontologists are aware of the fact, that the remains of fresh and brackish water shells do not generally present such well marked peculiarities of form, ornamentation, etc., in beds of difl'erent ages, as we see in marine tjq^es, so that they can not always be relied upon,, with the same degree of confidence in identifying strata, that we place in marine forms; some of those from oldest Crfetaceous being, for instance, very similar to existing species. 80 far as I have been able to com- pare the species from this formation with described forms from other parts of the world, they generally agree most nearly with Lower Eocene types; the Corbicula and Tiara being very similar to forms found in the lower lignites of the Paris basin, -and at the mouth of the Rhone in France. At the same time it is worthy of note, that most of these shells are quite unlike any of the known existing North American species, and one of them '(Tiara humerosa) belongs even to a genus entirely unknown among the existing Melania of the American continent, though found inhabiting the streams of Madagascar, the Fejee Inlands, etc. One of the JJniones ( (J. bellipUcatus) resembles in its ornamentation some of^the South American species, and the genus Castalia, much more nearly than it does any of the recent North American species, although having the form and hinge of a true Unio; and another abundant bivalve, foynd in the same association, Corhida (Anisothyris) pyriformis, seems to be allied in some respects to a peculiar group recently described from a Pliocene or Miocene forma- tion, on the Upper Amazon of South America, by Mr. Gabb, under the =•= Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 6. t Advance pamphlet from Hayden's U. S- Greo.Sur. of Wyoming, etc. 98 Cincinnati Society of Natuy^al History. name Pachydon, and afterward renamed Anisothyris by Mr. Conrad, because the name Pachyodon had been previoiisl}^ used for another genus. Of course, comparisons of the shells, from this formation with those of the Tertiar}^ beds of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, afford no aid whatever in fixing its precise position in the series, because the species from the latter are, almost without exception, marine t^q^es. There is less difficult}', however, in drawing parallels between it and the Terti- ar}^ deposits of the Upper Missouri country, by a comparison of fossils, although the species are mainly diff'erent, so far as yet known, in these two districts. At least two of the known forms, however, from the Utah and Wyoming beds under consideration, are believed to be spe- cificall}' identical, with species found in the oldest beds, referred to the Tertiarj^ at the mouth of the Judith river, on the upper Missouri, under the name of the Fort Union Group. These are Unio loriscus, and Vivii^arus conradi. In addition to this, the fossils at these two localities are in precisel}- the same state or preservation, and have a more ancient appearance than those of the later deposits of both dis- tricts, while the}' also agree exactly- in their mixture of brackish and fresh water characters. Again, at both localities, these deposits are intimately associated, as already stated, with what appears to be the latest of the Cretaceous series; while in both districts they contain lignite, and are succeeded by later Tertiary beds of strictly fresh water origin. He described,* from the Fort Pierre Group, near the great bend in the Upper Missouri,* Isocardia hodgei, now Procardia hodgei. Prof. O. C. Marshf named, from the Niobrara Group, on the North Fork of the Smoky river in Kansas, Edestosaurus dispar^ now Cli- dastes dispar, E. velox, now C. velox, Clidastes pumilis, C. wymani, and Pterodactylus oiceni.\ Prof. E. D. Cope described,§ from the Niobrara Group, near Fossil Spring canon, Edestosaurus stenops, now Clidastes stenops, E. forfor, now C. tortor^ Holcodus coryphams^ now Platecarpus coryphoius, Liodon curtirostris, now P. curtirostris, L. glandiferus, now P. glan- diferus, Portheus molossus, P. angulatus, now Erisichthe angulatus ; from Butte creek, Holcodus tectulus^ now Platecarpus tectulus^ Pro- tostega gigas ; and from one mile southwest of Sheridan, near the Gypsum Buttes, Liodon latispinus, now Platecarpus latispinus. ■■' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. t Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 1. tProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ? Proe. Am Phil Soc Jlesozoic and Coenozoic Geology and PalcBontology. 99 In 1872, Prof. E. W. Hilgard* showed that the Cretaceous of Alabama and Mississippi has a dip sensibly at right angles to the trend {i.e., between W. and S.) at the rate of 20 to 25 feet per mile. That the lower division, called the Coffee Group, or the Eutaw Group is from 300 to 400 feet thick, and consists of noncalcareous sands, and blue or reddish laminated claj-s, with occasional • beds of lignite, and rarely marine fossils, silicified, as at Finch's Ferry in Alabama. This group corresponds with Hayden's Dakota Group, and in its upper part, as at Finch's Ferry, probably with the Fort Benton Group. The Middle or Rotten Limestone Group is not less than 1,200 feet in maximum thickness, consisting of soft, mostly somewhat clayej^, whit- ish, micro-cr\^stalline limestones, and calcareous claj-s; very uniform on the whole, with the exception of the locally important feature of the "Tombigbee Sand." The Cretaceous area of Arkansas, according to Owen's description, seems to fall within this group, as does also the greater part of the Cretaceous area of middle and northern Texas. The Ripley Group consists of crystalline, sandj^ limestones, alter- nating with dark-colored glauconitic marls, containing finely preserved fossils, and has a thickness of 300 to 350 feet. It is the equivalent of the highest Cretaceous beds of New Jersey, and of the Fox Hills Group of the West. The series of isolated Cretaceous outliers, which traverse Louisiana, from the head of Lake Bisteneau, in a S. S. E. direction to the great salt mass at Petite Anse, belong to this Group. Prof F. V. Haydenf said, that in Nebraska, the sandstones of the Da- kota Group rest directly upon rocks of the age of the Coal Measures. Al- though they do not appear in full force until we reach a point near De Soto and beyond, 3^et remnants of the sandstones make their appear- ance within five or ten miles of Omaha, at any point north of the Platte river. It is quite probable that they once extended all over Nebraska, passing across into Iowa, and further eastward. The Coal-measure limestones are thus exposed, in northeastern Nebraska, b^^ the erosion of the Cretaceous rocks. Near the entrance of the Big Sioux river, into the Missouri, the Dakota Group disappears beneath the water-levfel, and is succeeded b^^ a series of black, plastic, laminated clays, with lighter colored arenaceous part- ings and thin layers of sandstoile. Near the mouth of the Vermilion river the upper portion becomes more calcareous, and gradually passes up into the next group, called the Fort Benton Group. It is often immensely thickened, in the vicinity of the mountains, from the north * Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Sci. . t Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. of Wyoming. 100 Cincinnati Societi/ of Natural History. line to New Mexico^ but on the Lower Missouri, where it was first ob- served by geologists, it never reaches a thickness of more than 150 or 200 feet. In New Mexico it occurs as the most conspicuous of the Cretaceous divisions, and along the line of the Kansas Pacific Railway,, in Kansas, it has yielded large quantities of the most remarkable rep- tilian remains. The Niobrara Group is found, in some form, whereverthe CretaceouS' beds occur, from the north line to New Mexico, and probably much farther. As it is developed on the Lower Missouri, and southward through Nebraska, Kansas, into Texas and the Indian Territory, it contains thick, massive beds of chalky limestone. On the Kansas^ Pacific Railwa}^, at Forts Haj^s and Wallace, this limestone i& sawed into blocks of any desirable size, with a common saw, and used for building purposes; but along the flanks of the mountains, or in the far west, it never reveals its chalky character. It is found in thin, slaty, calcareous la3^ers, but universall}' characterized bj- the presence of the oyster Ostrea congesta^ and also some form, of Inoceramus, or a few fish remains, but the little oyster is ubiquitous. In these three divisions there seems to be no well-marked line of separation^ and the more we study them the more intimately do they seem to be blended together. The Fort Pierre Group begins to overlap the Niobrara Group below the mouth of the Niobrara, and above that point, although the river cuts deep down into the chalk limestone, and long lines of cone- like bluff's extend up nearlj^ to the Great Bend, yet the distant hills on either side of the river show plainly the dark shaly claj^s of this group. -This group covers a vast area of country, perhaps 5,000 square miles or more, and wherever it prevails, it gives to the sur- face the aspect of desolation. The entire thickness of the group is filled with the alkaline material, which is so well known in the west, and -wherever the water accumulates in little depressions and evap- orates, the surface is covered with a deposit of the salt varying from an inch to several inches in thickness. The water that flows throuo-h these clays is usually impregiTated with these salts and thus rendered unfit for use. Although these clays seem to be so sterile, and in the dry season are typical of extreme aridity, yet the3^ are b}^ no means destitute of vegetation. The various species oi chenopodiaceous shrubs and herbs, that are peculiar to the west, find their natural habitat in these clays, and grow most luxuriantly. The Sarcobatus reaches its highest growth in this region. The somber appearance given to the country by the black clays is unfavorable to it. At the Great Bend Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palceontology. - 101 there is a large thickness of the strata filled with concretions that tire made up mosth" of an aggregate of fossils, as Ammonites, Bacii- lites, etc. Near Chain de Roche creek these concretions have been swept down into the Missouri b}^ the swift current, during the spring floods, and in the low water of autumn the}' present a picturesque appearance. Although the rivers cut deep channels through the different forma- tions, we do not meet with the Fox Hills Group along the Missouri, until we reach nearly up to the mouth of Cannon Ball river, 3'et fifty miles or more before reaching that point it has overlapped the Fort Pierre Group. In traveling across the plain countr^^ westward from Fort Pierre, we find it occupying the entire area. Very soon after pass- ing west of the Big Cheyenne river the traveler will readily recognize Its presence by the more cheerful appearance that it gives to the sur- face, as well as b}^ the greatly increased growth of vegetation. The water is pure and good, and springs become quite common in the hills. An important feature in the geology of the West is the great lake basins, which seem to set in the older formations and in each other like dishes. The principal one is the Fort Union, or Great Lignitic Group, which forms the transition group, from the strictly marine con- dition of the Cretaceous period, to the epoch of the numerous fresh- water lakes, which were scattered all over the country west of the Mis- sissippi. This group was called the Fort Union or Lignitic Group in 1861,* and supposed to be of Eocene age. It was" described as consisting of beds of clay and sand, with round ferruginous concretions, and numerous beds, seams and local deposits of lignite, great numbers of dicotyledonous leaves, stems, etc., of the genera Platanus, Acei\ Ulmiis, Populus, etc., with very large leaves ■of true fan palms; also Helix, Melania, Vivipara, Corbicula, Unio, Ostrea, Cor6z(Za and scales o^ Lejyidotus, ^ith bones of Trio)iyx, Emys^ Compsemys, Crocodilus, etc; as occupying the whole country around Fort Union, extending north into the British possessions to unknown distances, southward to Fort Clark, under the White River Group on North Platte river above Fort Laramie, and on the west side of Wind River mountains; and as having a thickness of 2,000 feet or more. The passag-e from the brackish to the fresh water beds seems not to be marked by any material alteration, in the nature of the sediments; nor have we any reason for believing, that any climatic or other important physical changes bej^ond the slow rising of the land, and the conse- Proc, Acad. Xat, Sci, 102 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. quent recession of the salt and brackish water, took place during the deposition of this group. Prof. Haydeu proposed to call the strata found in the Judith basin near the sources of the Missouri river, consisting of ancient lake de- posits, and not differing materiall}^ from those of the Fort Union Group, the Judith Group. It contains inapure beds of lignite, fresh-water mollusca, a few leaves of deciduous trees and a great number and variety of reptilian remains. There is no real ph3^sical break in the deposition of the sediments between the well-marked Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. In some localities the continuit}' is clear and beautiful in the highest degree. On Green river, and in the Bitter Creek Valley, one can trace the continuit}^ step by step, so far as the strata are concerned, from the Cretaceous through the greatest thickness of clays, sands, and sand- stones of the Lower Tertiar}^ to the purely fresh water beds of Green river shales, Washakie, or Bridger Groups. In these localities the influence of the elevation of the mountain ranges has been such as to expose the outcroping edges of all the strata, from the Cretaceous to the sands of the most recent Tertiary, like the leaves of a book. In the claj^s interspersed among the coal beds, in the Bitter Creek valle3% several species of 03'ster shells occur in seams. At Bear river, we have well defined Cretaceous strata and from these we ascend, through a series of sandstones and clays, with an abundance of shells of the genus Ostrea and a few other marine forms, resembling Tertiary types as much as Cretaceous. Soon we come to the coal-beds, which jLt this locality are nearl}^ vertical. Above them we find seams of oyster shells, but no other marine forms. And finall}^ high up in the upper beds of the coal group, we find the greatest profusion of brackish and fresh water life. The coal group in Weber Yallej^, and at Coalville is referred to the Cretaceous. Prof. F. B. Meek* said that some of the specimens from near Bear river, and at Coalville, Utah, from a light -colored sandstone containing beds of a good quality of brown coal, appear to belong to a member of the Cretaceous series not corresponding to any of those named in the Upper Missouri countr}^; though it is, as he believed, represented by a similar sandstone under the oldest estuary Tertiar}- beds at the mouth of the Judith river, on the Upper Mis- souri. In 1860, Colonel Simpson brought from this rock, on Sulphur Creek, a small tributary of Bear river, in Utah, some casts of In- =■= Hayden's U. S. Geo Sur. of Wyoming, etc. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palceontology. 103 oceramus, aud other fossils, and in some remarks on this collection* he referred this formation to the Cretaceous. The collections that have since been brought in from it, in Utah, by Mr. King's and Dr. Hayden's surveys, confirm the conclusion that it belongs to the Cretaceous, as they contain, among other things, species of Inocer- a^iiifs, Anchura and Gyrodes — genera that seem not to have survived the close of the Cretaceous period. In addition to this, there is among Dr. Ha3^den's collections from this rock, at Coalville, a Turritella that he could not distinguish from T. martinezensis^ and a Ilodiola which appeared to be specifically identical with M. pedernalis. Dr. Ha3^den also had, from a little above the coal beds at Coalville, specimens of 03'ster that seemed much like 0. idriaensip and 0. hreweri^ of Gabb, from the upper beds of the California Cretaceous. From the affinities of some of these fossils to forms found in the latest of the beds referred in California to the Cretaceous, and the intimate relations of these marine coal bearing strata of Utah to the oldest Tertiar}^ of the same region, and the apparent occurrence of equivalent beds bearing the same relations to the oldest brackish-water Tertiary beds at the mouth of Judith river on the Upper Missouri, he was inclined to believe that these Coalville beds occupy a higher horizon in the Cretaceous than even the Fox Hills beds of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous series; or, in other words, that they belong to the closing or latest member of the Cretaceous. All of the explorers of this region concur, in the statement, that the above mentioned Cretaceous beds are intimately related to the suc- ceeding brackish water deposits that appear to belong to the oldest Tertiary; the two formations, wherever they occur together, being- conformable and without any intermediate beds, so that the one seems to shade into the other, without an}^ abrupt or sharply-defined line of separation ; the change being mainly indicated by a gradual transi- tion from beds containing Cretaceous types of only marine origin, to those with brackish and fresh water tjqDcs, apparentl}" most nearly al- lied to earl}^ Eocene species of the old world. So far as yet known, there would appear to be no strictly marine Tertiar\^ deposits in all this interior region of the continent; even AhQ lower parts of the surface here having been apparently gradually ele- vated above the sea level, at, or very near, the close of the Cretaceous period. For the same reason all of the beds hitherto referred with con- fidence to the Cretaceous are of undoubted marine origin, as they con- tain only marine types. " Proc Acad. Xat. Sci. ♦ 104 Cincinnati Society of 2^atural History. These Cretaceous gulfs or seas, however, evidentl}'' did not occui^y the whole country here, as we know from the absence of Cretaceous de- posits throughout what were doubtless wide areas, or possibl}', in some cases, smaller islands of dry land at that time. As the whole surface was gradually elevated, however, even the lowest portions rose finally to near the tide level, thus probably leaving large inlets and estuaries of brackish waters, that subsequently became so far isolated, b}^ the continued elevation, and from sedimentar}^ deposits, as to prevent the influx of the tides and form fresh-water lakes, in which the later fresh- water and terrestrial types of fossils only were deposited. That this change from marine to brackish-water conditions was ex- actl}^ contemporaneous with the close of the Cretaceous epoch, and the introduction of the Tertiary in Europe, is not certain ; nor is it neces- sary that this should have been the case to constitute the older rock Cretaceous, and the later Tertiary, because in the use of these terms we have reference rather to the order of succession of certain great phj^sical changes, affecting life in distantly separated parts of the earth, than to the exact time of the occurrence of these changes. He described from Bear river, near Sulphur creek (now Laramie Group), Goniohasis chrysalis. From the Dakota Group, twelve miles southwest of Salina, Kansas, Crassatellina oblonga. Area parallela, Tolclia rnicrodonta, Corhicula nucalis, C. subtrigorialis, Cardium salinaense^ C. kansasense, Arco- pagella mactroides, Tellina subscitula, Leptosolen conradi, Turritella kansasensis, and Turbo mudgeanus. From opposite Sioux City, in Dakota county, Nebraska, Unio nebrascensis. From the Fort Pierre Group, near Medicine Bow Station, Union Pacific Railroad, Inoceramus altus. From the Fox Hills Group, at the mouth of Deer creek, on North Platte, in Wyommg.Tapes wyoming- ensis. From Box Elder and Colorado City, Colorado, AnisomyoJi centrale. From the Fort Benton Group, at Oil Springs, twenty miles west of Fort Bridger, Wj^oming, Cardium p)ciup ere idiun; from Point of Rocks,* Wyoming, Anoraia gryphliorhynchus. From Salt Lake, Utah, Pachymya truncata\ and from Canon City, Mactra canonensis. Wm. M. Gabbf described, from Chihuahua, Mexico, Lima kimbalU. Alfred R. C. SelwynJ; described the Jackass mountain Conglomerate * Hayden's 5th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr, t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Geo Sur. Canada. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Paloiontologi). 105 Group of Bi-itish Columbia. It consists of hard, close-grained and thick -bedded, greenish sandstones or quartzites, green and black shales, and above these, massive thick-bedded pebble conglomerates, dipping generall}^ at low angles in various directions; some of the inclosed pebbles are of rocks belonging to the Cache creek series. At Jackass mountain the road is built round, or excavated out of vertical cliffs of these conglomerates, at from 800 to 900 feet above the river, into which you can almost drop a stone from the parapet of the road; and at a short distance back they rise into hills, not less than 3,000 feet above the valle3% which they occupy to within about five miles from Lytton. This group belongs to the Upper Cretaceous, and is above what he called the Upper Cache Creek Group. The road to Cariboo, between Clinton and Lillooet, runs through a valley transverse to the strike of the rocks, from one to two miles wide, on either side of which hills rise abruptl}^ from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. The Upper Cache Group was first observed here by Mr. James Rich- ardson, the base of which he supposed to be about two miles west of Clinton. The beds have generally a high westerly dip. They consist of a great volume of bluish, dove-colored, and white limestones, often a good marble, iuterstratlfied with brown dolomitic limestone, red and green shale, and epidotic and chloritic rocks, with others which closely resemble rocks of the Quebec Group, in the eastern townships of Canada. These rocks occupy the country westward for about six miles. On their strike to the northward, they can be easily traced by the e^'e, from the almost snowy appearance of the limestones for 20 or 30 miles; and in the opposite direction they can be traced, by the same characters, for 10 to 12 miles, to another transverse narrow valley called Marble canon. A narrow, deep lake, of clear water, occupies the bottom of this canon, the white cliffs of limestone rising on either side of the lake to heights of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the water. About half-way up, on the north side, the limestone beds stand up in masses, which look like detached columns of a diameter of from 50 to 100 feet, and from 300 to 400 feet high, due to the unequal weathering of the almost vertical strata. The limestones are succeeded by a con- siderable thickness of black shales, sometimes soft and calcareous, but often hard and flinty. Mr. James Richardson* described numerous sections, in the Creta- ceous rocks of Vancouver and adjacent islands, showing the coal seams ; one of which occurs about five miles from the shore on the southwest Geo. Sur. Can. 106 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. side of Comox harbor, on a small tributary of tlie PaQtledge river, A descending section is as follows: 1. Brownish or drab-colored, slightly calcareous sandstone, the grains of which are composed of quartz, feldspar and mica, with some of a black substance supposed to be peroxide of manganese, the beds being from one to five feet thick, 45 feet. 2. Coal, black and shining, clean and free from shale, 4 feet 6 inches. 3. Brownish-black argillaceous shale, and greenish-brown sand- stone, interstratified with one another in thinish layers, the shale pre- dominating, and both holding thin irregularly-distributed, lenticular patches of coal, which ma}' constitute about one tenth of the mass, no indications of roots penetrating the npper part of the bed were ob- served, 15 feet. 4. Coal, apparently of good qualitj^ 5 feet 4 inches. 5. Brownish-gray or light drab sandstone, in beds of from one foot to eighteen inches, 10 feet. 6. Coal, apparently clean and of good quality, 6 feet. 7. Brownish-gray or light drab sandstone interstratified with thin la3^ers of black, soft, argillaceous shale, 3 feet. 8. Coal, without observed impurities, 10 feet. Total, 98 feet 10 inches. A section near Departure ba}' shows a thickness of 1,538 feet. Prof. E. D. Cope* described the Cretaceous along the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, where it consists of the Dakota, Benton and Niobrara Groups. The Dakota Group constitutes the blufi's at Salina, one hundred and eighty-five miles west of the State line of Missouri, and continues as far as Fort Harker, thirty-three miles farther west. The}' are a coarse, brown sandstone, containing irregular concretions of oxide of iron and numerous moUusks of marine origin. The Benton Group appears at this point, containing large quantities of dicotyle- donous leaves and other forms of land vegetation. It appears also at Brookville, eighteen miles east, and at Bunker Hill, thirty-four miles west of this Fort. The Niobrara Group forms the bluff's at Fort Hays, seventy miles west of Fort Harker, and from this place to Fort Wal- lace, one hundred and thirty-four miles beyond. This group consists of two parts — a lower, of dark bluish calcareo-argillaceous character, often thin-bedded; and an upper, of yellow and whitish chalk, much more heavily bedded. Near Fort Hays the best section may be seen at a point eighteen miles north on the Saline river. Here the •■= Hayden's 5th Rep. U. S..Geo. Sur. Terr. Mesozoic and ConnSzoic Geology and Paloiontology. 107 bluffs rise to a height of 200 feet, the yellow strata constituting the upper half. Half way between this point and the fort, Haploscapha qrandis, and H. eccentrica occur. Some of them are twenty-seven inches in diameter. Fragments of Anogmius occur in the yellow bed and Tnoceramus problematicits in the blue. Along the Smoky Hill river, 30 miles east of Fort Wallace, the strata have a gentle dip to the northwest. The 3'ellow and the blue strata are about equally fossiliferous and pass into each other by gradations and ' by slight laminar alternations at their line of junction. Cimolichthys semianceps, Liodon glandiferus^ and L. dyspelor occur in both classes of strata. The yellow strata are remarkably uniform in mineral con- tents, but the blue contain numerous concretions and great abundance of thin laj^ers of gypsum and crystals of the same. Near Sheridan, concretions and septaria are abundant. In some places the latter are of great size, and being imbedded in the strata have suffered denuda- tion of their contents, and the septa standing out form a huge honey- comb. This region, and the neighborhood of Eagle Tail, Colorado, are noted for the beauty of their gypsum crystals. These are hex- agonal-radiate, each division being a pinnate or feather-shaped lamina of twin rows of crystals. The clearness of the mineral and the regular leaf and feather forms of the crystals give them much beaut3\ The yellow bed disappears to the southwest, west, and northwest of Fort Wallace, beneath a sandy conglomerate of Tertiary age. He described, from the Fort Benton Group, at Bunker Hill station, Kansas, Apsopelix sauriformis. He described, from the Niobrara Group, near Eagle Tail in Colorado, Liodon crassartus, now Platecarpus crassartus; from Kansas,* Ornithochirus harpyia^ 0. umhrosus; from near Butte creek, Cynocer- cus incisus; from Sheridan, Plesiosaurus gulo.\ He determined]; the Upper Cretaceous age of the Li^hitic strata of the Bitter Creek Basin of Wyoming, and described, from near Black Buttes station, on the U. P. R. R., 52 miles east of Green river, and near the Hallville coal mines, Ayathaumas sylvestris. This dinosaurian was discovered between the thinner or lower strata of the Bitter creek series of coal, which at this point occupy a position of elevation and crop out high on the bluffs. Two strata appear above the sandstone in which the bones occur, and one below it. ■-^- Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. t Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. X Pal. Bull. No. i and No. 10, and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc 108 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. O. C. Marsli"^ described, from Smoky Hill river, in Western Kansas, Pterodactylus occidentalism P. velox, P. ingens, Graculavus anceps, Hesperornis regalis, Lestosaurus simus, now Platecarpus simus^ L. felix., now P. felix, L. latifrons, now P. latifrons-, L. gracilis, now P. gracilis, Rhinosaurus micromus, now Liodon micromus, Edestosaurus rex, now Clidastes rex, Ichthyornis dispar, CoJono- saurus mudgei, now Ichthyornis dispar; and from the greensand at Hornerstown, New Jerse}^, Graculavus velox, Graculavus pumilus, and Palceotrinya vagans. Dr. Joseph Leid3'f described, from Texas, Otodus divaricatiis; from Kansas, Oxyrhina extenta; from New Jersey, Acrodus humilis; and from Mississippi, Pycnodusfaha. F. B. Meek and J. H. Kloos;J: found the Benton Group underlying the drift gravel and cla}^ in the Sauk valle}^ in Minnesota. T. A Conrad§ described, from the Yellow Chalk, near the Saline river, Kansas, Haploscapha grandis, and H. excentrica. And Prof Leo. Lesquereux described, from the hard ferruginous sandstone of the Dakota Group, in Kansas, Pterosper mites quadratus, now Pterophyllum quadratum, Pterospermites multinervis, now Ptero- phyllum multinerve, Pterospermites haydeni, now Pterophyllum hay- deni, 3£agnolia ensifolia, now Celastrophyllxim ensifolium, Quercxis mudgei, now Protophyllum mudgei^ Aralia quinquepartita, Platanus heeri, and Sassafras ohtusus^ now Cissites obtusus. From the reddish, ferruginous, hard shale of the Laramie Group, below the Coal at Evanston, Utah, Quercus negundoides, Betula stevensoni, Rhus evansii Juglans rhamnoides; from a grayish, fine-grained, hard shale on the divide between the source of Snake river and the southern shore of Yellowstone lake, Gymnogramma haydeni; and from six miles above Spring canon, and top of hills between Fort Ellis and Botteler's ranch, Colorado, 3Iyrica ambigua, Quercus ellisana, and Q. pealei. In 1873, Prof. Leo Lesquereux|| described the Lignitic Group, from the Raton mountains, northward to Denver and Che3'enne, and then along the Union Pacific railroad to Evanston. In passing obliquely from the town of Trinidad to the Raton valle}'', in a northwest direction, the stage-road gentl}^ ascends about 150 feet to a plateau which, at the surface, consists of the black shale of the Fort Pierre Group, and * Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. 3 and 4. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. X Am. Jour Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol- 3. I 5th Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. li Hayden's 6tli Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr Mesozoic and Ccunozoic Geology and Palceontology. 109 contains well preserved, large, characteristic shells in ferruginous con- •cretions. But soon the plain appears cut by undulations which already, one mile from Trinidad, have their tops strewn with large broken flags of sandstone, over which no other trace of fossil remains, but marine plants or fucoids are seen. A little farther from the town, the same sandstone is in place, immediately and conformably^ over- 13'ing the black shale; and in entering the small valley of the Raton, the road curves around steep hills, whose base rests upon the fucoidal sandstone, and whose sides, exposed b}^ denudation, are blackened b}^ outcrops of coal at difl'erent altitudes. A section, along a small branch, in whose banks the lignite-beds appear in succession down to Raton creek, and then down this creek to Purgatory river, where the Fort Pierre Group is exposed, shows the lignitic 300|^ feet, succeeded by 178 feet of sandstone. The characters of the sandstone are as follows: Fii'st. — Its general color is whitish-gray, so white indeed, some- times, that the lower strata, seen from a distance, appear like banks of limestone. Second. — Though generally hard, it weathers by exfoliation under atmospheric influences, and its banks are thus molded in round undu- lations; and as it is locally hardened by ferruginous infiltrations, it is often too concretionary or grooved in cavities, so diversified in size and forms, that sometimes the face of the clifl's shows like the details of a complicated architecture. Third. — It is entirely barren of remains of animals. Fourth. — From its lowest stratum to its upper part,, it abounds in well-preserved remains of marine plants or fucoids, which, at some localities, are seen even in the sandstone over lignite-beds. Fifth. — In its upper part, the sandstone or the shales of this group are mixed with broken debris of land-vegetation, with which also fucoidal remains are found more and more abundant in descending. In passing from the black shale of the Fort Pierre Group to this group of sandstone beds overlajdng it, the difl'erence in the characters is striking, not only in c'onsidering their compounds, but in the class of fossil remains which the}^ contain, the traces of deep marine animal- life predominating in the black shale, while here they have totally dis- appeared. In the sandstone, marine life still marks its activitj^ only by the abundant remains of fucoids, indicating, by their growth, a com- paratively shallow water. They point out, therefore, a slow upheaval of the bottom of the sea in which they appear to have lived; for their stems penetrate the sandstone in every direction. And this indication is still more manifest in the great abundance of debris of land-plants, 110 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. which seem as if grouiirl by the waves, thrown iipo;i the shore and mixed in the sand with fucoidal remains. That this sandstone forms all over and around the Raton mountains, the base of what is called the Lignitic Group, and that it overlies the black shale of the Fort Pierre Group, has been remarked by all the geologists who have explored the country. Dr. Leconte, considering the strata as Cretaceous, mentions them in his report as continuing southward of the Raton, along the base of the Rocky mountains, forming an immense terrace, which extends as far south as the valley of the Tonejo, and perhaps even to the north bank of the Cimarron. From this place northward to the base of the Spanish Peak, these sandstone beds, always with the same characters and superimposed upon the Fort Pierre Group, form an im- mense terrace, perpendicularly cut, like a wall facing east, High ^bove the plain. They support, the lignitic beds which still tower above them, either ascending in steep declivities from the top of the perpen- dicular sandstone, or receding at some distance, where they have been more deeply sapped by erosion. This abrupt front, says Dr. Hayden, seems to form a sort of shore-line of a wonderful basin, as if a body of water had swept along and washed against the high bluffs, as along- some large river. The stage-road from Trinidad to Pueblo follows the base of these cliffs for thirt^^-two miles. South of Trinidad, the lignitic measures have been followed nearlv without interruption to the Maxwell estate, about fifty miles. The area which they cover, at and around the Raton mountains, may be estimated at 600 to 800 square miles. The same formation is reported farther south, near and around Santa Fe; in the Gallisteo valley; along the mountains to Albuquerque, and in the valley of the Rio Grande, as far south as Fort Craig. Ever Nowhere, with a single exception, these Lignitic measures have exposed, by their relative position, by the absence of animal remains in the thick beds of sandstone, which indicate their base and constitute their foundation, by the homolog}^ of their marine and land flora, as recognized in the remains of fossil-plants which they contain in abundance, all the characters authorizing the separa- tion of this group* from the Cretaceous formation. From Pueblo to Canon Cit}", fortj^-five miles, the stage-road follows a broad vallej^ closed on the south side b^^ the Greenhorn mountains, on the north side by the Rim Range of the Colorado mountains, over which towers Pike's Peak, whose summit is visible all the time. The whole valley is essentially Cretaceous; all tlie eminences, either near the borders or in the middle, are hills of this formation, molded by the erosions of the Arkansas river, which has du^- numerous beds in this Mesozoic and Coinozoic Geology and Palaeontology, 111 soft material. The borders of its present bed, like those of its old ones, where the road sometimes meanders, as in a labj-rinth, are pic- turesquel}^ marked 'hy rocks of diversified forms, resembling monu- ments built by the hand of man, towers, columns, ruins, etc., often strewn around in confusion. On the south side of the river, however, about fifteen miles before reaching Canon Cit^^, the aspect of the country is modified by the appearance of a group of hills of the Lig- nitic, filling the space from the base of the Greenhorn mountains to the borders of the river, three to four miles in width. The whole area covered here bj^ the Lignitic is about 33 square miles. The lower strata, overlying the sandstone, rise abruptl}^ about 50 feet above the Arkansas river, forming a kind of narrow plateau, over which the hills of the upper Lignitic rise up to about 500 feet. The whole thickness of the lignite bearing strata is estimated at about 600 feet. The lower sandrock, about 200 feet thick, is the equivalent of the lower fucoidal sandstone of the Lignitic of the Raton mountains, and it graduates into the Lignitic above. Indeed, in some places the lower sandstone includes in its divisions beds of lignite to its base. From Pueblo northward no trace of the Lignitic is seen along the mountains till near the southern base of a range of hills, the Colorado pinery, which, in its eastern course, at right angles from the primitive mountains, forms the divide of the waters between the Arkansas and the Platte rivers. The succession of the Cretaceous strata is clearly marked on the banks of Monument creek. In following it up from Colorado Springs, the formation can be studied to the top of the black shale of the Fort Pierre Group, and above this to a bed of brownish sandstone, separated from the black shale by thin layers of Tiiten clay and soapstone, where the last remains of Cretaceous animals, especially fragments of Baculites, are still abundant. Over this is the sand- stone, barren of any kind of remains, overlaid in the banks of the creek, by a bed of fire-cla^^, or very soft chocolate-colored shale, which marks the base of the., following section at low-water level of the creek : 1. Brown, laminated fire-clay, or chocolate-colored soft shale, a compound of remains of rootlets, and leaves and branches of unde- terminable conifers, 2 feet. 2. Coal, soft, disaggregating under atmospheric influence, 2 feet. 3. Chocolate-colored clay shale, like No. 1, with a still greater proportion of vegetable dehris^ 6 feet. 4. Soft, vellowish, coarse sandstone in bank, 8 feet. 112 Cincinnati Society of JSlatural History. 5. Clay, shale and shal}^ sandstone covered slope, 130 feet. 6. Soft, laminated clay, interlaid by bands of limonite iron, thin lignite seams, and fossil-wood, 88 feet. 7. Lignitic black clay, in banks, 32 feet. 8. Fine-grained conglomerate, 112 feet. 9. Fine-grained sandstone, 4 feet. 10. Coarse conglomerate, 7 feet. 11. Sandstone, 3 feet. 12. Ferruginous hard conglomorate, 32 feet. Total, 426 feet. The soft chocolate-colored, laminated cla3% Nos. 1 and 3 of this sec- tion, has the same composition, color, and characters as the claj- under and above the coal-beds of the Raton mountains and of the Arkansas valley. It is the same, more or less darkly colored by bitumen, which prevails over the whole area of the Lignitic. This cla}' takes the place of the fire-clay so generally underlying the coal-beds of the car- boniferous measures, where, as in the Lignitic, it forms, beside the floor, some bands, clay partings, separating coal strata, and soft shale overl3ing them. The dicotyledonous leaves, specificall}^ identical with those found at Raton mountain and in the Arkansas valley, leave no doubt about the cotemporaneity of these Lignitic measures. By far the most interesting member of this section is the conglomer- ate at the top. This is a compound of smallgrains or pebbles, mostly of white quartz, and ofsilex of various colors, varying in size, at least for the largest proportion, from that of a pea to that of the head of a pin. Pebbles as large as a walnut are abundant. This formation, 150 feet thick, at least, is conformable to the strata overhang the coal of the base of the section, and here, as it will be seen at other places, it over- lies immediately thick banks of soft, laminated, bituminous, black cla}^ The materials forming this conglomerate are cemented together b}^ a thin coating of carbonate of lime, which easil}' disaggregates under at- mospheric influence, except in the npper stratum, where the cement has been hardened b}' ferruginous infiltration. Its greater resistance has then locall}^ preserved the whole mass from destruction. These conglomerate cliflTs, which, from the hotel of Colorado springs, arrest the view to the west, appearing like high blufl's of white sandstone, are evidently the mere vestiges of an extensive formation, origin alh' cover- ing the base of the mountains from the Arkansas river, extending far inland to the east. For hundreds of miles the ground of Colorado is formed by its debris. They have given to the soil, that apparent sterility of surface, which is so remarkably' changed into fertility, by the culture Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and PalcBontology. 113 of the substratum composed of softer-grained materials and lime. Nearer to and along the base of the Colorado pinery, whose lignitic hills have escaped destruction, by the upheaval of the ridge, these con- glomerates, still detached from the common mass, and molded into the most diversified forms by disintegration, have scattered columns, pin- nacles, round towers, and cupolas over a wide area, the far-famed Monument Park. From the mouth of Bear creek into the Platte, a few miles west of Denver, the Lignitic formation abutting against the Cretaceous and diversel}^ thrown up b}^ the upheaval of the primitive mountains, fol- lows the base of these mountains in a nearly continuous belt to Chey- enne. Though generally covered b}' detritus, the basin is deeply cut b}^ all the creeks descending to the plain — Clear, Ralston, Coal, Erie, Boulder, Thompson creek and others, and the strata thus exposed. Golden is on the banks of Clear creek, at its outlet from a deep canon, and in the middle of a narrow valley, shut up, on the west, by the slopes of the primitive rocks, and on the east by a high wall, a trap- dike, which here follows the same trend as that of the mountain at a distance of one to one and one-half miles. As it is generall}^ the case along the eastern base of the Rock}^ mountains, the more recent for- mations have been thrown up and forward, and their edges upraised to a certain degree nearest to the uplift, and thus succeeding each other by hog-backs facing the mountains, they pass toward the plains in diminished degrees of dip and soon take their horizontal position. At Golden, the lignitic strata, compressed, as they are, between two walls of eruptive rocks, have been forced up on the western side, in a nearly perpendicular position, while on the other the}^ were thrown up, at the same time, by the basaltic dike, and thus folded or doubled against their faces, in the same wa}^, as the measures of the anthracite basin of Pennsylvania have been so often compressed in multiple folds between the chains of the Alleghen}^ mountains. In that way the lowest strata of the Lignitic, which are nearh^ perpendicular, overlie the upper Cretaceous strata, which, following the slope of the moun- tain's plunge, incline in a less degree. The line of superposition of both formations is seen along a ditch opened for a canal of irrigation, about two hundred feet from the tunnels, made in a bank of clay which underlies the lower lignite bed, and which is worked for potter3'. These upper Cretaceous strata are seen in the same position, and exactl}' of the same nature as at Gehrung's; thin beds of soap- stone or laminated clay, with Oi'etaceous fossils, and above them the same kind of Tuten-clay, a few inches thick, under the lower sand- 114 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. stone of the Lignitic, which is there covered. The surface of the ridge formed by the upthrow is pierced by the edge of the perpendicular strata, especiall}^ of the hard sandstone, and there the characters of the lowest beds are recognized at man}' places as the same as those of the fucoidal sandstone of the Raton mountains. At the cut made across the measures by Clear creek, the lower sandstone appears proportionally thin, 10 to 20 feet. It is a white, soft-grained sandstone, hardened by metamorphism, con- taining, beside remains of dicotyledonous leaves, some species of finely preserved fucoids. In following the same sandstone to the south it is seen increasing in thickness, and near and under the Roe coal, five miles from Golden, it forms a high, isolated ridge, at least 200 feet thick, barren of an})- kind of remains, except some fucoids. By its compound, the alternance of its coarse-grained and soft- grained strata, these being often mere clay or mud beds, its characters appear the same as those of the lower lignitic sandstone of the Raton mountains. It has, too, broken, undeterminable fragments of wood, Cj'^peracese, etc. Beside the species of fossil dicot3dedonous leaves found in the white sandstone of Golden, most of them homologous, or even identical with some species of the Raton and other localities, it has one of those ver}^ rare land plants, wdiich has been described and recognized in Europe as pertaining, as yet, exclusively to the Eocene. The finest and best preserved specimens of fossd leaves that have ever been found in this countr}^ with the exception, perhaps, of those of Black Butte, have been found at and around Golden, in the hard metamorphosed white sandstone, under and interlying the beds of coal, and in the beds of white clay upheaved against the sides of the basaltic dike; a clay, hard as silex from metamorphism, having mostly remains of palm leaves; and from three miles south of Golden, from a sandstone still upheaved, near the tail of the dike, but scarcely changed by heat, and easily cut in large pieces. The continuity of the Lignitic formatipn is traced north toward Cheyenne, where the conglomerate sandstone covers the face of the country, and all the facts discovered, tend to confirm the statement made hy Dr. Ha3'den in 1868, that all the lignite Tertiary beds of the West are but frag- ments of one great basin, interrupted here and there by upheaval of mountain chains, or concealed by the deposition of newer formations. At Medicine Bow, the line of connection with the underlying Cre- taceous is, perhaps, more difficult to fix than at other localities, the fucoidal sandstone here being mostly barren of remains of marine plants. But from its base to its top, in a thickness of, perhaps, 200 Mesozoic and CcBiiozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 115 feet, it is barren, too, of aD}^ remains of animals, while here and there branches of fiicoids appear, as thrown by the waves, being generally mixed with fragments of wood and stems of dicotyledonous plants. From the cut of the railroad west of Medicine Bow, where this sand- stone is seen overlying the Cretaceous, and where two fine mineral springs come out from its base, it is continuous to Carbon, in repeated and deeper undulations, forming basins, which at this place and around contain the upper Lignitic formation, with remarkably thick beds of combustible mineral. The coal is mined at Carbon Station by a shaft descending through the following strata: 1. Shale, cla}^ and sandstone at top, 35 feet. 2. Ferruginous shale, with dicot3'ledonous leaves, 3 feet. 3. Clay, shale, and sandstone, with plants at top, 18 feet. 4. Coal (main), 9 feet. 5. Fire-clay and shale, with dicotj'ledonous plants, 20 feet. 6. Coal, 4 feet. 7. Fire-clay and shale, 8 feet. 8. Coal, 4 feet. Total, 101 feet In following the railroad from Black Butte westward, the Lignitic formation, already seen at the surface of the country from below Bitter Creek Station, forms an irregularly broken ridge, whose general dip toward the east is varied b}^ low undulations. In that way the meas- ures slowly ascend to Point of Rocks, where they overlie the black shale of the Fort Pierre Group, there constituting the axis of an an- ticlinal, which is cut below Point of Pocks, b}^ the meanders of Bitter creek. The counterface of the axis appears westward, in correspond- ing strata, after passing Saltwell valle}^, and hence the dip to the west brings to the surface the upper strata of the Lignitic at Rock Spring, The section of the measures is perfectly clear and exposed in its whole length. At Point of Rocks, and near the highest part of the anticlinal axis, the Cretaceous strata are exposed 80 feet in thick- ness, immediately and conformabl}^ overlaid by 185 feet of the Lig- nitic sandstone, which, from its base, bears fucoidal remains. It has, moreover, the composition and mode of disintegration of the same for- mation at Raton, east of the station, 25 feet above the base of this sandstone, there is a bed of coal 8 feet thick. Farther east, at Hall- ville, a Lignitic bed, overlaid by shales where are imbedded a quantity of fossil shells, is worked near the level of the A^alley at a short dis- tance from the railroad. At Black Buttes a bed of lignite is worked, too, above the sandstone. At Rock Spring, in boring for an artesian 116 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. well, 16 beds of coal making 48 feel in thickness were passed at 728 feet, and at 1,180 feet the sandstone of the Lower Lignitic had not been pierced. He found a remarkable analogy, not to sa}' identity, between the 547 feet of measures above the lignite beds at Evauston and the conglomerate which tops the Lignitic at Colorado Springs and other places. The masterl}^ review of the Ligniitic Group, by Prof. Le&quereux, lead bim to the conclusion that it is of Eocene age. He said that the Upper Cretaceous is positivel}^ characterized as a deep marine forma- tion. Immediately over it, the sandstone shows, in its remains, the result of the upheaval of a wide surface exposed to shallow marine action, as indicated by fucoidal life. The upheaval continuing, this, area is brought out of marine influence to be exix)sed to that of the atmosphere. It is a new land, cut in basins of various sizes, where fresh water is by and b}^ substituted to brine, where vegetable life of another character appears, where swamps are filling with cla}' and floating plants, where peat-bogs in their growth form deposits of com- bustible matter, etc. To suppose that the marine action is totally banished from such a land would demand the absurd admission of an absolutely flat surface. Of course estuaries penetrate into it at manj^ places; their waters feeding marine species, brackish shells; their bayous inhabited by Saurians, and their remains mixed with leaves of the trees growing on the borders and preserved together in a fossil state, without impairing the true character of the formation by what palaeontology considers as types of diff'erent ages. The surface of the Eocene sandstone, before its separation from marine influence, was, of course, uneven. This sandstone has, therefore, the general characters- of the Eocene, while in some troughs, Cretaceous species, still living in deep water, may have left their remains in the sand. Even if these remains were numerous, their presence does not change the age of the formation. But on this subject, and in comparing our Eocene sand- stone to the other groups established by g-eologv, we find, in its abrupt and permanent separation from the Cretaceous, its lithological com- pounds, its total barrenness from animal remains, at least generall}'^ and the homogeiieit}' of its flora, reliable and constant characters better defined than in any geological division admitted by science. This sandstone formation is inexplicable. It can be compared to nothing but the millstone-grit of the Carboniferous epoch. How to explain wh}^ at once, animal life seems to disappear from the bottom of the sea, to be superseded b}' marine vegetation? May this change have been caused^ perhaps, by a rapid increase of temperature- Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palmontology. 117 of the water brought up by the force acting to the upraising of the bottom into land, and afterward into chains of mountains. Though it may be, this change is evident and proves the geological discrimina- tion of the Eocene sandstone from the Cretaceous, a separation the more remarkable, that from numerous observations this sandstone is reported constantly conformable to the Upper Cretaceous beds. As Dr. Haj^den remarks in his description of the Lignitic Group of Nebraska, when we bear in mind the fact that wherever this forma- tion has been seen in contact with the latest Cretaceous beds, the two have been found to be conformable, however great the upheavals and distortions may be, while at the junction there seems to be a complete mingling of sediments, one is strongly impressed with the probability that no important member of either system is wanting between them. After contrasting the distribution and character of the plants with those known from the Tertiary of other parts of the world, Prof. Les- quereux thought himself authorized to deduce the conclusion: That the great Lignitic Group must be considered as a whole and well characterized formation, limited at its base by the fucoidal sand- stone, at its top by the conglomerate beds; that, independent from the Cretaceous under it, and from the Miocene above it, our Lignitic fo •- mations represent the American Eocene. He described, from South Park, near Costello's ranch, Ophioglossum (lUeni, now Salvinia allenl, Planera longifolia; from Elko station, Nevada, >iS'eg?(o/rt angustifoUa, Thuja gar mani, Abies nevadens is; from. the Raton mountains. Sphagna lapidea^ Chondrites suhsimplex^ C. hul- bosus, Hali/menites major^ H.striatus, Delesseria incrassata, now Cau- lerpites incrassatus, Delesseria lingulata; from Gehrung's coal-bed, near Colorado Springs, Dombeyopsis obtusa; from Golden City, Col- orado, Sclerotium rubeUum, Delesseria fulva, Pteris anceps, Carex berthoudi^ Sabal goldana, Quercus stramineus, JJlmus irregularis, noYf Ficus irregularis, Ficus auriculata, F. specfabilis, Cissus Icevigatus, Dombeyopsis trivialis, D. occidentalis, now Ficus occidentalis, Sapindus caudatus, Ceanothusjibrillosus.nov^ Zizyphus Jibrillosus, Bhamnus cle- buriii, B. goldanus, B. goldanus, var. latior; from Erie Mines, Boulder Valley, Caulinites fecundus, Cercis eocenica; from Carbon station, Wyoming, Populus decipiens, Ficus oblanceolata, Coccoloba IcBvigata, Asimina eocenica, Zizyphus meeki; from Black Butte station, Sphaeria myricoe^ Opegrapha antiqua, Caulinites sparganioides, Myrica torreyi, Ficus planicostata, F.planicostata, var, latifolia^ F. clintoni, F. cory- lifolius, F. haydeni, Vibernum marginatum, V. contortum, Cissus lobato-crenatus, Aleurites eocenica, Paliurus zizyphoides, Carpolitlies 118 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. falcatus; from the Black Butte saurian bed, Vibernum dichotomum; from the Black Butte reel baked shale, Quercus Wyoming anus; from Evanstou, Calycites hexaphylla, Carpolithes arachioides, now Legum- inosites arachioides; from Elk creek, near Yellowstone river, Carpo- lithes osseus\ ivom. six miles above Spring canon, near Fort Ellis, Abies setlg era and Nyssa Lanceolata. He described, from the Dakota Group, six miles south of Fort Harker, Kansas, Hymenophyllmn cretaceum, Caulinites spinosus, Populites fagifolia, Jf'icus sternbergi, wo\y Persea steriibergi^ Sassa- fras mirabile^ S. recurvatum^ now Platanus recurvata, S. harker- anum^ now Cissites harkeranus, La^irophyllum reticulatum, Pteros- permites sternbergi, now Protophyllum sternbergi; from nine miles above Salina in the Saline Valley, Kansas, Populites salina^, now 3fen- ispermites salinensis, P. affinis^wow Cissites affnis, and Pterosper mites rugosus, now Protophyllum rugosum. Prof Meek* said that the coal-bearing rocks at Coalville, Utah, are undoubtedl}^ of Cretaceous age, as he had from the first maintained, and he quoted in support of this view his remarks in Dr. Hayden's Report of 1870, page 299. He prepared a section running from the principal coal-bed, near Coalville, in a northwesterly direction, to Echo canon, a distance, b}'' a right line a little obliquely across the strike of the rocks, of about three and a half miles. This section commences 393 feet below the heaiy bed of coal, and furnishes a thickness of 3,980 feet below the conglomerate, or including the conglomerate, which is here 700 feet in thickness, 4,680 feet of strata. Several parts of this section contain marine Cretaceous fossils, the highest of which' is gray, soft, sandstone, 30 feet in thickness, aUjd 1,431 feet below the con- glomerate. It contains many large Inoceramus, Ostrea and Cardium. The conglomerate not onh^ composes the towering walls of Echo canon at places forming perpendicular, or even overhanging escarp- ments, 500 to 800 feet in height, but also rises into mountain masses on the west side of Weber river, near the mouth of the canon. It probablj^ attains a thickness in places of 2,000 feet. This he referred to Tertiary age because of its position above the Cretaceous, its non- conformability with the rocks below it, and its remarkably coarse material. [To BE Continued.] *6th Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. Descriptibn of a New Warbler. 119 DESCBTPTTO^^ OF A NEW WABBLER OF THE GENUS HELMINTHOPHAGA. By Frank W. Langdon. Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis, sp. no v. Plate VI.) Adult male; spring plumage. Entire upper parts, excepting fore- head, clear, bright, olive green, with a tinge of yellowish in certain lights; quills and rectrices dark plumbeous brown, their outer webs fringed with olive green like that of the back. Below, including crissum, bright cadmium yellow, of nearly the same shade throughout. Fore- head, bright yellow, this color bounded anteriorly by a A^ery narrow black line from lores, and behind gradually merging into the clear olive green of crown ; feathers of vertex with a median concealed area of black. Lores velvet}^ black; auriculars black, tipped with yellow- ish-green, giving them a mottled appearance. A yellow area beneath the eye separates the black of lores from that of auriculars. Greater and lesser wing coverts tipped with greenish-^^ellow, forming- two indistinct wing-bars; outer primar}- edged with whitish. Inner webs of two outer tail feathers narrowly margined with white near the tip. Bill, in the flesh, black, excepting extreme tip, and base of lower mandible, which are bluish horn-color; culmen slightly decurved, with trace of a notch at tip. Bictus with fairly developed bristles* extend- ing nearl}^ or quite to nostrils, here differing from any other species of the genus. Eyes, dark brown; tarsi and toes, pale brownish; claws, paler. Dimensions: Length, 4.75; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.85; culmen, .44, from nostril, .34; tarsus, .70. The discovery of additional specimens ma}^ modify the above de- scription somewhat, for, as Dr. Coues suggests to me, the concealed black of vertex would seem to indicate that this specimen had not quite attained its full spring dress. "The presence of this character would by some authors be deemed sufficient reason for the institution of a new genus or sub-genus, but this, it seems to me, would be unnecessary and inadvisable 120 Cincinnati Society of JSFatnral Historii. The species is described from a single specimen, taken by the writer at Madisonville, Hamilton County, Ohio, on May 1, 1880. It has been submitted to Dr. Elliott Coues for examination, and by him in com- pany with Messrs. Ridgway and Henshaw, pronounced to be undoubt- edly new. Its relations, according to Dr. Coues, are mainly with Helminthophaga pinus^ although in the concealed black of vertex and auriculars it slightly resembles certain plumages of Oporornis formosa. From H. pinus, its nearest ally, it differs in its decidedlj^ larger size, the presence of rictal bristles, the concealed black of ver- tex and the black ariculars; negativel}', in the total absence of white wing bars, white tail blotches, and ash}' blue on wings and tail. With 0. formosa it seems hardly necessary to compare it; its smaller size, dissimilar proportions, short tarsi, yellow forehead, and white margin to outer tail feathers, sufficiently distinguish it from that species. A suspicion of hybridism between the two genera is, in the present state of our knowledge, inadmissible. Of its habits nothing is known except that it was shot while search- ing for insects at the end of a maple limb about fifty feet from the ground. It is a little remarkable that this should be the third new species of this genus announced from the eastern United States during the past six 3'ears;* such, however, is the fact, and in all three instances the discovery has been made in an alread}^ thoroughl}' explored section. Whether this has any significance as indicating a special tendency of the genus to differentiation on account of changes in its environment, or is merely a coincidence, is of course problematical; the question of an extension of range from some heretofore unexplored habitat would also come in here for consideration. -The other two are as follows: ffelminthophagala^rencei, Herrick.— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1874, page 220, pi. xv. Locality New Jersey; two specimens now known. Helminthophaga leucohronchialis , Brewster.— Bulleti a Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1876, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 1, pl. 1 Locality, Newtonville, Mass. Four others now known, one from Penn., two from Conn., and one from an unknown locality. Ornithological Field Notes. 121 ORNITHOLOGICAL FIELD NOTES, WITH FIVE ADDI- . TIONS TO THE CINCINNATI A VI AN FA UNA. By Frank W. Langdon. Since the publication of the writer's '"Revised List of Cincinnati Birds,"* several of the species therein given as "of probable occurrence, but not 3^et identified^' in this vicinity, have been taken, two of which — Tringa hairdii, and Sterna Mrundo^ have been already recorded by Messrs. Dury and Freeman. f Four others, namely: CistotlioTus stellaris, Helminthophaga celata, Melospiza Uncolni^ and Tringa fuscicolUs, have also been added to the list of identified species, and a fifth [Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis), entirely new to ornithology, has been discovered, a description and figure of which will be found in another part of this number. The five additions to our avian fauna herein noted, with the two already recorded by Messrs. T)uvy and Freeman, bring the total num- ber of species actually identified, in this vicinity, up to 263 ; leaving 20 unidentified species, whose range includes this locality, jQt to be heard from. For information of value contained in the following notes, acknowl- edgments are especially due to Mr. John W. Shorten, the well known taxidermist of Cincinnati, Ohio; to J. Bonsall Porter, Esq., of Glen- dale, Ohio; and to Messrs. Edgar R. Quick and A. W. Butler, both of 'Brookville, Ind; their names accompan3dng their respective notes. The species are here numbered to correspond with the "Revised List of Cincinnati Birds," excepting the additions which are not num- bered. 8. MiMus POLYGLOTTUS, Boic. — Mockiug Bird. — A set of three eggsi taken by Mr. Joel Metcalf, near Glendale, Ohio, on June 20, 1879, is now in my collection, being the fourth instance known of the breeding of the species in this vicinity, during the past four jears. 12. Regulus ca-Lendula, Lichtenstein. — Rithy -crowned Kinglet. — Mr. Quick favors us with the following extract from his note book in *A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds, By Frank W. Langdon, this Journal, Vol. 1. No. 4, January, 1879, pp. 167-193. t Observations on Birds, by Charles Dury and L. R. Freeman, this Journal.. Vol 2., No. 2, pp. 100-104. 122 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. regard to this species: On October 16, 1S79. a Ruby-crowned Wren took up its abode in a bar-room, in Brookville, wliere it remained until the 25th, flying about amongst the often noisy patrons of the estab- lishment; and though it was caught and handled tothoroughl3Mdentify it, this summar}^ proceeding did not cause it to leave, although the door stood open during the entire d^y. During its sta}' it subsisted on flies, which it very expertly captured, returning to its perch to eat them, in the manner of the fly-catchers. Toward the latter part of its sojourn, it became so much accustomed to its strange quarters as to salty out from its perch b}^ lamp-light, after insects attracted by the light. It finally took its departure without apparent cause, probabl}' to resume its southward migration. 18. SiTTA CANADENSIS, Liunaeus. — Bed-bellied Nuthatch. — Mr. Butler notes the occurrence of this species at Brookville, from May 5 to 15, 1879, and May 1 to 6, 1880. 20. Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. ludovicianus, Bonaparte. — Great Carolina Wren. — One of our common residents. A nest taken at Madisonville, April 29, 1880, diff"ers considerably from the ordi- nary form, being globular in shape, with the opening in the side. It was situated in a depression in the top of a deca^-ed stump, and is composed chiefl}" of coarse rootlets and leaf stems, with a lining of horse hair, dried grass and fine rootlets. It had received an outer covering of fresh green moss, well calculated to deceive the unwary collector and other predatory animals. The six fresh eggs which it contained were of a creamy-pink tint, changing to a glossy white after blowing; the markings were much less confluent than is usual. — . CiSTOTHORUs STELLARis, Cabauis. — Short-hilled 3Iarsh Wren. — Not previously recorded here. Two specimens, male and female, of this rare little wren were taken in a swampy ravine near Brookville, Ind., September 23, 1879, hj Mr. A. W. Butler. Two others seen at the same time. Mr. Butler notes that they were "quite noisy," but very shy. 28. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cabanis. — Golden-winged Warbler. — Since our record of a single specimen in the "Revised List," this rare warbler has been again recorded b}^ Messrs. Dury and Free- man, in their paper before cited. Two additional specimens have been taken — one by Mr. Butler, at Brookville, Ind., April 29, 1879; the other by Mr. W. H. VVhetuel, at Madisonvile, Ohio, April 26, 1880. Mr. Butler notes that it had a peculiar song, resembling that of H^ 2?inus, but louder. — . Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis, Langdon. — Cincinnati Warb- ler.— One specimen, a male, taken at Madisonville, O., Mayl, 1880. (See pp. 119-120 and plate VI., this vol.) Ornithological Field JSFotes. 123 — . Helminthophaga celata, Baird. — Orange-crowned Warbler.—^ Taken for the first time in this vicinity, on April 29, 1880, at Brook- ville, Ind., by Mr. E. R. Quick. The specimen was a female in fine plumage, the orange on crown being very well marked. 45. Dendrceca pinus, Baird. — Pine-creeping Warbler. — Brookville, Ind., 1880; April 15th and 24th (Butler) ; April 23d (Quick); three specimens in all. 46. Dendrceca kirtlandi, Baird. — Kirtland's Warbler. — Mr. H. E. Chubb, the taxidermist, of Cleveland, Ohio, writes me of the capture near that place b}^ himself, of two specimens, male and female, of this very rare species, on May 4th and 12th, 1880, respectivel3\ If I remember rightl}' but six specimens, including the present two, are known, four of which have been taken in Ohio. 48. Dendrceca discolor, Baird. — Prairie Warbler. — An additional specimen taken at Madisonville, April 26, 1880, b}- Mr. W. H. Whetsel. 53. Oporornis FORMOSA, Baird. — Kentucky Warbler. — Nest contain- ing four eggs of this species and one CowbircVs Qgg, taken at Madisonville, May 28th, 1879, by Charles Tompkins, Esq.* 57. (Myiodioctes) Wilsonia mitrata (Gm.), Coues. — Hooded Warbler. — Mr. Quick notes two additional specimens of this beautiful and rather rare warbler, taken at Brookville, in May, 1879; and I have verified my quer}^ of "August?" in the Revised List, by taking a male, in nearly perfect plumage, at Madisonville, August 4, 1879. It has also been recorded August 30, 1879, by Messrs. Dury and Freeman (op cit.) 64. (HiRUNDo) Tachycineta bicolor, Vieillot. — White-bellied Swallow. — Taken by Mr. Porter at Glendale, Ohio, as early as March 22, 1879, the earliest occurrence on record by about a month. 75a. (CoLLURio) Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides, Coues.^ White-rumjoed Shrike. — On March 12, 1879, I took a second specimen of this form near Madisonville, and Mr. J. B. Porter has taken a third on April 23, 1879, at Glendale. The Madisonville specimen when first seen, was in the top of a low sapling in a pasture, uttering its curious note, which resembled the "rattle" of a Kingfisher much subdued, as if heard in the distance. It was quite sh}^ and soon took refuge in the top of a thorn tree, from which it was shot. Its stomach was filled with the elj'tra and other remains of beetles. ■■■ For description of this nest and eggs, see Bulletin Nuttall Orn. Club, Vol. 4, No. 4, Oct . 1879, pp. 236-237, 124 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 76. Pyranga rubra, Vieillot. — Scarlet Tanager. — Nest containing one Qgg of this species and one Cowbird's egg^ taken at Brook ville, Ind., on May 17th, 1880, by Mr. Quick; it was situated in a hori- zontal fork of a wild crab tree growing on sparsely wooded pasture land, and is described by Mr. Quick as follows: Eight feet from ground; foundation, wool and dr}- weed stalks; lining entireh' of fruit stems of the wild cherry. Dimensions: outside, 4x7x2^^ inches; in- side, 2^x2^x1 inches. The eggs were far advanced in incubation. 80. Chrysomitris pinus, Bonaparte. — Pine Linnet. — Mr. Butler found this species quite common at Brookville, Ind., from March 10 to 25, 1879, in the pine trees about his yard; he took about fifteen specimens in all. 84. Plectruphanes nivalis, Mej^er. — Snow Bunting. — This bird, which had not been observed here for several j^ears, was found quite plentiful at Jones Station, Ohio (about 30 miles from Cincinnati), by Mr. Walter Douglass, on Januaiy 12, 1879; several specimens were taken. 86. Pyrgita domestica, Cuvier. — European House Sparrow. — The "Sparrow question" has assumed such proportions in this countiy of late years that a paper on the Ornitholog}" of any sparrow-inhabited localit}'' would hardl}" be complete without some reference to the changes constantly occurring b}^ reason of the presence of that much to be regretted addition to our fauna. To the alread}' immense litera- ture of the subject, I desire to add a note of the entire disappearance of a large colony (several hundred, probably), of Rough-winged and Cliff Swallows, that, until the past two seasons, had their summer quarters and nested about the piers and under the floors of the Brighton bridge over Mill Creek. These have been entirel}^ replaced by the Sparrows. The disappearance of Bluebirds from long occupied positions near houses, and the comparative scarcity- of Martins, both due to preoccupation of their building sites by the Sparrows, are mat- ters of common observation; and Mr. Dury dates the rarity of the House Wren at Avondale, from the time of the Sparrow's arrival. 96. Spizella pusilla, Bonaparte. — Field Sparrow. — I have to note the capture of this species at Madison ville, December 15, 1879, its first known occurrence in winter. — . Melospiza lincolni, Baird. — Lincohi's Finch. — Not previously identified here. Two specimens taken at Brookville, Ind., May 10, 1879, by Mr. Shorten and mj^self. The birds were found in a deep wooded ravine traversed b}^ a small stream, one of them hopping about on a mass of drift in search of small aquatic insects and larvae, with which its stomach was found to be filled. OrnitJiological Field Notes. 125 Mr. Quick reports a third specimen, taken near the same locality, j^ a clover field, May 11, 1880. 108. DoLiCHONYX oRYZivoRus, Swaiuson. — Bobolink. — Specimens taken at Glendale, in September, 1879, its first capture here in the fall. 111. Sturnella magna, Swainson. — 3Ieadow Lark. — A set of eggs taken b}^ Mr. Quick, Jul}- 15, 1879, from a nest in which a brood had been reared but a "few weeks before." The nest had been relined previous to the second la3ing. 114. ScoLECOPHAGUs FERRUGINEUS, Swaiusou. — Busty Grakle — A pair noted, one of which was shot, at Madisonville, Decemher 30, 1879. 115. QuiscALus PURPUREUS ^NEUS, Ridgwa3\ — Bronzed Grakle. — Mr. Butler writes me that a specimen of this species remained about Brookville, Ind., during part of December, Januar}^, and/ part of Feb- ruary, 1878-9, keeping company with the English Sparrows about the 3''ard and corncrib. 116. CoRvus coRAx CARNivoRUS, Bartram. — American Raven. — Mr. Shorten favors us with a note of the capture of a specimen of this species on September 12, 1879, near Marysville, Union County, Ohio, the specimen being now in the collection of Dr. Buflfington, of that place. Although too far away to be considered an addition to the birds of this vicinit3% its occurrence anywhere in Ohio at the present time is so rare as to merit notice. 141. CoLAPTES AURATUS, Swalusou. — Flicker, Golden-winged Wood- pecker.— This species, in addition to being "a very common resident,'' as given in the "Revised List," is also doubtless a migrant, to some extent at least, as is indicated by the arrival of a pair in the court of the Cincinnati Hospital on April 4, 1880. After disporting and refreshing themselves amongst the shade' trees and in the grass, and alighting and climbing, in true woodpecker fashion, along the perpen- dicular angle of a brick wall, they finally left after a sojourn of about two hours. To one familiar with the situation of the Hospital, in the midst of the densely peopled portion of the city, the occurrence of so arboreal a species there at that time, is strong presumptive evidence of a pre- vions migrator}^ journey. Other common migratory species were observed at the same place, during April and May, 1880, as follows: Hermit Thrush, Robin, Bluebird, Field Sparrow (S. pusilla), Chip- ping Sparrow (breeding May 10), and Swamp Blackbird, the latter 126 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. being probably attracted b}' a clump of willows aDcl the small artificial lake in the court. 143. Strix flammea pratincola, Bonaparte. — American Barn Owl. — Mr. Shorten informs me of the capture of our third recorded specimen of this species on April 14, 1880, at Foster's Landing, on the Ohio river, 36 miles above Cincinnati. 165. Haliaetus LEUCOCEPHALUS, Savlguy. — White-headed or Ameri- can Eagle. — A skull of this bird exhumed during the excavations con- ducted b}^ the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville, Ohio, in an ancient cemeter}^ near that place, is a specimen of the earliest taxi- dermy (as we now use the term), on record. It had been stuffed with blue clay, and this clay as well as some of the bones of the skull, showed distinctl}' the staining of verdigris, doubtless due to the oxi- dation of a copper chain or band b}' which it had been suspended or held in place. This skull was preserved in ashes along with other relics of the former owner, and perhaps once decorated the breast of some valiant brave or dusky maiden. 166. (Rhinogryphus) Cathartes aura, Illiger — Turkey Buzzard. — Two sets of the eggs of this species, well advanced in incubation, taken b}^ Mr. Quick, at Brookville, Ind., May 14 a^d 15, 1879; and a third set, fresh. May 22, 1880. The first set was found by the side of a log on the ground; the second in a hollow sycamore snag, six feet from the ground and forty feet from the onl}^ entrance which was at the top of the snag; the third four feet from the ground in a cavity in a red-oak tree. Their measurements are as follows: 2.90x1.95; 2.70x1.90.-2.95x1.95; 3.10x1.85.-2.75x1.94; 2.75x2.00. 170. Meleagris (gallop avo) Americana, Cones. — Wild Turkey. — The most satisfactory evidence yet adduced of the former occurrence of this species here, is the finding of numerous specimens of its bones during the excavations in the pre-historic cemetery near Madisonville. These bones occurred in the circumscribed deposits of ashes, called "ash pits," along with the bones of various other animals, several of which, like the present species, have now become extinct in this region; many of the bones were utilized in the manufacture of awls, beads and other articles of utility or ornament. 172. BoNASA umbellus, Stephens.---i^z;^e<:Z Grouse; Pheasant.— An examination of the crop and gizzard of a Ruffed Grouse, taken b}^ the writer, at Brookville, Ind., on May 10, 1879, revealed the following articles of fare: In the crop were three large beetles (Phylloj^haga hirsuta) entire, but slightly crushed; numerous green seed-pods of the Bloodroot [Sanguinaria canadensis) ; and a large mass of the leaves of Ornithological Field Notes. ' 127 White Clover (Trifolium repens) and Ground Ivy [Nepeta glechoma). The gizzard contained numerous seed stones of the Black Gum tree (JSfyssa 7nultiJlora) and remains of several of the beetles before men- tioned. — . Tringa FuscicoLLis,Vieillot, — Bonap)arte''s Sandpiper. — Two spe- cimens, the first recorded from this vicinity, taken September 6, 1879, near Glendale, Ohio, by Mr. J. B, Porter; both were males. 189, Calidrjs arenaria, Illiger. — Sanderling. — An additional specimen noted by Mr. Shorten, taken on the Ohio, opposite Cincin- nati, in September, 1879. 192. ToTANUS SEMiPALMATUS, Tcmmiuck. — Semi-palmated Tatler; Willet. — A specimen now in Mr. Butler's collection, was shot on the roof of a barn near Brookville, Ind., in 1878. 205. Nyctiardea GRiSEA N^viA, Allen. — American J^ight Heroti. — Two specimens, both full-fledged young of the year, taken on the Little Miami, near Madisonvllle, June 18, and July 6, 1879, its first record here outside the migrating seasons. I am indebted to Mr. Charles Tompkins, of Madisonville, for one of the above specimens, which is now in my cabinet. 207. Ardetta exilis. Gray. — Least Bittern. — An additional speci- men taken at Madisonville, September 19, 1879. 213. PoRZANA xoveboracensis, Cassin. — Little Yelloio Bail. — Mr. Butler notes the rather common occurrence of this species near Brook- ville, in September, 1879, several specimens being caught by hand. 245. Graculus dilophus floridanus, Coues. — Florida Cormor- ant.— Two or three specimens noted b}^ Mr. Quick and myself, in September, 1879, on the Whitewater and Little Miami rivers. 255. PoDiLYMBDS PODiCEPS, Lawreucc. — Pied-hilled Dahchick; Water Witch. — The stomach of a specimen taken September 20, 1879, at Madisonville, contained a mass of hair-like feathers, nearly as large as a pigeon's egg, interwoven with which were numerous elytra of beetles, several spiders and remains of aquatic larvae. 128 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ABCH^OLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS NEAR MABISONVILLE, OHIO. PART II. SEPTEMBEE 1 TO DECEMBEK 8, 1879. On September 1st, three ash pits were opened, and two skeletons exhumed; the latter were lying horizontall}- at a depth of eighteen inches, and the cranium of one was missing. Friday, September 5th, two more skeletons were found, both of adults. One of these was 5 feet 3 inches in length, while the other, exclusive of the head, which was missing, measured 5 feet 4 inches. The hands of the latter, judging from the position in which they were found, had apparently been cut off before burial and laid upon the chest. Immediately north of this last skeleton was a fire-place or hearth 10 feet in length, 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep, containing cal- cined limestone, broken boulders, sherds, ashes and animal remains ; the earth in and on the sides of the excavation was baked and burned red. Two similar hearths were found on the 8th and 9th, and two skeletons exhumed. One of these skeletons was l3^ing in a horizontal position, two feet below the surface, and directl}- under the decayed trunk of a walnut tree, which was 3 feet 10 inches in diameter. Several ash pits were next explored, and on Saturday, September •13th, a group of four skeletons was found, of which two were those of children, about 8 or 10 years of age. The trunk and cranium of one of the adult skeletons exhumed to- da}^ extended under an oak which measured 5 feet 9 inches in circum- ference, two feet above its base. In one of the ash pits opened this week was found a curious in- scribed stone, of which an illustration is given (fig. 24). It is an irregular piece of fossiiiferous limestone of a reddish brown color, as though it had been stained by being deposited in a ferru- ginous soil, the fracture on the edge showing the natural color of the limestone; the markings are incised lines and the pointer is the most prominent figure; the other lines are plainly visible although the sur- face is much weathered and worn. The stone and markings, perhaps, have reference to the pit of carbonized maize,* near which it was ■'■ See first paper, No. 1, Vol. 3, this Journal, pp. 40-68. ArchcBoIogical Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 129 found, and it is to be regretted that the exact position in which it or- iginally laid was not noted. The characters engraved on the stone were not noticed until after it had been removed from the grounds, and it was then too late to locate it any closer than one of the ash pits opened on the 8th of Sep- tember. On Monday, September 15th, a group of eight skeletons and four ash pits were found. The following week was spent in exhuming this group. Fig 24. (W. C. Rogers' collection.) Inscribed Stone from Ancient Cemetery, Madisonville, Ohio. the members of which wfere disposed as follows: the first skeleton was an adult, lying horizontal, head east; length 5 feet 5 inches; depth 18 inches. The second was also an adult, lying directly over the pelvis of the preceding skeleton, with head towards the south, face upward, at a depth of 16 inches, the length of this skeleton was 5 feet 2 inches. An ash pit was found in the angle formed by the lower extremities of 130 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. skeletons Nos. 1- and 2, some large fragments of pottery, flint and bone implements were taken from this pit. A second ash pit was next opened, located 8 inches north of the first. The third skeleton was an adult, 6 feet in length, lying horizontalh', head southwest, at a depth of two feet. A broken vessel was found with these remains. The fourth was an adult, 5 feet in length, head directed east. No. 5 was an immature skeleton, head southeast, face toward the southwest; a per- fect vessel was taken from near the top of the head. No. 6 was another adult skeleton, 6 feet in length, head southeast, and about 12 inches from No. 5; depth 20 inches. About 6 inches northeast of this skeleton a third ash pit was found, which contained several implements made of elkhorn, some bone cylinders, and other relics. Ash pit No. 4 was located just north of ash pit No. 2. From this pit several charred corn cobs were taken. In the leaf-mold between these two pits, a frag- ment of an iron hatchet or tomahawk of peculiar pattern was found, about 13 inches below the surface; whether this belongs with these re- mains or is a surface relic of more modern date, is of course uncertain; circumstances, however, and the appearance of the article, point strong]}^ to the latter conclusion, as it is the only iron implement 3^et found, did not come from an ash pit or a grave, and does not show sufficient corrosion to warrant the belief that it is as old as the human remains. Monday. September 22, two skeletons of children, in horizontal posi- tion, heads northeast, were found; one about two 3'ears and the other probabl}^ twelve years of age. Both lay face downward, the younger on top, with its face resting on the nape of the other's neck; a small broken A^essel lay near their feet, and at their heads a larger nearl}^ per- fect one; a small strip of copper was found near hy. An ash pit of the usual character was also explored. September 23d, the skeletons of two more children, \ymg side by side, heads directed north and faces upward, were found; .then another ash pit from which was taken an ornamented grooved hammer; next at a depth of 20 inches an adult female skeleton, 5 feet 5 inches in length, l3ing horizontall}^, head southwest, with the hands folded over the pelvic bones. On Wednesda}^ September 24, a verj' singular group of remains was found; first was the skeleton of an adult female in horizontal position, head southeast, with small (foetal) bones in the pelvic region ; at her feet was a confused mass of bones, from which five crania were removed, three of which were found face downward and the other two face upward. Archceological Explorations near Madisonville^ Ohio. 131 On Thursday, 25tli, a very interesting ornament was found with the skeleton of a child (fig. 25). It is made of a single piece of copper of irregular shape, the edges of which have been brought to- gether so as to form a ball, or rather like a sleigh bell, leaving an irregular opening on one side. A small hole was punched through the top and a strip of copper doubled up and the ends pushed through rij?. 25. the opening from the inside, forming a handle. In- side this bell is a fragment of copper, about the size of a large pea, and when the ornament is shaken it produces a rattling or tinkling sound. It is without question one of the most unique specimens of abor- iginal workmanship ever recovered. On Friday, September 26th, another female skeleton was found, lying horizontally, head southeast; length 5 feet 1 inch; probable age 24 years; with these remains two large bone cylinders or beads were found, one on each side of the neck. From this date, until October 7th, nothing but ash pits were discovered; these, ten in number, were ex- plored and found to contain many interesting relics. Fig. 26. Earthen Vase, 34th size. (Joseph Cox, Jr.) On October 7th, three skeletons were uncovered; the first that of a child, about six years of age, in horizontal position, head east, at a depth of fourteen inches; the next, an adult female, length 5 feet 2 inches, head northeast, depth 20 inches; a small vessel was found at 132 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. the right side of the cranium. The third skeleton, an adult male, was hdng in the same position, at a depth of 22 inches. From near the right side of the head was taken a vessel, with a base or pedestal, the only one of this peculiar form 3'et found (fig. 26); beneath the cranium was a small discoidal stone and a bone fish hook. The principal discoveries during the next ten da3's were ash pits of about the usual size and contents, excepting one opened on the 17th, which was oblong, and larger than usual, being 8 feet in length, 6 feet wide and 4 feet 3 inches deep. On October 18th, a group of ten skeletons was discovered. The first was an adult female, 5 feet 6 inches in length, in horizontal position head south, with a small, nearlj^ perfect vessel at the head. Next was an adult male, in a doubled-up position, head west. On removing this skeleton, the lower extremities of a third were found; following these bones in an easterly direction, the spade struck a vessel which had been deposited near the left hip. After taking this vessel out, another skeleton, lying north and south, with head toward the south, was found, the lower extremities of which extended over the chest of the third skeleton, which was lying east and west. No. 5 was a large m^le skeleton, 6 feet 3 inches in length, lying horizontally, head north- west, considerabl}^ deeper than Nos. 3 and 4, but about the same level as the first and second, and immediatel}^ below this was another (No, 6), extending eastwardly, the cranium of which was missing; several ash pits were located in this trench, from which mau}^ fine relics were taken. On the 23d, skeleton No. 7 was uncovered at the same depth as No. 6, head northwest. From an ash pit opened on Friday, was taken a singular ornament made of elkhorn, which ma}' have been utilized as a comb (fig. 27). Fig. 27. Elk Horn Ornament. (E. A. Conkling.) Three skeletons, south of the group, were taken out on Saturday and Monda}'. Archaiological Explorations near lladisonviUe, Ohio. 133 Oil Tiiesdaj', October 28tli, skeleton No. 8 was found, an adult male, with head southeast, length 5 feet 8 inches, depth 15 inches. A broken vessel was found at the right of the head, and on the left side a pipe made of limestone, well finished, and carved to represent the head of some animal (fig 28). A copper ornament was also found at the right side of the neck (fig. 29). Fig. 28. Pipe. (P. G. Thomson.) Fig. 29. Copper Ornament. (H. B. Whetsel.) This relic, which has two bars or cross arms, is made of a ver}' thin piece of copper, rolled or beaten evenh% with small perforation at one end, doubtless for suspensory purposes; and excepting the double arms, somewhat resembles the copper ornament found in the stone graves in Tennessee, described and figured in the eleventh annual re- port of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, p. 307. The total absence in this cemeter}^ of any evidences of contact with European races, of which fact mention was made in our first paper, makes the remarks and conclusions of Prof. Putnam, relative to the Tennessee ornament, very appropriate in this connection. 134 Cincinrhati Society of JSFatural Histoi'y. " The cross-like form of this ornament may give rise to the question of its derivation; and had an}^ article of European make, such as glass beads, brass buttons, etc., so common in Indian graves, subse- quent to contact with whites, been found in any one of the hundreds of graves I opened in Tennessee, I should consider the form of this ornament the result of contact with the early missionaries; but, from the total absence of articles denoting such contact, I think it must be placed in the same categor}^ with the 'tablet of the cross' at Palenque, and be regarded as an ornament made in it^ present form, simply because it is an easy design to execute, and one of natural conception." On "Wednesda}^, 29th, the skeleton of a child about four years of age was found, lying horizontal!}", head north, at a depth of twenty- one inches. A broken vessel lay at the right side of the cranium. On October 31st, two skeletons were uncovered. The first was that of a child about four years of age, and in the same position as that found on the 29th, depth 3 feet; the other skeleton was an adult male, head south, length 5 feet 8 inches, depth 16 inches. A vessel also accompanied these remains. Several ash pits were explored during the following week, but no skeletons were found until November 7th, ivhen that of an adult male was exhumed; position horizontal, head east, length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 15 inches. An ordinary vessel was found on the right side of the head. The excavations were now along the edge of the ravine; the depth at which man 3^ of the skeletons were found was but a few inches, and the depth of leaf-mold over the ash pits had diminished to 10 and 12 inches. This is accounted for b}^ the denudation of the surface of the slope by the elements, the soil being carried into the ravine. It is very evident that at the date of these burials, this ravine was much less extensive than at present, and has since extended into the plateau some 250 feet. This will also account for the numerous scattered hu- man remains found in the ravine, which attracted the attention of collectors for several 3^ears previous to the discover}" of this cemetery". It is also noticeable that the depth of the ash pits below the first la3^er of leaf-mold do not vary material]3^ from those in other portions of the plateau. On November 18th, a group of twelve skeletons and three ash pits were found near the edge of the ravine. The first was a child about four 3'ears of age, 13'^ing horizontall}", head east, face upward, at a depth of onl}^ six inches below the surface. Two feet northeast of the ArchcBological Explorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 135 first was the skeleton of another child, of about the same age, and in the same position. The third, was that of another child, about six years of age, l^'ing about twelve inches west of the feet of the previous two skeletons^ head directed south. In the space between the bod}- of No. 3, and the feet of Nos. 1 and 2, was found a grooved stone ham- mer. About two feet north, the next skeleton was found at a depth of ten inches. This was an adult female, in an extended position, bod}^ inclined with the extremities deeper and the tibiag flexed to the south, at right angles to the rest of the skeleton. No. 5 was located four and one half feet northwest of the knees of No. 4, depth seventeen inches, and was the remains of an adult male, six feet in length; posi- tion horizontal, head south, face upward. The sixth skeleton was an adult female, length 4 feet 10 inches, lying horizontally, head north, at the same depth. No. 7, also an adult, 5 feet 4 inches in length, with head directed northwest. In the space between Nos. 4 and 5, at a depth of seventeen inches, No. 8, the skeleton of a child about fourj-ears of age, w^as next exhumed, head northwest. Two feet south of the head of this skeleton, a perfect vessel was found. Owing to the irregular disposition of these skeletons, it is difficult to state with which skele- ton this vessel was originally deposited, unless it is supposed that the deeper burials were old interments, and that No. 4 was subsequent, and the tibi?e flexed to avoid contact with or disturbance of the pre- vious interment. No. 9 was the remains of another child, probably six years of age, and was quite near the edge of the ravine, and but nine inches from the surface. It was in a horizontal position, head east, and face up- ward. No. 10, an immature skeleton, age about fourteen 3-ears, was lying horizontall}^ head south, at a depth of fourteen inches. With these remains was lound a vessel at the right of the cranium; a boulder and a stone flesher near the lower extremities. No. 11, another child, about ten 3'ears of age. head south, at a depth of twenty inches. Under the right ilium of this skeleton was a shallow dish-shaped ves- sel, with flaring edge, diff'erent from any yet found in this cemetery, but somewhat similar in shape to one of the vessels found in the stone grave mounds in Tennessee, specimens of which we have been enabled to obtain through the courtesy of Prof. F. W. Putnam, of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. No. 12, the farthest north of this group, was an adult, in horizontal position, head south; length 5 feet 5 inches, depth 15 inches; a stone skin dresser and round boulder, similar to the relics found with No. 10, were found near the ria^ht side. 136 Cincinnati Society of N'atural History. Between this skeleton and the edge of the plateau three ash pits were found and explored. In the first one the layer of leaf-mold was but ten inches, the second la3^er was twelve inches of sand and ashes, and below this fifty inches of ashes; numerous shells, pot sherds, ani- mal bones and some flint implements were found in this pit. The second ash pit had three feet of sand in the second layer, and bat six- teen inches of ashes. The third pit, eight inches of sand and fort}- four inches ashes. A few words explanator}- of the method of making these excavations may, perhaps, be in place, in order to make clear the reason why skeletons were found at diff'erent dates in the same excava- tion, as is the case in this group. The workman employed by the Society, who is a ver}^ careful and reliable person, is instructed in all cases of the discovery of skeletons, to partly uncover them, so as to determine the length and direction, but under no circumstances to re- move them until after they are viewed in place by Dr. Metz, the Su- perintendent, or some other member of the Societ}^ who may be on the ground. In this manner all the remains at one depth are discovered, and upon their removal the excavations are continued beneath that plane, until the bed of undisturbed gravel is reached, below which no skeletons or relics have been found. In several instances, three or four skeletons have been exhumed, overl3^ing each other at difl!*erent depths. On Monda}^, 24th, the ash pit discovered on Saturda}^ was explored, and in addition to the usual contents, a small piece of copper was found; three feet west of the ash pit, the skeleton of a child about six 3'ears of age was uncovered, position horizontal, head southeast, face upward, depth 18 inches. On Wednesday, 26th, the skeleton of another child, of about the same age, was discovered in the same position, with head directed south, depth 17' inches. These remains were deposited directly over an ash pit. Thursday, November 27th, an ash pit near the edge of the ravine was opened : Two feet west of the ash pit the skeleton of a child was found, lying horizontal, head south, and face upward, depth fourteen inches. A small broken vessel lay at the top of the head. Two im- mature skeletons, probabl}^ 16 or 18 years of age, were next exhumed, about 17 feet from the edge of the plateau. The bones were inter- mingled in a somewhat regular oblong arrangem^ent, with a cranium at each end of the heap, both skulls facing north. Under one of these skulls was found a peculiar narrow-necked vessel (fig. 30), originally with four handles. Immediately under these remains was an ash pit. Including those mentioned, eight ash pits were opened during the ArchceoJugical Explorations near 3IacUsonviUe, OJu 137 week ending ^November 29th, and quite a number of fine bone imple- ments were taken out; most of these pits contained a la3'er of sand from ten to twelve inches deep, between the leaf-mold and the ashes. Fig. 30. Monda^^, December 1st, the skeleton of an adult female was ex- humed, twenty-nine feet from the edge of the plateau. These remains Fig. 31. Shell Ornaments (Mr. Ferris), were placed in a horizontal position, head northwest, depth i foot 10 inches, and measured 5 feet 6 inches in length; the lower extremities were flexed on the thighs. Two perforated shell disks about the size of a silver dollar, and a pendant made of the hinge of a large shell, with a deep groove at the smaller end, were found near the neck (fig. 31); a stone flesher was also found with this skeleton. 138 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Au adult male skeleton was exbamed to-day; length 5 feet 8 inches, position horizontal, head southeast, depth 1 foot 10 inches. Under this skeleton was a well defined, circular excaA^ation, 3 feet 7 inches in diameter, and 3 feet 8 inches deep, similar to the ash pits, but which contained nothing but clear sand. Neither ashes nor relics were found in it. An adult^male skeleton was exhumed on Thursda}^ December 4th, position horizontal, head south, depth 1 foot 4 inches; this was lying over an ash pit. Friday, December 5th, an ash pit was opened remarkable for the quantitj^ of ashes and its unusual depth, which was 6 feet 10 inches. The laj^ers were as follows: leaf-mold and sand, 28 inches; pure ashes, 26 inches; ashes and sand, 28 inches. From this pit was taken a fragment of a polished, fossiliferous lime- stone pipe, and the usual flint and bone implements. Two skeletons were exhumed to-da}^; the first was that of an adult male, length 5 feet 10 inches, position horizontal, head south, depth 1 foot 9 inches; be- neath the occiput a flat harpoon, or fish spear, made of elkhorn, was found. The second skeleton was 5 feet 4 inches in length, h'ing in the same position as the first. Nine inches south of the cranium of the second skeleton was an oblong or elliptical vessel of about one half gallon capacity. On Monday, December 8, an adult female skeleton, 4 feet 5 inches, in length, was found; position horizontal, head north, with broken ves- sel at left side of cranium; depth 7 inches. The next skeleton was that of an adult male, 5 feet 10 inches in length, horizontal, head south, depth 13 inches. The third was an immature skeleton, probably sixteen years of age, position also horizontal, head southeast, depth thirteen inches ; with a broken vessel at the top of the head. These three interments were remarkably shallow, with barely enough earth to cover them. On Thursda}^, December 11th, an adult skeleton was discovered, length 4 feet 4 inches; position horizontal, head south, depth two feet, and lying directly over an ash pit. On Frida}', December 12th, four skeletons, one adult female and three children, about three 3'ears of age, were exhumed, all laid in horizontal positions, heads south, except the third child, which was parallel with the three skeletons, but with head to the north. A broken vessel was found at the top of the heads of the two children which were directed south. On Monday, December 15th, another skeleton of a child about two 3'ears of age was found, lying horizontal, head east; depth 1 foot 8 inches, with vessel at vertex. Archceological Ex2olorations nvar Iladisonville, Ohio. 139 December 16th, two skeletons were exhumed, one in horizontal and the other in a sitting position. Several skeletons and three ash pits were discovered on the following da}^ and on Saturda}^ December 20th, a group of five children, all about three years of age, was found. These skeletons were in a horizontal position, heads south, and lying side by side: depth 1 foot 10 inches: making a total of 15 skeletons exhumed during the week. From December 22d to December 27th, five adult skeletons, all in horizontal positions, were found, and two pits containing sand and a few relics, but no ashes. On Monday, December 29th, an adult dwarf skeleton, probably fe- male, was uncovered. It was lying on its side, head south, facing east. The spine of this individual presented an example of a somewhat remarkable pathological condition, the spinous and articular processes of all the dorsal and lumbar vertebra being anchjdosed; t?ie bodies re- mained free, with the exception of two in the lumbar region, which were connected only b}^ a thin band of osseous tissue. The lumbar vertebra were in their turn solidly united with the sacrum, and the latter bone with the ilia. Several of the carpal and metacarpal bones had also become united into a solid bou}^ mass, and the atlas w^as con- nected with the skull in a similar manner, altogether making this probably one of the most interesting cases of disease of the osseous system on record. The skeleton of a child about three 3^ears of age was also exhumed to-day, and a singular collection of bones disposed as follows: a skull, resting on its base, facing south, over which were placed the two ossa innominata, and at its side three femurs and one tibia; no other bones were found; depth 2 feet 3 inches. Tuesday, December 30th, a group of five skeletons was discovered, one an adult male, six feet in length, and four of children about three or four years of age. All* these re- mains were in horizontal positions, side by side, and about the same depth, viz. : 1 foot 9 and 10 inches. Two broken vessels and two stone fleshers were found with this group. December 31st, an ash pit, 3 feet in diameter and 5 feet 2 inches in depth, was opened. The layers w^ere as follows: leaf-mold and sand, 24 inches; ashes, 38 inches; contents, pottery sherds, U^iio shells, burnt limestone, animal remains and a few flint implements. [To BE Continued.] 140 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. DESCRIPTION- OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF SILURIAN FOSSILS. By S. A. Miller, Esq. EUCALYPTOCRINUS (HyPANTHOCRINUs) EGANI, D. Sp. (Plate IV., fig. 1, cast of the calyx and the dome; fig. 1«, cast of the dome, the canal leading from it, the expansion at the top of the interbraehials and extension above, where it was covered by plates: fig, lb, east of the body, dome and interbraehials; fig. Ic, cast of the canal showing the markings of the plates above the interbraehials, and^the evidences of the attachment of the latter to the dome.) The general form of the calyx is ohcoDical, with a truncated base for the columnar attachment. Height and width about equal. With the brachial and interbrachial plates and arms attached, the form is cylindrico-elliptical. The basal plates form a regular pentagon, upon the sides of which the first radials rest. The first radial plates are hexagonal, longer than wide, and larger than the succeeding ones. The second radials are somewhat quadrangular; the greater width is at the base, which is slightly convex, and rests upon the superior con- cave side of the first radials. The third radials are hexagonal, the superior side being the shorter, and the lower lateral sides being- shorter than the other three. The first supr^b- radials are pentagonal and less than half the size of the third radials. The second supra- radials are smaller than the first, pentagonal and support the arm plates. The inter-supra-radials support interbraehials. The inter- radials consist of one large ten-sided plate, having a length more than twice its greatest diameter, and supporting upon its upper face two interradials that support interbraehials. It will at once be observed, that this formula of the plates is that of Eiocalyptocrimcs, and that the calyx may be distinguished from E. crassus only b}^ the more elongated form of the body and plates. Above the calj^x, however, the species are distinguished b}' more marked and decided characters. The cast of the dome, immediatel}' covering t'he cavity of the calyx, has a height above the cal3^x about equal to its diameter. Two little projections, at the top of the calyx, between the interbraehials, remain upon the casts, to show the connection between the arm furrows and the interior of the body. The interbraehials were firmly interlocked with the dome as shown by the widened concave edge and the three slits in each, as well as by the angular and indented surface markings of the dome. The cast of the canal leading from the dome to the top Description of Fom^ JVeiv Species of Silurian Fossils. 141 of the interbracliials has a length about one half greater than the diameter of the dome. It expands rapidly as it approaches the top of the interbrachials, and here we have the evidence in the projections and the furrows, that the interbrachials w^ere firmly interlocked with the plates or pieces that surrounded this canal. The canal extends above the top ot the interbrachials forming a dome, slightly drawn to one side, and having a height about equal to its basal diameter. This dome was surrounded, as it appears from our specimens, by five large plates. It has been considered, by Prof. Hall, that the genus Hypanthocrinus of Phillips, is a synonym for Eucalyptocrinus^ founded thirteen 3^ears earlier by Goldfuss. Angelin and other European authors, however, re- tain both generic names, referring to the former such species as have an expansion of the canal at the top of the interbrachials, and a dome covering this expansion. Our species possesses all the characters of Hypanthocrinus^ and I have retained the name, in a subgeneric sense, because there are a number of species constructed upon this plan, which may thus be collectively distii;kg'uished from the t3^pical Eucalypto- crinus. This species was collected in the magnesian limestone of the Nia- gara Group, at Chicago, 111., hy W. C. Egan, Esq., of that city, in whose honor I have proposed the specific name. He ver3^ kindl^^ pre- sented some specimens to the Cincinnati Society of Natural Histor^^ and to the author. Myelodactylus bkidgeportensis, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 2, a dextral specimen showing the finger-like processes extending over the inner whorls; fig. 2a, a sinistral specimen showing the radiate structure; fig. 25, a dex- tral specimen having the finger-like processes removed so as to show the larger and smaller whorls, and their union at the central part of the disk; figs. 2c and 2c?, showing the radi- ate structure; fig. 2e, magnified view of a fractured specimen.) This species is possessed of a coiled and radiate structure of an ap- parently complicated character. The coil is discoidal and both dex- tral and sinistral, in different specimens. There are nearly four whorls, in the best specimens examined. The coil consists of a double series of plates which unite at the central part of the disk. From every two plates of the outer series, there arises a finger-like process, which extends over the next inner whorls, toward the center of the disk. Beneath these overlapping finger-like processes there is a passage, inclosed by reason of the whorls being brought in- to contact b}" the inner series of plates. The inner series of plates are about one third the size of the outer series, and connect the latter 142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, by means of pores, passing from one to the other. This series of plates is connected b}^ a canal or central opening throughout its length, as is also the larger series. The radiate structure consists of pores or passage ways from the inner whorls to the outer ones, and commencing at the center of the disk, which, in some of the casts, resembles the spokes of a wheel. A passage way, through each of the finger-like processes, connects each plate of the inner larger whorl, with each plate of the next outer larger whorl, b}^ reason of a bifurcation in the passage way to unite with the two plates, from which the finger-like processes arise. Thus doubling the radiations with each succeeding whorl. The passages from the smaller whorls to the larger ones are yqyj numerous, and taken in connection with the other passages make the circular and radiate structure exceedingly complicated. All of the specimens are casts, collected b}' W. 0. Egan, Esq., in the magnesian limestone of the Niagara Group, at Bridgeport, near Chicago, Illinois. From the numerous specimens which he collected, he has ver^^ kindl}' presented some to. the author, and others to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. I regard the affinities of this genus with Cyclocystoides^ rather than with any other genus known to me. The order Cystoidea has become, however, the receptacle for too many remotely connected genera, and I am inclined to think, that this genus belongs to an undefined order of the Echinodermata. It is certainly not a crinoid, nor is it the finger of one. In 1852, Prof. James Hall proposed the generic name Myelodactylus, to distinguish what he supposed to be the arms or fingers of an otherwise unknown crinoid, the remarkable feature of which, he said, is the foramen or medullary canal penetrating the column of joints. He described 3fy elodactyliis convolutus 2i^ '-'• Q,ov[i'^osQdi of a. single series of thin joints, which are slightly nodulose or tubercular on the back* ; ends of the joints somewhat semicircular or crescent-form, with the extremities truncated ; tentacula composed of numerous rounded or slightly nodulose joints, which are attached to the truncated extremities of the finger-joint by a tendon inserted into a perforation in the joint ; fingers usually in- curved or convolute ; plates penetrated vertically b}^ an oblong quad- rangular canal, through which probabl}^ passed a strong tendon con- necting the whole together ; surface of each plate marked by a pen- tagonal depression, within which are elevated ridges, the whole in- tended for the strong attachment of muscular fibres connecting the plates ; outer edge of the plate, upon the back, marked by two or Description of Four New Species of Silurian Fossils. 143 sometimes three minute grooves or perforations communicating with the muscular impression upon the upper surface." Angelin referred three species to the genus Myelodactylus, viz., M. gracilis^ 31. heterocrinus and J/, interradialis*. He described the generic characters as. follows : "Corpus tenerum, elongatum. Cal3^x C3^athoideus. Basalia tria. Parabasalia qui n que, polygona. Radialia primaria quinque, unicam zonam formantia ; secundaria per duas series ; superiora triangula, brachiifera. luterradialia duo. Brachia longissima, subfiliformia, repetito-dichotoma, articulis simplicibus. Tubus ventralis distinctus, articulatus. Columna crassa, convoluta, articulis tenuissimis, cirrhis numerosis, moniliformibus." His species are all small and slender, and very much resemble some species of Heterocrinus. They certainl}^ have no generic relation with llyelodactylus. Pal^aster miamiensis, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 3.) Pentagonal ; ra3^s about one and a half times the diameter of the body, or about 9-lOths of an inch; diameter of the bod}^ about 6-lOths of an inch; breadth of a ray at the point of junction with the body a little more than half the diameter of the body, or about 7-20ths of an inch; rays obtusely pointed. Marginal plates wider than long, and numbering about twelve in the length of half an inch from the body. Two marginal plates form the junction of the ra^^s. Ambulacral farrow wide, the plates being more than twice as long as wide. There are about 18 ambulacral plates in a length of one half inch, and each one is provided with an angular ridge tapering from the marginal plates to the furrow. This species is founded upon a single specimen, showing only the ventral part of the bod^', and hence the other parts are unknown. It bears some resemblance to P. granulosus , but on comparison with good specimens in my own collection I found it essentially distinct. In the marginal plates it bears some resemblance to P. longihracliiatus, though even in this respect the two species are distinct. The specimen was found near Wa3aiesville, on the Miami river, in the upper part of the Hudson River Group, and belongs to the collec- tion of I. H. Harris, Esq., of that place. Bythopora nashvjllensis, n. sp. (Plate IV. s fig. 4, natural size; fig, 4a, magnified view.) In this species the branches are cylindrical, of nearl3^ equal size, and * Iconographia Crinoideorum in stratis Suecise Siluricis fossilium. 144 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. frequently bifurcate at right angles as well as at all other angles. The diameter of a branch is from 1-4 to 1-2 a line. The cells are usually- arranged in longitudinal lines, though this arrangement does not ex- clusivel}^ prevail. The cell mouths are elliptical and separated b}' non- poriferous spaces. A limited space within the bifurcation of the branches, and upon the lower side of the branches is farrowed and des- titute of cell mouths. This species is distinguished from B. fruticosa hy the mode of branching and b}' the shape of the cell mouths. The cells are also much more numerous, in B. fruticosa^ than they are in this species. This species is from my own collection, and was found in the Trenton Group, near Nashville, Tennessee. B. fruticosa was described from a specimen which I collected in the Hudson River Group, at Cincinnati, and at the time of its illustration and description transferred to Mr. C. B. D3^er. Mr. U. P. James never saw the specimen, unless Mr. Dyer has shown it to him since it was illustrated and described, and the de- scription which Mr. James had written of a fossil under the name of Helopora dendrina does not apply to B. fruticosa. BEMABK8 OJST THE TEEN TON LIMESTONE OF KEN- TUCKY, WITH DESCBIPTIONS OF NEW FOSSILS FBOM THAT FOBMATION AND THE KASKASKIA {CHESTER) GROUP, SUB-CARBONIFEROUS. By A. G. Wetherby, A.M., Professor of Geology, University of Cincinnati. No list of fossils collected from the heavy-bedded limestones along the Kentucky river, in Mercer, Garrard, Jessamine and adjoining coun- ties, has, up to this time, been published. Traveling south, on the line of the C. S. R.R., we pass through many cuts exposing the typical, blue, tliin-bedded Cincinnati limestones and shales, the last of these cuts being that at Roger's Gap, about sixt}' miles directly south of this cit3^ Here the broken countrj^ suddenly disappears, and we enter at once upon the renowned blue grass region, justly celebrated for its stock-raising advantages. No more striking change in topographical features can be found in the State of Kentuck}^, than that which is here met. The numerous ridges, hills and gullies which have characterized the route, all the dis- tance from Cincinnati, give way at once to a comparatively level and RemavTtS on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 145 fertile countiy. The cuts become few and insignificant, but an atten- tive stuc\y of the lower third of the deeper ones, and the entire section of others, seems to prove what has already been so well indicated by the topography, that we are gradually approaching a very different for- mation. Instead of the continued alternation of thin-bedded lime- stones and shales, the latter become insignificant in ratio to the for- mer, and we finally reach the heav3^-bedded limestones of the Trenton Group, which first appear in considerable force at , the Lexington quarries, eighty miles south of Cincinnati. The lower strata here exposed begin to exhibit the light color, and more compact texture, which are so characteristic of the Trenton lime- stones further south at High Bridge. Bej'ondNicholasville, and within three or four miles of the Kentuck}^ river, outcrops of these light- colored limestones, somewhat shal}^ and chert}^ at top, begin to appear. These rocks have but little dip, and as the elevation at Section 11, C.S.R.R., three fourths of a mile north ofNicholasville, is 957 feet above tide-water, or 525 feet above low-water of the Ohio, and the top chord of High Bridge, 765.7 feet above tide-water, or 333.7 feet above low- water of the Ohio, we have a vertical section of these rocks 191.3 feet in thickness, between Nicholasville and the top of the Kentuck}^ river gorge, which furnishes an additional section of nearly 300 feet, making in all an exposure of nearly 500 feet of rocks, none of which, I am quite satisfied, is higher than t3^pical Trenton. These rocks present much the same variation that thej^ do at points where I have studied them in Tennessee, though no section that I have seen in the latter State, reaches appoint so low in the series as the bottom of the gorge of Kentuck}' river, or the lower part of Dix river. In this connection it seems desirable to consider the section of the Trenton Limestones of Tennessee, as arranged by Prof. Saflbrd in his excellent geology of that State. These divisions have local names, but they represent well-marked sections of the Trenton as there ex- hibited, and may be indicated, in part at least, by their equivalents in the Kentucky section now under consideration. The}^ are, in descend- - ing order, as follows : Carter's Creek Limestone — A heavy-bedded, light-blue or dove-colored limestone, often gray in the upper part. Thickness from 50 to 100 feet. The Glade Limestone — A stratum of thin-bedded, light-blue, flaggy limestones, marked by the '' Cedar Glades." Thickness at maximum 120 feet. The Ridley Limestone— A group of heavy-bedded, light-blue or dove-colored limestones. Maxi- mum thickness 95 feet, as observed by Prof Safi'ord. The Pierce Limestone — A group of thin-bedded, flaggy limestones, with a heavy- 146 Cincinnati Society of ITatural History. bedded la3^er near the base. Prof. Safford describes these rocks as " abounding in Biyozoa." Maximum thickness 27 feet. The Central Limestone — Thick-bedded, chert}- limestones, of a light-blue or dove- color. This bed is the lowest exposure in the Central Basin of Ten- nessee, and is described by Prof Saiford as about 100 feet in thickness. Immediately above the Carter's Creek Limestone of this section, comes the Orthis Bed of Prof. Safford, which is the lowest member of his Nashville — Formation TV. The relations of this bed to the general geological column are of such high interest, that I venture to examine the subject of its fossil contents. Prof. Safford has furnished us a list of seventeen species* belonging to this group, and including Brachiopoda, Gastropoda^ Lamellihran- chiata, Cephalop)oda, and ChcBtetes. Of these but three are Hudson River species exclusively. Of the remainder, five are Trenton or Black river; seven are indifferently Trenton or Hudson river, though generally described from Trenton localities; and one ranges to the Chaz3^ The other two are species of Cypricardites from the Or- this Bed. The conclusion to be drawn from this list of species is, that the Orthis Bed, judged b}^ its paloeontological characters, is pre- eminentl}^ Trenton, and is evidentl}^ more nearl}^ related to this forma- than to the Hudson River. We may now resume the consideration of the Kentucky river section. Beyond High Bridge the grade of the, road rises 176.1 feet in three and one half miles, and this rise in the grade carries us entirely above the heavy-bedded limestones at the river, to the same rugged and thin- layered mass, which forms the upper part of the section, both here and at Nicholasville. These rocks hold man}^ fossils that belong both to the Trenton and Hudson River Groups, the most common of which are Orthis testudinaria, Chcetetes lycoperdon, Zygospira modesta, Raphistoma lenticulare of large size, and Mvrchisonia hellicincta. With these fossils are found, however, a much larger number of tj^pical Trenton species, as will be seen further on. These limestones con- tinue to be the surface rock along the line of the railroad nearly to * The following is the list given by Prof. Safford: Monticidipora fihrom, Goldfuss, Hud- son River; Strophoraena alternata, Conrad, Trenton and Hudson River; Orthis lyiuv, Eich- wald, Trenton and Hudson River; 0. testudinaria, Dalman, Trenton and Hudson River; 0. •^i^&o'gj^rt to, Conrad, Chazy to Trenton; Rhynchonella capax, Conrad, Hudson River; Zygos- pira modesta , Say, Trenton and Hudson River; Ambonychia radiata, Hall, Trenton and Hudson River; Cyrtodonta gantii, Safford, Orthis Bed; Cyrtodonta winclielii, Safford. Orthis Bed; Jlodiolopsis modiolaris, Conrad, Hudson River; Murehisonia milleri. Hall, Trenton and Hudson River; CyrtoUtes ornatus, Conrad, Hudson River; Bellerophon punctifrons, Emmons, Trenton and Black River; Carinaropsis carinata. Hall, Trenton; Orthoceras per- tinax, Billings, Black river; Endoceras rapax, Billings, Black River. Bemarks on the Trenton Limestone of KentuGky. 147 Danville Junction, where we have the Black Shale at the surface. At the level of the top chord of High Bridge, and a few feet higher, may be identified that portion of this section most like the Glade Lime- stone of Safford, and furnishing a surface of country upon which cedars grow. It is not difficult to recognize above this a distinct division which corresponds to the Carter's Creek Limestone. Above this is a bed filled with fossils of the very highest interest, many of which are species found in Safford's Orthis Bed, Mdiile others are species not collected outside of Canada, until 1 found them here. Still above this is the ragged mass of thin-layered limestone, forming the upper part of the section. All these divisions may be passed in review by going south from High Bridge, along the railroad to the top of the divide this side of Burgin, and three and one half miles beyond the Kentucky river. I have referred the above portion of this section to the Orthis Bed for two reasons. It abounds in silicified specimens of 0. testudinaria, and it is composed of a silicified limestone that weathers into a red soil, like that of its Tennessee equivalent where I have studied it in Maury county. The rock is a siliceous limestone, with a sandy matrix and carbonate of lime cement. The latter readily dissolves, leaving a some- what sand}' soil, which is, in many cases, strewn with chert and silici- fied fossils in a fine state of preservation. The following list contains many of the species collected in this part of the section: A few are yet unidentified. (7aZ?/mme?ie species not determined. Leperditiafahulites, Conrad; Colpoceras virgatum^Jl?i\\\ GJyptocrinus prisons, Billings; Blastoidocrinus carcharidens^ Bill- ings; Hyhocrinus tumidus^ Billings ; Hybocrinus conicus, Billings; Amygdalocystites florealis, Billings; Amygdalocystites radiatus^ Bill- ings; Hyhocystites problematicus^ Wetherby, herein described; Cypricardites ohtusus, Hall; G. cordiformis^ Billings; Cypricardites, sp. ined., Conularia quadrata, Walcott; BeceptacuUtes, sp., exhibiting well man\^ of the characteristic points of structure so ably discussed by Mr. Billings, but^not identified with any described species; O. pec tinella, Conrad; 0. ^^er-yeto, Conrad ; O. trlcenaria, Conrad; U. testu- dinaria^ Dalman; LeptcBua sericea^ Sowerby; Orthis lynx, Eichwald; Strophomena incrassata, Hall; Cyrtolites ornatus^ Conrad; Murchi- sonia milleri. Hall; Petraia aj:>er^a, Billings; Streptelasma profundu7n, Hall. This list of fossils is sufficient to identify this part of the section with the Trenton beyond any question whatever, and fixes the fact that the three hundred and fifty or.more feet of heavy-bedded lime- 148 Cincinnati Society of • Natural History. stones below it to the bottom of the Kentucky river gorge, are lower than that part of the Ottawa Trenton studied by Mr. Billings. Further south, and about two miles west of Harrodsburg junction, are several more or less heavil3"-bedded limestones, containing one or two la3'ers which hold many specimens of very large bivalve Crustaceans; LepercUtia, Isochilina, etc., as yet undescribed. Below these strata, and overl3dng the siliceous rocks mentioned above, there are thin limestones holding immense numbers of fine Brj^ozoans, Ftilodictya^ etc., and numerous specimens qZ Mont iciilipor a white- , eavesii^ Nicholson, together with other species of 3fontiGuUpora or Chcetetes. Its lithological characters and fossil contents are those of Safford's Pierce Limestone; but it does not occupy the same place in the section. The lower part of that portion of the section which I have referred to the Glade Limestone holds great numbers of Gasteropods, among which are very large specimens of Pleurotomaria suhconica Hall, and an unidentified Subulites, more than three inches in length. This portion furnishes a numerous list of fossils of very high interest. The new Heterocrinus? which I have described in this paper, came from this part of the section. Below this, nothing of importance has been collected outside of the Cephalopoda, among which are an Oncoceras, an Ormoceras, several species of Or^/ioceras, Cyrtoceras and Undoceras. In a verj" thin parting of cherty limestones, at the very lowest portion of the o'oro^e, are numerous fraoments of Trilobites, as well as a few Brachiopods and Corals. While it is not diflScult to separate this section into groups, having approximate relations with those of Prof. Safford's Tennessee section, it is not here pretended that this reference has been verified in any case. The lithological characters indicating such an equivalence are more marked, by far, than those evidences to be derived from the fossils. This is even the case in the heavy-bedded limestones of the lower part of the section. The fragments of Trilobites obtained from this portion indicate very low Trenton or even Chazy. I have not been able to give such attention to the study of anj' of the fossils except those enumerated above, as to enable me to pronounce definitely upon this matter. I trust to be able to explore this in- teresting field thoroughl}^ during the summer, and to have the good fortune to make a fuller collection of its typical fossils. It is worthy of notice that local faultings and disturbances have made it necessar^^ to proceed with extreme caution. Immediately on the line of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, one mile from High Bridge, a locaul faulting has brought down the upper part of the section to a level with the middle of the third. These disturb- Bemarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 149 aDces are numerous, and often marked on the surface by corresponding elevations and depressions. It is possible, though not without severe labor, to work out the lower part of this section in various directions, as numerous tributaries, of greater or less size, have excavated the limestones to the level of low- water of the Kentucky river. These afford means of reaching all parts of the formation, and obtaining satisfactory collections of its fossils. To the kindness of Hon. Jno. K. Procter, now director of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, I am indebted for sug- gestions as to the distribution of the Trenton, as the surface formation in his "Siluro-Cambrian" area of Central Kentucky, as well as for in- formation respecting its appearance and fossils at Frankfort. The area marked as Trenton on this map by Prof. Procter, diff'ers very much at the north from what is indicated by this paper, as the first outcrop of this formation in that direction, is made to fall between Nicholasville and the Kentucky river. If this determination rested upon the fossils alone, without consideration of the change in topography and the litho- logical character of the strata, perhaps nothing would be doubtful, and even as it is, I wish, in acknowledging Prof. Procter's kindness, to say that this paper is to be regarded as suggestive respecting this part of the formation, rather than otherwise, or as being a finished determin- ation. I am, however, personally convinced that the evidences are all in favor of these suggestions, and have little expectation that future studies will alter my conclusions. The collection of Echinoderma enumerated in the list above given is a remarkable one. It embraces not only several of the rarest Crinoids and Cj^stideans known, but also those of the most anomalous characters, and of the greatest interest, as blending an assemblage of structural peculiarities in one organism, that were finally diff'erentiated into several distinct forms. Among these was the Blastoidocrinus car char ideus^ Billings, now first found in such a condition as to determine the proper relations of its parts, relations predicted with much accurac}^ from the merest fragments, by that astute palaeontologist. The new fossil, which I have called Hyhocystites problematicus, is the first found which so closely unites characters both of the Crinoidea and Cystoidea, with the reference of the former characters to those of an undoubted Crinoid of very near relationship. I feel that the special attention of all earnest students of the fossil Echinoderma should be especially called to the extraordinary characters of this genus, and its close resemblance, in many of these, to IlybociHnus, Billings, an undoubted Crinoid ; a resemblance so striking that the sexual question is at once suggested as between the two. 150 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Not less remarkable is a series of specimens, embracino- characters belonging both to Hemicystites and Edr toaster. Of these curious fos- sils there are a number of specimens, the consideration of which must be left to a future paper. It is also a fact of especial significance, that these strata have furnished several specimens of two species of Archceocyathus, a genus not hitherto found outside of the Potsdam and Calciferous. Indeed, the whole group of fossils here associated is of such a high order of interest, that I feel certain m}^ fellow laborers everywhere will be glad to know that they have been brought to light. Genus Hybocystites, Wetherby. Generic Description — General outline of the bodj^ very similar to that of Hyhocrinus tumidus, Billings. It consists of series of plates, five each in the first two, arranged as in Hybocrinus. As in that genus the lower azygous plate bears a second and a radial upon its upper face. Arms three, one upon each side of the upper az3^gous plate, and one immediatel}' opposite it.* The plates of the upper series between these arms, on either side, are excavated by a groove that is continued downtvard, and half or two thirds across the plate of the lower series beneath it. These grooves meet in the vault at a common point with those of the arms, and form a part of the ambulacral sj^stem. The mouth, or ambulacral orifice, is situated nearly centrally upon the upper surface. The valvular anal opening is placed between the upper az3'gous plate and the mouth. The arms are deepl}' furrowed, the grooves being covered in b}^ a series of cuneiform interlocking plates. Pinnulae not observed. Proboscis or ventral sac indicated b}^ the presence of the upper azygous plate. Column small, round, and placed excentrically as in Hybocrinus. Vault covered by plates of which the arrangement can not be determined. There are no evidences of pectinated rhombs or poriferous plates. This genus combines, in a remarkable degree, characters both of the Crinoids and C3''stids. Hybocystites problematicus, nov. sp. (Plate v., fig. 1, summit or vault;; la, lateral view; 15, azygous side ; le, opposite side; figs. 1 and la. two diameters; figs, lb and Ic, natural size.) Basals — Five, pentagonal, higher than wide, somewhat convex or tumid in the center, nearly alike in shape and size, resembling, in these particulars, those of Hyhocrinus tumidus, Billings. Radials — Five, four large, pentagonal, and alternating with the * These arms are the right and left posterior and the anterior of most authors. Remarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 151 basals, the fifth small, pentagonal, and resting upon the upper sloping, right surface of the first azygous plate as in Hyhocrinus. Of these radials, the one opposite the upper azygous plate, and the one on either side of it bear arms. The other two are flexed inward above, to meet the plates forming the vault or oral surface of the body. They are centrally excavated by a vertical groove, which is continued downward into the basal plates, and which joins the arm-furrows in the center of the vault. The central portion of these plates, adjacent to the grooves, is so raised as to forma prominent ridge which becomes less elevated below. The}' are covered in \)y a series of small plates, having the same arrangement as the homologous ones of the arm- furrows. The precise relation of the radials to the vault-pieces can not be determined from the specimens. They are all more or less tumid in the center. Azygous Plates — Two, the lower hexagonal, alternating with the basals, and forming the fifth plate in the ring with the four large radials. It supports upon its upper right side the fifth radial, and upon the left, the second and smaller azygous plate, which is quad- rangular, about equal in size to the adjacent small radial, and not so large as its homologue in specimens of Hyhocrinus of equal size. The upper surface is not so rounded, nor is it crenulated as in the latter genus. Arms — Three, composed of a single row of plates, apparently about as wide as high, very deeply excavated on the inner side by the am- bulacral farrows, which are covered in by a closely interlocking series of small plates having the same arrangement as those of the two radial grooves above described. In transverse section, as may be seen from figs. 1, arid Ic, the arms are found to be appressed lateralh^, so as to give them a flattened appearance. There are no certain evidences of pinnulse. A more or less obscure furrow is seen upon their outer surface, of which nothing further is known. Vault — This was evidently covered in by a series of plates between the ambulacra, with the exception of a small space at the inner base of the azygous plate. Their arrangement can not be determined. The small, valvular, anal aperture, is situated upon this side of the ambu- lacral opening, in the line uniting the mouth and the center of the azygous plate, and about half way between it and the inner edge of the open vault space. Column — This was round, comparatively small, excentrically situ- ated, as in Hyhocrinus^ and composed of equal, thin segments. Remarks — The fossils for which the above generic and specific 152 Cincinnati Society oj JSTatural History. names have been given, are among the most remarkable and anomal- ous of the series of Echinoderma that I have recently had the good fortune to discover in the Trenton rocks of Kentucky. The almost perfect identity of the arrangement of the plates with those of Hybocriiius; the three arms; the two ambulacra running down the sides of the body as in the appressed arms of many Cystideans; the valvular anal opening; the presence of a proboscis or ventral sac, as indicated by the prominent az3^gous plate; and the uncovered area of the vault adjacent to it, all taken together form a mixture of char- acters not united in any fossil of this difficult class hitherto described. I have referred it to the Cystidese with some hesitation, but mainly on account of the anomalous arrangement- of the ambulacral S3^stem, three ra3^s of which are upright and two appressed, and on account of the position of the anal opening, which is the same as that in Agela- crinites, Hemicystites and Caryocrinus, with the slight modification in position caused by the presence of a ventral sac. In this remarkable genus are thus combined, to an eminent degree, the characters belonging to those palaeozoic forms so aptly designated by Professor Dana as Comprehensive T^q^es. It is by the study of such fossils that we may seek to eliminate the beginnings of those earty lines of differentiation, that led to so man^^ distinct forms after- ward, when their characters became individuall}^ separated, and were borne by independent organisms; nor will the value of this study be lost, should it hereafter be found that these characters have a sexual reference. Locality and Position — Mercer count}^ Kentucky, in the upper part of the Trenton Group. Seven specimens. Genus Hybocrinus, Billings. (Plate v., fig. 2, view of a nearly perfect specimen with arms; 2a, same specimen, an- other view; 2b, larger specimen, lateral view; 2c, same specimen, azygous side, showing crenulated and convex upper face of the a7>ygous plate. All natural size.) I have had the good fortune to discover a number of comparatively well preserved specimens of this species, showing several of its char- acters much better than Mr. Billings' t^qoes. The purpose which in- duces me to figure them is, however, to enable the student to compare Hybocrinus with Hyhocystites intelligentl3^ An examination of figures 16 and 2c will .show the likeness on the azj'gous side. A like study of figures Ic and 2a will assist in understanding the opposite side : while figures la and 2& will show the difl'erences in the lateral views. la showing the appressed ambulacral groove, cutting the Bemarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 153 radial aur] extending over the suture half wa}^ down the basal, while fig. lb shows the ungrooved radial of Hybocrinus, and the lower joints of the upright arm supported b}^ it. As may be seen from the figure, the upper az3'gous plate of Hybocrinus is rounded and crenulated at its distal extremity, as well as much thickened. The form of the plate is suflficient evidence that it supported a strong- ventral sac, and the crenulated condition of the articulating upper sur- face of this plate, indicates the place of the lower exterior openings in- to this sac. In no case is there any evidence of dome or vault-plates remaining in any of the sixteen specimens so far collected. The body- plates were remarkabl}^ thick and heavy, and the upper margin of the radials was so bent inward as to make the vault-space comparativel}^ small. This is the first discovery of this genus outside the Trenton of Canada, on record, although it is now twenty-four years since Mr. Bill- ings found it there. Lqcality and Position — Mercer county, Kentucky, in the upper part of the Trenton group. Sixteen specimens, referred to H. tumidus-i Billings, and H. conicus, Billings (one specimen). Heterocrinus milleki, nov. sp. ' (Plate v., fig. 3, symmetrical side, three diameters.) Under basals — Not present, or very minute. In the onl}' other spe- cies of this genus closely allied in any of its characters to the one un- der consideration (H. juvems,'!!^}!), the}^ appear only as small trian- gular points at the junction of the basals. In both specimens of this species there is no evidence of their presence. Basals — These are so minute, and so blended with the upper ex- tremity of the column, that it is quite impossible to describe them clearly. In both specimens there is an apparent anchylosis of these plates, forming a solid base upon which rests the first ring of the radial series. This character, which is well shown in the figure, would seem to be abnormal or accidental, were it not for the fact that both specimens are exactly alike in this regard. It is a very marked feat- ure of the species, and at once distinguishes it from any other of the genus hitherto described. Badials — Five, the three shown, quadrangular, higher than wide, upper and lower articulating surfaces straight and parallel, the plates being slightly wider and thicker at the upper extremity. These plates can only be seen upon the symmetrical side in the specimens studied, and here they are equal in shape and size. The slight widening and 154 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. thickening of their upper extremit}' gives the species a somewhat swollen appearance in this region. Brachials — Two or three, similar in shape to the radials, the lower one nearl}^ equal to them in size, gradually tapering above. These are followed hy five or six other plates of quadrangular shape, ver}- grad- ually tapering upward, somewhat longer than wide. The seventh or eighth is pentagonal, higher than wide, and upon its upper sloping surfaces, the first bifurcation of the arms takes place. But three of the rays can be clearl}^ traced to this point, and the}^ are bifurcated upon the seventh and eighth plates above the radials. The equal shape and size of these plates, and the peculiar form of the body, make it somewhat difficult to say where the brachial series ends. Azygous Plates — These are not shown in either of the specimens studied, but the area is indicated on the under side of the specimen figured, though not so as to. make an understanding possible. Arms — First five, then ten, if all the rays divide as do the three shown. After the second division, the subsequent ones can onl}^ be traced in two rays, owing to the manner in which the arms are folded together in the specimen. In one case the right hand portion continues without further division to the eighth plate. The left hand again div- ides upon the seventh arm plate, and aoain upon the ninth above this. If there are any further divisions they are not shown. There arise thus, from the divisions of this ray, six arms at the free ex- tremity. If the other raj^s follow this plan, we shall have thirtj- arms at the least. It is probable that the number is greater even than this. The arms are slender, very gradualh' tapering, and much exceed in length those of any other species of the genus of equal size. They are entirely difl'erent from those o{ H. juvenis, Hall, the only species with which this one need be compared. Pinnulce — There are no evidences of either pinnulse or the so called " armlets" of other species of this genus. Column — Round, or very obscurely pentagonal, and much resembling that of H. juvenis, Hall, as it is made up of an alternation of single, solid discs, and five small, interradially placed pieces, for a distance of one inch at least below the body. The size of the column is equal to the greatest diameter of the latter. No greater length of the column has been found. Ventral Sac — Not shown in the specimens studied. As I have found it to be largely developed in H. constrictus, Hall, and H. simplex. Hall, I have no doubt of its presence in this species. Bemarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 155 Locality and Position — Mercer count}^, Kentucky, in the Middle Trenton as tliere exposed. Two specimens, one of wliich is remarka- bly perfect to the tips of the arms. Bemarks — It is with many doubts that I refer this beautiful crinoid to this genus. In considering these doubts I have carefully compared this with all the other species of Heterocrinus. I have also compared notes on this subject with Mr. Wachsmuth, to whom I sent the specimens for e:S:amination, who sa3^s, "when I wrote up the CyathocrlnidcE^ I was in doubt whether I should not place H, juvenis under a new sub-genus. The size of the column compared with the body is most remarkable, and I think the arrangement of the plates differs from that of Heterocrinus simplex, at least." In this doubt Mr. Wachsmuth was fuUj^ justified, and it is a matter to be regretted that he had not defined this little group, giving it sub-generic rank at least. I hope to obtain other specimens from which the arrangement of the azygous plates and adjacent ra3^s may be full}' determined; but with the evidence at hand it is not at all difficult to separate this species from any hitherto described. The specific name is given in honor of that earnest and indefatigable palaeontologist, S. A. Miller, Esq., who has contributed so many valuable writings, not only to Palaeontology, but also to the subject of Geology at large. SCYTALOCRINUS WAOHSMUTHI, UOV. Sp, (.Plate v., fig. 4, view of the symmetrical side.) Underhasals — FiA^e, pentagonal, about as wide as high, equal in size and alike in form^ the lower, inner surfaces being slightly excavated for the reception of the convex, upper surface of the first columnar disc. Basals — Five, three hexagonal, slightly higher than wide, and identical as to size and form. The two on the azj^gous side are hepta- gonal, being rendered so by the truncation of the upper inner angle of the one on the right ot this area, and of the upper angle of that on the left, Badials — Five, four pentagonal, nearly equal in shape and size, wider than high, regularly alternating with the basals. The one on the right of the azygous area, slightly smaller than the other four, ir- regularly quadrangular, and somewhat elevated above them. It rests upon the truncated upper surface of the basal below. The upper ar- ticulating face of these plates extends entirely across, and is striated or slightly crenulated with fine ridges, radiating from the inner central 156 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. portion. The sutures of these plates, with the brachials, gape slightly outward. Brachials — Five, pentagonal, higher than wide, equal in size and shape. Very slightly constricted laterally in the central portion, the lower faces being equal to those of the radials upon which they rest, the upper bearing upon its sloping sides two arms. Azygous Plates — Arranged in two alternating rows, the lower plate being upon the right ; it is pentagonal, and abuts upon the upper, right hand sloping side of the basal below, the truncated inner angle of the next one to the right, and the radial immediately over this. The first plate above this, on the left side of the azygous area, is ir- regularly pentagonal, resting upon the truncated upper face of the basal below, and abutting upon the plate above described, the next one above it in the series upon the right, and against the radial on the left. Above these two the number and arrangement is not well shown. Arms — Ten, composed. of a single series of plates which are cunei- form below, but lose this character above, becoming of equal thick- ness from side to side of the arms. The sutures between these plates are thus oblique to the axis of the rays below, but cross it at right angles above. These plates are slightly wider in the center of the arms, so that the latter taper ver}^ gradually above and below this region. There are about fifty of these plates in each arm, which undergo no divisions, all being simple throughout. PinnulcB — The few joints of these remaining are short and stout but not in a condition to indicate anything further. Column — Small, round, composed of equal thin pieces, radiately striated upon their articulating surfaces, and perforated by a circular canal. Locality and Position — Pulaski county, Kentucky, in sub-carbon- iferous rocks of the age of the Kaskaskia (Chester) Group. Beniarks — This species has the arm structure of typical Graphio- crinus, from which, however, it differs totally in the arrangement of the bod}' plates, which is that ot Poteriocrinus, or of that well-marked division of this genus established by Wachsmuth and Springer, under the name /iS'c^/^aZocrm i«5, from which it differs only in the fact that the underbasals are not " bent upward." As these authors have, however, referred the Poteriocrinus ivetherhyi, S. A. Miller, in which the arrangement of the underbasals is identical, to Scytalocrinus, I do not hesitate to place this species in the same division, which might be very properly raised to generic rank. The specific name is given in honor of Charles Wachsmuth, of Bur- Bemarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 157 lington, Iowa, well known as a student and collector of the Crinoids, and aatlior of the Revision of the Palceocrinoidea^ one of the most im- portant works 3' et issued, treating of this difficult group of the Echino- derma. SCAPHIOCRINUS SPINIFER, UOV. sp. (Plate v., fig. 3> symmetrical side.) Under Basals — Not shown in any of the specimens thus far col- lected. Basals — Five, hexagonal, three being slightly higher than wide, pointed above, and semicircularly truncated below. The one on the right of the azj^gous side is truncated above for the support of the con- tiguous radial, and laterally where it meets the lower plate of the azy- gous series. The one on the left of this area is similar to the three first described, but slightly narrower and longer. Badials — Five, pentagonal, nearl}^ equal in form and size, the one on the right of the azj^gous area slightly smaller than the other four. These plates are all truncated above and pointed below, the pointed lower extremity being coincident with the basal siltures, except in the case of the one noted above, of which the lower extremity rests upon the basal as in tj^pical Poteriocrinus, The upper articular face of these plates extends entirely across, and is their widest part. This face has, near its outer margin, a longitudinal furrow, which extends about two thirds its length, A similar groove occupies a like place in the lower articular surface of the brachials, and these doubtless are the points of attachment for some portion of the apparatus by means of which the arms were moved outward, this freedom of motion being indicated by the gaping suture joining the radials and brachials. Brachials — Five, pentagonal, about as wide as high, equal in size, laterally constricted, the upper outer side, below the articulating sur- faces prolonged into a blunted or round-pointed spine, a character re- peated in each of the bifurcating plates succeeding the brachials. These form rows of spines around the specimens as may be seen from the figure. The lower articulating face extends entirely across the brachials, and is furrowed as stated above in describing the radials. Azygous Plates — Of these but the lower two are shown, and they have the arrangement of the corresponding plates in typical Poterio- crinus. Arms — Of these there are ten at the top of the brachials. They divide again on the seventh and eighth plates above these (this num- 158 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ber differing in different arms), and again on the eighth and ninth above these in most of the rays, the precise number of arms so divid- ing not being well shown. Each of these bifurcating plates, like the brachials, bears a spine which points outward and upward. Many of the intermediate plates bear spines much more delicate and inconspic- uous. All the arm plates are cuneiform and either spinous or tuber- CLilate. PinnulcB — These were composed of short, comparatively heavy joints, deeply excavated hy the ambulacral groove. Ventral Sac — Balloon shaped, and extending nearly to the tips of the arms. It is quite diff'erent from that of typical PoteriocrinuSj and indicates, according to Mr Wachsmuth, " a link toward Coelio- crinus.'''' Column — Small, round, formed of alternately larger and smaller pieces, giving it much the appearance of that of Glyptocrinus. Canal, round. Locality and Position — Pulaski county, Kentucky, Kaskaskia (Chester) Group. Sub-carboniferous. Remarks — This species is rare, but three specimens having been found. It is readil}^ referred to Scaphiocrinus^ as defined by Wachsmuth and Springer, except by the form of the ventral sac. It seems not impossible that this organ will be found to possess much higher systemic value than has hitherto been given it. POTERIOCRINUS ANOMALOS, U. Sp. (Fig- 6, azygous side; 6rt, symmetrical side; 6&, basal view, all three diameters,) Under hasals — Not present, or concealed by the column. It is most probable that the latter is the case. Hasals — Five, four pentagonal, about as wide as high, pointed above, with the exterior surface convex, somewhat more tumid in the central part. The fifth basal, being that on the az^^gous side, is heptagonab enormousl}" developed, being much wider and higher than either of the others, and extending in the latter direction, as may be seen in the figure, nearly to the top of the radial series, two plates of which it widelj^ separates on this side. I have seen no case of this kind in any other species of crinoid that has fallen under my observation^ and it may be a good generic character. Jiadials — Five, three pentagonal, alike in shape and size, wider than high, pointed below, truncated above, the articulating surface being- straight and extending entirel}' across the upper face of the plates. The two adjacent to the azj^gous side have the truncated lower side Remarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky. 159 resting upon one of the sloping faces of the contiguous basals, and the inner upper angle truncated, where it meets the suture, uniting the large basal with the two smaller az^^gous plates, supported by its upper surface. Though pentagonal, the}^ are ver}^ different in shape from the other three. All these plates are very much thickened, so that the central portions are much elevated above the sutures, which gives the basal view a pentalobate appearance. Brachials — Ten, first series five, quadrangular, equal in shape and size, wider than high, deeply constricted centrally, squarely truncated above and below, rapidly tapering upward, so that while the lower ar- ticulating face is equal to that of the radial, the upper is much shorter. These plates are much thickened and tumid below. The suture uniting them with the radials gapes widely, leaving an exposed por- tion of the upper surface of the radial as in Cromyocrinus and Eypa- chycrinus. Second series, four pentagonal, higher than wide, centrally constricted, rapidl}^ tapering upward, and giving rise to two arms upon the upper, sloping, outer side. These plates are likewise much thick- ened at the articulating extremities, and resemble, in that respect, and the central constriction, the brachials of the first series. The fifth plate of this series, or that opposite the az3'gous side, is quadrangular, being rendered so by the single articulating surface above, giving rise to a single arm instead of two. Its form is otherwise like that of the others. Azygous Plates — Of these but three are well shown, the two lower being irregularlj^ pentagonal, and resting upon the upper face of the large basal as before mentioned. Above these are two or three others, of which only the lower one is exhibited with any degree of distinctness Arms — Nine, composed of plates shaped much like the upper brachials, longer than wide, quadrangular in shape, laterally con- stricted, with straight sutures. As the plates are long, and the arms, comparatively short, the number of arm plates is unusually small. So far as can be determined the arms are without divisions. PinnulcE — These were few, but composed of stout and long pieces like those of the arms. Ventral Sac — This was comparatively large, composed of heavy hexagonal plates, which are thickened and raised into more or less angular ridges at the sutures. This organ extended nearly to the extremity of the arms. Column — Pentagonal, very small, the plates being alternately thicker and thinner, and ornamented at the angles with small tubercles or prominences. Canal, round and very small. 160 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Locality and Position — Pulaski couiit}^, Kentuck}^, from the Kas- kaskia (Chester) Group. Sub-carboniferous. Three specimens. Remarks — This beautiful and curious species has been referred to Cromyocrinus^ not without great hesitation. Among the divisions of Poteriocrinus established b}^ Wachsmuth and Springer, their Decado- crinus most nearly embraces the characte;:s of this species. But the description reads, "arms always ten." It differs from typical Poterio- crinus in the arrangement of the azj^gous plates, in the great thicken- ing of the radials and brachials, the few joints of the arms, and the enormous development of the basal on the az3^gous side. All these features ally it to Cromyocrinus or Eupachycrinus, from which it differs in the greatly developed ventral sac, the few arm joints, and the comparatively short arms. Mr. Wachsmuth, to whom I sent the species, after writing as follows : " This is one of those x^erplexing t3^pes which occur at the end of the sub-carboniferous, in which the characters shade from one genus to an- other by transition forms," refers it with some hesitation to Poterio- crinus, In this reference he has the confirmatory evidence stated above. To my mind, however, the weight of evidence is in favor of a reference to Cromyocrinus^ Trautschold, which Mr. Wachsmuth regards as a s}^- onym of Eupachycrinus. The surface of this species to the second radial series is ornamented with numerous irregularly disposed tu- bercles; above this the second radials and arm plates are ornamented with slightly raised longitudinal ridges. - This crinoid has a very high interest, as one of those t3^pes to which attention was first called by Mr. Wachsmuth, embracing " transition characters," and occurring at the end of a long series of differentiations. \iDL.nr. il|jefi0mrmtrf%fcfc3^^ Plate 4^. m^'^'-' KrEBS LiTMOGRAPMiNd COMPANIf.ClNClNN JP LAT E IV. Fig. 1. EucALYPTOCRiNUS (Hypanthocrinus) egani, n. sp. — Cast of the calyx and the dome immediately covering the cavity of the calyx, 140 la. Cast of the dome, the canal leading from it, with the expansion at the top of the interbrachials, and the extension above, where it was covered by plates, and also showing the form of the interbrachials. \h. Cast of the body, dome, and interbrachials. \e. Cast of the interbrachials showing the widened concave edge which united with the dome and the three slits with which it was inter- looked ; also the canal leading from the dome to the top-of the in- terbrachials and the extension above. Fig. 2. Myelodactyltjs bridgeportensis, n. sp.— A dextral specimen, or the right side, showing the finger-like processes extending over the inner whorls, 141 2a. A sinistral specimen or the opposite side of what I have called a dex- tral specimen, showing the radiate structure. 2h. The dextral or right side having nearly all the finger-like processes removed, so as to show the larger and smaller whorls and their union at the central part of the disk. 2c. Showing the radiate structure. 2d. Showing the radiate structure. 2c. Magnified view of a fractured specimen, showing the radiate structure. The use of the words dextral and sinistral in the description should probably have referred to the right and left sides, and yetl have not determined whether or not the two sides are exactly alike, that is whether the finger-like processes are or are not the same on the two sides. Fig. 3! PALiEASTER MIAMIENSIS, n. sp. — Ventral side, natural size. . 143 Fig. 4. Bythopora nashvillensis, n. sp. — Natural size, .... 143 4a. Magnified view. PLATE V, PAGE. Figs. 1 to Ic. Views of Hybocystites problematicus — 1 Jind la, two diame- ters ; 16 and Ic, natural size. Prof. Wetherby's collection, . . 150 Figs. 2 to 2c. Views of Hybocrintjs tumidus— All natural size. Prof. Weth- erby's collection, . . 152 Fig. 3. Heterocrinus ? MiLLERi — Symmetrical side. Three diameters. Prof. Wetherby's collection, 153 Fig. 4. SCYTALOCRINUS WACHSMtJTHi — Symmetrical side. Natural size. Prof. Wetherby's collection, ......... 155 Fig. 5. ScAPHiOCRiNUs SPINIFER — Symmetrical side. Natural size. Prof. Wetherby's collection, 157 Fig. 6 to 66. POTERIOCRINUS ANOMALOS—-Difierent views, all three diameters. Prof. Wetherby's collection, . . ' 158 Mt)L.iir. ilff liffloKim^l,ijjfi%]f fc lii^tnirf. Plate 5. Ic. ■* ^"^v '^*^^ :^ 2a \i '-^m W 'Hife 2 c. f*' ^-v KREBS LiTHOSRAPHiNG COMPANY, Cincinnati. ^L.m tl:ri^^IM»lil€i%^^f ^^ fcfeiri. Plate 6 TIP OFTCNGUE MAGNIFIED ABOUT 25 DIAMETERS. CiiLcmiiAti "Warbler. - HELMiNTHOPHAGA CINCINNATIENSIS - Langdon. THE JOURNAL OF THE \m § ITiil EISII VOL. III. CINCINNATI, OCTOBER, 1880. No. 3. PJtOGEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Tuesday Evening, July 6, 1880. Dr. R. M. Bj-rnes, President, in the chair. Present, 21 members. Dr. Reuben A. Vance was elected a member of the Society. Dr. A. J. Howe, Prof. G. W. Harper and Dr. D. So Young were ap- pointed a committee to report upon the feasibility of adding an aquarium to the Museum. Prof. Ormond Stone, Dr. A. J. Howe and Dr. A. E. Heighwa^^ were appointed a committee to take such steps as may be necessary for ex- tending an invitation to the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, to hold its regular annual meeting, for the year 1881, in this cit}^ Donations were received as follows: From W. C. Egan, of Chicago, 111., specimens of Myelodactylus hrldfjeportensis and Eiicalyptocrinus {Hypanthoc^nmis) egani, from the Niagara Group at Bridgeport, 111., both of which were described in the July number of this Journal. From Prof. Wm. L. Dudley, of the Miami Medical College, a col- lection of minerals and fossils, consisting of a thousand or more specimens. 162 Cincinnati Society of I^atural History. From Dr. S. Saltmarsh, a bust (in plaster) of Charles H. Olmsteacl, formerly President of the Connecticut Societ}^ of Xatural History. This present was very desirable and highly appreciated by the members of the Societ3^ From Master S. R. Miles, a specimen of lead ore from Columbus, Kansas; and from Dr. F. W. Langdon, some eggs of reptiles. Tuesday Evening, August 3, 1880. Dr. R. M. Bj-rnes, President, in the chair. Present, 16 members. A. E. Heighwa}^, Jr., was elected a member of the Society. Mr. Davis L. elames resigned his position as Curator of Botany for want of time to attend to the duties of the position. On motion, the election of a Curator to fill the vacancy was postponed until the next meeting of the Societ3^ The committee appointed at the last meeting for the purpose of ex- tending an invitation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to hold its next annual meeting in this cit}', was directed to confer with the Chamber of Commerce, the city authorities and other public bodies, and also with the educational institutions of the cit}', for the purpose of making the invitation general, and was farther directed to represent to the committee having the selection of the place for the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1881, that the necessar}^ halls and rooms for the accommo- dation of the Association would be provided without any expense to the Association. Donations were received as follows : From Dr. A. E. Heighway, a human skull, showing the marks of an iron tomahawk, and supposed to be that of a white man killed by Indians; the skull was found in Licking count}-, Ohio; the Doctor also donated the skull of a Hindoo. From A. E. Heighway, Jr., fine specimens of galena and of stauro- lite cr3'stals, from North Carolina. From M. F. Doughert}^, three specimens of silver ore. From Rev. J. G. Schall, a curious spider from the Camp-meeting ground, near Loveland, Ohio. From J. G. O'Connell, a specimen of xhe garter snake (Eulcenia sis talis). From F. W. Langdon, specimens of Planorhis trivolvus, from San- dusky Bay, Ohio. From Prof. John CoUett, the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics and Geolog}^ of Indiana. Proceedings of the Society. 163 Tuesday Evening, September 7, 1880. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, President, in the chair. Present, 18 members. The committee appointed to extend an invitation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to hold its next annual meeting in this cit}^ reported that the invitation had been accepted with singular unanimity, and that the Association would hold its meet- ing here, commencing August 17, 1881. On motion, the committee were discharged. Dr. A. E. Heigh way and Prof. Stone entertained the Society with a description of the reception and entertainment the Asso- ciation received at Boston this year. It was a magnificent meeting, and the members were welcomed, entertained and feasted from the opening until the close of the session. The speakers were enthusiastic and so delighted with the good things received that they felt almost too full for utterance. On motion a committee of three was appointed to confer with the various scientific and public bodies of the cit}^, and with prominent citizens with the view to the organization of a general local committee, to make arrangements for the entertainment of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, during the meeting to be held here in August of next 3^ear. The chair appointed Prof. Stone, Dr. A. E. Heighwa}" and Dr. Howe as the committee. It is not the intention that the Society shall do more than to take part in the entertainment of the Association. The reception and entertainment will be b}^ all the public bodies of the cit3', as it will be an event in which all citizens will be interested, and in which our reputation for hospitality, refine- ment and education, will be exposed to the judgment of a competent board of examiners. Mr. C. G. Lloyd was elected Curator of Botan}^ to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Davis L. James. Prof. G. W. Harper exhibited a large specimen of copper with veins of silver that he found in an excavation near Newcastle, Indiana. The specimen is about halt an inch thick, about nine inches long, about three inches wide at one end and about an inch wider at the other end. (The writer did not measure the specimen and is stating the size from appearance onl}^) It had been pounded to this shape before burial, and as the thickness is uniform, it is evident that no attempt had ever been made to finish it. We may suppose that the Indian or t^e Mound Builder, as the case ma}^ have been, who owned it, understood the art of drawing out the copper uniforml}^, before beating one end of it to an edge. The specimen is large enough to have made a formidable weapon or a serviceable implement. 164 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Donations were announced as follows: From Hon. Job. E. Stevenson, twenty-one different minerals from Mt. Vesuvius, which he collected on the Mountain during an expedition in the spring of 1879, viz: Lava rigato, Granito, Malachite, Meiouite, Sodalite, Peridoto, Anfigena, Idrodolomite, Zolfo, Zolfo 1872, Lava 1879, Mica a foglio, Idocrasia, Idocrasia bruciato, Idocrasia con mica, Nepheline, Melanite, Ferro olivastro, Ilvaite, and Ilvaite con spinella; from Jos. Savage, two specimens of spider cases; from H. W. Stevenson, a large hornet; from Dr. F. W. Langdon, eggs in sets of the Florida Gallinule, Ameri- can Coot, Black Tern and Long-billed Marsh Wren ; from J. E. Frey, the head of a sea sturgeon, a verj^ fine specimen, which is being mounted by our excellent artist and taxidermist, Mr. J. W. Shorten ; from Mr. C. F. Low, a cop3^ of the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of New York for the year 1838. And from Dr. C. L. Metz, of Madisonville, a fine specimen of the paddle fish (Folyodon folium) from the Little Miami river. The taxidermy on this specimen is unsurpassed. It is the work of Mr. J. W. Shorten, and was b^^ him donated to the Societ3\ PROCEEDINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD. The Executive Board has held regular mouthl}" meetings during the summer, and transacted the current business of the Society. Five hundred dollars has been appropriated for the purchase of books for the Library, most of which has been expended for that purpose. The committee having in charge the purchase of the books consists of C. F. Low, S. A. Miller and Dr. A. J. Howe. Fifteen hundred dollars has been appropriated for the purpose of increasing the palseoutologieal collection of the Societ3\ The committee having in charge the ex- penditure of this appropriation consists of Dr. J. F. Judge, Prof. J. Mickieborough, S. A. Miller, Prof. G. W. Harper and Prof. J. W. Hall^ Jr. The Custodian, Dr. J. H. Hunt, has been authorized to cause to be provided the necessary- cases and boxes for taking care of and display- ing the palseontological collection. Correction. — A mistake occurs on page 15 of the April No. of the Journal, Vol. iii., No. 1, in the article on the Cretaceous rocks by S. A. Miller, Esq. The words " now Thoracosaurus 7ieoccesariensis,''^ in the 14th line from the top of the page, should follow Crocodilus clavi- rostris, in the 12th line from the top of the page. Dorudon serratus is an Eocene species. Jfesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palo&ontology, 165 J^OBTH AMERICAN MESOZOIC AND C^NOZOIC GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, By S. A. Miller, Esq. [^Continued from VoL S, page 118,^ Recnrring to the Rocks at Coalville, he says: As X have, however, mentioned faults and lateral displacements of the strata here, it ma^' be thought, by some, who are yet incredulous in regard to the Cretace- ous age of these coals, that these disturbances of the strata ma}' have given origin to erroneous conclusions respecting the position of the beds containing the Cretaceous types with relation to the coals. This, however, is simpl}^ impossible, because these fossils occur both above and below the coal-beds, even in local exposures, where all the strata, and included coal-beds can be clearly seen conformable and in their natural positions with relation to each other. We found both above and below the main coal-bed, Inoceramiis prohlematius^ a widely distributed species, that is very characteristic of the Niobrara and Benton Groups of the Upper Missouri, which there occupy positions below the middle of the series. Again, far above this, numerous speci- mens of a larger Inoceramus, which, if not reall}^ identical with one of these forms, is scarcely distinguishable from /. sagensis and /. nehras- censis, which occur in the later members of the Upper Missouri series. From these facts, it is more probable that we have here, at and near Coalville, representatives of the whole Upper Missouri series, with pos- sibly even lower members, farther up Weber river, than any of the known Upper Missouri subdivisions of the Cretaceous. If this is so — and there seems to be but little reason to doubt it — the marked differ- ence observed between almost the whole group of fossils found here, and those of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous, would seem -to indicate, that there was no direct communication between the Cretaceous seas or gulfs of that region and those in which these Utah beds were de- posited. Differences of physical conditions, however, probably also played an important part in the production of this diversity of life, since it is evident from the great predominance of clays and other fine materials in the Cretaceous beds of the Upper Missouri, that they were deposited in comparatively deeper and more quiet waters than those in Utah, in which coarse sandstones, with occasional pebbl}^ beds, predominate. The strata including the beds of coal exposed on Sulphur creek, 166 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. near Bear river, in Western Wyoming, he regarded as of the same age as the Coalville series. His section here is 3,542 feet thick. The lower 1,213 feet he regarded as certainly Cretaceous, the next 2,049 feet he thought is probably Cretaceous, and the upper 280 feet he regarded as of Tertiary age. The Bitter creek series, which is found along Bitter creek (a small tributary' of Green river, in Wyoming), from Black Butte northwest- ward to Salt Wells Station, on the Union Pacific Railroad, and at Eock Spring, and some other points west of Salt Wells, consisting of a vast succession of rather soft, light-yellowish, lead-grey, and whitish sandstones, with seams and beds of various colored claysj shale, and good coal, the whole attaining an aggregate thick- ness of more than 4,000 feet, present a mingling of fresh, brackish, and salt water t3^pes of invertebrate fossils, such as Goniobasis, Viviparus, Co7'bicuIa, Corbida, Ostrea, Anomia, and Jfodiola. This is the Lig- nitic Group which Prof. Lesquereux determined from the character of the plants to be of Eocene age, and Prof. Cope, from the Dinosaurian remains, to be of Cretaceous age. Prof. Meek thought the Judith river brackish-water beds are of the same age, and that the inverte- brate fossils alone left the question of the age of the series in doubt. He stated the information as to its age in the following summary: 1. That it is conformable to an extensive fresh-water Tertiary for- mation above, from which it does not differ materially in lithological characters, excepting in containing numerous beds and seams of coal. 2. That it seems also to be conformable to a somewhat diflTerently composed group of strata (1,000 feet or possibly much more in thick- ness) below, apparentl}' containing little if an}' coal, and believed to be of Cretaceous age. 3. That it shows no essential difference of lithological characters from the Cretaceous coal-bearing rocks at Bear river and Coalville. 4. That its entire group of vegetable remains (as determined by Prof. Lesquereux) presents exclusively and decidedly Tertiary af- finities, excepting one peculiar marine plant (Halymenites)^ which also occurs thousands of feet beneath undoubted Cretaceous fossils, at Coalville, Utah. 5. That all of its animal remains, 3'et known, are specifically different from any of those hitherto found in any of the other formations of this region, or, with perhaps two, or possibly three exceptions, elsewhere. 6. That all of its known invertebrate remains are mollusks, con- sisting of about thirteen species and varieties of marine, brackish and MesozoiC and Ccunozoic Geology and PalcBontology. 167 fresh water types, none of which belong to genera peculiar to the Cretaceous or any older rocks, but all to such as are alike common to the Cretaceous, Tertiary and present epochs, with possibly the excep- tion of Goniobasis, which is not yet certainly known from the Cretaceous. 7. That, on the one hand, two or three of its species belong to sections or subgenera (Leptesthes and Veloritina) apparently charac- teristic of the Eocene Tertiar}^ of Europe, and are even very closely allied to species of that age found in the Paris basin; while, on the other hand, one species seems to be conspecific with, and two congen- eric with (and closely related specificall}" to) forms found in brack- ish-water beds on the Upper Missouri, containing vertebrate remains most nearly allied to types hitherto deemed characteristic of the Cretaceous. 8. That one species of Anomia found in it is very similar to a Texas Cretaceous, shell, and perhaps specifically identical with it; while a Vivipaf'us, found in one of the upper beds, is almost certainh^ identi- cal with the V. trochiformis of the fresh-water lignite formation of the Upper Missouri; a formation that has always, and b}^ all authorities, been considered Tertiary. 9. That the only vertebrate remains yet found in it are those of a large reptilian (occurring in direct association with the Viviparus mentioned above) which, according to Prof. Cope, is a decidedly Cre- taceous t^'pe, being, as he states, a huge Dinosaurian. He described from Coalville, Utah, Ostrea soleniscus, Avicula propleura, A. gastrodes, llodiola multilmigera^ now Volsella multi- linigera, Cyrena carletoni, Neritina hellatula^ N. patelliformis^ N. carditoides, N. bannisteri, iV. pisum, JST. pisiformis, Admete rhom- boides, A. subfusiformis, TurriteUa coalvillensis^ T. micronema, T. spironema^ Fusus gabbi, F. utahensis. Turbonilla coalvillensis, Eu- lima chrysalis, F. inconspicua, Melampus antiqims, Valvata nana. P/i^sa carZe^oni'; from the Missouri river ])elow Gallatin Cit^^ Montana, Ostrea anomioides, Corbicula injlexa, Pharella pealei ; from Bear river cit}^, on Sulphur creek, W3'oming, Trapezium micronema^ Corbi- cula oiquilateralis, C. securis, from near Cedar City, Southern Utah, Corbiila nematophora; from the Bitter creek series, at Point of Bocks, W3'oming, Ostrea Wyoming ens is, Corbula tropidophora; from Black Butte Station, Corbicula bannisteri, 3Ielania loyomingensis; and from Rock Spring Station, Central Pacific Railroad, W^'om- ing, Corbula undifera and Goniobasis insculpta. 168 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. E. D. Cope* described, from Solomon river, Kansas, Portheus gladius^ now Pelecopterus gladius^ and Portheus lestrio. Prof. O. C. Marshf described, from Kansas, Aj^atornis celer. Dr. Joseph Leid}' J described, from Smoky Hill river, Kansas, CU- dastes affinis; and from Columbus, Mississippi, Eumylodus laqueatus. Mr. James Richardson§ separated the Cretaceous rocks of Vancou- ver Island into seven divisions in ascending order as follows : A. Productive coal measures. B. Lower shales. C. Lower conglomerate. D. Middle shales. E. Middle conglomerate. F. Upper shales. G. Upper conglomerate. A section of division A., on Brown's river, is shown to be 739^ feet thick. Division B., on Sable river and Denman Island, 1,000 feet. Division C, on Denrnan and Hornby Islands, between 900 and 1,000 feet. Division D, on Hornby Island, 70 feet. Division E., on Hornby Island, from 1,100 to 1,200 feet. Division F., near Tribune Ba}', 776i^ feet. And Division G., on Tribune Bay, 320 feet. Making a total thickness of 5,000 feet. Dr. Dawson II described, from the Lower Cretaceous of Queen Charlotte Islands, Cycadeocarpus columbianus. In 1874, Dr. F. Y. Haj^den^ said, that to one who has carefully stud- ied the divisions along the Missouri river, the Cretaceous beds in Colo- rado and New Mexico, ma}' be separated into five groups, without much difficult5^ The Dakota group is well shown and is always char- acteristic, though seldom containing an}' organic remains. The Niobrara group is represented b}' a thin bed of impure gra}^ limestone, and thin calcareous shale, with Ostrea congesta and a species of Inoceramics. The fossils are about the same as those occurring on the Missouri, but the rocks have little of the chalky texture, as observed in the northwest and in Kansas. The Fort Benton and Fort Pierre groups are black shaly clays, and do not differ materially from the same groups occurr- * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. t Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 5. J Cont. to Extinct V^ert. Fauna. W. Terr. § Geo. Sur. Can. II Geo. Sur. Can. IF Ann. Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 169 Ing in other localities to the northward. The Fox Hills group contains a great abundance of well marked Cretaceous fossils, many of the spe- cies identical with those found on the Missouri river. This group passes up into the lignite strata, apparently, without any marked unconform- ability. In passing upward in the Fox Hills Group, one by one the mol- lusca of purely marine character disappear until onl}^ some varieties of oysters remain, with the plants peculiar to the Lignitic Group. The relation of the well-defined Cretaceous with the Lignitic Group forms one of the most important problems in Western geology, and the area for the solution of the question probably lies in the Laramie plains and westward toward Salt Lake, where the aggregate thickness is from 10,000 to 20,000 feet. So far, the evidence from the vegetable remains is wholly in favor of the Tertiary age of the coal group. The vertebrate remains, according to Prof. Cope, place the coal group with the Cretaceous, while the proof from the invertebrate fossils is not strong in any direction, although, perhaps, leaning toward the Terti- ary. We must admit, however, that the lower coal-beds are of Cretaceous age so far as the evidence goes. For instance, the Coalville and Bear river beds are most probably Cretaceous, inasmuch as many undoubted Cretaceous t3'pes are found in strata above the coal, and further south, in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, there are coal-beds of undoubted Cretaceous age. A. R. Marvine* described the Dakota Group between the Big Thompson and South Platte. It can be traced from one point to the other, though it is somewhat obscured near Golden City ; this is due to the fact, that its hardness is greater than the beds either above or below, and it forms a more persistent hog-back ridge than any other group. Between the cross-cutting streams for all this distance and beyond, it rises in its long characteristic ridge, capping t?ie soft Juras- sic beds below, and whether the dip be high or low, usuall}^ reaching to about the same level. The sandstones are usually clean, gritty, even- grained and silicious in texture, var3'ing from a silicious conglomerate, on the one hand, to a hard quartzite on the other, and only occasion- ally becoming soft. Their color is usually light yellow or light gray, or even white, vaiying to rusty yellow, and onh" occasionally red in the softer portions. These are the hard and massive portions which characterize the group, and which are separated by thin, shaly layers, which may be quite argillaceous or even carbonaceous in character, with man}' broken remains of fossil plants. A section at Bear Canon - Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. 170 Cincinnati Society of JVatwrd History. shows a thickness of 240 feet, and another near the South Platte river, 385 feet. The Fort Benton Group consists of a series of shal}^ beds, which may be either highl}^ argillaceous or quite arenaceous in character, there being associated with them, in either case, a few thin, brown sand- stones; the thickness from Big Thompson to South Platte varying from 100 to 400 feet. A section at Little Thompson creek shows a thickness of 400 feet, and one at Bear Canon 120 feet. The Niobrara Group is decidedly calcareous, and usually contains numerous fossils. A section at Bear Canon shows 105 feet, and one at Little Thompson creek 150 feet. The Fort Pierre Group, at Bear creek is about 300 feet in thickness. The total thickness of the Dakota, Fort Benton, Niobrara, Fort Pierre, and Fox Hills Group, at the Middle Park, is estimated at from 3,500 to 4,500 feet. A section of the Lignitic Group at Golden City shows a thickness of 3,360 feet, and the estimated thickness at Middle Park is 5,500 feet. Prof. Leo Lesquereux* described, from the Lignitic Group at Golden Co\oviidiO,Woodwardia latiloha^ Pteris erosa^ P. subsimplex, P. affinis, now Osmunda affinis.^ Aspidium goldianum^ now Lastrea goldana, Sphenopteris membranacea, Selaginella herthondi^ Hymenophyllum confusum^ Flabellaria fructifera, now Sabalites fructiferus^ Qiiercus goldanus, Picks i^^^^nicostata, var. goldana^ F. zizyphoides^ Platanus rhomboldea, Vibernum lakesi, Nelumbium lakesanum, Zizyphus dis- tortus^ Bhamnus incequalis ; from Black Butte, Wyoming, TFoorZ?rr/rcZi« latiloba, var. minoi% Sphenopterls nigricans, Quercus cleburni, Pisonia racemosa; from the roof of coal mines at Sand creek, Colorado, Pteris gardneri, now Gymnogramma gardneri, Equisetum IcBvigatum, Erio- caulon porosum, JSFelumbium tenuifoUum ; from Coal creek, Colorado, Cornus holmesi ; from Evanston, Lauriis sessilijlora, now Tetranthera sessilljlora ; and from Mount Brosse, or Troublesome creek, Persea brossana, now Laurus brossana, and Cornus impressa. Prof E. D. Cope, from the evidence of the vertebrates, and especially from the evidence afforded by the remains of the Dinosauria, re- ferred the Fort Union or Lignitic Group, the Judith River Group, the Bitter Creek Group, and the Bear River Group to the uppei^ Cretaceous. And he described, from the Fort Union Cretaceous, of Colorado, Cionodo7i arctatiis, Polyonax mortuarius^ Bottosaiirus per- rugosus, Trionyx vagans, Plastomenus punctulatus^ P. insignls, and Adocus lineolatus. * Haydeu's 7th Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palceontology. 171 T. A. Conrad described, from Trout creek, near Fairplay, Pfycho- ceras araticm and Jfeekia bidlata; from seven miles south-southeast of Fairpla}', Helicoceras vespertinum, Anchura hella ; and from near Denver. HaplosGapJia capax. Prof. Leo Lesquereux * described, from the Dakota Group at Fort Harker, Kansas, Lygodinm tricliomanoides^ Greviopsis haydeni ; from Kansas, Todea saportanea, Dioscorea cretacea, Flahellaria min- ima^ Alnus kansasana, now H amamelites kansasanus, Myrica ohtusa^ Quercusporanoides, Sassafi^as-acutilobum, Oreodaphne cretacea, Em- hothrium daphneoides, Diospyrosrotundifolia\ from Minnesota, J^2c?t5 hallana; from Decatur, Nebraska, Hedera ovalis, Frotophyllum ne- brascejise; from the bluffs of Salina River, Protophyllun minum; from Warner's quarry eight miles from Winnebago village, bluffs of the Missouri river, Ptenostrohus nehrascensis. The Cretaceous is visible, Jn North Carolina, f only in the bluffs in the southeastern part of the State, from the Neiise and its tribu- tary Contentnea, southward. It is best exposed, in the bluffs, along the Cape Fear between Fayetteville and Wilmington. The rocks for 50 to 60 miles below Fayetteville consist of sandstones, clay slates and shales, 30 to 40 feet thick, in many places dark to black and very lig- nitic, with projecting trunks and limbs of trees, and at a few points full of marine shells. For 40 to 50 miles above Wilmington, and in all the other river sections, the rock is a uniform, dark, greenish-gray, slightly argillaceous sandstone, massive, and showing scarcely any marks of bedding. This sandstone everywhere contains a small per- centage of glauconite, and is the representative of the true greensand. The Ripley Group was so named by Conrad from the town of Ripley, Mississippi, J in 1858, and some of the- species of shells at that place are identical with species from North Carolina, Georgia, Eufaula, Alabama, and Haddonfield, New Jersey. The mineral character of the beds and state of preservation of the fossils are the same, proving not only a simultaneous deposit, but a similar depth of water, not in an estuary but in a marine basin. This group constitutes the great bulk of the Cretaceous strata east of the Mississippi, and, as Conrad supposed, corresponds most nearl}^ in age with the Senonian stage of D'Orbigny, or that part of the Cretaceous which underlies and most nearly approaches in age the chalk. - Cret. Flora, Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 6. tGeo. ofN. Carolina, 1875. t Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2d Ser. vol. 3, 172 Cmcinnati Society of J^afural History. In 1875, he described,* from the Ripley Group at Snow Hill, Greene county, North Carolina, Anomia linifera^Badula oxypleura, Trigonarca triquetra, T. umhonata^ T. perovalis.^ T. caroUnensis, T. congesfa, Ne- modon hrevifrons^ Barhatia caroUnensis, BAintea, Arcoperna caroUn- ensis^ Inoperna caroUnensis^ Mytilus condecoratus, M. nasutus, Etea caroUnensis., Bracliymeris aUa, Crassatella caroUnensis, C. x>teropsis, Arene caroUnensis, Lucina glebula, Cardium caroUnense, Protocardia caroUnensis, Aphrodinaregia,Cyclothyris aUa, C. caroUnensis, Bar o da caroUnensis, Oene plana, Linearia caroUnensis, Valeda Untea, Cypri- meria depressa, Hercodon elUpticus, CymeUa hella, Corhula caro- Unensis, C. hisulcata,C. perbrevis,C. suhgihbosa, Diploconcha cretacea, Callonema caroUnense, Leioderma thoracica., LunaUa caroUnensis, and from Cape Fear river, Corhula oxynema, and Anomia Untea. The Cretaceous rqcks,f corresponding in age with the great chalk formations of Europe, though ver3^ different from them in mineral character, are spread over a great extent of surface in the western part of British America. Except in a few localities, and those chiefl}^ in proximity to the Rock}^ Mountain region of uplift, the}' are still almost as perfectly horizontal as when first deposited. The eastern edge overlaps Silurian and Devonian beds, and runs nearl}^ parallel with the base of. the Laurentian range for a distance of about 130 miles, from the 53d to the 55th parallel of latitude. Southward it trends to the East, and probably crosses the 49th parallel east of Red river; while in southwestern Minnesota it reposes in some places directly on granites which are no doubt Laurentian. The general course of the eastern outcrop is consequent!}' about north-northeast; and it is marked, broadly, b}' a series of escarpments and elevations, including — from south to north — Pembina, Duck, Porcupine and Basquia Mountains. All these appear to be composed, for the most part, if not entirely, of Ci-etaceous rocks, though the extreme edge of the formation may often stretch beyond them. These mountains are, more correctly speaking, the salient points of the edge of the second plateau, and the geuerall}' horizontal position of the beds thus suddenly cut off to the east, attests the immense denudation which must have taken place in modern times. North of the Basquia Mountain the edge of the Cretaceous would appear to run westward and cross the Sas- katchewan near Fort a la Corne, where, at Cole's Falls, a dark-colored shale has been referred to the lowest member of the series. The *Geo. of N. Carolina, 1875. t Dawson's Rep. Geo., 49th Parallel, 1875. 3fesozoic and Ccenozoic Geologyand PalcBontology. 173 western border of the Cretaceous seems, in some places, to follow closely along the base of the Rocky Mountains, but many circum- stances arise to complicate it in that region. The Lignitic Group north of the 49th parallel is not bounded by any great physical features of the country, but adheres closely to the upper members of the Cretaceous. Though, no doubt, originally deposited in extensive basin-like depressions, it is now generally found forming slightl}^ elevated plateaus. Denudation must have acted on these rocks on a vast scale, but they still cover an immense area, and con- tain the greatest stores of mineral fuel known to occur in the vicinity of the 49th parallel. The line of their eastern edge crosses the parallel near the 102d meridian, and thence appears to pursue a north-west- ward course, remaining for some distance nearly parallel with the edge of the third plateau. Beyond the elbow of the South Saskatchewan, though the same physical feature continues to the north, it is not known what relation it may bear to the outcrop of this formation, nor has its northern limit been ascertained. On leaving the Lake of the Woods, and proceeding westward, the face of the countr}^ is found to be thickly covered with drift and alluv- ial deposits. The Silurian limestones, which probably exist at no very great depth, are not observed, and the first rocks seen are those of the Cretaceous aloAg the base of Pembina mountain, which bounds the Red river valle}^ on the west. From this point westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains no rocks are found older than the Cretaceous. About 25 miles north of the Line, where the Boyne river cuts through the Pembina escarpment the Niobrara Group is found exposed. The rock is a cream-colored or nearly white limestone, breaking easily along horizontal planes, parallel to the surfaces of the shells of Ostrea cojigesta, and InocetYcmus, of which it is in great part composed. The rock also abounds with more or less perfect remains of Foraminifera, Coccoliths, and allied microscopic organisms. Prof. G. M. Dawson here proposes the name of Pembina Mountain Group for what he supposes may be the equivalent of the Fort Pierre Group. It is ex- posed in the vallc}^, by which the Commission Trail ascends Pembina mountain, about ten miles north of the 49th parallel, and where tbe 49th parallel cuts the base of the Pembina escarpmtent rocks, and at various other places for about 40 miles west of the foot of Pembina mountain. In some places the exposures vary f]*om 100 to 240 feet. From this point for 350 miles west no exposures of the Cretaceous occur on account of the drift deposits which cover the surface. When the rocks underlying the drift are again seen, near La Roche Percee, they belong to the Lignitic Group. 174 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The Lignitic Group appears, iu the valley of the Souris river, 250 miles west of Keel river and afibrcls numerous sections. The mollusca as well as the characters of the strata show that it is the equivalent of the Fort Union Group. A bed of lignite, 7 feet 3 inches in thick- ness, occurs in the Souris vallej^ about a mile north of the position occupied by the Wood End depot. The strata appear to be nearly horizontal. West of Wood End, the Souris valle}^ runs north-westward along the base of the Coteau, diverging rapidly from the boundary line. It loses, at the same time, its abrupt character, and no exposures of the rocks occur for a long distance. In following the 49th parallel, the escarpment of the third great prairie level is overcome, and it is not till after having passed through the broken Coteau belt, and reached the Great Valley, that exposures of the underlying rocks occur. This valley is the most eastern great channel of erosion which crosses .the Line southward, toward the Missouri, and in it the beds of the Lignitic Group are exhibited on a grand scale. On the boundary- line, thus a space of 82 miles, from the 263 to the 345 mile point, is completely shrouded by drift. There is ever}^ reason to believe, however, that the Lignitic Group stretches uninterruptedly between the two localities, and an exposure some distance north of the line sustains this view. In the Great Valle3\ the beds exposed are at an elevation of about 700 feet greater than those near Wood End, on the Souris river. They consist of shales, clays, and sandstones, with beds of lignite. The next stream crosses the line at the 351 mile point, called Pyramid creek, where the lignite beds are again exposed. They reappear on Porcupine creek, 35 miles farther west, and near the 393 mile point, on the line, an 18 feet bed of lignite occurs. The fossil plants here are nearly identical with those of the Fort Union Group. In the neigh- borhood of Wood Mountain, hard, grayish sandstones, belonging to this group, are exposed, in the sides of the hills and banks of the valleys. At 19 miles from Wood Mountain the edge of the plateau is reached, and a few miles further on, the junction of the lignite with the marine Cretaceous is crossed. Twenty- miles south of the Wood Mountain settlement, on the 49th parallel, near the 425 mile point from Red river, the Lignitic Group is found superimposed upon the marine Cretaceous. The exposures are numerous, and are produced by the streams flowing from the southern escarpment of the water- shed plateau, which has been gashed hy their action into most rugged Bad Lands. This term has attached to it, in the western regions of America, a 3Iesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Baloeontoloyg. 175 peculiar significauce, and is applied to the rugged and desolate country formed where the soft ciaye}^ formations are undergoing rapid waste. Steep irregular hills of cla}^ on which scared}^ a trace of vegetation exists, are found, separated by deep, nearly perpendicular-sided, and often well nigh impassable valleys; or when denudation has advanced to a further stage — and especialh^vhen some more resisting stratum forms a natural base to the claj'C}' beds — an arid flat, paved with the washed- down claj^s, almost as hard as stone when dr}", is produced, and sup- ports irregular cones and buttes of clay, the remnants of a former high-level plateau. Denudation, in these regions, proceeds with ex- treme rapiditj^ during the short period of each year, in which the soil is saturated with water. T\ie term, first and typically applied to the newer White river Tertiaries of Nebraska, has been extended to cover countr}' of similar nature in the lignite regions of the Upper Mis. souri and other areas of the West, In the Bad Lands, south of Wood Mountain, the hills assume the form of broken plateaus; degenerating graduall}^ into conical peaks, when a . harder la3^er of sandstone, or material indurated b}^ the combustion of lignite beds, forms a resist- ant capping. Where no such protection is afibrded, rounded mud- lumps are produced from the homogeneous, arenaceous cla^^s. Waste proceeds entirel}' by the power of falling rain, and the sliding down of the half-liquid clays, in the period of the melting snow in spring. The cla}^ hills are consequently^ furrowed, from top to base, by innumerable runnels, converging into larger furrows below. The small streams, rapidly cutting back among these hills, have formed many narrow, steep-walled gullies, while the larger brooks have produced wide, flat- bottomed valleys at a lower level, in which the streams pursue a ver}^ serpentine course. Denudation is even here, however, still going on as from the frequent change in the channel of the stream, it is con- stantl}' encroaching on the banks of the main valley, undercutting them and causing landslips. The general section at this place, in descending order, is as follows: 1. Yellowish sand and arenaceous cla}-, sometimes indurated in cer- tain layers and forming a soft sandstone. It forms the flat plateau — like tops of the highest hills seen. About 50 feet. 2. Clays and arenaceous claj^s, with a general purplish-gray color when viewed from a distance. It contains a lignite-bearing zone and beds, rich in the remains of plants, and in the lower part, the remains of vertebrate animals. About 150 feet. 3. Yellowish and rust}^ sands, in some places approaching arenaceous clavs, often nodular. About 80 feet. 176 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 4. Grajish-black claj^s, rather hard and ver}^ homogeneous, breaking- into small angular fragments on weathering, and forming earthy banks. This division belongs to the upper part of the Fox Hills Group, and onl}^ about 40 feet of it is exposed at this place. The sombre clays of the Fox Hills Group ma}^ be traced almost continuousl}'' for a distance of about ten miles west, on the 49th par- allel, where lower beds are exposed. Near the crossing of the 49th parallel and trail to Fort N. J. Turne}^ where the Wood Mountain As- tronomical Station was established, good exposures of the Fort Pierre Group occur in the banks of the valley of a large brook. Taking into consideration the difference of level between this localit}" and that of the section above, it appears that the Fort Pierre Group must be at least 200 feet below the Fort Union or Lignitic Group. Westward from these sections the continuit}^ of the Cretaceous ckys in the vicinit}^ of the boundar^^ line is indicated by occasional small exposures, and at a distance of 13 miles a tolerably good exhibition of the Fort Pierre Group occurs. Where the boundary line crosses White Mud river, or Frenchman's creek, numerous and very fine ex- posures occur. The stream flows in the bottom of a great trough, cut out of the soft Cretaceous strata, over 300 feet deep, and in some places full}^ three miles wide. The tops of the banks, on both sides of the valley, are formed of yellowish ferruginous sands referable to the base of the Fort Union Group. Below this the sombre cla}' s of the Fox Hills and Fort Pierre Groups have a thickness of '273 feet to' the water level of the river. A similar section occurs on the main trail going west from Wood Mountain in the Valley of the White Mud river, 16 miles north of the 49th parallel, and 23 miles northwest of the last described exposure. On the western side of White Mud river, hilh^ ground occurs, and at about the 505 mile point from Ked river, the prairie makes a very definite rise and forms a plateau, which extends along the 49th par- allel to the 534 mile point. The plateau is composed of the Fort Union Group. On coming to the western edge of this plateau, a great area of barren and arid prairie, at a lower level, and based on the Fort Pierre Group is seen stretching westward toward Milk river. An in- teresting section of the Fort Pierre Group and lower strata occurs, in a deep valley, about six miles west of the East Fork of Milk river, on and near the 49th parallel. The thickness exposed is 893 feet. The Valley of the Milk river ofl^ers continuous and magnificent sections of the Fort Union Group. The country, on both sides of it, is seamed with tributar}^ ravines and gorges, the banks of which are often nearly Ilesozoic and Cmnozoic Geology and Palaeontology . 177 perpendicular, and which ramify in all directions. The banks of Milk river rise abruptly nearly 300 feet above the level of the stream, and are more than a mile apart. Sections of the Fort Union Group were obtained near the 49th parallel 284 feet in thickness. In the coulees and gorges which intersect the prairie on the west side of the Milk river, exposures of the same group continue to occur for many miles. Near the 620 mile point, west of Red river, a very interesting and highly fossiliferous section of the brackish water deposits of the Fort Union Group is exposed. In the valleys which seam the flanks of the hills, and furrow the surface of the prairie around East Butte numerous more or less extensive exposures of this group occur. But on the west side of West Butte, where a considerable bixjok issues from the central valley, a section of the Fort Pierre Group is exposed, 800 feet in thickness. The exposures of the Fort Union Group continue to occur as we go west until the base of the Rocky Mountains is reached. - The}^ occur on the branches of Milk river, St. Mary river and the Belly river. Prof. G. M. Dawson found the Lignitic or Fort Union Group every- where conformable with the Fox Hills Group below. He referred it to Tertiar}- age, and estimated the thickness, assuming the horizontality of the beds and the rise in the general surface of the 'countrj^, at not less than 1,000 feet. Dr. J. W. Dawson* described, from the Fort Union Group, south of Woody Mountain,' Lemna sczitata, and from west of Woody Mountain, .j^sculus antiqua. Prof. E. D. Copef described, from the Fort Union Group, six miles west of First Branch of Milk river, near latitude 49°, Gion- odon stenopsis^ Compsemy^ ogmius, and from the Bad Lands of South Wood}^ Mountain, Plastomenus coalescens, and P. costatus. Speaking of the age of the Fort Union or Lignitic Group, the Bitter creek series and the Bear River Group he ^^y^X that Prof. Lesquereux, as is well known, pronounced this whole series of forma- tions to be of Tertiary age. The material (fossil plants) on which this determination is based is abundant, and it must be accepted as demonstrated beyond all doubt. But that he regarded the evidence derived from the mollusks in the lower beds and the vertebrates in the higher as equall}^ conclusive that the beds are of Cretaceous =•■■ Rep. Geo., 49th parallel. t Geo. Rep., 4r9th parallel. X Vert. Cret. Form, of the West.— Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr., vol. 2. ITS" Cincinnati Society of Natural History. age. There is, tben, no alternative but to accept the result that a Tertiary flora was contemporaneous with a Cretaceous fauna, estab- lishing an uninteiTupted succession af life across what is generally regarded as one of the greatest breaks in geologic time. He described, from the Niobrara Group, of Colorado, Syl- XcBmus latifrons ; from the Fort Benton Group, two miles west of Sibley, Kansas, Pelycorapis varius; from the Niobrara Group or yellow ehalk, near the Solomon river, Kansas, Porfheus arcuatus^ P. mudgei, and Fachyrhizodus leptopsis; from Ellis county^ Kansas, Lamna macrorhiza, L. mudgei, and Empo merrilli; from Trego county, Empo contracta and Empo semianceps; from the neighbor- hood of Fort Wallace, Phasganodus carinatus, P. gladiolus, P. anceps; from Phillips county, Tetheodiis pephredo; from Kansas, Enchodus doUchus, E. petrosus, Pelecopterus ckirurgus, Toxochelys serrifer; from Stockton, Kansas, Ptychodus janewayi; from Spring creek, in Rooks county, Pelecoj^terus perniciosus; from the Greensand of New Jerse}^ Osteopygis erosus, Enchodus oxytomus, E. tetraecus, Lep~ tomylus forfex, Diphrissa latidens, Bryactinus amorphus, Ischyodus stenohryus, I. tripartitus, I. longirostris, I. incrassatus, I. gaskilli, I, fec^iiidus, Isotcenia neocaisariensis. And he furnished a section of the Cretaceous rocks of the region west of the SieiTa Madi-e range of New Mexico as follows:* Dakota Group, 500 feet. Fort Benton Group, 2,000 feet. Niobrara Group, 400 feet. Fort Pierre Group, 1,500 feet. Uncertain (concealed in the Sag'e plain), 500 feet. G. K. Gilbertf found a section of the Cretaceous exposed by the north fork of the Virgin river, from the vicinity of Mountain Lakelet to Rockville, Southern Utah, 1,800 feet in thickness, and another on the west fork of Paria creek, 935 feet. Prof. G. F. Credner+ described, from the Cretaceous of Texas, Salenia texana. J. J. Stephenson § found the Cretaceous out-crop practically unbroken from Golden, Colorado, to Mexico. On the west side of the front or eastern range, there is a narrow area, of which only isolated portions remain in Huerfano, Wet mountain. Current creek, and South ''Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. t Geo. Sur. W. lOOtli Meridian, vol. 3. X Zeitschrift fur d. gesammten Naturwiss. § Geo. Sur. \V. 100th Meridian, vol. 3. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palceontology. 179 Parks. In the area of the San Juan they arc the only rocks exposed l^etween Macomb's trail and the New Mexico line, excepting the snaall patch of Triassic, on the Rio Florida, and Rio de las Animas. The Tocks differ in detail, but as a whole, the series is made up of three •divisions. The lower is a mass of sandstone 200 to 500 feet thick; the middle is composed of shales and limestones, with, in the eastern localities, marls and sandstones 1,000 to 1,500 feet; and the upper, ■chiefly sandstones, with intercalated shales and lignites 500 to 700 feet. He referred the whole lignite bearing series exposed at Canon dity, and at other localities along the eastern base of the Rocky moun- tains, to the upper Cretaceous. In 1876, Prof. J. W. Powell* separated the Cretaceous rocks of th€ Plateau Province of the west, in ascending order, as follows: 1. Henry's Fork Group, 500 feet. % Sulphur Creek Group, 2,050 feet. 3. Salt Wells Group, 2,000 feet. 4. Point of Rocks Group, 2,000 feet. The Henr^^'s Fork Group consists of sandstones, bad land rocks, con~ ;glomerates and shales, with carbonaceous shales and lignitic coal. It has an out-crop parallel and approximately co-extensive with the Triassic and Jurassic; that is, like those groups, it was brought up by the great Uinta upheaval, and the elevation of the Yampa Plateau. The conglomerates have a much more extensive development on the south than on the north side of the Uinta mountains. On the south side of the Yampa plateau, where the Fox creek and Cliff creek flex- ures unite, the}' stand on edge, with a dip of about 85° to the south- east, and are firmly cemented^ and stand as high walls, separated by a long, narrow vallej^, strewn with fragments of the conglomerate which have tumbled down from either side. The Sulphur Creek Group consists of black shales, occasionally friable sandstones with carbonaceous shales and lignitic coal. It is well exposed near Hitliard station, on the Union Pacific railroad, in the hills cut by Sulphur creek; there are many fine exposures on the north and south sides of the Uinta mountains ; on Henry's Fork ; between the head of Dry Lake valley and Vermilion creek; in the Escalante valley, Paria valley, Kanab valley, and many other localities. The Salt Wells Group consists of sandstones or arenaceous shales; often ver}' friable, producing bad lands, with carbonaceous shales and ''•• Geo. of Uinta Mountains. 180 « Cincinnati Society^ of Natural History^. lignitic coal. The rocks are well exposed on Green river, about two> and a half miles above Flaming Gorge; along the northern flanks of the Uinta mountains; in the Pink cliffs; at Gunnison's Butte, on Green river south of Graj^ canon, but especially in the cliffs and es- carped hills of the Salt Wells basin, east of the debouchure of the Point of Rocks canon. The Point of Rocks Group consists of sandstones^ usually indur- ated, sometimes ferruginous, with many beds of carbonaceous shales and lignitic coal, and is divided into the Golden Wall Sandstone, the Middle Hogback Sandstone, and the Upper Hogback Sandstone. The rocks are well exposed at Point of Rocks Station on the Union Pacific Railroad, in the escarpments facing Bitter Creek, at Rock Springs, on Green river, 2 miles above Flaming Gorge, at the foot of Desola- tion Canon, and Gray Canon on Green river, in the Wahsatch Cliffs at the head of the Escalaute river, and in the hills at the foot of the Pink Cliff's in Southern Utah. Prof. C. A.White* described, from the Point of Rocks Group, near Point of Rocks, W3'oming, Ostrea iiisecura, Odontohasis huccinoidea ; from Upper Kanab, Utah, Unio gonionotus, Planorhis kanahensis^ Physa kanahensis^ Helix kanahensis ; and from Bear River Valley, near Mellis Station, W3'oming, Rhytophorus meeki, Goniohasis cle- burni, G. chrysaloidea, Viviparus panguitchensis ; from the Salt Wells Group, near Coalville, Utah, Ostt^ea sa7inio7iis, Area GoalviUensis, Lunatia utahensis; from Last Chance creek. Southern Utah, Inocera- mus gilberti; and from Upper Kanab, Utah, and Hilliard Station, Wyoming, Cyrena ei^ecta. He described, from the Sulphur Creek Group at Upper Kanab, Utah, Turnns sphenoideus, Anchura ruida^ and A. ptrolabiata. He described from the Henry's Fork Group at the head of Water- pocket canon. Southern Utah, Plicatula hydrotheca; from Lower Potato Yalley and Upper Pine creek, Utah, Inoceramus howelli; from Middle Park, south of Grand river, Colorado, Avicula parkensis. He described, from the Bitter Creek Group at Black Buttes, Wyoming, Unio petrinus, U. propheticus, U. brachyopisthus^ Neritina volvi- lineata, Viviparus plicapressus. Leioplax turricula; from Almy coal mines, near Evanston, Pisidium saginatum, Hydrobia recta; from Point of Rocks, Corbula subundifera; from south base of Pine Valley Mountains, Utah, Helix periplieria^ and from Musinia plateau? Hydrobia utahensis. ■■•■ Geo. of Uinta Mountains. Mesozoic and Cainozoic Geology and Palmonfology. 181 Dr. F. V. Haydcu* said the Dakota Gioiip is composed of massive beds of sandstones, intersected with layers of cla^^, and forms some of the most conspicuous ridges or "liogbacks" along the eastern base of the Front or Colorado range. Its * importance, however, varies in different localities as much as its texture; sometimes it is scarcely seen, and then again it forms one or more of the most important rid'ges. Its aggregate thickness is never great, varying from 200 to 400 feet, and may be represented by a very narrow belt on the map. West of the lOOth meridian it has j^ielded very few organic remains, although it has a very extended geographical range. It is hardly ever wanting along the margins of the mountain ranges east of the Wasatch Moun- tains, in Utah. From its structure in the far West he regarded it as a sort of transitional group between the well-defined Cretaceous and the Jurassic below. Dr. A. C. Peale measured a section of the Dakota Group beneath station 73, north side of Gunnison river, that presented a thickness of 5.36 feet, and another section at station 60, that presented a thickness of 651 feet. The Fort Benton and Niobrara Groups are found in the vallevs of Grand and Gunnison rivers, and on the North Fork of the Gunnison. A partial section between station 38 and station 80 gave a thickness of 753^ feet, and another section on Gunnison river, opposite Roubideau's creek, measured 687 feet. The estimated thickness, however, including the Fort Pierre Group, is from 1,500 to 2,000 feet. On Coal creek there is a bluff, in the face of which are exposed 1,500 feet of light-gray and yellowish sandstones and shales, referred to the Fox Hills Group. And on the North Fork of the Gunnison the exposures are of greater thickness. On the ridge dividing Oh be Jo3'ful creek from Anthracite creek, near station 32, a section of sand- stones occurs 883 feet in thickness. Most of these sandstones have a metamoi'phosed appearance, and the ridge, in which they are ex- posed, is intersected with dikes. Below the strata of this section there are propably 1,000 feet of shales and sandstones to a series of coal-bearing strata on Oh be Joyful creek. The latter, according to Mr. Holmes' estimates, is about 2,000 feet above tli'e Dakota Group. Above these beds there is a series referred to the Lignitic Group from 7,000 to 8,000 feet in thickness, covering a large area extending from the Grand river to the Gunnison, beneath the basaltic plateaus west of Eoaring Fork. The strata are conformable to the underlying •■■■Tth Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. 182 Cincinnati Society of JSfatiiral Hisforif. Fox Hills Group, and it is difficult to determine where one formation ends and the next begins. From Dr. Peale's examination and stud}^ he deduced the following conclusions: 1. The lignite-bearing beds 'east of the mountains in Colorado are the equivalent of the Fort Union Group of the Upper Missouri, and are Eocene-Tertiar}- ; also that the lower part of the group, at least at the locality 200 miles east of the mountains, is the equivalent of a part of the lignitic strata of Wyoming. 2. The Judith river beds have their equivalent along the eastern edge of the mountains below the Lignitic or Fort Union Group, and also in W3^oming, and are Cretaceous, although of a higher horizon than the coal-bearing strata of Coalville and Bear river, Utah. They form either the upper part of the Fox Hills Group, or a group to be called No. 6. 3. That the upper part of the Fox Hills Group is wanting in man}^ parts of Eastern Colorado, and when present seems to be thin and destitute of coal. F. M. Endlich surveyed the San Juan mining district, where he found the Dakota Group restino- unconformabh^ upon carboniferous sandstone. It consists of sandstones with occasional remains of plants, and has an estimated thickness of SOO to 1,000 feet. The Fort Benton Group, consisting of dark-gra}^ shales, subject to considerable erosion from the action of water, is found from 400 to 600 feet in thickness. It contains beds of coal. These groups are also developed on the San Miguel and on the Rio Dolores. A creek flowing scarcely five miles has at the junction with the San Miguel a canon 1,005 feet in depth. The entire canon is cut out of the strata of the Dakota Group, and 3^et the whole thickness is not exposed. Prof. Leo Lesquereux found the flora of Point of Rocks related to that of Black Butte by nine identical forms or one-third of its known species, notwithstanding that there are two to three thousand feet of interposed measure;^ The distance between the two localities is onh' eleven piles, and the superposition of the strata is exposed so that the vertical thickness of the intervening rocks maj' be easily ascertained. He explained the scarcity of the bones of animals in the lower beds of the Lignitic, b}^ the fact that, no animal, not even man, if once im- bedded in soft peat, can get out of it, and also b}^ the further fact >fchat the coriaceous, ligneous plants of the bogs are not*" food for mammals. ' He described, from the Lignitic at Point of Rocks, Fiicus lignitum, MesozoiG and Coinozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 183 Salvinia atfenuata^ Selagiyiella falcata, S. laciniata, Sequoia biformis^ Widdriiigtonki complanata^ Pistia corrugata., Ottelia americana^ D'ryophyllum crenatum., D. sxibfalcatum^ Populus melanarioides^ Trapa microphylla, Laurus praestans, Viburnum rotundifoliu7n, Greviopsis Qlebumi, Rhus membranacea; from Alkali Station, Alnites Inequilateralis^ Juglans alkalina^ Carpites viburni; from Black Butte, Sphoiria rhytismoides^ Sequoia acuminata, Diospyros ficoidea, Vibur- num platanoides; from South Park, Dear Castello ranch, Hypnum hay den i; from Grand Eagle Junction, Lyg odium marvinei; from Golden, Zamiostrobus mirabilts, Arando obtusa, Palmacites goldianus, now Geonomites goldanus, Sabal communis; from Middle Park, Myrica insignis, Castanea intermedia; from Fort Fetterman, Betula vogdesi; from Pleasant Park, Plum creek, Ficus ovalis; and from Evanston, Ficus pseudo-populus. He described, from the Dakota Group, near Fort Harker, Kansas,* Sequoia condita, Myrica cretacea, Dryopkyllum latifolium, Ficus dis- torta^ F. laurophylla., Laurus proteaefoUa, Daphnogene cretacea, Aralia saportanea, Hedera schimperi, H. platanoidea, Cissites acum- inatus, C. heeri, Ampelophyllum attenuatum^ Menispermites populi- /olius, A.sp)idiophyllum trilobatum., Protophyllum, crednerioides; from Clay Center, Kansas, Aralia concreta, A. towneri^ Menispcrmites ovalis^ M. cydophyllus, Sterculia Uneariloba; from the Fort Benton Group, near the San Juan river, in southwest Colorado, Dryophyllum salicifoUum, and Ilex strangulata; and from Spring Canon. Andro- meda affinis. Prof F. B. Meekf described, from the Dakota Group, southwest of Saliua, Kansas, Trigonarca salinaensis\ from the Big Sioux river, Arcopagella macrodonta; from the Fort Benton Group, at the head of Wind River Valley, Wyoming, Mortoniceras shoshonense; from the Fort Pierre Group on Cherry creek, near the mouth of Sage creek, Dakota, Odontobasis ventricosa; from the Fox Hills Group, Moreau river, Ilicrostizia millepunctata, Ostrea subalata, Pyropsis bairdi, var. rotula^ and Scaphites conradi, var. intermedium; from the base of the Black Hills, Sphceriola ivarrenana; from 90 miles below Fort Benton on the Missouri, Spha^riola endotrachys; from Yellowstone river, 150 miles from its mouth, Fasciolaria gracilenta; from the Fort Union Group, at Clear Fork of Powder river, Montana, Hydrobia eulimoides: from the Judith River Group, at the mouth of Judith river, Montana, Hydrobia subconica, and Valvata montanensis. ■■' 7th Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. t Invert, Cret, and Tert. Foss., vol. ix., Hayden's Sur. 184 Cincinnati Societi/ of JYatural History. R. P. Whitfield^ described, from the Judith River Group, at the mouth of Judith river, Tapes montanensis, Mactra maia^ Sanfjuino- laria oblata, and Thracia grinnelli. W. M. Gabbf described, from tlie Cretaceous of New Jerse}^, Penta- crinus hryani, Goniaster mammillhta^ Scalpellum conradi^ Nautilus hryani.^ Surculd strigosa, Opalia thomasi, 0. cyclostama, Laxispira lumhricalis^ Ostrea bt^yani, Paliurus triangularis ; from the Ripley Group, of North Carolina, Exilifusus k'erri^ Fasciolaria kerri.^ F. ohliquicostata, Gyrotropfis squa^nosus, Ataphrus kerri^ Idonearca carolinensis ; from Patula creek, Georgia, Drillia georgiana.^ Trito- nium edetitatum, Nassa globosa, Fasciolaria crassicosta, Ptychosyca inornata, Aporrhais hicarinata, Bivonia cretacea, Pholadomya littlei, Schizodesma appressa, Tellina georgiana, Gari elUptica^ Peronoeoderma georgiana, Trigonia angulicosta, Idonearca littlei, Trigonarca cuneata, Ostrea littlei.^ 0. exogyrella ; and from Alabama, Idonearca alabamensis, and JSFeithea complexicosta. J. W. SpencerJ; examined the countr3' between the Upper Assine- boine river and lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba, and found rocks of Cretaceous age oi> Thunder Hill, at a height of nearh^ 800 feet above Swan lake. Following the course of Swan river below Thunder Hill, there are numerous exposures of these rocks for about thirtj^ miles, which, with those of Thunder Hill, furnish a thickness of from 550 to 650 feet. There are also numerous exposures along the Bell river in the Porcupine mountains. Thej^ repose on rocks of Devonian age. Mr. G. M. Dawson, from the calcareous character, the microscopic forms, and the presence of Inoceramus and Ostrea congesta, referred the rocks to the Niobrara Group. Prof. J. F. Whiteaves§ described, from the Cretaceous of the Queen Charlotte Islands, Ammonites perezianus^ A. logananus, A. richardsoni, A. skidegatensis, A. carlottensis, A. taper onsianus^ A. filicinctus, A. crenocostatus, Amauropsis tenuistriata, Pleurotomaria skidegatensis, Martesia carinifera, Pleuromya carlottensis, Pholadomya ovuloides, Callista subtrigona, Trigonia diversicostata^ Meleagrina amygda- loidea, and Syncyclonema meekanum. Prof. E. D. Cope|| described, from the Judith River Group of Montana, AnMysodon lateralis, Lcelaps incrassatics^ L. explanatus, L.falculus, ■■'- Carroll to Yellow Stone Nat. Park, t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. t Geo, Sur. of Canada, 1876. § Mesozoic Foss., Pt. 1. II Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Faloiontologij. 185 Dijsganus encaitstus, D. haydenanus, D. bicarinatus, D. ^:)eiV/«?i'M.9; DicloniKS pentagomis, D. perangulatus, B. calamariiis^ Monoclonius crassus, Paronychodon lacitstris, Compsemysimhricarius, C. variolosus, Polythorax missouriensis, Hedi'onchus sternbergi, Ceratodus eruci- ferus, C. hieroglyphus^ Myledaplms bipartitus, Lcelaps hazenaniis, L. loivifrons, Zapsalis abradens, Channpsosawms profundus, C. annectens, C. brevicoUis^ C. vaccinsulensis, Scaphei^peton excisum, S. favosum, S. laticoUe, S. tectum, and Hemitrypus jordananus ; and from the Fox Hills Groiip, of Montana, JJronautus cetiformis. Prof O. C. Marsh* described, from the upper Cretaceous of Western Kansas, Ichthyornis victor, Hesperornis gracilis, Lestornis crassipes, Pteranodon comptus, P. ingens, P. longiceps, P. occidentalism P. velox, and P. gracilis, now Nyctosaurus gracilis. In 1877, Arnold Haguef estimated the thickness of the Cretaceous on the outlying ridges and foot-hills, east of the Colorado range, as follows: Dakota Group, 300 feet; Colorado Group, 1,000 feet; Fox Hills Group, 1,500 feet; and Laramie Group, 1,500 feet. The Dakota beds are essentially a sandstone formation, and as they are usually hard and compact, frequently almost a quartzite, they form a well-defined horizon. Lying between the easily-eroded Jurassic marls and clays below, and the overlying blue shales, clays and crumb- ling rocks of the Colorado Group above, the Dakota beds are usualty a conspicuous feature in the ridges, which form the foot-hills of the main range. In approaching the mountains from the Great Plains, the Dakota beds are especially prominent, as they form the outlying mem- ber of the series of upturned sedjmentar}^ beds, which rise so abruptly above the plain; for although the overlying Colorado group is perfectly conformable, the}' never occur high up on the long ridges, which form a sort of barrier between the level countr}' and the mountain region beyond. The Colorado Group is used to represent the Fort Benton, Niobrara, and Fort Pierre Groups. The Fort Benton Group is only exposed along the base of the abrupt^ ridges, and consists of dark, plastic clays, at times distinctly bedded, and frequently occurring as thinl^^-laminated paper shales. The lower beds are always more or less arenaceous, with interstratified beds of purer clay, while the upper beds sometimes carry thin seams of argillaceous limestone, which, in man}- places, can not be distino;uished from similar beds in the Niobrara. Alono- the Laramie =■= Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d Ser., vol. xi. t Geo. Sur. 40th parallel. 186 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Hills, this group is somewhat difficult to recognize, but in Colorado it maA- be traced for long distances in well defined north and south lines. The Niobrara Group, although much thinner, is more easily recog- nized. It frequently" blends so completely with the overlying Fort Pierre Group that it is extremely diflScult to separate them. The Fox Hills Group, feast of the Colorado Range, is characterized throughout by great uniformity in texture and physical habit, and con- sists of a coarse sandstone formation, showing on I3' variations in color from reddish brown to reddish yellow. The strata pass b}^ imperceptible gradations, into the Laramie series, offering no well-defined line of separation, both formations from top to bottom consisting of coarse sandstone. The Laramie Grpup may be ti-aced along the Big Thomp- son and Cache la Poudre vallej'S, and then eastward up the valleys of the northern tributaries to the South Platte. The sandstones form the exposed banks along Crow and Lone Tree creeks, and ma}" be traced northward, passing under the Tertiary- of Chalk Bluffs. This group includes the valuable coal deposits at Erie, and the Marshall and Murph}' mines, north of Golden, extending from within one-half mile of the base of the range far out upon the plains into Eastern Colorado. The Laramie beds form the ^ippermost members of the great series' of conformable strata that lie upturned against the Archaean mass of the Rock}' mountains; all overlying strata resting unconformabl}- upon the older rocks. The Cretaceous rocks are distributed over the surface of the Laramie Plains. On Rock creek, a branch of Medicine Bow river, north of the Little Laramie, and near Rock Creek Station, the Fort Benton Group is exposed from 350 to 400 feet in thickness. In the North Park, the Dakota Group is estimated at 350 feet in thickness, and hei-e the Fort Benton, Niobrara and Fort Pierre Groups have a combined thickness roughly estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The Medicine Bow river, after leaving the mountains, runs almost excluslvel}' through beds of Cretaceous age. its course being guided b}' the clays and marls, and the overlying Fox Hills sandstone. On the northern slopes of Elk .Mountain, the most northern point of the Medicine Bow Range, are found all the beds from the coal measures to the Fox Hills sandstone, uplifted at high angles, lying against the Archaean formation. All the geological divisions are well represented. In the valley of the North Platte river the Fox Hills Group has an esti- mated thickness of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. The strata containing the coal beds, at the town of Carbon, fi56 miles west of Omaha, Mr. Hague supposed to be Upper Cretaceous. Mesozoic and Ccenopjolc Geology and Palceontology. 187 S. F. Emmons,* geologist of the division west of North Platte, said that Bridger's Pass, which connects the valleys of the Upper Sage creek and the south fork of the Little Muddy, has been eroded out of the soft beds of the Colorado Cretaceous. Along the northern and western borders of this valley extends a ridge of white massive sandstones of the Fox Hills Group, standing at angles of 10° to 25°, and curving in strike approximate!}^ with the shape of the ridge. To the north of the gap, they form a continuous ridge about 15 miles in length, showing a bluff face to the southwest toward Bridger's Pass, at the base of which are exposed the claye}' beds of the Colorado Group. A thick- ness of 3,000 to 4,000 feet of heav3'-bedded sandstones, mosth' white and buff, with a few included beds of shale, and some thin seams of coal, dipping to the northward at an angle of 10° to 20°, is exposed. In going northward from a point on the Little Muddy, about five miles west of the Sulphur Springs, a thickness of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet of beds of the Laramie Group, dipping northwest a,t an angle of 20°, is crossed. Of these, the lower 2,000 feet are composed of massive white andj^ellow sandstones, in which the shale beds are of subordinate importance. The upper sandstones are stained and striped in red, b}^ iron oxide, and form ridges with considerable clayey valle3^s between. In the upper 800 feet are several coal seams, and near the top is a prominent bed of bright vermilion color, only a few feet in thickness, of fine-grained, hard, argillaceous material, abounding in well preserved impressions of leaves. This is overlaid hy a white sandstone, about 200 feet in thickness, carr^^ing a coal seam, which in turn is capped b}' a thin-bedded brown sandstone, which weathers into flags about three inches in thickness; the dip of these upper beds has shallowed to 10°, and to the north the beds of the Laramie Group are practically horizontal. The exposures of the Fox Hills Group, as seen in Bear Ridge, near the valley of the Upper Tampa river, show a series of massive, white, fine-grained sandstones of several thousand feet in thickness. The Cretaceous of tlie Uinta Mountain region consists of over 10,000 feet of beds of sandstones and clays, carrying coal seams,which are most abundant in the upper part of the series. The Dakota Group consists of about 500 feet of rather thinly-bedded sandstones, with some cla}^ beds, having at its base the persistent conglomerate carry- ing small pebbles of black chert. The Colorado Group, about 2,000 feet in thickness, is made up mostly of clan's and j'ellow marls, with Geo. Sur. 40tli parallel. 188 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. some sandstones at the base, which inclose one prominent coal-seam; the outcrops of this group are generally occupied b}^ valleys. The Fox Hills Group consists of about 3,000 feet of heavilj^-bedded white sandstones, with a few coal-seams and comparatively little cXtxy. The Laramie Group, whose actual thickness is not definitel}- ascertained, consists also of gra}^ and white sandstones, often iron-stained, contain- ing a greater development of clay beds, and ver}^ rich in coal seams. It is overlaid by an unconformable series of beds. The fauna of this group is brackish, and, locall}^ even fresh water forms are found asso- ciated with marine types. In the valle}^ of Bitter creek, the Fox Hills Group is estimated at 3,000 feet in thickness, and the Laramie at 6,000 feet. The latter is characterized h\ the greater development of claj-ey beds, and bv the great number of coal seams, and by the presence of great quantities of leaves and plant remains, especially in the upper portion of the series. The beds are conformable, and were evidently deposited prior to the great period of plication and uplift in which the Rock}' Moun- tains and the Uinta and Wahsatch ranges received their main elevation. West of Bear River City, in Utah, along the face of the hills north of Sulphur creek, are exposed outcrops of the Fox Hills and Laramie Groups, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet in thickness, standing at angles of 85° to 90° west, and striking' north 30° to 45° east, and consisting of heavy white sandstones with conglomerate beds, and passing to the westward into reddish brown sandstones. The beds of the Colorado Group west of the sandstone ridge, at the bend of Sulphur creek, expose a thickness not less than 5,000 or 6,000 feet. About two miles west of Bear River City, a railroad-cut, through a low ridge running out from the high ground forming the northeastern wall of the Sulphur Creek Valle}^ shows a section of about 150 feet of beds, separated b}^ an interval, bare of outcrops, from the sandstones west of Bear River Cit3', but corresponding with them in strike, and standing with an incli- nation of 70° to 80° to the southeast. It is formed of sandstones, marls and clays, with a few bituminous and gypsiferous seams, and is remarkable for the fine definition of its bedding-lines, the strata varying from half an inch up to a foot or more in thickness. The strata abound in fossils of fresh and brackish water tj^pes, viz. : Unio^ Cor- hula, Limnaea., Canfipeloma., Viviparus^ etc. The}^ evidently belong to the conformable beds of the Laramie Group, and are overlaid a short distance to the north b}" horizontal strata of the Vermilion creek Eocene. Mesozoic and CcBnozoic Geology and Paleeontology. 189 G. K. Gilbert^- fouDcl the Cretaceous strata well displaj-ecl upon the flanks of the Henry Mountains, in Southern Utah, where they consist of four principal sandstones, with intervening shales, and have a thick- ness of 3,500 feet. They also contain thin beds of coal, one of which was observed at the foot of Mount Ellen, four feet in thickness. The lower 500 feet he referred to the Henry's Fork Group. Dr. A. C. Peale,f geologist of the Grand river division, said that the massive, j^ellow silicious sandstone, in some places quartzite, at the base of the Cretaceous, is so well defined lithologically, that there has never been any difficulty in separating it from the overlying shales. Along the edge of the plains in Colorado, it is underlaid by greenish shal}" beds, sometimes lignitic near the top, generally in part or wholly covered, which have always been referred to the upper part of the Jurassic. In the West these shalv beds still persist, and the massive sandstone, although still recognizable without difficulty, is much thinner, being on Ij^ from 50 to 100 feet, and as we descend, in the sec- tions carried below, we find other beds of silicious sandstone separated by shaly beds that are arenaceous, calcareous and argillaceous. In these beds, in 1874, he found a sassafras-leaf, which led him to refer them to the Lower Cretaceous. He drew an arbitrary line separating the Cretaceous and Jurassic. The beds below have the same lithologi- cal characters to the top of the red beds, with this exception, that limestones occur more frequently toward the base. In Arizona, G. K. Gilbert found Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils, associated in beds, re- sembling those usually referred to the Jurassic. He is of the opinion that we can not draw au}^ line between the two formations, palieontolo- gically, or lithologically, but for convenience in description it is best to draw an arbitrary line, which may be changed as we obtain more facts in relation to the formation. There is a narrow outcrop of the Dakota Group on the south side of the Gunnisoi), above the Grand Canon, between the breccia and the granite. It appears, and is faulted, at the head of the Uncompahgre river and on Dallas Forii, the latter stream flowing on the line of the fault. Between this creek and the San Juan Mountains it rises until it reaches the summit of the foot hills, appearing from beneath the shales. On the Uncompahgre plateau, it dips gently to the eastward, and is the surface formation until we approach Escalante creek. Be- tween the latter and Roubideau's creek, there are some isolated ■■• Kep. on the Geo. Henry Mountains. f 9th Rep. Hayden'sU. S. Geo. Siir. Terr. 190 Cincinnati Society of JSfafurctl History. patches of it. It is found along the western side of the Gunnison and forms the floor of the San Miguel plateau. Going north on the San Miguel plateau, we find the massive sandstones of the Dakota Group broken, and forming the tops of mesas between the streams rising in the Uncompahgre plateau and flowing into the San Miguel and Dolores rivers. Still further north it disappears altogether, until we approach Grand river, near the mouth of the Dolores. In the Uncompahgre valley, on both sides of the river, until the canon is reached, there are exposures of the Fort Benton and Niobrara Groups. East of the Uncompahgre Agenc}^ the thickness of the beds is about 3,000 feet. F. M. Endlich, geologist of the southeastern division, found the Dakota Group in the San Juan region forming a ridge parallel with the Piedra river, and having a thickness of more than 1,000 feet. He also discussed the age of the Lignitic Group of the Trinidad region, which spreads over an area of 750 square miles, and with Prof. Lesquer- eux supposed it to be of Tertiary age. Dr. B. F. Mudge* said the Cretaceous in Kansas covers an area of over 40,000 square miles, or more than half the surface of the State. The Fort Benton, Fort Pierre and Fox Hills Groups are entirely wanting. The Dakota Group rests upon the Permian, and is succeeded b}" the Niobrara Group. The averaoe width of the Dakota is less than 50 miles, beino- some- what less than that in the north part of the State, and more on the Smoky and Arkansas rivers. Tiie dip is to the northwest, and very slight. It is conformable to the formation above it, and has a max- imum thickness of about 500 feet. The Niobrara Group occupies a belt of countr}- about 30 miles in width, in the northern part of the State, but gradually widens to more than twice that extent in the Smokj^ Hill valle3\ The upper part is composed of chalk and chalky shales, the lower part which is called the Fort Ha3's Group, consists in its higher strata of heav^' bedded limestone, under which is a friable, bluish black, or slate colored shale? which abounds in concretions or septaria, of all sizes, from one inch to six feet in diameter. The body of the concretions is of hard cla}^- marl, with cracks lined with beautiful crystals of calc spar. The lower part has a thickness of 260 feet, and the upper part of 200 feet, making the total thickness 460 feet. It is succeeded b}^ strata of Pliocene age. * 9th Kep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. I'err. Mesozoic mid Canozoic Geology and P alee ontology. 191 Alfred' R. C. Selw^-n* explored the couiitiy north and northeast of Fort George near the 5-4th parallel. The exploration was almost wholl}^ within the Arctic watershed, and the basin of Peace river. From "The Fork" — Smok}' river — up to Dunvegan, and thence to about five miles below Hudson's Hope, the rocks which are exposed along Peace river are mesozoic; they consist of dark, earth}' shales, in parts character- ized by numerous bands and septarian nodules of clay iron- stone, many of which inclose large Ammo7iites, and they are also associated with sand}^ calcareous layers, holding other Cretaceous fossils, among which a species of Inoceramus is tolerably abundant, while in the dark argillaceous shales the scales of fishes are frequently observed. Descending Peace river, these dark shales are first seen at about six miles below Hudson's Hope. Thej^ are nearl}'- or quite horizontal, and are exposed at intervals between this point and Fort St. tTohn, in clifl's which rise almost perpendicu- larl}' from the water to heights of 50 or 100 feet. Near where the}^ are first seen, the hills at a little distance back rise to 500 or 600 feet, and toward their summits present cliffs in which some thick beds of brown fine-grained sandstone crop out. About a mile below St. John, on the left bTink, a section is exposed nearl}- 700 feet in thickness. These rocks are exposed at intervals down to The Fork, and also on Smoky and Pine rivers. On the latter stream the exposed thickness is esti- mated at 1,700 feet, and contains four thin seams of bituminous coal. Prof. George M. Dawson, who explored the country between the 52d and 54th parallels, in British Columbia, found the equivalent of the Shasta Group in the vicinit}^ of Tatla3'oco lake. Along the eastern shore of the lake these rocks overlie those of the porph^-rite series. The}' dip eastward, or away from the anticlinal axis, in which the lake lies, and form, at a short distance from its eastern margin, a rampart- like wall of mountains, from 2,000 to 3,000 feet high, and twelve miles in length. The rocks are compact, bluish-gray quartzites, or hard sand- ,stones, and conglomerates of all grades in regard to size of particles, associated with blackish.or dark colored slaty and shal}' beds, which recur frequentl}^ at different horizons. The thickness of the entire Qretaceous series on the east side of Tatlaj'oco lake is estimated at 7,000 feet. Their geographical extension is also great. He regarded the Jackass Mountain Group as the equivalent of the Shasta Group of California. "■'■' Geo. Sur. of Canada. 192 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. E. D. Cope* called the Judith River Group No. 6 Cretaceous. He showed its conformability with the underlying marine Cretaceous, and gave a section 332 feet in thickness, though its maximum is not less than 500 feet. His section in ascending order is as follows: Arenaceous marl (with Dinosauriau bones near the top) .... 125 feet. Sandstone, 1st 5 " Sandstone 6 " Impure lignite 2 " Sandstone, 2d 10 Impure lignite 4 " Unio bed •. 30 Eusty sandstone (with fresh water shells) 25 " Arenaceous marl (with petrified wood) 50 " Sandstone, 3d 15 Marl 20 " Reddish shale 10 " Lignite 5 " Shale 7 " Black shale and lignite 3| " Bed of Ostrea suhfrigonalis 15 " Total .332| feet. The presence of Dinosauriau s, gar fishes, turtles, Physa, Viviparus and Unio prove the fresh water character of the strata, while the Ostrea indicates a return to brackish water. Dr. C. A. Whitef described, from the Judith River Group at Cow Island and Dog creek, a tributar}^ of the Upper .Missouri river, in Montana Territor}^ Unio cryptorhynchus, U. senectus, U. primaevus, Anodonta propatoris^ Bulinus atavics, and Physa cop)ei. Prof. F. B. MeekJ; described, from near Laporte, Colorado, Anomia rmtiformis; from East Canon creek, Wasatch Range, Utah, Cucidlcea obliqua, 3Iactra emmonsi; from Cooper creek, Laramie Plains, W3'oming, Axinma ivyomingensis; from Red creek, Uinta Mountains, Utah, Mactra arenaria; from East Canon creek, Utah, Mactra utah-- ensis., TelUna isonema^ T. modesta, Gyrodes dejoressa^ and Anchura fusiformis. Prof. C. A. White§ described, from east of Impracticable Ridge, Utah, Ostrea prudentia; from near Pueblo, Colorado, Inoceramus •■ Bull U. S. Geo. Sur., Vol. 3., No. 3. f Bull U. S. Geo. Sur., Vol. 3., No. 3. t U. S. Geo. Expl., 40th parallel. ? Wheeler's Sur. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 4. 3Iesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and P^alceontology. 193 Jlaccidus, Mactra incowpta; from the Rio Puerco, New Mexico, Ido- nearca depressa; from Mount Taylor, New Mexico, Lispodesthes lin- fjulifera; from Ojo de los Ciiervas, New Mexico, Ammonites laevianus; from Paria, Utah, Ilelicoceras pariense^ and Serpmla intrica. Prof. E. D. Cope* described, from the Fort Pierre Group of Kansas, Pelycorapis herycinus; and from the Niobrara Group of the Upper Missouri, Elasmosaurus serpentinus^ and Anogmius aratus. Prof. O.C. Marshf described, from West \s.Si\-\?,2i^^ Baptornis advenus; from Texas, Graculavus lentus^ Diplosaurus felix; from the Rocky Mountain region, JVanosaicrus agilis^ N. victor^ Apatodon mirus ; and from the Dakota Group of Colorado, Titanosaurus niontayius. In 1878, Prof. C. A. WhiteJ; surveyed a portion of Northwestern Colorado, and found the Dakota Group reaching an aggregate thick- ness of between 500 and 600 feet; the lower half consisting of a dark- colored, coarse, silicious, pebble-conglomerate, which is somewhat irregularly bedded and easily disintegrated; and the upper portion, consisting of a yellowish or brownish, rough, heavj-bedded sandstone, between which and the conglomerate some variegated bad-land sand- stones usually exist. The equivalent of the Fort Benton and 'Niobrara Groups he called the Colorado Group, which is also the equivalent of the Sulphur Creek Group. He united, under the name of the Fox Hills Group, both the Fox Hills and Fort Pierre Groups, the former of which has a thickness of 1,000 feet, and the latter of 800 feet. The strata that have been called by the name of the Fort Union Group, Lignitic Group, Bitter Creek Group, Judith Ris^er Group, and by other names, including the name of Laramie Group, proposed b}^ Mr. King, he proposed to call Post-Cretaceous, The thickness of this group in Northwestern Colo- rado is at least 3,500 feet. He described, from the Laramie Group,§ on Crow creek and Danforth Hills, in Northern Colorado, Volsella 7'egidaris. V. laticostata, N'ucu- lana inclara, Anodonta parallela^ Corhicula clehumi^ C. cnrdinice- formis, C. obesa, C. macropistha^ Physa felix, Viviparus prudentia, Odontobasis formosa\ from Black Buttes Station, Wyoming, TJnio ■goniambonatus, U. aldrichi, Neritinabaptista; from Bear river, near the confluence of Sulphur creek, W^'oming, Acella lialdemani, Nevi- * Bull. U. S. Geo. Sxir., Vol. 3, Xo. 3. t Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d Ser., Vol. U. X 10th Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr. g Bull. U. S. Geo. Sur., Vol. 4, No. 3. 194 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. tina naticiforinis, Viviparus couesi; from near Evanston, Helix evanstonensis^ and Goniohasis endlichi. Prof. Leo Lesquereux* described, from the Fort Union Group, at Black Buttes, Wyoming, Sequoia acuminata, Vitis sparsa, Greiciopsis saportana, G. tenuifolia, Rhus pseudomeriani, Pddoyonium ameri- canum, Carpites myricarum^C. glumo'formis.C. mitratus,C. verrucosus, C. viburni, G. hursoiformis; from Golden South Mountain, Colorado, Sahalites fructifer, Palmocarpon truncatum, P. corrugatum, P. suhcy- lindricum, Populus ungeri, Laurus ocoteoides. Viburnum anceps, F, goldianum, V. solitarium, Fraxinus eocenica, Cornus suhorhifera, Car- pites ov if ormis, C. t7Hangulosus, C. costatus, C. coffceformis, C. rostella- tus, C. rhomboidalis, and C. minutulus ; from the divide between the sourceof Snake river and Yellowstone lake, Geonomites schimperi; from Raton. Mountains, near Fischer's Peak, New Mexico, Geonomites tenui- racJiis, G. ungeri ; from CastelJo's Ranch, near South Park, Colorado, Fraxinus brownelli, Sapindus stellar imfolius; from Florissant, Carpites pealei; from Evanston, W3^oming, Laurus socialis, Carpites laurineus, C. utahensis ; from Bridger's Pass, \yyoming, Laurus utahensis; from above Spring Canon, near Fort Ellis, Montana, Dombeyop- sis platanoides, Celastrinites Iwvigatus; from Carbon, Wyoming, Cra- taegus cequidentata; from Fort Steele, Carpites valvatus, and from other places, Quercus cinereoides. Maz3'ck ^' Vogdesf described, from the Cretaceous beds reached in artesian boring, at Charleston, South Carolina, at the depth of 1,880 feet below the surface, Anomia andersoni. In 1879, F. M. EndlichJ described the Cretaceous east of the Wind River range in W^'oming, and separated it in ascending order into: 1. The Dakota Group, consisting of 3^ellow and brown shales, inter- stratified with sand stones of the same color. In the shales, above some of the thin beds of sandstone, there are slight indications of coal. The seams are but half an inch thick, and the coal is of that variety- called jet coal. Higher up the sandstones predominate, separated by thin laj^ers of homogeneous, dark shales. Near 'the top there is a heavy bed of shale, which is covered by massive white, yellow and brown sandstones. A small thickness of arenaceous shales closes the group. This is the general section of the Dakota, as exposed west of the anticliaal axis. In some of the upper sandstones indis- *Tert. Flora., Vol. 7, ITayden's Sur. fProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jllth x\iin. Kop. U, S. Geo. Sur. Terr. Mesozoic and' Cmnozoic Geology and Palaontology. 195 tinct remains of plants occur, and in the higher shales a Qryph(2a, The thickness is about 400 feet. 2. The Colorado Group, consisting of an extensive series of dark gra}', slightly calcareous shales. The}^ are thinly laminated, easily eroded, and become light o-ray or white upon exposure. Covering the highest portions of the region l3'ing between Sheep Mountain and the base of the third chain, the}^ present comparatively steep bluffs par- allel to their strike, and rounded surfaces along their dip, A few banks of argillaceous limestone may be found within them. Within the upper third the shales are more arenaceous than lower down, A cold sulphur spring near Camp Brown seems to take its rise in these shales which must be regarded as a very prolific source for alkaline com- pounds of a highly soluble nature. Within the shales there are small inclusions of pyrite. Upon decomposition of this and the shales various salts are formed. The thickness of this group is about 600 feet, increasing southerl3^to 900 feet, 3. The Fox Hills Group, consisting in the lower part of brown and yellow shales, interstratified with thin beds of sandstone. Some of the shales are very dark and carbonaceous. Above this alternating series there is a considerable thickness of 3^ellow and brown shales. As a rule, they are arenaceous, but some of them quite free from sand. Small particles of mica occur throughout. Higher up, sandstones set in again, containing, together with thin seams of shales, small deposits of coal. The upper part is formed by thinly-bedded, micaceous and argillaceous sandstones, covered by a thick stratum of the same material. The thickness is estimated at 500 feet. About two miles west of Camp Brown, a ver^^ interesting hot spring occurs, which rises in the beds of this group. It is known as the Hot Sulphur Spring. The temperature is from about 100° to 110°, and varies but little with the weather. The bright green and blue water is contained within an elliptic basin 315 feet long and 250 feet wide. A constant bubbling up of carbonic-acid gas gives it the appearance of boiling. The mineral constituents held in solution by the water are iron, lime, magnesia, soda and potash. They seem to be contained in the form of sulphates, carbonates and chlorides. The heat which sup- plies the warmth of the water is supposed to be due to chemical changes going on within the strata through which the moisture finds its way, A petroleum spring also occurs near Camp Brown, originating probably in the same rocks. The Laramie Group consists of a succession of shales and yellow 196 Cincinnati Society of JSTatiiral History. ^ sandstones, forming low, long-continued bluffs. The thickness is esti- mated at 400 feet. The 3'ellow and white sandstones of the Dakota Group occur in the northern portion of the Sw^eetwater Hills. East of Elkhorn Gap they are much folded and plicated. In Whisky Gap, the strata curve around the Western base of the Seminole Hills, with a partiversal dip, and a short distance farther west they take part in an anticlinal upheaval. The thickness is estimated at about 700 feet. The Colorado Group occurs also near Elkhorn Gap, and in Whisky Gap. At the latter place the shales are da''k gra}', fioely laminated, and have a thickness of 650 to 700 feet. The Fox Hills Group^ in Whisk3' Gap, forms sharp, low ridges, par- ticipates in the stratigraphical disturbances, and has an estimated thickness of 1,000 feet, which increases toward the soiUh. Near Salt Wells, this group is well developed, and occupies a prominent position. A valley of approximately semicircular shape, lies directly north of the railroad, bordered bj^ steep brown bluffs of shales and sandstones of this group. Dipping off in every direction, they present a most typical partiversal arrangement of the strata. Near the base, they are composed of thinly-bedded sandstones. These are followed by yellow and brown shales, more or less arenaceous and micaceous. Above these there is a succession of sandstones and shales, containing carbonaceous strata. A recess in the bluffs is caused by the higher series of shales. The latter are covered by sandstone strata of varying thickness, sep- arated from each other by shales. Some good coal is found in this horizon. Near the top, massive yellow sandstones are overlaid by thin beds of shale and white sandstone. On ever}' side the beds ai-e con- formably overlaid by strata of the Laramie Group. The thickness is from 1,200 to 1,300 feet. The Laramie Group has a wide distribution in the southern area of this territory. On the west side of the anticlinal it can be traced nearly to Whisky Gap, and probably juts against the granite of the Sweet- water Hills. From the stratigraphical structure of the entire region it is ascertained that this group forms a basin, upon which the younger strata are conformable. It is composed of sandstones, shales, marls, clays and coals. Near the base, heavy sandstones set in, soon super- seded, however, by shales. These contain strata of sandstone^ at var}'- ing intervals. A number of coal-beds overlie the sandstones. The coal is generally covered by a comparatively thin stratum of sandstone, upon which follow clays, shales and arenaceous marls. Higher up a Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Palceontology. 197 succession of sandstones is interstratifiecl with shale. Selenite is com- mon in the shale. The higher members of the group are composed of yellow and white sandstones, containing beds of coal, and dark and often carbonaceous shales. Sandstones mediate the transition into the lower Tertiary groups. The lower coal- horizon is the most productive. The total thickness of this group west of Rawlings Springs, and from there northward, is estimated at 1,600 feet. The decomposition of pyrite in dumps from coal banks, produces a spontaneous combustion of the coal which changes the color of the shales to a brilliant red. In the same manner probably the coal at places in the bank has taken fire and burnt as long as the supply of ox3^gen could sustain a flame. Through this process of metamor- phosis by heat the overlying beds, containing more or less hj^drated ferric oxide, were changed to a bright vermilion color. Sandstones occur, the faces and edges of which have been literally glazed by the long continued action of heat. Fragments are firmh' baked together, and resemble cinders from a furnace. Purely argillaceous shales and cla3's have been thoroughly fritted and altered into very hard, compact porcelain jasper. Throughout the area covered by the Lar- amie Group, and in some of the Wasatch beds red colored strata occur which have been produced by these causes. Dr. A. C. Peale,* estimated the thickness of the Laramie Group on Smith's Fork, and in the Bear River region, near the western shore line of the Wahsatch lake, at 5,000 feet. Geo. M. Dawson, f explored the Cretaceous in British Columbia, on the headwaters of the Skagit, west of the main axis of the range, which forms the watershed, between that river and the Similkameen. The trail traverses the area in a general northeast direction for nearly thirteen miles. A section occurs on the trail immediately east of the crossing of the north branch of the Skagit, representing a thickness of 4,429 feet. The rocks are much disturbed, are lying at all angles up to vertical, and have suffered considerable hardening and alteration. Thej^ consist, generally, of sandstones, conglomerates and argillites. Still further north-westward, from the vicinity of the mouth of Ander- son river and Boston Bar, the}^ were found to extend, in a long, narrow trough, uearl}' coinciding, in the main, with the Frazer river, with a general bearing of about N. 70° W., to the vicinity of Lillooet and Fountain, a distance of about 80 miles. The estimated thickness is - nth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geo. Sur. T6rr. T Geo. Sur. of Ciiu. 198 Cincinnati Societij of Natural History. 5,000 feet. The}' were also found on the Thompson, below its junction with the Bonaparte. The thickness on Tatlayoco, 220 miles north- eastward 'from Skagit valley is estimated at 7,000 feet. These rocks are regarded as of the same age as the Shasta Group of California. Prof. C. A. White* described, from the Fox Hills and Fort Pierre Group, at Cimarron, New Mexico, Caryopliyllia johannis^ C. egeria^ Crassatella cimarronensis; from Hilliard Station, U. P. R. R., W}^©- miug, Placunopsis Miliar densis^ Neritina incompta; from Coalville, Utah, Neritina patellif or mis, ^^^Y. weherensis; from Monument creek, near Colorado Springs, Paliurus pentangidatus; from the. mouth of the Saint Vrains, Northern Colorado, Baroda suhelliptica , Pachymya herseyi, Actaeon iroosteri^Actaeotiiiiajyrosocheila; from, west of Greeley, Colorado, Tancredia coelionoius, Glycimeris berthoudi and Anchvra haydeni; from the Cretaceous, at Salado, Bell County, Texas, Exoyyra valkeri; from Dennisou, Texas, JL«c7^?<7'rt mudgeayia; from Helotes, Bexar Count}', Texas, Turritella marnochi; and from the Cretaceous, at the head of Waterpocket Canon, Southern Utah, Cardium trite. Hef described, from the Cretaceous, on Fossil Creek,16 miles west of Greeley, and 6 miles south of Fort Collins, Colorado, Chetetes ( ?) diinissus, and Beaumontia [?) solitaria. Prof J. F. WhiteavesJ described, from the Cretaceous rocks of the Sucia Islands, Nautilus suciensis^ Ammonites selwynanus, Surcula suciensis, Cerithium lallieriamim, yar. suciense, Amauropsis suciensis, Cirsotrema tenuis culptum^ Stomatia suciensis^ Cinuliopsis typica. Teredo suciensis, Linearia suciensis, Veniella crassa, Laevicardium suciense, Inoceramus cripsi, var. suciensis; from Vancouver Island, Ptychoceras Vancouver ens e, Opis vancouverensis, Discina vancouver- ensis, Smilotrochus vancouverensis; and from Hornby Island and Nanaimo river, Potamides tenuis, var. nanaimoensis, and Periploma suhoi'hiculatum. In 1880, Prof. C. A. White§ said that the geographical limits of the Laramie Group are not yet fully known, but strata bearing its characteristic invertebrate fossils have been found at various localities within a great area, whose northern limit is within the British Posses- sions, and whose southern limit is not further north than Southern . Utah and Northern New Mexico. Its western limit, so far as known, may be stated as approximately upon the meridian of the Wahsatch ••■• 11th Rep. HajHlen's U. S. Geo. Sur. Terr, t Bull U. S. Silr., Vol. 5, Xo. 2. • I Mesozic Foss., Part 2. $ Cont. to Pal. No. 4, 12tli Rep. U. S, Geo. Sur. Terr. 3Ieso.zow and Coinozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 199 range of moimtains, but extending as far to the southwestward as the southwest corner of Utah, and its eastern limit is far out on the great plains, east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is covered from view by later formations and the prevailing debris of the plains. These limits indicate for the ancient Laramie sea a length of about 1,000 miles north and south, and a maximum width of not less than 500 miles. Its ]-eal dimensions were no doubt greater than those here indicated, especially its length; and we may safely assume that this great brackish-water sea had an area of not less than 500,000 square miles. The present range of the Rocky Mountains, which has ueen entirely raised as a mountain range since the close of the Laramie period, traverses almost the entire length of this great area, and far the greater part of the other extensive and numerous displacements which the strata of the different geological ages have suffered within that great area, have also taken place since all the Laramie strata were deposited, although some of those changes thus especially referred to began before the close of the Laramie period. The invertebrate fauna consists almost wholl}' of brackish-water, fresh-water and land mollusca. Species belonging to all three of these categories are often found commingled in the same strata, but it is also often the case that certain strata, sometimes only thin la^^ers, which contain the fresh-water and land molluscs alternate with those which contain the brackish-water species. All the species of fresh- water and land mollusca which prevailed during the Laramie period, seem to have ceased with the disappearance of their contemporary brackish-water forms, although the}^ were succeeded by other fresh- water and land species. He described from Point of Rocks' station, Bitter Creek valle^^, Wyoming, Axitima holmesana; from the mouth of Sulphur creek. Bear river valley, Wyoming, Bhytophorus meeJci ; from the Cretaceous of Collin count3% Texas, Ostrea blacki, JSxogyra ivincheUt, Pteria (?) stahilitatis; from Bexar county, Texas, Exogyra forniculata; from Bell count^^ Texas, Pachymya compacta, Thracia mymformis; from the estuary strata of the age of the T^'ox Hills Group at Coalville, Utah, Anomia propatoris ; from the Fox Hills Group at Cimarron, New Mexico, Barhatia harhulata; from Dodson's Ranch, near Pueblo, Colorado, Llspodesthes ohscurata; from the Dakota Group, Saline county, Kansas, Pteria salinensis, GervilUa mudgeana\ from the Fort Pierre Group at Fort Shaw near Muscleshell river, Montana, Tessarolax hitzi; and from the Cretaceous of Yellow Stone river, Montana, Fas- . ciolaria alleni. 200 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof. R. P. Whitfield described, from near San Antonio, Texas^ Paramithrax ( ?) walkeri. And Prof. 0. C. Marsh* described, from the Cretaceous chalk of Kansas, Holosaurus abrwptus. To conclude this cursory review of the sjrowth of our knowledofe of the Cretaceous formation of North America, I will add a few observa- tions upon the present state of the science. The Cretaceous is found either exposed upon the surface or covered by the Tertiary, forming a border of variable width, on the eastern coast, from New York to Florida. It constitutes the surface rocks, or is overlaid with the Ter- tiary at all places south of the 33d parallel, with the exception of lim- ited areas in the mountain regions. It extends up into Tennessee, spreads over all Mississippi, and reaches southern Illinois. West of the 97th meridian from the 33d parallel to the Arctic ocean, the whole country is covered with this formation, with the exception of limited areas in the mountain regions, or inconsiderable extensions of land, where it has been swept awa}^, and an area of some magnitude north and west of Hudson's Bay. This of course includes the area covered by the Tertiar3\ It is found east of the 97th meridian, extending into Iowa, Minnesota, and some parts of British America. Or approxi- mately stated, the Cretaceous now forms the surface rock, or is over- spread b}'' the Tertiary, over more than half the area of the North American Continent, and from the extensive denudation which it has evidently suffered, we may fairlj^ presume, that at the commencement of this formation the continent was an island of less than one third its present dimensions. In the east and south the formation is exclusively a marine deposit, but in the west, over great areas, the marine Cretaceous is succeeded by a brackish or fresh water Cretaceous deposit. In the east it never exceeds half a mile in thickness, but in the west the marine Cretaceous sometimes exceeds a mile in thickness, and is followed by the brackish and fresh water deposits, which are also more than a mile and some- times even two miles in thickness. This formation is, therefore, pre- eminently the building deposit or land making deposit of the North American Continent. The brackish and fresh water deposits were first named the Fort Union or Lignitic Group, and there is no reason known to the author, why these deposits, wherever found, should bear an}^ other geological name. It is true that the name Bear River Group was given to a group of rocks lower than those first named the Fort Union Group, but ■•'' Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 8d Ser., Vol. xix. Mesozoic and Ccmnozoic Geology and Palceontology. 201 the separation has not been maintained, and the authors, instead of extending the Fort Union Group to include these rocks, have called both the Fort Union and Bear River Groups the Laramie Group. Prof. White, and some other authors,, call the rocks Post-Cretaceous. This is not objectionable, because it is treating them with reference to their geological position, and not proposing a new name for a group of rocks. If it is desirable to retain the name Bear River Group, it should be applied to the rocks below the Fort Union Group, and in no event can the Fort Union Group be swallowed up by another name for the same group of rocks. A great many s3^nou3'ms have been proposed for this Group, some of which it is difficult to wipe out, and others will burthen the science for a longer or shorter period, but, finall}^ we may hope for their burial in oblivion. Any one can propose to call an exposure of rocks, at any place, by a new name, but it requires a palaeontologist to determine the age of the rocks and to refer them to their proper posi- tion in the geological column. A little reflection, therefore, will satisfy the reader, that proposing a new name for a group of rocks, wherever exposed, without giving the palseontoiogical reasons for so doing, i« an evidence of ignorance, and most frequenth' w^e find those who do it are suffering from downright stupidity. The plants which have been described,! from the Cretaceous rocks in question, have been referred to about 150 genera, and number about 500 species. About 50 of these genera are now extinct, and about 100 are living. The larger part are from the Fort Union Group of the West, and from their intimate relation with living forms, the great palseo-botanist. Prof. Lesquereux, referred the rocks to Eocene age. The testimony, howcA^er, of the animal remains, which Prof. Cope was the first to dis- cover, has proven that they must be referred to the upper or later Cretaceous. This determination has, if we may trust investigations of our fossil botanists, specifically united the Cretaceous era with the present time. For the living plants. Coryhts americana, C. y^ostrata^ DavalUa tenulfoUa, and Onoclea sen.^ihilis have been identified among the fossils from the Fort^ Union Group. It is likely that too much confidence in this identification ma}^ lead to error, for as yet we may fairl}' suppose that we know but little of the vegetable life of this vast period of time in comparison with what will be known in a few de- cades. And better specimens than those upon which the identifica- tions have been made may show specific distinctions. It is sufficient that the forms so much resemble the living as to be mistaken for them, tc show how closely the living forms are connected with the ancient dead. 202 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The relation between the invertebrate kingdom of the Cretaceous period and the living invertebrates is shown (according to present identifications) by the survival of more than one third of the Creta- ceous genera, though all Cretaceous species have become extinct. The survival, however, in different classes, is by no means uniform. In the class Polypi, of sixteen Cretaceous genera, six are living. In the class Echinodermata, of tweniy- two genera, eight. are living. In the class Bryozoa, of thirty-two genera, nine are living. In the class Brachiopoda, of six genera, five are living. In the class Gasteropoda, of one hundred and seventy-four genera, ninety-six are living. In the class Lamellibranchiata, of one hundred and sixty-four genera, seventy are living. But in the class Cephalopoda, where there were more than thirt}^ genera and subgenera, all have become extinct except a single genus, the Nautilus. The connection between the vertebrates of the Cretaceous period, and the living vertebrates, is, seemingly, much farther removed* No Cretaceous genera of birds or mammals survive. In the class Reptilia, where more than seventy-five Cretaceous genera have been determined, only three genera are known to have survived, Crocodihts., Trionyx and Emys. A few species of fishes, found in the Cretaceous, have been referr- ed to living genera, and probably some of them are correctly so referred; but from the great diflferentiation observed in the vertebrates, dui-ing the long period of time which has transpired, we can not expect to find man}^ forms preserving unchanged their ancient outlines, though we may be able to trace backward the living genera into what we call distinct ancestral genera or families. This closes our remarks upon the Mesozoic period, and we will now take up the Caenozoic. There is no great break in animal or vegetable life in passing from the Mesozoic to the Csenozoic, as early geologists, from very limited observations, supposed. Indeed, it may be said to be a most propable hypothesis that there are no breaks in genealog- ical trees. All organic life has descended from ancestral forms, and among the vertebrates, in the later geological periods, profitable accre- tions or accessions of important parts or functions have been developed in successive generations. This will become more apparent as we pass from one group of rocks to another in the Tertiary period. [To BE Continued.] Archceological Exiolorations near Madisonville, Ohio. 208 ARCtl^EOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS NEAR MADISONVILLE, OHIO.'^ By Charles F. Low. PART III. JANUARY TO JUNE 30, 1880. On Friday, January 2c], skeleton No. 362, an adult, in horizontal position, head south, length 5 feet 3 inches, was found at a depth of 22 inches. An imperfect vessel was taken from the left side of the head. About three feet southwest of the above, the- remains of a child (No. 363), probabl}^ three 3'ears of age, were uncovered; position horizontal, head south, depth about one foot. Skeletons Nos. 364-5, two children about four 3^ears of age, were next exhumed; the first la}^ horizontallj^ head south, face down; the other was immediatelj^ under the preceding skeleton, head south, but with the face upward; depth 15 inches. A perfect vessel was found at the right of the cranium of this skeletou. Januarj^ 3d, skeleton No. 366, an adult male in horizontal position, head southwest, face upward, length 5 feet 9 inches, depth 14 inches. These remains were west of No. 362, and six feet distant; No. 363 was situated between these two about an equal distance from both. An ash pit was also opened to-day, six feet in depth; leaf mold and sand 24 inches, ashes 48 inches ; it contained the usual animal re- mains and relics. January 7th, skeleton No. 367, an adult male in horizontal position, head south, length 5 feet 6 inches; the lower extremities were flexed to the northwest, and the hands were folded over the pelvis; depth 22 inches. Skeleton No. 368 was immature, length 4 feet 3 inches, in horizontal position, head south ; depth two feet. On Januarj' 9th the skeletons of two children were discovered imme- diately east of No. 367, and possiblv the lower extremities of that skeleton had been flexed to avoid contact with these remains; No. 369 was a child about four years of age, position horizontal, head south: '■■'• The present paper, like the two preceding ones on the same subject, has been prepared by Mr- Charles F. Low, at the request of the Committee on Publication, of the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville, 0. 204 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. depth 19 inches. A perfect vessel was found at the right side of the liead. No. 370 was immature, irregularly doubled up, head south, at a depth of 20 inches. On January 10th one of the deepest ash pits 3'et discovered was opened and explored; diameter 3 feet 4 inches, depth 8 feet 5 inches, the laj'er of leaf-mold 20 inches, sand 33 inches, ashes 48 inches. A perfect grooved bone implement, one long flint-drill, grooved stone hammer, and a large quantity of animal remains, shells and sherds were taken from this pit. In the fishes at the bottom of the pit, a human atlas and axis were found. Skeleton No. 371 was exhumed on Januarj^ 16th, an adult male in horizontal position, head south, length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 4 feet 6 inches. On Saturda}^, January 17th, skeleton No. 372, a child about ten years of age, was found 2 feet 10 inches west of and at right angles with the preceding skeleton; position horizontal, head east, depth 15 inches. On Tuesday, Januar}' 20th, an ash pit was opened 3 feet 4 inches in diameter, and 6 feet in depth; the la^-er of leaf mold was 21 inches, then a layer of ashes 36 inches, with sherds, Unio shells, animal re- mains and burnt limestones; third, a laver of charcoal about 3 inches in thickness, and below this, 12 inches of pure, grayish ashes. In this ashes was found an entire human skeleton. This skeleton (No. 3'73) was l3^ing in the bottom of the pit on its back, head toward the northwest, with the lower limbs sharply flexed on the thio^hs. Surroundiuo^ the skeleton were a number of flat lime- Stones ten or twelve inches square, set on edge, forming a wall around the base of the pit. All these stones showed distinctly the marks of fire, but must have been burned before placing in their present position, as a very careful examination was made of the walls and bottom of the pit and no traces of the action of fire were visible. (See fig. 32.) The discover}^ of human remains in undisturbed position at the bot- tom of this ash pit, furnishes some clue to the purposes of these exca- vations, and favors the view, which has been entertained b}' the writer and others, that the}' were probabh' places for temporary burial, from which the human remains have been removed for interment in some of the numerous sepulchral tumuli, usualh* designated ''Battle Mounds,' or '• Sacrificial Mounds." Why may not these 'ash pits and remains be contemporaneous with the Mound Builder? That the ash pits are very ancient is evident from the fact that sub- Archfi'ological Explordtions near MachsonviUe., Ohio. !05 sequent interments, in both sitting and horizontnl positions, have been made directly o\'er these excavations since the removal of tiie luiman remains, and forest trees of several hundred years' growth are now growing over these comparatively later interments. LEAF MOLD Zl IN ASHES & SAND 36IN. CONTAINING ANIMAL REMAINS^, SHELLS^ SHERDS^ BURNT LIMEST0NE,8cc. CHARCOAL 31 N^_^^ 32. Ash Pit with Human Remains. What became of the Mound Builder, i. e., those who raised the mounds of earth over their d^ad, is* a question which hns puzzled the archaeologist. With the numerous evidences of long occupancy of this part of the country by these people, the theories of extermination or migration are not satisfactory solutions of the question. The late Prof. E. B. Andrews, who took great interest in our explora- tions, expressed his opinion that our discoveries in this cemetery would direct attention to a new line of investigation, and that explorations for the remains of these prehistoric people would not in the future be confined to opening mounds. 206 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. E. G. Squire also remarks, in Abor. Mon. of New York, pp. 125-6, that— " The mounds of the West can be regarded only to a limited extent as the burial places of the people who built them, * * * ^^j ^^Q must seek elsewhere foi* the general deposition of the dead of the Mound Builders.'^ Skeleton No. 374, a child about eight years of age, was also taken up to-day; position horizontal, head north. Januar}^ 21st, skeleton No. 375, an adult in horizontal position; length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 20 inches, head southeast, and directly under a large oak tree. On the 22d, four inches below this skeleton, another adult skeleton (376) was discovered in the same position and direction, with its head also under the tree. A small vessel was found near the right of the cranium, but so surrounded with roots as to necessitate its removal in pieces. Skeleton No. 377 was that of a child about eight years of age, depth 20 inches; a mere heap of bones irregularly disposed, head southeast, face downward. A small stone flesher was found in the leaf mold near these remains. On Saturday, January 24th, a small earthen vessel was found, unac- companied by and about ten feet distant from an}' human remains. An ash pit was also opened to-da^-, from which was taken out of the leaf mold, at a depth of 24 inches, three earthen vessels. Four inches west of the pit, the cranium of an adult male skeleton (No. 378) was uncovered; position horizontal, head east, length 5 feet 6 inches. Par- allel to this was an adult female skeleton (No. 379) in the same position, head east, eight inches from the edge of the pit. At the side of the female la}^ the remains of an infant, probably two years of a^e. The above mentioned vessels were undoubtedly deposited with this group of skeletons and do not properly belong to the relics found in ash pits in which no perfect vessel has 3'et been discovered. Mondaj', January 26th, skeleton No. 381, an infant probably 4 3^earsof age, was found about six feet northwest of the oak tree; these remains probabh^ belong with the group exhumecT on the 22d (Nos. 375-6). Januarj' 27th, three skeletons were removed. No. 382 was an adult in horizontal position, head east, depth 18 inches, with the lower extre- mities extending under a large walnut stump. No. 383 an adult male in same position, at a depth of four feet; the length of this skeleton was five feet four inches. No. 384 was an adult female in horizontal posi- tion, head south, length 5 feet 4 inches, depth 4 feet 3 inches; the bones of the right leg and thioh were missing. ArchcBologlcal Explorations near Madlsonville Ohio. 207 On Friday, Januaiy 30tli, another skeleton (No. 386), an adult male, wiis found in same position, head south, length 5 feet 7 inches, depth 19 inches, completing this group of four skeletons, of which two lay with heads directed east and the other two with heads south ; one pair were buried very deep, over four feet, and the other pair quite shallow, 18 a,nd 19 inches. January 29th, another group had been discovered, and skeleton No. 385 removed. This was an adult male in horizontal position, head east, length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 13 inches. A large vessel was de- posited over the left hip, and a carapace of the common box tortoise, iJestudo virginea., at the left side of the neck. ^ On the 31st, three other skeletons belonging to this group were un- covered. No. 387, an adult male, position horizontal, head east, length 5 feet 8 inches, depth 20 inches. On the left of the chest of this skeleton was the complete shell of the <7. i;/r^meo, with two perforations through plastron and carapace. This relic might be classed as a musical in- strument or rattle. At the feet of this skeleton was an earthen vessel, and at the right shoulder, the cranium of skeleton No. 388, an adult irregularlj' disposed in a heap, with the remains of No, 389, an imma- ture skeleton about 10 or 12 years of age, also irregularly disposed. No relics accompanied these two latter skeletons. Monday, February 2d, No. 390, skeleton of an immature person, probably 12 years of age, was exhumed, position horizontal, head east, depth 20 inches. Skeleton No. 391, an adult male was discovered on February 6th, in horizontal position, head south, length 5 feet 10 inches, at a depth of 17 inches. A vessel was found at the left of the cranium. On February 7th, under a large walnut tree, skeleton No* 392 was found, and a few feet distant, beneath a large hackberry tree, two other skeletons (Nos. 393-4), with heads directed east, were seen, but no measurements could be obtained of an\^ of these remains. Februar}^ 10th. On this date an excavation was begun, in what we supposed to be a hearth or irregular ash pit, but after sixty days' ex- cavations of the same character, it was evident that the place was a kitchen-midden. The location at the head of a ravine, the character of the deposits in irregular la3'ers of ashes, charcoal, charred animal remains and other refuse, all confirmed this opinion. The leaf mold was of about the same depth as in other parts of the cemeter3^, and several skeletons were found within this space. On Frida3% February 17th, a group of five skeletons was found within the limits of the kitchen midden. Skeleton No. 395, an adult female in 208 Cincinnati Society of Natural History horizontal position; head south, length 5 feet, depth 15 inches. A broken vessel, ornamented with a human face (see fig. 33), at the left side, and a perforated elkhorn relic, lying on the hip, were found with these remains. Fig. 33. Earthen Vessel. One third size. Skeleton No. 396 was that of a child about four years of age, and No. 399 an immature skeleton about 10 years of age, was lying par- allel, and about five feet distant; both were in horizontal positions, with heads directed south, and buried about 18 inches deep. A vessel was found at the right side of the cranium of olc of these skeletons. Skeletons Nos. 397-8 were adults, irregularly^ disposed, heads south- east. No measurements could be taken, as these remains were a mere heap of bones. Two vessels were found, one at the top of each cranium. On Saturday, Februar}^ 21st, another group of five skeletons was found just north of the kitchen-midden, disposed as follows: Skeleton No. 400, an adult female in horizontal position ; head east, length 5 feet 4 inches, with a small vessel at the right side of the head. The next skeleton (No. 401) was an adult male, 5 feet 6 inches in length, in hoii- zontal position, head south, depth 2 feet, with a large vessel at the left side of the head, and two large bone beads, one on each side of the neck, in such a position as to indicate that the}' had been suspended from the ears. This skeleton was lying at right angles'vvith No. 400, and over the lower extremities of these two was found three crania of children, probably three, eight and twelve years of age; the remainder of their skeletons were irregularl}^ disposed, and mingled with those of the adult skeletons. On Wednesday, February 25th, a third group, consisting of one adult Archceological Explorations near Madisonville Ohio. 209 male (No. ,405) and three immature skeletons was found, all in hori- zontal positions, with heads east; a vessel la}^ at the top of the head of the adult skeleton. No. 409 was an adult male; position horizontal, head southeast, length 5 feet 7 inches, depth 24 inches. About two feet distant No. 410 was found, also an adult male, 5 feet 8 inches in length, position horizontal, with head south. A vessel was found at the left of the cranium. Thursda}^ February 26th, skeleton No. 411, immature, probably 12 years of age, was exhumed; position horizontal, head east, with vessel at top of the head. Skeleton No. 412 was an adult male, 5 feet 7 inches in length, in horizontal position, head northeast, depth 25 inches. On Frida3^ February 27th, a group of four skeletons (Nos. 413-16) was found, the remains of three adults and one infant, deposited in an irregular heap, depth 27 inches. A small, perfect vessel was found with the group. Monday, March 1st, two adult male skeletons were uncovered. No. 417 lay in horizontal position, head northwest, length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 20 inches. No. 418 in same position, with head directed west, length 5 feet 2 inches, depth 18 inches. March 2d, two skeletons were found in the kitchen-midden. No. 419 was an adult male, in horizontal position, head east, length 5 feet 4 inches, depth 12 inches. About six feet west of these remains, the skeleton of a child (No. 420), with head directed south, was found at a depth of 21 inches. Skeleton No. 421 was found on Friday, March 5th, about seven feet north of the kitchen -midden. This was an adult female, 4 feet 5 inches in length; position horizontal, head east, dqpth 20 inches. A broken vessel at the right side. Near the lower extremities, between this skeleton and the edge of the kitchen-midden, four ash pits were found, from which a number of fine relics were taken, and among other things,' a quantity of charred corn-cobs. On Monda}^, March 8th, five skeletons were exhumed (Nos. 422-26) one adult and four children, all in horizontal position, and about 20 inches deep. Two children, probable age six 3'ears, la}' with their heads to the west; immediately west of these remains was an adult male with head south, and two feet further west were two other children, with heads south. From this date until April 1st, the work of excavation was continued in the kitchen midden, and havino- reached the head of the ravine, on 210 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, the western edge of the plateau, it was deemed advisable to abandon further exploration in this direction. A cross section at this point shows a horizontal line 34^ feet long, and a depth of seven feet in the center, gradually sloping to the surface on both sides. The leaf mold and clay was about 18 inches deep, and below this were three irregular la3'ers and deposits of ashes, vaiying from a few inches to 1^ feet in thickness; large quantities of shells, animal remains, charred wood, etc., were scattered through these la3^ers. Several pipes, two grooved stone hammers, a roll of copper three inches in length, and a number of other relics were found during the excavation of this kitchen-midden. March 18th, an adult female skeleton (No. 427) was found just out- side the limits of the kitchen-midden, in horizontal position, head southeast, length 5 feet 3 inches, at a depth of 14 inches. On April 2d, an excavation was commenced on the slope east of the plateau, and continued until the 6th. Tiiis part of the cemetery was found tol)e of the same character (kitchen-midden), and composed of ashes, animal remains and refuse, although not so extensive as that on the western slope. Several relics and a small roll of copper were obtained, but no human remains were found. On Wednesday, April 9th, two ash pits were opened. In one of these pits a layer or deposit of charred maize leaves and stalks, about one inch thick, was above the layer of ashes. Four skeletons were also exhumed to da}^ No. 428 was an adult male, in horizontal position, head soulh, length 5 feet 3 inches. A broken vessel at the right side of the head. Nos. 429 and 430 were also adult male skeletons, in horizontal positions, heads south, and both measured 5 feet 6 inches in length. Skeleton No. 431 was incom- plete, with trunk lying south; the cranium, cervical vertebrae and bones of the arms and hands were wanting; depth L4 inches. April 8th, skeleton No. 432, immature, probably 15 years of age, in horizontal position, head south, depth 15 inches. A grooved stone ham- mer was found in the leaf mold, near these remains. April 10th, two ash pits were opened. In one of these pits a fine roll of copper and a number of fine relics were found. Skeleton No. 433 was also exhumed to-daj^; position horizontal, head south, length 5 feet 6 inches, depth 11 inches. A broken vessel at the right of the cranium. Dr. H. H. Hill, with several members of the Society', visited the cemeter}' to-da}', and while excavating in the kitchen-midden on the western slope, near the southwest corner, discovered, at a depth of 14 inches, an adult female skeleton (No. 434), in horizontal position, head Archoiological Explorations near 3Iadisonville, Ohio. 211 south, length 5 lect 4: fnches. Over these remains a la3^er of Unio shells had been carefully placed, completel}' covering the head and upper portion of the trunk of the skeleton. On April 12th, an ash pit was opened, from which was taken, in ad- dition to the flint and bone relics usuall}' found, two pieces of copper, and on the bottom of the pit, in one corner, there was a deposit of car- bonized maize leaves and stalks about six inches deep. Skeleton No. 435, an adult male, was also exhumed; position horizon- tal, head south, depth 14 inches. April 13Lli, skeleton No. 436, a child, probably three years of age, in horizontal position, head east. A few fragments of a vessel were found near the head. An ash pit was also opened, from which was taken a limestone pipe of peculiar form. (See fig. 34.) Fig. 34. Limestone Pipe. Front and Side Views. On April 14th, skeleton No, 437, an adult male, was exhumed; posi- tion horizontal, head south, length 5 feet 7 inches, depth 18 inches. Another skeleton (No. 438) was found to-da}', hing directly under a small oak tree. These remains were very much decayed, and no meas- urements could be obtained. Two skeletons of children (Nos. 439-40) were removed on April 15th, probable age two to four 3'ears, both in horizontal positions, heads east, and were buried at a depth of fifteen and twenty inches, respectivel3\ On April 17th, skeleton No. 441 was discovered among the roots, under a large oak, but could not be removed nor measurements made. During the next few daj^s, ten ash pits were discovered and explored, and a number of relics were found, among other things, a rude 212 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. vessel made of clay, moulded with the hands, apparentl}'- a toy, as it is too small for any useful purpose. April 23d, skeleton No. 442, an adult female, 5 feet in length, was found, in horizontal position, head south and hands folded over the pelvis; depth 12 inches. A large vessel was found between the knees. Saturda3% April 24th, three skeletons were exhumed. No. 443 was an adult female, in horizontal position, head east, length 5 feet 4 inches. No. 444, a small child of about two years of age, was lying at the right of the preceding skeleton, with the cranium underneath the right ilium. Skeleton No. 445 was that of an adult male, also in horizontal position, head north, length 5 feet 5 inches. A A^essel was found at the left of the cranium. These burials were remarkably shallow — not more than ten or twelve inches deep. Skeletons Nos. 446-7 were children, probabl}' two and six 3'ears of age, in horizontal position, at a depth of 20 inches, and were very much deca3'ed. Several ash pits were next opened, one of which was directly under the oak tree and opposite to skeleton No. 441, discovered on the 17th. Fig. 35. Sandstone Pipe. On April 29th, skeleton No. 448, an adult male, position horizontal, head southeast, depth 17 inches, was found lying over one of the ash pits. The bones of the forearm, lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bones and the two femora were missing. A careful examination was made, but none of the missing bones could be found in the ash pit. A small vessel was taken from near the cranium, on the right side. Saturday, May 1st, skeleton No. 449, a child about three years of age, was exhumed; position horizontal, head north. A small vessel was found near the top of the head. Archceological Explorations near Madiso7ivUle, Ohio.. 213 A smtill sandstone pipe was picked up on the surface, about 50 feet distant from the excavation. This relic (see fig. 35) is ornamented with rude carvings, representing a bird with outstretched wings (spread eagle style), and had been rooted up by the hogs which had been turned into the woods. The avidity with which these animals de- voured the fragments of bones scattered about the excavation was remarkable, and it required constant watchfulness on the part of the workman to prevent them from rooting up and destroj'ing the skeletons while being exhumed. Ma}^ 4th, skeleton No. 450 was that of a child about three 3^ears of age, in horizontal position, head southeast, depth 15 inches, with a vessel at the left hip. An adult female skeleton (No. 451) was also ex- humed to-day, position horizontal, head southeast, with the hands folded over the pelvis. A small grooved hammer was found behind the cranium. An .immature skeleton (No. 452) was found on May 5th, in the same position as the two preceding, and belonging to the same group. Probable age 14 years. May 7th, two skeletons were exhumed. No. 453 was an adult female, 5 feet 4 inches in length, in horizontal position, head east, depth 15 inches. A smaW vessel was found at the right side of the head. At the right side of this skeleton was that of a child not over two years of age, and with these remains a perforated- shell ornament and a shell bead were found. (See fig. 36.) Fig. 36. Shell Ornament and Bead. Eight ash pits were explored during the week, several of which con- tained la3'ers of white sand between the deposits of ashes. Monday, May 10th, skeleton No. 455, an adult male, 5 feet 7 inches in length; position horizontal, head northeast, depth 20 inches. A vessel of about one quart capacity was found near the head, on the . ight side, and near the left hip, a small stone flesher or skin dresser. 214 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Another pipe was found on the surface to-day. (See fig. 37.) Ma}' 12th to 14th, several ash pits were opened, which differed from any heretofore explored, each having a circular excavation in the bot- tom about 10 inches in diameter and from 6 to 9 inches in depth. These depressions were directly in the center of each pit, and were filled with a pure white ashes, and were covered with a layer of burnt limestone or boulders. It is also remarked that these pits contained a Fig. 37. Limestone Pipe. greater number of implements and relics than others recently opened. Skeleton No. 456 was exhamed on the 14th, an adult female, in horizontal position, head northwest, depth 16 inches. Rev. Stephen Bowers, of Kansas, a well-known archaeologist, and Dr. H. H. Hill visited the grounds, and spent the da}^ in excavating and examining the relics exhumed. Mr. Bowers' opinion that there are many indications of a high antiquity for these remains, and that the ash pits maj^ have been temporary burial places, is entitled to great weight, and coincides with the writer's views as expressed on a previous page. May 15th, skeleton No. 457, an adult female, 5 feet 3 inches in length, was exhumed; position horizontal, head east, depth 22 inches. Skeleton No. 458 was also an adult female, in same position, head south, length 4 feet 10 inches, depth 24 inches. A small vessel was taken from near the top of the cranium. Parallel with this skeleton, and one foot ten inches west, lay skeleton No. 459, an adult male, length 5 feet 8 inches, depth 14 inches. At the left side of the head was found the fragments of a very large vessel. Archceological Explorations near JIacUsonville, Ohio. 215 Monda}^ May 17tli, an adult male skeleton (No. 460) was found, in horizontal position, head south, length 5 feet 8 inches, depth 19 inches. Skeleton No. 461 was an adult female, 5 feet 2 inches in length, also in horizontal position, with head directed south. At the feet of this skeleton a vessel was found. Skeleton No. 462 was immature, probably 15 years of age, in hori- zontal position, head southeast, and was found immediatel}^ under the preceding skeleton, at a depth of 24 inches. Two shell ornaments were taken from near the neck. Tuesday, May 18th, a group of six skeletons was discovered disposed in a very singular manner. No. 463 was an adult female, in horizontal position, head south, with hands folded over pelvis; length 5 feet, depth 28 inches. A vessel at the right side of the head. Immediately under this skeleton, at a depth of 40 inches, was skeleton No. 464, an adult male, 5 feet 6 inches in length, in horizontal position, head north. A small stone pipe was found among the bones of the I'ight hand. tTust east of the above skeleton, at the same depth, the skeletons of four children, ranging from four to six 3'ears of age, were found; two of these skeletons lay with feet close together, near the humerus of the adult skeleton, with the head of one directed northeast and the other southeast. The other pair lay with feet close to the tibia of the adult, one with head east, and the other with head directed southeast. The earth above these remains was baked hard, and in several places of a brick-red color; the leaf mold over this group was but six inches in depth, while on either side of the excavation this layer measured 16 inches. On Thursday, May 20th, another as^h pit, with the circular excava- tion in the bottom, was explored; diameter 3 feet 8 inches, depth 6 feet 5 inches, exclusive of the depression. The first layer of leaf mold and sand was 27 inches, next 30 inches of ashes and sand, containing the usual animal remains, shells, etc.; the third la3^er was about 11 inches of yellow sand. The circular excavation was 9 inches deep, and filled with pure white ashes, and covered with a thin la3'er of burnt lime- stones. On Saturdaj', Ma}' 22d, an ash pit was discovert under a large mulberr}^ tree, and could not be explored. Four skeletons were also exhumed. No. 469, immature, probably 6 years of age, in horizontal position, head south, depth 26 inches. Skeleton "No. 470, an adult male, in a doubled up position, head north, depth 22 inches. No. 471 was an adult female, 5 feet in length, in horizontal position, head north, depth 28 inches, with a vessel at the right of the cranium. Directly 216 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. under this skeleton was No. 472, an adult male, *5 feet 6 inches in length, in same position. The occiput of the upper skeleton rested in a broken vessel, which undoubtedly had been crushed between the two skulls. The fragments of this vessel (see fig. 38) were all gathered, and Fig. 38. Vessel with Salamander Ornamentation. One third size, it has since been restored. ^ The Salamander-like ornamentation of this vessel is entirely new and peculiar to this cemetery. Several fragments and handles of vessels have been found, representing four or five spe- cies of the Salamandridoe or other Urodela. Monda3^, ^^^y 24th, an ash pit was explored, and four skeletons dis- covered. No. 473, an adult female, 5 feet 3 inches in length, position horizontal, head east, depth 23 inches. No. 474, an adult male, 5 feet 5 inches in length, in same position and direction, depth 24 inches. A vessel was found at the left of the cranium. Skeleton No. 475, also an adult male, in horizontal position, head east, depth, 22 inches. A broken vessel also at the left of the head. No. 476 was the skeleton of a small child, not over two 3'ears of age, lying parallel with the preceding skeleton. With these remains a small strip of copper was found lying on the chest. On Tuesday, May 25th, seven skeletons, of which five were children and two adults, #ere exhumed. Skeleton No. 477, a child, probably 3 years of age, in horizontal position, head northeast, depth 32 inches; vessel at top of the head. Skeleton No. 47S was another child of about the same age, with head south, depth 26 inches; vessel at the right of the head. No. 479, an adult female, 5 feet 3 inches in length, in horizontal position, head south, depth 29 inches; a broken vessel at the right of the head. Archa'ological Explorations near lladisonville, Ohio. 217 Skeleton No. 480 was a veiy small child, lying parallel with the head of the preceding- skeleton. No. 481, a child, about two years of age, lying parallel with the femur of the adult female. An inverted broken vessel was found with these remains. Skeleton No. 482 was also an adult female, 4 feet 6 inches in length, in horizontal position, head south, depth 14 inches: a broken vessel at the right of the head. Lying along the inside of the right leg of this skeleton was the remains of an infant, not exceeding one year old. May 26th, skeleton No. 484 was^ an adult male, 5 feet 6 inches in length, in horizontal position, head south, depth 25 inches; a vessel at the left side of the head. Skeleton No. 485, an adult female, in hori- zontal position, head east, depth 21 inches, and overlying the lower ex- tremities of the preceding skeleton. No. 486 was also an adult female, in horizontal position, head south, depth 19 inches. May 28th, the skeleton of a child (No. 487) was exhumed; position horizontal, head south, depth 19 inches. A broken vessel at the left of the cranium. Monday, May 31st, three skeletons exhumed. No. 488 was an adult female, 5 feet 5 inches in length, in horizontal position, head south, depth 25 inches; vessel at the right of the cranium. Lying along the right arm, the remains of a child, about two years of age, were found. Skeleton No. 490 was an adult male, 5 feet 4 inches in length, in hori- zontal position, head east, lying with the hips over the lower extremi- ties of No. 488; the left hand was placed over the pelvis, while the other arm was parallel with the trunk. A perfect vessel was found at the right of the head, and fragments of another were at the left side. Skeleton No. 491 was discovered on Tuesday, June 1st, an adult female, 4 feet 11 inches in length; position horizontal, head east, depth 21 inches. Vessel at the right, of the head. No. 492 was a child, probabl}^ 4 years of age, lying parallel with the above, at a depth of 19 inches. June 2d, No. 493, a small child; bones so much deca^^ed that neither length nor position could be satisfactorily determined. A vessel and three deerhorn arrow-flakers were found with these remains. June 4th, three skeletons exhumed. No. 494 was an adult female, 4 feet 7 inches in length, in horizontal position, head north, depth 12 inches. With these remains was found two bone beads at the neck, and along the spinal column, extending to the lower extremities, and on the chest, a large number of copper beads; sixty-seven were picked up at first, and on further search about the skeleton and in the earth 218 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. thrown out of the excavation, twenty-one others were found, making- eight}' -eight in all. Most of these beads were of the usual form, mere rolls of copper, while others were formed from strips of copper about two inches in length, rolled spirally, or twisted into a wire and made into a spiral, spring-shaped bead. A small, perfect vessel, with Salamander ornamentation, was found near the lower extremities (see fig. 39), and about a handful of charred Fig. 39. Vessel with Salamander Handles. One third size. corn was found near the cranium. No. 495 was an adult male, 5 feet 4 in(ihes in length, in same position, and lying directl}^ under the above skeleton, at a depth of 15 inches. Skeleton No. 496, an adult female, length 4 feet 9 inches, in horizontal position, head south, depth 11 inches, was found about two feet west of the above. On Monday, June 7th, another ash pit, with the circular excavation, was explored, from which two rolls of copper, five bone beads, one un- grooved ax, a stone skin-dresser, a sandstone pipe (see fig. 40), several bone relics, and an unusual quantity of animal remains, shells, etc., were taken. June 8th, skeleton No. 497, the remains of a child about three years of age, was lying in horizontal position, head southwest, depth 16 inches. From this date to June 17th, nothing but ash pits were discovered; nine were opened and examined. A number of stone and bone relics of copper, and two pipes, were the results obtained from these pits. On June 17th, two skeletons were exhumed. No. 498 tvas a child, probably three years of age, in horizontal position, head south, depth 18 inches. No. 499, an adult female, 5 feet 3 inches in length, also in horizontal position, head south, depth 20 inches. Archcuological Explorations neai^ Jladisonville, Ohio. 219 Skeleton No. 500 was taken out on June 18th, and was the remains of an adult female, in horizontal position, head south, length 4 feet 10 incUes; the right hand was placed over the pelvic bones, and the left at the side paiallel with the bod}^ / Fig. 40. Sandstone Pipe. June 19th, an ash pit was opened, from which was taken a large semi-circular piece of copper about 1 inch wide, | thick, and 3^ inches in diameter, through which a large root, five inches in circumference, had grown. The copper was so imbedded and overgrown that it could not be removed until after the root became dry and shrunken. It has the appearance of native Lake Suj^erior ore, roughh' hammered into its present shape. Monda}', Jul}' 21st, skeleton No. 501, a child about three years of age, in horizontal position, head south, was found, at a depth of 16 inches. June 23d, an adult female skeleton (No. 502) was exhumed, length 5 feet, position horizontal, head south; lying on the left side, facing- west, both hands folded over the pelvis, depth 21 inches. From this date to June 30th, another series of ash pits was discovered, and eight opened. The usual relics and remains were found. The great quantity of copper found during the excavations of the past few weeks is very remarkable, more than one hundred pieces having been obtained. 220 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural History. The interest taken in onr explorations by the members, and the pecuniary assistance rendered by an appropriation from the funds of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, has enabled the Madison- ville Society A,o prosecute the work of excavation as rapidly as desirable. It has also resulted in placing in the Museum of the Cincinnati Society a fine collection of the crania from this cemetery, and one of the most complete series of prehistoric remains ever obtained from any one localit}^ SU3fMEB BIRDS OF A NORTHERN OHIO MARSH. By Frank W. Langdon. The birds mentioned in the following list were, with a few exceptions, elsewhere noted, observed by the writer in company with Mr. J. B. Porter of Glendale, Ohio, on the grounds of* the Wj^nou's Point Shoot- ing Club, near Port Clinton, Ottawa countv, Ohio, during the week ending July 4, 1880. This locality, comprising some nine or ten thousand acres of marsh, situated at the head of Sandusk}^ Ba}-, and overgrown with flags* bul- rushes, cane-grass, water-lilies and other characteristic aquatic vege- tation, is doubtless a summer resort for nearly all species of "water" birds which breed in the State, and several species were probably over- looked owing to the limited period of time at our disposal. At the time mentioned, however, nearly all the water birds observed were breeding, the eggs taken being mainh", if not entirely, those of the second brood, as we ascertained from a resident who had taken the eggs of the Coot, Florida Gallinule and Black Tern a full month pre- vious ; and as was indicated by the fact that at the time of our visit the first brood of the Swamp Blackbird, Long-billed Marsh Wren, Black Tern and White-bellied Swallow were observed on the wing. As liltle or nothing has heretofore been published regarding the breeding habits and localities of water-birds in Ohio, it is hoped that the observations herein recorded may be an acceptable contribution to the subject. In order to complete the list of the summer birds of the locality- as far as practicable, a list is also given of the " land " birds observed on the borders of the marsh; several species are included on the authority of Mr. J. B. Porter, he having observed them during this or previous summers. Summer Birds of a Northern Ohio Marsh. 221 The absence from the list of such species as the Tufted Titmouse, Great Carolina Wren, Yellow-breasted Chat, Redstart, and our two Tanagers, is noticeable in view of their comparative abundance in Southern Ohio; but in some cases of course this absence may only indicate failure of observation, owing to comparative rarit}^ of the spe- cies at the locality under consideration. • The thanks of the writer are due to the above-mentioned Club for various privileges accorded during his stay; to Mr. J. H. Porter for the use of boats and other conveniences, and to Mr. J. B. Porter, whose knowledge of the locality and of its birds was an invaluable aid in our observations and collections. For the nomenclature, such standard works as Dr. Coues' " Key to North American Birds," and "Birds of the Colorado Valley," and Baird, Brewer & Ridgway's " History of North American Birds," have been consulted. Some recent changes have been adopted from the cur- rent ornithological literature, notably that contained in the " Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club." LAND BIRDS, Order Passeres : Perchers. Sub-order Oscines: Singing Perchers. Famih^ Turdid^: The Thrushes. 1. TuRDUS MUSTELiNUS, Gmclin. — Wood Thrush. — A few observed in the oroves bordering the marsh. 2. TuRDUS MiGRATORius, Linnasus. — Rohin. — Common. 3. Harporhynchus rufus, Cauanis. — Brown Thrasher. — Rather common. 4. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cabanis. — Catbird. Family Saxicolid.^: Bluebirds; Stonechats. 5. SiALiA siALis, Baird. — Eastern Bluebird. Family Sylviid^: Sylvias. 6. PoLioPTiLA c^RULEA, Sclatcr. — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — Evi- dentl3^ this species is here much less common than in Southern Ohio, as our only identification of it rests on the note of a single individual heard. Family Parid^: Titmice. 7. Parus carolinensis, Audubon. — Carolina Chicadee. {Porter.) 8. SiTTA CAROLINENSIS, Latham. — White-bellied Nuthatch. 222 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilistory. Family TROGLODYTiDiE : Wrens. 9. Troylodytes domesticus, Coues. — House Wren. — Breeds. {Por- ter. ) 10. Telmatodytes pall'Stris, Baircl. — Long -billed 3Iarsh Wren. — An abundant species, its livel}^ grasshopper-like notes resounding on all sides in the marsh. The nests, which are more or less globular or ovoid in shape, are neatly constructed of saw-grass, dried moss and bulrushes, and suspended from one to three feet above the water in a clump of flags or saw-grass. The entrance is at one side, and well con- cealed from view in the occupied nests. Five eggs appear to constitute a full set, although we took sets of four that were slightly incubated; and while most of those taken were fresh, or nearly so, a few sets were far advanced in incubation. (July 2d.) Man}^ empty nests of this species were found, at least two or three nests being observed to each pair of birds. In many cases the con- spicuous situation of these supernumary nests, and the well concealed one of the occupied ne^t near b}^ would seem to favor the supposition that the empt}^ structures were decoj' nests, built to deceive enemies; as the Wrens appear to be seldom disturbed however, this hypothesis can hardly be entertained. It seems more likely that they may be in- tended for lodging-places for the males and the first brood of young, or else are simply the result of that intense over-activity which seems to characterize the wholeWren family, and shows itself in our Carolina and House Wrens by their habit of almost invariably filling the cavity in which they nest, no matter how large it may be. We noticed a marked difference in compactness of structure between the supernumary and the occupied nests, the- former being invaiiably water-soaked after a hard rain, while the latter remained perfectly dry to the touch inside. Famih' Sylyicolid.e : American Warblers. 11. Dendrceca estiva, Baird. — Yellow Warbler. — A very common species in the willows bordering the marsh; young of the first brood observed on the wing. 12. SiuRUS N.EVIUS, Coues. — Small-billed Water Thrush. — One speci- men only observed; so close that there could be no question as to its identity. 13. Geothlypis trichas, C^\)2im^.— Maryland Yelloiv - throat. — Rather common, though not so abundant as would be expected consid- ering the adaptation of the locality to its habits. Summer Birds of a Northern Ohio Marsh. 223 Family Kirundinid^: Swallows. 14. Progne subis, Baird. — Purple Martin. 15. Petrochelidon lunifrons, Cabaiiis. — (JUff Swalloio. — Many ob- served carrying mud ; doubtless to repair their nests for the reception of the second brood. 16. Hirundo erythrogastra, Boddaert. — Barn Swallow. — Much less common" than the succeeding species. First brood on the wing, 17. Tachycineta bicolor, Cabanis. — White-bellied Stoallow. — An iibundant species ; the prevailing Swallow of the locality. Numerous young of the first brood observed on the wing in their peculiar silvery drab first plumage. On June 29th, a nest containing one addled egg and a 3'oung bird (probably of the second brood), was observed in a knot hole in an old snag, about two feet above the water ; with the exception of a thin layer of water moss and grass as a foundation, this nest was composed entirely of feathers, amongst which could be recog- nized those of tame geese, chickens, wild ducks, and the Great Blue Heron. 18. CoTYLE RiPARiA, Boic. — Bank Swallow. — A few onl}' observed. Family Vireonid^: Greenlets. 19. ViREO OLIVACEUS, Yicillot. — Bed-eyed Vireo. — Much less numerous than in southwestern Ohio, being evidentl}- replaced to a great extent b}' the Warbling Vireo which was exceedingly common, 20. Vireo gilvus, Bonaparte. — Warbling Vireo. — As above stated this species was found in considerable numbers, the woods and scat- tered groves on the borders of the marsh resounding with their musi- cal and somewhat plaintive notes. Family Ampelid^: Waxwings. 21. Ampelis cedrorum, Sclater. — Cedar Waxioing. — Observed breeding in 1878, by Mr. J. B. Porter. F.amily LAXiiDiE: Shrikes. 22. Lanius LUDoviciANUs excubitoroides, Coues. — White-rumped Shrike. — A single pair observed. Family Fringillid^: Finches, Sparrows^ etc. 23. Chrysomitris tristis, Bonaparte. — American Goldfinch; Thistle Bird. 24. Passer domesticus, Linnneus. — JEuropean House Sparrow. — Common at Port Clinton, within five or six miles of the marsh. 224 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 25. Pooc^TES GRAMiNEUS, Buii'd. — Baywiuged Bunting : Grass Finch. 26. Spizella pusilla, Bonaparte. — Field Sparrow. — Summer resi- dent. (Porter). 27. Spizella socialis, Bonaparte. — Chipping Sparrow. — Common. 28. Melospiza melodia, Baird. — Song Sparrow. — Common. 29. EuspizA AMERICANA, Bonaparte. — Black throated Bunting. — Three or four specimens observed and taken. 30. Cyanospiza cyanea, Baird. — Indigo Bird. — Very common. 31. Cardinalis virginiancs, Bonaparte. — Cardinal Redhird. — Not common ; only two or three individuals observed. 32. PiPiLo erythrophthalmus, Vieillot. — Towhee Finch ; Ground Rohin. {Porter.) Family Icteridje: Orioles. 33. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Swainson. — Bobolink. — A few speci- mens onl}^ observed. 34. MoLOTHRUs ATER, Gi'aj^ — Cowhird. — Common. 35. Agelaius phceniceus, Vieillot. — Swamp Blackbird ; Bed- Shouldered Blackbird. — As would be expected the Red-wings were abundant in the marsh, rising before us at every few yards from their nests, which are usuall}^ situated in the " sawgrass" or flags, within a foot or thereabouts of the water. At the time of our visit the young of the first brood were on the wing, and the second set of eggs had evidently not yet been completed in most cases, as most of the nests observed contained but two or three eggs, which were quite fresh. 36. Sturnella magna, Swainson. — 3Ieadow Lark. — Common. 37. Icterus spdrius, Bonaparte. — Orchard Oriole. — Common. 38. Icterus Baltimore, Dandin. — Baltimore Oriole. — Common. 39. Quiscalus purpureus ^neus, Eidgway. — Bronzed Grakle. — The several Crow Blackbirds shot, proved on inspection to be of this form. Family Corvid^: Crows, Jays, etc. 40. CoRVus AMERICANUS, Audubou. — Common Crow. Sub-order Clamatores: Non-melodious Passeres. Family Tyrannid^: Tyrant Flycatchers. 41. Tyrannus carolinensis, Baird. — Kingbird. — In the woods and groves bordering the marsh we met with this species in greater num- bers than I have ever seen it elsewhere; the}^ were not in flocks, but in some places almost ever}^ tree appeared to be occupied by a pair of Summer Birds of a Northern Ohio Marsh. 225 these vociferous insect-collectors. The abundance of the "deer fly" and other insect pests about the marsh at this season is such that the Kingbird is an exceedingly welcome addition to the fauna. 42. Myiarchus CRiNiTUS, Cabanis. — Great-crested Flycatcher. (Porter.) ^ 43. Sayornis fuscus, Baird. — Fewee. — In spite of the abundance of insect food we observed but a few of this species. 44. CoNTOPUs viRENS, Cabauis. — Wood Fewee. — Common. 45. Empidonax minimus, Baird. — Least Flycatcher. — One specimen taken. Order PiCARi^: Picarian and Syndactyle Birds. Family Alcedinidje : Kingfishers. 46. Ceryle alcyon, Boie. — Belted Kingfisher. — Common. Family Cypselid^: . Swifts. 47. Ch^tura pelagic a, Baird. — Chimney Swift. Family Cdculid^: Cuckoos. 48. CoccYGUS AMERiCANUS, Bonapai'tc. — Tellow-hilled Cuckoo. — (Porter.) Family Picidje : Woodpeckers. 49. Picus pubescens, Linnaeus. — Doimiy Woodpecker. 50. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swain son. — Bed headed Wood- pecker.— Common. 51. CoLAPTES AURATUS, Swaiusou. — FUckcr ; Golden-ivinged Wood- pecker. Order Raptores: Owls, Hawks and Vultures. Family Strigidje : Owls. 52. Scops asio, Bonaparte. — Mottled Owl; Screech Owl. — Two specimens, young of the year, taken; both were in the gray "phase" or plumage. Family Falconid^ : Falcons. 53. Falco sparverius, Linnaeus. — Spa7'row Haivk. 54. Nisus FUSCUS, Kaup. — Shaiy -shinned Hawk. — May, 1877. (Porter.) 55. Nisus coopERi, Bonaparte. — Cooper's Hawk. — May, 1877. (Porter.) 56. BuTEo BOREALis, VieiUot. — Red-tailed Hawk. (Porter.) 226 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 57. Haliaetus leucocephalus, Savigny. — American or White- headed Eayle. — Several specimens observed during our stay, flapping lazily over the marsh or taking a siesta on some projecting snag. A nest of this species which came under, or rather over our observation, appeared to be a globular mass of branches, twigs and cornstalks, about four or five feet in diameter, and was situated in an upright fork of an elm, about seven t\-five feet from the ground. We were informed that it had been occupied 'the previous year. Family Cathartid^: American Vultures. 58. Cathartes aura,' lUiger. — Turkey Vulture or Buzzard. — ( Porter. ) Order Columbje: Columbine Birds, Family Columbid^: Pigeons. 59. Zen^dura carolinensis, Bonaparte. — Carolina Turtle Dove. — Nest containing haif-fledged young observed Julj^ 2d. Order Galling: Gallinaceus Birds. Family Meleagrid^e: Turkeys. 60. Meleagris GALLOPAVo, Linngeus. — Wild Turkey. — Rare. {Por- ter.) Family Tetraonid^: Grouse. 61. Bonasa umb±.llus, Stephens. — Buffed Grouse. — Rare. {Porter.) Family Perdicid^: Partridges. 62. Ortyx virginianus, Bonaparte. — Quail. WATER BIRDS, Order LiMicoLiE: Shore Birds. Family Charadriid^: Plover. 63. -^GiALiTis vociFERA, Bonaparte. — Killdeer Plover. — Breeds, {Porter.) Family Scolopacid^: 8nipe. 64. Philohela minor, Gra}^ — American Woodcock. 6i). Gallinago wiLSONii, Bonaparte. — Wilson's Snipe; Jack Snipe. Several shot in July, 1878. {Porter.) 66. Tringa minutilla, Vieillot. — Least Sandpiper. {Porter.) Summer Birds of a JSFo^'thern Ohio Marsh. 227 67. ToTAxus MELANOLEUCUS, Vieillot. — Greater Yellow-legs. — July, 1879. {Porter.) 68. ToTANUS FLAViPES, VieiUot. — Lesser Tellow-legs. [Porter.) 69. ToTANUS soLiTAKius, AucUibon. — Solitary Sandpiper. — July, 1879-80. {Porter.) 70. Trixgoides macularius, Gray. — Spotted Sandpiper. — Common. Order Herodioxes: Heroxs, Ibises, etc. Family Ardeid^: Herons. 71. Ardea herodias, Linnyeus. — Great Blue Heron. — Very common, and as shy as usual. 72. Herodias egretta, Gray. — Great White Egret. — Usually com- mon in August and September. {Porter.) 73. BuTORiDES yirescens, Linnaeus. — Green Heron. — Breeds. {Por- ter. 74. BoTAURUs MixoR, Boic. — American Bittern, — A few specimens only observed. Breeds. ( Porter.) 75. Ardetta exilis, Gray. — Least Bittern. — Quite common, fre- quenting- and nesting amongst the " deer-tongue" and "saw-grass," at a considerable distance from land. Judging from the depth of water in situations where they were most numerous, we inferred that they spend much of their time clinging to the tall aquatic grasses, and walking about on the lily "pads" in search of food. They uttered no sound when flushed, and flew as noiselessl}^ as owls. The nest is a rather bulky affair for the size of the bird, composed entirely of " saw- grass," a platform being constructed by bending a number of green blades toward a common center so that they cross each other at a height of fifteen or twenty inches from the water; this platform is slightly depressed in the center, and the depression lined with a few blades of dried grass of the same species as that used in the founda- tion. Four eggs, of a A^ery faint greenish-blue tint and rounded oval in shape, constitute a full set; those taken were incomplete, containing from two to thi-ee eggs., which were fresh and probably the second lay- ing of the season. They evidently build an entirely new nest for the second brood, as the grass was still fresh and green in those observed. Order Alectoroides : Craxes, Eails, etc. Family Rallid^: Rails. 76. Rallus elegaxs, Audubon. — King Rail; Fresh-water Marsh Hen. — One specimen taken by Mr. Porter, July 3d. 77. Porzaxa CAROLiXA, Cabauls. — Sora Rail. {Porter.) 228 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 78. Gallinula galeata, Bonaparte. — Florida Gallimde. — A veiy common species, breeding abundantly in tlie more open portions of the marsh. The nests are situated amongst the " saw grass," and con- structed of its dried blades. Their height varies, some almost resting on the water, while others are placed a foot or more above it and have an incline eight or ten inches in width, made of dried grass, extend ing from the nest to the water's edge, which makes them a conspicuous object where the surrounding vegetation is not too dense. Tlie dozen or so sets of eggs taken were in various stages of incubation, and a few young were observed following their parents. Tlie young, when a day or two old, are about the size of a newl}'- hatched domestic chicken, and when found in the open water are easily captured; they present a curious sight paddling for dear life, with their bright red and orange bills standing out in strong contrast with their sooty-black, down-cov- ered bodies. 79. FuLiCA AMERICANA, Gmcliu. — Coot; Mud Hen.— A few only ob- served, although we were informed that they are numbered by thousands in the early fall. A nest containing two fresh eggs on June 29th, was situated about six inches above the water, and constructed of the same material (dried saw-grass) as the Gallinule nests, but was rather flatter and considerably larger. Order Lamellirostres: Geese, Ducks, etc. Famih" Anatid^: Swan, Geese and Ducks. 80. Branta canadensis. Gray. — Common Wild Goose; Canada Goose. — Mr. Porter informs me that individuals of this species are frequentl}^ seen n the marsh in summer, having probably been crippled during the shooting season and thereb}^ prevented from migrating. 81. Anas boschas, Linnseus. — llallard Duck. — Breeds. (Porter.) 82. Querquedula discors, Stephens. — Blue-winged Teal. — Breeds; eggs taken in June. (Porter.) 83. FuLiGULA affinis, E3^ton. — Lesser Scaup Duck. — Small flocks observed daih' during our stay. One individual, in a helpless condi- tion, floated np to the dock, and was brought ashore by. a retriever very gentl}', but died in a few hours, although no marks of shot or vio- lence were discoverable on careful search post-mortem. Its stomach contained a few ants and other insects, and some young shells of a species of Sphmrium. 84. FuLiGULA FERiNA AMERICANA, Coucs. — Red-hcaded Duck; American Pochard. — One specimen, a male, taken June 28, 1879, by Mr. Porter. Summer Birds of a Northern Ohio Jlarsh. 229 85. FuLiGULA VALLiSNERiA, Stephens. — Canvas back Duck, — Of occasional occurrence in summer. (Porter.) 86. BucEPHALA ALBEOLA, Baircl. — Dipper Duck; Butterball. — Fre- quently seen and taken in summer. (Porter.) 87. Mergus 3IERGANSER, Linuieus. — Shell drake; Goosander. — One specimen observed, evidently disabled, thougti still capable of dis- tancing a sail-boat, assisted by a "cedar breeze" as we found by ex- periment. He did not attempt to dive, but paddling with both feet and wings, at times almost or quite raising himself clear of the water, he led us a stern chase of about three miles, until the failing breeze and approaching twilight forced us to abandon the race with a high opinion of his powers of endurance. 88. Mergus serrator, Linnaeus. — Red-hreasted 31erganser. — Iden- tified in summer by Mr. Porter. Order Steganopodes: Pelicans, Cormorants, etc. Famil}' Pelecanid^ : Pelicans. 89. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, Latham. — White Pelican. — One or two instances of the occurrence of this species in summer are noted by Mr. Porter, Famil}^ Phalacrocoracid^ : Cormorants. 90. Graculus dilophus floridanus, Coues. — Florida or Double- crested Cormorant. — Two specimens, male and female, taken by Mr, Porter, in June, 1878. Order Longipenes : Gulls, Terns and Petrels. Famil}' Larid^e: Gulls and Terns. 91. Sterna hirundo, Linnseus. — Common Tern; Sea Swalloiv. — Four specimens taken and others observed b}^ Mr. Porter. We were informed that the "larger'' Terns (probably this species) are quite plentiful in the marsh during rough weather, which. drives them in from the lake. 92. Hydrochelidon lariformis, Coues. — Black Tern„ — A very common summer resident in the marsh; nesting, or rather laying its eggs on the little islands of deca^ang vegetation and mud formed by sunken muskrat houses. Three eggs constitute a full set, and they are apparently rolled about in the mud purposel}', until well coated, so as to hide the markings and thereby make them less conspicuous. In two or three instances onh^ did we observe any attempt at a nest, and these wt)uld not have been recoo-nized as such without the eo-os, con^ 230 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. sisting as the}' did of nierel}' a few fragments of grass or bulrushes so disposed as to prevent the eggs from rolling; in most cases the eggs rested in a slight depression on the bare mud. The sun appears to be their chief incubator, although the decaying vegetation of which the abandoned muskrat houses consist, doubtless play some part in the process. In no instance did we succeed in flushing a bird fiom the eggs^ although they would appear in pairs to the number of twent}' or thirt}^ and hover about within a few feet of our heads making a great outcrj^ when we approached their i))i'opert3% which was soon to be ours by right of discovery. At other times the birds were not at all gregari- ous, being usually observed foraging singl}' or in pairs. Several young of the 3'ear were taken, thus confirming the statement of the resident who informed us that he had taken numbers of the eggs of the first brood in ]^ia3^ Of the dozen or more sets of eggs taken b}^ us early in July, more than half were fresh or nearly' so. Order Pygopodes: Divers, Grebes and Auks. Family Colymbid^: Loons. 93. CoLYMBUS TORQUATus, Brunuich. — Great Northern Diver or Loon. — Three or four specimens observed in summer. [Porter.) Famil}' PoDiciPiD^: Grebes. 94. Podiceps cornutus, Latham. — Horned Grebe C^) — Two sets of eggs taken Jul}' 2d. I refer, with a querj-, to this species as the birds were not seen in either instance. They present such differences however, in shape, coloration and complementary number, that the}' can hardly be credited to P. podiceps^ and I therefore prefer to consider them under the head of P. cornutus, for the present at least. These eggs are chalky-white, with a faint, though definite, tinge of pale bluish-green, much like the tint of the Least Bittern's eg^, and very unlike the pale whitey-brown of the eggs of P. podiceps ob- served by us; they are also more elongated in shape than the ordinary egg of P. podiceps^ and taper nearly equally toward both ends, which are decidedly pointed, rather more so than the eggs of P.podi- ceps; another important point of distinction is the number in a full set, which is apparently but two, the complement of P. podiceps being from four to eight. That our sets were probably full is indicated by the fact that one of them contained fully developed young, which swam, and even attempted to dive, on being placed in the water after removal from the Qgg. The nests were similar to those of P. podiceps described below, and the eggs were covered in like manner with decay- ing vegetation during the day and left for the sun to incubate. Suminer Birds of a Northern Ohio JIarsh. 231 The 3'oiing removed from these eggs presented slight, but constant differences in the head and neck-markings, and the size of the bill, as compared with the 3'oung of P.j^odiceps, obtained in the same manner, those supposed to be P. cornutus being smaller, with more slender bills, less blotching about the head and neck, and none in the median line of throat. Mr. Porter has repeatedly taken similar eggs, two in a set, during the past four or five years, but owing to the absence of the parent bird during the da3', and its sh^-ness at night, has been unable to identify it. 95. PoDiLYMBDS PODiCEPS, Lawrcucc. — Pied-hilled Grebe; Water Witch; Dabchick. — As more or less doubt appears to prevail in regard to the building of floating nests b}' members of the Grebe familv, I de- sire here to testify to the fact that the nest of the present species does float, notwithstanding the skeptical '''it is said'''' of Dr. Coues, in his remarks on the nidification of the family.* The little floating island of deca^^ing vegetation held together by mud and moss, which constitutes the nest of this species, is a veritable ornithological curiosit}^ Imagine a ''pancake" of what appears to be mud, measuring twelve or fifteen inches in diameter, and rising two or three inches above the water, wdiich ma}^ be from one to three feet in depth; anchor it to the bottom with a few concealed blades of "saw- grass," in a little open bay, leaving its circumference entirely free; re- move a mass of wet muck from its rounded top and you expose seven or eight soiled brownish-white eggs, resting in a depression the bottom of which is less than an inch from the water; the whole mass is con- stantl}' damp. This is the nest of the Dabchick, who is out foraging in the marsh, or perhaps is anxiously watching us from some safe cover near by. The anchoring -blades of coarse saw-grass or flags, being always longer than is necessary to reach the bottom, permit of considerable lateral and vertical movement of the nest, and so eflTectually provide against drowning of the eggs by any ordinary rise in the water-level such as frequentl}^ occurs during the prevalance of strong easterly winds on the lake. A small bunch of saw-grass alread}^ growing in a suitable situation is evidently selected as a nucleus for the nest, and the tops bent so as to form part of it. During the day we invariablj' found the eggs concealed b}^ a cover- ing of muck as above described, but, as we ascertained by repeated * " The Best is formed of matted vegetation, close to the water, or even, it is said, float- ing amongst aquatic plants." (Key to North American Birds, p. 335.) 232 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. visits at night and in the early morning, the}^ are uncovered at dusk by the bird who incubates them until the morning sun relieves her of her task. The complement of eggs is usually seven, but we took one set of eight. The above description applies equalh^ well to any of the six nests observed by us, and to the dozens observed by Mr. Porter at the same locality, during the past four or five years; he notes, however, a few instances in which the nest instead of being entirely free at its cir- cumference, as above described, was held in place b}^ the surrounding *' deer-tongue" (Saggitaria?). DESCRIPTIOIT OF FOUR NEW SPECIES AND A NEW VARIETY OF SILURIAN FOSSILS, AND REMARKS UPON OTHERS. By S. A. Miller, Esq. EUCALYPTOCRINUS DEPRESSCS, U. Sp. Plate VII.. flg. 1, side view of the calyx; fig. la, basal view of the calyx; fig. lb, dome and the canal leading from the dome to the top. The calyx of this species is remarkably short and deeply depressed below. The depression at the place of the columnar attachment is equal to the height of thecal3^x, and the cavity embraces the first radial plates. The height of the calyx is less than half its diameter. The first radials are large hexagonal plates. The second radials are small sub-quadrangular plates, much wider than long, and having the longer side at the base. The third radials are hexagonal, wider than long, and having the longer side resting upon the second radials. The large interradial has ten nearl}- equal sides, but as the angles are obtuse the form is nearl3' circular. It supports upon the upper sides the two interradials that support interbrachials. The dome iiinnediateh^ covering the cavitj- of the calyx has a height almost equal to its diameter or nearl}^ twice as great as the height of the calyx. The canal leading from the dome to the top of the inter- brachials expands toward the upper end. This species is readily distinguished from others by the extremely short calj'x, deeply depressed base, and prominent dome. It will not be mistaken for E. corniitus var. excavatus, because the latter has a pentagonal excavation at the base, and is otherwise far removed from it. Description of Four JSFgw Species, etc, 233 Collected at Cicero and Bridgeport, near Chicago, Illinois, in magnesian limestone of the age of the Niagara Group, b}^ W. C. Egan, Esq., of Chicago. Glyptocrinds shafferi, var. germanus, n. var. riate VII., fig. 2, view of a specimen, natural size, showing the bifurcation of the arms on the twelfth plate; fig. 2a, the same magnified. This beautiful little variet}- is more slender and elongated than the t3'pe of G^. shafferi, and the free arms bifurcate on the twelfth plate in- stead of the ninth plate as in that species. The body is also more robust in the species than in the variety. The plates in this variety are smooth and without any evidence of ever having been sculptured. The basal plates are minute, being only visible with the aid of a magnifier. The first vadials are heptagonal, and larger than the succeeding radials. The second radials are small and hexagonal. The third radials are pentagonal, and support on the upper sloping sides the free arms. The first interradials are hexag- onal. These are succeeded by two small interradials, and upon the azygous side there are several more. The arm plates bear strong- pinnules. The specimens illustrated are in my collection, and were found in the Hudson River Group, at Cincinnati, at an elevation of less than 400 feet above low-water mark in the Ohio river. Glyptocrinus shafferi (S. a. Miller). Plate VII., fig. 3, specimen natural size ; fig. 3a, the same raagnifieil; fig. 3&, the column of this species wound around another crinoid column and terminating in a point; fig. 8c, the same magnified. This species was described in the Cincinnati Quarterl^^ Journal of Science, Vol. 2, p. 277 (1875), but the wood-cut illustration was in- »correct. The species is readily distinguished b}' its small size, short calyx, coarse pinnules, and banded column. I have not reproduced the t3'pe specimen but have chosen another because it shows part of the column. The column tapers to a point at the lower eml, and therefore the species did not attach by a flattened base as Heterocrinus simplex, and II. heterodactijlus attached, nor b}" roots as Anomalocrinus incurvus did. It was a free crinoid that attached itself to other objects at will, b}^ means of an extremely flexible column. The specimen illustrated shows this character. We have the tapering end of this species wound around a crinoid column of a distinct species, almost as neat as a thread can be wound upon a spool. The column gradually tapers as it coils, until it becomes so small as to be scp^rcely visible to the naked 234 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 63-6, the larger plates of the column which give it that banded ap- pearance, or make it resemble a string of small spools, graduall}^ di- minish and before the column terminates it becomes as smooth as a silken thread. It has long been a question whether or not an}^ species in the genus Glyptocrinus was possessed of a base or roots, or whether, on the other hand, they were free in their habits. And this is the first in- stance where any positive information has been furnished on the sub- ject. AYe now know that at least one species in this genus was free in its habits, floated or drifted in the waters of the ocean, and attached itself, temporaril}^ b}^ means of its remarkabh' flexible and tapering column. The specimens illustrated are in my collection, and were found in the Hudson River Group, at Cincinnati, at an elevation of about 360 feet above low-water mark. Glyptocrinus baeri (Meek). Plate VII., fig. 3, view of the plates which cover the top of the calj-x. The specimen illustrated is from the collection of I. H. Harris, Esq., of Waynesville, Ohio. It was found in the upper part of the Hudson River Group near that place. The plates are thin, angular and nu- merous, and each one is possessed of a little conical central elevation. LiCHENOCRIXCS DUBIUS, U. Sp. Plate VII., fig. 4, view of the column and part of the head, natural size; fig. in, magnified view. The liead is robust and covered with conical elevations. The plates are more numerous than in L. crateriformis, and the}^ are thrown into elevations and depressions on the surface, which, if not abnormal, will alone distinguish this from all other species. The column, in comparison with that of L. crateriformis, is short and thick. For a distance of one inch from the head, the column is fluted-pentagonal, the depressions being at the point of union of the interlocking pieces. At the distance of an inch from the head the column is abruptl}^ contracted and changed to a plain pentagonal form. From this point the column gradually tapers and chang'es from the pentagonal to circular form, so that at the distance of one and one fourth inches from the head the column is round and smooth. Our specimen shows but little of the circular part of the column, but we may fairh' infer from the tapering character of the column that the total length did not much exceed one and a half inches. I collected this specimen about five years ago in the lower part of PLATE VIZ. PAGE. Fig. 1. EUCALYPTOCRINUS DEPRESSUS, n. sp.— Side view of the calyx, . . 232 la. Basal view of the calyx showing the depression. 16. Cast of the dome, and the canal leading from the dome to the top. Fig. 2. Glyptocrinus shafferi, var. germanus, n. var.— View of a specimen, natural size, and showing the bifurcation of the free arms on the twelth plate, 233 2a. The same specimen magnified. Fig. 3. Glyptocrinus shafferi (S. A. Miller).— Natural size, and distin- guished from the variety by the bifurcation on the ninth plate. It also shows the character of the column, 233 3a. The same specimen magnified. 36. The lower end of the column wound around another crinoid column and terminating in a point, demonstrating that this species was without roots or base, but attached by the end of its flexible column. 3c The same magnified. Fig. 4. Glyptocrinus baeri (Meek).— Showing the character of the plates that cover the cavity of ihe calyx. The specimen is flattened and the arms are removed so as to show the plates spread out. Only part of them are illustrated, 234 Fig. 5. Lichenocrinus dubius, n. sp. — View of the column and part of the head, natural size, ; . . . . 234 oa. The same magnified . Fig. 6. Dendrocrinus navigiolum, n. sp.— Specimen natural size, . . 235 6a. The same specimen magnified. Fig. 7. Orthoceras dyeri (S. A. Miller).— Natural size. .... 236 ^^^^^^flielii0wmx;li0f'% ®»^«»3C8^^^ §k^t0m ^^^^^ ^ KBEBS LITHOSRAPHINGCO CINCINNATI Description oj Four JSfew Sj^ecies, etc. 235 the Hudson River Group at CincinDnti, at an elevation of about 140 feet above low- water mark. It is the onl}^ one that I have seen. Some- times I have thought that it is abnormal and might be L. craterifor- mis.hwt as there are more plates in the head of it than belong to that species, and as the head is thrown into elevations and depressions, that are not the result of disturbance occasioned by any rough surface to which it may have attached (it is now attached to the plane surface of a palmate coral), and as the column is so distinct, I have ventured to propose for it a distinct specific name. The peculiar characters of the head are not verj- well shown in the engraving. I suppose that all species in this genus were free in their habits, and floated with the head downward, but attached to clay stones, shells and corals b}" the entire lower surface of the head whenever so-dis- posed. The column was free and used to direct and guide the course of the animal through the water, and perform such other functions as were performed by the columns of other floating crinoids, except that it was never used for purposes of attachment. The animals were gregarious in their habits, for we not unfrequently find a dozen or more attached to a single claystone, and sometimes the}'' encroached upon each other and piled more or less one upon another. It is probable that they" remained attached to some foreign body the greater part of the time, but the manner in which they are sometimes found, piled upon each other, shows, not that they grew in that wa}^, but that thc}^ floated and attached in that manner, b}' accident. In some cases, it appears as if one specimen had first attached itself to a clay stone, and afterward another in attempting to attach itself to the same object, extended itself over upon -the body of the one first attaching when the latter withdrew the i'>art so covered. This appearance of contracting and withdrawing part of the bodj' is not of unfrequent occurrence. The head was evidentlj' ver}^ flexible and capable of a wide expansion over a smooth surface, but always covering much less space when the sur- face to which it attached was rough or irregular. Dendrocrinus navigiolum, n. sp. Plate VII., lig. ^K, spe^imcQ, natural size; fig. Xa, the same magnified. ^• This is a small delicate species. The head is obpj'ramidal. It is distinctly pentagonal at the junction with the column, and sub-pen t agonal above. The basal plates are pentagonal, longer than wide, and together form the distinctly pentagonal base of the bod\'. Subradials hexag- onal, larger than the basal s, and much longer than wide. First radials shorter and wider than the subradials, and having a general heptag- 236 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. oiial outline. In the onl}'' arm preserved in our specimen the fii'st bi- furcation takes place on the sixth plate from the first radial. Column pentagonal at the bod}', but graduall}' changing to cylindri- cal below. In the length preserved in our specimen, it has tapered to one half the size at the body, and from the appearance, I infer that the column in this species is short and tapers to a point. The species is founded upon the specimen illustrated, which I found in rocks of the age of the Utica Slate, within six feet of low- water mark of the Ohio river, in the first ward of Cincinnati. It bears some re- semblance to Dendrocrinus dyeri (Meek), but may be distinguished by the more angular outline of the body, greater diameter at the first radials, and also b}' the form of the plates. Orthoceras dyeri (S. a. Miller). Plate VII., fig. 7, external view, natural size. This species was .described in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. 2, p. 125 (1875). and illustrated by a sectional view rep- resenting the si ph uncle. The shell is rapidl}^ tapering, chambers large, septa highly arched, and distant about one fifth the diameter of the shell. Siphuncle large, subcentral, and presenting the appearance of a string of oblate, spheroidal beads, having the same inclination as the septa between which the}' occur. Greatest diameter of the siphuncle nearly one third thediameter of the shell. Chamber of habitation lai-ge. Some of the shell preserved upon the chamber of habitation indicates that the surface of the shell is smooth. It is readil}' distinguished from other species found in our rocks, by the rapidly tapering shell and the great distance between the septa, and in cut sections b\' the form of the siphuncle. It is, however, a rare species. The specimen illustrated is from my collection, and was found in the Hudson River Group, near the top of the hill west of the city of Cincinnati, at an elevation of about 400 feet above low-water mark of the Ohio river. PaL.E ASTER CLARKANA, U. Sp. In July, 1878 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 102, pi. 3, fig. 5), I described a small Palseaster under the name of Paloiaster clarkei. It appears, however, that this name was preoccupied b}' de Konninck, in 1876 (Recherches sur les FossilesPaleozoiques de laNouvelle-Galles du Sud. p. 106, pi. 7, fig. 6 and ^a). Such being the fact, 1 now pro- pose, for the species which I described as Paloiaster clarkei, the name Palceaster clarkana. THE JOURNAL CENCINNATI, JANUARY, 1881. VOL. iir, No. 4. PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Tuesday Evening, October 5, 1880. Dr. R. M. B^'rnes, President, in the chair. Present, 20 members. Dr. Charles P. Wilson was elected a member of the Society. Prof. G. W. Harper spoke of the multitude of a species of beetle of the f ami 1}^ Scarabidce, which he observed near Newcastle, Indiana, and of the terrible slaughter they made of each other in the wars which he saw prevailing among them. Dr. F. W. Langdon read, by title, a paper on the Mammalia of the vicinity of Cincinnati. The caves of Kentucky and Indiana, and the forces which exca- vated them, were considered and discussed by several members. Donations were received as follows : From E. R. Quick, a specimen of Synaptomys cooper i^ collected near Brookville, Indiana; from Dr. A. E. Heigh way, apiece of wood from the blue cla}^ of the Drift, near Oxford, Ohio, from Rev. G. W. Dubois, a beetle, Collosoma scrutator ; from W. C. Egan, of Chicago, 111., specimens of Eucalyptocrinus depressiis. Tuesday Evening, November 2, 1880. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, President, in the chair. Present, 24 members. Joseph F. James read a paper by Dr. Warder, relating to the general appearance of the woods, as noticed in Kentucky and Ten- nessee, while passing in a train over the Cincinnati Southern Rail- road. Prof. J. W. Hall, Jr., read a communication upon the donation to the Society of a large collection of Coal Measure fossil plants, by the oflScers of the Rockwood Furnace, Roan count}^ Tennessee. Donations were received as follows : Irom Robert Clarke, the followina^ books : The Lake Dwellins^s of 238 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Switzerland, by Keller ; The History of Inventions, in 4 vols., by Beekmann ; and the Antediluvian Ph3'tology, b}^ Artis ; also, from same donor, a shrew from Colorada ; from Dr. D. S. Young, a pouched gopher ; from James L. Ruffin, three snakes,^ in alcohol ; from J. W. Shorten, six young opossums, in alcohol ; from J. E. Fre}^ & Co., oyster shells with barnacles attached, and a singular mackerel from Pensacola, Florida ; from Dr. O. D. Norton, an Indian hoe, made from the scapula of an elk, and a small earthen vessel from Fort Berthold, Montana, and a specimen of Smerinthus modestus, from this vicinity ; and from the officers of the Rockwood Furnace, a col- lection of Coal Measure plants. Tuesday Evening, December 7, 1880. Dr. R. M. B3'rnes, President, in the chair. In the absence of the Secretary, W. A. Dun acted as Secretary pro tern. Present, 20 mem- bers. Mr. V. T. Chambers read, by title, two papers: " Two New Species of Entomostraca," and some new species of "Tineina;" and made some remarks upon the extensive development of foraminiferous Miocene strata, in California. Prof. R. B. Warder read a paper on the recent progress in chemical dynamics. Dr. Woodward, of Florida, througli Mr. Chas. Durj^, presented a box of the seeds of the " cabbage tree" (Sabal palmetto), containing beetles {Caryohorus arthriticus), an insect belonging to the famil}^ BrucliidcB. Mr. Dury said that the larvse of this insect eats out the internal part of the seed as the ''pea weevil" [Bruchus pisi) eats the pea. Of in- terest, in connection with these specimens is the fact that all of the insects were presented toward the opening with tail foremost, allowing them to use their powerful enlarged femurs of the posterior legs with which to kick out. Suggesting one use, at least, of this modification (action of evolution or creative eccentricity) other than their perplex- ing habit of jumping out of reach when the hand of the "big hunter" is thrust out to seize them. Jos. F. James resigned as a corresponding member, and was elected to regular membership. Prof. Mickelborough made some remarks upon part of the skull of a horse that had recently been presented to the Societ3\ Dr. W. A. Dun and V. T. Chambers made remarks upon the evolu- tions of crustaceans b}" changing the condition of their habitat. Prof. Ormond Stone made some remarks upon the uncertainty of the time indicated by chronometers; and said that Prof. J. B. Bailor has de- termined the magnetic declination of this locality to be, approximatelv, 2° 15' E. of N., at the Observatory. There is an established meridian at that place. On motion of Dr. J. F. Judge, a committee of three were appointed to report upon the advisability of organizing a chemical section, and if favorable to report a plan for the organization of the same. The chair appointed as such committee, Dr. J. F. Judge, S. A. Miller, and L. S. Cotton. Notices on the Floras of Cincinnati. 239 NOTICES OF THE FLORAS OF CINCINNATI, PUB- LISHED FHOM 1815 TO 1879, WITH SOME ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE CATALOGUE OF JOSEPH F. JAMES. B}^ Davis L. James. During the past sixt3^-five 3'ears, four floras of Cincinnati have been published. It is proposed to give some account of these, noting their especial features and extent, atthe.sanae time noticing some lists of more general scope, which are of value to the local botanist. To give an account of the botanists of early times in the west, though it would probably be of interest, would exceed the limits of our subject, and for the present, we will confine ourselves to the limits above stated. The first attempt toward a list of the plants growing in the immedi- ate vicinity of Cincinnati, was published by Dr. Daniel Drake,, in his Picture of Cincinnati, in the year 1815.* This list, alphabetically^ arranged, comprises 99 species, belonging to 59 genera, beside Several species and varieties of Prunus, Crataegus, Juglans, and Smilax men- tioned without specific names. There is in addition a list of 35 species useful in medicine, and not included in the previous list, and a long note on ^sculus maxima, a large form of M. glabra, but regarded by Dr. Drake as distinct. Some notes on the economic value of native plants, with a Floral Calendar, complete the notice of the botany of the Miami valleys. In 1835, Dr. J. L. Riddell published a synopsis of the plants of Ohio, and supplemented it by a list of additions, which, as stated on the title, was read March 16, 1836, before the Western Academy of Natural Sciences. These lists were published in the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences,! and re-issued in pamphlet form. This flora has very full notes of localities and habi- tats, and a flora of Cincinnati could be compiled from it. It was in- tended as a catalogue of the plants of the whole State, and, therefore, is not included in our enumeration. The same remark applies to Dr. Short's Catalogue of the Plants of Kentucky, printed in 1833, J two years before Riddell' s. =■■ Natural and Statistical View, or Picture of Cincinnati, and the Miami country. Illus- trated by Maps, by Daniel Drake. Cincinnati, 1815, pages 76, 90. t Volumes 8, 9 — 1834-5 The reprints are not obtainable. X Transylvania Journal of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. The catalogue will be found in volume 6th, and supplements in subsequent volumes. 240 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The second list is that of a collection made by Thos. G. Lea, during the ten years between 1833-44, and published in 1849, after his death. This is a catalogue par excellence, and has not for completeness been equaled by any of the local lists. It names nearly 1,150 species of plants, including about 698 species of Phenerogams belonging to 358 genera, and 515 species of Cryptogams, belonging to 167 genera, including 19 species of Ferns, 2 species Equisetacese, 89 species Musci, 16 species Hepaticse, 68 species Lichens, of which 4 were new to science, and about 320 species Fungi, of which about 50 species were new. The work of identifying the collection was divided between W. S. Sullivant, who arranged the Phenerogams, Mosses and Hepaticse; Ed. Tuckerman, the Lichens ; and the eminent fungologist, M. J. Berke- ley, whose notes on the new species, with descriptions, are added as foot notes to the catalogue. This list is very hard to obtain, and is valuable for the notes and descriptions above mentioned.* It is arranged according to the Natural System. The' third flora is that published under the title of— " A catalogue of flowering plants and ferns observed in the vicinit}^ of Cincinnati, by Joseph Clark, with an appendix by Robert Buchanan, adopted and published by the Western Academy of Natural Sciences," in 1852, three years after the publication of Mr. Lea's list. This contains a smaller number of species than that of Lea, numbering 368 genera, and 686 species (that of Lea numbering as above, 698 species). It is arranged alphabeticall}^ and continued the only check list till the appearance in April, 1879, of the fourth of our Cincinnati Floras, that of my brother. J. F. James. This list contains, arranged under the Natural or- ders, a greater number of species in the higher orders than an}' pre- vious list, and includes all the phenerogamous plants and ferns observed by Lea and Clark, as well as those collected and noted by the author and his friends. It names 1,220 species, including ferns and fungi. The list of Fungi is reprinted from Lea's list, with a few additions, and a revision of the nomenclature by Prof. Chas. H. Peck. The Phenero- o-ams alone number 869. or 171 more than Lea's. Another list printed, but not published, in Cincinnati, is sometimes spoken of in connection with Cincinnati Botany, that of the Clark Herbarium, by Miss Eachel Bodlej^, and printed in 1865. Those ■■■ The only copy knoAvn to the writer in this city, is in the collection of the Historical Society. Notices on the Floras of Cincinnati. 241 plants belonging to our flora are starred, and include a number which are not in INIr. Clark's catalogue before mentioned. This list was printed at the expense of the Rev. Geo. Maxwell, who now owns the Herbarium. It will be seen from the foregoing, that the study of Botany has not been neglected in our city, though there was a long interval, 27 years, between the appeai'ance of the Clark and James catalogues. The earl}^ botanists w^ere very industrious, as is shown by their thorough work in cataloguing the flora, but there is much ^-el to be done, and we are happy to say, that as interest in the study seems to be reviving, and that we ma}^ hope the needed work will soon be accomplished. The lower Cryptogams are almost unknown to local students. No list of our fresh water Algae has been prepared, and the catalogues of Fungi, Mosses and Lichens of the Lea collection, need revision. Of over one hundred species of Fungi, collected by the writer during the past year, nearl}^ one half do not appear in the Lea list, so we may confidently predict, tliat with thorough work, from 400 to 500 species will be found to belong to our local flora. To summarize, w^emay say that there have been collected and named as belonging to the Flora of Cincinnati, taking the James and Lea lists as a basis, 1,493 species, and safely conclude that when the neglected orders shall have been worked up, that we will have a list of from 1,800 ^.o 2,000 species of local plants. It is true that many species are rapidl}^ disappeariiig from the immediate vicinitj' of the citv, and this ma}^ reduce the number somewhat. In this connection one word to all true lovers of Nature's Garden: the ferns, many of the scarcer forms, are in danger of entire extinction from those who pre- tend to love them most, and it behooves all those in earnest for the preservation of Nature's favorites to look to it, and endeavor to pre- vent, b}^ personal protest, the reckless destruction of these beautiful examples of Nature's handiwork. Indeed, to us, laws protecting ferns and wild plants seem as reason- able and as necessary as those protecting game. For the information wiiich enables the writer to compile the fol- lowing list of corrections and additions to the catalogue of Joseph F. James, he must acknowledge his indebtedness to many fi'iends whose interest in botany and kindness to him make the work possible. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, Dr. H. H. Hill, and Dr. J. H. Hunt, have furnished specimens and information, as noted in the proper places ; and the names of Mr. T. W. Spurlock, and Miss Kate Peache3% of Loveland, deserve more than mere mention. Mr. Spurlock, a most enthusiastic 242 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. and devoted lover of nature, has most kindl}" allowed me the privilege of examining all his collections, which have been many and interest- ing ; and Miss Peachey has shown not only deep enthusiasm, but a keenness of observation seldom found among amateur botanists. Her industry during the past eighteen months, has added to our flora no less than five new species, and one new genus, beside discovering several forms which had escaped our notice, and appeared in the catalogue on the authority of Messrs. Lea and Clark. Since the above was written, Mr. C. G. LI03TI, the present Curator of Botany in the Society, has kindl3^ furnished us a transcript of his notes, which are included in the list that follows. These additions are, as will be seen, quite numerous, and we feel much gratified to be able, by his kindness, to record the finding of so many forms new to our published flora, viz : 19 new species, and 16 new identifications. These have all been identified b}^ Mr. Lloyd. All others have been sub- mitted to the writer b}^ the collectors named. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of Joseph F. James. (Note— The numbers refer to those of the catalogue.) RANUNCULACE^. 4 Anemone dicbotoma, L. Add. (A. pennsylvanica, L. Syn.) A^^OXACE^. 29 Asimina, Adams, should be Adans. PAPAVERACE.E. 36 Argemone Mexican a, L. Hed^e rows, Undercliff', L. M. R. R. CRUCIFER.E, 59a Hesperis matronalis, L. Storrs Township, Spurlock. 65 Dra'>a venia, L. Dr. Warder, Loekland, C. G. Lloyd. 65a ('?j Alyssum Lescurii, Gray. POLYGALACE^. 78a Polj'^gala sanorninea, L. Miss Peacliey, Loveland. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 80 Saponaria vaecaria, L. Dr. Hunt, Valley Junction. 82 Silene nivea, DC. Miss Peachey, Loveland. T. W. Spurloek's specimen was not S. nivea. 86a Silene noctiflora, L. C.G.Lloyd, Crittenden, Ky. HYPERICACE^. 101 Hypericum S|)aerocarpon, Michx. Common at Loveland. MALVACE^. 116a Hibiscus Trionum, L. Blad- der Ketmia. Miss Peachey. In gardens, Loveland. RUTACE.^. 121a Xanthoxylum Americanum. Mill. Northern Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree. C. G. Lloyd. ILICINE^. 123 Ilex verticellata, Gray. Miss Peachey, Loveland, Ohio. CELASTRACE^. 125a Euonymns Americanus, L. Var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray. T. W. Spurlock, Mt. Lookout woods. SAPINDACE^. 133 ^sculus flava, Ait. Dr. R. M. Byrnes. C.G.Lloyd. "Com- mon." ANACARDIACE^. 138 Rhus typhina, L. C. G. Lloyd. IToticcs on the Floras of Cincinnati. 243 LEGUMINOS^. 146a Trifolimn aojrarhiin, L. Yel- low or Hop Clover. Miss Peac'he\', Lovelaiid. 14G& T. prociuiibeiis, L. Low Hop Clover. 148a MedioHgo sativa, L. Lucerne. 156 Desmodium paucitlorain, DC. J. F. J., C. C. Llo\ d. 157 D. rotundifolium, DC. C. G. Lloyd. 159 D. cnspidatum, Torr. & Gray. J. F. James. lo9a D. l9eviojatum,DC. C.G.Lloyd. 164 & 165 Lespedfz I repeiis, and L. procunibens, should be united under L. repens. 177 Cassia obtusiloba, L., should be C. Tora, L. KOSACE^. 188 A^riraonia parviflora, Ait. N". I. Seott. 193a Potentilla arguta, Pursh. C. G. Lloyd. 202 Rosa Ineida, Ehrh., now R. parviflora, Ehrh. 206 Crataegus tomentosa, var. mollis. Gray. C. G. Lloyd. LYTHxIACEyE. 228a Cuphea viscossissima, Jacq. Miss Peac'hey, Loveland. Not uncommon. OXAGRACE^. 232a Jnssine I leptocarp'i. C.G.Lloyd. Found on a floating log at the mouth of the Licking river, probably not naturalized. UMBELLIFER^. 243 Caucalis anthriscus, Huds. T. W. Spurlock, Mt. Lookout. Common. Probably intro- duced with imported stock owned by Mr. Kilgour and others. Originally observed by Mr. Lloyd. 247 Archangelica hirsuta. " C. G. Lloyd, Crittenden, Ky. 251a Bupleurum rotundilolium, L. C. G. Lloyd. 256 Chaerophylium procumbers, should be C. procumbens. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 268a Sj'-mphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. ":N^aturalized." Mr. C. G. Lloyd. RUBIACE^. 277a Galium concinuura. C. G. Lloyd. "Common." 281 a Spermacoce glaba, Michx. C. G. Lloyd. COMPOSITE. 293a Eupatorium altissimum, L. Red Bank, L. M. R. R. 295 E. pertoliatum, L. A variety with leaves in whorls of three, collected bv T. W. Spurlock and Dr. Hill. 301a Aster undulatus, L. 305 A. ei-icoides var. villosus. 310 A. ^stivus, erase. 826a Solidago serotina, Ait. C. G. Lloyd. 351 Helianthus giganteus, L. J.F.J. 353 H. strumosus, L. C. G. Lloyd. 353a H. tracheliifolius, Willd. J. F. James. 360 Actinomeris helianthoides,Nutt. C. G. Lloyd. 378 Gnaphalium purpureum, L. C. G. Lloyd. Common. 386 Cnicus discolor, Spreng. C. G. Lloyd. LOBELIACE^. 408a Lobelia leptostachys, A. DC. C. G. Lloyd, at Crittenden, Ky. BIGNONACE^. 430a Catalpaspeciosa,Engelm. Spon- taneous from trees planted by Dr. Warder and others, at North Bend. OROBANCHACE^. 433 ConoDholis Americana, Wall- roth. Miss Peachey, Cedar Bank, L.M. river. C. G. Lloyd. Crittenden, Ky. 433a Aphyllon Ludovicianum, Gray, (Phelipciea Ludoviciana, Don.) Dr. J. H. Hunt, Great Miami river bank. SCROPHULARTACEyE. 439a Coll in son ia parviflora, Dougl. C. G. Lloyd, Crittenden, Ky. VERBENACE^. 464 Verbena angustifolia, Michx. , Miss Peachey, Loveland. This plant was placed in the list upon the authority of D. L. James, who had found but a single specimen. 244 Cincinnati Society of J^atural History. 468 V. bracteosa, Michx. C. G. Lloyd. "Common in the gut- ters ill Xewport, Ky." LABrAT.^. 481a Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth. Basil. C. G. Lloyd. 484a Salvia Ivrata, L. Lyre leaved SHj?e. Miss Peachey. Loveland, O. C. G. Lloyd, "Critcenden, Kv. 489 Blppbila ciliata,' Raf. C. G. Llo\ d, Crittenden, Ky. 497 Sen rell aria canescens, Nutt. C. G. Lloyd. SOLANACE^. 543 Xicandra physaloides, Gnertn. Miss Peachey. Cultivated grronnds. 546 "?" Datura metel, Locke. C. G. Lloyd. ^ ASCLEPIADACE^. 564a Gonolobns obliquus, R. Br. C. G. Lloyd. CHENOPODIACE^. 573 Chenopodium urbicum, L. C. G. Lloyd. AMARANTACE^. 581a Montelia tamaraecina, Gray. C. G. Lloyd. This pi-obably shouM be substituted for Ac- nida cannabina, in Clai k's car- aloorne. The latter is a salt mar^h plant. POLYGOXACE^. 585 Polygon nm lapathifolinm, Ait. (Clark's Catalogue) should be P. incarnatnm. Ell. 587a P. acre. H. B. K. EUPHORBIACE^. 616 Euphorbia obtusata, Pursh. C. G. Lloyd. 620a Croton capitatus, Michx, Mr. C. G. Lloyd discovered the locality. Have examined speci- mens collected by Mr. T. W. Sourlock. 620& Ph'yllanthusCarolinensis,Walt. C. G. Lloyd. URTPCACEvE. 633 Parietaria Pennsylvanica. Muhl. Miss Peachey. C. G. Lloyd. JUGLANDACE^. 641 Carya tomentosa, Nutt. C. G. Lioyd. SALICACE.5]. 662a Salix purpurea, L. C. G. Lloyd. ORGHEDACE.^. 698 Poffonia pendulM,Lindl.,St-anage, Dr. Hill, T. W. Spurlock and others, Mr. Lookout woods. 699 Liparis liiliifolia, Richard. Not uncommon in Mr. Lookout woods, but confined to small aieas. 704 Cypripcdinm pubescens. Willd. C. G. Lloyd. " Not uncommon at Crittenden, Ky." LILIACE^. 727 Lilinm snperbuin, L. C. G. Lloyd, Crittenden. 732 Allinni tricoccum, Kalni. Miss Peachey, Bond Hill, Loveland. CYPERACE^. 779 Should be Carex arida, Schvv. & Torr. GRAMINE^. 825a Sparfina cynosnroides. Willd. Storis Township, T. W. Spur- lock. 833a Poa annua, L. Loveland, Ohio. 866 Erianfhus alopecuroides, Ell. 866a Antlropogon furcatus, Muhl. Dr. Warder. 8666 A. scoparius, Michx. Dr. War- de--. 867 A. Virginicus, L. Loveland. EILICES. 877 Pteris aqnilina, L. C. G. Lloyd, Crittenden, Ky. 883 Camprosorns rliyz o p h y 1 1 u s. Link. Very rnre. Found by Dr. H. H. Hill, above Cali- fornia, Ohio. 886a A=pidinm spinulosum, Swartz. VMr. tvpicnm. T. W. Spurlock. 887 A. Goldianum, Hook. Mr. Spur- lock says has been found in Mt. Lookout woods. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. Incli'ding (Botrychium and Ophioijlossum.) 897 Botrychium ternatum, Swartz. Varieties obliqnum and dis- sectum, in woods back of Mt. Lookout, becoming rare owing to the dt^structive raids of the " Fern Hunters." Mesozoic and Ccvnozoic Geology and Palceontology. 245 THE C^JSfOZOIC AGE, OB TERTIARY PERIOD. By S. A. Miller, Esq. {^Continued from Vol. 3, page 202.^ When the words Primaiy, Secondaiy and Tertiary are used to dis. tingiiish geological subdivisions, the rocks are so comprehended as to leave none to which the word Quaternar}' can be properly applied. The organic remains of the Tertiary are likewise so completel}^ blended with the living organisms, that we can not distinguish a Quaternary age or period. The subdivision of the Tertiary, with reference to the survival of conchological species, into Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene and Post-pliocene, brings us to the living species as gradually as the spe- cies are found to change within any of the subdivisions of geological time, or witliin any of the minor subdivisions of the strata into groups. It is, therefore, evidently a mistake to use the word Quaternary, in a geological subdivision, with reference either to the rocks or their oi'ganic contents. The TertiarjM'ocks, generaih', consist of marls, clays, sands, or other friable material, filling depressions in the underlying rocks, and, though widel}^ distributed, seldom form hard continuous strata. This condi- tion of the rocks in Europe made it very difficult to determine the order of superposition, and led Deshayes to suggest, after having ex- amined 1,122 species of fossil shells from the Paris basin, and having identified only thirty-eight with the living, that a subdivision of the Tertiar}' might be based upon the relative proportion of the extinct and living species of shells. He drew up, in tabular form, lists of all the living shells known to him as occurring in Tertiary rocks, and sub- mitted the same to Mr. Lyell. The number of species of fossil shells examined by Deshayes was about three thousand, and the living spe- cies with which they were compared about five thousand. With this assistance, and that furnished by the works of Basterot and some Italian authors, Mr. Lj^ell, in 1833, estimated that, in the lower Ter- tiar}^ strata of London and Paris, 3^ per cent, of the species are iden- tical with the living; that, in the middle Tertiary of the Loire and Gironde, about 17 per cent, are living; that in the upper Tertiary, or Subappenine beds, from 35 to 50 per cent.; and that, in strata still more recent, in Sicil}', from 90 to 95 per cent. He proposed to call the lower Tertiary " Eocene," which signifies the dawn of the present state of things; the middle Tertiary " Miocene," which implies less recent; and the upper Tertiary " Pliocene," which means more recent. The ?46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Pliocene he subdivided iuto the Older Pliocene and Newer Pliocene. In the latter, out of 226 fossil species of shells, he found 216 to be living. He afterward proposed the nanie Post-pliocene for rocks hav- ing all the imbedded fossil shells identical with living species, though they ma}' contain extinct mammalian remains. We now include in this group strata which belong to more modern time, and which are fre- quently called " Recent." This subdivision of the Tertiary, with reference to the survival of conchological species, and the subdivision of the strata, or rocks, into groups, have made a double system of nomenclature, which does not prevail in the older geological periods. The determination of the North American equivalents of the European strata, by the per cent, of living species, was soon ascertained to be impracticable, and, instead of that method, the age is determined b}' the extinct species. Certain species have come to be regarded as types of Eocene age, or Miocene, as the case may be, and, from the presence of these, the rocks are referred to the proper subdivision of the Tertiar3\ I have not found time to separate the consideration of the Tertiarj^ into the groups into which it has been subdivided, and preserve the chronological order, or histor}- of our knowledge of it. For this reason? I will follow tlie order of discovery in matters relating to the Tertiary, separating onl}' that part relating to the fresh water drift of the central part of the continent, which will form the conclusion of this essa}'; nor will I dwell upon the few vertebrate fossils mentioned prior to 1820. In 1824, Prof Silliman* noticed the Tertiary exposed at Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands. Prof. 01mstead,f in the first re- port ever made, as it is said, in any country, upon geology, with State or Government funds, described the country through which the Beau- port canal was excavated, and separated the strata into: 1st. A black mould; 2d. Potters' cla}^, of a yellowish brown color; 3d. A thin layer of sand, full of sea shells and the remains of land animals, particularly of the mammoth, from three to eight feet deep; and, 4th. A soft blue clay. Thomas Sa3'J; described, from strata now referred to the Miocene of Maryland, Tarritella pleheia, Natica interna., Buccinum porcinum^ now Ptychosalpinx porcina, B. aratitm, Fusus cinereus, now Urosal- pinx cinereus, F. 4:-costatus, now Fcphora quadricostata, (Jalyptraea * Am. Joui-. Sci. and Arts, vol. vii. t Rep, on the Geo. of North Carolina. I Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iv., pt 1. Mesozoic and Camozoic Geology and Palaonfology. 247 grandis, now Dispotoia grandis, Fissurella redimicula, 'Ostrea com- pressirostra^ Pecten je-ffersonius, P. madisonius, P. cUntonius, P. sep- tenarius, Plicatula marginata; and. from, strata now referred to the Pliocene of Maryland, Area arata^ A. centenaria^ A. incile, Pectun- culus subovafus, Nucula concentrica^ iV. laevis, Venericardia granu- lata, now Cardita granulata, Crassatella undulata, Isocardiafraterna, Tellina aequistriata^ Jjucina anodonta^ L. contracta, L. cribraria^ L. suboMiqua, Venus deformis^ Astarte undulata, A. vicina^ Amphi- desma subovatum, Corbula cuneata, C. maequalis, Panopcea rejlexa^ Serpida granifera, and Dentalium attenuatum. In 1825, Dr. Richard Harlan* described, from Bigbone Lick, Ken- tuck}^, Cervus americatius, Bos bombifrons, now Ovibos bombifrons, B. lati/rons, now Bison latifrons; from a cave in Greenbriar county, Virginia, Megalonyx jeffersoni^ and from Skidawaj^ Island, Georgia, Megatherium cuvieri. In 1828, Dr. J. E. Deka^^f described, from the Post-pliocene at New Madrid, on the Mississippi river. Bos pallasi. In 1829, Dr. Morton]; arranged, from the notes of Lardner Vanuxem, some geological observations on the Tertiar^^ and Alluvial formations of the Atlantic coast of the United States, showing their great extent and inclination from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, on the coast of New England, to the Mississippi river. The modern alluvial was divided into vegetable mould and river alluvium; the ancient alluvial into white siliceous sand and red earth; the Tertiary formation into beds of limestone, buhrstone, sand and clay. He described, from strata now regarded as Pliocene, Crepidula costata. In 1830, Mr. Timothy A. Conrad§ showed that Tertiary deposits occupy all that part of Maryland south of an irregular line, running from the vicinitj^ of Baltimore to Washington City, between the Potomac river and Chesapeake bay, though most of the surface is covered with a diluvial deposit of sand and gravel; and from the pres- ence of Turritella mortoni, GucullcBa gigantea, and Venericardia planicosta, he regarded the deposits in the vicinit}' of Fort Washing- ton as contemporaneous with the London clay of England, which now constitutes part of the Eocene of Europe, This was the first announce- ment of the existence of strata, of this age, in America. * Fauna Americana. f Am. Lye. Nat, Hist., N. Y., vol. ii. t Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei., vol. vi., pt. 1. g Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. vi., pt. 2. 248 Cincinnati Society of TSTatural History, He described, from Maryland, in strata now regardehidesma inequale, Saxicava rugosa, Venus mercenaria, Panopea rejlexa, Mactra tellinoides. Pandora trilineata, Cardita tri- dentata, Lucina contracta, L, crenulata, L. divaricata^ Corbula con- tracta, Crepidulata convexa, C. glauca, C. plana, Lutraria canalicu- lata, Fusus cinereus, Nassa trivittata, IT. lunata, Natica duplicata, JST. heros, Fulgur carica, F. canaliculatus, Mactra lateralis, Scalaria clathrus, and Vermetus lumbricalis. This list does not include fossils of the newer Pliocene. In 1836, Prof. Edward Hitchcock* described, from the Miocene at Portland, Maine, Nucula portlandica. Dr. Samuel G. Mortonf described, from a Miocene or Pliocene de- posit, near Marietta, Ohio, Unio petrosus, U, saxulum, U. terrenus, XT. tumulatus, and Anodonta abyssina. In 1837, Wm. B. and Henr}^ D. EogersJ; described the Tertiar}- in the counties of Elizabeth City, Warwick, York, James City, Va., and the lower extremities of New Kent and Charles City, having a total length *Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol.i., pt. 3. t Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxix. X Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. v. Jfesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and PalcBontology. 2i>5 of about fifty miles, and a mean breadth of fourteen miles. The super- ficial stratum is an argillaceous and ferruginous sand, of a yellow or reddish color, with an occasional pebble or small bowlder of sandstone, or a white, silicious sand. Beneath this superficial layer, occasionally argillaceous beds of clay are found, of a yellow, blue, green, red or variegated color. In some places this clay is from twelve to fifteen feet in thickness. Below this stratum there is usualh' found a red ferruginous layer, from an inch to a foot in thickness. Beneath this layer there is a yellowish brown sand, frequentl}- containing a large proportion of clay, all of which is barren of shells. Below these su- perficial layers occur the various shell beds of Miocene sand and clay, from which these authors described Turritella quadristriata, T. ter- striata^ Natica perspectiva. Fissurella catilUformis. Area protracta^ Lucina speciosa^ and Venus corfinaria. They also described, from the Eocene greensaud, Mueula Galtelliformis, now Nitculana eiiltelllfovmis^ W. parva, and Cytherea ovata, now Diane ovata. In 1838, Mr. Conrad* said that the most northern locality known to be decidedly of Medial Tertiar}^ age, is in Cumberland county, N. J., from whence the deposits extend southward in a very connected series, and are spread over a large portion of the Atlantic seaboard. The eastern shore of Mar^dand is chiefly composed of this and the superior formations, but the greensand occasionally appears. The Medial Ter- tiary occupies all that portion of the western peninsula south of a line running from Annapolis to Fort Washington, on the Potomac, and nearly all that part of Virginia which lies east of a line running through Fredericksburg, Richmond and Petersburg, to Halifax, in North Carolina, in which State the formation expands to its greatest breadth. The lowest stratum of the Medial Tertiary is cla}^; the upper stratum sand; and the intermediate strata are composed of sand and clay, either pure or intermixed. The general surface of the country is level, and it was originally covered with a forest of pine trees. The western limit is bounded by a narrow strip of the lower, or Eocene Tertiary, which reposes .iipon Cretaceous strata. He described, from the Miocene, ili"^r«^roc??6C^a, Pandora crassidens, Pholadomya abrupta, Panopcea americana, Corbula elevata, Venus tetrica, V. ducateli^ now Mercenaria ducatelU V, rileyi, Cytherea metastriata^ Splicer ella suh- vexa^ Saxieava hilineata^ Maetra incrassata, M. siibcuneata, Cardium acutilaqueatum, Lucina crenulata^ Venus latisulcata. now Euloxa latisulcata, Astarte arata, A. cuneifo7'mis, A. perplana, A. coheni, Fossils, Tertiary Formations. 256 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Pecten virginianus, Ostrea percrassa, O. snbfalcata, O. scidpturata, O. dispaiHlis^ 31 yo concha incurva, Modiola ducateli, now Volsella duca- teli, Byssoarca marylandica, and Area callipleura. Prof. Emmons* described the Tertiary of Lake Cliamplain as con- sisting of clays and sands, embracing, to some extent, marine shells of recent age — the whole formation in Essex county, New York, not ex- ceeding fifty feet in thickness, and averaging only from twenty to twenty- five feet. From above, downward, the strata are, first, a fine white, or yellowish white, marine sand; second, a yellowish clay; and third, a bine cla3^ The yellowish clay abounds with argillo-calcareous concretions, of all shapes and forms, which appear to have been formed by molecular attraction, since the deposition of the beds. On the New York side of the lake, it does not form a continuous deposit from the head of the lake to its outlet, but interruptions occur where the older strata reach the lake shore. On the Vermont side, it covers a much greater extent of surface, and reaches from the lake to the base of the Green Mountains, or from six to twelve miles. The height above the level of the lake to which it extends, is about two hundred feet. This ancient sea occupied the Champlain basin, and the Hud- son forming a continuous arm from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Hudson, at New York. In 1839, Prof. Charles T. Jacksonf mentioned a recent marine Tertiar)^ deposit, at Augusta, Maine, eighty-two feet above the level of the Kennebec river, where it is said to form the substratum of a large portion of the valley. Wra. B. and Henry D. Rogers;J; described the Tertiar3' in the counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland, King George, and the eastern part of Stafford, in Virginia; thus in- cluding the peninsula between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. This area forms the northern portion of the Tertiary of Virginia, The Miocene extends from near the ba}^ shore, westward over the larger portion of the peninsula, while the Eocene occupies the remain- ing area on the west. They descril)ed from the Miocene, Turritella Jiuxionalis and Fasciolaria rhomhoidea; and from the Eocene, Cytherea lenticularis, now Dosiniopsis lenticidaris^ Crassatella capri- cranium^ Cucullaea ononcheila, now Latiarca ononcheila, C. trans- versa^ now L. transversa and Venericardia ascia. * Geo. Rep. N. Y., 1838. T Third Annual Rep. Geo. of Maine. X Trans. Am. Phil. Sec, vol. vi. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and FalceontoJ.ogy. 257 Wm. Wagner* described, from the Miocene and older Pliocene, of Maryland and North Carolina, Venus inoceriformis, Pecten mary- landicus, Pa/iopwa goldfussi, Mysia nuclei for mis, and Trochus eh or ens. In 1840, Mr. Conradf described, from the Miocene at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Fidgur excavatus, F. contrarius, Conus adversarius, and Voluta carolinensis, now Mitra caroUnensis, The Tertiary extends from the lower limit of the Cretaceous, in Connecticut,;^ to the lower part of Kent count^^, and has a thickness of 125 feet. It is found§ at Ga}^ Head, Martha's Vine3^ard, and occup^nng Long Island and the eastern part of the Atlantic States from New Jersey to Florida, and the southern part of the Mississippi valley. Henry C. Lea|| described, from the Eocene at Claiborne, Alabama, Pasithea canceltata, P. elegans, P. minima, Actceon Icevis, A. magno- pUcatuSy Scalaria elegans, S. venusta. Turbo parvus, Trochus planu- latus, Turritella monilifera, T. gracilis, Twhinella fusoides, Pleuro- toma cancellatum, Triton pyramidatum^ Terehra constricta, T. midti- plicata, Gancellaria pulcherrima, Buccinum parvum^ Mitra ehurnea, M. elegans, 31. gracilis, Conus parvus, and Voluta dubia. T. A. Conrad^ described, from the Middle Tertiary at the Natural Well, Duplin county. North Carolina, AmpMdesma constrictum, now Fabella constricta, Buccinum intervuptum, B. multirugatum, now Ptychosalpinx midtirugata, Cardita perplana, Cassis hodgei^ now Galeodia hodgei^ Cerithium carolinense, now Terebra carolinensis, C. unilineatum, now T. unilineata, Cyprcea carolinensis, Dispotoea dumosa, D. multilineata, Gnathodon minor, now Rangia minor, In- fundibulum centrale, Lucina radians, L. trisulcata, Lunidites denti- culatus, now Discoporella denticulata, Mactra crassidens, M. subpa- rilis, Natica caroliaiana, N. percallosa, Pectunculus carolinensis^ and P. quinquerugatus; from Wilmington, North Carolina, Amphidesma nuculoides, A. protextum, Cardium sublineatum, Cardita abhreviata, Pectunculus carolinensis, and P. aratus. Prof. Emmons** found the direction of the drift scratches and scor- ings of rock, in the eastern part of New York, confoiming to that of ■■' Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. viii., pt. 1. t Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. xxxlx. X Geo. Sur. of Delaware, 1841. § Geo. of Massachusetts, 1841. II Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. xl. IT Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. xli. =-' Geo. 2d Dist. N. Y., 1842. 258 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. the great valle3'S. In the Champlain vallej', it is nearl}- north and south; and in the St. Lawrence vallej^, northeast and southwest. The marine Tertiarj^ of Champlain, though deposited in quiet waters, al- waj'S overlies the scored and grooved surfaces. The bowlders succeed this Tertiary or are mixed with it. It is mineralogically composed in as- cending order, of first, a stiff blue clay; second, a yellowish brown clay; and third, a 3'ellowish brown sand. The second owes its color to weathering rather than to any important difference in its composi- tion from the lower cla}'. Sand begins to appear in the yellowish cla}', and increases graduall}- until it predominates, and finallj' becomes a pure siliceous sand. No fossils had then been discovered in the cla}^, but in the cla}' and sand and upper part of the group fossils are found as if in their native habitat, exceedingly frail, preserving their mark- ings and edges entire, forbidding the idea that they could have been drifted into their present position. In protected places, as at Port Kent and Beauport, the thickness of the group is about 100 feet. In unprotected places, the larger part of the group has been swept away. Commencing at Whitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, it may be traced continuously not only the entire length of the lake, but also to Quebec and far toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It lines the St. Lawrence river as far as Ogdensburg. And from Whitehall south it lines the Hudson river for a long distance. The Albany cla}' belongs to this group, and is therefore one of the most recent of our marine formations. Mr. Conrad* described, from the Miocene at Calvert Cliffs, Mary- land, Venus latilirata, Cytherea suhnasuta, Lucina foremani^ L. suh- planata, Cardium leptopleura, Astarte varians^ A. exaltata, Lima papyria, Area subrostrata, Pleurotoma marylandicum ^ P. hellicreaa- tum, Trochus peralveatus, Scalaria pachypleura. Solarium trilineatum, now Architectonica trilinejxta^ Infundihulam perarmatum, Fissurella marylandica, Dispotoia ramosa, Cancellaria hiplicifera, C. engonata, Bonellia lineata, Turritella indenta, T, exaltata, T. perlaqueata, Mar- ginella perexigua. And also Astrea marylandica, incrusting Pecten madisonius on James river, Virginia; A. bella, from Newbern, North Carolina; Cardium nicolletti, now Protocardia nicolletti, from the Lower Tertiary or Jackson Group, on the Washita river, Monroe count3\ Louisiana; and Fusus p>'^<'Ohyleurus, from the Lower Tertiarj^ of Alabama. Edmund Ravenelf described, from a Pliocene calcareous deposit on Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. viii., pt 2. t ^t>i^]; described, from the Miocene of Nebraska and the west, Pmbrotherium ivilso7ii, and Jferycoidodoji culbertsoni, now Oreodon culbertsoni. Dr. S. G. Morton described, from the Eocene of Washington county, Alabama, Cidaris alabamensis, and Galerites agassizi. And Dr. Eobert W. Gibbes described, from the Eocene of South Carolina, Carcharodon mortoni, C. acatidens, C. lancifonnis, Oxyrhina sillimani, Otodus Icevis, and Glyphis subulata. In 1849, T. A. Conrad§ described, from the Upper Eocene of Vicks- burg, Mississippi, Clavella vicJcsburgensis. now Fasciolaria vicksburg- ensis, Fulgur nodalatum, and Triton subalveatus. And Robert W. Gibbes described, from the Eocene of South Carolina, Galeocerdo con- tortus, and Oxyrhina wilsoni. In 1850, W. E. Logan|| said that in the valleys of the Gouffre and the Murraj^ Ba}^ rivers, as well as along the margin of the St. Law- rence between them, there are, at various parts, great accumulations of clay and sand, with some gravel; and it is very perceptible that while they often present a confused aggregation of hummocks in the lower grounds, at higher levels, lying in horizontal beds, they are arranged into a succession of opposite terraces of equal height along the sides of the valle3's, and corresponding terraces at intervals along the St. Law- rence, all probably marking ancient beaches or periods of retrocession of a Tertiarj" sea by the elevation of the land. One of these terraces, in the valle}^ of the Gouffre, has a height, as indicated by a spirit level, of 130 feet above the Bay St. Paul, and another has a height of 360 feet. * Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. i. f Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. v. X Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vols. iii. and iv. § Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. i. II Geo. Sur. of Canada. 268 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The deposits in which these terraces have been worn consist of clay, containino" marine shells, among which are Tellina groenlandica, T. calcarea, Saxicava rugicsa, Nucula, Venus, Mytilus, and Balanus. These shells were found as high as 390 feet above the hay. At Little Malbaie there are six terraces, plainl}' distinguishable, one above another. T. A; Convad* described, from the Eocene of Georgia, Mitra georgiana, Catopygus conradi, now Cassidulus conradi^ Holaster mortoni^ JSFucleolites lyelli., Discoidea haldemani, and Cidarites mortoni. Robert W. Gibbes described, from the Eocene of Ashley river, Myliobates holmesi. And Zadock Thompsonf described, from the drift in Vermont, exposed in excavating for the Rutland and Burlino-ton railroad, Delphinus vermontanus, now Beluga vermon- tana. In 1851, Philip T. TysonJ described the Sacramento Valley as a Ion o" prairie, occup3'ing the space between the flanks of the Sierra Nevada and those of the Coast Range, closed in on the north b}' the terminal spurs of the Cascade mountains, and on the south by the junction of the Coast Range with the Sierra Nevada. Its greatest width is less than 60 miles, but it maintains a mean width of nearly 50 miles throughout almost its entire length. The surface strata are not older than the Eocene or Miocene, and rest immediatel}^ upon the metamorphic and hypogene rocks. Prof. James Robbg showed the direction of the Drift stride in New Brunswick to be, generally, about 10 deg. W. of true north to 10 deg. E. ot south, but that some striae have a direction N. 30 deg. E. Others N. 45 deg. W., and still others east and west. T. T. Bouve|| described, from the Eocene of Georgia, Catopygus pa- telliformis, now Cassidulus patelliformis, and Hemiaster conradi. In L852, Mr. J. Evans^ explored that region of the Upper Missouri countr}^, lying high upon White river, called the " Mauvaises Terres^'' or "Bad Lands." He said that from the high prairies, which rise in the back, by a series of terraces or benches toward the spurs of the Rocky Mountains, the traveler looks down into an extensive valle}^ that may be said to constitute a world of its own, and which appears to have been formed partly by an extensive vertical fault, and parti}' by the Ions: continued influence of the scoooinor action of denudation. * Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. ii. f Am. Jovir. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. ix. t Geo. and Ind. Resources of Cal. % Proc. Am. Ass. Ad. Sci., 4th Meeting. II Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. IF Geo. Sur., Wis., Iowa and Minn. Mesozoic and Ccunozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 2P9 The width of this valley may be about 30 miles, and its whole length about 90, as it stretches away westwardly toward the base of the oloomy and dark range of mountains known as the Black Hills. Its most depressed portion, 300 feet below the general level of the surround- ing country, is clothed with scanty grasses, and covered by a soil similar to that of the higher ground. To the surrounding country, however, the Mauvaises Terres present the most striking contrast. From the uniform, monotonous, open prairie, the traveler suddenly descends, one or two hundred feet, into a valley that looks as if it had sunk away from the surrounding world, leaving, standing all over it, thousands of abrupt, irregular, prismatic, and columnar masses, frequently capped with irregular pyramids, and stretching up to a height of from one to two hundred feet or more. So thickly are these natural towers studded over the surface of this extraordinary region, that the traveler threads his way through deep, confined, labyrinthine passages, not unlike the narrow, irregular streets and lanes of some quaint, old town of the European continent. Viewed in the distance, indeed, these rocky piles, in their endless succession, assume the appearance of massive, artificial structures, decked out with all the accessories of buttress and turret, arched doorway and clustered shaft, pinnacle, and finial and tapering spire. One might almost imagine oneself approaching some magnificent city of the dead,' where the labor and the genius of forgotten nations had left behind them a multitude of monuments of art and skill. On descending from the heights, however, and proceeding to thread this vast labyrinth, and inspect, in detail, its deep, intricate recesses, the realities of the scene soon dissipate the delusions of the distance. The castellated forms, which fancy had conjured up have vanished; and around one, on every side, is bleak and barren desolation. Then, too, if the exploration be made in midsummer, the scorching rays of the sun, pouring down in the hundred defiles that conduct the waj'farer through this pathless waste, are reflected back from the white or ash-colored walls that -rise around, unmitigated by a breath of air, or the shelter of a solitary shrub. The drooping spirits of the scorched geologist are not permitted, however, to flag. The fossil treasures of the way, well repay its sul- triness and fatigue. At every step, objects of the highest interest present themselves. Embedded in the debris, lie strewn, in the greatest profusion, organic relics of extinct animals. All speak of a vast fresh water deposit of the early Tertiary period, and disclose the former existence of most remarkable races that roamed about in by- 270 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. gone ages high up in the valle3^of the Missouri, toward the source of its western tributaries, where now pasture the big - horned Ovis montana, the shagg}^ buffalo, or American bison, and the elegant and slenderlj^ constructed antelope. A section of the Tertiary- of the '' Bad lands," or, " Mauvaises Terres," in descending order, is as follows : 1. Ash colored clay, cracking in the sun, containing siliceous concretions, 30 feet. 2. Com- pact, white limestone, 3 feet. 3. Light gray, marly limestone, 8 feet. 4. Light gra3% indurated, siliceous clay (not effervescent), 30 feet. 5. Aggregate of small angular grains of quartz, or conglomerate, cement- ed by calcareous earth, slightly effervescent, 8 feet. 6. Layer of quartz and chalcedony (probably only partial), 1 inch. 7. Light gray, indurated, siliceous clay, similar to No. 4, but more calcareous, passing downward into pale flesh colored, indurated, siliceous, marly limestone, turtle and bone bed, 25 feet. 8. White and light gray, calcareous grit, slightly effervescent, 15 feet. 9. Similar aggregate to No. 5, but coarser, 8 feet. 10. Light green, indurated, argillaceous stratum (slightly effervescent) ; Palseolherium bed, 20 feet. Dr. Joseph Leidy described, from the Eocene of Nebraska, Eucrotaphus auritus^ and from the Miocene of Virginia,* Crocodilus antiquus, now Thecachampsa antiquus. Prof F. Ungerf described, from the Tertiary of Texas, Sillimania texana^ Ro&meria americana^ and TJuUoxylon americanum. In 1853, Alexander Murrav;J informed us that the clays on the Ot- tawa, in the vicinit}^ of Bytown, at the mouth of the Gatineau on the north, and of Green's creek on the south side, in addition to marine shells, yield, in the latter localit}^ two species of fish, the MaXlotus vil- losus, and Cyclopterus hcmpifs, or lump-sucker, the former now living and frequenting the Gulf of St. Lawrence in great numbers, and the latter abounding on the northern shores of Scotland and America. The fossils are enclosed in nodules of indurated cla}^ of reniform shapes, and occupy a bed nearly on a level with the water of the Otta- wa, and about 118 feet above the tide level of Lake St. Peter. The same sort of nodules frequenth^ enclose fragments of wood, leaves of trees, and portions of marine plants ; among the last is one of the species of littoral algae still found near the coasts of Arctic seas. Be- side the stratified deposits of clay and sand, there is a deposit of clay drift, holding pebbles and bowlders, sometimes angular, but generall}^ * Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. ii. t Kreid. von Texas. X Geo. Sur. of Canada. Mesozoic and Camozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 271 rounded, showing no decided lines of stratification, but irregularly as- sociated with isolated beds of gravel and sand, among which great quantities of marine shells of comparatively^ recent origin occur. One of these localities is on the Prescott Road, about a mile and a half from Kemptville, where a vast accumulation of Tellina gi^cenlandica overlays a two feet bed of limestone gravel, the latter resting on gravel of a still coarser qualit}', and of more angular fragments, and irregularl}^ mixed up with sand and clay, some of the bo^vlders being from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. The height of this locality is about 350 feet over Lake St. Peter. At another locality, near Armstrong's Mills, the shells consist QhiQ.^y oi Saxicava rugosa mixed with sand and loam, at a height of about 300 feet above Lake St. Peter. In Kenj^on, on the Garry river, these shells occur at the height of 270 feet above Lake St. Peter. On the road between the 5th and 6th concessions of the township, on the 19th and the 21st lots, these shells occur at the height of 330 or 340 feet above Lake St. Peter. Two localities occur in Lochiel, one of them on the 15th lot of the 1st concession, at the height of 264 feet, and the other on the 5th lot of the same concession, 280 or 290 feet above Lake St. Peter, where the marine shells are mixed with the sand, and where bowlders and fragments of limestone and sandstone abound. Prof Edward Hitchcock* described the brown coal deposit in Bran- don, Vermont, and referred it to the Pliocene or Newer Tertiary. He found it abounding in fruits and lignites, which appear to have been transported by water, and probably accumulated in an ancient estuary. It abounds in white and variegated clays, water-worn beds of sand and gravel, beds of carbonaceous matter not bituminous, and deposits of iron and manganese. T. A. Conradf described, from the Miocene of Upper California, Gnathodon lecontei^ now Bangia lecontei, and Ostrea vespertitia. In 1854, Dr. LeidyJ described, from the Post-pliocene, of Ashley river, South Carolina, Arctodus py'istinus, from Kansas, Camelops kansanus ; and from the mouth of Pigeon creek, below Evansville, Ind., Canis primoevus, now C.'indianensis. From the Pliocene, on Bijou Hill, east of the Missouri river, Hippodon specwsics, now Hippothe- riiim speciosum^ and Merycodus necatus, now Cosoryx necatus; from the Miocene of Nebraska, Deinictis felina. Evans and Shumard described, from the Tertiary (White Riv. Gr.), * Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 2d ser., vol. xv. t Jour Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., vol. ii. I Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, vol. vii. 272 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. in Nebraska, in the vicinity of Peno creek, a small tributarj^ of Teton, or Little Missouri river, in a thin bedded, light gra}^, siliceous lime- stone, near the summit of the elevated plateaux which border the Mauvaises Terres, Planorhis nehrascensis, Limncea diaphana, L. ne- hrascensis^ Physa secalina, and Cypris leidyi. T. A. Conrad* described, from the (Jackson Group) Greensand Marl-bed of Jackson, Mississippi, Astarte parilis, Umbrella planulata, Corhula hicarinata, C. densata, Leda multilineata, now JS/icculana mtiUilineata, Naviciila aspera, Crassatella Jlexura, Glossiis flosus, now Axinosa Jllosa, Ostrea trigonalis, Pecten nuperits, Capulus ameri- canus, Clavelithes humerosus, C. varicosus, C. mississippiensis, now PapiUinamississippiensis, Trochita alta, Mitra dumosa, ^o^ Lapp aria dumosa. Comes tortilis, Volutilithes symmetricus, V. dumosus, Rostella- ria velata, now Calyptrophorus velatus^ B. Staminea, now C. stamin- eus, Caricella subangulata, C. polita^ Natica permunda^ Bostellaria extenta, now Platyoptera extenta, Mitra milling toni, now Fusimitra millingtoni, Teredo mississijypiensis^ Architectonica acuta^ A. hellistri- ata^ Cyprcea pinguis, C. fenestralis^ Gastridium vetustum, Phorus reclusus, Turritella alveata^ Galeodia peter soni, and Strepsidura du- mosa. Dr. J. W. Dawson, f describing the drift of Nova Scotia, in 1855, said, that in the low country of Cumberland there are few bowlders, but of the few that appear, some belong to the hard, rocks of the Cobequid hills to the southward; others ma^- have been derived from the some- what similar hills of New Brunswick. On the summits of the Cobe- quid hills, and their northern slopes, we find angular fragments of the sandstones of the plain below, not only drifted from their orig- inal sites, but elevated several hundreds of feet above them. To the southward and eastward of the Cobequids, throughout Colchester, Northern Hants, and Pictou, fragments from these hills, usually much rounded, are the most abundant traveled bowlders, showing that there has been great driftage from this elevated tract. In like manner, the long ridge of trap rocks, extending from Cape Blomidon to Briar Island, has sent off great quantities of bowlders across the sandstone valley which bounds it on the south, and up the slopes of the slate and granite hills to the southward of this valley. Well characterized fragments of trap from Blomidon may be seen near the town of Windsor, and un- mistakable fragments of similar rock from Digb}^ neck, on the Tusket river, ma}^ be seen, thirty miles from their original position. On the '•' Wailes' Geo. of Miss, t Acadian Greology. Mesozoic and Cwnozoic Geology and Palceontology. 273 other hand, numerous bowlders of granite have been carried to the northward from the hills of Annapolis, and deposited on the slopes of the opposite trappean ridge; and some of them have been carried round its eastern end, and now lie on the shores of Londonderrj^ and Onslow. So, also, while immense numbers of bowlders have been scattered over the south coast from the granite and quartz rock ridges, immediately inland, man}" have drifted in the opposite direction, and ma}^ be found scattered over the counties of Sydney, Pictou and Colchester. These facts show that the transport of traveled blocks, though it may have been principalh^ from the northward, has, by no means been exclusively so; bowlders having been carried in various directions, and more especially from the more elevated and rocky districts to the lower grounds in their vicinit}'. The surface of the country was greatly modified by the drift; the ridges of Cumberland, the deep valleys of Cornwallis and Annapolis, the great gorges crossing the Cobequid mountains, and the western end of the North mountains in Annapolis and Digby counties, such eminences as the Greenhill in Pictou county, and Onslow mountain in Colchester, are due in great part to the removal of soft rocks by de- nuding agencies of this period, while the harder rocks remained in pro- jectino- ridges. The surface of the rocks are frequently found polished, scratched or striated. The striae at different places have different courses, and sometimes they are found to cross each other as at Gore mountain, where one set is S. 65 deg. E., and the other S. 20 deg. E. At Gay's river, Musquodoboit Harbor, and near Guysboro the direction is from S. to N. At Poison's Lake, from N. to S., and near Pictou, E. & W. Bowlders or traveled stones are often found in places where there is no other drift. For example, on bare granite hills, about 500 feet in height, near the St. Mary's river, there are large, angular blocks of quartzite, derived from the ridges of that material which abound in the district, but are separated from the hills on which the fragments lie by deep valleys. The only evidence of organic life during the bowlder period, or im- mediately before it, noticed b}' Dr. Dawson, consists of a hardened, peaty bed, which ajipears under the bowlder clay on the northwest arm of the River of Inhabitants. It rests upon gray oXay, similar to that which underlies peat bogs, and is overlaid hj nearly twenty feet of bowlder clay. Pressure has rendered it nearly as hard as coal, though it is somewhat tougher and more earthy than good coal. It has a glossy appearance when rubbed or scratched with a knife, burns with considerable flame, and approaches in its characters to the brown 274 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. coals, or more imperfect varieties of bituminous coal. It contains many small roots and branches, apparentl}^ of coniferous trees allied to the spruces. The vegetable matter composing this bed, must have flourished before the drift was spread over the province, so that it be- longs to some part of the great Tertiary group of rocks, of which the drift is the latest member. Dr. Dawson accounted for the drift phenomena of Nova Scotia, in this manner. Let us suppose the surface of the province, while its projecting rocks were uncovered bv surface deposits, exposed for many successive centuries to the action of alternate frosts and thaws — the whole of the untraveled drift might have been accumulated on its surface. Let it then be slowh^ submerged, until its hill-tops should become islands or reefs of rocks in a sea loaded in winter and spring with drift ice, floated along by currents, which, like the present Arctic current, would set from N. E. to S. W,, with various modifications produced by local causes. We have, in these causes, ample means for accounting for the whole of the appearances, including the traveled blocks and the scratched and polished rock surfaces. The stratified sand and gravel rests upon and is newer than the un- stratified drift. This ma}'' often be seen in coast sections or river banks, and occasionally in road-cuttings. In Pictou county there oc- curs a very thick bed of conglomerate, of the age of the Coal Measures, the outcrop of which, owing to its comparative hardness and great mass, forms a high ridge extending from the hill behind New Glasgow, across the East and Middle rivers, and along the south side of the West river, and then crossing the West river reappears in Rogers Hill. The valleys of these three rivers have been cut through this bed, and the material thus removed has been heaped up in hillocks and beds of gravel, along the sides of the streams, on the side toward which the water now flows, which happens to be the north and northeast. Accord- ingl}^ along the course of the Albion Mines railway, and the lower parts of the Middle and West rivers, these gravel beds are everywhere exposed in the road-cuttings, and may in some places be seen to rest on the bowlder-clay, showing that the cutting of these valle3'S was completed after the drift was produced. The stratified gravels do not, like the older drift, form a continuous sheet spreading over the surface. They occur in mounds, and long ridges, sometimes extending for miles over the countr\\ They are supposed to have been distributed when the country was being elevated, while the bowlder drift was deposited when the land was subsiding beneath the sea. T. A. Conrad separated the Eocene of Mississippi and Alabama, in Mesozoic and Ccenozot'c Geology and Paloi ontology. 275 ascending order, into : 1. Cluiborne group, characterized by Cardita densata^ Ostrea selliformis, Crassatella alta^ Pectunculus stamineus, Meretrix oequorea, Gratelupiahydi, Ledacoelata, and Crepidula lirata. 2. Jackson group, characterized by Umbrella planidata^ Cardium nicollettii, Conus tortillis, CyproBa fenestralis^ Galeodia j^eteisoni, a,nd Rostellaria extenta. 3. St. Stephen's group, characterized by Pecten poulsoni, and OrhituUies mantelU. 4. Vicksburg group, characterized by Corhula alfa, Crassatella mississippiensts, Area mississippiensis, Meretrix sohrina. 3f. imitabilis, and Turbinella wilsoni. He described,* from Jackson, Miss., nnd Claiborne, Ala., Endopachys expansum^ E- triangulares E. alcicostaturn, Elabellimi wailesi, Osteodes irroratus, Tarbinolia lunulitiformis. Chiton antiquus, C. eocenensis ; and from White river, Arkansas, Petrophyllia arkansasensis; froni the Miocene, of Colorado and the West, Anomia subcostata, Ifei^cenaria perlami- nosa, Pecten heermani, Pandora bilirata, Astarte thomasi, Turritella secta, Ostrea contracta, and Tdraonea calif ornica. Prof. VV^m. P. Blake noticed Miocene strata, containing the remains of Infusoria and Polythalamia, near Monterey, California. The strata are white, porous, light, resemble chalk, and are situated about two miles southeast from the center of Montere}-, and form part of a hill which fronts the ba_y, and rises on the east side of the stage-road to San Francisco to the height of 500 or 600 feet. Tuome}" and Holmesf described, from the Pliocene of South Carolina, Cellepora formosa, G. depressa, C. radiata, C. tessellata, Ilembrani- pora lacinia, Placunanomia plicata., Ostrea ravenelana, Janira affinis, Pecten coynparilis, P. peedeensis^ Mytiliis injlatus. Area Mans, A. rustica, Pectunculus loivis, Lucina cosf.ata, Crassatella gibbesi, Psammocola pliocena, Dentalium pliocenum, Hipponix bulli, Mono- donta Mawahensis, Trochus armillatus^ T. gemma, Terebellum stria- tum, T. burdeni, T. etiwanensis^ Voluta trenholmi, Porcellana olivi- formis. Purpura tridentata, Cancellaria depressa, C. venusta^ Busycon Gonradi, Cassidulus carolinensis, and Fasciolaria tuomeyi. J. McCrady described, from the same strata, Psammechinus exoletus, Agassizia porifera, Amphidetus amplijlorus, A. gothicus, Brissus spatiosus, Plagionotus holmesi, and P. ravenelanus. Dr. Trask;^ described, from the Pliocene of Santa Barbara, California, Chemnitzia papulosa s Tornatella elliptica, Murex fragilis, Fusus bar- barensis, F. robustus, ^and F. rugosus. * Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. vii. t Tuomey and Holmes' Fossils of South Carolina. X Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. i. 276 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In 1856, W. P. Blake* described the Tertiary rocks of the vicinit}^ of San Francisco, California. They consist of fine-grained, compact sand- stone, associated with shales, and underlie the city of San Francisco, and are exposed along the shores of the bay, both north and south of the city, forming the principal promontories and points, and several islands. On entering the bay from the Pacific, they are first seen at Point Lobos, the cuter point, and again at North and Tonquin points- They border part of the Golden Gate on the north, and form the shores of Richardson and Sancelito bays. Angel, Yerba Buena and Alcatrazes Islands, are of the same age. In some places, hills and ridges of 200 or 300 feet in elevation are formed entirely of this sandstone. Rocks of the same age are found at Benicia, New Almaden, and between San Juan and Monterey. On the south end of the Island of Yerba Buena, a section, 200 feet thick, shows the sandstone la3'ers, var3ing from a few inches to six and eight feet, and alternating with beds of argillaceous slates and shales. All the weathered surfaces ot this series of beds are of a rusty- brown or drab color, which extends throughout tlie rock to a depth of from ten to twenty feet, down to the limit of atmospheric influences. There are parts, however, of the upper beds that have not been reached and changed by decomposition; these parts are found in the condition of spherical or ellipsoidal masses, from which the weathered parts scale oflT in successive crusts. These nuclei have the appearance of great, rounded bowlders, and have accumulated, in great numbers, at the base of the cliff". The}' are of various sizes, but are smallest in the upper parts of the strata, near to the surface. This spherical or globular condition does not appear to be the result of any peculiar arrangement of the material of the strata, a concretion- ar}' action, such as takes place in the igneous rocks, but is probabl}' due to decomposition, the result of the absorption of infiltrating waters charged with impurities. A solid and homogeneous cube of sandstone thus exposed, under conditions favorable for absorption of the water on all its sides, would decompose most rapidly on the angles, producing a succession of curved surfaces gradually approaching a sphere. The color of the sandstone is dark, bluish green, inclining to gray. It is exceediugh' compact and tough, and does not break so readily as the fine-grained, red sandstone of the Connecticut river and New Jersey quarries. * Explorations and Surveys for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Par-ific ocean, vol. V. 3fesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and P alee ontology. Til A section at Navy Point, Benicia, exposes a thickness of conform- able beds of sandstone conglomerate and shales a little more than 1,000 feet in thickness. The strata are uplifted, being inclined at an angle of from 20 to 60 deg., and dipping toward the southwest. The trend of the outcrops is 75 deg. west of north, and the strata underlie, or rather form the hill upon which the government buildings are erected. The ridge of conglomerate is the hardest and most unyielding of all the strata, and its resistance to abrasion and atmospheric influences has determined the form of the hill and the shape of Navy Point. It is prominent at several points, along the surface of the ground, and is almost the onh^ rock that appears above the soil in that vicinity. The bed is about twentj^-five feet thick, and is composed of pebbles and gravel, very round, much water- worn, and chiefly derived from the wear of volcanic or eruptive rocks. Their colors are generally dark; and porphyries, agates and carnelians are abundant. Their average diameter does not exceed an inch, and many are about the size of beans and peas. They are closely united by a small portion of flner materials. The strata on both sides of the conglomerate consist of alternate beds of soft and friable argillaceons shales, with an occa- sional la3'er of gravel and pebbles. The wide development of the formation, and the great thickness which it attains — probably 2,000 or 3,000 feet — and the even grain of the thick beds of sandstone over large areas, together with the re- markable uniformity of the strata, indicate that they were formed in a wide spread ocean or sea, and the thick beds of shale attest the depth and comparative quiescence of the water. He found the Miocene rocks extending in a continuous belt along the base of the Sierra Nevada, from White creek to Ocoya creek and beyond it for many miles to the southward, forming high banks on both sides of Posuncula or Kern river, and even extending in a narrow strip to the Tejon. Although b}^ far the greater portion of the materials composing the formation are extremel}^ l"5gbt, fine and unconsolidated, there are, in some places, layers of sandstone and conglomerate, which offer more resistance to the action of the weather than the other strata, and that slightly modif}' the rounded contour of the hillsides. The principal constituent of the formation is a fine gray sand, mingled, in some of the beds, with a considerable portion of clay, and alternating with layers in which clay predominates. Volcanic materials, or sands de- rived from their abrasion, constitute a large part of the strata. Thick beds are formed almost wholly of white pumice stone, in rounded 278 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, masses, or in a fine powder/Hke fine sand, regularly bedded. The color of these beds is white, but the lines of stratification are rendered ver}' distinct by the stains produced by the percolation of impure waters; also, by laj^ers of the same ingredients, differing in their fineness, and by occasional seams of charcoal, in fragments. Thin layers of pebbles are also numerous, even among the strata of the finest materials. The inclined stratification, called diagonal stratifi- cation, is verj' common, and in many cases is beautifully shown \)j multitudes of the finest layers of sand, inclined in different directions. He also identified this Group on Chico creek, in the valley of the Sacramento, at the foot of the Hills of the Sierra Nevada, on Carrizo creek, near San Diego, at Williamson's Pass, Los Angelos and San Pedro. Near Monterey it contains a bed of microscopic organisms, 50 feet in thickness ; and he supposed it to underlie the alluvium of the Colorado desert. He described the Post-pliocene deposits of Montere}', San Pedro, and San Diego, and showed a comparativel}' recent elevation of the strata. The low hills around the bases of the mountains in the Colorado desert, and the elevation of the Coast Mountains, he sup- posed to be of the same age, because the}^ are composed in great part of Tertiary strata, thrown into great wave-like flexures, with here and there a granitic axis of limited extent, but with serpentine abundant. In the auriferous regions, a similar serpentine abounds, and has in all cases the aspect of an intrusive rock. The movements which attended the uplift and plication of the Coast Mountains, must have affected the whole western slope of the Sierra Nevada. He expressed the opin- ion that the impregnation of the rocks with gold, and the formation of the Coast Mountains, were nearly s3mchronous. He described, from the Miocene, at Point Lobos, near San Francisco, Scutella interlineata, and from a brown calcareous sandstone at Vol- cano Ridge, Leda suhacuta^ now ISfucuJana sahacuta. Pi'of. Agassiz described, from Ocoya creek, at the western base of the Sierra Nevada, Echinorhinus hlakei, Scymnus occidentalism Galeocerdo productus, Prionodon antiquus, Hemij^ristis lieteropleurus, Carcharodon rectus, Oxyrhina plana, 0. tumiila, Lamna clavafa^ and L. ornata. T. A. Conrad described, from the same locality, Natica geniculata, N. ocoy- ana. Bulla jugular is, Pleurotoma transmontanum, Sycotypus ocoyanns, Turritella ocoyana, Colus arctatus, Tellina ocoyana, Meretrix decisa, Pecien nevadensis, P. catilliformis ; from the San Diego Mission, Cardium modestum, Corbula diegoana, Nucula decisa, Tellina diego- ana, T. conges ta, Mactra diegoana, Narica diegoana, now Vanikoro Mesozoic and Cainozoic Geology and Paloeontology. 279 diegoana, Criicibulum spinosum, Trochlta diegoana ; from Monterey count}", eighteen miles south of Tres Pinos, Meretrix imiomeris; from the Tulare valley, Meretrix tidarana, Area microdonta^ Purpura pe- trosa ; from Carraello, Lutraria traskei ; from sixteen miles south of Tres Pinos, 3Iodiola contracta, now Volsella contraeta; from Carrizo Creek, Pecten deserti^ and Ostrea heermanni. He described, from the Post- pliocene at San Pedro, Tellina ped- roana, Saxicava ahrupta^ Petrlcola pedroana^ Schizothcerus nuttalli^ Mytilus pedroanus, Penitella spelcea^ N'assa interstriata, N. pedro- ana, Oliva pedroana, Littorina pedroana, and from Santa Barbara, Crepidula princeps. W. P. Blake estimated the thickness of the Eocene, at the southern end of the Tulare valley, at 2,000 feet. The strata are chiefly argilla- ceous sandstone. T. A. Conrad described, from the Canada de las Uvas, Cardium linteum, now Cymhophora lintea^ Dosinia alta, Meretrix californiana, 3f. uvasana, Crassatella alta, C. uvasana, 3fytilus humerus^ JSTatica alveata^ now Ampullina alveata, Turritella uvasana, Volutilithes calif ornianus, Busycon hlakei^ now Perissolax blakei, a^id Clavatula calif ornica. It is quite likel}" that part or all of the strata referred to the Eocene from which these fossils were collected, belong to the Cretaceous. He described,"^ from the Miocene, at Santa Barbara, California, Janira bella, 3IuUnia densata, Area canalis, A. trilineata, Axincea harharensis ; from Santa Clara, Schizopyga calif orniana ; from Estrel- la vallej^, Pallium estrellanum, now Lyropecten estrellamum, Spondylus estrellensis ; from Monterey count}^ Pallium crassicordo, now Lyro- pecten crassicordo, Thracia mactj^ojjsis, Mya montereyana^ Arcopagia medialis, Cryptomya ovalis, Cyclas tetrica, Dosinia alta, D. longula, Tamiosoma gregaria, Astrodapsis antiselli ; from San Raphael Hills, Pecten meeki, P. altipUcatus ; from Santa Inez Mountains, Pachy- desma inezanum ; from Ranche Triumpho, near Los Angelos, Lutraria transmontana ; from other places in California, Area congesta, Tapes Unteaturn ; and from Texa«, Mellita texana. Dr. Leid}^ described, from the Bad Lands of Nebraska, Hipparion occidentale, now Hipp other ium occidentale, Hyopotamus americanus, Leptauchenia decora, L. major, Leptochoerus spectahilis, Steneofiher nehrascensis, Ischyromys typus, Pakeolagus haydeni, Enmys elegans, Amphicyon gracilis, Agriochoerus major, Enteledon ingens, now Elotherium ingens, Paloeochmrus prohus, now Perchoeyms probus ; * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. viii. 280 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. from Bear creek, Protomeryx halli ; from the Pliocene of Ashley river, South Carolina, and from the Miocene of New Jersey and Viro^inia, Manatus antiquus, Phoca debUis ; from the Miocene of Cumberland count\% Md., Macroplioca atlantica, now Sqvalodon atlanticas, SphyrcBna speciosa ; from Noith Carolina, Orycterocetus cornutidens^ Pliogonodon priscus ; from Salem countj^, New Jersey, Chelonia grandceva ; from the Eocene of the Neuse river, North Carolina, Ischyrhiza antiqua ; from Green river, Missouri, Clupea humilis, now Diplomystus humilis ; from the Upper Tertiary' of the Bijou Hills, on the Upper Missiuiri, Merychippus insignis, now Protohippus insignis and Leptarctus primus. In 1857, Dr F. V. Hay den* made an estimated vertical section, showing the order of superposition of the different beds of the Bad Lands of White river, in Nebrasl^a, referred to the Miocene, in ascend- ing order as follows : Bed A. — Light gray, calcareous grit, passing down into a stratum composed of an aggregate of rather coarse, granular quartz; underlaid b3^ an ash-colored, argillaceous, indurated bed, with a greenish tinge. Titanotherium bed. Best developed at tlie entrance of the Basin from Bear creek. Seen also in the channel of White river. Thickness, 50 feet. Bed B. — A reddish, flesh-colored, argillo-calcareous, indurated materi- al, passing down into a grav color, containing concretionary sandstone, sometimes an aggregate of angular grains of quartz, underlaid by a flesh-colored, argillo calcareous, indurated stratum, containing a pro- fusion of mammalian and chelonian remains. Turtle and Oreodon bed. Revealed on both sides of White river and throughout the main body of the Bad Lands. Thickness, 80 feet. Bed C. — Light gra}', siliceous grit, sometimes forming a compact, fine- grained sandstone. Seen on both sides of White river. Also at Ash Grove Spring. Thickness, 20 feet. Bed D. — Yellow and light yellow, calcareous marl, with argillo-cal- careous concretions, and slabs of siliceous limestone, containing well- preserved fresh- water shells. On the south side of White river. Seen in its greatest thickness at Pina's Spring. Thickness, 40 feet. Bed E, — Yellowish and flesh colored, indurated argillo-calcareous bed, with tough argillo-calcareous concretions, containing Testudo, Hipparion, Steneojiber^ Oreodon and Rhinoceros. Seen along the White river valle}^, on the south side. Thickness, 30 feet. * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ix. Jfesozoic and CcKnozoic Geology and P aloe ontology. 281 Bed F. — Grayish and light gray, rather coarse-grained sandstone, with mnch sulphate of alumina (?) disseminated through it. Along White river valley, on the south side. Thickness, 20 feet. Bod G. — Yellowish-gray grit, passing down into a 3'ellow and lio-ht 3-ellow argillo-calcareous marl, with numerous calcareous concretions, and much crystalline material, like sulphate of baryta. Fossils : Hipparion^ Merychippus and Steneojiber. Bijou Hills, Medicine Hills, Eagle Nest Hills, and numerous localities on south side of White river, also at the head of Teton river. Thickness, 50 feet. Bed H.— Gray and greenish -gray sandstone, varying from a very fine compact structure to a conglomerate. Bijou Hills, Medicine Hills, and Eagle Nest Hills. Thickness, 20 feet. T. A. Conrad described,* from the Miocene, in Monterey county California, My a suhsinuata ; from San Pablo ba}^ Fecten pabloensis ; from Santa Margarita, Salinas valle}', California,! Hintiites ci^assus ; from between La Purissima and Santa Inez, Pecten dijcus ; from Santa Inez mountains, Pecten magnolia, Tapes inezensis, Crassatella collina, Mytilus inezensis, Turritella inezana, T. variata, JSFatica inezana ; from Estrella valley, Cyclas estrellana, Ostrea panzana, Glyeimeris estrellanus^ Astrodapsis antiselU ; from San Buenaventura, Tapes montana, Perna montana; from Pajaro river, Santa Cruz, Venus pajaroana ; from the shore of Santa Barbara count3', Arcopagia unda; from Sierra Monica, Cyclas permarra, Ostrea suhjecta ; Irom San Luis Obispo valley, Area ohispoana ; from SaHnas river, Monterey county. Dosinia montana, D. subobliqua ; and from Gaviote Pass, Maetra gavioteiisis, and Trochita costellata. He described^: from supposed Miocene strata at Rancho Helena, below Salado, Ostrea velenlana, and from Western Texas, in strata supposed to be Eocene, Venus vespertina. I am inclined to believe, however, that this is a Cretaceous species. He described, § from the Eocene of Alabama, Caliiptrophorus trino- diferus. Dr. Thomas Antisell|| made the following section of the Miocene strata of California, viz : 1. Upper Miocene, consisting of bituminous and foraminiferous beds, trappean conglomerate, soft, yellow sandstone, foraminiferous layers and argiliite beds. Thickness, 400 feet. =•'■ Expl. and Sur. E. R. Miss. Riv. to Pacific ocean, vol. vi. T Expl. and Sur. R. R. Miss. Riv. to Pacific ocean, vol. vii. t U. S. and Mex. Bound, Sur. vol. i. I Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ix. II Expl. and Sur. R. R. Miss. Riv. to Pacific ocean, vol. vii. 282 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 2. Middle Miocene, consisting of grits and calcareous sandstones, as at Panza and Santa Margarita. Thickness, 360 feet. And the San Antonia sandstones with Dosinia. Thickness, 250 feet. 3. Lower Miocene, consisting of the gypseous and ferruginous sandstones of Santa Inez, Panza, and Gavilan, containing Ostrea^ and Turritella. Thickness, 1,200 feet. Total thickness of the Miocene, 2,211 feet, but part of this has since been referred to Eocene age. He supposed that the elcA'ation of the Coast Eange, in California, above the water level, was an event much later in time than that of the Sierra Nevada. During the Eocene period, the latter range must have had its crest considerabh^ above water, and was uplifted, finally, after the Miocene period ; but it is probable that during the whole of the Miocene period, the Coast Range was altogether beneath the sea level. Anterior to the Post-pliocene period, the erupted rock tilted up their strata, which, perhaps, did not reach the level of the ocean sur- face, and upon these smoothed edges, were deposited the unconsoli- dated clays and local drift. The}' had not, however, fully appeared above the surface of the ocean until the close of the Post-pliocene period. The elevated sea beaches found distributed over so large an extent of country, from north to south, at a level of from 100 to 150 feet above the sea, and containing species, all of which are now exist- ing, show how comparatively recent is the final elevation of the lower lands of the State, and places the time of elevation of this range in the earh' portion of the Post-pliocene period. The plutonic rocks of the coast hills, also attest the comparative newness of the land ; pumice, obsidian, felspathic lava, trachyte, amygdaloidal greenstone, and ser- pentine. Volcanic rocks, of the latest kind, are choye which are com- monly distributed both in the form of axes and veins, or seams. Granite is also found, though not so extensive as a disturbing agent, or an elevator of a mountain ridge. When found in place, it is an older rock than those above mentioned, being cut through and in- jected b}^ them, in many places ; but the granite, in the Coast Moun- tains, is a modern granite, being either highly felspathic, passing into Jeucite, and even trachj'te in many places, or it is hornblendic, and passes into a hornblende porph^-r}^ ; micaceous granite is very spar- ingly distributed in Southern California. The elevation of the Coast Range must have taken place from two points, one in the north, and one in the south ; the latter force commencing in the southern part ol San Luis Obispo, and the eastern part of Santa Barbara counties, and thence extending north ; as the upheaving force passed northward. Mesozoic and Ccenozoic Geology and Paloiontology. 283 its power became spent, and unable to lift the imposed strata ; a similar action from the north, acting in a southerly direction with less vigor, produced an uplift, whose action ceased between latitude 37° and 38°. So that while the consolidated crust of the State was up- lifted at each end, it was quiescent, or nearly so, in the middle ; and the two forces acting against each other may have produced a rupture of the superficial strata, and even a depression of the surface below the sea level, in which the waters of San Pablo, Suisun, and San Francis- co, have taken their resting place. Depressions of the strata and fissures from east to west across the line of the mountain ranges are common along the Pacific, north of this point, latitude 38 deg., and extend inland even east of the Sierra Ne- vada. In the course of these depressions rivers run. The Klamath and the Columbia are examples; which rivers might possibly never have emptied their waters into the Pacific, but for this fracturing eflTect produced b}^ opposing volcanic forces. The upheaval of the Coast Ranges have brought to view onl}^ Ter- tiary strata of the Miocene, and beds of clay of the Post-pliocene periods. These beds are thicker and more extensivel}" distributed in a connected series than an3^where else on this continent, In this respect they rival or even excel the strata on the shores of the Mediterranean. It is interesting to trace the resemblance of form and outline of hills produced by similarit}- of geological circumstances, whether of forma- tion or upheaval. Many of the scenes of California resemble those on the shores of northern Greece, Roumelia, northern Syria and the Calabrian peninsula. There are no phenomena in California referable to the period of the polar drift or ancient alluvium, when the transport of large blocks or bowlders occurred. Over the extensive plains east of the Sierra Ne- vada, in Tulare valley, in the pleasant little oak valleys of the Coast Ranges, or on the terrace plains of the shore, not a single bowlder is to be met with — not a stone from which the plough might turn aside. This period, was, apparently, one of quiet in this State. Yet the mountain chains were elevated at this time. The topography was almost the same as at present, save the whole plain country was below the water level ; there were, therefore, elevated ranges from which the counties along the coast might have had scattered over their surface these blocks: but the Sierra Nevada has contributed no bowlders upon these plains, nor is there an}^ stone included in the terraces which may not be classed as belonging to those ranges immediately bounding the de- posit. 284 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Not that the whole Post-pliocene epoch was passed without produc- ing- its effects: denudation on an extensive scale, lacustrine deposits, immense deposits of cla}^ sands, and gravels attest the long period alike of action and of repose which characterize the later Post-pliocene period, when the effects were more local, and every valley and plain had its beds of gravel and claj^ formed from its mountain margins. Considerations founded on the zoological characters of the mollusks of the Miocene period of Europe, have led to the belief that the tem- perature of that epoch approached very much to that of Spain and Italy at the present time, or a mean temperature about 66 deg. Fahren- heit. As that temperature is almost the exact figure for a great por- tion of the area observed, it follows that there is little, if an3% difference between the climate of the Miocene of Europe, and the present period in those places; and since the drift of California is local, and not gen- eral, and there are no traces on the surface of rocks exposed, of scratch- ing or grooving, no moraines, no polished rocks (roches moutonnees), no traces of glacier action, perhaps it may be asserted with safet}^ that the climate and temperature of this region, from the Miocene period to the present time, has preserved a constancy and equalit}', which latitudes more polar than 40 deg. never possessed. Aijesian boring through the Post-pliocene beds, in the Los Angelos valley, showed : 1. Alluvium, 6 feet. 2. Blue clay, 30 feet. 3. Drift gravel, 22 feet. 4. Arenaceous clay, 16 feet. 5. Tenaceous blue clay, 300 feet. Such a thickness of deposit might be attributable to the local circum- stances, namely, a deep trough in the sandstone strata under an eleva- tion, almost vertical, close b}^ ; 3'et that these incoherent beds are iisuall}^ of great depth is evident from the smooth surface of the whole plain, which preserves its gradual slope f'-om the Cordilleras to the ocean, independent of the dip or upheaval of the strata beneath. Again, when looking from the south entrance of the Cajon Pass toward San Bernardino, at an altitude of 2,000 feet, there may be perceived a broad terrace at the base of the mountain, consisting of loose conglomerates, gravel and clay beds, 13'ing at an elevation nearly 200 feet above the present level of the plain in its neighborhood, and which are the only remains of a series of beds which have been removed from the lower and more exposed parts of the plain. Its average thickness, perhaps, might be about 200 feet; the other beds would preserve throughout a Mesozoic and Cceriozoic Geology and Palaeontology. 285 prett}" uniform thickness ; of these, bed 4, an arenaceous, yellow clay, is described as containing small marine shells. The brownish loam}' clay (bed 1), is exposed by every creek, and in the sections produced by the Los Angeles river^ several feet of the bluish clay (2) are ex- posed ; the beds are deposited almost perfectly horizontal, and are, therefore, unconformable to the soft sandstones of the San Pedro hills and the Sierra Monica, which in the former case have a dip of 20 de"., and in the latter are in places almost vertical ; they have, there- fore, been deposited posterior to the upheaval of these soft Tertiary sandstones, and the surfaces have undergone no material alteration of contour since, the only change being that of elevation of the whole region out of the bed of the sea. ^n investigation into the mineral nature of these various deposits shows that the alluvial covering, to the depth of six or seven feet, is aluminous in its finer parts, and granitic pebble in its coarser, and has been the result of the degradation of granitic and felspathic rocks. The soil of the plain is rarely quartzose, except when close to some of the low Tertiary hills, which alteration may therefore be due to the wash of these lattei". Tiie blue clay is generally assigned by geologists to- a slow deposit of mad, produced by the sifting action of the tide in estuaries or gulfs where matter is not transported by current actions ; it is the evidence of a calm condition of the waters during the period of deposit, and a cessation of upheavals of the land contiguous ; the two beds of bluish clay are separated by nearly forty feet of gravel and sand. The drift gravel (bed 3) consists not only of rounded granitic pebbles, but also those of syenite, hornblende schists, metamorphic, brown sandstones, trap and amj^gdaloid ; and the underlying sandy bed is chiefly quartzose, and probably is the detritus of the sandstones at the base of the Cordilleras. There have been no verj^ large stones seen in the drift beds, there are no loose bowlders or erratic blocks, nor is there, either on the sur- face or in the deposits, any stone which can not be traced to masses of similar mineral constitution 'in the ranges bordering the plain. The period of general or polar drift, therefore, which was one of the earliest of the Post-pliocene epoch, passed by without affecting California ; and it was during the later periods of drift that the processes of wear, ing down continents and depositing them in the seas around took place, and were carried out on an immense scale, and over an immensely extended period of time. Los Angelos plain is not the only one in California, where these de- 286 Cincinnati Society of JSfatural History. posits of clays and gravels are of great depth. The borings which have been made in Sacramento and San Joaquin plains have revealed a similar structure of basin, while that in Santa Clara valle}^ Santa Clara count}', shows that the deposit has not been to so great a depth in that plain. Thus, at the Stockton well boring, after passing through red clays, sands, and gravel, the blue clay was met with at the depth of 400 feet. On the Sacramento valley-, between the cit}^ and Pit river, the lava clays and sands cover the blue clay to the depth ot 358 feet. In the Santa Clara vallc}', the covering of cla}^ and light sand above blue clay is from 80 to 115 feet. Blue clays are found 465 feet below the surface at Los Angelos, and, therefore, below the present sea level; while the surface of the terrace on San Bernardino is somewhat above 2,000 feet in altitude, and as .the beds are horizontal, or nearly so, it follows that near Los Angelos the deposit took place when the water was over 2,000 feet deep at that point. All the low Tertiary hills were ledges of rock, several hundred feet below low water. The ocean then rolled up east of the Cordilleras, occupying the Colorado desert and the Mohave valley; and the Cor- dilleras stood up like a peninsula in the great mass of waters, with its crests from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the surface, and with a breadth not more than 60 miles from S. W. to N. E. From the wearing down of the felspathic rocks, the granitic porphyries, and the dark colored shales, arose the blue clays, while the trappean and hornblende rocks formed the material of the coarser drift, transported by currents pro- duced by the elevations. Tiie carriage of such coarse matter would inevitably remove large portions of the Tertiarj- hills of the plain, and form the breaks which now occur in what was once a continuous chain, the denuded matter itself going to form the bed of arenaceous clay. It has been calculated that the deposit going on at present in the Gulf of ^Mexico, produced both bv the alluvium of the Mississippi and the transported mud of the Amazon, does not exceed more than half an inch yearly. There is nothing in the topographical condition of Southern California to warrant the belief that the slow deposit could have occurred to a greater depth in the same space of time; for there is no evidence of the double influence of a large river and a strong current of sea water coinciding. Admitting, however, that the same rate of deposit occurred then as now in the two localities, the period of deposit of the lower blue clay bed would be 7,20^) 3'ears, and of the upper blue clay and gravels above 1,600 years, making a total of 8,800 years of perfect repose. If to this we add the periods of elevation, both rapid and slow, the total period occupied b}^ the deposit of Post- Mesozoic and Cceuozoic Geology and Palceontology. 287 pliocene beds, would equal the period occupied by some deposits of the Secondaiy age. Yet such a calculation would scarcely give the total period accurately, since neither has the base of the lower blue clay yet been reached, nor should the present alluvial surface be looked upon as the last deposit of that epoch, or the prelude of the modern period; since, the slopes of San Bernardino display a series of conglomerates and gravels 200 feet above the level. of the nearest stream (Cajon creek). These are coarse accumulations of primary pebbles and granitic clays, which have been removed from every portion of the plain where it is exposed. In the gorges and canons it still remains ; and wherever a pass has been traveled, there it is found, as the superficialcovering, be- tween 200 and 300 feet deep ; this, the last evidence of deposit of the Post-pliocene period, has not been considered in calculation of du- ration. Yet such a deposit must have existed over the plain, and must have been I'emoved afterward; so that two additional periods would still require to be added to make the calculation complete, namely, the period occupied by the last deposit, and the period occupied b}' its re- moval. Prof. J. W. Dawson* said that the mountain of Montreal, in Canada, which rises 700 feet, forms a tide-gauge of the Post-pliocene sea, marking, on its sides b}' a series of sea cliffs and elevated beaches, the stages of gradual or intermittent elevation of the land as it rose to its present level. The most strongly marked of these sea margins, are at heights of 470, 440, 386, and 220 teet above Lake St. Peter, on the St. Lawrence, or 450, 420, 366, and 200 feet abo\^e the river at Montreal. The highest of these beaches contains sea shells of existing species. Below the lowest, and at an elevation of about 100 feet above the river, spreads the great Tertiary plain of Lower Canada, everywhere con- taining marine shells, and presenting a series of deposits partly un- stratilied and partly assorted by water. In this vicinit}^ the regular sequence is as follows : 1. Fine, uniforml}^ grained sand, in some places underlaid or replaced by stratified gravel. Marine shells in the lower part. 2. LTnctuous, calcareous cla}', of gray, and occasionallj" of brown and reddish tints. A few marine shells. 3. Compact, bowlder cla}", filled with fragments of various rocks, usually, partiall}'' rounded, and often scratched and polished. The thickness of these beds is at least 100 feet, of which the lower or bowlder cla}' constitutes the greater part, but the sand often attains * Can. Nat. and Geo. vol. ii. 288 Cincinnati Society of I^atural History. the thickness of 10 feet, and the fine clay 20 feet. The City of Montreal is built upon this deposit. The bowlders are not confined to the bowlder clay, but are also found in the stratified cla^^s and sand. Tne bowlders derived from the mountain, have been drifted to the southwest, in which direction they have been traced to the south shore of Lake Ontario, 270 miles distant. The terraces are best seen on the northeast side of Lhe mountain. The rocks beneath the bowl- der cla}^ are striated here S. 70° W. and S. 50° W. In some places the surface of the bowlder clay has been dee pl}^ cut into furrows b}^ the currents which deposited sand and gravel ui)on it. In like manner the surface of the stratified cla}^, is sometimes cut into trenches filled by the overlying sand. All the beds above referred to belong to the close of the Tertiary period, and they are all marine ; but the,y may have been deposited at distant intervals of time, and in waters of verv various depths and area. From the abundance of the Saxicava rugosa in the upper bed, it was named the Saxicava sand, and from the abundance of the Leda port- landica, in the middle bed, it was called the Leda clay. Dr. Albert C. Koch* stated that he collected, in 1839, in Gasconade county, Missouri, about 400 yards from the bank of Bourbense river, where there was a spring, the remains of a Mastodon under such cir- cumstances as to show that it had been burnt to death, and while under- going this punishment had also been struck with bowlders and shot with arrows. The animal had evidently- been mired as its legs were in an upright position with the toes preserved. The ashes was from 2 to 6 inches in thickness, showing that the fire had been kept up for a con- siderable length of time. In the ashes he found stone arrow heads, a stone spear head, and some stone axes. The whole was covered by strata of alluvial deposits consisting of cla}*, sand and soil from 8 to 9 feet thick. He also stated that about one 3^ear later he found another Mastodon which he called the " Missourium," in Benton county, under about 20 feet of alluvial deposits, and with the bones were several stone arrow heads, one of which la}^ underneath the thigh bone, and in con- tact with it. [To BE Continued.] * Trans. St. Louis. Acad. Sci., vol. i. J^ew Species of Tineina. 289 NEW SPECIES OF TINELNA. By V. T. Chambers. GELECHIA. 1. G. GOODELLELLA, 11. Sp. Allied structurally to G. MlobeUa, Zell ; and both si)ecies resemble JSFothris in some respects. The palpi, in form, are almost exactly like those ofbilobeUa ; the 2d joint is ochreous yellow; 3d, fuscus. Head and antennae, dark, violaceous brown ; anteunge, subpectinate. Fore-wings, dark, golden brown, violaceous, with the dorsal margin from the base to a very small yellowish costal spot near the apex, is like polished steel; and before the middle of the wing length, this metallic hue spreads inward to the fold; and further back, behind the middle, it again spreads inward half way across the wing, where it narrows to a line, and crosses the wing to the dorsal cilia; on the fold, before the cilia, is a streak of the same metallic hue ; and around the apical margin, are five or six spots of the same hue, behind which is a narrow line of the general golden brown hue. Cilia, ochreous at their base, passing into brown about their middle, behind which l\\<^y have a bluish cast ; underside, brown ; hind-wings, fuscus with paler cilia. Abdomen, brown above, silvery beneath, and tuft, ochreous ; anterior surfaces of legs, brown. Al. ex., nearh' 9 lines — a single female. Amherst, Massachusetts. Eeceived from Mr. L. W. Goodell, in honor of whom I have named this fine species. 2. G. EPIG^ELLA, n. sp. Second palpal joint, hrush-Uke ; hind-wings, emarginate beneath the apex. Dark, purple-brown. There is a white costal spot before the apex, and an opposite dors^J one on the fore-wings ; before these spots, the wing is flecked with a few minute white spots, the two largest of which are on the fold ; and there is another at the end of the cell. The costal white spot shows through the wing. Hind-wings and un- derside of both pair, fuscus. Head, white ; antennae, dark brown, 2d joint of palpi, yellowish-white; 3d joint, dark brown, flecked on its upper surface with white; abdomen, fuscus, paler on top; legs, dark brown, annulate with white. A single male. Al. ex., 9 lines. 29(? Cincinnati Society of Natural Histo7^y. Keceived from Mr. Gooclell, of Amherst, Massachusetts, who informs me that the larva feed on Epigcea reiJens.'^ 3. G. CRESCENTiFASCiELLA, Cham. This species was described from Texas. I have since taken a single specimen in Kentuck}^; and Mr. Goodell's collection contains three specimens from Massachusetts. The markings are much more pro- nounced on these three specimens than on an}' others that I have seen, and the whole insect is much darker. In one of the three the wing be- comes almost black before the fascia, and is also much darker behind it, anfl all of them are marked with three or four small, brown spots on the disc, and one or two brown costal spots are distinctly margined behind with white, I have no doubt it is the same species: still it is a little remarkable that the northern and eastern specimens should thus be so much darker and more distinctly marked than western and south- ern ones. Mr. Goodell's collection also contains G. apicistrigella, Cham., G. roseosuffusella, Clem.; and G. agrimoniella, Clem., besides numerous species of Ihe genus, some of which are probably new, whilst others appear to be old acquaintances, which, however, I am not now pre- pared to identify. It contains also the following species not belonging to Gelechia, viz: Incurvaria mediostriatella^ Clem., Nothris eupatoriiella^ Cham., Litho- colletis clemenseUa .Chum., Cosmopteryx gemmiferella, Clem., Dasycera nonstrigella^ Cham., Dasycera newmanella, Clem., (Ecophora argen- ticinctella, Clem., Butalis matutella, Clem., and one or two other species of Butalis not identified. Dry ope murtfeldtella, Cham., Adela coruscifasciella^ Cham., which Lord Walsingham says is A. riding- ' sella, Clem., Hyale corylieUa, Cham., Batrachedra striolata, Zell, Anarsia trimacidella, Cham., besides numerous other species that I have neither time nor opportunit}^ to ideutifv. * Since the foregoing remarks were written, I have received, from Mr. Gooclell, specimens of the hibernating larvae. From their size (less than half an inch Idng) as compared A^ith that of the moth, I doubt if they are fully grown ; they probablj would ,v feed again next spring. The head and next segment are dark stramineous, the anterior, margin of the head,' and the trophi being ferruginous ; the posterior margin of the next {prothoracic) segtae^t.is dark brown, and it has a dark brown spot on each side. The re- maining segments are pale stramineous or wlutish, siriped longitudinally witli pink or reddish stripes; som'e specimens being much paler than others; there are the usual tubercular spots. The'larvfe hibernate un,der a silken web, and in feeding, sometimes the side of a leaf is curled over, and sometimes several leaves are fastened together by the web. New Species of Tinema. ^ ^291 GLIPHYPTERYX. 4. G. CIRCUMSCRIPTELLA, 11. Sp. Diifers decidedly from all the other species as yet known to nie. The general hue is not very different from some others, being a dull, leaden or^ golden brown, according to the light. The large, white dorsal streak differs from that of the other species in not being curved ; its hinder mar- gin being nearl}^ straight, and its anterior margin but little bent, so that the streak becomes a long, narrow triangle, with its base on the margin This streak is also rather wider than it is in the other species known to me: it extends nearly across the wing, its tip being opalescent; it is also but faintly or not at all dark margined. Behind it follow, at a little distance, two silvery white, costal streaks, almost perpendicular to the margin, and extending half way across the wing; and opposite to the space between them is a rather long, silvery dorsal streak, also per- pendicular to the margin: each of these streaks is faintly dark-mar- gined before, and is opalescent along its hinder margin. The apical patch is velvety black, and sends a process up to the tip of the second dorsal streak ; this process, however, is interrupted by an opalescent spot, opposite to which on the dorsal margin is another opalescent spot. The apical black patch is margined above by a stramineous line, and con- tains a few short, stramineous lines and spots, and two small, opales- cent spots. The cilia are brown; but about the middle of the Epical margin in the cilia is a white streak, which curves around tothecostal iliargin at the apical fourth of the wing length, and gives th& wing;the appearance of being decidedly falcate. On the costal margin: behind the point where the curved streak reaches it, and near to the apex,''isia triangular, costal, white streak, tipped with opalescent. " There are thus only three costal streaks, or four including the curved line. The part of the wing above the apical patch is obscurely streaked with fine brown and whitish longitudinal lines. In some lights the golden' brown parts of the wing become distinctly saffron yellow. Hind-wings, gold- en brown; abdomen, brown; palpi, white, -flecked and annulate with brown. The form of the wings is about as in G. haworthana. A.l. ex., 6 lines. Amherst, Mass., Goodell. DOUGLASSIA. 5. D. (?) OBSCUROFASCIELLA, U. Sp. I have not the means .of "knowing whether the genus Douglassia^, as defined in Ins. Brit. vol. iii., is still retained by European entomologists 292 Cincbinaii Society of Natural History. or not, nor as to what disposition has been made b^^ them of the species former!}' referred to it. The species now before me does not in strict-* ness belong in it, but is so near to it that I adopt the genus provision- ally to avoid the necessit}' of establishing a new one. In this species the neuration is as shown in the figures 1 and 2; and in the fore-wings the subcostal and median veins each send four branches to the mar.